IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 19-1033

Filed September 11, 2019

IN THE INTEREST OF I.T.,

Minor Child,

M.M., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, David F. Staudt, 

Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child. 

AFFIRMED.

Jamie L. Schroeder of The Sayer Law Group, P.C., Waterloo, for appellant 

mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Melissa Anderson-Seeber of Waterloo Juvenile Public Defender’s Office, 

Waterloo, guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Potterfield, P.J., Greer, J., and Carr, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2019).
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CARR, Senior Judge.

This appeal concerns the termination of a mother’s parental rights to her 

child. The juvenile court removed the child from the mother’s care shortly after 

birth in June 2018 and adjudicated the child in need of assistance (CINA) the 

month after. The court based the removal and CINA adjudication in part on the 

mother’s history of substance use, which extends more than a decade. Although 

the mother has maintained sobriety in supervised settings, she returns to using 

controlled substances when that supervision ends. History repeated in April 2018 

when the mother used methamphetamine while pregnant with the child. She 

admitted using methamphetamine two days before delivery. 

The mother kept using methamphetamine and was largely absent during 

the first six months of the child’s life. After her arrest and placement in a residential 

facility in December 2018, the mother stated that she wanted to terminate her 

parental rights to the child. By the end of the month, the mother changed her mind 

and began to participate in some of the services offered to her. Yet her 

participation was sporadic, and her progress was limited. 

The State petitioned to terminate the mother’s parental rights. After a 

hearing in April 2019, the juvenile court ordered termination of the mother’s 

parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (h) (2018). 

I. Grounds for Termination.

We may affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights if the evidence 

supports termination on one of the grounds cited by the juvenile court. See In re 

S.R., 600 N.W.2d 63, 64 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999). Termination is appropriate under 

section 232.116(1)(h) if the record shows:
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(1) The child is three years of age or younger.

(2) The child has been adjudicated [CINA] pursuant to section 

232.96.

(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of 

the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, 

or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home 

has been less than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child 

cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided 

in section 232.102 at the present time.

The mother does not dispute the first three elements for termination under this 

section. She instead argues there is insufficient evidence to show the court could 

not return the child to her custody as provided in section 232.102 at the time of the 

termination hearing. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(4); In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 

703, 707 (Iowa 2010) (interpreting the term “at the present time” to mean to mean 

“at the time of the termination hearing”). Under Iowa Code section 232.102, the 

court cannot return a child to the custody of a parent if doing so would be expose 

the child to any harm amounting to a new CINA adjudication. See In re M.M., 483

N.W.2d 812, 814 (Iowa 1992). “The threat of probable harm will justify 

termination . . . .” Id. 

Clear and convincing evidence establishes the elements for termination

under section 232.116(1)(h). The mother’s substance use led to the child’s CINA 

adjudication and remained a concern at the time of the termination hearing. 

Although the mother claims she had six months of sobriety at the time of the 

hearing, she was under supervision during this period. Her history shows that she 

resumes using drugs once supervision ends. See In re S.N., 500 N.W.2d 32, 34 

(Iowa 1993) (noting that a parent’s past performance may suggest the quality of 

future care the parents can provide and thereby show what the future holds for the 
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child if returned to the parent). Complicating matters, the child has Down 

syndrome and other congenital disabilities that require specialized care. The 

record is replete with evidence showing the mother cannot provide the level of care 

the child needs. At the time of the termination hearing, the mother had attended 

only one of the child’s twenty medical appointments and her visits remained fully 

supervised to ensure the child’s safety. 

II. Best Interests.

The mother also challenges the juvenile court’s finding that termination is in 

the child’s best interests. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 706-07 (“If a ground for 

termination is established, the court must, secondly, apply the best-interest 

framework set out in section 232.116(2) to decide if the grounds for termination 

should result in a termination of parental rights.”). In determining the child’s best 

interests, our primary considerations are “the child’s safety,” “the best placement 

for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child,” and “the physical, 

mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 

33, 37 (Iowa 2010) (quoting Iowa Code § 232.116(2)). The “defining elements in 

a child’s best interest” are the child’s safety and “need for a permanent home.” In 

re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011) (citation omitted). 

Termination is in the child’s best interests. The record establishes that the 

mother cannot provide the level of care the child needs. Because the mother’s 

long history of drug use followed by periods of sobriety puts her recovery in 

question, the mother cannot provide the child with the permanency the child 

requires. The evidence does not show a significant parent-child bond because of

the child’s removal from the mother’s custody at birth and the mother’s lack of 
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involvement in the child’s life in the six months that followed. In contrast, the 

paternal grandparents, who are licensed foster care providers, have provided the 

child’s care since removal. They have been attentive to the child and showed the 

ability to meet the child’s needs. They also provide care for the child’s older sibling 

and have for at least half of his life, as the court has removed that sibling from the 

mother’s care on at least three occasions, most recently in April 2018. 

III. Extension of Time.

Finally, the mother asks for a sixth-month extension of time to allow her to 

work toward reunification. See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b) (allowing the court to 

continue placement of a child for another six months). But to delay permanency, 

the court must “enumerate the specific factors, conditions, or expected behavioral 

changes which comprise the basis for the determination that the need for removal 

of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end of the additional 

six-month period.” Id. We cannot make such a finding on the record before us. 

Although the law requires a “‘full measure of patience with troubled parents 

who attempt to remedy a lack of parenting skills,’ Iowa has built this patience into 

the statutory scheme of chapter 232.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000)

(citation omitted). Once the grounds for termination are established, time is of the 

essence. See In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 614 (Iowa 1987) (“It is unnecessary to 

take from the children’s future any more than is demanded by statute. Stated 

otherwise, plans which extend the [statutory] period during which parents attempt 

to become adequate in parenting skills should be viewed with a sense of 

urgency.”); see also In re R.J., 436 N.W.2d 630, 636 (Iowa 1989) (noting that once 

the time for reunification set by the legislature has expired, “patience on behalf of 
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the parent can quickly translate into intolerable hardship for the children”). The 

court must not deny the child permanency in the hope that the mother will one day 

be able to provide a safe and stable home for the child. See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 

100, 112 (Iowa 2014). 

For these reasons, we affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.