Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 1 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

SPACE SHUTTLE 

MISSION 

STS-42 

PRESS KIT 

JANUARY 1992 

International Microgravity Laboratory-1 (IML-1) 
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STS-42 INSIGNIA 

STS042-S-001 -- Designed by the crewmembers, the STS-42 International Microgravity Lab-1 insignia 

depicts the orbiter with the Spacelab module aboard. The spacecraft is oriented in a quiescent, tail-toEarth, gravity-gradient attitude to best support the various microgravity payloads and experiments. The 

international composition of the crew is depicted by symbols representing Canada and the European 

Space Agency. The number 42 is represented by six white stars, four on one side of the orbiter and two on 

the other. The single gold star above the Earth's horizon honors the memory of astronaut Manley Lanier 

(Sonny) Carter, Jr., who was killed in 1991 in a commuter plane crash. A crew spokesperson stated that 

Carter "...Was our crewmate, colleague and friend." Blue letters set against white give the surnames of the 

five astronauts and two payloads specialists for the flight. 

The NASA insignia design for space shuttle flights is reserved for use by the astronauts and for other 

official use as the NASA Administrator may authorize. Public availability has been approved only in the 

form of illustrations by the various news media. When and if there is any change in this policy, which we 

do not anticipate, it will be publicly announced. 

PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 3 

PUBLIC AFFAIRS CONTACTS 

Mark Hess/Ed Campion 

Office of Space Flight 

NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 

(Phone: 202/453-8536) 

Mike Braukus/Paula Cleggett-Haleim/Brian Dunbar 

Office of Space Science and Applications 

NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 

(Phone: 407/453-1547) 

Lisa Malone 

Kennedy Space Center, FL 

(Phone: 407/867-2468) 

Mike Simmons 

Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 

(Phone: 205/544-6537) 

James Hartsfield 

Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 

(Phone: 713/483-5111) 

Jane Hutchison 

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 

(Phone: 415/604-9000) 

Dolores Beasley 

Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 

(Phone: 301/286-7277) 

Myron Webb 

Stennis Space Center, MS 

(Phone: 601/688-3341) 

Nancy Lovato 

Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA 

(Phone: 805/258-3448) 
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CONTENTS 

GENERAL RELEASE 5 

MEDIA SERVICES 6 

STS-42 QUICK-LOOK FACTS 7 

TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 8 

SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES 8 

SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES 9 

VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS 10 

STS-42 PRELAUNCH PROCESSING 15 

IML SCIENCE OPERATIONS 16 

LIFE SCIENCES EXPERIMENTS 17 

GRAVITATIONAL PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS 24 

MICROGRAVITY VESTIBULAR INVESTIGATIONS 26 

MENTAL WORKLOAD PERFORMANCE EXPERIMENTS 27 

CANADA’S PARTICIPATION IN IML-1 28 

SPACE PHYSIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS 29 

MATERIALS SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS 31 

SPACE ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 40 

GELATION OF SOLS: APPLIED MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH 41 

GET AWAY SPECIALS (GAS) 43 

INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLYMER MEMBRANE PROCESSING (IPMP) 45 

IMAX 47 

STUDENT EXPERIMENTS 48 

RADIATION MONITORING EQUIPMENT-III (RME-III) 49 

STS-42 CREW BIOGRAPHIES 50 

STS-42 MISSION MANAGEMENT 54 
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RELEASE: 92-211 DECEMBER 27, 1991 

WORLD-WIDE MATERIALS, LIFE SCIENCE STUDIES HIGHLIGHT 

Space Shuttle mission STS-42, the 45th Shuttle flight, will be a world-wide research effort in the behavior 

of materials and life in weightlessness. 

Scientists from NASA, the European Space Agency, the Canadian Space Agency, the French National 

Center for Space Studies, the German Space Agency and the National Space Development Agency of 

Japan have cooperated in planning experiments aboard the International Microgravity Laboratory-1 (IML1) in Discovery's cargo bay. More than 200 scientists from 16 countries will participate in the 

investigations. 

STS-42 will be the 15th flight of Discovery. Commanding the mission will Ron Grabe, Col., USAF. Steve 

Oswald will serve as pilot. Mission specialists will include Dr. Norm Thagard, MD; Dave Hilmers, Lt. 

Col., USMC; and Bill Readdy. In addition, Dr. Roberta Bondar, MD and Ph.D., of the Canadian Space 

Agency and Ulf Merbold of the European Space Agency will serve as payload specialists. 

Discovery is currently planned for a 8:54 a.m. EST, Jan. 22, 1992, launch. With an as-planned launch, 

landing will be at 10:06 a.m. EST, Jan. 29, 1992, at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. 

Along with the IML-1 module, 12 Get Away Special containers will be mounted in Discovery's cargo bay 

containing experiments ranging from materials processing work to investigations into the development of 

animal life in weightlessness. 

Also aboard Discovery will be the IMAX camera, a large format camera flown on several Shuttle missions 

as a joint project by NASA, the National Air and Space Museum and the IMAX Film Corporation. On 

Discovery's lower deck, the Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing will investigate possible 

advances in filtering technologies in microgravity, and the Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III will record 

radiation levels in the crew cabin. 

Two experiments developed by students and submitted to NASA under the Space Shuttle Student 

Involvement Program will fly on Discovery as well. Convection in Zero Gravity, conceived by Scott 

Thomas while attending Richland High School in Johnstown, Pa., will make a second Shuttle flight to 

investigate the effects of heat on fluid surface tension in weightlessness. The Zero-G Capillary Rise of 

Liquid Through Granular Porous Media, conceived by Constantine Costes while he attended the Randolph 

School in Huntsville, Ala., will investigate how a fluid flows through granular substances in 

weightlessness. 

STS-42 will be the first of eight Space Shuttle flights planned during 1992, five of which will feature 

international participation. 

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS.) 
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STS-42 MEDIA SERVICES 

NASA Select Television Transmissions 

NASA Select television is available on Satcom F-2R, Transponder 13, located at 72 degrees west 

longitude; frequency 3960.0 MHz, audio 6.8 MHz. 

The schedule for television transmissions from the Space Shuttle orbiter and for change-of-shift briefings 

from Johnson Space Center, Houston, will be available during the mission at Kennedy Space Center, Fla.; 

Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.; Johnson Space Center; and NASA Headquarters, 

Washington, D.C. The television schedule will be updated to reflect changes dictated by mission 

operations. 

Television schedules also may be obtained by calling the Johnson TV schedule bulletin board, 713/483-

5817. The bulletin board is a computer data base service requiring the use of a telephone modem. A voice 

update of the television schedule may be obtained by dialing 202/755-1788. This service is updated daily at 

noon ET. 

Status Reports 

Status reports on countdown and mission progress, on-orbit activities and landing operations will be 

produced by the appropriate NASA news center. 

Briefings 

A mission briefing schedule will be issued prior to launch. During the mission, change-of-shift briefings by 

the off-going flight director will occur at least once a day. The updated NASA Select television schedule 

will indicate when mission briefings are planned to occur. 
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STS-42 QUICK LOOK FACTS 

Launch Date: Jan. 22, 1991 

 

Launch Site: Kennedy Space Center, FL, Pad 39A 

 

Launch Window: 8:54 a.m. - 11:24 a.m. EST 

 

Orbiter: Discovery (OV-103) 

 

Orbit: 163 x 163 nautical miles 

 

Inclination: 57 degrees 

 

Landing Date: January 29, 1991 

 

Landing Time: 10:06 a.m. EST 

 

Primary Landing Site: Edwards AFB, CA 

 

Abort Landing Sites: Return to Launch Site - Kennedy Space Center, FL 

 Transoceanic Abort Landing - Zaragoza, Spain 

 Alternates - Moron, Spain; Ben Guerir, Morocco 

 Abort Once Around - Edwards Air Force Base, CA 

 

Crew: Ronald J. Grabe, Commander (Blue Team) 

 Stephen S. Oswald, Pilot (Blue Team) 

 Norman E. Thagard, Mission Specialist 1 (Blue Team) 

 William F. Readdy, Mission Specialist 2 (Red Team) 

 David C. Hilmers, Mission Specialist 3 (Red Team) 

 Roberta L. Bondar, Payload Specialist 1 (Blue Team) 

 Ulf D. Merbold, Payload Specialist 2 (Red Team) 

 

Cargo Bay: IML-1 (International Microgravity Lab-1) 

 GAS Bridge (Get-Away Special Bridge) 

 

Middeck: GOSAMR-1 (Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research) 

 IPMP (Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing) 

 RME-III (Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III) 

 SE-81-09 (Student Experiment., Convection in Zero Gravity) 

 SE-82-03 (Student Experiment, Capillary Rise of Liquid Through Granular 

 Porous Media) 
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STS-42 TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 

Event 

MET 

(d/h:m:s) 

Relative 

Velocity 

(fps) Mach 

Altitude 

(ft) 

Launch 00/00:00:00 

Begin Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:10 182 0.16 771 

End Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:18 389 0.35 3,164 

SSME Throttle to 70% 00/00:00:30 699 0.63 8,963 

SSME Throttle to 104% 00/00:01:00 1,408 1.38 36,655 

Max. Dyn. Pressure (Max Q) 00/00:01:03 1,471 1.46 38,862 

SRB Staging 00/00:02:06 4,195 3.80 155,520 

Main Engine Cutoff (MECO) 00/00:08:34 25,000 21.62 376,591 

Zero Thrust 00/00:08:40 25,000 N/A 376,909 

ET Separation 00/00:08:52 

OMS-2 Burn 00/00:36:12 

Landing 07/01:12:00 

Apogee, Perigee at MECO: 160 x 17 nautical miles 

Apogee, Perigee post-OMS 2: 163 x 163 nautical miles 

STS-42 SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES 

Day One Ascent 

 Post-insertion 

 Unstow cabin 

 Spacelab activation 

 Transfer science specimens to Spacelab 

 Begin IML-1 experiment operations 

 

Days Two-Six IML-1 experiment operations 

 

Day Seven Conclude experiment operations 

 Spacelab deactivation 

 Cabin stow 

 Deorbit burn 

 Landing at Edwards AFB 
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SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES 

Space Shuttle launch abort philosophy aims toward safe and intact recovery of the flight crew, orbiter and 

its payload. Abort modes include: 

• Abort-To-Orbit (ATO) -- Partial loss of main engine thrust late enough to permit reaching a minimal 

105-nautical mile orbit with orbital maneuvering system engines. 

• Abort-Once-Around (AOA) -- Earlier main engine shutdown with the capability to allow one orbit 

around before landing at either Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.; the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) at 

Kennedy Space Center, FL; or White Sands Space Harbor (Northrup Strip), NM. 

• Transatlantic Abort Landing (TAL) -- Loss of one or more main engines midway through powered 

flight would force a landing at either Zaragoza, Spain; Moron, Spain; or Ben Guerir, Morocco. 

• Return-To-Launch-Site (RTLS) -- Early shutdown of one or more engines without enough energy to 

reach Zaragoza would result in a pitch around and thrust back toward KSC until within gliding 

distance of the SLF. 

STS-42 contingency landing sites are Edwards AFB, Kennedy Space Center, White Sands, Zaragoza, 

Moron and Ben Guerir. 
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VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS 

Pounds

Orbiter (Discovery) empty and 3 SSMEs 173,044 

 

International Microgravity Lab-1/ Support Equipment 23,201 

Get-Away Special Bridge Assembly 5,185 

Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research-1 70 

Investigations of Polymer Membrane Processing 17 

Radiation Monitoring Experiment-III 7 

Student Experiments 113 

DSOs/DTOs 212 

Total Vehicle at SRB Ignition 4,509,166 

Orbiter Landing Weight 217,251 
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STS-42 PREFLIGHT PROCESSING 

Flight preparations on Discovery for the STS-42 mission began Sept. 27 following its last mission, STS48, which ended with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. 

