NASA SP-4014 

ASTRONAUTICS AND 

AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy 

Text by 

Science and Technology Division 

Library of Congress 

Sponsored by 

NASA Historical Division 

Office of Policy 

Scientific and Technical Information Division 

OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1970 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

Washington, D.C. 
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, 

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 

Price $2.25 (paper cover) 

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 66-60096 
Foreword 

History is a word with varied meanings. They range from one conveying 

idealistic images, to fat books of ultimate truth, to the professional’s 

prejudices concerning history as an intellectual discipline. To those of US 

who have been privileged to be wholly immersed in science and technology 

of aeronautics and space over a number of years, history perhaps is the 

sense of accomplishment. 

While this chronology volume is not a history, it does attempt to prdvide 

a first-cut reference to events and commentary during a most crowded year 

and the year that man first set foot upon an extraterrestrial body. When the 

ApoZZo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made their lunay walk 

on July 20, 1969, it became one of the most vicarious events to date in 

world history. Over a half billion people around the world witnessed this 

momentous occasion live by television relayed via communications satellites. 

Many who did not witness it appear reluctant to admit it today. The full 

consequences of the seven-year Apollo endeavor are as yet in the domain of 

prophets and posterity despite the worldwide enthusiasm. But we have 

already seen evidence of the second thoughts provided by man’s perspective 

from the moon of his own planet-a heightened awareness that spaceship 

Earth is perhaps unique and certainly is precious, even with the manifold 

problems of mankind. And we have learned about ourselves as a people. 

We have learned that the United States can set itself a large, difficult, longterm objective and mobilize itself and sustain its effort to the successful 

conclusion. 

Aside from being the year that man landed on the moon, 1969 had many 

other significances to students and participants in aeronautics and astronautics. It was NASA’s first year under the Nixon Administration and a new 

Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine. It was the year in which the Space 

Task Group’s report to the President reaffirmed the Nation’s continued commitment to space exploration and painted in the broad outline of post-Apollo 

goals in space. It was the year the concept of the space shuttle emerged in 

detail, exciting in its potential as a practical, reusable, economical space 

transportation system. In space science it was the year when Mariner VI and 

VII flew within 2,600 miles of Mars and sent back photographs of the Martian surface and 200 times more data on Mars than had Mariner IV in 1964. 

In addition to these more spectacular events, there was solid progress in 

space science, exploration, and applications. All of these events &d many 

more find their milestones recorded in this chronology. 

There are both value in and special reservations about this chronology of 

science, technology, and public policy as related to aeronautics a’hd space. 

It provides the historian or any analyst with time-oriented steppingstones 

toward the human and institutional stories. General items are included to 

help create the social environment in which the selected items took place. 

There seems some merit, despite inevitable bias in viewpoints, in validating 
FOREWORD 

entries to sources generally available. This facilitates additional research. 

With its detailed index, the chronology is cross-referenced to dimensions 

other than time and becomes a useful reference available to lay and professional inquiry. 

But beyond this, history-maker, historian, observer, and student alike 

may become more aware of the documentation and reflection yet to be 

performed in comprehending more fully what has transpired. 

George M. Low 

Acting Administrator 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

September 15, 1970 

IV 
Contents 

PAGE 

Foreword ................................................. III 

Preface ................................................... VII 

NASA Acting Administrator George M . Low 

January .................................................. 1 i. 

February .................................................. 37 

March ................................................... 61 

April .................................................... 99 

May .................................................... 127 

June ..................................................... 167 

July ..................................................... 195 

August ................................................... 259 

September ............................................... 297 

October .................................................. 323 

November ................................................ 359 

December ................................................. 399 

Appendix A: Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights, 

Appendix 3: Chronology of Major NASA Launches, 1969 ......... 

Appendix C: Chronology of Manned Space Flight, 1969 ........ 

Appendix D : Abbreviations of References ..................... 

Index and List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ................ 

a Chronicle for 1969 ..................................... 427 

459 

465 

471 

475 

V 

Preface 

The brief, chronological record of 1969 events in aerospace science, technology, and policy has been prepared as events occurred and were reported 

in the immediately available, open sources-the news media, press releases, 

speech texts, transcripts, testimony before Congress, and test and study 

reports. A first collection of clues to significant occurrences and background 

climate for future historians, the volume is also intended to serve for 

immediate reference uses. It does not attempt to analyze but to cite the 

who, what, when, and where in sequence and as near real time as possible. 

Within these limitations, we make a considerable effort to ensure accuracy 

and comprehensiveness. Our NASA Archives, under Lee D. Saegesser, collects 

the current documentation. Under an exchange of funds agreement, the 

Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress drafts the 

monthly segments in comment edition form. These are edited and augmented by the NASA Historical Division, published, and circulated for comment and use. At the end of the year the entire manuscript is reworked and 

augmented by the comments that have come in and by documentation that 

has become available since the comment edition was prepared. The Library 

also prepares the extensive index. 

The 1969 annual volume is the work of a number of hands. The entire 

NASA Historical Division participated in source collection, review, and 

publication. The general editor was Dr. Frank W. Anderson, Jr., Deputy 

NASA Historian. Technical editor was Mrs. Carrie Karegeannes. At the Library Mrs. Patricia Davis, Mrs. Carmen Brock-Smith, and Mrs. Shirley 

Singleton prepared the monthly texts, which were circulated throughout 

NASA for comments as to completeness and accuracy of NASA items and then 

revised for annual publication. Arthur G. Renstrom prepared the index. 

Appendix A, “Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights, a 

Chronicle for 1969,” and Appendix C, “Chronology of Manned Space Flight, 

1969,” were prepared by Leonard C. Bruno of the Library. Appendix B, 

“Chronology of Major NASA Launches, 1969,” was prepared by William A. 

Lockyer, Jr., of the Historical and Library Services Branch, Kennedy Space 

Center. Appendix D, “Abbreviations of References,” was prepared by Mrs. 

Brock-Smith. Creston Whiting of NASA’s Information Services Branch, 

Scientific and Technical Information Division, kept the process abreast of 

Russian releases. At the NASA Centers the historians and historical monitors 

submitted local material for the chronology. Validation was the work of 

many busy persons throughout NASA and in other relevant branches of the 

Federal structure. 

A chronology is but the first step toward history and even it is never 

completed. Comments, additions, and criticisms are always welcomed. 

Eugene M. Emme 

NASA Historian 
January 1969 

January 1: Washington Evening Star editorial said of success of Dee. 21-27, 

1968, Apollo 8 mission : “Modern science undercut man’s bland belief 

that he was the center of the universe, and modern philosophy reduced 

him to a trivial atom of matter in the larger cosmos, To be able to 

sail around at will in that vast cosmos may give man back some of the 

confidence he once had, not the arrogance of thinking that he understands the whole pattern, but the quiet sense that he will not flinch 

from what he may yet learn.” (W Star, 1/1/69, A15) 

* U.S.S.R. disclosed that converted MiG fighter was prototype used for 

testing design features and performance of TU-144, Soviet supersonic 

aircraft. Soviet aviation writer for Pravda K. Raspevin said four-man 

crew aboard Tu-144 maiden flight Dec. 31, 1968, was one of most 

experienced in U.S.S.R. Pilot was Eduard V. Yelyan. Copilot Mikhail 

V. Kozlov had won title Hero of the Soviet Union for testing Tu-22 

supersonic strategic bomber. Tu-144 was constructed of light alloys 

with titanium on leading edges and other areas subjected to high 

temperatures. At cruising speed, outside skin temperature was 150” C. 

Air conditioning system cooled cabin. Tail unit was minus horizontal 

guiding surface. Crew members had catapult seats as safety precaution 

during test flights. (NYT, 1/2/69, 7) 

World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites, established at National 

Academy of Sciences in June 1958, moved to location adjacent to 

National Space Science Data Center at GSFC. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 

2/69, 11) 

January 2: In Washington Evening Star, Judith Randal said world’s first 

successful heart transplant and Apollo 8 mission made 1968 year “of 

spectacular scientific achievement” but that critics of both events had 

charged that technology “was being exploited at the expense of basic 

research and social worth.” It did no harm, she said, to celebrate 

heart transplants and voyages to moon, “but, with the advent of a new 

administration, it also is worth reflecting what the price may bewhen so much else needs doing-of deciding to climb Mount Everest 

just because Mount Everest is there and we have learned how to climb 

it.” (WStar, 1/2/69, A14) 

NASA awarded Boeing Co. $32,815,000 cost-plus-fixed-fee supplemental 

agreement extending for additional 12 mos Apollo program technical 

integration and evaluation support initiated by Boeing June 15, 1967. 

(NASA Release 69-1) 

President Johnson announced 12 recipients of 1968 National Medal of 

Science, Government’s highest award for distinguished achievement in 

science, mathematics, and engineering. Detlev W. Bronk, President 

Emeritus of Rockefeller Univ., past president of NAS (1950-1962) 

and Johns Hopkins Univ. (19&1953), received award for “highly 

original research in the field of physiology and for his manifold con1 
January 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tributions to the advance of science and its institution in the service 

of society.” Herbert Friedman, Superintendent, Atmosphere and Astrophysics Div., Naval Research Laboratory, won award “for pioneering 

work in rocket and satellite astronomy and in particular for his contributions to the field of gamma ray astronomy.’’ (PD, 1/6/69, 11; 

NASA biog, 9/8/68) 

Jaiiuary 3: H.R. 16, 17, and 204, bills to authorize award of Congressional 

Medal of Honor to Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. 

Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders, were introduced during first session of 9lst Congress. (CR, 1/3/69, H33-42) 

* Time named Apollo 8 astronauts its Men of the Year for 1968. “For all 

its upheavals and frustrations, the year would be remembered to the 

end of time for the dazzling skills and Promethean daring that sent 

mortals around the moon. It would be celebrated as the year in which 

men saw at first hand their little earth entire, a remote, blue-brown 

sphere hovering like a migrant bird in the hostile night of space.” 

(Time, 1/3/69, 9) 

New York State Supreme Court Justice Frederick M. Marshall issued 

temporary injunction to block sale of Cornel1 Aeronautical Laboratory 

by Cornell Univ. to EDP Technology, Inc., of Washington, D.C., for 

$25 million. He directed case be given preference on trial calendar. 

(NYT, 1/4/69, 23) 

January 4: At Explorers Club symposium in New York scientists, educators, 

community leaders, and students discussed significance of Apollo 8 

mission. William Booth, Chairman of Commission on Human Rights 

in New York, said, “I still am quite disturbed by the fact that we’re 

dying at home, people are about to starve. There’s overpopulation and 

underproduction of food in the world. We haven’t been able to solve 

these problems and here we are going of€ to the moon.” Dr. Robert 

Jastrow, Director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said 

flights were “a means of concentrating our energies toward building 

a technological capability.” Moon flight had played “same role as 

Lindbergh‘s flight to Paris” in that it demonstrated new capability. 

Space program was paying economic dividends in communications, 

mineral exploration, and new materials. Dr. Maynard M. Miller, Chairman of Explorer Club’s World Center for Exploration Foundation, said, 

“The word ‘impossible’ has a different meaning after Apollo.8. Perhaps 

its real contribution will be as a symbol of man’s willingness to dare 

to do something great.” (Wilford, NYT, 1/5/69, 26) 

January 5: Venus V unmanned probe was successfully launched by U.S.S.R. 

on four-month journey to Venus. Tass announced that 2,491433 spacecraft had been launched into parking orbit and then injected on 

trajectory toward Venus to softland, conduct extensive scientific research, and continue studies begun by Venus ZV, which landed on 

Venusian surface Oct. 18, 1967. All equipment was functioning normally. Spacecraft carried pennants with bas-relief of Lenin and Soviet 

coat of arms and “greater range of scientific and measuring equipment, 

making it possible to improve the accuracy of measurements and to 

obtain additional data on planet’s atmosphere,” Moscow News said. 

(Winters, B Sun, 1/6/69, 1; AP, W Star, 1/6/69, A3; Reuters, 

W Post, 1/6/69, A3; Moscow News, 1/1&25/69, 3) 

Washington Sunday Star editorial commented on proposals made at 

2 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 5 

AAAS meeting in Dallas, Tex., Dec. 26-31, 1968, for agency to establish priorities for Federal spending in research, education, technology, 

weapon development, and science. Dr. James V. Shannon, former NIH 

director, had proposed creation of top-level council equal in stature 

to National Security Council and Council of Economic Advisers. Dr. 

Donald F. Hornig, President Johnson’s Science Adviser, had recommended adding Secretary of Science to Presidential Cabinet. Star 

said, “There will be strong opposition to both of these proposals. The 

cry of centralization will be raised.” However: “What is proposed . . . is a body of informed advisers, whose duty it is to suggest . . . to instruct the President, the Congress and public on the potentialities for 

good and evil that could result if a given path were followed. The President would still have to make the executive decisions. Congress would 

still control the purse. The public would still have the final verdict of 

the ballot. But all of them could use some responsible, expert guidance 

through the awesome and fantastic new world that lies just ahead.” 

(W Star, 1/5/69, G1) 

January 6: Oao ZZ (launched Dec. 7, 1968) completed 30 days of flight 

operation and was adjudged successful by NASA. Experiments had obtained 65 hrs of scientific data over range of eight magnitudes and 

4,200 A-1,100 A wavelengths. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 

celescope experiment made 18 mappings and Univ. of Wisconsin experiment made detailed observations of 100 stars. Some 40,000 separate 

commands had been sent to Oao ZZ and more than 4 million pieces of 

information had been collected, with 20 times more uv information 

from stars in 30 days than in 15 yrs of sounding rocket launchings. 

Satellite’s 11 telescopes were studying extremely young, hot stars 

which emitted most of their energy in uv portion of spectrum, not 

visible to ground observatories because of earth‘s atmosphere. (NASA 

Proj Off; NASA Release 69-7) 

* Budget squeeze had forced NASA to drop 16 institutions from its sustaining university program, Scientific Research said. Four others were 

dropped in 1968; 30 remained. Contracts of the 16 would not be renewed as they expired unless institutions devised exceptional research 

proposals. Then money would probably have to be taken from other 

universities. Grants had ranged from $75,000 to $300,000, with total 

saving of $4 million over FYs 1969, 1970, and 1971 expected from cancellation. Program funding had declined from $45 million in FYs 

1965 and 1966 to $30 million in FY 1967, $10 million in FY 1968, 

and $9 million in 1969. FY 1970 budget level was expected to be $9 

million. (Scientific Research, 1/6/69, 15-17; NASA FY 1970 Budget 

Briefing) * FAA announced it had moved to reverse “escalation of aircraft noise” 

around airports by proposing maximum noise standards and noise objectives for new subsonic transport aircraft, including those under development. Proposal was first regulatory action taken under P.L. 

90-411, which granted FAA broad authority in noise control. Noise 

limits on approach would be 102 to 108 effective perceived noise decibels (epndb) , depending on aircraft weight; sideline noise limits 

would be same; and takeoff limits would be in 93- to 108-epndb 

range. (FAA Release 6P-1; Bisen, W Post, 1/7/69, A3; WSJ, 1/9/69, 

4) 

3 
January 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

0 Defense Secretary-designate Melvin R. Laird announced at press conference that Stanley R. Resor would remain as Secretary of the Army, 

Rhode Island Gov. John H. Chafee would be nominated Secretary of 

the Navy, and former NASA Deputy Administrator, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., would be nominated Secretary of the Air Force in Nixon 

Administration. (Wilson, W Post, 1/7/69, 1) 

January 6-8: Three-article series on “The Cost of Preparedness” by Orr 

Kelly in Washington Evening Star quoted interviews with outgoing 

Johnson Administration defense experts who agreed US, might be 

entering peaceful era in international relations though defense cost 

would remain high-at least $50 billion annually-in foreseeable future. Secretary of Defense Clark M. Clifford thought, “cautious and 

forceful steps” could be taken “to improve the lot of the people of the 

world.” 

USN saw post-Vietnam war need for modernization, with emphasis 

on nuclear-powered escort ships; USAF wanted new fighter, manned 

bomber, deployment of interim bomber, and revamping of US. air 

defense force. 

Dr. John S. Foster, Director of Defense Research and Engineering, 

said: “The Soviets have four characteristics of special concern to the 

R&D community. They are technically advanced, they are strong economically, they have an aggressive military posture-and they work 

behind a veil of secrecy. The one that makes competition difficult is 

secrecy. To counter it, the United States must have technological superiority. We must have been there, technically, before them.” (W 

Star, 1/64/69) 

January 7: US. patent No. 3,420,471 was granted to John D. Bird, Howell 

D. Garner, Ernest D. Lounsberry, and David E. Thomas, Jr., LaRC 

engineers who assigned rights to NASA for jet shoes to enable astronauts 

to move in space. Wearer could rotate body by natural ankle and leg 

motions and control direction by turning body and aiming head in 

swimming motion. Previous devices for similar purpose required use of 

one or both hands or operation of complex arrangement of control jets 

and gyroscope sensors. Toe pressure in new shoes would release nitrogen through thruster in sole of each shoe. With electrical control, pressure would be applied to switch. Alternate method would be fluidic 

control, with toes pressing syringe. (Pat Off PIO; NYT, 1/11/69, 39) 0 Once Vietnam war was over, Michael Harrington said in Washington 

Evening Star, there would be “money enough for both slums and space 

if the nation has the political wilI to appropriate it.” Space exploration 

could provide “economic alternative to war.” It was “simply not true 

that the United States must choose between the heavens and earth. By 

the mid-Seventies, this country will have achieved a $1 trillion gross 

national product and because of this . . . there will be almost $30 

billion in ‘extra’ federal funds by 1972. That projection does not require any increase in taxes and it assumes that there will be a fairly 

high level of military spending.” (W Star, 1/7/69, A7) 

Christian Science Monitor editorial asked, “Would it not be possible, as 

America’s eventual space aim, to see the moon treated much as Antarctica today is treated?” That is “as a ‘continent’ where nationality 

does not play a significant role. There could be a research station on 

the moon, manned the year around-not merely by Americans but by 

LE 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 7 

invitation to the scientists and technicians of other interested nations.” 

(CSM, 1/7/69) 

January 8: Apollo 9, carrying Astronauts James M. McDivitt (commander), 

David R. Scott ( CM pilot) , and Russell L. Schweickart (LM pilot), 

would be launched from KSC Launch Complex 39A at 11:OO am EST 

Feb. 28, NASA announced. The 10-day earth orbital mission would 

include simulated translunar insertion; CSM separation, transposition, 

and docking with LM; onboard LM systems evaluation; extravehicular 

maneuvers between LM and CM; manned LM active rendezvous; and 

six SPS burns. (NASA Release 69-3) 0 U.S.S.R.’s supersonic transport, Tu-144, made second test flight. Of 

50-min duration, flight did not achieve supersonic speed, according to 

Pravda. (Reuters, NYT, 1/11/69, 65) 

NASA Acting Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, asked review board 

created May 17, 1968, to restudy its findings in May 6, 1968, crash of 

Lunar Landing Training Vehicle because of second LLTV crash, Dec. 8, 

1968. Both craft were destroyed in accidents at Ellington AFB, Tex.; 

pilots escaped uninjured. Accident board at MSC was investigating 

latest crash. (NASA Release 69-5) 

January 9: USAF released three-volume Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, report of Univ. of Colorado scientists directed by Dr. Edward U. Condon. It concluded that “nothing has come from the study 

of UFOS in the past 21 years that has added to scientific knowledge. . . . Further extensive study of UFOS probably cannot be justified in the 

expectation that science will be advanced thereby.” Scientists felt “the 

reason that there has been very little scientific study of the subject is 

that those scientists who are most directly concerned, astronomers, atmospheric physicists, chemists, and psychologists, having had ample 

opportunity to look into the matter, have individually decided that UFO 

phenomena do not offer a fruitful field in which to look for major 

scientific discoveries.” 

In review of study, NAS special review panel had concluded, “On the 

basis of present knowledge the least likely explanation of UFOS is the 

hypothesis of extraterrestrial visitations by intelligent beings.” 

Condon report recommended DOD handle UFO sighting reports in 

normal surveillance operations and found no basis for contention that 

UFO data were “shrouded in official secrecy.” Report stated, “The history of the past 21 years has repeatedly led Air Force officers to the 

conclusion that none of the things seen, or thought to have been seen 

. . . constituted any hazard or threat to national security.” Report of 

tu o-year study, commissioned by USAF for $500,000, had been approved 

by NAS panel. (Text; Sullivan, NYT, 1/8/69, 1; 1/10/69, 32; Boffer, 

Science, 1/17/69, 260-2) 0 NASA named Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (Commander ) , Michael Collins 

(CM pilot), and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (LM pilot), as prime crew of 

Apollo 11 lunar landing mission scheduled for summer 1969. Backup 

crew would be Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr. (commander) , William 

A. Anders (CM pilot), and Fred W. Haise, Jr. (LM pilot). (NASA 

Release 69-9) 

NASA submitted to BOB proposed FY 1970 NASA authorization bill in 

which FY 1969 “Administrative Operations” category had been redesignated “Research and Program Management.” Bill requested 

5 
January 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

$3.051 billion for R&D, $58.2 million for construction of facilities, and 

$650.9 million for research and program management-for total 

budget of $3.761 billion. (Text; NASA LAR, VIII/8) 

In farewell speech to JPL as President of Cal Tech, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, 

Science Adviser-designate to President-elect Richard M. Nixon, said: 

“I am sure that under the new administration a change in the general 

structure of the space program may occur principally because the 

Apollo landings for 1969 will be carried out. . . [And] that ends an 

era, so to speak, in the space program which President Kennedy started 

when he proposed attainment of a landing on the moon by the end of 

this decade.” Question would be raised “in Congress and in the administration and by the ‘people of the country, ‘OK we’re all through 

now, let’s save that four billion or five billion dollars a year and settle 

back and do something less expensive.’ I don’t believe that this is a 

very widespread view in the top levels of the new administration. I 

think the Apollo 8 program came at a very critical moment” to make 

everyone see that “by lifting the eyes of the people to something beyond this little planet on which we live that the spiritual effect . . . the 

elevation of morale which has occurred, the pride which the country 

has taken in this sort of achievement, following on the many other 

achievements, is going to be a stimulus to redirecting the program, yes, 

but certainly not abandoning it, and deciding what are the great things 

that can be done in the future of the space program.” (Transcript) 

NASA Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket with VAM-20 booster, successfully launched from WSMR, carried Johns Hopkins Univ. payload to 

103.2-mi (166-km) altitude. Primary objective was to measure 

vacuum uv spectral emission lines from Venusian atmosphere. Rocket 

and instruments worked satisfactorily, but experiment failed to receive 

STRAP acquisition and ACS failed to receive tracker lock-on. Except for 

terrestrial airglow, no useful spectral information on Venus or Procyon was received. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Apollo 8 astronauts were honored in Nation’s Capital. 

Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, and William A. Anders 

received NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President Johnson at 

White House. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Acting Administrator, read 

citatiosl, identical for each astronaut except for designation as commander, command module pilot, or lunar module pilot. Borman 

received award “for outstanding contributions to space flight, engineering, technology and exploration as Commander of Apollo 8, mankind’s first venture beyond Earth into orbit around the Moon. During 

this flawless mission from December 21 to December 27, 1968, he 

made critical decisions and carried out complex maneuvers to fly into 

precise translunar injection, lunar orbit, and transearth injection flight 

paths to a successful reentry and splashdown within 5,000 yards of 

the recovery vessel. His scientific observations during the journey to 

and from the Moon and during 10 orbits of the Moon have added 

significantly to man’s knowledge. He displayed outstanding leadership, 

courage, professional skill and devotion to duty in accomplishing all 

planned mission objectives, significantly advancing the nation’s capabilities in space. As one of history’s boldest explorers, he has blazed a 

new trail for mankind out into the vastness of extraterrestrial space.’’ 

President Johnson said: “Our space program, and this, its most 

6 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 9 

spectacular achievement, have taught us some very invaluable lessons. 

We have learned how men and nations may make common cause in 

the most magnificent and hopeful enterprises of mankind. We in the 

United States are already engaged in cooperative space activities with 

more than 70 nations of the world. We have proposed a variety of adventures to expand international partnership in space exploration. This 

morning I renew America’s commitment to that principle and to its 

enormous promise. The flight of Apollo 8 gives all nations a new and 

a most exciting reason to join in man’s greatest adventure.” President 

Johnson presented retired NASA Administrator James E. Webb as “the 

single man most responsible for successfully administering this program and, I think, the best Administrator in the Federal Government.” 

Astronauts gave President Johnson miniature copies of recent international space treaties which they had carried aboard Apollo 8 spacecraft and “picture of the ranch” (photo of earth taken from space). 

(PD, 1/13/69, 35-6) 

After awards ceremony astronauts were driven in motorcade to address joint assembly of Congress attended by nine Supreme Court 

Justices. Borman told Congress : “The one overwhelming emotion that 

we carried with us is the fact that we really do all exist on the small 

globe. And when you get to 240,000 miles, it really isn’t a very large 

earth.” He said voyage was not just an American achievement; “we 

stood on the shoulders of giants,” from Newton and Galileo to present 

day scientists and space explorers. “If Apollo 8 was a triumph at all,” 

Borman said, “it was a triumph of all mankind.” 

At State Dept. Auditorium press conference, NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs Julian Scheer announced Astronaut Frank 

Borman had been appointed Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations at MSC. 

During conference astronauts disclosed they had not seen moon 

during approach to lunar orbit; presented slides indicating presence 

of volcanics on back of moon; and announced their conclusion that 

conditions on pseudolanding site, B-1, indicated “lighting conditions 

are . . . adequate for a lunar landing, which was one of our objectives 

of the flight.” Borman said, “I came away with the idea that the moon 

may be more homogeneous than I had realized . . . that you could get 

a spoon one place and find it just about the same as the samples somewhere else.” In answer to question, he said, “I don’t believe we found 

anything that would be of concern to future flights. We flight-tested the 

ground system. We flight-tested the airborne system. The command 

module and service module have effectively performed their designed 

task, their designed mission, with the exception of docking. We have 

got magnificent machinery. We have superb ground support.” 

Following press conference, astronauts and their families were guests 

at Smithsonian Institution dinner in Washington, D.C. (Transcript; 

NASA Release 69-8; Wilford, NYT, 1/10/69, 1; Maynard, W Post, 

1/10/69, 1; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 1/10/69, 1) 

January 10: U.S.S.R. launched unmanned Venus VZ probe-second in five 

days [see Jan. 51-into parking orbit and then on trajectory toward 

Venus. Tass said 2,4991-lb spacecraft would attempt slow descent 

through Venusian atmosphere and softlanding on part of surface not 

illuminated by sun. Probe was expected to reach Venus in mid-May. 

7 
Januaq 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Tass said Yenus Y had completed 863,700 mi of 155-million-mile 

journey. Venus VZ was last reported 40,762 mi above earth. Information radioed from both spacecraft indicated equipment was working 

normally. (UPI, W Star, 1/10/69, A8; AP, B Sun, 1/11/69, 1; MOSCOW News, 2/14/69, 11) 

* New York City held ticker-tape parade for ApoZZo 8 Astronauts Frank 

Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders, followed by 

presentation at City Hall Plaza of Medals of City of New York, 

luncheon at Lincoln Center, appearance at U.N., and Waldorf-Astoria 

dinner attended by 2,500 political leaders and guests. (NYT, 1/10/69, 

30; Aarons, W Post, 1/11/69, Al; AP, B Sun, 1/11/69, A4) 

* Special six-cent postal stamp honoring Dec. 21-27, 1968, ApoZZo 8 mission had been approved by Post Office Dept., Postmaster General W. 

Marvin Watson announced. Stamp would be issued May 5, seventh 

anniversary of Freedom 7, first US. manned suborbital space flight, 

by Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (PO Dept Release 14) 

NASA released ‘‘Debrief: Apollo 8,” 28-min, 16-mm color film showing 

first manned lunar orbit. (NASA PAo; Nelson, Science, 1/24/69, 371) 

National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena challenged 

USAF’S Condon Report on UFOS [Jan. 81. At Washington, D.C., press 

conference Maj. Donald E. Keyhoe (USMC, Ret.), head of private committee, said investigation examined only “about 1 o/o” of “reliable, unexplained” UFO sightings supplied to it. He said his files contained 

11,000 reports of sightings, of which 3,000 were unexplained. (UPI, 

W Star, 1/11/69, 1) 

* Dr. Frederick Seitz, NAS President, appointed 12-member Universities 

Organizing Committee for Space Sciences, chaired by Frederick T. 

Wall, Vice Chancellor of Graduate Studies and Research at Univ. of 

California at San Diego. It would serve NAS as national Board of Governors of Lunar Science Institute, Houston, Tex., establishing policy, 

reviewing operations and budgets, and advising Institute’s director on 

program development. Committee also would draft objectives and 

procedures for consortium of universities operating the facilities for 

research, development, and education associated with space science 

and technology. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 2/1969, 2) 

New York Times editorial commented on USAF UFO report: “Evidently 

many committed to the belief that reported UFO sightings prove this 

planet is being reconnoitered and even visited by beings from elsewhere in space will remain unpersuaded that earth has a current 

monopoly on space voyagers. . . . But outside the ranks of true believers, we suspect this document and its conclusions will find wide 

acceptance. Professor Condon and his colleagues did make a careful 

and extensive investigation. They enlisted specialists in the relevant 

branches of science, interviewed alleged witnesses, examined photographs purporting to show UFO sightings and studied cases of claimed 

radar detection. . . . Those believers will keep on trying, but the rest 

of society can dedicate themselves to worrying about more serious 

matters-unless and until there is new and more persuasive evidence 

than any now available.” (NYT, 1/10/69, 46) 9 Washington Evening Star commented on USAF UFO report: “Man needs 

his myths and his irrational beliefs-his goblins and witches and monsters. Be needs to be reminded that the universe is still a wondrous, 

8 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 10 

awesome and unknown place. He needs to cling to the hope that there 

is, somewhere, some product of creation more frightening, more powerful and more wise than he. The UFO was the space-age thing that goes 

bump in the night. It should have been left alone.” (W Star, 1/10/69, 

A10) 0 FAA announced proposed rule which would require issuance to airline 

passengers and crew of fireproof, lightweight, plastic smoke hoods to 

protect against fire and smoke during evacuation following crash landing. (FAA Release 69-4) 

0 Japanese Cabinet approved National Defense Council’s decision to produce 104 Phantom F-4E jet fighter aircraft by FY 1977 under licensing agreement with McDonnell Douglas Corp. ’(NYT, 1/11/69, 15) 

January 11: In Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, J. F. Ter Horst commented on designation of Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., former NASA Deputy Administrator, as Secretary of the Air Force in Nixon Administration 

Cabinet: “It’s highly unlikely that the Nixon Administration will 

merge civilian and military space programs-they were back in 1958 

when he was Vice President. But if it becomes easier to sell Congress 

a space budget with a military label than with a civilian one, Mr. 

Nixon undoubtedly will move in that direction. If he does, he has an 

uncommonly qualified administrator in Seamans.” (P Bull, 1/11/69, 

14) 0 NASA successfully launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets from Point 

Barrow, Alaska, carrying GSFC payloads. First launch was to develop 

experimental techniques for determining atmospheric composition profiles in mesospheric region and to measure distribution of ozone by 

chemiluminescent technique and of water vapors by aluminum-oxide 

hygrometer in 40.4- to 12.4-mi (65- to 20-km) region. Rocket and 

instruments performed satisfactorily. 

Second rocket was launched to obtain data on wind, temperature, 

pressure, and density in support of first launch by detonating grenades and recording sound arrivals. Rocket and instruments performed 

satisfactorily. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources recommended in report Our Nation and the Sea creation of new agency, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency ( NOAA) , to coordinate and 

accelerate oceanology research and development. It proposed agency 

be composed initially of U.S. Coast Guard and Bureau of Fisheries, 

plus some functions of Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, National Sea Grant Program, US. Lake Survey, National Oceanographic 

Data Center, and ESSA. (Pasadena Star-News, 1/12/69; Nelson, Science, 1/17/69, 263-5) 

January 11-12: After being feted at Newark, N.J., airport by 1,500 persons 

in 15” temperature, Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. 

Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders flew to Miami, Fla., for Jan. 12 

Super Bowl game. Dade County, Fla., Mayor Chuck Hall presented 

astronauts and their families keys to county and tickets to game. (UPI, 

NYT, 1/12/69, 35) 

January 12: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXZII into orbit with 362-km 

(224.9-mi) apogee, 207-km (128.6-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, 

and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 20. (UPI, W Star, 

1/13/69, AI; GSFC SSR, 1/15/69; 1/31/69) 

9 
January 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* USAF launched an Advanced Ballistic Reentry System (ABRES) vehicle 

from Vandenberg AFB by Atlas-F Booster. (AP, C Trib 1/17/69) 

In Washington Evening Star, Orr Kelly said U.S.S.R. appeared to be developing new multiple warhead missile to deliver “string” of as many 

as 10 one-megaton nuclear bombs. Missile was similar to, but less 

sophisticated than, US. MIRV system. Both countries were reportedly 

at same development stage, with deployment scheduled for early 1970s. 

(W Star, 1/12/69, 13) 

January 13: Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and 

William A. Anders returned to Houston, Tex., for biggest parade in 

city’s history, with quarter million spectators filling sky with ticker 

tape and balloons. Astronauts received city’s highest honors, bronze 

medals for heroism with motto “per aspera ad astra.” (AP, B Sun, 

1/14/69, A8; UPI, W Post, 1/14/69, ALE) 0 In ceremony at MSC, NASA presented awards including 12 Distinguished 

Service Medals, recognizing contributions to Apollo 8 space mission 

by groups and individuals in NASA, DOD, and industry. 

DSM, NASA’s highest award, was presented to Dr. Kurt H. Debus, 

Director, KSC; Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director, MSC; Christopher C. 

Kraft, Jr., Director of Flight Operations, MSC; George M. Low, Manager, Apollo Program Office, MSC; Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight; Rocco A. Petrone, 

Director of Launch Operations, KSC; L/G Samuel C. Phillips, NASA 

Apollo Program Director; Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, Deputy Director 

(Technical), MSFC; Arthur Rudolph, Manager, Saturn V Program 

Office, MSFC ; William C. Schneider, Manager, Apollo Applications Program ; Gerald M. Truszynski, NASA Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition; and Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director, 

Exceptional Service Medals were awarded to 62 persons and Public 

Service Awards to 22. Group Achievement Awards went to U.S.S. 

Yorktown (CVS-10) and Embarked Air Group, Manned Space Flight 

Network, and NASX Office of Public Affairs. Public Service Group 

Achievement Award was presented to Apollo 8 Communication Network and Certificate of Appreciation was awarded to University-NASA 

Scientific and Technology Advisory Committee ( STAC) . (NASA Special 

Release 1/13/69; NASA PAO) 

At nonpartisan farewell dinner given to President Lyndon B. Johnson in 

New York, former NASA Administrator James E. Webb read statement 

on accomplishments in space effort under Johnson Presidency : “Lyndon Baines Johnson has done more than lead the United States forward 

in space. He has stamped on our program its significant characteristics: 

that it be conducted in the open for all the world to see; that it be 

carried out so as to strengthen and not to undermine the basic institutions and values of our society; that it be dedicated to the cause of 

peace and the benefit of all mankind. 

“Of all the debts the American people owe President Johnson, none 

is likely to loom larger over time than that he started them on the road 

to mastery of this new, unlimited environment by means of the new 

rocket technology. . . . It is the lasting tribute to Lyndon Baines Johnson that he has seen from the beginning that accomplishments in space 

and the capability which can sustain and increase these accomplishMSFC. 

10 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 13 

*N 

flight NASA planned to obtain data on its handling qualities and structural response to air turbulence. 

First flight of XB-70 was made Sept. 21, 1964. Top speed of mach 

3 (2,000 mph) and peak altithde of 74,000 had been attained in fouryear flight program. (NASA Release 69-10) 

* NSF released Technology in Retrospect and Critical Events in Science 

(TRACES) , report by Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute 

which traced key scientific events leading to five major technological 

innovations : magnetic ferrites, video tape recorder, oral contraceptive 

pill, electron microscope, and matrix isolation. In all five, nonmission, 

or basic, research “provided the origins from which science and technology could advance toward the innovation which lay ahead.” Approximately 70% of key events documented were nonmission research, 

20% mission-oriented, and 10% development and application. Ten 

years before innovation-i.e., shortly before conception of that innovation-90% of nonmission research had been accomplished. (Text) 

* Defense Secretary- designate Melvin R. Laird announced retention of Dr. 

John S. Foster, Jr., as Director of Defense Research and Engineering. 

(Kelly, W Star, 1/13/69, A5; UPI, W Star, 1/14/69, A6) 

MSFC announced award of $1,311,702 contract to LTV Aerospace Corp. 

for construction of temperature control devices for Apollo Telescope 

Mount, or manned solar observatory. 

MSFC also had issued bid requests on 5 control relay packages, 4 

horizon sensor scanner systems, 11 solar sensors (4 for attitude control system and 7 for solar panel control system), and 5 computer 

component control packages for guidance, control, and power systems 

for Saturn I Workshop, scheduled to be flown in 1971-72 in Apollo 

Applications Program. ( MSFC Releases 69-6, 69-8) 

January 14-18: U.S.S.R.’s Soyuz ZV, carrying Cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov, was successfully launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome into orbit 11 ith 224-km (139.2-mi) apogee, 213-km (132.4-mi) perigee, 88.8- 

min period, and 51.7’ inclination. Soviet news media reported launch 

quickly and in detail and within one hour video recording of launch 

was shown on Moscow TV. Soon afterward viewers received live TV 

coverage from spacecraft and description of flight by Cosmonaut Shatalov. Western speculation, later confirmed, was that Soyuz ZV would 

rendezvous with another spacecraft. 

Soyuz V, carrying Cosmonauts Yevegeny Khrunov, Boris Volynov, 

and Aleksey Yeliseyev, was launched Jan. 15 into orbit with 212-km 

( 131.7-mi) apogee, 196-km ( 121.8-mi) perigee, 88.6-min period, 

and 51.7’ inclination. Tass said spececraft would conduct joint experiments with Soyuz ZV. Spacecraft established radio contact, coordinated 

11 
January 14-18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

January 14-18: First manned transfer in space. Launched on successive days, Soyuz IV 

(carrying one cosmonaut) and Soyuz V (carrying three) rendezvoused and docked in 

space. Yevegeny Khrunou and Alexey Yeliseyev performed experiments outside their 

Soyuz V and then joined Vkdimir Shatalov in Soyuz IV for return to earth, leaving Boris Volynou to return alone in Soyuz V. Full-scale configuration of the docked spacecraft was photographed at Expo ’70 in Japan in May 1970. (Aviation Week Photo) 

scientific programs, transmitted TV pictures to earth, photographed 

earth‘s surface, and conducted midcourse maneuvers. 

On Jan. 16 the two spacecraft automatically approached to within 

110 yds of each other and Soyuz ZV was then steered manually until it 

docked with Soyuz V. Tass announcement said: “After the docking 

there was a mutual mechanical coupling of the ships, they were rigidly 

tightened up and their electrical circuits were connected. Thus, the 

world’s first experimental cosmic station with four compartments for 

the crew was assembled and began functioning as an artificial earth 

satellite.” 

Moscow TV viewers watched as Soyuz V crew members Khrunov 

and Yeliseyev put on special spacesuits with new regenerative lifesupport systems and went out into space through service compartment 

hatch. Cosmonauts remained in space for one hour, conducting observations and experiments, and then entered service compartment of 

other spacecraft, Soyuz ZV, to join Shatalov. After 4 hrs 35 min of 

docked flight in low, nearly circular orbit, spacecraft were uncoupled 

and continued their flights separately. Soyuz ZV, with three-man crew, 

landed Jan. 17 and Soyuz V, Jan. 18. (UPI, W Star, 1/14-19/69; 

Shub, W Post, 1/15-19/69; Winters, B Sun, 1/15-18/69; Moscow 

News, 1/25-2/1/69, 3; 2/13/69, Supplement; GSFC SSR, 1/15/69; 

1/31/69) 

12 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 14 

January 14: In his last State of the Union message, President Johnson told 

Joint Session of Congress: “. . . if the Nation’s problems are continuing, so are this Nation’s assets. Our economy, the democratic system, 

our sense of exploration, symbolized most recently by the wonderful 

flight of the Apollo 8, in which all Americans took great pride, the 

good common sense and sound judgment of the American people, and 

their essential love of justice.” Quest for durable peace “has absorbed 

every Administration since the end of World War 11. It has required 

us to seek a limitation of arms races not only among the superpowers, 

but among the smaller nations as well. We have joined in the test ban 

treaty of 1963, the outer space treaty of 1967, and the treaty against 

the spread of nuclear weapons in 1968.” (PD, 1/20/69, 60-8) 

* In fourth big city welcome within one week, Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank 

Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders received tribute 

from estimated 1.5 million persons in Chicago reception at which they 

were made honorary citizens of city. (UPI, NYT, 1/15/69, 1) 

* MSFC announced Dr. Arthur Rudolph, special assistant to MSFC Director, 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, and formerly manager of Saturn V rocket 

program, would retire Jan. 31. Dr. Rudolph had been awarded NASA 

Distinguished Service Medal Jan. 13 and on Nov. 15, 1968, had received NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal “for distinguishing himself by meritorious achievement” as manager of Saturn V 

program from August 1963 to May 1968. Starting career in rocketry 

in Germany in 1930, he later received patents for liquid-fuel rocket 

engines and demonstrated operation of liquid-fuel rocket. He came to 

US. with more than 100 other rocket experts in “Operation Paperclip” 

in December 1945. (MSFC Release 69-10) 

Secretary of the Air Force-designate, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., 

thought space activity should be major part of USAF, Christian Science 

Monitor said. He had said, “My prime objective will be to develop 

equipment for national defense, and my emphasis will be on whatever 

kind of equipment will be most suitable for the mission at hand.” 

(CSM, 1/14/69, 5) 

* Senate adopted S.R. 13 establishing numerical size of Senate standing 

committees for 9lst Congress and adopted S.R. 14 and S.R. 15 electing majority and minority standing committee membership. Senate 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences was reduced from 16 

to 15 members, with Republican Sens. Len B. Jordan (R-Idaho) and 

Charles E. Goodell (R-N.Y.) dropping off. Senate also approved appointment of Sens. Barry Goldwater (R-Ariz.) , Charles McC. Mathias, 

Jr. (R-Md.), and William B. Saxbe (R-Ohio) to committee. Democratic assignments on committee remained unchanged. ( CRY 1/14/69, 

S152-87) 

USN announced it had selected Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. as 

prime contractor for new F-14A supersonic carrier-based fighter. 

F-14A was expected to make maiden flight in early 1971 and to be 

operational with fleet in 1973. (DOD Release 33-69) 

Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner was undergoing final ground 

trials at Toulouse-Blagnac airfield in southwest France in preparation 

for inaugural flight expected toward end of January or early February, 

Reuters reported. Aircraft was expected to enter commercial service 

13 
January 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

in 1972 and to halve London-New York flight time, to 3 hrs 32 min. 

It had five-year lead over US. SST, which was still in blueprint stage. 

(NYT, 1/15/69, 77) 

* NASA announced it had signed $2,919,000 supplemental agreement 

with Div. of Sponsored Research of MIT for fabrication and delivery 

of 40 inertial reference integrating gyros ( IRIGS) for Apollo guidance 

and navigation system, bringing total contract to $81,000,000. (NASA 

Release 69-1 1 ) 

McDonnell Douglas Corp. received $1,000,000 initial increment to 

$3,900,000 fixed-price USAF contract for development, fabrication, and 

testing of Titan IIIC payload fairing subsystem. Contract was managed 

by USAF Space and Missile Systems Organization. (DOD Release 34-69) 

January 15: President Johnson in message transmitting FY 1970 budget to 

Congress said major recommended decreases in budget authority from 

1969 to 1970 included $235 million for the National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration, which “will provide for a program level equal 

to 1969 when combined with prior year funds.” Major increases 

included “522 million for airway modernization, highways, and other 

activities” in DOT. Of estimated $11.6 billion increase in total budget 

outlays, $0.5 billion was for national defense, “largely for improvements in our strategic forces, modernization of our tactical air forces, 

and other increased research and development efforts needed to assure 

sufficient deterrent power in the future. These increases will be substantially offset by reduced outlays for Vietnam resulting from changing combat patterns and revised supply requirements. . . . In keeping 

with national priorities, major social programs account for largest 

portion” of increase. 

President said: “The record of achievements of the past 5 years is 

an impressive one. We have witnessed a period of unprecedented economic growth, with expanded production, rising standards ,of living, 

and the lowest rates of unemployment in a decade and a half. Our 

military forces today are the strongest in the world. . . . Last month 

saw man’s first successful flight to the moon. In domestic matters, the 

legislative and executive branches, cooperatively, have forged new 

tools to open wider the doors of opportunity for a better life for all 

Americans. 

“This Nation remains firmly committed to a world of peace and 

human dignity. In seeking these goals, we have achieved great military 

strength with the sole aim of deterring and resisting aggression. We 

have continued to assist other nations struggling to provide a better 

life for their people. We are successfully pushing forward the frontiers 

of knowledge to outer space and promoting scientific and technological 

advances of enormous potential for benefit to mankind.” (PD, 

0 President Johnson sent $195.3-billion FY 1970 budget request to Congress, including total space budget of $5.946 billion. Of this sum, NASA 

would receive $3.599 billion (plus $7.89 million for aircraft technology and $117 million in unobligated funds from prior years to be 

applied to 1970 program) ; DOD would receive $2.219 billion; AEC, 

$105 million; ESSA, $10 million; NSF, $4 million; Dept. of Interior, $6 

million; and Dept. of Agriculture, $4 million. 

Total NASA FY 1970 budget request of $3.878 billion was below $4 

1/20/69, 70-90; CR, 1/15/69, S195-208) 

14 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 15 

billion for first time since FY 1963 request. Expenditures were budgeted to decline nearly $300 million froin N 1969 level of $4.250 

billion, to $3.950 billion. Of budget request, $3.168 billion would go 

for R&D, $58.2 million for construction of facilities, and $650.9 million 

for program management. Slightly more than 50% of total FY 1970 

authority-$2.008 billion-would be in manned space flight, including 

Saturn IB Workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount. Space science and 

applications were allotted $558.8 million ; advanced research and technology¶ $290.4 million. 

Larger proportion of NASA funds would go to research than to development in FY 1970 as Apollo costs declined. Increases would go to 

Apollo Applications (total $308.8 million in FY 1970) , 1971 MarinerMars flight ($45.4 million) , Viking project ($40 million) , 1973 

Mariner-Mercury ($3 million) , Planetary Explorers ($8 million), Applications Technology Satellites ($44.2 million) , and Earth Resources 

Survey program ($25.1 million). Aeronautical vehicle technology program, up from $74.9 million to $78.9 million, included $21.78 million 

for advanced research, $500,000 for general aviation, $11.25 million 

for V/STOL, $16.19 million for subsonic aircraft, $20.9 million for 

supersonic aircraft, and $8.28 million for hypersonic aircraft. 

DOD space funding would include satellite development, certain portions of missile development and operating costs, MOL (increased to 

$576 million) , Titan I11 booster, and supporting R&D. In addition, aircraft R&D funds of $1.4 billion would include $500 million for new 

USN F-14A fighter to replace F-111B, $1 billion for series of advanced 

jet aircraft, $75 million for long-range bomber to succeed B-52, and 

funds for USAF F-15 fighter and USN vsx antisubmarine aircraft. 

AEC space funding included amounts for nuclear rocket propulsion 

technology and nuclear power sources for space applications, including 

production of isotopic fuels and aerospace safety. ESSA funds would 

support Earth Resources Technology Satellite ( ERTS) program research. NSF’S total request was up from $400 million in FY 1969 to 

$497 million. Of this amount, its $4-million space funds were for 

research in astronomy using rockets and satellite-borne observation 

instruments. Dept. of Interior would conduct experiments with data 

from ERTS spacecraft. 

FAA’S R&D budget would increase from $49 million in FY 1969 to 

$59 million in FY 1970. Principal increases were for research on air 

traffic control and noise abatement. President Johnson requested no 

additional funds for SST program. (NASA Release, 1/15/69; BOB Special 

Analysis Q; Dale, NYT, 1/16/69, 1; Schmeck, NYT, 1/16/69, 24; 

Lindsey, NYT, 1/16/69, 81; W Post, 1/16/69, A12) 

NASA released transcript of Jan. 14 briefing on NASA FY 1970 budget at 

which Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Acting Adminisirator, said $3.SiSbillion budget approved by President Johnson had been developed “to 

maintain an austere but balanced NASA aeronautics and space prograln 

aimed at major program goals of high national priority.” 

Goals were continuing advances in space applications, including initiation of experimental earth resources technology satellites and 

slightly decelerated research on space environment; achieving manned 

lunar landing and additional Apollo moon missions, with limited provision for studies-not for development-of equipment to achieve 

15 
January 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

longer lunar stay-times and mobility for future exploration; proceeding 

with Saturn I Workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount; proceeding 

with Viking Project to land instruments on Mars in 1973; initiating in 

FY 1970 Mariner flyby in 1973 of Venus and Mercury; producing 

family of small planetary Explorers for orbiting Mars and Venus; 

making preliminary observations of Jupiter with previously approved 

Pioneer spacecraft; continuing work on unmanned orbiting astronomical observatories; continuing advanced aerospace technology work 

at about current levels; emphasizing noise reduction, with construction 

of special noise research laboratory ; developing full potential of civil 

and military aeronautics; and undertaking NEKVA project for development of flight-weight nuclear engine. 

Dr. Paine noted FY 1970 budgct, as approved by President Johnson, 

“would halt a four-year downward trend in NASA budget.” It was 

“au6tere and does not make full use of the aerospace capabilities that 

the nation has developed. . . .,, But it permitted “a balanced program 

of useful work in critical areas.’, Budget left “the major new program 

decisions, especially in the manned flight area, for the next Administration,” and was ‘L ‘holding budget’ that provides for progress, but defers 

critical program and funding decisions to the new Administration.” 

(Transcript) 

Apollo Program Director, L/G Samuel C. Phillips ( USAF) , addressed 

National Space Club luncheon in Washington, D.C., on impact of 

ApoZZo 8: “Many, if not most, of the world’s newspapers heralded the 

flight as evidence of the greatness of the United States. I’m told journalists in Germany, England and France speculated on the improved 

position that the U.S. would enjoy in the diplomatic arenas in which 

it is engaged in very important discussions. I’m told that a French 

paper went so far as to say that the lunar flight had vindicated Capitalism as the best system of government, and vindicated our free enterprise system as the most effective way to make progress. I’m aware 

from personal correspondence and discussions as well as reports in the 

press that scientists throughout the world have been equally impressed 

and that they’ve applauded the progress that this flight indicates for 

us.,, 

Gen. Phillips described Apollo 9 mission as “far less spectacular 

than Apollo 8, but . . . more complex.” It would be “certainly one of 

the most vital missions that we’ve had in our mission sequence over 

the years that leads us to a lunar landing.” Risks would be different 

but “I personally think they’re a little greater than the risks which we 

knowingly accepted in committing the Apollo 8 mission.” 

Apollo 10 would be fifth Saturn V--505-with 106 command and 

service module and LM4. Crew would bt. Astronauts Thomas P. 

Stafford, John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan. Scheduled for May, 

its objectives were “to demonstrate the performance of the crew, the 

space vehicle, and the mission support facilities during a manned 

lunar mission with the Command and Service Module and Lunar 

Module, and to evaluate the performance of the Lunar Module in a 

cislunar and lunar environment.” (Text) 

* Astronomers at Univ. of Arizona detected for first time existence of 

rapidly flashing star in Crab Nebula with rhythm coinciding with that 

of pulsar observed by radio telescope at same position. Flashing was 

16 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 15 

confirmed during week by McDonald Observatory of Univ. of Texas 

and by Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. Presumably star 

and pulsar were identical. Discovery was first unequivocal observation 

of pulsar in visible light. (Sullivan, NYT, 1/21/69, 29) 

* Boeing Co. announced it had made Jan. 15 deadline in submitting to FAA 

specifications for fixed-wing, 280-ft, titanium SST, weighing 635,000 

lbs and having 141 %-ft wingspan. General Electric Co. engines 

would propel aircraft to 1,800 mph. Boeing said 299-passenger aircraft’s first flight was scheduled for 1972, with commercial operation 

possible in 1976. (WSJ, 1/15/69, 7; FAA Release 69-6) 

e Underwater test program begun at MSFC’S Neutral Buoyancy Simulator 

several years earlier was providing information essential for design of 

first US. space station, NASA reported. Technicians, design engineers. 

and professional divers in spacesuits and scuba gear were conducting 

tasks similar to those necessary to activate space orbiting workshop, in 

1.4-million-gal water tank containing mockups of AAP cluster elements 

(Saturn I Workshop, lunar module ascent stage, Apollo Telescope 

Mount solar observatory, and airlock and multiple docking adapter), 

simulating weightlessness of space. Weightlessness was impossible to 

duplicate on earth for longer than fraction of minute. Conclusions from 

tests would be reflected in workshop’s final design, with decision expected in May 1969. (NASA Release 694) e Penn Central Railroad began electric-powered Metroliner service that 

would cut traveling time of 226-mi New York-Washington trip to 2 

hrs 59 min-36 min faster than swiftest previous trains and, according 

to Penn Central Chairman Stuart T. Saunders, comparable to airplane 

journey which took 45 min in sky but added airport-access and airway 

delays. (Aug, W Star, 1/15/69, Al; Eisen, W Post, 1/16/69, B1) 

January 15-1 7: Space Science Education Conference, to inform educational 

TV directors and teachers of ways NASA could assist in explaining space 

program to students and educational TV audiences, was held at MSFC 

and attended by educators and TV representatives from six states. 

(MSFC Release 69-11) 

January 16: Secretary of Defense would exercise option to buy 57 additional C-SA aircraft from Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and General Electric 

Co., DOD announced. Expenditures and commitments would be limited 

to first 23 aircraft; decision on whether to authorize expenditures for 

remaining aircraft would be made later. Predicted cost for total 120 

C-5As (six squadrons) was $4.343 billion. (DOD Release 43-69) 

January 17: President Johnson submitted to Congress report on US. Aeronautics and Space Activities for 1968. In transmittal message he wrote: 

Our astronauts have now flown 18 manned space missions, during 

which they experienced 3,215 man hours in space flight. Together 

with the activities of the Soviet Union, this makes a total to date of 28 

manned flights and 3,846 man hours in space. Through this investment 

we have obtained new products, services, and knowledge; we have 

enhanced our national security ; we have improved our international 

relations; and we have stimulated our educational system. Our Nation 

is richer and stronger because of our space effort. 1 recomnwnd that 

America continue to pursue the challenge of space exploration.” 

(Pres Rpt 68; CR, 1/17/69, H405, S524) 

Christian Science Monitor reported interview with Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, 

LL 

17 
January 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

President-elect Richard M. Nixon’s Science Adviser-designate : “The 

balance between manned and unmanned [space] exploration has to 

be studied. But there comes a time, place, and activity where the judgmeat and quick reaction of men are needed to do the job or make 

emergency repairs. There may even be situations in which it is cheaper 

to have men do this than to have automated instruments. That time 

has not yet arrived. Manned flight is still very expensive. But I foresee 

the time when you will run beyond the ability of automatic instruments to do a job either adequately or economically in space exploration.” (Cowen, CSM, 1/17/69) 

* NASA terminated Nimbus I1 flight operations. Spacecraft, launched May 

15, 1966, to flight-test instrumentation and observe region of electromagnetic spectrum not previously studied, had accomplished all primary and secondary objectives and had operated on three-axis 

stabilization 32 mos, greatly exceeding design lifetime. Automatic picture transmission had operated 7,900 hrs over nearly 23 mos. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

* NASA Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was successfully launched from Kiruna, 

Sweden, to study sudden upper-atmosphere warming conditions by 

detonating grenades between 24.9- and 55.9-mi (4)O- and 90-km) altitudes. Launch was first in series of four scheduled under agreement 

between Swedish Space Research Committee ( SSRC) , British Science 

Research Council ( SRC) , and NASA. SSRC provided ground equipment, 

instrumentation, and grenade payloads and was responsible for launch 

operations. NASA supplied Nike-Cajun rockets and DOVAP transponders. 

Second launch would be conducted Jan. 19. (NASA ReIease (39-16; 

NASA Rpt SRL) 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried GSFC payload to 69.6-mi (112-km) altitude to collect data on 

wind, temperature, pressure, and density in 21.7- to 59.0-mi (35- to 

95-km) range during atmospheric warming by exploding grenades. 

All 19 grenades exploded as programmed and sound arrivals were 

recorded. Launch was first in series of four to obtain upper-atmosphere 

data. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Chairman of House Committee 011 

Science and Astronautics, introduced H.R. 4046, FY 1970 NASA authorization bill, totaling $3.760 billion, in House. (CR, 1/17/69, H403) 

Arcas sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Andoya, Norway, 

carrying Swedish payload to study ionosphere. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 

ComSatCorp announced TV coverage of Presidential inauguration of 

Richard M. Nixon would be transmitted via comsats across Atlantic 

and Pacific to viewers in Europe, Latin America, Caribbean, and 

Pacific areas during more than 13 hrs of overseas transmissions. 

(ComSatCorp Release 69-4) 

NAS-NRC Space Science Board released Physiology in thc! Space Eitvironment, Vol. 1, CircuEation, prepared at NASA request. Report found 

systematic program of ground-based and inflight biomedical experimentation was essential for planning of long-duration manned space 

missions, such as to Mars. Knowledge of circulatory system and effects 

of space flight must be greatly expanded. It recommended experimentation with animals, man, simulations, laboratory investigations, com18 
-\STRO?iAUTICS -4XD AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 17 

prehensive literature studies, and physiological measurement before, 

after, and during flight to obtain all possible data from ground-based 

work. Flight experiments should be limited to those requiring weightlessness and other conditions not reproducible on ground. (Text; 

NAS Release) 

A’ezc York Times commented on Soviet linking of Soyuz spacecraft: “It is 

probably not too soon to begin planning For.standardization of space 

vehicles-a move that would permit joining these vehicles regardless 

of their national origin. It would be tragic, for example, if a group 

of Sosiet spacemen needed rescue and could not be saved because the 

only available vehicle was an American space ship impossible to link 

with the Soviet ship. Here is an area in which international cooperation 

could not only save lives but help pave the way for the joint operation 

of stations in space for the benefit of all mankind.” (NYT, 1/17/69, 

46) Kational Transportation Safety Board recommended to FAA new flight 

regulations to reduce aircraft landing and approach accidents responsible for 56% of fatal crashes since jet-age inception in 1957. During 

the 60 days before release, 10 airliners had crashed in US., Latin 

America, and Europe on landing or approach. Board called for review 

of policies, practices, and training to increase crew efficiency. It urged 

development of audible and visual warning devices to alert pilot when 

flj ing below safe altitude. (NTSB Release SB69-5) 

FAA announced it was considering amendment of flight recorder rules 

to require increase in instrument’s capability so as to provide 14 additional kinds of information in accident investigation, including data on altitude, response to aerodynamic forces, flight-control surface positions, and engine performance. Underwater locator device also was 

proposed, to go into operation upon submersion. Proposal would require installation of new equipment on newly manufactured aircraft 

within three years of effective date of final rule and within five years 

on aircraft already in service. (FAA Release 69-9) 

* KASA announced appointment of Charles G. Haynes, Director of Inspections since 1961, as Director of Hq. Administration effective Jan 19. 

He would succeed Alfred S. Hodgson, who retired after 35 yrs of 

Government service. Ralph F. Vinte would serve as Acting Director 

of Inspections until permanent appointment was made. (NASA Ann) 0 Xational Academy of Sciences announced Dr. Philip Handler, Chairman 

of Dept. of Biochemistry at Duke Univ., had been declared Presidentelect of NAS after tally of mail ballots. There had been no other nominee. Dr. Handler would begin six-year term July 1, succeeding Dr. 

Frederick Seitz, President of Rockefeller Univ. Dr. Handler, with 

career in enzyme research, had been Xational Science Board member 

since 1962 and its Chairman since 1966. From 1964 to 1967 he had 

been member of President’s Science Advisory Committee. NAS Release; W Post, 1/19/69, A5) 

January 18: Kike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Point 

Barroiv, Alaska, carrying GSFC payload to obtain data on wind, temperature, p!essure, and density during period of atmospheric warming 

by detonating grenades and recording sound arrivals on ground. All 

grenades were ejected and exploded as programmed. Launch was first 

in series of four to be launched from Point Barrow. (KASA Rpt SRL) 

19 
January 18 ASTROXAUTICS AXD AERONAUTICS, 1969 

0 Arcas sounding rocket $vas launched by NASA from Andoya, Norway, 

carrying Swedish payload to study ionosphere. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 0 Washington Daily News editorial commented on Condon Report on WOS: 

“Dedicated disciples of the little green nien from Mars school no 

doubt will find the Condon report represents another diabolical plot 

to suppress truth. But most Americans \+-ill find the report something 

less than a surprise. Apart from xasting time, continuing study would 

waste taxpayer money.” ( W News, 1/18/69) 

January 19: NASA Nike-Cajun sounding rocket, second in series of four 

[see Jan. 171 in NISA-SSRC-SRC cooperative program, was successfully 

launched from Kiruna, Sweden, to study sudden upper-atmosphere 

warming conditions by detonating grenades between 24.9- and 55.9-mi 

(40- and 90-km) altitudes. Vehicle underperformed but satisfactory 

scientific data were expected. (NASA Release, 69-16; NAS-4 Rpt SRLl 

N.~S.A announced appointment of Robert W. Kamm, Assistant to Director 

of Space Institute of Univ. of Tennessee, as consultant to Harold B. 

Finger, NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and Management. Kamm had been director of NASA’s Western Support Office, Santa 

Monica, Calif., for nearly nine years. (NASA Special Release) 

January 20: Administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson ended as 

President Richard M. Xixon was sworn in as President of US. Johnson had served US. space program continuously since Sputnik I in 

October 195‘7, first on Capitol Hill as Chairman of Select and then 

permanent Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. As 

Vice President under late President Kennedy, he had served as Chairman of National Aeronautics and Space Council, post held by Vice 

President Hubert H. Humphrey during Johnson Administration. I EH 1 

0 In inaugural address following his taking oath of office as President of 

US., Richard M. Nixon said: “Those who would be our adversaries, 

we invite to a peaceful competition-not in conquering territory or 

extending dominion, but in enriching the life of man. As we explore 

the reaches of space, let us go to the new worlds together-not as new 

worlds to be conquered but as a new adventure to be shared. . . . Only 

a few short weeks ago, we shared the glory of man’s first sight of 

the Ttorld as God sees it, as a single sphere reflecting light in the darkness. As the Apollo astronauts flew over the moon’s gray surface on 

Christmas Ere, they spoke to us of the beauty of Earth-and in that 

voice so clear across the lunar distance, we heard them invoke God’s 

blessing on its goodness. In that moment, their view from the moon 

moved poet Archibald MacLeish to write: 

‘‘ ‘To see the Earth as it truly is, small and blue and beautiful in that 

eternal silence where it floats, is to see ourselves as riders on the 

Earth together, brothers on that bright loveliness in the eternal coldbrothers who know now they are truly brothers.’ 

In that moment of surpassing technological triumph, men turned 

their thoughts toward home and humanity-seeing in that far perspective that man’s destiny on earth is not divisible; telling us that 

however far ne reach into the cosmos, our destiny lies not in the 

stars but on Earth itseIf, in our hands, in our own hearts.” (PD, 

Inaugural parade following President Nixon’s address included NASA 

LL 

1/21/69, 150-154; CR, 1/20/69, 5561) 

20 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 20 

float carrying mockup of lunar module to be used for moon landing 

and Apollo 7 capsule. Apollo 7 Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr., 

Donn F. Eisele, and R. Walter Cunningham rode in convertible automobile in front of NASA float. (NASA PIO) 

0 Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carrying GSFC grenade payload to obtain data on atmospheric parameters. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

(NASA Proj Off) 

“The ability to rescue a stranded astronaut is something the US. does 

.not have,” John Lannan said in Washington Evening Star. “Anddespite claims by both the Soviet Union and the foreign press-neither 

does the Soviet Union.” NASA Deputy Director of Manned Space Flight 

Safety Philip H. Bolger had said NASA was not likely to have real 

space rescue capability before “second generation” of manned space 

stations. Agency was now funding rescue studies at cost of $600,000 

yearly. Amount would probably rise to $1 million within two years. 

Immediate goal was to examine method that would fit into existing 

systems and bring it to hardware stage. Bolger had said ‘Lbail-outyy 

mechanism seemed likelier than earth-based rescue system. (W Star, 

1/20/69, A8) 

* At Moscow news conference, U.S.S.R. Foreign Ministry spokesmen 

Leonid Zamayatin and Kirill Novikov released statement rea5rming 

U.S.S.R.’s readiness to discuss missile control DroDosals contained in 

July memorandum to other governments. (ShGb, ‘W Post, 1/21/69; 

NYT, 1/21/69) 

January 21: At annual AIAA dinner, in New York, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, 

Jr., Secretary-designate of the Air Force and former NASA Deputy 

Administrator, was installed as President of AIAA for 1969, succeeding 

Dr. Floyd L. Thompson, who continued as a director. In interview 

following dinner, Dr. Seamans said NASA should maintain its open 

space program and its freedom for international exchange of information. USAF, with current MOL program, “has special problems which 

can be resolved by the Department of Defense.” Value of dual space 

program, he said, was that one element could learn from another. 

Of U.S.S.R. space program, Dr. Seamans said, “They’re awfully good 

at doubling in brass . . . getting the most out of their program,” but 

“our program has more breadth and depth and if we’re imaginative 

about what we’re doing, we’re not going to take second place.” 

AIAA presented its Goddard Award to Dr. Stanley Hooker, Technical 

Director of Bristol-Siddeley Engine Div. of Rolls-Royce, Ltd., and 

Perry W. Pratt, Vice President and Chief Scientist of United Aircraft 

Corp., for work on turbine engines. 

Dr. Charles P. Sonnett, Chief of Space Sciences Div. at ARC, received 

annual Space Science Award of $500 for “his personal contribution 

as a planner, leader, and individual experimenter in major space 

science vehicle programs which have contributed to the field of space 

physics.” 

LaRC Director Edgar M. Cortright and Charles W. Harper, NASA 

Deputy Associate Administrator, Aeronautics, OART, were elected AIAA 

directors. (Lannan, W Star, 1/22/69, A13; NYT, 1/22/69, 33; AIA 

Releases) 

Look published interview in which former astronaut M. Scott Carpenter 

21 
January 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

announced that infarcts in lower thigh bones, indicating calcification, 

would terminate his career as active deep-sea diver. He would remain 

senior aquanaut on Sealab I11 project as deputy on-scene commander 

of Sealab 111 command ship Elk River. (Look, 1/21/69, 68-74) 

Sen. Claiborne Pel1 (D-R.I.) introduced on Senate floor S.R. 33 calling 

on US. representatives to U.N. to place before U.N. Committee on 

the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and Ocean Floor set of detailed principles to govern activities in ocean space of all nations of world. Resolution was referred to Committee on Foreign Relations. (CR, 1/21/69, 

S597) 

January 21-28: Harris survey of 1,544 US. households showed widespread 

disenchantment with Federal commitments on space and Vietnam. 

Greatest number, 3976, selected space as program they would cut first, 

while 2% voted to keep or increase space program. Second favorite 

for funding cut was Vietnam war financing, with 18% of votes. Anticrime and law enforcement programs received greatest number of 66 keep or increase” votes-2276. (Harris, Federal Times, 3/5/69, 9) 

January 22-29: NASA’s os0 v (OSO-F) Orbiting Solar Observatory was 

successfully launched from ETR by three-stage Thor-Delta ( DSV-3C) 

booster to study the sun and its influence on earth’s atmosphere. Orbital parameters: apogee, 353.1 mi (568.2 km); perigee, 337.8 mi 

(543.6 km) ; period, 95.8 min; and inclination, 32.96”. Primary mission objective was to obtain high-resolution spectral data from pointed 

experiments in 1 A-1,250 A range during one solar rotation and conduct raster scans of solar disc in selected wavelengths. Secondary objective was to obtain useful data from nonpointed and pointed experiments for more than one solar rotation with extended observations of 

single lines and solar flares. 

Fifth of eight spacecraft launched in NASA’s oso program to provide 

direct observation of sun during most of 11-yr solar cycle, Os0 v 

weighed 636 lbs, carried eight experiments, was designed with sixmonth lifetime, and had two main sections-wheel (lower) section, 

which provided stability by gyroscope spinning and housed telemetrycommand equipment, batteries, gas-spin control arms, and five experiment packages; and sail (upper) section, which contained solar cells 

and solar pointing experiments and was oriented toward sun. Experiments, designed to continue and extend work of preceding oso spacecraft, were provided by University College (London) and Univ. of 

Leicester, Univ. of Paris, Univ. of Colorado, Univ. of Minnesota, 

Naval Research Laboratory, and GSFC. 

Both tape recorders were turned on and were operating satisfactorily 

and all spacecraft subsystems were operating nominally. NRL wheel 

x-ray experiment was turned on during 11th orbit and was obtaining 

good data. By Jan. 29 Os0 V had received 707 commands and had 

completed 102 orbits. All eight experiments had been turned on and 

obtained good scientific data. All spacecraft systemsincluding raster 

scan and both tape recorders-had operated satisfactorily. Data from 

GSFC x-ray experiment were being used to plot spectrum of sun. Data 

from NRL uv pointed experiment had been used to obtain Os0 V’s first 

Lyman-alpha spectroheliograph. 

Os0 I (launched March 7, 1962) and Os0 ZZ (launched Feb. 3, 

1965) had surpassed their six-month design lifetimes and, together, 

22 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 22-29 

provided 6,000 hrs of scientific information. Os0 ZZI (launched March 

8, 1967) and Os0 ZV (launched Oct. 18, 1967) continued operating 

satisfactorily, each providing 7% hrs of real-time data daily. oso program was managed by GSFC under OSSA direction. (NASA Proj Off; 

NASA Release 69-13) 

January 22: USAF launched unidentified satellite on Titan IIIB-Agena D 

booster from Vandenberg AFB into orbit with 672.5-mi (1,082-km) 

apogee, 92.0-mi (148-km) perigee, 96.9-min period, and 106.1’ inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 3. (GSFC SSR, 1/31/69; 2/15/69; 

Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

* NASA announced it would conduct 26 major launches from ETR and WTR 

during 1969. First launch was Os0 V Jan. 22. Launches from ETR 

would include five manned missions: Apollo 9, scheduled for Feb. 28, 

would place three-man crew in earth orbit for 11 days to flight-test 

lunar module; Apollo 10 would place three astronauts in lunar orbit 

and two would fly LM to within 50,000 ft of lunar surface; and 

Apollo 11 would land two members of three-man crew on lunar surface. Two additional lunar landings would be conducted if first landing 

was successful. Unmanned launches from ETR would include two 

Intelsat I11 comsats, two Mariner-Mars missions, Tiros weather satellite, Biosatellite carrying monkey, Pioneer E interplanetary spacecraft, 

Applications Technology Satellite ( ATS) , Orbiting Solar Observatory 

( OSO) , Orbiting Astronomical Observatory ( OAO) , and two U.K. comsats. WTR launches would include three Tiros weather satellites, Explorer ( IMP-G) , Canadian International Satellite for Ionospheric 

Studies ( ISIS) , Nimbus weather satellite, and Thor-Agena ( OGO-F) 

mission to test experimental ion-thruster. ( KSC Release 19-69; NASA 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carrying GSFC grenade experiment to obtain data on 

atmospheric parameters. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 

Communist Party General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev told Soviet 

gathering in honor of four Soyuz ZV and Soyuz V cosmonauts U.S.S.R. 

was “fully justified in saying that the successful flight . . . [see Jan. 

14-18] is a great achievement of Soviet science and engineering, and 

a new triumph of the courage, boldness, intellect and labour of the 

Soviet people. The recent outstanding flight made by the American 

astronauts round the Moon, the confident start made by the Soviet 

automatic interplanetary stations ‘Venus-5’ and ‘Venus-6’ towards 

their distant target, and the successful flight made by the . . . [Soyuz] 

spaceships-all this constitutes man’s new, major steps along the road 

to conquering the mysterious world of outer space. . . .” (Moscow 

News, 2/&15/69, Supplement, 3-5) 

* During day climaxed by shots from what U.S.S.R. Foreign Ministry 

called “schizophrenic” gunman, Soyuz ZV and V Cosmonauts Vladimir 

Shatalov, Boris Volynov, Yevgeny Khrunov, and Aleksey Yeliseyev flew 

from Baikonur Space Center, Kazakhstan, to Moscow for Kremlin 

ceremony honoring success of Soyuz missions. Attack occurred as 

motorcade escorting cosmonauts approached Kremlin’s Borovitsky 

Gate. Reports said driver of cosmonauts’ limousine and security guard 

had been injured by bullets and that Cosmonaut Beregovoy had been 

OSSA) 

23 
January 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

slightly injured by flying glass. Communist Party General Secretary 

Leonid I. Brezhnev and Soviet President Nikolai V. Podgorny, riding 

several cars behind cosmonauts, were not injured. Western newsmen 

had already been admitted to Congress Hall for ceremony at which 

cosmonauts received Medal of the Order of Lenin. Reports sai’d gunman had been apprehended. (UPI, W Star, 1/22/69, A13; AP, W Star, 

1/23/69, Al; NYT, 1/23/69, 10; Shabad, NYT, 1/24/69, 1; Shub, 

W Post, 1/24/69, Al) 

State Dept. announced U.S.S.R. had accepted U.S. invitation to participate in international conference on communications satellites scheduled 

Feb. 24 in Washington, D.C. U.S. had notified all U.N. members it 

would extend “observer” invitations to any nation having “serious 

interest” in possibility of becoming INTELSAT member. Bulgaria and 

Yugoslavia also would attend. At least 80 nations were expected to 

participate. (Finney, NYT, 1/23/69, 1; AP, W Post, 1/24/69, A5) 

Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.) , Chairman of Senate Aeronautical 

and Space Sciences Committee, introduced s. 539, FY 1970 NASA 

authorization bill totaling $3.760 billion. (CR, 1/22/69, S659-60) 

Saturn V 2nd stage (S-11-7) was successfully captive fired for full 

flight duration, 369 sees, by North American Rockwell Corp. personnel 

at Mississippi Test Facility. Stage developed thrust equivalent to 1 

million lbs at operating altitude. (MSFC Release 69-25) 

AEC announced it had completed and successfully tested world’s largest 

superconducting magnet at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago. Consisting of 110-ton circular-coil assembly in 1,600-ton steel 

yoke, magnet formed part of world’s largest bubble chamber facility 

for high-energy physics research. Chamber, holding 6,400 gals of 

liquid hydrogen, would be placed inside magnet, which was expected 

to operate at approximately 1/10 cost of equivalent conventional 

magnet. (AEC Release M-19) 

Washington Post editorial said: “The fact that the Russians may be able 

to complete a floating [space] station substantially before the United 

States is ready to attempt it should be of no great concern. Although 

the psychological impact of knowing that men are up there looking 

down on us constantly is bound to be great, this should be more than 

offset by the successes of the Apollo program. The important things are 

for the American space effort to proceed in a logical fashion designed 

to reap the largest possible scientific benefits and to remain largely 

under civilian control.” (W Post, 1/22/69, A26) 

January 23: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXlY into orbit with 295-km 

( 183.3-mi) apogee, 208-km ( 129.3-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, 

and 69.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 5. (GSFC SSR, 1/31/69; 

2/ 15 /69 ) 

* Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by RASA from Kiruna, Sweden, 

carried Swedish Space Research Committee ( SSRC) and British Science 

Research Council ( SRC) payload to 72.1-mi (116-km) altitude. 

Launch, third in series of four [see Jan. 191, was made to obtain data on atmospheric parameters of wind, temperature, pressure, and density 

during atmospheric warming by detonating grenades and recording 

their sound arrivals on ground. Rocket and instruments performed 

satisfactorily; 17 of 25 grenades detonated and were recorded. (NASA 

Rpt SRL) 

24 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 23 

* MSFC announced it had signed $2,022,500 supplemental agreement to 

basic contract with International Business Machines Corp. for assurance 

and reliability testing on Saturn IB and Saturn V instrument units. 

MSFC also announced modifications totaling $2,093,760 to contract 

with Bendix Corp. for 26 ST-124 “stable platforms,” related equipment, and support in Saturn programs. ( MSFC Releases 69-23, 69-24) 

* FAA announced it had awarded $665,241 contract to Pratt & Whitney 

Div. of United Aircraft Corp. for two-year study to develop compressor/fan noise-prediction methods for design of quieter jet aircraft 

engines. Contract represented Government’s 55% share of total 

$1,209,530 cost-sharing contract. Pratt & Whitney would fund remaining 45%. (FAA Release 69-11) 

Australia announced it had asked US. to use nuclear explosives to blast 

out harbor on Australia’s northwest coast at Cape Keraudren, on Indian Ocean. US. State Department officials confirmed AEC had been 

authorized to begin talks with Australian officials on feasibility of using 

nuclear explosion to develop port. (Unna, W Post, 1/24/69, Al; 

Reuters, NYT, 1/24/69, 10) 

January 24: NASA released Annual Procurement Report FY 1968. NASA procurements during FY 1968 totaled $4,133 million-11% less than in 

FY 1967. Approximately 83% of net dollar value was placed directly 

with business firms, 4% with educational and other nonprofit institutions, 570 with Cal Tech for JPL operation, and 770 with or through 

other Government agencies. Of latter, 90% resulted in contracts with 

industry. About 72% of NASA funds placed under JPL contracts resulted in subcontracts or purchases with business firms. Thus about 

9376 of NASA procurement dollars went to private industry. During FY 

1968, 49 states and D.C. participated in NASA prime contract awards 

of $25,000 and over. They went to 1,299 business firms, 165 universities, and 68 other nonprofit organizations. (Text) 

* NASA launched Nike-Cajun sounding rocket from Wallops Station carrying GSFC grenade experiment to collect data on atmospheric paranieters. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj 

Off) * Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, said during Moscow interview with Soyuz cosmonauts there were “some advantages” to joint space experiments with US. “We have no objection 

in principle,” he said, “and the setting of this type of goal has some 

merit. Even now the two countries participate in a number of international programs.” He added, “One would have to think, and choose 

this kind of joint program carefully. Maybe one of the flights to a 

planet in the future, or maybe around the earth also could be interesting. It is difficult to say exactly what I would like to see.” Keldysh said 

Soviet scientists had not received special technical data on ApoZIo 8 

flight from US. However, “Certainly the success of such an outstanding flight, even if it does not produce any concrete new data, still gives 

something to all mankind.” (Winters, B Sun, 1/25/69, A2; Shabad, 

NYT, 1/25/69, 6) 0 MSFC announced it had awarded $173,000, 11-in0 contract to Boeing Co. 

for study of cost-reduction methods in future space vehicle logistics 

systems, including expendable and reusable systems. Major emphasis 

of study would be on space station logistics missions in 100- to 300-mi 

25 
January 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

orbits, with 5,000- to 50,000-lb payloads, and capable of holding 12 

passengers and 3,000- to 12,500-lb cargo. ( MSFC Release 69-26) 

Sen. James B. Pearson (R-Kan.) introduced S. 608, bill to create National 

Aviation Planning Commission responsible for planning development 

of national air travel system and establishment of air transportation 

policy. Commission would consist of Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Policy Development, FAA Administrator, CAB Chairman, NASA 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, Assistant Secretary 

of Housing and Urban Development for Metropolitan Development, 

and not more than 10 others to be appointed by Secretary of Transportation. (CR, 1/24/69, S869-70) 

* In Science, Karl D. Kryter, Director of Sensory Sciences Research Center 

of Stanford Research Institute, Calif., concluded that sonic booms from 

SST and Anglo-French Concorde-operating during daytime after 1975 

at frequencies projected for long-distance supersonic transport of passengers over US.-would result in extensive social, political, and legal 

reactions against such flights at start, during, and after years of exposure to sonic boom from flights. (Science, 1/24/69, 359-67) 

New York Times commented on Soviet decision to participate in February INTELSAT conference [see Jan. 221 and on Soviet coverage of 

Apollo 8 which was “treated more generously in the Soviet press than 

any earlier American space accomplishment.” Editorial said: “These 

indications of a positive shift in Kremlin thinking seem to enhance 

hopes that President Nixon will have an opportunity for creative diplomacy and action of the kind he envisaged in his Inaugural Address. 

Thought might be given, for example, to inviting Moscow to designate 

a Soviet astronaut to participate in an Apollo flight late this year or 

early next year. Or Washington might suggest that the United States 

and the Soviet Union coordinate their programs of planetary exploration with one nation, say, having primary responsibility for studying 

Venus and the other Mars. With the landing of men on the moon now 

probably only months away it is certainly not too early for the two 

nations that have pioneered most actively in space to discuss concrete 

means for involving the United Nations directly in the future exploration and exploitation of the moon, as well as of the planets when men 

reach them.” (NYT, 1/24/69, 46) 

January 25: Apollo 9 prime crew-Astronauts James A. McDivitt (commander), David R. Scott ( CM pilot), and Russell L. Schweickart ( LM 

pilot) -held press briefing at Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.’s 

Bethpage, N.Y., plant. Describing 10-day mission scheduled to begin 

Feb. 28 as primarily engineering evaluation of lunar module, McDivitt 

said: “. . . we will be giving the . . . LM hardware a very close scrutiny. 

We don’t expect to find anything, but our job is to go up there and 

look for it. Now after we have discovered that the LM is a good vehicle, 

we have . . . to prove the joint operations techniques that we’ve tried 

to develop on the ground over the last 3 years. It’s one thing to fly one 

spacecraft in orbit, and have it controlled by the ground, but when 

you get 2 of them up there, they are trying to look at 2 vehicles simultaneously so that . . . you find the ground talking to 2 spacecraft and 

2 spacecraft talking back to each other and also to the ground, and it 

becomes a rather unwieldly communications effort.” He added re26 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 25 

minder that “only one of these vehicles has the capability to landsafely, I guess I should add. They both have the capability of landing. 

We only have one set of parachutes and one heat shield.” He described 

LM as “a tissue paper spacecraft,” explaining it did not have to reenter 

earth’s atmosphere and there was no atmosphere on moon. 

Scott said they now had “a new vehicle . . . a command module LM 

combination . . . a particularly unique situation, in that . . . we have 

to do the lunar orbit insertion [in lunar mission] with the two vehicles 

joined together with a very large mass on the end of the command 

module, so it’s a completely new guidance task” to be checked out. 

McDivitt explained separation of LM from CM on rendezvous day, 

with two vehicles pulling away from each other and performing maneuvers, moving up to 100 mi apart: “The object . . . is to evaluate our 

systems from a propulsion standpoint, electrical standpoint, the staging 

sequence, all of the components that we can and still get back safely to 

the command module.” 

In response to question on relation of Apollo program to life on 

earth, McDivitt replied: “. . . if you’re not moving forward . . . the 

rest of the world is and they’re going to pass you by. We’re gaining 

something and we’re gaining knowledge. . . . We’re going to move forward on all fronts, we’re not moving forward on just the space front. . . . Any organized system of intelligence moves forward in all directions, and . . . that is what we are doing.” (Transcript) 0 Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Kiruna, Sweden, 

carried Swedish Space Research Committee ( SSRC) and British Science 

Research Council payload to 73.3-mi (118-km) altitude to obtain atmospheric data by detonating grenades and recording their sound arrivals on ground. Flight, last in series of four [see Jan. 231, was 

successful; 24 of 25 grenades detonated and were recorded. (NASA Rpt 

SRL) 

0 Dedication ceremonies were held at site of new earth station for comsats 

near Cayey, Puerto Rico. (ComSatCorp Release 69-5; ComSatCorp 

* NR-1, world’s first nuclear-powered deep submergence research and 

ocean engineering vehicle, was launched at Groton, Conn. Developed 

jointly by USN and AEC, 140-ft-long submarine would carry five crew 

members and two scientists over ocean bottom to study and map ocean 

floor, temperature, currents, and other oceanographic parameters for 

military, commercial, and scientific uses. ( DOD Release 64-69; UPI, 

P Inq, 1/26/69) 

January 26: NASA launched two sounding rockets from Wallops Station. 

Aerobee 350 carried MSC experiment to 168.4-mi (271-km) altitude 

to produce artificial aurora with electron accelerator. An 85-ft-dia 

aluminum mylar foil, deployed as planned at 60-mi (96.5-km) altitude, acted as current selector for ionospheric electrons and electrically 

neutralized experiment. Series of LOO beam pulses aimed downward 

toward Wallops ground station by accelerator were recorded on film 

by very sensitive TV camera and observations of artificial aurora were 

observed visually by scientists on ground. Analyses were under way to 

determine if auroral intensity, location, and shapes were as predicted. 

Nike-Tomahawk, launched 148 secs later to study acceleration beam 

PRO) 

27 
January 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

from Aerobee 350, carried DeHavilland antenna and Langmuir probe 

to 11.8-mi (19-km) altitude. Second stage failed to ignite; no useful 

data were obtained. (WS Release 69-2; NASA Rpts SRL) 

* NASA launched Nike-Cajun sounding rocket from Point Barrow, Alaska, 

carrying GSFC grenade experiment to collect data on atmospheric parameters. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj 

In New York Times, Walter Sullivan said data returned by Os0 V and 

other oso satellites had begun to deepen understanding of sun. “It has 

become sufficient so that, from information gathered in space, as well 

as by a globe-encircling network of stations, those in charge of the 

Apollo 8 flight to the moon and back last month were able to ignore 

a variety of ominous manifestations on the sun during the flight.” He 

said enough radiation measurements had been made during previous 

space storms” to indicate Apollo astronauts were reasonably safe as 

long as they remained inside their spacecraft. (NYT, 1/26/69, E6) 

Observers in Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan, and Illinois reported sighting 

large meteorite or space debris flashing across sky and burning itself 

out as it entered earth’s atmosphere. Several airline pilots had seen it 

at O’Hare International Airport, Chicago. Northwestern Univ. astronomer James Wray said it probably was large meteor breaking up in 

atmosphere. UFO expert Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Chairman of Northwestern’s Astronomy Dept., said flash could also have been reentering 

debris of US. or Soviet space rocket. (UPI, W News, 1/27/69, 30; AP, 

W Star, 1/27/69, B4) * In Washington Evening Star, William Hines said, “If a successful farmer 

suddenly started economizing on seed, his neighbors and family would 

begin to doubt his judgment, if not his sanity. Yet this is precisely 

what Uncle Sam is doing in cutting back the financing of scientific 

research. Despite denials from budget officials in the past weeks, 

federal support of science in fiscal 1970 continues on an alarming 

down-trend that has been apparent for several years. It has been said 

that in an advanced economy like ours, research expenditures are ‘seed 

money’ and the analogy is apt. Like individual seeds in a field, not 

every research dollar germinates, and not all those that do mature. But 

total return is vastly greater than outlay-and that is the story of 

science as well as of agriculture.” (W Star, 1/26/69, C4) 

January 27: Boosted Arcas I1 sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station carried GSFC experiment to 63.5-mi (102-km) altitude to 

evaluate rocket performance for possible use at Resolute Bay, Canada. 

Vehicle underperformed according to predicted trajectory ; peak altitude was below predicted and tone ranging appeared too weak for 

Resolute Bay. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* AEC announced that S8DR nuclear reactor system developed in its SNAP 

(Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) Program was producing 600 

thermal kw at 1,300’F during tests in underground vacuum chamber 

at Santa Susana, Calif. Electrical power ranging from 20 to 75 kw 

could be generated by such a reactor to provide power for manned 

orbiting laboratories and bases on moon’s surface. It was being considered for these uses because of its potentially high reliability, small 

size, and long life (two to five years) without refueling or maintenance. 

(AEC Release M-22) 

Off) 

CL 

28 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 28 

January 28: In New York news conference, NASA Associate Administrator 

for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, said U.S. was [in 

danger of going “out of the manned spaceflight business” unless more 

funds were provided in Federal budget for projects beyond Apollo. He 

said U.S.S.R. probably would surpass U.S. in space exploration in 

1970s. Current Soviet space expenditure was “about 50 percent greater 

than ours.” (Wilford, NYT, 1/29/69, 11; NY News, 1/30/69) 

In speech before New York Society of Security Analysts, NASA Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, said: 

“I believe that if we wanted to we could have our space shuttle in operation by 1976. . . . To achieve the desired economy, it will be necessary 

to operate this transportation system in the successful jet transport 

mode. Our space shuttle will probably take off from major airports 

with little or no noise. It will not create a sonic boom along the route. 

It will go into orbit, deposit and take on crew and cargo, and return 

for a horizontal airport landing.” He foresaw an international demand 

for reusable space vehicles. (Text) 0 Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried Univ. of Wisconsin experiment to 139.2-mi (224-km) altitude 

to examine isotropic component of cosmic x-rays in wavelength region 

of A> 5 A, using collimated, thin-window gas proportional counters. 

Peak altitude was 3.5% over predicted but x-ray counters failed to 

reach design pressure. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

M2-F2 lifting-body vehicle damaged in accident May 10, 1967, would 

be repaired, modified, and returned to service as M2-F3, NASA announced. Modifications would include center-stabilizing fin, special 

equipment for use as test bed for lateral control systems research, jet 

reaction roll control system, and improved internal components for 

precise maneuvering by pilot. M2-F3 would rejoin HL-10 and X-24 

in NASA-USAF flight research program to evaluate wingless vehicles for 

manned horizontal landings at airfields after return from space. (NASA 

Release 69-15) 

* Eastern Airlines, Inc., Vice President A. Scott Crossfield told Aero Club 

in Washington, D.C., that seven-week experiment with STOL aircraft 

at Boston, Washington, and New York airports begun Sept. 1968 had 

been “unqualified success.” Airline’s engineers were drafting specifications for STOL aircraft to carry 125 passengers at 250 mph, capable of 

maneuvering at speeds of 70 mph. It could double landing capacity of 

airports by using taxiways and ends of unused runways. McDonnell 

Douglas version of French-designed Breguet 941 aircraft used by 

Eastern in experiments had used onboard computer-controlled system, 

“heart” of which was manufactured by Decca in England. It used 

existing navaids and was accurate within 25-ft altitude and 100-ft 

latitude. (Koprowski, W Post, 1/29/69, A8) 

0 S. 705 was introduced in Senate by Smithsonian Institution regent Sen. 

Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), for himself and regents Sens. J. 

William Fulbright (D-Ark.) and Hugh D. Scott (R-Pa.) to authorize 

$2 million for planning and land acquisition for world’s largest radioradar astronomical telescope. Proposed 440-ft “big dish” antenna 

would be enclosed in 550-ft geodesic dome and cost about $37 million. 

It would be made available to appropriate scientists everywhere. (CR, 

1/28/69, S967-8; W Star, 4/1/69, B1) 

29 
January 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* Following conference with President Nixon, Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC 

Chairman since 1961, announced he would continue in that position in 

Nixon Administration. Current term would expire June 30, 1970. (W 

Star, 1/29/69, A2) 

Jariuary 29: ComSatCorp announced it had applied to FCC for permission 

to reduce rates for TV transmissions through Atlantic satellites by 

about 40% and to eliminate extra charge for color TV through these 

satellites. Reductions were possible because of availability of Intelsal 

111 F-2 (launched Dec. 19, 1968) over Atlantic. (ComSatCorp 

Release) 

* NASA selected Electro Mechanical Research Aerospace Sciences Div. 

of Weston Instruments, Inc. for contract negotiations on $1.37-million 

cost-plus-award-fee contract for spacecraft integration and ground 

support services for Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) missions H, I, and J. (NASA Release 69-19) 

President Nixon announced selection of Gerard C. Smith, former Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning, as Director of Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Adrian S. Fisher had been acting 

director since resignation of William C. Foster. (PD, 2/3/69, 188) 

January 30: Canadian lsis 1 ( ISIS-A) International Satellite for Ionospheric 

Studies was successfully launched by NASA from WTR by three-stage 

Thrust-Augmented Improved Thor-Delta ( DSV-3E) booster. Satellite 

entered orbit with 2,188.5-mi (3,522-km) apogee, 356.7-mi 

(574-km) perigee, 128.3-min period, and 88.4" inclination. Primary 

NASA objectives were to place lsis I into elliptical earth orbit that 

would permit study of topside of ionosphere above electron peak of F 

region and to extend cooperative Canadian-US. program of ionospheric studies initiated by Alouette I (launched Sept. 28, 1962) by 

combining sounder data with correlative direct measurements for time 

sufficient to cover latitudinal and diurnal variations during high solar 

activity. 

Third in series of five satellites to improve understanding of ionospheric physics, lsis I weighed 520 lbs and carried six Canadian and 

four American experiments. First launch in series (ISIS x project, Nov. 

28, 1965) orbited Canada's Alouette I1 and US. Explorer XXXI. ISIS 

program was joint undertaking of NASA and Canadian Defence Research Board (DRB) under December 1963 Memorandum of Understanding. DRB was responsible for spacecraft design, fabrication, 

electrical testing, experiment integration, and satellite control. NASA 

provided launch vehicles, launch facilities. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Releases 69-14, 69-22) 

* NASA launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets from Point Barrow, 

Alaska, carrying CSFC experiments. First rocket was launched to obtain 

data on variation of temperature, pressure, and wind profile by detonating grenades at prescribed times and recording sound arrivals on 

ground. All 19 grenades ejected and detonated and sound arrivals were 

recorded. Launch was third in series of four launches from Point Barrow during stratospheric warming [see Jan. 261. 

Second rocket was launched in conjunction with Jan. 11 launch to 

develop experimental techniques for determining atmospheric composition profiles in mesosphere and to measure ozone and water xapor 

distribution in 12.4- to 40.4-mi (20- to 65-km) region by separating 

30 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 30 

January 30: Canadian Isis I International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies, launched 

by NASA from WTR, carried six Canadkn and four U.S. experiments into orbit to study 

the topside of the ionosphere during a period of high solar activity. Isis I, photographed before mating to its Thor-Delta launch vehicle, combined the capability for direct and indirect ionospheric measurements in one spacecraft for the first time. 

payload from 2nd stage and deploying parachute near apogee. Ozone 

was measured by chemiluminescent technique and water vapor by 

aluminum-oxide hydrometer. All major events occurred as planned and 

good data were obtained. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research 

Range carried GSFC payload to 77.1-mi (124-km) altitude to obtain 

data on variation of temperature, pressure, and wind profile by detonating grenades at prescribed times and recording sound arrivals on 

ground. All 19 grenades were detonated and sound arrivals were recorded. Launch was third in series of four rockets to be launched from 

Churchill during stratospheric warming period [see Jan. 221. (NASA 

Rpt SRL) 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR with 

VAN-20 booster to 111.2-mi (179-km) altitude. Objectives were to 

31 
January 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

obtain stellar spectra with 1 A resolution in 1,000-1,600 A far uv 

wavelength range and to obtain photometric data on stellar fluxes in 

1,050-1,180 A, 1,230-1,350 A, and 1,350-1,470 A wavelength ranges. 

All experimental objectives were achieved and payload was recovered 

promptly. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

FAA Government-industry conference in Washington, D.C., discussed FAA 

role in STQL development, STOL noise sources, STOL operational considerations related to noise abatement, noise source reduction techniques, and review of existing aircraft certification concepts and 

considerations for STOL noise certification. (FAA Release 69-5) 

At White House press briefing President Nixon introduced ApoZZo 8 

astronauts and announced that Astronaut Frank Borman would make 

eight-nation goodwill trip to Western Europe. Tour would point out 

“what is the fact: that we in America do not consider that this is a 

monopoly, these great new discoveries that we are making; that we 

recognize the great contributions that others have made and will make 

in the future; and that we do want to work together with all peoples 

on this earth in the high adventure of exploring the new areas of 

space.” Later, Press Secretary Ronald Ziegler announced Borman 

family would visit England, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, West 

Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. (PO, 2/3/69, 189-90; AP, W 

Post, 1/31/69, A2) 

President and Mrs. Nixon watched Apollo 8 films at White House showing attended by Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and 

William A. Anders. Borman narrated. (Shelton, W Star, 1/31/69, B1; 

PD, 2/3/69, 194) 

0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Acting Administrator, presented Public Service Group Achievement Award Certificates to 12 representatives of 

communications organizations which had supported Apollo 8 mission. 

Award to Apollo 8 Communications Network cited “the dedication and 

skill of the leaders and all personnel in these organizations in maintaining reliable communications which insured the success of the first 

manned lunar orbit mission.” British External Telecommunication 

Executive and Hawaiian Telephone Co. had received same award. 

(NASA Release 69-20) 

0 President Nixon issued directives to cabinet officers and agency heads. 

He directed DOT to establish committee to investigate all aspects of SST 

program and some aspects of airport development, air traffic control, 

and FAA regulations. 

Bureau of Budget was informed that President was disturbed by reports that Government was not fulfilling obligations to colleges and 

universities whose grants had been abrogated by NSF because of FY 

1969 expenditure ceiling. BOB was directed to check facts, estimate cost 

required to eliminate inequities, and advise President on need for contingency reserve for FY 1969 and desirability of thorough budget 

revision for FY 1970. (PD, 2/3/69, 192-3) 

0 NASA awarded United Aircraft Corp.’s Pratt & Whitney Div. and General 

Electric Co. separate fixed-price contracts to design, fabricate, and test 

experimental quiet jet engines. Each contract would have two phases. 

Six-month first phase would include detailed engine design and procurement of selected engine components. NASA would have option of 

authorizing construction of two engines and test program of at least 

32 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 30 

250 hrs of engine operation. In second phase, expected to take 30 mos, 

each contractor would refurbish and deliver one engine to LeRC for 

additional testing. Program was expected to cost $50 million over 

three-year period. (NASA Release 69-21) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, told meeting of National Security Industrial Assn. at KSC, “It is 

very clear that just as we have had substantial payoffs from communications, navigation, geodetic, and weather satellites in the first decade 

of the space age, earth resources satellites will represent extremely 

promising investment opportunities in the second decade.” They would 

require “close cooperation among many agencies in Washington, and 

in the long run with new commercial and international institutions that 

can bring the benefits of the space age to many people around the ____ ,- world.” (‘l‘ext) * At his first news conference, Secretarv of Defense Melvin R. Laird said 

he would prefer to deal from strength-including Sentinel ABM system 

-in future missile talks with U.S.S.R. “I think it’s most important, as 

we go into these talks, to have defensive as well as offensive missile 

systems up for discussion and debate and negotiation.” (Maffre, W 

Post, 1/31/69, Al) 

0 Moscow sources reported “Lt. Ilyin” of U.S.S.R. Army Engineers had 

been identified as attempted assassin who fired on Moscow motorcade 

carrying cosmonauts and high Soviet officials into Kremlin Jan. 22, 

Anatole Shub said in Washington Post. He reportedly had died almost 

immediately after taking poison and being slugged by Kremlin guards 

at scene [see Feb. 4.1. (W Post, 1/31/69, Al) 

January 31: Eleventh anniversary of Explorer I, first US. satellite. Since 

its launch Jan. 31, 1958, the 30.8-lb stovepipe-shaped satellite had 

completed nearly 60,000 revolutions around earth and on Dec. 31, 

1968, was in orbit with 632-mi (10,170.8-km) apogee, 199.9-mi 

(321.7-km) perigee, and 98.1-min period. (MSFC Release 69-26) 9 Apollo 9 press briefing was held at NASA Hq. Countdown would begin 

Feb. 22, for launch from ETR at 11 am EST Feb. 28. Ten-day earthorbital mission would demonstrate LM manned crew performance for 

first time and carry out intervehicular activities between spacecraft, 

through-docking-tunnel activities, and EVA. Number of small aluminumalloy brackets and fittings had been replaced or reinforced in LM-3 

and LM4 because they were sensitive to stress or corrosion. Both 

vehicles were ready for flight. 

Apollo Program Director George H. Hage said number of activities 

would be performed on Apollo 9 that had not been done before “in 

the sense of wringing out the spacecraft.” NASA was “working the 

hardware launch readiness of Apollo 10 to a late April date” so that 

“if we have difficulty on Apollo 9 and need to repeat some element or 

all of the D mission, we can get that mission off as early as possible.” 

If Apollo 9 was successful Apollo 10 could be launched as early as 

May 17 on lunar landing mission. (Transcript) 

NASA successfully launched two Nike-Cajun, one Arcas, and three NikeApache sounding rockets from Wallops Station, carrying experiments 

to measure meteorological, ionospheric, and composition characteristics 

of upper atmosphere during “winter anomaly”-unusual absorption of 

radio waves-which occurred during January or early February. 

33 
January 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Launches would contribute to specimen day program, coordinated investigation of winter variability of D region of ionosphere above 

Wallops. 

Nike-Cajuns carried GSFC payloads to 75.2-mi (121-km) and 

12.4-mi (20-km) altitudes. All 19 grenades on each rocket detonated 

as planned and sound arrivals were recorded, but poor vehicle performance of second rocket prevented acquisition of useful data. 

Arcas carried Naval Weapons Center payload to 33.2-mi (53.4-km) 

altitude to measure ozone concentration in 18.6- to 37.3-mi (30- to 

60-km) region during parachute descent, but parachute did not deploy 

satisfactorily and payload descended too rapidly for recovery. 

First Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Illinois-GCA Corp. payload to 

141.1-mi (227-km) altitude to investigate winter variability of D 

region of ionosphere and measure differential absorption, Faraday 

rotation, and probe current to determine electron density, collision 

frequency, and temperature. Second Nike-Apache carried Univ. of 

Colorado payload to 71.5-mi (115-km) altitude to obtain vertical 

profile of nitric oxide density, using scanning monochromoter. Third 

Nike-Apache carried GSFC payload to 72.1-mi (116-km) altitude to 

measure degree of polarization and intensity of nitric oxide emission 

at 2,147 A to determine whether resonance scattering of sunlight was 

responsible for emission in D and E regions. Secondary objective was 

to determine altitude profile in 46.6- to 65.2-mi (75- to 105-km) 

region. Desired spectrum was not observed, apparently because of 

mechanical failure in payload. (NASA Rpts SRL; WS Release 69-3) 

0 President Nixon, accompanied by Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, 

visited DOD employees at Pentagon. President recalled reference made 

by Astronaut Frank Borman at White House Apollo 8 briefing Jan. 30 

to “400,000 men and women in the Nation who at one time or another 

had played a part in making this great, spectacular feat possible.” 

President said, “I was glad to see Colonel Borman bring it home that 

way. Four hundred thousand made it possible for this magnificent 

achievement to occur. I trust that all of you can convey that kind of 

spirit to those who work in the Defense Department.” (PD, 2/3/69, 

194) 0 Sen. Kenneth McC. Anderson, Australian Minister for Supply, accepted 

NASA Group Achievement Award for Dept. of Supply at NASA Hq. 

luncheon for “outstanding contributions in the establishment and operation of the stations and associated facilities in Australia which assured the success of the Apollo 8 mission. . . .” Sen. Anderson also 

received awards for Apollo 8 support by MSFC stations at Canberra 

and Carnarvon and DSN station at Canberra. (NASA Release 69-23) 0 FAA said preliminary figures showed its 27 air route traffic control centers 

handled 19.5 million aircraft in 1968, an increase of 17% over 1967. 

Chicago, New York, and Cleveland each logged 1.5 million operations 

-first time any center had reached this mark. (FAA Release 69-15) 

During January: JPL Senior Staff Scientist Albert R. Hibbs summarized 

results of NASA’s Surveyor program in Astronautics and Aeronautics. 

Experiments on five Surveyor spacecraft which successfully landed on 

moon between May 30, 1966, and Jan. 7, 1968, indicated surface 

material was granular and very fine with 103 dynes/cm2 cohesion. 

Slightly deeper material had lower normal albedo than undisturbed 

34 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During January 

surface. Chemical composition of surface material was similar to basaltic rocks on earth; mare material contained more iron elements 

than highland material; and highland material had higher albedo than 

mare material. Chemical analyses indicated material did not resemble 

chondritic meteorites. From observed data scientists concluded that 

moon had undergone significant chemical differentiation during its 

history and had been subjected to basaltic lava flows; surface was continually being “churned and pulverized” by meteoroid impacts; some 

undefined process lightened optical surface and darkened buried 

material; and mare areas were “surprisingly similar and offer numerous safe-landing zones for future lunar missions.” (AM, 1/69, 50-63) 

U.S.S.R. was testing 150-ton, 250-passenger “compound” helicopter, 

American Broadcasting Co. reported. Largest helicopter in Western 

world was 19-ton Sikorsky CH-54H Flying Crane. Soviet 47-ton 

Mi-10 was world’s largest. New compound helicopter had wings that 

assumed lifting function from rotors at cruising speed; it obtained 

most of its thrust from conventional propulsion when it converted from 

vertical to cruising flight. Sikorsky had proposed 32.5-ton compound 

helicopter to DOD and US. civilian transportation authorities. (NYT, 

1/12/69, S23) 

0 MIT scientist Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner in Technology Review said reorganization and strengthening of Federal mechanisms for planning and 

supporting R&D was only solution to “present antagonisms and . . . skepticism” about the value of a continued high level of R&D support. 

He proposed new agency with NSF at core for planning R&D and to 

“indicate resource allocation for all public endeavors, including foreign 

aid and national security.” (Technology Review, 1/69, 15-17) 

0 Systems approach was needed in applying “human and technological 

resources to domestic problems,” Space/Aeronautics said. Growth 

areas for aerospace industry spinoff included urban, environmental, 

surface-transportation, medical, and ocean systems. Lessons to be 

learned in dealing with these systems were: (1) massive problems 

required efforts on massive scale; (2) R&D cycle for civil system was 

always longer than political cycle being counted on to support it; and 

(3) even when system was built jurisdictional prerogatives could “make 

a mess of the implementation.” Aerospace companies should ernploy 

their capabilities “to assess their experience in high technology and 

their managerial skills” and apply experience “to new systems challenges.” (S/A, 1/69, 106-7) 

35 

February 1969 

February 2: Development of laser tracking techniques permitting accurate 

24-hour tracking of orbiting spacecraft was announced by NASA. New 

technique-particularly ‘important in geodetic studies, which required 

precise angle and distance measurements between satellite and ground 

stations-offered greater measuring accuracy than RF methods, required only lightweight reflectors on satellite, and was less affected by 

transmission-impeding environmental disturbances. First operational 

daylight tracking with laser had been accomplished by GSFC team Oct. 

21, 1968. (NASA Release 69-18; A&A 68) 

Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family departed on USAF jet for 

18-day Presidential goodwill mission to Europe. Itinerary : London, 

Feb. 2-5; Paris, Feb. 5-7; Brussels, Feb. 7-10; The Hague, Feb. 

10-11; Bonn, Feb. 11-12; West Berlin, Feb. 12-13; Rome, Feb. 

13-17; Madrid, Feb. 17-19; and Lisbon, Feb. 19-21. (NASA Int Aff; 

W Star, 2/2/69, A3) 

NASA’s Apollo 8 mission and USN navigation satellite system developed by 

Johns Hopkins Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory had been named 

two of top four engineering achievements of 1968 by National Society 

of Professional Engineers. (W Star, 2/2/69, B2) 

* In New York Times Magazine, Dr. Ralph E. Lapp, physicist, wrote: “. . . I would urge that we alter the US. space program as follows: 

First, make a firm decision to terminate the manned space program 

soon after the initial lunar landing. . . . I would reserve the remaining 

Apollo craft for future unmanned missions to the planets and I would 

mothball the single-purpose manned space flight facilities. At the same 

time, I would continue a N.A.S.A. program of long-range space development aimed at advanced modes of propulsion, compact energy sources 

and improved long-distance communication. High priority would be 

assigned to the development of nuclear energy both for propulsion and 

for on-board power. 

“Second, greatly expand N.A.S.A.’S present program for exploiting 

applications of space science and technology. The potential of satellites 

for communications . . . needs to be enhanced by the development of 

new techniques. It should not be too difficult to develop orbital systems 

for the control of intercontinental air traffic. Perhaps the greatest benefits from satellites are to be expected in the survey and evaluation of 

earth resources, such as underground water, mineral deposits and 

plant-forest cover. . . . “Third, establish a high priority within N.A.S.A. €or fundamental research using unmanned space vehicles . . . 10 to 20 years in duration 

and . . . aimed at finding out more about our planet, the sun and the 

rest of the solar system. The most expensive-and probably the most 

dramatic-of these projects would be the planetary probes designed to 

fly by, orbit or land on the nearby planets.” (NYT, 2/2/69, 32-40) 

37 
February 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

February 3: NASA announced it had extended $69,692,000 contract with 

Bellcomm, Inc., to provide systems analysis, study, planning, and technical support of manned space flight. Value of one-year cost-plus-fixedfee contract extension was $11,483,000. (NASA Release 69-25) 

February 3-5: London accorded Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and 

family full celebrity status, ,including frontpage newspaper coverage, 

taped TV interviews, and cheers from schoolchildren. Borman lectured 

before Royal Society of Scientists Feb. 3 and on Feb. 4 was presented 

to Queen Elizabeth I1 at Buckingham Palace and visited Prime Minister Harold Wilson and House of Commons. Borman at US. Embassy 

presented NASA’s Manned Spaceflight Group Achievement Award to 

Station Manager James McDowell of NASA Communications Switching 

Station in London and Public Service Group Achievement Award to 

C. James Gill, director of U.K.’s postoffice telecommunications system. 

(Lee, NYT, 2/4/69, 4; W Post, 2/5/69, A18; C Trib, 2/5/69; NASA 

Int Aff) 

Februarv 4: President Nixon sent directive to Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Science 

AdGiser to the President, asking assessment of proposal to appoint interagency committee to advise President on post-Apollo space program. 

