PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT 

 

In re: C.W. MINING COMPANY,

 Debtor.

-------------------------------

GARY E. JUBBER, Trustee,

 Appellant,

v.

SMC ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS, INC.; 

BECKER MINING AMERICA, INC.,

 Appellees.

No. 13-4175 

 

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES 

BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL 

 (BAP No. 13-026-UT)

 

Peter W. Billings, Fabian & Clendenin, Salt Lake City, Utah, (Gary E. Jubber and 

Douglas J. Payne, Fabian & Clendenin; and Michael N. Zundel and Callie Buys Rogers, 

Prince, Yeates & Geldzahler, Salt Lake City, Utah, with him on the briefs), for Appellant. 

Jeffrey L. Shields (Jacob D. Lyons, with him on the brief), Callister Nebeker & 

McCullough, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Appellees. 

 

Before KELLY, LUCERO, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

August 10, 2015

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court

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HARTZ, Circuit Judge. 

 

C.W. Mining Company, a coal-mining company, was forced into bankruptcy after 

creditors filed a petition for involuntary bankruptcy on January 8, 2008. Several months 

before the petition was filed, C.W. Mining had entered into its first contract with SMC 

Electrical Products, Inc.—an agreement to purchase equipment with a view toward 

greatly increasing coal production by converting its mining method from continuous 

mining to a longwall system. One payment for the equipment was a $200,000 wire 

transfer from C.W. Mining on October 16, 2007. Because this transfer was less than 

90 days before the petition was filed, the bankruptcy trustee (the Trustee) sought to 

recoup the $200,000 for the bankruptcy estate by initiating an adversary proceeding to 

avoid the transfer under 11 U.S.C. § 547(b). Granting SMC summary judgment, the 

bankruptcy court rejected the Trustee’s claim on the ground that the debt was incurred 

and the payment made in the ordinary course of business. This circuit’s bankruptcy 

appellate panel (BAP) affirmed. We do the same.1

 

I. DISCUSSION 

 

1

 The Trustee filed a motion for leave under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(a) to request the 

bankruptcy court to correct its order, arguing that the “order being reviewed is, due to an 

error, not a final order because it did not resolve all of the claims in the adversary 

proceeding.” Aplt. Mot. for Leave to Req. Bankr. Ct. Correct Order under Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 60(a), at 2, Jubber v. SMC Elec. Prods., Inc. (In re C.W. Mining Co.), No. 13-4175 

(10th Cir. June 30, 2014). We deny the motion because the final order from the 

bankruptcy court dismissed the adversary proceeding, thereby disposing of all claims 

even though the court did not address them all. 

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 A. Standard of Review 

 “In an appeal from a final decision of a bankruptcy court, we independently 

review the bankruptcy court’s decision, applying the same standard as the bankruptcy 

appellate panel or district court.” Aviva Life & Annuity Co. v. White (In re Millennium 

Multiple Emp’r Welfare Benefit Plan), 772 F.3d 634, 638 (10th Cir. 2014) (brackets and 

internal quotation marks omitted). We review a bankruptcy court’s construction of the 

Bankruptcy Code de novo. See Fid. Sav. & Inv. Co. v. New Hope Baptist, 880 F.2d 1172, 

1174 (10th Cir. 1989) (per curiam). Because the bankruptcy court granted summary 

judgment to SMC, we also review the record de novo, examining the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the Trustee to determine whether SMC established that there was “no 

genuine dispute as to any material fact” and it was “entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see Jubber v. Bank of Utah (In re C.W. Mining Co.), 749 F.3d 

895, 898 (10th Cir. 2014) (“this court reviews the bankruptcy court’s grant of summary 

judgment de novo”); cf. Mallo v. IRS (In re Mallo), 774 F.3d 1313, 1317 (10th Cir. 2014) 

(“In reviewing a bankruptcy court decision under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a) and (d), the district 

court and the court of appeals apply the same standards of review that govern appellate 

review in other cases.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).2

 

2

 It has come to our attention that on two occasions this court apparently reviewed a 

bankruptcy-court ruling on summary judgment for clear error rather than de novo. See 

Jobin v. McKay (In re M & L Bus. Mach. Co., Inc.), 84 F.3d 1330, 1333, 1339 (10th Cir. 