The orbiter spent about 10 weeks in the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) bay 3 undergoing checkout and 

inspections to prepare it for its 14th flight, including the installation of the International Microgravity 

Laboratory which is the primary payload for mission STS-42. 

Space Shuttle main engine locations for this flight are engine 2026 in the no. 1 position, engine 2022 in the 

no. 2 position, and engine 2027 in the no. 3 position. These engines were installed on October 24-25. 

Technicians installed the International Microgravity Laboratory payload into Discovery's payload bay on 

Nov. 17, while the vehicle was in the OPF. The payload was closed out for flight in the OPF on Dec. 9. 

The Crew Equipment Interface Test with the STS-42 flight crew was conducted in the OPF on Dec. 4. The 

crew became familiar with the configuration of the orbiter, the IML payload and unique equipment for 

mission STS-42. 

Booster stacking operations on mobile launcher platform 3 began Oct. 1, and were completed by Oct. 21. 

The external tank was mated to the boosters on Nov. 4 and the orbiter Discovery was transferred to the 

Vehicle Assembly Building on Dec. 12, where it was mated to the external tank and solid rocket boosters. 

The STS-42 vehicle was rolled out to Launch Pad 39-A on Dec. 19. A dress rehearsal launch countdown 

with the flight crew members was scheduled for Jan. 6-7 at KSC. 

A standard 43-hour launch countdown was scheduled to begin 3 days prior to launch. During the 

countdown, the orbiter's onboard fuel and oxidizer storage tanks will be loaded and all orbiter systems will 

be prepared for flight. 

About 9 hours before launch the external tank will be filled with its flight load of a half a million gallons of 

liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants. About 2 and one-half hours before liftoff, the flight crew 

will begin taking their assigned seats in the crew cabin. 

Landing is planned at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., because of the heavier weight of the vehicle 

returning with the IML tucked inside its payload bay. KSC's landing convoy teams will be on station to 

safe the vehicle on the runway and prepare it for the cross-country ferry flight back to Florida. Five days 

are planned at Dryden Flight Research Facility and a 2-day ferry flight is scheduled. 

Once back in Florida, Discovery will be taken out of flight status for the next 8 and a half months while 

undergoing major modifications, upgrades and required inspections. The shuttle processing team will 

perform this work on Discovery in the OPF. Discovery's 15th space flight is planned in the fall on Mission 

STS-53, a Department of Defense flight. 
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IML-1 SCIENCE OPERATIONS 

IML-1 science operations will be a cooperative effort between the Discovery's crew in orbit and mission 

management, scientists and engineers in a control facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Though the 

crew and the ground-based controllers and science teams will be separated by many miles, they will 

interact with one another in much the same way as they would if working side by side. 

This degree of interaction is made possible by the ready availability of digital data, video and voice 

communications between the Shuttle and the Spacelab Mission Operations Control facility at Marshall. 

With these links, controllers and experiment scientists can talk to the orbiting Spacelab crew, visually 

monitor crew and experiment activities, receive data from the experiments and send commands directly to 

Spacelab to make adjustments to experiment hardware, parameters or protocols. 

The result is a highly effective level of teamwork in sharing information about experiments, monitoring 

and evaluating data, solving problems which may arise during the mission and revising experiment plans to 

take advantage of unexpected research opportunities. 

Many IML-1 experiments require a very smooth ride through space so that their delicate operations will 

not be disturbed. Therefore, when the Space Shuttle Discovery achieves its orbit of approximately 184 

statute miles, it will be placed into a "gravity-gradient stabilized" attitude with its tail pointed toward Earth. 

This allows the orbiter's position to be maintained primarily by natural forces and reduces the need for 

frequent orbiter thruster firings which would disturb sensitive experiments. 

To complete as many experiments as possible, the crew will work in 12-hour shifts around the clock. The 

first hours of the mission will be especially busy. The payload crew will begin the mission by setting up 

equipment and turning on equipment facilities. Because the Spacelab module is placed in the Shuttle's 

cargo bay weeks before launch, critical biological and materials samples, which degrade quickly, will be 

loaded into crew-cabin lockers a few hours before liftoff. Orbiter and payload crew members will transfer 

these samples to experiment facilities in the laboratory before science operations are begun. 

During the first days of the mission, the payload crew will activate critical biological and material 

experiments and set up those involving plants, cells and crystals. Much of the crew time throughout the 

mission will be devoted to experiments which measure how their own bodies adapt to living in space. In 

the middle of the mission, processing research will be continued and experiments which require precisely 

timed activities will be carried out. Experiments also will continue with plants, cells and other biological 

specimens. The crew will check investigations periodically, make adjustments needed to enhance results 

and when necessary, replace specimens or preserve them for ground-based analysis. The payload crew 

aboard Spacelab will use both voice and video links to consult with scientists on the ground during critical 

operations and to modify experiments as required. 

The last days will be spent completing investigations. The crew will repeat some experiments performed 

earlier in the mission to measure how their bodies have adapted to space over the course of the flight. On 

the final day, they will turn off the equipment, store samples and specimens and prepare the laboratory for 

landing. 

Complete analysis of all the data acquired during the mission may take from a few months to several years. 

Results will be shared with the worldwide scientific community through normal publication channels. 
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IML-1 LIFE SCIENCES EXPERIMENTS 

BIORACK 

Biorack will advance our knowledge of the fundamental behavior of living organisms. Broadly speaking 

there are five areas of research to be addressed by Biorack: cell proliferation and differentiation, genetics, 

gravity sensing and membrane behavior. The cells to be examined will include those of frogs, fruit flies, 

humans and mice. Exposure to microgravity will alter the regulatory mechanisms at a cellular level. The 

facilities aboard Biorack allow manipulation and study of large numbers of cells. Over the 7-day mission in 

space, these cells can be observed at various stages of their development. Specimens can be preserved at 

those stages and returned to Earth for detailed analysis. 

Leukemia Virus Transformed Cells to Microgravity in the Presence of DMSO 

Provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) 

Principal Investigator: 

Augusto Cogoli 

ETH Institute of Biotechnology Space Biology Group 

Zurich, Switzerland 

This is one of three Biorack experiments being flown on the IML-1 mission as part of an investigation to 

study cell proliferation and performance in space. The purpose of this particular experiment is to study the 

adaptation of living cells to microgravity. 

Previous experiments have shown that blood cells -- both white blood cells that fight infection and red 

blood cells that transport oxygen throughout the body -- are sensitive to gravity. On Earth, cells that 

normally would differentiate to become blood cells are sometimes transformed by the leukemia virus and 

become cancerous Friend leukemia cells. 

Such cells do not produce hemoglobin, which plays an essential role in oxygen transport. But when 

exposed to a drug called dimethylsufoxide (DMSO), Friend cells produce hemoglobin. By studying these 

cells in microgravity, scientists may determine how the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis is 

regulated. 

Proliferation and Performance of Hybridoma Cells in Microgravity (HYBRID) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Augusto Cogoli 

ETH Institute of Biotechnology Space Biology Group 

Zurich, Switzerland 

This experiment is one of three Biorack experiments being flown in the IML-1 mission as part of an 

investigation to study cell proliferation and performance in space. The purpose of this experiment is to 

study how cell performance (biosynthesis and secretion) is altered by altered gravity conditions. If cells 

produce material more rapidly in space, it may be practical to manufacture some pharmaceutical products 

in space. 

Hybridoma cells are obtained by fusion of activated white blood cells (B-lymphocytes) with cancerous 

tumor cells (melanoma cells). Activated B-lymphocytes, derived from a human or an animal, carry the 

information required to produce antibodies of a certain specificity and can survive only a few days in 

culture. Myeloma cells are tumor cells which can grow indefinitely in culture. Therefore, the product of the 

fusion is a continuing cell line capable of producing homogeneous antibodies (monoclonal antibodies) 

more rapidly than white blood cells alone. Growing these cell cultures in microgravity will allow scientists 

to compare the amount of their antibody secretions to those grown on Earth. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 18 

Dynamic Cell Culture System (CULTURE) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Augusto Cogoli 

ETH Institute of Biotechnology Space Biology Group 

Zurich, Switzerland 

This experiment is one of three IML-1 Biorack experiments as part of an investigation studying cell 

proliferation and performance in space. One of the objectives is to assess the potential benefits of 

bioprocessing in space with the ultimate goal of developing a bioreactor for continuous cell cultures in 

space. This experiment will test the operation of an automated culture chamber, the Dynamic Cell Culture 

System (DCCS), that was designed for use in a bioreactor in space. 

The DCCS is a simple device for cell cultures in which media are reviewed or chemicals are injected 

automatically by means of osmotic pumps. As culture nutrients flow into the cell container, old medium is 

forced out. The system is designed to operate automatically for 2 weeks. 

Chondrogenesis in Micromass Cultures of Mouse Limb Mesenchyme Exposed to Microgravity 

(CELLS) 

Provided by NASA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. P. J. Duke 

Dental Science Institute University of Texas 

Houston, TX 

This investigation studies the effect of microgravity on cartilage formation by embryonic mouse limb cells 

in culture. The susceptibility of cartilage cells to gravitational changes is well documented. Cartilage 

impairments found in rodents flown on previous space flights are similar to those observed in skeletal 

malformations in children. Among these are changes in the collagen molecules -- the major support fibers 

of cartilage and bone. By studying how gravity affects cartilage formation, scientists may learn subtle 

aspects of cartilage development on Earth. 

This experiment also may help clarify how bones heal in space. Fracture healing involves a cartilage stage 

prior to formation of bone. Soviet experience indicates that a bone broken by an astronaut during a 3-year 

mission to Mars will not heal properly. Cartilage formation, which is the subject of this experiment, is part 

of the healing process. 

Effects of Microgravity and Mechanical Stimulation on the In-Vitro Mineralization and Resorption 

of Fetal Mouse Bones (BONES) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Jacobos-Paul Veldhuijzen 

ACTA Free University 

Amsterdam, The Netherlands 

Astronauts experience a loss of minerals from their bones during exposure to the microgravity of space. If 

calcium loss continues indefinitely during space flight, the likelihood that crew members will break these 

weakened bones increases the longer a mission lasts. Significant calcium loss also affects a person's ability 

to 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 19 

function in Earth's gravity after a mission. Before long spaceflights can be planned, the effects of 

microgravity on bone growth, maintenance and repair must be understood. 

In this experiment, scientists will study the response to microgravity of embryonic mouse leg bones. 

Scientists postulate that the uncompressed cultures grown outside the centrifuge (under microgravity 

conditions) should respond like bones that are unstressed in a weightless environment. To test this 

hypothesis, both the microscopic structure and the biochemical make-up of the cultures are analyzed to 

determine their mineralization and resorption rates. 

Why Microgravity Might Interfere With Amphibian Egg Fertilization and the Role of Gravity in 

Determination of the Dorsal/Ventral Axis in Developing Amphibian Embryos (EGGS) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Geertje A. Ubbels 

Hubrecht Laboratory 

Utrecht, The Netherlands 

Scientists are not sure what role gravity plays in the earliest stages of embryonic development that 

determine the future front and back sides of the body. This experiment may help scientists clarify the role 

of gravity by studying fertilization of eggs and embryo formation of frogs in space. 

Before fertilization, each frog egg is positioned inside a sticky membrane that holds the parts of the egg 

random with respect to gravity. After the egg is fertilized, gravity aligns the lightest part of the egg (the 

part with the least yolk) up and the heaviest part of the egg (with the most yolk) down. 