Directive also asked report on “possibility of significant cost reductions in the launching and boosting operations of the space program,” 

with judgment on “how best to assess future developments in this 

area.” White House announcement from Key Biscayne, Fla., Feb. 8 

said directive had asked assessment of recommendations that DOD and 

NASA be directed to coordinate activities in this area. (PD, 2/17/69, 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carried Univ. of Minnesota Institute of Technology 

payload to 115.6-mi (186-km) altitude to study neutral composition 

of polar atmosphere with neutral mass spectrometers. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily and experimental data showed 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Point Barrow, Alaska, carrying GSFC experiment to obtain data on variation of 

temperature, pressure, and wind profile by detonating grenades at 

prescribed times and recording sound arrivals on ground. Rocket, last 

in series of four launched during period of atmospheric warming [see 

Jan. 301, performed satisfactorily. All 19 grenades ejected and detonated as planned and sound arrivals were recorded. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

President Nixon accepted pro forma resignation of Dr. Edward C. Welsh, 

Executive Secretary of National Aeronautics and Space Council. Appointed by President Kennedv lin 1961. Dr. Welsh had been Council’s 

249; 3/10/69, 349-51) 

some extremely interesting results.” (NASA Rpt SRL) ‘C 

first and dnly appointed execitive secretary. (W Post, 2/5/69, A7; AP, 

W Star, 2/5/69, 1) 

XB-70 supersonic research aircraft was flown from Edwards AFB, Calif., 

to Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, to be placed on exhibit at Air Force 

Museum. Flight had been delayed until turbulent air conditions prevailed so testing could continue until end of aircraft’s service. During 

final flight, crew collected data on aircraft handling and structural 

response to air turbulence at subsonic flight. NASA had announced end 

of XB-70 flight research program Jan. 13. (NASA Proj Off; UPI, NYT, 

2/5/69, 73; AP, W Star, 2/5/69, A19) 

38 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 4 

0 In Look, science writer Arthur C. Clarke, Nobel Prize nuclear physicist 

Dr. Isidor I. Rabi, novelist C. P. Snow, and Catholic theologian Prof. 

Leslie Dewart wrote personal reactions to ApoZZo 8 mission. Clarke 

said: “The Apollo 8 mission marks one of those rare turning points in 

human history after which nothing will ever be the same again. The 

immense technical achievement is already obvious to every one and 

has been universally praised; yet the psychological impact may be 

even more important and will take some time to make itself fully felt. 

We no longer live in the world which existed before Christmas 1968. 

It has passed away as irrevocably as the earth-centered universe of the 

Middle Ages.” 

Dr. Rabi said: “It would be misleading to talk of the events that led 

to the journey of Apollo 8 in terms of the vast sums of money that are 

involved, even though it cost several times as much as the development 

of the first atomic bomb. What is more important and more impressive 

is that Apollo 8 represents the cooperation of hundreds of thousands 

of people over a period of years in a gigantic effort with no clearly set 

practical goals, except perhaps the profound desire of mankind to 

prove to itself that it had the knowledge and the ability to overcome 

its earthbound limitations.” 

Prof. Dewart said: “Man has taken his first, halting steps into the 

cosmos beyond that earthly world in which he was born and within 

which he had always lived. The impact of Apollo 8 in other areas of 

human experience is obvious; in religion, it is much less immediately 

evident. And yet, in the end, it may be more significant for the development of man’s religious consciousness.” (Look, 2/4/69, 72-8) 

In letter to Astronaut Frank Borman, Board of Education of Glendale 

Union High School District No. 205, Glendale, Ariz., said it had 

named planned high school “Apollo” in “honor and appreciation of the 

accomplishments of the participating astronauts.” It invited ApoZZo 8 

crew to participate in 1970 dedication ceremony. (CR, 2/21/69, 

E1216) 

0 USN announced award of $40,000,000 contract to Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. for engineering development phase of F-14A supersonic fighter (formerly VFX) , replacement for F-111B. Funding during 

four-year development was expected to total $388,000,000. ( DOD Release 92-69) 

In letter from Chairman L. Mendel Rivers (D-S.C.) to Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, House Armed Services Committee informed 

DOD that, because of uncertainty over ABM, Committee would take no 

action to approve Sentinel antiballistic missile sites until Nixon Administration positively expressed interest in project. (Sell, W Post, 

2/6/69, Al) 

In New York Times, Theodere Shabad said Moscow sources indicated 

Soviet investigators had ruled out possibility of political conspiracy in 

Jan. 22 shooting during Kremlin ceremonies for Soyuz cosmonauts 

because of amateurish behavior of gunman identified as “Lt. Ilyin” of 

Soviet Army. Sources denied earlier reports that gunman had taken 

poison after shooting and was dead. They said he was undergoing 

medical and psychological testing to determine his sanity and motives. 

(NYT, 2/5/69,2) 

February 5-16: Intelsat-III F-3 was successfully launched by NASA for 

39 
February 5-16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

ComSatCorp on behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite 

Consortium. The 632-1b cylindrical satellite, launched from ETR by 

Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor ( LTTAT) -Delta ( DSV-3M) 

booster, entered elliptical transfer orbit with 23,496.9-mi (37,- 

814.6-km) apogee, 157.3-mi (253.1-km) perigee, 671.9-min period, 

and 29.8” inclination. All systems were functioning normally. On Feb. 

7 apogee motor was fired to kick satellite into planned near-synchronous orbit over Pacific at 173.8” east longitude with 22,000-mi 

(35,719.8-km) apogee, 22,190-mi (35,703.7-km) perigee, 23-hr 56- 

min period, and 1.3’ inclination. 

Zntelsat-ZZZ F-3 was second successful launch in Intelsat 111 series. 

Zntelsat-Zll F-2 had been launched Dec. 18, 1968, as backup to IntelsatI11 F-1, which had been destroyed minutes after launch Sept. 18, 1968. 

Satellite began commercial service Feb. 16, handling up to 1,200 voice 

circuits or 4 TV channels. (NASA Proj Off; ComSatCorp Releases 69-7, 

69-27; AP, B Sun, 2/6/69, A3; Pres Rpt. 70 [69] ; ComSatCorp PIO) 

February 5: DOD launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg 

AFB by Thor-Agena booster. One entered orbit with 171.0-mi 

(275-km) apogee, 91.7-mi (147.6-km) perigee, 88.7-min period, 

and 81.6” inclination and reentered Feb. 24. Second satellite entered 

orbit with 894.9-mi ( 1,439.9-km) apogee, 866.4-mi ( 1,394.0-km) 

perigee, 114.1-min period, and 80.4” inclination. (Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

President Nixon authorized immediate $10-million increase in expenditure ceiling placed on National Science Foundation by Johnson Administration in 1968. He said: “The colleges and universities of this 

Nation provide a critical resource which needs to be fostered and 

strengthened. Our higher educational system provides the advanced 

training needed for tomorrow’s leaders in science and technology, industry and government, and also conducts the basic research which 

uncovers the new knowledge so essential to the future welfare of the 

country. It is essential that these programs of education and research 

be sustained at a level of high excellence.” (PD, 2/10/69, 224-5) 

* New tempest was brewing in national scientific community over whether 

defense establishment absorbed exorbitant portion of U.S. scientific 

and technological energies, John Lannan said in Washington Evening 

Star. In New York, younger physicists had called for political activism 

at annual meeting of American Physical Society Feb. 3. MIT group, 

Union of Concerned Scientists, had scheduled day-long “research stoppage” March 4 and initiated letter campaign to spread its views to 

other institutions. Union’s proposals included ‘‘a critical and continuing examination of government policy in areas where science and 

technology are of actual or potential significance”; redirection of research from defense-oriented to environment-oriented projects; opposition to antiballistic missile system; and organization of scientists into 

effective and vocal political action group. (W Star, 2/5/69, A7; 

Sullivan, NYT, 2/9/69, E7) 

Report on aviation safety for 1968 was submitted to House Committee on 

Interstate and Foreign Commerce by Joseph J. O’Connell, Jr., Chairman of National Transportation Safety Board. For all scheduled air 

carrier services there had been one fatal accident for about every 

500,000 hrs, or for every 100,000 transcontinental flights. One pas40 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 5 

senger had been lost for every 370 million passenger miles flown. 

Number of fatalities in scheduled domestic and international passenger 

service had been second worst of decade; but accident rates, fatal and 

nonfatal, continued downward for total scheduled air carriers. In 

general aviation, rate for fatal accidents per hours flown had increased 

but remained below rates of 1965 and before and was third best in 

decade. Total number of fatal accidents-692, killing 1,374 personswas highest in history. (Text; NYT, 2/9/69, 94) 

In message to Senate, President Nixon urged prompt ratification of 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty: “I believe that ratification of the 

Treaty at this time would advance this Administration’s policy of 

negotiation rather than confrontation with the USSR. I believe the 

Treaty can be an important step in our endeavor to curb the spread of 

nuclear weapons and that it advances the purposes of our Atoms for 

Peace program.” (PD, 2/10/69, 219) 

February 5-7: During two-day Paris visit Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman met with President Charles de Gaulle. At dinner given by Ambassador R. Sargent Shriver, Jr., on Eiffel Tower, Borman received offer 

of racing car from French manufacturer who had presented similar 

gift to Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin in 1965. During Paris news conferences and on TV interview, Borman stressed international character of 

space exploration. He said, “I don’t know why we aren’t going to 

Russia. I would like to visit Russia. . . . I think we have some fair 

means of cooperation in space and I would hope to see more.” (Garrison, NYT, 2/6/69, 2; 2/7/69, 3) 

Fe6ruary 6: NASA launched four sounding rockets from Wallops Station to 

obtain upper-atmosphere data on normal winter day. Arcas carried 

Naval Weapons Center payload to 34.9-mi (56.1-km) altitude to 

measure ozone concentration at altitudes between 18.6 and 37.3 mi 

(30 and 60 km) , using photometer and optical filter wheel. Failure of 

recovery parachute to open satisfactorily caused fast descent and prevented payload recovery. Obtaining useful information was expected 

to be difficult, but good data were expected. 

Nike-Cajun carried GSFC payload to 79.4-mi ( 127.7-kn1) altitude 

to obtain temperature, pressure, density, and wind data in upper atmosphere by detonating grenades and recording sound arrivals on 

ground. All 19 grenades were ejected and detonated as planned and 

sound arrivals were recorded. 

Nike-Apache carrying Univ. of Colorado payload reached 72.7-mi 

(117-km) altitude on flight to obtain vertical profile of nitric oxide 

density in 15.5- to 65.3-mi (25- to 105-km) region. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

Second Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Illinois payload to collect data 

on ionosphere. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA 

Rpts SRL; NASA Proj Off) 

* Nike-Caj un sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research 

Range carried GSFC payload to 80.2-mi (129-km) altitude to obtain 

data on variation of temperature, pressure, and wind profile by detonating grenades at prescribed times and recording their sound arrivals 

on ground. Rocket, last in series of four launched from Churchill during stratospheric warming [see Jan. 301, performed satisfactorily. All 

41 
February 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

19 grenades ejected and detonated as planned. Sound arrivals were 

recorded for 14-15 grenades because of power failure at receiving 

station. (NASA Rpt SFW) 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carried Univ. of Minnesota Institute of Technology payload to 83.2-mi (133.8-km) altitude to study neutral composition of 

polar atmosphere with neutral mass spectrometers. Rocket underperformed; burnout occurred at 42 secs. All instruments worked perfectly. 

Useful data were obtained in 68.4- to 07.0-mi (110- to 140-km) 

region. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

At confirmation hearing on his appointment as Director of Office of 

Science and Technology before Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge said he would place his energies on analysis of weapon systems, environment and effect of technology and 

pollution on environment, and utilization of science and technology by 

Government departments. He planned to concern himself with social 

problems and hoped to increase social scientists on President’s Science 

Advisory Committee from one to two. He hoped for increased funding 

for HUD and DOT, and regretted allocations for basic research were 

declining in DOD, NASA, and AEC because such agencies “will profit by 

good relations with universities.” (Nelson, Science, 2/14/69, 657) 

0 U.S.S.R.’s Venus V (launched Jan. 5) and Venus VZ (launched Jan. 10) 

were on course and functioning normally, Tass announced. Spacecraft 

were expected to reach Venus in late May. Venus V was 4,785,000 mi 

from earth; Venus VI, 4,050,000 mi. (Reuters, NYT, 2/7/69, 14) 

NASA sponsored one-day meeting to review progress in its five-year research program on fog-shrouded airports. In one test during NASAsponsored work by Cornel1 Aeronautical Laboratory in Project Fog 

Drops, small aircraft carrying 700 lbs of salt had opened wide path in 

dense warm fog in five minutes. (NASA Release 69-17; Transcript) 

Sperry Rand Corp. announced election of former NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb to Board of Directors. He had been vice president of 

company’s Sperry Gyroscope Div. in 1943. (Sperry Rand Release 

2/6/69; SBD, 2/11/69, 140) 

0 Univ. of California astronomers Dr. E. Joseph Wampler and Dr. Joseph 

S. Miller reported-they had photographed winking of pulsar in Crab 

Nebula-first of pulsars to be unequivocally associated with observable 

star-by spinning disc before star’s image projected by 120-in telescope at Lick Observatory, Calif. Hole in disc, spun slower than flash 

rate of pulsar, permitted light from star to penetrate once each revolution. For first time star was shown photographically to be flashing 

on and off. Rate of light pulses was identical to that of previously 

observed radio pulses. (NYT, 2/7/69, 22; UPI, W Post, 2/7/69, A6) 

* Cambridge Univ. announced radioastronomy team under Sir Martin 

Ryle, professor and astronomer, would build world’s largest, most 

sensitive radiotelescope, to cost $4.8 million. It would be operational 

in two years and capable of picking up signals which started to earth 

8,000 million yrs ago. Cambridge team had discovered pulsars. (UPI, 

W Post, 2/7/69, A20) 

0 NASA awarded Grumann Aircraft Engineering Corp. $3,438,400 supplemental agreement for changes in Apollo lunar module contract. Modifications-to documentation and reporting procedures for LM test and 

42. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 6 

checkout, to flight and ground test hardware, to test and effect analyses, 

and to Crew safety hardware-brought total value of contract to $1.6 

billion since January 1963. (MSC Release 69-14) 

Washington Evening Star said: ‘‘As man’s horizon of space expands, the 

costs of maintaining an effective program expand in direct proportion. 

Already, the first limited steps have resulted in an economic burden 

that the richest nation in the world finds almost intolerable. If the adventure is to continue much longer, it will have to be as an international effort. Nixon’s inaugural statement raises the possibility that 

some international body, a sort of United Nations for space exploration, could be established to pool the talents and the resources of all 

nations. It is an idea well worth pursuing. (W Star, 2/6/69, A10) 

DOD announced month delay in site acquisition and construction work on 

Sentinel ABM system. Action had been taken previous week to permit 

review of program. At White House news conference President Nixon 

said, “I do not buy the assumption that the ABM system, the thin Sentinel system, as it has been described, was simply for the purpose of 

protecting ourselves against attack from Communist China.” System, 

like those U.S.S.R. already deployed, “adds to our overall defense 

capability.” (PD, 2/10/69, 228; WSJ, 2/7/69, 6) 

State Dept. announced AEC would join Australia in exploring economic, 

technical, and safety aspects of producing deep-water harbor at Cape 

Keraudren in northwestern Australia using atomic explosives. ( W Post, 

2/7/69, AS) 

February 7: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXV into orbit with 457-km 

(284-mi) apogee, 272-km (169-mi) perigee, 91.8-min period, and 

71’ inclination. Satellite reentered May 1. (GSFC SSR, 2/15/69; 

5/15/69) 

Aerobee 150 MI launched by NASA from WSMR carried Johns Hopkins 

Univ. payload to 101.7-mi (163.6-km) altitude to measure vacuum 

uv spectral emission lines from Venusian atmosphere. Experiment 

worked satisfactorily except for one second near end. No fine-mode 

acquisition was received and Vernier star-tracker could not track. No 

data on Venus were obtained. Terrestrial airglow data were obtained. 

(NASA Rpt SRL) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research 

Range carried Southwest Center for Advanced Studies payload to 

826-mi ( 133-km) altitude to investigate auroral disturbances. Rocket 

and instruments performed satisfactorily and payload was recovered 

successfully. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 Senate confirmed appointment of Dr. Lee A. DuBridge as Director of 

Office of Science and Technology. (CR, S1536-7) 

0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe said in Washington, D.C., 

that committee of academicians, committee within DOT, and committee 

representing other agency executives had begun extensive review for 

Nixon Administration to determine whether Government should continue subsidizing SST development. (Herbers, NYT, 2/8/69,1; Reuters, 

W Post, 2/8/69, A2) 

Royal Crown Cola International announced former Astronaut John H. 

Glenn, Jr., had become its president. He had been chairman since 

January 1967. (NYT, 2/8/69) 

Committee of air traffic controllers said it had evolved program which 

43 
February 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

would enable FAA to postpone restrictions scheduled to go into effect 

April 27 at five major airports. Professional Air Traffic Controllers 

Organization would petition Secretary of Transportation John A. 

Volpe to substitute “revamped procedures which would make operations safer and more efficient,” said F. Lee Bailey, counsel. Restrictions 

would curtail services into New York, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. 

(NYT, 2/8/69) 0 In Science, Walter Orr Roberts, President of University Corp. for Atmospheric Research, wrote : “Manned exploration of the moon will 

provide answers to age-long speculation about its nature. Perhaps even 

more important than what we find will be the fact that we have done 

it. The event will mark the successful attainment of a goal that demanded technological attainments of unprecedented complexity and 

difficulty. Our sights were set upon this goal nearly a decade ago by 

President Kennedy. I was, I confess, one who feared he had asked the 

impossible.” 

Weather forecasting-one example of earth-oriented use of space 

science-would require space satellites of new and sophisticated 

character. “We will not solve this problem unless we can somehow 

inspire atmospheric scientists of all the world to commit themselves to 

the goal. . . . Space technology is perhaps the most important single 

component of the technology development needed for success. What 

better use could be found for our incredible talents in space? After the 

moon, the earth!” (Science, 2/7/69) 

February 9: DOD’S Tucsut I Tactical Communications Satellite was successfully launched from ETR at 4:09 pm EST by Titan IIIC booster into 

synchronous equatorial orbit over Pacific. Orbital parameters : apogee, 

22,387 mi (36,020.7 km) ; perigee, 22,332 mi (35,932.2 km) ; period, 

1,446.6 min ; and inclination, 0.6”. The $30-million, 1,600-lb, cylindrical satellite would test feasibility of using satellite system to communicate over great distances with small military units such as aircraft, 

ships, and small ground stations. Tmsat I was powerful enough for 

ground forces to use portable receiving antennas as small as one foot 

in diameter. It also would test new gyrostat stabilization system. (W 

Star, 2/9-10/70; AP, w Post, 2/10/69, AI; GSFC SSR, 2/15/69; DOD 

Release 64-68; Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

Supercritical wing would be flight-tested on USN F-8 fighter at FRC, NASA 

announced. Airfoil shape had been developed in four-year wind-tunnel 

studies at Lam by Dr. Richafd T. Whitcomb. If wind-tunnel performance was achieved in flight, wing could improve performance and 

efficiency of future aircraft, particularly jet transports. It would allow 

efficient cruise flight near speed of sound at 45,000-ft altitude and 

reduce operational cost of subsonic flights by increasing operational 

range or permitting less fuel and more payload on faster schedules. 

Supercritical wing shape was developed to delay rise of drag force 

and onset of buffeting at high speeds. Flattened top was designed to 

reduce intensity of airflow disturbances; downward curve at rear of 

wing supplied lift lost by flattening. Flight program would evaluate 

behavior of wing in actual flight with both high-lift maneuvering and 

off -design performance, and determine sensitivity of supercritical wing 

to wing-contour variations associated with manufacturing processes 

and deformations due to flight loads. (NASA Release 69-27) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 9 

February 9: NASA announced the supercritical wing, a new ajrfoil shape developed in 

four years of wind-tunnel studies ut Langley Research Center, would be flight-tested on a USN F-8 fighter at the Flight Research Center. Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb, inventor 

of the design expected to improve performance of subsonic jet transports, stood with 

his model in the test section of the wind tunnel at Lam. 

9 Meteorite broke into fragments in air and fell near Pueblito de Allende, 

Chihuahua, Mexico. Scientists at MSC Lunar Receiving Laboratory and 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory later reported from tests of fragments 

that meteorite was chondrite (C3 and C4) with opaque and microcrystalline matrices. Gamma rays from short-lived isotopes were observed in specimens brought to low-background gamma counter less 

than 4% days after fall. (Science, 2/28/69, 928-9) 

9 Boeing Co. test pilot Jack Waddell flew 3554011, $20-million prototype 

of 490-passenger Boeing 747 jet transport from Paine Field, near 

Seattle, Wash., for 1 hr 15 min of scheduled 21/2-hr maiden flight. 

Waddell returned aircraft to field after encountering “minor malfunction” of wing surface control while lowering wing flaps to 30” angle. 

Later he said aircraft was “a pilot’s dream” which could be “flown 

with two fingers” and indicated flap misalignment would not delay 

45 
February 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

further testing. The 210-ft-long 747 used only 4,500 ft of runway to 

become airborne at 170 mph. Spectators were impressed with quietness 

of its engines. ( W Post, 2/10/69, 1 ; AP, W Star, 2/10/69, AS) 

* Lunar module was “first manned spacecraft ever built that’s not tough 

enough to survive a return to earth,” said Thomas O’Toole in Washington Post. Vehicle from which two astronauts would descend to 

moon’s surface in summer 1969 was 23 ft high, weighed 8,000 Ibs, and 

carried 12 tons of propellant. It contained 25 mi of electrical wiring 

and more than a million parts, most of which had been designed “from 

scratch,” held together by 216,000 “pins.” Pin bent more than five 

degrees out of shape would have to be replaced. NASA had contracted 

for 15 LMS at total cost of $1.9 billion from Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., which had taken six years to get it from drawing 

board to launch pad. (W Post, 2/9/69, B2) 

* In Brussels, Astronaut Frank Borman and family attended dinner given 

in his honor at palace by King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola. Borman 

showed ApoZZo 8 film. (NASA Int Aff; AP, B Sun, 2/10/69) 

* Hungary and Romania had issued souvenir stamps commemorating 

ApoZZo 8 mission and astronauts, U.S. newspaper philatelic columns 

announced. Photograph taken from Gemini ZV of Arabian coast provided design for new stamp in sultanate of Muscat and Oman. (Faries, 

W Star, 2/9/69, D10; AP, W Post, 2/9/69, K8) 

Johns Hopkins Univ. associate professor of mechanics, Dr. Robert L. 

Green, had designed and perfected “visualization apparatus for X-ray 

crystallography,” device which permitted continuous observations of 

changes in structure of atoms in metal under stress. Device could lead 

to discovery of hitherto unknown properties of metals, nonmetallic 

crystals, and living molecules; enable scientists to study changes in 

internal structure of metals during deformation caused by air and 

water pressure; enable scientists to project image of atomic structure 

on closed-circuit TV screen; and result in development of stronger 

submarine hulls, aircraft wings, and spacecraft. (Reuters, NYT, 

2/9/69, 92) 

FAA had awarded United Aircraft Corp. Pratt Sr Whitney Div. $665,241 

contract for two-year study to develop design for quieter jet aircraft 

engines. (NYT, 2/9/69, 94) 

* Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and his first-grade school teacher, Mrs. 

Peggy Crowley, would receive 1969 Golden Key Awards from six 

national school organizations at annual convention of American Assn. 

of School Administrators, Atlantic City, N.J., Feb. 15, Parade reported. Awards had been founded to dramatize teacher’s role in US. 

life. (Parade, 2/9/69, 4) 

* In Washington Post, Thomas O’Toole said NASA Administrator was “the 

last big Federal post President Nixon has left unfilled.” He asked, “Is 

it because he can’t find the man he wants? Is it because no man he wants 

wants the job? Or is Mr. Nixon playing with the possibility of appointing [Acting Administrator Thomas 0.1 Paine to the post of Administrator?” Washington “space watchers” felt job could not be kept 

vacant much longer, “if only because the program to land American 

astronauts on the moon is rapidly nearing its goal.” ( W Post, 2/9/69, 

All) 

New York Times editorial: “The Congressional pressure that spurred the 

46 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 February 9 

Nixon Administration to halt deployment of the Sentinel antiballistic 

missile system signals a healthy new disposition on Capitol Hill to 

challenge the military-industrial complex, against which President 

Eisenhower warned eight years ago.” (NYT, 2/9/69, 12) 

February 10: NAS published NRC Div. of Engineering’s Useful Applications 

of Earth-Oriented Satellites, Report of the Central Review Committee 

of NRC Summer Study on Space Applications, prepared for NASA. Study 

concluded that space applications program was “too small by a factor 

of two or three.” Benefits from program were expected to be large, 

“certainly larger than the costs of achieving them.” However, “an extensive, coherent, and selective program” would be required to achieve 

benefits. 

Committee recommended that NASA give greater emphasis to earthsatellite programs with promise of beneficial applications, commit additional funds to expanded R&D and prototype operations for certain 

applications, and commit $200 million to $300 million yearly to space 

applications program. Manned space programs should be justified in 

their own right, not in terms of space applications; near-term benefits 

for mankind would be achieved “more effectively and economically 

with automated devices and vehicles.” 

Noting that in meteorology and communications “satellites have already entered solidly into the area of economic usefulness,” report 

recommended that NASA grant high priority to development of multichannel distribution system for public and private network TV; multichannel system for educational broadcasts in developing countries and 

for special interest groups such as physicians, lawyers, and educators; 

and North Atlantic satellite navigation system for traffic control of 

transoceanic aircraft and ships. Satellite earth-sensing was dependent 

on R&D in sensor signatures-form of information provided by instruments. Report recommended immediate pilot program for providing 

information in familiar and immediately usable form, exploration into 

use of side-looking radar, and start of 10- to 12-yr development plan 

for more sophisticated sensors. (Text; NRC Release) 

ApoZZo 8 mission (Dec. 21-27, 1968) was adjudged successful by NASA. 

All objectives of manned circumlunar mission were attained, as well 

as four detailed test objectives not originally planned. (NASA Proj Off) 

* MSFC announced it would manage two recently awarded $300,000 sixmonth contracts, one to Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. and one to 

General Dynamics Corp., for conceptual study of low-cost, manned 

logistics (space shuttle) system. Similar study contracts awarded to 

North American Rockwell Corp. and to McDonnell Douglas Astronautics co. would be managed by MSC and LaRC. Integral Launch and 

Reentry Vehicle ( ILRV) studies would investigate aspects of reusable 

transportation system for post-1974 use in support of proposed space 

stations. 

MSFC also announced $3,288,914 modification to contract with Boeing Co. for continued configuration management support on Saturn V 

launch vehicle program, including processing of vehicle and ground 

support equipment configuration changes, configuration accounting, 

and change integration and tracking. ( MSFC Releases 69-34, 69-35) 

* General Accounting Office released report to Congress, Need for Improved Guidelines in Contracting for Research with Government-Spon47 
February 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

sored Nonprofit Contractors. It called for Government-wide guidelines 

on amounts and use of fees or management allowances given by DOD, 

NASA, and AEC Federal contract research centers. GAO found allowances 

paid to nonprofit organizations varied significantly, were not much 

used for research, and had been spent by some centers to acquire extensive capital facilities. (Text) 

USAF contract awards : $4,305,295 fixed-price contract to Computer 

Sciences Corp. for services and supplies to develop, install, operate, 

test, and maintain hardware to improve capabilities of space tracking 

equipment; and $1,600,000 initial increment to $4,200,000 fixed-price 

contract to United Technology Center for KSC launch and support services. (DOD Release 102-69; WSJ, 2/11/69, 17) 

Febrllary 11: Initial thermal and vacuum testing of flight model of SERT I1 

(Space Electric Rocket Test) in preparation for fall 1969 launch had 

been completed, LeRC announced. SERT 11, second flight test in develop 

ment of ion propulsion for space use and first LeRC orbital spacecraft, 

would be launched from WTR by Thorad-Agena booster into 621-mi 

(999.4-km) circular orbit to evaluate inflight performance of electronbombardment engines for six months or more. SERT I had carried first 

ion thruster to operate in space on suborbital mission July 20, 1964. 

(LeRC Release 69-2) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research 

Range carried Southwest Center for Advanced Studies payload to 

85.1-mi (137-km) altitude for comprehensive investigation of auroral 

disturbances during active auroral event. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and payload was recovered as planned. (NASA Rpt 

SRL) 

Q In Bonn during European tour, ApoZZo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman addressed enthusiastic crowd of 1,500 students and government officials 

after film showing on lunar mission in Beethoven Hall: “I believe this 

research will teach us that we are first and foremost not Germans or 

Russians or Americans but earthmen.” Borman met West German 

Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger at lunch and later discussed space 

research with Scientific Affairs Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg. He attended evening reception given by West German Air and Space Research Institute. (Falbe, B Sun, 2/12/69) 

U.S.S.R. had ordered 100 space pens developed for US. astronauts and 

1,000 special pressurized ink cartridges which enabled pen to write in 

weightlessness according to pen’s inventor, Paul C. Fisher. When he 

presented models of pen to Soviet Cosmonaut Alexey Leonov at German trade fair in 1968, Leonov said Soviet cosmonauts were writing 

with grease pencils during space flights and incurring difficulty with 

their flaking. (UPI, W Post, 2/13/69, D24) 

February 12: Pentagon sources estimated U.S.S.R. was spending equivalent 

of $60 billion in 1969 on national defense and space efforts, while US. 

was spending $85.2 billion, of which $29 billion was for Vietnam war. 

Figures left U.S.S.R. $4 billion ahead of US. in spending on weapon 

and space technology. Between 1965 and 1969, Soviet spending on 

offensive and defensive strategic forces increased by 40% but amount 

spent on intercontinental missiles and surface-to-air missile defense 

systems rose by 75%. (Kelly, W Star, 2/12/69, D4) 

Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried Naval 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 12 

Research Lab. payload to 116.8-mi (187.9-km) altitude to record 

photographically 18 EUV spectra of solar photosphere, chromosphere, 

and corona, using SPARCS and flight-design verification unit of highresolution spectrograph planned for ATM-A and ATM-B. Rocket and 

instruments performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SW) 

0 NASA launched Aerobee 150 sounding rocket from Churchill Research 

Range carrying Johns Hopkins Univ. payload to collect data on airglow. Mission did not meet minimum scientific requirements. ( NASA 

Proj Off) 

During visit to West Berlin, ApoUo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman drove 

past U.S.S.R.’s war memorial near Berlin wall and looked across wall 

into East Berlin. At Tempelhof airport Borman told press, “I was here 

before [during 1949 Berlin airlift] amid many bags of coal. There 

have been many space advances in the last two decades, yet we have 

so many troubles here on earth.” (C Trib, 2/13/69) 

MSFC announced it had issued $1,182,155 contract modification to Chrysler Corp. Space Div. for continued systems engineering and integration 

on Saturn IB launch vehicles. (MSFC Release 69-37) 

USAF F-lllA piloted by Capt. Robert Earl Jobe (USAF) and instructor 

pilot Capt. William D. Fuchlow (USAF) failed to return to Neliis AFB, 

Nev., after 750-mi training mission. USAF and Civil Air Patrol were 

searching area between Las Vegas, Nev., and Great Salt Lake. (UPI, 

W Star, 2/13/69, 1; AP, W Post, 2/14/69, A4) 

February 13-14: NASA successfully launched one Nike-Tomahawk and six 

Nike-Apache sounding rockets carrying chemical cloud experiments 

from NASA Wallops Station between 6:11 pm and 6:13 am EST. Rockets 

ejected vapor trails between 50- and 186-mi (80.5- and 299.3-km) 

altitudes to measure wind velocities and directions. Nike-Tomahawk 

launched at dusk and Nike-Apache launched at dawn carried sodium 

experiments which created reddish-orange trails. Other five payloads 

consisted of trimethylaluminum ( TMA) experiments which formed pale 

white clouds. Data were obtained by photographing continuously motions of trails from five ground-based camera sites. Launches were 

conducted for GCA Corp. under GSFC contract. 

In conjunction with vapor series USA Ballistics Laboratory at Aberdeen, Md., fired six projectiles containing cesium experiments to 

330,000-ft altitude between 8:07 pm and 6:23 am EST for comparative 

study of winds. Three experiments failed to eject chemical; dispersion 

of cesium from remaining Ihree projectiles was recorded by groundbased radar and ionospheric sounding stations. (WS Release 69-5; 

NASA Release 69-28; NYT, 2/14/69, 41) 

February 13: President Nixon’s Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, announced at his first Washington press conference that overall plan for 

next decade of US. space program would be drafted at President’s 

request by his office, NASA, NASC, and DOD for submission to President 

about Sept. 1. Charting “new directions, new goals and new programs 

for the entire United States Space program” was necessary. “Bringing 

to the benefit of people the marvelous space technologies that have 

been developed in the last decade and certainly orbiting satellites for 

the purpose of learning more about the earth must be an important 

element in our future space program,” Dr. DuBridge said. “Whole 

problem” was balance between that enterprise and planetary and lunar 

49 
February 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

exploration and “this is the problem which our group will seek . . . to 

bring into perspective as we project ahead and consider the budget 

problems that also lie ahead.” 

In answer to question on White House appointments, Dr. DuBridge 

said, “We have not yet located the right man” for either Administrator 

of NASA or Executive Secretary for Space Council. (Transcript; White 

House Memo) 

* Arthur S. Flemming Awards for 1969 were presented to 10 outstanding 

young men in Federal Government in Mayflower Hotel ceremony in 

Washington, D.C. Winners included James J. Kramer, Chief of LeRC 

Propulsions Systems Acoustics Branch, who kept solid rocket program 

“on schedule and within budgeted costs,” and Dr. Norman F. Ness, 

head of Extraterrestrial Physics Branch, GSFC, who made “significant 

contributions” to understanding space through Explorer satellite program. Dr. Richard E. Hallgren, Director of Commerce Dept.’s world 

weather systems, was named for “imaginative leadership” in recognizing and integrating requirements of oceanographers and meteorologists. 

(W Star, 2/13/69, B6; LeRC Release 69-3) 

* Washington Post reported Washington Airlines President Robert Richardson had said first scheduled STOL air shuttle in US. had lost more 

than $100,000, cut back operations 44%, and operated at less than 

half break-even load factor during first four months of service. He 

attributed most difficulties to start-up problems, including minor equipment shortcomings which had been corrected. Airline was lowering 

fares and could, said Richardson, break even in 12-18 mos. (Koprowski, W Post, 2/13/69, C9) 

* At GSFC, satellite mapping authority Dr. John A. O’Keefe was preparing 

first precise maps of Tibet using photographs taken from 100-mi altitude by US. astronauts and data obtained between 1890s and 1935 by 

Swedish explorer Sven Hedin during only extensive survey of area by 

outsider. Expedition’s survey sightings on mountain peaks were being 

applied to numerous photographs from space. Revised maps wouId be 

published in Sweden. (Sullivan, NYT, 2/13/69, 14) 

* Intelligence briefings to high DOD officials had indicated U.S.S.R. missile 

defense was three-quarters complete and had been slowed in recent 

months to improve its radar system, said William Beecher in New York 

Times. Briefings also indicated that antimissile system around Moscow, 

even when finished, would not alter balance of power between U.S.S.R. 

and US. or undermine US. retaliatory power. (NYT, 2/13/69, 1) 

February 14: ComSatCorp announced broadcasters had booked 40 hrs of 

satellite time for TV coverage of President Nixon’s European trip Feb. 

23-March 3. More than 17 hrs had been requested from abroad to 

date for coverage of Apollo 9 Feb. 28-March 3. (ComSatCorp Release 

69-8; W Star, 2/16/69, C6) 

* In Science Hudson Hoagland, President Emeritus of Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, commented on Condon Report on UFOS 

released Jan. 9, 1968: “The basic difficulty inherent in any investigation of phenomena such as those of psychic research or of UFO’s is that 

it is impossible for science ever to prove a universal negative. There 

will be cases which remain unexplained because of lack of data, lack 

of repeatability, false reporting, wishful thinking, deluded observers, 

rumors, lies, and fraud. A residue of unexplained cases is not a justifi50 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 14 

cation for continuing an investigation after overwhelming evidence 

has disposed of hypotheses of supernormality, such as beings from 

outer space or communications from the dead. . . . Science deals with 

probabilities, and the Condon investigation adds massive additional 

weight to the already overwhelming improbability of visits by UFO’s 

guided by intelligent beings.” (Science, 2/14/69, 625) 

* Leonard Mandelbaum in Science briefly examined history of US. decision to adopt Apollo program. “Cautious approach” to manned space 

flight gave way after impact of April 12, 1961, “Russian spectacular” 

-flight of Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin-and US. Cuban foreign 

policy fiasco, Bay of Pigs. “Congress acted without hearing testimony 

of compelling military need. The Apollo decision was made without 

reference to any comprehensive and integrated national policy designed 

to maximize the use of scientific and technological resources for social 

objectives. . . . It was a typical Cold War reaction.” (Science, 

2/14/69, 649) 

February 15: Project Tektite, multiagency-industry program to determine 

ability of men to perform scientific research mission while living isolated on ocean floor under saturated diving conditions for long period, 

began at St. John, Virgin Islands. Four US. aquanauts, Richard A. 

Waller, H. Edward Clifton, John G. Van Derwalker, and Conrad V. W. 

Mahnken jumped into sea at Beehive Cove and swam to “habitat,” 

underwater capsule moored 42 ft below sea level for 60-day experiments. Tektite program was jointly sponsored by USN, NASA, and Dept. 

of the Interior, with participation by US. Coast Guard. Prime contractor, General Electric Co., furnished undersea habitat. NASA and 

USN behavioral and biomedical teams would observe aquanauts continuously to identify psychological and physiological reactions to 

long-term mission performed in hostile and isolated environment 

common to undersea and space missions. (NASA OMSF PAO; Lannan, 

W Star, 2/16/69, A3; 2/17/69, A6) 

* Pope Paul VI received Apolb 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family for 

17-min audience in Papal library. Pope said in English, “Man’s reaching out to unravel the mysteries of the universe reveals more and more 

the wonders of God’s work and shows forth His glory.” Pope Paul 

sent personal greetings to Astronaut James W. McDivitt who had audience in 1967. (UPI, W Star, 2/16/69, C5) 

February 16: USN’S Sealab I11 project, in which five aquanaut teams were 

to spend 12 days each in 60-day test of man’s ability to work under 

water for long periods, started early when four of first team of nine 

men were dispatched to repair helium leak in 57 X 12-ft habitat, 600 

ft beneath Pacific Ocean off San Clemente Island, Calif. Remaining 

five aquanauts were scheduled to descend in pressurized personneltransfer capsules 12 hrs later to join colleagues in performing experiments in marine biology, geology, acoustics, and ecology. (B SUR, 

2/17/69, A7) 

February 17: Tenth anniversary of Vanguard II, fifth US.-IGY satellite, 

launched by NASA to produce cloud-cover images using two photocells. 

Wobbling had prevented interpretation of data. Satellite was still in 

orbit. (A&A 1915-60; GSFC SSR, 2/28/69) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carrying Southwest Center for Advanced Studies payload 

51 
February 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

to investigate auroral disturbances. Rocket and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 

USN suspended Sealab I11 project when veteran Aquanaut Berry L. Can- non was stricken while he and Aquanaut Robert A. Barth, Jr., were 

attempting to open habitat’s hatch after Cannon’s second dive to check 

gas leaks. He was pronounced dead of “cardiac arrest” in decompression chamber of mother ship U.S.S. Elk River and body was flown to 

San Diego for autopsy. First finding of autopsy was that Cannon did 

not die of heart attack. USN on Feb. 18 canceled project. (Stevens, 

NYT, 2/18/69, 1; 2/20/69, 93; O’Toole, W Post, 2/1&20/69; AP, 

W Star, 2/18/69, Al) 

President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of former NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology James M. 

Beggs as Under Secretary of Transportation. (PD, 2/24/69, 293) 

In Madrid during European goodwill tour, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank 

Borman placed wreath at statue of Columbus and met Cristobal Colon 

de Carvajal y Maroto, 17th duke of Veragua and hereditary “admiral 

of the ocean sea,” title created in 1537 for explorer’s son, Diego 

Columbus. (AP, C Trib, 2/18/69) 

USAF said ground test of F-111A had revealed large crack in test version 

of aircraft belly section to which movable wings were attached. NO 

F-111As would be grounded, as test did not indicate safety hazard to 

aircraft in service. Crack was not related to one detected Aug. 25, 1968. 

(UPI, W Post, 2/18/69, ALE; AP, W Star, 2/18/69, A6) 

February 18: Secretary of State William P. Rogers told Senate Foreign 

Relations Committee during hearings on nonproliferation treaty that 

he hoped U.S.-U.S.S.R. missile talks would be under way before it 

became necessary for U.S. to start deployment of proposed Sentinel 

ABM system. He said US. would have obligation under treaty to enter 

into strategic arms talks with U.S.S.R. and expressed hope such talks 

could begin within six months. (Transcript, 377-8) 

Rep. Charles H. Wilson (D-Calif.) introduced H.R. 7030, bill to encourage worldwide interest in US. developments and accomplishments 

in military and related aviation and equipment by authorizing Federal 

sponsorship of International Aeronautical Exposition in U.S., to be 

held not later than 1970. (Text) e In Washington Post review of Contact! The Story of the Early Birds by 

Henry Serrano Villard, John Osgood said: “Despite the technical complexities of the recent translunar injection, the mystique of flight remains undiminished 65 years after Orville Wright managed his mere 

120 feet of powered flight. Mystique or no, it is still difficult to comprehend what drove the early aeronauts to attempt feats which most 

often won them the contempt and ridicule of their countrymen.” 

(W Post, 2/18/69, B4) 

February 19: Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, told Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development of House committee 

on Science and Astronautics, “Our intellectual resources-not our material resources-are the limits to what we can now achieve.” During 

hearings on H.R. 35, bill to promote advancement of science and education of scientists through institutional grants to US. colleges and 

universities, he said: “We hear it said that if we only spent as much 

52 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 19 

money on urban programs as we did, say, on the atomic bomb project 

or on our space program, we could quickly solve the crisis in our 

cities. But let us not forget that we launched the Manhattan project and 

the space program only after, and not before . . . efforts in basic research over the previous 30 or 40 years had uncovered the knowledge 

which showed us how we could build atomic bombs or launch payloads 

into space. Neither the Manhattan project nor the space program could 

have been dreamed of 10 years before they started, because we did not 

even know enough to even formulate a development program. Now, in 

many . . . of our present crises we are in the same position as far as 

technology is concerned. We do not know enough about certain technologies and . . . many social phenomena to justify mounting a concentrated, technically based attack on these problems now. We must 

. . . greatly enhance . . . measures to relieve immediate suffering and 

injustice. But at the same time we must encourage and support new 

efforts to learn more, to extend our base of fundamental knowledge in 

science, technology, social science, so that we can move sure footedly 

toward long-range solutions.” (Transcript) 

Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R-Fla.) , introduced H.R. 465 “providing for the 

establishment of the Astronauts Memorial Commission to construct 

and erect with funds a memorial in the John F. Kennedy Space Center, 

Florida, or the immediate vicinity, to honor and commemorate the 

men who serve as astronauts in the US. space program.” (CR, 

2/19/69, H1087) 

House passed and returned to Senate S. 17, bill to amend Communications Satellite Act of 1962 to provide for apportionment of ComSatCorp 

directors according to percentages of stock held by public and communications corporations. (CR, 2/19/69, H1037-40) 

February 20: NASA announced appointment of Dr. Hans M. Mark, Chairman 

of Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, Univ. of California at Berkeley, as 

Director of Ames Research Center. He would succeed H. Julian Allen, 

who had announced retirement Oct. 25, 1968, but had remained as 

Acting Director. Dr. Mark, expert in nuclear and atomic physics, was 

also Reactor Administrator of Univ.’s Berkeley Research Reactor, research physicist at Univ.’s Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, and consultant to USA and NSF. Clarence A. Syvertson, Director of Astronautics 

at ARC, was appointed to newly created position of ARC Deputy Director. 

Both appointments were effective Feb. 28. Because of prior commitments, Dr. Mark would spend one-fifth of his time at ARC until July 

1969. (NASA Release 69-32; ARC Astrograrn, 2/24/69, 1) 

* Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird told Senate Foreign Relations Committee during hearings on nuclear nonproliferation treaty that US. 

should go forward with Sentinel system if DOD review found it “practical” and “effective,” since U.S.S.R. was working on “sophisticated 

new ABM system.” Curtailment in Soviet missile construction during 

past few months, Laird said, was due to R&D testing on more sophisticated system. U.S.S.R. had been outspending US. three to one in 

missile defense and “substantial” network around Moscow was halfway 

complete. (Transcript, 419-20) 

* Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family ended official goodwill 

tour of Western Europe with lecture and luncheon in Lisbon. During 

53 
February 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

final European news conference previous day, he had predicted US. 

would put man on moon in summer 1969 “if everything goes well.” 

(UPI, W Star, 2/20/69, A8) 

* NASA launched Nike-Apache sounding rocket from Churchill Research 

Range carrying Southwest Center for Advanced Studies payload to 

investigate auroral disturbances. Mission was unsuccessful. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

At annual dinner of Washington Academy of Sciences, GSFC engineer 

Charles R. Gunn received Academy’s award for “noteworthy discovery, 

accomplishment, or publication” in engineering field for his work as 

technical director of Thor-Delta launch vehicle. (GSFC Delta Proj Mgr; 

AP, W Star, 2/21/69, C10) 

* First International Aviation Service Award, financed by contributions 

from FAA employees and established in June 1968 by retiring FAA exeeutive Alfred Hand, was presented in Washington to Theodore C. Uebel, 

International Liaison Officer for FAA, for “outstanding aecomplishments in furthering the interests of the United States in international 

aviation.” (FAA Release 69-17) 

* Eugene Luther Vidal, who as Director of Air Commerce of Dept. of Commerce (1933-1937) promoted growth of US. civil aviation, died at 

age 73 in Palos Verdes, Calif. He had furthered construction of airports and beacons, encouraged private flying and manufacture of small 

aircraft, advanced commercial aviation, and reorganized Government 

control of commercial flights. After leaving Commerce Dept. he had 

established research laboratory near Camden, N.J., where he developed 

process for making airframe parts from molded plywood. (NYT, 

2/21/69, 43) 

February 21: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family returned from 

European goodwill tour made on behalf of President Nixon. At Andrews AFB, Md., Borman told press on arrival that Europeans found 

it hard to believe US. “could spend all that money on its space program and still make public everything we learned.” He said reception 

had been uniformly friendly, “but they would hesitate to ask us questions, because they assumed . . . information about the Apollo 8 flight 

must be classified.” Borman and family reported at Capitol to Vice 

President Spiro T. Agnew, Chairman of NASC. Borman told press conference he had found “extreme identification of people in all walks of 

life in Europe with our flight. They were very well informed about it 

and looked on us as representatives of Earth. I hope that feeling of 

comradeship can continue.” (AP, W Post, 2/22/69, A2) 

ComSatCorp reported $6.841 million 1968 net income (68 cents per 

share), up from 1967 net income of $4.638 million (46 cents per 

share). Improvement had resulted primarily from net operating income of $988,000, which contrasted with 1967 net operating loss of 

$642,000. ( ComSatCorp Release 69-10) 

President Nixon approved “Policy on Expanded Use of Federal Research 

Facilities by University Investigators” which directed Federal agencies 

to make equipment in Federal laboratories more readily available to 

qualified university scientists. He directed Dr. Lee A. DuBridge to 

monitor execution of policy with help of Federal Council for Science 

and Technology, which had recommended adoption. (PD, 3/3/69, 

304) 

54 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 21 

* FAA announced award of $35,426,283 contract to UNIVAC Federal Systems 

Div. of Sperry Rand Corp. for automated radar tracking systems (ARTS 

111) to be installed at more than 60 major U.S. airports. (FAA Release 

February 23: President Nixon arrived in Belgium at start of eight-day 

goodwill visit to heads of state in Brussels, London, Bonn, West Berlin, Rome, Paris, and the Vatican. In welcoming speech at Brussels 

National Airport, King Baudouin said: “During this year, which will 

perhaps be that of man’s first landing on the moon, we are more than 

ever conscious of the gulf between the wonderful possibilities open to 

us and the obligations which burden the world because of war, want, 

injustice, and inequality. May your journey and your interviews provide an opportunity for friendly nations better to combine their efforts 

to solve their problems on which the very future of mankind depends.” 

(PD, 3/3/69, 310) 

February 24-28: NASA’s Mariner VI (Mariner F) spacecraft was successfully 

launched from ETR by Atlas-Centaur (SLV-3C) booster on five-month, 

226-million-mi, direct-ascent trajectory toward Mars-NASA’s first of 

two attempts to conduct Mars flyby missions during 1969 launch window. Launch vehicle performance and spacecraft injection were nominal. Spacecraft separated from Centaur, deployed its four solar panels, 

locked its sensors on sun and star Canopus, and entered cruise mode, 

where it remained with all subsystems performing satisfactorily while 

trajectory was refined. Midcourse maneuver was successfully conducted 

Feb. 28 to ensure that spacecraft would fly within 2,200 mi (3,540.5 

km) of Mars July 31. 

Primary mission objective was equatorial flyby mission for exploratory investigations of Mars to set basis for future experiments, particularly those relevant to search for extraterrestrial life. As secondary 

objective spacecraft would develop technology needed for succeeding 

Mars missions. The 840-lb spacecraft carried six complementary experiments to provide information about Martian surface and atmosphere. Mission offered first opportunity to make scientific measurements 

on night side of Mars. Two onboard TV cameras would take pictures 

of Mars disc during approach with 15-mi optimum resolution and of 

surface during flyby with 900-ft optimum resolution. Infrared spectrometer and uv spectrometer would probe Mars atmosphere, and occultation experiment would obtain data on atmospheric pressures and 

densities. Infrared radiometer would measure surface temperatures on 

both light and dark sides of Mars; celestial mechanics experiment 

would use tracking information to refine astronomical data. Sharp 

increase in data returns would be achieved over 1964 Mariner missions. 

Mariner VI TV pictures would contain 3.9-million bits of information; 

Mariner IV contained 240,000 bits in 1965. Mariner VI would transmit science data at basic rate of 270 bps and high rate of 16,200 bps 

before flyby; Mariner IV transmitted at 8 1/3 bps. 

Mariner VI was follow-on to 1964 Mariner/Mars missions and precursor to 1971 orbital and 1973 landing missions. First Mars probe, 

Mariner 111 (launched Nov. 4, 1964) , had failed to achieve desired 

orbit when shroud remained attached to spacecraft. Mariner IV 

(launched Nov. 28, 1964) had transmitted first close-up photos of 

Mars in July 1965. Mariner VI1 (Mariner G) would be launched 

69-22) 

55 
February 24-28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

March 24. Mariner program was directed by OSSA Lunar and Planetary 

Programs Div. Project management and responsibility for spacecraft, 

mission operations, and tracking and data acquisition were assigned 

to JPL. Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle was managed by LeRC. (NASA 

Proj Off; NASA Release 69-26) 

February 24: At State Dept. meeting of more than 60 INTELSAT member 

nations, U.S. delegation chairman Leonard H. Marks said, “I can 

think of no more important step we can take towards reducing world 

tensions than that of broadening communications links between power 

nations representing different political systems”-as U.S.S.R. and 13 

other observer nations listened. In written memorandum, France had 

questioned whether strong centralized system desired by U.S. could or 

should be established and urged that any new agreement leave participating countries free to join other satellite systems. (Samuelson, W 

Post, 2/5/69, D5) 

* Federal Council for Science and Technology transmitted to NASA “Policy 

on Expanded Use of Federal Research Facilities by University Investigators” approved by President Nixon Feb. 21. (NASA Off of Policy 

Memo, 3/14/69) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew told American Management Assn. 

briefing on oceanography in Washington, D.C., that Nixon Administration was not yet ready to endorse concept of “a wet NASA”-marineoriented Government agency. As Chairman of National Council on 

Marine Resources and Engineering Development he was studying 

opinions of advocates of such an agency, as well as [Jan. 111 report 

by Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources. 

(Smith, NYT, 2/25/69, 53) 

February 24-March 3: First documented pulsar acceleration was discovered 

in Pulsar PSR 0833-45 in Vela constellation in southern sky by JPL 

radio-astronomers Paul Reichley and Dr. George S. Downs, using 85- 

foot dish antenna at Goldstone, Calif. While pulsars normally showed 

moderate but steady slowing in pulse rate, Vela’s rate accelerated, then 

slowed at slightly faster rate than before, during week‘s observation. 

Findings in NASA-sponsored research were confirmed by Parkes Observatory astronomers in Australia. ( JPL Release BB-513, 4/16/69) 

February 25: Cosmos CCLXVI was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 

336-km (208.8-mi) apogee, 202-km ( 125.5-mi) perigee, 89.8-min 

period, and 72” inclination. Satellite reentered March 5. (GSFC SSR, 

2/28/69; 3/15/69; AP, W Post, 2/26/69) 

NASA’s Os0 V (launched Jan. 22) had successfully completed more than 

496 earth orbits and had satisfactorily operated all spacecraft systems, 

including raster scan and both tape records. Torque coil had been 

turned on Jan. 25 to help minimize spacecraft pitch motions and reduce gas consumption. Primary objectives had been achieved and 

Os0 V had acquired scientific data from eight onboard experiments. 

(NASA Proj Off) 

* President Nixon addressed US. Embassy staff in London during eightday goodwill visit to European heads of state: “You have had a very 

distinguished visitor to this country, Frank Borman, a few days ago. . . . I recall when I was at the White House I was congratulating him in a 

toast for what he and his fellow astronauts had done. . . . He said, ‘We 

appreciate the remarks you have made about us.’ But, he said, ‘I 

56 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 25 

want to point out that there are 400,000 Americans who, in one way 

or another, contributed to the building of the Apollo spacecraft and 

to this program.’ He said, ‘I want to point out that there are 2 million 

parts in an Apollo spacecraft. So, if something went wrong with 

one of those parts, which had been created by these 400,000 Americans, that tremendous, exciting journey around the moon could not 

have been possible.’ That, of course, is what government is about.” 

* NASA announced selection of 38 scientists organized into eight teams 

to assist in design and development of Martian softlander for 1973 

Viking missions. Teams would participate in early instrument development, designing softlander, and planning missions. Final selection of investigations and participating scientists for both landers and 

orbiters making up 1973 Viking missions would be made December 

1969, when initial results of Mariner flybys of Mars in summer 1969 

would be available. Planetary Programs Directorate would have management responsibility for Viking Mars 1973 mission; LaRC had been 

assigned overall project management and direct responsibility for 

managing planetary lander portion; JPL had management responsibility for orbiter spacecraft. (NASA Release 69-31) 

* County Coroner Robert L. Creason in San Diego, Calif., gave official 

cause of Feb. 17 death of Aquanaut Berry L. Cannon in Sealab I11 

as “acute hemorrhagic pulmonary edema and congestion due to acute 

cardiorespiratory failure due to carbon dioxide poisoning.” Earlier 

USN spokesman had acknowledged that one of rigs used by Cannon 

and colleagues on fatal dive contained canister empty of chemical 

used to absorb carbon dioxide from aquanauts’ air supply. USN opened 

formal inquiry Feb. 26. (UPI, NYT, 2/25/69, 28; AP, W Star, 

2/25/69, A7) 

USAF and Lockheed Georgia Co. jointly announced six-month delay in 

C-5A production schedule attributed to labor strikes and material 

shortages caused by Vietnam war. First aircraft would be delivered 

to USAF in December rather than June. Announcement followed successful test flight during which 250-ton aircraft reached complete 

stop on 1,500 ft of runway--1/4 distance required by conventional 

85-ton airliners. (Lindsay, NYT, 2/26/69; AP, J7 Post, 2/27/69, 

A18) 

FAA announced it had amended its Dec. 3 rule intended to ease congestion at five of Nation’s busiest airports. Amendments provided for 

extra sections of scheduled air carrier flights without regard to established quotas at all airports except John F. Kennedy, increase in 

flight quotas at Kennedy between 5:OO pm and 8:OO pm, effective 

date June 1 instead of April 27, and termination date of Dec. 31. 

(FAA Release 69-23) 

* Senate Foreign Relations Committee recommended U.S. ratification of 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty and said it would send treaty to Senate 

floor for action by March 6. (W Post, 2/26/69, A5) 

February 26: NASA successfully launched Essa IX (TOS-G) ninth meteorological satellite in ESSA’S Tiros Operational Satellite ( TOS) system from 

ETR by three-stage Thrust-Augmented Thor-Delta (DSV-3E) booster. 

Primary NASA mission objective was to place and operate spacecraft in 

sun-synchronous orbit with local equator crossing time between 2 :15 

(PD, 3/10/69, 341-2) 

57 
February 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

pm and 2 :35 pm so that daily advanced-vidicon-camera-system ( AVCS) 

pictures of entire globe could be obtained regularly and dependably. 

Satellite achieved nearly polar, sun-synchronous, circular orbit with 

934.6-mi ( 1,503.8-km) apogee, 8M.4-mi ( 1,423.9-km) perigee, 115.2- 

min period, and 101.8' inclination. 

An advanced version of cartwheel configuration, 320-lb cylindrical 

Essa IX carried flat plate radiometer to measure atmosphere's heat 

balance and two AVCS cameras for daily global weather coverage. 

Photos would be stored on board satellite on magnetic tape until 

readout by ESSA'S Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) stations at 

Fairbanks, Alaska, and Wallops Island, Va. Satellite was backup to 

ensure full coverage after failure of one AVCS camera on Essa VII 

(launched Aug. 16, 1968) and would be primary stored-data satellite 

in TOS system. 

Spacecraft was placed in wheel mode and spin rate was adjusted. 

Only anomaly was 20 rpm spin rate (rather than expected 10 rpm) 

after spacecraft spin-down. 

ESSA financed and managed TOS system and would operate spacecraft 

after NASA completed checkout in month. GSFC was responsible for 

procurement, launch, and initial checkout of spacecraft in orbit. 

(NASA Proj Off; ESSA Release ES-69-9) * U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXVIZ from Baikonur Cosmodrome. Orbital parameters : apogee, 331 km (205.7 mi) ; perigee, 202 km ( 125.5 

mi) ; period, 89.8 min; and inclination, 65'. Satellite reentered March 

6. (GSFC SSR, 2/28/69; 3/15/69; SBD, 2/27/69, 212; C Trib, 

2/27/69) 

* LeRC announced it had completed assembly of Brayton Cycle space power 

generating system, which appeared promising as source of electrical 

power for space flights up to five years long. Self-supporting, closedloop system operated when mixture of helium and xenon was heated 

to 1,600"F and circulated to drive turbine. Turbine operated alternator 

providing electric power and also compressor that helped circulate 

gas through system. Cycle would undergo tests in simulated space environment in summer. (LeRC Release 68-9) 

* Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced President Nixon 

had nominated John H. Shaffer, Vice President of TRW Inc., as Federal 

Aviation Administrator. Shaffer would replace Acting FAA Administrator, David D. Thomas, who would remain as Deputy Administrator. 

(DOT Release 2469) 

* MSFC announced it had extended contract with Mason-Rust for continued 

support services at Michoud Assembly Facility for six months. Contract modification amounted to $3,786,203. ( MSFC Release 6946) 

February 27: NASA postponed Apollo 9 earth-orbital mission, scheduled for 

launch Feb. 28, after intensive medical examinations of prime crew 

revealed viral infections. (W Star, 2/27/69, Al) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill 

Research Range carrying Rice Univ. payload to conduct auroral 

studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj 

Off) * White House announced President Nixon had established interdepartmental ad hoc committee to review SST program's technology, commercial potential, schedule and costs, and environmental side-effects, par58 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 27 

ticularly sonic boom phenomenon. Secretary of Transportation 

James M. Beggs was designated c n of 11-member committee, 

which also included Presidential Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DUBridge; Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr.; and 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator Charles W. Harper. (PI), 

3/3/69, 329-30) 

Commemorative stamp to be issued May 5 in honor of Dec. 21-27, 1968, 

ApoZZo 8 mission would include phrase “In the beginning God . . .” 

on photo of earth as seen from moon, taken by Apollo 8 crew. Post- ‘ 

master General Winton M. Blount said phrase, read from Genesis by 

Astronaut William A. Anders during lunar orbit Christmas Eve 1968, 

would be included in response to many requests. Stamp would be first 

US. stamp with religious wording since 1961. (UPI, W Post, 2/28/69) 0 FHC announced award to Serv-Air Inc. of one-year, cost-plus-award-fee 

contract for administrative technical support services. Contract, estimated at $750,000 per year, included provision for two one-year extensions. ( FRC Release 7-69) 

February 28: NASA and British Science Research Council (SRC) had agreed 

to conduct cooperative project to launch fourth Ariel satellite, NASA 

announced. Ariel IV would be launched by Scout booster from WTR 

in late 1971 or early 1972 carrying one U.S. and four U.K. experiments 

to explore interactions among plasma-charged particle streams and 

electromagnetic waves in upper atmosphere. SRC would be responsible 

for spacecraft design, fabrication, and testing; NASA would provide 

Scout launch vehicle. Both agencies would participate in tracking, data 

acquisition, and data reduction. (NASA Release 69-35) 0 Tenth anniversary of DOD’S 1,450-lb Discoverer I satellite successfully 

launched into polar orbit by Thor-Agena booster. Tracking acquisition 

was hampered by stabilization difficulties and satellite reentered in early 

March 1959. 

Agena launch vehicle-most widely used booster in U.S.-had completed more than 250 successful flights in DOD and NASA operations since 

its first mission Feb. 28,1958, and had carried first spacecraft to achieve 

circular orbit, first to be controlled in orbit by ground command, and 

first propelled from one orbit to another. It had been continually updated and used as versatile, multipurpose vehicle. (A&A 1915-60; 

Space Propulsion, 2/28/69, 199) 

Canadian Black Brant IIIB sounding rocket launched by NASA from 

Wallops Station reached 134-mi (215.6-km) altitude on first of two 

flights to evaluate improved Black Brant IIIB single-stage rocket and 

to provide data for payload environmental test specification [see 

May 11. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Lam issued RFPS for design and financial proposals for planetary lander 

and project integration portions of NASA’s Viking project. Viking spacecraft-consisting of lander and orbiter-were to be procured for two 

planned flights to Mars to search for scientific data in 1973. (NASA 

Release 69-36) 

* NASA announced it would negotiate with North American Rockwell Corp. 

for modifications to four Apollo spacecraft for Apollo Applications 

program. Combined value of spacecraft and modifications was estimated at $340 million. (NASA Release 69-34) 

In Science, Bryce Nelson reviewed Science Policy in the USSR, study 

59 
February 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

relative unavailability of testing facilities. Central planning system in 

U.S.S.R. reinforced separation between R&D establishments and industry and contributed to reluctance of factories to innovate. Increas. 

ing use of contract system, with industries placing growing number 

of R&D contracts with institutions of higher learning, was helping bridge 

gap between research centers and industry. (Science, 2/28/69, 917-8) 

During February: In Astronautics & Aeronautics editorial written just 

before his appointment as Secretary of Air Force, incoming AIAA President, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., said: “I believe that to understand 

adequately the challenges that confront those of us in aeronautical and 

aerospace activities, we must take as our perspective the commitments 

that challenge the nation as a whole. President Eisenhower, President 

Kennedy, and President Johnson, each in his own way, had a major 

impact on aeronautics and astronautics. And for each, his support of 

aerospace was a function of his belief that such efforts were instrumental in the accomplishment of national goals. In the future, as in 

the past, governmental support of aerospace will be based largely on 

its demonstrated relevance to the needs of the nation.” (A&A, 2/69, 

26-7) 

60 
March 1969 

March 1: Terminal countdown for Apollo 9 mission, scheduled for launch 

1O:OO pm EST. (NASA Proj Off) 

d Report to the President and the Congress for the 

Calendar Year 1968. Highlights included completion of three new 

ground stations in US. and seven in foreign countries, successful 

launch and operation of Zntelsat-ZZZ F-2 (Dec. 18, 1968), increase 

in INTELSAT membership to 63 nations, award of $72-million contract 

to Hughes Aircraft Co. for four Intelsat IV satellites, and phasing out 

of regular service of Intelsat Z (Early Bird) after 42 mos of commercial service with 100% reliability. 

In 1968 ComSatCorp realized net income of $6,841,000 (68 cents 

per share), 47% increase over $4,638,000 (46 cents per share) earned 

in 1967. Revenues for 1968 totaled $30,495,000; they were $18,464,000 

in 1967. Utilization of comsat system continued to increase, with 

ComSatCorp leasing 941 full-time circuits at end of 1968, up from 

717 at end of 1967 and 73 at end of 1966. Demand for TV coverage 

of world news events increased, with 666 hrs of TV transmitted via 

satellite during 1968-nearly three times as many hours as in 1967. 

(Text; Annual Rpt to Shareholders) 

March 2: Sud-Aviation chief test pilot Andre Turcat flew Anglo-French 

supersonic Concorde 001 prototype airliner in successful 27-min 

maiden flight from Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, France. Inclement 

weather, which had delayed event originally scheduled for. Feb. 28, 

forced holding 193-ft-long, 200,000-lb aircraft to altitudes below 3,000 

ft and maximum speed of 350 mph. Concorde was designed to fly at 

1,400 mph at 12,000-ft altitude. Turcat pronounced flight “very satisfactory” and said aircraft “behaved perfectly” in 90” sweep around 

area. U.K. prototype would fly in six weeks and air worthiness certificates were hoped for by manufacturers Sud-Aviation and British 

Aircraft Corp. by end of 1972, so aircraft could enter service in 1973. 

(BAC PIO; AP, W Star, 3/3/69, A7; Wentworth, W Post, 3/3/69, A3) 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at 

MSC, told preflight press conference Apollo 9 astronauts were “in a 

real fine state of health” for March 3 launch. Although two astronauts 

still had some minor throat infection, it would not interfere with 

planned launch time. Three-day postponement of launch from original 

Feb. 28 date had made possibility of inflight illness “exceedingly 

slim.” Only addition to spacecraft’s standard medical kit-which already included nasal emolient-might be throat lozenges. (Transcript) 9 President Nixon addressed U.S. Embassy staff in Paris before departure 

for visit with Pope Paul VI at Vatican and return to U.S. after goodwill tour: U. . . the success of a policy depends upon thousands of 

people around, in an embassy like this and an establishment like this, 

and millions around this world,” in same way that success of Apollo 8 

61 
March 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

March 2: Concorde 001, Anglo-French supersonic prototype airliner, lifted ofl on its 

maiden flight, from Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, France. (British Aircraft Corp. photo) 

had depended on 400,000 Americans working on project. (PD, 

3/10/69, 355) 

US. authorities reported U.S.S.R. had conducted mid-February testfiring of defense rocket that could intercept attacking missiles at 100 

to 450 mi from its launch site. Rocket appeared comparable to U.S. 

Spartan interceptor planned for U.S. ABM system. U.S.S.R. also was 

reported making progress on phased-array radar judged essential for 

swifi detection and handling of several attacking missiles at once. 

(Corddry, B Sun, 3/3/69, Al) 0 Thomas O’Toole in Washington Post observed similarities among astronauts. Of 23 who already had flown in space, 21 were either only sons 

or eldest sons. Pattern tied in, he said, with psychologists’ beliefs that 

only and eldest children tended to achieve more in life because they 

were disciplined more and trained and treated better by parents. Astronauts also were athletic, showed academic excellence, and had intense 

love of flying, O’Toole said. (W Post, 3/2/69) 

March 3-13: NASA’s Apollo 9 (AS-504), first manned flight of Apollo lunar 

module, was successfully launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, 

Pad A, at 11:OO am EST by Saturn V booster-for extensive LM tests, 

extravehicular activity, and CSM-LM separation, rendezvous, and docking to simulate activities after lunar landing. Flight carried LM-3 

and CSM-104. Launch had been postponed three days because crew 

had virus respiratory infections. 

Primary objectives were to demonstrate crew, space vehicle, and 

mission support facilities performance during manned Saturn V mission with CSM and LM; demonstrate LM and crew performance, demonstrate performance of nominal and selected backup lunar orbit 

rendezvous (LOR) mission activities; and assess CSM/LM consumables. Multispectral photography experiment was carried for first time 

62 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 3-13 

March 3-13: Apollo 9, first manned flight of the Apollo lunar module, successfully 

tested in space CSM-LM separation, rendezvous and docking, and extravehicular ac- tivities to simulate actions after a manned lunar landing. David R. Scott, pilot of 

the CM, stood in the open hatch of the docked CM with the earth as a backdrop, 

photographed by LM pilot Russell L. Schweickart from the porch of the LM. 

to provide photos of earth resources using several different film-filter 

combinations. 

Launch events occurred as planned and spacecraft, carrying Astronauts James A. McDivitt (commander), David R. Scott (CM pilot), 

and Russell L. Schweickart (LM pilot), entered initial orbit with 

119.5-mi (192.3-km) apogee and 117.6-mi (189.3-km) perigee. After 

63 
March 3-13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

post-insertion checkout CSM, code-named “Gumdrop,” separated from 

Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IVB) and LM, code-named “Spider.” Crew 

successfully transposed CSM and docked with LM, and docked spacecraft was separated from 3rd stage with RCS burn. Two s-IVB burns 

placed stage on earth-escape trajectory. Crew conducted first docked 

SPS burn. 

On second day crew tracked landmarks, conducted pitch and yaw 

roll maneuvers, and increased apogee by firing SPS engine three times. 

On third day, McDivitt and Schweickart entered LM through docking 

tunnel, evaluated LM systems, transmitted first telecast, and conducted 

first manned firing of LM descent propulsion system (DPS) . They then 

returned to CSM and conducted fifth SPS burn to circularize orbit. 

McDivitt and Schweickart reentered LM on fourth day and transmitted second telecast. Schweickart, recovered from earlier nausea, 

spent 37 min outside spacecraft, walking between LM and CSM hatches, 

maneuvering on handrails, and standing in “golden slipper” foot 

restraints. He commented on sun’s brightness, photographed spacecraft 

and earth, and described rain squalls over KSC before he and McDivitt 

returned to CSM. Scott opened CM hatch and retrieved thermal samples 

from CSM exterior. 

McDivitt and Schweickart reentered LM on fifth day to perform 

CSM-LM rendezvous. Scott separated CSM from LM and fired CSM 

reaction control system thrusters to place spacecraft about 3.4 mi 

(5.5 km) apart. LM DPS was ignited twice to set up rendezvous. LM 

descent stage was jettisoned and LM ascent propulsion system (APS) 

was fired to set up conditions for circularization. Although problems 

were encountered with crewman optical alignment sight ( COAS) because of extremely bright reflections, radar and optical sightings 

backed up by earth tracking enabled spacecraft to dock successfully 

after being up to 114 mi (183.5 km) apart during 61/2-hr separation. 

After McDivitt and Schweickart returned to CSM, crew jettisoned LM 

ascent stage and maneuvered to safe distance while stage burned to 

propellant depletion and entered orbit with 4,309-mi (6,934.5-km) 

apogee and 142.2-mi (228.8-km) perigee. By end of fifth day 97% 

of Apollo 9 objectives had been successfully accomplished. 

On sixth through ninth days crew conducted sixth and seventh SPS 

burns to alter apogee, tracked NASA’s Pegasus I11 meteoroid detection 

satellite (launched July 30, 1965), took multispectral photos of earth, 

tracked landmarks, exerciskd spacecraft systems, and prepared for 

reentry. 

Final SPS burn for deorbit on 10th day was delayed one revolution 

because of unfavorable weather in planned landing area. CM-SM separation, parachute deployment, and other reentry events were nominal; 

spacecraft reentered during 152nd revolution and splashed down in 

Atlantic 180 mi east of Bahamas at 12:53 pm EST March 13, 241 hrs 

53 secs after launch, within sight of recovery ship U.S.S. Guadalcanal. 

Crew was picked up by helicopter and flown to recovery ship within 

one hour after splashdown. 

Astronauts were welcomed by Guadalcanal crew and received congratulatory telegram message from President Nixon which said : “The 

epic flight of Apollo Nine will be recorded in history as ten days that 

thrilled the world. You have by your courage and your skill helped to 

64 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 3-13 

shape the future of man in space. The three of you and the great team 

which enabled you to complete your successful mission have shown the 

world that the spirit of man and his technological genius are eager to 

begin an age of adventure, an age which will benefit all the people on 

this good earth.” 

All primary Apollo 9 objectives were achieved and anomalies were 

not serious enough to alter mission operations or flight plan significantly. First manned flight of LM qualified last major component for 

lunar landing mission. 

Apollo 9 was sixth Apollo mission to date and third manned Apollo 

mission. Earlier unmanned Apollo flights had yielded all spacecraft 

information possible without crew on board. Apollo 4 (launched NOV. 

9, 1967) and Apollo 5 (launched Jan. 22, 1968) had both been highly 

successful, completing inflight tests of all major pieces of Apollo hardware. Apollo 6 (launched April 4, 1968), despite launch vehicle problems, had attained four of five primary objectives with spacecraft 

recovered in excellent condition. First manned Apollo mission, Apollo 7 

(Oct. 11-22, 1968), had achieved all primary objectives and verified 

operation of spacecraft for lunar-mission duration. Second manned 

mission, Apollo 8 (Dec. 21-27, 1968), proved capability of Apollo 

hardware and systems to operate out to lunar distances and return 

through earth’s atmosphere. 

Apollo program was directed by NASA Office of Manned Space 

Flight; MSC was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, MsFC 

for Saturn V launch vehicle, and KSC for launch operations. Tracking 

and data acquisition was managed by GSFC under overall direction of 

NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA Proj Off; NASA 

Releases 69-29, 69-33 ; PD, 3/17/69, 400) 

March 3: Following successful Apollo 9 launching, President Nixon issued 

statement: “The successful launching of the Apollo 9 spacecraft marks 

another milestone in the journey of man into space. The hopes and 

prayers of mankind go with Col. James A. McDivitt, Col. David R. 

Scott, and Mr. Russell Schweickart on their courageous mission. The 

genius of the American scientist and technological community, which 

created and designed the Saturn V, the command ship, and the lunar 

module, once again stirs the imagination and gratitude of the world. 

We are proud of this American adventure; but this is more than an 

American adventure. It is an adventure of man, bringing the accumulated wisdom of his past to the task of shaping his future. The 10-day 

flight of Apollo 9 will, we hope, do something more than bring 

America close to the moon; it can serve to bring humanity closer by 

dramatically showing what men can do when they bring to any task 

the best of man’s mind and heart.” (PD, 3/10/69, 356) 

* After watching Apollo 9 launch at KSC, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew 

-NASC Chairman-told press he would be special advocate for space 

program. “I will lend whatever thrust I can to nudge the President 

into an awareness of what I consider of overriding importance.” His 

interest in space was heightened by “the wonderful experience of 

visiting with astronauts, preparing for future missions,” and seeing 

dedication of workers in all jobs connected with program. (B Sun, 

3/4/69, A6) 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR with 

65 
March 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

VAM-20 booster carried GSFC experiment to 101.5-mi (163-km) altitude to search for cosmic x-ray radiation near Scorpius and north pole 

of galaxy. Rocket and experiments performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt 

SRL) 

* USAF announced it had selected TRW Inc. for initial increment of $14 

million to estimated $37,653,090 contract to design new, synchronous 

comsats for Phase I1 of Defense Satellite Communications System 

(DSCS) . New satellites would be used with small surface terminals. 

Steerable, narrow-beam antennas would focus portion of satellite 

energy to areas of 1,000- or 2,000-mi dia and could be steered to 

different locations on earth’s surface in minutes. Satellites could be 

moved to new position in days as needed. (DOD Release 148-69) 

March 4: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Titan IIIB-Agena booster into orbit with 279.6-mi (449.9-km) apogee, 

96.3-mi (155.0-km) perigee, 90.2-min period, and 92.0” inclination. 

Satellite reentered March 18. (GSFC SSR, 3/15/69; 3/31/69; SBD, 

3/7/69, 30; Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

NASA Acting Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, testifying before House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics on NASA FY 1970 authorization request, outlined goals in space and aeronautics toward which 

U.S. should move in next decade: 

“First-We should do all we can to understand and put into early 

use the promise of space for people here on earth. We should increase 

our scientific knowledge of the vital earth-sun relationship and study 

the earth itself from space. We should develop and experiment with 

new and improved practical applications of satellites, particularly in 

earth resources. We should continue to foster prompt introduction into 

the economy of space applications and technology. 

“Second-We should follow up the first Apollo landing with a sound 

program of manned lunar exploration. 

“Third-We should proceed with the development and experimental 

operation of a permanent U.S. space station in earth orbit. 

“Fourth-We should move out steadily in the exploration of deeper 

space, exploring the planets with unmanned probes and the sun, stars, 

and galaxies from orbital observatories outside the atmosphere. 

“Fifth-We should provide the technology for developing the full 

potential of US. civil and military aeronautics. 

“Sixth-We should maintain a strong momentum of broad technological advance in all aerospace disciplines.” 

Although NASA’s 1970 budget was “ ‘holding’ budget,” Dr. Paine 

said request did include funds for starting three principal new programs: Earth Resources Technology Satellite Program, with start of 

ERTS A and B development; NERVA flight-weight engine development, 

postponed from 1969; and series of planetary explorers for future 

flights to Venus and Mars. 

In period of “retrenchment and declining resources,” FY 1969 

operating budget was $762 million below FY 1968 budget and over 

$1 billion below FY 1967. Nationwide employment on NASA work had 

decreased from earlier peak of 420,000 to 2’70,000 at end of FY 1968, 

to about 215,000 at end of FY 1969, and under FY 1970 budget to 

about 190,000. (Testimony) * Apollo program after lunar landing was discussed by NASA Associate 

66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 4 

Administrator for Ma d Space Fight, Dr. George E. Mueller, before 

House Committee on ence and Astronautics hearing on NASA N 

1970 appropriations : “A thorough exploration plan has been evolved 

by the scientific community which will be initiated with the remainder 

of the fifteen Saturn V launch vehicles and Apollo spacecraft available 

under the Apollo program. Three initial phases of lunar exploration 

have been defined. The first phase will consist of landings that sample 

and observe the major classes of regions on the moon. To establish 

these norms, it will be necessary to land, carry out geological prospecting, and obtain rock and soil samples for return to earth from 

four separate sites. . . . “The second phase would include the investigation of the major 

classes of lunar anomalies. . . volcanic types, sinuous riverlike channelways, fracture zones and impact craters. Six additional sites have been 

identified as the minimum . . . to provide answers to basic questions 

about the moon and to evaluate locations of potential iesources, building materials or underground shelter openings. The third phase would 

be to tie together this information from 10 or more sites by making a 

remote sensing survey of the moon from lunar orbit.” 

Apollo Applications N 1970 budget provided for “continuation of 

flight hardware development and for integration of modified subsystems into hardware for a set of five earth-orbital flights.” Their completion in 1972 “terminates the manned flight activity until other 

manned flight programs are established.” (Testimony) 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin editorial on Apollo 9 mission: “In the 

first Apollo launchings, it was the taming of sheer, brute power that 

awed the on-looker. 

“At the moment of ignition, it was not what lay beyond the astronauts that gripped the millions watching TV. It was the question 

whether the huge Saturn V booster would respond to command, 

whether it would hurl the astronauts into orbit or collapse, toppling 

slowly into a furnace of its own making. 

“But with yesterday’s flawless Apollo 9 launch, the Saturn V booster 

seemed to emerge as a proven piece of space hardware. The preoccupation now is with the complexity, sophistication, the intricate workings of the most complicated of the several machines the United States 

has put together for the conquest of the moon. . . . In its sophistication 

and vulnerability, [the LM] is . . . an extension of man himself.” (P 

Bull, 3/4/69) 

0 A number of MIT scientists, in day-long work stoppage, gathered to 

discuss uses and misuses of scientific knowledge, including military 

research, university-Government relations, disarmament, and responsibilities of intellectuals. Similar programs were held on 30 campuses 

across country, and Univ. of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia canceled all 

undergraduate classes for day. (Reinhold, NYT, 3/5/69, 1) 

March 5: U.S.S.R. successfully launched two Cosmos satellites. Cosmos 

CCLXVIII, launched from Kapustin Yar, entered orbit with 2,161-km 

(1,342.8-mi) apogee, 211-krn ( 131.1-mi) perigee, 109.1-min period, and 

48.4” inclination and reentered May 9, 1970. Cosmos CCLXZX, 

launched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 542-km (336.8-mi) apogee, 

525-km (326.2-mi) perigee, 95.2-min period, and 74’ inclination. 

(GSFC SSR, 3/15/69; 5/31/70; SBD, 3/7/69, 30) 

67 
March 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* President Nixon, at White House ceremony, presented National Space 

Club’s Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy to ApoZZo 8 astronauts 

and announced nomination of Acting Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, to be NASA Administrator. 

Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., accepted award for himself and 

Astronauts Frank Borman and William A. Anders. Citation: “In an 

epic journey man for the first time in December 1968 soared out of 

the earth gravitational field, flew unerringly into a close orbit of the 

moon, then back to a precise and safe landing. This historic voyage 

performed at times before the largest television audience in history, 

and open for coverage by the world’s press, reflects the utmost credit 

on the United States Space Program, Congress, NASA, and thousands 

of companies and employees in industry representing all these, the 

courageous, competent crew of Apollo 8.” 

Following award presentation, President announced Dr. Paine’s 

appointment: “There has been a great deal of interest as to who would 

be the new head of NASA. . . . we have searched the country to find a 

man who could take this program and give it the leadership that it 

needs, as we move from one phase to another, This is an exciting 

period, and it requires the new leadership that a new man can provide. But after searching the whole country for somebody, perhaps 

outside of the program, we found . . . that the best man in the 

country was in the program.” Dr. Paine in his response said: “I 

believe in the space program. I believe in this country, and I think 

that this country should indeed be the preeminent nation in spacefaring, and . . . I am sure that we can go ahead to . . . see that the 

NASA program in the second decade of space will even out-perform 

the accomplishments in the first.” (PD, 3/10/69, 369-71) 

At 12th annual Goddard Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C., sponsored by National Space Club, Presidential Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. 

DuBridge, said: “. . . we are witnessing another spectacular example 

of the utilization of scientific knowledge, accumulated by many generations of scientists, some famous and some obscure, who worked away 

in their laboratories trying to probe the secrets of nature. We have 

seen how once these secrets . . . have been revealed, engineering skills 

could be put to work. We see in our space program also an example 

of the reverse process. . . . New technological developments lead to 

new techniques and new instruments which . . . speed up our basic 

work in science and lead to new ways of uncovering new secrets of 

nature. Thus, during these past ten years the advance of science has 

been enormously aided by the advance of space technology.” (CR, 

3/12/69, S2755) 

Astronautics Engineer Award was presented to NASA% L/G Samuel 

C. Phillips (USAF) in absentia since Apollo 9 mission was still under 

way. Citation read: “For his personal direction of the Apollo program 

throughout development and into the final phases of flight to the Moon 

dramatically illustrated by the two successful all-up flights of the 

Saturn V and the error-free flights of Apollo 7 and the extraordinary 

flight of Apollo 8 to the Moon and back. His engineering skill and 

leadership throughout the development and execution of this complex 

program have made possible an outstanding American success.” 

Richard J. Allen of NASA Apollo Program Office Test Div. was 

68 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 5 

awarded Hugh L. Dryden Memorial Fellowship presented to NASA employee adjudged “a deserving individual in disciplines applicable to 

science, astronautics and space administration.” 

Mitchell R. Sharpe of Systems Safety and Manned Flight Awareness 

05ce, MSFC, received certificate, trophy, and $500 award for winning 

entry in 1969 Robert H. Goddard Historical Essay competition. (His 

Development of the Lifesaving Rocket: A Study in 19th Century Technological Fallout was released by NASA June 10 as MSFC Historical 

Note 4.) 

National Space Club Press Award “for penetrating, consistently informed and lucid writing on all phases of the national space program” 

was awarded Evert Clark, Washington science correspondent, Newsweek. North American Rockwell Corp. received Nelson P. Jackson 

Award “for its major contribution to the success of Apollo during 

1968.” (Program; MSFC Historical Note 4) 

9 Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, told House Committee on Science and Astronautics in 

testimony on NASA FY 1970 budget request: ‘LWe are moving toward 

a number of important milestones in the Space Applications Program, 

the most important of which is the Earth resources survey area, where 

we are requesting funds for the design and construction of a research 

satellite, Earth Resources Technology Satellite ( ERTS) . We think the 

ERTS Program will be a very valuable addition to mankind’s tools 

for handling the natural and cultural resources of the world.” 

FY 1970 OSSA program required $559 million in new obligational 

authority. Although increased over FY 1969, program was well below 

FY 1963 through 1967. Increases were in planetary and space applications program, with planetary increases primarily due to costs in 

FY 1970 of program authorized in FY 1969. In addition, NASA was 

proposing Planetary Explorer program and dual planet mission to 

Venus and Mercury for 1973. Space applications increase was for experimental ERTS satellite and prototype of operational Synchronous 

Meteorological Satellite ( SMS) . (Testimony) 

Harold B. Finger, NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and 

Management, testifying on budget request before House Committee 

on Science and Astronautics, described employment restrictions under 

FY 1970 operating plan: In May 1968, NASA had restricted employment to avoid ‘Llarge and disruptive” personnel reduction in FY 1969. 

“As a result . . . the on-board manpower complement is being reduced 

by 1,285 in Fiscal Year 1969 and 559 new positions are being established . . . [at GSFC] for support service operations. From our highest 

civil service employment level of 34,126 in July 1967, the number of 

NASA’s permanent employees will have decreased by 2,526 to 31,600 

at the end of Fiscal Year 1970. During this same period, 965 positions 

will have been established specifically to convert certain support service functions carried out under contract with industry to civil service 

operations. This results in an effective decrease in manpower of 3,491, 

with a reduction from our planned manpower of 4,374. We are planning all of these reductions in personnel by attrition. . . . This is 

becoming increasingly difficult since the rate of separation has slowed 

appreciably. . . . The overall separation rate during the current year 

is only about two-thirds of the rate for Fiscal Year 1968.” (Testimony) 

69 
March 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology Bruce T. Lundin, testifying on FY 1970 budget request, told 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics there was “a large opportunity to transfer the electronics technology developed for the space 

program to the problems of aeronautics, such as for collision avoidance 

and the development of all-weather capabilities.” ERC was studying 

use of proximity-warning devices to avoid midair collisions and “possibilities of an aircraft-satellite link as a means of communication and 

precise navigation over water areas where present capabilities are 

limited. In the future, this method of navigation could provide precise 

position fixing in crowded domestic operations.” 

Increased FY 1970 request for aeronautics research, $187 million, 

would fund program strengthening base of aeronautical advanced research, increasing technology base of short-haul transports, and increasing research and technology for aircraft noise abatement and 

safety. (Testimony) 

FAA released forecast of aviation growth through 1980. Airline passenger 

traffic M-ould more than triple by 1980, with 470 million passengers 

compared with 152.6 million in 1968. Average annual growth would be 

lo%, less than in recent years. Revenue passenger-miles flown would 

reach 379 billion, from 106.5 billion in 1968. More than 90% of 

3,600 airline aircraft in use would be jets; in 1968, 507, of 2,452 

airline aircraft were jets. 

General-aviation fleet would total 214,000 by 1980, up from 114,186 

in FY 1968. Civil aircraft production would more than double FY 

1968 total of 15,044, reaching 33,950. Air carrier transport aircraft 

production it-ould decrease gradually from FY 1968 record of 625 

to 250. (FAA Release 69-29) 

Dr. James G. Harlow, President of West Virginia Univ., was sworn in 

as consultant to NASA Administrator-designate, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine. 

He would serve on Management Advisory Council and had held similar position in 1961 and 1962. (NASA Release 69-39) 

RISFC announced it had signed agreement with North American Rockwell 

Corp.’s Rocketdyne Div. for extension of J-2 engine production 

through April 30, 1970, at reduced rate of one engine per month 

instead of three. Engines would not be used as rapidly as originally 

planned because of overall extension of launch vehicle production 

schedule. Modifications amounted to $8,423,454. ( MSFC Release 

0 North American Rockwell Corp.’s Space Div. had earned incentive 

award fees of $1,100,000 and $270,000 under NASA contracts for 

Apollo command and service modules and 2nd stage (S-11) for Saturn 

V launch vehicle, NASA announced. Awards were determined by Performance Evaluation Board on basis of NAR’S achievement of management objectives specified in contracts from Sept. 1, 1967, through Dec. 

31, 1968, n-hich encompassed S-I1 contract activities from Aug. 4, 

1968, through Dec. 28, 1968-first of three time increments extending 

through completion of Apollo program. I NASA Release 69-38) 

March 6: Cosmos CCLXX was launched from Plesetsk by U.S.S.R. into 

orbit with 330-km (205.01-mi) apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee, 

89.8-min period, and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered March 14. 

(GSFC SSR, 3/15/69; SBD, 3/7/69, 30; UPI, W Star, 3/6/69) 

69-70) 

70 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 6 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried 

Columbia Univ. payload to 99.6-mi (160-km) altitude to study polarization of x-rays from Crab Nebula in 10- to 25-kev energy region, 

using x-ray polarimeter with lithium scattering blocks and gas proportional counters. All systems were perfect; good data were obtained. 

(NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Members of Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight of House Committee 

on Science and Astronautics visited MSFC for inspection tour and 

hearings. Chairman Olin E. Teague D-Tex.) was ranking Representative. ( MSFC Release 69-72) 

MSFC announced it had awarded $1,954,999 cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to IBM Federal Systems Div: for designing, developing, and 

building five general-purpose digital computers for Apollo Telescope 

Mount project. ( MSFC Release 69-71) 

March 7: Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR 

carrying Columbia Radiation Laboratories payload to conduct stellar 

spectra studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

(NASA Proj Off) 

Time magazine said Astronaut Frank Borman had amused audiences 

during February 1969 European tour by claiming ApoZZo 8 astronauts 

deserved overtime pay because they had aged about 300 microseconds 

more than people on earth during moon mission. At NASA’s request, 

Univ. of Maryland physicist Carroll Alley had calculated effects on 

astronauts of phenomena described in Einstein’s relativity equationstime ran slower for object as its speed increased, and time accelerated 

for object as it moved away from body exerting gravitational force. 

Alley found Apollo 8 spacecraft speed was predominant factor when 

it was within 4,000 mi of earth; time slowed and astronauts actually 

aged more slowly. Beyond 4,000 mi, effects of earth’s gravity lessened 

as Apollo’s time passed 300 microseconds faster than earth‘s. 

Despite Alley’s calculations, said Time, Borman’s claim was valid 

only for Astronaut William A. Anders, who made his first space flight 

on Apollo 8. Astronauts Borman and James A. Lovell had been crewmates on Dec. 4-18, 1965, Gemini VZZ, when time dilation effect was 

dominant for entire two weeks. They had aged less than those on 

earth by 400 microseconds. Lovell’s time also had been slowed during 

four-day Gemini XZZ mission Nov. 11-15, 1966, by about 100 microseconds. “Thus,” said Time, “during all their missions in space, Lovell 

and Borman respectively spent 200 and 100 microseconds less time 

than was recorded on earth-which means they were paid for more 

time than they actually worked.” (Time, 3/7/69, 42) 

March 7-8: NASA launched series of three Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets 

from Dew Line station Pin Main, Cape Parry, Canada, carrying GSFC 

payloads to analyze electric fields from observed motions of neutral 

and ionized barium clouds during disturbed magnetic conditions. Four 

barium clouds on each rocket were released during disturbed magnetic 

conditions as planned. Good photographic coverage was obtained from 

all sites. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

March 8: Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner made successful second flight at altitudes to 15,840 ft and speeds to 345 mph with droop 

nose lifted in flight. Sud-Aviation test pilot Andrk Turcat termed flight 

very satisfactory.” ( UPI, NYT, 3/10/69, 91) LC 

71 
March 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* Christian Science Monitor congratulated “Gumdrop, Spider, and their 

gallant crew” for successful Apollo 9 mission to date: “In a series 

of smoothly executed maneuvers, they have opened the way for landing on the moon. They have removed any doubt that the machinery 

and tactics designed to set men down and recover them safely can 

indeed do the job.” Spectacular view from space symbolized “men’s 

ability to surmount human and natural obstacles to reach the most 

difficult goals when they want to. It bespeaks a spirit running counter 

to the rivalries, hatreds, and selfishness that often seem to prevent a 

similar attack on tough human problems on earth. The spirit now 

has brought the moon within mankind’s grasp. It could bring a better 

life on earth within their grasp, too.” ( cSM, 3/8-10/69) 

March 9: While spaceborne, Apollo 9 Astronaut James A. McDivitt was 

selected to receive Ancient Order of Hibernians’ John F. Kennedy 

Medal for National Civic Service. Award would be presented by Irishdescent society in Newark, N.J., May 10. (Sehlstedt, B Sun, 3/10/69, 

Al; W Post, 3/10/69, AS) 

March 10: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from 

Churchill Research Range carried Univ. of Colorado payload to 

measure Vegard-Kaplan (1,500-1,700 A and 2,300-3,000 A) and 

Lyman-Birge-Hopfield ( 1,300-1,500 A) bands of nitrogen in UV 

auroral emissions. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily. 

Payload penetrated aurora, and data were excellent. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* “Man has three sets of capabilities that make him extremely hard to 

replace by any machine,” NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, said in address before NRC Engineering Div.’s annual meeting in Washington, D.C.: “1) he has a 

very wide-band set of sensors for acquiring information; 2) he has 

in his head a built-in memory and computer that cannot yet be matched 

by our largest and fastest machines; and finally he has a remarkably 

versatile capability for action, and physical operations with his body, 

hands, and tools. These three capabilities make man such a valuable 

element in space science and applications that we need to take advantage of him at the site of operations whenever this is feasible. . . . With the prominence that manned flight has gained, it is surprising to . 

realize that while 589 unmanned satellites have been launched, there 

have been only 29 manned flights, eleven by the USSR and eighteen 

by the USA. These few experiments have shown that we have the 

capability to extend man’s genius into the new dimrnsion of space, as far out as the moon. In the years ahead I expect that man will 

exploit his bridgehead into space and use this new trrritory for his 

own good on earth.” (Text) 

* NASA released Space Resources for Teachers: Biology, Including Suggestions for Classroom Activities and Laboratory Experiments. Curriculum 

project was prepared by Univ. of California at Berkeley to introduce 

high school teachers and students to scientific advances in space biology. (Text) 

March 10-12: During AIAA 3rd Flight Test, Simulation and Support Conference in Houston, Tex., Apollo 7 Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr., 

Donn F. Eisele, and R. Walter Cunningham received Haley Astronautics Award for “exceptionally meritorious service and outstanding 

contributions to the advancement of manned space flight during the 

72 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 10-32 

11-day flight of Apollo 7.” Award-$500 honorarium, medal, and certificate-was presented annually for ‘Lan outstanding contribution by 

test personnel who undergo personal risk in the advancement of space 

flight.” 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. test pilot William C. Park received Octave 

Chanute Award for “flight test development of Mach 3f aircraft.” 

He was first test pilot to fly SR-71 and YF-12A at design speed. (AIAA 

Release 3/5/69) 

Murch 11: Apollo 10 spacecraft, atop Saturn V launch vehicle, rolled out 

of Vehicle Assembly Building at KSC to Launch Complex 39, Pad B, 

for May liftoff to lunar orbit. (AP, NYT, 3/12/69, 14; UPI, Huntsville 

News, 3/12/69) 0 Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, testified on Apollo program, space flight operations, and advanced manned missions before House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight. He explained 

importance of lunar exploration and outlined plans for new space 

station. 

President’s Science Advisory Committee had said answers to questions about moon “may profoundly affect our views of the evolution 

of the solar system and its place, as well as man’s in the larger scheme 

of things.” Fact that earth‘s moon was largest in relation to its planet, 

Dr. Mueller said, “implies that the two bodies may have been formed in 

the same manner at the same time. If true, the moon may be a book 

containing the secret of the earth’s first billion years of life. This record 

is lost on the earth which is subjected to . . . erosion by atmosphere 

and water. . . . By comparing similarities and contrasting differences, 

man may be able to arrive at a greater understanding of the fundamental processes that affect the earth; for example, the mechanisms 

that cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and the processes responsible for concentrating ore deposits. The orbits of Apollo 8 and 

the Lunar Orbiters were disturbed by mass concentrations beneath the 

circular lunar seas. These may be huge meteors that struck the moon 

with such force that they melted and sank into the interior, or they 

may be iron deposits. 

“Another objective of lunar exploration is to learn about man as a 

space explorer-his capabilities and limitations. Some day man will 

move on to other planets; the moon is a training ground. . . . We don’t 

have the basic information which early lunar landings will furnish 

and we can only speculate today about the feasibility of the moon as a 

base for an observatory or a permanent science station-about exploiting its environment of low gravity and high vacuum-about its potential for natural resources. . . . A long-range goal like the lunar base 

would direct technological advances, stimulate public interest, and 

attain subsidiary objectives with earth application such as food synthesis, environmental control, and recovery of useful elements from 

rock.” 

Within new program category, Space Flight Operations, NASA was 

bypassing intermediate space station, launch vehicles, and logistic craft 

and proposing to move directly to new, semipermanent space station 

and low-cost earth-to-orbit transportation system. Space station “should 

be in being by the mid-1970s.” With FY 1969 funds, contractor defi73 
March 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

nition efforts were being initiated. FY 1970 funds would continue 

definition, preliminary design, and supporting work. 

Dr. Mueller described space complex 200 to 300 mi above earth 

planned for 10 yrs’ continuous operation and adaptable for crew size, 

additional laboratory facilities, or other special-purpose equipment 

through selection, design, and arrangement of component modules. 

Crew would rotate at three- to six-month intervals, ferried between station and earth by reusable shuttles. Station’s electric power would come 

from solar panels or small nuclear generator. (Testimony; NASA Release 69-49) 

* Lee R. Scherer, Director of NASA’s Apollo Lunar Exploration Office, testifying on FY 1970 budget request before Subcommittee on Space 

Science and Applications of House Committee on Science and Astronautics, described extravehicular activity (EVA) planned for first lunar 

landing. 

Emerging on lunar surface, astronaut would acquire and seal bagful of surface material and place it in spacesuit pocket, inspect LM, 

and with geological tools, fill large sample container. Location would 

be photographed before and after sampling. Passive seismometer would 

be emplaced to measure “moonquakes” and permit estimates of moon’s 

internal structure for comparison with that of earth. Instrument, 

operated on solar power, would record and transmit lunar data to 

earth for about one year. Laser retroreflector would be emplaced to 

permit measurement of earth-to-moon distance and monitoring of 

distance variation. Measurements would be repeated several times daily 

for year or more and precise times determined by atomic clock. From 

data on relative motion of moon and earth and of each about own 

center of gravity, scientists could refine “knowledge of size and shape 

of the Moon, detect small movements that may occur between the 

Earth’s continents, and perhaps even test gravitational theories.” If 

time permitted, second sample return container would be filled more 

selectively, with greater effort to document and to pack samples individually. (Testimony) 

* Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator-designate, discussed possibility 

of integrated European space program alongside that of U.S. and 

U.S.S.R. in Thomas A. Edison Memorial Lecture at Naval Research 

Laboratory, Washington, D.C. “The space-age challenge to Europe in 

my view is to find new ways of organizing and managing the great 

wealth of that continent to overtake, if you like, major American and 

Soviet space and other programs. This is the space-age challenge to 

Europe: not the ‘technology gap’ but the ‘management gap.’ ” 

Dr. Paine also said, if 1969, 1971, and 1973 space probes should find 

“very exciting things about Mars, it is possible that we or the Russians 

might want to move a manned interplanetary expedition to a higher 

order of national priority. At the present time, the best guess is that 

this would not take place until the mid 1980’s but new priorities might 

lengthen or shorten this period.” 

In reply to question on man-in-space justification, he said: “For 

almost any simple specific experiment . . . an automated probe can 

be developed to do it at lower cost. The basic question here is the 

difference between short-range research projects to achieve simple 

specific objectives, and complex research aimed at developing general 

74 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 11 

exploratory capability and broad technological positions which will let 

you do things in the future which you can’t yet fully foresee. For the 

latter you will need men.” 

Dr. Paine expected U.S.S.R. “very likely” would put space station 

into orbit before US. In lunar exploration, he expected US. to stay 

ahead a while. In planetary probes, he expected U.S.S.R. to stay ahead. 

In earth applications, he expected US. to stay ahead. (Text) 

* Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force and former NASA 

Associate and Deputy Administrator, delivered 1969 Minta Martin 

Lecture at MIT as 1968-69 Jerome Hunsaker Professor of Aeronau- 

. tical Engineering. Describing origins and development of US. space 

program as well as decision-making and implementation in commitment to manned lunar landing, paper would be presented also at Univ. 

of Maryland March 20 and at LeRC April 24. 

Citing need for set of national goals, Dr. Seamans defined national 

agenda for allocation of R&D that might be acceptable to man in street: 

understanding, forecasting, and controlling environment; supplying 

basic resources of food, fuel, minerals, and water; improving quality 

of life ; improving transportation ; improving communications; encouraging economic growth; and assisting international development and 

providing national security. 

Space program contributed to all categories. Studies of sun’s transmissions, of Mars and Venus atmospheres, of moon’s origin, and of 

earth itself contributed to understanding of environment for practical 

use of man. Space R&D might aid search for alternative basic resources; 

it could establish facilities for detecting available resources and speed 

communications to meet problems. Biological and medical investigations in space program held greatest promise in study of reactions of 

biological specimens, animals, and man. Impact on education had been 

cited by some as greatest value of space exploration. Program had required in-depth investigation of waste management, fire prevention, 

materials development, and microminiaturization. Space technology 

influenced new vehicles being tested for transportation-hydrofoil 

ships, surface-eff ect and air-cushion vehicles, high-speed trains, electric 

cars, VTOL and V/STOL aircraft, jumbo subsonic aircraft, and supersonic aircraft. 

Communications satellites, already in commercial use, ultimately 

could broadcast directly to home receivers. In international cooperation, NASA was working with 64 nations in space activity. Returns from 

NASA’s scientific satellites and communications satellites, development 

of manned space flight capability, and tracking facilities contributed 

to national defense. (Text) 

* In Houston, Tex., press interview Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr. (Capt., 

USN), said he had turned down offers for Naval promotion to admiral 

and NASA Hq. executive position, to become president of Regency Gorp. 

in Denver, Colo., financial complex leasing industrial equipment worldwide. One of original astronauts and only veteran of Mercury, Gemini, 

and Apollo missions, Schirra said he did not want to “stick around as 

a half astronaut.” He had rejected aerospace offers because “I might 

be limiting the contribution of which I feel I’m capable.” (AP, W Post, 

3/12/69, A8) 

March 12: Lunar Science Institute and MSC’S Lunar Receiving Laboratory 

.. 

75 
March 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

were preparing for “lunar knowledge explosion” expected to follow 

first manned lunar landing, Washington Evening Star reported. Laboratory would quarantine astronauts and lunar samples brought back 

from landing, storing samples for study and distribution to scientists. 

Institute, funded by NASA and administered through NAS by Rice Univ., 

would facilitate lunar research by nonspace scientific community, 

Administrator Robert C. Wimberley said in interview. Directed by 

William C. Rubey, Institute was soon to be turned over to consortium 

of universities. 

U.S. Public Health Service, NAS, Dept. of Interior, Dept. of Agriculture, and NASA had planned 30-day quarantine and study of moon 

material and 21-day quarantine of astronauts. Samples would be sealed 

on lunar surface and would be flown from recovery carrier to Laboratory after spacecraft return. Astronauts were to be transferred from 

spacecraft into sealed van through plastic tunnel aboard carrier [see 

May 161. Van would be delivered to nearest port and then flown to 

Houston to sealed-off laboratory. Objective was to prevent importing 

viruses, some of which had been known to survive thousands of years 

under unlikely conditions. 

During three-week debriefing, crew would live in glassed-in quarters 

including medical area. Samples would be maintained under vacuum 

seals until opened in high-vacuum chambers containing remotely controlled equipment. Once photographed, catalogued, and processed, 

content and structure would be studied to determine composition and 

origins. (W Star, 3/12/69, A13) 

NASA advocated “balanced, broad-based Planetary Exploration Program” 

as “feasible and practical” part of US. space program, Donald P. 

Hearth, Director of Planetary Programs, OSSA, testified before House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space 

Science and Applications. Basic goals were to increase understanding 

of origin and evolution of solar system and life in solar system and 

understanding of dynamic processes shaping man’s terrestrial en\ won- * 

ment-“increasing our understanding of the planet Earth, how it has 

evolved, and how it may evolve in the future through a comparative 

study of the other planets in the solar system.” 

Approach would be broad-based exploration of several planetsJupiter, Mercury, Venus-over period of time, combined with direct 

measurements of Mars surface in orbital and lander missions. Pioneer 

F and G spacecraft (planned for launch in 1972 and 1973) and new 

cooperative project with West Germany, Helios, would open “new era” 

in solar system exploration, studying effects of radial distance on interplanetary medium close to sun. (Testimony) 

* Milton Klein, Manager, NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, testified 

on nuclear rocket capabilities before Subcommittee on Advanced 

Research and Technology of House Committee on Science and Astronautics : Benefits to be realized included “significantly extended performance of launch vehicles which now exist or may be operational 

by the late 1970’s, feasibility of certain near-Earth missions otherwise 

impractical,” and “increased potential for mission success.’’ One basic 

propulsion system could be developed to yield all these benefits. 

(Testimony) 

* NASA announced appointment of Gerhard B. Heller as Director of MSFC 

76 
March 12 

Space Sciences Laboratory, replacing Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger, who had 

been promoted to new position of MSFC Associate Director for Science. 

Heller had worked in rocket R&D since 1940, when he joined Wernher 

von Braun group in Germany. For more than 10 yrs he had directed 

fluid and thermodynamics research at Laboratory and its predecessors. 

He was responsible for thermal design aspects of several satellites, 

including Explorer I, first US. satellite. ( MSFC Release 69-75) 

MSFC announced $48,142,823 modification to contract with North American Rockwell Corp. Space Div. to provide for 14-mo extension of 

S-I1 program as part of overall Apollo program stretchout. S-I1 was 

2nd stage for three-stage Saturn V launch vehicle. 

MSFC also announced $1,896,916 modification to Apollo Applications 

program contract for further Barvard College R&D of modified uv 

scanning spectrometer to fly in space on Apollo Telescope Mount 

(ATM) . ( MSFC Releases 69-76, 69-77) 

* US. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission opened three-day hearings in Los Angeles on extent of racial discrimination in aerospace 

industry. Commission’s figures showed only 177, or 0.9%, of 20,000 

officials and managers in Los Angeles aerospace industry in 1968 were 

black. (Pasadena Star-News, 3/13/69) 

* USN ended 17-day investigation into Feb. 17 death of Sealab I11 aquanaut Berry L. Cannon. USN had disclosed that one of rigs worn by 

four divers did not contain chemical to filter carbon dioxide from 

recycled helium-oxygen breathing mixture, but photographic experts 

had been unable to determine which rig was worn by Cannon. Findings 

were not expected to be released for some time. (UPI, W Star, 

3/13/69, A3) 

March 13: Shortly after ApoZZo 9 splashdown [see March 3-13] Dr. 

George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, told press at MSC, mission was “as successful a flight as . . . any of us have ever seen.” It had “fully achieved all of its primary 

objectives and in numerical count, we accomplished more than the 

planned number of detailed test objectives.” Apollo program would 

move toward greater scientific content each mission as NASA developed 

its capabilities. “. . . we have been remarkably successful thus far in 

the Apollo program. The hardware has worked better than anyone 

should have expected, and better than any of us did expect.” Mission 

profile for Apollo 10, scheduled for launch May 17, would be released 

March 24 after careful evaluation of ApoZZo 9 results. 

“We are doing the planning for . . . 10 vehicles beyond Apollo 11.” 

After first landing NASA would stretch out flight schedule to allow 

time to make modifications and to understand results, with about two 

or three landings per year. NASA had equipment for scientific payloads 

for first four Apollo vehicles-of which two would land in lunar maria 

and two in highland areas--which would provide capability for later 

pinpoint landings at points of unique scientific interest outside Apollo 

landing zone. NASA would emplace on lunar surface network of 10 

seismographs, series of heat-measuring probes, cameras, and other 

geophysical instruments to determine environment of lunar surface. 