1996); Fid. Sav. & Inv. Co., 880 F.2d at 1174. Neither opinion cited a summaryjudgment precedent. Those two precedents should not be followed. As the Third Circuit 

Continued . . . 

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But we limit our review to the arguments that have been properly preserved. In 

particular, we do not consider matters in the record that were not presented to the 

bankruptcy court in the Trustee’s summary-judgment pleadings. See Mitchell v. City of 

Moore, 218 F.3d 1190, 1199 (“The district court was not obligated to comb the record in 

order to make [appellant’s] arguments for him.”). 

B. Avoidance and the Ordinary-Course-Of-Business Exception 

In general, a payment made by an insolvent debtor to a creditor on an antecedent 

debt made within 90 days before the filing of a bankruptcy petition is a preferential 

transfer, which the trustee may avoid so that it can include the value in the bankruptcy 

estate. See 11 U.S.C. § 547(b). As the Supreme Court has noted, “A preference is a 

transfer that enables a creditor to receive payment of a greater percentage of his claim 

 

explained in rejecting a district court’s application of the clearly-erroneous standard when 

reviewing a bankruptcy court’s summary judgment: 

[B]ecause summary judgment may only be granted where there is no 

genuine issue of material fact, any purported “factual findings” of the 

bankruptcy court cannot be “factual findings” as to disputed issues of fact, 

but rather are conclusions as a matter of law that no genuine issue of 

material fact exists; such conclusions of law are, of course, subject to 

plenary review. Thus, when either a district court or an appellate court 

reviews a grant of summary judgment, the standard of review is plenary; 

any application of the “clearly erroneous” standard is, in itself, clearly 

erroneous. 

Rosen v. Bezner, 996 F.2d 1527, 1530 n.2 (3rd Cir. 1993); accord Gray v. Manklow (In 

re: Optical Techs, Inc.), 246 F.3d 1332, 1335 (11th Cir. 2001). To avoid any future 

uncertainty, this opinion has been circulated to all unrecused active members of this court 

and all agree that bankruptcy-court summary judgments are subject to de novo review on 

appeal. Insofar as Jobin and Fidelity Savings hold otherwise, they are hereby overruled. 

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against the debtor than he would have received if the transfer had not been made and he 

had participated in the distribution of the assets of the bankrupt estate.” Union Bank v. 

Wolas, 502 U.S. 151, 160‒61 (1991) (internal quotation marks omitted). The preference 

section serves two purposes. The more important one is to “facilitate the prime 

bankruptcy policy of equality of distribution among creditors of the debtor. Any creditor 

that received a greater payment than others of his class is required to disgorge so that all 

may share equally.” Id. at 161 (internal quotation marks omitted). The other purpose is 

to discourage creditors “from racing to the courthouse to dismember the debtor during his 

slide into bankruptcy,” thereby giving the debtor an opportunity “to work his way out of a 

difficult financial situation through cooperation with all of his creditors.” Id. (internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

But there are some exceptions to this avoidance power, one of which is the subject 

of this appeal. Under § 547(c)(2), a trustee may not avoid a transfer “to the extent that 

such transfer was in payment of a debt incurred by the debtor in the ordinary course of 

business or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee” when “such transfer was . . . 

(A) made in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the 

transferee; or (B) made according to ordinary business terms.” At one time the 

Bankruptcy Code was often read to require the transferee to prove both (A) and (B)—that 

is, that the payment was made in the ordinary course and that it was made according to 

ordinary business terms. See 5 Collier on Bankruptcy § 547.04[2] (Alan N. Resnick & 

Henry J. Sommers eds., 16th ed. 2014). But Congress amended the statute in 2005 to 

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make clear that subparagraphs (A) and (B) are alternatives. See id. The language of each 

alternative, however, remains the same, so case law interpreting each survives. See id. 

