In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: January 18, 2023

S22A1081. RIDLEY v. THE STATE.

 PINSON, Justice.

Kentrick Ridley was convicted of malice murder and related 

crimes in connection with the shooting death of Rico Bynum.1 On 

appeal, Ridley contends that the evidence was not sufficient as a 

matter of due process to support his convictions, that the trial court 

 1 The crimes occurred on April 25, 2016. In August 2017, Ridley was 

indicted by a Fulton County grand jury for malice murder, felony murder, 

aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a 

felony. At the conclusion of a jury trial held November 28 through December 

3, 2018, Ridley was found guilty on all four counts. Ridley was sentenced to life 

in prison without the possibility of parole for the malice-murder count and a 

consecutive term of five years probated for the firearm-possession count. The 

remaining counts were vacated by operation of law or merged for sentencing 

purposes. Prior to his sentencing, Ridley filed a premature motion for new trial, 

which ripened upon the entry of the final disposition on January 2, 2019. See 

Southall v. State, 300 Ga. 462, 464-467 (1) (796 SE2d 261) (2017). Through new 

counsel, Ridley amended his motion for new trial in February 2022. After a 

hearing in April 2022, the trial court denied the motion on May 13, 2022. Ridley 

filed a timely notice of appeal on May 23, 2022, and an amended notice of

appeal on May 24, 2022. The appeal was docketed to the August 2022 term of 

this Court and was thereafter submitted for a decision on the briefs.
2

failed to fulfill its role as the “thirteenth juror,” and that the trial 

court erred by allowing the prosecutor to make certain statements 

during her closing argument. But the record shows that the evidence 

was sufficient to support Ridley’s convictions and that the trial court 

exercised its role as the thirteenth juror. And most of the closingargument statements that Ridley challenges were proper comments 

on the defense’s failure to present evidence—made with express 

reference to the fact that the burden of proof rests “completely” with 

the State—while the remaining statement at issue properly asked 

the jury to draw a reasonable inference supported by undisputed 

evidence. So we affirm Ridley’s convictions and sentences.

1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the 

evidence at trial showed as follows. In the early morning hours of 

April 25, 2016, Bynum was shot and killed on Grand Avenue in 

Fulton County. The shooting was witnessed by Theresa Scruggs and 

Robert Green, both of whom testified at trial. 

(a) Scruggs testified that, as of April 2016, she was homeless, 

addicted to crack cocaine, and working as a prostitute. She became 
3

friends with Bynum, a pimp, after she began buying drugs from him. 

Although Bynum wanted to have a romantic relationship with her, 

Scruggs initially refused because Bynum was married and living 

with his wife.

Scruggs then met Ridley. They began a sexual relationship, 

and she moved in to Ridley’s apartment. But within two or three 

days, Bynum, who had kicked his wife out of his home, convinced 

Scruggs to come live with him. Scruggs testified that Ridley “wasn’t 

happy” about her leaving.

According to Scruggs, the shooting occurred five or six days 

after she left Ridley for Bynum. During those five or six days, Ridley 

texted her constantly, asking her to come back, and he also called 

her, saying on one occasion that she “ha[d] until Monday to come 

back.” About two or three days before the shooting, after seeing 

Ridley’s text messages to Scruggs, Bynum called Ridley and warned 

him not to come back to that side of the neighborhood, “[i]f he knew 

what was good for him.” 

On the night of April 24, Scruggs and Bynum walked from their 
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home to the Express Zone gas station at the end of Grand Avenue. 

While Bynum stayed at the gas station to sell crack, Scruggs and 

another woman walked down the street, where they came across a 

man whom Scruggs ultimately joined in his car. The man, Albert 

Remler, told her he was a contractor, and, because Scruggs was 

interested in construction work, she gave him her name and phone 

number. She ultimately performed a sexual act in exchange for $10 

in cash plus a $20 check. 

Scruggs returned to the gas station and gave Remler’s $20 

check to Bynum. They went to a nearby check-cashing business but 

were unable to cash the check. They then walked back towards the 

gas station and encountered Robert Green, who joined them. After 

walking together for some distance, Green asked to talk to Scruggs, 

and the two turned around and walked away from Bynum down 

Grand Avenue. 

