FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

February 3, 2015

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff – Appellee,

No. 14-1268

(D.C. No. 1:13-CR-00224-WJM-1)

D. Colorado

v.

JAMES CHAPMAN,

Defendant – Appellant.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before PORFILIO, ANDERSON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Defendant and Appellant, James Chapman, appeals the forty-six month

sentence imposed following his plea of guilty to being a felon in possession of a

*

This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

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firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). After concluding that his sentence

is substantively reasonable, we affirm that sentence.

BACKGROUND

Mr. Chapman’s undeniably sad and troubled life included his witnessing of

his mother’s rape and murder by a gang when he was seven years old. Following

that incident, he began experiencing nightmares and mental health problems,

which have continued throughout his life. 

At the age of eighteen, Mr. Chapman was arrested and convicted for

receiving stolen property. He was sentenced to nine months in jail, followed by

three years of probation. When he got out of jail, Mr. Chapman began receiving

mental health treatment for the first time. Doctors at the Compton, California

Family Mental Health Services diagnosed him with “schizophrenia, paranoid type,

accompanied by distorted thought, sense of self, and volition.” Appellant’s Br. at

3. He was prescribed medications for those diagnoses. At some point during the

following year, he attempted suicide by overdosing on pills.

At the age of nineteen, Mr. Chapman first sought to receive disability

payments from the Social Security Administration, on the ground that his mental

illness rendered him unable to maintain a job. He was initially denied disability

payments.

When Mr. Chapman was twenty-one, he was arrested and convicted of

possession of marijuana for sale. He was sentenced to a year in jail. Shortly after

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his release from jail, Mr. Chapman was arrested and convicted of two counts of

second-degree robbery, for which he received a sentence of nine years in prison. 

While in prison, Mr. Chapman received psychotropic medication. Additionally,

while in prison, he was convicted of possession of marijuana. 

Mr. Chapman was released from prison in 2006, at the age of thirty-one. 

He was again denied Social Security disability benefits. He was then arrested and

convicted of second-degree burglary, for which he received a sentence of thirtytwo months’ imprisonment. When he displayed psychotic symptoms in prison, he

was diagnosed with a major mental illness and treated. 

In July 2009, Mr. Chapman was finally deemed to be qualified to receive

Social Security disability benefits because of severe impairment caused by

“schizophrenia with audio hallucinations, explosive disorder, and likely

borderline personality disorder.” Appellant’s Br. at 5. The Administrative Law

Judge found that Mr. Chapman’s disability had existed since June 1, 1996.

In the months following this decision, Mr. Chapman sustained three more

convictions: one for driving under the influence and two for driving with a

suspended license. He was sentenced to a total of seven months in jail and was

released in late 2011 or early 2012. 

Mr. Chapman was continuing to receive psychiatric medications at this

point in time. When his grandmother (with whom he lived) suffered a stroke in

California, Mr. Chapman moved to Denver, Colorado, to live with a girlfriend

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with whom he had an eighteen-year relationship, which included an eighteenyear-old daughter. 

After his move to Denver, Mr. Chapman made an appointment with a state

mental health agency to continue his treatment and medications. Because of a

delay in getting an appointment, Mr. Chapman’s mental health medications had

run out by May 12, 2013, and he apparently began experiencing hallucinations. 

The conduct underlying the instant conviction occurred on the next day, May 13,

2013. As described by the district court, the following happened:

[O]n May 13th, 2013, at approximately 10:20 p.m., two Aurora

Colorado police officers were dispatched to the Bona Vista Manor

Apartments in Aurora in response to a call from the complex

manager, Candy Maes.

Ms. Maes stated that she had seen a man continuously

trespassing in the apartment complex and she believed that this

individual might be involved with drugs or a gang.

Through the window at the complex Ms. Maes had indicated

that the door had been propped open adjacent to the parking area in

the courtyard, and then noticed a man in that area, pointed him out to

officers and stated she believed him to be the same man.

Officers proceeded to that area and approached the man later

identified as the defendant, James Chapman. The defendant was

accompanied by another man, a resident of the apartment complex. 

The defendant appeared to be nervous upon encountering the officers

and began moving away. One of the officers ordered the defendant

to stop and inquired whether the defendant was armed. The officers

became concerned that the defendant might have a weapon in his

baggy clothes.

The defendant responded to the officers that he was not armed,

but according to the officers he then suddenly darted his left hand

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into his pants pocket and turned sideways away from them. The

officers believed that the defendant was attempting to draw a weapon

and grabbed the defendant’s left hand to prevent him from doing so.

The defendant was ordered to put his hands up. He raised his

hands, and as the officers began to initiate a frisk, the defendant

pulled away and began to run. After taking a few steps the defendant

ran into a metal pole, stumbled, and at that time officers caught him,

forced him to the ground and attempted to put him under arrest for

trespassing and failure to obey a lawful police request and

obstructing a police officer.

The defendant attempted to escape but was eventually subdued

and handcuffed. In one of his pockets officers found a loaded

Clerke, Model 1st, .32 caliber S&W revolver, Serial No. 874912,

loaded with live rounds of Remington .32 caliber S&W caliber

ammunition.

Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at 10-12; R. Vol. 3 at 30-32. Mr. Chapman was arrested

and pled guilty.