Astronauts would wear new, “constant volume” spacesuits which 

would enable them to move around lunar surface very freely to conduct experiments. (Transcript) 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

77 
March 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, President’s Science Adviser, told AIM board 

luncheon in Washington, D.C., that President’s Space Task Group had 

forged ahead with plans for new space program by Apollo program’s 

end but he did not see specific mechanism in Nixon Administration for 

handling “tremendous” aviation problems. He had raised question at 

first Task Group meeting, but budget squeeze had cut DOT request for 

civil aviation research by two-thirds. Noise would be dealt with by 

Cabinet-level committee on environmental quality. President Nixon 

was “anxious to extend our technical and scientific collaboration with 

other nations.” Recent visit to U.S.S.R. by U.S. scientists had led to 

plans for more extensive collaboration in high-energy physics. (MA, 

4/69, 5; AIAA PIO) 

* NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from WSMR with Naval. 

Research Laboratory experiment collected data that led to discovery 

of x-ray pulsar in Crab Nebula. Sounding rocket carried several uv 

detectors and gas proportional counters to 103-mi (153.5-km) altitude to obtain x-ray spectra in Crab Nebula, region in galactic plane, 

region near cluster of galaxies, and region toward earth. All detectors 

gave good data and NRL scientists later reported pulsations were 

observed at frequency closely matching radio and optical pulsations 

with 5% of total x-ray power of nebula appearing in pulsed component. Pulsations included main pulse and interpulse separated by 

about 12 milliseconds. (NASA Rpt SRL; Fritz, Henry, Meekins, Chubb, 

Friedman, Science, 5/9/69, 709-12) 

Orr E. Reynolds, NASA Director of Bioscience Programs, OSSA, testified 

before Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics that species used in NASA 

Biosatellite I1 radiation experiments-drosophila, lysogenic bacteria, 

flour beetles, neurospora, and spiderwort-had been used as biological 

experiments on Zond V. “The fact that both nations are using many 

of the same species of organisms for space radiation studies,” he said, 

“offers a considerable advantage to both for comparison and confirmation of experimental results.” 

Reynolds also said that space flight offered bioscientists only known 

keys to number of life phenomena, “some fundamentals of life that 

must be sought here in . . . the space program, because scientists 

know of no other experimental environment that will serve.” Role of 

gravity in life processes, cyclical behavior of living organisms, and 

origin and character of Iife in universe were areas for which NASA 

had unique research capabilities. (Testimony) 

* Senate approved nuclear nonproliferation treaty without change by vote 

of 83 to 15, in what Joseph Sterne in Baltimore Sun called most 

“lopsided” margin accorded to major pact involving U.S.S.R. “since 

the cold war began.” It gave President Nixon “clear signal to pursue 

his policy of ‘negotiation rather than confrontation’ with the Kremlin.” 

Pact had been signed by 87 nations and ratified by 9. It would go 

into effect when ratified by US., U.S.S.R., U.K., and 40 other nations. 

(CR, 3/13/69, D180; B Sun, 3/14/69, Al) 

President Nixon transmitted to Congress first annual plan for U.S. 

participation in World Weather Program: “This project, and our 

role in it . . . have great political significance.” Program had “developed into a most impressive example of international cooperation. On 

78 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 13 

a scale never attempted until this decade, scientists and governments 

in many countries are joining hands across national boundaries to 

serve the entire human community. Their example should be instructive for all of us as we pursue lasting peace and order for our world.” 

(PO, 3/17/69, 399400) 

* MSFC announced it had completed negotiations with North American 

Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. on $4,075,490 contract modification 

extending F-1 engine deliveries through June 1970 to align engine 

effort to stretchout in production rate of Saturn V boosters. F-1 engines 

for initial order of 15 Saturn V boosters had been slated for April 1969 

delivery. 

MSFC also announced award of $1,239,045 contract modification to 

IBM for work in connection with 31 launch-vehicle data adapters and 

31 launch-vehicle digital computers. Adjustments, necessitated by 

changes in Apollo launch schedule, provided for streamlining contractor’s plan for product identification control and accounting system. 

( MSFC Releases 69-78, 69-81) 

* Senate confirmed nomination of former NASA Associate Administrator 

for Advanced Research and Technology James M. Beggs as Under 

Secretary of Transportation. (CR, 3/13/69, 52833) 

* Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, resigned as 

president of AIAA. Letter of resignation said, “It is not in the best 

interest of either the Air Force or the AIAA for me to continue with 

AIAA responsibility.” AIAA board of directors elected Dr. Ronald Smelt, 

Vice President and Chief Scientist, Lockheed Aircraft Corp., to replace 

Dr. Seamans. ( AIAA Release) 

Krusnaya Zvezdu (Red Star) claimed world heavy-lift helicopter record 

for U.S.S.R., citing 68,266-1b payload carried to 9,675-ft altitude by 

V-12 helicopter at 595-ft-per-min rate of climb. Four world records 

in 15-, 20-, 25-, and 30-ton-weight categories at 2,950-m altitude 

also were claimed. (AFJ, 3/22/69, 6) 

March 14: NASA Wallops Station recovered parachute and payload launched 

on two-stage Sidewinder-Arcas meteorological sounding rocket. Recovery-by fixed-wing Cessna 206 aircraft-was third success to date. 

Flight investigated performance of Sidewinder-Arcas rocket system and 

demonstrated deployment of lQft-dia, disc-gap-band parachute at high 

altitude. Wallops scored first aerial recovery Nov. 9, 1966, when payload launched on Argentina Orion I1 sounding rocket was snatched 

by helicopter. (WS Release 69-7) 

Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried 

GSFC-Univ. of Wisconsin-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory payload to 109.8-mi (176.7-km) altitude. Objective was to provide precisely calibrated stellar observations of stars Regulus, Spica, Denebola, 

and Benetnasch, which had been viewed by NASA’s Oao 11-using 

12.9-in-dia Dall-Kirham telescope, plane-grating spectrograph, and 

STRAP 111 stellar pointing attitude control system. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily, but attitude control system malfunctioned. First target was acquired and data were obtained; second and 

third targets were not acquired; and fourth target was acquired but 

not identified. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences ordered favorably 

reported the nomination of Dr. Thomas 0. Paine as NASA Admin79 
March 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

istrator. Nomination awaited approval by Senate. (NASA LAR, 

VI11/42) 

President Nixon proposed deployment of $6- to $7-billion modified, 

‘‘Safeguard” ABM system using components developed for Sentinel, 

but altering deployment to provide local defense of selected Minuteman 

sites, area defense to protect bomber bases and command and control 

authorities, defense of continental US. against accidental attack, and 

“substantial protection against the kind of attack which the Chinese 

Communists may be capable of launching throughout the 1970’s.’’ 

Deployment would not place missile and radar sites near major cities 

(except Washington, D.C.) . President said safety of country “requires 

that we should proceed now with the development and construction 

of the new system in a carefully phased program. . . . The program is 

not provocative. The Soviet retaliatory capability is not affected by our 

decision.” (PD, 3/17/69, 400-9) 

FAA announced signing of two-year agreement with Air Transport Assn. 

of America to participate in ATA’S airborne collision avoidance program. FAA would take part in testing and evaluation of airborne CAS 

systems supplied by industry in ATA-funded program. (FAA Release 

69-34; ATA Release 22) 

* Soviet youth newspaper Komsornobkaya Pravda praised NASA’s Apollo 9 

mission: “A thorough check of the entire equipment necessary for a 

lunar landing has been attained, thanks to the courage and gallantry 

of the three American astronauts. At the same time the Apollo 9 flight 

showed that it is impossible in terrestrial conditions to envisage all 

difficulties astronauts are encountering in real flight.” 

Soviet Academician Prof. Anatoly Blagonravov complimented NASA’s 

planning for lunar landing: “The fact that the Americans earlier made 

a flight around the moon and now conducted the Apollo 9 experiment, 

in my opinion, is evidence of a rather complete solution of the problem of dependability,” though some risk always remained. ( UPI, 

W Star, 3/14/69, A6) 

* Lockheed Aircraft Corp.’s Hummingbird experimental VTOL aircraft, 

officially designated XV-4B, crashed 22 mi from Dobbins AFB, Ga., 

during research flight. Civilian test pilot Hal J. Quamme parachuted 

to safety. Aircraft was being tested and developed for USAF. (UPI, 

P Inq, 3/15/69, 1; AP, W Star, 3/16/69, A8) 

Los Angeles Times editorial observed space industry employment drop 

from 400,000 in mid-1960s to current 200,000-at which rate it 

would sink to 50,000 by 1972. “. . . the pool of scientific and technical expertise which has been brought together in the manned space 

program is disintegrating. If the President wants to save what is really 

an invaluable national resource, he and Congress cannot wait much 

longer to assign new projects to the space agency. . . . “A sound space program deserves a high place on the scale of 

priorities. And, both economic and military considerations dictate 

that the emphasis should be heavily on activities in the space near 

earth rather than on esoteric exploration of such deep planets as Mars 

and Venus. The proposal for construction in earth orbit of a large, 

permanent scientific laboratory . . . seems to deserve serious consideration as the major space project of the 1970s.” (LA Times, 3/14/69) 

March 15: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXZ from Plesetsk. Orbital 

80 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 15 

parameters: apogee, 310 km (192.6 mi) ; perigee, 187 km (116.2 mi) ; 

period, 89.7 min; and inclination, 65.4’. Satellite reentered March 23. 

(GSFC SSR, 3/15/69; 3/31/69; SRD, 3/18/69, 78) 

* In press interview Transportation Secretary John A. Volpe said he 

favored building SST. Y certainly don’t want to see our country play 

second fiddle . , . and if this is feasible and economical to build and 

operate and the economy of the nation budget-wise will permit it, I 

probably would like to see it go ahead.” (UPI, W Star, 3/16/69, All) 

0 In letter to Ambassador Gerard C. Smith, Head of US. Delegation to 

Geneva Disarmament Committee Meeting and Director oi Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, President Nixon issued instructions : 

Delegation was to seek discussion of international agreement prohibiting placement of weapons of mass destruction on seabed, support 

conclusion of comprehensive test ban adequately verified, press for 

agreement to end production of fissionable materials for weapons and 

transfer materials to peaceful uses, explore proposals for control of 

chemical and biological weapons, understand that actual reduction of 

armaments remained US. goal, and remember US. hoped international 

situation would permit US.-U.S.S.R. talks on strategic arms limitation 

soon. (PD, 3/24/69, 4365) 

* First Soviet press and radio reports of President’s ABM announcement 

spotlighted-without comment-statement that proposed program 

should not complicate US.-U.S.S.R. nuclear arms control talks. 

Moscow Radio described decision as “compromise” after “exceptionally 

fierce” congressional struggle over any “antimissile defense system” 

with “monopolistic corporations and Congressmen faithful to them” 

favoring powerful system. (Marder, W Post, 3/16/69, Al) 

March 15-1 7: NASA released ApoZZo 9 pictures-including detailed shots 

of CM, LM, S-IVB, and Astronaut Schweikart during EVA; 70-mm 

color still pictures; and 16-mm color movies. Pictures of earth showed 

clear views of major cities across southern US. and U.S. East Coast 

from North Carolina to Long Island. (UPI, C Trib, 3/18/69; W Star, 

3/16/69, Al; W Post, 3/18/69, Al) 

March 16: Apollo 9 mission had gathered new evidence of clearer visibility 

in space and “marvelous” acuity of human eye, Associated Press 

reported. Astronauts had told officials onboard recovery ship after 

splashdown they could see much farther in space than in earth’s 

atmosphere-both with telescopes and with naked eye. They had 

tracked several orbiting space objects up to 1,600 mi away with telescope and had tracked jettisoned 21/-ft-long, 14-ft-dia LM ascent 

stage to 1,000 mi. (W Star, 3/17/69, A4; W Post, 3/17/69, A4) 

e More than 2,000 Americans had made reservations with Pan American 

World Airways and Trans World Airlines on first commercial trips to 

moon, said Joe McCarthy in This Week. Downpayments were not 

being accepted, but lunar reservations were being confirmed, acknowledged by letter, and placed in order on waiting list. PAA spokesiiiaii 

had said, “It will undoubtedly be an expensive trip. When we finally 

start asking the passengers for money, a lot of them will probably 

drop off the list.” (This Week, 3/16/69, 9-10) e In Washington Post, Victor Cohn said fight for ideas “which once would 

have been labeled ‘wild’ ” had begun when NASA began congressional 

committee hearings on its $3.7-billion FY 1970 budget [see March 

81 
March 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

41. It had continued with announcement of “dramatic plan for ten 

more manned expeditions to the moon after the first men land there 

in July.” Americans had responded to “exciting” Apollo program 

“with heightened fervor for a man in space.” But new fight for 

funding would probably be “NASA’s toughest.” Americans were asking, 

“How about our needs here on earth?” Many scientists felt unmanned 

instruments could do cheaper and nearly as effective job of space 

exploration. Congress had been calling NASA’s present spending level 

“enough.” Still, NASA had succeeded in marshaling “powerful scientific 

support.” 

As yet unreleased report of Dr. Charles H. Townes’ space task force 

appointed by President Nixon urged both vigorous manned space 

program and development of reusable space shuttle. Presidential 

Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, had declared himself for bba 

really solid, many-faceted program.” NASA officials were optimistic 

but funds actually appropriated for FY 1970 budget would finance 

only five more Apollo flights plus first hardware for Apollo Applications program. Public thinking was “just about 50-50 today, and 

new US. consensus has not yet crystallized.” (W Post, 3/1G/G9, Al) 0 First royalty-bearing license under NASA’s foreign patent program had 

been granted to Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. in Tokyo, NASA announced. 

Invention bearing NASA-owned patent No. 484,436 and made by 

GSFC’S Joseph G. Haynos, was concerned with connections between 

solar cells that permitted flexibility and low weight. Company had 

made initial payment to NASA for exclusive manufacturing rights in 

Japan and agreed to continue royalty payments for duration of license. 

(NASA Release 69-40) 

0 Bitter battle was raging in Nixon Administration over construction of 

SST, said Robert H. Phelps in New York Times. Opposition to 1,800- 

mph aircraft had been rising since Feb. 7 appointment by President 

Nixon of 11-member interdepartmental study committee. Indications 

were that majority would recommend shelving yrojrct until technical, 

economical, and environmental problems, particularly aircraft noise, 

were closer to solution. President Nixon had inherited controversy 

from Johnson Administration, which had not earmarked funds for 

SST. He would have to decide whether to ask Congress to appropriate 

$212 million to $247 million to keep project on schedule. (NYT, 

3/16/69, 1) 

March 17: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXII from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 1,210-km (751.8-mi) apogee, 1,180-km (733.1-mi) perigee, 

109.3-min period, and 73.9’ inclination. ( GSFC SSR, 3/31/69; SBD, 

3/19/69, 86; AP, W Star, 3/18/69) 

* Canister containing S-16 barium cloud experiment was successfully 

ejected from ESRO’S Heos I satellite (launched by NASA Dec. 5, 1968) 

at 43,495.9-mi (70,000-km) altitude. Cloud, 1,864.1 mi (3,000 km) 

long and visible to the naked eye, had lasted 20 min and yielded 

information on magnetic fields in space. (NASA Proj Off) 0 Apollo 10 mission would be launched May 18, one day later than 

originally planned, NASA announced. Change from first to second day 

of launch window would permit observation and collection of data 

on Apollo landing site 2, as area of primary interest, and observation 

of site 3 after sunrise on moon. Final decision on specific nature of 

82 
March 17 

mission would be made after review of Apollo 9 mission. (NASA 

Release 6M1) 

* Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Fairbanks, 

Alaska, carried Univ. of Alaska payload to 134.2-mi (216-km) altitude. Objectives were to examine spatial distribution of atmospheric 

currents near visual, stable, homogeneous and pulsating auroral forms 

and to examine relationship between electron and proton precipitation 

and visual auroral distribution produced. Forward experiment portion 

of payload functioned satisfactorily, but data reduction was difficult. 

Some data loss occurred on rear portion of payload and additional 

data reduction was required. One flashing light failed at apogee. (NASA 

Rpt SRL) 

Eleventh anniversary of launch of Vanguard I, 3y4-lb, 6X-in-dia US. 

IGY satellite which proved earth was slightly pear-shaped and examined 

composition of upper atmosphere. Satellite had stopped transmitting 

in May 1964, but was expected to remain in orbit at least 200 yrs 

longer. (EH; KSC Release 63-68) 

* Vice President Spiro T. Agnew announced Astronaut James A. Lovell, 

Jr., would head $4.5-million summer day camp program for youth 

to be administered by National Collegiate Athletic Assn. under HEW 

contract. (Text) 0 Dr. Leo S. Packer, former Assistant Postmaster for Bureau of Research 

and Engineering, became Special Assistant to NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology. (NASA Ann, 3/21/69) 

* White House released letter to President Nixon from Dr. Lee A. 

DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, on proposed Safeguard ABM 

system: It “eliminates the serious defects of the old Sentinel plan, 

focuses on the reasonable, feasible and necessary defense of our deterrent force, provides time for more thorough testing of an operating 

system and phases future deployment to progress of arms control 

negotiations and the changing information on the nature and imminence of potential threats to our security. I shall endeavor to make 

clear to my scientific colleagues that the Safeguard plan represents 

a sound and a reasonable approach to our strategic defense problem.” 

(PD, 3/24/69, 430) 

March 17-19: At Sixth Space Congress sponsored by Canaveral Council of 

Technical Societies, James R. Williams of MSFC Engineering Laboratory presented “Space Manufacturing Modules,” paper describing 

NASA’s work on manueacturing-in-space experiments. Paper outlined 

future possibilities, including development of manufacturing module 

to be attached to future space station. Phase 3 module would contain 

work space for at least two astronauts, equipment, raw materials, and 

manufacturing process chambers. It would be designed to dock with 

earth-orbiting space station proposed for mid-1970s launch, weigh 

about 23,000 lbs, and provide for continuous investigation of manufacturing processes and for production of small quantities of special 

items best produced in zero-gravity environment. ( MSFC Release 69-80) 

March 18: OV 1-17, OV I-l7A, OV 1-18, and OV 1-19 research satellites, 

carrying 41 experiments, were successfully launched by USAF pickaback on Atlas-F booster from Vandenberg AFB. OV I-17 weighed 312 

Ibs and carried experiments to measure incoming solar electromagnetic 

radiation and its reaction with earth‘s upper atmosphere, make electricASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

83 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

field and VLF energy propagation studies, evaluate ionized meteor 

trails in calibration of ground-based radars, and make engineering 

tests on spacecraft materials and solar-cell power system. Orbital 

parameters: apogee, 287.7 mi (462.9 km) ; perigee, 246.7 mi (396.9 

kni) ; period, 93.1 min; and inclination, 99.1”. OV-17 reentered 

March 5, 1970. 

OV Z-17A, 487-lb payload consisting of OV-17 propulsion module 

and Naval Research Laboratory two-beacon ORBIS-CAL II experiment 

to study unusual transmission of radio waves through ionosphere, 

entered orbit with 233.0-mi (347.9-km) apogee, 106.9-mi (172.0- 

km) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 99.0” inclination and reentered 

March 24. 

OV 1-18 weighed 275 lbs and carried experiments to study ionosphere and measure radio-wave interference, electric-field intensity, 

and hazardous radiation. Orbital parameters: apogee, 362.3 mi (582.9 

km) ; perigee, 288.3 mi (463.9 km) ; period, 95.0 min; and inclination, 98.8”. 

OV 1-19 weighed 273 lbs and entered orbit with 3,592.9-mi 

(5,780.9-km) apogee, 288.0-mi (463.4-km) perigee, 153.5-min period, 

and 104.7’ inclination, where it would study events resulting in 

and sustaining trapped radiation in Van Allen belts and hazards to 

man. ( GSFC SSR, 3/31/69; 3/31/70; OAR Research Review, 6-7/69, 

23-4; Pres Rpt 70 [69] ; W Post, 3/19/69) 

Though “highly successful subsonic jet transports designed and manufactured in the United States are symbols of United States leadership 

on the airlines around the world,” Albert J. Evans, Director of 

Aeronautical Vehicles, NASA OART, told House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology, “both the British/French SST and the Russian SST are in flight 

test. Many short-haul aircraft used by United States commuter and 

feeder airlines are foreign aircraft and in the VTOL and STOL area the 

United States severely lags its foreign competition.” STOL aircraft were 

“within our grasp.” Two concepts showed promise, one for propellerdriven aircraft and one for jet-powered. Move to flight test in FY 

1970 was planned. First was rotating-cylinder-flap STOL research aircraft. Second, jet-augmented wing, would be applicable to jet-powered 

STOL aircraft. (Testimony) 

* Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, testified before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on ‘Space Science and Applications : “We have 

been able to maintain this country in the forefront of planetary 

exploration by the quality of both our engineering talent and our 

Nation’s scientists, and by the way in which they are involved in 

plarlning and executing our program. By making the most effective 

use of our best people we have been able to make better use of the 

limited resources we have had available for planetary exploration 

than the Russians. If the Russians continue to commit a major share 

of their space effort to planetary exploration-and the two recent 

launches to Venus indicate they are-and if they begin to involve 

their very best scientists in the planning and execution of their mission 

so that they fly first rate reliable experiments-and there is evidence 

March 18 

84 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 18 

from our scientific colleagues that they are-then it is clear that this 

Nation cannot continue in the forefront of space exploration in the 

next decade.” (Text) 

NASA announced MSFC award of $98,200,000 definitive contract for payload integration in support of Apollo Applications program to Martin 

Marietta Corp. Work-which started under Jan. 16, 1968, letter contract-would extend through Nov. 30, 1972, and cover flights 1, 2, 3, 

3A, and 4. 

MSFC also awarded North American Rockwell Corp.’s Rocketdyne 

Div. $1,142,294, 26-mo contract for additional work on aerospike 

( plug-nozzle) engine evaluated by Rocketdyne under previous MSFC 

contract. Ring-like engine had tiny throats along circumference that 

discharged engine exhaust down sides of plug, making aerodynamic 

extension for plug, providing nozzle during launch ascent, and simulating performance characteristics of full-length nozzle without increased weight and length. (MSFC Releases 69-43, 69-87) 

If JPL were taxed as business it would bring in estimated $840,000 and 

reduce property tax rate in La Canada-Flintridge, Calif., district from 

$4.20 to $2.56, according to La Canada School Superintendent, Dr. 

Donald Ziehl. Instead, he told School Board, district would receive 

$85,000 from Government under fixed-amount system used in lieu of 

property tax on Federal facilities. (Michals, Glendale News-Press, 

3/ 19/69) 

USAF announced award to North American Rockwell Corp. of $700,000 

initial increment to $2,473,000 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for research 

on feasibility of using advanced composite materials for production 

of aircraft wings. (DOD Release 200-69) 

March 18-19: In testimony before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Leonard 

Jaffe, NASA Director of Space Applications Programs, urged commencement of Earth Resources Technology Satellite program: “We have 

reached a stage in our supporting investigations of Earth resources 

phenomenology that can be measured from space, where we have confidence that an experimental Earth Resources Technology Satellite 

can show us the way to the future operational satellite sj-stem that 

will make major contributions to the management of our resources. 

The state of technology in sensors and spacecraft sjstenis has also 

reached a sufficiently advanced stage, so that we can with confidence 

embark this year on the development of our first experimental Earth 

Proposed design and selection of candidate sensors for ERTS had 

been closely coordinated with other Government agencies. . . . NASA 

was requesting N 1970 funds to initiate development of flight hardware for two experimental satellites, ERTS-A and B, with ERTS-A 

scheduled for launch in late 1971 or early 1972. 

NASA also would proceed with techniques for infrared sounding of 

atmosphere with Nimbus B-2 and D launches in 1969 and 1970 and 

had begun construction of Nimbus E and F for development of microwave sounding techniques. Prototype second-generation operational 

meteorological satellite Tiros-M was being prepared for launch in 

few months. Study to define third-generation Tiros-N would start in 

‘ resources satellite system.” 

85 
March 18-19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

FY 1970. NASA planned to accelerate basic studies of remote sensor 

signature relationships, instrument development, data processing, user 

decision models, and aircraft use. 

Synchronous satellite ATS-E would be launched in 1969 with gravity 

gradient experiment. ATS-F and G would not be ready for first launch 

before late 1971 or early 1972. Synchronous Meteorological Satellite 

(SMS), new N 1970 effort for 1971 and 1972 launches, would use 

existing technology and be prototypes for National Operational Meteorological Satellite System ( NOMSS) . National Geodetic Satellite program would complete objectives with 

GEOS-c launch in 1970. Cooperative Applications Satellite (CAS), 

French satellite, would be launched on NASA Scout booster in 1970 

to track some 500 meteorological balloons to determine wind direction 

and speed. (Testimony) 

March 19: USAF launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg AFB 

by Thor-Agena booster. One entered orbit with 156.6-mi (252.0-km) 

apogee, 102.5-mi ( 164.9-km) perigee, 86.6-min period, and 82.9’ 

inclination and reentered March 24. Second entered orbit with 318.8- 

mi (513.0-km) apogee, 312.8-mi (503.3-km) perigee, 94.7-min 

period, and 83.0’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/69; Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

* Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird presented to Senate Armed Services 

Committee FY 1970 defense budget reduced from Johnson Administration proposal of $80.6 billion to $78.5 billion. He said FB-111 bomber 

program would be cut off with aircraft already on order and work 

would be speeded up on advanced manned strategic aircraft expected 

to replace B-52s. (Testimony) 

* Project Tektite civilian aquanauts Richard A. Waller, Conrad V. M. 

Mahnken, John G. Van Derwalker, and Dr. H. Edward Clifton set 

32-day record for remaining under water in “habitat” off St. John 

Island in Caribbean. Previous record was held by former Astronaut 

M. Scott Carpenter, who had remained submerged 30 days in 1965. 

In Project Tektite, aquanauts were trying for 60-day submersion. 

(DOD Release 204-69; UPI, W Post, 3/20/69, A2) 

* At Geneva luncheon during meetings of Disarmament Conference, U.S. 

and U.S.S.R. opened exploratory talks on proposed treaty banning use 

of seabed for stationing nuclear weapons. (UPI, W News, 3/20/69, 2) 

March 19-21: Air Force Assn. held 23rd Annual Convention in Houston, 

Tex. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator-designate, said national 

defense aspects of permanent space station in earth orbit was “a 

question which should not be considered only from the narrow standpoint of special operational systems requirements that can be clearly 

established as necessary today. The lead times are too great. 

The uncertainties as to the future world situation and the precise 

nature of future defense needs are also too great. I believe that the 

approach should be to consider carefully what our long-term national 

security posture would be ten to fifteen years from now if by then 

the United States has developed a space station capability and the 

logistics or ‘space shuttIe’ system necessary to utilize it, and compare 

this posture to what it might be if we do not then have the capability, 

and the Soviet Union has developed and are fully utilizing such 

capability.” NASA planned to work closely with Defense establishment 

86 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 19-21 

for “national program for the development of a permanent space 

station and a logistic support system in a way that will not only 

serve the needs and goals of the civilian space program, but will also 

be capable of supporting future defense research and developments 

as needs become clearly defined.” (Text) 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force and former 

NASA Deputy Administrator, said: “Although similar space technology 

is used in Apollo Applications and the Manned Orbiting Laboratory, 

there is no unnecessary duplication in the experiments planned. These 

activities require different equipment, different orbits and different 

timing. I believe that any attempt to combine the two programs would 

jeopardize the returns to each agency and would ultimately increase 

the cost. There is a distinct need to continue with manned space 

operations under both military and nonmilitary auspices. Cooperation 

between NASA and DOD has been close, and will continue.” (Text) 

AFA’S highest award, Henry H. Arnold Trophy, was presented to 

ApoZZo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William 

A. Anders. NASC Executive Secretary, Dr. Edward C. Welsh, received 

Gill Robb Wilson Trophy for Arts and Letters for his part in interpreting aerospace role in modern society. AFA’s Citation of Honor 

went to L/G Samuel c. Phillips (USAF) for his management of NASA 

Apollo program, and to Maj. William J. Knight (USAF) for “outstanding contributions to the Air Force and the nation for being the 

first to achieve hypersonic winged flight while piloting the X-15 aircraft to a speed of 4,534 miles per hour.” (AFSC Newsreview, 3/69, 1; 

AFJ, 3/8/69, 30) 

March 20: Senate confirmed nomination of Dr. Thomas 0. Paine as NASA 

Administrator. (CR, 3/20/69, S2949) 

In first test of NERVA infight configuration at Jackass Flats, Nev., engine 

was held to 1/10 maximum power development of 1,100 mw or 55,000 

lbs thrust, during three 25-sec warmups. Full power tests would be held 

in April by Aerojet-General Corp. and Westinghouse Astronuclear Laboratory, when NERVA was expected to produce electrical energy equal to 

one fourth that developed by Hoover Dam. Test-to 110 mw and 5,500 

lbs thrust to duplicate engine startup procedures in space and verify 

system performance with liquid hydrogen fuel-marked first test of 

rocket with nozzle down and thrust blasting into water-cooled firing pit. 

Engine had produced sufficient energy to boil ton of water every two 

seconds. ( AEC/NASA Release M-54; LA Times, 3/23/69) 

Appointment of NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and Management Harold B. Finger as first Assistant Secretary for Urban 

Research and Technology was announced by Housing and Urban 

Development Secretary George W. Romney. From 1960 until 1967, 

Finger had been manager for AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion 

Office and, since 1961, director of nuclear system for OART. (UPI, NYT, 

3/16/68, 39; AP, W Post, 3/21/69, A17) 

MSFC announced it had signed $4,095,000 contract with Radio Corp. of 

America for engineering and logistics support for ground computer 

systems and other equipment in Saturn V program. (MSFC Release 

69-84) 

NASA announced completion of negotiations for one-year $513,293,000 ex87 
March 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tension, through 1969, of cost-plus-fixed-fee contract with Philco-Ford 

Corp. Education and Technical Services Div. for engineering support 

and related services at Wallops Station. (NASA Release 69-8) 

March 21: Dept. of Commerce, DOD, Dept. of Interior, DOT, AEC, WASA, and 

NSF released News from BOMEX, report of Barbados Oceanographic 

and Meteorological Experiment to be conducted in May, June, and 

July in cooperation with government of Barbados. Scientific study of 

joint behavior and interactions of atmosphere-ocean system in subtropical and tropical waters was part of Federal Air-Sea Interaction 

Research Program and major US. contribution to Global Atmospheric 

Research Program ( GARP) . BOMEX would study continuous exchange 

of energy, momentum, gases, particulates, and electrical charges at airsea interface and study ways in which energy and other properties were 

transported from area by atmosphere and ocean. 

NASA would test concepts of satellite sensors for weather and oceanographic observatidns. Its experimental weather and communications 

satellites (Ats ZZZ, Nimbus ZZZ, and ESSA satellites) and devices being 

developed under Earth Resources Survey Satellite program would be 

directly engaged in BOMEX. Photos taken by Apollo 9 astronauts with 

hand-held Hasselblad camera of 900 sq mi of equatorial Atlantic Ocean 

off Barbados would be used in project. (Text; NASA News; Science, 

3/28/69,1435-6) 

First decade in space corresponded with early years of aviation following 

Wright brothers flight at Kitty Hawk, NASA Associate Administrator for 

Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, told Annual Kiwanis 

Dinner in Milledgeville, Ga. “I recently calculated the costs per seat 

mile of their first flight for comparison with our Apollo flight to the 

moon. They probably had ten thousand dollars invested in first Kitty 

Hawk flight that went one fifth of a mile, giving a cost per seat mile 

for Orville of fifty thousand dollars. We will have about twenty-four 

billion dollars invested in our first five-hundred-thousand-mile trip for 

three astronauts to the moon, giving a cost of only about sixteen 

thousand dollars per seat mile. We are ahead of the Wright Brothersbut we have a long way to go to catch up with the DC-8 or 707. If 

subsequent flights to the moon cost two hundred million dollars each, 

that’s less than one hundred and fifty dollars a seat mile, so we are 

going in the right direction.” (Text) 

INTELSAT conference of 67 countries and observers from Communist bloc 

and underdeveloped nations ended at State Dept. without agreement on 

method of sharing control over international satellite communications. 

Committee of INTELSAT members was appointed to work through summer on alternate drafts of final agreement to be presented to conference 

in November. Leonard H. Marks, American chairman of conference, 

had announced his resignation and would return to private law practice in Washington, D.C. (Lydon, NYT, 3/23/69, 31; Rpt of US Del) 

0 Aviation Progress Committee announced appointment of former Sen. 

A. S. Mike Monroney as consultant and adviser to committee and 

stated its purpose was “to work with interested individuals and organizations to . . . seek and support ways to improve and expand the 

National Aviation System of airports and airways.” As Chairman of 

Aviation Subcommittee of Senate Commerce Committee, Monroney had 

88 
March 21 

been largely responsible for legislation which created FAA in 1958. 

(Committee Release; W Star, 3/23/69, C5) 

* Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of $544,302 

FAA contract to Laboratory for Electronics, Inc., to develop two lowcost, solid-state, microwave-instrument landing systems ( ILS) for STOL 

aircraft operations at FAA’s National Aviation Facilities Experimental 

Center in Atlantic City, N.J., and at suitable operational STOLport such 

as Dulles International Airport near Washington, D.C. (FAA Release 

Harvard Univ. biologist Dr. George Wald and MIT physicist Dr. Bruno 

Rossi disclosed that some 251 NAS members out of 806 had signed 

letter to President Nixon expressing continued opposition to deployment by US. of ABM system. Letter said, “Russia is as well prepared 

to build such devices as we are. This can only introduce a new and 

perhaps disastrous spiral in the arms race. Our science and technology, 

rather than being used to add further to the present ‘balance of terror,’ 

needs to be redirected to solving pressing problems of poverty, malnutrition, control of population, and improvement of the human environment for our own people and people everywhere.” (AP, W Post, 

3/22/69, A5) 

March 22: Cosmos CCLXXIII was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 

335-km (208.2-mi) apogee, 199-km ( 123.6-mi) perigee, 89.8-min 

period, and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered March 30. ( GSFC SSR, 

3/31/69) 

Five segments of ApoZZo 9’s 6,500,000-lb “stackyy remained in space, 

making total 1,613 objects floating in earth orbit after ApoZZo 9, said 

James J. Haggerty, Jr., in Armed Forces Journal. Descent stage of LM, 

in eccentric low orbit, would soon be captured by earth gravity and 

burn on reentry; ascent stage might remain in high orbit 20 yrs, along 

with LM adapter [GSFC reported later that LM descent stage had reentered March 22; ascent stage was still in orbit]. S-IVB 3rd stage 

mated to instrument unit was directed into solar orbit. Of 1,613 orbiting objects listed by NORAD, 356 were payloads, both active and 

expired. Remaining 1,257 pieces were debris. 

Items in solar orbit included 3rd-stage and instrument-unit combinations from ApoZZo 8 and 9, four US. Pioneers and Mariner VI still 

sending useful data, and US. and U.S.S.R. planetary explorers 

launched before 1969. About 20 solar orbiting objects would remain in 

space a long time, along with 28 spacecraft which had crashed on other 

celestial bodies, inc1uding‘U.S.S.R.’~ Venus 111 and IV on Venus, 9 

Soviet Lunas, 5 US. Rangers, 7 Surveyors, and 5 Lunar Orbiters. 

(AFJ, 3/22/69, 15; GSFC SSR, 3/31/69) 

* DOD announced name of planned US. antiballistic missile defense had 

officially been changed from Sentinel to Safeguard. (AP, W Star, 

3/23/69, A4) 

March 23: NASA announced release of The Book of Mars, one-volume digest 

of facts and theories about Mars by Dr. Samuel Glasstone, illustrated 

with photos taken during Mariner 1V mission 1964-65, when spacecraft flew within 6,000 mi of Mars surface. Book traced history of 

man’s acquisition of Mars data and compared Mars with other planets. 

(NASA Special Release) 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

69-38) 

89 
March 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* William Hines in Washington Sunday Star commented on “deadly dullness” of last five days of Apollo 9 mission: “The flight plan of Apollo 

%which most people do not see and therefore do not understandwas carefully divided into six ‘activity periods,’ of which five were 

each about 24 hours long and the sixth five days in duration. 

“It is no criticism of the . . . crew that after five days of brilliant 

spacemanship they took it easy for the rest of the flight. Nor is it 

criticism of the space program to say that the last half of Apollo 9 

was dull. It was danned that way. and if it had turned out otherwise 

the United Stateivery likely wodd not be attempting a moon landing 

in July.” (W Star, 3/23/69, C4) 

March 24: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXZV into orbit with 300-km 

(186.4-mi) apogee, 208-km ( 129.3-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, and 

64.9” inclination. Satellite reentered April 1. ( GSFC SSR, 3/31/69; 

4/15/69) 

* JPL astronomer Dr. Ronald Schorn announced “definite and conclusive” 

evidence of water on Mars had been found in five-year study with 

Stephen Little of Univ. of Texas and JPL scientist Dr. C. B. Farmer at 

McDonald Observatory in Ft. Davis, Tex. Noting Mars generally should 

be compared with driest deserts of earth, he said: “If you took all the 

water we found and laid it out over the whole planet, it would be only 

1,OOOth of an inch thick. Mars may still not be a great place to live, 

but there’s a chance of life there.” Photos to be taken by Mariner VZ 

and Mariner VI1 spacecraft, Dr. Schorn said, would help solve question 

of whether enough water existed to sustain life on Mars. 

New spectra, superior to any previously available, were made possible by NASA-supported improvements in McDonald 82-in Struve reflecting telescope and its large spectrograph. Observations of Mars were 

beginning with more powerful, 107-in reflecting telescope at McDonald, 

constructed with funds from NASA, NSF, and Univ. of Texas. (NASA 

Release 69-48; AP, W Post, 3/25/69, A5) 

Apollo 10 mission would be launched from ETR May 18 carrying Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford (commander) , John W. Young (CM pilot) , and Eugene A. Cernan (LM pilot) on eight-day lunar orbital mission. 

Final decision to fly mission as previously planned followed review of 

technical and operational data from ApoZZo 9 (March 3-13). Mission 

would provide additional experience in combined system operation and, 

with exception of actual landing on lunar surface, was same as for 

lunar landing mission. While spacecraft circled moon at 69-mi (111.0- 

km) altitude, Stafford and Cernan would separate LM from CSM, pilot 

LM twice to within 10 mi (16.1 km) of preselected landing site, and 

return to CSM. Crew would then make landmark sightings, take photos, 

and transmit live TV views of moon, earth, and spacecraft interior 

before returning to earth. (NASA Release 69-46) 

* Gas from solar flare wiped out much of earth’s outer radiation belt and 

caused auroral displays-normally seen only over subpolar regionsto move to lower latitudes. Residents of metropolitan New York area 

flooded weather bureau and newspapers with inquiries. Radiation belts’ 

discoverer, Dr. James A. Van Allen, said display might have been 

caused by class 2-B flare on sun. ESSA’S space disturbance warning 

center, Boulder, Colo., said several smaller flares had occurred March 

21 and 22. Auroras were to be expected, Walter Sullivan said in New 

90 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 24 

York: Times, because sun was near maximum of its 11-yr cycle of sunspot and eruptive activity. (NYT, 3/25/69, 30) 

a MSFC contract awards: $1,521,500 supplemental agreement with IBM for 

design improvement of control signal processors for Apollo/Saturn V 

guidance instrument units; and $1,334,931 contract modification to 

McDonnell Douglas Corp. to develop, design, manufacture, and test 

restarting oxygen/hydrogen burner. ( MSFC Releases 69-88, 69-89) 

USN announced award of $28,161,681 modification to contract with LTV 

Aerospace Corp. for improvement changes on F-8B and F-8C aircraft. 

(DOD Release 212-69) 

March 25: Apollo 9 commander James A. McDivitt told press at Washington, D.C., news conference that Apollo 9 spacecraft performance had 

been outstanding and procedures had been “as near perfect as anything 

I could possibly imagine,” without deviating “from a single step in 

rendezvous . . . and I don’t recall a single procedure that we recommended be changed.’’ 

Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart said new spacesuit had increased 

mobility significantly. Activities like manipulating camera were “probably the most challenging . . . and I found that after taking a whole 

series of pictures and all the various motions you go through . . . my 

hands were far less tired than I would have anticipated.” (Transcript) * House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Manned 

Space Flight voted to add $230.5 million to t2.212-billion authorization 

requested by NASA for manned space flight in J?Y 1970. Of raise, $168 

million was earmarked for development of scientific payloads for six 

manned lunar landings between 1970 and 1973 and $66 million for 

space flight operations to cover flying men in earth orbit for month at 

a time, in 1970 onward. Flights were to be forerunners of orbiting 

space stations. (CR, 3/26/69, D233; Committee member) 

0 White House submitted to Senate nomination of former NASA Associate 

Administrator for Organization and Management Harold B. Finger to 

be Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. (PD, 

3/31/69, 489) a MSFC announced award of $3,657,000 contract to Sanders Associates, 

Inc., for continuation of engineering and logistics support for operational display systems for Saturn V program. Contract covered Oct. 1, 

1968, through June 1970. (MSFC Release 69-91) 

March 26: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor Z satellite from Plesetsk into orbit with 

686-km (426.3-mi) apogee, 632-km (392.7-mi) perigee, 97.9-min 

period, and 81.1” inclination. Tass said satellite carried solar batteries 

and would obtain information about weather prospects. ( GSFC SSR, 

3/31/69; AP, NYT, 3/28/69, 5; Znteravia, 11/69, 1751) 

* In NASA Hq. Apollo 9 awards ceremony Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, 

as NASC Chairman, presented NASA Distinguished Service Medals to 

Astronauts James A. McDivitt, David’ R. Scott, and Russell L. 

Schweickart for individual contributions to “the Nation’s manned space 

flight program and the advancement of space technology” as participants in “this historic mission, the first manned flight involving the 

Command Module, Lunar Module, and extravehicular mobility unit.” 

NASA Exceptional Service Medal went to Carroll H. Bolender, Manager 

for Lunar Module, Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, MSC, and 

Eugene F. Kranz, ApoUo 9 Flight Director, Flight Control Div., MSC. 

91 
March 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

NASA Public Service Award was presented to Llewellyn J. Evans, President of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., LM manufacturer. (NASA 

Awards summary) * House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology voted increase of $11.8 million over 

$818.8-million NASA request for research. (CR, 3/26/69, D233) 

* NASA reported experiments with yaw-damper system developed at FRC, 

consisting of small gyroscope, magnetic-clutch actuator, and electronics 

control assembly in package occupying 1/10 cu ft and weighing less 

than two pounds. It could cost as little as $200 and be installed on 

light general-aviation aircraft to control “dutch roll” or yawing. Commercial jet aircraft were equipped with advanced systems to eliminate 

yawing. (NASA Release 694) 

* Boeing CO.’S Vertol Div. was conducting wind-tunnel tests of $250,000 

model of V/STOL aircraft with tilting wing and large cyclic-pitch 

propellers, New York Times said. Tests would provide data for advanced aircraft, including Light Intratheater Transport ( LIT) for which 

USAF was funding studies. Tilt wing rotated from horizontal to vertical 

flight in takeoff or descent. Cyclic pitch would control pitch (nose-upor-down movement) by acting on all four of aircraft’s propellers simultaneously. According to Boeing engineers, cyclic pitch would eliminate 

need for horizontal tail rotor for pitch control in hovering and slow 

flight. Large propellers-26 ft in dia on full-sized aircraft-would 

reduce engine horsepower requirements. (NYT, 3/2/69, 93) 

* In Washington Post Thomas O’Toole said: “. . . man’s flight to the moon 

and beyond could be the only means he has left of renewing his 

dwindling spirits. . . . The voyage of Apollo 8 around the moon last 

Christmas did more than any other single event last year to restore 

man’s faith in himself-and that flight will pale beside an actual moon 

landing when it comes. . . . It could just be that when man walks the 

moon for the first time it will be felt round the world as such a triumph 

of the human heart that its beat shall go on for a million years.” (W 

Post, 3/26/69, A27) 

March 27-April 8: NASA’s Mariner VI1 (Mariner G) spacecraft was successfully launched from ETR by Atlas-Centaur (AC-19) booster on fourmonth, 193-mi1lion-miy direct-ascent trajectory toward Mars-NASA’s 

second mission to fly past Mars during 1969 launch window. Launch 

vehicle performance was nominal. Spacecraft separated from Centaur, 

deployed its four solar panels, and locked its sensors on sun and star 

Vega. Because of several minor spacecraft anomalies during launch, 

spacecraft was kept in sun-Vega cruise while performance was evaluated. Star-lock override command was transmitted to spacecraft April 

1; Canopus was acquired as planned initially and Mariner VI1 entered 

stable cruise mode. Midcourse maneuver was conducted April 8 to 

ensure that spacecraft would fly within 1,900 mi (3,057.7 km) of Mars 

Aug. 5. 

Primary mission objective was to fly by southern hemisphere and 

polar regions of Mars to set basis for future experiments, particularly 

those relevant to search for extraterrestrial life. As secondary mission 

spacecraft would develop technology needed for succeeding Mars missions. The 900-lb spacecraft carried six complementary experiments to 

provide information about Martian surface and atmosphere. Mariner 

92 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1%9 March 27-April 8 

March 27-April 8: NASA faunched Mariner VI1 on an Atlus-Centaur booster (u the 

second of two spacecraft in the Mariner Mars 1969 mission to take photographs and 

collect data about the surface and atmosphere of Mars. Manner IV was launched 

Feb. 24. An April 8 maneuver ensured that Mariner VI1 would pass Mars Aug. 5. 

VIZ mission, except for flyby area, was almost identical to mission of 

Mariner Vt Iaunched Feb. 24 for investigation of equatorial region and 

scheduled to amve at Mars July 31. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Releases 

69-26,6942) 

93 
March 27-29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

March 27-29: NASA launched four Nike-Cajun sounding rockets carrying 

GSFC payloads to obtain data on atmospheric parameters. Two rockets 

launched from Arenosillo, Spain, March 27-28 reached 75.2- and 

75.8-mi (121- and 122-km) altitudes, each exploding 19 grenades with 

sound arrivals recorded on ground.‘ Rockets launched from Wallops 

Station March 28-29 reached 75.4- and 69.1-mi (121.3- and 111.2-km) 

altitudes and exploded 19 grenades each, with sound arrivals recorded 

on ground. Data would be analyzed and compared. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

March 27: LaRC had awarded 10-mo, $155,000 feasibility study contract to 

North American Rockwell Corp. to design two-man, lunar emergency, 

escape-to-orbit vehicle which could be carried aboard LM on Apollo 

missions. (SBD, 3/27/69, 125; NAR Skywriter, 4/4/69, 1) 

AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office awarded Aerojet-General Corp. 

$47,447,601 contract extension for completion of preliminary engine , and component design for NERVA I and initiation of procurement or‘fabrication of component development hardware. Extension, from Oct. 1, 

1968, through Sept. 30, 1969, brought total value of cost-plus-fixed-fee 

contract to $500,015,527. (NASA Release 69-47) 

* MSFC announced $7,384,543 modification to contract with Chrysler Corp. 

Space Div. for assembly of two boosters for Saturn IB rockets 213 and 

214 for use in Apollo Applications program. (MSFC Release 69-93) 

March 28: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXV into orbit with 761-km 

(472.9-mi) apogee, 275-km ( 170.9-mi) perigee, 95.1-min period, and 

70.9” inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 7, 1970. (GSFC SSR, 

3/31/69; 2/7/70) 

NASA Science and Technology Advisory Committee for Manned Space 

Flight, chaired by Dr. Charles H. Townes, published Proceedings of the 

Winter Study on Uses of Manned Space Flight, 1975-1985, Vol. IProceedimgs: NASA program for next two decades must project state of 

technology for that period. Program must be balanced in use of 

manned and automated operations. “The benefits to the nation, both 

internal and international, dictate that the United States remain in the 

forefront of all major categories of space activities,” space sciences, 

cxploration of solar system, manned space flight capability, and economic applications of space flight. 

Study said it was reasonable to use yz% to 1% of GNP to support 

civilian space flight program of which major elements were: (1) aggressive automated planetary exploration program as recommended by 

NAS-NRC Space Science Board, with options for manned phase to follow 

early automated phase; (2) economic applications program as recommended by 1968 Summer Study on Space Applications by NAS; (3) 

continuation of lunar exploration after Apollo landing as recommended 

by Lunar and Planetary Missions Board of NASA; (4) vigorous program of astronomical observations in earth orbit as recommended by 

NASA Astronomy Missions Board; and (5) extension of manned space 

flight capability in earth orbit to longer duration for scientific and 

technological purposes. Achievement of manned low-cost transportation system deserved high priority. Study recommended use of longduration manned space station designed to support men in weightless 

condition “unless unexpected biomedical problems are encountered or 

overwhelming engineering advantages for artificial gravity are discovered.” It agreed on advisability of placing observatories and labora- 
ASTROXAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 28 

tories in earth orbit but noted, “Relative emphasis among these activities and the extent of manned attendance desirable in each, must be 

decided by appropriate studies and experiments.” 

“To provide a focal point for structuring a manned planetary program a target date of 1982 and the Mars landing mode . . . are assumed 

here for discussion. Achievement of the operational capability in that 

year would require initiation of system design in about 1975.” (Text) * President Nixon received report of 10-member ad hoc committee appointed Feb. 7 to review all aspects of SST program. Under Secretary of 

Transportation James M. Beggs, chairman, said no votes were taken 

by committee on recommendations to President; each member had submitted his suggestions to Transportation Secretary John A. Volpe and 

they were included in report. (UPI, W Post, 3/29/69, A2) 

March 29: While Nixon Administration warned of $2- to $3-billion cut in 

FY 1970 budget, NASA was asking $100-million increase with good 

chance of approval, James J. Haggerty, Jr., said in Armed Forces 

Journal. “NASA officials report a generally warmer reception on Capitol 

Hill as a result of near-flawless performance on all of the manned 

Apollo missions.” Apollo 1970 funding represented penultimate installment on basic program and “Congress can at last see light at the end 

of the tunnel.” Most important, “extra $100-million is a real bargain 

price for the potential benefit . . . one of those deals that the buyer can’t 

afford to turn down. If you invest a hundred thousand in a magnificent 

home and the contractor demands another thousand to put a roof on it, 

you have little option.” Since US. had committed $25 billion to program, “it would be questionable economy to settle for less than maximum benefit by withholding what amounts to two-fifths of one percent 

of the total.” (AFJ, 3/29/69, 21) 

March 30: Thomas O’Toole in Vushington Post said plans for handling 

lunar samples [see March 121 had stirred bitter scientific controversy. 

Tests scheduled at NASA’s Lunar Receiving Laboratory would last at 

least two months while scientists waited for “the chance to study what 

amounts to a Rosetta stone that could hold the clue to the origin of life 

itself.” At close of examination period, NASA would parcel out moon 

rocks to 110 scientists from group of 600 and even “chosen few” had 

no guarantee of receilring piece of moon. LRL official had explained 

that if NASA found, for example, that there was absolutely no evidence 

of radioactive argon, “It would be quite foolish to waste a sample on 

a man . . . whose primary goal was to look for radioactive argon.” 

Scientists also were disturbed over involvement of other Federal 

agencies in lunar sample handling. ( W Post, 3/30/69, Al) 

March 31: Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service published 

United States and Soviet Rivalry in Space: Who Is Ahead, and How 

Do the Contenders Compare? by Dr. Charles S. Sheldon 11, Senior 

Specialist in Space Transportation and Technology, Science Policy 

Research Div. By June 30, 1969, U.S. expected to have spent $50.6 

billion on space. Because of greater weight of Soviet hardware, “one 

could assume that their program is at least of the same magnitude . . . and may be larger.” While “there is no reason to believe their total 

aerospace industry is as fully equipped as our own,” missiles in Moscow parades indicated existence of multiple design and development 

team for space work. Each country seemed adequately equipped with 

95 
March 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

launch pads and ground support. While US. had worldwide tracking 

system supplemented by ships and electronics-carrying aircraft, 

U.S.S.R. accepted “certain constraints,” relying on ships to fill gaps in 

tracking system. U.S. launch vehicles ranged from those lifting 20 lbs 

to Saturn V capable of 285,000-1b lift to low earth orbit. U.S.S.R. still 

used basic ICBM vehicle introduced in 1957, with upper stages added 

to improve performance. 

While NASA program was run on open basis, there was less “openness” in DOD. U.S.S.R. “holds to a minimum advance notice of flights, 

limits information . . . but at least makes a prompt announcement, assigns a name, and gives orbital parameters” of successful launches. 

There seemed little difference between space programs “as to general 

purpose and direction.” Both placed emphasis on military, though 

little was known of Soviet organization pattern. All “reasonable analy- ses are fairly convincing that up to this time the Soviet Union has not 

placed nuclear bombs in orbit.” 

In space applications US. “has held a clear lead from the earlier 

difys.” U.S.S.R. “has made a greater relative effort in . . . flights committed to lunar and planetary work than the United States” but “has 

not gained as good results.’’ 

In future programs, both nations “undoubtedly have to face hard 

budget choices before actual hardware can begin.’’ Soviet goal was 

“comprehensive exploitation of space technology including the exploration and settlement (where practical) of the planets, along the way 

exploring the Moon in great detail, and using Earth orbital stations for 

a host of practical purposes.” While large orbital station would be 

within NASA’s technical capabilities in late 1970s, beginning of such 

capability probably already existed in U.S.S.R., but “it would be risky 

to predict whether such a station will appear soon or only after some 

years.” 

Cooperation of US. and U.S.S.R. in space already existed in exchange of information, treaties, plans for trading space-collected 

weather pictures, plans for joint textbook on space biology, and joint 

efforts in geomagnetism, but no assessment could be made of future 

prospects. (Text) 9 At American Cancer Society Seminar in New Orleans, La., Clarence D. 

Cone, Jr., head of LaRC’s Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, discussed 

his discovery of intercellular linkages and its application to understanding behavior of certain cancer types. His basic research into 

effects of space radiation on body cells had enabled him to observe 

phenomenon in which dividing cancer cell appeared able to induce 

connected cells to divide by transmitting chain-reaction stimulation 

through thin linkage of cytoplasm. Networks of these stimulus-transmission bridges permitted continued division of cells and, in human 

body, might constitute basic mechanism for cancer spread. (NASA 

Release 69-45) 

During March: NSF published Scientific Activities of Nonprofit Institutions, 

1966 (NSF 69-16). Full-time equivalent number of R&D scientists and 

engineers employed by independent nonprofit institutions in January 

1967 totaled 24,300, annual increase of 12.4% from 1954 to 1967. In 

1966 expenditure for R&D in independent nonprofit institutions was 

$800 million-about seven times the $100 million in 1953. Federal 

96 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During March 

R&D expenditures contracted to nonprofit institutions reached $540 

million in 1966, nine times 1953’s $60 million. (Text) 

* NSF published R&D Activities of Local Governments, Fiscal Years 1966 

and 1967 (NSF 69-14). Local governments spent $20.3 million in 1966 

and $28.8 million in 1967 for R&D and $1 million in 1966 and nearly 

$3 million in 1967 on R&D plant. Federal Government provided 56% 

of funds in 1967 and local governments, 3576. Health and hospitals 

accounted for approximately 50% of total local R&D expenditures in 

both years, with education second at 10%. (Text) 0 Engineer, journal of Engineers Joint Council, published “The Engineering Profession: A New Profile.” Management, not design or development, was most common job function of engineers. Only about 10% 

of engineers worked directly for Federal Government and 12% in total 

aircraft, missile, and rocket area. Median age of engineers was 43 and 

profession was more than 99% male. (Text) 

97 

April 1969 

April 1: Reporting findings from four months of Oao II data to 129th 

meeting of American Astronomical Society in Honolulu, Univ. of Wisconsin astronomer Dr. Arthur D. Code said: “It puzzles me to see so 

much ultraviolet light from the Andromeda galaxy (M31) and so little 

from M81 because they are rather old ‘garden variety’ galaxies. . . . There is a possibility that we might have discovered an old quasar a 

few million light years away.” 

Full impact of Oao ZZ data would not be felt for couple of years. 

“Some theories on cosmology will have to be modified and others discarded. Practically all phases of optical astronomy will be affected.” 

Temperature figures assigned to young, hot stars with masses more 

than 15 times sun’s would require alteration. “These stars are considerably hotter than 20,000 degrees absolute. They are aging about 

twice as fast as we thought and are burning hydrogen at a very rapid 

rate.” OAO data thus far provided argument against steady-state theory 

of universe which maintained universe always looked same, from any 

point at any time, Dr. Code said. 

At same meeting, Joseph Purcell, OAO Project Manager at GSFC, said 

Oao ZI’s observatory control system had exceeded its pointing accuracy 

requirement of one minute of arc by factor of two. “A subsequent OAO 

will be 100 times more stable.” (NASA Release 69-51 ; Lannan, W Star, 

4/4/69, AS) 

* NASA’s Mariner VZZ Mars probe (launched March 27) obeyed radio command to lock its sensors on star Canopus. Spacecraft would fly past 

Mars night of Aug. 4. Command was radioed from NASA tracking station in Woomera, Australia. (AP, W Post, 4/2/69; UPI, C Trib, 

4/3 /69 1 

Pakistan had successfully launched her first rocket, a two-stage vehicle 

to investigate upper atmosphere, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere 

Research Committee announced. (AP, W Post, 4/2/69, A7) 

* Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird told House Armed Services Committee he planned to cut FY 1970 defense budget by at least $1.1 

billion because of Nation’s “extremely difficult and dangerous economic 

and fiscal situation.” At press interview following testimony, he said 

DOD budget submitted to Congress included cutback in B-52 raids over 

South Vietnam from 1,800 to 1,600. (Transcript of Press Conference; 

Corddry, B Sun, 4/2/69, Al) 

April 2: National Academy of Engineering announced election of 44 U.S. 

engineers to membership. Included were Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering, honored for “technological leadership in defense research and engineering,” and Edward 

Wenk, Jr., Executive Secretary of National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, for “major contributions to the 

99 
April 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

design of military submarines and other underwater equipment.” 

( NAE Release) 

April 3: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine was sworn in by Vice President Spiro T. 

Agnew ,as NASA Administrator in ceremony in Vice President’s office. 

Dr. Paine said: “I am particularly anxious to see that in the second 

April 3: Dr. Thomas 0. I‘aine (right) was sworn in as Administrator of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew. 

decade of space we bring down to the people on earth more of the 

benefits that can be obtained from this wonderful new technology. . . . Such areas as navigation, communications and particularly earth resources are things that are very much on our minds as we look out to 

the moon and beyond.” (NASA Hq WB; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 4/4/69; AP, 

W Post, 4/4/69) * National Geographic Society’s Hubbard Medal for research, exploration, 

and discovery was presented by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew to 

ApoZZo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William 

A. Anders in Constitution Hall, Washington, D.C. Vice President 

Agnew said: “The possibilities of space exploration are so infinite they 

overwhelm the mind. The speed with which we have reached this new 

threshold of hope itself is awesome. Less than half a century has 

passed since the Hubbard Award was presented to Colonel Charles A. 

Lindbergh for his solo flight from New York to Paris. Less than a 

decade has passed since Colonel John Glenn was awarded the first 

Hubbard Medal for exploration in space.” 

100 
April 3 

Award, one of Nation’s highest honors, had been given only 24 

times in 63 years, for outstanding achievement in geography and exploration. First medal had gone to Robert E. Peary in 1906 for Arctic 

explorations. 

Earlier in day at National Geographic headquarters, Apollo 8 astronauts had received General Thomas D. White Space Trophy for 1968, 

awarded to military or civilian USAF member making most outstanding 

contribution to US. progress in aerospace. (NGS Release \ 

* MSFC announced two contract awards. Definitive $38,340,000 contract to 

North American Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. for 5-2 engine operational and flight support Jan. 1, 1969, to June 30, 1970, replaced 

letter contract which earlier authorized $9 million. Contract modification of $15,253,945 was given to Chrysler Corp. Space Dir. for extending delivery schedule of Saturn IB boosters and stage storage. 

April 4: U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk. Cosmos 

CCLXXVI entered orbit with 371-km 230.5-nii) apogee, 200-km 

I 124.3-nii perigee, 90.1-min period, and 81.3’ inclination and reentered April 11. Cosmos CCLXXVII entered orbit with 466-km 

( 289.6-mi) apogee, 267-km ( 165.9-mi) perigee, 91.8-min period, 

and 70.9” inclination and reentered July 6. (GSFC SSR, 4/15/69; 

7/15/69; AP, C Trib, 4/5/69; SBD Space Log Supplement, 4/15/69) 

USAF X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry 

(USAF) , was carried to 45,000-ft altitude by B-52 aircraft during first 

captive flight. All systems functioned satisfactorily and vehicle was 

deemed flight worthy in NASA-USAF program. 

* NAA announced Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., 

and William A. Anders would receive 1968 Robert J. Collier Trophy 

for significant achievement in aeronautics and astronautics, as representatives of “entire United States space flight team for the successful 

and flawless execution of the first manned lunar orbit mission in history.” Trophy would be presented by President Nixon at Washington, 

D.C., luncheon May 7. (NAA Release) 

* Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., received Distinguished Service Medal at 

DOD ceremony for service as Apollo 8 command module pilot. ( W Post, 

4/5/69, A7) 

Apollo 8 Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders, both 

US. Naval Academy graduates, presented Academy flag carried aboard 

Apollo 8 spacecraft to brigade representing 4,000 midshipmen at 

Annapolis. (AP, B Sun, 4/3/69, All) 

INTELSAT conference ended March 21 had made it clear “that Intelsat, in 

its brief 5-year history, has been an extraordinary success,)y wrote 

Robert J. Samuelson in Science. Its transoceanic satellites, transmitting 

telephone signals primarily, had tended to depress cost of communications by multiplying available channels and pressuring carriers to 

lower rates. Satellites had given “third world” nations in Asia, Africa, 

and Latin America, previously dependent upon “confused mixture of 

radio and cable channels,” chance to join advanced world’s communications system. Attendance of U.S.S.R. as conference observer was 

Soviet decision to join INTELSAT might hinge on organization’s decision about its future. Issue was INTELSAT’S formal structure and 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

MSFC Releases 69-97, 69-96 ) 

NASA Proj Off 1 

sure sign” of INTELSAT success. LC 

101 
April 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

problem was “determining how large a role the United States should 

play.” US. domination stemmed from its economic and technological 

power. US. firm, ComSatCorp, was made manager of INTELSAT under 

1964 agreement, to oversee satellite design, contract with NASA for 

launchings, and supervise operation in space. 

Month-long meeting had not resulted in accord on even draft agreement. Europeans wanted to replace ComSatCorp management with 

international secretariat to subcontract technical tasks to ComSatCorp 

and other organizations as they demonstrated genuine competence. 

US. approach was, Why “tamper with a successful formula?” Fundamental issue lay deeper. “Technological superiority . . . creates its own 

foreign policy problems. America’s Intelsat partners are pushing for a 

Space Age which-if not truly international-is at least more multinational.” (Science, 4/4/69, 56-7) 

FAA released Air Trafic Activity Report for 1968: Los Angeles International Airport had climbed to position of second busiest US. airport, 

from sixth place in 1967. Los Angeles had logged 594,486 takeoffs and 

landings. O’Hare International in Chicago, which had ranked first 

every year since 1962, still led with 690,810. Van Nuys, Calif., retained third position with 567,973 total and led in general aviation 

with 317,816 operations. Instrument-flight-rule aircraft handled by FAA 

air route traffic control centers had more than doubled in decade, to 

19.4 million in 1968. (FAA Release 69-43) 

April 5: NASA adoption of field sequential color TV system to relay pictures 

from moon on future Apollo flights was “solace” to inventor Dr. Peter 

C. Goldmark, president of CBS Laboratories, New York Times said. 

System, employing small revolving filter disc to inject primary colors 

in front of camera, had been rejected by industry and FCC some 15 yrs 

earlier in favor of all-electronic compatible system now in worldwide 

use. Advantage of Goldmark system on moon flights was ability to 

pick up usable color images under exceptionally low levels of light 

intensity-important where stars might be major illumination source. 

Images received from space would then be converted through compatible system for home reception. Dr. Goldmark said system might 

be “first technological breakthrough that is 28 years old.” (NYT, 

4/5/69, 30) 

April 6: In interview published by This Week, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank 

Borman said many things could be learned from moon: “One . . . I 

hope will be international cooperation, such as now exists in Antarctica. 

Even though the moon struck me as a very desolate, forbidding expanse, it will be very beneficial for men to work together to unlock its 

many mysteries and secrets. I hope that both the moon and the large 

permanent space stations from earth will be citadels for international 

cooperation and that the people who visit them will really be internationalists in the truest sense.” (This Week, 4/6/69) 

Baltimore Sun said Indiana Univ. had announced plans for experiments 

with NASA to determine problems in making future lunar colonies selfsupporting. Studies to start in August would probe feasibility of growing earth plants in lunar soil to provide food for manned space stations 

and possibly fodder for animals transported to moon colonies in 20 to 

30 yrs. “Moon grow” experiment would use lunar soil retrieved by 

lunar missions and would expand as more material became available. 

102 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AEKONAUTICS, 1%9 April 6 

Experiments would be conducted by astrobotanist Dr. Paul Mahlberg 

and team at MSC laboratory and later at university. (Perkinson, B Sun, 

4/6/69) 

April 7: NASA’s Lunar Landing Training Vehicle ( WTV) , piloted by NASA 

test pilot Harold E. Ream, successfully completed six-minute flight at 

Ellington AFB. LLTV flights had been suspended since Dec. 8, 1968, 

crash. (AP, B Sun, 4/8/69, A3; 4/7/69, A9) 

MSFC announced engineer Chester B. May would be member of oceanologist Dr. Jacques Piccard’s six-man crew on Gulf Stream Drift Mission, 

scientific undersea journey aboard submersible vessel Ben FrankEin 

(PX-15). Vessel would drift with Gulf Stream current from Miami, 

Fla., to Halifax, Nova Scotia, from four to six weeks beginning in 

June. May would study vessel’s operation and evaluate analogies be- 

‘tween it and future NASA space station. Mission, covering 1,450 nm, 

would be conducted at 1,000-ft average depth, with periodic excursions to 300 ft and 2,000 ft. PX-15, designed by Dr. Piccard, would 

remain submerged throughout journey. Crew would experience space 

station characteristics: isolation, confinement, and stressful environment. ( MSFC Release 69-100; Marshall Star, 4/9/69, 1) 

“World’s only jet-powered personal jet propulsion system”-jet belt 

developed by Bell Aerosystems Co. under DOD sponsorship-made its 

first free flight near Niagara Falls International Airport. Device would 

provide quick-response, individual aerial mobility. ( DOD Newsfilm Release 185-69; AFJ, 6/14/69, 20) 

In U.S.’s Annual Review of National ad Co-Operative Iitternational 

Space Activities, Soviet Government report said Soviet scientists had 

paid “great attention” to developing methods of detecting signs of life 

on other planets. “With the development of space research, the problem of detecting life on the celestial bodies closest to the earth by 

means of space craft is becoming a priority matter. The considerable 

difference between conditions on the surface of the moon, Venus and 

Mars and those in which terrestrial life exists makes it necessary for 

us to extend our knowledge of the limits within which terrestrial life 

and life in general can exist. In this connexion Soviet scientists are 

investigating the possible limits of the existence of life. The absence of 

systematic processes for the movement of matter on the moon obviously 

makes active life on its surface impossible. On Mars, where free liquid 

water is probably absent, life is possible using matter transfer by frost, 

ice in the soil, water vapour and the wind. Examination of the temperature limits for the existence of life gives rise to a number of considerations which allow us not to exclude the possibility of the existence of 

life, in for example, the polar regions of Venus.” (Text) 

* Space Publications, Inc., reported its poll of Senate showed 48 Senators 

opposed to or “leaning against” deployment of proposed Safeguard 

ABM system; 46 for or leaning toward deployment; and 6 uncommitted, of which 4 had record of voting for former Sentinel system and 

2 against. (SBD, 4/7/69, 167) 

April 8: NASA’s Mariner VII, launched from ETR March 27, successfully executed midcourse maneuver in response to radio commands from Woomera, Australia, tracking station. Spacecraft, more than 2.5-million mi 

from earth, would fly,within 2,000 mi of Mars Aug. 5. (Sehlstedt, 

B Sun, 4/9/69, A5; Reuters, W Post, 4/9/69, A7) 

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April 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Saturn V 2nd stage (S-11-8) was successfully captive-fired at Mississippi 

Test Facility for 385 secs, with only four outboard engines functioning 

for final 86 secs. Center engine was intentionally cut off early to evaluate early cutoff as suppressor of longitudinal oscillations (pogo effect) 

which had occurred on Apollo 8 and 9 flights. If test data were satisfactory, center engine might be cut off early during Apollo 10 mission 

in May. (MSFC Release 69-107) 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried 

American Science & Engineering, Inc., payload to 109.4-mi (176-km) 

altitude. Objective was to obtain high-resolution pictures of general 

x-ray emission from solar corona in quiescent state, using 9-in-dia 

x-ray mirror and 12-frame rotating camera with variety of filters. 

Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily ; x-ray exposures of 

considerable scientific value were anticipated. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* President Nixon announced nomination of NASA Assistant Administrator 

for Industry Affairs Philip N. Whittaker to be Assistant Secretary of 

the Air Force for Installations and Logistics. He also announced appointment of former Gov. William W. Scranton of Pennsylvania as 

US. Representative to INTELSAT Conference with rank of Ambassador, 

replacing Ambassador Leonard H. Marks, who resigned March 21. 

(PD, 4/14/69, 533-4; W Star, 4/9/69, A8) 

MSFC announced $8,391,052 modification to contract with North American Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. for support services to J-2 rocketengine program from June 1, 1969, through April 30, 1970. (MSFC 

Release 69-104) 

Merger of military and civilian man-in-space programs was major decision facing Nixon Administration, said Howard Benedict of Associated Press. Many observers felt it necessary because, under separate 

courses being taken by NASA and DOD, costs of competing hardware 

systems “might explode out of proportion.” Congressmen had charged 

there was costly duplication in NASA’s orbiting workshop and DOD’S 

MOL, both planned for 1971 launch, but with work on both so far 

advanced there was no turning back. Air Force Secretary, Dr. Robert 

Seamans, Jr., former NASA Deputy Administrator, had said any attempt 

to combine two programs “would jeopardize the returns to each agency 

and would ultimately increase the cost. . . . These activities require 

different equipment, different orbits and different timing.” NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, 

had said classified study to determine MOL’S capabilities to accomplish 

NASA’s long-duration earth orbit objectives had shown extended MOL 

“too limited to provide a significant, cost-effective step toward achieving NASA’s long duration objective.” 

Many observers believed technology and information for building 

national space station housing military and civilian personnel might 

emerge from the two programs. Another possibility was use by both 

agencies of similar rocket and spacecraft on separate scientific and 

military missions with equipment standardization providing “considerable saving.” (Huntsville Times, 4/8/69) 

“Where the Legend Starts,” film depicting life of late Cosmonaut Yuri 

Gagarin, was being prepared in U.S.S.R., Tass announced. Gagarin, 

first man in space on Vostok Z April 12, 1961, died in aircraft crash 

March 27,1968. (AP, C Trib, 4/9/69) 

1044 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 8 

* Federally sponsored TurboTrain passenger demonstration began with one 

return trip daily from Boston to New York on Penn Central’s New 

Haven Region. Within year service would permit elimination of 45 to 

50 min from schedules. Developed by Unite& Aircraft Corp., TurboTrains were leased by DOT for two-year Government experiment. (DOT 

Release 4769) 

April 9: Cosmos CCLXXVIII was launched from Baikonur by U.S.S.R. into 

orbit with 318-km (197.6-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 

89.6-min period, and 65.9” inclination. Satellite reentered April 17. 

(GSFC SSR, 4/15/69; 4/30/69; SBD, 4/10/69, 190) 

British Aircraft Corp. chief test pilot Brian Trubshaw flew Anglo-French 

Concorde 002 supersonic airliner on successful 24-min maiden flight 

from Filton Airfield, near Bristol. Aircraft, built to reach 1,400-mph 

speed, flew at 300 mph during flight, which copilot John Cochran 

termed “marvelous.” French version Concorde 001 made maiden flight 

March 2. (W Star, 4/10/69, A13; AP, W Post, 4/10/69, A12) 0 MSFC announced issuance of RFP’S for 10-mo study to establish design 

concepts and development requirements for nuclear rocket stage to 

replace Saturn V 3rd stage for advanced missions in late 1970s and 

1980s and payload design concepts and development requirements for 

flight test and early operational applications of stage using NASA-AEC 

NERVA. Study, for which proposals were due April 17, also would investigate payloads for nuclear-stage test flights including interplanetary 

meteoroid experiment ( IME) and barium cloud experiment ( BCE) . IME 

would gather information on meteoroid environment in interplanetary 

space, particularly in asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. BCE 

would create artificial plasma cloud in space to simulate comet’s tail 

and to study motions of ionized particles in earth‘s magnetosphere. 

Work would be done at MSFC. (MSFC Release 69-105) 

* Astronaut R. Walter Cunningham was named a director of American 

Systems Inc., Los Angeles electronics firm. Cunningham, LM pilot on 

Qct. 11-22 Apollo 7 mission, would continue duties as astronaut. 

(Reuters, W Post, 4/10/69) 

* MSFC shipped 20,000-lb, 20-ft-tall F-1 and 225,000-lb-thrust J-2 

Saturn V rocket engines from New Orleans to France as part of NASA 

exhibit at Paris Air Show, May 29-June 8. Other items in display 

would include Apollo 8 spacecraft and an Apollo lunar module. (MSFC 

Release 69-106; MSFC PIO) 

April 9-11: NASA and National Science Teachers Assn. sponsored Youth 

Science Congress at LaRC to encourage original scientific research by 

outstanding high school students. (Langley Researcher, 4/18/69, 1) 

April 10: Prime crew for Apollo 12 mission was announced by NASA: Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr. (commander), Richard F. Gordon, Jr. ( CM 

pilot), and Alan L. Bean ( LM pilot). Backup crew would be Astronauts 

David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and James B. Irwin. Apollo 12 

would land on moon four to six months after July 1969 Apollo 11 

mission. (NASA Release 69-53) 

NASA reported research project to develop TV tube with completely black 

face to give pilots sharpcontrast picture of aircraft instrument readings, providing accurate information on rapid scanning of instrument 

panel. Filters would absorb prevailing cockpit light and prevent back 

reflection. NASA believed high-contrast cathode-ray tube could be used 

‘ 

105 
April 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

in commercial TV receivers as well if production cost could be reduced. (NASA Release 69-52) 

NSF released Federal Support to Universities and Colleges, Fiscal Year 

1967, prepared for Office of Science and Technology. Federal support 

to universities and colleges totaled $3.3 billion in 1967, up 9% over 

1966 but below increases of 32% and 42% in previous two years. 

Federal support of academic science activities reached $2.3 billion, up 

6%, with two-thirds for science education and institutional development 

and one-third for operating and plant costs for R&D projects. Nonscience activities reached $987 million, or 30% of total. While HEW, 

Dept. of Agriculture, AEC, and NSF increased aid to higher education, 

NASA decreased spending by $11 million (8%) and DOD by $37 million 

(12%). (Text) 0 USA issued “cure notice” giving Lockheed Aircraft Corp. 15 days to 

prove it could solve technical problems of new high-speed AH56 Cheyenne helicopter production or face cancellation of 375 on order. Cost 

estimate had soared from $1.5 million each to $2.25 million with final 

contract terms not yet negotiated. (WSJ, 4/14/69, 15) 

April II: U.S.S.R. launched Molniya I-11 comsat to relay telephone and 

telegraph communications and TV broadcasts to “the far north,” 

Siberia, Central Asia, and Far East. Orbital parameters: apogee, 

39,595 km (24,603.2 mi) ; perigee, 483 km (300.1 mi) ; period, 712.1 

min; and inclination, 64.9”. Equipment was functioning normally. 

(GSFC SSR, 4/15/69; SBD, 1/14/69,204; AP, W Star, 4/11/69, Al) 

Terms of Reference for joint NASA/DOD study of space transportation 

systems were approved by NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

and Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr. Two-part 

study to assess practicality of common system would correlate needs of 

both agencies, assess technical feasibility of various systems, compare 

costs, assess economic sensibility of systems, and recommend concepts 

of space transportation system with rationale for each concept. Group 

would report to President’s Space Task Committee June 15. (Terms of 

Reference) 0 U.K.’s Institute for Strategic Studies predicted U.S.S.R. would overtake 

US. in ICBM production by mid-1969 but US. would retain overall 

lead in nuclear weapons because of greater submarine and air forces. 

US. international role in 1970s could become smallest since pre-World 

War 11. (UPI, W Star, 4/11/69, A12) 

April 12: NASA’s Oao II orbiting astronomical observatory (launched Dec. 

7, 1968) refused to accept commands from NASA’s Santiago, Chile, 

tracking station. Satellite began tumbling out of control and its solar 

cells were unable to receive energy from sun to charge its batteries. 

While project officials tried to determine exact nature of anomaly, satellite recovered, accepting command from Australian station within few 

hours of battery depletion. Oao II was placed in sunbathing mode 

while batteries recharged. (Memo, NASA Asst Director for Projects; 

NASA Release 69-55) 0 USAF launched unidentified satellite from ETR by Atlas-Agena booster 

into near polar orbit with 24,391-mi (39,245.1-km) apogee, 

20,302-mi (32,665.9-km) perigee, 1,436.0-min period, and 10.2’ inclination. (GSFC, SSR, 4/15/69; Pres Rpt 70 [69] ; W Post, 1/13/69, 

A14) 

106 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 12 

* President Nixon announced he would submit to Congress April 15 proposed anti-inflation revisions in N 1970 budget including $4-billion 

reduction in Federal spending, to $192.9 billion; $5.5-billion reduction 

in appropriations requests and other budget authority; and $5.8- 

billion budget surplus-largest since 1951. (PD, 4/21/69, 553-4) 

Unpublished DOD estimate put Federal funding for C-5A transport at 

$5,202,400,000, Bernard D. Nossiter wrote in Washington Post. Figure 

was $77.2-million increase over quotation by USAF in January and 

total $2.1 billion (66%) increase since original 1964 estimate. 

(W Post, 4/12/69, A2) 

April 12-14: NASA successfully launched series of three Nike-Apache 

sounding rockets from Churchill Research Range carrying GSFC pay. 

loads to study energy spectra and relative abundances of various 

charge species of solar cosmic radiation during period of solar maxi. 

mum. Each rocket carried three nuclear emulsion stocks and solid-state 

detector sensitive to protons above 30 mev. Rockets reached 98.4-mi 

(158.4-h), 96.4-mi (155.2-km), and 100.0-mi (161.0-km) altitudes and instruments performed satisfactorily. Payloads were recovered in good condition. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

April 14: NASA's Nimbus III (Nimbus-B2) meteorological satellite was successfully launched from WTR by Long-Tank, Thrust-Augmented Thor 

("horad) -Agena D booster after three-day postponement because of 

fuel leak. Satellite entered orbit with 703-mi (1,131.1-km) apogee, 

662.2-mi (1,065.5-km) perigee, 107.3-min period, and 80.1' inclination. 

Nimbus III carried USA'S Egis XllI (also called Secor XIII) Sequential Collation of Range satellite as secondary payload on Agena 

2nd stage and injected it into orbit with 704-mi (1,132.7-km) apogee, 

667-mi (1,073.2-km) perigee, 107.3-min period, and 99.9" inclination. 

Primary objectives were to inject Nimbus III into orbit and demonstrate satisfactory operation of active, three-axis, earth-oriented spacecraft for at least three months and to acquire representative global 

samples of infrared spectra for vertical temperature profiles of atmosphere. As secondary objectives spacecraft would make global maps of 

radiative energy balance of earth atmosphere and cloud cover over at 

least one seasonal cycle; demonstrate feasibility of surface pressure 

and tropospheric wind measurements by infrared interferometer spectrometer system and temperature profile determination by infrared 

spectrometry; make global maps of earth and day-and-night cloud 

cover for three months from image-dissector camera system and highresolution infrared radiometer; and demonstrate SNAP-19 system as 

auxiliary power system for three months. Spacecraft carried seven 

meteorological experiments-most ever carried on U.S. meteorological 

satellite-and was first capable of measuring emitted infrared energy 

that would permit inference of atmospheric profile on global basis. 

Interrogation, recording, and location system ( IRLS) would pinpoint 

position of special electronic platforms on fixed land sites and moving 

objects such as buoys, balloons, aircraft, and elk in Yellowstone 

National Park. 

Butterfly-shaped 1,269-1b Nimbus I11 was fourth in series of seven 

spacecraft designed to develop significantly improved meteorological 

satellite, prove applicability of instrumentation, and fulfill special data 

107 
April 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

requirements of atmospheric sciences research community. It was replacement for Nimbus B, which failed to enter orbit May 18, 1968, 

when launch vehicle malfunctioned. Nimbus I (launched Aug. 28, 

19M) had operated for one month before solar-array drive system 

malfunctioned. Nimbus II (launched May 15, 1966) had exceeded sixmonth lifetime, operating successfully until Jan. 18, 1969. Nimbus 

program was managed by GSFC under OSSA direction. (NASA Proj Off; 

NASA Release 69-50) 

* NASA’s Apollo 10 lunar orbital mission was proceeding well toward launch 

readiness for 11:49 am EST May 18, Deputy Apollo Program Director 

George H. Hage told NASA Hq. briefing. Flight readiness test had been 

successfully completed April 9. Countdown demonstration test ( CDDT) 

would begin April 27, completing cryogenic propellant flow May 2; 

crew participation in CDDT would begin May 3. Astronauts Thomas P. 

Stafford (commander), John W. Young (CM pilot), and Eugene A. 

Cernan (LM pilot) would be launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, 

Pad B-being used for first time-on eight-day mission in which crew 

would enter lunar orbit, separate LM from CSM, and pilot LM to within 

50,000 ft of lunar surface. 

Mission would include 11 different crew operations on TV and 

Westinghouse Electric Corp.-developed “experiment involving color TV 

if we can develop it and get it prepared to fly in time to support this 

mission. If we are able to . . . we would do most of the pictures with 

color TV rather than black and white. . . .” (Transcript) 

a Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong would be first man to step on moon, according to NASA plans for July 16 Apollo 11 mission, Apollo Program 

Manager George M. Low told MSC press conference. Armstrong, mission commander, followed by Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., LM pilot, would 

leave LM and spend 2 hrs 40 min walking on lunar surface, gathering 

rock samples, setting up experiments, and taking pictures within 100 

ft of LM. Astronauts would not go farther, Low said, because “all that 

we need to carry out in deploying the experiment in doing all of the 

activities that we have to do on the surface the first time . . . can be 

done within the first 50 or 100 ft from the LM and we see no reason to 

go any further and use up a lot of energy walking as opposed to doing 

those things that we would like to do. . . .” (Transcript) 

* Apollo 11 CSM and LM were mated with Saturn V (SA-506) launch 

vehicle at KSC in preparation for July 16 lunar landing mission. (SBD, 

4/15/69, 209) 

* Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket with VAM-20 booster launched by 

NASA from WSMR carried GSFC payload to 116.5-mi (187.5-km) altitude. Primary objective was to obtain solar x-ray spectra from 2 to 

400 A. Secondary objective was to obtain integrated solar flux from 8 

to 20 A. Data would be used to check calibration of spectrometer on 

board Os0 V (launched Jan. 22). Rocket and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Nixon Administration was responding to NASA requests for $ZOO million 

supplemental R&D funds by “emphatically ordering future reductions” 

in FY 1970 budget, said William J. Normyle in Aviation Week & 

Space Technology. BOB had told NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, to plan on $140-million loss despite conclusions of House subcommittees that NASA’s R&D should be increased $234.4 million. Until 

108 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 14 

Nixon decisions on US. space future, cut would “wipe out” work on 

space stations, shuttle/logistics vehicles, and manned lunar exploration. 

Feasible future programs were being studied by President’s ad hoc 

committee which would report in September. (Av Wk, 4/14/69, 27-8) 

e General aviation’s impact on US. economy in 1980 would be $7.1 billion, 

222.7% above $2.2-billion industry contribution to GNP in 1967, according to The Magnitude and Economic Impact of General Aviation, 

study by R. Dixon Speas Associates for AIA. Study said 1980 airports 

and airways system must be prepared to accept 260,000 general-aviation aircraft making 241 million takeoffs and landings and carrying 

317 million passengers. (MA Fact Book; Bramley, Amer Av, 4/14/69, 

r. Peter van de Kamp, Director of Sproul Qbservatory at Swarthmore College, Pa., described discovery of fourth 

planet-like body found outside solar system. Existence had been deduced from 30 yrs telescopic observation of irregularities in Barnard’s 

Star, six light years from earth. (NYT, 4/15/69, 16; AP, W Post, 

4/17/69, F13) 

April 15: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Titan IIIB-Agena D booster. Satellite entered orbit with 292.7-mi 

(471-km) apogee, 78.9-mi (127-km) perigee, 89.9-min period, and 

108.7” inclination and reentered April 30. (GSFC SSR, 4/15/69; 

4/30/69; SBD, 4/25/69, 264) 0 U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXIX into orbit with 350-km (217.5-mi) 

apogee, 205-km ( 127.4-mi) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 51.8” 

inclination. West German Institute for Space Research later reported 

spacecraft was a Soyuz space capsule and that it reentered and softlanded in U.S.S.R. April 24. (GSFC SSR, 4/15/69; AP, c“ Trib, 

4/25/69) 0 President Nixon submitted to Congress FY 1970 budget amendments 

[see April 121. White House, DOD, and NASA released details. NASA 

funds were reduced $45 million from $3.878-billion Johnson proposal 

to $3.833 billion (recommended $3.716 in new obligational authority 

plus $117 million carried over from prior years). 

Apollo Applications program would be cut by $57 million but new 

obligational authority of $46 million for resumption of Saturn V 

rocket production and $40 million for lunar exploration would be 

added, for net increase of $29 million in manned space flight funds. 

Space science and applications would be cut by $41 million, to 

$517.8-million new total. Advanced research and technology would 

be cut $13 million, to total $277.4 million; and tracking and data acquisition, $20 million, to total $278 million. University affairs funding 

would remain at $9 million, technology utilization at $5 million, and 

NERVA funding under nuclear rocket program at $36.5 million. 

Funds proposed for construction of facilities and for research and 

program management remained unchanged. 

At NASA budget briefing, NASA Administrator Dr. Thomas 0. Paine 

said: “The reductions we have been required to make will make necessary difficult program adjustments and will result in reduced accomplishments in many areas. However . . . in a context clearly requiring 

that Government spending be held to a minimum, the Administration 

has recognized the importance to the United States of a strong and con17-9) 

In Duke Univ. lecture, 

109 
April 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tinuing program in space and aeronautics. . . . Last January, I characterized President Johnson’s N 1970 Budget as a ‘holding’ Budget 

. . . deferring to President Nixon’s Administration the decisions the 

nation faces on the future of manned flight programs.” President 

Nixon’s recommendations, “if approved by the Congress, will ensure 

that the nation can continue a scientifically effective program of 

manned lunar exploration and avoid foreclosing our ability to continue 

large-scale space operations in the future by allowing the capability to 

produce Saturn V launch vehicles . . . to lapse beyond the point where 

it can economically be resumed.” 

DOD spending was reduced $1.1 billion and requested new obligational authority, $3.1 billion, including $51 million from MOL. Other 

science budget cuts: AEC funding, $78.6 million; agricultural and 

natural resources conservation, $345 million; HEW university facilities, 

$107 million; and NIH, $47.4 million. NSF budget remained at $495 

million. Nixon budget made available $92.7-million carry-over for SST 

R&D but no funds for prototype construction. Overall reduction in space 

and atomic energy funding was $140 million. (PD, 3/21/69, 561-3; 

NASA Budget Briefing Transcript; DOD Transript; W Post, 4/15- 

16/69; NYT, 4/16/69; Science, 4/25/69) 

* Project Tektite Aquanauts Richard A. Waller, Conrad V. W. Mahnken, 

John 6. Van Derwalker, and H. Edward Clifton were brought to surface and placed in decompression chamber for 19 hrs, after recordbreaking 59 days on ocean floor off St. John, Virgin Islands. They had 

submerged Feb. 15 in successful experiment to determine how men 

functioned for extended periods underwater. At news conference later, 

aquanauts revealed they had spent 25-40 hrs outside underwater habitat during first two weeks, moving no farther than 300 ft; later they 

averaged 70 hrs per week, swimming up to 3,000 ft from habitat to 

study marine life, ocean currents, and geology. (Lyons, NYT, 4/14/69, 

17; AP, W Star, 4/15/69, B11; W Post, 4/16/69, A9; 4/17/69; 

4/19/69, A6) 

At American Chemical Society meeting in Minneapolis, Univ. of California at Berkeley nuclear scientist Albert Ghiorso reported discovery 

of element 104 isotopes 104-257 and 104-259 and possibly 104-258. 

Discoveries, made by bombarding target in heavy ion linear accelerator 

( HILAC), were announced by Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, operated 

at Univ. of California for AEC. (AEC Release M-87) 

April 15-1 7: Conference on technology of food management for aerospace 

vehicles was sponsored by NASA, NAS, and Univ. of South Florida at 

Tampa, Fla. Discussions included Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo mission 

experience by Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research 

and Operations, and feeding system requirements for Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory and Apollo Applications program. Food specialists had 

found they needed to improve methods on all types of aerospace flights 

with emphasis on more palatable food and less food preparation time 

in flight. (NASA Special Release) 

April 16: NASA would require $5- to $5.6-billion annual budget “within 

three years” for simultaneous development of orbiting space station 

and lunar exploration in 1970 and onward, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, Dr. Homer E. Newell, said 

in Washington Post interview. (Cohn, W Post, 4/17/69, A3) 

110 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 April 16 

* Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR with 

VAM-20 booster carried Naval Research Laboratory payload to 

117.0-mi (188.3-km) altitude to record white-light corona of sun 

from three to nine solar radii with package containing two externally 

occulted coronagraphs and three related experiments. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. ( NASA Rpt SRL) 

NASA noted new level of maturity in conduct of Apollo 8 mission, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, Dr. 

.Homer E. Newell, told National Space Club in Washington, D.C. “We 

got the feeling that the people . . . handling the operations had now a 

new tool that fit the hand.” Maturing of total space capability was seen 

in use of Pioneers and earth orbiting satellites during Apollo 8 “to 

keep track of what the sun was doing so that the directors of the Apollo 

operation could know what radiation conditions in space were relative 

to . . . crew safety.” Mission also used weather satellites and communication satellites, “not only to transmit pictures . . . but also as an 

integral part of the operation, to transmit data. . . .” 

Asked NASA’s priority on space station versus lunar exploration in 

view of increase in funding request for lunar landing program, Dr. 

Newell said: “Now you have touched uppn what I think is going to be 

the most mcult question for the country to resolve in the months 

ahead.” There was general agreement that manned space flight should 

continue. Debate would be over whether it would be done by continued 

lunar exploration, earth orbital operations, or both. “Our own feeling 

is that the country ought to do both. Certainly after having put all the 

investment into landing a man on the moon and developing the capability to do so we must continue to explore the moon. And we cannot 

foresee any reasonable or rational national program in which we do 

not continue that exploration. At the same time . . . we haven’t 

finished developing the manned space flight capability. We have got to 

. . . get that permanent foothold in space and that is where the space 

station comes in.” (Transcript) 

0 LaRC and JPL announced formation of management teams to direct viking Mars 1973 program to send two instrumented lander-and-orbiter 

spacecraft to Mars in 1973. LaRC had responsibility for overall project 

management and for lander portion of spacecraft. JPL would manage 

orbiter portion and tracking and data acquisition. James S. Martin, Jr., 

was LaRc project manager, with Henry W. Norris named Viking orbiter 

manager at JPL. (NASA Release 69-54; JPL Release 512) 

* MSFC announced award of eight-month identical $400,000 contracts to 

Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. and Bendix Corp. for preliminary 

design and definition studies of dual-mode lunar roving vehicles. DLRV 

would provide mobility for one astronaut on lunar surface and could 

be operated by remote control from earth while making automated, 

long-range traverses of large lunar areas. DRLV would be delivered to 

moon aboard Apollo LM. After astronauts left, it would be placed in 

remote control for geological and geophysical trips of 600 mi or more 

for one year, during which it would collect up to 200 lbs of lunar 

samples and measure lunar terrain. It would then rendezvous with 

and transfer samples for return to earth for analysis. (MSFC Release 69-110) 

At closed session of Senate Armed Services Committee Dr. Robert C. 

111 
April 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, I369 

Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, and Gen. John P. McConnell, 

Air Force Chief of Staff, said development of new intercontinental 

supersonic bomber was “perhaps our most urgent requirement.” Aircraft, with proposed ABM system, would “provide insurance against 

unexpected Soviet developments.” (Homan, W Post, 4/17/69, A9) 

* U.S.S.R. announced it would conduct series of rocket tests in Pacific 

from April 17 to June 15. Aircraft and ships were asked to avoid 

55-nm-dia circular area north of Midway Island with center at 35’23’ 

north latitude and 172’24‘ west longitude. (UPI, W News, 4/17/69, 9; 

SBD Space Log supplement, 4/18/69) 0 At Vienna peace conference, following three-day secret talks, AEC 

member Gerald F. Tape and Dr. Yevgeny K. Fedorov, head of Soviet 

Weather Bureau, issued joint communique expressing concern about 

amount of harmful radioactivity that would be released by nuclear 

explosions when used for such projects as canal digging. Tape predicted widespread use of nuclear explosion for benefit of nonnuclear 

countries was still five years away; Fedorov said Soviet technology 

would permit general use of some types before 1974, but applications 

would come later. (Hamilton, NYT, 4/17/69, 8) 

* MIT and USN unveiled in Boston computerized guidance and control system to enable pilot of deep-diving rescue vessel to rendezvous and dock 

with disabled submarines at depths to 5,000 ft. It would be used in 

Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles-new class of USN submarines 

scheduled for first test dive in June 1969. (Wilford, NYT, 4/17/69, 

94; W Post, 4/17/69, A4) 

April 17: Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry (USAF) piloted USAF X-24A liftingbody vehicle on its first glide flight. The wingless craft, which depends on shape and speed for 

aerodynamic lift, was air-launched from a B-52 aircraft at 45,000-foot altitude and 

mach 0.66. Designed far maximum speed of mach 2 and altitudes to 100,000 feet, the 

X-24A was one of three wingless experimental vehicles in the joint USAF-NASA re- search program studying concepts for reusable and maneuverable reentry spacecraft. 

112 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

April 17: X-24A lifting-body research vehicle, 

April 17 

d by Maj. Jerauld R. 

Gentry ( USAF) , successf flight from Rogers 

Dry Lake, Calif. Vehicle ir-launched from B-52 aircraft at 

45,000-ft altitude and mach 0.66 for pilot checkout and data on longitudinal trim, lift, and drag. [NASA Proj OB) 

NASA’s HGlO liftingbody vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. 

Manke, successfully completed 15th flight. Primary objectives were to 

expand flight envelope to mach 0.9 and to determine control characteristics at mach 0.9. Vehicle was air-launched from B-52 aircraft north 

of Four Corners, Calif., at 45,000-ft altitude and mach 0.7. Manke 

ignited three chambers of XLR-11 engine, rotated vehicle, climbed to 

55,000-ft altitude, and sustained flight at mach 0.9 for 100 secs. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) introduced in House H.R. 10251, new 

NASA FY 1970 authorization bill totaling $3.716 billion in line with 

President Nixon’s April 15 amended budget request. Bill was referred 

to House Committee on Science and Astronautics. (Text; CR, 4/17/69, 

H2806) 

* Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carried TRW Systems Inc. payload to 161.6-mi 

(260-km) altitude. Objectives were to measure total flux and energy, 

including spectrum of precipitated energetic (1-20 kev) H atoms and 

precipitated energetic protons and electrons; fluctuating DC electron 

fields; HB light intensity altitude profile; and location and intensity of 

ionosphere current systems. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily; good data were obtained. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR with 

VAM-20 booster carried Naval Research Laboratory payload to 

113.7-mi (182-km) altitude to record white-light corona of sun from 

three to nine solar radii with package containing two externally occulted coronagraphs and three related experiments. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from NASA Wallops Station carried Univ. of Illinois and GCA Corp. payload to 130.5-mi 

(210-km) altitude to measure electron density, collision frequency, 

and temperature in lower ionosphere at vernal equinox during sunspot 

maximum. Rocket and dual-frequency propagation experiment for airglow photometer performed satisfactorily. Langmuir-Smith probe and 

uv experiment produced no data and payload did not come out of 

calibration until near impact. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 MSFC announced modification of $3,057,503 to contract with Chrysler 

Corp. Space Div. for work on mechanical ground support equipment 

for Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles from Dec. 1,1968, through 

March 31, 1970. MSFC also announced one-year $5,704,116 extension 

to contract with RCA Service Co. Div. of Radio Corp. of America for 

technical services in support of MSFC Management Services. ( MSFC 

Releases 69-115, 69-114) 

DOT released Stdy of Air Cargo and Air Passenger Terminal Facilitation 

by Simat, Helliesen, & Eichner, Inc., and TransPIan, 1nc.-source document for Transportation Facilities Committee’s industry-Government 

task forces. It forecast worldwide passenger traffic increase of nearly 

10% annually and air cargo increase of nearly 20% annually during 

113 
April 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

next decade. Documentation, processing, and handling delays were 

contributing to nearly six-day delivery time of air cargo despite sixhour Atlantic crossings, and Government clearance procedures were 

critical problem for international cargo operations. Report recommended: further consideration of high-speed rail, STOL, and VTOL 

services; computerized processing of cargo documentation and highspeed communication to facilitate advanced clearance ; off -airport 

cargo terminals ; automated passenger ticketing and baggage handling ; 

and streamlined, mechanized border formalities. (DOT Release 5869) 

* Rep. Emilio Q. Daddario (D-Conn.) told House Dr. Franklin A. Long 

of Cornel1 Univ. had been asked to withdraw from nomination as NSF 

Director after refusing to support Administration’s ABM system. “It is 

unfortunate that the Nixon administration is sacrificing the National 

Science Foundation on the altar of the ABM, and, by so doing, seriously 

affecting its unique capability to be of service to our country.” (CR, 

4/17/69, H2759) 

April 18: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., 

dressed in full landing attire, rehearsed simulated lunar landing at 

MSC for the 2 hrs 40 min they would spend walking and working on 

lunar surface in July. Astronauts practiced scooping rock and soil 

samples, unfurled umbrella-like antenna, and deployed seismometer to 

detect quakes and array of mirrors to serve as laser target for astronomers on earth. (Wilford, NYT, 4/19/69; UPI, P Bull, 4/19/69) 

MSFC announced it had issued RFPS for assistance in producing 320 completed solar “arrays” to convert solar energy into electrical power 

to operate Saturn I Workshop. Two wings covered with 120 modules 

each, for total 1,200-sq-ft area, would produce 12,000 w for Workshop. 

Pre-proposal conference was scheduled at MSFC May 1. (MSFC Release 

INTELSAT Consortium had selected Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle for Intelsat IV program, ComSatCorp announced. First Intelsat IV-18-ft-high7 

8-ft-dia comsat with 5,000 two-way voice grade circuits-would be 

launched in early 1971. ComSatCorp would negotiate with NASA for 

purchase and launch of two Atlas-Centaur boosters with option for 

two more. Atlas-Centaur was manufactured by General Dynamics Corp. 

Convair Div. and managed by L~Rc. (ComSatCorp Release 69-19; 

Lewis News, 4/25/69, 1) 

ComSatCorp announced earnings of $1,525,000, or 15 cents per share, for 

first quarter of 1969. It had earned $1,798,000 (18 cents per share) 

for similar period in 1968. Expected decline followed increased operating expenses from expansion of satellite and earth station system. 

(ComSatCorp Release 69-18) 

Having started from “near zero” in 1961, West Germany was spending 

about $90 million annually on space activities, said D. S. Greenberg in 

Science, with rise to $150 million expected within few years. About 

40% was in international programs like E~O and ESRO but emphasis 

was on building domestic facilities. All-German satellite was being 

built for launch by NASA and Germans were working with French on 

comsat for 1972 Munich Olympic Games coverage. “With no manned 

space effort or aspirations to divert their resources, and with the 

military barred from space, whatever the Germans muster in space 

69-1 16) 

114 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 18 

activity goes directly into scientific research or commercial applications,” Greenberg said. (Science, 4/18/69,281-3) 

April 20: AH-56A Cheyenne helicopter-integrated, aerial, vehicle-armament-avionics-fire control gunship capable of firing machine guns, 

grenades, rockets, and missiles-could become latest DoD-purchased 

aircraft to incur Congressional and public criticism because of massive 

cost overruns, major technical difficulties, and hints of improper procurement practices, Robert Walters said in Washington Sunday Star. 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp.’s California Co. was prime contractor on 

Cheyenne project which “has been in trouble almost since its inception 

in August 1964.” Total cost for Cheyenne program, including $195.3 

million estimated for R&I), was set as $1.06 billion and Lockheed 

contract allowed further increases. (W Star, 4/20/69, A8) 

April 21: NASA’s Explorer XXXVlll (launched July 4, 1968), orbiting at 

3,640-mi altitude, had discovered earth, like Jupiter, sporadically 

emitted low-frequency radio signals, Radio Astronomy Explorer project 

scientist Dr. Robert G. Stone told 1969 spring meeting of US. National Committee of International Union of Radio Science in Washington, D.C. “In the radio frequency range below 10 megahertz, the 

Earth looks very much like Jupiter. This suggests that the same 

processes that account for the Jovian radio noise may also be active 

in the Earth‘s magnetosphere.” Signals from both planets appeared 

sharply beamed or directed in narrow cone, were quite intense and 

increased in intensity rapidly when observed toward lower frequencies, 

and were impulsive, occurring in rapid but sporadic bursts. 

Explorer XXXVlll also had revealed sun was more active source of 

radio outbursts in lower frequencies than expected, providing unique 

means of studying sun’s outer atmosphere to 36-million-mi distance of 

Mercury orbit. “Such information,” Stone said, “could shed further 

light on mystery of Sun’s part in cause of low frequency radio storms 

on the Earth.” Explorer XXXVlIl’s four 750-ft-long antennas had 

provided most comprehensive and detailed measurements of cosmic 

radio noise at low frequencies yet available. Information was providing 

first low-frequency maps of radio emissions in Milky Way galaxy, 

showing that most radio emissions originated in plane or disc of Milky 

Way. Satellite had remained stable since orbit despite repeated movement and had continued to operate successfully. (NASA Release 69-57; 

AP, B Sun, 4/22/69, A6; O’Tode, W Post, 4/22/69, Al) 9 President Nixon’s amendments to proposed FY 1970 space budget would 

support post-Apollo manned flight at expense of unmanned planetary 

space flight, William J. Normyle wrote in Aviation Week & Space 

Technology. In effect, NASA had received “almost all it wanted for 

planning post-Apollo manned lunar exploration.” Argument was expected in House Committee on Science and Astronautics over relative 

apportionment. (Av Wk, 4/21/69,16-7) 9 Senate Committee on Banking and Currency approved nomination of 

NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and Management 

Harold B. Finger as Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. (CR, 4/21/69, D289; W Star, 4/22/69, A3) 

April 22: NASA named Brian M. Duff, Vice President for Communications of 

National Urban Coalition, as Public Affairs Officer for MSC. He would 

115 
April 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

succeed Paul Haney who was named Special Assistant to Julian Scheer, 

Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA Hq. Duff had been 

Director of Special Events in NASA Office of Public Affairs before going 

to National Urban Coalition. In new position, Haney would coordinate 

development of news media materials, with concentration on Apollo 

manned lunar landing. Haney later told press he had been ordered to 

new position because of personal differences with Scheer. “I’m definitely uncertain whether to go and have consulted a lawyer,” he said. 

Scheer said on April 23 transfer was not personal matter but “case of 

using two very good people where they can best serve our needs.” 

(NASA Release 69-59; H Chron, 4/22-23/69; H Post, 4/23/69, 1; 

W Post, 4/23/69, A3) 

Rep. Charles W. Whalen, Jr. (R-Ohio) , inserted in Congressional Record 

results of annual opinion poll of his constituents which showed 51% 

preferred continuation of space funding at present level, 21% preferred cutback with reallocation of space funds to social welfare programs, 16% wanted acceleration of space program with increased funding if necessary, and 12% wanted none of these. (CR, 4/22/69, E3230) 

* DOD reported Soviet SS-9 missile had been test-fired with multiple reentry vehicles for first time over U.S.S.R.’s Pacific testing area at 

5,000-mi range. Missile, of which U.S.S.R. had deployed 200, was 

capable of carrying warhead of up to 25 mt or three warheads of 5 mt 

and was only Soviet missile credited with hard-site destruction capability. Portions of its booster had been used in testing FOBS. (DOD 

Release 310-69; Homan, W Post, 4/23/69, A26) 

April 22-25: Discovery of six new mascons (mass concentrations of dense 

material) beneath moon’s surface was reported by JPL scientists at 

50th Annual Meeting of American Geophysical Union in Washington, 

D.C. William L. Sjogren, Paul M. Muller, and Dr. Peter Gottlieb re. 

ported discovery that brought to 12 total mascons mapped on moon’s 

near face and leading and trailing edges and that were expected to 

refine gravity model used in Apollo navigation. 

Dr. Gottlieb said latest gravity model produced significant agreement 

with analysis of tracking information from ApoZZo 8 mission Dec. 21- 

27, 1968. JPL researchers were working with MSFC to predict accurately 

landing sites several orbits before spacecraft landing. Most data available had been taken from spacecraft in lunar orbit of about 60 mi. 

JPL team expected new and possibly higher resolution data from Apollo 

10 when lunar module orbited at lower altitude. (JPL Release 514; 

NASA Release 69-61) 

April 23: Cosmos CCLXXX was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 251- 

km (156-mi) apogee, 198-km (123-mi) perigee, 88.1-min period, and 

51.0’ inclination. Satellite reentered May 6. ( GSFC SSR, 4/30/69; 

5/15/69; SBD, 4/25/69,261) 

e Briefing on ApolZo 9’s earth resources survey experiment [see March 3- 

131 was held at NASA Hq. Dr. Leonard Jaffe, Director of Space Applications Programs, stressed importance of satellite photos for earth resources program: “. . . we have taken advantage of the Apollo and 

Gemini, as we did with Mercury, opportunities to get pictures of the 

earth and its environment with cameras, largely held by hand, by the 

astronauts. These pictures have been a very large source of experimental data for our Earth Resources Survey Program.” 

116 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 23 

Advantage of using space for earth resources survey was twofold. 

One was “large view that it gives you of the earth.” Second was 

“ability to see the same phenomenon, or the same area of the earth 

time and time again, to be able to arrive over this particular spot on 

the earth periodically and observe temporal changes.” Apollo 9 experiment had obtained some 120 or 130 useful frames of multispectral data, 

all of which had been distributed to principal investigators for analysis. 

(Transcript) 

* House Committee on Science and Astronautics accepted subcommittee reports on H.R. 10251, FY 1970 NASA authorization [see April 171 and 

added $258 million to amounts requested by President Nixon. Committee would meet again April 29. (CR, 4/23/69, D302; Lannan, W 

Star, 4/24/69) 

National Telemetry Conference of Institute of Electrical and Electronic 

Engineers, Inc., presented award for telemetry achievements to NASA 

team responsible for directing, planning, engineering, implementing, 

and operating Manned Space Flight Network in support of Apollo 

program. At Washington, D.C., luncheon, award was accepted by GSFC 

Assistant Director for Manned Flight Support, Ozro M. Covington. 

( GSFC Release G-1-69) 

Australian Prime Minister John G. Gorton announced in Canberra that 

Australian government had accepted US. proposals for “a joint United 

States-Australian defense space communications facility” at Woomera, 

South Australia, site of Australian Weapons Research Establishment. 

(Sehlstedt, B Sun, 4/24/69, Al) 

April 24: NASA’s Mariner VI and Mariner VI1 spacecraft were 10 million mi 

and 6.47 million mi from earth en route to Mars. Mariner VI Canopus 

tracker had failed to change position properly April 20 and search was 

underway to find substitute for Canopus. (JPL Status Bull) 

President Nixon announced appointment of five new members to 19- 

member President’s Science Advisory Committee: Dr. John D. Baldeschwieler, professor of chemistry at Stanford Univ.; Dr. Richard L. 

Garwin, Director of IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia Univ.; Dr. 

Murray Gell-Mann, professor of theoretical physics at Cal Tech; Dr. 

Patrick E. Haggerty, President of Texas Instruments, Inc.; and Dr. 