SMC relies only on subparagraph (A). 

This circuit construes the exception narrowly. See Jobin, 84 F.3d at 1339. And the 

transferee bears the burden of establishing the exception by a preponderance of the 

evidence. See 11 U.S.C. § 547(g). 

“[The ordinary-course-of-business] exception was intended to leave undisturbed 

normal financial relations, because it does not detract from the general policy of the 

preference section to discourage unusual action by either the debtor or his creditors 

during the debtor’s slide into bankruptcy.” Union Bank, 502 U.S. at 160 (internal 

quotation marks omitted). Although “[o]n the one hand, any exception for a payment on 

account of an antecedent debt tends to favor the payee over other creditors and therefore 

may conflict with the policy of equal treatment,” id. at 161, “[o]n the other hand, the 

ordinary course of business exception may benefit all creditors by deterring the ‘race to 

the courthouse’ and enabling the struggling debtor to continue operating its business,” id; 

see Clark v. Balcor Real Estate Fin., Inc. (In re Meridith Hoffman Partners), 12 F.3d 

1549, 1553 (10th Cir. 1993) (The preference section “discourages ‘unusual action’ that 

may favor certain creditors or hasten bankruptcy by alarming other creditors and 

motivating them to force the debtor into bankruptcy to avoid being left out.” But even if 

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payments were “not common,” they may be in the ordinary course if “they did not favor 

certain creditors or encourage a race to dismember the [debtor].”).3

The incurrence of the debt and the payment must be in the ordinary course of 

business for both the debtor and the transferee. See 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2) (“debt incurred 

by the debtor in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the 

transferee”); id. § 547(c)(2)(A) (“made in the ordinary course of business or financial 

affairs of the debtor and the transferee”); Union Bank, 502 U.S. at 162 (remanding to 

court of appeals to decide “whether the loan involved in this case was incurred in the 

ordinary course of the Debtor’s business and of the Bank’s business”); Fid. Sav. & Inv. 

Co., 880 F.2d at 1177–78 (examining the ordinary course of business for each party); 

 

3 On appeal the Trustee asks us to adopt the meaning of the term ordinary course of 

business in Section 364(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. But because the Trustee did not 

make this argument before the bankruptcy court, we need not consider it. See Richison v. 

Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1130 (10th Cir. 2011). And even if we were to 

consider the argument, we would likely reject it. The Trustee is correct that we generally 

assume that a term carries the same meaning throughout a statute. See U.S. Nat’l Bank of 

Or. v. Indep. Ins. Agents of Am., Inc., 508 U.S. 439, 460 (1993). But because the 

purposes of sections 547(c) and 364(a) differ, we should be cautious about applying the 

same definition to both. See Johnson v. Barnhill (In re Antweil), 931 F.2d 689, 692 (10th 

Cir. 1991) (“because [the] purposes of sections 547(b) and 547(c) are completely 

different, [the] definition of ‘transfer’ need not be [the] same for both sections”). The 

aim of the ordinary-course standard under § 364(a) is to determine whether a postpetition 

transaction is so “ordinary” that creditors, to whom the debtor owes fiduciary duties, see 

Wolf v. Weinstein, 371 U.S. 633, 649 (1963), need not receive notice of its existence. See 

In re Husting Land & Dev., Inc., 255 B.R. 772, 777 (Bankr. D. Utah 2000). This is quite 

a different inquiry from the § 547(c)(2) inquiry into whether the transaction would have 

been entered into absent the debtor’s slide into bankruptcy. The § 364(a) notion of 

ordinary should be, and is, more restrictive than the notion of the same term under 

§ 547(c)(2), which undoubtedly accounts for the Trustee’s desire to apply it. 

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S. Rep. No. 95-989 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5874 (the debt must be 

incurred and the transfer made “in the ordinary course of both the debtor and the 

transferee” (emphasis added)). 

Some courts have instead required the incurrence of the debt and the payment to 

be in the ordinary course of business between the debtor and the transferee. See, e.g.,

Fitzpatrick v. Cent. Commc’ns & Elecs., Inc. (In re Tenn. Valley Steel Corp.), 203 B.R. 