In normal cases, the sperm's point of entry will become the front side of the embryo. However, if gravity 

disturbs the yolk distribution inside the fertilized egg, this may not happen. Scientists want to confirm that 

in space the sperm entrance point always becomes the front side of the embryo. 

Eggs of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, will be fertilized in space, incubated and preserved 

during various phases of embryonic development. A similar experiment will be performed on a centrifuge 

in the Spacelab that produces the force of normal Earth gravity. Post-flight, the samples will be compared 

to see if fertilization and development proceeded normally. 

Effects of Space Environment on the Development of Drosophila Melanogaster (FLY) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Roberto Marco 

Department of Biochemistry, UAM Institute of Biomedical Investigations CSIC 

Madrid, Spain 

This experiment involves the study of the development of eggs of the fly Drosophila (fruit fly) exposed to 

microgravity. It is presumed that cogenesis, rather than further states of embryonic development, is 

sensitive to gravity. This hypothesis will be tested by collecting eggs laid at specific times in-flight and 

postflight from flies exposed to 0-g and 1-g. This portion of the experiment is a repetition of an earlier 

experiment flown in Biorack during the D1 Spacelab mission in November 1985. An added feature of the 

experiment for the IML-1 mission is to study the effect of microgravity on the life span of Drosophila male 

flies. In this way more information will be gathered on the processes affected by microgravity in complex 

organisms. 
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Genetic and Molecular Dosimetry of HZE Radiation (RADIAT) 

Provided by NASA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Gregory A. Nelson 

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

Pasadena, CA 

One of the major features of the space environment is the presence of cosmic rays or HZE (high energy 

and charge) particles. Although they account for only about one percent of the radiation particles in space, 

they constitute about half of the total absorbed radiation dose. The experiment's purpose is to understand 

the biological effects of exposure to cosmic rays to protect space travelers on long missions. Exposure may 

place astronauts at risk for certain medical problems, such as cataracts, mutations and cancers. 

A microscopic soil nematode (roundworm) will be used to "capture" mutations caused by cosmic rays, to 

evaluate whether certain genetic processes occur normally in space, and to test whether development and 

reproduction proceed normally in microgravity for up to three generations. 

The nematode used in this experiment is a small (maximum size 1 mm), transparent, free-living soil 

organism. Although small, it possesses most of the major organ systems and tissues found in other animals, 

including mammals. The worms are placed in containers with detectors that record the number of HZE 

particles and the total radiation dose. After the mission, the worms are examined for genetic mutations and 

development progress. 

Dosimetric Mapping Inside Biorack (DOSIMTR) 

Provided by German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) 

Principal Investigator: 

G. Reitz 

Institute for Flight Medicine 

Cologne, Germany 

The IML-1 experiments are done in an environment with electromagnetic radiation, charged particles and 

secondary radiation. This flux is not constant but changes with spacecraft inclination and altitude, solar 

activity and Earth's magnetic field. 

The purpose of this experiment is to document the radiation environment inside the Biorack and to 

compare the experimental data with theoretical predictions. It will provide documentation of the actual 

nature and distribution of the radiation inside Biorack. Special emphasis is given to measuring the radiation 

environment in the neighborhood of those experiments which might be especially critical to radiation 

effects, and so have a way of determining if changes to samples are caused by radiation or microgravity. 

Embryogenesis and Organogenesis of Carausius (MOROSUS) 

Provided by DLR 

Principal Investigator: 

H. Buecker 

Institute for Flight Medicine 

DLR, Cologne, Germany 
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Before humans can live for extended periods of time in space, the effects of microgravity and long-term 

exposure to radiation on living organisms must be known. 

This experiment will study the influence of cosmic radiation, background radiation and/or low gravity on 

stick insect eggs (Carausius morosus) at early stages of development. Sandwiched between detectors, the 

eggs hit by radiation can be determined precisely. Other detectors allow scientists to determine the nature, 

energy and direction of the incident particles. 

Flown previously in Biorack during the D1 Spacelab mission (November 1985), this experiment has shown 

that the larvae from all eggs penetrated by heavy ions under microgravity had shorter life spans and an 

unusually high rate of deformities. 

Gravity Related Behavior of the Acellular Slime Mold Physarum Polycephalum (SLIME) 

Provided by DLR 

Principal Investigator: 

Ingrid Block 

Institute for Flight Medicine, DLR 

Cologne, Germany 

Many living things, including people, perform various activities, such as sleeping, at regular periods. 

Scientists are not certain whether these activities are controlled by an internal biological clock or by 

external cues such as day and night cycles or gravity. In space, these cues are absent, and investigators can 

examine organisms to see if these functions occur in regular circadian time frames. 

Physarum polycephalum, a slime mold that lives on decaying trees and in soil, has regular contractions and 

dilations that slowly move the cell. On Earth, gravity modifies the direction of cell movement. Any direct 

effects of microgravity should alter this movement and be evident as a change in circadian rhythm. 

After the mission, IML-1 data will be compared with results from the Spacelab D1 mission. These results 

revealed that the frequency of the contractions was slightly shortened at first but returned to normal as the 

slime mold adapted to microgravity. 

Microgravitational Effects on Chromosome Behavior (YEAST) 

Provided by NASA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Carlo V. Bruschi 

Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 

Berkeley, CA 

Scientists have measured the effects of microgravity and radiation on DNA and chromosomes in many 

different organisms. They have learned that microgravity alters chromosome structure during mitosis or 

normal cell division to produce new cells. Changes in DNA structure caused by radiation are then passed 

on during meiosis or cell division by reproductive cells that reduces the number of chromosomes. 

In this experiment, the effects of microgravity and radiation are monitored separately in the same organism 

by measuring genetic damage during mitosis and meiosis of common brewer's yeast. By employing both 

normal and radiation- sensitive cells, scientists can monitor frequencies of chromosomal loss, structural 

deformities and DNA mutation rates with a resolution impossible in higher organisms. Because yeast 

chromosomes are small, sensitive measurements can be made that can be extrapolated to higher organisms, 

including humans. 

Post-flight genetic studies of cells incubated in space will examine chromosome abnormalities, preference 

for sexual versus asexual reproduction and viability of gametes. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 22 

Growth and Sporulation in Bacillus Subtilis Under Microgravity (SPORES) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Horst-Dieter Menningmann 

Institute of Microbiology, University of Frankfurt 

Frankfurt am Main, Germany 

Cell differentiation -- the way that cells with different functions are produced -- normally does not occur in 

simple organisms like bacteria. However, some bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, wrap up part of their 

cellular content into special structures called spores. Sporulation, resulting from the distribution of a 

particular enzyme, is considered to represent a very simple type of differentiation. 

This experiment is aimed at measuring growth and sporulation of Bacillus subtilis bacteria under 

microgravity conditions. The influence of microgravity on enzyme distribution and the way the enzyme 

acts in the absence of gravity are studied by examining the structure and biochemistry of the spores after 

the mission. 

Studies on Penetration of Antibiotics in Bacterial Cells in Space Conditions (ANTIBIO) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Rene Tixador 

National Institute of Health and Medical Research 

Toulouse, France 

In space, bacteria may be more resistant to antibiotics because the structure of their cell walls may be 

thicker in microgravity. This wall is a barrier between the drug and target molecules in the cell, and a 

thicker wall could be more effective in preventing antibiotics from destroying bacteria. The increased 

resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, together with their increased proliferation, is of prime importance for 

the future of very long duration space flight. 

This experiment will study the effects of antibiotics in bacterial cells cultivated "in vitro" in space 

conditions. Proliferation rates of bacteria exposed to antibiotics will then be compared to those that were 

not exposed and to sets of bacteria grown on the ground. 

Transmission of the Gravity Stimulus in Statocyte of the Lentil Root (ROOTS) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Gerald Perbal 

Laboratory of Cytology, Pierre et Marie Curie University 

Paris, France 

The purpose of this experiment is to study the growth of lentil seedlings to gain understanding of that 

organism's mechanism of gravity perception. On Earth, the roots of most plants can clearly perceive gravity 

since they grow downward. In space, under microgravity conditions, previous results from the D1 mission 

on Spacelab (November 1985) have shown that roots loose their ability to orient themselves. Exposed to 1 

g, the roots reorient themselves in the direction of the simulated gravity. 

The experiment flown on IML-1 is aimed at determining the minimum amount of simulated 1-g exposure 

required for the plants to regain gravity sensitivity and reorient roots. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 23 

Genotype Control of Graviresponse, Cell Polarity and Morphological Development of Arabidopsis 

Thaliana in Microgravity (SHOOTS) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigators: 

Edmund Maher 

Open University of Scotland 

Edinburgh, Scotland 

Greg Briarty 

University of Nottingham 

Nottingham, England 

It is of high interest to determine what might be the long-term effects of microgravity on the growth of 

plants. The aim of this two-part experiment will be to quantify the structural and behavioral changes taking 

place in germinating seeds of the small plant Arabidopsis thaliana. One strain of this species, the wild type, 

is gravitropic. Its roots grow down and its shoots grow up. Another strain, aux-1, is an agravitropic mutant. 

Its roots and shoots grow in any direction. 

One experiment will examine the differences in root and shoot development and orientation between these 

two strains. The other experiment will investigate the effects of growth in microgravity on the polarity of 

the cells containing gravity sensors (statocytes). It also will investigate its influence on the structure, 

orientation and distribution of their amyloplasts. 

Effects of Microgravity Environment on Cell Wall Regeneration, Cell Divisions, Growth and 

Differentiation of Plants From Protoplasts (PROTO) 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Ole Rasmussen 

Institute of Molecular Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Aarhus 

Aarhus, Denmark 

An essential basis for prospective biological experiments in space and for man's stay in space is the 

existence of a profound and exact knowledge of how growth and development of living cells proceed 

under microgravity. Only in a few cases is the influence of gravity on living cells known. 

It is the aim of this study to provide basic knowledge on the development of plant cells under microgravity 

conditions. This knowledge is essential if plants are to be cultured in space to produce food, enzymes, 

hormones and other products. 

For this experiment, plant cells from carrots (Daucus carota) and a fodder plant, rape (Brassica napus) are 

prepared to make them into protoplasts, plant cells in which the cell walls have been removed. During the 

mission, a culture of protoplasts from each gravity environment is analyzed to determine whether the cell 

walls are reforming and whether the cells are dividing. They are later compared to plants grown from 

protoplasts that developed on the ground. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 24 

GRAVITATIONAL PLANT PHYSIOLOGY FACILITY EXPERIMENTS 

Gravitational Plant Physiology Facility 

NASA Ames Research Center Mountain View, CA 

The Gravitational Plant Physiology Facility (GPPF), which houses the two IML-1 plant experiments, was 

designed and built in 1984 by the University of Pennsylvania. All hardware testing and payload 

implementation were provided by NASA Ames Research Center. The GPPF includes four centrifuges, 

lights, three videotape recorders and plant-holding compartments described below. 

The control unit serves both experiments and contains a microprocessor that controls the operation of the 

rotors (centrifuges), cameras, recording and stimulus chamber (REST) and videotape recorders. 

Two culture rotors operate independently at the force of gravity (1g) to simulate Earth's gravitational field. 

Two variable-speed test rotors provide accurately controlled centripetal forces from 0g to 1g. Seedlings in 

plant cubes are placed in the rotors. 

The REST provides the capability for time-lapse infrared video recording of plant positions in four 

FOTRAN cubes, both before and after exposure to blue light. 

The Mesocotyl Suppression Box (MSB) is located in the upper left of the GPPF double rack. It is used 

only for oat seedlings in the Gravity Threshold experiment. The MSB exposes the seedlings to red light, 

which suppresses the growth of the plant mesocotyl and makes them grow straight. 

