NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

PATRICIA NOEMI MENDOZA, 

Petitioner, 

 v. 

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General, 

Respondent.

No. 17-70978 

Agency No. A060-475-710 

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Argued and Submitted October 13, 2020

Pasadena, California

Before: GOULD and OWENS, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN,** District Judge.

Petitioner Patricia Noemi Mendoza is a Mexican citizen who became a lawful 

permanent resident of the United States in January 2009. The Board of Immigration 

Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed a decision by the Immigration Judge (“IJ”), which found 

that Mendoza aided and abetted her husband’s plan to smuggle an 8-year old alien

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Edward R. Korman, United States District Judge for 

the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.

FILED

NOV 2 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

from Mexico named Angel across the border and consequently was inadmissible. 

See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(E)(i). This petition followed. 

The IJ found that there was no evidence to suggest that Mendoza provided 

Angel with a fake birth certificate that was used as documentation for Angel to enter 

into the country. The IJ also credited Mendoza’s statement to Customs and Border 

Patrol that she would never have gone along with her husband’s plan if she had 

known before traveling to Mexico that he intended to smuggle Angel across the 

border in violation of the law. Indeed, Mendoza learned for the first time of her 

husband’s plan while they were in Mexico after he had picked Angel up at the 

airport. Nevertheless, the IJ concluded that Mendoza did assist in alien smuggling

by asking Angel to recite the information on the birth certificate prior to arriving at 

the inspection booth. The IJ therefore ordered Mendoza removed from the United 

States. 

The question of whether the IJ’s factual findings, to which we defer, support 

the conclusion that Mendoza’s actions constitute assisting in alien smuggling is a 

purely legal question that we review de novo. Aguilar Gonzalez v. Mukasey, 534 

F.3d 1204, 1208 (9th Cir. 2008). 

We have in a number of cases addressed the culpability of a passenger of a 

vehicle driven by the organizer of a scheme to smuggle an alien into the United 

States. There are two that are particularly relevant here. In Altamirano v. Gonzales, 
3 

427 F.3d 586, 595 (9th Cir. 2005), we held that “mere presence in [a] vehicle with 

knowledge” that an undocumented alien is in the trunk does not amount to aiding 

and abetting the illegal entry of an alien under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(E)(i). There, 

the IJ acknowledged that Altamirano did “not appear to have been involved in the 

planning stages of the smuggling attempt” or “assist[] in the physical acts of placing 

[the undocumented alien] into the trunk of the vehicle.” Id. at 592. Nonetheless, the 

IJ ruled that Altamirano was inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(E)(i) “when 

she agreed, having knowledge of [the undocumented alien’s] presence in the trunk 

of the vehicle, to accompany[] her family members to the United States.” Id. We 

reversed the IJ’s decision as “contrary to the alien smuggling provision,” and held 

that the “plain meaning of this statutory provision requires an affirmative act of help, 

assistance, or encouragement.” Id. 

In Aguilar Gonzalez, the petitioner was not only present in the vehicle with 

knowledge of a plan to smuggle an undocumented alien into the country, she also 

“reluctantly acquiesc[ed] in her father’s use of her son’s birth certificate” to carry 

out the plan after her father threatened to stop assisting with mortgage payments 

unless the petitioner allowed him to use the birth certificate. 534 F.3d at 1208. We 

could not “conclude that [petitioner] engaged in an affirmative act by reluctantly 

saying ‘yes’ to her father’s repeated requests to use her son’s birth certificate” in the 

absence of anything in the record indicating that she physically gave the birth 
4 

certificate to her father. Id. at 1209. 

The facts in this case match closely with those in Altamirano and Aguilar 

Gonzalez. Mendoza did not provide the birth certificate that her husband was using 

to smuggle Angel into the United States. Had Mendoza remained silently in the 

vehicle and gone along with the plan that was devised by her husband and sister-inlaw, there would be no question that her “mere presence in the vehicle with 

knowledge of the plan [would not have] constitute[d] alien smuggling.” Altamirano, 

427 F.3d at 596. While Mendoza asked Angel to recite the information on the birth 

certificate prior to arriving at the inspection booth, there is no evidence that she

provided any critique, feedback, encouragement, or reassurance to Angel based on 

his answer. By contrast, in our recent decision in De Arias v. Barr, No. 17-71398 

(9th Cir. Oct. 27, 2020), we upheld a finding of inadmissibility where a petitioner 

not only provided her boyfriend with her deceased husband’s passport, she also 

falsely told border officials that her boyfriend was her deceased husband. Similar

significant acts of assistance were provided by petitioners in the cases the Attorney 

General cites in his brief.

In sum, applying Altamirano and Aguilar Gonzalez, we hold that it was error 

to conclude that Mendoza aided and abetted alien smuggling in violation of 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1182(a)(6)(E)(i).

PETITION GRANTED AND REMANDED TO IJ WITH INSTRUCTIONS 
5 

TO TERMINATE PROCEEDINGS.