949, 954 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1996) (exception “requires proof that the debt and its 

payments are ordinary in relation to other business dealings between that creditor and that 

debtor”); Brizendine v. Barrett Oil Distribs., Inc. (In re Brown Transp. Truckload, Inc.), 

152 B.R. 690, 692 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 1992) (“the better interpretation of the statute is that 

§ 547(c)(2)(B) requires a transferee to show that the transfer was made in the ordinary 

course of business between those two parties”). Under this standard, any first-time 

transaction (like the one between C.W. Mining and SMC) would seem to be per se

ineligible for the exception because there is no prior course of dealing to examine. See In 

re Brown Transp. Truckload, Inc., 152 B.R. at 692 (“If there is no prior course of dealings 

between the parties, the transferee cannot satisfy this element.”).

But we agree with the three circuits that have addressed the issue, who have held 

that a first-time transaction can qualify for the exception. See Wood v. Stratos Prod. Dev., 

LLC (In re Ahaza Sys. Inc.), 482 F.3d 1118, 1125 (9th Cir. 2007) (“We agree that firsttime transactions may satisfy the requirements of [the exception].”); Kleven v. Household 

Bank F.S.B., 334 F.3d 638, 642 (7th Cir. 2003); Gosch v. Burns (In re Finn), 909 F.2d 

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903, 908 (6th Cir. 1990) (“Obviously every borrower who does something in the ordinary 

course of her affairs must, at some point, have done it for the first time.”). After all, the 

statute refers to the “ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the 

transferee,” not between the debtor and the transferee. 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2) (emphasis 

added); see Remes v. ASC Meat Imports, Ltd. (In re Morren Meat & Poultry Co.), 92 B.R. 

737, 740 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 1988). Our interpretation also fits the purpose of the 

exception. As the Ninth Circuit wrote: 

With the “ordinary course of business” exception, Congress aimed not to 

protect well-established financial relations, but rather to “leave undisturbed 

normal financial relations, because [the exception] does not detract from 

the general policy of the preference section to discourage unusual action by 

either the debtor or his creditors during the debtor’s slide into bankruptcy.” 

In re Ahaza Sys., Inc., 482 F.3d at 1125 (quoting Union Bank, 502 U.S. at 160). And we 

agree with the Seventh Circuit that “‘the court can imagine little (short of the certain 

knowledge that its debt will not be paid) that would discourage a potential creditor from 

extending credit to a new customer in questionable financial circumstances more than the 

knowledge that it would not even be able to raise the ordinary course of business defense, 

if it is subsequently sued to recover an alleged preference.’” Kleven, 334 F.3d at 643 

(quoting Warsco v. Household Bank F.S.B., 272 B.R. 246, 252 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 2002)). 

One court has said that if § 547(c)(2)(A) can be satisfied by looking to the 

ordinary course of business of each party, then there is no need for the following 

subparagraph, § 547(c)(2)(B), which bases the exception on whether the transfer was 

“made according to ordinary business terms.” See In re Brown Transp. Truckload, Inc., 

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152 B.R. at 692 (requiring “the actions [to be] taken in the ordinary course of the parties’ 

respective ordinary course of business, without showing the prior course of dealing 

between the parties, . . . would make [§547(c)(2)(B)] superfluous, since that subsection 

requires that the transfer also be made according to ordinary business terms”). But we

have defined ordinary business terms to mean “those used in ‘normal financing 

relations’: the kinds of terms that creditors and debtors use in ordinary circumstances, 

when debtors are healthy.” In re Meridith Hoffman Partners, 12 F.3d at 1553. This 

definition contemplates an examination of what is ordinary in the relevant industry, not 

what is ordinary in each party’s respective practices. See Carrier Corp. v. Buckley (In re 

Globe Mfg. Corp.), 567 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir. 2009) (ordinary-business-terms 

alternative “require[s] proof that the payment is ordinary in relation to prevailing industry 

standards”); In re Tolona Pizza Prods. Corp., 3 F.3d 1029, 1033 (7th Cir. 1993) 

(“‘ordinary business terms’ refers to the range of terms that encompasses the practices in 

which firms similar in some general way to the creditor in question engage”). Under our 

interpretation of subparagraph C, there is no duplication in the statute.