The Plant Carry-on Container will hold 36 cubes, cushioned in foam for launch, plus soil trays for in-flight 

plantings. 

Gravity Threshold (GTHRES) 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Allan H. Brown 

University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, PA 

This experiment investigates the changes that occur when oat plants are exposed to different levels and 

durations of gravity. It studies how a growing plant responds to altered gravitational fields and how 

microgravity affects a plant's structure. Four centrifuges in the Gravitational Plant Physiology Facility are 

used to determine the sensitivity and threshold of the gravity-detecting mechanism of oat plants. Seedlings 

used early in the experiment germinate on the ground. For specimens used later in the mission, a crew 

member plants seeds in soil supplied with the right amount of water, and germination occurs in space. 

Once in flight, some of the plants, in light-tight plant cubes, are transferred to one of two centrifuges that 

produce a force equivalent to the force of normal Earth gravity (1g). These plants continue to develop 

normally under the 1g force until they are ready to be used in the experiment. Others are maintained in 

microgravity until ready to be used in the experiment. 

The plant cubes then are placed on either of two other centrifuges to expose them to various combinations 

of acceleration durations. This allows scientists to study gravitational forces from 0.1g to 1g without 

interference from the constant 1g force present on Earth. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 25 

Plant images are recorded by two time-lapse video cameras using infrared radiation. The video, plant 

samples and other data are stored for post-flight analyses. Some plants will be fixed, or preserved, during 

the mission for comparison with seedlings grown on the ground. 

Response to Light Stimulation: Phototropic Transients (FOTRAN) 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. David G. Heathcote 

University City Science Center 

Philadelphia, PA 

This experiment investigates how plants respond to light (phototropism) in microgravity and the impact of 

microgravity on two other types of plant behavior. The first, nutation, is the rhythmic curving movement of 

plants caused by irregular growth rates of plant parts. The second, autotropism, is the straightening often 

observed in plants that were curved during tropic or nutational movements. These growth patterns occur 

naturally on Earth. Scientists want to learn details of how the movements change in microgravity. 

The experiment uses wheat seedlings planted both before and during the mission. When they have reached 

the appropriate size, the seedlings are exposed to a pulse of blue light. Ground studies have shown blue 

light to be an effective way to evoke a phototropic response. Different groups of seedlings receive different 

durations of exposure to light. 

The seedlings' responses are monitored by an infrared-sensitive, time-lapse video camera and recorded for 

later analysis. Some samples are preserved chemically for study after the mission ends. Gas samples are 

taken from the plant cubes for post-flight analysis of the environmental conditions during the plants' 

growth. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 26 

MICROGRAVITY VESTIBULAR INVESTIGATIONS 

Twenty investigators representing major universities and research facilities from five countries have joined 

forces to better examine the effects of spaceflight on the human orientation system with the Microgravity 

Vestibular Investigations (MVI). 

The vestibular system, using the stimulus of gravity and motion-detecting organs in the inner ear, provides 

input to the brain for orientation. When environmental conditions change so the body receives new stimuli, 

the nervous system responds by interpreting the sensory information. In the absence of gravity, however, 

input from the sensors is changed, prompting the nervous system to develop a new interpretation of the 

stimuli. 

MVI, led by Dr. Millard F. Reschke, senior scientist at the Johnson Space Center, examines the effects of 

microgravity on the vestibular system. By provoking interactions among the vestibular, visual and 

proprioceptive systems and measuring the perceptual and sensorimotor reactions, scientists can study the 

changes that are integral for the adaptive process. 

For the investigations, STS-42 crew members will be placed in a rotating chair with a helmet assembly 

outfitted with accelerometers to measure head movements and visors that fit over each eye independently 

to provide visual stimuli. The chair can be configured so that the subject can be sitting upright, lying on his 

side or lying on his back. The chair system has three movement patterns: "sinusoidal" or traveling 

predictably back and forth over the same distance at a constant speed, "pseudorandom" or moving back and 

forth over the varying distances and "stepped" or varying speeds and beginning and stopping suddenly. 

The test sequences will study the effect of microgravity on six physiological responses, including the eye's 

ability to track an object, the perception of rotation during and after spinning, function of the motion and 

gravity sensing organs in the inner ear, the interaction between visual cues and vestibular responses and 

sensory perception. Crew members will be tested both pre- and post-flight to establish a comparison for the 

in-flight measurements. 

Results from the MVI experiments will aid in designing appropriate measures to counteract neurosensory 

and motion sickness problems on future spaceflights. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 27 

MENTAL WORKLOAD AND PERFORMANCE EXPERIMENT 

The Mental Workload and Performance Experiment will study the influences of microgravity on crew 

members performing tasks with a computer workstation. 

The STS-42 crew will use a redesigned workstation with an adjustable surface for their daily planning 

sessions and record keeping. Cameras will record the crew's range of motion and variety of positions while 

at the workstation. During tests of mental function, reaction times and physiological responses, crew 

members will evaluate a portable microcomputer. The microcomputer with its display monitor and 

keyboard is attached to a Spacelab handrail and positioned in the most convenient location. The crew 

member will memorize a sequence of characters, then move the cursor to the target with keyboard cursor 

keys, a two-axis joystick and a track ball. The crew will perform the activities several times before and 

after the mission to provide a comparison for the in-flight experiments. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 28 

CANADA'S PARTICIPATION IN IML-1 

Canadian astronauts Drs. Roberta Bondar and Ken Money are the Canadian prime and alternate payload 

specialists, respectively, for the first International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1) mission. 

The Canadian Space Physiology Experiments (SPE) on IML-1 will investigate human adaptation to 

weightlessness and other phenomena. The human vestibular and proprioceptive (sense of body position) 

systems, energy expenditure, cardiovascular adaptation, nystagmus (oscillating eye movement) and back 

pain in astronauts will be studied. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 29 

SPACE PHYSIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS 

Space Adaptation Syndrome Experiments (SASE) 

Principal Investigator: 

Douglas G. D. Watt, Ph.D. 

McGill University 

Montreal, Quebec 

Many astronauts experience space adaptation syndrome, which may include illusions, loss of knowledge of 

limb position, nausea and vomiting. These symptoms may occur because of conflicting messages about 

body position and movement which the brain receives from the eyes, the balance organs of the inner ear 

and gravity sensing receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints. Seven investigations to study the nervous 

system's adaptation to microgravity have been developed. 

Sled Experiment 

This investigation measures changes in the gravity sensing part of the inner ear, the otolith organ. 

Normally, this organ provides a sense of up and down and helps us stand upright by means of reflexes 

leading to muscles in the body. In microgravity, the otolith organ produces modified signals and the 

nervous system must either learn to reinterpret this information or ignore it entirely. 

Subjects are strapped into a seat on a device known as the mini-sled. The seat glides gently back and forth, 

providing a stimulus to the otolith organ. Audio and visual stimuli are eliminated, and small electric 

impulses are applied to the subject's leg with an electrode. Responses to these impulses are measured. 

The stimulus to the inner ear affects the response to the electric impulses. Measurements of the 

modulations of the responses are gathered to determine whether the nervous system learns to reinterpret the 

different signals or learns to ignore them. 

Rotation Experiment 

The semicircular canals are the rotation-sensing part of the inner ear and provide the nervous system with 

information used to stabilize gaze and vision despite rapid or random head movements. In microgravity, 

this vestibulo-ocular reflex may be less effective due to the interaction between the semicircular canals and 

the otolith organ. 

Head and eye movements are recorded as the subject sits strapped onto the stationary mini-sled. Two tests 

are conducted involving the subject's ability to keep closed eyes fixed on a predetermined target while 

either rotating the head or moving it up and down. A third test requires subjects to shift their gaze to a 

series of targets projected onto a screen. This studies coordination between eye and head movements. 

Visual Stimulator Experiment 

This investigation measures the relative importance of visual and balance organ information in determining 

body orientation. In space, exposure to a rotating visual field results in a sensation of self-rotation known 

as "circularvection." On Earth, the otolith organ acts to limit this sensation. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 30 

The subject stares into an umbrella-shaped device with a pattern of colored dots while strapped onto a 

stationary mini-sled. The visual stimulator turns in either direction at three different speeds. The subject's 

self-perceived body motion is tracked. The greater the false sense of circularvection, the more the subject is 

relying on visual information instead of otolith information. 

Proprioceptive Experiments 

These four experiments will investigate the effect of microgravity on the proprioceptive system which 

provides the sense of position and movement of the body and the limbs. A variety of receptors located in 

the muscles, tendons and joints contribute information. 

Previous spaceflights suggest that crew members experience a decreased knowledge of limb position and 

while performing certain movements, experience illusions such as the floor moving up and down. It also 

has been shown that the vertebrae in the spine spread apart, possibly leading to partial nerve block. Closer 

investigations of these phenomena form the basis of these experiments. 

Two of the proprioceptive experiments involve measuring knowledge of limb position and determining the 

ability to point at a target in weightlessness. Subjects are blindfolded in both experiments. A third 

experiment investigates how visual and tactile stimuli may affect illusions, while the fourth experiment 

measures tactile sensitivity in a finger and a toe to determine if any sensory nerve block develops during 

spaceflight. 

Energy Expenditure in Spaceflight (EES) 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Howard G. Parsons 

University of Calgary 

Calgary, Alberta, Canada 

It is necessary to have accurate information on the amount of energy expended in spaceflight to design 

proper fitness and nutrition programs for astronauts. A new technique has been developed which requires 

analysis of urine samples taken during the test period and measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide 

produced by the body. Energy expenditure then can be calculated and changes in body composition such as 

fat content and muscle mass can be estimated. 

Subjects drink water enriched with stable, non-radioactive isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen both at the 

start of the mission and immediately post-flight. The isotopes can be traced in the urine and then measured 

to determine energy expenditure. Amount of body water and therefore body composition is calculated by 

dilution of the stable oxygen isotope. 

Position and Spontaneous Nystagmus (PSN) 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Joseph A. McClure 

London Ear Clinic 

London, Ontario, Canada 

Nystagmus is the normal oscillatory scanning motion of the eye. The vestibular system of the inner ear is 

closely related to nystagmus. When the inner ear is dysfunctional, it no longer gives the right signals to the 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 31 

eye, resulting in a different type of eye movement which could be accompanied by dizziness and blurred 

vision. Analysis of the nystagmus is a powerful tool in diagnosing problems of the inner ear. 

Two types of nystagmus will be investigated: spontaneous, where the eye oscillates at the same rate 

regardless of head position, and positional, where the oscillation varies according to head position. The 

goal is to determine whether it is possible for both types to occur simultaneously in the same individual. 

The ultimate aim is to improve detection and treatment of inner ear disorders. 

Gravity is the determining factor in positional nystagmus. Eye movement is measured in microgravity. If a 

subject who has positional nystagmus on Earth shows no sign of it in space, it proves the two types of 

nystagmus are superimposed on one another. This information will improve diagnosis of inner ear 

disorders on Earth. 

Measurement of Venous Compliance & Evaluation of an Experimental Anti-Gravity Suit (MVC) 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Robert B. Thirsk 

Canadian Space Agency 

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 

A loss of blood volume and other body fluids during spaceflight has been suggested as the primary cause 

of the lowering of the cardiovascular system's ability to withstand Earth's gravitational force field. 

Unprotected astronauts may feel tired and dizzy, lose peripheral vision or faint upon returning to Earth. 

Drinking salt solutions and wearing anti-gravity suits which are inflated during re-entry through the 

atmosphere have been shown to combat this after-effect of spaceflight. 

