UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

 

WESTERN ENERGY ALLIANCE, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, 

 Defendant - Appellee. 

No. 14-1435 

(D.C. No. 1:13-CV-02811-MSK) 

(D. Colo.)

 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

 

Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, McKAY and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. 

 

 Western Energy Alliance (WEA) appeals a district court order denying its 

motion for attorney fees and costs incurred in an action against the United States Fish 

and Wildlife Service (FWS) under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 

§ 552. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm. 

 

* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this 

appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding 

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral 

estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with 

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

April 28, 2015

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court

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I. Background 

 WEA is a non-profit, regional trade organization that represents 400 

companies engaged in exploration and production of oil and natural gas in the 

western United States. Among other things, WEA focuses on issues related to the 

Endangered Species Act (ESA), because “ESA listings can severely curtail 

[exploration and production] in certain areas, whether on federal or private lands.” 

Aplt. App., Vol. I at 274. 

WEA submitted a FOIA request to FWS in May 2013, seeking records related 

to the peer review of the Greater Sage-grouse Conservation Objectives Final Report 

(Report). The Report was compiled by a team of FWS and state representatives 

organized to develop conservation objectives for the sage-grouse. When FWS failed 

to comply with the FOIA request, WEA followed up by letter in June 2013, and 

ultimately filed this action in October 2013. 

The parties stipulated to the dismissal of the case in January 2014, as FWS had 

released all information responsive to WEA’s FOIA request. The stipulation 

reserved the district court’s jurisdiction over a motion by WEA for attorney fees and 

costs pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E). That section provides: “The court may 

assess against the United States reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs 

reasonably incurred in any case under this section in which the complainant has 

substantially prevailed.” Id.

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 The district court denied WEA’s motion. While initially finding that WEA 

was eligible for an award of fees because it had substantially prevailed in the 

litigation, the court found that other relevant criteria did not weigh in favor of an 

award. The district court considered four factors: “(1) the benefit to the public, if 

any, derived from the case; (2) the commercial benefit to the complainant; (3) the 

nature of the complainant’s interest in the records sought[;] and (4) whether the 

government’s withholding of the records had a reasonable basis in the law.” Aviation 

Data Serv. v. F.A.A., 687 F.2d 1319, 1321 (10th Cir. 1982). It concluded that the 

first three factors weighed against a fee award. And although it found that FWS did 

not have a reasonable basis in law for withholding the FOIA materials, that factor did 

not overcome the weight of the other three. The court therefore denied WEA’s 

motion. 

II. Discussion 

 We review a district court’s denial of fees for an abuse of discretion. See id. at 

1321 (“It is well-settled that the allowance of such fees is within the discretion of the 

trial court.”). “Under the abuse of discretion standard, the decision of a trial court 

will not be disturbed unless the appellate court has a definite and firm conviction that 

the lower court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible 

choice in the circumstances.” United States ex rel. Grynberg v. Praxair, Inc., 

389 F.3d 1038, 1058 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). “We will 

find an abuse of discretion when the district court bases its ruling on an erroneous 

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conclusion of law or relies on clearly erroneous fact findings.” Ellis v. J.R.’s 

Country Stores, Inc., 779 F.3d 1184, 1192 (10th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is without factual support in the 

record or if, after reviewing all of the evidence, we are left with the definite and firm 

conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

WEA argues the district court abused its discretion by making clearly 

erroneous factual findings in assessing the relevant factors for awarding attorney fees 

and that FWS’s obduracy and pattern of bad behavior entitle WEA to a fee award 

notwithstanding the other factors considered. 

In assessing the first factor—public benefit—“a court should take into account 

the degree of dissemination and likely public impact that might be expected from a 

particular disclosure.” Aviation Data Serv., 687 F.2d at 1323. The question is 

whether “the award would merely subsidize a matter of private concern,” or in 

contrast, “the complainant’s victory is likely to add to the fund of information that 

citizens may use in making vital political choices.” Id. 

The district court assessed the degree of WEA’s dissemination of the FOIA 

materials and the likely public impact of the disclosure. It found that, “[a]lthough 

WEA nakedly alleges that its use of the material will benefit the public, there is no 

demonstration that the documents were disseminated for the benefit of the ‘public’ as 

opposed to the benefit of only WEA’s dues-paying members.” Aplt. App., Vol. II at 

404. The court concluded that, even if the materials WEA obtained from FWS would 

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be of substantial public interest, this factor weighed against a fee award because 

“WEA has used the material exclusively for the benefit of its members and failed to 

disseminate it to the public.” Id.

WEA contends that the district court failed to consider its evidence of public 

dissemination and overlooked the public benefit resulting from the release of the 

FOIA materials. It asserts that “information regarding peer review on the . . . Report 

will be extremely influential in land use decisions and regulatory measures in the 

West for decades to come.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 14. WEA ignores that the district 

court assumed that the FOIA materials would be of substantial public interest. But it 

found that WEA failed to demonstrate it had disseminated the records to the public. 