Thus, as the Ninth Circuit said, “[A] first-time debt must be ordinary in relation to 

this debtor’s and this creditor’s past practices when dealing with other, similarly situated 

parties.” In re Ahaza Sys., Inc., 482 F.3d at 1126. (Of course, if the two parties have had 

an extended relationship, that could establish the ordinary course of business for each. 

See, e.g., Riske v. C.T.S. Sys., Inc. (In re Keller Tool Corp.), 151 B.R. 912, 914 (Bankr. 

E.D. Miss. 1993); In re Morren Meat & Poultry Co., 92 B.R. at 740.) 

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Still, there are real teeth in the ordinary-course requirement. With respect to 

incurrence of the debt, the requirement must be read in light of the “general policy of the 

preference section to discourage unusual action by either the debtor or [its] creditors 

during the debtor’s slide into bankruptcy.” Union Bank, 502 U.S. at 160 (internal 

quotation marks omitted). It follows that “if a party has never engaged in similar 

transactions[,] . . . we consider more generally whether the debt is similar to what we 

would expect of similarly situated parties, where the debtor is not sliding into bankruptcy. 

. . . In [that] instance, the fact that a debt is the first of its kind for a party will be relevant 

but not dispositive.” In re Ahaza Sys., Inc., 482 F.3d at 1126 (emphasis added). When 

the new debt is very large and unprecedented, it may represent an expenditure (an 

incurrence of debt) that is being undertaken only because the debtor is sliding into 

bankruptcy. A failing business may engage in a desperate last-chance effort to try a risky 

scheme that just might work (and return the business to profitability) but that would not 

pose any risk to the business because it was clearly going to fail otherwise. There is a 

special incentive to invest in high-risk projects—even projects that would otherwise not 

make economic sense—because if the project succeeds, the company reaps the returns, 

but if the project fails, its creditors will bear the downside. See Barry E. Adler, A ReExamination of Near-Bankruptcy Investment Incentives, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 575, 606 

(Spring 1995) (“[T]he best justification for preference law is not that it deters collection 

from a static pool of assets, but that it deters an insolvent firm’s investment in unduly 

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risky projects.”); Robert K. Rasmussen, The Ex Ante Effects of Bankruptcy Reform on 

Investment Incentives, 72 Wash. U. L.Q. 1159, 1170–71 (Fall 1994).4

 

One case cited by the Trustee is instructive. In Harrah’s Tunica Corp. v. Meeks (In 

re Armstrong), 291 F.3d 517, 520 (8th Cir. 2002), the debtor “organized Ponzi schemes to 

defraud investors, embezzled funds from his elderly clients’ life savings to support his 

fraud, and then attempted to become solvent through check kiting and gambling.” 

(footnotes omitted). The debt in question was incurred at Harrah’s casino, where the 

debtor lost $48,400 gambling with chips obtained on credit. See id. at 521. The debt was 

paid out of the debtor’s bank account within the 90-day preference period before his 

involuntary bankruptcy. See id. The Eighth Circuit determined that although the debt 

was incurred in “the ordinary course of the casino’s financial affairs,” it was not incurred 

in the ordinary course of the debtor’s affairs. Id. at 527. That the debtor was not a 

professional gambler was probative although not dispositive. See id. “More important 

here is that [the debtor’s] purpose for gambling, other than entertainment, was to cover 

huge losses arising from [his] fraud, embezzlement, and Ponzi schemes.” Id. The court 

“decline[d] to hold that a desperate debtor’s irresponsible accumulation of gambling 

 

4 We note, however, that in some instances a debt may be incurred in the ordinary course 

of business even though it was incurred only because the debtor was sliding into 

bankruptcy. For example, certain expenditures unique to struggling businesses—such as 

hiring a turnaround consultant, see Ciesla v. Harney Mgmt. Partners (In re KLN Steel 

Prods. Co., LLC), 506 B.R. 461, 470‒72 (Bankr. W.D. Tex 2014)—are likely to qualify 

for the exception. The concern is only with what might be termed “gambling” by a 

failing business. 