One feature of this experiment will measure the venous compliance (tone of the veins) before, during and 

after the mission. Being able to determine how veins adapt to microgravity will be useful to engineers who 

design anti-gravity suits. Veins in the lower leg are measured using an electronic monitor and two large 

blood pressure cuffs that encircle the thigh and calf, altering the pressure by inflating the cuffs. Ensuing 

changes in blood volume in the veins are determined. 

The evaluation of an experimental anti-gravity suit is another goal of this experiment. The suit employs 11 

pressurized sections and is able to apply pressure to the legs and lower abdomen in may different ways. 

Effectiveness of the suit will be determined and compared to a conventional anti-gravity suit and to 

wearing no suit at all. Blood pressure and blood flow readings, and subjective impressions of the 

astronauts, will contribute to the results. 

Assessment of Back Pain in Astronauts (BPA) 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Peter C. Wing 

University of British Columbia, University Hospital 

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 

In microgravity, the spine elongates by as much as 2.76 inches due to the vertebrae in the back spreading 

slightly apart. This elongation causes painful tension and possibly affects tactile acuity. More than two 

thirds of astronauts and cosmonauts have experienced back pain during space flight. The aim of this 

experiment is to develop techniques to alleviate this condition by studying its causes. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 32 

Subjects will daily record the precise location and intensity of any back pain. Stereo photographs of the 

astronauts' backs will be taken to record physical changes in shape and mobility during spaceflight. 

Immediately after the mission, back examinations and more stereo photographs will be used to obtain 

precise knowledge of changes in spinal dimension and shape. Earthbound spin-offs are expected as a result 

of the increased understanding of back pain. 

Phase Partitioning Experiment (PPE) 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Donald E. Brooks 

University of British Columbia 

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 

Phase partitioning is a process used to separate different kinds of molecules and cells out of complex 

mixtures of substances. It involves using two polymer solutions dissolved in water. These solutions 

separate from each other (like oil separates from water) and particles in the mixture will attach to one or the 

other of the solutions and separate with them. The solution then is poured off to gather the attached 

particles. The objective is to increase the purity of the separated cells. On Earth, gravity induces fluid flow 

and inhibits effective separation and purification. 

The experiment involves shaking a container including a number of chambers with different solutions. The 

container will be observed and photographed as phase partitioning occurs. The effects of applying an 

electric field on the process are observable in microgravity and also will be studied. 

Phase partitioning is used to separate biological materials such as bone marrow cells for cancer treatment. 

It is of interest to medical researchers as it applies to separation and purification of cells for use in 

transplants and treatment of disease. 

Biostack 

Provided by DLR 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. H. Buecker 

Institute for Flight Medicine, DLR 

Cologne, Germany 

Four Biostack packages, located in a Spacelab rack under the module floor, will gather data to be used in 

calculating potential effects of exposure to cosmic radiation in space. The packages contain single layers of 

bacteria and fungus spores, thale cress seeds and shrimp eggs sandwiched between sheets of nuclear 

emulsion and plastic radiation detectors. Scientists will analyze the resulting data to track the path an 

energized particle takes through Biostack and then determine the level of radiation damage to the 

organisms. Findings from this investigation also will be studied to see if better radiation protection is 

needed in certain areas of Spacelab 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 33 

Radiation Monitoring Container Device (RMCD) 

Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. S. Nagaoka 

National Space Development Agency of Japan 

Tokyo, Japan 

In the Radiation Monitoring Container Device, mounted in the aft end of the Spacelab, layers of cosmic ray 

detectors and bacteria spores, maize seeds and shrimp eggs are sandwiched together and enclosed on all 

sides by gauges that measure radiation doses. After being exposed to cosmic radiation for the duration of 

the mission, the plastic detectors will be chemically treated to reveal the three-dimensional radiation tracks 

showing the path the radiation traveled after entering the container. The specimens will be examined by 

biological and biochemical methods to determine the effects of radiation on the enclosed organisms. The 

results of this investigation will be used in developing a sensitive solid-state nuclear detector for future 

spaceflights and to improve basic understanding of radiation biology. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 34 

IML-1 MATERIALS SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS 

Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) 

Provided by NASA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Charles E. Bugg 

University of Alabama at Birmingham 

Birmingham, AL 

The Protein Crystal Growth investigation is made up of 120 individual experiments designed for the lowgravity environment of space. Located in two refrigerator/incubator modules carried in the orbiter middeck, these experiments operate by the vapor diffusion method of crystal growth. For each experiment, 

liquids from a double-barreled syringe are released and suspended as droplets on the ends of the syringes. 

Water vapor then moves out of the droplets in each growth chamber and into a reservoir, stimulating 

growth of the protein crystal. After the mission, the crystals are returned to the laboratory where scientists 

hope to find larger, less-flawed crystals then those produced on Earth. 

CRYOSTAT 

Provided by German Space Agency (DARA) 

The Cryostate provides a temperature-controlled environment for growing protein crystals by liquid 

diffusion under two different thermal conditions. The facility can operate in either the stabilizer mode with 

a constant temperature between 59 and 77 degrees Fahrenheit or the freezer mode where temperatures can 

be varied from 17.6 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperatures are controlled by preprogrammed commands, 

but crew members can reprogram the computer if necessary. When the experiments are started, solutions of 

a protein, a salt and buffer mix via diffusion to initiate crystal growth. 

Single Crystal Growth of Beta-Galactosidase and Beta-Galactosidase/Inhibitor Complex 

Provided by DARA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. W. Littke 

University of Freiburg 

Freiburg, Germany 

Beta-galactosidase, an enzyme found in the intestines of human and animal babies, as well as in E. coli 

bacteria, aids in the digestion of milk and milk products. It is a key enzyme in modern genetics, and 

scientists want to determine its three-dimensional molecular makeup to find out how the structure affects 

its function. Beta-galactosidase was the first protein crystallized in space using the Cryostat in Spacelab 1 

in 1983. For IML-1, scientists will attempt to grow higher quality crystals. Cryostat will be used in the 

freezer mode, at temperatures ranging from 24.8 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit, for this investigation. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 35 

Crystal Growth of the Electrogenic Membrane Protein Bacteriorhodopsin 

Provided by DARA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. G. Wagner 

University of Giessen Plant Biology Institute 1 

Giessen, Germany 

This experiment uses the Cryostat in the stabilizer mode, with the temperature being maintained at 68 

degrees Fahrenheit. The protein to be crystallized is bacteriorhodopsin, a well-known membrane protein 

that converts light energy to voltages in the membranes of certain primitive microorganisms. Resolution of 

the three-dimensional structure, which will help biologists understand how bacteriorhodopsin works, 

depends on the availability of large, high quality crystals. 

Crystallization of Proteins and Viruses in Microgravity by Liquid-Liquid Diffusion 

Provided by NASA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Alexander McPherson 

University of California at Riverside 

Riverside, CA 

One protein, canavalin, and one virus, satellite tobacco mosaic virus, will be crystallized in this 

investigation. Three samples of each substance will be crystallized during the mission. One sample of each 

will be placed in the freezer mode with the temperature being varied from 28.4 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit 

and the other sample will be grown in the stabilizer mode with a temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit. The 

crystals will be analyzed to determine the potential benefits of microgravity along with the effects of 

diverse temperature conditions. Another objective of this experiment is to compare crystals grown in the 

Cryostat using the liquid diffusion method with those grown in the Protein Crystal Growth hardware using 

the vapor diffusion method. 

FLUIDS EXPERIMENT SYSTEM (FES) 

The Fluids Experiment System is a facility with a sophisticated optical system for showing how fluids flow 

during crystal growth. The optical system includes a laser for producing three-dimensional holograms of 

samples and a video camera for recording images of fluid flows in and around the samples. 

Study of Solution Crystal Growth in Low-Gravity (TGS) 

Provided by NASA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Ravindra B. Lal 

Alabama A & M University 

Normal, AL 

This experiment uses the Fluids Experiment System to grow crystals from a seed immersed in a solution of 

triglycine sulfate. The original seed is a slice from the face of a larger crystal grown on Earth. In space, it is 

immersed in a solution of triglycine sulfate, which is initially heated slightly to remove any surface 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 36 

imperfections from the seed. As the seed is cooled, dissolved triglycine sulfate incorporates around the 

seed, forming new layers of growth. Video is returned to Earth during the experiment, allowing scientists 

to monitor the growth of the crystal and if necessary, instruct the crew to adjust the temperature. Triglycine 

sulfate crystals have potential for use as room-temperature infrared detectors with applications for military 

systems, astronomical telescopes, Earth observation cameras and environmental analysis monitors. 

An Optical Study of Grain Formation: Casting and Solidification Technology (CAST) 

Provided by NASA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Mary H. McCay 

University of Tennessee Space Institute 

Tullahoma, TN 

Advanced alloys, which are made by combining two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal, are 

essential for such products as jet engines, nuclear power plant turbines and future spacecraft. As alloys 

solidify, the components redistribute themselves through the liquid and in the solid. To study this 

solidification process, scientists will use three experiment samples of a salt (ammonium chloride) which, in 

water solution, models the freezing of alloys. The salt solution is transparent, which makes it ideal for 

observations of fluid flow and crystallization. Up to 11 experiments may be run, using the samples 

repetitively. Using the sophisticated FES optical equipment, scientists are able to monitor the experiment 

from the ground and if necessary, request that the crew make changes to experiment procedures during the 

present or future runs. 

MERCURIC IODIDE 

Mercuric iodide crystals have practical uses as sensitive X-ray and gamma-ray detectors. In addition to 

their exceptional electronic properties, these crystals can operate at room temperature. This makes them 

potentially useful in portable detector devices for nuclear power plant monitoring, natural resource 

prospecting, biomedical applications and astronomical observing. Although mercury iodide has greater 

potential than existing detectors, problems in the growth process cause crystal defects. For instance, the 

crystal is fragile and can be deformed by its own weight. Scientists believe the growth process can be 

controlled better in a microgravity environment and that such problems can be reduced or eliminated. Two 

facilities will be used to grow mercury iodide crystals during IML-1. 

Vapor Crystal Growth System (VCGS) 

Provided by NASA 

Vapor Crystal Growth Studies of Single Mercury Iodide Crystals 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Lodewijk van den Berg 

EG&G, Inc. 

Goleta, CA 

Before the mission, the principal investigator grows a tiny seed crystal inside a sealed glass container 

called an ampoule. The ampoule is installed in a bell-jar shaped container which will be placed in the 

Vapor Crystal Growth System. 

In space, heaters are started and the ampoule is warmed to around 212 degrees Fahrenheit. Once the ideal 

growth temperature is established, mercury iodide source material evaporates and then condenses on the 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 37 

seed, which is maintained at a temperature around 104 degrees F. The vapor molecules deposit on the seed 

for approximately 100 hours to produce a larger crystal. 

At the end of the experiment, the ampoule is cooled, and the module is removed and stowed for later 

analysis. This experiment builds on results from the Spacelab 3 mission, where the principal investigator 

was the payload specialist who operated it in orbit. 

Mercury Iodide Crystal Growth (MICG) 

Provided by French National Center for Space Studies (CNES) 

Mercury Iodide Nucleations and Crystal Growth in Vapor Phase 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Robert Cadoret 

University of Clermont-Ferrand 

Aubiere, France 

Efforts to grow high-quality mercury iodide crystals on Earth are hampered by gravity-related convection. 

This causes an uneven concentration of mercury iodide on the seed crystal because material settles only on 

certain parts of the seed. There are usually defects where the seed and the new growth meet. In space, 

investigators hope to produce larger, nearly flawless crystals. 