In preparation for sentencing, the United States Probation Office prepared a

Presentence Report (“PSR”). The final PSR calculated an advisory sentencing

range under the United States Guideline Commission, Guidelines Manual

(“USSG”) of 51 to 63 months, after a 3-level decrease in Mr. Chapman’s total

offense level for acceptance of responsibility, and considering his criminal history

category of VI. Mr. Chapman filed a motion for a downward departure from the

sentencing range based on diminished capacity. Defense counsel explained that,

had Mr. Chapman been taking his medications, the offense would not have

occurred. The government opposed the motion. 

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At the sentencing hearing, the district court heard argument from both

sides. Mr. Chapman requested a sentence of forty-six months, based upon the

departure motion, and he subsequently added a request for a below-Guidelines

sentence based on the sentencing factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Government

counsel requested a sentence of fifty-nine months. 

The district court indicated its awareness of Mr. Chapman’s extensive

mental health issues and tragic early life: “I can’t imagine a more horrific tragic

event than a child witnessing the gang rape and murder of his mother.” Tr. of

Sentencing Hr’g at 4; R. Vol. 3 at 24. The court also noted, “[i]f I were a judge

in a different country, in a European union, I would be able to sentence this man

to treatment in a hospital, which is where he should be. . . . This is a very

troubling case for me. I couldn’t go to sleep last night thinking about it. ” Id. at

5; R. Vol. 3 at 25. The court then carefully reviewed Mr. Chapman’s life,

including his mental health struggles, as well as the details of his criminal history

and the instant offense. The court ruled:

I am going to grant the defendant’s supplemented oral motion for a

downward departure based on diminished capacity, and I am going to

also order that a below-Guideline sentencing range sentence be

entered in this case based on my analysis of the 3553(a) factors in

this case.

Therefore, I intend to sentence the defendant to a period of

imprisonment of 46 months, to be followed by a term of supervised

release of three years.

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Id. at 20; R. Vol. 3 at 40. The court further explained that it based its sentence on

“the arguments of counsel,” as well as Mr. Chapman’s allocution and “the policy

statements and the Sentencing Guidelines, the statutory factors set forth in

Section 3553(a) and . . . the recommendations of the probation officer.” Id. at 21;

R. Vol. 3 at 41. The court then noted that the below-Guideline sentence “reflects

the seriousness of the offense, affords adequate deterrence to future criminal

conduct and will protect the public from further crimes of this defendant.” Id.

Finally, the court told Mr. Chapman that it was paramount that he never again

possess a firearm, that he continue to take his medications, and that he was

“getting about as lenient a sentence as [he could] get under the circumstances

today.” Id. at 26; R. Vol. 3 at 46. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Mr. Chapman challenges the substantive reasonableness of his sentence,

arguing that, in light of his tragic and troubled history, particularly his extensive

mental health problems, the below-Guideline sentence of forty-six months is too

long. We disagree.

A sentence is substantively unreasonable if its length is “excessive given

all the circumstances of the case in light of the factors set forth in [18 U.S.C.]

§ 3553(a).” United States v. Gantt, 679 F.3d 1240, 1249 (10th Cir. 2012)

(internal quotation marks omitted). These factors include “the nature and

circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant,”

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18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1); “the need for the sentence imposed” to “reflect the

seriousness of the offense,” “promote respect for the law,” “provide just

punishment for the offense,” “afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct,”

and “protect the public from further crimes of the defendant,” id. § 3553(a)(2);

and “the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with

similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct.” id. § 3553(a)(6). 

“Under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard, we deem a sentence

unreasonable only if it is arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly

unreasonable.” Gantt, 679 F.3d at 1249 (internal quotation marks omitted). And,

we review “all sentences–whether inside, just outside, or significantly outside the

Guidelines range–under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Gall v.

United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). Finally, there is a “rebuttable presumption

of reasonableness to a below-guideline sentence challenged by the defendant as

unreasonably harsh.” United States v. Balbin-Mesa, 643 F.3d 783, 788 (10th Cir.

2011). This is a high standard.

Indeed, “[t]he fact that the appellate court might reasonably have concluded

that a different sentence was appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the

district court.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Such deference to

the district court is sensible, given that “[a] sentencing judge has greater

familiarity with the case and the defendant before it than this court or the

Sentencing Commission and is therefore ‘in a superior position to find facts and

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judge their import under § 3553(a) in the individual case.’” United States v.

Munoz-Nava, 524 F.3d 1137, 1148 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at

51)). 

This is a case in which deference to the district court is particularly

appropriate. The court indicated its familiarity with the facts of Mr. Chapman’s

entire history. It further expressly stated its concern with the court’s ability to

address Mr. Chapman’s mental health needs. The court then granted Mr.

Chapman’s request for a below-Guidelines sentence, stating that he was getting as

lenient a sentence as possible in the circumstances of his case. The court clearly

exercised its discretion to vary from the advisory Guidelines sentence, and, in

doing so, the court examined all the relevant factors and circumstances it was

required to consider. While Mr. Chapman asks us to vary further, we must defer

to the district court’s obvious familiarity with the particular nuances of Mr.

Chapman’s case and its selection of a reasonable sentence. That court had “an

unquestionable institutional advantage over an appellate court to consider whether

the facts of an individual case justify a variance under § 3553(a).” United States

v. Huckins, 529 F.3d 1312, 1317 (10th Cir. 2008). And, that institutional

advantage extends to determining the extent of the variance in this particular case. 

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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the sentence imposed is

reasonable. AFFIRMED.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Stephen H. Anderson

Circuit Judge

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