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debts in an ill-fated attempt to cover fraud and embezzlement losses qualifies as the 

ordinary course of his business or financial affairs.” Id.

Armstrong is an extreme case. Its reasoning does not apply to the many ordinarycourse business decisions that are in a sense gambles because no one can predict with 

certainty whether a change in practice will succeed. Courts should be deferential to a 

company’s business decisions. But gambling need not be at a casino. And a debt 

incurred for an unduly risky project that can be justified only because the risk is borne 

solely by the company’s creditors is not a debt incurred in the ordinary course of 

business. 

As for the payment prong, courts commonly look to four factors to determine 

whether a payment was made in the ordinary course of business of the debtor and the 

transferee: 

(1) length of time the parties were engaged in the type of dealing at issue; 

(2) whether the amount or form of tender differed from past practices; 

(3) whether the debtor or creditor engaged in any unusual collection or 

payment activities; and 

(4) the circumstances under which the payment was made. 

5 Collier on Bankruptcy, supra § 547.04[2][a][ii][B]; see, e.g., In re Ahaza Sys. Inc., 

482 F.3d at 1129 (restating the fourth factor as “whether the creditor took advantage of 

the debtor’s deteriorating financial condition” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Brandt 

v. Repco Printers & Lithographers, Inc. (In re Healthco Int’l, Inc.), 132 F.3d 104, 109 

(1st Cir. 1997) (court considers “the amount transferred, the timing of the payment, the 

historic course of dealings between the debtor and the transferee, and the circumstances 

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under which the transfer was effected”); Jagow v. Grunwald (In re Allied Carriers’ Exch., 

Inc.), 375 B.R. 610, 616 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 2007); Bohm v. Golden Knitting Mills, Inc. (In 

re Forman Enters. Inc.), 293 B.R. 848, 857 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 2003) (courts “consider 

whether the transfer was ordinary as between the debtor and creditor,” looking to “the 

time, the amount and the manner in which payment occurred”). For first-time 

transactions, however, “the court may refer solely to the written terms of the transaction 

to define the ordinary course of business between the parties.” 5 Collier on Bankruptcy, 

supra § 547-04[2][9][ii][B]. Absent other peculiar circumstances, a payment made 

shortly before or at the due date will satisfy the statutory requirement. See id. (“The vast 

majority of ordinary course of business cases deal with payments that are made later than 

the express written terms require.”). 

We now examine how this law applies to the dealings between SMC and C.W. 

Mining. 

1. Was the Debt Incurred in the Ordinary Course of Business?

In June 2007, C.W. Mining agreed to purchase used electrical equipment for 

longwall mining and related services from SMC. C.W. Mining and SMC had no prior 

relationship. It is undisputed that the equipment and services under the contract were 

“within the normal scope of products and services” provided by SMC. Aplt. App. at 168.

C.W. Mining thought that changing from a continuous-mining method to a longwall 

system would increase its mining capacity by a factor of four to five. On July 9, SMC 

provided a quotation for the transaction that reflected the June agreement, and on 

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September 18, SMC issued an invoice for the majority of the parts and services in the 

amount of $805,539.75. 

The Trustee contends that the $805,539.75 debt was not incurred in C.W. Mining’s 

ordinary course of business. He asserts that “SMC provided no evidence of the ordinary 

course of business of [C.W. Mining] aside from noting that [it] mined coal and purchased 

equipment from SMC used to mine coal,” Aplt. Br. at 15, and he contends that the 

bankruptcy court “should have required SMC to describe something of [C.W. Mining’s] 

business history and current financial circumstances showing it was ordinary for [it] to 

incur large obligations for longwall equipment,” id. 