This IML-1 investigation uses six single-seed crystals placed in separate containers to grow large crystals 

under controlled conditions. The furnace for this experiment will hold three ampoules simultaneously. One 

end of each ampoule is heated, while the other end is kept cooler. The higher temperature at the source-end 

of each ampoule will cause mercury iodide to evaporate, then condense on the seed crystal at the ampoule's 

cooler end. Any excess source material will be deposited in a "sink" area behind the growing crystal. The 

crystals are cooled for 4 hours before being removed by the payload specialist. A second experiment run 

will be performed with the other three seed crystals if time permits. 

ORGANIC CRYSTAL GROWTH FACILITY (OCGF) 

Provided by NASDA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. A. Kanbayashi 

National Space Development Agency of Japan 

Tokyo, Japan 

The Organic Crystal Growth Facility is designed to grow high-quality superconductor crystals from a 

complex organic compound. Researchers are interested in this compound because it can P- at certain 

temperatures P- transfer electric current with no resistance, just like a metal superconductor. Because of the 

potential technological value, scientists want to grow a single crystal 10 times larger than ground-based 

ones to study its natural physical properties. Superconductors are key components of computers, 

communication satellites and many other electrical devices. 

The facility has one chamber for growing a large crystal and a small chamber with a window for observing 

the growth of a smaller crystal. A seed crystal is mounted on a gold wire in the center section of each 

chamber. When the experiment is started, valves are opened, allowing donor and acceptor solutions to 

diffuse into the crystal-growth chamber in which a seed crystal is suspended in an acetone solvent solution. 

Near the end of the mission, a crew member raises the crystal into a protective chamber for later analysis. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 38 

CRITICAL POINT FACILITY (CPF) 

ESA's Critical Point Facility is designed for the optical study of fluids at their "critical point," where a 

precise combination of temperature and pressure makes the vapor and liquid states indistinguishable. 

Scientists are interested in what happens to materials at their critical points because critical point 

phenomena are universally common to many different materials. Physically different systems act very 

similarly near their critical points. Observations such as these are hampered on Earth, since as soon as 

vapor begins to liquefy and form droplets, gravity pulls the drops down. IML-1 will be the first Space 

Shuttle flight for the Critical Point Facility, so results gained during this mission are expected to provide 

new insights on fundamental questions about the basic physics of substances undergoing phase changes. 

Study of Density Distribution in a Near-Critical Simple Fluid 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Antonius C. Michels 

Van der Waals Laboratory 

Amsterdam, The Netherlands 

Planned for a duration of 60 hours, this experiment will use visual observation, an ultra-sensitive optical 

measurement technique known as interferometry and light-scattering techniques to reveal the density 

profile distribution in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) above and below the critical point. This fluid is used 

because its critical temperature is near room temperature, avoiding the need for large amounts of power to 

heat or cool the fluid. 

Heat and Mass Transport in a Pure Fluid in the Vicinity of a Critical Point 

Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Daniel Beysens 

C.E.N. 

Saclay, France 

This experiment will focus on mechanisms of heat and mass transport in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), a gas of 

technological interest that can be obtained in a very pure form. Here scientists will examine heat and mass 

transport when temperature is increased from the two-phase region to the one-phase region, when it is 

varied in the one-phase region and when it is lowered from the one-phase region to the two-phase region. 

Phase Separation of an Off-Critical Binary Mixture Provided by ESA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Daniel Beysens 

C.E.N. 

Saclay, France 

During this experiment, scientists will investigate how a fluid at the critical point separates from a single 

phase to form two phases. They are interested in how changes in temperature affect formation of the two 

phases. Small-angle light scattering and direct observation will be used to study phase separation at various 

temperatures. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 39 

Critical Fluid Thermal Equilibration Experiment Provided by NASA 

Principal Investigator: 

Dr. Allen Wilkinson 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

Cleveland, OH 

In this experiment the temperature and density changes of sulfur hexafluoride, a fluid with a critical point 

just above room temperature will be measured with a resolution not possible on Earth (at the critical point 

gas and liquid become indistinguishable). The cells are integrated into the ESA Critical Point Facility and 

will be observed via interferometry, visualization and transmission under various conditions. 

During the full experiment, accelerometry time correlated with the video records will identify the 

compressible fluid dynamics associated with Space Shuttle acceleration events and provide the 

investigators with insight concerning gravity effects on fluids in a non-vibration isolated Shuttle 

experiment. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 40 

SPACE ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

Cleveland, Ohio 

The Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) is designed to measure and record low-level 

acceleration that the Spacelab experiences during typical on-orbit activities. The three SAMS sensor heads 

are mounted on or near experiments to measure the acceleration environment experienced by the research 

package. The signals from these sensors are amplified, filtered and converted to digital data before being 

stored on optical disks. 

On STS-42, the SAMS main unit is mounted in the Spacelab's center aisle. The unit contains the data 

processing electronics, two optical disk drives and the control panel for crew interaction. A sensor head is 

mounted under the floor at the Microgravity Vestibular Investigation rotating chair which also is located in 

the Spacelab center aisle. 

SAMS primary support on STS-42 will be for experiments conducted in the Fluid Experiment Systems 

rack and the Vapor Crystal Growth System rack. Typically, crystal growth experiments conducted in these 

racks take several days to grow and are sensitive to low-frequency acceleration. Therefore, it is important 

to understand how movement affects the development of the crystal during the growth period. Two sensor 

heads are mounted in the Fluid Experiment Systems rack. 

Data obtained from SAMS will enable engineers and scientists to study how vibrations or movements 

caused by crew members, equipment or other activities are transferred through the vehicle to the 

experiment racks. 

The first two SAMS units were flown on the first Spacelab Life Sciences mission on STS-40 in June 1991 

and on the middeck in STS-43 in August 1991. The flight hardware was designed and developed in-house 

by the NASA Lewis Research Center. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 41 

GELATION OF SOLS: APPLIED MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH 

The Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR) is a middeck materials processing 

experiment flown under the sponsorship of a Joint Endeavor Agreement between NASA's Office of 

Commercial Programs and 3M's Science Research Laboratories, St. Paul, Minn. 

The objective of GOSAMR-1 is to investigate the influence of microgravity on the processing of gelled 

sols -- or dispersions of solid particles in a liquid often referred to as colloids. Stoke's law predicts that 

there will be more settling of the denser and larger-sized particulates in Earth's unit gravity as compared to 

the differentiation that should occur in a microgravity environment. In particular, GOSAMR will attempt to 

determine whether composite ceramic precursors composed of large particulates and small colloidal sols 

can be produced in space with more structural uniformity and to show that this improved uniformity will 

result in finer matrix grain sizes and superior physical properties. 

Researchers believe that microgravity-produced ceramic composite precursors will have more uniform 

structures than their ground-based counterparts. The degree to which this is realized will indicate the value 

of developing enhanced processing techniques for ground-based production of associated products. 

The potential commercial impact of GOSAMR applied research on enhanced ceramic composite materials 

will be in the areas of abrasives and fracture-resistant materials. 3M currently sells film coated with 

diamond-loaded silica beads for polishing computer disk drive heads and VCR heads. Zirconia-toughened 

alumina is a premium performance abrasive grit and functions extremely well as a cutting tool for the 

machining of metals. The performance of these materials may be enhanced by improving their structural 

uniformity through processing in space. 

The GOSAMR experiment will attempt to form precursors for advanced ceramic materials by using 

chemical gelation. Chemical gelation involves disrupting the stability of a sol and forming a gel (semi-solid 

material). These precursor gels will be returned to 3M, dried and fired to temperatures ranging from 900 to 

2,900 degrees F. to complete the fabrication of the ceramic composites. These composites then will be 

evaluated to determine if processing in space has indeed resulted in better structural uniformity and 

superior physical properties. 

On STS-42, 80 samples (5 cc each) will be generated by varying the particle sizes and loadings, the length 

of gelation times and the sol sizes. The chemical components will consist of either colloidal silica sols 

doped with diamond particles or colloidal alumina sols doped with zirconia particulates. Both sols also will 

be mixed with a gelling agent of aqueous ammonium acetate. 

About a month before launch, the GOSAMR payload is pre-packed into a middeck stowage locker and 

surrounded with half an inch of isolator material. The experiment contains an internal battery source and 

uses no power from the Shuttle orbiter. Designed to operate at ambient cabin temperature and pressure to 

insure scientific success of the experiment, the payload must maintain temperatures above 40 degrees F. 

and below 120 degrees F. at all times prior to, during or after the mission. 

The GOSAMR container consists of a back cover, five identical and independent apparatus modules 

holding 10 mixing systems and a front cover. The modules and covers comprise a common sealed 

apparatus container which provides an outermost level of chemical containment. The front cover contains 

two ambient temperature-logging devices, two purge ports for venting and backfilling the container with 

inert gas and the electrical feedthrough between the sealed apparatus and the control housing. The control 

housing at the front of the payload contains power switches for payload activation, indicator lights for 

payload status and a test connector used during ground-based checkout. Once the payload is installed in the 

locker, the control housing will be the only portion of the payload accessible to the flight crew. 

Each of GOSAMR-1's five modules has two mixing systems with eight double syringes (5 cc each) 

containing one of two chemical components. Prior to on-orbit activation, the two components (either 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 42 

colloidal silica sols doped with diamond particles or colloidal alumina sols doped with zirconia 

particulates) will be kept isolated from each other by a seal between the syringe couplers. The coupled 

syringes in each assembly will contain a gelling agent (either aqueous ammonium acetate or nitric acid) in 

one syringe and one of the two chemical components in the other. 

Once on orbit, a crewmember will sequentially activate the five power switches on the control housing. 

When the payload is activated, a pilot light for each module will illuminate, indicating that mixing has 

begun and that the syringe-to-syringe seal has been broken. The sample mixing process for each system 

will last about 10 to 20 seconds and once the mixing cycle is complete, an internal limit switch will 

automatically stop each mixing system. 

The flight crew will monitor the experiment status by observing the control-housing indicator lights, which 

will be illuminated during the motor- driven mixing of each system. The pilot lights will extinguish once 

the mixing is complete, and a crewmember will deactivate each module. The payload will require no 

further crew interaction. However, physical changes in the samples will continue passively and unattended 

for a minimum of 24 hours in the microgravity environment. Total crew interaction will be less than 1 

hour, and only during this period will the locker door be open. 

After landing the payload will be removed from the orbiter during normal destowage operations and 

returned to 3M within 24 hours where post-flight processing and analyses will be conducted on space- and 

ground-processed samples to ascertain the differences in physical structure and properties. 

The 3M GOSAMR management team includes Dr. Theodore F. Bolles, Technical Director; Dr. Earl L. 

Cook, Program Manager; and Dr. Bruce A. Nerad, Principal Scientist. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 43 

GETAWAY SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS 

Since its inception in 1982, hundreds of nonprofessional and professional experimenters have gained 

access to space through NASA's Get Away Special (GAS) program. The GAS program, managed by 

Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, provides individuals and organizations of all countries the 

opportunity to send scientific research and development experiments on board a Space Shuttle for a 

nominal fee on a space-available basis. Clarke Prouty is the GAS Mission Manager and Larry Thomas is 

Technical Liaison Officer. 

The GAS bridge, capable of holding a maximum of 12 canisters (or cans), fits across the payload bay of 

the orbiter and offers a convenient and economical way of flying several canisters simultaneously. Twelve 

GAS payloads were originally scheduled to fly on this mission. However, two GAS payloads dropped out 

because of technical difficulties. In their place, two GAS ballast payloads were adjusted to match the 

weight of the payload it replaced. 