As Scruggs was walking with Green, Ridley appeared “from out 

of nowhere” with a gun. Scruggs asked what was going on, and 

Ridley responded, waving the gun and “hollering” that “nobody 
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threatens me. . . . [Y]ou choose him over me, and he calls me 

threatening me.” Trying to defuse the situation, Scruggs told Ridley 

she would leave with him. By this time, Bynum had started walking 

toward them. Ridley greeted Bynum with, “What’s up man,” and 

then began firing the gun. Bynum fell to the ground with a fatal 

gunshot wound to the neck. 

Ridley and Green ran from the scene. Scruggs first tried to talk 

to Bynum, and then she fled when she realized he wasn’t breathing. 

Within a few minutes, she was intercepted by Ridley and Green, who 

were in Ridley’s truck. Ridley pointed his gun at Scruggs and said, 

“[Y]ou can either die here with him or you can get in.” Scruggs got 

in the truck. Ridley drove to a motel, where Green sold Ridley’s gun. 

The trio then collected their belongings and left town for Memphis. 

Scruggs and Ridley stayed in Memphis until December 2016, 

when Ridley was apprehended by law enforcement officials. Scruggs 

testified that while they were in Memphis, Ridley would not let her 

leave his presence. She tried to escape twice, but failed each time. 

She did not contact the police during this time because she was 
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afraid.2

Surveillance videos from the check-cashing business, the gas 

station, and Atlanta Police Department street cameras corroborated 

various details of Scruggs’s account of the events leading up to the 

shooting. In particular, the videos captured Ridley and Green 

walking in the area at 1:04 a.m. on April 25, less than 30 minutes 

before police were notified of Bynum’s shooting. 

(b) Green testified that he had become friends with Ridley after 

repairing Ridley’s truck. On the night of the shooting, Ridley asked 

Green to look at a problem with his truck, and after doing so, Green 

rode with Ridley to see whether the problem was fixed. They ended 

up at the Express Zone.

According to Green, at some point after they arrived at the gas 

station, Scruggs walked up to them, followed by a man. Ridley and 

the man argued, and Ridley then shot the man. Green walked away 

and was soon picked up by Ridley. They drove off, Green sold

 2 Scruggs did manage to leave Memphis in May 2016 for a brief time but 

then allowed Ridley to retrieve her, and the pair stopped in Atlanta for a brief 

time on their way back to Memphis. 
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Ridley’s gun, and he, Ridley, and Scruggs left town for Memphis.

Green testified that he had previously cleaned Ridley’s gun, a .45-

caliber automatic handgun.

Investigators never found the gun used in the shooting, but 

they recovered six cartridge cases and one bullet from the crime 

scene, all of which were .45-caliber. A GBI firearms examiner 

testified that the six cartridge cases had all been fired from the same 

.45-caliber gun. The firearms examiner also testified that the three 

bullets recovered from Bynum’s body were .45-caliber too, and that 

they had been fired from the same gun as the bullet found at the 

scene.

(c) The lead investigator in the case, Detective Michael Young, 

testified about the investigation and how his team had identified 

and located Scruggs and Ridley. The $20 check Scruggs and Bynum 

had tried to cash was recovered from Bynum’s pants pocket; this 

check led Detective Young to Remler, who still had the check stub 

on which Scruggs had written her name and phone number. 

Detective Young contacted Scruggs and arranged to meet with her 
8

under the guise of needing help with a construction job. After 

revealing that he was a detective, Young interviewed Scruggs, and 

she identified Ridley as the shooter. Detective Young confirmed that 

surveillance videos and other evidence corroborated key aspects of 

Scruggs’s account. 

2. Ridley contends that the evidence was not sufficient to 

sustain his convictions as a matter of constitutional due process.

Ridley asserts that the witnesses the State presented were not 

credible, notes that no physical evidence directly linked Ridley to the 

shooting, and contends that the State failed to connect him to the 

murder weapon. Ridley also points out that he never admitted to 

shooting Bynum, and that no video or audio recording showed that 

he was the shooter.

When assessing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

as a matter of constitutional due process, the evidence presented at 

trial is viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts to 

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the 

defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of all the crimes of 
9

which he was convicted. See Jones v. State, 304 Ga. 594, 598 (2) (820 

SE2d 696) (2018) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (III) 

(B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979)). In making this 

determination, we do not evaluate witness credibility, resolve 

inconsistencies in the evidence, or assess the weight of the evidence;

these tasks are left to the sole discretion of the jury. See Walker v. 