Gerald F. Tape, President of Associated Universities, Inc. (PD, 

4/28/69,602) 0 Signing of $8,802,472 supplemental agreement with McDonnell Douglas 

Corp. defining 18 change orders affecting S-IVB quality maintenance 

program was announced by MSFC. Agreement included reliability and 

quality reviews, documentation, and expanded production acceptance 

tests. ( MSFC Release 69-122) 

* FAA announced initiation of Airport Data System (ADS) to collect and 

validate data on facilities and service available at nation’s airports in 

centralized section of FAA-National Flight Data Center ( NFDC) . Data 

would be made available to US. Coast and Geodetic Survey and commercial chart producers. (FAA Release T 69-20) 

April 25: NASA’s HGlO lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot 

William H. Dana, was air-launched from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft 

altitude and glided to successful landing. Purpose of flight, 16th in 

series at FRC, was pilot checkout. (NASA Proj Off) 

Electrostatic zero-gravity workbench experiment by Chrysler Corp. at 

117 
April 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Michoud Assembly Facility might provide substitute for gravity in 

small space-station area, NASA reported. If successful, experimental 

equipment-three-foot-square workbench with coated metal top, high 

voltage and variable power supply, and ion source with interconnected 

cabling-would enable astronaut to manipulate loose objects like tools 

in weightlessness of orbiting space station. Ion source and high-voltage 

power supply, directed downward, would create force field to hold 

tools to bench top. Ground experiments would be completed in six 

months. (NASA Release 69-58) 0 Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.) , for himself and Sen. Margaret C. 

Smith(R-Me.) , introduced S. 1941, NASA authorization bill, similar to 

H.R. 10251 [see April 171. Bill was referred to Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences. (Text; CR, 4/25/69, S4118) 

Senate confirmed nomination of Harold B. Finger, NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and Management, as Assistant Secretary 

of Housing and Urban Development. (CR 4/25/69, ,54189) 

0 Paul Haney, described by press as “Voice of Apollo,” announced resignation after 10 yrs with NASA following NASA Hq. discussion of his 

April 22 appointment as assistant to Associate Administrator for Public 

Affairs Julian Scheer. Haney said decision to resign resulted from 

personal differences with Scheer, who told press he had tried to persuade Haney to remain with agency. (AP, NYT, 4/26/69, 2; O’Toole, 

W Post, 4/29/69, A3) 

April 26: Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR 

carried MIT payload to 97.7-mi (157.9-km) altitude to study x-ray 

spectrum of Crab Nebula at long wavelengths and to search for weak 

x-ray sources associated with supernova remnants or with galaxies 

outside Milky Way. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily. 

(NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Thumba 

Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERM) carrying Indian-Japanese payload for x-ray astronomy studies. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Testifying before Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Joseph B. Mahon, 

NASA’s Director of Launch Vehicle and Propulsion Programs, OSSA, said 

NASA planned to use Titan IIIC and Titan Centaur to carry out highvelocity Viking mission in FY 1970. They would provide capability for 

both orbital and lander scientific experimentation and would expand 

launch window. After proof test flight in 1972 of integrated Improved 

Centaur and Titan 111, configuration would be flown in support of 

1973 Viking mission and other planetary missions, as well as earth 

synchronous missions using 4,000- to 8,000-lb spacecraft. Titan IIIC 

also would be used on two synchronous-altitude missions, ATS-F and 

ATS-G. (Transcript) 

April 27: Several thousand gallons of fuel escaped from prevalves in Saturn 

V 1st stage (S-IC) while it was being prepared for Apollo 10 countdown demonstration test (CDDT) at KSC. Prevalves opened while leak 

was being repaired in nitrogen pressurization system on mobile 

launcher. CDDT, scheduled to begin April 28, was delayed 24 hrs while 

vehicle was examined for damage. (O’Toole, W Post, 4/29/69, A3; 

Marshall, Star, 4/30/69, 1) 

118 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 27 

FRC announced retirement of NASA’s two X-15 rocket research aircraft, 

designed for manned hypersonic flight research at speeds up to 4,000 

mph and altitudes of 50 mi. X-15 No. 1, which had made first flight 

June 8,1959, would be displayed at Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. No. 2 would be displayed at Air Force Museum at WrightPatterson AFB, Ohio. No. 3 had been destroyed in accident Nov. 15, 

1967. During $300-million NASA-USAF-USN program X-15 had set two 

unofficial world records, reaching 354,200-ft altitude and 4,520 mph 

(mach 6.7). Aircraft served as reusable manned platforms for wide 

range of experiments that helped advance development of vital spaceflight systems. Final flight, 199th, had been Oct. 24, 1968, and NASA 

had announced completion of program Dec. 20. (FRC Release 9-69) 

William Hines said in Washington Evening Star: “It now seems entirely 

possible that NASA may sneak into a Mars program without a specific 

go-ahead of the type given for the moon adventure in 1961. A case can 

be made that exploration of the planets is but a logical extension of 

exploration of the moon; that once the space frontier is crossed in 1969 

everything else is evolutionary, not revolutionary. This sort of gradualism, which is analogous to a girl’s becoming a little bit pregnant, is 

just as effective in the long run as the flamboyant setting of spectacular 

goals, and probably a good bit more feasible in a time when there is 

already much grumbling about pre-occupation with other worlds when 

our own is in such a sorry state.” (W Star, 4/27/69, G4) * Dr. Nicholas E. Golovin, technical adviser for aviation and space science 

and technology in Office of Science and Technology, died of heart 

attack in Washington, D.C., at age 57. He had been deputy Associate 

Administrator of NASA in 1960. After returning to private industry for a 

year, he had rejoined NASA as director of Large Launch Vehicle Planning Group. Before coming to NASA he had been Chief Scientist at 

White Sands Missile Range for DOD and then Director of Technical 

Operations Div. of ARPA. (W Post, 4/30/69, B14; W Star, 4/30/69, 

B6) April 28: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, testified in FY 1970 

authorization hearings before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences that he believed “the greatest significance” of President 

Nixon’s decision to include in budget amendment amounts for continued lunar exploration after first Apollo landings and for continued 

Saturn V production was “that it recognizes the fundamental fact that 

the United States should not and does not plan to stop its further 

development and use of manned space flight.” 

Early manned lunar landing would allow additional savings of perhaps as much as $39 million in amended Apollo budget. Budget included funds for improved scientific equipment for more advanced 

missions to moon and for limited Apollo Applications program. Fund 

cuts would mean some program reorientation as well as delay in Workshop, previously scheduled for mid-1971. 

Amended budget supported continuation of plans for 1971 and 1973 

Mars missions and first mission to Mercury in 1973, with Venus 

swing-by. In space applications, ‘bwhere we are placing special emphasis,’’ Earth Resources Technology Satellite program would enable 

NASA, with other agencies, to test practical use of space to gather information on water levels, crops, forests, and other resources. “Despite 

. 

119 
April 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

the sizable overall reduction . . . we have not reduced the earth resources project.” 

Budget included funds to proceed with NERVA development and continued to give “high priority to our work in aeronautics.” New construction would include Aircraft Noise Reduction Laboratory at URC, 

“unique national facility for studying the fundamentals of noise generation and reduction.” 

U.S.S.R. was continuing vigorous program in both aeronautics and 

space. “The Soviet commitment represents . . . the application of 

resources at about the same rate as that we have averaged in recent 

years,” with “significantly higher percentage of the gross national 

product.” Soviets were “proceeding in manned space flight programs 

directed both at sending men to the moon and at substantially enlarged 

and extended manned operations in earth orbit. . . . Automatic rendezvous and docking flights with Cosmos 186-188 and 212-213 and 

the manned Soyuz &5 mission in January, with manned docking and 

crew transfer, demonstrated the increasing Soviet capability. . . . They 

appear to be pointed to a future capability for assembly in earth orbit 

of large space stations and of manned spacecraft to send to the moon 

and beyond.” U.S.S.R. had “made attempts to launch one or more 

spacecraft to the planets at almost every opportunity-three or four 

times the number of attempts we have been able to make.” (Testimony) 

* Mascons might be excess mass deposited by water and supported by 

internal strength of rigid moon, JPL scientist Paul M. Muller said in 

address before American Physical Society in Washington, D.C. Muller 

was codiscoverer of mascons [see April 251. Mascons probably were 

not floating on liquid lunar interior as were earth‘s continents and 

mountains, but were held there by moon with structural strength. He 

illustrated with photos taken by Lunar Orbiters and ApoZZo 8 theory 

that lunar features might have been cut by primordial lunar water. 

(NASA Release 69-62; JPL Release 515) 

* NASA issued RFPS for design and planning studies of 12-manY earth-orbital 

space station for 1975 with 10-yr operational life, subject to resupply 

of expendables and crew rotation with logistics vehicles. Work also 

would include conceptual design of 50-man space base of specialized 

modules assembled in low earth orbit in late 1970s and early 1980s and 

comparable to scientific and technical research, development, and 

operations center on earth. Modified Apollo and Gemini spacecraft 

would be considered as initial logistics systems if space shuttle did not 

become available in early phase of space station operations. Data from 

studies would be available for final design of future space station if 

program were approved for development. Proposals were due June 9. 

(NASA Release 69-65) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Thumba 

Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS) carrying Indian-Japanese payload for x-ray astronomy studies. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off 1 

LeRC said its engineers had built and were operating world’s largest 

acoustical testing facility for fan portion of compressors on turbofan 

engines-key element in aircraft noise. It could test fans up to six feet 

in diameter to collect basic noise information and help determine fan 

configuration for NASA’s quiet engine program. Facility was powered 

120 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 28 

by supersonic wind tunnel’s drive motor, whose 23,000 hp spun fan to 

3,500 rpm. Noise created was recorded by strategically placed microphones to determine differences in level producing by fan blade configurations and effects of noise-deadening inlet lining materials. (LeRC 

Release 69-19) 

* At international airline conference in Dublin, U.S.S.R.’s First Deputy 

Minister of Civil Aviation, Gen. Leonid V. Zholudev, denied Tu-144 

supersonic transport had been in accident, American Aviation said. It 

was “undergoing tests according to our program,” Gen. Zholudev said. 

He declined to speculate when Soviet aircraft would go into service 

and said “many complex problems must be solved.” Tu-154, 170- 

passenger trijet, would enter service “in near future”; An-22 turboprop, with reported maximum takeoff weight of 551,160 lbs, was being 

used exclusively as cargo carrier. (Amer Av, 4/28/69, 17) 

President Nixon met with National Science Board members and NAS 

council and promised to nominate NSF director without regard to his 

ABM position. He asked for names for possible nominee and promised 

to consider only scientific qualifications. President disclosed he had 

asked Cornell Univ.’s Dr. Franklin A. Long to consider having his 

name resubmitted to Senate after original decision not to nominate Dr. 

Long [see April 171 but Dr. Long had declined. (Kilpatrick, W Post, 

4/29/69, Al) 

April 28-30: At 106th annual meeting of National Academy of Sciences in 

Washington, D.C., Dr. Eugene N. Parker of Univ. of Chicago and Dr. 

J. P. Wild of Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Sydney, Australia, received Henry Arctowski Medal for 

studies of solar activity changes and their effects upon ionosphere and 

terrestrial atmosphere. Dr. Parker was honored for “contributions to 

theoretical understanding of interaction between magnetic fields of 

sun and earth and surrounding ion plasmas”; Dr. Wild, for contributions to solar radio astronomy, including development of technique of 

studying solar disturbances through moving pictures of sun “photographed” in radio spectrum. Dr. Jurgen K. Moser of New York Univ. 

received James Craig Watson Medal for mathematical contributions 

to dynamical astronomy. ( NAS Release 4/23/69) 

Cal Tech scientist Kip S. Thoren suggested pulsars were subject to 

quakes which accelerated their pulsation. At press interview during 

annual meeting, he said pulsars’ insides were probably superfluidsmore liquid than liquid-and were gradually cooling, with crust crystallization requiring adjustments. ,4djustments, he said, would cause 

“pulsequakes” and could result in sudden speedups in pulsar 

periodicity. 

Cornell Univ. astronomer Dr. Thomas Gold said observations of 

pulsars indicated they slowed down as they aged, with oldest finally 

slowing billionths of seconds per year until they reached periods up to 

almost four seconds. He suggested pulsar radiation might account for 

luminosity of whole galaxies and even produce all cosmic rays detected 

throughout universe, including earth. 

Cornell Univ. astronomer Dr. Frank D. Drake, former director of 

Cornell’s Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory in Puerto Rico, said space 

clocks were emerging as practical scientific tools, especially in testing 

Einstein’s theories. Dr. F. Graham Smith of Nuffield Radio Astronomy 

121 
April 28-30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Laboratories, Manchester, England, said space clocks were being used 

to investigate interstellar medium-gas clouds between earth and other 

parts of solar system. (Lannan, W Stur, 5/1/69, A6; O’Toole, a7 Post, 

5/1/69, Al) 

April 29: Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, said at NAS 

dinner in Washington, D.C. : “The relations between science, technology, government and the various elements of our society are enormously complex. Science and technology are no longer separable from 

political and social problems. . . . Whether we like it or not, science is 

in politics and politics is in science. . . The fact is that today science 

is too important to our nation to stay out of politics. Clearly we allpoliticians and scientists-must find ways of adapting ourselves to a 

new era-an era which began . . . really on Hiroshima day in 1945.” 

(Text) 

April 29-May 1: MSFC held workshop on optical telescope technology to exchange technical information on design of future space telescopes and 

identify research and technology efforts needed to support future missions. ( MSFC Release 69-117) 

April 30: At KSC briefing on NASA FY 1970 budget for community leaders, 

KSC Director, Dr. Kurt H. Debus, said: “It is clear that we will continue the present pace of launch operations in the Apollo program until 

the first lunar landing has been accomplished. . . . The continuation of 

space effort, however, must somehow take into account the same constraints on Government spending which now affect the entire federal 

budget. . . . The total KSC budget is being revised from $455 million 

for all purposes to $410 million. I am taking action to accomplish this 

reduction without crippling the essential launch team capability or 

drastically impacting the local economy.” Savings would be effected 

by: gradual cutback in efforts of contractors supporting design engineering; phasing down of Boeing technical integration effort ; deceleration of Apollo/Saturn V launch rate to three manned vehicles annually, 

reducing employment; and greater use of five-day week and two-shift 

schedule, permitting stabilization of employment level at 18,500 by 

June 30, 1970, instead of current 23,500. 

KSC strength would remain at 80% of current level, with reduction 

in support and stage contractors. Civil service cadre would drop from 

2,920 to 2,880 by June 30, 1970. Employment already had been frozen 

at current level. 

Saturn IB Apollo Applications missions would require increased employment at Launch Complexes 34 and 37 in 1971, with estimated 

increase in contract jobs of 2,600 to handle nearly simultaneous or 

dual launches. KSC also would participate in earth orbital space station 

studies. (Transcript) 

* KSC announced selection of Dr. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, to receive 

1969 Career Service Award of National Civil Service League at Washington, D.C., banquet June 13. Citation said: “The development of 

Complex 39, the installation from which the Apollo program launches 

take place, is the crowning achievement of Dr. Kurt H. Debus’ career. 

His leadership was pivotal in both the design and construction of the 

famed Apollo launch complex. Further, he has been responsible for 

many of the technical advances in launch technology, and for the formation of the government-industry launch team which has carried out 

122 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 30 ’ 

more than 150 successful launches, including several notable firsts.” 

Award-consisting of $1,000, inscribed gold watch, and citation-was 

one of most prestigious for which civil service career employees were 

eligible. 

Also among 10 selected was George S. Moore, Associate Administrator for Operations, FAA, for “an extraordinary record in the development of up to date methods of evaluation of aircraft worthiness.” 

(KSC Release 154-69; W Star, 4/30/69, A2) 

NASA was engaged in “comprehensive continuing program” to gain 

“better understanding of the structural loads due to buffeting and the 

buildup of buffeting intensity for flight conditions above buffet boundary,” Acting Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and 

Technology Bruce T. Lundin testified before Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences. FRC program, in which F-111A was 

being used, also included verification in flight of favorable effects of 

flaps in alleviating buffeting. Program was supported and complemented by wind-tunnel studies at LaRC and ARC. (Testimony) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, spoke before student seminar at California Museum of Science 

and Technology in Los Angeles: “Besides serving as a subject of scientific exploration for its own secrets, the moon may be an important 

base for outward looking space science programs of the future.” It 

might eventually support large optical telescopes. There was strong 

evidence “that the most ideal location for large radio telescopes will 

eventually be the far side of the moon. This may be the only place 

within our convenient reach where the earth, which will become increasingly noisy as a radio source, may be completely screened out. In 

addition, the lunar surface presents us with a very large stable base, 

with only 1/6 gravity, no wind disturbance and no atmosphere absorption at any wave length. . . . Another attractive possibility is to use 

stations on both the moon and earth as a radio interferometer baseline 

for highly precise directional radio astronomy.” (Text) 

NASA announced it would sponsor, in 1970, 90-day test of four-man lifesupport system with continuous regeneration of water and oxygen 

without resupply, under $586,885 contract with McDonnell Douglas 

Corp. Advanced waste management subsystem would be used. Experiment, scheduled to begin in March 1970, would demonstrate crew’s 

ability to function during long period of uninterrupted confinement. 

(NASA Release 69-60) 

Univ. of Miami and Chrysler Corp. Space Div. had conceived $100- 

million undersea laboratory “Atlantis” to be constructed on ocean 

floor near Miami, AP said. Laboratory would be testing ground for 

future USN centers directing submarine warfare and test bed for industrial equipment to mine ores and drill for undersea oil. It would 

consist of 80-ft-long cylinder-shaped habitat housing 10 to 12 scientists at initial depth of 1,000 ft. Later it could be moved to 6,000- or 

12,00010-ft depths. (B Sun, 4/30/69, A3) 

President Nixon had apparently yielded to “top level economizers” and 

returned SST and airways and airports programs to DOT for further 

study, said Associated Press. (AI’, W Star, 4/30/69, All) 

Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird issued statement expressing concern over C-SA contract and procurement actions and announcing that 

123 
April 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

new Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations and Logistics) 

had been nominated [Philip N. Whittaker had been nominated to replace Robert H. Charles] and new Assistant Secretary of the Air Force 

(Financial Management) would be nominated [to replace Thomas H. 

Neilson]. “1 am determined to insure that full and accurate information on C-5A procurement, and on all other procurement matters, is 

given to the Congress and to the public promptly. I am also determined to insure that past mistakes in the procurement of this transport 

aircraft will not be repeated.” (DOD Release 340-69; AP, W Star, 

5/1/69, Al; Nossiter, W Post, 5/1/69, Al) 

9 Rep. William F. Ryan (D.N.Y.) presented to House petition by 729 scientists, engineers, and students in these fields, submitted by Scientists 

for Social and Political Action, care of Dr. Martin L. Per1 of Stanford 

Univ. It called for open Congressional hearings to review substance 

and direction of entire military R&D program including ABM system. 

(CR, 4/30/69, H3220) 

During April: NAS-NRC Space Science Board published Sounding Rockets: 

Their Role in Space Research, report by Committee on Rocket Research 

recommending that NASA increase annual expenditures on rocket research to $27 million by 1971 and thereafter restore its earlier policy 

of increasing support 12% per year; that NSF, Naval Research Laboratory, and USAF immediately increase their support by 36%, and then 

maintain an annual 12% increase until 1975; and, additionally, that 

support for rocket research be increased by appropriate ratio to compensate for any reduction in satellite support. 

Report noted sounding rockets were responsible for dozens of major 

scientific discoveries, including discovery of solar x-rays emanating 

from millionth-degree corona of sun; for mapping of solar spectrum 

and structure of earth’s atmosphere; and for existence of three new 

branches of astronomy-uv, x-ray, and gamma-ray. Greatest single 

advantage of sounding rockets for studying upper atmosphere was 

unique ability to obtain direct, vertical profiles at altitudes of 24.8 to 

124.3 mi (40 to 200 km) . (NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 4/69, 2; NAS PIO) 

Aerospace Industries Assn. released Annual Report 1968: Aerospace industry had gained 3n virtually every major category”: sales reached 

record $30.1 billion, up 10.5% over 1967, with turbine-powered commercial aircraft sales accounting for $3.73 billion, up 211% over 1965. 

General-aviation aircraft sales reached 13,698 units valued at $426 

million. Civil helicopter production increased to 528 units valued at 

$59 million. DOD sales reached $16.9 billion, up nearly 7% over 1967; 

nonmilitary sales decreased 3.776, to $4.047 billion. Backlog at end of 

third quarter was due primarily to commercial transport orders. 

(Text) 

NASA issued Relay Program Final Report (NASA SP-151), prepared by 

GSFC. It was sequel to Relay I Final Report (NASA SP-76) and summarized operations of Relay IZ satellite (launched Jan. 21, 1964), including communications and other experiments. It compared Relay I 

(launched Dec. 13,1962) and ZZ performances and documented aspects 

of Relay I operations and experiment results not covered in Relay I 

report. Relay I transmitted last useful data Feb. 10, 1965; Relay II 

operated normally for last time Nov. 20, 1966. (Text) 

124 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During April 

NAS announced appointment of Dr. T. Keith Glennan, first NASA Administrator (1958-1961) and Assistant to Chairman of the Urban Coalition, as Chairman of NRC’S Committee on Radio Frequency 

Requirements for Scientific Research. Dr. Glennan had been President 

of Case Institute of Technology, AEC Commissioner, and President of 

Associated Universities, Inc. ( NAS PIO; NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 

4/69, 10) 

125 

May 1969 

May 1: Canadian Black Brant IIIB sounding rocket was launched by NASA 

from NASA Wallops Station to 133.6-mi (215-km) altitude. Primary 

objective was to evaluate improved Black Brant IIIB single-stage 

rocket, using flight-performance instrumentation. Flight, second of two 

(first was Feb. 28), was successful and sounding rocket was recommended for consideration as operational vehicle in NASA sounding 

rocket program. (NASA Rpt SRL; NASA Release 6%9) 

* NASA was developing novel technique for photographing faint x-ray 

sources, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, Dr. John E. Naugle, told Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences. Testifying on supporting research and technology program, he said technique would reduce required exposure time 1/10 to 

1/1000 and was “likely to revolutionize x-ray observations where telescopes are not usable.’’ Based on Princeton Univ. development and 

laser image-enhancement technique, it was “major technological advance as an outgrowth of the space program and should find applications in all fields of x-ray science.” GSFC was developing advanced 

gamma-ray telescope to observe center of galaxy and other celestial 

objects. Univ. of Colorado was developing advanced coronagraph to 

observe solar corona from earth orbit six months instead of the few 

minutes per year possible during solar total eclipse by ground-based 

observation. (Testimony) * National Aviation Club’s highest honor, Award for Achievement, was 

presented at Washington, D.C., ceremony to M/G Jewel1 C. Maxwell 

( USAF) , Director of Supersonic Transport Development for FAA, for 

“laboring so magnificently and conscientiously in the public and 

national service.” (FAA Release T 69-25) 

U.S.S.R. celebrated May Day without military participation. In traditional address from atop Lenin’s tomb in Moscow, Communist Party 

General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev said: “The Soviet Union will 

further consistently uphold the cause of peace and security of people, 

the Leninistic principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different 

social systems. It will come out for the solution of unsettled international problems by way of talks.” (Kamm, NYT, 5/2/69, 1) 

May 2: USAF launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg AFB by 

Thor-Agena booster. One entered orbit with 202.1-mi (325.2-km) 

apogee, 104.6-mi ( 168.3-km) perigee, 89.5-min period, and 64.9’ 

inclination and reentered May 23. 

Second satellite entered orbit with 283.2-mi (455.7-km) apogee, 255.9-mi (411.7-km) perigee, 93.2-min period, and 65.7’ inclination. 

Satellites reentered Feb. 16, 1970. (GSFC SSR, 5/15/69; 5/31/69; 

2/28/70; Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

* Data from Mariner Y flyby Oct. 19, 1967, indicated Venus was layered 

with deadly compounds of mercury, GSFC scientist Dr. S. Ichtiaque 

127 
May 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Rasool said in interview. Although bulk of its atmosphere was primarily carbon dioxide, mercury and halides-reactive chemicals including iodine, bromine, and chlorine-had boiled off planet’s surface 

and combined to form clouds of poisonous gas and dust, often covered 

by water vapor. Findings, Dr. Rasool said, upset scientific notions of 

origin of Venus’ heat as “greenhouse” effect-which might be occurring on earth with addition of carbon dioxide to atmosphere through 

burning of coal and oil. Clouds of carbon dioxide were assumed to 

retain heat, but planet covered with four layers of heavily colored atmosphere would never feel sun’s heat. (Lannan, W Star, 5/3/69) 

e Basic research program conducted by Dr. Wilhelm Rindner had led to 

development of cardiovascular pressure transducer, ERC reported. Tiny 

device had been placed in arteries and hearts of laboratory animals to 

measure blood pressure while using 100 times less power than conventional devices. Medical team headed by Harvard Univ. cardiologist 

Dr. Bernard Lown, in collaboration with NASA, said device was significant advance in monitoring important blood flow changes. Eventually 

it should be possible to implant device in human beings to observe 

blood flow and pressure in persons suffering from hypertension and 

other blood pressure disorders, including heart attacks. 

Discovery of properties of device was made during ERC study of 

effects of pressure on semiconductors. Properties would also be important in space applications; sensing of acceleration already had been 

demonstrated. ( ERC Release 69-9) 

e NASA unloaded eight-ton airlock at MSFC for ground testing to qualify it 

as part of orbiting space station. Part of Apollo Applications program 

cluster to be launched in mid-l970s, 65-in-dia, 17-ft cylindrical unit 

was flown from McDonnell Douglas Corp.’s St. Louis plant to be joined 

to multiple-docking adapter. It would provide interconnecting passageway between S-IVB rocket stage and multiple-docking adapter in 

flight, condition environmental gases, and provide instrumentation, 

data management, intercommunication, and other services. ( MSFC Release 69-124) 

MSFC announced it had issued RFPS for experiment modules to be used 

with proposed manned space station to orbit earth in 1970s. Study, 

under eight-month contract, would analyze scientific and engineering 

need for experiment modules and develop concepts for least number 

of modules needed. Study tasks included further defining candidate experiment groupings, developing preliminary module concepts, defining 

minimum number of concepts, developing preliminary design and cost 

analysis for each module concept, and making proposed plan schedule. 

Proposals were due May- 22. (MSFC Release 69-125) a At DOD news conference, Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., said current estimate of cost to Government of C-5A aircraft 

was $4.348 billion, increase of $882 million (25%) over original estimate of $3.466 billion on which Lockheed Aircraft Corp. contract was 

based. 

Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Robert H. Charles said USAF 

had not disclosed Feb. 1, 1967, “cure order” to Lockheed on aircraft 

procurement contract because of concern over its effects on financial 

community. He maintained data on cost overruns had been developed 

too early in program to be solid enough for publication and that sub128 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 May 2 

sequent firmer cost estimates had been made public. (Transcript; 

Corddry, B Sun, 5/3/69, A4) 

* In editorial directed to “Americans who think Soviet Russia is ‘mellow. 

ing”’ and who opposed President Nixon’s Safeguard ABM plan, New 

York News noted U.S.S.R. had paraded no military gear in Moscow 

May Day parade and limited oratory “to a peace-it’s-wonderful speech” 

by Brezhnev. Paper then quoted April 30 issue of Partinaya Zhizn in 

which Marshal Matvey V. Zakharov, U.S.S.R. Chief of Staff, described 

Soviet stockpile of nuclear missiles: ‘“These rockets are always prepared for immediate firing. Global rockets have unlimited range, and 

are able not only to carry colossal payloads but to overcome the antimissile defense of the adversary.’ ” (NY News, 5/2/69) 

May 3: Press conference on results of NASA’s Oao I1 orbiting astronomical 

observatory (launched Dec. 7, 1968) was held at NASA Hq. OAO Project 

Manager Joseph Purcell of GSFC said spacecraft’s five months of 

orbital operations had been “a fabulous success” and all spacecraft 

systems were operating normally. As of last week, he said, “we had 

137 mission days. [Univ. of] Wisconsin [experiment] has been pointed 

to 846 different locations in the sky [and] 344 of those were unique 

objects that they were studying. SAO, the Smithsonian package, has 

been ,- pointed .. at 483 separate locations and taken some 1,172 pictures.” 

(Transcript) 1 

NASA’s Explorer XXXIV (IMP-F) Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 

(launchkd May 24, 1967) reentered eaith’s atmosphere. MGe complex 

than previous IMP spacecraft, Exploker XXXIV had carried 11 experiments and obtained more than 170,000 hrs of data on solar activity, 

near-earth environment, and magnetosphere. ( GSFC SSR, 5/15/69 ; 

NASA Release 69-63) 

May 4-11; London Daily Mail sponsored eight-day “Great Transatlantic 

Air Race of 1969” between top of New York’s Empire State Building 

and top of London’s General Post O5ce to commemorate 50th anniversary of first nonstop transatlantic flight by John W. Alcock and 

Arthur W. Brown in 1919. Nearly 40 entrants devised combinations 

of land, sea, and air transportation to compete for 21 prizes worth total 

$150,000 in separate categories. Fastest west-to-east time--5 hrs 11 

min 22 secs-was made by L/C P. M. Goddard (RN) in US.-built F-4, 

Phantom jet, motorcycle, and helicopter. Air time was 4 hrs 46 min. 

Royal Navy later claimed this was new world record for New YorkLondon flight. Previous unofficial record had been set during race by 

Phantom which made flight in 4 hrs 53 min. Best east-to-west time in 

race was made by S/L Tom Lecky-Thompson (RAF) in RAF Barrier 

VTOL jet, which flew from London to New York in 6 hrs 11 min 57 

secs. (NYT, 5/6/69, 93; 5/12/69, 93) 

May 5: At dedication ceremony in Houston for ApoZZo 8 stamp, Postmaster 

General Winton M. Blount said: “The fact that this is the fifth stamp 

the Post Office Department has issued commemorating accomplishments 

of the space program signifies the extent to which space exploration 

has captured the imagination of the American people. . . . The nation’s 

concerted effort to reach the moon and outer space reflects two traditional aspects of our national character. One is scientific: the search 

for truth, knowledge, discovery. The other is psychological: the strong 

urge for adventure-an urge kindled by the unknown. We are all ex129 
May 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

plorers at heart. The space program has made an entire nation explorers in fact. The flight of ApoZZo 8 around the moon and back was 

perhaps the greatest technological achievement of man to date. Certainly it was the most dramatic.” (Text) 

* NASA announced Bernard Moritz, Assistant Administrator for Special 

Contracts Negotiations and Review, would serve as Acting Associate 

Administrator for Organization and Management since Harold B. 

Finger had assumed new duties with HUD. (NASA Ann) 

* Senate confirmed nomination of Philip N. Whittaker, former NASA Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs, to be an Assistant Secretary 

of the Air Force. (CR, 5/5/69, 54668) 

U.S. returned 14-in metal sphere from Soviet spacecraft to U.S.S.R. 

under terms of space rescue treaty. Later, State Dept. spokesman said 

object-gas storage tank-was washed up on Alaskan coast in late 

1968. Delay in return was due partly to efforts in identifying it. 

(Reuters, W Post, 5/8/69, A25) 

In letter to Attorney General, Sen. William F. Proxmire (D-Wis.) asked 

that Justice Dept. investigate possible violations of Federal law in 

handling of Government’s contract with Lockheed Aircraft Gorp. for 

production of C-5A aircraft and urged that DOD immediately freeze 

funding for C-5A. (Proxmire Off; Nossiter, W Post, 5/6/69, A3) 

Jerald R. Kubat, former Director of NASA Manned Space Flight Program 

Control Office, died in Seattle, Washington. He had joined Apollo 

Program Office in 1964. (NASA Hq WB, 5/12/69, 5) 

May 6: Milton Klein, Manager of AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion 

Office and Director of Space Nuclear Systems, AEC, testified in NASA 

authorization hearings before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences that for second decade “what is clear is that regardless 

of the specific directions the space program may take, if it is to be a 

progressive one, nuclear energy will play an increasingly important 

role. As payloads become larger and energy requirements become 

greater to move these payloads farther from the earth, the nuclear 

rocket will become a workhorse propulsion system. As we move farther 

from the sun or as the power requirements increase for the more sophisticated payloads, electric power generated from radioisotopes or 

nuclear reactors will similarly become more and more important. 

(Transcript) 

ApoZlo 9 mission to prove capability of LM to operate in space (March 

3-13) was adjudged successful by NASA. Overall performance of launch 

vehicle, spacecraft, flight crew, ground support and control facilities, 

and personnel was satisfactory and all primary mission objectives were 

accomplished. (NASA Proj Qff) 

At annual meeting of Aerospace Medical Assn. and interview which followed in San Francisco, MSC Director of Medical Research and Operations, Dr. Charles A. Berry, said it was almost certain that at least one 

Apollo 11 astronaut would develop illness during 21-day quarantine 

period following return from moon. “We have to face the fact that 

we’ve had post-flight illness on every Apollo mission so far. Our problem will be to determine whether any illnesses that show up . . . are 

due to the stresses of space flight or to some micro-organism picked up 

on the moon.’’ Among difficulties noted during Apollo program were 

loss of exercise capacity for period after return to earth, motion sick130 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 6 

ness in flight, and damage to red blood cells from atmosphere of 100% 

oxygen. Blood cell damage had been alleviated by addition of nitrogen 

to spacecraft atmosphere. (Huntsville Times, 5/7/69) 

Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering, 

discussed aeronautical portion of DOD N 1970 program before Senate 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences hearing on NASA appropriations. Upsurge in DOD aircraft weapon systems development was 

“reflected in the DOD fiscal year 1970 budget of $1,372 million for aircraft and related equipment R.D.T. & E., an increase of about $387 

million” over FY 1969. High-priority programs were USN’s F-14A air 

defense fighter and S-3A carrier-based antisubmarine warfare aircraft; 

USAF’S F-15A air superiority fighter, advanced manned strategic aircraft (AMSA) , and AX close-support aircraft; and USA% heavy helicopter 

( HLH) . Comsat program included Defense Satellite Communications 

System, Tactical Satellite Communications Program, and Very Low 

Frequency Propagation Satellite. (Transcript) 

American Security Council published The ABM and the Changed Strategic Military Balance, U.S.A. vs. U.S.S.R. Although U.S. GNP ran 

almost twice that of U.S.S.R., latter was investing two to three times 

more in strategic military forces annually. Report concluded: “Antiballistic missile defense is not a cure-all for the security of the United 

States. It is not the ultimate defense system, for technology knows no 

limits and each decade produces fresh challenges and fresh need for 

response on the part of free nations. But anti-missile defense is an essential component in the network of military systems designed to give 

the American people a seamless garment of security in an age of acute 

danger. . . . We firmly believe that an American ABM system is the 

soundest insurance for peace and against war that the United States 

can buy in 1969, for the 1970s. . . . It may well be . . . the single most 

important step the United States can take toward a real and lasting 

peace at this moment in history.” (Text) 

Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) released report on Safeguard ABM 

system prepared at his request by Harvard law professor Abram 

Chayes and MIT provost Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner and scientists George 

W. Rathjens and Steven Weinberg. It said that “the Sentinel/Safeguard 

anti-ballistic missile system should not be deployed at this time.” Recommendation was based on conclusions system ,was unlikely to perform 

according to specifications under nuclear attack, was susceptible to 

penetration, and was not well adapted to perform missions assigned to 

it. Deployment would probably start “new round in the arms race” and 

seriously impede the conclusion of an arms control agreement.” 

(Kelly, W Star, 5/7/69, A8; Chapman, W Post, 5/7/69, Al) 

May 7: NASA announced establishment of task group on manned space station under Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for 

Manned Space Flight, and of task group on space shuttle under Charles 

W. Mathews, Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight. 

Reporting to Dr. Mueller would be LeRoy E. Day, former Director of 

Apollo Test. His group would develop NASA material for report on 

space shuttles to President’s Space Task Group by June 15. Frank Borman, former Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations at MSC and 

ApoUo 8 commander, would report to Mathews as Field Director for 

Space Station effort. (NASA Release 69-70) 

t.< 

131 
May 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* Robert J. Collier Trophy for 1968 was presented to Apollo 8 Astronauts 

Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders by Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, at Statler Hilton Hotel ceremony in Washington, D.C. National Aeronautic Assn. award was 

made annually for greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics 

in U.S. toward improving performance, efficiency, and safety of air or 

space vehicles. (NAA News; W Star, 5/8/69, A3) 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried GSFC payload to 80.4-mi (129.4-km) altitude to provide data 

on wind, temperature, pressure, and density in 21.8- to 59.0-mi (35- 

to 95-km) range during atmospheric warming. All 19 grenades ejected 

and exploded as programmed and sound arrivals were recorded on 

ground. Mission was launched in conjunction with Nike-Cajun launch 

from Arenosillo, Spain. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 MSC announced Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., had been cleared medically for return to space flight status following correction of inner ear 

disorder which had grounded him in 1963. (NYT, 5/8/69, 2; W Post, 

5/8/69, A7) 

George J. Vecchietti, NASA Director of Procurement, would serve as Acting Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs, replacing Philip N. 

Whittaker, who had assumed new duties as Assistant Secretary of the 

Air Force, NASA announced. (NASA Ann) 

* Associated Press said NATO nations U.K., West Germany, Canada, Italy, 

Belgium, Holland, and Norway had agreed to participate in tactical 

satellite communications experiments with U.S. France was interested 

but would not participate; system was for use of closely integrated 

forces and she had withdrawn her troops from integrated NATO commands. Satellite for exclusive use of alliance was scheduled for launch 

by end of year. (W Star, 5/7/69, A9) 

Four contract modifications totaling nearly $10 million, for. change 

orders issued in connection with Saturn V 2nd stage, had been awarded 

to North American Rockwell Corp., MSFC announced. ( MSFC Release 

V/A Hyman G. Rickover (USN) , addressing Convocation on Ecology and 

the Human Environment at St. Alban’s School in Washington, D.C., 

said that “keeping our small crowded planet inhabitable” was “of utmost importance and great urgency. . . . We have been brought to this 

critical situation by the scientific-technological revolution, and can extricate ourselves only by a change of direction in thought and action 

so drastic it would rate the term counterrevolutionary.” Science, “pure 

thought,” harmed no one. “But technology is action . . . often potentially dangerous action. Unless it is made to adapt itself to human 

interests, needs, values, and principles, more harm will be done than 

good. Never before . . . has man possessed such enormous power to 

injure himself, his human fellows, and his society. . . . That is why it 

is important to . . . recognize clearly that . . . technology can have no 

legitimate purpose but to serve man-man in general, not merely some 

men. . . .” (Text; W Star, 5/11/69, E2) 

* Securities and Exchange Commission said it had begun inquiry into all 

phases of Government’s contractual dealing with Lockheed Aircraft 

Corp. on C-5A procurement. (Nossiter, W Post, 5/8/69, Al; AP, 

W Star, 5/8/69, A3) 

69-127) 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 8 

May 8: X-24A lifting-body research vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. 

Gentry ( USAF) , successfully completed second glide flight over South 

Rogers Lake Bed, Calif., to obtain additional data on handling qualities. (NASA Proj Off) 

* New direct value for sun’s thermal radiation of 125.7 w per sq ft, obtained from Mariner VI and VII en route to Mars, was nearly twice as 

accurate as old value of 129.5 w per sq ft, NASA announced. JPL 

Mariner project engineer Joseph A. Plamondon said change in probable error in new measurement was one-half that of old figure. Results 

of inflight measurements obtained with temperature-control flux monitors ( TCFM) monitoring solar radiation since Mariners’ launch Feb. 

24 and March 27 would be compared with preflight predictions of solar 

radiation and spacecraft temperature variations in flight, to establish 

new standard for temperature-control design and testing. Data from 

TCFM agreed with data obtained by NASA from high-altitude experiments on Convair 990. research aircraft and X-15. (NASA Release 

69-69; JPL Release 518) 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Arenosillo, 

Spain, carrying grenade payload for Spain to conduct meteorological 

studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj 

Off) 

Smithsonian Institution celebrated 50th anniversary of May 8, 1919, 

takeoff of first aircraft to cross Atlantic Ocean with display on Washington, D.C., mall of original NC-4 (restored by Smithsonian Air 

Museum Curator Paul Garber) and with presentation to Institution of 

Plaque and aircraft’s log. Glenn Curtiss-built, long-range seaplane 

ordered by USN as bomber during World War I but completed too late 

to see service had been flown by USN crew from Rockaway Beach, 

N.Y., to Plymouth, England, with two sister aircraft which crashed in 

Azores. NC-4, known as “Nancy,” made journey in 53 hrs 58 min 

flying time and 23 days elapsed time. (Lydon, NYT, 5/1/69, 22; Durbin, W Post, 5/8/69, C1) 

Sen. Warren G. Magnuson (D-Wash.) submitted to Senate S.C.R. 23, 

expressing sense of Congress that US. participate in international decade of ocean exploration. Measure was referred to Senate Commerce 

Committee. (CR, 5/8/69, S4688) 

May 9: NASA’s HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John 

A. Manke, reached 54,000-ft altitude and 724 mph (mach 1.1)-first 

supersonic flight by HG10-after 45,000-ft-altitude air-launch from 

EL52 aircraft. Primary purpose of 17th flight, made north of Four 

Corners, Calif., was to obtain stability and control data. (NASA Proj 

Off) Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried GSFC payload to 79.4-mi (127.7-km) altitude to obtain data 

on wind, temperature? pressure, and density in 21.8- to 59.0-mi (35- 

to 95-km) range during atmospheric warming. Seventeen of 19 grenades ejected and exploded as programmed and sound arrivals were 

recorded. Mission was launched in conjunction with Nike-Cajun 

launch from Arenosillo, Spain. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Astronomers at 60-in optical telescope at Cerro Tololo, Chile, began 

two-week alert in attempt to photograph Scorpio X-1, brightest x-ray 

star, best seen in southern skies. When flare-up occurred, they would 

133 
May 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

radio message to astronomical teams in Hawaii, which would launch 

two Nike-Tomahawk rockets above atmosphere to photograph x-rays 

from giant star. At 200-in Palomar, Calif., telescope, astronomers 

would try to photograph star’s visible and infrared light during flare 

period, while astronomical team in Wisconsin would order Oao ZZ to 

observe uv light from star. Astronomers hoped to match all photos of 

flare-up to determine element in star which excited x-rays. (W Post, 

5/4/69, A3; Hines, C Sun-Times, 5/5/69) 

Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, testified before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences during NASA FY 

1970 authorization hearings: “Nothing can do more harm to suppbrt 

for the space program than to have a series of missions for which there 

are no clear objectives-such as a series of manned revisits to the 

moon without providing the capability to perform new scientific experiments and to explore interesting new lunar features.” When Space 

Task Group considered urgent items in manned space flight area for 

N 1970, it “gave high priority to the provision of additional science 

payloads for lunar flights and increased capability for man on the 

lunar surface, to support Apollo missions after the first four landings. 

Funding for this purpose is included as part of the budget amendment 

to the NASA request for fiscal year 1970. 

“An additional item . . . is funding for maintaining the production 

of the Saturn V launch vehicle. Although specific commitment to a 

particular mission or missions has not been made for the initial vehicles to be produced under this budget amendment, it was the judgment of the Space Task Group that this vehicle represented a unique 

and valuable resource that we would undoubtedly wish to continue to 

use, at least through the mid-1970s. Because of the long lead times involved in a vehicle of this size, action is necessary now if we are to 

have follow-on vehicles produced and available by 1973 and after.” 

(Transcript) 

* Harold R. Kaufman, Assistant Chief of Electromagnetic Propulsion Div., 

LeRC, would receive James H. Wyld Propulsion Award for “outstanding leadership in the field of electric propulsion, including the conception design, and development of the world’s most successful ion rocket” 

at AIAA 5th Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference in Colorado 

Springs, Colo., June 9-13, AIAA announced. (AIAA News; Lewis News, 

5/9/69, 1) * Associated Press said Astronaut-Aquanaut M. Scott Carpenter (Cdr., 

USN) would retire from USN July 1 to enter private business in oceanography field. He was second US. astronaut to orbit earth, during 

May 24, 1962, Mercury mission in Aurora 7. (W Post, 5/10/69, A3) 

Tom Barker, owner of bingo hall in Cardiff, Wales, had written to 

American and Soviet embassies in London for permission to open first 

amusement and bingo hall on moon, Reuters said. US. Embassy 

spokesman had replied: “There are no proposals to colonize the moon 

and many factors inhibit large-scale development.” (NYT, 5/9/69, 16) 

New Yorlc Times editorial: “Now it appears that the solution to the 

cosmic ray mystery may be intimately related to the explanation for 

the strangest astronomical phenomena discovered in recent years, if 

not all history, the pulsars.” Present favored explanation “views pulsars as neutron stars composed of matter packed so tightly that a mass 

134 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 9 

the weight of the earth would be a sphere with a diameter of a few 

hundred feet. The extremely swift rotation of a neutron star, it is now 

theorized, produces both the periodic radio emissions of the pulsars 

and the super-energetic cosmic rays.” (NYT, 5/9/69, 46) 

May 10: Loose wire in 1st stage of Delta launch vehicle’s guidance system 

had been identified by final failure review committee as most probable 

cause of Intelsat-111 F-1 mission failure Sept. 18, 1968, NASA announced. Report did not eliminate possibility that electrical failure in 

unrecovered pitch gyro or interconnecting wiring had caused failure. 

(NASA Release 69-71) 

a Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Arenosillo, 

Spain, carrying grenade payload for Spain to conduct meteorological 

studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj 

Off) * Comsat station for communications with Europe was opened at Yamaguchi, Japan, to replace telephone and telegraph relay through US. 

(Reuters, W Post, 5/11/69, A3) 

Muy 11; Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced appointment of Dr. Robert 

J. Mackin, Jr., as Manager of Space Sciences Div., succeeding Dr. 

Donald P. Burcham. Dr. Burcham had been named Research and Advanced Development Manager for Space Science, JPL O5ce of Research and Advanced Development. ( JPL Release 517) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew announced President’s Council on Youth 

Opportunity and NASA would explain mechanics of scheduled July 

6 Apollo 11 lunar landing to high school and junior high school pupils 

in 50 cities under summer program to be held in city streets, playgrounds, and classrooms. (W Star, 5/12/69, A3) 

Rise of costs of Mark I1 electronic equipment for F-111 aircraft of more 

than 100% above original contract with Autonetics Div. of North 

American Rockwell Corp. were described by Bernard D. Nossiter in 

Washington Post article based largely on memo from DOD o5cial. 

Memo had warned, “If it fails to enforce the contract, the Air Force 

and the entire Department of Defense can count on many more years 

of misleading promises from contractors and failures to meet contractual requirements.” (W Post, 5/11/69, Al) 

* Fire at AEC plutonium-handling facility at Rocky Flats, Colo., might halt 

US. nuclear missile production for remainder of 1969, Associated 

Press reported testimony released by Senate Appropriations subcommittee had disclosed. Most nuclear weapons needed plutonium to 

trigger atomic warheads. (W Post, 6/24/69, A3) 

May 12: NASA launched two Nike-Apache sounding rockets from Wallops 

Station: first carried GSFC payload to study ionospheres; second 

carried Univ. of Michigan payload to conduct studies on atmospheric 

structure. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

Melvin S. Day became NASA Acting Assistant Administrator for Technology Utilization, succeeding Dr. Richard L. Lesher, who had resigned to accept position in industry. (NASA Ann) 

Author Norman Mailer’s total publishing rights on book on lunar landing would exceed $1 million when book was published by Little, 

Brown & Co. in January or February 1970, according to his agent, 

Scott Meredith. If film rights were sold, total could approach the $1.5 

135 
May 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

million paid for Lyndon B. Johnson memoirs. Mailer planned to visit 

KSC during Apollo 11 launch to interview astronauts and describe 

space center operations. He also planned chapter on philosophical and 

technological implications of lunar landing. Meredith said he was surprised at “phenomenal competition among foreign publishers for book 

and magazine rights.” (Raymont, NYT, 5/13/69, 44) 0 Science students, younger scientists, and many older professors of 

physics and physiology were engaging in what Harvard Univ. political 

scientist Prof. Don K. Price called “a new kind of rebellion,” linked 

only in part with radical activists on campuses, said Victor Cohn in 

F’ashington Post. It was rebellion against ABM “and other costly military-technological systems, against ‘weaponeering’ at secret laboratories on or near campuses and, in many cases, against doing any 

research, secret or non-secret, to help the military.” It had helped 

cause Stanford Univ. to decide to phase out 50% of secret projects at 

Applied Electronics Laboratory, made Stanford’s trustees place moratorium on new chemical and biological warfare contracts at Stanford 

Research Institute, caused MIT moratorium on new secret contracts, 

and forced American Univ. to cancel partly secret USA research contract. Movement and student protests had, in past year, forced DOD to 

cut from 400 to 200 its classified R&D contracts on US. campuses. 

(W Post, 5/12/69, Al) 

* In American Aviation, Eric Bramley called 1969 year of “cautious optimism” for air transport industry. Deliveries of new aircraft to US. 

carriers would drop from 478 in 1968 to 309. Trunk traffic was expected to grow at same 14% rate as 1968, with available seat-mile 

increase of 17%. CAB-approved fare increases would add $194 million 

to revenues with profit level and rate of return expected to improve. 

(Amer Av, 5/12/69, 40-1) 

May 12-24: At 10th annual meeting of Committee on Space Research 

(COSPAR) in Prague, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman received 

medal from Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. 

NAS-NRC submitted United States Space Science Program, comprehensive summary of scientific research in space science in U.S. during 

1968. “Although the principal concern of the space science program 

in the United States continues to be with the Earth, its environment, 

the Sun, interactions of solar and terrestrial phenomena, the Moon and 

planets, and the biological effects of weightlessness and radiation, 

there is a trend toward increasing emphasis on the use of space vehicles for stellar and galactic astronomy, especially in areas of the 

electromagnetic spectrum for which the atmosphere is essentially 

opaque. The successful operation of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory satellite and the rapid development of improved instruments 

and techniques for ultraviolet and x-ray astronomy . . . are examples 

of this trend.” 

In interview with press, NAS-NRC Space Science Board member Dr. 

Richard W. Porter said U.S. would probably have to review its expensive prophylactic measures in planned Mars landings if U.S.S.R. 

landed there first with same techniques and precautions used in Venus 

shots. Outgoing contamination of planets might well be bigger problem than contamination of incoming spacecraft. There was little likelihood of spacecraft landing on Mars and Venus and returning for at 

136 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 12-24 

least 10 yrs, Dr. Porter said, and risk from lunar bacteriological contamination was infinitesimal. But contamination of planets was serious 

problem because it could spoil man’s first chances to make a pure investigation of biological evolution elsewhere in the solar system. (Text; 

W Post, 5/23/69, A15) 

May 13: Cosmos CCLXXXI was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 301-km (187.0-mi) apogee, 188-km (116.8-mi) perigee, 

89.3-min period, and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered May 21. 

(GSFC SSR, 5/15/69; 5/31/69; SBD, 5/14/69, 61) 

Countdown for NASA’s Apollo 10 mission, scheduled for launch May 18, 

began at KSC. Astronauts completed three-hour physical examinations 

and were reported to be in good health and good spirits. (W Post, 

5/13/69, A7; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 5/14/69, A3) 

NASA and Australian Dept. of Supply and Dept. of Education and Science 

announced that 210-ft-dia radiotelescope at National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Parkes, Australia, might be used to relay TV 

signals from moon during Apollo 11 lunar landing mission in July. 

Signals from Apollo 11 antennas were scheduled to be received by 

Goldstone Tracking Station. If mission were delayed and moon were 

not visible from Goldstone while TV was scheduled, signals would be 

received at Parkes, transmitted to Sydney, and transmitted to NASA’s 

Mission Control Center at Houston via Zntelsat-IIZ F-3 over Pacific. 

(NASA Release 69-72) 

ComSatCorp President Joseph V. Charyk told Annual Meeting of Shareholders in Washington, D.C., key goal of establishing global comsat 

system was “within immediate view.” When Early Bird [Intelsat Z] 

“was launched just four years ago, there were only a handful of experimental stations in Europe and the United States. Today, there are 

25 earth stations operating in 15 different countries of the world, with 

many more nearing completion. It is expected that a total of 43 stations will be in service by the end of this year and that 26 different 

countries will have direct access to all forms of high quality communications that the global system of satellites makes economically available 

to them.” By 1972 “there will be more than 70 stations operating in 

nearly 40 countries of the world, thereby making this high quality 

means of communications available directly to practically every nation on earth.” 

At end of first quarter of 1969 1,209 full-time circuits were being 

leased, up from 777 at end of 1967. Leased voice and record tariffs 

published by international carriers represented 40% reduction in 

Atlantic and Pacific areas since advent of comsats. Transmission of 

TV via satellite increased from 225 hrs in 1967 to 666 hrs in 1968, 

with 40% reduction in TV rates. (Text) 

* New York Times editorial urged President Nixon to “undo a mistake 

and strike a blow for the more rational ordering of Federal spending 

priorities” by supplanting Government subsidy of SST program with 

SST Authority. “The Government’s S.S.T. contribution should be converted to a preferred equity interest in a new public corporation with 

variable proportions of the total common stock being reserved for the 

airlines and the investing public. To the extent necessary, the S.S.T. 

authority would be authorized to raise development funds by selling 

bonds . . . guaranteed by the Federal Government.” (NYT, 5/13/69) 

137 
May 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

May 14: Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) introduced in House H.R. 11271, 

substitute NASA FY 1970 authorization bill increasing total from $3.716 

billion of April 15 amended budget request (as reflected in H.R. 10251 

introduced April 17) to $3.966 billion. 

Bill added $258 million to R&D funds for new total of $3.264 billion, 

including increase of $75.7 million for Apollo program, to total $1.767 

billion. Of this increase, $32.1 million was for Saturn V improvements 

and $4.6 million for lunar exploration. Within new total of $354.8- 

million NOA for manned space flight operations, bill restored $57 

million cut from Apollo Applications by budget amendment and added 

$66 million for space station and shuttle and $6.2 million for Saturn V 

production. 

In space science and applications, bill reduced funds for supporting 

research and technology by $12 million and deferred funding for four 

proposed Explorer satellites and for Mariner-Mercury 1973 mission, 

but restored biosatellite program to originally requested $18 million 

plus $1.6 million restored for Delta launch vehicle for Biosatellite-F. 

Earth Resources Technology Satellite funds were increased by $10 

million, with transfer of funds to other projects prohibited. 

Advanced research and technology funds were increased by $31.5 

million, including $13.5-million increase for nuclear rocket program, 

$5.25 million for chemical propulsion, and restoration of $1.20 million 

for aeronautics. 

Research and program management total was cut by $7.15 million, 

to $643.75 million. Construction of facilities total remained unchanged. 

(Text; CR, 5/15/69; House Rpt 91-255) 

In press statement, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird said GAO team 

investigating Lockheed Aircraft Corp. books had estimated cost of 

120-aircraft C-SA program exceeded advance estimates by about 

$550 million. DOD analysts had computed $450-million overrun and 

USAF had used $35O-million figure. Laird denied there was $%billion 

overrun. Figures had been turned over to Congressional committee. 

(AP, B Sun, 5/15/69, A4) 

USAF’S Arnold Engineering Development Center at Tullahoma, Tenn., 

had “brought much of the universe down to pocket-size’’ for scientists 

working on Apollo 10, Henry J. Taylor wrote in Washington Daily 

News. Tests to establish spacecraft’s ability to withstand lunar environment were under way in Center’s 216,000-hp wind tunnel, which produced 8,000-mph winds and was “largest hypersonic wind tunnel in 

the free world.” (W News, 5/14/69, 31) 

Eugene S. Burcher, NASA Tektite Program Manager, OMSF, received Navy 

Distinguished Public Service Award for “distinguished and outstanding service to the United States and to the Department of the Navy as 

a participant in Project TEKTITE I mission, as well as its planning and 

implementation.” (NASA Hq YB, 6/2/69, 6) 0 Charles L. Lawrence Award of Aviation/Space Writers Assn. was presented to Volta Torrey, Publications Officer, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Div., for “efforts to inform the public of NASA’s 

activities.” Citation and silver tray were presented at Dayton, Ohio, 

banquet. (ASWA letter of notification, 4/15/69; NASA Sci and Tech 

Info Div) 

* U.S. District Court Judge Gerhard A. Gesell had turned down appeal of 

138 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 14 

Aircraft Owners and Pilots Assn. to prevent enforcement of FAA regulation limiting nonscheduled &ghts at five major airports, Washington 

Evening Stat said. AOPA had asked for preliminary injunction to stop 

regulations from becoming effective June 1. (W Star, 5/14/69, G8) 

May 15: Aerobee 150 A sounding rocket launched by NASA from NASA Wallops Station carried payload containing two white rats to 97.9-mi 

157.6-km) altitude in fourth of four experiments to study rats’ behavior in artificial gravity field and determine minimum level of 

gravity needed by biological organisms during space flight. During 

free fall rats selected artificial gravity levels created through centrifugal action by walking along tunnel runway in extended arms of 

payload. Data on their position and movement were telemetered to 

ground stations. Last flight in series had been Nov. 21, 1968. (NASA 

Rpt SRL; WS Release 69-10) 

Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, announced reorganization of Hq. Space Applications 

Programs Office in recognition of increasing importance of applications satellite programs. Leonard Jaffe, former Director of Space Applications Programs, had been named Deputy Associate Administrator 

for Applications, responsible for near-term and long-range planning 

and interagency policy coordination. As Acting Director of Earth Observations Programs Office-one of two new program offices into 

which Space Applications Programs Office was being divided-he 

would supervise R&D efforts in meteorology and earth resources survey 

including TIROS, Nimbus, Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, EIZTS, 

and sounding rocket programs in support of meteorology. Dr. Morris 

Tepper would continue to direct scientific activities. 

Communications Programs Office-concerned with R&D for communications, navigation, traffic control, and geodetic satellites ; ATS 

program; and COMSAT support-would have as its Director Dr. 

Richard Marsten, Manager of Advanced Programs Technology, RCA 

Astro-Electronics Div. Dr. Marsten’s NASA appointment would become 

effective June 23. (NASA Release 69-76) 

ERC Director James C. Elms discussed NASA’s role in computer R&D at 

Spring Joint Computer Conference in Boston. While Apollo guidance 

computer was best known among major computer activities undertaken 

by NASA in its first decade, other onboard computer developments ‘‘of 

considerable technical challenge” had been pursued. Versatile test-bed 

multiprocessor EXAM was oriented toward use of “hierarchy of memories” to increase capability to evaluate advanced technology for very 

large bulk-storage systems, particularly for spaceborne computers. 

TRIM-for Transformation of Imagery-was experimental tool for advancing state of art in imagery processing; computer-driven flying-spot 

scanner with color capability had auxiliary display terminal permitting 

man-machine-interactive operation. SOFIX-for Software Fix-was coordinated university research program on problems in developing 

computer software at same pace as hardware. (Text) 

Soviet astronomer Dr. Nikolay A. Kozyrev had revealed detection by 

Pulkovo Observatory of volcanic activity on moon, Space Business 

Daily reported. Two spectrograms of Aristarchus crater’s western side 

taken April 1 had shown “an unusual red spot of approximately 102 

kilometers C63.4 mi]” which was “result of the emission of gases139 
May 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

molecular nitrogen and cyanogen.” Emissions, which had occurred 

one day after earthquakes in U.A.R. and Japan, affirmed link between 

tectonic phenomena on earth and moon and showed “that the moon 

had ‘responded’ to this terrestrial phenomenon.” (SBD, 5/15/69, 67) 

AFSC announced new UHF communications terminal developed by Electronic Systems Div. might solve problems in relaying messages between spacecraft and ground stations. Designed for uSAF aircraft as 

part of joint-service Tactical Satellite Communications Program, terminals would be installed and tested on USAF jet tracking aircraft used 

for communications support in Apollo program. They would allow 

aircraft to relay spacecraft information and recovery operations reliably from parts of globe where communications had posed problem. 

( USAF Release 51.69) 

* Strategic threat to U.S. security was rapidly increasing, Secretary of the 

Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., told Chamber of Commerce 

Armed Forces Day luncheon in New Orleans. U.S.S.R. had built intercontinental missile force from 250 in 1966 to 1,150 operational or 

under construction. “With their large SS-9 missiles, the Soviets will 

soon have about twice as much missile payload . . . as our missile 

force, even including our advantage in submarine launched missiles. 

In addition, the Soviets have already deployed an antiballistic missile 

system that includes some 60 long-range ABM missiles.” (Text) 

Muy 16: U.S.S.R.’s Venus V planetary probe (also designated Yeneru Y) 

entered atmosphere of planet Venus at 2:Ol am EDT and ejected instrumented capsule [see June 41. Probe decelerated from 6.9 mps to 

688.8 fps, deployed parachute, and transmitted data during 53-min 

descent through dense clouds to night side of Venusian surface. 

Launched Jan. 5, Venus V had traveled 217-million-mi trajectory. Tass 

said: “The instrument capsule was automatically jettisoned from the 

station before entry into Venusian atmosphere. The aerodynamic 

deceleration of the apparatus in the atmosphere began . . . and was 

accompanied by a sharp decrease in overloads and a growth of temperature on the craft’s outer surface. . . . During the 53-min parachute 

descent, measurements of the temperature, pressure and chemical composition of Venusian atmosphere were made. This information was 

uninterruptedly transmitted to earth.” Venus IV (launched June 12, 

1967) had reached Venus Oct. 18, 1967; Venus VI (launched Jan. 

10) was scheduled to reach planet May 17. (Winters, B Sun, 5/17/69, 

Al; Bausman, W Post, 5/17/69, A3; SBD, 5/19/69, 77; Gwertzman, 

NYT, 5/17/69) 

* Intelsut-Ill F-3 comsat, launched Feb. 5 and in orbit over Pacific, had 

lost some of potential capacity and would be moved to 62.5” east 

longitude over Indian Ocean, ComSatCorp announced. In new position 

satellite would link directly all countries with appropriate earth stations in Western Europe, Near East, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Move 

would be made soon after launch of Intelsat-I11 F4 May 21. Future 

satellites would be modified for additional redundancy. ( ComSatCorp 

Release 69-27) 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried 

GSFC payload to 125.5-mi (202-km) altitude to obtain solar EUV spectra 

from 4.0 to 390 A and from 10 to 390 A using BBRC-SPC 330D solar140 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 16 

pointing control and recovery system. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily. ( NASA Rpt SRL) 

* President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of ApoZZo 8 Astronaut 

William A. Anders as Executive Secretary of NASC to succeed Dr. 

Edward C. Welsh. It was highest Government post ever offered to an 

astronaut. (PD, 5/19/69, 705; Kirkman, W Post, 5/15/69, A25) 

* MSC announced revised quarantine procedures for Apollo 11 after landing. To prevent back contamination from moon, astronauts would 

dispose on moon under containment conditions equipment exposed 

there; brush, vacuum-clean, and bag other equipment and clothing for 

return; prevent dust from being transferred from LM to CM; and 

continuously filter CM atmosphere during return trip to remove dust 

particles. 

Under original plans Apollo 11 crew would have remained in CM 

after splashdown while it was hoisted onto recovery ship. After reviewing loads to be lifted in transferring CM to deck, reliability of shipboard cranes, and capacity of available load-limiting elastic tackle, 

NASA decided to retain helicopter lift used on previous Apollo missions. 

Crew would emerge from CM to raft, where they would put on biological isolation garments that would cover them completely and provide high-efficiency air outlet filter. Interagency Committee on Back 

Contamination-NASA, Dept. of Agriculture, HEW, Dept. of Interior, 

and NAs-had agreed that helicopter lift, combined with other prelanding procedures, would provide maximum achievable precautions 

against back contamination, ( MSC Release 6947) 

In Science, Leonard D. Jaffe, Surveyor data analysis manager at JPL, 

cited important findings of five Surveyor spacecraft which softlanded 

on lunar surface: surface of both maria and highlands was covered 

with layer of particulate material of 10-micrometer particles scattered 

with rocks and clods; layer was few meters deep in maria and varied 

from few centimeters to tens of meters in highlands, with density and 

other properties varying with depth; p.articulate material had cohesion; 

fine material moved gradually downhill; freshly exposed fine material 

from below surface was darker than previously exposed surface material; density of surface rock was 2.8 & 0.4 gr per cc; composition of 

surface material was approximately that of basalt (mare material had 

elemental composition like high-iron basalt; highland material, like 

low-iron basalt; not more than one-quarter volume percent of metallic 

iron was present) ; lunar surface material had experienced extensive 

melting and chemical differentiation. (Science, 5/16/69, 775-8) e FAA and USAF announced that M/G Jewel1 C. Maxwell (USAF), Director 

of Supersonic Transport Development for FAA, would become Commander of Armament Development and Test Center at Eglin AFB, Fla. 

His successor at FAA had not yet been selected. (FAA Release 69-56) 

Muy 17: U.S.S.R.’s Venus VI planetary probe (also designated Veneru VZ) 

launched Jan. 10 landed on night side of planet Venus at 2:03 am EDT, 

186.4 mi (300 km) from Venus V after 51-min descent [see June 41. 

Tass said landing of both probes “was accomplished with tremendous precision.” Throughout flight “the necessary temperature in the 

compartments and the permanent orientation of solar batteries on the 

Sun were ensured. During radio communication sessions the direc141 
May 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tional parabolic antennae were oriented on Earth. As envisaged by 

plan, the detachable capsules of both stations descended through the 

planet’s atmosphere on its night side. In the course of descent, scientific 

equipment measured the chemical composition, pressure, density and 

temperature of the planet’s atmosphere. Experts analysed the graph of 

temperature and pressure changes while the apparatus was approaching . . . and found in it a resemblance with the . . . picture of the landing 

of Venera 5. The apparatus performed with the same precision all 

major operations of the landing.’’ (SBD, 5/20/69, 84; AP, W Post, 

5/18/69; UPI, W Star, 5/18/69, A9) 

Apollo 10 astronauts would each carry out about two hours of head 

exercises early in mission in attempt to prevent motion sickness which 

plagued previous Apollo astronauts, MSC Deputy Director of Medical 

Operations, Dr. A. Duane Catterson, said. Exercises-which included 

nodding, rocking, and twisting head-would be done to point just 

below threshold of illness until normal adaptation occurred. Since 

pilots who regularly performed drastic maneuvers in aircraft seldom 

suffered motion sickness, astronauts had flown aerobatic jet flights in 

barrel rolls and high-gravity maneuvers during week before launch. 

(Cohn, W Post, 5/18/69, A8) 

May 18-26: NASA’s ApoZZo 10 (AS-505), first lunar orbital mission with 

complete Apollo spacecraft, was successfully launched from KSC Launch 

Complex 39, Pad B, at 12:49 pm EDT by Saturn V booster. Flight 

carried three-man crew and CSM-106 and LM-4. Primary objectives 

were to demonstrate crew, space vehicle, and mission support facilities 

during manned lunar mission with CSM and LM and to evaluate LM 

performance in cislunar and lunar environment. 

Launch events occurred as planned and spacecraft-carrying Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford (commander), John W. Young (CM pilot), 

and Eugene A. Cernan ( LM pilot) -entered initial parking orbit with 

118.1-mi (189.9-km) apogee and 114.6-mi (184.4km) perigee. Checkout followed lunar trajectory insertion; then CSM, code-named Charlie 

Brown, separated from Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IVB) and LM, codenamed Snoopy. Crew successfully transposed CSM and docked with LM. 

Excellent quality color TV coverage of docking sequences was transmitted to Goldstone tracking station and seen on worldwide commercial 

TV. Crew extracted LM from S-IVB and conducted 1st SPS burn. All 

launch vehicle safing activities were performed as scheduled and successful propellant dump provided impulse to S-IVB for slingshot 

maneuver to earth-escape velocity. 

On second day, first midcourse maneuver was not required. Crew 

conducted midcourse maneuver number two, which was so accurate 

that third and fourth maneuvers were canceled. Five color TV transmissions totaling 72 min and showing excellent views of receding earth 

and spacecraft were made during translunar coast. Spacecraft entered 

moon’s sphere of influence on fourth day, May 21, at 61:50 GET. 

Crew conducted first lunar orbit insertion maneuver with 356-sec 

SPS burn to reduce speed to 5,474 fps and place spacecraft in initial 

lunar orbit with 196.1-mi (315.5-km) apolune and 68.6-mi (110.4-km) 

perilune. Second LOI maneuver, 13.9-sec SPS burn, circularized orbit 

with 70.8-mi (113.9-km) apolune and 67.8-mi (109.1-km) perilune. 

Crew tracked lunar landmarks and transmitted 29-min color TV of lunar 

142 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 18-26 

surface. Cernan transferred to LM at 81:55 GET for two hours of housekeeping activities and communications test. 

On fifth day Stafford and Cernan entered LM and checked out all 

systems before firing SM reaction control system thrusters to separate 

CSM and LM about 30 ft and again for 2.3-mi separation. LM descent 

propulsion system burn propelled LM to within 9.6 mi of lunar surface 

over landing site No. 2. Crew had no difficulty identifying landmarks 

and Stafford said, “It looks like all you have to do is put your tail 

wheel down and we’re there. . . . The craters [around No. 2 landing 

site] look flat and smooth at the bottom. It should be real easy” for 

Apollo 11 landing. LM crew took numerous photos of lunar surface and 

provided continuous commentary on their observations after cameras 

malfunctioned. Astronauts described volcanoes and light-colored craters 

that glowed as if lit by radioactive substance. 

Crew conducted LM radar test during low-altitude pass which indicated 47,000-ft pericynthian (lowest point in orbit). DPS phasing burn 

raised apocynthian (orbital high point) to 218.6 mi (351.7 km). LM 

descent stage was jettisoned and RCS separation maneuver and staging 

were accomplished. Anomaly in automatic abort guidance system 

caused LM ascent stage to undergo extreme gyrations. By taking over 

manual control, Stafford reestablished proper attitude. APS insertion 

maneuver burn at pericynthian established equivalent of standard LM 

insertion orbit of lunar landing mission (51.8 by 12.9 mi), where LM 

coasted for one hour. Concentric sequence initiation at apocynthian, 

constant-delta-height maneuver, and terminal maneuver were conducted. LM successfully docked with CSM at 106:33 GET, after eighthour separation; and LM crew returned to CSM. 

On sixth day LM ascent stage was jettisoned; its batteries burned to 

depletion and it entered solar orbit. Crew made 18 landmark sightings 

and took extensive stereo and oblique photos of moon. Two scheduled 

TV periods were deleted because of crew fatigue and crew rested and 

prepared for return to earth. SPS burn at 137:36 GET injected CSM into 

transearth trajectory after 61.5 hrs (31 orbits) in lunar orbit. Maneuver was so accurate that two other scheduled midcourse maneuvers 

were not necessary. During return to earth astronauts made star-lunar 

landmark sightings, live color TV transmissions, star-earth horizon 

navigation sightings, and CSM S-band high-gain antenna reflectivity 

test. Pictures of moon from receding spacecraft were spectacular. 

Scheduled 10- and 29-min color TV broadcasts of earth, moon, and 

spacecraft interior were later followed by unscheduled TV transmission, which provided beautiful pictures of earth and brought total color 

TV broadcasts to 19 transmissions totaling almost six hours. 

On eighth day crew prepared for reentry and SM separated from CM 

on schedule. Parachute deployment and other reentry events occurred 

as planned. Apollo 10 splashed down in Pacific at 12:52 pm EDT May 

26, 3.4 mi from recovery ship U.S.S. Princeton 192 hrs 3 min after 

launch and precisely on time. Crew was picked up and reached recovery ship at 1 :31 pm EDT. 

All primary Apollo 10 mission objectives and detailed test objectives 

were achieved. All launch vehicle and spacecraft systems performed 

according to plan, with only minor discrepancies, which were corrected. 

Flight crew performance was outstanding; all three crew members 

143 
May 18-26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

May 18-26: Apollo 10, first lunar orbital mission with complete Apollo spacecraft, 

carried Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, John W. Young, and Thomas P. Stajord (left 

to right above) around the moon for the first demonstration of lunar orbit rendezvous. 

Apollo 10 CM (at right), carrying Young, was photographed by the LM with Stafford 

and Cernan aboard, 60 miles above the moon’s far side. Craters below were unnamed. 

remained in excellent health and their prevailing good spirits were 

continually evident. Accomplishments included evaluation of LM steerable antenna at lunar distances; demonstration of lunar landing mission profile; low-level evaluation of lunar visibility; inflight demonstration of Westinghouse color TV camera; testing of landing radar 

in near-lunar environment; and manned navigational, visual, and photographic evaluation of lunar landing sites 2 and 3, and in addition 

other possible landing sites in highland areas. 

ApoZZo 10 was seventh Apollo mission to date, fourth manned Apollo 

mission, largest payload ever placed in earth and lunar orbits, and 

first demonstration of lunar orbit rendezvous. Mission acquired major 

quantities of photographic training materials for Apollo 11 and subsequent missions and numerous visual observations and photos of 

scientific significance. First manned Apollo mission, ApoZZo 7 (Oct. 

11-22, 1968), had achieved all primary objectives and had verified 

operation of spacecraft for lunar-mission duration. First manned lunar 

orbital mission, ApoZZo 8 (Dec. 21-27, 1968), had proved capability of 

ApoIlo spacecraft and hardware to operate out to lunar distances and 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 18-26 

return through earth’s atmosphere at lunar velocity. Apollo 9 (March 

3-13, 1969) had proved capability of manned LM to operate in space. 

Apollo program was directed by NASA Office of Manned Space Flight; 

MSC was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC for Saturn V launch vehicle, and KSC for launch operations. Tracking and 

data acquisition was managed by GSFC under overall direction of NASA 

Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 

69-68; W Post, 5/19-27/69, Al; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 5/19-27/69, Al; 

W Star, 5/19-27/69) 

May 18: On NBC TV program “Meet the Press” NASA Administrator, Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, said there was possibility U.S.S.R. would land men 

and instruments on all planets before US. “The Russians have publicly 

145 
May 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

taken the position that they are extremely interested in landing on the 

planets, and . . one of the popular songs in the Soviet Union right 

now is a song about little apple trees growing on Mars.” NASA felt with 

Apollo lunar landing “we are really taking a lead in the ability to 

operate on all other bodies. . . . the technology we are developing . . . is a kind . . . that would be required.” If July lunar landing succeeded, 

“we will have enough hardware for nine additional flights to begin the 

exploration of the lunar surface. In parallel with that, we see activities 

in earth orbit which will be the precursors to the eventual emplacement 

of a large permanent space station, a laboratory in the sky.” 

NASA expected to find “surprising amount” to study on moon. “In 

fact, we have already radically changed our views of the moon just 

with the activities we have carried out in preparation for the Apollo 

landing. For example . . . men are beginning to seriously question 

whether there may have been water at one time on the surface of the 

moon. Indeed, whether the large mare areas, the smooth areas . . . may 

even have been the beds of ancient seas. As we get more and more 

familiar with the moon we realize how little we know about it. It will 

take those ten flights and many other trips to the moon before man 

really begins to understand his twin planet.” 

Dr. Paine said USAF’S MOL and NASA orbiting workshop were “two 

very different projects.” NASA’s was “longer range program aimed at a 

very substantial facility which would be really a university campus 

type of research station in orbit.” MOL was “program that is well advanced, and is designed to find out the military applications of space.” 

(Transcript) 

* On ABC radio-TV program “Issues and Answers,” Secretary of Defense 

Melvin R. Laird said he did not favor increased military participation 

in U.S. space program. “We’ve had very good cooperation between the 

military and our civilian programs and I think that’s the way it should 

continue.” (B Sun, 5/19/69, Al) 

m Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl had rejected NASA request to install 

communications equipment aboard his papyrus boat for July hookup 

between Apollo 11 and Heyerdahl’s voyage into the past, his navigator, 

Norman Baker, said. Also rejected, Baker said, was request to install 

satellite-controlled navigation system on replica of 4,700-yr-old vessel 

in which Heyerdahl hoped to reach Mexico from Morocco in four 

months, to reinforce theory that Egyptian adventurers reached Americas more than 2,500 yrs before Christ. Heyerdahl felt craft could not 

safely carry 400-lb communications equipment load. He had refused 

satellite navigation system because Egyptians had managed without 

navigational aids. (AP, W Post, 5/19/69, A15) 

* Tass quoted unidentified Soviet space scientist, described as chief designer of automatic interplanetary stations, as saying U.S.S.R. favored 

manned space flight, but only in earth orbit “so far.” It would continue 

probing planets with automatic apparatus. (Reuters, B Sun, 5/19/69, 

A1 1 

Soviet Embassy Second Secretary Oleg M. Sokolov said in Washington, 

D.C., that U.S.S.R. definitely would display supersonic Tu-144 airliner 

at 28th Paris Air Show, May 29-June 8. He said aircraft would beat 

Anglo-French Concorde into operation and plans were under way to 

set up worldwide logistics support for Tu-144. DOT officials said West 

146 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 18 

would be watching closely to see whether U.S.S.R. could fulfill pledge 

and, if so, would take good look at Tu-la, which could hurt commercial market for SST if it had worldwide logistics backup. (Bentley, 

B Sun, 5/19/69, A5) 

Muy 19: At dedication of Robert Hutchings Goddard Library of Clark 

Univ., Worcester, Mass., Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) said: “I 

am for the space program. But I want to see it in its right priority: 

One which will let it continue into the future and not have to be cut 

back or abandoned because the nation that supports it is hobbled by 

internal disorder. And so, once the lunar landing and exploration are 

completed, a substantial portion of the space budget can be diverted to 

the pressing problems here at home. We should develop a plan for an 

orderly programmed exploration of outer space. But we no longer need 

an accelerated program. . . . We should continue an orderly and rational space program for the advancement of man’s knowledge of the 

universe and for the considerable benefits it will bring us here at 

home.” NASA program “has been the first time, outside wartime, in 

which the nation has organized its scientific and industrial disciplines 

and techniques. 

“Our challenge today is to use the same techniques and the same 

discipline: To lower the cost of production of home building . . . ; to 

develop command and control systems in the fight against crime; to 

apply the versatility of computers to education and worker training and 

the vital work of neighborhood health centers; to organize government 

and scientific resources to find new and cheaper ways to end the destruction of our environment. The American team of government, industry and labor has been able to achieve Dr. Goddard’s impossible 

dream: Certainly the same industries, the same employees, the same 

techniques and support can be applied to the urgent business here at 

home.” (Kennedy Off Release) 

Honorary Doctor of Laws degrees were awarded to Sen. Edward M. 

Kennedy (D-Mass.) ; J. Leland Atwood, President of North American 

Rockwell Corp. and general chairman of Goddard Library program; 

and Jack S. Parker, General Electric Co. Vice Chairman; and Doctor 

of Science degree to Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. Mrs. 

Robert H. Goddard, widow of U.S. rocket pioneer, spoke during ribbon-cutting ceremony at which Dr. Charles G. Abbot, 97-yr-old Smithsonian Institution Secretary Emeritus and Dr. Goddard’s close friend, 

received ovation from audience of 4,000. MSFC Director, Dr. Wernher 

von Braun, and North American Rockwell Corp. Vice President 

Francis D. Tappaan received Clark Univ. chairs during luncheon after 

ceremonies. (Program) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics favorably reported, 

without amendment, H.R. 11271, NASA FY 1970 authorization bill introducdd May 14. (House Rpt 91-255) 

William R. Frye described magnificence of ApoZZo 10 liftoff in Philadelphia Evening Bulletin: ‘‘W cameras do not do it justice. It is like 100 

claps of thunder, each following the other with machine-gun speed. 

“The flame that leaps from behind the rocket could have come 

straight from Dante’s inferno. It is too bright to be seen with comfort 

by the naked eye. The earth trembles beneath the feet, two miles away. 

Then the towering rocket, nearly twice as high as Niagara Falls, two147 
May 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

thirds the height of the Washington Monument, creeps with agonizing 

slowness the first few feet off the ground, enveloped by a white cloud. 

“Then it is gone-and man is left to wonder and to pray.” (P Bull, 

5/19/69) 

NASA announced it would close transportable tracking station near Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, following August launch of ATS-E and 

relocate it later for use in advance versions of ATS series scheduled for 

late 1972 launch. Emplaced in 1966, $6-million station included 40-ft 

parabolic antenna and trailers containing electronic gear to maintain 

communications and receive telemetry from ATS satellites. (NASA Release 69-77) 

Secretary of the Army Stanley R. Resor announced termination of production phase of AH-56A Cheyenne armed helicopter program for 

default of contractor, Lockheed Aircraft Corp., and said USA might 

issue “cure notice” on R&D contract with Lockheed for same aircraft. 

USA had concluded that any aircraft delivered in accordance with contractual schedule would fail to meet performance specifications, particularly those for safe speed and maneuverability. ( DOD Releases 416- 

May 19-20: Officials of Eurocontrol, seven-nation organization established 

under Convention of Cooperation for the Security of Air Navigation, 

met with DOT and FAA in Washington, D.C., to exchange information 

on air traffic control and other aviation developments. (FAA Release T 

Muy 20: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXZZ from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 321-km (199.5-mi) apogee, 201-km (124.9-mi) perigee, 89.7-min 

period, and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered May 28. ( GSFC SSR, 

5/31/69; SBD, 5/22/69, 98) 

NASA’s HG-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot William H. 

Dana, reached 50,000-ft altitude and mach 0.9 after air-launch from 

B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude north of Four Corners, Calif. Flight 

objectives were to complete pilot checkout and to obtain stability and 

control data. (NASA Proj Off) 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said to press representatives 

in Houston he was “surprised and disappointed” by May 19 speech of 

Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) suggesting slowdown in U.S. 

space program after lunar landing and exploration. “He is wrong,” Dr. 

Paine said. “The United States should not weakly yield technological 

supremacy in space to the Soviets. We should not ground our astronauts after Apollo.” He told press he did not want ApoZZo 10 astronauts 

in flight to moon to hear news of speech and would not include item in 

news reports sent up to spacecraft. (R Post, 5/21/69, A12) 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, presented paper “Space-Age 

Management and City Administration” at 1969 National Conference on 

Public Administration in Miami: “Mobilizing modern science, technology and management to accomplish bold ventures in space is clearly 

far simpler than better organizing the extraordinarily complex human 

interactions that comprise a modern metropolis. NASA’s spectacular 

advances in space are undoubtedly exacerbating public frustration with 

urban failures, but . . . they are encouraging the nation to tackle its 

more complex human problems with greater confidence on a bolder 

69, 417-69) 

69-30; FAA PIO) 

14% 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 20 

scale. If America can go to the moon, it can indeed do much better 

here on spaceship earth. 

NASA’s range of management approaches is nearly as broad as the 

range within an urban complex.” Urban manager, like NASA manager, 

“can and should directly manage only a limited part of the complex 

interacting human enterprise for which he has responsibility. For the 

important remainder he must structure a ‘Darwinian Discipline’ system 

to encourage essential contributions from industry, from universities, 

and from the entrepreneur, the free wheeler, the scientist, the brilliant 

innovator, the gifted teacher, and other committed individuals. . . . The greatest single achievement of the space age may have been the 

formation of NASA; the rest followed as the energies and talents of 

America were released and given direction.” (Text) 

Stacked spacecraft and Saturn V launch vehicle for Apollo 11, first lunar 

landing mission, rolled out to Launch Complex 39, Pad A, at KSC. (KSC 

Hist Off; McGehan, B Sun, 5/21/69) 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin editorial on ApoUo 10 color TV pictures: 

“Of all the visions man sees from his new and precarious vantages in 

space, the most compelling is still the planet from which he comes. In 

the eye of Apollo 10’s color TV camera, Earth is indeed the fairest 

object, the ‘oasis’ the Apollo 8 astronauts saw last Christmas on 

Earth’s first manned mission to the moon. 

“For a stranger entering the solar system from the outer reaches of 

the Universe, surely Earth’s mist-shrouded blues, browns and reds 

would be a goal to satisfy the utmost yearning. Set against the cold 

blackness of space, it would be a prize to draw bold and venturesome 

inhabitants of other planets across incredible distances. It would be a 

goal courageous strangers would endure incredible hardships to 

win. . . . “The awe expressed by the intrepid Apollo 10 astronauts . . . is 

further reminder that the greatest space prize presently within man’s 

comprehension is already in his keeping. And it is one to leave man 

wondering whether beings on other planets strive and dream as he 

does. For the moment certainly, it would not seem so. For what people 

on another planet could resist the vision in the eye of Apollo 10’s TV 

camera? ” (P Bull, 5/20/69) 

Baltimore Sun noted Apollo 10’s first day in space enabled men to be 

as near as they will ever come to being in two places simultaneouslythere in their own living rooms with their television sets before them 

and, at the same moment more than 22,000 miles away, observing the 

planet on which they live. 

“What we saw with such marvelous cold clarity was, of course, a 

round and mottled swirl of blue, brown and white, a small fragment of 

the cosmos which until less than a decade ago had fixed absolute limits 

upon all of mankind’s history. Now suddenly we saw it as a unity, a 

whole, as the habitation common to all of us, just as it would be seen 

by a non-human visitor approaching it as the astronauts are approaching the moon, silent, mysterious and seemingly lifeless and motionless. 

The observer had to remind himself that this was indeed the earth he 

knew. . . .” (B Sun, 5/20/69) 

* Phikzdelphiu Inquirer cited possible danger to Apollo spacecraft from 

(6 

(< 

149 
May 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

“drifting junk” in space. “One notable sidelight to the Apollo 10 flight 

came in a report that the spaceship brings the number of man-made 

objects in space to 1691. Although the chance of Apollo 10 colliding 

with any of the objects is infinitesimal, it is significant that there is so 

much hardware floating around in space 12 years after Sputnik I. . . . “US. and Soviet scientists should find ways of bringing back or 

destroying rockets and satellites and their separate components after 

they have become inoperable. If some sort of solution isn’t found, it 

may not be long before a tragic collision will occur.)y (P Inq, 5/20/69) 

NASA announced it had invited commercial and educational broadcast 

organizations interested in experimental use of Applications Technology Satellites (ATS) to send representatives to June 13 briefing at 

NASA Hq. to learn possibilities for working with ATS. ATS I (launched 

Dec. 6, 1966) and ATS IZZ (launched Nov. 5, 1967) were in orbit but 

had largely filled basic technical assignments. Their facilities could be 

made available for additional experiments. Third ATS, scheduled for 

August launch, might be available for additional experimental use on 

completion of technical missions assigned. (NASA Release 69-74) 

AIA released results of survey which showed expected decline of 4.5% in 

aerospace industry employment between September 1968 and September 1969, from 1,416,000 to 1,353,000, because of continuing decline 

in civilian space program and decreasing sales of civilian aircraft. 

Employment in aircraft production and R&D plants was expected to 

decline 4.6%, transport aircraft employment, 7% ; general-aviation aircraft employment, 0.3% ; and missile and space employment, 5.7%. 

Helicopter and nonaerospace employment, including oceanographic 

research, was expected to increase slightly. Scientists and engineers 

would continue to account for 16% of total aerospace employment. 

(Text) 

0 USAF announced issue of $1,616,000 initial increment to $5,370,750 costplus-incentive-fee contract with Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for prototype 

development and testing of system to improve navigation and guidance 

of space vehicles. (DOD Release 415-69) 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. laid off 700 workers and reassigned 1,800 others 

as result of May 19 USA cancellation of contract for AH-56A Cheyenne 

helicopter. Company’s stock fell $2.50 per share to $32.37 on New 

York Exchange. (AP, B Sun, 5/21/69, A6) 

At Wings Club luncheon in New York world aviation leaders honored 

80th birthday of aeronautical pioneer Igor I. Sikorsky and presented 

him with silver goblets and tray. (AU, 7/69, 110) 0 Sen. George Murphy (R-Calif.) introduced S. 2204, bill to establish 

National Oceanic Agency. It was referred to Senate Commerce Committee. (CR, 5/20/69, 55403) 

May 21-23: Intelsat-Ill F-4 was successfully launched by NASA for ComSatCorp on behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium. The 632-1b cylindrical satellite, launched from ETR by 

Long-Tank, Thrust-Augmented Thor ( LTTAT) -Delta ( DSV-3E) booster, 

entered elliptical transfer orbit with 22,802.7-mi (36,689.5-km) apogee, 

183-mi (294.4-h) perigee, and 29.1” inclination. All systems were 

functioning normally. On May 23 apogee motor was fired to kick 

satellite into planned near-synchronous orbit over Pacific with 22,164.3- 

150 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 May 21-23 

mi (35,644.2-km) apogee, 21,887.2-mi (35,216.5-km) perigee, and 5’ 

inclination. 

Zntelsat-ZZZ F-4 was third successful launch in Intelsat I11 series. 

Idsat-ZIZ F-3 had been launched Feb. 5, and Intelsat-ZZZ F-2, Dec. 

18, 1968. Intelsat-I11 F-1 had been destroyed minutes after launch 

Sept. 18, 1968. New satellite was scheduled to begin commercial service 

June 1, handling up to 1,200 voice circuits or four TV channels. (NASA 

Proj Off; ComSatCorp Release 69-27) 

May 21: USAF’S C-5A Galaxy jet became heaviest aircraft flown, in test 

flight from Dobbins AFB, Ga., with 728,100-1b takeoff weight. Manufacturer, Lockheed-Georgia Co., said weight exceeded design gross 

takeoff load by 100 lbs. Its previous record was 703,826 lbs. (AP, 

W Star, 5/22/69, A5) 

NASA announced it had issued 12 RFPS for definition and design of Earth 

Resources Technology Satellite system including study of ground dataprocessing system. Responses were due June 18. First of two planned 

spacecraft, ERTS-A was scheduled for late 1971 or early 1972 launch 

as R&D satellite to test new technology to verify effectiveness of earth 

resources survey from space. ERTS-A sensors would obtain image data 

in regions of near and infrared spectrum. Satellite, weighing 1,000 lbs, 

would also carry experimental data-collection system for measurements 

of remote, unattended sites. It would be placed in sun-synchronous7 

near-polar orbit at 500-mi altitude to view entire earth in 100-mi-wide 

increments in less than three weeks for at least one year. (NASA Release> 

69-73) a AIAA submitted to President Nixon’s Science Advisory Committee The 

PostApoElo Space Program: An AIAA View. While “remarkable progress of the Apollo-Saturn lunar program has erased almost all doubt 

about man’s ability to travel in space and return safely,” program’s 

magnitude had overshadowed “very solid accomplishments” of unmanned satellites. It was based largely on technology available at its 

inception ; neglected “growing accumulation of feasible, but undeveloped technology” in space vehicle design that could affect space 

transportation costs; and failed to specify goals beyond manned lunar 

landing. 

Report rejected single national space objective for next decade. It 

recommended programs to determine man’s usefulness in space over 

prolonged periods and to reduce cost of manned operations and urged 

Government to give high priority to multifaceted applications satellite 

program. It urged planning and funding for communications data 

relay, meteorology data, earth resources data, and navigational aids 

satellite programs and “well-integrated inter-agency plan to develop 

data-management subsystems.” 

AIAA considered Apollo Applications program and MOL of “substantially greater importance” than last four or five lunar landing 

missions and encouraged “their timely continuance.” It urged designs 

proceed for extensions of capability in AA and MOL orbital hardware 

to permit continuation of manned orbital program after 1973, supported retention of at least one crew-carrying vehicle with increased 

capability for 1973-1975; encouraged early steps to commit to flight 

demonstration partially reusable low-cost space transportation system 

151 
May 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

for 19761976; encouraged accelerated study of space station hardware to succeed AA program and MOL; and encouraged early steps 

toward commonality of NASA and DOD subsystems. It considered “commitment to an entirely new station” was ‘‘less urgent than commitment 

to a new logistics system.” 

AIAA recommended continued Apollo lunar program through at least 

two or three missions and then evaluation, as well as immediate beginning of ‘‘vigorous study and controlled funding” of advanced subsystems for 1973-1975 to permit continuation if early success provided 

support for extension. It recommended manned planetary exploration 

commitments await evaluation of current programs. 

Search for extraterrestrial life was “perhaps the most exciting and 

spectacular of all space-science program objectives” and might well 

serve as one of “central themes for set of balanced space goals for the 

1970s.” ( A&A, 6/69, 39-46) 

U.S.S.R. publicly demonstrated Tu-144 supersonic airliner in 90-min test 

flight from Moscow’s Sheremetyevo Airport. Test pilot Eduard V. 

Yelyan said aircraft had not yet exceeded speed of sound although it 

was designed for speeds to 1,600 mph (mach 2). At airport press 

conference Boris Savchenko, head of U.S.S.R. aircraft export agency, 

said production had started on 120-seat, 130-ton airliner. In New York 

Times, Bernard Gwertzman said observers believed purpose of demonstration was to dispel Western reports of accident to aircraft. (NYT, 

5/22/69, 94; UPI, W Post, 5/21/69, C11) 

0 Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, Chairman of NASC, issued statement on 

Administration’s attitude toward space program: ‘‘In response to those 

who would denigrate our space effort, I think it is clear that this Administration has already demonstrated its belief in the strength and 

potential of America’s space program.” Administration was taking 

steps to “evaluate the costs and alternatives available to us in extending 

the program once man has been placed on the moon and returns.” ( AP, 

W Post, 5/22/69, A5) 

Pope Paul VI hailed Apollo 10 flight and said man’s presence in cosmos 

was sign of God‘s presence “in our world and our life.” Pope told 

30,000 persons at St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, “Even more than the 

face of the moon, the face of man shines before us; no other being 

known to us. no animal. even the strongest and most Derfect in its ” 

vital instincts, can be compared to the prodigious beings we men are.” 

(NYT, 5/22/69) 

0 Press commented on Apollo 10 mission: 

Washington Post editorial: “The mission of Messrs. Cernan, Staff ord 

and Young, as dramatic and daring as it is, is only an interim step 

between the first trip to the moon and the first landing on the moon. 

It is, however, a crucial step since any major problems in this mission 

or any major unanticipated discoveries about the moon’s gravity might 

well delay the ultimate landing. Because it is both so crucial and so 

risky, the Nation will wait with special concern when they disappear 

behind the moon for the first time this afternoon and when the lur(ar 

landing craft breaks away from the mother ship tomorrow afternoon 

for its descent toward the moon’s surface. The hope hardly needs to be 

expressed that these maneuvers, like those in the other Apollo flights, 

152 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 21 

May 21: The supersonic Soviet airliner Tu-144 following its landing at Sheremetyevo 

Airport, Moscow, after a public-demonstration test flight. (AP wirephoto) 

will be executed with the same precision that marked the early stages 

of this trip.” (W Post, 5/22/69, A24) 

John Lannan in Washington Evening Star: “Where manned space 

flight once was fraught with fright and peril, it seems to have moved 

into an era of fun and games. . . . The astronauts have learned to fly 

their spacecraft, the ground crews to launch them and the Defense 

Department to recover them. What remains is to use this accumulated 

knowledge, and that’s what NASA is attempting to do.” It all pointed to 

fact that “space flight has come of age.” (W Star, 5/21/69, A4) 

153 
May 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Marquis Childs in Wushington Post: “When the moon landing . . . is completed the cost to the government will be just under $24 billion. 

The achievement represents an unprecedented orchestration of the 

resources of science and technology. The contrast with the failures here 

on earth to begin to try to cure rudimentary ills could hardly at this 

moment of grave uncertainty be sharper.” (W Post, 5/21/69, A25) 

Christian Science Monitor editorial: Apollo 10 mission “has again 

posed the old, old question: If mankind can achieve so spectacularly 

in space, why cannot we improve matters faster here on earth? The 

answer, surely, is that it is simpler to mobilize the complex electronics 

and space-science gadgetry to rocket a spacecraft to the moon than it 

is to coordinate the manifold and conflicting human emotions, ambitions, and processes necessary for cleaning up the cities, thrusting the 

black revolution forward with a minimum of friction, and banishing 

earth’s pollutants. The earth problem is more complex than the moon 

problem. Yet success in thg moon venture will offer assurance that the 

earth challenge can be met. 

So let no one call the moon venture a waste of ambition, treasure, 

achievement. The whole brilliant enterprise is immensely horizonwidening, thought-expanding.’’ ( CSM, 5/21/69) 

May 22: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, presented NASA Distinguished Service Medal to Jesse L. Mitchell, Director of Physics and 

Astronomy in OSSA, and Joseph Purcell, OAO Project Manager at GSFC, 

for their contributions to Oao ZZ, at GSFC ceremonies. Dr. Frederick 

Seitz, NAS president, received Distinguished Public Service Medal, special award, for leadership in solid-state physics. Without solid-state 

circuitry, Oao ZI would not have been possible. Additional awards were 

presented to 13 persons from Government, industry, and universities 

for Oao ZI efforts. CSFC OAO project team, Atlas/Centaur personnel 

from LeRC, and launch operations personnel from KSC received Group 

Achievement awards. (NASA Release 69-78) 

* MSFC announced award of $4,620,310 contract modification to Chrysler 

Corp. Space Div. for vehicle systems engineering and integration on 

Saturn IB vehicles scheduled for NASA AA program flights. Work begun 

Jan. 1, 1969, would extend through March 31, 1970. (MSFC Release 

0 NASA Wallops Station announced selection of Aerojet-General Corp. to 

fabricate and support launch of two Orbiting Frog Otolith spacecraft 

for basic research on frog’s balance mechanism under $1,616,000 costplus-fixed-fee contract. Project was part of NASA’s human factor systems program to investigate functioning of primary balance mechanism 

within inner ear under zero g conditions. (WS Release 69-11) 

* In Washington Evening Star, Crosby S. Noyes said: “. . . it would be 

a mistake to consider the space program itself as nothing more than 

a kind of inspirational stunt to show us what we can do if we really 

put our minds to it. The idea that once the demonstration is over, we 

should divert all of its resources to domestic problems is excessively 

simple-minded. Of all the resources that have gone into the space 

program, the money that is so much on everyone’s mind is undoubtedly 

the least critical. The major resources . . . are people and organization 

and a continuing process of research and application. These resources 

cannot be ‘diverted’ into new areas; nor can a program such as this 

66 

69-133) 

154 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 22 

be turned off and on again like a spigot. Once the process is interrupted 

and the concentration of talent is broken up, it will be virtually impossible to reassemble it.” (W Star, 5/22/69, A9) 

* LeRc announced it had acquired F-8 single-seater supersonic jet from 

USN for use as chase aircraft during flights by its F-106 research jet in 

program to evaluate advanced inlets and exhaust nozzles. Although F-8 

could achieve mach 1.5 plus speeds, it would be flown at mach 1.2- 

top speed in F-106 flight plan. (LeRc Release 69-24) 

* US. submitted draft treaty to Geneva Disarmament Conference to prohibit emplacement of nuclear weapons, other weapons of mass destruction, and fixed launching platforms “on, within or beneath the seabed 

and ocean floor.” Proposal completed US. rejection of Soviet draft 

treaty that would prohibit not only such weapons but also “all objects 

of a military nature.” US., Canada, Italy, and other coastal states 

opposed ban on submarine detection devices included in Soviet treaty. 

(Hamilton, NYT, 5/23/69, 12) 

F-111A fighter-bomber crashed in northern Arizona on training mission 

from Nellis AFB, Nev. USAF said both pilots had ejected safely. (AP, 

B Sun, 5/23/69, A6; W News, 5/23/69,3) 

Muy 23: USAF Titan IIIC booster launched from ETR successfully orbited 

five unmanned satellites-two Vela nuclear detection satellites and 

three orbiting vehicle research satellites. Launch was 17th for Titan 

IIIC and last in development program. 

Vela IX entered orbit with 69,387-mi (111,643.7-km) apogee, 

68.653-mi (110,462.7-km) perigee, 6,718.5-min period, and 32.7” inclination. Vela X entered orbit with 69,614-mi (112,008.9-km) apogee, 

68.774-mi ( 110,657.4-km) perigee, 6,707.6-min period, and 32.8” inclination. Velas would monitor nuclear weapon detonations and natural 

radiation sources. 

OV V-5 (ERS-29), OV V-6, and OV V-9 entered orbits with 

69,427-mi ( 111,708.0-km) apogee, 10,480-mi ( 16,862.3-km) perigee, 

3,119-min period, and 32.9” inclination to study particles and fields 

and solar processes. (Pres Rpt 70 [69]; GSFC SSR, 5/31/69; UPI, 

NYT, 5/24/69, 6) 

Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman ended four-day visit to Czechoslovakia 

-first visit by US. astronaut to any Communist country. (UPI, W Post, 

5/24/69, A3 ) 

Press commented on personal qualities of Apollo 10 astronauts during 

crises and technological marvels. 

New York Times: “Their courage and high technical skill were evident. There was total absence of posturing or pomposity. Notable, too, 

was the absence of false patriotism or of any attempt to use the space 

feat as the basis for claims of national or ideological superiority. The 

astronauts’ personal behavior added a warm human luster to the 

superb scientific and technological feats they were and are performing.” (NYT, 5/23/69) 

Washington Evening Star: bb. . . the flight of Apollo 10 has shown 

something . . . about the durability of human nature. . . . However 

rigorous the training, however unworldly and unreal the surroundings, 

man is still capable of awe, error, fright, outrage and-when the occasion calls for it-profanity. It’s good to know.” (W Star, 5/23/69, 

A16) 

155 
May 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

0 Project research method of supporting principal investigators’ research 

within universities accounted for about 70% of NASA funds obligated 

to universities and was serving NASA and schools well, Dr. George E. 

Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, said 

in speech at Ohio State Univ. Maze than 10% of project research support funds had been invested in equipment in university laboratories 

for continuing education and research. “More than 90% of balloon 

borne experiments, more than 40% of sounding rocket experiments, 

and more than 50% of satellite experiments flown on NASA vehicles had 

principal investigators or co-investigators in our universities. A large 

share of the significant discoveries in space science were made in university originated experiments.’’ NASA “supports about 13,000 project 

oriented research grants and contracts in universities . . . [and] 32 

universities in 21 states are now working with NASA on various aspects 

of the earth resources satellite program.” (Text) 

At Second Advanced Marine Vehicles Meeting in Seattle, Wash., Frank 

E. Rom, Chief of LeRC Advanced Nuclear Concepts Branch, discussed 

technical developments in reactor design which could make nuclear 

propulsion feasible for use on hovercraft. Water-moderated nuclear 

reactor would heat helium, which then would pass through heat exchanger where water would be boiled. Resultant steam would drive 

6,500-hp steam turbines to power lift and thrust fans. Nuclear propulsion would increase hovercraft range, reduce cargo hauling costs, and 

make vehicle competitive with freighters. (LeRC Release 69-26) 0 FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer announced allocations of $34,144,479 

to construct and improve 177 US. airports under FY 1970 Federal-aid 

Airport Program. Appropriations, based on $30 million authorized by 

Congress and carryover funds from previous years, represented last 

year of funding authorized under current Federal Airport Act. Program stressed preservation and expansion of facilities at existing airports to accommodate high-performance, sophisticated aircraft; increasing airport capacity ; relieving congestion; and continuing construction of airports initiated under earlier programs. ( FAA Release 

0 Use of new “alphanumeric” system-computer-originated display of 

letters and numbers on radarscopes indicating aircraft identification, 

direction, altitude, spqed, and flight attitude at FAA’s Atlanta, Ga., control center-was described by Robert Lindsey in New York Times. 

System, in which each airliner constantly radioed flight data to ground 

where it was processed through computer and then displayed on radar 

screen, would eventually be used by FAA throughout its traffic control 

network. (NYT, 5/23/69, 92) 

* U.S.S.R. announced completion of rocket tests begun in Pacific April 17. 

Tests had been scheduled to end June 15. (SBD, 5/26/69, 109; W 

Post, 5/24/69, A12) 

May 23-24: NASA Astronomy Missions Board, chaired by Dr. Leo Goldberg 

of Harvard Univ., met at MSFC to evaluate potential astronomy missions for NASA. Board would submit formal recommendations for space 

astronomy to NASA later in year. (MSFC Release 69-135) 

Muy 24: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., practiced splashdown and anticontamination procedures they would use after return from moon in July. Astronauts 

69-59) 

156 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 24 

donned plastic-coated biological isolation garments and sprayed each 

other with Betadine disinfectant before leaving dummy spacecraft in 

Gulf of Mexico. (UPI, W Star, 5/25/69, A6) 

Muy 25: Excited US. residents called air control towers, police departments, and newspapers to report citing NASA’S Apollo 10 spacecraft 

circling moon. Weather Bureau explained bright object actually was 

planet Jupiter, which was approaching its nearest distance to earth. 

(W Star, 5/26/69, A7) 

* New York Times-while urging precautions against contamination on 

Apollo 11 lunar landing mission-praised ApoZZo 10 mission as “triumphant scientific climax” of Apollo effort: “The breathtaking virtuosity of Apollo 10’s equipment and crew leaves little doubt that similar 

apparatus can deposit properly trained men on the moon and bring 

them back safely to earth-always barring the possibility of unexpected mechanical or other malfunction. At the cost of more than $20 

billion the United States has acquired the capability of manned travel 

to the moon. Whatever the wisdom of concentrating such vast resources 

on the space race, the accomplishment is brilliant and merits awed 

congratulations for all those whose work and talent made it possible.” 

(NYT, 5/25/69, E16) 

May 26: President Nixon telephoned congratulations to Apollo 10 crew following successful splashdown after lunar mission for its “magnificent 

achievement” and invited astronauts and their wives to dinner at White 

House. “This is a proud moment for the country,” President said. 

(NYT, 5/27/69, 29; PD, 6/2/69, 775) 

Soviet Embassy praised Apollo 10 mission as event that “inspires into us 

pride for man.” Message, written by academician Boniface Kedrov, 

called astronauts “20th Century Columbuses” and said mission was an 

“immeasurably more complex, dangerous and almost unrealizable aim 

compared with that Columbus set before himself at the dawn of the 

new era.” Moscow ‘I”V showed splashdown. (W Post, 5/27/69, A9) * Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space had recommended new Y.N. initiatives to 

promote access to applications of space technology by small and nonspace powers, Richard S. Kahn said in Newsweek. Recommendations 

included appointment of U.N. official to serve as contact point for 

member states; panel meetings for promoting collaboration; U.N. 

assistance for survey missions, panel meetings, and fellowships; investigation of use of earth resource satellites; and dissemination of information on opportunities for education and training in space-related 

fields. 

Points of debate between large and small powers were on whether 

new technical assistance was required or whether existing machinery 

was sufficient. NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs 

Arnold W. Frutkin, as US. Representative on subcommittee, had observed that the “only two applications of space technology substantially 

available today are in . . . meteorology and communications, in both 

of which U.N. agencies are active.” (Newsweek, 5/26/69, 57-61) 

* Lockheed Aircraft Corp. founder Allan H. Lockheed died in Tucson, 

Ariz., at age 80. He had begun career at 16 as auto mechanic, taught 

himself to fly, and in 1915 established aircraft manufacturing firm with 

brother Malcolm. In 1926 he formed partnership with John K. North157 
26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

rop which developed into Lockheed Aircraft Corp. They pooled resources to produce Lockheed Vega aircraft, which set 27 records from 

1928 to 1932. Lockheed resigned in 1929 but served as adviser to 

several aviation companies. (UPI, W Star, 5/28/69, B7; W Post, 

5/28/69, C10) 

May 27: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXIII into orbit with 1,501-km 

(932.7.mil apogee, 196-km ( 121.8-mi) perigee, 102.0-min period, and 

81.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Dee. 10. ( GSFC SSR, 5/31/69; 

12/15/69; NYT, 5/28/69,16) 

0 Special message to ApoZZo 10 crew from five Soviet cosmonauts was released by Soviet Embassy: “We Soviet cosmonauts followed your difficult work very closely. We sincerely admire the high accuracy with 

which you carried out all the maneuvers planned, your excellent preparedness and courage.” Message was signed by Cosmonauts Gherman 

S. Titov, Andrian G. Nikolayev, Aleksey Leonov, Georgy Beregovoy, 

and Vladimir Shatalov. (UPI, W Post, 5/28/69, A13) 

0 International comment on NASA’s ApoZZo 10 mission: 

U.N. Secretary General U Thant said flight was “a thrilling compound of great skill, boundless courage and fabulous technology, as 

impressive for its perfection as for its informality and its great 

humor. . . . It is refreshing to have been able to turn for a moment 

from all our troubles on earth to this magnificent spectacle of man’s 

extraordinary capacity for achievement and peaceful quest.” 

Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of U.K.’s Jodrell Bank Experimental 

Station, said mission represented almost miraculous achievement attainable only by finest technology and engineering in world: “Every 

part of the Apollo 10 concept now appears to have been performed 

perfectly. . . . We are nearly about to enter an epoch when men and 

materials can be transferred to other planets in the solar system.” 

U.K. Prime Minister Harold Wilson termed flight ‘‘a great triumph 

in both human and technical terms.” 

Soviet space scientist, Dr. Vassily V. Parin, called mission “big 

event in the history of cosmonautics,” impressive because of “the accuracy of all its maneuvers.” 

Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, said of ApoZZo 10 

crew, “These men who could have come back with moon dust on their 

feet are leaving that for others in the true spirit of detachment of great 

pioneers.” 