On STS-42 will be GAS payloads from six countries: Australia, China, Federal Republic of Germany, 

Japan, Sweden and the United States. This is the first time a payload from China will be carried aboard a 

Space Shuttle. GAS payloads most recently flew on STS-40 in June 1991. To date, 67 GAS cans have 

flown on 16 missions. The 10 GAS payloads on STS-42 are: 

(G-086) Brine Shrimp/Air Bubbles in Microgravity 

Sponsor: Booker T. Washington Senior High School, Houston, Texas 

This payload involves two experiments: the artemia (brine shrimp) experiment that will attempt to hatch 

and grow shrimp in microgravity, and the air/water chamber of the fluid physics experiment, in which 

measured amounts of air are injected into a chamber filled with distilled water resulting in air bubbles of 

different sizes. Research indicates the direction and speed of bubble movements should depend on both 

bubble size and temperature. The NASA Technical Manager (NTM) is Tom Dixon. 

(G-140) Marangoni Convection in a Floating Zone and (G-143) Glass Fining 

Sponsor: German Space Agency (DARA), Bonn, Germany 

G-140 and G-143 are Material Science Autonomous Experiments (MAUS) developed by scientists of the 

German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR)/Gottingen and the Technical University Clausthal. The 

MAUS project is managed by the German Space Agency (DARA) representing Germany for space 

activities. 

In the G-140 experiment, the influence of rotation on the steady and the oscillatory Marangoni convection 

induced through surface tension gradients will be investigated. 

Glass fining is the removal of all visible gaseous inhomogeneities from a glass melt. In G-143, a glass 

sample with an artificial helium bubble at its center will be heated to 1300 degrees Celsius and kept at this 

temperature for about 2 hours. The glass melts and the helium dissolves in the melt, causing the bubble to 

shrink. The NTM is Tom Dixon. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 44 

(G-329) The Effect of Gravity on the Solidification Process of Alloys 

Sponsor: Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), Solna, Sweden 

The purpose of this experiment is to improve understanding of the effect of gravity on the solidification 

process of alloys. The payload includes three experimental furnaces and an energy buffer, which protects 

the payload from excessive temperatures. The NTM is Tom Dixon. 

(G-336) Visual Photometric Experiment (VIPER) 

Sponsor: U.S. Air Force, Phillips Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass. 

VIPER is designed to measure the visible light reflected by intergalactic dust. The data from these 

measurements will be used to validate and update existing data collected in earlier experiments and will 

help provide background measurements of visible light for use in space surveillance. The NTM is Tom 

Dixon. 

(G-337) Space Thermoacoustic Refrigerator (STAR) 

Sponsor: Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif. 

This experiment is the first autonomous application of an entirely new refrigeration cycle which uses sound 

to pump heat and does so with only one moving part. Unlike conventional refrigerators which use 

compressors and ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the thermoacoustic refrigerator uses 

standing sound waves and inert gas to produce refrigeration. 

The experiment is a joint effort of the Physics Department and Space Systems Academic Group at the U.S. 

Naval Postgraduate School. Financial and material support was supplied by the Naval Research 

Laboratory. The NTM is Tom Dixon. 

(G-457) Separation of Gas Bubbles From Liquid 

Sponsor: The Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies, Inc. (SJAC) 

In this experiment, modes of bubble movement in liquid under microgravity conditions will be examined. 

Gas bubbles will be separated out of a liquid by artificial gravity. After separation, the gas is circulated by 

a pump and injected into liquid again in a mixing box. The NTM is Herb Foster. 

(G-609 & G-610) Endeavor, the Australian Space Telescope 

Sponsor: Australian Space Office, Canberra, Australia 

The Endeavor payload is an Australian ultraviolet light telescope designed and built by Auspace Limited 

for the Australian Space Office. It will obtain ultraviolet images of violent events in nearby galaxies of 

interest to science. 

Two interconnected GAS cans will house the components of the payload. One canister contains the optical 

elements, a large format photon counting array detector and a control computer. The other GAS can 

contains a flight battery and two tape recorders for recording data produced by the detector. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 45 

(G-614) A Study of Motion of Debris in Microgravity and Investigation of Mixing of Low Melting 

Point Materials in Microgravity 

Sponsor: American Association for Promotion of Science in China and the Chinese Society of Astronautics 

This payload consists of two experiments. For the first experiment, small lumps of different materials will 

be stored in a container which has a side wall covered with a sheet of adhesive paper. A movie camera is 

mounted in the container to photograph the motion of debris upon their release in the microgravity 

environment. In the second experiment, two low melt-point materials will be premixed in various ratios in 

solid form on Earth and remelted in space, then left to cool and resolidify. 

The experiments were designed by students selected in 1986 from more than 7,000 proposals. The 

experiments represent the first time a payload from China will be carried aboard a space shuttle. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 46 

INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLYMER MEMBRANE PROCESSING 

The Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP), a middeck payload, will make its fifth 

Space Shuttle flight for the Columbus, Ohio-based Battelle Advanced Materials Center, a NASA Center 

for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS), sponsored in part by the Office of Commercial 

Programs. 

The objective of the IPMP is to investigate the physical and chemical processes that occur during the 

formation of polymer membranes in microgravity such that the improved knowledge base can be applied to 

commercial membrane processing techniques. Supporting the overall program objective, the STS-42 

mission will provide additional data on the polymer precipitation process. 

Polymer membranes have been used by industry in separations processes for many years. Typical 

applications include enriching the oxygen content of air, desalination of water and kidney dialysis. 

Polymer membranes frequently are made using a two-step process. A sample mixture of polymer and 

solvents is applied to a casting surface. The first step involves the evaporation of solvents from the 

mixture. In the second step, the remaining sample is immersed in a fluid bath (typically water) to 

precipitate the membrane from the solution and complete the process. 

On the STS-42 mission, Commander Ron Grabe and Mission Specialist Bill Readdy, will operate the IPMP 

experiment. They will begin by accessing the units in their stowage location in a middeck locker. By 

turning the unit's valve to the first stop, the evaporation process is initiated. On this flight, the effects of 

varying the time between initiation of solvent evaporation and quenching will be studied -- 1 unit at 5 

minutes, the other at approximately 8 hours. Then, a quench procedure will be initiated. The quench 

consists of introducing a humid atmosphere which will allow the polymer membrane to precipitate out. 

Ground-based research indicates that the precipitation process should be complete after approximately 10 

minutes, and the entire procedure is at that point effectively quenched. 

Following the flight, the samples will be retrieved and returned to Battelle for testing. Portions of the 

samples will be sent to the CCDS's industry partners for quantitative evaluation consisting of comparisons 

of the membranes' permeability and selectivity characteristics with those of laboratory-produced 

membranes. 

Lisa A. McCauley, Associate Director of the Battelle CCDS, is the Program Manager for IPMP. Dr. Vince 

McGinness of Battelle is Principal Investigator. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 47 

IMAX 

The IMAX project is a collaboration between NASA and the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and 

Space Museum to document significant space activities using the IMAX film medium. This system, 

developed by IMAX systems Corp., Toronto, Canada, uses specially designed 70 mm film cameras and 

projectors to record and display very high definition large-screen pictures. 

During STS-42, the crew will use the camera to film activities in the Spacelab module and the crew 

compartment, with particular emphasis on the space physiology experiments that have a bearing on future 

long duration human presence in space. It also will take advantage of the high inclination of the STS-42 

orbit to film Earth features at latitudes not overflown by most Shuttle flights. These scenes will be used in 

an IMAX film now in production which will deal with mankind's future in space. 

IMAX cameras previously have flown on Space Shuttle missions 41-C, 41-D and 41-G to document crew 

operations in the payload bay and the orbiter's mid deck and flight deck along with spectacular views of 

Earth. Film from those missions formed the basis for the IMAX production, The Dream is Alive. The 

IMAX camera also flew on Shuttle missions STS-29, STS-34 and STS-32. During those missions, the 

camera was used to gather material for the IMAX film, The Blue Planet. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 48 

STUDENT EXPERIMENTS 

(SE81-09) Convection in Zero Gravity 

Scott Thomas, formerly of Richland High School, Johnstown, Penn., created an experiment to study 

surface tension convection in microgravity. The experiment, selected in 1981, will study the effects of 

boundary layer conditions and geometries on the onset and character of the convection. The experiment 

consists of a frame holding six pans with hinged lids and heaters imbedded in the bottom and sides. 

A crew member removes and secures the experiment from the mid-deck locker, sets up a television camera, 

injects a pan with oil and activates the heater and camera. The heater will run for 10 minutes, ample time 

for convection to occur. The camera will observe the flow patterns produced by aluminum powder in 

Krytox oil. After six cycles, the experiment is concluded and returned to the locker. 

Thomas' experiment, which flew on STS-5, is being reflown because a safety shield interfered with the 

initial operation of the experiment. 

Thomas is a doctoral candidate of physics at University of Texas, Austin. After high school, he attended 

Utah State University, majoring in physics. His teacher advisor is Wayne E. Lehman, (formerly with 

Richland High School). The experiment is sponsored by Thiokol Corp. Dr. Lee Davis, Thiokol Corp., and 

R. Gilbert Moore, Utah State University, are the science advisors of the experiment. 

(SE83-02) Zero-G Capillary Rise of Liquid Through Granular Media 

Constantine N. Costes, formerly of Randolph High School, Huntsville, Ala., created an experiment to study 

and measure capillary flow of liquids through densely-packed course granular media in microgravity. 

Knowledge of the mechanisms of capillary liquid transport through porous media is of primary importance 

to many disciplines, including soil physics, agriculture, ground hydrology, petroleum engineering and 

water purification techniques. 

The experiment consists of hardware containing three glass tubes 2 inches in diameter and 15 inches long. 

The tubes will be filled with one of the three diameter-sized glass beads -- 1/4 mm, 1 mm, and 3 mm. The 

fluid is blue-colored water. Astronauts will videotape the timed progression of the liquid through beads. 

Costes is a doctoral candidate of mathematics at Harvard. He received his undergraduate degree from 

Oxford. The experiment is sponsored by USBI, Inc., Huntsville. Jeff Fisher, a design engineer at USBI, is 

the science advisor for the experiment. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 49 

RADIATION MONITORING EQUIPMENT-III 

The Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III measures ionizing radiation exposure to the crew within the 

orbiter cabin. RME-III measures gamma ray, electron, neutron and proton radiation and calculates in real 

time the exposure in RADS-tissue equivalent. The information is stored in memory modules for post-flight 

analysis. 

The hand-held instrument will be stored in a middeck locker during flight except for activation and 

memory module replacement every two days. RME-III will be activated by the crew as soon as possible 

after reaching orbit and operated throughout the mission. A crew member will enter the correct mission 

elapsed time upon activation. 

RME-III is the current configuration, replacing the earlier RME-I and RME-II units. RME-III last flew on 

STS-31. The experiment has four zinc-air batteries and five AA batteries in each replaceable memory 

module. RME-III is sponsored by the Department of Defense in cooperation with NASA. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 50 

STS-42 CREWMEMBERS 

STS042-S-002 -- STS-42 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, International Microgravity Laboratory 1 

(IML-1) official crew portrait shows crewmembers, wearing launch and entry suits, backdropped against 

a space shuttle orbiter launch scene. From left to right are pilot Stephen S. Oswald, payload specialist 

Roberta L. Bondar, mission specialist Norman E. Thagard, missions commander Ronald J. Grabe, mission 

specialist David C. Hilmers, payload specialist Ulf D. Merbold, and mission specialist William F. Readdy. 

The two payload specialists represent Canada (Bondar) and the European Space Agency (ESA) (Merbold). 

Portrait was created using a double exposure. 

No copyright is asserted for this photograph. If a recognizable person appears in the photo, use for 

commercial purposes may infringe a right of privacy or publicity. It may not be used to state or imply the 

endorsement by NASA or by any NASA employee of a commercial product, process or service, or used in 

any other manner that might mislead. Accordingly, it is requested that if this photograph is used in 

advertising and other commercial promotion, layout and copy be submitted to NASA prior to release. 

PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 51 

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA 

RONALD J. GRABE, 46, Col., USAF, will serve as Commander. Selected as an astronaut in August 

1981, Grabe was born in New York, NY. Grabe was pilot for STS 51-J, the second Space Shuttle 

Department of Defense-dedicated mission in 1985. He next flew as pilot for STS-30 in 1989. 

Grabe graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1962, received a bachelor's degree in engineering science 

from the Air Force Academy in 1966 and studied aeronautics as a Fulbright Scholar at the Technische 

Hochschule, Darmstadt, West Germany, in 1967. 

As an Air Force F-100 pilot, he flew 200 combat missions in Vietnam. Grabe later was a test pilot for the 

A-7 and F-111 at the Air Force Flight Test Center and from 1976 to 1979, an exchange test pilot for the 

Harrier with the Royal Air Force at Boscombe Down, United Kingdom. Grabe has logged more than 4,500 

hours flying time in various aircraft. 

STEPHEN S. OSWALD, 40, will serve as Pilot. Selected as an astronaut in June 1985, he was born in 

Seattle, WA, but considers Bellingham, WA, his hometown. He will be making his first space flight. 

Oswald graduated from Bellingham High School in 1969 and received a bachelor's degree in aerospace 

engineering from the Naval Academy in 1973. He was designated a naval aviator in September 1974 and 

flew the Corsair II aboard the USS Midway in the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans from 1975 through 

1977. In 1978, Oswald attended the Naval Test Pilot School. 

After leaving the Navy, he joined Westinghouse Electric Corp. as a test pilot in developmental flight 

testing of various airborne weapons systems for Westinghouse, including the F-16C and B-1B radars. 

Oswald remains active in the U.S. Naval Reserve, currently assigned as Commanding Officer of the Naval 

Space Command Reserve Unit, Dahlgren, VA. Oswald has logged more than 4,700 flying hours in 38 

different aircraft. 

NORMAN E. THAGARD, MD, 48, will serve as payload commander and mission specialist 1, making 

his third space flight. Although born in Marianna, FL, Thagard considers Jacksonville, FL, his hometown 

and was selected as an astronaut in 1978. 

Thagard first flew as a mission specialist on STS-7 in 1983. He next flew on STS-51B, the Spacelab-3 

science mission in 1985. Thagard's third flight was on STS-30 in 1989. 

Thagard received a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in engineering science from Florida State 

University in 1965 and 1966, respectively, and a doctor of medicine degree from Texas Southwestern 

Medical School in 1977. 

WILLIAM F. READDY, 39, will serve as Mission Specialist 2. Selected as an astronaut in June 1987, 

Readdy was born in Quonset Point, RI, but considers McLean, VA, his hometown and will be making his 

first space flight. 

Readdy graduated from McLean High School in 1970 and received a bachelor's degree in aeronautical 

engineering from the Naval Academy in 1974. Readdy joined NASA in 1986 as an aerospace engineer and 

instructor pilot at Ellington Field, Houston. When he was selected as an astronaut, he was serving as 

Program Manager for the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 52 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 53 

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA 

DAVID C. HILMERS, 41, Lt. Col., USMC, will serve as Mission Specialist 3. Selected as an astronaut in 

1980, Hilmers was born in Clinton, IA, but considers DeWitt, IA, his hometown. 

Hilmers first flew as a mission specialist on STS-51J in 1985. His next flight was on STS-26 in 1988, the 

first flight to be flown after the Challenger accident. His third flight was on STS-36 in 1990. 

Hilmers received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Cornell College in 1972; a master's degree in 

electrical engineering from Cornell in 1977; and a degree in electrical engineering from the Naval 

Postgraduate School in 1978. 

ROBERTA L. BONDAR, 46, Ph.D., MD, will serve as Payload Specialist 1. Bondar was born in Sault 

Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, and joined the Canadian Space Agency in 1984. 

Bondar received a bachelor's degree in zoology and agriculture from the University of Guelph in 1968; a 

master's degree in experimental pathology from the University of Western Ontario in 1971; a doctorate in 

neurobiology from the University of Toronto in 1974; and a doctor of medicine degree from McMaster 

University in 1977. She was admitted as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of 

Canada in neurology in 1981. 

Bondar is a neurologist and clinical and basic science researcher in the nervous system and was appointed 

Assistant Professor of Medicine and Director of the Multiple Sclerosis Clinic for the Hamilton-Wentworth 

Region at McMaster University in 1982. 

She was named chairperson of the Canadian Lifesciences Subcommittee for Space Station Freedom in 

1985. She is a civil aviation medical examiner and member of the scientific staff at Sunnybrook Hospital 

where she is conducting research into blood flow in the brain in stroke patients and in subjects in 

microgravity on board NASA's KC-135. 

ULF MERBOLD, 50, will serve as Payload Specialist 2. Merbold was born in Greiz, Germany, and will 

be making his second space flight for the European Space Agency. Merbold first flew on STS-9, the 

Spacelab-1 flight, in 1983. 

Merbold attended various schools in Greiz, Germany. From 1961-1968, he was a student of physics at 

Stuttgart University and received a bachelor's degree in 1968. In 1976, he received a doctorate in science 

from Stuttgart. Following graduation, Merbold joined the Max-Planck Institute for Metals Research in 

Stuttgart. In 1987, Merbold was appointed as Head of the DLR Astronaut Office. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 54 

STS-42 MISSION MANAGEMENT 

NASA HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, DC 

Richard H. Truly NASA Administrator 

Office of Space Flight 

Dr. William Lenoir Associate Administrator, Office of Space Flight 

Office of Space Science 

Dr. Lennard A. Fisk Associate Administrator, Space Science and Applications 

Alphonso V. Diaz Deputy Associate Administrator, Space Science and Applications 

Dr. Arnauld Nicogossian Director, Life Sciences Division 

Dr. Ronald J. White Program Scientist 

Robert C. Rhome Director, Microgravity Science and Applications Division 

Dr. Robert Sokolowski Program Scientist (Microgravity) 

Robert H. Benson Director, Flight Systems Division 

Wayne R. Richie Program Manager 

Office of Commercial Programs 

John G. Mannix Assistant Administrator for Commercial Programs 

Richard H. Ott Director, Commercial Development Division 

Garland C. Misener Chief, Flight Requirements and Accommodations 

Ana M. Villamil Program Manager, Centers for the Commercial Development of Space 

Office of Safety and Mission Quality 

George A. Rodney Associate Administrator for the Office of Safety and Mission Quality 

Richard U. Perry Director Quality Assurance Division 

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FL 

Robert L. Crippen Director 

Leonard S. Nicholson Director, Space Shuttle 

Brewster H. Shaw Deputy Director, Space Shuttle (Operations) 

Jay Honeycutt Director, Shuttle Management and Operations 

Robert B. Sieck Launch Director 

John C. "Chris" Fairey Discovery Flow Manager 

John T. Conway Director, Payload Management and Operations 

P. Thomas Breakfield Director, STS Payload Operations 

Joanne H. Morgan Director, Payload Project Management 

Glenn E. Snyder STS-42 Payload Manager 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 55 

MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, HUNTSVILLE, AL 

Thomas J. Lee Director 

Dr. J. Wayne Littles Deputy Director 

Harry G. Craft, Jr. Manager, Payload Projects Office 

Robert O. McBrayer International Microgravity Laboratory-1 Mission Manager 

Dr. Robert S. Snyder Mission Scientist 

Alexander A. McCool Manager, Shuttle Projects Office 

Dr. George McDonough Director, Science and Engineering 

James H. Ehl Director, Safety and Mission Assurance 

James N. Strickland Acting Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project 

Victor Keith Henson Manager, Solid Rocket Motor Project 

Cary H. Rutland Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project 

Gerald C. Ladner Manager, External Tank Project 

JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, HOUSTON, TX 

Aaron Cohen Director 

Paul J. Weitz Deputy Director 

Daniel Germany Manager, Orbiter and GFE Projects 

Paul J. Weitz Acting Director, Flight Crew Operations 

Eugene F. Kranz Director, Mission Operations 

Henry O. Pohl Director, Engineering 

Charles S. Harlan Director - Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance 

STENNIS SPACE CENTER, BAY ST. LOUIS, MS 

Roy S. Estess Director 

Gerald W. Smith Deputy Director 

J. Harry Guin Director, Propulsion Test Operations 

AMES-DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH FACILITY, EDWARDS, CA 

Kenneth J. Szalai Director 

T. G. Ayers Deputy Director 

James R. Phelps Chief, Shuttle Support Office 

AMES RESEARCH CENTER, MOFFETT FIELD, CA 

Dr. Dale L. Compton Director 

Victor L. Peterson Deputy Director 

Dr. Steven A. Hawley Associate Director 

Dr. Joseph C. Sharp Director, Space Research 

GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MD 

Dr. John M. Klineberg Director 

Clarke Prouty GAS Mission Manager 

Larry Thomas Technical Liaison Officer 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 56 

SHUTTLE FLIGHTS AS OF JANUARY 1992 

44 TOTAL FLIGHTS OF THE SHUTTLE SYSTEM -- 19 SINCE RETURN TO FLIGHT 

STS-48 

09/12/91 - 09/18/91 

STS-39 

04/28/91 - 05/06/91 

STS-40 

06/05/91 - 06/14/91 

STS-41 

10/06/90 - 10/10/90 

STS-35 

12/02/90 - 12/10/90 

STS-51L 

01/28/86 

STS-31 

04/24/90 - 04/29/90 

STS-44 

11/24/91 - 12/01/91 

STS-32 

01/09/90 - 01/20/90 

STS-61A 

10/30/85 - 11/06/85 

STS-33 

11/22/89 - 11/27/89 

STS-43 

08/02/91 - 08/11/91 

STS-28 

08/08/89 - 08/13/89 

STS-51F 

07/29/85 - 08/06/85 

STS-29 

03/13/89 - 03/18/89 

STS-37 

04/05/91 - 04/11/91 

STS-61C 

01/12/86 - 01/18/86 

STS-51B 

04/29/85 - 05/06/85 

STS-26 

09/29/88 - 10/03/88 

STS-38 

11/15/90 - 11/20/90 

STS-9 

11/28/83 - 12/08/83 

STS-41G 

10/05/84 - 10/13/84 

STS-51-I 

08/27/85 - 09/03/85 

STS-36 

02/28/90 - 03/04/90 

STS-5 

11/11/82 - 11/16/82 

STS-41C 

04/06/84 - 04/13/84 

STS-51G 

06/17/85 - 06/24/85 

STS-34 

10/18/89 - 10/23/89 

STS-4 

06/27/82 - 07/04/82 

STS-41B 

02/03/84 - 02/11/84 

STS-51D 

04/12/85 - 04/19/85 

STS-30 

05/04/89 - 05/08/89 

STS-3 

03/22/82 - 03/30/82 

STS-8 

08/30/83 - 09/05/83 

STS-51C 

01/24/85 - 01/27/85 

STS-27 

12/02/88 - 12/06/88 

STS-2 

11/12/81 - 11/14/81 

STS-7 

06/18/83 - 06/24/83 

STS-51A 

11/08/84 - 11/16/84 

STS-61B 

11/26/85 - 12/03/85 

STS-1 

04/12/81 - 04/14/81 

STS-6 

04/04/83 - 04/09/83 

STS-41D 

08/30/84 - 09/05/84 

STS-51J 

10/03/85 - 10/07/85 

OV-102 

Columbia 

(11 flights) 

OV-099 

Challenger 

(10 flights) 

OV-103 

Discovery 

(13 flights) 

OV-104 

Atlantis 

(10 flights)