State, 296 Ga. 161, 163 (1) (766 SE2d 28) (2014). The jury’s verdicts

will be upheld as long as some competent evidence, even if

contradicted, supports each fact necessary to make out the State’s 

case. See Jones, 304 Ga. at 598 (2).

Applying this standard here, the evidence was sufficient to 

support Ridley’s convictions for malice murder and possession of a 

firearm in connection with that crime.3 Both Scruggs and Green 

testified that they saw Ridley shoot Bynum. Surveillance footage 

showed Ridley in the area of the shooting shortly before it occurred. 

There was evidence that Ridley possessed a gun of the same caliber 

 3 As noted above, the felony-murder count was vacated by operation of 

law, and the aggravated-assault count merged with the malice-murder count. 
10

as the cartridge cases and bullets recovered from the scene and from 

Bynum’s body. Ridley had recently been threatened by Bynum and 

had a clear motive for committing the shooting. And immediately 

after the shooting, Ridley fled Atlanta for Memphis. This evidence 

was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find Ridley guilty beyond 

a reasonable doubt of these crimes. See, e.g., Coates v. State, 310 Ga. 

94, 98 (849 SE2d 435) (2020) (evidence was sufficient to sustain 

convictions where eyewitnesses identified defendant as the shooter 

and defendant fled country immediately after the crimes); Jackson 

v. State, 288 Ga. 213, 214 (1) (702 SE2d 201) (2010) (evidence was 

sufficient to sustain convictions where eyewitnesses identified 

defendant as the shooter and there was evidence that defendant had 

a motive to commit the shooting).

3. Ridley next contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion by failing to exercise its role as the “thirteenth juror” in 

considering his motion for new trial.

“Even when the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain a 

conviction, a trial judge may grant a new trial if the verdict of the 
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jury ‘is contrary to . . . the principles of justice and equity,’ OCGA § 

5-5-20, or if the verdict is ‘decidedly and strongly against the weight 

of the evidence.’ OCGA § 5-5-21.” Drennon v. State, 314 Ga. 854, 860 

(2) (__ SE2d __) (2022) (citation and punctuation omitted). When 

these so-called “general grounds” are properly raised in a timely 

motion for new trial, the trial judge must “exercise a broad discretion 

to sit as a ‘thirteenth juror.’” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted). 

This role requires the judge to consider matters typically reserved 

to the jury, including conflicts in the evidence, witness credibility, 

and the weight of the evidence. See id.

The trial court performed its thirteenth-juror role here. This is 

plain from the face of the order denying Ridley’s motion for new trial. 

In that order, the court expressly states that it “re-examine[d] . . . 

the weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses, as an 

independent fact-finder” and that, having done so, it “decline[d] to 

grant a new trial on these general grounds.” So the record refutes

Ridley’s contention that the court failed to fulfill its role as the 

thirteenth juror. See Strother v. State, 305 Ga. 838, 843 (3) (828 
12

SE2d 327) (2019). And the merits of the trial court’s decision on the 

general grounds are not subject to our review: “this Court does not 

sit as an arbiter of the general grounds, which are solely within the 

discretion of the trial court.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted). 

This claim therefore fails.

4. Ridley also contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion in overruling his objections to certain statements the 

prosecutor made during closing arguments. He claims that several 

of the prosecutor’s statements improperly shifted the burden of proof 

to the defense, and that one statement argued facts not in evidence.

Ridley is correct that these arguments are reviewed for abuse of 

discretion. See Moore v. State, 307 Ga. 290, 297 (5) (835 SE2d 610) 

(2019). We take each of these two arguments in turn.

(a) On several occasions during closing argument, the 

prosecutor noted for the jury that the defense had the same power 

to subpoena witnesses as the State. This point was responsive to the 

defense’s efforts throughout the trial to cast doubt on the State’s 

case by highlighting its failure to present testimony from various 
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people who, the defense claimed, would have had information 

relevant to the investigation. On the first occasion, the prosecutor 

stated:

The one thing I want to tell you that’s real important is 

that the burden is on the State to prove [guilt] beyond a 

reasonable doubt. The defense has absolutely no burden 

whatsoever to do anything. They don’t have to do 

anything. The burden is completely on us, but the State 

has subpoena power to make people come to court. Given 

a subpoena they have to come to court. Bring your 

evidence with you. They have the exact same subpoena 

power.

Ridley’s trial counsel objected on the ground of “shifting the burden.” 