In arguing that finding is clearly erroneous, WEA points to the following 

language from the affidavit it submitted in support of its motion: 

The Alliance has made the information obtained from its FOIA 

request available to its members and the general public. The Alliance 

has shared the information received [with] stakeholder groups; 

referenced the information in correspondence to Interior Secretary Sally 

Jewell and Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper and in comments 

submitted to the BLM and U.S. Forest Service in Colorado, Utah, Idaho, 

Montana, North Dakota and Nevada. The Alliance has also used the 

information to craft recommendations to the State of Colorado regarding 

responsible greater sage-grouse conservation. 

Aplt. App., Vol. I at 65, ¶ 11. The district court did not abuse its discretion in 

concluding these averments failed to demonstrate public dissemination. Aside from 

the bald assertion that WEA made the information “available to . . . the general 

public,” id., the statement addresses only WEA’s use of the information in its 

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advocacy on behalf of his members. And while WEA cites other evidence that it 

contends demonstrates public dissemination, it failed to present that evidence to the 

district court.1

 We cannot find an abuse of discretion based on the district court’s 

failure to consider evidence that was not in the record before it. 

 The district court found that WEA’s use of the FOIA materials also informed 

its analysis of the second and third factors—the commercial benefit to WEA and the 

nature of WEA’s interest in the records sought. It concluded that WEA achieved a 

benefit for its members by obtaining the requested materials, and it reiterated that 

WEA used them solely to support its members’ interests. The court further found 

there was no need to award attorney fees to WEA because its “‘private self-interest 

motive’ is sufficient to insure the vindication of the rights given in the FOIA.” Id., 

Vol. II at 405 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Aviation Data Serv., 

687 F.2d at 1322 (noting where litigation is brought to advance private commercial 

interests, “there is usually no need to award attorney’s fees to insure that the action 

will be brought”). 

WEA argues the district court abused its discretion by failing to consider 

evidence that WEA is a nonprofit, regional trade organization that focuses on federal 

 

1

 WEA asserts that the record shows it made the FOIA information available on 

publicly accessible internet pages, but its record citation does not support that claim. 

WEA also provides links to a television station’s online news stories about the 

Report. But it does not demonstrate that this evidence was presented to the district 

court. Nor do these news stories show dissemination of the FOIA materials as 

opposed to the Report itself. 

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legislative, regulatory, environmental, public lands and other policy issues. As such, 

it asserts that it has no “commercial” interest in information relative to the peer 

review of the Report. But WEA does not cite any case precluding the district court 

from considering, as a factor in denying a fee award, the private benefit derived by a 

nonprofit entity in obtaining information pursuant to a FOIA request. The purpose of 

FOIA is “not to enhance the private benefits of litigants.” Id. at 1322. Rather, “the 

court generally should not award attorney’s fees in an FOIA case where the 

plaintiff’s self-interest was the primary factor in bringing the suit.” Anderson v. 

Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 80 F.3d 1500, 1505 (10th Cir. 1996) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

To be sure, a private benefit to the plaintiff in obtaining disclosure under FOIA 

does not preclude a fee award “if the record discloses an adequate public benefit from 

the enforced disclosure of the material.” Aviation Data Serv., 687 F.2d at 1322. 

WEA argues that the benefit it derived from the FOIA materials was negligible, and 

by disclosing the materials WEA “added significantly to the public discourse on 

agency science used in the land use management decisions related to the 

[sage-grouse].” Aplt. Opening Br. at 18. But WEA has not demonstrated that the 

district court’s contrary findings are clearly erroneous. 

The district court determined that the fourth factor—the government’s basis 

for withholding the records—weighed in favor of a fee award based on FWS’s 

admission that it failed to respond to the FOIA request before this action was filed. 

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The court noted that FWS blamed its delay on an internal processing error and an 

inopportune employee vacation. The court concluded, “It is difficult to divine a 

‘reasonable basis in law’ that could support the government’s delay.” Aplt. App., 

Vol. II at 406. But “because three of the four factors weigh[ed] against an award, 

and FWS cooperated in resolving the matter quickly after litigation commenced, the 

Court [found] that an award of attorney fees [was] not justified in this case.” Id. The 

district court further concluded that the balance of factors was not overcome by a 

showing that FWS had acted in bad faith. See Aviation Data Serv., 687 F.2d at 1322 

(noting fees may be awarded, despite commercial benefit to the plaintiff, if agency 

acted in bad faith). WEA contends that the government’s obduracy can tip the 

balance in favor of a fee award, and argues that FWS’s egregious neglect of its duties 

supports an award. But WEA fails to show that the district court abused its discretion 

in finding that FWS did not act in bad faith or in declining to give this final factor 

greater weight that the others combined. 

III. Conclusion 

 The judgment of the district court is affirmed. 

 Entered for the Court 

 Mary Beck Briscoe 

 Chief Judge 

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