Heinrich Luebke, President of West Germany, said mission “brings 

the United States to the brink of an historical high point-the landing 

of the first man on the moon.” (NYT, 5/27/69, 29; AP, €3 Sur!, 

5/27/69, Al) 0 ApoZZo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman, as Field Director of Space Station 

Studies for NASA, told Pasadena, Calif., press conference before addressing annual meeting of Chamber of Commerce there were five 

valid reasons for continuing space program despite high cost: (1) need 

for program that challenged US. in only way it could in time of peace, 

(2) educational impact of space technology in lower grades as well as 

among graduates, (3) scientific findings in space, (4) sheer quest and 

exploration, and (5) tendency of all countries to cooperate and perhaps realize earth’s fragility. Borman said, “I hope we can isolate 

successes and failures from funding because I think space exploration 

158 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 May 27 

is an important phase of American life.” (LA Times, 5/28/69; Pasadena Star-News, 5/28/69) 

NASA’s Pioneer IX, launched into heliocentric orbit Nov. 8, 1968, to collect data on electromagnetic and plasma properties of interplanetary 

medium, was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft had transmitted 

more.than 6 billion bits of data and was continuing to transmit useful 

data from all scientific experiments. Pioneer IX had passed through 

inferior conjunction Jan. 30 and had reached perihelion of 0.75 au 

April 7. It would pass through superior conjunction in November 1970, 

when special experiments utilizing spacecraft-earth radio communication frequencies would be conducted. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Discovery of microscopic evidence in lava on Deception Island, Antarctica, indicated algae, fungi, and minute bacteria had begun to thrive 

in previously sterile lava within 13 mos after volcanic blasts, NASA 

reported. JPL scientist Dr. Roy E. Cameron and Virginia Polytechnic 

Institute biologist Dr. Robert Benoit brought back samples in February 

of lava rubble from Dec. 4, 1967, volcano-earthquake. Discovery indicated sterile material could withstand invasion of growing things for 

only limited time. (NASA Release 69-80) 

US. patent No. 3,446,999 was granted to Dr. Athelstan F. Spilhaus, AAAS 

President-elect, for rolling device-toy that could move around circular track. Same propulsion method-attraction of electromagnets in 

car to circuitry in rails, providing continuous revolving movementcould be adapted to larger equipment. Patent had been assigned to 

Experimentoy Corp. (Pat Off PIO; Jones, NYT, 5/31/69, 29) 

May 28: NASA’s HLlO lifting-body vehicle, flown by NASA test pilot John 

A. Manke, successfully completed 19th flight after air-launch from 

B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude north of Four Corners, Calif. Manke 

fired engine at full power for 66 secs and at half power for 40 secs, 

reaching 64,500-ft altitude. Objectives-expansion of flight envelope 

to mach 1.2 and collection of stability, control, and performance data 

-were met. (NASA Proj Off; UPI, W Star, 5/29/69, A16; SBD, 

6/4/69, 152) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops Station carrying Dudley Observatory payload to collect micrometeoroids. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 

* NASA released first of hundreds of photos and moving pictures taken by 

Apollo 10 crew. Pictures showed moon from variety of positions and 

CSM as seen from LM. Photo of Triesneck Crater showed network of 

broad rilles which resembled tracks left by large snowballs rolled over 

snow-covered plain. Photo of Sea of Tranquility, prime landing site, 

had only few rugged features, including medium-sized Moltke Crater 

and Hypatia Rille. Pictures showed striking resemblance to aerial 

photos of Antarctica. Films included scenes of moon taken from LM 

at pericynthian and of Astronaut John W. Young shaving in CSM. 

(AP, B Sun, 5/29/69, Al; W Post, 5/29/69, A4) 

Soviet Deputy Minister of Aviation Vasily Kazakov told press in Paris 

on eve of 28th Paris Air Show that U.S.S.R. would not bring Tu-144 

supersonic airliner to show. U.S.S.R. would exhibit its An-22 700- 

passenger turboprop and would make major effort to promote sales of 

10 competitive Soviet aircraft. Cosmonauts Vladimir A. Shatalov and 

Aleksey S. Yeliseyev said two Zond moon-orbiting capsules launched 

159 
May 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Sept. 15, 1968, and Nov. 10, 1968, were large enough to have carried 

men. Shatalov said he hoped in future U.S. and Soviet space crews 

would be able to work together. (NYT, 5/29/69, 78) 

* In letter to stockholders, Lockheed Aircraft Corp. said it had initiated 

appeal to Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals against cancellation of its Government contract to produce AH-56A Cheyenne helicopter for USA and asked USA to defer demand for $50 million in repayment of progress payments until appeals board ruling. (UPI, W 

Post, 5/29/69, A7; WSJ, 5/29/69, 7) 

May 29: Cosmos CCLXXXIV was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 

297-km (184.6-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 89.5-min 

period, and 51.7” inclination. Satellite reentered June 6. (GSFC SSR, 

5/31/69; 6/15/69) 

* Specific objectives of lunar exploration were discussed in testimony by 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. 

Mueller, before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. 

Evaluation of natural resources on 14.6-million-sq-mi lunar surface 

would include minerals of yet undetermined nature and unique combination of high vacuum and gravitational field one-sixth as strong as 

earth‘s. “On the results of our evaluation will depend our decision 

some years from now as to whether there is sufficient potential to justify establishing a lunar base.” NASA also would investigate use of 

moon as “island near our shores to which we can voyage . . . to develop man’s potential to function as an explorer throughout the solar 

system.” (Testimony) 

NASA selected Martin Marietta Corp. for $280,000,000 cost-plus-incentivefee/award-fee contract for Viking lander system and technical integration of project to send two instrumented spacecraft to Mars during 

summer of 1973. (NASA Release 69-82) 

At USN Symposium on Military Oceanography in Seattle, Wash., Naval 

Oceanographic Office scientists Paul E. La Violette and Sandra E. Seim 

said pictures taken by astronauts during Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo 

missions had been of greater value than expected. “The high resolution 

of these color photographs has shown a wealth of detail impossible to 

duplicate by television pictures.” Surface and near-surface conditions 

“appear as sea scars, rips, sea state, bathymetric features. . . .” Many 

of these features had been shown to exist over large areas on a scale 

previously unimagined. ( AP, NYT, 6/1/69, 82) 

NASA published Significant Achievements in Space Science 1967 

(SP-167). Among achievements described were discovery of strong 

x-ray-emitting objects in stellar astronomy; controlled, quantitative 

testing of biological hypotheses provided by Biosatellite II data; increased use of remote-sensing radio techniques in ionosphere and radio 

physics ; acquisition of data on surface temperature, total pressure, atmospheric composition, exospheric temperature and composition, and 

strength of magnetic field of Venusian atmosphere by Soviet Venus IV 

and simultaneous flybys of US. Mariner V in planetology. Developments in solar physics had led to revision of existing set of numbers 

and had repercussions on interpretation of measurements from sun. 

(Text) 

If NASA’s Apollo 11 successfully landed on moon July 20, “it will be a 

proud moment for Americans and a costly one for British bookmakers, 

160 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 29 

who will pay out at least $172,000 in bets they wish they had never 

made,” Karl E. Meyer reported in Vushington Post. Big winner would 

be David Threlfall of Preston, Lancashire, who in April 19648 bet $10 

($24) that man would land on moon before January 1971. Since odds 

were 1,000 to 1, Threlfall would collect $24,000 from William Hill 

Organization betting firm. As one broker explained: “When you think 

about it, it’s a bit ridiculous. This is one of the few times we’ve made 

a mistake-the man in the street knew more about space than we did.” 

(W Post, 5/29/69, A4) 

Terre Haute [Ind.] Star said: “In backing Columbus, according to 

Samuel Eliot Morison, historian, Queen Isabella had two motives: To 

make a buck in the spice trade, and to open new territories for her 

Catholic missionaries. It did not occur to her that she was about to 

change the history of mankind. That is the way of most turning points 

in human history. The Manhattan Project which resulted in the atomic 

bomb was basically a defensive move against the danger of Germany’s 

doing it first. It launched the atomic age. Johann Gutenberg found a 

way to print with movable type for the simple reason that he wanted 

more people to read the Bible. He had no idea that he was introducing 

mass literacy. These great human adventures had two things in common: They were done for practical reasons, and most contemporaries 

said, ‘who needs it?’ The space program began for practical, everyday 

reasons. Russia’s Sputnik scared the pants off most Americans. The 

initial goal of catching up with the Russians has been achieved, and 

this is part of the reason why there is now a slowing interest. However 

. . . this country now has the potential of changing the world. . . . The 

US. should continue in the forefront of space exploration, with a wellfunded and stable program. Space should continue to have a permanent, though not extravagant, position in the priority of national 

goals.” (Terre Haute Star, 5/29/69) 9 Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development transmitted to 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics Centralization 01 Federal Science Activities. Report, prepared by Library of Congress Science Policy Research Div., described centralization and potential 

organization of Federal science activities, summarized arguments for 

and against centralization, examined major functions of Federal Government in dealing with science and technology and present organization, and presented historical summary of evolution of Federal 

organization for science and of proposals for reorganization and consolidation. (Text) 

Wendell F. Moore, assistant chief engineer at Bell Aeroaystems Co. and 

developer of rocket belt which could lift man and carry him length of 

football field, died in Niagara Falls, N.Y., at age 51. He had won John 

Price Wetherill Medal of Franklin Institute of Philadelphia in 1964 for 

his invention, first flight-tested in 1961. (UPI, NYT, 5/30/69) 

May 29-June 8: 28th Salon Internationale de l’A6ronautique et de 1‘Espace 

-Paris Air Show-featured nearly 550 exhibitors representing 14 

nations. US., with largest pavilion, emphasized space achievements, 

taking “Countdown Apollo” as theme. On opening day biggest display 

attraction, said United Press International, was Apollo 8 spacecraft, 

which ApoZZo 9 Astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and 

Russell L. Schweickart unveiled in ceremony attended by US. Ambas161 
May 29-June 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

sador to France, R. Sargent Shriver. US. exhibit also included F-1 

and 5-2 engines of 1st and 2nd stages of Saturn V rocket and full-scale 

model of Apollo 11 LM. 

French prototype of Concorde 001 supersonic transport was flown 

over Paris for first time and later took its place on apron at Le Bourget 

Airport among 150 aircraft, helicopters, and gliders. 

Opening day also marked signing of agreement for joint development of short-haul airbus by French Transport Minister Jean Chamant 

and West German Economics Minister Karl Schiller. Spokesman for 

U.K. manufacturer Hawker Siddeley said firm was still negotiating on 

building wings for 250-seat airbus. U.S. exhibited 490-passenger 

Boeing 747 but did not show Lockheed C-5AY world’s largest aircraft. 

U.K. exhibits at Air Show included Concorde 002, British prototype; 

Hawker Siddeley Harrier VTOL jet fighter; and Hawker Siddeley Nimrod, maritime reconnaissance version of Comet. French exhibits included Dassault Mirage fighters and Dassault Hirondelle turboprop. 

U.S.S.R.’s chief entry was 500-passenger An-22 turboprop airliner. 

(Amer Av, 5/26/69,33-6; UPI, W Star, 5/29/69, A10; Reuters, NYT, 

5/30/69, 40) 

May 30: NASA’s Biosatellite 111, scheduled to carry monkey on 30-day earth 

orbital mission June 18, was damaged when unexplained pressure blew 

top off spacecraft at KSC. Accident, which severed electrical wire harnesses and caused minor structural damage, might delay launch. (AP, 

W Star, 5/31/69, Al; 6/1/69, A8) 

Science magazine published letter from Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.) , Chairman of Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics, clarifying his views on 

cost effectiveness evaluation of Earth Resources Satellite system. He 

reiterated opinion he stated in Dec. 1968 Earth Resources Satellite 

System report: “Precise determination of cost effectiveness at this early 

stage . . . is not possible. . . . The magnitude of the economic benefits 

simply cannot be calculated in the absence of the type of data which 

the system is designed to produce.” Conclusions of studies already 

completed had constituted “strong evidence that precision was not possible. Yet, I am reassured by the fact that all such studies . . . have 

concluded that the potential economic benefits will exceed the costs of 

such a system by a substantial margin and some predict that benefits 

will someday be measured in billions of dollars annually. It is my personal conviction that an operational ERS system will ultimately prove 

highly cost-effective.” 

Karth said he considered it “NASA% responsibility to experiment with 

new space systems that appear to have potential, and to conduct the 

necessary research and development which will lead to a firm foundation for a subsequent determination as to whether operational systems 

should be built. In this context, I believe cost effectiveness is not an 

appropriate standard to apply in advance to NASA’s experimental work, 

though it is certainly applicable when the time comes to decide whether 

to go forward wi+ an operational system.” (Science, 5/30/69, 1009) 

In Science editorial, Kenneth V. Thimann said: “. . . there is no doubt 

that some of our most thoughtful young people see science as a destructive force. Some of this disillusionment stems from a preoccupation 

162 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 May 30 

with the failings of science, and especially the failings of technology.” 

But people complaining had forgotten past history of far worse air 

and water pollution and malnutrition. “On the contrary, the record of 

steady progress can give us confidence that the residual blemishes and 

pockets will indeed be wiped out as the power of science and technology is increasingly brought to bear on them.” In some fields “scientist wields almost unlimited power for good.” International Rice 

Research Institute, with staff of 16 Ph.D.s, had apparently changed 

“whole nutritional future of Asia in a scant 5 years” by doubling or 

even tripling rice yields. Discovery of penicillin and streptomycin had 

saved countless lives. (Science, 5/30/69, 1013) 9 There was “growing conviction that Soviet authorities have taken administrative measures to punish the noted physicist Andrey R. Sakharov,” said Bryce Nelson in Science. Washington, D.C., sources had 

said Sakharov was summoned for verbal criticism after July 11, 1968, 

publication in New York Times of his essay “Progress, Coexistence, 

and Intellectual Freedom.” Discipline was thought to have been performed in early 1969. Fragmentary accounts in Western publications 

indicated he had been deprived of work as consultant to ministry, removed from position as chief consultant at State Committee for Atomic 

Energy and from work in restricted physics institute at Chernogolovka, 

barred from research institute at Dubna, and possibly expelled from 

Soviet Academy of Sciences. (Science, 5/30/69, 10434) 

May 31: New York Times said DOT had received detailed proposals for construction of 150- to 300-mph, air-cushioned vehicle guided by track 

or guideway. Agency hoped to design vehicle that could avoid problems of steel train wheels and rails, which lost traction and spun at 

speeds of 150-200 mph. DOT expected to award contract for Tracked 

Air Cushion Vehicle (TACV) within three months, with completion of 

prototype and several miles of test track by mid-1971. (NYT, 5/31/69, 

46) During May: Space/Aeronautics said: “Reshaping of the budget, in combination with a flurry of new activity among NASA, the Air Force and 

the President’s in-house and specially commissioned science advisors, 

has left no doubt that the Administration favors continuation of a 

strong manned space flight program and a total space effort much 

more national in character than the current one. The latter point involves greater pressure on the Air Force and NASA to bring their future 

programs together, particularly in the space station and support areas. 

“Although manned space flight was the clear victor in the Republican amendments to the NASA budget, the surgery on the unmanned 

sectors was artfully performed.” Although $41 million was cut from 

OSSA, none of it came from Earth Resources Survey satellite program. 

Although $14 million was cut from OART, none came at expense of 

NERVA program. Only notable individual reductions in areas other 

than manned space flight came in deferral of Sunblazer program, cancellation of Biosatellite-F, and deferral for one year of new Planetary 

Explorer project. In net increase in OMSF, NASA essentially traded off 

slippage in AA program for resumption of Saturn V production and 

insurance that lunar exploration would continue into early 1970s. 

(S/A, 5/69, 31-6) 

163 
During May ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

NAS-NRC Space Science Board had formed 13-member standing Committee on Space Medicine to respond to requests from NASA on problems 

in manned aspects of national space effort, NAS-NRC-NAE News Report 

said. Chairman was Dr. Shields Warren of Cancer Research Institute 

of New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, who was noted for his 

work on effects of radiation. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 5/69, 1) 

OAR Research Review summarized 1968 research activities of Air Force 

Cambridge Research Laboratories : During 1968 AFCRL scientists had 

“placed more instruments on board more research vehicles than any 

other research group” in US. Experiments included 46 research 

rockets, 75 small meteorological rockets, 110 research balloons, and 

374 research flights by 6 flying laboratories. Eight of nine satellite 

experiments were successfully orbited; most significant was 600-lb 

OV 1-16 (“Cannonball”) low-altitude-density satellite launched July 

11 to measure atmospheric density. (OAR Research Review, 54/69, 9) 

NSF published R&D in the Aircraft and Missiles Industry, 1957-68 (NSF 

69-15). In 1967 aircraft and missiles industry spent record $5.6 billion 

for R&D-34c/c of all industrial R&D spending and 116% increase from 

1957 level of $2.6 billion. Federal Government had continued to finance more than 80% of industry R&D. In 1967 this was $4.5 billion, 

of which estimated $2.7 billion was supplied by DOD, $1.6 billion by 

NASA, and $0.2 billion by all other Federal agencies combined. However, Federal spending in 1967 was $100 million less than in 1964. 

Companies’ own R&D funds rose from $445 million in 1964 to $1.1 

billion in 1967, with growing emphasis on nonmilitary and nonspace 

areas, particularly commercial aircraft and general-aviation fields. 

(Text) 

Flying magazine issued special report on F-111, including “The People 

vs. the F-111” by John Fricker and “The F-111-a Pilot’s Verdict” 

by Richard B. Weeghman. Fricker called F-111 “not guilty” of 

charges that concept of commonality was invalid, that selection of 

General Dynamics Corp. instead of Boeing Co. as prime contractor 

was result of “political consideration,” that F-111 suffered from excessive flight restrictions, that it was unsafe, aiid that it was “operational flop.” To charge that cost escalation of F-111 program had been 

excessive, Fricker delivered verdict “Guilty, with mitigating circumstances”-factory, engineering, and research costs had risen twice as 

much as originally estimated. (Flying, 5/69) 

Copy of original tape recording of excited voices of astronomers as they 

discovered first optical pulsar on night of Jan. 15-16 had been deposited in Niels Bohr Library, American Institute of Physics Newsletter noted. Tape, made accidentally during moment when optical 

pulses from Crab Nebula were discovered, had been preserved by discovery team, W. J. Cooke, M. J. Disney, and D. J. Taylor at Steward 

Observatory, Univ. of Arizona. ( AIP Newsletter, 5/69) 

* In Communist Party cultural weekly Kultura, Warsaw, Janusz Wilhelm 

said: “Once more the world is experiencing a sense of exultation over 

the universe. Man’s latest cosmic achievements have caused talk, writing and speculation everywhere. Moreover they are almost personally 

experienced by all.” Exultation over man’s ability to cope with universe “surpasses all national and political boundaries.” It was rare for 

164 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During May 

people to react “just as human beings without any special differences 

or distinctions.” Moon flight was not going to solve “dramatic problems and conflicts besetting earth,” but exultation represented “the 

essence of rationalism and pragmatism to a much greater extent than 

most of our emotions.” What we felt was “the unity (or oneness) of 

humanity. . . . So it carried with it a hope.” (Atlas, 5/69, 23) 

165 

June 1969 

June 1: Special Task Force report submitted to President Nixon Jan. 8 but 

not released by White House called for NASA revamping and.shift in 

space priorities, John Lannan said in Washington Sunday Star. Panel, 

chaired by Univ. of California at Berkeley physicist Dr. Charles H. 

Townes, included Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air 

Force, then NASA Deputy Administrator; Dr. James A. Van Allen of 

Univ. of Iowa; Dr. Harry H. Hess, chairman of NAS-NRC Space Science 

Board; and Dr. Walter Orr Roberts of National Center for Atmospheric Research. 

Report recommended continuation of $6-billion space effort, with 

$2 billion for DOD and rest for NASA; disapproved of any commitment 

to large orbiting space station; and urged commitment to unmanned 

planetary probes. It considered NASA’s present structure inappropriate 

for post-Apollo program and urged bringing “an outstanding scientist 

into its top administrative ranks.” It was desirable to avoid manned 

versus unmanned operations argument and to focus on search for most 

appropriate role for human being in entire system. NASA organization 

was not “adapted to this approach.” 

NASC should be chaired by President rather than Vice President. 

Panel advocated lunar exploration and gave high priority to use of 

space for commercial and civil benefits. It urged space spending at 

?/”% to 1% of GNP and proposed US. intensify efforts toward international cooperation in space, Lannan reported. (W Star, 6/1/69, Al) 

NASA’s Mariner VZ spacecraft (launched Feb. 24) was 21,731,091 mi 

from earth and would fly past Mars July 30. Mariner VZZ (launched 

March 27) was 19,526,893 mi from earth and would fly past Mars 

Aug. 4. Both spacecraft were operating normally. (JPL Release 521) 

Atomic scientist Dr. Edward Teller thought nuclear explosion on moon 

would be scientifically useful, Associated Press reported after New 

York interview. Vibrations would be source of seismographic measurement for study of moon’s interior. “The best information on earth” 

came from nuclear explosions, “because the energy-generating event is 

confined very sharply both in space and in time.” Factors making 

moon extremely inhospitable to life-absence of air and water-were 

highly desirable to researchers, since “change that has taken place 

billions and billions of years ago is still visible today.” Dr. Teller also 

favored development on moon of research station powered by nuclear 

reactor that heated lunar rocks to high temperature and liberated 

oxygen for breathing purposes. There was probability rocks also contained water, which reactor could reduce to hydrogen and oxygen for 

making rocket fuel to power short-range rocket trips on moon and softlanding interplanetary spacecraft. Moon’s environment might lead to 

advances in low-temperature physics and surface chemistry in electronics, which could result in development on earth of smaller, more 

167 
June 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

efficient, and more sophisticated electronic equipment, particularly for 

information-storing and information-reordering. (Nicholson, AP, W 

Star, 6/1/69, Al) 

Retiring Chief Justice of Supreme Court Earl Warren said at Lincoln 

Univ. commencement in Oxford, Pa., “We’re going to be on the moon 

-perhaps by July, they tell us. But it would be better if our universities 

taught us how to live in our great cities.” (AP, W Post, 6/3/69, A9) 

June 2: NASA announced preliminary flight plan for Apollo 11 lunar landing 

mission. Spacecraft, carrying Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (conimander), Michael Collins (CM pilot), and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (LM 

pilot), would be launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, Pad A, by 

Saturn V booster at 9:32 am EDT July 16, with touchdown on moon’s 

Sea of Tranquility at 2:22 pm EDT July 20. At 12:12 am EDT July 21 

Armstrong would step onto lunar surface, followed hour later by Aldrin. Astronauts would collect up to 50 lbs of lunar surface samples 

for return to earth, take photos, and deploy experiments package before 

leaving moon at 12:OO pm EDT July 21 and returning to CSRZ piloted 

by Collins. They would complete eight-day mission with splashdown 

in Pacific at 12:52 pm EDT July 24, 195 hrs 20 min 4.2.2 secs after 

launch. (NASA Release 69-83) 0 ApoZZo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman acknowledged that he had discussed 

possibility of running for Governor of Arizona or US. Senate with 

Rep. Morris K. Udal1 (D-Ariz.) but said he did not “foresee right 

now” that he would do so, Associated Press reported. (W Post, 

6/4/69) * Prearranged meeting at Paris Air Show between Apollo 9 Astroriauts 

James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell L. Schweickart and 

Cosmonauts Aleksey S. Yeliseyev and Vladimir Shatalov and wives 

developed from brief technical exchange into what US. officials called 

an epic of all space meetings. After inspecting interior of ApoZZo 8 

spacecraft and joining astronauts for drinks in VIP lounge at US. pavilion, cosmonauts escorted astronauts through U.S.S.R. pavilion, provided technical explanation of 1968 Soyuz missions, and entertained 

with vodka and caviar in Soviet trijet Yak-40 on display field and 

later in 500-passenger An-22. (NYT, 6/3/69, 78; AP, B Sun, 

6/3/69, Al) 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, received honorary Doctor of 

Science degree from Brown Univ., his alma mater. (NASA Off of 

Administrator) 

X-ray, one of science’s foremost photographic tools, was being supplemented by revolutionary process of neutron radiography called “neutrography,” said New York Times. It had been used to check safety of 

components in ApoZZo 10 spacecraft and was subject of Governmentsupported research in U.K., France, West Germany, and Japan. In 

US., commercially oriented studies were being pursued by General 

Electric Go., Aerojet-General Corp., and North American Rockwell 

Corp. Process-in Which object to be radiographed was placed in 

large, high-density beam of neutrons that passed through object and 

registered data concerning its internal structure on film-had applications in inspection of pyrotechnic devices and nuclear reactor fuel and 

detection of excessive moisture or minute cracks. Critical welds, guidance components, and “honeycomb” bonding used in NASA program 

168 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 2 

could also be inspected-as well as home TV sets, telephones, radios, 

missiles, and SST. (NYT, 6/2/69, 39) 

0 North American Rockwell Corp. announced it had reduced its activity 

on USAF’S Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft ( AMSA) but was maintaining team effort in connection with program. Reduction was made 

to permit maximum attention to F-15 fighter weapon system competition. (NAR Release NN-28; Wilson, W Post, 5/31/69, Al) 

June 3: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by Titan 

IIIB-Agena D booster. Satellite entered orbit with 265.3-mi 

(426.9-km) apogee, 86.4-mi (139.0-km) perigee, 89.8-min period, 

and 110.0’ inclination and reentered June 14. (GSFC SSR, 6/15/69; 

UPI, W Post, 6/4/69, A18; Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

0 U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXV into orbit with 493-km 

(306.3-mi) apogee, 266-km (165.3-mi) perigee, 92.1-min period, 

and 71.0’ inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 7. (GSFC SSR, 6/15/69; 

10/15/69; AP, NYT, 6/4/69, 5) 

International team of scientists might man first US. permanent space 

laboratory, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said at London 

news conference. Work on project would begin about 1975 and additional sections would be added each year for decade, eventually producing laboratory for about 50 scientists. Dr. Paine, on his way to 

Paris Air Show, said it was too early to say if there would be permanent US. lunar space station or to predict if man would land on Mars. 

He had no information to support rumors of imminent Soviet moon 

landing. (Reuters, W Post, 6/5/69, E5) 

Boeing Co. pilot Don Knutson flew 362-passenger version of Boeing 

747-world’s largest passenger aircraft-on 9-hr 8-min maiden Atlantic crossing from Seattle-Tacoma Airport, Wash., to Le Bourget 

Airport, Paris, for 28th Paris Air Show. Aircraft was fourth 747 off 

assembly line and acquired one-third of its 27 hrs flying time during 

transatlantic flight at average 570-mph and maximum 656-mph 

speeds. (NYT, 6/4/69, 74; Amer Av, 6/9/69, 16-7) 0 House adopted resolution electing Rep. Barry M. Goldwater, Jr. 

(R-Calif.) , to Committee on Science and Astronautics. (CR, 6/3/69, 

H4401) 

London Times published four-page space supplement On the Edge of the 

Moon. Man had been traveling to moon for centuries in transport 

which was “romantic, ingenious, foolish and brilliant: chariots of 

swans, giant guns, artificial clouds and enormous metal springs; even 

rockets.” Journeys, “dreams that ranged between ludicrous fantasy 

and prophetic imagination,” had not been recorded much before second century AB. “But later, as writers discovered science fiction and 

the appetite men had for it, the stories proliferated.” At times, either 

by luck, reasoning, knowledge of science, or uncanny inspiration, they 

foresaw details of voyages like Apollo 10’s and that planned for next 

month.” Article traced 1,800 yrs of space travel “from dream to 

reality.” Supplement also described stage sequences planned for NASA’s 

lunar landing, specifications of lunar module and its achievements, 

data which scientists hoped to extract from lunar explorations, and 

possible construction of lunar observatory. Costs of observatory would 

be justified “only as part of a space programme much larger than 

what is envisaged for the immediate future, and too large, perhaps, 

169 
June 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

for the resources of any one nation.” (London Times, 6/3/69, I-IV) 

June 35: NASA held Spacemobile Conference in Washington, D.C., to familiarize all personnel with Vice President’s Summer Space Education 

Program for the Cities conducted by NASA in cooperation with President’s Council on Youth Opportunity. (Program) 

June 4: President Nixon addressed Air Force Academy commencement in 

Colorado Springs, Colo.: “A nation needs many qualities, but it needs 

faith and confidence above all. Skeptics do not build societies; the 

idealists are the builders. Only societies that believe in themselves can 

rise to their challenges. Let us not, then, pose a false choice between 

meeting our responsibilities abroad and meeting the needs of our 

people at home. We shall meet both or we shall meet neither. 

“This is why my disagreement with the skeptics and the isolationists 

is fundamental. They have lost the vision indispensable to great leadership. They observe the problems that confront us; they measure our 

resources and then they despair. When the first vessels set out from 

Europe for the New World these men would have weighed the risks 

and they would have stayed behind. . . . Our current exploration of space makes the point vividly, here is 

testimony to man’s vision and man’s courage. The journey of the astronauts is more than a technical achievement: it is a reaching-out of 

the human spirit. It lifts our sights; it demonstrates that magnificent 

conceptions can be real. 

“They inspire us and at the same time they teach us true humility. 

What could bring home to us more the limitation of the human scale 

than the hauntingly beautiful picture of our earth seen from the moon? 

“When the first man stands on the moon next month every American will stand taller because of what he has done, and we should be 

proud of this magnificent achievement. 

“We will know then that every man achieves his own greatness by 

reaching out beyond himself, and so it is with nations. When a nation 

believes in itself-as Athenians did in their Golden Age, as Italians 

did in the Renaissance-that nation can perform miracles. Only when 

a nation means something to itself can it mean something to others. 

“That is why I believe a resurgence of American idealism can bring 

about a modern miracle-and that modern miracle is a world order 

of peace and justice.” (PD, 6/9/69, 797-802) 

* In Huntsville interview, Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, said 

accomplishment of first lunar landing would not necessarily mean U.S. 

was first in space race. “. . . whether the Russians have this particular 

objective in their program, I just don’t know.” It was no longer possible to decide in simple terms who was ahead. “. . . today the space 

program has so many facets that it may be impossible for all raternity 

from now on to be ahead of them in all fields. And . . . impossible for 

them to be ahead of us in all fields.” It was still possible for U.S.S.R. 

to reach moon first if July launching date for Apollo 11 was delayed. 

Russians now had rocket more powerful than Saturn V, which would 

allow direct lunar flight. “If this rocket is flown in the very near 

future-which it might-they may still have a chance of landing a 

man on the moon in the latter p-art of 1969.” As for Soviet unmanned 

lunar landing, Dr. von Braun said, “I think the Russians very definitely have the capability as far as their equipment is concerned to 

bL 

170 
ASTRONAUTIGS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 4 

soft land enough payload on the moon to take a sample of lunar soil 

and fly it back to earth.” (UPI, NYT, 6/6/69, 18) 

* Tass released reports which revealed that neither Venus V (launched 

Jan. 5) nor Venus VI (launched Jan. 10) had reached Venusian surface intact in May. Data radioed from two spacecraft suggested terrain 

was very uneven, with height differences of more than 50,000 ft. Reports also conceded that Venus IV, which purportedly had landed on 

Venus Oct. 18, 1967, had not relayed data from Venusian surface, but 

had apparently been crushed during descent by extreme atmospheric 

pressure. “The pressure might have pushed in the upper lid of the instrument department and affected the instruments of the radio complex,” Tass said. Data suggested that Veiius V had descended over deep 

basin where temperature was almost 1,000”F and pressure was 140 

times that on earth. VeiLus VI had descended over plateau where temperature was 750°F and pressure was 60 times that on earth. Since 

spacecraft had not been designed to withstand pressures greater than 

25-27 times that on earth, they had not sent data from below 12 mi. 

(Sullivan, NYT, 6/5/69; W Post, 6/5/69, A25) 

ComSatCorp announced selection of General Telephone & Electronics International as contractor for construction of earth station for satellite 

communications near Talkeetna, Alaska. Contract price was $3,558,000. 

(ComSatCorp Release 69-32) 

lune 5-8: NASA’s 1,393-1b ogo VI ( 060-F) Orbiting Geophysical Observatory, carrying 25 experiments to study sun’s influence on earth‘s nearspace environment during period of maximum solar activity, was successfully launched from WTR at 7:42 am PDT by Thorad-Agena D 

(SLV-2G) booster. Spacecraft entered orbit with 682.4-mi 

(1,098.2-km) apogee, 246.4-mi (396.6-km) perigee, 99.8-min period, 

and 82.0’ inclination. 

Primary mission objective was to conduct correlative studies of 

latitude-dependent atmospheric phenomena during period of maximum 

solar activity. Secondary objectives were to search for celestial hydrogen Lyman-alpha radiation, conduct neutron and cosmic-ray observations, measure solar uv and x-ray radiation, make detailed observations 

of VLF radio emissions, and exceed one year of active, three-axis stabilization. By June 8, all experiments except one-Naval Research 

Laboratory’s x-ray spectrometer, which was expected to have humidity 

problems-had been turned on and were operating satisfactorily. Two 

30-ft antennas had been deployed. 

Ogo VI was sixth and last spacecraft in NASA’s OGO series. Scientific 

instrumentation for Ogo VI’S 25 experiments had been provided by 

10 US. universities, 1 foreign university, 4 Government centers, and 

5 private companies. Ogo VI joined four other operational OGO’SOgo I (launched Sept. 4, 1964), Ogo 111 (launched June 6, 1966), 

Ogo ZV (launched July 28, 1967), and Ogo V (launched March 4, 

1968) -which had provided more than 1.2-million hrs of scientific 

data on earth-sun relationships and on near-earth environment. Ogo 11 

(launched Oct. 14, 1965) had been turned off in November 1967. Results from OGO program included: first observation of protons responsible for ring of current surrounding earth at distance of several 

earth radii during magnetic storms; first satellite global survey of 

earth’s magnetic field, resulting in proposed new magnetic field model 

171 
June 5-8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

June 5-8: Ogo VI-sixth and last of NASA’s Orbiting Geophysical Observatory seriescarried 25 experiments into orbit to study the sun’s influence on the earth‘s near-space 

environment during a period of maximum solar activity. The satellite was launched 

from WTR by B Thorad-Agena D booster into near-polar orbit. By June 8, all but one experiment had been turned on and were operating satisfactorily. 

172 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 5-8 

for International Geomagnetic Reference Field; clear identification of 

controlling influence of earth‘s magnetic field on ion population; verification of existence of inward boundary (plasma-pause) surrounding 

region of stable trapped radiation; first evidence that region of lowenergy electrons completely enveloped trapped radiation regions ; first 

observation of daylight auroras; and first worldwide map of airglow 

distribution. 

OGO program was managed by GSFC under OSSA direction. LeRC was 

responsible for Thorad-Agena D launch vehicle, and KSC for launch 

operations. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Releases 69-81, 69-92) 

June 5: Electronic disorder in NASA’s Oao ZZ orbiting astronomical observatory (launched Dec. 7, 1968), first noted June 2, had been successfully 

adjusted from ground, NASA announced. Spacecraft’s inability to receive ground commands or maintain correct orientation was similar to 

malfunction April 12 which had almost caused spacecraft’s death. GSFC 

controllers corrected problem by adjusting ground command transmitters and computer programs and switching attitude control system 

from gas-operated to gyro stabilization. (NASA Release 69-88) 

* Investigating board headed by Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., reported 

primary cause of Dec. 8, 1968, crash of NASA’s lunar landing training 

vehicle (LLTV) No. 1 was “that the vehicle entered a region of flight 

where aerodynamic moments overpowered the control system . . . such 

that attitude control was lost. The source of the control problem was 

not identified . . . in time to add (use) a second control system which 

could have restored control capability.” Crash did not involve any malfunctions of systems. Adverse region of flight was entered because the 

aerodynamic limitations of LLTV were not completely understood, wind 

conditions were insufficiently accounted for, and displays in LLTV and 

support van were inadequate for conditions. Board made 11 recommendations-including wind-tunnel tests to assess LLTV aerodynamic 

characteristics-for improved safety. (NASA Release 69-87; AP, H 

Chron, 6/6/69) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Tu-144 supersonic aircraft exceeded mach 1 for first time 

during flight test, according to Tass. No further details were released. 

(InteraviaAirLetter, 6/9/69, 5) 

* At Paris Air Show Sud Aviation test pilot Andre Turcat demonstrated 

Concorde 001. During engine checks before takeoff, noise level at 300 

m to side and behind was not excessive even with afterburners switched 

in. Fly-pasts at various speeds and configurations showed good handling characteristics and low noise levels. Aircraft landed smoothly and 

stopped in relatively short distance on wet runway with brake chute. 

(InteraviaAirLetter, 6/6/69, 4) 

* Dr. Eugene G. Fubini, former Assistant Secretary of Defense, was sworn 

in as consultant to NASA Administrator. He would advise NASA senior 

officials on scientific and engineering aspects of agency programs and 

review and advise on work of President’s Space Task Group and NASADOD cooperation on space shuttle. Before joining NASA Dr. Fubini had 

been Vice President and Group Executive at IBM. (NASA Release 

69-85) 

NASA announced selection of United Aircraft Corp. for $4-million, threeyear contract to design and develop life support and environmental 

173 
June 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

control systems to sustain astronauts for long-duration earth orbital 

space flights. (WSJ, 6/5/69) 

Secretary of State William P. Rogers told Washington, D.C., news conference Nixon Administration was resolved to continue test firings of 

advanced strategic missiles. He said tests would not affect chances for 

US. success in disarmament talks with U.S.S.R., scheduled for summer, 

and that they should be continued even after negotiations had begun, 

(Grose, NYT, 6/6/69, 1) 

June 6: NASA’s HGlO lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter Hoag 

( USAF) , successfully completed 20th flight over Buckhorn, Calif. Vehicle was air-launched from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude and 

glided to landing. (NASA Proj Off) 

* At New York meeting sponsored by Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 

MSC, and Columbia Univ.’s Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 

MSC scientist Wilbur R. Wollenhaupt said ApoZZo 8 computer had erred 

in prediction of spacecraft’s position by 15,000 ft in range and 1,500 

ft in elevation. Apollo 10 computer erred only 2,000 ft in range and 

500 ft in elevation with programming of more accurate model of 

moon’s asymmetrical gravity field. ApoZZo 10 results made it likely 

Apollo 11 could be guided to extremely accurate landing in July. 

Dr. Richard Lingenfelter of UCLA described study of meandering 

tracks across moon’s surface which showed evidence that at least 130 

river-like rilles around large circular lunar mare had been formed by 

flowing water. Evidence was presented from gravity studies and mag 

netic observations in nearby space that moon’s interior was homogeneous rather than subdivided into heavy core surrounded by lighter 

mantle. (Sullivan, NYT, 6/7/69, 16) 

* In Life, Hugh Sidey said: “It was just exactly eight years ago that John 

Kennedy set the moon goal and called the nation into ‘the exciting adventure of space.’ There have been great space moments in these years, 

but they have faded rather rapidly as the earth problems pressed in. 

Now there is a lasting excitement which will build to the big launch 

[Apollo 111 this summer and probably will linger for months or years. 

. . . History suggests that man, despite his obvious and obsessive 

miseries, craves something to lift him beyond himself. War too often 

has been one outlet. Americans in particular have needed a quest, 

across the mountains or the continent, into the sky and the sea, to the 

poles or inside the atom.” This pointed up “classic dilemma in presidential leadership.” Did national pride in space achievement and its 

technological and military benefits mean more to nation than plans 

for aid to education, welfare programs, or feeding the hungry? “It 

could be that the world’s ills are not too great to allow such dreams. 

It could also be that Americans cannot live without them.” (Life, 

6/6/69, 4) 

* President Nixon announced intention to appoint Stanford Univ. physicist 

Hubert B. Heffner as Deputy Director of Office of Science and Technology, succeeding Ivan L. Bennett, Jr., who had resigned. Nomination 

was submitted to Senate June 9. (PD, 6/9/69,806; 6/16/69,845) 

0 NAS and NAE issued Scientific and Technical Communication: A Pressing 

National Problem and Recommendations for Its Solution. Committee 

on Scientific and Technical Communication ( SATCOM) emphasized 

need for maintaining pluralistic, diverse communication activities in 

174 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 June 6 

science and engineering as opposed to monolithic, centralized system 

and recommended 55 methods for meeting accelerating growth of 

technical data-product of $2?-billion R&D enterprise in US. Recommendations included creation of Joint Commission on Scientific and 

Technical Communications responsible to NAS-NAE councils to stimulate greater coordination among private organizations and facilitate 

interaction with government. (Text; NAS Release; NAS-NRC-NAE News 

Rpt, 5-7/69, 1) 

* Florida Legislature passed concurrent resolution asking President Nixon 

and Congress to restore name “Cape Canaveral” to Cape Kennedy, 

subject to agreement by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.), brother 

of late President John F. Kennedy. Original Spanish name meant 

“plantation of cane.” (AP, W Star, 6/7/69, Al) 

June 7: World’s largest passenger airliner, 629,000-1b Boeing 747, landed 

at Dulles Airport, Washington, D.C., en route from Paris Air Show. 

Pan American World Airways would take delivery of its first 747 in 

September and inaugurate passenger service shortly after first of year. 

(W Star, 6/8/69, A23) 

* Since “any contamination of the earth from the moon would affect all 

men and all nations,” said New York Times, protective arrangements 

“should be approved by an international group, preferably by a formal 

United Nations committee. In the future men will go to Mars and other 

parts of the solar system where the prospects of finding living organisms are much greater than they are on the moon. If Americans 

now monopolize the key decisions regarding protection of the earth‘s 

environment, they will have no grounds for objecting later on if 

Russians, Chinese, Germans, Japanese, Brazilians or others monopolize 

similar decisions affecting human beings returning from more distant 

celestial bodies.” (NYT, 6/7/69, 32) 

In Nature, Stanford Univ. astronomer Dr. Edward K. Conklin reported 

recording earth’s motion using background radiation believed to have 

been produced at early stage in universe’s expansion. If theory was 

correct, radiation defined extremely distant reference frame for measurement of earth’s motion. Recording showed 100-mi-per-sec movement in direction midway between direction of Big Dipper and star 

Arcturus. (Nature, 6/7/69, 971-2) 

June 8: NASA’s Echo I1 comsat, launched Jan. 25, 1964, reentered atmosphere at 60.3” north latitude and 148.1” east longitude, north of 

Siberian Sea of Okhotsk after orbiting earth more than 28,000 times. 

Launched as passive comsat and air-density research satellite, 532-1b, 

135-ft-dia, laminated mylar plastic and aluminum balloon had been 

used as reflector for bouncing radio transmissions between ground 

points and for geodetic studies. (NASA Release 69-90) 

New York Times Magazine profile quoted NASA Administrator, Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine: Late President John F. Kennedy’s decision to try 

to put man on moon by end of 1960s was “bold act that is standing the 

test of time damned well,” Dr. Paine had said. “Our ability to function 

now in a new environment a decade after Jack Kennedy is going to be a very challenging test for us. Do we understand that environment? 

Can we achieve a new consensus without the ‘Pearl Harbor’ of a Russian lead in space? We’re not really talking about the space program 

anymore. The space program is finished. You wouldn’t speak about 

175 
June 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Columbus’s voyage as the sail-powered water craft program. What 

Columbus’s journey was all about had nothing to do with water. It 

was the extension of man’s dominion, new life styles, new forms of 

government, new societies.” Dr. Paine believed US. had no choice but 

to push ahead. “A nation that turns down a challenge like this is a 

nation that’s on its way out.” (Buckley, NYT Magazine, 6/8/69, 

34-63) 0 William Hines in Washington Sunday Star criticized NASA’s Lunar Receiving Laboratory and plans to protect US. from lunar contamination: “. . . there is ample doubt that (1) the quarantine will really be 

air-tight and (2) it will make very much difference if the contamination shield leaks a little.” He also commented that, earlier, “great lip 

service was paid to the necessity for avoiding contamination of the 

moon and other celestial bodies by lifeforms from Earth. The rationale 

was pragmatic, not moral, and purely anthropocentric: If we contaminate the surface we won’t be able to say with certainty whether the 

lifeforms we eventually find are native or imported. This line is still 

being hewed to-after a fashion-in the case of Mars, but for the 

moon the game has proved too costly to be played with strict attention 

to rules.” (W Star, 6/8/69, C4) 

June 9: Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops 

Station carrying Dudley Observatory payload to collect micrometeoroids. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 

FAA announced there were 10,470 airports, heliports, and seaplane bases 

on its records on Dec. 31, 1968: net increase of 344 over 1967. They 

included 555 heliports, 411 seaplane bases, and 28 landing facilities 

outside US. Of total, 3,986 were publicly owned and 6,8423, privately. 

Airlines served 183 airports with turbojets and were expected to extend 

this service to additional 215 airports by 1973. (FAA Release 69-68) 

June 10: House passed by vote of 328 to 52 H.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA 

authorization of $3.966 billion, allocating $3.26 billion for R&D, $58.2 

million for construction of facilities, and $643.8 million for research 

and program management. House had adopted amendment canceling 

$327 million authorized for FYs 1967, 1968, and 1969 for which appropriations had not been made. It also adopted amendment requiring 

emplacement of U.S. flag, exclusively, on moon or any other planet by 

US. astronauts during visits financed entirely by Government funds. 

Act would be symbolic gesture of national pride in achievement, not 

declaration of national appropriation by claim of sovereignty. (Text; 

0 Deputy Secretary of Defense David Packard announced cancellation by 

DOD of Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program because of “continuing urgency of reducing Federal defense spending” and “advances 

in automated techniques for unmanned satellite systems.” Cancellation 

would save “several hundred million” of $525 million proposed for 

MOL in FY 1970 budget authorization. Remainder would be needed 

for termination costs and USAF unmanned space programs. Cancellation 

also would save $1.5 billion in FY 1970 through 1974. 

Since 1965 initiation of MOL program, DOD had accumulated much 

experience in unmanned satellite systems and “profited from both 

manned and unmanned space exploration of NASA” for “the many, advanced technologies in the MOL effort.” Some MOL technology and 

CR, 6/10/69, H4615-56) 

176 
June 10 

hardware would be used in other DOD unmanned space programs and 

DOD was exploring with NASA “the usefulness of some MOL developments to NASA programs.” (DOD Release 491-69) 

* In Bonn Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and West German 

Science Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg signed Memorandum of Understanding calling for NASA and West German Ministry for Scientific 

Research cooperation on Helios. Most advanced international scientific 

space program, Helios would consist of two solar probes carrying 10 

scientific experiments 28 million mi-closer to sun than any other yet 

scheduled-in 1974-75 to provide new understanding of fundamental 

solar processes and sun-earth relations by studying solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays and cosmic dust. NASA would 

launch two German-built spacecraft on Atlas-Centaur vehicles one year 

apart. Seven experiments would be provided by German scientists and 

three by GSFC in cooperation with U.S., Australian, and Italian experimenters. (NASA Releases 69-86, 69-91) 

* At Smithsonian Institution ceremony, X-15 No. 566670, one of three 

rocket-engine aircraft built to test flight environment in upper atmosphere, took its place near Wright brothers’ Kitty Hawk Flyer and 

Charles A. Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis. Aircraft had been officially 

retired with completion of joint NASA-USAF X-15 program in December and flown from Edwards AFB, Calif., as cargo to be refurbished 

by Smithsonian. First X-15 built, it made first captive flight March 10, 

1959, and flew first glide and power flights June 8, 1959, and Jan. 23, 

1960. It completed last flight in test program Oct. 24, 1968, to total 81 

free flights and 142 flights with B-52 mothership. 

Of three X-15s built by North American Rockwell Corp. and Thiokol Chemical Corp., No. 3 had been destroyed in Nov. 15, 1967, crash 

which killed pilot, Maj. Michael J. Adams (USAF) ; No. 2 was being 

displayed at Air Force Museum, Wright-Patterson AFB, Qhio. X-15 

program had cost $300 million and established records for 354,200-ft 

altitude and for 4,520 mph (mach 6.7) speed. 

At ceremony Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, 

said it was difficult to believe designer’s dream of 15 yrs ago had already found its way into museum. (Program; NASA Release 69-56; 

DOD Release 327-69; NYT, 6/15/69, 70) 

* MSFG announced award of $1,712,000 contract change to Bendix Corp. 

for construction of three additional control computers for Apollo Telescope Mount project, to be delivered from April 1970 through July 

1970. ( MSFC Release 69-141) 

* Space Business Daily said poll of 1,400 U.S. adults conducted after 

Apollo 10 splashdown by A. Singlinger Co. had found 51.3% in 

favor of lunar exploration program. Of those polled, 39% disapproved 

of program and 9.7% had no opinion. (SBD, 6/10/69, 174) 0 Rep. Lester L. Wolff (D-N.Y.) proposed in House that Apollo 11 spacecraft be commissioned “The John F. Kennedy.” (CR, 6/10/69, H4639) 

* In Washington Evening Star Crosby S. Noyes noted: “There are . . . a 

number of questions about interplanetary travel that remain to be 

answered, the most obvious being why take the trouble. It is, no doubt, 

a magnificent conception. But whether it can or should be made real 

is still open to some doubt.” (W Star, 6/10/69, All) 

fune 11: NERVA nuclear experimental engine (XE) was successfully ground177 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 
June 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tested by NASA and AEC in Jackass Flats, Nev., reaching full power for 

first time under simulated altitude conditions. Reactor operated at 

50,000 lbs thrust for 31/2 min during 13-min test. (AEC/NASA Release 

NASA Associate Administrator, Dr. Homer E. Newell, and Assistant Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology John L. 

Sloop presented paper “Planning Space Technology for the 1970’s” to 

National Security Industrial Assn. in Washington, D.C. Technology 

readiness for manned missions beyond the moon depended “very 

heavily upon (1) carrying the technology through proof-of-concept 

or prototype phase in order to assure longlife, reliable flight equipment and operations, and (2) precursor missions, particularly an 

Earth orbiting laboratory and lunar exploration that provide an opportunity to obtain the needed technology.” Technology needed for 

manned Mars exploration “represents capabilities that are very useful 

in many space missions and for some non-space applications as well, 

particularly with regard to long-life equipment and man’s performance 

under stress.” (Text) 

* Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, MIT Dean of Engineering, received FAA’s 

highest honor-Extraordinary Service Award-in Washington, D.C., 

ceremony for service as technical adviser on SST program. Gold medal, 

lapel ribbon, and citation for exceptional contribution were presented 

by Under Secretary of Transportation James M. Beggs. He noted Dr. 

BisplinghofYs extraordinary competence and knowledge of aeronautics 

had played significant role in analyzing complex technical aspects of 

SST development program. Dr. Bisplinghoff had served as technical 

adviser to FAA Administrator on SST program since April 1966, had 

held key scientific posts with NASA since 1962, and was member of 

NASA Historical Advisory Committee. (FAA Release 69-69) 

Congressional sources quoted by John Finney in New York Times said 

White House had ordered cancellation of DOD’s MOL program [see 

June lo] over DOD and USAF objections and in response to mounting 

congressional pressure to hold down military spending. (NYT, 

6/12/69, 1) 

* Washington Post Federal Diary column noted Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong would receive $2-per-day travel allowance as civil servant 

during Apollo 11 mission. As GS-16 at NASA, Armstrong collected 

maximum per diem of $16 when traveling on duty. But for Apollo 11 

mission, it had been ruled that he would be enjoying Government 

billeting and subsistence. (Clopton, Causey, W Post, 6/11/69, B11 ) 

June 12: L/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), Apollo Program Director, announced NASA would proceed with plans for July 16 Apollo 11 launch. 

(He stressed, however, that NASA would not hesitate to postpone launch 

if officials did not feel “ready in every way. Nor, once the voyage 

has begun, would we hesitate to bring the crew home immediately if 

we encounter problems.” (NASA Special Release) * Bullpup Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried GSFC payload to 45.1-mi (72.5-km) altitude to study capability 

of Bullpup Cajun as sounding rocket system and to test prototype ozone 

payload. Rocket performed satisfactorily but loss of signal at payload 

separation prevented analysis of payload performance. Parachute deployed as planned but payload was not recovered. (NASA Rpt sa) 

NSF released Scientists, Engineers, and Physicians from Abroad, Fiscal 

M-144) 

178 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 12 

Years 1966 and 1967 (NSF 69-10). More than 12,500 scientists and 

engineers had been granted immigrant status in US. in FY 1967, 

increase of 74% from 1966 and 134% from 1956. Immigrant physicians and surgeons increased 30% from 1966 and 6.5% from 1965, to 

3,300. Number of immigrant scientists and engineers was estimated 

roughly at one-tenth of gross addition to domestic science and engineering manpower. (Text) 

* New York Daily News editorial said: “For some years, the US. Air Force 

has had an entirely feasible project for orbiting by 1972 a 30,000-lb. 

space laboratory carrying two men, at a cost of around $3 billion. About 

$1.3 billion having been spent on the program, Deputy Defense Secretary David M. Packard announced Tuesday that it has been junked, 

scrapped, scrubbed, in order to save the taxpayers some money. We’re 

hot for government economy. But this looks to us like a most dubious 

move in that direction. You can bet that Soviet Russia, poverty-stricken 

though it is, is not skimping in its drive to make space serve the 

Kremlin militarily.” (NY News, 6/12/69) 

June 13: In letter to NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, Dr. John E. Naugle, ComSatCorp President Joseph V. 

Charyk offered plan for NASA-ComSatCorp cooperation in demonstrations of TV and other satellite services between US. areas, including 

Alaska, using existing earth stations at Brewster, Wash., and Paumalu, 

Hawaii, plus two new small stations, and NASA ATS satellite or possibly 

in-orbit commercial satellite. ( ComSatCorp Release 69-33) 

Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from Natal, Brazil, 

carried Brazil-Univ. of California payload to conduct stellar x-ray 

studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj 

Off) 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR with 

VAM-20 booster to 106.6-mi (171.5-km) altitude carrying Univ. of 

Colorado payload to measure height profile of nitric oxide, nitrogen, 

and ionized nitrogen and to test Mariner-Mars UV spectrometer. Rocket 

and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

NASA announced addition of two lunar orbits to Apollo 11 flight plan, 

which would increase revolutions to 30 and total time in lunar orbit 

to 59 hrs 30 min. Addition of orbit before LM/CSM undocking would 

improve communications during critical maneuver by bringing LM 

within radio sight of 210-ft dish antenna at Goldstone Tracking Station 

during its descent to lunar surface. Addition of orbit after redocking 

and before LM jettison would allow astronauts two more hours for 

decontamination of equipment exposed to lunar environment. (NASA 

Release 69-83A) 

Catastrophic contamination of earth by returning Apollo 11 astronauts 

and lunar samples was “extremely unlikely,” Philip H. Abelson explained in Science. “One argument is that a form of life adapted to 

the absence of H20, 02, and organic compounds could scarcely be 

expected to survive on earth, much less infect earth’s creatures. The 

most compelling argument, however, is that the lunar-return experiment has been conducted many times in the past. It has been estimated 

that millions of tons of unsterilized lunar material have reached the 

earth as a consequence of meteor impact. . . . Sterile containment of 

lunar specimens during the journey to Houston is assured. . . . “Procedures involving the astronauts are more controversial. Careful 

179 
June 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

effort to keep to a minimum the amount of adventitious material returned to earth is a substantial factor in the procedures that have been 

adopted. The astronauts face a difficult and dangerous mission. Were 

their procedures to be made even more complex because of panicky, 

last-minute objections, their chances of a safe return could be needlessly jeopardized.” (Science, 6/13/69, 1227) 

Discovery of approximately 621.4-mi-dia ( 1,000-km-dia) mascon-mass 

concentration of gravitational pull-on moon’s far side and of fact 

that Mare Marginis at eastern edge was flooded fraction of mascon 

basin was reported in Science by Cornell Univ. radiophysicists Dr. 

Malcolm J. Campbell, Dr. Brian T. O’Leary, and Dr. Carl Sagan. Discoveries were made from study of Lunar Orbiter and ApoZZo 8 photos 

and gravitational data. New mascon was 2.8 times heavier than mascons associated with Mares Imbrium and Serenitatis on moon’s near 

side. If mare material was confirmed in basin, discoverers proposed 

calling it Mare Occulum (Hidden Sea). Dr. Campbell said they believed mascons explained moon’s entire “out-of-balance” appearance 

as seen from spacecraft. While some Apollo mission planners believed 

moon to be pear-shaped because of its effects on spacecraft, Cornell 

team believed moon was nearly perfect sphere. Mascons explained unexpected variations in lunar gravity which, according to MSC officials, 

had dragged ApoZZo 10 off course. With mascons, scientists were close 

to answering question of origin of lunar seas, Dr. Campbell said, “But 

we haven’t quite gotten the whole story.” (Science, 6/13/69, 1273-5; 

Cohn, W Post, 6/14/69, Al) 

President Nixon submitted following nominations to Senate : Gen. John 

D. Ryan (USAF) to be USAF Chief of Staff, Adm. Thomas H. Moorer 

(USN) to be Chief of Naval Operations for additional two-year period, 

and Gen. Earle G. Wheeler (USA) for reappointment as Chairman, 

Joint Chiefs of Staff, for additional one-year term. (PD, 6/16/69, 845) 

* Disruption of circadian rhythms-cycles in life processes dependent on 

biological mechanism operating like internal clock-placed stress on 

long-distance air traveler, said FAA medical officials Dr. Peter V. 

Siegel, Dr. Siegfried 5. Gerathewohl, and Dr. Stanley R. Mohler in 

Scimce. In modern aviation environment man was exposed abruptly 

to disruptions, particularly during long east-to-west and west-to-east 

flights. (Science, 6/13/69, 1249-55) 

June 14: Madrid ceremony marked takeover by Spanish crew of operations 

at U.S. Deep Space Network tracking facility. Attending were NASA 

Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine; Spanish Space Research Council 

President, Gen. Luis Azcarrago; US. Ambassador Robert C. Hill; and 

Gen. Antonio Perez-Marin, President of Spanish Instituto Nacional de 

Thcnica Aeroespacial. Dr. Paine sent final US. signal to Pioneer VIIl 

(launched Dec. 13, 1967) orbiting sun. Short time later Gen. Azcarrago 

sent first signal under Spanish control. Dr. Paine said, “Spanish determination to participate in this exciting 20th Century form of exploration reminds us that five centuries ago Columbus’ great voyage 

of exploration was carried out under the flag of Spain.” (NASA Release 

69-93 ) 

0 Washington Post published letter from John M. Raymond, Jr., of Washington, D.C., which praised decision of Florida Legislature to ask for 

return of original name “Canavera17’ to Cape Kennedy [see June 61. 

180 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 14 

“It is for us today a thrilling thought that men will leap to the moon 

from a cape discovered by Spanish adventurers early in the 16th 

century-a cape with one of the very earliest American place names 

to be retained to the present day. Or almost to the present day. Let the 

NASA center bear the name Kennedy. It is an appropriate tribute to the 

man who set us on the course to the moon. But let us restore to the 

cape the proud name it carried for 400 years.” ( W Post, 6/14/69, A24) 

0 Pashington Post commented on DOD’S cancellation of MOL program: 

“While few tears . . . will be shed for MOL, the process by which it 

fell from grace deserves scrutiny. Many of the suggestions for taming 

the defense budget have posited some kind of non-Pentagon review 

mechanism, either inside or outside government. Yet MOL lost its place 

not through such a review but through intense general pressure, which 

became focused inside the Pentagon upon this particular item. The 

choice of which project to save, which to sacrifice, was made by the 

military on the basis of an obscure bureaucratic struggle with high 

Darwinian overtones. Like the brontosaurus, MOL came upon the 

tougher conditions of a new environment and was found unfit to survive. This may be an effective way to exercise a measure of occasional 

control over a swollen defense budget, but it is a crude way and one 

not at all guaranteed to leave the right elements intact. Both the spenders and the critics ought to keep looking for a more refined and selective approach.” (W Post, 6/14/69, A24) 

June 15: Cosmos CCLXXXVI was successfully launched by U.S.S.R. from 

Plesetsk. Orbital parameters: apogee, 322 km (200.1 mi) ; perigee, 

197 km (122.4 mi) ; period, 89.7 min; and inclination, 65.4’. Satellite 

reentered June 23. (GSFC SSR, 6/15/69; 6/30/69; SBD, 6/17/69, 

205; Reuters, W Post, 6/16/69, A16) 

* U.S.S.R. was watching U.S. missile debate “with keen interest but without any sign of serious concern,” said Bernard Gwertzman in New 

York Times. Moscow diplomats were pessimistic about chances of US.- 

U.S.S.R. disarmament agreement being reached within three years, 

which meant U.S.S.R. “must go ahead with new systems.” Even possibility of eventual agreement on slowdown in arms spending was 

clouded by emergence of Communist China as possible missile threat 

to U.S. and U.S.S.R. (NYT, 6/15/69, E3) 

* London Sunday Times article by Francis James said Communist China 

would soon test nuclear missile with 6,000-mi range that could afford 

second-strike nuclear capability in 1970s. (W Post, 6/16/69, A14) 

Current Book-of-the-Month Club selection, The Andromeda Strain by 

Michael Crichton, would “hardly gladden the hearts” of those at NASA, 

said Walter Sullivan in New York Times. It dramatized dangers of 

back contamination that had “suddenly become a subject of sharp 

debate on the eve of the Apollo 11 mission to the moon.” (NYT, 

6/15/69, E8) 

* New York Times said Dr. Carlos Varsavsky, Director of Argentine Radio 

Astronomy Institute at La Plata, and 23 team members engaged in 

international research in radioastronomy faced dismissal for joining 

general strike May 10 in defiance of Argentine government. They had 

received notifications of termination of appointment. (NYT, 6/15/69, 

June 15-16: Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong successfully completed four simu243) 

181 
Juno 15-16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

lated lunar landings in third lunar landing training vehicle (LLTV) at 

Ellington AFB, Tex. Armstrong piloted LLTV to 100- and 300-ft altitude and practiced touchdown maneuvers in preparation for lunar 

landing during Apollo 11 mission, to be launched July 16. Armstrong 

told newsmen LLTV did “excellent job in simulating the landing characteristics of the lunar module.” Flights were first for Armstrong since 

crash of second LLTV Dec. 8, 1968. First LLTV, piloted by Armstrong, 

had crashed May 6, 1968. (UPI, NYT, 6/16/69, 1; MSC Release 6949; 

W Star, 6/17/69, A5) 

June 16: Apollo 11 preparations were proceeding well toward launch to moon 

at 9:32 am EDT July 16, Apollo Mission Director George H. Hage told 

Washington, D.C., press conference. Hypergolic propellant loading 

would begin June 18, wet phase of countdown demonstration test 

(CDDT) would begin July 1, and crew participation in CDDT without 

propellants would begin July 2. 

After landing on moon astronauts would descend ladder to lunar 

surface. When Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong reached second rung of 

ladder, he would pull D-ring to activate camera for TV coverage of 

descent to lunar surface. Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., would descend 

about 15 min after Armstrong. Entire 21/2-hr period during which 

astronauts explored lunar surface, set up experiments, and collected 

lunar samples within 100 ft of landing site would be telecast live to 

TV viewers on earth. (Transcript) 

* President Nixon sent message to Congress urging approval of 5-million, 

10-yr program for expanding planning effort and construction and 

improvement of airports. He called for increased taxes on users to fund 

major part. Levies would include increase from 5’31 to 876 in tax on 

domestic flight tickets; new $3 tax on tickets for international flights 

originating in US.; new 5% tax on air freight waybills; and increase 

from two to nine cents per gallon on fuels used by general aviation. 

(PD, 6/23/69, 861-5) 

* First stage of Saturn V (SA-508) launch vehicle, to be used on Apollo 

13, reached KSC. Second stage, scheduled to leave MTF June 25, would 

reach KSC June 30. Third stage had arrived at KSC June 13. Instrument 

unit would be flown from MTF to KSC July 7. (MSFC Release 69-148) 

In Physical Review Letters, Univ. of Maryland physicist Dr. Joseph 

Weber described detection-of gravity waves from unknown source but 

in two places simultaneously. Coincidences were observed on gravitational-radiation detectors over 1,000-km base line at Argonne National 

Laboratory and at Univ. of Maryland. Probability that coincidences 

were accidental was “incredibly small.’’ NSF-supported study provided 

first real evidence of existence of gravity waves postulated by Prof. 

Albert Einstein more than 50 yrs ago. (Physical Review Letters, 

6/16/69, 1320-24; Lannan, W Star, 6/15/69, A25) 

June 17: Apollo Program Director, L/C Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), gave 

go-ahead to Apollo 11 lunar landing mission for launch July 16. Ninehour flight readiness review had revealed only one major problemin guidance system. “Although this problem is not completely resolved 

at this time,” Gen. Phillips said, “I am confident this will not become 

a constraint to the July launch.” (AP, W Star, 6/18/69, Al) 

* Dr. Arthur Rudolph, former Saturn V Program Manager at MSFC, was 

honored by W. Randolph Lovelace I1 Award at American Astronautical 

182 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 17 

Society banquet in Denver, Colo. Award was presented for his sustained contribution to space travel in directing Saturn V launch 

vehicle program 1963 through 1968. It was accepted for Dr. Rudolph 

by Dr. Helmut G. Krause of MSFC. (Release 69-144) 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, discussed need 

for improved manned bomber at joint national meeting of American 

Astronautical Society and Operations Research Society of America, in . Denver, Colo.: “Those who criticize the bomber as an obsolete system 

in the missile age are often the same people who refer to our alleged 

440-1 superiority over the Soviets in individually targeted warheads.” 

Ratio would be “nearly 1-to-1, with total payload running heavily 

against us, if it were not for our bomber force with its multiple 

weapons on each aircraft. If our bombers are to continue to provide 

deterrence, they must be able to survive an attack and then penetrate 

the ever-improving Soviet defenses. The B-52 is still a good aircraft, 

but the prototype was flying in 1952 and the latest models were produced in 1962. An advanced bomber will take advantage of the many 

improvements that have been made in airframe and engine design. It 

would have short take-off and landing capability needed for dispersal 

and payload, structure, and speed necessary for penetration.” 

In security terms, space age presented dangers, but also afforded 

opportunities for increasing strategic stability. “Each generation of 

space vehicles will provide additional improvements in our ability to 

monitor enemy activities. We are now working on a satellite early 

warning system that would detect missiles as they are launched from 

land or sea. With the aid of such a warning system a dispersed bomber 

force would be able to take off from its bases before the impact of 

enemy weapons, even if the time of flight of the latter were greatly 

reduced.” (Text) 

* Australian marathon runner Bill Emmerton left Houston, Tex., on 

1,034-mi jog to Cape Kennedy, Fla., where he would watch Apollo 11 

launch. He would travel on foot approximately 40 mi per day, arriving 

morning of July 16. Purpose of run was to publicize benefits of physical conditioning, pay tribute to fitness of lunar crew, and commemorate 

Apollo 11 flight. (Spaceland News, 6/69, 11; PMR Release 916-69) 

Sen. Edward W. Brooke (R-Mass.), for 37 cosponsors, introduced on 

Senate floor S.R. 211, “sense of the Senate” resolution urging President 

Nixon to propose to U.S.S.R. immediate suspension by US. and 

U.S.S.R. of flight test of multiple missile warheads and strongly supporting prompt negotiations with U.S.S.R. on weapon issues. (CR, 

6/17/69, S6538) 

June 18: NASA successfully deployed and recovered 40-ft-dia parachute in 

final Project SHAPE (Supersonic High Altitude Parachute Experiment) 

test to evaluate possible use of parachute for aerodynamic deceleration 

for soft landings on planets with thin atmospheres. Parachute was 

ejected from five-foot-long canister carried to 33-mi altitude and 1,800 

mph (mach 2.7) by three-stage rocket. Previous tests had been conducted Oct. 23 and Dec. 11,1968. (NASA Release 69-95) 

USAF announced that data from preliminary investigation of effect of SST 

wing shape in creating sonic boom indicated that varying shape to 

reduce pressure field beneath wing might decrease wing’s flight efficiency. Tests had been completed at Arnold Engineering Development 

183 
June 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Center in Tullahoma, Tenn, Tests also had been made to determine 

lift-to-drag characteristics of wing shapes upon which aircraft range 

and efficiency were dependent. ( AFSC Release 100.69) 

June 19: NASA’s HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John 

A. Manke, successfully completed 21st flight after air-launch from B-52 

aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosamond, Calif. Objectives were 

to obtain stability, control, and performance data at speeds up to 

mach 1.35. (NASA Proj Off) 

House Committee on Appropriations favorably reported H.R. 12307, 

Independent Offices and HUD appropriations bill, which provided 

$3.696 billion for NASA-$63.544 million below original budget, 

$18.544 million below revised budget, $298.290 million below 1969 

appropriation, and $269.394 million below total authorizations approved by House. Bill provided $3 billion for NASA R&D, $53.233 million for construction of facilities, and $643.750 million for research 

and program management. With unobligated carryover from 1969 of 

$117.473 million, total $3.117 billion would be available for obligation 

in 1970. 

H.R. 12307 also provided $418 million for NSF-$79 million below 

amount originally budgeted but $18 million above FY 1969 appropriation. It provided $500,000 for NASC, $24,000 below budget estimate. 

(Text; Committee Rpt 91-316) 

Senate confirmed nomination of Apollo 8 Astronaut William A. Anders 

as Executive Secretary of National Aeronautics and Space Council. 

(CR, 6/19/69, S6736) * President Nixon announced intention to nominate Dr. William D. McElroy, Chairman of Johns Hopkins Univ. Dept. of Biology, as Director 

of National Science Foundation. Dr. McElroy would replace Leland J. 

Haworth, whose six-year term had expired. He was director of McCollum-Pratt Institute at Johns Hopkins, former member of President’s 

Science Advisory committee, and member of NAS, AAAs, American 

Chemical Society, and American Society of Biological Chemists. (PD, 

6/23/69,877) 

* Library of Congress announced acquisition of more than 500 kinescope 

films of “Meet the Press” TV series covering 1949-65, presented by 

producer and panel moderator Lawrence E. Spivak on behalf of NBC 

News. Collection included interviews with aviation expert Maj. Alexander de Seversky; MSFC Director, Dr. Wernher von Braun; atomic 

energy expert Dr. Vannevar Bush; NASA pioneers Dr. T. Keith Glennan 

and Dr. Hugh L. Dryden; former NASA Administrator James E. Webb; 

AEC Chairman, Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg; Sen. Thomas J. Dodd (DConn.) ; and members of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences. ILC Info Bull, 6/19/69, 1; LC Motion Picture Dept) 

June 20: Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR 

with VAM-20 booster carried Princeton Univ. observatory payload to 

112.5-mi (181-km) altitude to study uv radiation of hot stars in constellation Scorpius with 1 A and 0.3 A resolution. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, but camera and stabilization were 

completely demolished because of fall after parachute failed. (NASA 

Rpt SRL) 

“There is a good chance there is some form of life on Mars,” Los Angeles 

Herald-Examiner quoted Dr. William H. Pickerink, JPL Director, as 

184 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 20 

saying in interview. “The planet has a thin atmosphere, the climate is 

tough but not completely unreasonable.” Changes of colors on Mars 

could be vegetation. Mars’ seasons were like earth’s but twice as long. 

Its days were same length as earth’s. (Smith, LA Her-Exam, 6/19/69) 

S-I1 stage for ninth Saturn V launch vehicle was successfully test-fired 

at MTF for almost six minutes. All test objectives were met. (Marshall 

Star, 6/25/69,2) 

* MSFC announced appointment of Saverio F. Morea, former manager of 

F-1 and J-2 engine projects, as manager of new lunar roving vehicle 

project. Small manned vehicle would weigh 400 lbs and would be 

carried on board LM in 1971 to provide lunar surface transportation 

for two astronauts, hand tools, lunar samples, and other equipment. 

( MSFC Release 69-150) 

June 21-26: NASA successfully launched 174-lb Explorer XLI ( IMP-G) 

Interplanetary Monitoring Platform from WTR by Thrust-Augmented 

Improved Thor-Delta (DSV-3E) booster at 1:48 am PDT during major 

electric power failure. Spacecraft entered nearly polar orbit with 

110,722.5-mi (178,191-km) apogee, 213.1-mi (343-km) perigee, 4,906- 

min period, and 87’ inclination. Primary objectives were to place 

spacecraft into orbit with apogee of at least 92,000 mi (148,028 km) 

and to obtain for 90 days adequate measurements from plasma and 

energetic particle experiments for continuation and extension of studies 

of environment within and beyond earth’s magnetosphere during 

period of high solar activity. Solar proton data would be transmitted 

to MSC as needed to support Apollo missions. Explorer XLI carried 12 

experiments-greatest number ever carried by IMP spacecraft-provided by universities, NASA centers, and industry to measure cosmic 

rays, solar plasmas, and magnetic fields in interplanetary space. 

Explorer XLI was seventh in series of 10 IMP spacecraft planned by 

NASA. Two of six previously orbited satellites-Explorer XXXIII 

(IMP-D), launched July 1, 1966, and Explorer XXXV (IMP-E), 

launched July 19, 1967-were still providing scientific data. IMP program was managed by GSFC under OSSA direction. (NASA Proj Off; 

NASA Release 69-89) 

June 21: Cancellation of MOL program had left USAF with $1 billion in 

space hardware and 14 highly trained astronauts, Ralph Dighton of 

Associated Press wrote. Most of $1 billion already spent on program 

had been for undisclosed number of Titan IIIM boosters and satellites 

built or on order. USAF had said launch facilities would be finished on 

schedule in September because they would have to be paid for anyway. 

They could be used for unmanned spacecraft. The $1.3-million MOL 

administration building at Vandenberg AFB, Calif., and $1.6-million 

medical and training structure could be adapted for office space. MOL 

astronauts had been offered to NASA but no decision had yet been 

reached. Aerospace workers in seven firms had been hit by MOL cancellation, with McDonnell Douglas Corp. most affected. It had 7,200 

employees on project. (AP, W Star, 6/21/69, A5) 

0 Soviet academician Anatoly A. Blagonravov said in Moscow interview: 

“Exploration of moon and planets is a most noble task and our generation can rightly be proud it has opened the space era. Any scientific achievement accomplished in any country in the long run becomes 

an achievement of world science. Space efforts of the United States and 

185 
June 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

the USSR sometimes complement one another.” ( UPI, P Bull, 6/22/69) 

NASA was combining Apollo 11 spectacular with “bit of spectacular lobbying,” Washington Evening Star said. It had invited all 533 members 

of House and Senate to fly at NASA’s expense to witness Apollo 11 

launch from Cape Kennedy. Total bill could come to nearly $28,000. 

(W Stur, 6/21/69, A3) 

June 22: NASA had raised limit on amount of samples Apollo 11 crew could 

bring back from moon, Washington Post writer Thomas O’Toole reported in Los Angeles Times. Instead of 50 lbs of samples originally set 

as maximum, astronauts would be permitted to collect as much as they 

could carry-probably up to about 100 lbs. (LA Times, 6/22/69) 

0 Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from Natal, Brazil, 

with VAM-20 booster carried Univ. of California at Berkeley payload 

to 102.3-mi (164.6-km) altitude. Objective was to search sky for 

diffuse and point x-ray sources in %- to 10-kev range and for possible 

existence of soft x-ray galactic corona and x-ray emission from Magellenic clouds. Rocket-first live Aerobee 150 launched from rail 

launcher-functioned satisfactorily. One source counter failed after 

one-third of flight; other counter operated perfectly, but door failed to 

open. Objective was not achieved, but some data on x-ray sources were 

obtained. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

William Hines in Washington Sunday Star said June 10 cancellation of 

USAF MOL program would eliminate “wasteful, ill-conceived and costly 

project set in motion four years ago principally to still the clamoring 

of aerospace lobbyists for ‘military presence in space,’ whatever that 

might mean.” Longer term effect would be “inevitable blurring of a 

meaningless and arbitrary-but still restrictive-line separating US. 

civilian and military space activities.” (W Star, 6/22/69, C4) 

June 23: New York Times interview of M/G Jewel1 C. Maxwell (USAF), 

Director of Supersonic Transport Development, reflected optimism 

about SST’s future despite fact program had slipped “two quarters” 

while Administration deliberated allocation of funds for prototype construction. Gen. Maxwell said program currently was “marking time” 

at cost of $11 million monthly and had $90 million to $100 million left, 

but he had no doubts US. would push ahead with construction. Gen. 

Maxwell was leaving project to become Commander of Armament Development and Test Center at Eglin AFB, Fla. (Phelps, NYT, 6/23/69, 

62 1 

June 24: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXVII from Baikonur into orbit 

with 254-km (157.8-mi) apogee, 186-km (115.6-mi) perigee, 88.9-min 

period, and 51.7’ inclination. Satellite reentered July 2. ( GSFC SSR, 

6/30/69; 7/15/69; SBD, 6/25/69, 244; W Star, 6/24/69, Al) 

House passed by vote of 388 to 6 H.R. 12307, FY 1970 Independent 

Offices and HUD appropriations bill which provided NASA $3 billion 

for Rm, $53.233 million for new facilities, and $643.750 million for 

research and program management-to total $3.696 billion. Bill cut 

NSF budget request by $80 million to total $418 million. (Text; CR, 

6/24/69, H5154-5; W Post, 6/27/69, A4) 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences ordered favorably 

reported with amendment in form of substitute bill H.R. 11271, FY 

1970 NASA authorization of $3.716 billion. Committee recommended 

$250.851 million reduction from amount authorized by House [see 

186 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 24 

June 101, adjusting total to President’s revised budget-$45 million 

less than authorization requested in his original budget. Recommended 

authorization would provide $3.020 billion for R&D, $58.2 million for 

construction of facilities, and $637.4 million for research and program 

management. Recommendation was lowest made by Committee since 

1962-$435 million less than its FY 1969 recommendation. (CR, 

6/24/69, D543; Committee Rpt 91-282) 

With Apollo 11 launch “minus-23 days” MSFC Director, Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, visited 3,000-yr-old temple of Apollo at Delphi, Greece. After 

consultation with oracle, Dr. von Braun said, “I am convinced that we 

will succeed because no other space operation was ever so well prepared in advance.” Oracle, he said, “was ambiguous, as usual.” (Time, 

7/4/69, 35; AP, W Post, 6/25/69) 0 MSFC issued RFPS on eight-month study of integration of Centaur and 

Saturn S-IVB stages for possible use for future unmanned highvelocity missions. Proposals for study, which would include six launch 

vehicle configurations, were due July 10. ( MSFC Release 69-153) 

Willy Ley, space author and rocket expert, died at age 62, apparently 

from a heart attack. Ley-also planning consultant to NASA-had been 

one of founders of German Rocket Society, fellow of British Interplanetary Society, and member of American Institute of Aeronautical 

Science. Among his last published books were Rockets7 Missiles and 

Men in Space and Watchers uf the Skies. (AP, W Star, 6/25/69, B5; 

NYT, 6/25/69,41) 

June 25: NASA published Lunar Orbiter I Preliminary Results (SP-197), 

including assessment of lunar terrain and results of secondary experiments in selenodesy, micrometeoroids, and radiation. Launched Aug. 

10, 1966, spacecraft had been first US. vehicle to orbit moon, first to 

obtain detailed photographic coverage of near and far sides of moon, 

and first to photograph earth from moon’s vicinity. Photos showed 

fractured and faulted lunar crust with mass-wasting where large boulders had tumbled into craters. Moon appeared to have been highly 

dynamic and affected by volcanic activity, but despite overall roughness, some photos showed regions of relative smoothness. Surface of 

far side appeared much rougher than near side with higher terra-tomare ratio. Meteoroid sensors registered no impacts during mission, 

indicating meteor activity near moon was no greater than that near 

earth. Radiation dose rate during transit to moon corresponded to that 

produced by galactic cosmic rays, but dose rates as high as 70 mrad 

per hr and 7 rad per hr were experienced during solar flares Aug. 26 

and Sept. 2, 1966. (Text) 9 US. and Spain exchanged notes in Madrid confirming 10-yr extensionto Jan. 29, 198Gof 1964 agreement establishing NASA space tracking 

and acquisition facility near Madrid. Since June 1965, facility had 

supported all Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter flights to moon, four Mariner flights to Mars and Venus, four Pioneer interplanetary probes, and 

all manned Apollo flights. It would support Apollo 11 and passage of 

Mariners VI and VZZ near Mars during sununer; 210-ft-dia parabolic 

antenna for tracking and communication in interplanetary space would 

be built during next three years. (NASA Release 69-97) 

NASA announced appointment of Astronaut James A. McDivitt as Manager for Lunar Landing Operations in MSC’S Apollo Spacecraft Program 

187 
June 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Office. McDivitt, who would remain in USAF, would be responsible for 

planning lunar landing missions subsequent to first landing and would 

no longer be candidate for space flight crew assignments. (NASA Release 69-96) 

0 At Salzburg news conference preceding celebration of his 75th birthday, 

German rocketry pioneer Prof. Hermann Oberth proposed that man 

extract usable raw materials from moon and store them suspended in 

gravity-free zone between moon and earth. Materials could then be 

retrieved from area and brought to earth. He suggested erection of 

giant concave “space mirrors” to gather celestial light and reflect it on 

earth as heat to melt polar caps and improve earth’s climate. He predicted development of electrically propelled spacecraft and electromagnetic catapults to launch spacecraft without consuming fuel. During 

celebration, sponsored by Hermann Oberth Society of Nuremberg, Dr. 

Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, said Oberth’s ideas on rocketry 

published in 1923 remained valid to date. (NYT, 6/29/69, 3) 

FAA announced it had proposed rule establishing “area navigation routes” 

to relieve air congestion. Multiple flight paths had been made possible 

by increasing availability of computerized airborne navigation equip 

ment. (FAA Release 69-70) 

June 26: Javelin sounding rocket launched by NASA from Natal, Brazil, 

carried Southwest Center for Advanced Studies experiment to 481.6-mi 

(775-km) altitude to study ionosphere-protonosphere transition region 

by measuring vertical profiles of ionospheric parameters. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. Excellent data on electron temperature, ion temperature, and ion composition were obtained. (NASA 

Rpt SRL) 

M/G Edmund F. O’Connor, Director of Program Management at MSFC, 

would return to duty with USAF after Apollo 11 mission, MSFC Deputy 

Director, Technical, Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, announced. Maj. O’Connor would be replaced by Lee B. James, Manager of Saturn Program 

Office. ( MSFC Release 69-155) 

JPL Director, Dr. William H. Pickering, announced appointment of Dr. 

Clarence R. Gates as manager of JPL’S newly established Mission 

Analysis Div. New division would incorporate Systems Analysis section, 

Systems Analysis Research section, and JPL Navigation Program which 

Dr. Gates had headed since 1968. (JPL Release 524) 

Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC-11) caught on fire in test stand at Mississippi 

Test Facility during acceptance test, scheduled to last 125 secs. Test 

was terminated automatically after 96 secs when temperature on No. 3 

engine turbopump exceeded limit. Fire was extinguished by fire-control 

system built into test stand after burning for over half hour. (MSFC 

Release 69-156) 

0 NAS and NAE formed joint committee chaired by Gen. Bernard A. 

Schriever ( USAF, Ret.) to advise HUD on scientific and technical aspects 

of “Operation Breakthrough”--HuD program to develop low-cost, 

mass-produced housing-and to encourage broad industrial and professional participation in program. ( NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 8-9/69, 

Sealab I11 medical officer Cdr. Paul G. Linweaver said extreme coldresult of breathing helium gas under pressure-was major contributor 

1; NAS PIO) 

188 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 26 

to Feb. 17 death of Aquanaut Berry L. Cannon in USN’S Man-in-the-Sea 

project. Autopsy reports had indicated Cannon had been asphyxiated 

by carbon dioxide from faulty breathing apparatus. Linweaver said 

Cannon was so cold he did not know anything was wrong with 

apparatus. (AP, NYT, 6/27/69, 17) 

June 27: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXVIII into orbit with 270-km 

(167.7-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.7-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, and 

51.7’ inclination. Satellite reentered July 5. ( GSFC SSR, 6/30/69; 

7/15/69) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from NASA Wallops Station carried Univ. of Colorado experiment to 65.9-mi (106-km) altitude to measure density of hydroxyl radical between 43.5- and 62.1-mi 

( 70- and 100-km) altitudes, using scanning uv monochroniater. Rocket 

and instruments performed satisfactorily and all experimental ob jectives were achieved. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* In Science, JPL scientist Dr. Leonard D. Jaffe said despite successful 

landing of seven unmanned spacecraft on moon controversy over density of lunar surface material continued. Further analysis of data 

showed relation of density of lunar surface layer to depth was best 

determined from spacecraft measurements of bearing capacity as function of depth. Comparison of these values with laboratory measurements of bearing capacity of low-cohesion particulate materials as a 

function of percentage of solid indicated bulk density at lunar surface 

was approximately 1.1 gr per cc at depth of 5 cm. (Science, 6/27/69, 

1514-6) 

NASA announced selection of Collins Radio Co. to provide two 210-ft 

space communications antennas and supporting concrete pedestals for 

NASA Deep Space Network stations near Canberra, Australia, and 

Madrid, Spain. (NASA Release 69-98) 

* U.S., U.S.S.R., and 26 other nations agreed during Geneva meeting of 

subcommittee of Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space that international law, rather than national law, should determine liability for 

damage caused by spacecraft. Question of whether to fix ceiling on 

damage claims remained unanswered. (Reuters, NYT, 6/29/69, 2) 

Philip M. Boffey in Science said nomination by President Nixon of 

William D. McElroy to head NSF [see June 191 “was particularly interesting because it seemed to carry out a pledge made by Nixon on 

28 April that politics would play no part in selection of a new NSF 

director.” Choice had been “greeted with enthusiastic praise and a sign 

of relief by leaders of the scientific community,” since it had been 

difficult to find scientist willing to take the $42,500-a-year post. 

(Science, 6/27/69, 1504-6) 0 AEC announced it had implanted two compact, 10-w, nuclear-power generators in Pacific Ocean off San Clemente Island, Calif., in depths of 

60 and 130 ft to subject devices to marine growth in one- to two-year 

test to determine their long-term behavior in ocean environment. Deepwater testing would follow in AEG program to develop second generation of highly reliable, long-endurance, economic, radioisotope-power 

source for terrestrial and marine applications. ( AEC Release M-152) 

June 28: NASA’s Biosatellite ZII ( Biosatellite-D) primate experiment was 

successfully launched from ETR at 11:16 pm EDT by two-stage, Long189 
June 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Tank, Thrust-Augmented Thor-Delta ( DSV-3N) booster into orbit 

with 245.1-mi (394.4-km) apogee, 224.4-mi (361.1-km) perigee, 92.1- 

min period, and 33.6” inclination. 

The 1,535-1b spacecraft carried 15-lb male pigtail monkey named 

Bonny in two-gas atmosphere similar to earth’s (20% oxygen and 

80% nitrogen) -being used for first time-with sea-level pressure 

(14.7 psi) and 75°F temperature. Primary objective was to provide 

suitable physiological environment for instrumented monkey and 

measure functioning of central nervous system or cardiovascular and 

metabolic systems. Secondary objective was to evaluate monkey’s performance in orbit. Monkey was carefully instrumented so that scientists 

could monitor wave patterns from 10 brain areas for first detailed 

studies of brain activity in orbit ever made. Scientists would also 

record heart action and respiration, monitor circulatory and urinary 

systems, and observe performance on two behavioral tasks-short-term 

memory and eye-hand coordination. Some 80% of the experimental 

data would be radioed to earth by high-speed telemetry at rate of 

22,4$00 bps 18-26 times per day. Spacecraft would be retrieved in midair or off ocean surface after reentry. Monkey would be flown to 

Hawaii laboratories, where scientists would examine him for changes 

in bone density, muscle tone, blood cell mass, fluid balance, and reproductive system. [See July 7-8.1 

Biosatellite 111 was third and last spacecraft in Biosatellite series. 

Riosatellite I (launched Dec. 14, 1966) had failed to deorbit on command after three days in orbit because of retrorocket system failure 

and had not been recovered. Biosatellite 11, successfully launched Sept. 

7, 1967, and recovered Sept. 9, 1967, had demonstrated that plants 

required gravity to maintain orientation and showed effect of radiation 

on living organisms. Biosatellite project was managed by ARC under 

OSSA direction. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 69-79) 

U.K.’s three-stage Black Arrow booster exploded 50 secs after launch 

from Woomera Rocket Range during first full-scale test. (UPI, W Star, 

6/28/69, A3) 

* White House announced President Nixon would observe Apollo 11 

splashdown and recovery aboard U.S.S. Hornet and proceed to Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, India, and Pakistan. He would meet with 

Asian leaders “to reemphasize his longstanding concern with peace and 

progress in Asia.” Announcement was released in New York City. 

(PD, 7/7/69,926) 

June 29: AEC’S SNAP-3A nuclear generator, launched on board USN’S 

Transit IV-A navigational satellite June 29, 1961, completed eight 

years in orbit-three years longer than five-year design lifetime-after 

circling earth 40,530 times and traveling more than 1 billion mi. First 

nuclear generator to operate in space, 5-in-dia, 5Y2-in-high SNAP-3A 

converted heat given off by plutonium directly into 2.7 w of electricity. 

Five SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) generators had been 

launched to date, including two on NASA’s Nimbus 111 (launched April 

14). Atomic-fueled generator would be placed on lunar surface by 

Apollo 12 astronauts to power instrument package. (AEC Release 

New York Times editorial said: “The Administration’s action in ordering 

production started on MIRV multiple warhead missiles before opening 

M-150) 

190 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 29 

negotiations for a moratorium with Moscow touches the most sensitive 

point in the projected missile-curb talks. Equally grave is the manner 

in which the Air Force quietly awarded the $88-million contract to 

General Electric, on the day President Nixon spoke favorably of proposals for a Soviet-American moratorium on MIRV flight testing to head 

off production and deployment of the weapon by either side. Given this 

situation, the country is entitled to an explanation from the President 

of his intentions in the Soviet-American missile-control talks, which he 

has personally held up for more than seven months.” (NYT, 6/29/69, 

10) 

June 30: At small White House dinner, ApoZZo 10 Astronauts Thomas P. 

Stafford, John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan presented President 

Nixon and Vice President Agnew with four wrinkled flags which had 

been carried aboard spacecraft during mission. Stafford told President, “. . . these flags have been to the moon and 31 times around it, so 

we thought you’d like to have them just the way we brought them 

back. That’s why we didn’t press out the wrinkles when we had them 

framed.” (Dean, W Star, 7/1/69, D1) 

Intelsat I (Early Bird) comsat, which had been retired in orbit during 

December 1968, had been reactivated and was working with Intelsat-11 

F-3 to provide communications between North America, Europe, and 

Latin America, ComSatCorp announced. Reactivation would compensate for failure of Intelsat-Ill F-2, which malfunctioned when mechanically despun antenna locked. (ComSatCorp Release 69-37) 0 Univ. of Chicago scientist Anthony Turkevich had found by analysis of 

data from three Surveyor spacecraft that rocks on lunar surface contained sufficient oxygen to maintain life without supplemental sources, 

UPI reported. In interview Turkevich had said that, with nuclear or 

solar power sources, oxygen extraction from moon might cost less than 

shipping oxygen supplies to moon from earth. Also, there was little 

danger that moon rocks and dust carried into LM by returning astronauts would create explosion hazard because of oxygen lack. He had 

been unable to determine whether moon had sufficient hydrogen to 

allow chemical creation of water by future colonists or valuable minerals in commercially exploitable quantities and had found no evidence 

of fossil fuel supplies. (W Star, 6/30/69, A5) 

USAF announced award of $718,009 increment to $1,177,125 cost-plusincentive contract with Avco Corp. for design, fabrication, test, and 

support through orbital infancy of satellite for investigation of fundamental processes of magnetic storms. (DOD Release 554-69) 

0 L/G Ira C. Eaker ( USAF, Ret.) criticized MOL cancellation in Detroit News: 

Although 80% of US. space budget had been devoted to peaceful purposes in space, “it has been recognized generally that prudence dictated that we should ultimately possess the capability of intercepting, 

inspecting and, if need be, destroying hostile weapons in space. . . . Cancellation of the MOL project concedes to the Russians control of 

space. After about 1972 the Russians will have the capability of overhauling and destroying our reconnaissance satellites, and they will also 

be capable of placing weapons in space which we can neither intercept, 

identify nor disarm.” (Detroit News, 6/30/69) 

In Aviation Week Robert Hotz wrote: “There need be no tears shed over 

the passing of the US. Air Force manned orbiting laboratory (MOL) .” 

191 
Junc 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Program “has been so stretched out by funding cuts and low keyed 

management that its technology has become obsolete and its costs 

astronomical. It is a classic example of what happens to a major 

technical development program that is not permitted to pursue its goals 

at the maximum pace possible. In contrast, the ICBM development and 

Apollo lunar landing programs have proved what can be achieved in 

a relatively short period at relatively economical funding.” (Av JVIc, 

6/30/69) 

During June: NASA’s plans for two three-planet Grand Tours-8- to 11-yr 

missions to outer planets-were described by JPL scientist James E. 

Long in Astronautics and Aeronautics. Envisioning 1,200-lb spacecraft 

launched by Titan-Centaur, Long described missions that had been 

identified and analyzed: four-planet missions, including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, from 1976 to 1979 (earth-launch dates), 

with 1977 and 1978 giving best combination of closest-approach altitude, flight time, and launch energy; three-planet missions to Jupiter, 

Saturn, and Pluto from 1976 to 1979, with 1977 and 1978 preferred; 

and three-planet missions to Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune from 1977 

to 1980. Long said, “The fortuitous concurrence of mission technology 

and experience suitable for the challenges of missions to the outer 

planets, with a unique outer-planet alignment in the 1976-80 period, 

should make exploration of these planets, as a class, a high-priority 

candidate for program support.” (A&A, 6/69, 32-47; NASA Release 

69-84) 

Laser range-finding equipment was installed at AFCRL’S Lunar Laser 

Observatory near Tucson, Ariz. Constructed largely with NASA funding, 

Observatory was built specifically for lunar laser-ranging experiments. 

I OAR Research Review, 3-4/70, 31) 

President Nixon’s Space Task Group had established that less expensive 

space operations in future depended on NASA and USAF development of 

lower cost boosters, J. S. Butz, Jr., said in Air Force and Space Digest. 

Joint effort on booster selection would be made within understanding 

signed by Dr. Thomas Q. Paine, NASA Administrator, and Dr. Robert C. 

Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force. Two major complicating 

factors existed: “First NASA and the Air Force must overhaul their 

bureaucra~ies.’~ Second was “requirement for a compromise between 

military and civil needs.” While USAF needed vehicle which could be 

launched quickly in large numbers and carry sufficient fuel for extensive space maneuvers, NASA wanted larger vehicle to carry more 

people and large cargo volume. More difficult would be choice of reentry vehicle. Both NASA and USAF wanted winged configuration for 

operational flexibility and airliner-style landings, but development costs 

would be high. (AF/SD, 6/69,79-81) 0 Kuri Stehling reviewed Space Age Management by former NASA Administrator James E. Webb in AIAA Astronautics & Aeronautics: “Despite 

the bumpy course of NASA’s history-technically, fiscally, and managerially; despite Webb’s motherhood ways, as reflected in this book; 

and particularly despite the Johnson Administration’s retrenchment of 

the space program and our sudden awareness of the backstage noises 

in our society which have moved up front so discordantly (it would 

have taken a superhuman individual to have foreseen these)-if we 

see a manned lunar landing next month we will owe it in no small 

192 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During June 

measure to the managerial role played by James Webb and his associates. And in assessing the event, the historian will be forced to try to 

make sense of this book.” (A&A, 6/69, 74) 

Commentary in West Berlin’s independent Tagesspiegel: “Some people 

take off for the moon while others try to learn to operate a farm 

tractor. Our culture will depend on mastering this schizophrenic situation.” (Atlas, 7/69, 16) 

Aerospace Industries Assn. released 1969 Aerospace Facts and Figures. 

During 1968 industry sales reached $29.5 billion, up 8.1% over 1967, 

with civil transport aircraft accounting for major share. These sales 

were expected to decline in 1969 when current models were phased out 

before third-generation jet transports were delivered in substantial 

quantities. Total industry sales were expected to decline to $28.7 billion 

in 1969 but 1968 backlog for 60 major companies was $31 billionapproximately 2% times that in 1960. 

Overall space program expenditures during FY 1969 were estimated 

$6.3 billion-$4.1 billion for NASA, $2.1 billion for DOD, $117 million 

for AEC, and $34 million for other agencies. Space expenditures declined approximately $300 million from 1967. Aerospace R&D, including NASA’s, reached $8 billion. (Text) 

NSF published Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Federal Government, 1967 (NSF 69-26). Professional scientific and technical personnel in Federal Government numbered 204,200 in October 1967- 

5% increase over October 1966. Engineers, numbering 81,200, were 

largest of three major groups-scientists, engineers, and health professionals-comprising 40% of 1967 total. DOD continued as major 

Government employer, with 76,900 scientific and technical employees, 

of uhich 9392 were engineers and scientists. .(Text) 

193 

July 1969 

July 1: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family flew from New York 

for nine-day tour of U.S.S.R. Institute for Soviet-American Relations 

in Moscow had extended invitation through Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C. Itinerary included MOSCOW, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, and 

Crimea. (W Post, 7/1/69, A15; AP, W Star, 7/1/69, A4) 

Preliminary investigation had revealed leak in small fuel line on Saturn 

V 1st stage (S-IC-11) No. 3 engine had caused June 26 fire, MSFC 

announced. Board had been convened to conduct further investigations 

and recommend preventive measures. Stage’s No. 3 and No. 5 engines 

would be replaced; other three engines received minor damage and 

would be repaired in place. Accident would not affect launch preparations for Apollo 11 mission; inspection of Apollo 11 vehicle SA-506 

had confirmed that its high-pressure fuel lines were in good condition. 

0 North American Rockwell Corp. consolidated its Rocketdyne Div. and 

Atomics International Div. into new Power Systems Divs. headed by 

Jay D. Wethe, Vice President of Aerospace and Systems Group. (NAR 

Release N-14) 

* U.K. Defence Ministry said it had transferred its nuclear strike force 

from delta-wing bombers to Polaris submarines. Seven eventually 

would be brought into service. (Reuters, B Sun, 7/2/69, A2) 

July 2: Preliminary countdown demonstration test (CDDT) for July 16 

Apollo 11 launch was successfully completed at KSC. Except for 3-hr 

18-min hold during which technicians repaired leaky fuel valve, 5%- 

day test had run smoothly. (AP, B Sun, 7/3/69, A4) 

0 Unofficial Communist sources said U.S.S.R. would launch Luna spacecraft 

July 10, which would attempt to scoop up lunar sample and return it 

to earth, Associated Press reported. Sources said launch would be third 

attempt to conduct successful mission; first had reportedly exploded on 

launch pad at Baikonur in early April, and second had exploded in 

flight June 14, when 2nd stage ignited. One source said Soviet space 

officials were “very disturbed over the success of the American Apollo 

program. Losing the moon race will be a terrible blow to them.” 

(B Sun, 7/3/69, Al) 

0 Cosmonauts Gherman S. Titov, Konstantin P. Feoktistov, and Georgy T. 

Beregovy were among Soviet officials who met Astronaut Frank Borman and family on arrival at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo Airport at start 

of nine-day U.S.S.R. visit. Asked if Soviet cosmonaut might visit US., 

Borman said, “I’m sure that will be discussed. Cooperation in space 

activities is an important aspect of the space program.” Bormans breakfasted in Moscow and returned to airport for flight to Leningrad. 

Schedule called for visit to Zvezdny Gorodok-Star City-where cosmonauts lived and to space communications center in Crimea; nothing 

MSFC Release 69-156) 

195 
July 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

in program indicated visit to U.S.S.R. launching center at Baikonur in 

Kazakhstan. (AP, W Star, 7/2/69, A14) 

Time-Life, Inc., would pay minimum of $400,000 for exclusive book 

rights of lunar landing story to the combine established by NASA astronauts in 1959, Don Kirkman said in Washington Daily News. Money 

would be split equally into 60 shares for 52 active astronauts and 

widows of 8 deceased. (W News, 7/2/69, 7) 

* NASA announced award to Bendix Field Engineering Corp. of $30 million, 

one-year, cost-plus-award-fee contract extension for operation and 

maintenance of major portion of Manned Space Flight Network. Extension was third exercised under option and brought total funding to 

$139,215,832. (NASA Release 69-100) 

July 3: European Launcher Development Organization ( ELDO) attempt to 

place Italian ELDO F-8 spacecraft into polar orbit from Woomera 

Rocket Range failed when West German 3rd stage of Europa booster 

malfunctioned. U.K. 1st stage and French 2nd stage performed satisfactorily. (SBD, 7/16/69, 14; AP, W Star, 7/3/69, A3; NASA Int Aff) 

* Apollo 11 booster, spacecraft, and Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael 

Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., completed final countdown rehearsal 

test. Astronauts achieved simulated liftoff at 9:32 am EDT-eXaCt time 

of scheduled July 16 launch. Final countdown for manned lunar landing mission would begin July 10. (AP, B Sun, 7/4/69, A10) 

* Apollo 11 astronauts would leave three items on lunar surface to commemorate landing, NASA announced. Silicon disc, 11/2-in-diaY would 

carry statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and 

Nixon; messages of goodwill from leaders of 73 countries; list of 

leaders of Congress and members of four congressional committees 

responsible for NASA legislation; and names of NASA’s top management, 

past and present. Statements, messages, and names had been etched on 

disc by process used to make microminiature electronic circuits. Each 

message had been reduced 200 times, to barely visible dot. 

Three- by five-foot nylon American flag with tubing along top edge 

would be erected on eight-foot aluminum staff on airless moon. Two 

other US. flags and flags from 136 nations and 50 US. states would 

be carried to moon and returned to earth. Plaque left on LM descent 

stage would bear images of two hemispheres of earth and inscription 

“Here men from the planet earth first set foot upon the moon July 

1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.” It would bear names 

of Apollo 11 crew-Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, 

Jr., and Michael Collins-and President Nixon. (NASA Releases 69-83E, 

69-83F, 69-83H) 

At Leningrad news conference during U.S.S.R. tour, Astronaut Frank 

Borman said he hoped US. and Soviet spacemen would fly together in 

joint mission by mid-1970s. (Reuters, W Post, 7/4/69, A3) 

* Editorial in Washington Post entitled “Our Man on the Moon” criticized 

White House decision to leave on moon plaque on Apollo 11 LM descent stage with signature of President Nixon: “The proposed plaque 

would state that ‘we came in peace for all mankind.’ That message, together with the names of the three brave men who made the voyage 

would seem to us to be enough.” Editorial erroneously cited April 1968 

article by NASA Historian Eugene M. Emme, “Historical Perspectives 

on Apollo,” saying that nowhere did Mr. Nixon’s name appear. Name 

196 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 3 

did appear with reference to post-Sputnik statements in October 1957 

and to promises of lunar landing by 1971 in 1960 election campaign. 

(W Post, 7/3/69, A14; Journ of Spacecraft and Rockets, 4/68, 

369-81) 

* Apollo 11 might signal end to KSC area’s economic boom, Wall Street 

Journal said. NASA had announced slack in Apollo launchings and cut 

in KSC employment from 23,500 to 18,500 persons. Brevard County 

(site of KSC) housing construction had fallen some 40%, from 3,438 

units in 1967 to 2,080 in 1968, and was currently down another 4<0%. 

(Prugh, WSJ, 7/3/69,28) 

Message from President Nixon was read at opening of summer session of 

18-nation Disarmament Committee in Geneva: “. . . draft agreements 

have been submitted by the United States and by the Soviet Union to 

prevent an arms race on the seabeds. Although differences exist, it 

should not prove beyond our ability to find common ground so that a 

realistic agreement may be achieved that enhances the security of all 

countries. . . . Our goal should be to present a sound seabed arms control measure to the 24th General Assembly of the United Nations.” 

At Paris press conference Sud-Aviation President Henri Ziegler denied 

reports that France was dropping Concorde supersonic transport pro ject for economic reasons. Milan aerodynamic system developed for 

Mirage supersonic fighter-bomber was being tested on French prototype. It consisted of two small nose wings which shortened takeoff and 

landing runs and retracted in fight to reduce resistance. (NYT, 

7/5/69, 28) 

July 4: NASA officials ordered technicians to repaint Saturn V 3rd stage 

(S-IVB) after they discovered old coating had begun to peel. Thermal 

paint would help protect super-cold hydrogen fuels from sun’s heat. 

Repainting of stage, scheduled to boost manned Apollo 11 spacecraft 

toward moon July 16, would not affect launch date. (AP, W Star, 

7/5/69, A13) 

At U.S. Embassy Independence Day Party in Moscow Apollo 8 Astronaut 

Frank Borman signed autographs with Cosmonauts Gherman S. Titov, 

Georgy T. Beregovoy, and Konstantin P. Feoktistov. Among 1,000 persons attending reception given by US. Ambassador Jacob D. Beam 

were Vasily V. Kuznetsov, U.S.S.R. First Deputy Foreign Minister, and 

Mikhail P. Georgadze, Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme 

Soviet. They were highest ranking Soviet officials to attend annual 

July 4 reception since 1964 attendance of Nikita S. Khrushchev as 

head of government and Communist Party. (Clarity, NYT, 7/5/69, 28; 

AP, B Sun, 7/5/69, A2) 

Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, addressed Independence Day celebration at Dearborn, Mich.: “For untold millions of 

years the human animal was chained to the earth. Sixty years ago he 

found a way of soaring into its atmosphere. Ten years ago he learned 

to break the chains of gravity and to soar out into space. This month 

the first man will set foot on another world. Later this month two 

spacecraft will reach Mars and send back new information about that 

Planet. Americans will have no reason to be ashamed of their nation 

on those days. Is it worth while? Is it worth while to lift the spirits of 

millions of human beings? If not, what else is worth while?” 

(PD, 7/7/69, 929-30) 

. 

197 
Jidy 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Developing lunar landing technology was relatively easy. “The laws 

of nature which made it possible have been well known for a long 

time. The engineering skills required . . . were available and were 

brilliantly organized. Hundreds of thousands of Americans worked 

together to make this dream come true. They had faith and they had 

hope. 

“The problems of our cities and the other social problems which beset us are not all that easy. In this area human beings are not working 

together but are in conflict. We find that we do not yet know the cause 

of these troubles nor do we yet have the mechanisms for curing them. 

Hence we must study, we must experiment, we must try and we will 

often fail. . . . And we shall learn from our failures.” (Text; CR, 

Analysis of lunar surface would provide key to earth’s history by indicating whether moon’s origin was catastrophic or noncatastrophic, Dr. 

H. Alfv5n and Dr. G. Arrhenius of Univ. of California‘at San Diego 

said in Science. Radiometric dating of igneous lunar rocks might provide information on time of their solidification. If catastrophic alternative was correct, rocks should date to less than 4.5 eons, minimum age 

of moon, and predominant age should be approximately 0.7 eon, with 

major surface and subsurface features less than 0.7 eon. If noncatastrophic alternative proved correct, predominant age of lunar rocks 

should exceed 4 eons, at least, since it was likely moon predated earth. 

(Science, 7/4/69, 11-7) 

9 Japanese freighter had been hit by wreckage of Soviet spacecraft, Japanese diplomats reported to five Western delegations on legal subcommittee of U.N. Committee on Outer Space meeting in Geneva. June 5 

damage to Dai Chi Chinei while outside territorial waters and near 

Siberian coast had previously been attributed to unidentified object. It 

was believed to be first authenticated case of terrestrial damage caused 

by falling space objects. (Hamilton, NYT, 7/5/69, 28) 

July 5: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (commander), Edwin E. 

Aldrin, Jr. (LM pilot), and Michael Collins (CM pilot) held press conference at MSC. Astronauts were seated 50 ft from nearest newsmen and 

were partially enclosed in plastic booth as part of plan to limit crew’s 

contacts during 21 days immediately preceding flight and prevent development of illness. Collins told press that from CM viewpoint, Apollo 

11 should not be very different from previous manned Apollo missions. 

He did not feel “slightest bit frustrated” about going to moon without 

landing on it: “I’m going 99.9 . . percent of the way there, and that 

suits me fine.” 

LM flight plan would pick up where ApoZZo 10 left off with phasing 

maneuver, Aldrin explained. There would be number of “firsts”: “the 

ultimate test,” actual touchdown; 1/6 g environment; new thermal 

conditions; two-man EVA on lunar surface; sleeping in LM on moon; 

star sighting technique with alignment telescope on lunar surface; and 

powered ascent from moon with seven-minute engine burn. One of important early activities after exiting from LM on moon would be determining best pace for moving about: “. . . there have been several 

different techniques employed in the partial zero gravity training. And, 

it looks like you can walk conventionally one foot after another. It also 

looks as though you can do a two-footed hop-kangaroo style.” In 

7/29/69, E6415-7) 

198 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 5 

training in aircraft flown at 1/6 g, “a fairly rapid pace” appeared 

quite easy to perform. “It looks like we shouldn’t have too much difficulty in moving at something like 6, 8, or 10 miles per hour.” 