The objection was overruled, and the prosecutor continued to press 

the point. Later in her closing, the prosecutor returned to this topic:

[The] State’s not hiding anything from you. I told you in 

opening. Not putting up a bunch of witnesses who were 

not present and didn’t see the murder. The defense 

counsel asked . . . a bunch of questions of what would they 

. . . have said. If these witnesses were going to exonerate 

[Ridley] they could have subpoenaed [them.]

Again, trial counsel objected based on burden-shifting, and the 

objection was overruled.

At another point, the prosecutor stated:
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Do you know what the defense is other than hey, the State 

didn’t put up four witnesses that never saw the homicide. 

Yeah, that’s right. The State didn’t bring four people that 

never saw the homicide. So that’s the defense, attacking 

the State. Well, somebody murdered this man. Somebody 

murdered Rico Bynum, right. He was gunned down. 

Trial counsel objected, arguing that “the State is implying that we 

have to give the person who committed the murder.” The objection 

was overruled, and the prosecutor went on:

The burden is on the State to prove this to you beyond a 

reasonable doubt. The defense doesn’t have to prove 

someone else did it. But ladies and gentlemen, I’m 

allowed to ask you who else did it? What other evidence is 

there that anyone other than Kentrick Ridley did this? 

The State has proven it to you beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Ridley now contends that the trial court abused its discretion 

in overruling these objections, asserting that the prosecutor’s 

statements had the effect of communicating to the jury that the 

defense did bear some burden of proof.

A prosecutor has “wide latitude in the conduct of closing 

argument, the bounds of which are in the trial court’s discretion.” 

Moore, 307 Ga. at 297 (5) (citation and punctuation omitted). And 

where the defense presents no evidence to rebut the evidence of 
15

guilt, it is not improper for the prosecutor to point out that fact to 

the jury. See Kilgore v. State, 300 Ga. 429, 432 (2) (796 SE2d 290) 

(2017) (an argument that the defense has failed to rebut or explain 

the State’s evidence does not amount to improper burden-shifting); 

McCord v. State, 268 Ga. 842, 843 (3) (493 SE2d 129) (1997) (same). 

The prosecutor’s statements here were proper comments on the 

defense’s failure to present evidence, made with express reference to 

the fact that the burden of proof rests “completely” with the State. 

So these statements were well within the bounds of proper closing

argument, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

overruling Ridley’s objections to them.

(b) At one point during her closing argument, apparently 

trying to rebut the defense’s argument that Scruggs’s account of 

walking off with Green down Grand Avenue just before the shooting 

was not believable, the prosecutor stated:

I’m sorry to have to do this, but if you’re a prostitute and 

a strange man say[s] hey, let’s go to the really real dark 

area by the wood in exchange for money for sex does your 

–
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Trial counsel objected on the ground that the remark stated facts 

not in evidence. The court responded by directing the jury to 

“remember the evidence to the best of your collective ability.” The 

prosecutor went on:

I’m not talking about evidence, ladies and gentlemen. The 

defense got up here and said it was unreasonable for Rico 

Bynum to let Theresa Scruggs walk off with [Green]. My 

argument is perfectly reasonable because if you’re the 

pimp you’re watching the guy and the girl walk off 

together to the dark area what do you think is going to 

happen over there if you’re the pimp. 

Ridley contends that the trial court abused its discretion by 

allowing the prosecutor to argue facts not in evidence. See OCGA § 

17-8-75 (“Where counsel in the hearing of the jury make statements 

of prejudicial matters which are not in evidence, it is the duty of the 

court to interpose and prevent the same.”). But the wide latitude 

afforded to a prosecutor making a closing argument includes the 

leeway to draw reasonable inferences from the evidence. See Styles 

v. State, 308 Ga. 624, 629 (3) (842 SE2d 869) (2020). The prosecutor’s 

statement asked the jury to draw a reasonable inference—supported 

by the undisputed evidence that Scruggs was a prostitute and 
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Bynum was a pimp—as to why Scruggs would have walked away 

with Green without any objection from Bynum. See Varner v. State, 

285 Ga. 300, 301 (2) (c) (676 SE2d 189) (2009) (prosecutor’s reference 

to victim as a “battered woman” was a permissible inference from 

the evidence). So the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

overruling Ridley’s objection to the prosecutor’s statement.

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except LaGrua, J., 

disqualified.