In our view, however, SMC satisfied its burden of producing evidence that the 

debt was incurred in the ordinary course of C.W. Mining’s business. The purchase was 

an arm’s length transaction, and the undisputed purpose of the purchase was to assist in 

mining operations. The Trustee’s one-page argument on the point in response to SMC’s 

motion for summary judgment argued only that C.W. Mining had been using the 

continuous-mining method until the purchase; C.W. Mining had been sued two years 

earlier by Aquila, Inc., by far the largest creditor in the bankruptcy; C.W. Mining had 

never done business with SMC before; and the equipment was used and needed to be 

refurbished, yet C.W. Mining had not done refurbishing before. The gist of the argument 

was simply that this was a first-time transaction. As we have already said, that is not 

enough. Although there is evidence that could support an assertion that C.W. Mining was 

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gambling with creditors’ money,5 the Trustee neither alerted the court to that evidence nor 

argued that such gambling was a possibility that SMC had the burden to disprove. The 

court was given no good reason to think that the debt was not incurred in the ordinary 

course of business. Absent exceptional circumstances not present here, we will not 

reverse on a ground inadequately presented to the trial court. See Mitchell, 218 F.3d at 

1198‒99.

2. Was the Payment to SMC Made in the Ordinary Course of 

 Business? 

The Trustee also contends that he may avoid the $200,000 payment to SMC under 

11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(A), which requires a payment to be “made in the ordinary course 

of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee.” On appeal we need 

examine only whether the payment was in the ordinary course of C.W. Mining’s business 

because the Trustee does not contest that it was made in the ordinary course of SMC’s 

business. 

SMC sent C.W. Mining a quotation for the proposed purchase that set a total price 

of $1,064,036.06 and contained the following payment terms: 

 

5

 The appellate appendix, and bankruptcy-court records that we can take judicial notice 

of, indicate that there is evidence (1) that C.W. Mining submitted an application to the 

Bureau of Land Management in 2000 stating that the mine was not amenable to longwall 

mining; (2) that when longwall mining was introduced by C.W. Mining, the coal quality 

did not meet contract specifications and the rate of production was much lower than for 

similar operations elsewhere; (3) that the operator that acquired rights to the mine in the 

bankruptcy proceedings reinstituted continuous mining; and (4) that removal of the 

longwall equipment (which was of doubtful value) was expensive. 

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 “Equipment shall be invoiced after completion of assembly and testing.” Aplt. 

App. at 158. 

 “The invoice . . . will be provided to the buyer on the date the initial factory 

testing is complete,” and “shall be recognized by the buyer as the payment 

term inception date.” Id.

 “All invoices are net thirty (30) days from date of invoice,” with a “1-1/2% per 

month late charge [to] apply on all delinquent accounts.” Id. (emphasis added). 

The quotation further provided for the following “required” progress payments: 

15% - Within 7 days of issuance of P.O. [purchase order] 

25% - Upon issuance of submittals 

25% - Upon release of manufacturing 

25% - Upon completion of testing 

10% - Upon completion of commissioning 

Id.

On September 18, 2007, SMC issued an invoice to C.W. Mining for equipment 

and services in the amount of $805,539.75. The invoice had three entries: 

25% of total due upon issuance of submittals $268,513.25 

25% of total due upon release of manufacturing $268,513.25 

25% of total due upon completion of testing $268,513.25 

Id. at 165. The invoice labeled the payment terms as “SPECIAL,” id., but the bankruptcy 

court determined that the designation reflected only that the customer “was to make 

progress payments as it received invoices,” id. at 287. On October 16, 2007, C.W. 

Mining sent the challenged $200,000 to SMC by wire transfer to be applied to the 

September 18 invoice. 

 The $200,000 payment was two days before the due date. It came from CW 

Mining’s own bank account. And there is no evidence of collection activity by SMC. 

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 We affirm the bankruptcy court’s ruling on summary judgment that the $200,000 

payment was made in the ordinary course of C.W. Mining’s business.

II. CONCLUSION 

We AFFIRM the judgment of the bankruptcy court. 

Appellate Case: 13-4175 Document: 01019472749 Date Filed: 08/10/2015 Page: 18