Armstrong said crew would use “somewhat hybrid methods of 

manual and automatic” for descent to moon. “The predicted method at 

this point, although we have a great deal of flexibility and choice, 

based on the situation at the time, would be to maintain manual control of attitude and automatic control of throttle through the final descent from an altitude of somewhere between 500 and 1000 feet until 

such time as the automatic throttle rated descent was unsatisfactory, at 

which time we’ll go full manual on the throttle . . . flying it in a 

manner like a normal VTOL machine.” 

Code names for CM and LM had been selected as “representative of 

the flight, the nation’s hope,” Armstrong revealed. LM would be called 

“Eagle” for US. national emblem, and CM would be called “Columbia” 

for US. symbol, statue on top of Capitol, and Jules Verne’s fictional 

spacecraft, “Columbiad,” which flew to moon 100 yrs ago. (Transcript; O’Toole, W Post, 7/6/69, Al) 

July 5-6: In Moscow Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman placed wreaths at 

tombs of Vladimir I. Lenin, founder of Soviet state; rocket designer 

Sergey Korolev; and Cosmonauts Yuri A. Gagarin and Vladimir M. 

Komarov. Later he placed wreath at tomb of Soviet Unknown Soldier. 

Borman and family visited Star City, home of cosmonauts outside 

Moscow, where he presented color film of ApoZZo 8. Cosmonauts presented Borman with model of Vostok I, first manned spacecraft. Later 

Borman toured major space tracking station at Eupatoria near Yalta 

in Crimea. (AP, W Star, 7/5/69, A13; upi, W Star, 7/7/69, A2) 

July 6: NASA’s Mariner VI (launched Feb. 24) and Mariner VZZ (launched 

March 27) were performing well and had traveled 41 million mi and 

39 million mi from earth. Mariner VZ, scheduled for July 31 flyby, was 

9 million mi from Mars; Mariner VZZ, scheduled for Aug. 5 flyby, was 

11 million mi from Mars. (NASA Release 69-102) 

* Dept. of Commerce announced it had successfully tracked free-drifting 

buoy in deep ocean with satellite telemetry in test off east Florida 

coast. Navigational data were relayed via satellite to GSFC for processing. Experiment proved ocean currents could be traced accurately and 

atmospheric and oceanographic data could be obtained from sensors on 

drifting buoy and transmitted with navigational information from remote regions of world. (NASA Release 6941) 

* In Washington Sunday Star, David Van Praagh discussed President 

Nixon’s planned Asian tour, to follow mid-Pacific recovery of Apollo 

11 crew: Nixon would find “the problems of this planet’s most populous continent present a striking contrast. They are not subject to 

quick, rational, scientific or dramatic solutions. Usually they can not 

even be tackled through modern communications. The vast majority 

of Indians and Pakistanis for example, can’t read or write and do not 

own a tiny transistor radio or TV set to monitor the Pacific splashdown. They live in a rather backward age and most of them are 

hungry.” (W Star, 7/6/69, D14) 

July 7: US. News & World Report published interview with Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, NASA Administrator. Apollo 11 lunar landing would be “culmination of America’s satisfying everyone that it is indeed the leading 

199 
July 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

technological nation that it thought it was before Sputnik blazed across 

the skies.” U.S.S.R. would continue to put great stress on space and 

move ahead steadily. “. . . there’s always the danger that we may feel 

we can relax now-having attained the lunar goal-and perhaps slack 

off. . . . if we were not to start new programs now, I think the situation 

might well reverse and the Soviets might once again develop superior 

technological capabilities in space.” Space technology could affect future defense posture. In the past, “wherever man has flown farther and 

higher and faster, wherever he has developed new capability to observe 

from higher areas, to carry out operations in new media, this has had 

a major effect on the equations of international power. We’re quite 

confident that this will probably be true again in space.” Application 

of space to defense area was DOD’S job. ‘‘We do not consider Apollo 

applications as any kind of substitute for MOL.” 

Journey of man to another solar system was “completely out of the 

realm of possibility” for next generation; “but in the more distant 

future, if it were ever possible . . . to control the energy of nuclear 

fusion and adapt it in some efficient way to the propulsion of spacecraft, it might be possible to think in terms of longer voyages to another star.” Fundamental breakthrough would have to be made. 

Chance that life existed in other solar systems seemed “absolutely 

100 per cent.” (US News, 7/7/69) 

0 Bonny, pigtailed monkey launched on board NASA’s Biosatellite 111 June 

29, was showing marked decrease in interest and efficiency. Although 

he was still in satisfactory physical condition, Bonny was becoming 

much less energetic and was consuming less food and water. (AP, 

W Star, 7/5/69, A3; W Post, 7/5/69, A6) 

ApoZZo 10 commander Thomas B. Stafford received Flying Tiger Pilot 

Trophy, presented every two years by Flying Tigers, group of World 

War I1 veterans. Trophy was presented during 27th reunion in Ojai, 

Calif. (AP, W Star, 7/7/69, A2) 

0 White House announced President Nixon had canceled plans to dine with 

Apollo 11 astronauts July 15, eve of launch. MSC Director of Research 

and Medical Operations, Dr. Charles A. Berry, had expressed concern 

that crew might catch earthly illness from President, which could complicate lunar landing mission. (AP, B Sun, 7/8/69) 

Apollo 11 lunar samples would not be first moon material to reach earth 

and to undergo scientific examination, Los Angeles Times quoted Dr. 

Dean R. Chapman, Chief of ARC Thermo- and Gas-Dynamics Div.. as 

saying in interview. Tektites-molten pieces of lunar surface in form 

of chunks of black glass-had fallen to earth when meteorites struck 

moon with tremendous force. Most recent tektite shower had occurred 

700,000 yrs ago. While tektites’ origin was matter of scientific dispute, 

Dr. Chapman believed most commonly held theory-lunar origin. In 

working out shower’s trajectory, he had determined tektites came from 

Tycho crater on moon’s southern hemisphere. He believed Tycho to be 

700,000 yrs old and that crusts of earth and of moon were intimately 

related. (Getze, LA Times, 7/7/69) 

Newsweek‘s 42nd space age cover story since October 1957 contained 

comments from “opinion makers” on Apollo 11 mission. 

Dr. Robert Jastrow, Director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space 

Studies, said scientific basis for mission was to discover secret of 

200 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 7 

earth’s past through study of lunar rocks. Resolution of “cold moon” 

versus “hot moon” theory controversy-whether moon was formed 

cold, or cooled off shortly after its birth, or whether it was like earth 

molten or partly molten inside with volcanic surface-“may ride with 

Apollo 11.” 

Southern Christian Leadership Conference President, the Rev. Ralph 

D. Abernathy, said: “A society that can resolve to conquer space; to 

put man in a place where in ages past it was considered only God 

could reach; to appropriate vast billions; to systematically set about to 

discover the necessary scientific knowledge; that society deserves both 

acclaim and our contempt . . . acclaim for achievement and contempt 

for bizarre social values. For though it has the capacity to meet extraordinary challenges, it has failed to use its ability to rid itself of the 

scourges of racism, poverty and war, all of which were brutally scarring the nation even as it mobilized for the assault on the solar 

system.” 

Anthropologist Dr. Margaret Mead said: “This can be a first step, 

not into space alone, but into the disciplined and courageous use of 

enhanced human powers for man, ennobled as he is today, as the first 

men step on the moon.” 

Philosopher Lewis Mumford said: “Space exploration . . . is strictly 

a military by-product; and without pressure from the Pentagon and 

the Kremlin it would never have found a place in any national budget.” 

Best hope was “that this colossal perversion of energy, thought and 

other precious human resources may awaken a spontaneous collective 

reaction sufficient to bring us down to earth again. Any square mile of 

inhabited earth has more significance for man’s future than all the 

planets in our solar system.” (Newsweek, 6/7/69, 3, 60-1) 

Original equipment of field-sequential color TV system which would be 

used by Apollo 11 to transmit pictures from moon [see April 51 was 

presented to Smithsonian Institution by inventor Dr. Peter C. Goldmark, President of CBS Laboratories. Apollo 11 would carry threepound miniaturization of system in Westinghouse camera. (Schaden, 

W Star, 7/8/69, B1) 

DOD announced award of $356,713,045 fixed-price contract to McDonnell 

Douglas Corp. for F4 Phantom I1 high-performance jet fighter aircraft for USN and USAF use. (DOD Release 568-69) 

July 7-8: NASA terminated Biosatellite 111 mission to determine long-term 

effects of weightlessness on living organisms when Bonny, pig-tailed 

monkey on board, registered extremely low metabolic state and refused 

to drink water after receiving 10 emergency water commands. Spacecraft had been scheduled to remain in orbit 30 days after launch June 

29, but monkey’s condition-as indicated by steadily lowering body 

temperature, reduced heart rate, shallow breathing, substantial periods 

of sleep during day, and general sluggishness-had declined steadily 

for several days. 

Spacecraft separated and parachute deployed successfully, but recovery aircraft was unable to retrieve spacecraft in midair as planned 

because of clouds and rainstorms. Capsule was recovered from Pacific 

off coast of Kauai at 7:36 pm EDT, minutes after splashdown, and 

flown to Hickam AFB, Hawaii, laboratories, where monkey was removed from capsule immediately and given intensive care. Without 

201 
July 7-8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

prior warning from changes in physiological parameters being recorded, Bonny died suddenly at 6:04 am EDT July 8. Detailed analyses 

of data would be made during next six months and formal report 

would be issued after Jan. 1, 1970. Despite curtailed mission, experimenters expected significant information. (NASA Proj Off; ARC Astrogram, 7/17/69, 1) 

Jzdy 8: Rep. John V. Tunney (D-Calif.) introduced H. J.R. 810, “designating 

the day which man lands on the moon, and the anniversary of that day 

each year thereafter as a national holiday to be known as ‘Space Exploration Day.‘ ” Resolution was referred to House Judiciary Committee. (CR, 7/8/69, €35725) 

CBS Enterprises Inc. announced first agreement for regular satellite transmission of news stories had been reached with CBS Newsfilm subscribers in Australia and Japan. It would eventually lead to daily, 

instantaneous, intercontinental transmission of TV news by satellite, 

company said. ( CBS Enterprises Release, 7/8/69) 

July 9: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman met in Moscow with MstisIav V. 

Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, and spent 44 min 

with U.S.S.R. President Nikolay V. Podgorny in talk which Borman 

said was “encouraging and beneficial” in efforts to achieve US.- 

U.S.S.R. cooperation in space. (AP, W Post, 7/10/69, A23) 

* Apollo Program Management: Staff Study was submitted to House Committee on Science and Astronautics by Subcommittee on NASA Oversight. It identified key concepts contributing to successful evolution of 

NASA-industry management team and areas where additional studies 

would be useful in application of its expertise. Key factors included 

clear definition of primary objective, monitoring and auditing systems 

that allowed vertical and horizontal information flow, refinement in 

program-control techniques using incentive contracts, correlation and 

definition of multiple-program interfaces by use of systems-oriented 

staff groups, real-time and flexible management reporting system, and 

balance between governmental in-house capability and industrial capability. (Text) 

Die proof of 1.05- by 1.80-in 10-cent airmail stamp commemorating 

“First Man on the Moon,” attached to envelope, would be carried by 

Apollo 11 and canceled on Moon by Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., Postmaster General Winton M. Blount announced. 

On return to earth, die would be used to produce commemorative 

stamps for August issue. Hand-canceled “Moon Letter” would undergo 

21-day decontamination period at LRL and be returned to Post Office 

Dept. for display in Washington, D.C., and later throughout US. and 

abroad. Stamp was designed by Paul Calle, modeled by Robert J. 

Jones, and engraved by Edward R. Felver and Albert Saavedra. It depicted astronaut stepping from spacecraft onto lunar surface. (PO Dept 

Releases 107, P-37; W Post, 7/10/69, A13) 

Some observers on earth might be able to see moon-bound Apollo 11 on 

two occasions, NASA announced. At 2:4&:18 GET, exhaust plumes from 

S-IVR firing in parking orbit over Gilbert Islands in South Pacific 

would be visible to naked eye for several minutes over large part of 

sky. For several hours after translunar injection burn, CSM/LM, S-IVB, 

and four spacecraft-lunar-module-adapter ( SLA) panels would be vis202 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 9 

ible through telescope to observers in U.S., Mexico, Central and South 

America, and western Africa. (NASA Special Release) 

As NASA prepared for Apollo 11 lunar landing, space contractors, engineers, and scientists cited thousands of “space technology transfers,” 

down-to-earth rewards from space program, Wall Street Journal said. 

Side benefits ranged from medical innovations and safer highways to 

new management techniques, commercial products, and industrial 

tools. They included liferaft with bucket keel to prevent capsizing in 

rough water and inner tube that inflated automatically to keep craft 

afloat if outer skin was punctured, computer system to track down 

fathers behind in child support payments, inertial navigation systems 

that were standard equipment on new 360- to 400-passenger Boeing 

747, and thermal mapper developed for satellites, being used to seek 

oil formations, diagnose cause of sinking airport runways, and find 

sources of water pollution. Other space age spinoffs were plastic resin 

marketed as commercial laminates, adhesives, and coatings ; devices to 

monitor internal stress in dams during earth tremors; data-processing 

techniques to record train traffic and to match power-generating capacities to demand; electromagnetic hammer that smoothed and shaped 

metal without weakening it; and luminous devices for aircraft exit 

signs, map reading, and gun sites. Medicine was benefiting from miniaturized electronic devices in cardiac pacemakers, remote-handling and 

manipulation equipment that had improved prosthetic devices like artificial limbs, space-helmet-like hoods to measure oxygen consumption 

while patient exercised, and computer to provide sharper x-ray photos. 

(Tanner, PSJ, 7/6/69) 

0 MSFC announced it would exercise option in existing contract with Computer Sciences Corp. to allow continued support services through June 

30, 1970, at cost of $6,081,887. (MSFC Release 69-157) 

July 10: Apollo 11 countdown began at KSC at 8:OO pm EDT in preparation 

for launch toward moon at 9:32 am EDT July 16. (Apollo 11 Status 

Rpt 1 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXZX from Plesetsk into orbit with 

324-km (201.3-mi) apogee, 208-km (129.2-mi) perigee, 89.6-min 

period, and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered July 15. (GSFC SSR, 

7/15/69; SBD, 7/15/69, 5) 

Four-stage Pacemaker rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station 

carried 58-lb instrumented payload to 65,000-ft altitude and reentered 

atmosphere at 7,000 mph. Primary objective was to evaluate performance of carbon phenolic, synthetic resin, as ablative material. Secondary objective was to evaluate performance of low-density ablative 

materials-pyronne foam, polymer blend, and phenolic nylon-for possible use on manned lifting-body reentry vehicles. (WS Release 69-12; 

ws PIO) 

American Academy of Achievement presented 1969 Gold Plate “Man of 

Achievement” Awards to Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director, and 

to ApoZZo 8 Astronauts William A. Anders and Frank Borman. (LA 

Her-Exam, 6/19/69; AFJ, 6/21/69, 30) 

Sen. Spessard L. Holland (D-Fla.), for himself and Sen. Edward J. 

Gurney (R-Fla.) , introduced S.J.R. 133 “to redesignate the area in the 

state of Florida known as Cape Kennedy as Cape Canaveral.” Measure 

203 
July 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

was referred to Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. (CR, 

7/10/69, S7819) 

0 National Geographic Society cartographer and “backyard stargazer’’ 

David Moore was one of few amateur astronomers selected by NASA to 

help nearly 200 professionals who had volunteered to attempt sightings 

of Apollo 11 spacecraft, Washington Evening Star said. Through telescope in yard of his Wheaton, Md., home he would watch for “small 

brilliant flashes when rocket engines are turned on or ‘burned’ or . . . when waste water is ejected from the spacecraft.” In ejection, water 

froze instantly and resultant ice crystals flared in sunlight. NASA had 

credited Moore with one of few sightings of earthbound Apollo 10. 

(Radcliffe, W Star, 7/10/69, D2) * Apollo 11 and current nationwide water shortage were “two illustrations 

of man’s efficiency in achieving the thrills of life and man’s inefficiency 

in not achieving the necessities of life,” Drew Pearson said in Washington Post. “At Cape Kennedy, the United States is about to launch 

the most carefully rehearsed, most expensive, most unnecessary project 

of this century by which man will reach a piece of drab, radioactive, 

lava-like real estate hitherto romantic because of distance-the moon. 

The launching will succeed because a vast amount of money and the 

best scientific brains in America over a period of seven years have been 

lavished on this moon shot. Meanwhile, up the Atlantic Coast, the Capital which voted the $20 billion to reach the moon is desperately short 

of the second essential to man’s life-water-all because of lack of 

planning, lack of foresight, and lack of money-the same ingredients 

which have put the moon shot on the verge of success.” (W Post, 

7/10/69, F11) 

July 11: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., underwent last major preflight medical examination 

at KSC and were cleared for July 16 launch. (Apollo Status Rpt; UPJ, 

W Post, 7/12/69, A4) 0 At Cape Kennedy press conference, ApoZZo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman 

termed “totally ridiculous” cancellation of President Nixon’s dinner 

with Apollo 11 crew on eve of launch to avoid contaminating crew 

with presidential germs. He had delivered invitation to dinner to White 

House and President Nixon had accepted when MSC Medical Director, 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, criticized dinner [see July 71. 

Borman said his talks with U.S.S.R. officials during recent tour had 

left him convinced they planned lunar landing soon but, “from the 

people on the subways to their president, all I heard was that they are 

wishing success for Apollo 11.” (Greider, W Post, 7/13/69, A4) 

NAS published Plan for U.S. Participation in the Global Atmospheric Research Program. It recommended five-year effort including Pacific test 

of global weather observing system and large-scale atmospheric study 

in 1973, series of small regional studies beginning in 1969 or 1970, 

and experiments to improve numerical models of atmosphere for computer forecasting, with continued development of computer 100 times 

faster than currently available. Total effort would require 10 yrs, with 

plans for second portion to be based on information gained during 

first 5 yrs. 

Report, prepared by NRC committee, said developments in computers 

204 
July 11 

and satellites had made it possible “to advance toward the goal of accurate two-week forecasts and, eventually, toward intelligent modification of the weather.” Use of satellites such as Nimbus 111, launched 

April 14, and expansion of other observing systems made it technically 

and economically possible to provide adequate global observations for 

long-range forecasts. Recommended test of global observing system 

would require 2 satellites with advanced instrumentation, nearly 1,000 

balloons, and 135 instrumented buoys. Simultaneous cloud-cluster study 

would require 12 additional aircraft, several ground stations, and computer facility. Participating Government agencies would be responsible 

for determining program costs. (Text; NRC Release) 

* NASA and USAF announced cooperative flight test program using two USAF 

YF-12A aircraft and spares, ground equipment, maintenance personnel, and base support at Edwards AFB, Calif. NASA would budget for 

and fund $10 million for program through FY 1974. About $4 million 

had been made available by completion of X-15 and XB-70 flight programs. USAF purpose in two-part program was to gather data on aircraft operational factors, procedures, limitations, and possible bomber 

penetration tactics. NASA would seek data on altitude-hold at supersonic 

speeds, boundary layer noise, heat transfer under high speed, airframepropulsion system interactions, and other characteristics. ( DOD Release 

581-69) 

MSFC issued RFPS for design, development, test, and delivery of four flight 

models of manned lunar roving vehicle. Four-wheeled, 400-lb vehicle 

would be carried to moon on board LM in 1971, to transport astronauts, tools, lunar samples, and other equipment and experiments. 

(NASA Special Release) 

* Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia toured MSC during five-day visit to 

U.S. (Reuters, W Post, 7/10/69, A23; Apollo Status Rpt; NASA PAO) 

July 12: NASA program of returning man from lunar landing was based on 

conclusion there was no risk, Stanford Univ. geneticist Dr. Joshua 

Lederberg said in Washington Post. “We could not mount an effective 

quarantine against a real peril of global infection unless we were prepared to sacrifice the astronaut, which is unthinkable.” Arguments for 

zero risk were “quite persuasivey’-lack of atmosphere on moon, “an 

absolutely necessary condition for life to flourish,” and fact that earth 

had experienced lunar material samples from secondary meteorites. 

Main purpose of quarantine was “to protect the samples from earthly 

contamination-not altogether successfully, in view of the exhalations 

from the landing rocket and from the astronauts’ space suits. It was 

then reasonable to add on whatever additional precautions against 

back-contamination were possible without impeding the mis~ion.~’ Project had helped show lunar arrangements would be “quite inappropriate to a real risk, for example a sample return from Mars.” For Mars 

program, “we must learn a great deal more by instrumented observations left there, before we can begin to design the precautions needed 

for samples, or men, returned to earth.” (P Post, 7/12/69, A15) 

* “Poor People’s Campaign” Director, the Rev. Hosea Williams of 

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, said “hungry” people from 

five southern states would demonstrate at Cape Kennedy July 15 on 

eve of Apollo 11 launch and would try to get “as close as possible” to 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

205 
July 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

launch site with mules and wagons. “We’re not against things like the 

space shot, but there’s been a miscalculation in priorities.” (Reuters, 

W Post, 7/13/69, A5) 

NASA said Soviet Ambassador Anatoly F. Dobrynin had rejected US. invitation to watch Apollo 11 launch. U.S.S.R. originally had accepted, 

but Soviet Embassy in Washington said Dobrynin would be out of the 

country. (AP, W Stur, 7/13/69, A9) 

* USN reported eight-ship Soviet Naval fleet was heading south 25 mi eastsoutheast of Miami, Fla., on course that could provide view of Apollo 

11 launch. U.S. carrier aircraft and destroyer escort Gary shadowed 

squadron, officially en route to Havana for July 26 commemoration of 

Cuban revolution. (Homan, W Post, 7/12/69, Al; AP, W Post, 

7/13/69, A5) 

July 13: U.S.S.R. launched Luna XV unmanned spacecraft from Raikonur 

into selenocentric orbit to conduct “further scientific studies of the 

moon and near lunar space,” Tass announced. Spacecraft was expected 

to reach moon late July 16-scheduled date of launch of NASA’s Apollo 

11 manned lunar landing mission. There was speculation that Luna XV 

was Soviet attempt to land spacecraft on moon and return it to earth 

with sample of lunar soil before US. landed. (W Post, 7/14/69, Al; 

SBD, 7/18/69, 22; R Sun, 7/14/69, Al; GSFC SSR, 7/15/69) 

Washington Sunday Star published Associated Press interview with Dr. 

Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and Operations: 

While 4,514 hrs of weightlessness endured by US. astronauts in space 

had produced no serious medical problems, on moon “we will be placing men in an entirely new environment.” After four days of weightlessness, they would step onto surface where gravity field was one-sixth 

that of earth. 

At Mission Control Center in Houston, Dr. Berry would be watching 

Apollo 11 astronauts’ heart rate, oxygen consumption, and temperature 

of water that cooled spacesuits. Preflight physicals had enabled doctors 

to draw metabolic profile of each astronaut, including work capacity 

on earth at various heart rates, oxygen consumption, and body heat 

generated. “We know the heat production level which the portable life 

support system can handle without being overburdened. If it reaches 

that point for five minutes, we will tell the astronauts to stop and rest.’’ 

Because of spacesuits’ bulk astronauts would start with simple tasks 

and work up to tougher ones. Excitement could affect ability to sleep 

in four-hour rest period planned before lunar walk. “We might have to 

make a real-time decision on whether to give them a sleeping pill or 

perhaps a stimulant.” 

Apollo had taught one “amazing medical fact-that the loss of redblood-cell mass apparently is caused by a pure oxygen atmosphere.” 

Results of using mixed nitrogen-and-oxygen atmosphere in spacecraft 

since January 1967 Apollo fire had indicated nitrogen apparently protected cells. (Benedict, AP, W Star, 7/13/69, A9) 

From summer residence, Caste1 Gondolfo, Pope Paul VI asked Christians 

worldwide to pray for Apollo 11 astronauts and said mission showed 

man was a “giant.” (AP, B Sun, 7/14/69, A5) 

At White House religious service the Rev. Paul H. A. Noren of 

Mount Olivet Church in Minneapolis led 300 people in prayer: “We 

206 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 13 

ask Thy divine protection for our space pioneers who will soon make 

footprints on the moon.” (AP, NYT, 7/14/69, 23) * New York Times editorial: “This is the week of the moon. The countdown is on at Cape Kennedy and, if all goes well, a week from today a 

manned vehicle will for the first time alight on another celestial body. . . . all mankind will share in the exhilaration of discovery. Ever since 

man evolved he has been exploring, extending his domain over all 

parts of his planet. Now that insatiable curiosity is bursting its terrestrial bounds to provide our first personal knowledge of the nearest 

neighbor in the cosmos. It is an inspiring adventure, a testimony not 

only to man’s imagination in amassing knowledge of nature, but to his 

courage, his perseverance and his indomitable spirit.” (NYT, 7/13/69) 

* In Washington Evening Star William Hines said: “. . . Space Administrator Thomas 0. Paine was dead right when he acclaimed Project 

Apollo as ‘a triumph of the squares.”’ While word “square” was in 

disrepute, “you will find no umbrage taken by the clean-cut stars of 

this week’s cosmic drama if you called them squares. They are, and 

probably proud of it. There was no fight from Neil Armstrong when 

Congress told him to plant an American flag on the surface of the 

moon. . . . The Apollo program is not only run by squares, but for 

squares, as well; its thrills and glories appeal to the vast majority of 

Americans who, at the bottom, are just as square as any Armstrong on 

Earth-Jack or Neil or any other.” (W Star, 7/13/69, D2) 

Wing of Lockheed C-5A static test specimen cracked during stress tests 

at point below aircraft’s contract specifications but above its design 

limit. USAF later said cause of crack was overloading of wing area 

where spar attached to lower rear beam cap; it would not require extensive redesign. It was first major performance failure reported for 

C-5A. Contractor was planning modification and retesting of static 

specimen. (USAF Memo 8/18/69; W Post, 7/15/69, A2) 

July 14: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., appeared in nationally televised press conference. 

Interview with four newsmen was conducted over closed-circuit TV, 

with astronauts at KSC and press 15 mi away. TV cameramen allowed 

in auditorium with crew had undergone thorough medical examinations. Armstrong, mission commander, said that after decade of planning and hard work astronauts were “willing and ready to attempt to 

achieve our national goal. This is possible because very many Americans across the nation have dedicated themselves to quality craftsmanship and ingenuity.” 

In response to question on astronauts’ attitudes toward mission, 

Armstrong said fear was not unknown, but added: “Fear is characteristic particularly of a knowledge that there may be something that 

you haven’t thought of and feel that you might be unable to cope with. 

I think our training and all the work that goes into the preparation for 

a flight does everything it can towards erasing those kinds of possibilities and I would say that as a crew we . . . have no fear of launching out on this expedition.” (Wilford, NYT, 7/15/69, 1, 20) 

Chances of U.S.S.R.’s Luna XV successfully returning to earth with lunar 

sample were small because of complexity of operations required, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. 

207 
July 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Mueller, told KSC Center Directors’ Briefing. Landinga deploying equipment, collecting and storing samples, and then lifting off “are not 

simple things to do . . . and doing it remotely is more difficult than 

doing it with men in space. I don’t think by any means impossible, but . . . the chances of being able to carry it out on the first mission are 

relatively low compared to the kind of probability that we would associate with our own landings.” 

If Luna XV were able to successfully retrieve lunar sample, feat 

would be “significant technological step and one that represents a considerable degree of prestige,” he said, but “each country [US. and 

U.S.S.R.] will obtain its proper share of credit. . . . The first sample 

returned if it were possible to do so and the first man landing on the 

moon are significant events, each in their own right, and are to be 

treated as such.” (Transcript) * IAF announced official endorsement of absolute world’s records for Dec. 

21-27, 1968, Apollo 8 mission’s 10 lunar orbits: altitude, 234,672.5 

mi; greatest mass lifted into earth orbit, 282,197 lbs; total time in 

space for an astronaut, James A. Lovell, Jr., 572 hrs 10 min 16 secs. 

Apollo 8 world class records: duration of lunar mission, 146 hrs 59 

min 49 secs; duration in lunar orbit, 20 hrs 14 min 13.2 secs. 

To obtain IAF certification of Apollo 11, crew would be given torn 

halves of four $1 bills for comparison with other halves on return as 

proof same men returned as took off. NAA would submit claim for absolute world record for extravehicular activity ( EVA) for successful 

Apollo 11 mission. (AP, NYT, 7/15/69, 20) 

* New York Post published results of Louis Harris poll which showed 

American people favored manned lunar landing by 51% to 41%. In 

February poll public opinion had been opposed by 49% to 39%. Harris 

attributed change to feeling “if we have gone this far, we ought to finish 

the job.” He said 56% of 1,607 adults polled from June 16 to 22 were 

opposed to annual $4-billion outlay for space program, while 37% 

favored it-little change from 55% for to 34% against in February. 

Reaction to Apollo 10 flight had been generally favorable. (NYT, 

7/15/69, 20) 

Expectation of one million‘ tourists to witness Apollo 11 launch had led 

to extraordinary precautions at Cocoa Beach, Fla., Washington Post 

said. Tank truck would be stationed at City Hall to fuel police cars; 

airboats would stand by to rush casualties to hospital if ambulances 

could not penetrate automobile traffic; and officials were concerned 

about scores of aircraft circling overhead to glimpse spacecraft. 

(Greider, W Post, 7/14/69, Al) 

Washington Evening Star special supplement, “Voyage to the Moon,” 

commented: “Hanging in the sky, attracting man’s attention for untold 

generations, the moon has been the reputed home of gods and goddesses of all religions, primitive and modern. If all these deities lived 

there at any one time, the reasons for its battle-scarred appearance 

would be obvious. But assuming that none did . . . that pock-marked 

face still poses more questions than it answers.” (W Star, 7/14/69) 

Aerospace Systems Laboratory had been established at Princeton Univ. 

to investigate US. space program and other broad areas of applied research, including transportation systems, New York Times said. Project 

208 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 14 

was assisted by NASA and other Federal agency grants. (NYT, 

7/14/69, 23) 

* NASA announced availability of 16-in-dia globe of moon prepared by 

USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center from NASA photos 

made by Lunar Orbiter series. Love11 Observatory, Ariz., prepared art 

work with exaggerated color tones showing lunar landscape bathed in 

morning sunlight and large Ring Plains, or explosive craters, on far 

side. One globe had been presented to President Nixon by Apollo 10 

astronauts. (NASA Release 69-836) 

* Harold W. Adams, Deputy to Vice President-Chief Engineer of Douglas 

Aircraft Co., received AIAA Aircraft Design Award of citation and $500 

honorarium at AIAA Aircraft Design and Operations Meeting in Los 

Angeles. Citation read: “In recognition of your outstanding contributions to the safety and economic practicality of commercial air transportation during the past 38 years by development of aircraft design 

principles for high reliability and ease of maintenance.” Adams was 

specialist in electric and hydraulic systems. ( AIAA Release, 7/9/69) 

0 Oceanographer Jacques Piccard cast off in 48-ft research submarine 

from West Palm Beach, Fla., for rehearsal of 1,500-mi Gulf Stream 

Drift to study ocean depths [see April 71. If four- to five-day trial run 

was successful, team would remain submerged for 30 days and drift to 

Boston. (UPI, W Star, 7/14/69, A10) 

July 15: President Nixon sent telegram to Apollo 11 astronauts: “On the 

eve of your epic mission, I want you to know that my hopes and my 

prayers-and those of all Americans-go with you. Years of study and 

planning and experiment and hard work on the part of thousands have 

led to this unique moment in the story of mankind; it is now your 

moment and from the depths of your minds and hearts and spirits will 

come the triumph all men will share. I look forward to greeting you 

on your return. Until then, know that all that is best in the spirit of 

mankind will be with you during your mission and when you return 

to earth.” 

President also telephoned astronauts: “. . . as you lift off to the 

moon, you lift the spirits of the American people as well as the world. 

. . . You carry with you a feeling of good will in this greatest adventure 

man has ever taken. . . .” (PD, 7/21/69, 997) 0 First notables to arrive at Cape Kennedy on eve of Apollo 11 launch included former President and Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson and Southern 

Christian Leadership Conference President, the Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy. Johnsons arrived in military aircraft assigned by President 

Nixon, to attend luncheon honoring James E. Webb, former NASA 

Administrator. 

Abernathy led 25 poor southern families to protest Federal funding 

priorities. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, met group of 150 

poor people outside KSC gate where Abernathy requested 40 VIP passes 

to launch, asked Dr. Paine to join fight against poverty, and urged 

that NASA technology be converted to finding new ways to feed poor. 

Dr. Paine agreed to admit members of group to launch and pledged to 

do what he could to adapt space-developed food concentrates to aid 

undernourished. “It will be a lot harder to solve the problems of 

hunger and poverty than it is to send men to the moon.’’ But, “if it 

209 
July 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

were possible for us not to push that button tomorrow and solve the 

problems you are talking about, we would not push the button.” He 

said space program and science could be used to help solve poverty 

problems. “I want you to hitch your wagon to our rocket and tell the 

people the NASA program is an example of what this country can do.” 

The poor people said they would pray for Apollo 11 astronauts. 

By evening 500,000 tourists had arrived in Brevard County, site of 

KSC, with total one million expected by early morning. Air traffic had 

quadrupled, with 10 local airfields handling over 1,200 small aircraft, 

and 200 private jets. Aircraft were to bring Vice President Spiro T. 

Agnew, over 200 Congressmen, 60 ambassadors, 19 governors, 41) 

mayors, and other public figures July 16. More than 1,000 police 

struggled to control road traffic, and hordes settled to sleep on beaches 

from which they could see illuminated spacecraft on launch pad. 

(Weinraub, NYT, 7/16/69, 22; Greider, W Post, 7/16/69) 

* Proximity of probable date of lunar landing to date of arrival of Mariner 

VZ and VZZ cameras near Mars surface would provide US. TV viewers 

with “double space feature,” NASA said. Gerald M. Truszynski, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition, credited 

feat to advances in electronics through which streams of signals could 

be returned from moon and from Mars into tracking centers and 

switching points on earth, thence via comsats into TV networks 

throughout globe. Apollo 11 mission would include eight color telecasts 

from spacecraft. Lunar telecasts would be black and white since LM 

would lack power for color TV. Mars telecasts from Mariner VI would 

produce 50 photos; Mariner VZZ would deliver 91. Best resolution 

from closeup would be 900 ft; it had been 2 mi in 1965 Mariner IV 

photos and was 100 mi by best optical means from earth. (NASA Release 69431) 0 Europeans were “as excited as many Americans” about Apollo 11 launch, 

New York Times reported. But “only the sharpest observer of the 

Soviet news media could guess, as he went to bed tonight, that Americans will try to send men to the moon tomorrow,” according to BaItimore Sun. Last mention of Apollo 11 in Soviet press had been July 9 

meeting of President Nikolay V. Podgorny with Astronaut Frank 

Borman. 

In U.K., BBC and commercial TV were planning extensive Apollo 11 

coverage, some live via comsat. British newspapers were competing 

with special space supplements and guides. Exceptions to generally 

“adulatory” reportage was The Times of London article in which philosopher Lord Russell had said: “Men will not be content to land upon 

the moon and try to make it habitable. They will land simultaneously 

from Russia and the United States, each party, complete with H-bombs 

and each intent upon exterminating the other.” 

American Embassy in Warsaw was packed every day with Poles 

viewing space films. Spain’s Evening Daily Pueblo had sponsored contest to send 25 readers to Apollo 11 launch. In France 22-page space 

supplement issued by France-Soir had sold 1.5 million copies at $1 

each. BiZd Zeitung in Germany had noted 7 out of 57 Apollo supervisors were of German origin. Austrian press had lionized Dr. Wernher 

von Braun during recent visit to Salzburg. 

Volume of Western European newspaper space devoted to lunar 

210 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 15 

landing mission rivaled that in US., New York Times said, and “the 

whole story of the moon effort is improving the ‘prestige’ of the United 

States. . . . But. . . respect voiced by individuals is often for America’s 

technological power, not her humanity or civilization.” (Lewis, NYT, 

7/16/69,20; B Sun, 7/16/69, A8, Mills, A9) 

Across U.S. on eve of Apollo 11 launch, newspaper editorials commented 

on lunar landing mission: 

Los Angeles Herald-Examiner: “It is with an almost breathless sense 

of awe that we await tomorrow’s blast-off from Cape Kennedy-the 

launching of three space explorers on the most ambitious and fearsome 

adventure in all human history. Mere words cannot capture the immensity of the flight of Apollo 11. Quite literally, man will be attempting a final break of the chains which have bound him to this earth.” 

(LA Her-Exam, 7/15/69) 

Newport News, Va., Times-Herald: “Now, this triumph of human 

courage and knowledge stands poised on the threshold of accomplishment. For a few fleeting moments, the attention of the world will follow 

the Eagle as it ferries its two astronauts toward a destiny until now 

only dreamed of in our history. Then, most probably, our attention 

will filter back to the pressing problems on earth.” (Times-Herald, 

7/15/69) 

Milwaukee Journal: “Apollo 11 is providing insight into the meaning of life and the imperatives of human society. It is forcing us to 

face the grim paradox of exploiting human reason and the marvels of 

machinery to soar into the majesty of space while the world becomes 

fragmented into selfish national sovereignties-some armed, some arming, with the hideous capacity to end life itself.” (Milwaukee Journal, 

7/15/69) 

Denver Post: “The Soviet attempt to send an unmanned spaceship to 

the moon in advance of Apollo 11 is a bold bid to draw attention to 

Soviet space prowess. But even if it succeeds . . . in mechanically 

scooping up samples of the moon and returning to earth, the Soviet 

project will not overshadow the American mission. Instead, the Soviet 

flight will serve to underscore the expensive duplication of effort created by the space race. If the Russians and Americans had cooperated, 

rather than competed, the risks and the costs involved in landing a 

man on the moon would have been far less.” (Denver Post, 7/15/69) 

Washington Evening Star: Soviet Luna XV seemed strangely timed. 

During their Moscow discussions on space cooperation, U.S.S.R. President Nikolay V. Podgorny had not given Astronaut Frank Borman 

“slightest hint that the Kremlin was planning to send an unmanned 

spacecraft to the moon to coincide with the history-making Apollo 11 

American mission.” Was it really possible “to work together in space 

exploration with a country that seems to be playing tricks with ours 

at a moment when we are engaged in a historic effort to land men on 

the moon?” (W Star, 7/15/69, A12) 

San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto urged San Franciscans to fly US. 

flag from Apollo 11 blastoff to splashdown and to sound every bell, 

siren, and whistle in the city at splashdown. (AP, W Post, 7/17/69, 

A27) 

Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried Univ. of Wisconsin payload to 129.9-mi (209-km) altitude to 

211 
July 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

examine auroral directions and intensities of isotopic component of 

cosmic x-rays. Magnetometer and startracker functioned as planned 

but doors and covers shielding proportional counters failed to eject 

and no x-ray data were received. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

NASA awarded General Electric Co.'s Aircraft Engine Group $18.7- 

million, fixed-price contract with performance-award provision to construct and test two experimental quiet jet aircraft engines. To cut 

development costs, CF-6 and TF-39 engines developed for DC-10 and 

C-5A aircraft would be used as core of new engine. Engines would 

produce 4,900-lb thrust at cruise and 22,000-lb thrust for takeoff. 

Work was part of OART'S Quiet Engine Research Program to develop 

turbofan engine with noise level 15-20 db below present engines. Contract would be managed by LeRc. (NASA Release 69-103) 

July 16-24: Apollo 11 (AS-506) manned lunar landing mission flown by 

NASA achieved eight-year national goal set by President Kennedy May 

25, 1961. On July 20, spacecraft's LM-5, Eagle, landed on lunar surface and first man stepped out onto moon. Two astronauts performed 

assigned tasks on lunar surface before reentering LM to lift off from 

moon, redock with CSM-107, Columbia, and return safely to earth. 

July 16-19: Mission began at 9:32 am EDT July 16, when spacecraft 

was launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, Pad A, by Saturn V 506 

booster. Liftoff was relayed live on TV to 33 countries on 6 continents, 

watched by estimated 25 million TV viewers in US., and heard on 

radio by millions of listeners. Launch events occurred as planned and 

spacecraft carried Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (commander) , Michael Collins ( CM pilot) , and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. ( LM pilot) , into 

circular parking orbit with 118.5-mi (190.7-km) altitude. After postinsertion checkout CSM separated from Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IVB) 

and LM Eagle. Crew successfully transposed CSM and docked with LM, 

ejected CSM/LM from S-IVB, and conducted first SPS burn. Successful 

propellant dump provided impulse to S-IVB for slingshot maneuver to 

earth-escape velocity. Translunar injection maneuver was so accurate 

that first midcourse correction was not required. Midcourse correction 

No. 2, at 26:45 GET, was so accurate that third and fourth maneuvers 

were not necessary. 

Crew conducted two unscheduled color TV broadcasts-for 16 min 

beginning at 10:32 GET (taped for 11:26 GET transmission) and for 50 

min beginning at 30 :28 GET-and one scheduled 36-min transmission 

beginning at 33:59 GET. Broadcasts were very clear and showed earth, 

onboard computer keyboard, and crew. At 55:08 GET (4:40 pm EDT 

July 18) crew began 96-min color TV transmission with excellent picture resolution, coverage, and general quality. Viewers in North 

America, South America, Japan, and Western Europe saw live pictures 

of CSM and LM interiors, CSM exterior, and earth and watched crew 

removing probe and drogue, opening spacecraft tunnel hatch, preparing food, and housekeeping LM. 

Apollo 11 passed into moon's sphere of influence at 61:40 GET, 

214,546.8 mi (345,205.8 km) from earth, traveling at 2,990 fps relative to earth. Spacecraft entered lunar orbit with 194.3-mi (312.6-km) 

apolune and 70.5-mi (113.4-km) perilune at 75:56 GET (1:28 pm 

EDT July 19) after first SPS burn. During second lunar orbit, live color 

TV transmission showed spectacular views of lunar surface and ap212 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Jdy 16-24 

July 16-24: Apollo 11’s successful manned lunar mission achieved the national goal 

set eight years earlier by President John F. Kennedy, who told Congress May 25, 

1961: “I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this 

decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth.” 

proach path to Site 2. Armstrong pointed out lunar landmarks and 

described unexplained glow near crater Aristarchus which some scientists believed to be volcanic activity. Second SPS burn circularized orbit 

with 75.6-mi (121.6-km) apolune and 61.9-mi (99.6-km) perilune. 

Aldrin transferred to LM for two-hour housekeeping, voice and telemetry test, and oxygen-purge-system check. 

July 20-21: Armstrong and Aldrin reentered LM at 95:20 GET and 

checked out all systems before firing SM reaction-control-system 

thrusters to separate CSM and LM on far side of moon. LM descentpropulsion-system engine propelled LM to within 9.8 mi (15.8 km) of 

lunar surface. Because LM-powered descent maneuver-initiated at 

perilune of descent orbit-was about 4.6 mi (7.4 km) downrange from 

planned position, landing point was also shifted downrange. During 

final approach phase, crew noted that landing point to which spacecraft 

213 
July 16-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

214 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 16-24 

July 16: Saturn V (left) thrust Apollo 11 spacecraft toward the nioon, watched by 

former NASA Administrator James E. Webb (below at left), former President Lyndon 

B. Johnson, and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew at Kennedy Space Center. In KSC 

Launch Control Center (above) mission olpicials relaxed after launch ; Iejt to right were Charles W. Matthews, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight; 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director of MSFC; Dr. George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight; and L/G Samuel C. Phillips, Apollo Program Director. 

was heading was in center of large, rugged crater with 5- to 10-ft-dia 

boulders. Consequently crew flew past crater to more suitable touchdown point by controlling attitude manually and adjusting descent rate 

and horizontal velocity. Officials later attributed change in course to 

malfunction in onboard radar and subsequent critical o,verload of computer, which caused warning alarms and could have aborted mission. 

LM landed on moon at 102346 GET (4:18 pm EDT July 20) in Sea of 

Tranquility, 20,800 ft west and 8,000-5,000 ft south of center of 

planned landing ellipse. Landing-point coordinates were approximately 

23.5”E and 0.64”N and site altitude was approximately 8,600 ft below 

moon’s mean radius. 

Armstrong reported : “Houston, Tranquility Base here-the Eagle 

has landed.” 

Mission Control replied: “Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the 

215 
July 16-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

216 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 16-24 

ground. You got a bunch uys about to turn blue. We are breathing again. Thanks a lot.” 

Armstrong said landing a contained numerous boulders up to 

two feet in diameter, some apparently fr ed by LM engine exhaust, 

and surface color varied fro dark gray. Crew immediately adapted to one-sixth in LM and moved with 

ease. About two hours after uts requested and were 

granted permission to perform extravehicular activities (EVA) on 

moon’s surface before sleep perio hrs earlier than orig 

LM hatch, descended 

LM ladder, and deployed modularized equipment stowage assembly 

(MESA) containing camera, which recorded his descent to lunar surface. Aldrin remained inside LM and recorded Armstrong’s descent 

with 16-mm Maurer camera. 

Armstrong took man’s first step on moon at 109:24 GET (10:56 pm 

EDT July 20). Some 600 million viewers on earth-one-fifth of world 

population-watched live TV transmission and heard him describe 

feat as “one small step for a man-one giant leap for mankind.” 

Collins, orbiting moon alone in CSM Columbia, was unable to see 

ing checks, Armstron 

July 20-21: “One small step for a man-one giant leap for mankind.” Astronaut Neil 

A. Armstrong (top left) descended the LM ladder to set the first foot on surface 

of the moon. Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (bottom left), photographed by Armstrong, 

deployed the passive seismic experiments package, with the laser ranging retrorejlector,and the Eagle in the background. The lunar surface TV camera was in the 

far left. Below, the flag of the United States remained on the surface of the moon. 

217 
July 164% ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

landing and subsequent EVA because CSM was not equipped to receive 

TV transmission. Armstrong said moon had “stark beauty all its own” 

like desert in southwestern US. Lunar surface was “fine and powdery” and could be kicked up loosely. “It adheres like powdered charcoal . . . but I only go in a small fraction of an inch. I can see my 

footprint in the moon like fine grainy particles.” Armstrong checked 

LM exterior and reported penetration of LM footpads into lunar surface was three to four inches and that strut collapse was minimal. 

Blast of descent engine had not formed crater in surface and about 

one foot of clearance remained between engine bell and lunar surface. 

He reported only problem was seeing his footing in darkness of LM 

shadow. He emplaced microdot containing messages from world leaders, collected contingency sample of lunar soil near LM ladder, and 

reported that, although surface consisted of soft loose material, material six or eight inches under surface was very hard and cohesive. 

Rocks were very slippery, apparently because vesicles (pores) were 

filled with powdery surface material. 

Armstrong photographed Aldrin’s descent to lunar surface at 11 :15 

pm EDT and astronauts unveiled plaque mounted on strut behind 

ladder and read its inscription to their worldwide TV audience: 

“Here men from the planet earth first set foot on the moon July 1969, 

A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.” Armstrong then removed 

218 
TV camera from MESA, obtained panorama, and placed camera on 

tripod 40 ft from LM to view subsequent EVA. Aldrin experimented to 

assess mobility on moon by walking, running, leaping, and doing twofooted kangaroo hops between LM and camera. He indicated some 

difficulty in maintaining balance but said that his agility was better 

than expected and that he was able to move with great ease. Mass of 

inertia and caused “slight tendency . . . to tip backut to lose my balance in one direction, recovery is 

quite natural and easy. You’ve just got to be careful landing in 

the direction you want to go in.” 

Aldrin deployed solar wind composition experiment in sunlight 

219 
July 16-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

the whole history of man all the people on this earth are truly oneone in their pride in what you have done and one in our prayers that 

you will return safely to earth.” Astronauts saluted President and 

expressed honor and privilege of representing US. and world on moon. 

Continuing EVA, Armstrong collected bulk sample of assorted surface material and selected rock chunks, inspected LM, deployed passive seismic experiment package and laser ranging retroreflector, and 

collected two core samples and 20 lbs of discretely selected material. 

Throughout EVA continuous black-and-white coverage of crew activity 

provided live documentation, with telemetered data and voice comments. Lunar surface photography included both still and sequence 

coverage using Hasselblad, Maurer data-acquisition, arid Apollo lunar 

surface close-up cameras. Astronauts completed EVA, transferred film 

and samples to LM, reentered LM and jettisoned equipment according 

to plan, closing hatch by 111:39 GET (1:ll am EDT July 21). Armstrong and Aldrin rested inside LM seven hours and checked out 

systems. 

At 124:22 GET (1:54 pm July 21) LM successfully lifted off moon, 

after 21 hrs 36 min on lunar surface. All lunar ascent and rendezvous 

maneuvers were nominal. Eagle reported to Mission Control: “Eagle 

220 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 16-24 

TRYBUNA LUDU, WARSAW. POLAND. JULY 21, 1%9 

I- Trybuna Ludu ~zi n-m.olm .-.< -*,- " ->,.I mm* -*I 

Po 103 qoddnd MlASTA I WS@ W ODk4"IW SZACIE 

Gzhviek wyhdowal 25 rocznica odrodzenia Palski 

na KsieZycu 

E, MOSCOW, JULY 22, 1969 

I I 

221 
July 164 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

July 24: Yelcome back to earth: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael 

Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (left to right inside the mobile quarantine facility), were greeted by President Nixon abmrd the U.S.S. Hornet after their splashdown. 

is back in orbit, having left Tranquility Base, and leaving behind a 

replica from our ApoZZo 11 patch with an olive branch.” LM docked 

with CSM at 128:03 GET. Crew transferred with samples and film to 

CSM, and LM ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit. SM reactioncontrol-system separation maneuver placed CSM into orbit with 72.0 

mi (115.9-km) apolune and 63.0-mi (101.4-km) perilune, where crew 

rested and prepared for return to earth. 

July 22-24: crew fired SPS engine at 135:24 GET (12:55 am EDT 

July 22), injecting CSM into transearth trajectory after 59 hrs 28 min 

(30 revolutions) in lunar orbit. Midcourse correction No. 5, at 150:30 

GET, was so accurate that sixth and seventh corrections were not necessary. During 18-min color TV transmission, crew demonstrated weightlessness of food and water and showed scenes of moon and earth. 

Aldrin showed in-space preparation of ham sandwich and Collins 

showed viewers how to drink water from teaspoon and from water 

gun. Final, 121/-min broadcast at 177:32 GET sent message of appreciation from each astronaut to all who helped make ApoZZo 11 mission 

possible. 

CM separated from SM on schedule at 194:49 GET. Because of deteriorating weather in nominal landing area, splashdown point was 

222 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 Jdy 16-24 

moved 247.4 mi downrange, where weather was excellent. Parachute 

deployment and other reentry events occurred as planned. 

Apollo 11 splashed down in mid-Pacific at 1251 pm EDT July 24, 

15 mi from recovery ship U.S.S. Hornet, 195 hrs 19 min after launch. 

Swimmers attached flotation collar and seven-man raft to spacecraft 

and helicopter dropped biological isolation garments, which were 

donned by astronauts inside CM and by one swimmer. Two other 

swimmers moved upwind of CM on another large raft. Postlanding 

ventilation was turned off and CM powered down, and astronauts 

climbed out and helped swimmer close hatch. Swimmer then decontaminated all garments, hatch area, flotation collar, and area around 

postlanding vent valves with Betadine disinfectant. Helicopter carried 

astronauts to recovery ship, where they entered 32-ftslong mobile 

quarantine facility ( MQF) with recovery physician and technician. 

They were congratulated by President Nixon and Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, NASA Administrator, who were on board ship. Crew, physician, 

and technician remained inside MQF until it was delivered to Lunar 

Receiving Laboratory (LRL) in Houston July 27. 

CM was retrieved, placed in dolly on board recovery ship, moved 

to MQF, and mated to transfer tunnel. From inside MQF/CM containment envelope, MQF engineer removed lunar samples and equipment 

through decontamination lock and CM was sealed until delivery to 

LRL. Sample return containers, film, and other data were flown to 

Johnston Island and to Houston for transport to LRL. 

Primary ApoZZo 11 mission objective-to perform manned landing 

on moon and return-and all detailed test objectives were achieved. 

All launch vehicle and spacecraft systems performed according to plan, 

with only minor, corrected discrepancies. Flight crew performance was 

outstanding; all three crew members remained in excellent health and 

their prevailing good spirits and proficiency were major factors in 

mission’s success. Accomplishments included first manned lunar landing and return; first lunar surface EVA; first seismometer, laser reflector, and solar wind experiment deployed on moon; first lunar 

soil samples returned to earth; largest U.S. payload ever placed into 

lunar orbit (72,037.6 lbs at lunar orbit insertion) ; acquisition of 

numerous visual observations, photos and TV transmissions of scientific and engineering significance; and first operational use of MQF 

and LRL. 

Apolto 11 was eighth Apollo mission to date, fifth manned Apollo 

mission, and first manned lunar landing mission. Mission acquired 

major quantities of data for subsequent Apollo flights. First manned 

Apollo mission, ApoZZo 7 (Oct. 11-22, 1968), had verified operation 

of spacecraft for lunar-mission duration. First manned lunar orbital 

mission, Apollo 8 (Dec. 21-27, 1968), had proved capability of 

Apollo spacecraft and hardware to operate out to lunar distance and 

return through earth’s atmosphere. ApoZlo 9 (March 3-13, 1969) had 

proved capability of LM to operate in space under manned conditions. 

ApoZZo 10 (May 18-26, 1969) had successfully operated complete 

Apollo spacecraft on lunar orbital mission and had provided major 

quantities of scientific and training materials for ApolZo 11. Apollo 

program was directed by NASA Office of Manned Space Flight; MSC was 

223 
July 16-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC for Saturn V 

launch vehicle, and KSC for launch operations. Tracking and data 

acquisition was managed by GSFG under overall direction of NASA 

Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 69-83K; NYT, 7/16-25/69; W Post, 7/16-25/69; W Star, 

7/16-25/69; B Sun, 7/16-25/69; PD, 7/28/69, 1016) 

July 16: U.S.S.R.’s Luna XV (launched July 13) entered lunar orbit at 

3:OO pm Baikonur time (6:OO am EDT) with all systems functioning 

normally, Tass announced. Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of U.K.’s 

Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, said spacecraft was transmitting 

telemetry data but no photographic signals. (SBD, 7/18/69, 22; AP, 

W Star, 7/17/69, Al) 

In Cape Kennedy interview before Apollo 11 launch, Vice President 

Spiro T. Agnew said, “It is my individual feeling that we should 

articulate a simple, ambitious, optimistic goal of a manned flight to 

Mars by the end of this century. Whether we say it or not, someone’s 

going to do it.” 

After liftoff, Vice President told NASA launching team, ‘‘. . . all the 

time I was out there I couldn’t help thinking of you, the people in 

here and all over NASA who have done such a brilliant job in putting 

together the combined effort behind those three gentlemen who are 

off on this historic mission. . . . I bit the bullet for you today as far 

as Mars is concerned. But on the other hand . . . I may be a voice in 

the wilderness.” 

In Washington, D.C., Senate Majority Leader Michael J. Mansfield 

(D-Mont.) told press, “I think we have a lot of problems here on 

earth that we must face up to and when we settle those we ought to 

consider future space ventures.” Senate Majority Whip Edward M. 

Kennedy (D-Mass.) said, “The Apollo program is for landing a man 

on the moon and exploration and should take another one to two 

years. I think after that the space program ought to fit into our other 

national priorities.” (Witkin, NYT, 7/17/69, 1 ; Transcript, Agnew 

statement to NASA launch crew; Unna, W Post, 7/17/69, Al) 

At White House, President Nixon proclaimed July 21 National Day of 

Participation. “Apollo 11 is on its way to the moon. . . . Never before 

has man embarked on so epic an adventure. . . . As the astronauts 

go . . . we on earth will want, as one people, to be with them in 

spirit . . . and to support them with prayers that all will go well.” All 

Executive departments and Government agencies would be closed 

and US. flag would be displayed on public buildings. 

With many members at Cape Kennedy, Senate and House met briefly 

and conducted only routine business. Congressional Record was filled 

with comments on Apollo 11 and wishes for Godspeed to astronauts. 

(PD, 7/21/69, 997-8; CR, 7/16/69) 

* During CBS TV interview at Cape Kennedy following Apollo 11 launch, 

former President Lyndon B. Johnson said, “If our industrial people, 

these great managers of industry, the laboring people of the country, 

the government, the scientists, all with the help of Congress, can get 

together and do a job like this there’s just nothing we can’t do.” To 

world’s ills, “we must apply some of the great talent that we’ve 

applied to space.” There wasn’t “a single thing that our country does, 

224 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 16 

that our government does, that our people do, that has greater potential for peace than the space effort.” (UPI, NYT, 7/17/69, 20) 

Between 750,000 and 1 million persons crowded Brevard County, Fla., 

to witness launch of Apollo 11, including 5,000 dignitaries headed by 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew and former President Lyndon B. Johnson. The Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy and 40 representatives of Poor 

People’s Campaign watched launch from bleacher seats with 10,000 

guests including families of Apollo program personnel, while other 

representatives marched outside KSC. Paris Mutch had brought 105 

European businessmen. Some 3,100 press members were at special 

stand. As Apollo spacecraft lifted from launch pad there was some 

applause, but most spectators stared in silence until Saturn V rocket 

disappeared overhead. Afterward many were caught in monumental 

traffic jams. Banana River, five miles south of Launch Complex 39, 

was clogged with several thousand boats registered from New England 

to Texas. (Greider, W Post, 7/17/69, Al; Weinraub, NYT, 7/17/69, 

21; Lyons, NYT, 7/17/69, 21) 

* Apollo 11 launch brought mood of reflection across Nation, New York 

Times said. Dawn was breaking in western US. when blastoff occurred. 

Workers in San Francisco’s open air fish markets stood in silence to 

hear radio report. In San Diego motorists crossing U.S.-Mexican 

border listened to countdown on car radios. 

In mid-America, classes were postponed at Air Force Academy in 

Colorado Springs, Colo., while cadets watched launch on TV. Cowhands at northern Wyoming ranch, inaccessible to radio or TV, interrupted work to honor Apollo 11. Ranch owner Dr. Oakleigh Thorn 

I1 said, “We feel so close to the moon shot out here, because we’re 

so close to the stars and sky.” 

In Biloxi, Miss., harbor fishermen paused on wharf to hear countdown. In Tennessee, tobacco farmers listened to transistor radios in 

fields. 

Washington, D.C., schoolteacher said, “The astronauts didn’t just 

go to the moon. All our minds went to the moon and intellectually 

man’s horizons have jumped leaps and bounds beyond the historical 

situation they’ve always been confined to.” (Fosburgh, NYT, 

7/17/69, 1) 

Worldwide audience focused on Apollo 11 launch: 

At summer residence, Caste1 Gondolfo, Italy, Pope Paul VI asked for 

prayers for US. astronauts a few hours before launch toward moon. 

U.S.S.R. radio and TV gave factual accounts of Apollo 11 launch 

but maintained third day of silence on Luna XV. Major Soviet news 

program at 8:30 pm Moscow time showed tape of Apollo 11 liftoff 

taken from live comsat coverage. 

In U.K. TV viewers saw launch via transatlantic satellite. BBC 

scheduled live coverage through July 24 splashdown and would relay 

broadcasts to continent by cable. London newspapers frontpaged 

Apollo 11. Daily Express headline read, “Ho Hum-Anyone for the 

Moon Today?” over report on relaxed astronauts. 

Polish TV viewers saw launch via 45-min transmission directly from 

Cape Kennedy. Hundreds of Germans and Americans crowded Apollo 

11 exhibit in Mannheim, Germany, department store. 

225 
July 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

Swedish TV viewers were advised by state broadcasting company 

not to turn off sets Sunday night-so they could be awakened for 

scheduled moon landing Monday. 

Hippies in Iran held milk and honey pots in Teheran restaurant to 

toast astronauts. In Egypt, Moslem world’s leading moon expert, 

Sheikh Ahmand Haredi said, “The Koran urges Moslems to look up 

from their earthly abode to what lies behind the moon and stars.” 

Japanese department stores featured models of Apollo command 

module. In Greece, Aspis-Pronoia insurance company issued first outerspace life insurance policy, to cover ApoZlo 11 crew at $10,000 each. 

In Spain people called event most interesting since Columbus discovered America. 

Israel’s state radio broadcast in Hebrew from Cape Kennedy while 

Israelis stood around TV sets and portable radios in streets. U.S. 

Embassy in Tel Aviv and U.S. Consulate in Jerusalem opened ApoZZo 

11 information offices. ApoZZo 11 reaction was “generally tepid” in 

Lagos, Nigeria. Radio Nigeria reported launch seven minutes into its 

morning broadcast. Later it became number one newscast item. 

Most of Latin America missed launch on TV because of failure of 

Intelsat-Ill F-2 June 29. Latin American newspapers and TV correspondents traveled to US. to cover launch and were reported to be 

outraged by absence of TV coverage in their countries. In Colombia, 

government asked TV manufacturers to put sets in all town squares. 

Bogota students would have July 21 off to watch lunar landing. (NYT, 

7/17/69, 21, 22; Bishop, C Trib, 7/17/69) 0 Harry F. Guggenheim said in Washington Evening Star article that 

rocket expert Dr. Robert H. Goddard “was to the moon rocket what 

the Wright brothers were to the airplane.” Guggenheim, administrator 

of Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics during 

period it helped support Dr. Goddard’s research, traced career of 

“Father of modern rocketry” from early experiments in 1908. Among 

Goddard’s inventions were: first liquid-fuel rocket, first smokeless 

powder rocket, and first practical automatic steering device for rockets. 

It was no wonder American Rocket Society had conceded to Goddard 

“the almost single-handed development of rocketry ‘from a vague 

dream to one of the most significant branches of modern engineering.’ ” 

He had left “testimony to the power of one solitary individual to effect 

change and to transform the future.” While Dr. Goddard had died 

without fame which had accrued to Wright brothers in their lifetime, 

“he died still believing that man would one day shatter the fetters of 

Earth‘s gravity and stride majestically into the vast reaches of 

space. I wish he were here now to share this moment. It belongs to 

him.” (AP, W Star, 7/16/69, A15) 

As part of NASA and Washington National Gallery of Art program, Eyewitness to Space, group of artists attended ApoZlo 11 launch to paint 

facets of mission. Program originated in 1963 when artists were invited to cover Mercury 9 mission. Among those commissioned to 

record Apollo 11 were Peter Hurd, Robert Rauschenberg, Lamar Dodd, 

and James B. Wyeth. Since program started, 25 artists had produced 

more than 500 sketches and paintings. (Casey, W Post, 7/13/69, G1; 

Hicks, NYT, 7/15/69, 33; W Star, 7/17/69, A12) 

226 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 July 16 

* Apollo 11 was producing noticeable effect on business and consumer 

products, Washington Post said. Snoopy the Astronaut dolls were 

selling out; sales of color TV sets had risen in some stores; and sales 

of “moon maps and globes, as well as toy rocket ships and lunar exploration vehicles had also lifted skyward.” Two Washington, D.C., 

department stores were offering Japanese telescopes ranging from 

$19.99 to $1,000.00. One toy store manager said sales of space-related 

toys had jumped 70% or 80% in two months. Rockets propelled by 

solid-fuel inserts sold for $1.50 to $5.00 complete with recovery parachute. One Washington store had sold out supply of $10 spacesuits. 

Demand for rental of color TV sets in Washington area had been 

“terrific,” according to area dealer. (Cushing, W Post, 7/16/69, D11) 

* NAS announced formation of Universities Space Research Assn. (USRA) 

-national consortium of 48 universities-to foster cooperation among 

universities, other research organizations, and Government for advancement of space research [see Jan. 101. It would acquire, plan, 

construct, and operate laboratories and other facilities for R&D and 

education in space science and technology and had submitted proposal 

to NASA for management of Lunar Science Institute in Houston, Tex. 

Existing contract between NASA and MAS would expire in autumn. 

( NAS Release) 

U.S. newspaper editorials hailed ApoZZo 11 launch. 

Miami News: “All America, represented by three lonely men in 

space, is on its way to the moon. In fact, this is a people’s effort, 

arousing the interest and participation of all the people of this country. This is evidenced by the more than one million persons on hand 

at Cape Kennedy . . . for the start of the moon voyage and by the 

many millions who join in the adventure by television. Today’s magnificent launch, and the elan stirred in our people by it, makes this 

one of America’s most splendid hours.” (Miami News, 7/17/69, A16) 

Washington Evening Star: countdown which culminated in Apollo 

11 liftoff, “regardless of NASA’s official records,” had begun, “when 

primitive man first looked up into the night sky to gaze at the moon, 

and to feel the first stirring of wonder.” (W Star, 7/16/69, A22) 

Huntsville Times: Manhattan Project had climaxed with July 16, 

1945, explosion of world’s first successful atomic bomb. “Men, it 

seems, can only pray that the consequences of the quest of the planets 

may be better than those born in the irreversible explosion on a New 

Mexico desert 24 years ago.” (Huntsville Times, 7/16/69) 

Chicago Sun-Times: “Man has always looked upward to the stars, 

first in fear and awe, then in need to know. Today the first great step 

to the firmament will be taken. If it is successful man will stand on 

the threshold of outer space-and standing there will reach outward.” 

(C Sun-Times, 7/16/69) 

Svenska Dagbludet, Stockholm, Sweden, welcomed Apollo 11 launch: 

“One of the greatest adventures of human history begins today. . . . Studies of the moon will to a great degree enrich our knowledge of 

both the earth and space. Among other things it will be possible to 

make comparisons which will propel science by leaps in various 

disciplines. . . . While we can predict much that may result from 

conquest of the moon, there will in all likelihood be many results 

227 
July 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

which we cannot even imagine now. All great discoveries and bold 

undertakings have brought advances which no one could have foreseen from the outset.” 

Arbetet, Malmo, Sweden: “There is an irrational element in these 

feats of discovery which fortunately dominates the prosaic calculation 

of gains. Then one can regret that man’s fantasy seems incapable of 

being fired for such a tremendous task as eliminating starvation from 

our earth, or for bringing peace to Biafra or for eliminating the US. 

Negro ghettos. . . . Three men will be lifted to world acclaim today 

on the crest of mankind’s greatest ever coordinated effort. . . .” (Am 

Embassy, Stockholm) 

July 17: White House announced Apollo 11 crew on way to moon was 

carrying Soviet commemorative medals brought back to US. by 

Astronaut Frank Borman, who had received them from widows of 

Cosmonauts Yuri A. Gagarin and Vladimir M. Komarov during his 

Moscow visit. Apollo 11 also carried Apollo 204 crew patch and commemorative medals struck for families of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom, 

Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee before astronauts died in 

Jan. 27, 1967, fire. 

President Nixon said, “The names of Gagarin and Komarov, of 

Grissom, White, and Chaffee, share the honors we pray will come to 

Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. In recognizing the dedication and 

sacrifice of brave men of different nations, we underscore an example 

we hope to set: that if men can reach the moon, men can reach agreement.” (PD, 7/21/69, 999) 

Aerospace industry was having its greatest week in history with Apollo 

11 launch, said New York Times, but aerospace stocks remained in 

doldrums. Wall Street was “bearish about the industry and, from an 

investment standpoint, unenthusiastic about space.” Security analysts 

interviewed agreed Apollo 11 would have little effect on long-depressed 

stocks, which commenced decline in 1968; many were selling near 

lows for year. Aerospace industry was chief beneficiary of space program funds, but largest portion of $34 billion spent since 1960 had 

been allocated before “really spectacular shots” occurred. While 

Apollo program had been “treniendous boon to the aerospace industry 

and to the advancement of technology,” it represented small part of 

total industrv revenues and outlook was for further decline. (Hammer. 

NYT, 7/17/69, 63) 0 Teletype from German ship -- Vegesuck reported numerous pieces of Saturn 

V *faunch vehicle from Apollo 11 here sighted dripping into sea 

around ship. Vegesack had been at position some 375 mi east-northeast of Cape Kennedy when Apollo 11 lifted off toward moon July 16. 

( W News, 2/3/70) e Apollo 11 launch continued to draw wide editorial comment in foreign 

and national press. 

New Yorlc Times: “One could hardly watch the magnificent spectacle 

of the liftoff, let alone contemplate the feats of human ingenuity that 

made it possible, as well as the courage and skill of the flyers, without 

some reflection upon the meaning of this event. . . . The temptation is 

strong to fall back upon lyricism. The poetry of the thing has yet to 

find its expression in any of the earnest, proficient Americans who 

have ventured away from the Earth; yet, the stunning beauty of 

228 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 17 

man’s most marvelous creation, as it rose in its majesty toward the 

unknown, toward the future, could be matched only by the profound 

sense of having been present at an end to something and therefore 

necessarily at a beginning.” (Wicker, NYT, 7/17/69) 

Chicago Tribune: “The Apollo 11 blastoff was as beautiful a one 

as we’ve seen. It displayed every bit of the precision and the careful 

planning which we have come to expect from NASA.” One of most 

“satisfying” things was that, “like our earlier launchings, it took place 

within the sight of anybody who wanted to go to the Florida coast 

to watch it, and was broadcast live to countless millions more in every 

corner of the world. People will not fail to contrast this with the 

secrecy of Russia’s unmanned Luna 15, which may reach the moon 

today on a mysterious mission of its own.” (C Trib, 7/17/69) 

Christian Science Monitor: “And although it is an American mooncraft, bearing American men . . . the venture is, in the best sense, a 

universal one. It is the result of American technology putting to use 

the knowledge, techniques and discoveries in which all nations and 

races have participated. . . . all nations and peoples are taking part.” 

(CSM, 1/17/69) 

Seattle Times: “The space program has yielded immense new resources in . . . scientific and technological advances which . . . make 

the program worth while even beyond the explorations and discoveries 

-and national pride-offered by the ventures into outer space. It 

strikes us, therefore, that the time is at hand for these so-called byproducts of the space program, which hold such promise for utilization 

in behalf of mankind, to be put to work for that purpose.” (S Times, 

7/17/69) 

Bulgarian Telegraph Agency report carried in Bulgarian newspapers 

Rabotnichesko Delo, Narodna Mhdezh, Trud, and Kooperativno Celo 

commented: “In the coming days all humanity will follow this flight 

with interest and tension. And surely there is no one on our old 

planet who will not ask himself this question: ‘Will it succeed?”’ 

(Am Embassy, Sofia) 

* Florida Legislature had neglected to send President Nixon copy of its 

June 6 resolution asking him to restore original name “Cape Canaveral” to Cape Kennedy, Orlando Sentinel said. Fate of project 

seemed to rest with joint resolution introduced in Congress July 10 

for same purpose. (Orlando Sentinel, 7/17/69, 14A) 

* DOD estimates in transcript of closed session of US. Senate revealed that 

by 1974 U.S.S.R. could have 420 SS-9 missiles, or total of 1,260 warheads. Even if Phase I of US. Safeguard were deployed by that time, 

1,000 arriving Soviet warheads would be able to knock out all but 

135-150 Minuteman missiles-far below DOD estimates of what was 

needed for adequate US. second strike capability. ( AFJ, 12/6/69) 

July 18: In response to telephone inquiry by Astronaut Frank Borman, 

Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, sent 

telegram guaranteeing that Luna XV, orbiting moon, would not interfere with Apollo 11 mission and assuring Borman that he would be 

notified of any changes in spacecraft’s course. Under 1967 U.N. Outer 

Space Treaty, US. and U.S.S.R. were bound to furnish each other this 

kind of information. (Wilford, NYT, 7/19/69, 1) 

Apollo passive seismic experiment, part of extravehicular activity to be 

229 
July 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

performed by ApoZlo 11 astronauts on moon, was described in Science 

as “the most exciting experiment in seismology.” Dr. G. Latham and 

Dr. M. Ewing of Columbia Univ.’s Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Dr. F. Press of MIT, and Dr. G. Sutton of Univ. of Hawaii 

explained objective was to detect naturally occurring seismic events 

on lunar surface through early Apollo scientific experiment package 

(EASEP) planted on moon. Package weighed 105 bs and would transmit data to earth one year (or maximum two years), during lunar days 

because its solar cell panels required illumination to provide power. 

Complete Apollo lunar surface experiments package ( ALSEP) , containing at least three additional experiments for measurements of solar 

wind and magnetic field, would be included on Apollo 12 for day and 

night operation. 

In ApoZZo 11 experiment astronaut would remove instrument from 

LM to smoothest area within 6.6-9.8 ft (20-30 m) of LM, unfold solar 

panels, adjust package level to within So, orient it with azimuth for 

maximum illumination of solar panels, and aim antenna toward earth. 

MSC would issue commands to uncage and level seismometers and select 

proper gain. Expected sources of lunar seismic activity included several 

hundred monthly moonquakes, thermal stresses produced by rapid 

temperature variations at surface; tidal stresses exerted by earth and 

sun; and meteoroid impacts. By end of Apollo program, scientists 

hoped to have achieved crude curves of travel time for body and 

surface waves and beginning of seismicity map of moon. 

During post-Apollo period, seismologists wanted to achieve wider 

distribution of detectors to map seismically active belts in greater detail; study mechanisms of energy release; lower minimum detectable 

ground motion of individual seismometer ; and improve performance 

of longperiod seismometer systems at ultralong-period end of spectrum 

for recording surface waves from moonquakes, free oscillations of 

moon, and lunar tides. (Science, 7/18/69, 241-50) 

White House confirmed President Nixon would talk with ApoZlo 11 

astronauts over two-way TV hookup as they first set foot on moon. 

Nixon and Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., 

would be visible on split screen to earth TV viewers. President could 

watch on White House TV, but astronauts would have no view of him. 

President Nixon planned to spend evening of July 20 watching 

ApoZZo 11 progress on TV with former Astronaut Frank Borman, 

White House liaison with NASA. (Lyons, W Post, 7/19/69, A9) 

ApoZlo 10 mission (May 18-26), first lunar orbital mission with complete Apollo spacecraft, was adjudged successful by NASA. Mission had 

achieved all objectives; systems had performed according to plan 

with only minor anomalies and crew had acquired major quantities 

of photographic training materials for subsequent Apollo missions. 

(NASA Proj Off) 

* Zzvestiu gave first U.S.S.R. report of President Nixon’s July 17 announcement that medals of two dead Soviet cosmonauts would be placed on 

moon by Apollo 11 astronauts. Factual account of mission carried no 

comment. (W Post, 7/19/69, A10) 

Pride Inc. Operations Director Marion Barry called on black community 

to work during July 21 National Day of Participation declared by 

President Nixon in honor of ApoZlo 11 lunar landing. During Wash230 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 18 

ington press conference he said, “Why should blacks rejoice when 

two white Americans land on the moon when white America’s money 

and technology have not even reached” the inner city? “Why should 

blacks celebrate Monday . . . when President Nixon didn’t feel that 

Dr. Martin Luther King’s assassination deserved to be observed?’’ 

(Paka, W Post, 7/19/69, A9) 

* Richmond, Va., News-Leader editorial approved Vice President Spiro T. 

Agnew’s calling for flight to Mars by end of century [see July 161: 

“One day, man will go beyond the planets, to other solar systems; 

right now . . . that is not within our technological reach. But Mars is, 

and so are the other planets. The moon is in earth‘s, and man’s, own 

crib. Plans and commitments should be made-now-for man to take 

grown-up strides in the real world of space.” (R News-Leader, 

7/18/69) 

After four years of “running at top speed,” MSC had failed to turn 

Houston, Tex., into “science city,” said Thomas G. Plate in Science. 

Houston area, as largest petrochemical industry area in US., was 

“going its own booming way” while 4,600 NASA people and 9,000 

employees of 125 private firms working on NASA business in area 

helped to shape space age community at MSC. “The injection of $140 

million a year in money and the impact on the life of the area 

of NASA workers-some 2500 of them R&D scientists and engineersand of the 9000 employees of . . . high-technology firms serving MSC 

has so far had surprisingly little effect. But meanwhile the space 

community has developed its own special character with its own style 

of life and its own special goals.” (Science, 7/18/69, 265-9) 

* ComSatCorp reported second quarter earnings of $1,976,000 (20 cents 

per share) ; earnings had been $1,506,000 (15 cents per share) in 

similar 1968 period. Earnings for first six months of 1969 totaled 

$3,501,000 (35 cents per share) and $3,405,000 (33 cents per share) 

in 1968. (ComSatCorp Release 6M3) 

July 19: Montreal, Canada, Gazette commented on Apollo 11 mission : 

“Lyndon Johnson, more than any other man, is responsible for meeting the moon-shot deadline this week. . . .’’ (Am Consul, Montreal) 

Pittsfield, Mass., Berkshire Eagle editorial said: “It subtracts nothing 

from the extraordinary human and technical achievement represented 

by Apollo 11 to say that the projected lunar landing is an occasion 

not only for awe and pride but also for a thoughtful reappraisal of our 

whole approach to the new frontier of space.” (B Eagle, 7/19/69) 

July 20: “We have entered a new era,” Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, told press in Houston following Apollo I1 lunar landing. “The 

significance of the trip is that mankind is going to establish places 

of abode outside of his planet earth.” 

In telephone call to White House, Dr. Paine had told President 

Nixon, “It is my honor on behalf of the entire NASA team to report to 

you that the Eagle has landed on the Sea of Tranquility and our astronauts are safe and looking forward to starting the exploration of the 

moon.” Dr. Paine said President Nixon had spoken with “excitement 

and awe in his voice” and mood was that of “considerable tension 

relieved.’, NASA planned tentative six additional manned lunar missions 

over next few years. Dr. Paine praised U.S.S.R.’s cooperation in providing Luna XV information to Astronaut Frank Borman [see July 

231 
July 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

181. He also said if Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong had not assumed 

manual control of LM to steer it from crater during lunar landing, 

‘Lwe might . . . have had considerable difficulty.” (McGehan, B Sun, 

7/21/69, Al) 

* CBS presented interview with former President Lyndon B. Johnson 

which had been taped July 5. President Johnson credited space program with sparking “revolution of the 60s” and said, “We can’t discard space. We’re just beginning.” US. had enough money “to do 

all the things we need to do” in space, education, and health. “What 

we must have is the determination to do it.” He said his last act as 

president had been to send Apollo 8 photos of earth to 186 leaders 

of foreign governments. (W Post, 7/21/69, A7) 

* Astronaut Frank Borman repeated Apollo 8 reading from Genesis at 

White House service attended by President and family, Vice President, 

Cabinet members, Congressmen, and members of Joint Chiefs of Staff, 

and of diplomatic corps. During sermon, Dr. Paul S. Smith, President 

of Whittier College and member of Religious Society of Friends, said: 

“It was a philosopher . . . who, two thousand years ago, first recounted 

a voyage to the moon. Lucian called it The True History but confessed 

in the preface that he wrote ‘of things which are not and never could 

have been.’ It was a political satirist’s precautionary disclaimer because his real subject was the stupidity of human warfare. His lunar 

voyagers got caught up in internecine strife between the moonmen 

and the sunmen over the colonization of Venus! If there is something 

instructive in the thought, it may be the implication that after two 

millennia of philosophy men are still fighting over real estate and still 

dying in the name of philosophical abstractions, but that a voyage to 

the moon is just as feasible (though somewhat more expensive) as a 

trip to Timbuktu.” (Wiegers, W Post, 7/21/69, B1; CR, 7/22/69, 

* Hours before lunar landing attempt by Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. 

Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., Pope Paul VI said at Caste1 Gondolfo, Italy: “In the ecstasy of this prophetic day, a real triumph for 

means produced by man for the domination of the universe, we must 

not forget man’s need to dominate himself. Admiration, enthusiasm 

and passion for instruments, for the products of man’s hand, fascinate 

us, perhaps to the point of madness. . . . This is the danger: We must 

beware of this worship.” (Schmick, B Sun, 7/21/69, A4) 

* Tass announced that Lunu XV was still functioning normally in lunar 

orbit with 109.4-km (68-mi) apolune, 16.1-km (10-mi) perilune, 1-hr 

54-min period, and 127” inclination. Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of 

U.K.’s Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, said Luna XV had conducted two midcourse corrections and speculated that spacecraft was 

preparing either to land or to observe Apollo 11 landing. ( AP, B Sun, 

7/21/69, Al) 

July 20-21: White House was flooded with congratulatory cables and telephone calls on Apollo 11 landing, from heads of state throughout 

world. Washington Post estimated half billion persons had watched 

lunar touchdown on worldwide TV, and NBC said 123 million in US. 

saw it, mostly in their own homes. But 35,000 baseball fans in New 

York had learned of landing’s success when words “They’re on the 

moon” flashed on scoreboard at Yankee Stadium. In New York’s 

H6189-90) 

232 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 20-21 

Harlem, many of 50,000 attending soul music festival booed lunar 

landing announcement. At massive “Moon In” at Central Park, 

enthusiastic crowd of young people watched landing on huge outdoor 

TV screen in steady downpour and bought “lunar dogs,” “Apollo rock 

candy,” and “moon picnic” boxes. 

Composer and band leader Duke Ellington made singing debut with 

“Moon Maiden,” song he wrote to celebrate Apollo 11 success, taped 

for ABC. New York Times sold out 950,000 copies of July 21 issue 

announcing lunar landing and announced it would reprint entire 

edition July 24 as souvenir. Special Florida Times-Union edition 

datelined ‘’Moonday, July 21’’ sold out in Jacksonville within two 

hours. Estimated 8,000 Western Electric Co. employees left work or 

failed to show up in protest against being denied access to TV or 

radios on job during lunar landing. Des Moines, Iowa, TV stations 

received some complaints from viewers over absence of regular 

programs. 

Crime rate fell in Los Angeles, while in Savannah, Ga., 17 prisoners 

sawed their way out of Chatham County prison branch while guards 

watched Apollo 11 on TV. 

At MSC, Houston Welfare Rights Organization members demonstrated around display of LM, calling on US. to set new goal-elimination of poverty. (AP, B Sun, 7/22/69; W Post, 7/21/69; 7/22/69; 

Apollo 11 Mission Commentary, 7/21/69; NYT, 7/17/69, 7/27/69) 

Soviet Premier Alexsey Kosygin complimented US. on lunar landing and expressed interest in widening US.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation during July 21 Moscow discussion with former Vice President 

Hubert H. Humphrey, who was ending Soviet visit. Soviet TV did not 

carry live coverage of Apollo 11 lunar landing July 20; Tass announcement was read by newscaster and carried in two-paragraph item 

on Pravda’s front page. Evening paper, Izvestia, accorded story more 

space and featured photo of astronauts on moon. On TV, Cosmonaut 

Konstantin P. Feoktistov described landing as “major landmark” and 

said crew had coped “brilliantJy” with mission. Georgy Petrov, Director of Soviet Institute for Cosmic Research, called ApoZZo ll “outstanding achievement” but said more data per ruble could have been 

gathered by unmanned probes. 

Statue dedicated to Apollo 11 astronauts was unveiled July 21 in 

sports stadium at Cracow, Poland. 

In U.K., Queen Elizabeth watched lunar landing on TV, then cabled 

President Nixon “warmest congratulations.” Prime Minister Harold 

Wilson expressed “heartfelt relief.” At Jodrell Bank Experimental 

Station astronomers applauded and director, Sir Bernard Lovell, said 

that “the future has been revolutionized.” David Threlfall collected 

$24,000 on five-year-old bet that man would land on celestial body 

before 1971. Betting shop had given him thousand-to-one odds [see 

May 291. 

In Wollongong, Australia, local judge heard cases while watching 

ApoUo 11 lunar landing on portable TV set. 

Czechoslovakia issued two postage stamps July 21 commemorating 

lunar landing, while record crowds at US. Embassy exhibition tapered 

off after exhausting supply of Apollo giveaway materials. 

Millions around world hailed Apollo 11 landing: 

233 
July 20-21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Five thousand Hungarians walked through American Embassy in 

Budapest July 21, picking up USIA pamphlet Man on the Moon. 

In Romania, bouquets were tossed through US. Embassy fence to 

foot of flagpole and several Romanians reported large numbers of 

Bulgarians were crossing border to watch live TV coverage of 

Apollo 11. 

Cuban government decided not to jam Voice of America broadcast 

of Apollo 11 lunar landing. In Algiers news was ignored except for 

announcement in government-controlled newspaper that “the man is 

on the moon.” In Ghana, village chief listening to VOA broadcast 

feared astronauts might fall off moon if not careful. 

In Bangkok, freedom for 622 pardoned prisoners was delayed because guards refused to leave TV sets showing Apollo ll. 

Lunar landing stole top play in Israel and Egypt, from accounts of 

their fierce fighting at Suez Canal. 

In Singapore, girl born half hour after lunar landing was named 

Luna. In Pakistan, boy baby was named Apollo. 

Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, and Indian Parliament gave 

standing ovation to Apollo 11 astronauts at opening of day’s business 

in New Delhi July 21. 

In Japan, Emperor Hirohito called off customary daily stroll and 

interr.upted lunch to watch Apollo 11 on TV. 

Iroquois Indians in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, feared lunar landing might plunge earth into darkness and release monsters from 

earth’s core. Their medicine man and chief, Joseph Logan, Jr., had 

said moon was sacred to his people and “we are not supposed to disturb her.” 

In Taipei, Formosa, Nationalist China Parliament member Hsieh 

Jen-chao invited Apollo 11 astronauts to attend Moon Festival honoring rabbit which Chinese legend said lived on moon and could provide 

eternal life. 

Some devout Moslems in Somalia refused to believe Apollo 11 

lunar landing was reality. Following radio, press, and word-of-mouth 

announcement, fist fights broke out July 21 in Mogadiscio streets 

between believers and disbelievers. Parents of baby boy born on lunar 

landing day broke with Muslim tradition and named child Armstrong 

Abdurahman Osman. 

In Brussels workers in radio and TV studios suspended strike during transmission of Apollo 11 mission film. 

In Brazil several thousand persons cheered as they witnessed televised lunar landing at Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro while 

church bells rang outside. In Santiago de Chile people rushed out of 

restaurants to look at moon, forgetting it was midafternoon when 

they learned of lunar landing. 

While rest of world focused on lunar landing, one quarter of world’s 

population labored through sixth moon of Chinese lunar year unaware 

of event. Approximately 800 million people in Communist China had 

heard no news of lunar landing. Only deviation from “total blackout 

on space exploration” was July 17 story of Astronaut Frank Borman’s 

visit to Moscow, reported by New China News Agency. (C Trib, 

7/22/69; W Post, 7/21-22/69; W Star, 7/22/69; NYT, 7/22/69; 

234 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 20-21 

B Sun, 7/21-22/69; Am Embassy, Prague, Bucharest, Brussels, Budapest, Mogadiscio) 0 Press in U.S. and around the world underscored Apollo 11’s landing on 

moon and man’s first steps on another planet. 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch: “There is no doubt that the United States 

should continue to support a substantial spacefaring program. Anything else would be a denial of the scientific spirit of the century and 

the qualities that have made America what it is. But its scope should 

be measured by findings and probabilities-and one other factor. 

Future spacefaring ought to be a co-operative effort of all nations able 

to participate, with the benefits to be shared by all.” (St. Louis P-D, 

7/20/69) 

Washington Sunday Star: “A creature that can stand where Armstrong and Aldrin stand tonight-that can, in the future, move among 

the spheres and literally explore new worlds . . . is unlikely to give up 

on the hard task of perfecting himself and his life in his natural environment on earth. The God who brought him thus far from a blob of 

squirming protoplasm . . . is unlikely . . . to let man blow it all now. 

Here . . . must be the answer to the national debate as to whether we 

go ahead in space, or whether we tend to our knitting at home. We 

are bound to do both. . . . The progressive expansion of the physical 

and spiritual domain of man inevitably will intensify our determination 

and ability, in concert with other nations, to build a home world 

where hunger, fear and violence no longer have a place.” (W Star, 

7/20/69, G1) 

William Hines in Washington Sunday Star: “One cannot question 

the majesty of conception or magnitude of effort that made Apollo 11 

possible.” But one could ask, “Is this trip really necessary?” One saw 

in Apollo “that fundamental failing called hubris, which got so many 

protagonists into hot water in the old Greek mythology. Hubris in 

English is usually taken to mean prideful arrogance; in ancient 

Greek the word meant simple insolence. The Apollo enthusiast rejects 

the concept of hubris; he says we go to the moon not because we are 

arrogant, but because we are driven, and thereby implicitly rejects the 

concept of free will and substitutes sappiness for sassiness. The majority asks, ‘But if we didn’t go, what?’ and the minority responds, 

‘If we didn’t go, so what?’” (W Star, 7/20/69, G2) 

Humorist Art Buchwald in Washington Post: “Sometimes one gets 

the feeling that the right hand germs in the Government don’t know 

what the left hand germs are doing. This was brought home to me . . . when I read about the millions of dollars that were being spent to see 

that the astronauts did not bring back a single germ from the moon. 

Unfortunately, across the page from that story was another that the 

Army was going ahead with open air testing of nerve gases and germ 

warfare.” (W Post, 7/20/69, B6) 

Los Angeles Herald-Examiner: “America’s moon program has benefited all mankind. It has brought better color television, water purification at less cost, new paints and plastics, improved weather forecasting, medicine, respirators, walkers for the handicapped, laser 

surgery, world-wide communications, new transportation systems, 

earthquake prediction system and solar power. . . . The Mars goal 

235 
July 20-21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

should bring benefits to all mankind even greater than the tremendous 

contributions of the moon program.” (LA Her-Exam, 7/20/69) 

Baltimore Sun: “. . it is still almost incredible that in the afternoon 

of a Sunday on earth two humans found themselves within a vehicle 

resting on the surface of the moon. Nothing could quite prepare one’s 

mind for that, or for the subsequent moment of climax, the actual 

setti’ng of a human foot on the substance of our barren satellite. One 

of the mysteries that had engaged the infinitely inquisitive mind of 

man is now made tangible. Others remain beyond our planet and 

upon it.” (B Sun, 7/21/69, A16) 

Chicago Daily News: “These have been moments to savor-moments 

in which uncounted millions have shared the immediacy of a turning 

point in history. This time there was no lapse of weeks or months, 

waiting for the event to be confirmed. We were all there, bound together by the miracle of communication that intertwined all the other 

miracles of technology that marked man’s first step on a celestial 

body.” (C Daily News, 7/21/69) 

Milwaukee Journal: “Superlatives pale before the magnificence of 

the achievement. . . . but how many years before the astounding 

performance of Armstrong and Aldrin will seem as primitive as the 

pioneering work of the Wright brothers?” (MI, 7/21/69, 14) 

Cleveland Plain Dealer: “Man’s store of scientific knowledge will be 

vastly enriched by the landing on the moon. In no other single event 

in history has there been greater opportunity to unlock the mysteries 

of the universe.” (Plain Dealer, 7/21/69) 

London Daily Sketch: “America’s moon triumph offers this old 

world’s bickering and jealous people a parable of hope.” (B Sun, 

7/22/69, Al) 

Montreal Star: “The deepest hope for a world starved for some form 

of symbolism, of an attempt at harmony in place of selfishness and 

narrow nationalism, came from the astronauts,” CFOX Radio, Montreal, 

broadcast. “Eliminate war? Yes! Eliminate poverty? Yes! But the 

exploration of space will help us, not impede us, in reaching these 

goals.” (Am Consul, Montreal) 

Arbetet, Malmo, Sweden (principal organ of Social Democratic 

Party) : “No Soviet politician has ever before used such conciliatory 

tones toward the USA. as did Foreign Minister Gromyko recently 

in his speech before the Supreme Soviet. . . . This Russian position 

seems generally to be based on fears of a confrontation with China. 

. . . One of the side effects can be increased Russian interest in broader 

scientific cooperation in space research. Nothing else could be better 

designed for global cooperation, since nothing else gives us clearer 

testimony that we live in one world.” (Am Embassy, Stockholm) 

July 21: ?J.S.S.R.’s Luna XV (launched July 13) had landed on moon at 

6:45 pm Moscow time (11 :45 am EDT) and had ended its work, Tass 

announced. Spacecraft had “reached the moon’s surface in the preset 

area” after 52 revolutions around moon and 86 communications sessions during which “the work of the new systems of the station was 

checked, the parameters of the trajectory of the movement was measured, and scientific research was conducted.” Tass said Luna XV had 

demonstrated capability to land on various areas of lunar surface by 

236 
July 21 

changing selenocentric orbit and that mission had yielded important 

data on spacecraft systems. 

Sir Bernard Lovell, Jodrell Bank Experimental Station Director, 

said signals from spacecraft had ended suddenly and estimated craft 

might have landed in Sea of Crises, about 500 mi from Sea of Tranquility. “If we don’t get any more signals, we will assume it crashlanded. But we don’t make that assumption at the moment.” (Gwertzman, NYT, 7/22/69,1,29) 

* Univ. of Texas astronomers reported second unsuccessful attempt to 

bounce laser beam off reflector left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts. 

McDonald Observatory Director, Dr. Harlan Smith, said he expected 

eventual success. (AP, B Sun, 7/22/69, A8) 

Galabert International Astronautics Prize for 1969 was awarded in Paris 

to Apollo 11 astronauts. Award of $4,000 was presented annually for 

notable contributions “to human progress for the advancement of all 

sciences and techniques associated with astronautics.” ( AP, B Sun, 

7/22/69, A8) 

HUD Secretary George W. Romney addressed International Platform 

Assn. in Washington, D.C.: “I do not propose that we now abandon 

our efforts to extend man’s reach still further beyond our planet, any 

more than we abandoned our domestic goals while we were reaching 

for the moon. But I do believe the time has come for a revisionin fact, a reversal-of our national priorities. I believe that in the 

decades ahead, the public interest and indeed our national survival 

require us to assign our housing and urban goals a high priority-at 

least comparable to the priority we gave our space program in the 

decade just ending.” (HUD News; Hutchens, W Star, 7/22/69, A6) 

* South Korea dedicated its first superhighway, linking Seoul with Inchon. 

It was named Apollo in honor of US. moon landing. (AP, W Post, 

7/23/69, C5) 

July 22: U.S.S.R. launched two unmanned satellites. Cosmos CCXC, 

launched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 323-km (200.7-mi) apogee, 

192-km ( 119.3-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 65.4” inclination and 

reentered July 30. Molniyu 1-12 comsat, launched from Baikonur, 

entered orbit with 39,526-km (24,560.3-mi) apogee, 496-km (308.2- 

mi) perigee, 711.0-min period, and 64.9’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 

7/31/69; SBD, 7/28/69, 62; NYT, 7/23/69, 26) 

Scientists at MSC, monitoring seismometers left on lunar surface by ApoZZo 

11 astronauts, recorded five-minute tremor they said could have been 

internal activity-moonquake-or meteoroid strike on surface. Scientists expressed concern that seismometer was overheating, probably because of damage to protective cover from LM exhaust, and might not 

survive heat of lunar moon. (McGehan, B Sun, 7/23/69, Al; Cohn, 

W Post, 7/24/69, A15) 

* Scientists at Lick Observatory in California unsuccessfully tried for third 

consecutive night to bounce ruby laser beams off reflector left on lunar 

surface by Apollo 11 astronauts. They admitted difficulty in pinpointing 

reflector’s exact location and speculated that it might have been 

knocked down by LM exhaust during ascent. (AP, W Star, 7/23/69, 

A71 

* NASA announced revised plans for first orbital workshop, with 1972 

237 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 
July 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

launch using first two stages of Saturn V to launch workshop and 

Apollo Telescope Mount together. Workshop would be outfitted on 

ground and would arrive in 253-mi circular orbit equipped for immediate occupancy by astronauts and with ATM attached. Program objectives remained same as when NASA ifitended to use Saturn IB 2nd stage 

as 1971 workshop: to provide environment in which man could live 

and work for extended periods in space and to study man’s physiological and psychological responses and capabilities in space. ATM 

would permit man to operate high-resolution astronomical telescopes in 

space, free from earth’s atmosphere. 

Saturn V hardware from Apollo program was available for revised 

plan. (NASA Release 69-105; Simons, W Post, 7/22/69, Al) 

President Nixon addressed 2,000 American Field Service students from 

60 countries on White House lawn: “. . . in the year 2000 we will, on 

this earth, have visited new worlds where there will be a form of life. 

I know this will happen, and I want to tell you as I look forward and 

dream about that future . . . this is the kind of world I would like to 

see and the kind of exploration of that new world that I know all 

Americans want. I hope that when the next great venture into space 

takes place that it will be one in which Americans will be joined by 

representatives of other countries.” (PD, 7/28/69, 1016-7) 

U.K. radioastronomer Sir Bernard Love11 told press at U.K.’s Jodrell 

Bank Experimental Station that Apollo 11 and Luna XV.’ increased 

hopes for US-U.S.S.R. space cooperation because “this is the first 

time the United States has been demonstratively superior in a vital 

part of the space program. American approaches for collaboration may 

be received with sympathy in the Soviet Union as they can no longer 

regard themselves as masters.” (AP, B Sun, 7/23/69, A4) 

* Wall Street brokerage houses were watching effect of Apollo 11 success 

on stocks as market resumed trading after July 21 holiday. Some firms 

believed lunar landing would generate enthusiasm, although its impact 

would be restrained by uncertainties over surtax extension, House committee vote to cut oil depletion allowance (major tax benefit of petroleum industry) , and apparent standoff at Vietnam peace conference. 

( UPI, W Star, 7/22/69, C7). 

* Washington Post said it found intellectuals “deeply divided” on implications of lunar landing. Univ. of California physicist Dr. Owen Chamberlain had said achievement showed “mankind can be in charge of 

his destiny. . . . We should now come back and put our emphasis on 

the surface of the globe” to achieve peace, lessen poverty, control overpopulation, and preserve our environment. 

Univ. of California chemist Dr. Harold C. Urey said if some of space 

effort reliability rubbed off on industry, “spin-off” would be enormous 

and space program would pay for itself. Less than l/z of 1% of GNP 

was spent on space and if lessened there was no guarantee it would 

be spent on necessary domestic programs. 

Harvard Univ. biochemist Dr. George Wald had said: “What should 

have been a great flight of the human spirit comes to us heavy with 

threat. Those almost miraculous guidance systems that so uncannily 

find their targets, will they one day be guiding missiles to find us?” 

Dr. Wald wondered if Apollo 11 had opened new horizons for his 

students. “I am afraid that they see in this an exercise in great wealth 

238 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 22 

and power, heavy with military and political overtones. I am afraid 

that they feel a little more trapped; a little more disillusioned, a little 

more desperate.” 

Most overseas intellectuals tended to concur with historian Prof. 

Arnold J. Toynbeds judgment, “If we are going to go on behaving on 

earth as we have behaved here so far, then a landing on the moon will 

have to be written off as just one more shocking misuse of mankind’s 

slender surplus product.” 

But Oxford Univ.’s Prof. A. J. Ayer had said, “I doubt if Prof. 

Toynbee has any evidence that men are being prevented in any large 

numbers from turning their minds to meaningful pursuits by the part 

which they play, or the interest which they take, in the exploration 

of space. . . . I think that these spatial explorations . . . are intellectually stimulating, especially to young people.” (w Post, 7/22/69, 

A14) 

Australian Civil Aviation Minister Reginald Swartz said passengers on 

transpacific Qantas Airlines flight would see Apollo 11 reentry July 

24 when command module would parallel their aircraft for four minutes during descent near Gilbert and Ellice Islands. (Reuters, iV Post, 

7/23/69, A12) 

US. Patent O5ce issued patent No. 3,456,387 to Clyde A. Tolson, Associate Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation, for equipment to 

operate emergency windows and exits in aircraft and space vehicles. 

Without action of occupants, sensors would detect abnormal conditions 

and computer would weigh considerations before opening appropriate 

escape exits. 

Patent No. 3,456,445 was issued to Curtiss-Wright Corp. for improved version of astronaut maneuvering unit, Cap Pistol, intended to 

propel man outside space vehicle by capsules spaced along tape strip 

and fired by engine in pistol fashion. Inventors were Joseph F. Loprete, 

Max Beniele, and Richard E. Biehl. (Pat OfE PIO; Jones, NYT, 

7/26/69, 31) 

Goodyear Aerospace Corp. had invented USAF Pilot Airborne Recovery 

Device (PARD) to keep ejecting jet fighter pilot aloft and out of range 

of enemy ground fire until his midair retrieval by rescue aircraft. 

Ballute (balloon-parachute) attached to main parachute had burner 

suspended below and fueled from propane tank on pilot’s back. At 

250”F, hot air kept parachute above ground for 30 min. System could 

be operated automatically to carry pilot 6,000 ft or manually to 

10,000-ft hovering altitude. (NYT, 7/22/69, 58) 

National and international press continued comment on Apollo 11 lunar 

landing. 

Philadelphia Inquirer: “Will this magnificent accomplishment serve 

as inspiration, urging Americans and all mankind on to a genuine 

‘giant leap’ forward, not merely into the infinite reaches of space but 

into the infinite possibilities of achievement on earth where the space 

age has recorded many more failures than successes? Or will the 

inspiration be abandoned before the veiled censure of those who seem 

to suggest the solution of all human dilemmas lies in turning away 

from space to other priorities?” Cutbacks at hour of triumph would 

be only waste of investment in technology which could be helped in 

solving earth problems. “This is no time to falter, our astronauts should 

239 
July 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

come home to a world and nation determined to fulfill the prophecy in 

Commander Armstrong’s words.” (P Znq, 7/22/69) 

Kwhington Post: It was foolish “to leap from this historic moment 

to eager expectations of the day when men will live and work in 

space, when colonies will be established, food raised and industrial 

products built on heavenly bodies other than the earth. These things 

will doubtless come in their own good time. But this is not the occasion 

on which to make a new national commitment in space that would 

keep NASA’s program going at the frantic pace which fulfilled President 

Kennedy’s great promise for the moon. Now is the occasion, rather, to 

establish a steady program of space development, one removed from 

the political debate over national priorities, which will ensure that we 

establish a firm base for future generations to build upon while creating 

at home . . . a kind of society which will allow them to use fully the 

new opportunities opened up by the three new American heroes and 

the tens of thousands of other people who made their flight possible.” 

(W Post, 7/22/69, A24) 

Handels Och Sjofartstidning, Goteborg, Sweden: “This is a small 

step for a man, but a great one for humanity. Neil Armstrong’s commentary when he stepped down onto the surface of the moon has every 

prospect of becoming one of those winged expressions which generations of school children will commit to memory. . . . Now should be 

the time to replace the extraordinarily costly space race with cooperation between the Soviet and the U.S.A.” (Am Embassy, Stockholm) 

Stockholm Expressen: “The ‘moonshot’ . . . was imposing. But it also 

gives a horrible feeling to think that the USA. can handle tremendous 

technical problems with such ease while it is considerably more difficult to cope with those of a complicated social, political and human 

nature.” (Am Embassy, Stockholm) 

Canadian Montreal Star: “The scientific information which results 

from Apollo 11 is an extra dividend from an enterprise which has 

produced its own benefits for the human spirit and, perhaps, for human 

solidarity.” (Am Consul, Montreal) 

July 23: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Thor-Burner booster into orbit with 531.5-mi (855.2-km) apogee, 

488.4-mi (785.8-km) perigee, 101.3-min period, and 98.8’ inclination. 

(GSFC SSR, 7/31/69; Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

* NASA’s HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloting by NASA test pilot William H. 

Dana, reached 68,000-ft altitude and mach 1.2 during 22nd flight west 

of Rosamond, Calif. Purpose was to obtain performance, stability, and 

control data. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Scientists monitoring seismometer left on lunar surface by Apollo 11 

astronauts told press at MSC five-minute event recorded July 22 was 

either meteoroid strike or moonquake similar to mild California earthquake recorded on East Coast. MIT geologist, Dr. Frank Press, said 

tremor would have magnitude of four or five according to Richter 

scale, on which major earthquake registered seven or eight. Seismic 

reading was strong indication that moon was layered with outer crust 

and inner mantle like earth and supported theories that moon was 

formed near or torn from earth. Layering, he said, “would imply that 

at one time there was enough heat so that the heavier rocks went to the 

240 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 23 

interior and the lighter ones to the surface.” (McGehan, B Sun, 

7/24/69, Al; Lyons, NYT, 7/24/69, 1) 

* NASA announced selection of McDonnell Douglas Corp. and North American Rockwell Corp.’s Space Div. to conduct parallel $2.9-millionY 11-mo 

design and planning studies of 12-man earth orbital space station which 

could be developed by 1975 and have 10-yr lifetime. Companies would 

also include conceptual design of 50-man space base composed of specialized modules assembled in low earth orbit in late 1970s and early 

1980s to serve as centralized scientific and technical facility in orbit. 

Aerojet-General Corp., General Electric Co., and Hughes Aircraft Co. 

had been selected for final competitive negotiation of contract to develop advanced optical communications experiment. Companies would 

compete for one $5-million contract to develop wideband laser communications system to be placed on board Applications Technology Satellite ATS-F, scheduled for launch in 1972, for communications between 

satellite and transportable ground station. (NASA Releases 69-108, 

0 Canadian Zsis Z International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies (launched 

Jan. 30) was adjudged successful by NASA. Nine of ten experiments 

were operational; ion mass spectrometer had been turned off after one 

week of operation, when it developed high-voltage problems, and since 

had been used only for short periods to collect engineering data. Lowfrequency receiver experiment had been providing indirect ion data, 

thus compensating partially for IMS loss. Onboard tape recorder was 

providing excellent topside ionograms of Antarctic area and other 

previously inaccessible areas. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Full-color lunar photos from ApoZZo 11, including one of man first 

setting foot on moon, would be released by NASA to press and TV four 

days after splashdown, following two-day decontamination of film, 

NASA announced. Superintendent of Documents, GPO, was taking orders 

from public for photos to be filled in late August. Series of reproductions of paintings by American artists recording space program, “Eyewitness to Space,” also would be released. (NASA Release 69-831) 

* Successful ApolZo 11 mission was expected to spur reservations on first 

lunar passenger flight, Washington Evening Star said. Before launch 

Pan American World Airways held 30,000 reservations and Trans 

World Airlines, 5,000. Pan Am spokesman said rush began after film 

“2001: a Space Odyssey” was first shown in 1968. In letters acknowledging reservations, Pan Am was saying, “Starting date of service is 

not yet known. Equipment and route will, probably, be subject to government approvals.” TWA was saying, “We will be in contact with you 

again, as soon as technological advances develop to the point where 

we can project departure date.” (W Star, 7/23/69, A7) 

* In Pravda Soviet academician, Prof. Leonid I. Sedov, said space research 

was developing in so many different directions that realization of future projects would require huge material expenditure and concentration of creative efforts of “countless highly qualified workers and 

specialists.” He said, “Not one individual country can afford the’ practical implementation of all the technically feasible and worthwhile 

projects.” While scientists had said unmanned spacecraft could not 

always be substituted for manned vehicles, “flights by automatic sta69-109) 

241 
July 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tions have preceded and will continue to precede manned flights.” 

Human feelings and observations, “especially when something turns 

up unexpectedly and unforeseen, cannot be completely replaced by 

automatic stations.” But unmanned probes would continue as pathfinders because they were “cheaper, more simple and less dangerous 

vehicles for research.” (Reuters, W Post, 7/24/69, A15) 

* U.S. delegate to U.N. William B. Buffum, responding to Soviet tribute to 

Apollo 11 astronauts by U.S.S.R. delegate Aleksey V. Zakharov, said 

before Security Council he hoped “fraternal spirit” demonstrated by 

astronauts and cosmonauts would lead to greater cooperation on earth 

also. (NYT, 7/25/69, 31) 

In his fourth reference to Apollo 11 within week, Pope Paul VI said at 

summer palace, Caste1 Gondolfo, Italy : “Catholic faith, not only does 

not fear this powerful confrontation of its humble doctrine with the 

wonderful riches of modern scientific thought, but it desires it . . . because truth although diverse on various levels . . . is one and because 

such a confrontation is of mutual advantage to faith and to study in 

every field.” (AP, W Post, 7/24/69, A15) 

* Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R-Fla.), introduced for himself and Rep. William 

Chappell (D-Fla.) H.J.R. 834 “to redesignate the area in the State of 

Florida known as Cape Kennedy as ‘Cape Canaveral.’ ” Measure was 

referred to House Committee on Science and Astronautics. (CR, 

7/23/69, H6238) 0 Czechoslovakian Communist Party Central Committee’s weekly Tribuna 

said of Apollo 11 landing: “It would be premature today to try to attempt a detailed evaluation of the historical significance of this act. 

Surely its influence will be no smaller than that of Columbus’ travels 

many centuries ago.” (Am Embassy, Prague) 

July 24: President Nixon welcomed returned Apollo 11 astronauts aboard 

U.S.S. Hornet: “I think I am the luckiest man in the world . . . not only because I have the honor to be President of the United States, 

but particularly because I have the privilege of speaking for so many 

in welcoming you back to earth.” Washington had received messages 

from more than 100 foreign governments : “Emperors, Presidents, 

Prime Ministers, and Kings, have sent the most warm messages that 

we have ever received. They represent over 2 billion people on this 

earth, all of them who had the opportunity, through television, to see 

what you have done.” Week of mission had been “the greatest week 

in the history of the world since the Creation, because as a result of 

what happened in this week, the world is bigger, infinitely, and also, 

as I am going to find on this trip around the world . . . as a result of 

what you have done, the world has never been closer together before.” 

* At MSC news conference following Apollo 11 splashdown, Dr. George E. 

Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, said : 

“. . . we now stand at what is undoubtedly the greatest decision point 

in the history of this planet.” Apollo 11 had proved “that man is no 

longer bound to the limits of the planet on which for so long he has 

lived. We will return to the moon first in November and then at 

regular intervals in the coming year. But these trips are only the first 

step. . . . Will we press forward to explore other planets or will we 

deny the opportunity to the future? To me, the choice is clear. We 

(PD, 8/4/69,1032-3) 

242 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 24 

must take the next step. . . . This is the time for decision. . . . The 

knowledge possessed by men is sufEcient, the resources are adequate 

for the task of carrying out this next step. . . . In this moment of man’s greatest achievement, it is timely for us 

to dedicate ourselves to the unfinished work so nobly begotten by three 

of us. To resolve that this nation, under God, will join with all men 

in the pursuit of the destiny of mankind will lead to the way to the 

planets.” 

In answer to questions, Dr. Mueller said next major step should be 

manned landing on Mars which would be possible %ometime after 

1980.” 

L/G Samuel C. Phillips ( USAF) , Apollo Program Director, told press 

Apollo team was “strongest team that’s ever assembled in the history 

of man. It has the strength of technical and engineering confidence, 

scientific competence, and management competence that’s unexcelled. It 

has the dedication that’s necessary to be able to tackle an almost impossible job and bring it through” and an exciting future in lunar 

exploration. 

Second manned lunar landing mission, Apollo 12, would be launched 

from KSC Nov. 14 toward touchdown on Site 7 in moon’s Ocean of 

Storms. Primary objective would be to deploy Apollo lunar surface 

experiment package (ALSEP) , explore and survey mare area, and return samples to earth. Secondary objective, if LM softlanded on target, 

would be to examine Surveyor IIZ spacecraft (launched April 17, 

1967), which was resting on moon near planned Apollo 12 touchdown 

point. Astronauts would have two periods for extravehicular activities 

(EVA), during which they would explore surface and conduct experiments for over three hours and walk farther away from spacecraft than 

had Apollo 11 crew. Maximum lunar stay time would be 28-32 hrs. 

Schedule called for planning to fly follow-on missions through Apollo 

15 at four-month intervals and missions after that at five-month intervals. (Transcript) 

USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by Thor-Agena 

booster. Orbital parameters: apogee, 136.1 mi. (219 km) ; perigee, 

110.6 mi (178 km) ; period, 88.4 min; and inclination, 74.9O. Satellite reentered Aug. 23. (GSFC SSR, 7/31/69; 8/31/69; InteraviaAirLetter, 7/25/69, 5; Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

In nationwide reaction to safe return of Apollo 1.1 astronauts, New York 

Stock Exchange went wild though stocks continued to fall. Numbers on 

annunciator boards flapped in unison as message “New York Stock 

Exchange shares the world’s joy at the safe return of Apollo from the 

moon-Astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins-So proudly we hail 

Vou” appeared on tape and illuminated on screen. Along Fifth Avenue 

church bells rang. Hayden Planetarium suspended usual program to 

throw “splashdown party” with champagne and live color telecast of 

Apollo 11 recovery operations flashed on blackened dome. 

San Franciscans exploded firecrackers and threw ticker tape from 

windows, and 10-story-high figure “11” was fashioned in lighted windows at MIT in Boston. Des Moines, Iowa, rang Liberty Bell reproduction for first time since its 1950 installation on State House grounds. 

In Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong’s home town, Wapakoneta, Ohio, 

high school band marched playing moon songs. Moniclair, N. J., theater 

66 

243 
July 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

marquee read, “Congratulations Buzz Aldrin-MIqntclair’s Man on the 

Moon.” 

In Huntsville, Ala., Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, was 

hoisted on shoulders of four local councilmen while thousands at MSFC 

site cheered and waved banners saying “Huntsville is Rocket City.” 

City of Houston planned “Texas size” celebration for ApoZZo 11 

astronauts Aug. 16, including ticker-tape parade and huge program in 

city’s Astrodome coliseum. (Sloan, Weinraub, Hicks, Borders, UPI, 

NYT, 7/25/69,67,29,69, 31,30; B Sun, 7/25/69,45) 

Trans World Airlines filed first application with Civil Aeronautics Board 

for routes between earth and moon. Airline said it had received 1,200 

reservations during final four days of ApoZlo 11 mission. (TWA 

Release) 

Safe landing of ApoZZo 11 in Pacific made “splash applauded around the 

world,” New York Times said. In U.S.S.R. TV viewers had live coverage for first time during mission as Moscow TV station hooked into 

Eastern Europe’s Intervision network for live transmission of astronauts being deposited on carrier Hornet. Later, station devoted first 

two-thirds of final newscast to ApolZo 11 and announced that Soviet 

President Nikolay V. Podgorny had sent telegram to President Nixon 

offering “our congratulations and best wishes to the space pilots.” 

Soviet Academy of Sciences president Mstislav V. Keldysh called voyage “a big contribution to space exploration and further progress of 

world science.” Cosmonauts sent message to ApoZZo 11 crew: “We . . . closely followed your flight. We wholeheartedly congratulate you on 

the completion of your wonderful journey to the moon and safe return 

to earth.” 

In London Lloyd‘s of London’s Lutine Bell tolled twice for good news 

of splashdown of ApoZZo 11. Sir Bernard Lovell, Jodrell Bank Experimental Station Director, said, “The successful conclusion of this immense project marks the beginning of a new phase when man must 

concern himself with the greatest issues of peaceful coexistence in 

extraterrestrial space.” 

Thunderstorm in Paris drove many people off streets at time of 

splashdown. On Riviera, bells tolled for five minutes and ancient cannon boomed. 

Mayor Pascal Rossini of Ajaccio, Corsica, sent invitation to astronauts to visit Corsica during 1969 bicentennial of Napoleon’s birth. 

In Warsaw crowd of 300 Poles broke into applause at U.S. Embassy. 

Over Pacific on Qantas airliner flying under Apollo reentry point, 

crew and 80 passengers saw space capsule reenter. In Canberra Prime 

Minister John Gorton invited astronauts to visit Australia. 

Pope Paul VI sent telegram to President Nixon with prayer “that 

this immense achievement may foster peace and prosperity and scientific and moral progress for all mankind.” Congratulatory messages 

were sent by President Giuseppe Saragat of Italy, President Yahya 

Khan of Pakistan, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan, President 

Chung Hee Park of South Korea, U.N. Secretary General U Thant, 

President Gustav Heinemann of West Germany, and Prime Minister 

John Gorton of Australia. (Collier, NYT, 7/25/69, 31; Mills, 3 Sun, 

7/25/69, A6; AP, B Sun, 7/25/69, A6) 

* More TV coverage of ApoUo 11 mission had been transmitted overseas 

2pIE 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 24 

via satellites to worldwide audience than of any previous event, 

ComSatCorp announced. More than 230 hrs of satellite time for 200 

programs were transmitted during nine-day mission. Previous record 

was 225 hrs, set by Mexico Summer Olympic Games during 18 days 

in October 1968. Broadcasters estimated that 500 million persons were 

able to watch Apolb 11’s TV broadcasts in more than 40 countries on 

5 continents. ( ComSatCorp Release 69-46) 

0 During stop at Hickam AFB, en route to MSC from Apollo 11 splashdown, 

Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman said it would be “helpful and hopeful for US. and U.S.S.R. to cooperate in space missions. He saw “indications,’ during his tour of U.S.S.R. that Russians would be interested, but “talk is cheap” and U.S.S.R. “is still supplying 85 per cent 

of the munitions to North Vietnam.” He said U.S. had gone “95 per 

cent of the way” toward promoting cooperation. It was up to U.S.S.R. 

to do the rest. (UPI, NYT, 7/26/69, 12) 

USAF promoted ApoZZo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins to full colonel. In 

congratulatory message Gen. John P. McConnell, Air Force Chief of 

Staff, said Apollo 11 mission was “indeed a momentous achievement” 

and promotion was “token of appreciation for the part you played.” 

( UPI, NYT, 7/25/69,28) 

0 NASA Office of Space Science and Applications announced estabiishment 

of Earth Resources Research Data Facility at MSC, containing documentation from NASA and user agency investigators in Earth Resources 

Survey Program over past three years. Information was available for 

examination in facility by all interested persons. (NASA Ann) 

* Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R-Fla.) , introduced ,House Joint Resolution “providing for the establishment of the Astronauts Memorial Commission 

to construct and erect with funds a memorial in the John F. Kennedy 

Space Center . . . to honor and commemorate the men who serve as 

astronauts in the US. Space Program.” Measure, cosponsored by 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics, was referred to Committee on House Administration. (CR, 7/24/69, H6293) 

July 25: NASA launch from ETR of Intelsat-Ill F-5 failed to reach planned 

synchronous orbit when 3rd stage of Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented 

Thor-Delta booster malfunctioned. Satellite entered low earth orbit 

with 3,354.8-mi (5,399-km) apogee, 167.2-mi (269-km) perigee, 146.7- 

min period, and 30.3” inclination instead of elliptical orbit with 23,000- 

mi (37,007-km) apogee and 175-mi (281.6-km) perigee. Mission, 

originally scheduled for launch in October 1969, had been rescheduled for July 17 to replace Intelsat-Ill F-2, which had stopped operating over Atlantic June 29. Launch had been delayed for technical 

reasons. (NASA Release 69-119; SBD, 7/29/69, 65; GSFC SSR, 

7/3 1/69) 0 Apollo 11 recovery physician, Dr. William R. Carpentier, reported from 

inside Mobile Quarantine Facility onboard U.S.S. Hornet that astronauts had completed preliminary medical examination and were “fine.” 

Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong’s slight ear infection had disappeared and 

all three astronauts were in excellent condition. (Wooten, NYT, 

7/26/69,1) 

Two boxes of lunar samples from Apollo 11 arrived at Lunar Receiving 

Laboratory in Houston, where they would be examined and used in 

experiments. (Wilford, NYT, 7/26/69, 1) 

245 
July 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

e Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, told news conference aboard 

U.S.S. Hornet he expected U.S.S.R. to land men on moon within 18 

mos. “My guess is it41 be much sooner than most people think.” He 

thought U.S.S.R. had lost race “by keeping their program so secret.” 

US. had encouraged suggestions from scientists throughout non-Communist world, while details of Soviet program were known only to 

“small elite,” Apollo 11 success would eventually lead to closer cooperation with U:S.S.R. in space exploration. “I don’t look for any early 

change in the attitude . . . but a steady interest on their part. I don’t 

see joint efforts but cooperation from time to time.” (UPI, NYT, 

7/25/69, 30) 

President Nixon arrived at Guam International Airport after flight from 

carrier Hornet. He said, “As I stand here and think of what happened 

today, the completion of that historic flight to the moon and the landing on the moon, I can say that I am sure all of us-all of the American citizens around the world-are proud today of what has happened. . . .” (PD, 8/4/69,1033) 

Senate unanimously adopted S.R. 224, introduced by Sen. Michael J. 

Mansfield (D-Mont.) for himself and Sen. Everett M. Dirksen (R-Ill.) , expressing gratitude on behalf of Senate and of all American people 

for “dedication, devotion, courage and effort of all associated with the 

Apollo program and with the Apollo 11 mission.” (CRY 7/25/69, 

SS575) 

* In telephone interview, evangelist and presidential religious adviser Billy 

Graham took issue with July 24 statement of President Nixon in welcoming Apollo 11 astronauts back to earth. Graham told UPI, “. . . as 

a Christian, I would contend that there have been three much much 

greater days” than those of lunar landing and moon walk. They were 

first Christmas, day on which Christ died, and first Easter. While he 

did not wish to detract from “magnificent achievement,” he felt “President was speaking extemporaneously. And I’ve found from years of 

speaking extemporaneously that in the excitement and emotion of a 

moment, you don’t think through every statement you make.” Associated Press later quoted Graham as saying, “I know that President 

Nixon agrees that the greatest single event in history was the coming of 

Christ”; he was sure President Nixon meant moon walk was probably 

man’s greatest accomplishment. ( W Post, 7/26/69, A10) 

Plans for proposed $1-million Neil A. Armstrong Aerospace Museum at 

Apollo 11 astronaut’s birthplace, Wapakoneta, Ohio, called for corn 

pletion in 1970, Ohio Historical Society Director Daniel R. Porter 

said. (UPI, W Post, 7/26/69, B7) 

* National and international press commented on successful completion of 

Apollo 11 mission : 

Washington Post: “It has been eight days of triumph for America, 

eight days of triumph for mankind. Much more will undoubtedly follow as the secrets of space bow to the advances of science. But it is 

enough now-more than enough for an entire lifetime when you think 

about it-to have seen the first men walk on the moon and then, less 

than four days later, to welcome them back home safely.” (V Post, 

7/25/69) 

New York Times: “For the first time in history, men have gone from 

this earth to another celestial body, landed there and returned home, . 

2476 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 25 

even bringing back with them extraterrestrial matter. Not since the 

human race evolved has there been a comparable event, nor one so 

capable of lifting all mankind’s horizons, dreams and aspirations. What 

was fantasy to preceding generations is now accomplished fact. The 

achievement will be remembered so long as civilization survives.” 

Of President Nixon’s round the world tour, Times said: “The spectacular success of Apollo 11 has vastly increased good feeling toward 

the United States throughout the world. The President obviously wants 

to capitalize on it both for foreign and domestic political purposes.” 

(NYT, 7/25/69, 46) 

Cleveland, Ohio, Plain Dealer: Apollo 11 mission “closes out one 

aspect of the exploration program but opens wide the door of what 

can be an almost endless journey. . . . Although the Apollo program is 

not complete, the lure of Mars, 5 million miles away, grows in bold 

anticipation of the future. . . . the race has only just begun.” (Cleveland 

Plain Dealer, 7/25/69) 

Newport News, Va., Times Herald: “All of the money poured into 

the space program would appear justified if one of the side products 

was the kind of cooperation [with the U.S.S.R.] now possible.” (Newport News Times Herald7 7/25/69) 

El Rai El Amm, Khartoum, Sudan: “America achieved a victory for 

the human mind by sending the first man from the earth to the moon. . . . But America, the great power that achieved this astonishing big 

success, must stop doing things that are far below these standards.” 

(Am Embassy, Khartoum) 

Somali News, Mogadiscio, Somali: “It is true that the responsibility 

for the Apollo-Eleven is entirely American, but the message left behind 

on the moon for posterity by the astronauts . . . acknowledges the universal aspect of such a feat. We think . . . of those courageous astronauts not . . . as Americans but as worthy representatives of the human 

race on whose total achievement they relied in carrying out their 

mighty and splendid mission.” (Am Embassy, Mogadiscio) 

Motion picture footage of Apollo I1 lunar landing mission would be released for sale to commercial producers after quarantine period, NASA 

announced. Two 600-ft rolls would be made available initially: one 

would include prelaunch, launch, and recovery operations; other would 

include all usable onboard footage. (NASA Release 69-83L) 

July 26: Apollo 11 astronauts, enclosed in mobile quarantine facility (MQF), 

arrived at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where they were greeted by 12,000 

cheering people and Mayor of Honolulu Frank F. Fasi. MQF was then 

transported to aircraft which would carry it to Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston. At LRL, scientists owned first of two boxes of lunar 

samples and made preliminary exadinations of samples in one box. 

(Wooten, Wilford, NYT, 7/27/69, 47, 1) At lunar landing celebration dinner in Huntsville, Ala., Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, MSFC Director, said: “We worked together and together we 

accomplished our part of the mission. The moon is now accessible. 

And someday, because of the beginning that we have made here, the 

planets and the stars may belong to mankind. This reach toward the 

heavens, toward the stars, can eventually loose the human race from 

the confines of this earth and maybe even this solar system and give it 

immortality in the immense and never-ending reaches of space.” For 

247 
July 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

first time, “life has left its planetary cradle and the ultimate destiny of 

mankind is no longer confined. When the Mayflower landed on American shores the pilgrims did not envision the nation that would eventually evolve. Neither can we truly say what will eventually spring from 

the footprints around Tranquility Base.” (Text) 

* At state dinner in Manila, Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos 

exchanged toasts with President Nixon and commented on Apollo 11: “. . . we participate in the celebration of this achievement as man aspires for the stars, the stars outside of this world and the stars within 

himself and within his spirit. It is the hope of humanity, as it is the 

hope of the Philippines, that this vision and this genius, this courage 

and this ingenuity shall be utilized for the solution of man’s problems.” 

(PD, 8/4/69, 1036-7) 

New York Times interview quoted Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director: “Now that Apollo has been accomplished, rather than set another ambitious goaI we should have a period of consolidation,” during 

which “the balance should be increased toward unmanned effort.” 

There was talk of exploring universe, “but the solar system is only a 

small part and it’s going to be a long time before we venture out. We 

are making a very local exploration.” He believed solar system exploration would pay off in understanding of history and evolution of solar 

system and, possibly, discovery of life on another planet and in social 

benefits. “The trouble with the social world is that we cannot agree on 

goals. We talk of weather control . . . but control for whom? The 

farmer or the sportsman or the businessman?” (Reinhold, NYT, 

7/27/69, 47) 

Creation of U.N. Space Institute was urged by Columbia Univ. law professor Richard N. Gardner in New York Times. It would be “center 

for the cooperative planning of space exploration in which all U.N. 

members would be invited to take part.” US. and U.S.S.R. could divide 

responsibilities for instrumented landings on different planets. There 

should be “United Nations Space Station” in outer space manned by 

astronauts from all U.N. nations and trained at U.N. Space Institute. It 

would gather information about solar system and universe and be used 

for practical earth applications. (NYT, 7/26/69, 24) 0 London Economist editorial: ‘:When Europe drew pride and status from 

its colonies, the Americans had none: the tables are turned now. While 

the United States rings July 21st red on its calendar, Europe faces the 

probability that when the planets are opened up we Europeans will 

have no part in doing it. The idea, at this late stage, of a European 

manned space programme is nonsense. The policy that would make 

more sense would be to approach the United States to see if the Administration will accept some foreign collaboration in the hugely expensive next years of its space programme. If the next American 

objective is Mars, a sensible Administration may welcome help and 

participation-especially if this excludes pressure to co-operate with 

the Russians. . . . There will be no opportunity in this generation that 

it would cost us more to miss.” (CSM, 8/1/69) 0 Federal Register published rule signed by NASA Administrator, Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, which made unauthorized manufacture, sale, reproduction, or possession of official Apollo flight insignia, “or any color248 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 26 

ation thereof,” mis 

in prison. (Federul 

ont-Doherty Geolog 

Houston his team had detected 14 “unusual seismic events” from seismometers left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts. They believed walls of 

lunar craters had been falling in as different parts became hotter than 

others during highest lunar temperatures and felt they might be observing “initial stages of the process by which fresh new craters are transformed to old.” (W Post, 7/28/69, A6) 0 President Nixon toured Jakarta Fair during Indonesian visit. He offered 

to send Indonesian President Suharto and other world chiefs of state 

a piece of the moon as a souvenir.” In evening at state dinner in 

Jakarta, President Suharto said: “I underline Mr. Armstrong’s momentous enunciation, when he, as the first human being, put his feet 

on the moon, declaring: ‘These are small human steps which form a 

great leap to mankind.’ This leap has occurred in the outer space, a 

very expansive space full of mysteries, but it has not taken place in this 

world of ours, which seems to be contracting and is relatively simpler. . . . It is the task of all nations in this world to realize peace and unity.” 

(NYT, 7/28/69, 18; PD, 8/4/69, 1043-6) 0 Apollo 11 flight was public relations man’s and reporter’s dream, James 

Clayton said in Wushington Post. NASA had kept “very little, if anything” from hundreds of U.S. and foreign press. More than 3,500 sets 

of press credentials had been issued at MSC and Cape Kennedy. Most 

went to Americans, but 55 foreign countries were represented, including Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania. There were 111 newsmen representing Japan among 800 foreign newsmen, several of whom 

had been waiting in Houston since Apollo 10 flight May 18-26. Voice 

of America joined in transmitting news abroad. At peak, Apollo 11 

story was going out in 22 languages to every world area except some 

Communist countries. “Even those had the radio beams directed at 

them.” (W Post, 7/27/69, B6) 

Psychological, technical, and political factors had combined to enable 

U.S. to win lunar landing race over U.S.S.R., said Harry Schwartz in 

New York Times. Moscow had shown overconfidence in underrating 

American capabilities, ignored lunar rendezvous technique adopted by 

US., and purged Nikita S. Khrushchev, who had been “enamored of 

space exploits and the propaganda they gave him.” New Soviet leaders 

had changed priorities to concentrate on domestic problems. Since U.S. 

lunar landing, however, “two very different reactions are visible in the 

Soviet Union.” Scientists, engineers, and many ordinary people were 

overcome with admiration. Ideologists and Soviet propaganda managers were deeply unhappy, “and their regret that it was not Soviet 

cosmonauts who went to the moon is scarcely hidden.” (NYT, 

7/27/69) 

Washington Sunday Star editorial said: “Apollo 11 has cast a harsh light 

on life on earth, showing man’s failures in sharp contrast to his breathtaking technical achievements. It is a vision that should . . . be exploited as an incentive to get the vitally needed jobs done on earth.” 

But, the US. could not withdraw from space. “The complete Apollo 

program . . . should be funded. Beyond that, serious consideration 

(6 

249 
July 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

should be given to the establishment of permanent manned stations on 

the moon so that we may truly explore and perhaps exploit the new 

world that we have already conquered. The manned orbiting station 

that NASA has proposed should be provided to test the ability of men 

to live and work for long periods in weightlessness. And far more emphasis should be placed . . . on unmanned probes of the planets.” 

Minimum requirement should be enough momentum in program to 

prevent it from falling apart through disuse. Every effort should be 

made “to enlist the cooperation, the technical help, and the financial 

support of any nation that is willing to contribute to the adventure that 

must, finally, be seen as the collective achievement of all mankind.” 

(W Star, 7/27/69, El) 0 In Washington Sunday Star William Hines said: “Considering how very 

little he had to do with the whole enterprise, it is remarkable how much 

political mileage President Nixon got out of the flight of Apollo 11. 

The plaque, the phone call and the trip to greet the returning heroes 

all were benefits Nixon inherited rather than earned.” Official NASA 

space age history This New Ocean, published by GPO in 1966, mentioned Nixon only once in 648 pages “and there hardly as an aggressive champion of manned space flight.” Book said Nixon, as Vice 

President and as presidential candidate running against John F. Kennedy, had defended Eisenhower Administration’s attitude toward space 

which ruled out manned flights to moon in foreseeable future. “The 

new President’s belated enthusiasm blurs memories of the olden days,” 

Hines said. “But ‘This New Ocean’ remains, proving perhaps that all 

government-sponsored history books should be armed to self-destruct 

whenever a change of administration occurs.” (W Star, 7/27/69, E4) 

July 28: JPL engineers sent signals to Mariner VI to turn on TV camera 

and scientific experiments that would measure Mars surf ace characteristics and atmosphere. Spacecraft (launched Feb. 24) began tracking 

Mars and would begin taking first of 33 far-encounter pictures 771,500 

mi from Mars early July 29. Full-disc photos would be received at JPL 

July 29. (AP, B Sun, 7/29/69, A5) 

9 c‘eologists at Lunar Receiving Laboratory held press conference on 

Apollo 11 samples and expressed surprise at discovery of tiny glasslike crystals in lunar dust. Analyses had revealed samples were crystalline, igneous, fragmented, scoriaceous, and vesicular. They confirmed 

theory based on Surveyor V data that lunar material contained titanium 

and indicated presence of number of minerals. Columbia Univ. scientist Dr. Paul Gast said, “The most exciting discovery to date has been 

that of the glass. There is something going on on the moon far different 

than on the earth.” He said scientists speculated impact of meteoroids 

on moon had vaporized lunar material and caused it to rain back on 

surface in small drops which formed tiny yellow, brown, and clear 

pieces of glass few tenths of millimeter in diameter. (Lyons, NYT, 

7/29/69, 1; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 7/29/69, Al) 

US. applied to Astronautic Committee of IAF for six world records based 

on Apollo 11 achievements: duration of stay on lunar surface outside 

spacecraft, Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, 2 hrs 21 min 15 secs; duration in lunar orbit, Astronaut Michael Collins, 59 hrs 27 min 55 secs; 

duration of stay on lunar surface, Astronauts Armstrong and Edwin 

E. Aldrin, Jr., 21 hrs 36 min 16 secs; duration of stay on lunar surface 

250 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Ju€y 28 

inside spacecraft, Aldrin, 19 hrs 45 min 52 secs; greatest mass landed 

on moon, Armstrong and Aldrin, 7,211 kg (15,897 lbs) ; greatest mass 

lifted into lunar orbit from lunar surface, Armstrong and Aldrin, 

2,648 kg (5,837 lbs) . Records would not be acknowledged officially 

until NASA presented confirming data and Federation officials approved. 

(NYT, 7/29/69, 16) 

At state banquet in Bangkok, Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej toasted 

President Nixon : “Last week’s breathtaking aehievement of Apollo 11 

and its brave American crew cannot be measured solely in scientific 

terms, for it also indicates man’s ability to look beyond his earthbound 

problems and to set his sights on new horizons in quest of wider knowledge and deeper understanding of himself and his environment.” (PD, 

8/4/69, 1049-50) 

* Gloom and embarrassment over Apollo 11 success and crash of Luna XJ’ 

on moon had caused controversy among Soviet leaders, including Communist Party Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev and President Nikolay V. 

Podgorny, at July 21-23 meeting of Eastern European leaders in Warsaw, New Yorlc Times said. Reports of enthusiastic public response to 

Apollo feat across Eastern Europe had been interpreted as sign of lingering and latent sympathy for US. It was strongest in technologically 

advanced East Germany and Czechoslovakia, but had been noted as 

well in Poland, Hungary, and Romania. (Hofmann, NYT, 7/28/69, 7) 

* U.K.’s Royal Geographical Society awarded special gold medal-its first 

for space exploration-to Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong for leading 

Apollo I1 mission. Other gold medalists included Capt. Roald Amundsen, first to reach South Pole; Adm. Robert E. Peary, first to reach 

North Pole; Sir Edmund Hillary, conqueror of Mt. Everest; and Sir 

John Hunt, leader of Everest expedition. (AP, W Star, 7/28/69, A5) 

Senate Committee on Banking and Currency favorably reported S.J.R. 

14-0 with amendments, providing for striking of medals honoring US. 

astronauts who had flown in outer space. (CR, 7/28/69, D681) 

MSFC announced resignation of M/G Edmund F. O’connor (USAF) , Director of Program Management, would be effective July 31. Gen. 

O’Connor, on loan to NASA from USAF for past five years, would become 

Vice Commander of Air Force Aeronautical Systems Div. He would 

be succeeded by Lee B. James, Saturn V Manager, MSFC. (MSFC Release 69-166) 

* USAF released Air Force Review of the C-5A Program. Total cost of 120 

Lockheed C-5A aircraft had increased from $3.369 billion at 1965 

contract award to total $5.125 billion, overrun of $1.756 billion. At 

DOD press conference Air Force Secretary Robert C. Seamans, Jr., criticized “ambiguities and deficiencies” in original contract and hinted 

remaining 39 aircraft in 120-plane package might not be purchased 

unless revisions were made in contract. (Text; Phillips, W Post, 

7/29/69, Al) 

* I1 Mattino del Lunedi, Asmara, Ethiopia, said of Apollo 11 mission’s 

completion: ‘‘. . . today we not only admire, but exult. Because this 

‘almost superhuman’ exploit has been accomplished by a society which 

is free and pluralistic, by a society which has no close and oppressive 

traditions, by a society which has founded its political and constitutional structure not on a totalitarian ideology but on the democratic 

philosophy of the Declaration of Independence. It has been accom251 
July 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

plished by a nation, the American nation, whose characteristic . . . is 

the fusion of the spirit of precision and discipline . . . with the spirit 

of freedom. . . . This is the reason why we today exult. Because we 

know that the conquest of Apollo-11 is in the service of man and not 

to oppress him.” (Am Consul, Asmara) 

Norrlandska Social-Demokraten, Boden, Sweden, editorial commented 

that Russian press was surprisingly generous with praise of men behind ApoEZo l l and American space research in general during mission, 

but now press seemed to fear landing might have increased respect for 

US. around the world. “It is surely disturbing for Pravda and the 

Russian Party leaders that the American conquest of the moon . . . witnessed by the greater part of the Communist world, crushed the 

myth of the Communist system’s superiority.” (Am Embassy, 

Stockholm) 

* Within 76 hrs after Apollo 11 splashdown, Bantam Books and New York 

Times published We Reach the Moon, 416-page paperback account of 

US. space program from 1961 through Apollo Il’s success. Early publication was effected by nearly 2% yrs of planning. Book went to press 

immediately after July 24 splashdown while aerospace reporter John 

Noble Wilford was completing text. Final copy was telexed to Chicago 

printer July 25. First printing comprised 375,000 copies. Hardcover 

edition would be published by W. W. Norton & Co. in September. 

(NYT, 7/29/69, 16) 

July 29: First pictures of Mars taken by NASA’s Mariner VI, launched Feb. 

24 to fly by Mars equator, were received at JPL. Full-disc photos, taken 

between 771,500 and 450,000 mi from Mars, were flashed on screen 

every five minutes. They showed Mars as dull, gray, egg-shaped body 

with crack in surface and bright spot-southern polar cap-with 

ragged edge. Better pictures were expected as spacecraft traveled closer 

to Mars. (AP, B Sun, 7/30/69, A1 ; Lannan, W Star, 7/30/69, A3 j 

JPL radar readings which showed 8.3-mi altitude variation in Mars’ 

north equatorial zone and included corrected figures for Mars’ ephemeris, or orbital path, were expected to ensure accuracy of TV cameras 

aboard Mariners VI and VII, NASA said. Experimenters hoped to obtain photos identifying objects 900 ft across at close approach and 

pictures were expected to be 500 times better than those taken to date 

by earth-based telescope cameras. Readings were obtained at NASA’s 

Goldstone Tracking Station in California by team directed by Dr. 

Richard M. Goldstein during planet’s closest approach to earth (Mars 

had been within 45 million mi of earth June 9). They would be of 

great interest to astronomers because they showed that areas which 

appeared light to telescopes might be either high or low in elevation. 

Optically dark areas appeared to be of medium elevation to radarscanners. ( NASA Release 69-111 ; JPL Release 530) 

e NASA released first photos taken by Apollo 11 astronauts on and near 

lunar surface, including four color stills and 16-mm film of LM descent. Film opened as LM swung low and curved slightly over area 

pocked with craters and rocks and showed dust being scattered by 

exhaust as LM touched down safely. It then showed Astronaut Neil A. 

Armstrong as he descended ladder to surface, took first step on moon, 

and deployed initial equipment. 

252 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 29 

Still photos showed closeup of brownish surface sprinkled with footprints, silhouettes of LM and US. flag, Armstrong inside LM, and earth 

with Europe, Africa, and Asia visible. (Witkin, NYT, 7/30/69, 1; 

Cohn, W Post, 7/30/69, Al, A3) 0 LRL scientists continued examining lunar samples and preparing them for 

experiments on living organisms. Experimentg, scheduled to hegin July 

29, would be delayed one day to repair cracked glove which permitted 

scientists outside vacuum box to handle objects inside and to allow 

more time fur grinding samples to uniform size. (AP, NYT, 7/30/69, 

19) 

NASA Wallops Station announced award of 401mo, $936,311 contract to 

Rice Univ. to investigate relationship between field-aligned currents and 

auroral particle fluxes and document and summarize findings. Rice 

would construct and test suitable flight and ground instrumentation for 

three Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket payloads; prepare and preflighttest payloads ; and acquire, record, reduce, analyze, and publish resulting magnetic and auroral particle data. (WS Release 69-14) 

FCC, at White House request, decided to delay for 60 days decision on 

establishment of domestic comsat system to enable Nixon Administration to study issues and make recommendations. (Aug, W Star, 

7/29/69) 

* Rep. William G. Bray (R-Ind.) introduced H.J.R. 844, providing for 

distribution of Apollo 11 lunar samples to Governors of 50 states. (CR, 

7/29/69, H6486) * New York weathermen were being deluged with calls blaming 10 days of 

rain and overcast weather in northeastern US. on Apollo 11, Associated Press said. WCBS radio news meteorologist Dr. Robert Harris had 

said, “We’ve had an abundance of calls from all sorts of people who 

are absolutely certain, through their Bible studies, that the Lord has 

taken the sun away from us.” (AP, B Sun, 7/30/69, A6) 

National Assn. of Government Employees President Kenneth T. Lyons 

told House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee landing on 

moon would soon be safer than landing at most US. airports. “DO we 

have to have NASA take over from the FAA in order to get a little sense 

into our airport and aircraft traffic management jumble?” (Bentley, 

B Sun, 7/29/69, A5) 

July 30-31: NASA’s Mariner VI, launched Fib. 24 on Mars equatorial flyby 

mission, approached Mars and completed 17 pictures of planet taken 

at about 111,400-mi altitude, which showed ragged edges of polar 

cap, W-shaped cloud, and seas, deserts, and craters seen by Mariner ZV 

in 1965. 

As spacecraft neared and swung around Mars it took 24 close-up 

pictures from about 2,000 mi at closest point. Pictures were so sharply 

defined and detailed that they were shown live on TV instead of being 

refined and released later in photographic prints as originally planned. 

Pictures-enhanced by computers at JPL to clear out static, highlight 

images, adjust contrast and brightness, and exaggerate featureewere 

spectacular. They showed that Mars was heavily cratered and looked 

very much like moon. One photo showed 11-mi-dia crater closely resembling moon’s Copernicus crater and diagonal ditch resembling 

lunar rille. During closest approach, onboard TV cameras took 12 

253 
July 30-31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

high-resolution and 12 medium-resolution pictures, stored some on 

board for later playback, and transmitted some immediately to ground 

stations for conversion to images at JPL. Three of four onboard experiments-TV to take pictures, uv spectrometer to identify and measure 

gases in upper atmosphere, and infrared radiometer to measure planet’s 

temperature-functioned satisfactorily. Only anomaly was failure in 

cooling of one channel on infrared spectrometer, designed to identify 

gases in lower Martian atmosphere, which prevented proper acquisition of data. 

JPL controllers temporarily lost contact with second Mariner, Mariner VII, en route to Mars, at 6:OO pm EDT July 30. Engineers speculated that spacecraft had been thrown out of alignment when struck by 

micrometeoroid traveling at 40 mps and had locked on planet Jupiter 

or another bright object. Contact with Mariner VII was regained seven 

hours later by switching from one antenna to another and proper attitude was restored by rolling spacecraft around until it locked on star 

Canopus. Although some of data being transmitted appeared to be abnormal, flyby mission was still expected to succeed. 

Mariner VI would continue taking pictures and play back recorded 

near-encounter data during final phase of mission. Data would be 

compared with data from Mariner VIZ (launched March 27), which 

would fly past Mars polar region Aug. 4. (NASA Release 69-26A; Sullivan, NYT, 8/1/69, 1; Auerbach, W Post, 8/1/69, AI; Lannan, W 

Star, 7/31/69, AS; NASA News Release, 9/11/69) 

July 30: On arrival in Saigon, Republic of Vietnam, President Nixon said: 

“I am happy that the moon landing, which in its universality signifies 

a symbolic drawing together of all mankind, has provided an occasion 

for me to meet with President Thieu in the capital of his country.” 

Later, after discussions with President Nixon, President Nguyen 

Van Thieu said, “The Vietnamese people fully concur in the message 

of peace which the three brave American astronauts deposited on the 

moon for all mankind.” (PD, 8/4/69, 10514) 

* During Apollo 11 celebration, credit should be given to former NASA Administrator James E. Webb, “whose organizational skill, vision and 

drive played a major part in its success,” MIT Provost, Dr. Jerome B. 

Wiesner, and MIT physicist Jerrold Zacharias said in letter to New 

York Times. “There never was any question regarding the technical 

feasibility of a manned lunar landing. The real question was whether 

or not we could organize and manage so large and complex a program 

on the time schedule laid down by President Kennedy.” Webb had organized, defended, and managed program, “and as the world celebrates 

this great technical and human achievement we should also honor the 

man who directed its accomplishment.” (NYT, 8/5/69, 32) 

LRL scientists began injecting pulverized lunar samples into sterile white 

mice in attempt to discover germs or chemicals hazardous to human 

beings. Mice, born by Caesarean section and raised in sterile environment so that they would be extremely sensitive to infection, would also 

have samples mixed in their food and air. (UPI, W Star, 7/31/69, AS; 

AP, B Sun, 7/30/69, Al) 

World Health Organization Director General, Dr. M. G. Candau, and Dr. 

Karel Raska, Director of WHO’S Communicable Disease Div., said in 

254 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 30 

Houston that Soviet scientists had 

laboratory. Soviet delegates to i 

subject but no details were available. WHO officials were in Houston to 

observe LBL at U.S. Government invitation. (I Post, 7/31/69, A3) 

After two-hour inspection of Tu-144 at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo International Airport, Pan American World Airways president Najeeb E. 

Halaby said Soviet supersonic transport had left group of US. aviation 

experts “very, very impressed.” U.S.S.R. apparently had progressed 

further in testing than U.K. or France with Concorde, and Tu-144 

had reached 900 mph, breaking sound barrier several times. Concorde 

hoped to reach mach 1 in six months and U.S. SST was at least five 

years behind. Aeroflot planned to put Tu-144 in service by 1973. Pan 

Am would review all information available before deciding whether to 

order aircraft as hedge against competition. Halaby liked Tu-144’s 

design and advanced instrumentation and was impressed with amount 

of titanium used in construction. Russians had told him aircraft’s noise 

level was low in landings and takeoffs. (NYT, 7/31/69, 58) 0 Senate passed S.J.R. 140, providing for striking of niedals honoring 

American astronauts who had flown in outer space. (CRY 7/30/69, 

S8786) 

Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development of House Committee on Science and AstFonautics published Science, Technology, and 

Public Policy During the Ninetieth Congress. Report covered 1967- 

1968, giving details behind 94 public laws passed that authorized, 

funded, or otherwise affected R&D in U.S. and 45 additional bills on 

which Congress took legislative action. It included reviews of US. 

policy for science and technology by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and by NSF for United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Both reviews showed 

pluralistic nature of US. public policy for science, built up by laws, 

executive orders, and other expressions of policy as they occurred. 

(Text) 

July 31: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by ThorAgena booster into orbit with 333.1-mi (536-km) apogee, 288.9-mi 

(44.8-km) perigee, 94.6-min period, and 75.0” inclination. ( GSFC 

SSR, 7/31/69; Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

0 At state dinner in New Delhi, India, Acting President Mohammed Hidayatullah exchanged toasts with President Nixon and congratulated him: 

“The epic flight to the moon and back by three of your countrymen 

has amazed the world and marks a new stage in science and technology. 

On behalf of the Government and people of India, and myself, I congratulate you, and through you, the people of your country on this 

historic occasion. . . . We are glad to know that you are sharing the 

knowledge you have gained with the rest of the world.” (PD, 8/4/69, 

1056-9) 

Sequence of five color photos of Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong 

and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., performing extravehicular activities on lunar 

surface were released by NASA. Vivid sequence showed Aldrin descending ladder to surface, walking near LM, posing near US. flag, deploying seismometer, and walking with Armstrong’s reflection visible in his 

visor. NASA also released two-part 16-mm film which showed moon 

itiated” plans for lunar 

tional conferences had 

255 
July 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

fading away as LM ascended and LM’S rendezvous with CSM in lunar 

orbit. It also showed Astronaut Michael Collins shaving inside CSM. 

(V Post, 8/1/69, A7; Witkin, NYT, 8/1/69, 16) 0 Hans H. Maus, Director of Executive Staff at MSFC, and Dr. George N. 

Constan, Director of Michoud Assembly Facility, retired after combined total of 51 yrs Government service. Maus, expert in rocket development and production engineering, had received USA’s Exceptional 

Civilian Service Award and number of citations for development of 

manufacturing methods, process automation, assembly, and tooling 

concept development. Dr. Constan had served with USA at Milan, Joliet, 

and Redstone Arsenals before his appointment to Michoud in 1961. 

( MSFC Release 69-167) 0 Soviet Academician, Dr. Anatoly A. Blagonravov, conceded that competition with U.S.S.R. might have been major factor in U.S. determination to reach moon and said that in space there was no way to declare 

a winner, Space Business Daily reported. “I don’t preclude the idea 

that such a boosted preparation of the Apollo project was in some 

measure the result of competition with us. Basically a healthy competition is no obstacle to success. . . . Science is boundless in its development and it cannot be compared to a horse race-there is no finishing 

line. The interests of science are bound to win anyway. . . .” U.S.S.R. 

would continue research in “several major scientific areas,” make “extensive use of automatic devices for exploring outer space,” and pay 

“due attention” to moon and to both manned and unmanned missions. 

Cosmos, Zond, and Proton spacecraft would continue to be used for 

research and Soyuz spacecraft would be converted into “modules of 

orbital space laboratories designed for research in lengthy flight.” 

(SBD, 7/31/69, 79) 

Man’s knowledge of Venus, Mars, and moon had been enormously enhanced by unmanned Mariner missions, New York Times editorial said. 

They were relatively inexpensive and did not risk human lives. “Nevertheless, American political leadership has been so obsessed with sending a man to the moon that unmanned probes of the planets became 

the stepchildren of the national space program. There were times when 

even the continued existence of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory-the 

center for these unmanned flights-seemed in doubt. Now, in the new 

phase of American space exploration begun in the wake of Apollo 11’s 

historic achievement, the major cost-benefit advantages of Mariner type 

unmanned flights need to be more fully appreciated by Washington 

policy makers, and even more intensively exploited than in the past, 

even as the manned exploration of the moon continues.” (NYT, 

7/31/69, 32) 

During July: NASA-appointed Astronomy Missions Board recommended 

long-range program in space astronomy to NASA. Board of 19 leading 

U.S. astronomers chaired by Dr. Leo Goldberg, Harvard College Observatory Director, had been appointed in 1967 to propose programs for 

1970s. NASA published Board’s report in Novernber [see Nov. 91. 

(Text; NASA Release 69-149; NASA OSSA) 

0 Data were relayed by two Vela nuclear detection satellites launched May 

23 that led to discovery of x-ray star between constellations Centaurus 

and Lupus [see Aug. 141. (Sullivan, NYT, 8/14/69, 7) 0 NAS published Physics of the Earth in Space: The Role of Ground-Based 

256 
0 NAS report to Congress, Technology: Processes of Assessment and Choice, 

was published by House Committee on Science and Astronautics. Panel 

headed by Harvey Brooks of Harvard Univ. strongly urged creation of 

“constellation of organizations, with components located strategically 

within both political branches, that can create a focus and a forum for 

responsible technology-assessment activities throughout government 

and the private sector.” Such organizations “must be separated scrupulously from any responsibility for promoting or regulating technological applications.” (Text) 

0 House Committee on Science and Astronautics published A Study of 

Technology Assessment: Report of the Committee on Public Engineering Policy, National Academy of Engineering. Report recommended 

establishment of technology assessment task force of members of public 

and private organizations with knowledge of subject under assessment, 

including behavioral and political scientists. (Text) 0 NSF published Research and DeveEopment in Industry, 1967: Funds, 

1967; Scientists and Engineers, January 1968 (NSF 69-28) : Historically, about 70% of US. R&D had been performed by industrial sector. 

In 1967, industry spent $16.4 billion for R&D, four and half times 1953 

level of $3.6 billion. Federal agencies financed 51% of 1967 total, or 

$8.4 billion. Ratio was down from 1959 high of 59%. NASA and DOD 

furnished 89% of Federal funds to industry in 1967 and supported 

89% of 158,000 R&D scientists and engineers working on Federal programs in January 1968. NASA’s R&D cost was $55,400 per scientist or 

engineer, while DOD spent $51,600. Industry spent 88 billion of its own 

funds for R&D in 1967, 11% more than in 1966 and 265% more than 

in 1953. 

In January 1968, 387,900 full-time-equivalent R&D scientists and engineers were in industry sector, of which 59% worked on companyfinanced R&D projects. Industrial spending for basic research reached 

$655 million in 1967, 5% higher than previous year and more than 

four times 1953 level. (Text) 0 MOL cancellation “should at most be a ‘postponement,’ ” Dr. Edward C. 

Welsh, former NASC Executive Secretary, said in Air Force/Space Digest. “Contrary to assertions made by people who should know better, 

the MOL was not planned as a weapon system and would not have been 

a threat to any other nation.” MOL observations would be “as peaceful 

as those obtained on the NASA Gemini and Apollo flight. Men on board 

the spacecraft can be justified by the contributions men make in 

matters of choice of observations, maintenance, and communication 

2 
During July ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

with earth.” MOL would not duplicate NASA’s Apollo Applications program. “To try to combine the Air Force and NASA manned programs 

would waste much of the investments already made, would delay both 

programs, would increase the total cost over the long run, and would 

violate the sound administrative principle of having the experts do 

what they have been trained to do. Failure to get a maximum return 

from this national-security system would seem to be woefully shortsighted and wasteful.” (AF/SD, 7/69, 60-1) 

American Embassy science attach6 in New Delhi reported completion of 

India-US. project to erect @-in telescope at Hyderabad. Project was 

started in 1955 and completed just before U.S. lunar landing. (O’Neill, 

W Post, 8/31/69, D5) 

258 
August 1969 

August 1: Univ. of California’s Lick Observatory successfully recorded first 

hits on laser reflector left on moon by Apolto 11 astronauts. Hits, which 

came after 2,000-3,000 unsuccessful attempts by Lick and Univ. of 

Texas’s McDonald Observatory, were made by Lick’s 12O-in telescope 

-.world’s second largest. Scientists fired 500 pulses with pure red 

beam of ruby laser. Each pulse lasted 15-20 billionths of a second, 

reached moon in 1.3 secs, and bounced back in same time. Target18-in-square panel of 100 three-faced prisms of fused silica-was hit 

about three-fourths of time. ( GSFC Historian) 

JPL engineers reported Mariner VIZ, en route to Mars, had suffered sudden change in velocity-possibly because of gas leak from pressure 

can in infrared spectrometer-that could throw off its approach to 

Mars. Also, 20 of 92 telemetry channels, including one that aimed TV 

camera platform toward Mars, had not operated properly after controllers lost contact with spacecraft July 30. When engineers turned on 

TV cameras, however, they began taking pictures that appeared to be 

of Mars. (Auerbach, W Post, 8/2/69, A4; NASA News Release, 

9/11 /69) 

* Dr. Wilmot N. Hess, Director of Science and Applications at MSC, announced he would leave NASA in September to become Director of Research Laboratories for ESSA in Boulder, Colo. His successor had not 

yet been selected. Dr. Hess said he was taking new position because 

job was challenging one in growing organization with important mission. “We have passed a milestone in the’manned space flight program 

by the recent lunar landing. We have put the Lunar Receiving Laboratory into operation and it is performing its mission well. We have 

placed instruments on the moon successfully and have the scientific 

program for the next several lunar missions well organized.” Before 

going to MSC, Dr. Hess served as Chief of Laboratory for Theoretical 

Studies at GSFC, 1961-1967. (MSC Release 69-54) 

ZnteEsat-ZZI F-2 comsat (launched Dec. 18, 1968), which had stopped 

operating June 29 when mechanically despun antenna malfunctioned, 

was restored to service. Intelsat I (Early Bird) , reactivated June 30, 

had worked with IntelsatZI 1;-3 to provide service during interruption. 

(ComSatCorp Release 69-49) * President Nixon arrived at Lahore, Pakistan, during round-the-world 

journey. Pakistan President Yahya Khan said at airport, “The City of 

Lahore is happy to receive you on its historic soil and to share your 

joy at the most recent and the most memorable triumph of human 

courage, determination, and scientific skill which was achieved by your 

astronauts when they were first to land on the moon.” (PD, 8/4/69, 

1060) * Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, outlined possible 1981-1982 

manned mission to Mars in speech before Commonwealth Club in San 

259 
August 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Francisco. With “window opening” on Nov. 12, 1981, expedition 

‘‘would set forth from earth orbit [where spacecraft were assembled] 

in two six-man vehicles, each propelled by three nuclear rockets.” At 

end of Mars injection burn by two outer rockets, rockets would be 

disengaged and return to earth orbit for later reuse. Third rocket 

would remain unfired as spacecraft coasted to Mars. On nine-month 

journey spacecraft could be joined and spun to provide artificial 

gravity. 

“On August 9, 1982, the craft would arrive at Mars, and the unused 

rocket fired to brake each ship into Mars orbit. About three months 

would be spent orbiting Mars while two surface landers . . . took astronauts down to surface for a month-long stay. These landers would also 

be three-man laboratories in which men could live and work productively on the surface of Mars. At the end of their surface research the 

astronauts would rendezvous again with the spacecraft overhead, and 

then begin the return voyage by firing the nuclear engine again on 

October 28, 1982.” Spacecraft would swing by Venus Feb. 28, 1983, 

using Venus’ orbital motion around sun to retard it and sling it toward 

earth. “Returning to earth on August 14, 1983, the nuclear rocket 

would fire for the third time to put each space ship into earth orbit. 

The crews would return to earth via the shuttle. After refurbishing, the 

space ships would be available for the next voyage.” 

To hold option open for Mars voyages in 1980s, U.S. should in 

1970s develop reusable shuttle for flight between earth and low earth 

orbit, permanent orbiting space station, and nuclear rocket propulsion. 

(Text) e LRL technicians Ronald J. Buffum and George E. Williams, accidentally 

exposed to lunar samples when glove used to examine samples cracked, 

were placed in quarantine with Apollo 11 astronauts, 2 doctors, and 12 

technicians, cooks, and other employees. (W Post, 8/2/69, A4) 

* James L. Stamy, Deputy Manager of Michoud Assembly Facility since 

1962, became Acting Manager, replacing Dr. George N. Constan, who 

retired July 31. (MSFC Release 69-169) 

U.S. Army Collateral Investigation Board appointed to investigate March 

12 crash of AH-56A Cheyenne helicopter, in which civilian pilot David 

A. Beil lost his life, issued report. It found accident was caused by divergent, low-frequency, main-rotor oscillation and pilot had been killed 

by rotor blades. Manufacturer, Lockheed-California Co., had “failed 

to exercise due care and judgment in the planning and execution of 

flight 288 and in so doing failed to adhere to an acceptable level of 

sound industrial practice.” (Text) 

* M/G James T. Stewart, former Vice Director of USAF’S Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory (MOL) program, had been named AFSC Deputy Chief of 

Staff for Systems, Gen. James Ferguson, AFSC Commander, announced. 

Gen. Stewart would replace M/G John L. Zoeckler, who retired from 

USAF July 31. (AFSC Release 130.69) 

USN announced award of $461-million contract to Lockheed Aircraft 

Corp. for development of S3A carrier-based antisubmarine-warfare 

aircraft, formerly designated VSX. Contract, to be funded over five 

years, was for 6 R&D aircraft with option to procure 193 production 

models, contingent upon successful development phase. ( DOD Release 

647-69) 

260 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 2 

August 2: Press conference on Mariner VI preliminary results was held at 

JPL. Scientists reported experiments had revealed that recurring white 

blob seen in previous Mars pictures was 300-mi wide crater with peak 

in center; linear features known as canals were actually large, irregular, low-contrast splotches without specific detail; temperature in equatorial area ranged from 75°F to -100°F; atmosphere was almost 

nonexistent; Mars had no sharply defined borders separating light and 

dark areas; and Martian surface was more heavily cratered than previously believed. 

Dr. Charles A. Barth of Univ. of Colorado said any life on Mars 

would be very different from life on earth, perhaps form that used 

carbon dioxide. He said uv spectrometer had found atomic carbon and 

carbon monoxide, but no traces of nitrogen-essential to life on earth. 

Dr. George C. Pimentel of Univ. of California at Berkeley said infrared spectrometer had detected presence of unknown compound related 

to methane, building block of life on earth. He also reported detection 

of super-thin layer of water ice hanging in atmosphere above Mars 

equator. (Auerbach, W Post, 8/3/69, A3; Lannan, W Star, 8/3/69, 

A5 1 

televised two good test pictures before start of its 

first series of 34 approach shots more than 1 million mi from Mars. 

(AP, W Star, 8/2/69, A3; NASA News Release, 9/11/69) 

Initial results of tests at MSC’S Lunar Receiving Laboratory in which 

mice were exposed to lunar samples showed no indication of life on 

ported. All 24 sterilized mice that had lunar dust injected into their 

stomachs July 31 and 240 mice inoculated Aug. 1 were “alive and 

kicking. . . . They have shown no untoward reaction to the sample and 

seem to be in very good health.” (AP, W Star, 8/3/69, A5) 

* Lick Observatory scientists said at news conference they had measured 

distance between earth and moon to be 226,970.9 mi, based on data 

from Aug. 1 test in which laser beam successfully hit reflector on 

moon, LRL preventive medicine specialist Dr. Norman D. Jones remoon. Figure was accurate to within 150 ft and eventually might be 

pinned down to inches. (AP, NYT, 8/4/69, 13) 

Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu met President and Mrs. Nixon 

on arrival at Otopeni Airport, Bucharest. President Nixon replied to 

welcome: ‘‘. . . this significant moment in the history of relations between our two countries coincides with a great moment in the history 

of the human race. Mankind has landed on the moon. We have established a foothold in outer space. there are goals we have not 

reached here on earth. We are still ding a just peace in the world. 

This is a work that requires the same cooperation and patience and 

perseverance from men of good will that it took to launch that vehicle 

to the moon.’’ (PD, 8/4/69, 1065) 

Washington Post editorial: “It is not often that the public has a chance 

to share in the day to day unraveling of scientific mysteries. The men 

and women who engage in basic research prefer to work quietly in 

laboratories and eventually announce their findings in the atmosphere 

of scholarly meetings or academic publications. But at Houston and 

Pasadena [MSC and JPL] these days, the public has become a silent 

observer of the plodding work that goes into basic research. Regardless 

of the drama that is involved, the study of the rocks brought back by 

NASA’s Mariner 

261 
August 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Apollo 11 from the moon and of the pictures being transmitted back 

by Mariners 6 and 7 as they fly past Mars is simply basic research. Although results are trickling out each day, the dimensions of each discovery are hard to measure and an understanding of their cumulative 

impact is likely to be long in coming.” ( W Post, 8/2/69, A12) 

August 3: At Andrews AFB, on return from world tour, President Nixon 

said: “In Bucharest I noted that so many, particularly of the young 

people, held up a newspaper picture of the astronauts landing on the 

moon, and everywhere we went it was the same. Some way, when those 

two Americans stepped on the moon, the people of this world were 

brought closer together. . . . I really feel in my heart that it is . . . the 

spirit of Apollo, that America can now help to bring to all relations 

with other nations. The spirit of Apollo . . . can bring the people of 

the world together in peace.” (PD, 8/4/69, 1071-2) 

New York Times published interview in which Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. President Llewellyn J. Evans expressed concern over 

possibility of failure in future space missions. “It has been one big 

gamble up to this point. This country must come up with rescue hardware. It would be shocking if someone got stuck in orbit someplace.” 

He saw need for four space facilities: space station in earth or lunar 

orbit, shuttle for travel between earth and space laboratory, space 

“tug” to go between nonatmospheric orbits, and rescue vehicle. 

(Kampel, NYT, 8/3/69, F7) 

New York Times editorial commented on Apollo 11 lunar landing and 

Mariner VI Mars mission: “Future generations may well regard the 

last two weeks of July 1969 as the most revolutionary and significant 

fortnight of the entire twentieth century. Not for 300 years has any 

comparable quantum leap in man’s knowledge of the cosmos taken 

place in so brief a time.” (NYT, 8/2/69, 10) 

There was no question that manned Mars mission could be “organized, 

equipped and flown, possibly by 1985 or 1986,” William Hines said in 

Washington Sunday Star. “But the cost of such a flight would be tremendous.” Apollo had cost $25 billion over eight years. Project Mars 

“would cost four times as much over a period twice as long.” Taxpayers 

and legislators “should listen to the professional pitchmen of space 

with a dubious ear, demanding facts instead of the sort of rhetoric Dr. 

George E. Mueller delivered on Apollo 11 splashdown day.” (W Star, 

8/3/69, C4) 

August 3-4: Photos of Mars taken from 65,000-mi altitude by NASA’s Mariner VZZ were received by JPL and shown live on TV. Although pictures were clear, canals were barely visible as dark splotchy areas, 

indicating they were not sharply defined features as previously believed. 

Viewers saw 100-mi-wide, 750-mi-long dark streak identified as 

Agathadaemon canal, Cerberus canal in light Plateau Elysium area, and 

Martian south pole with craters filled with substance resembling snow 

or ice. Pictures showed white grid pattern around Nix Olympica, 

identified by Mariner VZ photos as 300-mi-wide crater. Absence in 

Mariner VZZ photos of bright streak on Tempe desert near Mars north 

pole that had been visible in Mariner VI photos suggested meteorological phenomenon similar to earth’s seasonal changes. South polar cap, 

which was 2,500 mi across in Mariner VZZ photos, shrank to 250 mi 

262 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 34 

eiving Laboratory 

containing charcoal-gray dust and assorted 

rocks ranging from gravel to size of orange. NASA geologist Dr. Jeffrey 

L. Warner described rocks as “different from anything we have on 

earth.” Some of rocks had flat faces and appeared to have been broken 

off larger chunks of material. Rocks in first box of samples had been 

rounded. Some rocks contained unidentified crystals that sparkled ; 

others had “an unusual smattering of what appeared to be metallics,” 

possibly ilmenite (iron-titanium mineral oxide), important source of 

titanium. (uP1, W Post, 8/5/69, A6; AP, B Sun, 8/5/69, Al) 

* NAS-NRC Space Science Board issued The Outer Solar System: A Program for Exploration. Report detailed program for unmanned exploration from 1974 to early 1980s; reaffirmed goals set by earlier study 

emphasizing experiments contributing to understanding of origin and 

evolution of solar system, of life, and of dynamic processes in terrestrial environment; and agreed exploration would concentrate on 

planets but time in flight would permit study of interplanetary medium. 

Missions recommended were 1974 Jupiter deepentry probe and flyby, 

1976 Jupiter orbit, 1977 earth-Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto probes, 1979 earthJupiter-Uranus-Neptune probes, and earth-Jupiter-Uranus entry probes 

in early 1980s. Vigorous national program could be developed for 

small fraction of total NASA program cost and increased portion of 

space budget should be devoted to planetary exploration. Report, originating from June 1968 study chaired by Dr. James A. Van Allen of 

Univ. of Iowa and Dr. Gordon J. F. MacDonald of Univ. of California 

at Santa Barbara, recommended NASA include long-term outer solar 

system exploration plan in 1971 congressional budgetary presentation. 

(Text) 

NASA’s Pegasus ZZZ meteoroid detection satellite, launched July 30, 1965, 

reentered earth atmosphere at 2;04 am CDT over Indian Ocean at 

3.4”N. latitude and 56.7”E. longitude. Pegasus 111 was last in series of 

three Pegasus satellites with 96-ft-long detector panels launched to 

determine frequency of meteoroids in near-earth environment. All three 

had been turned off in 1%8 after operating for more than double design lifetime. Few hours before reentry, controllers commanded Pegasus 111 beacon to begin operating again and beacon functioned 

satisfactorily until satellite was destroyed by reentry heat. ( MSFC Release 69-170; GSFC SSR, 8/15/69) 

* ERC announced it had developed and successfully flight-tested “Flying 

Baton,” simple, low-cost device to provide eye-level artificial horizon 

for pilots. Developed by Center’s William J. O’Keefe, device could contribute to more “head-up” flying, be used for precision attitude flying, 

and allow pilot more time to look outside aircraft. (ERC Release 69-19) 

DOT and HUD announced $166,734 project for studies to recommend 

short- and long-term relief from aircraft noises at John F. Kennedy 

International Airport, New York; O’Hare International Airport, Chicago; Bradley International Airport, Hartford, Conn.; and Cape Kennedy Regional Airport, Fla. Studies were to define noise problems, to 

identify activities affecting problems, to identify approaches to land 

263 
August 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

August 2: JPL press conference reported new information on Mars from the Mariner VI 

flyby. The far-encounter photo above, taken 463,250 miles from Mars July 29, showed 

Meridiani Sinus and Sabacus Sinus m a dark feature near the equator. The bright area at the top was Cydonia. The south polar cap showed at the bottom of the planet. 

August 4-5: Mariner VI1 transmitted first close-up photo of Mars’ south polar cap. 

In the photo below, taken 3,300 miles from Mars Aug. 4, the south pole was believed 

to be at the lower right. Three large craters showed partly bare floors. Snowdriftlike formations and an irregular cloud-like object (upper left) were apparent. 

264 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Augiist 4 

August 4-5 : Scientific instruments on board Mariner VI1 collected detailed data on the Mars surface and atmosphere as the spacecraft made its close-encounter flyby of 

the southern hemisphere and polar regions. Mariner VI used similar instruments to 

gather information on the equatorial regions of Mars on its July 30-31 flyby. 

use compatible with airport locations, and to analyze feasibility of 

compatible land development in high-noise areas. (DOT Release 18369) 

* ApoZZo 8 commemorative medallions containing metal carried on mission 

were being distributed to NASA employees “as a token of appreciation 

for each individual’s efforts in making the United States lunar program 

possible,” NASA Hq. Weekly Bulletin said. (NASA Hq WB, 8/4/69, 1) 

August 41-5: NASA’s Mariner VI1 transmitted first closeup photos of Mars 

south pole as it flew within 2,100 mi of planet. Dr. Robert P. Sharp, 

geologist at Cal Tech, said 31 photos might look like “baby pictures of 

Earth. This is what the Earth might have looked like some four billion 

years ago before it developed an atmosphere and oceans to weather its 

surface and nurture life.” Photos taken on pass Aug. 4 were transmitted 

to JPL Aug. 5. 

Polar cap, which had appeared gleaming white in more distant 

photos, looked dull gray in closeups. Pictures showed south polar cap 

with snow-like substance sibly frozen carbon dioxide-piled up in 

vast dunes; pocked with steeply walled craters; and much darker 

than desert to north. Floor of bright circular Hellas desert area, believed to be shallow crater or collapsed area, was strangely free of 

meteorite impact craters. 

265 
August 4-5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Mariner VZZ (launched March 27) with Mariner F’Z (launched Feb. 

24) had provided most detailed information to date on Mars, including 

198 photos covering 20% of planet and detailed scientific data from 

onboard experiments. Data indicated : thin Martian atmosphere had no 

detectable nitrogen; south polar cap, which appeared white and 

smoothly circular in telescope pictures, was ragged with dark splotch 

in center; surface temperatures ranged from 75°F to -100°F; some 

of narrower thin dark lines called canals might be segments of rubbled 

rims of craters up to 300 mi across; and Martian surface, though 

heavily pocked, was not as rugged as lunar surface. (AP, B Sun, 

8/6/69, Al; AP, W Star, 8/6/69, AT; Auerbach, W Post, 8/6/69, 

A3) August 5: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and other top NASA 

officials testified on future space programs before Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences. 

Introducing programs, Dr. Paine said: “The decade of the 1970’s 

and 1980’s should have a program as bold in concept and as productive 

as we have had in the decade of the 1960’s. . . . we need to have clear 

objectives to focus our work and a commitment, subject . . . to annual 

review, as to what these achievements will be. Our general goal area 

should be the continued exploration of the solar system while deriving 

the maximum scientific and practical benefits here on earth from the 

space program. There is no question that, at some future time, we will 

have the capability for manned planetary exploration and we need to 

face now some of the decisions that will not bear fruition for more 

than a decade. Although I do not believe that we will see manned exploration of the planets in the 1970’s in the United States . . . I do 

think this could come in the 1980’s. It is by no means clear that for 

the Soviet Union the decision may not be made to mount a crash program and bring this in before the end of the decade of the 1970’s.” 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, described possible 1981- 

1982, 12-man, 2-ship expedition to Mars [see Aug. 11. Each spacecraft would weigh 1.6 million lbs at departure from earth orbit and 

would be 270 ft long, “smaller than what we are flying already to the 

moon.” 

NASA was using “concept of reusability” in planning, to improve 

and reduce cost of operating in space, Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, told Committee. 

Reusability could be achieved “through the reuse of launch and space 

vehicles and . . . through the reuse of a mission module such as a space 

station” put into orbit and used over 10-yr or even 20-yr period. 

Space shuttles would be designed to run 100 or more flights. Modules 

and vehicles would be designed for multiple applications in earth, 

lunar, and synchronous orbits. Space tug would permit travel from 

space station to other spacecraft and back again-“general purpose . . . equipment.” In earth orbital operations, “it permits us to fly off from 

the space station over to . . . an OAO, orbiting astronomical observatory, 

either to repair or check the OAO, or to bring it back to a space station 

where it can then be loaded on the space shuttle for return to earth and 

then brought back into orbit after repairs.” (Transcript) 

Four LRL technicians-Miss Heather A. Owens, Chauncey C. Park, Roy 

G. Coons, and Riley Wilson-were placed in isolated area under quar266 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 5 

antine after being exposed to lunar material when line carrying contaminated material from vacuum chambers to disposal area burst, 

spraying lunar material into examining room. Mishap, second in which 

LRL technicians were exposed to lunar material [see Aug. 11, brought 

total number of persons under quarantine to 23. (AP, W Post, 8/6/69, 

A3; MSC Hist Off) 

* NASA announced resignation of Astronaut F. Curtis Michel, effective Aug. 

18. Dr. Michel, who had been on one-year leave of absence from NASA 

to do scientific research at Rice Univ. in Houston, said that-although 

he was reluctant to leave NASA and prospect of flight in space-he 

wanted to devote full time to research at Rice. Resignation reduced 

number of NASA astronauts to 48. (MSC Release 69-55) 

0 NASA notified Instituto Geofisico del Peru that $2-million NASA tracking 

station near Lima, Peru, would be closed because of shifting program 

requirements and economic reasons. Station, to be phased out by November, had participated in more than 75 satellite missions since 1957. 

(NASA Release 69-117) 

0 Dept. of Interior announced grant of $100,225 for research into health, 

safety, and water pollution in coal mining operations. Island Creek 

Coal Co. would determine if miners equipped with self-contained 

breathing apparatus similar to astronauts’ could work efliciently in 

mines filled with nitrogen or other inert gas. (DOI Release 17784-69) 

August 6: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCI from Baikonur into orbit with 

527-km (327.5-mi) apogee, 143-km (88.9-mi) perigee, 91.2-min 

period, and 62.2’ inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 8. (GSFC SSR, 

8/15/69; 9/15/69; SBD, 8/7/69, 109) 

NASA’s HGlO lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. 

Manke, reached 78,000-ft altitude and mach 1.55 a€ter air launch from 

B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosamond, Calif. Objective 

of flight, 23rd in series, was to obtain data on performance, stability, 

and control-especially roll control. (NASA Proj Off) 0 NASA named flight crews for Apollo 13 and 14 lunar landing missions. 

Prime crewmen for Apollo 13 were Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr. 

(commander), Thomas K. Mattingly I1 (CM pilot), and Fred W. 

Haise, Jr. (LM pilot). Backup crew was composed of Astronauts John 

W. Young, John L. Swigert, Jr., and Charles M. Duke, Jr. Apollo 14 

prime crewmen were Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (commander), 

Stuart A. Roosa ( CM pilot), and Edgar D. Mitchell (LM pilot). Backup 

crewmen were Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, and 

Joe E. Engle. 

Both missions would include lunar exploration and deployment of 

Apollo lunar surface experiment packages (ALSEP) . Total lunar surface 

stay time would include two EVA periods of three hours each and would 

not exceed 35 hrs.. Flights would be first for Astronauts Mattingly, 

Haise, Roosa, and Mitchell. (NASA Release 69-115) 

ApoZZo II Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., quarantined in LRL, discussed lunar surface activities with about 40 scientists and geologists over closed-circuit TV. Astronauts said lunar 

surface was rich with interesting rocks. They described small, walnutsize fragments which appeared translucent or transparent, with reflecting surfaces like quartz crystals; spatters of glass on rocks, especially 

on rocks on bottom of craters; and rocks shaped like automobile dis267 
August 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tributor caps, which appeared to be weathered or eroded and sculptured 

at top in cylindrical shape. Astronauts said they regretted not being 

able to retrieve more lunar rocks and suggested that future Apollo astronauts be equipped with extra pocket or shoulder bag so they could 

collect interesting rocks as they saw them. (W Post, 8/7/69, A4; AP, 

B Sun, 8/7/69, A8) 

Atheist Madalyn Murray @Hair-on behalf of herself, her husband 

Richard @Hair, and her “Society of Separationists”-fiIed suit in 

Austin, Tex., District Court against NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 

0. Paine, to prevent U.S. astronauts on duty from practicing religion 

on earth, in space, or “around and about the moon.” She objected 

specifically to ApoZZo 8 Christmas Eve 1968 Bible reading by Astronaut 

Frank Borman and placing by ApoZZo II Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong 

and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., of disc containing microfilmed prayers on 

moon July 20. (UPI, W Post, 8/7/69) 

Dissatisfaction with substandard performance in other parts of society 

was “something worthwhile that the Space Program is contributing to 

the United States,” NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, said in 

speech before National Press Club in Washington, D.C. “I hope we 

have spurred our society and our people to . . . demand higher performance, to set bolder goals, and then to have the gumption to stand 

up before the whole world and demonstrate whether or not the goals 

are achieved.” Space program had also taught “need for broadly enlisting not only American capability, but the best people from around 

the world willing to throw their competence and a portion of their 

careers into challenging endeavors.” It had “unleashed in the 1960’s 

the talents and energies of a technological generation.” US. must continue “to put together bold programs that will release the creative energies of our people in productive channels.” 

Dr. Paine thought history would record as “the great contribution 

of our generation” astronauts’ blazing of “trail for all future generations of men who want to . . . conquer new worlds. . . . Through man’s 

brains, energy and resources life can-and life will-extend itself 

through the solar system. . . . The 1980’s are very clearly the decade 

in which both we and the Soviet Union, with reasonable-sized space 

programs in the 1970’~~ will develop a technological capability for 

landing on Mars.” 

In response to questions, Dr. Paine said: “It seems clear to me that 

there are increasing opportunities for all nations to work together in 

space exploration and application. Certainly we and the Russians can 

and should cooperate more closely in space science so our two programs can produce greater results than the simple sum of their outputs.,, (Transcript) 

* Future space program was described by Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, before National 

Space Club in Washington, D.C. Reusable nuclear vehicle to serve as 

space shuttle between space station in earth orbit and space station 

in lunar orbit would be “final link that would permit us to reduce the 

cost of operation to something like $200 for moving a pound of material from the earth’s surface to the lunar surface and return as compared to something like $100 thousand a pound using today’s tech268 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 6 

niques. Similar reductions in the cost of transportation to the earth 

orbital station will permit us for the first time to consider processing 

materials in space, to use space for the kind of laboratory work that 

we now associate with ground-based laboratories.” By end of 1970s 

“we would find so many uses for operations in synchronous orbit both 

for observing the universe and for observing the earth that we would 

have established a space station in synchronous orbit which would be 

regularly supplied by a nuclear shuttle system and which would provide 

us with direct television broadcasting and direct radio broadcasting 

to the homes of all people in the world, as well as providing us with 

great stellar observatories and a viewing platform for air traffic control, 

navigation and for a permanent weather watch. “. . . this approach to using space is one that is readily extended, 

once the shuttle capability has been developed, to a corresponding 

approach for planetary exploration and . . . the same nuclear shuttle 

system together with the space station modules need only to be supplemented by a Mars landing module to permit us to carry out the 

first manned planetary expedition to Mars.” (Text) 

August 7: Scientists at JPL presented conflicting opinions to newsmen on 

preliminary data from Mariner VI and Mariner VI1 flybys of Mars. 

Dr. George 6. Pimentel and Dr. Kenneth C. Herr of Univ. of California 

at Berkeley said data from infrared spectrometer indicated presence of 

gaseous ammonia and methane in Martian atmosphere. “We are confident that we have detected solid carbon dioxide that is not on the 

surface; that is, it is suspended as a cloud above the polar cap. Our 

data are consistent with and suggest that the polar cap is composed of 

water ice and probably not solid carbon dioxide near the polar cap 

edge.” If life did exist on Mars, they said, it could be in region near 

edge of polar icecap where “polar ice provides a reservoir of water” 

and solid carbon dioxide cloud “provides protection from ultraviolet 

radiation.” 

Dr. Gerry Neugebauer of Cal Tech said temperature of Mars was 

“strong circumstantial evidence that the polar caps are in fact predominantly made of carbon dioxide.” Infrared radiometer experiment, 

which measured temperatures on Martian surface, indicated that temperature of south polar cap was close to -253”F, temperature at which 

carbon dioxide would solidify in thin Martian atmosphere. 

uv spectrometer experiment had found large amount of uv radiation 

reflected from south polar icecap, indicating that uv light from sun 

was penetrating thin Martian atmosphere and reaching surface. Dr. 

Charles W. Hord of Univ. of Colorado said strong uv radiation reaching surface “would destroy many of the important molecular bonds of 

organic compounds.” If life did exist on Mars, he said, it “must be 

pretty strong stuff,” or it must have some means of protection against 

UV rays. 

Dr. Robert B. Leighton of Cal Tech said one of most striking results 

of Mariner photos was indication of dynamic process occurring on 

Martian surface. Unlike rest of Martian surface, which was heavily 

cratered and closely resembled moon, Hellas area appeared to be 

smooth and free of craters. “Hellas is the first non-lunar-like feature” 

discovered by Mariner VU, he said. Apparently there was “activity in 

, 

269 
August 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

that region . . . obliterating craters as fast as they are being formed.” 

(Bishop, WSJ, 8/8/69; Sullivan, NYT, 8/8/69, 1; Lannan, W Star, 

8/8/69, A4) 

* Lunar Receiving Laboratory scientists issued first comprehensive report 

on preliminary study of lunar samples collected by ApoZZo II astronauts. Experiments indicated there was no life in sample and traces of 

organic material reported earlier were probably from astronauts’ spacesuits and containers, rubber gloves, and tools used to handle material. 

(Traces of hydrocarbons in two samples of lunar dust had been reported Aug. 6.) Autopsies performed on 48 mice injected with lunar 

dust and then killed had shown no signs of germs or illness. Detailed 

analyses of samples would begin in late September when material 

would be released from quarantine and distributed to 146 principal 

investigators in 9 countries. (AP, W Star, 8/8/69, A4; Sullivan, NYT, 

8/7/69,1) 

Sen. Ralph W. Yarborough (D-Tex.) offered amendment to H.R. 11271, 

N 1970 NASA authorization bill [see June 241, to increase funds for 

NASA R&D and program management from amount reported by Senate 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences to amount passed by 

House. Increases would total $256.50 million in R&D and $6.35 million 

in research and program management. #He said: “My amendment 

authorizes the bare minimum that we, as a nation, should commit to 

space. Its adoption is vital to the proper balance in our national 

priorities; it is vital to the future of our exciting and promising space 

program; and it is vital, in my opinion, to the interests and well-being 

of our country.” (CR, 8/7/69, 59383) 

Washington Post published results of July 26-28 Gallup survey, which 

found public lukewarm about Government funding of manned Mars 

landing. While majority of young adults favored idea, majority of 

those 30 or over opposed it. Generally, 39% of those polled favored 

attempt to land man on Mars, 53% opposed, and 8% had no opinion. 

Blacks opposed by 340-1 ratio. (W Post, 8/7/69, F4) 

At White House dinner for West German Chancellor Kurt G. Kiesinger, 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, told press putting man on 

Mars by 1982 posed less risk than putting man on moon because most 

technical problems had been solved. In time space travel would become 

commonplace, with spacecraft carrying passengers. On Martian surface 

man could move from home to car or office in completely controlled 

environment. (Shelton, W Post, 8/8/69, D2) 

* MSFC announced award of two contracts. Eight-month, $400,000 contract 

had been given to General Dynamics Corp. to study experiment modules for proposed manned space station. Study, which would complement space station investigations being conducted by McDonnell 

Douglas Corp. and North American Rockwell Corp., would examine 

variety of experiments suitable for manned space station, analyze 

scientific and engineering community’s need for experiment modules, 

and develop concepts for least number of modules needed to meet these 

requirements. 

Martin Marietta Corp. had been awarded $1,170,000 contract to 

fabricate, test, and deliver 15 Saturn V workshop rate gyro processors 

and 1 module test set and to retrofit 22 Apollo Telescope Mount rate270 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 7 

gyro processors for Apollo Applications program. Work, expected to 

take 18 mos, would be done in Orlando, Fla. (MSFC Releases 69-172, 

9 With encouragement from President Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. 

Agnew, NASA had “begun drumming up pressure for the huge sums 

required to send men to Mars in the early 1980’s,” New York Times 

editorial said. “But the latest Mariner information makes the probability of life on Mars much less than it seemed even a week ago, thus 

removing much of the original motivation for such a project. The shift 

of emphasis now proposed to unmanned satellites would be far 

cheaper; scientifically it would also be far more productive.” (NYT, 

8/7/69, 32) 

August 8-14: Zond VZI automatic space station was launched by U.S.S.R. 

from Baikonur with “powerful carrier rocket” and placed on freereturn lunar trajectory from parking orbit. Tass said mission objectives 

were to study moon and near-lunar space further, photograph lunar 

surface, and test improved onboard systems and design of “rocket-space 

complex.” All equipment was functioning normally. 

On Aug. 11 Tass announced that spacecraft had circled moon on 

flight plan similar to that of Zond Y (launched Sept. 15, 1968) and 

Zond VZ (launched Nov. 10, 1968), had photographed lunar surface, 

and was returning to earth. Zond VZZ reentered atmosphere by skipping 

across outer layers of atmosphere to reduce its entry speed and then 

descended and softlanded in predetermined area near Kustanay in 

northern Kazakhstan Aug. 14. (SBD, 8/11/69, 120-1; 8/18/69, 152; 

NYT, 8/9/69, 26; 8/12/69, 6; 8/15/69, 14; GSFC SSR, 8/15/69) 

August 8: NASA announced selection of Heliodyne Corp. and Wolf Research 

and Development Corp. for final negotiations leading to one-year $1- 

million, cost-plus-award-fee contract with two one-year options to 

operate National Space Science Data Center at GSFC. (NASA Release 

In Washington Daily News column Sen. Everett M. Dirksen (R-Ill.) said: 

Unknowing voices clamor to us to give up the search into the unknown. They ask us to spend the money on things here on earth. They 

ask for something that already has been done. Where do you think the 

money is spent that sent Apollo 11 to the moon? It wasn’t spent on the 

moon. There are no creatures there to benefit from the billions spent 

to finally land Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in the Sea of Tranquility. The money was spent here on earth, where it enriched the 

laborers, the craftsmen, the technicians, the engineers, the scientistsand their neighborhoods. It enriched the millions and millions of 

people who always benefit from industry. . . . (W News, 8/8/69, 23) 

* Washington Post editorial: “There was a certain logic in playing down 

the purely scientific aspects of the Apollo program in the past sincr 

the effort was to land men on the moon before the Russians did. But 

that day is past. The scientists of space, as contrasted with its engineers 

and technicians, have been forced into the back seat of the manned 

space program. It is time now to make them the navigators. The choice 

of missions-for future flights to the moon and for future operations 

that will lead some day to a trip to Mars and eventually other planetsshould be largely in their hands. They, far better than the men who 

69-173) 

69-118) 

66 

271 
August 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

created the hardware and the knowledge necessary to make space travel 

possible, know the areas most appropriate for exploration in terms of 

gaining knowledge.” ( W Post, 8/8/69) 

August 9-15: NASA’s Os0 VI (OSO-G) Orbiting Solar Observatory was successfully launched from ETR at 3:52 am EDT by two-stage Thor-Delta N 

booster to study sun and its influence on earth’s atmosphere. Orbital 

parameters: apogee, 348.0 mi (560 km) ; perigee, 307.6 mi (495 km) ; 

period, 95.2 min; and inclination, 32.96”. Primary mission objective 

was to obtain high-resolution spectral data from pointed experiments 

in 10- to 20-kev range and 1 to 1,300 A range during one solar rotation and make raster scans of solar disc in selected wavelengths. Spacecraft would obtain data from nonpointed and pointed experiments for 

more than one solar rotation for extended observations of single lines 

and solar flares. 

Puc (Package Attitude Control) system, carried pickaback on Delta 

2nd stage, was ejected into orbit with 340-mi (547.1-km) apogee, 300- 

mi (482.7-km) perigee, 94.2-min period, and 32.9’ inclination. Primary objective was to flight-test long-life, low-power, three-axis PUC 

earth-stabilized control system for Delta 2nd stage and to demonstrate 

feasibility of using stage as experimental platform. 

Os0 VI was spin-stabilized, weighed 640 lbs, carried seven experiments, was designed with six-month lifetime, and had two main 

sections-wheel (lower) , which carried nondirectional scanning experiments and basic support equipment, and sail (upper), which carried pointed experiments. It was similar to previous OSOS but had 

unique capability which enabled two sun-pointing telescopes to study 

in detail uv and x-ray spectra at any point on solar disc and would 

provide greater knowledge of solar atmosphere (chromosphere) as well 

as outermost layer (corona) visible only through special instruments 

or during total solar eclipse. Experiments, designed to continue and 

extend work of preceding oso spacecraft, were provided by Harvard 

College Observatory, Naval Research Laboratory, Rutgers Univ., Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratories, Univ. of New Mexico, Univ. of Bologna, and University College (London). 

Both tape recorders were operating at liftoff and were still operating 

satisfactorily. Spacecraft stabilized and acquired sun as scheduled 

shortly after entering orbit. By Aug. 15 all experiments had been 

turned on and were operating satisfactorily. Two minor anomalieshigher than planned use of current by motor that provided fine elevation pointing and lower than expected spacecraft operating temperature 

-were not expected to affect spacecraft operation adversely. 

Os0 VI was seventh in series of eight oso spacecraft designed to 

provide direct observation of sun during most of 11-yr solar cycle. 

Os0 I (launched March 7, 1962) and Os0 II (launched Feb. 3, 1965) 

had surpassed their six-month design lifetimes and together provided 

more than 8,600 hrs of scientific information. OSO-c (launched Aug. 

25, 1965) had failed to reach orbit when booster malfunctioned. 

Os0 ZII (launched March 8, 1967) and Os0 ZV (launched Oct. 18, 

1967) continued operating satisfactorily, each providing 7% hrs of 

real-time data daily. Os0 V (launched Jan. 22, 1969) had both tape 

recorders and seven of eight experiments operating satisfactorily after 

six months in orbit. oso program was managed by GSFC under OSSA 

272 
ASTRONAUTlCS AND AERONAUTlCS, 1969 Allgrlst 9-15 

direction. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Releases 69-112, 69-11214, 69-123; 

Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

August 9: “Scientists who have long felt that their role was secondary to 

that of engineers in the Apollo project” were complaining openly and 

trying to force greater emphasis on science in planning future lunar 

landing missions, John Noble Wilford reported in New York Times. 

“Their argument is that, with the success of Apollo 11, the project’s 

goal should be to learn as much as possible about the moon and not 

merely to repeat the demonstration that moon landings are possible.” 

Dr. Elbert A. King, curator of Lunar Receiving Laboratory, had said 

in interview that NASA administration did not have “enough sympathy 

with, or understanding of, scientific objectives.” Casting science in 

“piggyback role” for first manned lunar landing was understandable, 

he said. “NO one really criticizes that, because . . . getting men to the 

moon and back had to be a massive engineering effort. But now that 

we have accomplished that goal, the justification for future lunar exploration is largely science. There has to be a shift of emphasis.” 

Scientists were pressing for more active role in mission planning, return 

of larger amounts of lunar samples, selection of scientists for flight 

crews, and more time between missions in which to evaluate data for 

applications to future experiments. (NYT, 8/10/69, 44) 

* Soviet scientist Dr. Valery A. Krasheninnikev and academician Dr. Aleksandr P. Lisitzin had returned to San Diego from 55 days with US. 

Deep Sea Drilling Project aboard drilling ship Glomar Challenger convinced their findings were “more important to man than the samples 

from the moon,” Associated Press reported. 

Concentrated drilling between Honolulu and Guam had produced 

rocks and sedimentary cores showing microorganisms in perfect state 

of preservation. They might provide history of earth’s creation. Project 

was cooperative venture of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Woods 

Hole Oceanographic Institution, Lamont Geological Observatory of 

Columbia Univ., Univ. of Miami Institute of Marine Science, and Univ. 

of Washington. (NYT, 8/10/69, 45) 

August 10: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., 

and Michael Collins and 20 other persons quarantined in Lunar Receiving Laboratory were released shortly after 9:00 pm CDT-four 

hours earlier than planned. Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical 

Research and Operations, MSC, said astronauts, who had been confined 

since July 24, showed no signs of any possible infection from exposure 

to moon. He cautioned that astronauts might become ill after releasenot from lunar contamination, but from earth organisms to which they 

were highly susceptible after long period of isolation. Report on health 

of persons under quarantine would be presented by NASA Aug. 11 to 

Interagency Committee on Back Contamination, which had approved 

early release. (Sehlstedt, B Sun, 8/11/69, A1 ; AP, W Post, 8/10/69, 

A7 1 

* NASA had assured Post Office Dept. that master die for 10-cent moon 

landing commemorative stamp [see July 91 had gone all the way to 

lunar surface as planned. It had returned to earth in CM and been 

rushed to Washington, D.C., July 31 after decontamination at MSC. 

However, moon letter envelope with die proof of moon landing stamp 

had not been postmarked on lunar surface. Because of tight schedule 

273 
August 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1969 

for lunar EVA, letter had been left with Astronaut Michael Collins in 

CM Columbia while Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., worked on moon. “Moon Landing” postmark had been applied during return voyage. Letter had been decontaminated at MSC 

and returned to Postmaster General Winton M. Blount Aug. 5. (Fairies, 

W Star, 8/10/69, H11) 

* Space program spinoffs of medical benefit to mankind were described by 

Howard A. Rusk, M.D., in New York Times. NASA’s Scientific Information Div. provided stockpile of knowledge indexed in computer tapes 

and distributed on microfiche. Collection of 250,000 documents increased by approximately 75,000 items annually. NASA Technical Utilization Div. selected inventions, ideas, and new techniques for use in 

nonaerospace activities, including medicine, and distributed them 

through eight regional centers. Under interagency agreement, NASA and 

HEW Social and Rehabilitation Services Administration reported results 

of aerospace research to solve problems of 4 million physically or 

mentally disabled Americans of working age. Research had developed 

technique for sharpening x-rays, micrometeorite sensor to record Parkinsonian tremors, and technique for applying electrodes with spray of 

conductive material. (NYT, 8/10/69, 55) Q William Hines in Washington Sunday Star said time was “ripe” for NASA 

reorganization, “not merely the firing, promoting and transferring of 

officials, but the functional restructuring of the agency as well.” There 

was some suspicion that no place existed for Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

NASA Administrator, who was “not only a Johnson-administration holdover, but a card-carrying Democrat as well.” Some observers believed 

Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman, “the President’s current darling and 

space confidant,” might be next NASA Administrator. “The idea of 

putting astronauts in charge of the space program may seem incongruous, but it is clearly not beyond the realm of possibility in the 

image-conscious Rixon regime.” 

Paine’s fate would determine that of Associate Administrator for 

Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller. With lunar landing, 

Apollo had changed from developmental to operational effort. Christopher C. Kraft, Director of Flight Operations at MSC, would likely 

transfer to Washington as Apollo Program Manager-possibly “controlling all space missions for NASA.” Hines saw possibility of Apollo 

Program Director, George H. Hage’s moving into position being vacated 

by L/G Samuel C. Phillips, Apollo Program Director, who was rejoining USAF. “George M. Low, Apollo chief at Houston, may replace the 

Houston Center director, Robert R. Gilruth, if Gilruth can be prevailed 

upon to retire.” There was talk about moving MSFC Director Dr. 

Wernher von Braun to Washington “to do what he does best: charm 

money out of Congress.” Dr. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, “may retire 

to make way for Rocco Petrone. . . .” (W Star, 8/10/69, G4) 

* History of Jet Propulsion Laboratory from 1936, “when the ‘crazy scientists’ under . . . Dr. Theodore von KQrm6n lit off one of their rockets 

in the dry gulch called the Arroyo Seco,” to current time, when “JPL’S 

sights are set a little higher-and farther out,” was traced by John 

Lannan in Washington Sunday Star. JPL controlled NASA Deep Space 

h‘etwork with jurisdiction over space efforts 10,000 mi from earth and 

beyond, though its Goldstone facility also had participated with GSFC 

274 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Augost 10 

in support of Apolto 11. Its space flight operation facility was “actual 

directorate” for handling cosmic penetration flights. It was currently 

gearing for Martian orbiter series in 1971 and for 1973 Viking landers. 

Future held possibilities of developing and directing missions leading 

to Grand Tour of planets. JPL was owned by Federal Government and 

staffed and operated by Cal Tech. (W Star, 8/10/69, 63) 

* George Gallup released results of first poll of President Nixon’s popularity since Apollo 11 success. Poll showed 65% of U.S. public approved his performance in o3ice. Poll July 11-14, before ApoZZo 11 

mission, had shown 58% approval. (W Post, 8/11/69, A2) 

0 Apollo 11 had opened vast market for medals, tokens, and pins to collectors who specialized in commemorative pieces, New York Times said. 

Medals issued by several countries after Apollo 8 were “few compared 

to the meteoric shower of commemoratives for the moon landing.” 

Medal by Ralph J. Menconi portrayed Apollo 11 astronauts on face 

side; reverse showed Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. 

Aldrin, Jr., with LM on lunar surface and earth in background. Medal 

designed in U.K. by Paul Vincze depicted astronaut on lunar surface 

with names of Apollo 11 astronauts. Reverse showed figure of Hermes 

holding winged staff of flight and olive branch with Saturn V in background. (Haney, NYT, 8/10/69) 

August 11: Lunar scientist Dr. Harold C. Urey discussed moon findings at 

San Diego, Calif., press conference after return from study of Apollo 11 

lunar samples at LRL. There was “no evidence whatever” of life on 

moon and, “at present, no age of the rocks on the surface of the moon 

is known.” Fine dust on lunar surface consisted of 50% glass-lO% in 

form of small beads, 40% as broken-up beads-and ‘‘something else” 

containing minerals similar to those in lunar rocks. Dust and rocks 

evidenced shock as though produced by “rather large collisions somewhere that dug up material considerably deeper in the moon than the 

few centimeters they have been investigating.” There was no evidence 

of water. Chemical analyses had shown high concentration of titanium 

in lunar samples characteristic of area where Surveyor V and Apollo 11 

had landed. “No such . . . titanium concentration occurs anywhere 

that we know of on the surface of Earth.” 

No one had “anticipated what we are finding. And I believe that no 

one has a good explanation of how it got that way.” It would take 

“much more” than nine more Apollo manned landings to solve lunar 

mysteries. He saw no economic value in future lunar colonization but 

“an observatory on the moon would be a wonderful way to investigate 

the heavens, because the difficulties of the atmosphere would disappear.” (Space World, 12/69,35-42) 

0 Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Chairman of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics, told House: “. . . I do not at this time wish 

to commit ourselves to a specific time period for setting sail for Mars. 

I believe that there are many tasks that can be accomplished that will 

ultimately provide that capability, but will be less costly and will be 

necessary in meeting short term objectives.” He urged priority attention to intermediate steps and balanced program “that fully exploits the 

great potential of unmanned spacecraft, while at the same time maintaining a vigorous manned flight program.” 

He advocated continuation of lunar exploration to obtain “experi275 
August 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

ence of operating a Base for science and exploration on another heavenly body”; manned earth-orbital operations leading to long-term space 

station supported by low-cost shuttle rocket; greater emphasis on applications satellites that “have the greatest potential for economic 

return in the near term”; larger funding for unmanned planetary exploration, “an area in which the US. may soon be overshadowed by 

the Soviet Union” ; continued NERVA development because “improved 

propulsion is a key to space leadership”; and “special emphasis on 

ERS satellites, “which promise to yield so much . . . to agriculture and 

industry:, (Text; CR, 8/11/69, H72514) 

On first day out of quarantine, Apollo 11 crew visited MSC offices, then 

enjoyed official day off. NASA spokesman said astronauts had requested 

their activities be kept secret. (UPI, W Post, 8/12/69, A3) 

Approximately nine hours of satellite time had been booked for TV 

coverage abroad of Apollo 11 astronaut events during coming week, 

ComSatCorp said. They included more than two hours live coverage 

of Aug. 12 MSC news conference, to be relayed via Intelsat-Ill F-2 to 

Western and Eastern Europe and, in part, to Tokyo and Sydney via 

Pacific Intelsat-III F-4. Nearly two hours coverage of New York 

ticker-tape parade and visit to U.N. would be transmitted to Europe 

Aug. 13. Ceremonial dinner in Los Angeles, later in day, would be 

taped for transmission to Europe Aug. 14. (ComSatCorp Release 

Sen. J. WiIIiam Fulbright (D-Ark.) told Senate: “It would be a major 

step forward if we could now negotiate a new space treaty which would 

go beyond the disavowal of national claim of sovereignty in the existing treaty and explicitly recognize the United Nations as the ‘owner’ 

or sovereign of extraterrestrial bodies and also define the functions and 

responsibilities of a United Nations space authority, particularly the 

ways in which it would regulate and coordinate national space exploration programs. The overall objective of such a treaty would be to 

regulate but not eliminate the competition in space. One benefit of such 

an arrangement is that it would allow the space powers to reduce their 

expenditures and so reallocate funds to more pressing domestic and 

international requirements.” (GR, 8/11/69, 59633) 

New York Times editorial: “On that eventful day when the first men 

walk on the surface of Mars, they will find much ‘magnificent desolation’ akin to that seen by Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin when they 

strolled on the moon last month. That virtual certainty emerges from 

the brilliantly successful exploration of the red planet just completed by 

Mariners 6 and 7. Their expedition lacked the human drama of 

Apollo 11, but the scientific information they returned may well 

qualify the two Mariners as the most scientifically productive enterprise men have yet carried out in space.” (NYT, 8/11/69) 

* Subcommittee on NASA Oversight submitted to House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics report Engineering Management of Design 

and Construction of Facilities of the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration. Report concluded that closer economic scrutiny of 

design and construction management at NASA executive level could 

“yield dividends in more efficient management and lower costs at the 

field centers.” Organization of Office of Facilities was “progressive 

step.” .Cost accounting of administrative expenditures needed to be 

69-50) 

276 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 11 

improved and engineering management costs should be clearly identified for all projects at all centers. (Text) 

August 12-18: NASA’s 951-lb Ats V (ATS-E) Applications Technology 

Satellite was launched from ETR at 7:Ol am EDT by Atlas (SLV-3C)- 

Centaur booster on mission to conduct carefully instrumented gravitygradient-orientation experiment for basic design information on 

stabilization and control of long-lived spacecraft in synchronous orbit 

and to obtain useful data from onboard experiments during first 30 

days in orbit. Spacecraft successfully entered elliptical transfer orbit 

with 26,737.2-mi (43,020.2-km) apogee, 5,297.0-mi (8,522.9-km) perigee, 686.5-min period, and 17.9’ inclination. 

Because of anomaly which required excessive fuel to maintain stable 

spin condition, apogee-kick motor was fired on first apogee instead of 

second and spacecraft had to be biased so it would drift from position 

over India to intended station over area west of Ecuador. Maneuver 

successfully placed A ts V into near-synchronous orbit with 22,927-mi 

(36,889.5-km) apogee, 22,221-mi (35,753.6-km) perigee, 1,464.0-min 

period, 2.7’ inclination, and 6.9’ per day westward drift. Active nutation control was overpowered by unidentified force that caused spacecraft to go into flat spin, preventing ejection of motor case without 

possibility of damage to spacecraft. Controllers were investigating 

alternatives-stopping spacecraft spin, restoring spacecraft to normal 

spin mode, or minimizing ejection hazard-which could be executed 

Aug. 25 when spacecraft became visible to Rosman, N.C., ground 

station. Spacecraft was not in danger thermally or electronically and 

was expected to become stable and operational after successful ejection 

of kick motor. 

Ats V was fifth in series of seven ATS satellites designed to investigate 

and flight-test technological developments common to number of satellite applications and useful to satellites operating in stationary orbits, 

conduct carefully instrumented gravity-gradient experiments for basic 

design information, and flight-test experiments peculiar to orbits of 

various missions. Ats Z (launched Dec. 6, 1966) had exceeded test 

objectives and was still operating satisfactorily. Ats ZZ (launched April 

5, 1967), though judged a failure because of eccentric orbit, had 

transmitted some useful data before being turned off Oct. 23, 1967. 

Ats IN (launched Nov. 5, 1967) had operated successfully and transmitted color photos of earth. Ats ZV (launched Aug. 10, 1968) had 

remained in parking orbit when Centaur failed to complete second 

burn and had reentered Oct. 17, 1968. ATS program was managed by 

GSFC under OSSA direction. (NASA Proj Off) 

August 12: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., 

and Michael Collins held first postflight press conference at MSC, narrating 45-min film of mission and answering questions. On meaning of 

lunar landing, Collins said it was “technical triumph for this country 

to have said what it was going to do a number of years ago, and then 

by golly do it. Just like we said we were going to do. Not just . . . purely technical, but also a triumph of the nation’s overall determination, will, economy, attention to detail, and a thousand and one other 

factors that went into it.” 

To Aldrin mission meant “that many other problems perhaps can be 

solved in the same way by taking a commitment to solve them in long 

277 
August 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

time fashion. I think that we were timely in accepting this mission of 

going to the moon. It might be timely at this point to think in many 

other areas of other missions that could be accomplished.” 

Armstrong said moon landing heralded “beginning of a new age.” 

He said moon was “stark and strangely different place, but it looked 

friendly . . . and proved to be friendly.” Astronauts had much less 

trouble than expected on lunar surface. Primary difficulty was that 

“there was just far too little time to do the variety of things that we 

would have liked to have done. . . . We had the problem of the 5 year 

old boy in a candy store. There are just too many interesting things to 

Armstrong said that during landing they “were concerned about 

running low on fuel on range extension we did to avoid the boulder 

field and craters. We used a significant percentage of our fuel margins 

and we were quite close to our legal limit.” On possibility of abort 

during period they were receiving alarm signals, Aldrin said procedure 

in preparation simulations had been always to “keep going as long as 

we could. . . . The computer was continuing to issue guidance . . . and 

it was continuing to fly the vehicle down in the same way that it was 

programmed to do. The only thing that was missing . . . is that we 

did not have some of the displays . . . and we had to make several 

entries . . . to clear up that area.” Armstrong added, “We would have 

continued the landing so long as the trajectory seemed safe. And landing is possible under these conditions, although with considerably less 

confidence than you have when you have the information from the 

ground and the computer in its normal manner available to YOU.” 

(Transcript) * Leningrad astronomer Nikolay A. Kozyrev called for lunar laboratories 

over, under, and on moon’s surface. Soviet and American space exploration had made scientists “more confident that this is not a dead 

accumulation of rocks but a space body with a very interesting history 

whose life also continues today.” Lunar research goals were establishment of astronomical instruments on stable platforms in lunar orbit, 

permanent scientific laboratory on moon, spacecraft launching centers 

on moon for planetary exproration, and laboratory stations under lunar 

surface or in natural caves, “to give reliable protection from dangerous 

radiation and meteorite hits.” ( UPI, NYT, 8/13/69, 11) 

MSFC announced award of $15,455,800 contract modification to Boeing 

Co. for continued Saturn V systems engineering and integration. Contract covered work from June 1967 through June 1970 and continued 

effort through 10 Saturn V boosters. (MSFC Release 69-177) 

* New Jersey State Div. of Clean Air and Water requested order from 

Superior Court, Newark, asking seven airlines to stop polluting air with 

jet engine exhaust at Newark Airport. Suit called for modification of 

existing jet engines with air-pollution-control devices or for switching 

to new smokeless engines and asked imposition of $2,500 fine. In 

Washington, Air Transport Assn. spokesman said that “it would be 

hard to make a case for massive retrofit with the absence of a major 

health hazard.” He said studies had shown that jet engine pollution 

was only one percent of total problem and was case of “visibility” and 

“esthetics” rather than health danger. United Airlines spokesman said 

do.” 

278 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 12 

November 1968 engine modifications to three of airline’s Boeing 727s 

had sharply decreas ion. (Sullivan, NYT, 8/13/69, 1) 

* Philadelphia Evening editorial: “The public ceremonies honoring the astronauts underscore identity in a larger and much more responsible sense-a feeling of community, rooted in a family and 

expanding to embrace the nation, perhaps ultimately the world. There 

are other words for it-awareness of a common purpose, a sense of 

decency both public and private, a common standard of behavior and a common sense of service and loyalty to country. This is what made 

Apollo succeed, and this is what the nation is recognizing as the celebration begins today.” (P Bull, 8/12/69) 

August 13: NERVA experimental engine (XE) was successfully run through 

two bootstrap startups in open-loop control and three autostart experiments in Jackass Flats, Nev. Objective was to obtain additional data 

about engine in startup phase. Engine and test facility operated normally and all test objectives were achieved. (NASA Proj Off; SBD, 

9/2/69, 4) * Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried GSFCDudley Observatory payload to collect micrometeoroids during Perseid 

meteor shower and to study electric field. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and data were expected from all experiments. Data 

would be compared with data from Nike-Apache mission to be 

launched Aug. 22. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* ApolZo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., Michael 

Collins, their families, and NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

flew in presidential jet from Houston to New York, Chicago, and Los 

Angeles during day of cross-country celebrations. 

Three-hour New York visit included greeting at City Hall by Mayor 

John V. Lindsay, motorcade to U.N. for greeting by U.N. Secretary 

General U Thant, and ticker-tape procession to John F. Kennedy International Airport for departure to Chicago. New York Public Events 

Commissioner John S. Palmer estimated crowds at 4 million; other 

observers said there were fewer and blamed ahead-of-schedule appearance and TV coverage. 

In Chicago, welcoming crowd was estimated at 3.5 million. Mayor 

Richard J. Daley greeted party at Civic Center and presented medals 

symbolic of honorary citizenship to astronauts and Dr. Paine. Illinois 

Gov. Richard B. Ogilvie said, “To these first citizens of the new epoch, 

the people of Chicago and Illinois offer their profound admiration and 

respect.” Astronauts spoke to 15,000 young people in Grant Park 

before returning by helicopter to O’Hare International Airport for 

flight to Los Angeles. 

Mayor Samuel W. Yorty met party at Los Angeles International 

Airport. After brief ceremony, party sped to Century Plaza Hotel for 

reception preceding state dinner. (Lelyveld, NYT, 8/14/69, 1; Oberdorfer, W Post, 8/14/69, Al; NASA PAO) 

* Climaxing day of cross-country celebrations, President and Mrs. Nixon 

hosted formal state dinner at Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles to 

honor Apollo 11 astronauts, their wives, and “historic achievement of 

the first manned landing on the moon.” Guests included other astronauts and wives; widows of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and Edward 

279 
August 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

H. White 11; Mrs. Esther Goddard, widow of rocket pioneer Dr. Robert 

H. Goddard; NASA and other space program officials; U.S. and international aviation pioneers; Cabinet members; Chief Justice and Mrs. 

Warren E. Burger; governors of 44 states; members of Joint Chiefs of 

Staff; Diplomatic Corps members representing 83 nations; Mrs. Dwight 

D. Eisenhower, widow of former President; former Vice President and 

Mrs. Hubert H. Humphrey; and Congressional leaders. 

President asked NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, to read 

citation of posthumous awards : “The National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration awards posthumously to Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H. 

White, and Roger B. Chaffee the NASA Distinguished Service Medals for 

professional skill, courage, and dedication to duty in Project Apollo. 

They gave their lives in their country’s historic undertaking to realize 

the goal of landing men on the moon and returning them safely to 

earth.” 

President also asked Dr. Paine to read citation of NASA Group 

Achievement Award to ApoZZo 11 Mission Operations Team “for exceptional service in planning and exemplary execution of mission operational responsibilities for . . . first manned lunar landing mission.” 

Award was presented to Apollo Flight Control Engineer Stephen G. 

Bales, who had made decision to proceed with lunar landing when 

computers failed just before Eagle’s landing on Sea of Tranquility, on 

behalf of 400,000 persons who had contributed to Apollo program 

success. 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, as NASC chairman, presented Medal 

of Freedom, nation’s highest civilian honor, to Apollo 11 astronauts for 

participation in “a unique and profoundly important adventure. The 

accumulated scientific knowledge and technological ability of mankind 

made man’s first step on the moon practicable; the courage and skill 

of men like these made it possible. Their contributions to this undertaking will be remembered so long as men wonder and dream and 

search for truth on this planet and among the stars.” 

Replying to honors, Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., said: “What 

Apollo has begun we hope will spread out in many directions, not just 

in space, but underneath the seas and in the cities, to tell us unforgettably that we can do what we will and must and want to do.” 

During evening orderly crowd of peace and antipoverty protesters 

gathered outside hotel. (PD, 8/18/69, 1141-2, 1148-51 ; Roberts, 

NYT, 8/15/69, 14; B SUIZ, 8/14/69, Al) 0 MSFC announced award of three 10-mo contracts totaling $1,370,000 to 

McDonnell Douglas Corp., North American Rockwell Corp., and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. to study design concepts and development requirements for nuclear rocket stage that could replace Saturn V 3rd stage 

(S-IVB) for advanced missions beginning in late 1970s and serve as 

workhorse for earth orbital and planetary applications. 

McDonnell Douglas received $570,828 to deveIop and evaluate two 

alternative stage concepts-one with modified Saturn V hardware, 

other with new stage design and advanced design techniques. NAR received $511,734 to study modified Saturn V hardware concept only and 

Lockheed received $287,000 to study advanced design concept only. 

( MSFC Release 69-180) 

New York Times editorial on Aug. 12 Apollo 11 news conference in 

280 
August 13 

nerve-wracking moments before touchdown-the overburdened computer and the near-exhaustion of their fuel supply before Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin found a suitable landing spot-might have 

forced a very different ending to the histor ssion. That all turned 

out perfectly is a tribute to the astronauts’ courage and poise as 

well as to the ability of the back-up personnel at Mission Control in 

Houston.” (NYT, 8/13/69, 40) 

Apollo 11 commander Neil A. Armstrong stood to inherit 100,000-franc 

fortune of Mme. Anna E. Guzman, widow of French industrialist, which 

had been held in trust by Academy of Science of Institute of France 

since her 1891 death, according to article Rep. James G. Fulton 

(R-Pa.) inserted in Congressional Record. Legacy-once worth $20,000 

but currently decreased in value to $290 exclusive of interest-was to 

be awarded to first scientist to make personal contact with heavenly 

body other than Mars. (CR, 8/13/69, E7023) 

In Senate, Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) called for at least temporary 

halt in USAF plans to purchase Lockheed C-5A cargo aircraft while 

U.S. Comptroller General studied aircraft’s costs and value to be 

gained from further purchases. (CR, 8/13/69, S9972-8) 

9 Rep. J. Herbert Burke (R-Fla.) introduced joint resolution calling for 

redesignation of Cape Kennedy as Cape Canaveral. (CR, 8/13/69, 

H7387) 

Cosmos CCXCII from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 765-km (475.4-mi) apogee, 745-km (462.9-mi) perigee, 99.9-min 

period, and 74.0” inclination. ( GSFC SSR, 8/15/69; SBD, 8/20/69, 

169; UN Public Registry) 

NASA announced that 8 of 14 aerospace research pilots trained for USAF’S 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory program terminated June 10 would join 

NASA. One, L/C Albert H. Crews (USAF) , would be assigned to Flight 

Crew Operations Directorate at MSC. Seven would be astronauts, bringing total number of active NASA astronauts to 54: Maj. Karol H. Bobko 

(WAF), L/CDR Robert L. Crippen (USN), Maj. Charles G. Fullerton 

(USAF), Maj. Henry W. Hartsfield, Jr. (USAF), Maj. Robert F. Overmyer ( USMC) , Maj. Donald H. Peterson (USAF) , and L/CDR Richard 

H. Truly (USN) . Effective date for new assignments had not been set. 

Maj. Bobko, Maj. ‘Hartsfield, and Maj. Peterson would complete studies 

for graduate degrees before assuming astronaut duty. (NASA Release 

* NASA announced appointment of eight-man failure review committee to 

determine why Intelsat-III F-5 comsat did not achieve planned orbit 

after launch from KSC July 25. (NASA Release 69-119) 

Discovery of x-ray “star” between constellations Centaurus and Lupus 

from data relayed during July by two Vela nuclear detection satellites 

launched May 23 had been announced by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory astronomers, New York Times reported. Dr. J. P. Conner, Dr. 

d R. D. Helian said object had twice the intensity of 

most brilliant x-ray sources previously known-in constellation Scorpius-and had not yet been identified in wavelengths observable by 

Augtcst 14: U.S.S.R. launched 

69-120) 

281 
August 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

human eye. No obvious source of x-ray emissions had been identified, 

such as stars, stellar explosions, or pulsars. (Sullivan, NYT, 8/14/69, 

7) * Cross-country ceremonies for Apollo 11 astronauts constituted “probably 

the single greatest peacetime celebration in the nation’s history,” New 

York Times editorial said. “It was more than a tribute to three COUrageous and able men; it was also an act of homage to the hundreds of 

thousands of workers, engineers, technicians and scientists whose hard 

work over almost a decade made the moon landing possible. At the 

most fundamental level, perhaps, the outpouring of national rejoicing 

stemmed from the renewed sense of purpose the Apollo’s incredible 

feat had brought to a nation long torn and depressed by military 

travail abroad and racial and generational antagonisms at home. The 

essence of that sentiment was well stated by Mr. Armstrong when he 

declared at the United Nations that ‘we citizens of earth who can solve 

the problem of leaving earth can also solve the problems of staying on 

earth.’ ” (NYT, 8/14/69) 

Research submarine Ben Franklin surfaced 300 mi south of Nova Scotia, 

ending 1,2OO-mi, month-long Gulf Stream Drift by Swiss oceanographer Jacques Piccard and team which included MSFC researcher 

Chester B. May [see July 141. During journey team had noted Gulf 

Stream contained fewer fish, stronger current, and more turbulence 

than expected. (UPI, W Star, 8/14/69, Al; Blakeslee, NYT, 8/8/69, 

38) 

August 15: Results of preliminary qualitative study of Mariner VZ photos 

were summarized in Science by Dr. Robert B. Leighton, Dr. Norman 

H. Horowitz, Dr. Bruce C. Murray, and Dr. Robert P. Sharp of Cal 

Tech; Alan 6. Herriman and Dr. Andrew T. Young of JPL; Bradford 

A. Smith of New Mexico State Univ.; Merton E. Davies of RAND Corp.; 

and Conway B. Leovy of Univ. of Washington: Surface of Mars 

“appears similar to that of the Moon, but there are significant differences; some features seen from Earth are characterized; the ‘blue 

haze’ hypothesis is disproved; and new phenomena associated with the 

polar cap are discovered.” Mars resembled moon in abundance, form, 

arrangement, and size of craters, but there appeared to be break in 

size-distribution curve of craters in some parts of Mars not characteristic of moon-apparently because Mars had more effective weathering 

and transportation process than moon. Similarities between Martian 

and lunar surfaces included craters with slump blocks, terrace, and 

radial dry- debris avalanche chutes on steep inner surfaces; central 

peaks, polygonal outlines, blocky ejecta rims, and irregdar ejecta; and 

irregularly sinuous ridges. Differences included more subdued relief of 

many Martian craters, flatter floors, fewer central peaks, more subdued 

debris blankets, absence of obvious secondary craters and rays, and 

greater abundance of “ghost” craters. Photos showed no sinuous rilles 

and no distinctive earth-like phenomena such as mountain ranges, tectonic basins, stream-cut topographs, dune fields, playa flats, or other 

arid-region features. (Science, 8/15/69, 685-90) 

Classical astronomical data on figures of moon and terrestrial planets 

were being supplemented by new information from Lunar Orbiter 

program. Comparable future planetary probes would provide fundamental data from simple experiments, Cornel1 Univ.‘ radiophysicists 

282 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Angrist 15 

Dr. Brian T. O’Leary, Dr. Malcolm J. Campbell, and Dr. Carl Sagan 

said in Science. Lunar Orbiter results had revealed lunar mascons’ 

nonuniform surface distribution that could explain lunar dynamical 

asymmetries “and perhaps similar asymmetries for Mars and Mercury.” 

(Science, 8/15/69,651-7) 

* Astronaut Joseph P. Kerwin was uninjured when raulty landing gear on 

T-33 jet trainer forced belly landing at Ellington AFB, Tex. (AP, 

W Star, 8/16/69, A2) 

Soviet newspaper said Tu-14, Soviet supersonic transport, had been 

flying beyond sound barrier “for extended periods of time” with no 

difficulty, Associated Press reported. ( W Post, 8/16/69, A2) 

C-5 Galaxy aircraft would demonstrate its cargo and troop delivery 

capability in joint usAF-usA-Lockheed-Georgia co. Transport Air 

Drop and Jettison Test (TADJET) program to begin in early October, 

DOD announced. Approximately 150 flights from Pope AFB, N.C., would 

airdrop equipment and men. During transport phase, C-5 would be 

loaded and unloaded some 50 times and perform mating maneuvers 

with air-transportable dock that could handle cargo capacity of three 

C-5s. (DOD Release 683-69) 

August 15-17: Second National Air Exposition at Dulles International Airport, Va., featured large static display including first public appearance 

of Lockheed C-5A, world’s largest aircraft, and flying exhibitions by 

F-111 and other aircraft. (Program; NYT, 8/16/69, 46) 

August 16: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCIII from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 244-km (151.6-mi) apogee, 202-km (125.5-mi) perigee, 88.9-min 

period, and 51.7” inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 28. (GSFC SSR, 

8/31/69; UN Public Registry; SBD, 8/20/69, 166) 0 Estimated 250,000 persons watched Apollo 11 astronauts parade in Houston, Tex. Crowd threw confetti, ticker tape, and “moon certificates”-- 

fake $100 and $1,000 paper money-until streets were two to three feet 

deep in litter. Later, 55,000 persons attended gala in Houston’s Astrodome coliseum, which was filled to capacity. Total of 31 astronauts and 

families rode through cheering throngs. (UPI, W Post, 8/17/69, A12) 

* Associated Press said Austin, Tex., Judge John R. Brown had granted request of atheist Madalyn Murray O’Hair for three-judge Federal court 

to hear her suit against NASA seeking to prevent astronauts on duty 

from practicing religion [see Aug. 63. (AP, W Post, 8/16/69, A3) 

* Agnew E. Larsen, space research consultant with Frankford Arsenal, 

Philadelphia, Pa., died at age 73. He had received 1930 Robert J. 

Collier Trophy as member of Harold F. Pitcairn’s staff for developing 

and applying autogiro and demonstrating its possibilities for safe aerial 

transport. (NYT, 8/18/69, 31; Neely, Pegasus, 12/50, 10) 

August 17: Apollo 11 astronauts discussed possible manned Mars landing 

by 1982 on CBS TV program “Face the Nation.” Astronaut Neil A. 

Armstrong said, “I am quite certain that goals of the Mars variety are 

within our range, should we choose. . . that investment of our national 

resources.” First exploratory flights could be combined with earthorbiting spacecraft to develop long-term capability with same kind of 

spacecraft. It was “well within our capability” to be prepared for 

Mars launch in 1981. 

Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., said he was “not so sure . . . this is 

the time that we can accurately set a date like 1981.” Setting goal was 

283 
August 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

worthwhile but as intermediate goals were reached “I believe we will 

be able to better define exactly what our longer term goals are in terms 

of ten years from now.” 

Astronaut Michael Collins said, “I don’t think 1981 is too soon. I 

think it is well within our capabality to do so.)’ Long-duration trip 

?equires careful design and testing of the equipment, which could 

easily be done in Earth orbit with a number of ancillary benefits.” He 

defended Bible reading in space and announced he would not fly in 

space again, because he found it increasingly difficult “to keep up year 

after year” with rigorous training required. (SBD, 8/19/69, 159; 

W Post, 8/18/69, A2; NYT, 8/18/69, 33) 

* Japan successfully launched her largest rocket to date-four-stage, 75-ftlong, 4.5-ft-diaY 43.8-ton MU3D-Kyodo News Service reported. 

Rocket reached 100-mi (160.9-km) altitude in 435 min, with last 

stage reaching 1.8 mps-about half speed thought needed to orbit satellite-and splashing down in Western Pacific after 7 min 35 secs of 

flight. (B Sun, 8/18/69, A4) 

President Nixon’s post-Apollo 11 tour of Asia and Romania July 25- 

Aug. 3, plus his remarks and reactions aboard U.S.S. Hornet at splashdown and during welcoming ceremony for astronauts, were recorded 

in New York Times Magazine article by Max Frankel and Robert B. 

Semple, Jr. Authors were among press accompanying President and 

Mrs. Nixon on tour. President and party had basked “in reflected 

moonglow.” When President walked toward reviewing stand in Guam, 

spectator had remarked, “that’s his moon walk.” Apollo 11 had given 

President “new exuberance.” (NYT Magazine, 8/17/69, 26-9, 76-80) 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), as Chairman of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics, had forced NASA to pay $5,522 for USAF jet to 

transport 32 committee members and wives to Aug. 13 Apollo 11 state 

dinner in Los Angeles, Rowland Evans and Robert Novak said in 

Washington Post. NASA also had to pay $19,342 for chartered commercial jet for space officials and $2,800 for Aug. 12 Houston luncheon, 

and White House was charging agency with most of estimated $75,000 

cost of state dinner. (W Post, 8/17/69, B7) 

* Controversy was building up over astronauts’ future, Apollo program, 

and manned space flight generally, Harry Schwartz said in New York 

Times. Three major debates were over whether engineer-astronauts or 

scientist-astronauts should be sent on future Apollo missions; who 

should control mission schedules and astronaut activities, “NASA hierarchy,, or ground-based scientists in NASA; and whether U.S. should 

emphasize unmanned probes or crash program to put men on Mars in 

early 1980s. “The fact that it is the scientists who have been resigning 

while astronauts with test pilot backgrounds have been receiving unprecedented public acclaim makes it evident where the balance of 

power lies for the moment within NASA. But the issue is far from 

settled, since NASA itself must and does use the prospect of scientific 

advances as a key argument in seeking appropriations for space activities. Hence the dissident scientists could have substantial leverage 

if they teamed up with Congressmen and others who oppose the space 

appropriations for other reasons. It would not be surprising . . . if 

NASA sought to ease the scientists’ irritation by satisfying some of their 

demands.” (NYT, 8/17/69, D2) 

284 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 18 

August 18: Swiss physicist Dr. Johannes Geiss, originator of Apollo 11 experiment to trap atomic particles trom solar wind on lunar surface, 

would use “deliberate speed” in assaying results, New York Times reported. NASA courier had delivered square foot of aluminum foil exposed on moon for an hour to catch particles emitted by sun. Dr. Geiss 

and associates in Berne Univ.’s Physics Institute had devised plan for 

dual study of foil in Berne and at Federal Polytechnic at Zurich. Analyses, determining components by spectrometer, would require several 

weeks. NASA would not release remaining three square feet of foil to 

him until 1970. (NYT, 8/18/69, 34) 

* British Aircraft Corp. and Sud-Aviation announced completion of second 

phase of Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport flight development program. Two prototypes were being readied for transonic phase 

to push aircraft’s speed beyond mach 1 in early September. Two prototypes had logged 104 flying hrs in 39 and 24 flights and had achieved 

speeds to mach 0.95 and altitudes to 40,000 ft. Concorde 002 was being 

prepared for supersonic flights to mach 2, or 1,400-mph cruising speed, 

in tests expected to begin at year’s end. (BAc/Sud-Aviation Release 

10C/69) 

August 19: McDonald Observatory in Texas successfully recorded its first 

hits on laser reflector left on moon by ApoZZo 11 astronauts at 9:30 pm 

CDT. Scientists said distance at that moment was 232,271.406 mi and 

moon was 131.2 ft farther from earth than previously believed. Lick 

Observatory in California had recorded first hits Aug. 1 and had estimated earth-moon distance to be 226,970.9 mi at that time. (AP, W 

Star, 8/21/69, A3) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCZY from Plesetsk into orbit with 

343-km (213.1-mi) apogee, 205-km (127.4-mi) perigee, 89.7-mi 

period, and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 27. ( GSFC SSR, 

8/31/69; SBD, 8/20/69, 166; UN Public Registry) 

* NASA announced selection of Chester M. Lee as Apollo Mission Director, 

succeeding George H. Hage, who had been elected vice president for 

product development with Boeing Co. Lee, retired USN captain who had 

served in Polaris missile program and in Directorate of Research and 

Engineering in Office of Secretary of Defense, had been Assistant 

Apollo Mission Director since August 1966, (NASA Release 69-122) 

August 20: Study of possible Space Technology Applications and Research 

Laboratory ( STARLAB), sponsored by NASA and American Society for 

Engineering Education, was completed at MSFC. Eleven-week design 

project focused space-developed technology on earth resources use, 

crop-maturity prediction, soil analysis, vegetation vigor, sea farming, 

and other earth problems. Final presentation in project, which had 

participation of 21 faculty members from 18 colleges and universities, 

was report on orbiting space laboratory illustrating systems approach 

that could be valuable in solving major earth problems. (MSFC Release 

Wushington Post published letter from former Secretary of State Dean 

Rusk. He recommended US. abandon idea of space race with U.S.S.R.; 

“throw wide open the doors on international cooperation”; proceed 

with development of near-earth space capabilities and activities contributing to understanding of earth; and “take advantage of NASA’s extraordinary ability to mobilize scientific, technical, industrial and other 

69-179) 

285 
August 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

talents” for other tasks, like air travel and air pollution problemsolving. “Manned flights to %e planets might better be a decision for 

the next generation.” ( W Post, 8/20/69, A28) 

August 21: NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. 

Gentry, successfully completed third flight after air-launch from B-52 

aircraft over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Objectives of unpowered 

flight were to obtain handling qualities, stability and control derivatives, flow visualization over aft ,portion of vehicle, and longitudinal 

trim curves and lift-to-drag ratio at 15” upper-flap setting. Procedural 

error caused X-24A to be launched 35 secs early and some planned 

data were not obtained. (NASA Proj Off) 

Intelsat I (Early Bird) had been put back into orbital retirement and full 

communications service via Zntelsat-IZZ F-2 had been restored, ComSatCorp announced. Intelsat I, reactivated June 30 after six-month retirement to compensate for failure of Zntelsat-Ill F-2 until service was 

restored Aug. 1, would remain in orbit and would be capable of operational service if needed. Restored Intelsat-III F-2 was handling 620 

full-time commercial circuits serving countries in Atlantic area and 

transatlantic TV programming when ordered. ( INTELSAT Release 

0 NASA launched series of three sounding rockets from Wallops Station. 

Nike-Tomahawk carried GSFC payload to 141.1-mi (227.0-km) altitude to test neutral-mass spectrometer system with unique sample-flow 

and test-leak subsystem necessary for making high-pressure neutralconstituent measurements on planned Mars and Venus missions and 

to demonstrate capability of sterilized-mass-spectrometer electronics in 

flight environment for first time. Rocket and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily and complete data were obtained. 

Nike-Tomahawk carried GSFC and Univ. of Michigan payload to 

197.6-mi (318.0-km) altitude to measure nitrogen density and temperature. Secondary objectives were to evaluate Omegatron system designed for San Marco-C satellite, measure density and temperature of 

nitrogen simultaneously, compare Pitot-static-probe and thermosphereprobe density in 74.6-mi (120.0-km) region, and validate mass spectrometer nitrogen measurement and electrostatic-probe electron 

temperature data. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and 

complete data were obtained. 

Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Michigan payload to 124.3-mi 

(200.0-km) altitude to measure neutral atmospheric density by Pitot 

technique in 18.4- to 74.6-mi (30.0- to 120.0-km) region. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily and all atmospheric measurements 

made by Pitot probe were excellent. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

0 Every scientist-astronaut except one-geologist Harrison Schmitt-had 

been removed from NASA’s lunar landing training list, Victor Cohn reported in Washington Post. Report was later denied by NASA. Cohn 

said remaining scientists had been assigned to train for longduration, 

earth-orbiting Apollo Applications missions beginning in 1972. ( W 

Post, 8/21/69, Al; 8/22/69, A18) 

0 Washington Post published letter from Irene S. Rubin in Lampang, Thailand. Real impact of Apollo I1 success in Thailand had been “on the 

group of educated men who have some effect on government. Their 

primary reaction was not one of shared accomplishment but of shame 

69-53) 

286 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 21 

in the gap thus dramatized between themselves and the developed 

countries.” Though U.S. could not hide technological capacity, “I think 

we should be more aware of the context into which news of the Apollo 

mission is received. Far from bringing the world closer together with 

such performances, we may be arousing bitterness and obstinacy in the 

misallocation of development funds.” ( W Post, 8/21/69, A18) 

August 22: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCV into orbit with 473-km 

(293.9-mi) apogee, 270-km (167.8-mi) perigee, 91.9-min period, and 

71.0’ inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 1 (GSFC SSR, 8/31/69; 

12/15/69) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried GSFC 

and Dudley Observatory payload to 98.2-mi (158.0-km) altitude to 

provide background particle collection for comparison with data from 

Nike-Apache launched Aug. 13 during Perseid meteor shower. Rocket 

and instruments functioned satisfactorily. Data were expected from all 

experiments. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* NASA named Rocco A. Petrone, Director of Launch Operations at KSC 

since 1966, to succeed L/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF) as Director of 

Apollo Program, effective Sept. 1. He would be succeeded by Deputy 

Director of Launch Operations Walter J. Kapryan. Petrone had been 

Saturn Project Officer and Apollo Program Manager. His awards included NASA Exceptional Service Award for direction of Apollo 7 

checkout and launch and NASA Distinguished Service Medal, NASA’s 

highest award, for direction of Apollo 8 checkout and launch. (NASA 

Release 69-124) 

* IAA announced selection of Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at MSC, to receive Daniel and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award for 1969. Award and $1,000 

prize would be presented during 20th International Astronautical Congress in Argentina in October. (UPI, W Post, 8/23/69, B3) 0 NASA’s alleged neglect of pure science research goals in favor of engineering pursuits and “glamor” had caused undercurrent of dissatisfaction 

among scientists, Science noted. When interviewed by Science Dr. F. 

Curtis Michel, Dr. Donald U. Wise, and Dr. Elbert A. King, who had 

resigned from NASA recently, declined to attribute their resignations 

directly to major dissatisfactions with NASA and denied that they had 

resigned to protest emphasis on engineering rather than scientific research. They did, however, express some dissatisfaction with role of 

basic science in space exploration and impatience with NASA’S management of scientific projects and admitted they were lured from NASA 

by prospects of new positions that offered more time for scientific research. (Science, 8/22/69, 776-8) 

AIAA announced election of Honorary Fellows: Secretary of the Air 

Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr.; German rocket pioneer Hermann 

Oberth; and Northrop Corp. founder John K. Northrop. Dr. Seamans, 

former NASA Deputy Administrator, was honored for “organizing the 

research, development and operational base which produced the Apollo 

program.” Honors would be presented at Oct. 23 banquet in Anaheim, 

Calif. (AIM Release) 

In letter advocating postponement of decision on manned Mars landing 

[see Aug. 201 former Secretary of State Dean Rusk had “gone to the 

heart of what is bound to become a critical national decision,” Richard 

287 
August 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Wilson said in Washington Evening Shr. “Now that we know we can 

and will do this thing does it make any difference in the eons of time 

yet to come when we do it? Fifty years from now might we not have 

developed far cheaper and more efficient’ways to do it? Mars will still 

be there. . . . The space men have shown us not only the moon, but 

what a beautiful planet we have in‘what may otherwise be a wholly 

desolate solar system-a beautiful planet that needs loving care to preserve it.” (W Star, 8/22/69, A15) 

0 In telephone interview, UCLA astronomer Dr. Samuel Herrick, Jr., said 

planetoid Geographos, due to pass earth at 5.6-million-mi distance Aug. 

27, would be best site of all asteroids for eventual space station beyond 

moon and good spot for manned or unmanned spacecraft landing. Its 

farthest point from sun in given orbit was least distant from sun and 

from earth of all minor planets. But astronauts landing on it would 

have to “dig in and tie themselves down” since its estimated g was so 

slight “even a sneeze directed at the surface would propel a man off 

into space.” (AP, B Sun, 8/23/69, A3) 

* In Science, MIT Lincoln Laboratory scientists Alan E. E. Rogers and 

Richard P. Ingalls reported mapping Venus surface reflectivity by 

radar interferometry at 3.8-cm wavelength for region from -80’ to 0” 

longitude and from -50’ to +40” latitude. Map was free from twofold range-Doppler ambiguity, presented new features, and clearly delineated features previously observed. It showed large circular regions 

of significantly lower reflectivity than their surroundings, with size and 

appearance of lunar maria. (Science, 8/22/69, 797-9) 

* At National Amateur Astronomers convention in Denver, Colo., sixmember panel including Northwestern Univ. astronomer Dr. J. Allen 

Hynek and Univ. of Arizona physicist Dr. James E. McDonald suggested UFO investigation be taken from USAF and placed with scientific 

body. Panelists said since UFOS apparently presented no danger to 

national defense, they were unimportant to USAF. Panel disagreed with 

1968 Condon Report on UFOS [see Jan. 91. Hynek said UFO research 

should continue. (AP, W Star, 8/24/69, A17) 

August 23: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Titan IIIB-Agena booster. Satellite entered orbit with 234.3-mi 

(377.0-km) apogee, 85.8-mi ( 138.1-km) perigee, 89.6-min period, 

and 108.1” inclination and reentered Sept. 7. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/69; 

9/15/69; SBD, 8/26/69, 190) 

Chemical analysis of moon rocks at Lunar Receiving Laboratory had disclosed their age might range from 2 billion to 4.5 billion yrs-far 

greater than most scientists expected-lunar scientists in touch with 

LRL colleagues said. It was “almost conclusive evidence that it has been 

billions of years since these rocks crystallized.” Finding might settle 

difference between geologists who had viewed lunar surface as having 

had continuous history and those like Dr. Harold C. Urey who believed moon was ancient, undisturbed place made of material which 

would help unfold history of early planets. Later, MSC Director of 

Science and Applications, Dr. Wilmot N. Hess, said Dr. Oliver A. 

Schaeffer and Dr. John Funkhouser of State Univ. of New York, Dr. 

Joseph Zahringer of Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg, and Dr. 

Donald Bogard of MSC had measured solar particles trapped in lunar 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 23 

rocks to determine lunar material’s age. (Cohn, W Post, 8/24/69, AI; 

UPI, W Star, 8/25/69, A4) 

* Ten space pioneers were named to first National Space Hall of Fame. 

Honorees, chosen by Houston City committee, would be feted at first 

annual awards dinner in Houston, Tex., Sept. 27. They included Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., first American to journey in space; former 

Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., first American to orbit in space; late 

Astronaut Edward H. White 11, first man to walk in space; Dr. 

Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director; late Rep. Albert Thomas 

(D-Tex.), staunch supporter of space program; Dr. Kurt H. Debus, 

KSC Director; late Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, former NASA Deputy Administrator; Dr. Maxime A. Faget, Director of Engineering and Development at MSC; Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director; and late Dr. Robert 

H. Goddard, father of rocketry. Hall was in Albert Thomas Center in 

Houston. (UPI, NYT, 8/25/69,8) 

August 24: This Week published interview with science fiction author 

Arthur C. Clarke : Most important recent outer space discovery was 

pulsars-“It’s possible that they might be signals from some higher 

civilization.” Scientific surprise in Apollo program was “its immaculate 

perfection. You don’t expect that, no matter how carefully you prepare.” Clarke was writing space exploration documentary which would 

show “whole span of human interest in space, back to the Babylonian 

astronomers and on up through the colonization of the solar system.” 

It would include Stonehenge which was “as big a burden for the primitive economy that built it-in fact, probably a much bigger burden 

than the Apollo program is for us.” (Bradford, This Week, 8/24/69, 

7) * Transfer of USAF MOL officers to NASA astronaut corps [see Aug. 141 was 

criticized in Washington Sunday Star by William Hines: “With the 

initial moon landing now an accomplished fact, the pace of manned 

space operations has slowed down to three flights per year. This means 

that no more than nine men can fly annually, and with 54 astronauts 

now on board, this, in turn, means an average of six years between 

flights.” Though pace might accelerate in time and future space stations would increase annual number of crew assignments, “the glamor 

and glory of being an astronaut-particularly a nonflying one-no 

longer compensates for the enforced idleness imposed by the modified 

flight schedule.” (W Star, 8/24/69, D4) 

August 25: Postmaster General Winton M. Blount announced that “First 

Man on the Moon” postage stamp would be issued Sept. 9 in Washington, D.C., in conjunction with National Postal Forum. Printed from 

master die carried to moon on ApoZZo II mission (July 16-24), 10- 

cent airmail stamp would be 50% larger than conventional commemorative stamps and would be dedicated in special ceremony attended by 

ApoZZo II Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and 

Michael Collins. Post Office had received 500,000 first-day cover requests within three weeks after stamp was announced July 9 and was 

still receiving 60,000-80,000 requests daily-one-fifth from foreign 

countries. (PO Dept Release 130) 

0 Dr. ,Harry H. Hess, Chairman of NAS-NRC Space Science Board and 

member of NASA’s Science and Technology Advisory Committee for 

289 
August 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Manned Space Flight since 1963, died of heart attack suffered while 

attending Board meeting at Woods Hole, Mass. Dr. Hess, Blair professor of geology at Princeton Univ., was one of scientists who had 

analyzed Apollo 11 lunar samples. In 1960 he had advanced theory 

that volcanic activity on ocean floor caused continental drift. He had 

been past president of Mineralogical Society of America and of Geological Society of America, chairman of site-selection committee for 

NSF’S Project Mohole, and adviser to numerous other Federal agencies. 

( UPI, W Post, 8/27/69, A10; Science, 8/29/69,882) 

Robert E. Bernier, former ComSatCorp systems engineer for Intelsat I11 

program, became NASA European Representative in Office of Inter. 

national Affairs. He replaced Clotaire Wood, who would return to 

Office of Advanced Research and Technology at NASA Hq. Bernier 

would begin his duties at American Embassy in Paris in early October. 

(NASA Release 69-125) 

* Scientist-astronaut Dr. William E. Thornton, who had been grounded in 

spring, received USAF clearance to continue jet pilot training. Thornton 

had had difficulty landing because of distortion of vision called aniseikonia, which reduced hig depth perception. Vision had been corrected 

with special glasses. ( UPI, W Star, 8/26/69, A3; W Post, 8/26/69, A9) 

* F‘ushington Post published results of July 30-Aug. 4 Harris survey of 

1,577 US. households to determine attitude toward spending $4 billion 

annually for decade to explore moon and other planets. While 53% of 

those polled approved funding for lunar landing, narrow plurality of 

47% was opposed to further $4 billion annually; U% favored. Persons under 30 favored extension of space program 60% to 34% but 

those over 50 opposed it 59% to 30%. Black citizens were opposed 

68% to 19%. (W Post, 8/25/69) 

August 25-30: Eighth International Symposium on Space Technology, first 

major international space meeting since Apollo 11 launch, was held in 

Tokyo. In opening speech, general chairman Tsuyoshi Hayashi expressed world’s appreciation to U.S. for making “a great leap for mankind” but said many other nations had contributed to scientific 

knowledge that made lunar landing possible. He asked recognition of 

moon as international territory. 

Among 400 scientists from 19 countries attending meetin, 0‘ were NASA 

Apollo Applications Program Director William C. Schneider ; Dr. 

Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., MSC Director of Flight Operations, and M. P. 

Frank from MSC; Herbert A. Wilson, Jr., Chief of Applied Materials 

Div., from Law; OGO Project Manager Wilfred E. Scull from GSFC; 

Dr. Thomas Vrebalovich from JPL; and Leon C. Hamiter, Jr., MSFC 

engineer. Hamiter presented paper on increased computer capacity and 

lighter weight flight hardware. Prof. Masahiko Kid0 of Japan’s Ehime 

Univ. said legal status should be developed for moon before disputes 

arose over lunar real estate. Other participants urged steps to outlaw 

military use of moon. 

Dr. Werner J. Kleen, Director of European Space Research and 

Technology Center, said ESRO had been given permission to put comsat 

into orbit and would start work in autumn. Japan announced its space 

development corporation would begin operations Oct. 1 and would 

launch MS4 three-stage rocket in early 1970, followed by comsat 

290 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 25-30 

launch. (Shabecoff, NYT, 8/26/69, 11; MSFC Release 69-181; NASA 

Int Aff) 

August 26: Moon landing would change human lives, British novelist and 

scientist C. P. Snow said in Look. “I am afraid that in the long run, 

perhaps a generation, perhaps longer, it will have a bad effect. It will 

give us the feeling, and the perfectly justified feeling, that our world 

has finally closed in. This is forever the end of the mortal frontier.” 

Space enthusiasts thought lunar landing would liberate human imagination but “I believe . . . that human imagination is going to be restricted-as to an extent it was when the last spots on the globe had 

been visited, the South Pole and the summit of Everest. Nowhere on 

earth for adventurous man to go. Very soon, there will be no place in 

the universe for adventurous man to go.” (Look, 8/26/69, 68-72) 

* NASA announced award by URC of $2.5-million contract to Ling-TemcoVought Aerospace Corp. to design, develop, and flight-qualify larger 

1st-stage solid rocket motor for Scout booster. New Algol 111 motor 

would have 44- or 45-in dia, 4 or 5 in wider than Algol IIB, and 

would enable Scout to place 400-lb payload, 100 lbs more than IIB 

capacity, into orbit with 300-mi altitude. (NASA Release 69/126) 

Bright red lights, believed by observers to be meteors, flashed across California, Nevada, and Arizona at 8:50 pm PDT. North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) later identified lights as parts of Soviet 

booster burning during reentry. Booster had launched Cosmos CCXCIV 

Aug. 19. (AP, W Star, 8/27/69, A5; later ed, 813) 

August 27: NASA’s 148-lb drum-shaped Pioneer E failed on 5:29 pm EDT 

launch from ETR by Thrust-Augmented Improved Thor-Delta (DSV3L) booster. Satellite had been intended for solar orbit to collect 

scientific data on electromagnetic and plasma properties of interplanetary medium near earth’s orbital path during six or more passages 

of solar activity centers. 

Jettison of three strapon solid-propellant rockets, 1st-stage Thor engine cutoff, and 2nd-stage ignition occurred as planned but vehicle 

began gyrating, veered off course, and was destroyed by Range Safety 

Officer at 8 min 2 secs GET. Pioneer E and TETR c test and training 

satellite, carried as secondary payload to test Apollo communications 

network, splashed into Atlantic about 300 mi southeast of Barbados. 

Preliminary analysis of data indicated loss of hydraulic pressure during 

1st-stage burn had permitted engine nozzle to develop uncontrolled gimbaling and vehicle gyrations. Investigation would be conducted to determine exact cause and action to prevent recurrence. 

Pioneer E was last in series of five spacecraft designed to provide 

continuing measurements over the solar cycle at widely separated 

points in interplanetary space. Pioneer VZ (launched Dec. 16, 1965), 

Pioneer VIZ (launched Aug. 17, 1966), Pioneer VZZI (launched Dec. 

16, 1967), and Pioneer ZX (launched Nov. 8, 1968) had received 

25,000 commands from ground and were still producing useful data 

from widely scattered positions in heliocentric orbits. Most recent Pioneer missions had provided new information on functions of magnetosphere, additional data on hding that diffuse solar plasma regions 

appeared to have attraction of their own, measurements of cosmic dust 

populations, data on changes in electrical and magnetic characteristics 

291 
August 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

of solar corona, and targets for precision radar tracking which led to 

establishment of reliable value for earth-moon-mass ratio and sun-earthmass ratio. Pioneer program was managed by ARC under OSSA direction. 

(NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 69-116; SBD, 8/29/69, 213) 

Moon was twin planet of earth, formed from same whirling gas cloud, in 

early view of two LRL scientists studying ApoZZo 11 samples. Dr. S. 

Ross Taylor of Astri National Univ., Canberra, Australia, said, 

“Moon’s composition is unlike the earth‘s. But it is not outside our experience. It is like the material you would expect if the earth and moon 

were formed as a double planet.” He thought moon was younger twin, 

while Dr. Oliver A. Schaeffer of State Univ. of New York thought it 

might be equally old. 

Age of two lunar rocks had been estimated at 3.1 billion yrs, “give 

or take . . . 200 million years,” by measuring proportion of argon 40 

to potassium in rocks, Dr. Schaeffer said. Lunar highlands might be 

4.5 billion yrs old. Moon, he thought, never grew big enough to melt 

internally and produce geologic activity to change lunar surface and 

leave younger rocks. Dr. Taylor’s studies had shown unusually high 

amounts of refractory material and absence or low concentration of 

volatile materials, implying volatile material had boiled away in melting process. He inferred rock chemistry was different from deep mantle 

of earth and from cosmic abundances-distribution of elements that 

would be expected in distant, more primitive planet captured by earth. 

(Cohn, W Post, 8/28/69, Al) 

MSC Deputy Director George S. Trimble announced his resignation, effective Sept. 30, after 2% yrs with NASA. He had been Director of Advanced Manned Missions Program in NASA Office of Manned Space 

Flight before appointment to MSC post Oct. 13, 1967. (MSC Release 

69-70; w Post, 8/28/69, A8; NASA Ann, 10/13/67) 

NASA announced selection of RCA Service Co. to receive two-year, costplusgward-fee contract with one-year option for logistic support to 

Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network ( STADAN) , Manned 

Space Flight Network ( MSFN) , and NASA Communications Network 

( NASCOM) . Contract was expected to exceed $17 million. (NASA Release 

* American Airlines began showing NASA color film of Apollo 11 and distributing free copies of CBS News recording “Man on the Moon” and 

free cut-out lunar modules for children on “Americana” flights between 

East Coast and California through Sept. 23. (NYT, 8/18/69, 23) 

August 28: Leading lunar scientist Dr. Harold C. Urey told conference on 

nuclear energy at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago he was 

“pleased” at discovery that age of lunar rocks might range between 

3 billion and 4.5 billion yrs [see Aug. 231 and had “expected this for 

a long time. . . . But I’m not making any more bets on the moon’s 

origin.” He was “puzzled” by once-molten lunar sea material; it might 

have been formed by huge meteor or asteroid impacts rather than 

volcanism and moon might have originated out of cluster of such asteroidal debris. (Cohn, W Post, 8/29/69, A3) 

* Fiftieth anniversary of International Air Transport Assn. ( IATA) , founded in Amsterdam Aug. 28, 1919. International flying under IATA 

auspices in 1919 amounted to 3,500 passengers; in 1969 it was expected to total 300 million. Organization was still devoted to original 

69-127) 

292 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 28 

principles : promotion of safe, regular, and economical air transport; 

collaboration among international carriers ; processing of technical 

matters and common fares; and functioning as clearinghouse for settlement of member airline accounts. From original membership of six 

airlines, IATA had 103 participating members. (Bamberger, NYT, 

8/24/69,86) 

August 29: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCVZ from Baikonur into orbit 

with 299-km ( 185.8-mi) apogee, 227-km (141.1-mi) perigee, 89.6- 

min period, and 64.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 6. (GSFC 

SSR, 8/31/69; 9/15/69; SBD, 9/3/69, 9; UN Public Registry) 

Some plants treated with lunar dust in early August were showing unexpected responses. Treated plants--including seedlings of several common food plants like wheat, tomatoes, cucumbers, and limes-were 

generally huskier and slightly greener than untreated plants. NASA statement said : “The seedlings challenged with lunar materials uniformly 

look better than the controls (untreated plants). Germination in the 

presence of lunar soil indicates that it is behaving like a source of 

nutrients.” Plant cells in tissue culture showed “some evidence of subtle 

change as a result of lunar inoculation.” Dr. J. A. Vozzo, plant pathologist at Lunar Receiving Laboratory, emphasized that changes were 

minor and could not yet be positively attributed to lunar dust. (Cohn, 

W Post, 8/30/69, Al) 

NASA selected General Electric Co. to receive three-year, $4-million, costplus-award-fee contract with two-year option to provide engineering 

and mission-related support to LaRC for Viking Project-series of 

planetary probes which would begin softlanding on Mars in 1973. 

(NASA Release 69-128) 0 New determination of abundance of water in Mars atmosphere was reported in Science by Illinois Institute of Technology astronomers 

Tobias Owen and Harold P. Mason. New spectrograms of planet had 

been obtained in region of water-vapor band at 8,200 A during February and March 1969. Amount of precipitable water was found to be 

about 15 p. Abundance reaffirmed that some water was present at current epoch but otherwise had little bearing on evolution of Martian 

atmosphere. Water vapor did not imply liquid water existed on Martian 

surface. (Science, 8/29/69, 893-5) 

August 31: Washington Post Sunday supplement Potomac published profile 

of Dr. Richard T.. Whitcomb, head of 8-Foot Tunnels Branch at LaRG. 

He had won 1954 Robert J. Collier Trophy for design of “coke bottle” 

aircraft fuselage configuration that enabled aircraft to pass through 

mach 1 with increased power. More recently he had devised supercritical wing, which would permit subsonic jet aircraft to approach mach 1. 

If adopted by commercial aircraft manufacturers, wing would cut 

nearly one hour from current five-hour transcontinental flights. (Potomac, 8/31/69, l, 5-7) 

DOD internal, classified memoranda suggested Government would waste 

money buying additional Lockheed C-5A aircraft, Washington Post 

article said. Central conclusion was that most efficient and least costly 

transportation network to support two major and one “brushfire” war 

“for which military wants to be prepared consists of the existing three 

squadrons (58) [of] C-5As plus smaller carriers like the C-141 and 

modern freighters.” (Nossiter, W Post, 8/31/69, Al) 

293 
During August ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

During August: Pace magazine published articles by Vice President Spiro 

T. Agnew, also NASC Chairman, and by NASA Administrator, Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine. 

Dr. Paine said, “To improve conditions in our society we need to 

create more wealth through greater productivity based on new technology. We should be restless and dissatisfied with our slowness in 

overcoming social ills, and I hope that the space program will continue to spur us onward here. If we can go to the moon, why can’t we 

build great and shining cities? Why can’t we eliminate ignorance, 

crime and poverty? If our space program highlights such questions and 

helps form a national commitment to find new solutions, it will have 

served the nation well. Our space advances should embolden the nation 

to proceed forward with increased confidence in these other areas. Our 

Apollo program has demonstrated anew what Americans can accomplish given a national commitment, capable leadership and adequate 

resources. 

Man’s future in space is limitless. We have embarked on a new 

stage of evolution that will engage all future generations of men. We 

face the unknown in countless areas: What are the effects of sustained 

zero and artificial gravity? Of time-extending flight at nearly the velocity of light? Of societies genetically selected for extraterrestrial 

living? 

“We must find the answers. We must move vigorously forward in 

space. The practical benefits alone justify this venture, but there are 

many other compelling human reasons. Progress in space should continue to spur us onward to find new solutions to our age-old problems 

here on Spaceship Earth. We must make the blue planet Earth a home 

base, worthy of men who will set forth one day on journeys to the 

stars.” 

Vice President Agnew said : “With the remarkably successful Apollo 

moon-landing program on the verge of culmination, we are now faced 

with a need to define just what we should proceed to do to make use 

most effectively of the results of our past and continuing space-exploration investment. Wealthy as our economy is, rich as our technology 

has become, we must plan carefully in order to meet a wide range of 

urgent national requirements. . . . It is our hope that, with a carefully 

reasoned set of goals adequately funded by the people through their 

Congress, the nation and the world will reap the maximum possible 

benefit from mankind’s most ambitious undertaking. We must keep our 

horizons wide and our sights high. Despite its many internal domestic 

priorities, this nation should never turn inward, away from the opportunities and challenges of its most promising frontier.” (Pace, 8/69, 

2-41 

Four hundredth anniversary of Mercator’s map of the world, published 

in Rhenish city of Duisberg in 1569 by Gerhard Kremer (known by 

his Latin name Gerardus Mercator). Map translated earth’s sphere into 

plane on chart on which straight line drawn by navigator cut across 

all meridians at same angle. Mercator projection was still standard for 

worldwide sea navigation and for aeronautical charts despite its distortion of northern latitudes. (NYT, 8/17/69; EH) 

0 “Technologically and managerially, Apollo was difficult,” Englebert 

Kirchner said in Space/Aeronautics editorial. “Politically and socially, 

b< 

294 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During August 

it was simple. Just the reverse is true about the great problems of our 

society. What is making these so hard to solve is not technology but 

serious disagreement about goals and priorities, about what is good 

for whom, who is to get what and who should pay for it. The space 

program does not hold the answer to these questions. Trying to find 

them in Apollo will only distort and therefore belittle an incomparable 

achievement. Apollo took us to the moon, to that shining disk in the 

sky that looks so unbelievably distant. Isn’t that enough?” (S/A, 8/69, 

27) 9 AFSC Newsreview editorial commented on Apollo 11: “If, like the early 

Vikings or Columbus at the shores Qf the New World, Amundsen at 

Antarctica, Hillary at the peak of Mt. Everest-our astronauts stood 

alone with their thoughts on unknown soil, they were not alone. With 

them was the invisible presence of the most extensive, highly trained, 

professionally competent, and thoroughly dedicated task force we have 

known. We in the Air Force Systems Command salute the astronauts on 

their accomplishment. We are proud that we have been able to contribute to their magnificent achievement.” ( AFSC Newsreview, 8/69, 2) 

295 

September 1969 

September I: L/G Samuel C. Phillips, NASA Apollo Program Director, became Commander of Air Force Space and Missile Systems Organization 

( SAMSO). Gen. Phillips had been Director of Minuteman program before assignment to NASA in January 1964 as Deputy Director of Apollo 

program. He was succeeded by Rocco A. Petrone [see Aug. 221. (NASA 

Ann, 7/31/69) * S. Paul Johnston retired as Director of Smithsonian Institution’s National 

Air and Space Museum. He would represent AIAA on NRC. (A&A, 9/69, 

15) * Scientific Research article commented on attitude toward science of President Nixon and Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser: “If 

there’s a Nixon-DuBridge science policy it is this: to revitalize federal 

support of basic research. . . and to point government-financed applied 

research toward the solution of the country’s many social ills.” (Scientific Research, 9/1/69, 11-12) 

September 2: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCVII from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 309-km (192.0-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 89.6- 

min period, and 72.8” inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 10. ( GSFC 

SSR, 9/15/69; SBD, 9/3/69,8) 

Qatron Corp. announced it had received $275,000 contract from GSFC 

to build several recorder-receiver switching and preprogrammable 

patch systems for Apollo program. (W Star, 9/2/69, A16) 

September 3: NASA’s HGlO lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot 

William H. Dana, reached 81,000-ft altitude and mach 1.42 after airlaunch from B-52 aircraft west of Rosamond, Calif. Primary objective 

of Bight, 24th in series and first with new engine, was to obtain stability, control, and engine data. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Tokyo Univ. scientists successfully launched four-stage Lambda rocket in 

preparation for launch of Japan’s first satellite in late September. (UPI, 

W News, 8/4/69; Harrison, W Post, 9/24/69, A9) 

* MSFC announced contract awards: McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. 

was awarded $97,340,000 cost-plus-fixed-fee/award-fee contract to provide for two Saturn V Workshops-one for launch in 1972 and second 

for backup. McDonnell Douglas also received $87,450,000 cost-plusfixed-fee/award-fee contract modification for continued work on two 

airlock modules for Apollo Applications ( AA) program cluster, including tests, checkout, documentation, and logistics support. 

Boeing Co. received $25,130,376 contract modification extending 

period for completion of Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC-15) from June 30, 

1970, to June 30,1971. (MSFC Releases 69-199,69-200, 69-201) 

Swedish aircraft constructor Has Fancher had said that in 194-4 Adolf 

Hitler took delivery of first Junkers 390 aircraft with 14,400-hp engine constructed specially to bomb New York, Washington Daily News 

reported. Fancher, pilot on aircraft’s nonstop test flight between Ger297 
September 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

many and South America, said plane weighed 93 tons with bombs and 

had planned range for nonstop flights from Bordeaux in occupied 

France to New York and return. Aircraft, delivered too late for use in 

war, had been burned by Germans. Comparable aircraft was not built 

until 1956, Fancher said. (W News, 9/3/69) 

September 4: Some NASA scientists were helping their communities and hiding their aid projects “as tho they were sinful,” Ray Cromley said in 

Washington Daily News. Scientists were using space-acquired skills “to 

help their fellow men in ways they were uniquely qualified.” Projects 

included applying systems analysis to air pollution problem, planning 

school expansion to meet population expansion, applying systems concept to town management and to city police force problems, developing 

new concepts for airport planning and new technique for vandalism 

prevention, developing improved communications systems for city 

emergency departments, and helping an agency develop ways of evaluating proposals for study and development contracts with private industry. (W News, 9/4/69, 23) 

September 5: First measurement of Mars uv dayglow, made during Mariner 

VZ Mars flyby July 31, was reported in Science by Univ. of Colorado 

astrogeophysicists C. A. Barth, C. W. Hord, J. B. Pearce, K. K. Kelly, 

A. I. Stewart, G. E. Thomas, and G. P. Anderson; Johns Hopkins physicist W. G. Fastie; and JPL’S 0. F. Raper. Emission features from ionized carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were measured in 1,900 A 

to 4,300 A spectral region. Lyman alpha 1,216 A line of atomic hydrogen and 1,304 A, 1,356 A, and 2,972 A lines of atomic oxygen were 

observed. Prime objective of experiment was to search for nitrogen in 

Martian atmosphere. First analysis had shown no evidence of nitrogen 

emissions in uv spectrum of upper atmosphere (Science, 9/5/69, 

lOOb5) 

* Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

Naval Research Laboratory payload to conduct solar physics studies. 

Mission was unsuccessful. (NASA Proj Off) 

September 6: Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and 

William A. Anders were named winners of 1969 Harmon International 

Astronaut’s Trophy for December 1968 ApoZZo 8 mission. Maj. Jerauld 

R. Gentry (USAF) was awarded Aviator’s Trophy for testing NASA’s 

HGlO lifting-body vehicle. Harmon trophies were awarded annually 

to world’s outstanding pilots for feats of individual piloting skill. ( UPI, 

W Star, 9/7/69, A7) 

ApoZZo 11 astronauts attended celebrations in their hometowns. In Wapakoneta, Ohio, Neil A. Armstrong was cheered by crowd estimated at 10 

times normal 7,000 population, addressed teen-age rally, and led parade including Gov. James A. Rhodes, Dr. Albert D. Sabin (developer 

of oral polio vaccine), and comedian Bob Hope-all Ohioans. Edwin E. 

Aldrin, Jr., on second visit to hometown as astronaut, presented Montclair, N.J., Library with autographed photo of plaque left on moon; 

Library named its science collection in his honor. Astronaut Michael 

Collins, who was born in Rome, Italy, visited New Orleans, La., as his 

adopted hometown. He attended luncheon in his honor and visited 

NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility. (W Post, 9/7/69, A3) 

September 7: Self-testing-and-repairing ( STA~) computer to direct unmanned spacecraft of multiyear missions to outer planets and inter298 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 7 

galactic space had passed preliminary tests and would begin full-scale 

ground operation at JPL during week, JPL announced. Believed first 

computer capable of detecting its own failures and repairing itself, 

STAR had been developed by Dr. Algirdas A. Avizienis, JPL computer 

expert, who was trying for 9070 probability that it would last 15 yrs, 

to control operations to Neptune or Pluto in solar system Grand Tours 

scheduled for late 1970s. During 9-to-11-yr minimum lifetime, STAR 

would automatically switch on up to three backup units to replace defective parts. By 1974, more modest model might replace defective parts 

twice for use on shorter missions like one to Jupiter. STAR could also 

aid in hospital and supersonic-aircraft automation. ( JPL Release 532) 

September 8: NASA’s 363-ft-tall Saturn V launch vehicle, tipped with Apollo 

12 spacecraft scheduled to carry astronauts toward moon Nov. 14, was 

placed on launch pad at KSC. (AP, W Post, 9/9/69, A2) 

MSFC announced selection of McDonnell Douglas Corp. to receive 11-mo, 

$2,899,986 contract for preliminary design and planning for 12-man 

earth-orbital space station for possible mid-1970 launch. Stationinitial element of large space base and means of investigating effects of 

long-duration space flight on man-would have IO-yr lifetime, subject 

to expendables resupply and crew rotation. Parallel eff orf was being 

conducted by MSC and North American Rockwell Corp. (MSFC Release 

0 Mexican President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz announced in Coahuila, Mexico, 

that President Nixon had accepted invitation for Apollo 11 astronauts 

to start round-the-world tour in Mexico. He repeated congratulations 

to Government and US. people on Apollo 11 success: “The Ubited 

States gave proof of its greatness when it achieved this triumph, but it 

became even greater when they understood it and accepted it as a 

triumph of all humanity.” President Nixon was in Mexico to attend 

dedication of Amistad Dam on Rio Grande. (PD, 9/15/69,1241) 

September 9: NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld 

R. Gentry (USAF), reached mach 0.6 after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 40,000-ft altitude over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Purposes 

of unpowered flight, fourth in series, were to evaluate stability and 

control derivatives at upper flap positions, determine handling qualities, 

and obtain flow visualization motion pictures of tufts on vehicle’s aft 

portion. (NASA Proj Off) 0 Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket, launched by NASA from WSMR with 

VAM-20 booster, carried Cornel1 Univ. payload to 97.8-mi (157.4 

km) altitude to examine sky in far infrared (5 p-1,600 p), using 

copper-doped-germanium, two gallium-doped-germanium, and indiumantimonide detectors. Loss of residual helium at 162 secs disabled 

attitude-control system. Timing failed in experimental payload and no 

useful scientific data were obtained. Some useful engineering data were 

collected. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

FRC announced award of $1.8-million NASA contract to North American 

Rockwell Corp. for construction of new supercritical aircraft wing. 

Wing, which utilized airfoil shape with flat top and rear edge curved 

downward, had been developed by Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb and tested 

at LaRC. Wind tunnel tests indicated new shape could allow highly 

eEcient cruise flight at nearly 600 mph at 45,000-ft altitude. By increasing cruise speeds without increasing power, wing might signifi69-204) 

299 
September 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

cantly reduce operational cost of subsonic jet transport flights and 

allow faster travel, lower fuel consumption and costs, increased operational range, or increased payload. Wing would be mounted on modified Navy F-J fighter aircraft at FRC for flight testing. (FRC Releases 

4-69, 15-69) 

Former NASA Apollo Program Director, L/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF) , received Distinguished Service Medal from Secretary of the Air Force, 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., in Pentagon ceremonies. Award was for 

achievements with NASA from December 1964 to August 1969. Gen. 

Phillips had left NASA to become commander of USAF Space and Missile 

Systems Organization ( SAMSO) in Los Angeles. ( AFJ, 9/27/69, 8) 

At ApoZZo 11 splashdown party at Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C. 

-attended by Apollo 11 astronauts and wives-NASA Administrator, 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, announced new Apollo Achievement Award of 

lapel button and certificate. He presented awards to NASA Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller; former 

Apollo Program Director, L/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF) ; and former 

Deputy Director of Apollo Program George H. Hage. (Beale, W Star, 

9/10/69, F1) 

* At first day ceremonies for commemorative moon landing stamp in 

Washington, D.C., Postmaster General Winton M. Blount presented 

ApoZZo 11 Astronauts Neil A. krmstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and 

Michael Collins and NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, with 

albums containing 32 stamps each. He said: “In the largest sense we 

pay tribute today to the spirit of man. We cannot separate the accomplishments of Apollo 11 from those of Vostok 1; we cannot separate 

the contributions of Michael Collins, or Edwin Aldrin or Neil Armstrong from those of Goddard and Einstein, Kepler and Newton, Copernicus and Galileo. We know this. And in the knowing again we find 

hope. For if men of all nations, together, can achieve dominion over 

the heavens, men of all nations, together, can achieve peace on earth 

for men for all time.” 

Armstrong said astronauts had deferred cancellation of stamps until 

they were reunited in CM, July 22. They had then grasped canceler 

simultaneously and pressed it upon die-proof version of commemorative 

stamp affixed to unaddressed envelope. Cancellation date remained July 

20, day of lunar landing. (PO Dept Release 135; Shandler, W Star, 

9/10/69, A3) 

September 10: Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station carried Univ. of Illinois and GCA Corp. payload to 

127.4-mi (205-km) altitude to measure electron density, collision frequency, and temperature in lower ionosphere on quarterly world day. 

Payload included dual-frequency propagation experiment. Rocket altitude was nominal but range was only one-fourth that predicted. Instrument performance was excellent and good data were expected from all 

experiments. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Paul G. Dembling, NASA General Counsel since January 1967, became 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator. Dembling, who had joined NACA 

in 1945, had been principal drafter of bill which became National 

Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and had received NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1968 for contributions to development of 

300 
September 10 

legal framework of US. aeronautical and space activities. (NASA Release 69-131) 

Study of lunar samples was “bringing to light as many mysteries as it 

unravels,” New York Times editorial said. Theorists were cautious, 

with evidence from one small area, Tranquility Base. “It is likely that 

the picture will become still more complex when a representative collection of samples becomes available from ten, twenty or thirty areas 

spread over the entire lunar surface. But even the limitations of the 

present data suggest strongly that the moon is very different from 

earth, and therefore has much to teach human science about the origin 

and evolution of the solar system. The case for intensive scientific study 

of the moon-conducted in part by geologists and other scientists sent 

there for on-the-spot investigation-is strong.” (NYT, 9/10/69, 40) 

September 11: Press conference on results of Mariner VI (launched Feb. 

24) and Mariner VIZ (launched March 27) was held at NASA Hq. Some 

200 TV pictures of Mars were taken by two Mariners, including 57 

high- and medium-resolution views of selected Martian surface areas 

from altitude of only few hundred miles. Spacecraft measured Martian 

atmospheric temperature, pressure, and chemical constituency and 

measured surface temperatures in effort to correlate thermal characteristics with features observed in TV pictures. Data indicated Mars 

was heavily cratered, bleak, cold, dry, nearly airless, and generally 

hostile to any earth-style life forms. 

Dr. Robert B. Leighton of Cal Tech said: “We got nine times the 

number of far encounter pictures that were originally proposed [few 

years ago], 20 per cent more near encounter pictures than were proposed, and 1,100 digital pictures which were entirely impossible according to schemes at the time of the proposal. . . . After Mariner 4 

Mars seemed to be like the moon. At last Mariners 6 and 7 have shown 

Mars to be like Mars and have brought out Mars’ own characteristic 

features, some of them unknown and unrecognized elsewhere in the 

solar system.” 

Dr. Robert P. Sharp of Cal Tech said Martian terrain could be divided into three types-crater, featureless, and chaotic. Cratered terrain was widespread and common on Mars and resembled moon. 

Featureless terrain was represented by Hellas area, which appeared to 

be upland area, 150-mi-wide zone that gently sloped into flat featureless floor. Chaotic terrain had series of “short ridges, little valleys, and 

irregular, jumbled topography.” Chaotic and featureless terrain appeared to be distinctly Martian, suggesting ‘khat on Mars we have 

either a difference in processes that are operating on the surface or 

within the crust or we have a difference of material from one place to 

another on Mars and different than on the moon, or, more likely, a 

combination of both. . . . We also have good reason for believing that 

the evolutionary history has been somewhat different. Again, there are 

scars on the face of Mars that we do not see on the face of the moon. 

And there have perhaps been episodic events in Martian history that 

are unique to the planet Mars. We end up with the conclusion that 

Mars is its own planet.” 

Dr. George C. Pimentel of Univ. of California at Berkeley said reevaluation of initial data from infrared spectrometer had shown infraASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

301 
September 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

red spectral features earlier ascribed to methane and ammonia were 

actually due to previously undiscovered absorptions of solid carbon 

dioxide. Reflection peak recorded three times in atmosphere off Mars’ 

bright limb showed presence of solid carbon dioxide at high altitudes 

and at latitudes north of polar cap. Broad absorption near 9 p recorded 

on bright limb was ascribed to solid silica or silicate material and 

broad absorptions near 12 p recorded near dark limb were tentatively 

ascribed in part to solid carbon dioxide above ground. Further experimental work was in progress to refine thermal map. 

Initial results of uv spectrometer experiment were detection of ionized carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, atomic hydrogen, and oxygen. 

Nitrogen and nitric oxide were not detected and no evidence was found 

of clouds, blue haze, or any appreciable atmospheric absorption of uv 

radiation. Dr. Charles A. Barth of Univ. of Colorado said important 

point “is that the atmosphere of Mars is different than the atmosphere 

of the earth. If I showed you a spectrum taken the same way from the 

upper atmosphere of the earth, we would see a plentiful number of 

nitrogen bands. We could see emissions from nitric oxide. We could 

see emissions from atomic nitrogen. None of those features is present 

in the atmosphere of Mars. . . .” 

Dr. Norman H. Horowitz of JPL presented biological implications of 

Mariner 1969 results. “There is nothing in the new data that encourages the belief that Mars is a body of life. But the results don’t exclude 

this possibility. . . . The Mariner 6 and 7 data strengthen the previous 

conclusion that the scarcity of water on Mars is the most serious limiting factor for life. . . . Mars is a cold desert by terrestrial standards. If 

there is life on Mars, it must be a form of life that can utilize water in 

the form of water vapor or ice.” (Transcript; NASA News Release) 

Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried Harvai-d Univ. payload to conduct solar studies. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) * President Nixon announced intention to nominate Secor D. Browne to 

be member of Civil Aeronautics Board for remainder of term expiring 

Dec. 31, 1974. He would replace John H. Crooker, who had resigned 

effective Sept. 30. Browne would also be designated CAB Chairman. 

(PD, 9/15/69, 1249) 

September 12: NASA began distribution, at MSC, of about 18 lbs (8.2 kgs) 

of lunar material to 106 US. scientific investigators and 36 in eight 

other countries for university, industrial, and governmental laboratory 

analyses. Lot comprised one-third of lunar samples returned by Apollo 

II. Another 15% would be kept as examples of Tranquility Base 

material. Remainder would be held for later scientific experiments, with 

small amount possibly available on loan for public display. Material 

had been quarantined in LRL since its July 25 return; tests on animal 

and plant life had shown no ill effects. Interagency Committee on Back 

Contamination had approved release of samples to principal investigators or their representatives whose plans for safeguarding material 

had been approved by MSC officials. 

Preliminary LRL examinations had disclosed two basic rock types, 

compacted lunar soil and igneous rocks. Rocks had been on lunar surface from 10 to 150 million yrs; igneous rocks had crystallized from 

3 to 4 billion yrs ago. Approximately 3 kgs of samples would be de302 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1y69 September 12 

September 12: NASA began distribution of 18 pounds of lunar material to scientific investigators in the United States and eight other countries for anaysis. The rock 

above, one of the samples collected by Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. 

Aldrin, Jf., on the moon July 20, was studied at MSC’S Lunar Receiving Laboratory. 

stroyed during experiments; residues and remaining 5.1 kgs would be 

returned to NASA. Results of analyses were to be reported early in 1970. 

Among measurements to be made were those of physical properties 

of rocks or soil to help in understanding optical observations of moon 

from earth and future seismic experiments; mineralogy and petrology 

to show mineral content, amount of water present when rocks crystallized, and how surfaces were eroded by particles; chemical composition 

of rocks and fines to determine concentration of 92 elements occurring 

on earth and in meteorites, times of crystallization of igneous rocks, 

and periods rocks had lain on lunar surface. Studies of rare gases in 

soil would furnish first data on isotopic compositions of solar materials. 

Biologists and organic chemists would determine structures and abundances of carbon compounds in and on lunar surface and their origin, 

catalog microstructures in terms of organized elements and microfossils, and define presence or absence of viable lunar organisms. ( NASA 

Release 69-130) 0 Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

303 
September 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

carried Univ. of Illinois and GCA Corp. payload to 117.4-mi (189-kni I 

altitude to measure electron density, collision frequency, and temperature in lower ionosphere at midnight. Secondary objective was to test 

mechanical delay igniter and monitor, its performance. Simultaneous 

launch from Chamical, Argentina, studied particle precipitation and 

transport effects across equator. Rocket and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Spencer M. Beresford, former special counsel of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics, was appointed NASA General Counsel succeeding Paul G. Dembling, new NASA Deputy Associate Administrator 

[see Sept. 101. (NASA Release 69-173) 

-White House announced President’s Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, would visit four Western and two Eastern European countries 

in September and October to discuss arrangements for international 

scientific and technological cooperation and explore specific possibilities 

for strengthening existing arrangements. (PD, 8/15/69, ‘1251) 

* Reuters said NASA had accepted offer of French sculptor Marcel Recher 

to build 140-ft “Platform for the Conquest of the Cosmos” at KSC as 

memorial to first lunar landing. Recher was looking for sponsor to 

contribute $145,000 for project. (W Post, 9/11/69, A3) 

Dec. 15 debut of Boeing 747 would be delayed six to eight weeks, Boeing 

Co. said. Pratt & Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp. had encountered problems in meeting performance goals in 362-passenger 

aircraft’s engines. (NYT, 9/13/69, 46) 

September 13: Aerospace Corp. announced election of Dr. T. Keith Glennan, 

President Emeritus of Case Institute of Technology and first NASA 

Administrator (1958-1961), as Chairman of Board of Trustees. Sherrod E. Skinner retired as Chairman and L/G James H. Doolittle (USAF, 

Ret.), Vice Chairman, also retired during annual meeting of Board of 

Trustees. Skinner and Gen. Doolittle were awarded USAF Exceptional 

Service Award by Under Secretary of the Air Force John L. McLucas 

in El Segundo, Calif., ceremony Sept. 12 (Aerospace Release; CR, 

9/25/69, E7813) 

Smithsonian Institution Curator of Meteorites, Dr. Kurt Fredriksson, 

arrived in Washington, D.C., carrying 10 gr of lunar material from 

LRL in nitrogen-filled plastic bag inside steel briefcase. One of six men 

in US. who had studied lunar samples, he later said Smithsonian scientist Dr. Bryan H. Mason would receive another 10-gr set. (Conroy, 

W News, 9/16/69, 5) 

September 14: NASA announced availability of Earth Photographs from 

Gemini VI Through XZZ (NASA SP-171), collection of best 250 pictures taken between 1965 and 1967 from altitudes between 99 and 850 

mi as Gemini spacecraft orbited earth. First and last views were of 

Cape Kennedy, with views of principal areas within 30” latitude of 

equator between. (NASA Release 69-129) 

September 15: Space Task Group presented report The Post-Apollo Space 

Program: Directions for the Future to President Nixon at White 

House. It recommended basic goal of balanced manned and unmanned 

space program conducted for all mankind, with emphasis on increased 

utilization of space capabilities for services to man through expanded 

space applications program; enhancement of US. defense posture for 

world peace and security through exploitation of space techniques for 

304 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 15 

military missions; continuing strong program of lunar and planetary 

exploration, astronomy, physics, and earth and life sciences; development of new systems and technology for space operations, emphasizing 

commonality, reusability, and economy through development of new 

space transportation capability and space station modules; and promotion of world community through program of broad international 

participation and cooperation. 

As focus for development of new capability, Task Group recommended US. accept long-range goal of manned planetary exploration 

with manned Mars mission before end of century. Activities leading 

to goal should include initial concentration on exploiting existing capability and developing new one while maintaining program balance 

within available resources; operational phase using new systems and 

capabilities in earth-moon space, with men living and working in that 

environment for extended periods; and manned exploration missions 

out of earth-moon space, using experience of earlier two phases. Schedule and budgetary implications of phases were subject to Presidential 

choice, with detailed program to be determined in normal annual 

budget and program review. 

Report outlined three possible NASA programs for manned Mars 

landing before century’s end. Option I would launch manned mission 

in mid-1980s and would establish orbiting lunar station, 50-man earthorbiting space base, and lunar surface base. Funding would rise from 

current $4-billion level to $8- to $10-billion level in 1980. Decision 

to proceed with development of space station, earth-to-orbit shuttle, 

and space tug would be required in FY 1971. Option I1 would include 

Mars mission launch in 1986, allowing for evaluation of unmanned 

Mars mission results before final designation of landing date and 

require about $8-billion maximum annual expenditure in early 1980s. 

Option I11 would include initial development of space station and 

reusable shuttles, as in Options I and 11, but would defer decision on 

manned Mars landing date while maintaining goal of after 1980 but 

before close of century. Concurrent development of space transportation 

system and modular space stations wouid require rise in 1976 annual 

expenditures to $5.7 billion, while their development in series would 

entail $4- to $S-billion funding level. 

Recommended DOD options were: (A) program of full military space 

capability in case of overt threat to national security, (B) development of efforts to counter known and accepted projections of security 

threat and increase in development activities if threat increased, and 

(6) program of lower level system deployment with technology and 

support effort necessary for contingency planning on assumption that 

lessening of world tensions would reduce emphasis on national defense. 

At White House briefing following presentation, .press secretary 

Ronald L. Ziegler said President Nixon had concurred in Task Group’s 

rejection of two other, extreme space programs, one to land men on 

Mars as soon as possible, regardless of cost, and one to eliminate 

manned flight program after completion of Apollo. He did not know 

when President would make decision on course to follow, but budgetary 

considerations would be major factor. (Text; PD, 9/22/69, 1291; 

NYT, 9/16/69, 1) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCVIIl from Baikonur into orbit with 

305 
September 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

162-km ( 100.7-mi) apogee, 127-km (78.9-mi) perigee, 87.3-min period, 

and 49.6O inclination. Satellite reentered same day. ( GSFC SSR, 

9/15/69; SBD, 9/19/69, 81) 

Lunar Rock Conference was held at Smithsonian Institution, with participation of Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator; Dr. Henry J. 

Smith, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator (Science) ; and Lunar 

Receiving Laboratory scientists. During conference NASA released PET 

Summary of Apollo 11 Lunar Samples, report of 60-day preliminary 

examination of 48 lbs of Apollo II lunar samples in LRL by university 

and Government scientists on NASA Preliminary Examination Team 

(PET). 

Report confirmed existence of unexplained erosion process on lunar 

surface indicated in Ranger, Lunar Orbiter, and Surveyor photos, 

“unlike any process so far observed on earth”; said unique chemical 

composition (that of silicate liquid) of Tranquility Base fines and 

igneous rocks “implies either the composition of the rock from which 

the liquid was derived differs significantly from that of the mantle of 

the earth, or that the mechanism by which the liquid was formed 

differs from analogous terrestrial processes” ; and concluded there was 

“very good chance that the time of crystallization of some of the 

Apollo 11 rocks may date back to times earlier than the oldest rocks 

on earth.” 

Samples could be divided into fine- and medium-grained crystalline 

of igneous origin, breccias of complex origin, and fines. Crystalline 

rocks differed from any terrestrial rock and from meteorites in modal 

mineralogy and bulk chemistry. Erosion had occurred on lunar surface 

but there was no evidence it was caused by surface water. Probable 

presence of assemblage iron-troilite-ilmenite and absence of any 

hydrated phase indicated crystalline rocks were formed under extremely low partial pressures of oxygen, water, and sulfur. Absence of 

hydrated minerals suggested absence of any surface water at Tranquility Base since rocks were exposed. Rocks and fines showed evidence 

of shock or impact metamorphism ; all rocks displayed glass-lined 

surface pits possibly caused by impact of small particles; and fine 

material and breccia contained gases that indicated they were derived 

from solar wind. Measurements on igneous rock indicated crystallization 3 billion to 4 billion yrs ago. Rocks had been within one meter of 

surface for 20 million to 160 million yrs. Level of indigenous volatilizable and/or pyrolyzable organic material was extremely low. All rocks 

and fines were generally similar chemically. Major and minor constituents were same as in terrestrial igneous rocks and meteorites, but differences in composition were significant. Elements that were enriched 

in iron meteorites were not observed or were very low in occurrence. 

No evidence of biological material had been found. Tranquility Base 

soil was fine grained,.granular, cohesive, and incompressible, with hardness increasing at six-inch depth. It was similar in appearance and 

behavior to soil at Surveyor landing sites. (Program; Text; Science, 

9/19/69) 

NASA announced withdrawal of three Apollo range instrumentation ships 

-USNS Redstone, Mercury, and Huntsville-from tracking network 

supporting Apollo flights. Remaining tracking ship, USNS Vanguard, 

would be continued on station in Atlantic about 1,000 mi southeast of 

306 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 15 

Bermuda. NASA said reduction of Apollo ship support was based on 

high success of Apollo missions, particularly their excellent “launch on 

time” record. (NASA Release 69-133) 

House passed H.J.R. 775, to authorize President “to award appropriate 

medals honoring those astronauts whose particular efforts and contributions to the welfare of the Nation and of mankind have been exceptionally meritorious.” (CR, 9/15/69, H7870-2) 

September 16: Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and 

Michael Collins reported on Apollo 11 mission to joint session of Congress called in their honor. Astronaut Armstrong said: “Several weeks 

ago I enjoyed the warmth of reflection on the true meanings of the 

spirit of Apollo. I stood in the highlands of this Nation, near the Continental Divide, introducing to my sons the wonders of nature and 

pleasures of looking for deer and for elk. In their enthusiasm for the 

view they frequently stumbled on the rocky trails, but when they 

looked only to their footing, they did not see the elk. To those of you 

who have advocated looking high we owe our sincere gratitude, for 

you have granted us the opportunity to see some of the grandest views 

of the Creator. To those of you who have been our honest critics, we 

also thank, for you have reminded us that we dare not forget to watch 

the trail.” 

Astronaut Aldrin said: “Our steps in space have been a symbol of 

this country’s way of life as we open our doors and windows to the 

world to view our successes and failures and as we share with all 

nations our discovery. The Saturn, Columbia, and Eagle, and the extravehicular mobility unit have proved . . . that this Nation can produce equipment of the highest quality and dependability. This should 

give all of us hope and inspiration to overcome some of the more difficult problems here on earth. The Apollo lesson is that national goals 

can be met where there is a strong enough will to doso.” 

Astronaut Collins said: “We have taken to the moon the wealth of 

this Nation, the vision of its political leaders, the intelligence of its 

scientists, the dedication of its engineers, the careful craftsmanship of 

its workers, and the enthusiastic support of its people. We have brought 

back rocks. And I think it is a fair trade. For just as the Rosetta stone 

revealed the language of ancient Egypt, so may these rocks unlock the 

mystery of the origin of the moon, of our earth, and even of our solar 

system.” 

Astronauts presented Congress with two US. flags which previously 

had flown over Senate and House of Capitol and had been carried to 

moon aboard Apollo 11 spacecraft. (CR, 9/16/69, H7937-9) 

At Smithsonian Institution ceremony attended by Apollo 11 astronauts, 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, presented two-pound, gray, 

lunar rock of igneous, breccia type to Smithsonian Secretary, Dr. S. 

Dillon Riply, for Smithsonian collection. It would be sealed in nitrogen-filled container covered by three-foot glass bubble and displayed 

to public beginning Sept. 17 for indefinite period in Arts and Industries Building. At presentation, Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., I said: “Every human being, every animal who has looked up into the 

heavens has seen that rock. It is a fortunate time for mankind to look 

up and be able to say, ‘here is the moon.’” (Smithsonian Release 

SI-15049; Shelton, W Post, 9/17/69, B1) 

307 
September 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

0 Senate passed H.J.R. 775, “to authorize the President to award, in the 

name of Congress, Congressional Space Medals of Honor to those astronauts whose particular efforts and contributions to the welfare of 

the Nation and of mankind have been exceptionally meritorious.” 

(CRY 9/16/69, S10630) 

* New York Times editorial commented on Apollo 11 and Mariner VI and 

VII: “The unprecedented advances in the study both of the moon and 

of Mars during the past few weeks have produced a stunning crop of 

surprises about both celestial bodies. On the closest examination yet, 

these neighbors in space have proved far more complex and strange 

than previous theories have led men to believe. And the magnificent, 

lifeless desolation of the lunar and Martian surfaces emphasizes more 

than ever how wonderful it is and how little science understands why 

it is that this third planet from the sun is so uniquely green, vibrant 

and overrunning with life.” (NYT, 9/16/69, 40) 

September 17: Space Task Group report to President on post-Apollo space 

program [see Sept. 151 was released at White House press conference 

by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew and Space Task Force Group 

members Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator; Dr. Robert C. 

Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force; Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser; and William A. Anders, NASC Executive Secretary. Vice President Agnew said Task Group had rejected “crash 

program of the magnitude that would turn loose every bit of our technological ability” to achieve quickest possible manned Mars landing 

because “there are competing priorities in a difficult time of inflation.” 

Task Group had also rejected “foregoing the substantial benefits that 

have come out of the Apollo program, the benefits of National 

prestige.” 

Dr. Paine said all three options recommended to President in report 

would enable NASA to “hold together the team” and provide “major 

challenge.” 

Dr. DuBridge said all three options held “heavy emphasis on earth 

applications, satellites, for studying the geology, the geography, the 

atmosphere of the oceans of the earth and bringing space technology 

directly and immediately to the benefit of the people on earth. All three 

programs also . . . include heavy emphasis on scientific programs, to 

extend our scientific knowledge of the earth itself, of the moon, 

through additional lunar expeditions, interplanetary space and additional scientific information about the moon and the planets.” He also 

cited emphasis on international collaboration. (Transcript) 

NASA released America’s Next Decade in Space: A Report for the 

Space Task Group. Major points had been incorporated in Task Group 

report. (Text) 

* Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR with 

VAM-20 booster. Rocket carried AFCRL payload to 135.5-mi (218-km) 

altitude to calibrate Harvard College Observatory spectrometer on 

board orbiting Os0 VI by telemetering, grazing incidence, scanning 

EUV monochromator to study active regions of sun simultaneously at 

300 to 1,440 A. Pointing was marginal but data were 100% satisfactory. (NASA Rpt SRJ.) 

AH-56A helicopter, under development by Lockheed California Co. for 

308 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 17 

USA, was destroyed when it broke loose and moved downwind inside 

wind tunnel at ARC. Flying debris punctured steel wall and injured two 

men in control room. (NASA Release 69-154) 

First day of public display of lunar rock at Smithsonian Institution attracted 8,200 visitors, including former NASA Administrator James E. 

Webb. Webb said: “The rock represents all the work and all the submergence of personal ambitions that thousands put into the space 

effort. It proves we have the scientific, tech a1 and managerial capability of expanding our space values for us der the sea, on the land 

and in the air.” (Schaden, W Star, 9/18/ 

Senate adopted by 85-0 vote amendment offered by Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) to S. 2546, FY 1970 military procurement authorization, which would require study and review by Cpmptroller General of 

profits made by Government agencies, including NASA, on contracts for 

which there had been no formally advertised competitive bidding. 

* Rep. George A. Goodling (R-Pa.) introduced H.R. 13838 “to provide for 

the distribution to the several States, for display to the public . . . samples of the lunar rocks and other lunar materials brought back by 

the Apollo 11 mission.” (CR, 9/17/69, H8098) 

New York Times editorial: “The space age is here to stay, but the precise 

contours of how far and how fast this nation will go in the decades 

ahead will have to be determined on a pragmatic basis, almost year by 

year and Administration by Administration.” (NYT, 9/17/69, 40) 

September 18: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCIX from Baikonur into orbit 

with 219-km (136.1-mi) apogee, 207-km (128.6-mi) perigee, 89.2- 

min period, and 64.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 22. ( CSFC 

SSR, 9/30/69; SBD, 9/19/69,81) 

NASA’s HGlO liftingbody vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. 

Manke, reached 79,000-ft altitude and mach 1.39 after air-launch from 

B-52 aircraft west of Rosamond, Calif. Purpose of flight, 25th in 

series and 12th using engine, was to obtain stability and control data at 

various angles of attack in speed range around mach 1.2. (NASA Proj 

Off) * NASA and AEC announced successful completion of NERVA nuclear experimental rocket engine (XE) testing in Jackass Flats, Nev. Tests, from 

March through August, had included 28 successful engine startups and 

3 hrs 48 min cumulative operating time, with 3.5 min at full power 

(55,000-lb thrust). XE program had explored wide variety of operating modes and pressure and temperature conditions, demonstrated 

automatic startups using bootstrap techniques, demonstrated stability 

of nuclear rocket engine performance, and validated design and operation of engine test stand No. 1. XE engine runs concluded series of 

successful technology tests over se years. Design and development 

of flight-rated 75,000-lb-thrust N rocket was being initiated on 

oduced. Nuclear rocket program was managed 

clear Propulsion Office. (NASA Release 69-134; 

AEC-NASA Release M-216) 

* President Nixon addressed 24th session of U.N. General Assembly: “Of 

all man’s great enterprises, none lends itself more logically or more 

compellingly to international cooperation than the venture into space. 

(CR, 9/17/69, S10743-52) 

309 
September 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Here, truly, mankind is one: as fellow creatures from the planet Earth, 

exploring the heavens that all of us enjoy. The journey of Apollo 11 

to the moon and back was not an end, but the beginning. 

“There will be new journeys of discovery. Beyond this, we are just 

beginning to comprehend the benefits that space technology can yield 

here on earth. And the potential is enormous. For example, we are 

now developing earth resource survey satellites, with the first experimental satellite to be launched sometime early in the decade of the 

seventies. Present indications are that these satellites should be capable 

of yielding data which could assist in as widely varied tasks as these: 

the location of schools of fish in the oceans, the location of mineral 

deposits on land, the health of agricultural crops. 

“I feel it is only right that we should share both the adventures and 

the benefits of space. As an example of our plans, we have determined 

to take actions with regard to earth resources satellites. . . . The purpose . . . is that this program will be dedicated to produce information 

not only for the United States, but also for the world community. We 

shall be putting several proposals in this respect before the United 

Nations. These are among the positive, concrete steps we intend to 

take toward internationalizing man’s epic venture into space-an adventure that belongs not to one nation but to all mankind.” (PD, 

9/22/69, 1275-81) 

September 18: Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai (left), Chairman oj the Indian Space Research 

Organization, and Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, signed an agreement at 

NASA Headquarters for a cooperative experiment to broadcast educational TV programs 

from NASA’s planned ATS-F satellite direct to 5,000 small Indian villages. 

310 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 September 18 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai, Chairman of Indian Space Research Organization, on behalf of 

India and US. signed agreement at NASA Hq. to provide direct TV 

broadcasts from satellite to some 5,000 small Indian villages. Broadcasts would be first from satellite to small receivers without ground 

relay. Experiment would utilize ATS-F, sixth in NASA series of Applications Technology Satellites, scheduled for mid-1972 launch. India 

would use experimental ground station at Ahmedabad and others to 

transmit TV programs to satellite, which would relay them to village 

receivers. Increased onboard power and deployable satellite a.ntenna 

with high pointing accuracy made direct broadcast possible. (NASA 

Release 69-135) 

* Senate began consideration of H.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA authorization 

bill passed by House June 10 and reported with amendment in form 

of substitute bill by Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences June 24. Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) introduced new 

Section 7: “Of the funds authorized . . . $300,000,000 . . . earmarked 

for operation of the Apollo missions shall not be obligated or expended 

until the Administrator, in consultation with the State Department, has 

fully explored the possibilities of international cooperation and costsharing in space exploration, and has reported to Congress on the results of these efforts.” Efforts should include possibility of establishing 

international consortium with NASA as manager of operations or possibility of bringing space exclusively within U.N. jurisdiction and control, establishing “United Nations Space Council modeled after the 

World Health Organization.” (CR, 9/18/69, 510895-907) 

List of US. attempts during 1969 to effect cooperative space agreement 

with U.S.S.R. was entered in Congressional Record: 

April 30, NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, forwarded copy 

of Opportunities for Participation in Space Flight Investigations to 

Academician Dr. Anatoly A. Blagonravov and assured him that proposals by Soviet scientists of experiments to fly on NASA spacecraft 

would be welcomed. Supplements to NASA document were to be sent 

routinely to Soviet Academy. 

May 29, Dr. Paine invited Academician Blagonravov to attend 

Apollo 11 launch and to discuss, informally, mutual interests in cooperative space projects. Dr. Blagonravov had declined. 

August 21, Dr. Paine invited Academician Prof. Mstislav V. Keldysh 

to send Soviet scientists to Sept. 11-21 briefing at NASA Hq. for investigators who might wish to propose experiments for 1973 Viking missions to Mars. Dr. Paine suggested meeting serve as opportunity for 

discussion of planetary exploration plans contributing to coordinated 

efforts beneficial to both countries. Prof. Keldysh had declined, but 

asked for copies of meeting materials so Soviet scientists might develop 

proposals. He had suggested possibility of later discussions. (CR, 

9/18/69, S1095-6) 

* Post Office Dept. announced delay in delivery of moon landing stamp 

first day covers because of “unprecedented number of requests.” Processing crew of 100-more than twice number normally employedwere working longer shifts with more special canceling equipment than 

ever before to handle “response from people all over the world.” (PO 

Dept. Philatelic Release 50) 

311 
September 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* Senate swore in Sen. Ralph T. Smith (R-Ill.) to serve unexpired term of 

late Sen. Everett M. Dirksen (R-Ill.) and adopted resolution assigning 

him to Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences to replace Sen. Charles McC. Mathias (R-Md.) , reassigned to Government 

Operations Committee. (CR, 9/18/69, S10763) 

Senate passed by voice vote S. 1857, FY 1970 NSF authorization of 

$487,150,000. (CR, 9/18/69, S10764-70) 

* Senate passed by record vote of 81 to 5, S. 2546, FY 1970 military procurement authorization which included amendment requiring study 

and review by Comptroller General of profits on Government contracts 

for which there had been no advertised competitive bidding [see Sept. 

September 19: Canadian Black Brant IV sounding rocket was launched by 

NASA from Barreira do Inferno, Natal, Brazil, carrying MSC and Univ. 

of California payload to provide detailed scientific measurements of 

charged particle environment in South Atlantic Anomaly region. Secondary objectives were to measure magnetic field strength and flightevaluate payload telemetry-system performance. Rocket reached 532-mi 

(856-km) altitude, with performance higher than expected. All experiments performed satisfactorily and data were obtained on all channels. 

(NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Senate passed by voice vote B.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA authorization of 

$3.716 billion, allocating $3.020 billion for R&D, $58.2 million for construction of facilities, and $637.4 million for research and program 

management. Total was $250.85 million less than had been passed by 

House June 10 [see also June 241. Senate insisted on its amendments 

and requested conference with House. (CRY S10977-99, 11002; Text) 

* White House announced Apollo 11 astronauts would make 22-nation 

tour starting Sept. 29, to stress US. willingness to share space knowledge. Itinerary would include Mexico City ; Bogota, Colombia; Buenos 

Aires, Argentina; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Las Palmas, Canary Islands; 

Madrid; Paris; Amsterdam and Brussels; Oslo; Cologne, Germany; 

Berlin; London; Rome ; Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Ankara, Turkey ; Kinshasa, Congo; Teheran, Iran; Bombay, India; Dacca, Pakistan; Bangkok, Thailand; Darwin and Sydney, Australia; Guam; Seoul; Tokyo; 

Honolulu; and return to Houston, Tex., Nov. 5. Additional trip to 

Ottawa and Montreal, Canada, was planned for December. (UPI, NYT, 

9/20/69, 5) 

* U.K.’s first lunar samples-3 oz of moon dust in 16 contamination-proof 

boxes-arrived in London and were shown to scientists and press at 

Science Research Council. Dr. S. 0. Agrell of Cambridge Univ. and 

Dr. P. E. Clegg of London Univ. had flown to MSC to collect them. 

They would be examined by 14 British research teams. (AP, Kansas 

City Times, 9/20/69) 

* French scientists, using “world’s most powerful laser” at Limeill Weapons Research Center of French Atomic Energy Commission near Paris, 

had generated succession of tiny thermonuclear explosions, Walter Sullivan said in New York Times. It was important step toward taming 

hydrogen bomb energy. It also underlined concern of some scientists 

that lasers might simplify design of devastating nuclear weapons. 

(NYT, 9/19/69, 1) 

* Report of President Nixon’s Task Group on Space [Sept. 151 and Apollo 

171. (CR, 9/18/69, S10888-91) 

312 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 19 

astronauts’ speeches to Congress [Sept. 161 had brought some “rationality back to the discussion of whither the space program,” Washington 

Post editorial said. Acceptance by President of recommendation “would 

eliminate talk of abandoning manned space flight, which would be a 

foolish course of action, or of proceeding toward Mars in a crash effort 

to get there as quickly as possible.” It was important “for the nation 

to push ahead on the immediate recommendations of the Task Groupexploring the moon, developing the tools that are needed for systematic exploration of our space travel capability, and extracting from 

the space program more benefits for those of us who are earthbound.” 

( W Post, 9/19/69) 

September 20: Economist commented on lunar investigation: “Scientists, 

unlike engineers, are not at this stage interested in whether the moon 

can be made habitable; but this, rather than its age, or peculiarities of 

its composition, is what the astronauts went out to the moon to find. 

The results are more encouraging than anyone but the confirmed star 

gazers could have hoped. Space is not unfriendly; nor is the moon, 

superficially barren though it looks. What we need are more assurances 

about sources of water which space planners continue to be convinced 

is trapped in, and can be extracted from, the rocks. Also more data on 

those surprising experiments where plants have thrived on moon soil. 

. . . And some idea about whether it will be possible to protect man 

from ultraviolet radiation up there, without having to put him in a 

protective pressure suit.” (Econumist, 9/20/69, 17) 

September 21: Washington Sunday Star commented on display of moon 

rocks at Smithsonian Institution: “The lunar chunk does indeed look 

like something that, if it turned up in a Bethesda [Md.] backyard, 

would not draw a second glance. And yet it is something that, until 

two months ago, no man had seen before. . . . It is a promise of unimagined things to come.” Judging by crowds queued up, “Smithsonian has booked its best act since the Mona Lisa came to town six 

years ago.” (W Star, 9/21/69, Cl) 

Bert Greenglass, former head of Apollo Program Control Office at KSC 

and later Deputy Director of Management Systems Div. in NASA Office 

of Technology Utilization, joined HUD as Director of Management Information and Program Control Systems. (w Star, 9/24/69; HUD 

PIO) 

0 Parade magazine called for establishment of July 4, 1976-200th anniversary of U.S.-as national deadline for conquering some of earth‘s 

social problems. “Having harnessed our special strengths-money, 

men, materials and the organizational genius to control them-we conquered space before 1970. Why can we not conquer some of our social 

problems on earth by 1976?” (Parade, 9/21/69, 1) 

“The notion has occurred to more than one person that NASA, having 

reached the moon and now fearing its way to the planets possibly 

blocked by budgetary obstacles, might find the requisite new worlds to 

conquer right here, at home,” William Hines said in Washington Sunday Star. It was “fundamental precept of modern technology that anything which can be imagined can be accomplished. A cure €or cancer, 

an end to poverty, a cleanup of the environment, termination of the 

Vietnam war, even effective nuclear disarmament? If it is conceivable 

it is achievable.” While NASA could be depended on to give good ac313 
September‘ 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

count of itself in scientific and engineering situations, “its ability to 

handle problems with a big ‘people’ component is largely untested.” 

Since “people-problems” were predominant these days, maybe NASA 

wouldn’t work out so well after all. “But on the second thought, no 

other government agency is showing much flair for coping with the 

human element, either.” (W Star, 9/21/69, C4) 

September 22: USAF launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg 

AFB by Thorad-Agena booster. First entered orbit with 157.2-mi 

(252.9-km) apogee, 110.0-mi ( 177-km) perigee 88.7-min, period, 

and 85.0” inclination and reentered Oct. 12. Second entered orbit with 

308.2-mi (495.9-km) apogee, 305.1-mi (490.9-km) perigee, 94.4- 

min period, and 85.1” inclination. (CSFC SSR, 9/30/69; 10/15/69; 

UPI, W Post, 9/23/69, A20; Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

* Japan failed in fifth attempt to launch satellite when four-stage, unguided 

Lambda booster malfunctioned. (Harrison, W Post, 9/24/69, A9) 

* President Nixon announced appointment of NAS President, Dr. Philip 

Handler, to President’s Science Advisory Committee. He would replace 

Dr. Frederick S. Seitz, President of Rockefeller Univ. in New York. 

(PD, 9/29/69, 1335; W News, 9/23/69, 44) 

President Nixon announced establishment of series of Presidential task 

forces, including Task Force on Oceanography, to review public and 

private efforts in oceanography and suggest actions to accelerate development of “increasingly important area of exploration” ; and Task 

Force on Science Policy, to review present policy and make’ recommendations for future scope and direction. (PD, 9/29/69, 1304) 

September 23: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCC into orbit with 189-km 

(117.4-mi) apogee, 183-km (113.7-mi) perigee, 88.2-min period, 

and 51.5” inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 27. (GSFC SSR, 

9/30/69; SBD, 9/25/69, 106) 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket, launched by NASA from WSMR with 

VAM-20 booster, carried Univ. of Hawaii payload to 108.4-mi 

(174.4-km) altitude. Objectives were to obtain high-resolution spectra 

of solar disc from 1,800 to 2,000 A, using high-resolution echellegrating spectrograph pointed by Univ. of Colorado biaxial pointing 

control. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and photographic spectra were obtained on both camera cycles. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* President Nixon announced decision to continue development of SST. 

“The supersonic transport is going to be built. The question is whether 

in the years ahead the people of the world will be flying in American 

supersonic transports or in the transports of other nations . . . whether 

the United States, after starting and stopping this program . . . finally 

decides to go ahead. . . . I have made the decision that we should go 

ahead . . . because I want the United States to continue to lead 

the world in air transport. And it is essential to build this plane if we 

are to maintain that leadership. . . . I have made the decision, also, because . . . through this plane we are going to be able to bring the world 

closer together in a true physical and time sense. . . . This is a massive 

stride forward in the field of transport.” President said prototype 

would be flown in 1972. (PD, 9/29/69, 1309) 

President Nixon would ask Congress to appropriate $662 million over 

five years to assist in SST development, Secretary of Transportation 

John A. Volpe announced. Federal Government would spend estimated 

314 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 23 

$761 million through FY 1974, including $99 million in funds already 

appropriated, to construct and flight-test two prototype Boeing SST 

models. Total development cost was estimated $1.5 billion, with $1.3- 

billion Government participation to be repaid from sale of approximately 300 aircraft capable of carrying 300 passengers each at 

maximum 1,800-mph speeds. (DOT Release 21069) 

Modified test-pilot pressure suit delivered by ARC’S Dr. Alan Chambers, 

Hubert Vykukal, and Richard Gallant to Stanford Univ. Hospital 

saved life of Mrs. Mary Phillips, who was hemorrhaging uncontrollably 

after minor surgery. G-suit, worn by pilots to avoid blacking out during high-speed maneuvers, applied pressure to counter draining of 

blood from brain and upper body. Fitted to Mrs. Phillips, suit arrested 

abdominal bleeding during 10-hr application. (NASA Release 69-168) 

* USA Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory helium-filled balloon was successfully launched from WSMR, carrying 70-lb scientific payload to measure ozone concentration, cosmic radiation, and atmospheric pressure, 

temperature, and density at 160,000-ft altitude. The 600-ft-tall, 

1,700-lb balloon drifted to New Mexico where it released payload for 

recovery on ground. Data would be used for number of WSMR projects. 

(USAF PIO; UPI, W News, 9/24/69, 9) 

Associated Press quoted Col. Edwin E. Aldrin (USAF, Ret.) as saying 

NASA had rejected his proposal to postpone Apollo 12 and run it in 

tandem with Apollo 13 so crews could protect or rescue each other in 

emergency. Aldrin was father of Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, 

Jr., and a NASA safety consultant. NASA Manned Space Flight Safety 

Director Jerome F. Lederer had called proposal impractical, “tremendously expensive, and I don’t know if it could be done.” Lederer had 

said there was no question that astronaut rescue capability from lunar 

surface or orbital emergency must be provided, but it was “out of the 

picture for Apollo.” (Haughland, AP, W Star, 9/22/69, A4) 

* FhdBration Ahonautique Internationale posthumously awarded its highest honor-Gold Medal-to NASA test pilot Joseph A. Walker for “his 

many enduring contributions to the advancement of aviation made 

during a 21-year flight research career marked by extraordinary perfection and valor.” Award was received by his widow at Edwards AFB 

ceremony. As FRC chief research pilot, Walker had flown X-15 to its 

highest altitude, 354,200 ft (67 mi) ; was first man to fly LLRV astronaut training craft; was author of 20 technical papers and articles; 

and had taught ApoZZo 11 commander Neil A. Armstrong at FRC. (FRC 

Release 17-69) 0 MSFC announced award of $19,073,032 modification to IBM contract for 

fabrication, checkout, and delivery of 27 instrument units for Saturn 

IB and Saturn V boosters. Modification revised delivery schedule, extended performance period 15 mos, and provided for assessment of 

certain MsFC engineering change requests. ( MSFC Release 69-214) 

* FAA, Air Transport Assn., and manufacturers McDonnell Douglas Corp., 

Bendix Corp., and Wilcox-Sierra Div. of American Standard, Inc,, 

successfully flight-tested three separate but compatible devices composing aircraft collision avoidance system ( CAS) capable of issuing microsecond warning. Tests were held at Martin-Marietta Airport, Baltimore. 

CAS included cesium atomic clock so precise that watch of similar construction would lose only one second in 67 yrs. System operated like 

315 
September 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

balloon around aircraft which, when penetrated by similarly equipped 

plane, provided pilots with command to make evasive maneuver. All 

aircraft would need system for it to be effective. Product of $12- 

million, 13-yr R&D, system could be operational by 1971. (Yarborough, 

W Star, 9/24/69, A7) 

* In Paris press conference Presidential Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, and French Minister for Industrial and Scientific Development 

Francois X. Ortoli announced plans to increase flow of scientists and 

specialists between France and US. to broaden scientific and technical 

cooperation in wide areas, including nuclear research for peaceful 

purposes. (W Post, 9/24/69, A22) 

September 24: Two photometers on board NASA's Ogo V orbiting geophysical observatory (launched March 4, 1968) had successfully scanned 

Lyman-alpha radiation, NASA announced. Data were expected to provide new information on Lyman-alpha emission from Milky Way and 

to help determine what portion of observed radiation was from geocorona and what portion was from outer space. On Sept. 12 Ogo if 

had pointed at sun and spun slowly while scanning mirror in Univ. of 

Paris experiment rotated, covering 30" of celestial sphere. On Sept. 14 

spacecraft returned to normal three-axis-stabilized operation, where it 

would remain until December when second series of maneuvers would 

be conducted to cover remaining portion of sky and provide first complete mapping of extraterrestrial Lyman-alpha radiation. Univ. of 

Colorado photometer, which provided broader coverage of Lymanalpha radiation at 180' to Univ. of Paris experiment, would be used 

to confirm measurements and verify calibration levels. 

Ogo V had 18 of 24 onboard experiments still operating. It had 

provided first measurements of electric fields in earth's bow shock and 

comprehensive data on particles and fields in earth's magnetosphere. 

(NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 69-137) * U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCZ from Baikonur into orbit with 279-km 

(173.4-mi) apogee, 192-km (119.3-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, 

and 65.4' inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 2. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/69; 

10/15/69; SBD, 9/25/69, 106) 

* NASA's X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry 

(USAF), reached mach 0.62 after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 

40,000-ft altitude over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Purpose of unpowered flight, fifth in series, was to obtain data on upper-flap control 

effectiveness, handling qualities during change from lower-flap to 

upper-flap control, and effect of rudder position on air flow around 

tail. (NASA Proj Off) 

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket, launched by NASA from wsnm with 

VAM-20 booster, carried Univ. of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics payload to 124-mi (199.5-km) altitude. Objective was to obtain high-resolution spectra of Carbon IV resonance 

doublet at 1,548 and 1,550 A using high-resolution, narrow-band spectrograph with echelle as principle dispersing element and SPARCS solar 

pointing control. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

(NASA Rpt SRL) 

Board of Investigation which probed Feb. 17 death of Sealab 111 Aquanaut Berry L. Cannon had concluded probable cause was carbon dioxide poisoning due to faulty diving gear, USN announced. Gear had 

316 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 24 

lacked substance for filtering carbon dioxide from exhaled breath. 

Associated Press said Sealab I11 project had been “shelved” because of 

insufficient funds for FY 1970 and quoted USN spokesman as saying it 

would be continued later. Project had been suspended since Cannon 

death. (DOD Release 79449; W Star, 9/24/69, A9) 

* Shawbury, England, innkeeper Jack Warner had asked US. Government 

for license to open first pub on moon, Associated Press said. He would 

call it “The Space Inn” or “The Lunatic Tavern.” (W Star, 9/24/69, 

A16) 

September 25: Apollo 9 commander James A. McDivitt was appointed Manager of Apollo Spacecraft Program at MSC, replacing George M. Low, 

who was temporarily on special assignment to MSC Director to plan 

future MSC programs and work on organizational matters. (MSC Release 69-66) 

East Germany’s People’s Chamber unanimously ratified nuclear nonproliferation treaty. West Germany had not yet signed. (P Inq, 9/25/69) 

* House Committee on Science and Astronautics reported favorably S. 

1287, which authorized appropriations for FYs 1970, 1971, and 1972 

for metric system study. (CR, 9/25/69, H8488) 

September 25-26: National Seminar for Manned Flight Awareness at MSC 

attracted some 400 representatives of NASA, DOD, and aerospace industry. MSC Director, Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, said: “I think we are all 

concerned about the period of letdown which tends to occur after a 

great milestone such as has just been completed,” but NASA “must continue to demonstrate . . . that success can follow success.” 

Lee B. James, Director of Program Management at MSFC, said next 

moon flights could suffer from lack of proper employee motivation. 

“We are completing [rocket] stages with welders who know they are 

going to be laid off.” Sheet metal workers in plants with termination 

papers were working on vital space hardware. Twenty defects attributed to human error had been uncovered in single rocket. 

Apollo Program Director Rocco Petrone said future moon landings 

would be even more demanding than first, with astronauts spending 54 

hrs on moon during some. To make missions successful, workers must 

be motivated to pay greatest attention to detail. 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. 

Mueller, said NASA hoped to cut payload launch costs to $200 per 

pound and reduce number of workers on Saturn V launches from 

20,000 to about number required to get Boeing 747 off ground. (MSC 

Release 69-65; Maloney, H Post, 9/26/69) 

September 26: Glazing discovered on lunar surface by Apollo 11 astronauts 

was analyzed in Science by Thomas Gold of Cornel1 Univ., senior investigator for close-up photography. Glossy surfaces similar to glass 

found clumped in centers of small lunar craters appeared to have been 

swept in after craters had been formed. Glazed areas were also concentrated toward tops of protuberances and, in some cases, droplets appeared to have run down inclined surface and congealed on sides. 

Glazing might have originated from effect of exhaust of LM descent 

stage, splashing of liquid drops from larger impact elsewhere, shock 

heating or volcanism on moon, same impact that created craters in 

which glazing was found, or intense racliation heating. Intense radiation was most probable cause, Gold said. Source could have been im317 
September 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

pact fireball on moon, impact fireball on earth, or most likely, solar 

outburst in geologically recent times. (Science, 9/26/69, 1345-9) 0 In address at Clarkson College of Technology in Potsdam, N.Y., Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said: “We know that hydrogen 

bombs work (unfortunately) -the Lord made the Universe that way. 

And, of course, we know that (fortunately) fusion energy keeps the 

sun shining every day. Our great visionary dream is to find out how 

to unlock this energy for spaceship propulsion. This is a great challenge 

but consider the new tools that we have available: giant magnetic fields 

with superconducting magnets, tremendous power densities from lasers, 

the great energy of nuclear power, and new high temperature materials. 

These, with new plasma dynamic developments, may usher in fusion 

power in the eighties, the nineties, or in the next century. Harnessing 

fusion power for propulsion is an even farther-out challenge, but it 

could prove to be one of the more direct applications. We won’t have 

to convert the fusion energy to electricity; just fuse a couple of deuterium atoms and then let them blast out the back of the vehicle! 

“So fusion remains a tantalizing promise for the future. . . . If we 

ever do achieve such propulsion, we’ll be able to move with some ease 

out from our little 8,000-mile-diameter Solar System. All of the 9 

planets, 32 moons and 1600 known asteroids will come within reach 

of our vehicles. And, indeed, if we could achieve high efficiencies in a 

fusion propulsion process, we could talk of eventual relativistic velocities, of time compression, and of travel to the nearest stars.” (Text) 

Venus, “least understood of the inner planets,” should be U.S. space program priority target, Kitt Peak National Observatory physicist Dr. 

Donald M. Hunten and Harvard Univ. physicist Dr. Richard M. Goody 

said in Science. Some fundamental data were available; quantitative 

theories had been stated; questions about atmosphere could be answered by feasible missions; and geophysicists’ interest had been 

aroused and offered specialized knowledge needed to understand complex processes. But NASA had no present plans for investigation of 

Venus’ lower atmosphere. Uncertainty as to Soviet intentions had been 

cited as reason for giving Venus low priority. But until collaboration 

with U.S.S.R. and other European countries could begin, “we have no 

choice but to base our judgment u on our own scientific and technical 

abilities and desires.” (Science, 9726/69, 1317-23) 0 Wall Street Journal editorial: “While there will be debate on the Administration’s approval of a go-ahead on the supersonic transport, the 

President plainly picked the proper method for financing further development of the controversial plane. Earlier there had been talk of 

setting up a special SST authority that would raise money by selling 

Government-guaranteed bonds to the public. The idea never had much 

to recommend it. At the moment the SST faces an uncertain economic 

future. . . . If the plane is a flop, the Government would be stuck one 

way or the other. . . . the bond plan would ease the current pressure 

on the Federal budget. But it also would fool at least part of the public 

about the financial risk that the Government actually is assuming. . . . Whether one especially relishes the notion or not, supersonic travel is 

sure to come sooner or later. In heading toward that development, the 

Administration is wise to avoid financial subterfuge.” ( WSJ, 9/26/69) 

September 27: Evidence for detection of high-energy cosmic gamma radia318 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 27 

tion (above 50 mev) from point source in constellation Sagittarius was 

reported in Nature. Case Western Reserve Univ. and Univ. of Melbourne (Australia) physicists presented preliminary results from collaborative program in which two high:altitude balloon flights were 

made from Parkes, Australia, Feb. 5-6 and Feb. 26-27. Object was 

first such point source of gamma rays detected in heavens. Research 

was supported by NASA, NSF, and Australian Research Grants Committee. (Frye et at., Nature, 9/27/69, 1320-1; Sullivan, NYT, 10/2/69, 

33 1 

* Satellite system which combined navigational and air traffic control and 

collision prevention had been proposed to FAA and DOD by TRW Inc. 

Systems Group, Washington Evening Star reported. Proposal called for 

four satellites, one in permanent orbit with others revolving around it 

at lower altitudes. Aircraft would radio distinct signal to satellites and 

its position relative to two or more satellites would be determined by 

ground computers that could figure latitude and longitude of aircraft 

within 50 ft. System, based on delicate measurement of time for aircraft signals to reach satellite, would cost estimated $100 million, could 

be in operation by mid-197Os, and was also being proposed to aviation industry. (Lannan, W Star, 9/27/69, All) 

September 28: In telephone call to Apollo 11 commander Neil A. Armstrong 

on eve of Apollo 11 astronauts’ round-the-world tour, President Nixon 

asked astronauts to invite foreign countries to become “partners in 

space” with US. He also invited astronauts and wives to White House 

dinner Nov. 5. (UPI, W Star, 9/29/69, A3) 

Washirigton. Post columnist Franklin R. Bruns, Jr., said 10 days after 

issuance of moon landing airmail stamp in Washington, D.C., “an 

already tired city post office crew had just passed the two-million first 

day cover mark.” Post Office had gone “all out” to cooperate with 

those of other countries in returning covers and with Voice of America, 

NASA, and regular servicers. There was little doubt that “new first day 

cover record is in the making.” IW Post, 9/28/69, F9) 

September 29: Apollo 11 astronauts and wives arrived in Mexico City for 

start of 39-day tour of 22 countries [see Sept. 191. (AP, B Sun, 

9/30/69, Al) 

* President Nixon approved H.J.R. 775, to authorize President to award 

Congressional Space Medals of Honor to astronauts [see Sept. 151. 

(CRY 10/6/69, 1362) 

0 NASA announced appointment of Daniel J. Harnett as Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs, effective Oct. 1. He would be responsible 

for all NASA relationships with industry. Before his appointment he had 

held executive positions with Northrop Corp. (NASA Release 69-139) 

September .?0: USAF launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg 

AFB by Thorad-Agena I) booster. First entered orbit with 303.2-mi 

(487.9-km) apogee, 299.5-mi (481.9-km) perigee, 93.8-min period, 

and 69.6’ inclination. Second entered orbit with 58G.O-mi (942.9-km) 

apogee, 574.8-mi (924.9-km) perigee, 103.7-min period, and 70.7’ 

inclination. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/69; SBD, 10/7/69, 162; Pres Rpt 70 

C6911 9 NASA’s HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter Hoag (USAF), 

reached mach 0.9 after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude over FRC. Purposes of flight, 26th in series and first powered flight 

319 
September 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

for Maj. Hoag, were to provide pilot training and obtain stability and 

control data. Winds rose from 5 knots at launch to 20 knots at touchdown, but did not interfere with flight. (NASA Proj Off) 0 In speech before Chicago Executive Club in Chicago, Ill., Vice President 

Spiro T. Agnew said operation of military systems in space “to enhance 

the national defense” must be one objective of US. future space program to ensure “there will be no blind reliance on good faith.” Vice 

President Agnew was also Chairman of NASC and of President’s Space 

Task Group. 

Two questions dominated speculation over national space policy, he 

said: Why space? And Why Mars? “Mars holds the greatest promise 

of a capability to sustain human life. It is a potential resource and reserve. More important for the present is the fact that the mind of 

America functions better when it focuses upon a clear target. Manned 

exploration of the Solar System is too nebulous to capture the public’s 

attention. A manned landing on Mars is as understandable a challenge 

to the citizen as it is to the scientist. It is a test that can be put in a 

time frame and its anticipation can be appreciated by all.” (Text) 

* MSFC announced selection of Bendix Corp. and Boeing Co. for further 

competitive negotiations on cost-plus-incentive-fee contract for design, 

development, test, and delivery of four manned lunar roving vehicles 

for flight to lunar surface aboard descent stage of Apollo LM [see 

July 111. First operational vehicle would be delivered in early 1971 

for launch late that year. 

MSFC also had awarded $238,400 contract to Bryson Construction 

and $224,888 contract to Miller and Berry for construction of two clean 

rooms for Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) assembly and test and had 

called for bids for checkout station construction. Bids were due Oct. 21. 

( MSFC Releases 69-220; 69-221) 

Federal Electric Corp., IT&T Corp. subsidiary, announced it had received 

$21,321,680 NASA contract for continued work as KSC prime contractor. 

(UPI, W Star, 9/30/69, B7) a Washington Airlines had terminated first and only STOL service between 

Washington and Baltimore after one year and would liquidate its three 

Dornier aircraft, Washington Post said. Company had lost nearly 

$5,000 weekly and carried 25,000 passengers instead of targeted 

108,000 since inauguration of service Sept. 23-25, 196%. (Samuelson, 

W Post, 9/30/69) 

During September: Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, 

defended value of Safeguard ABM defense and also discussed use of 

space for strategic deterrence, writing in Air Force/Space Digest: “In 

terms of security, the space age presents dangers-but it also affords 

opportunities for increasing strategic stability.” Dangers stemmed 

from weapons placed in orbit: “It might be possible to trigger such 

weapons with very little warning, thus increasing the risk of surprise 

attack.” Outer Space Treaty of 1967 might help avoid this danger, 

“while providing us opportunities for other sorts of military systems 

that could strengthen deterrence rather than weaken it.” Each generation of space vehicles would provide additional improvements in 

monitoring enemy activities. “We are now working on a satellite earlywarning system that would detect missiles as they are launched from 

land or sea.” Dispersed bomber force ‘‘would be able to take off from 

320 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During September 

its bases before the impact of enemy weapons, even if the time of 

flight of the latter were greatly reduced.” (AF/SD, 9/69, 61-4) 

USAF magazine Airman published interview with Secretary of the Air 

Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., former NASA Deputy Administrator. 

NASA-USAF X-15 program had been highly successful in providing 

data for many disciplines and “very good test bed” for atmospheric 

probe instrumentation. XB-70 program, initiated as manned supersonic bombing system, was “very bold step” in speeds over mach 3. 

When technological difficulties and rising costs resulted in decision 

against XB-70 production, NASA with USAF had initiated experimental 

program. Dr. Seamans felt USAF was not using NASA expertise to fullest 

extent. USAF needed new manned bomber, new fighter, and modernization of air defense. He was not convinced USAF had yet established 

“best relationships with industry to get these things done.” (Airman, 

“There appears to be much more to be squeezed from Apollo than just 

the incalculable value of national prestige or scientific discovery,” 

Michael Getler wrote in Space/Aeronautics. “The ability to mine these 

supporting talents, to judge their value outside manned space flight 

and disseminate and apply them may well prove the most telling and 

measurable argument in the debate which is bound to continue over 

Apollo’s real value.” Apollo had combined “much of what we have 

with what we do best. Though complex, it was manageable. It had 

clear goals, was well funded, enjoyed fairly widespread public support, 

and dangled the element of competition in front of our involuntary 

reflex. Most importantly, it tapped an industrial base and an enthusiasm for gadgetry that are unmatched anywhere. . . . Because many 

of today’s challenges confront human nature and not technology, 

Apollo can be made to seem irrelevant. In fact, however, we are not 

left alone with our behavioral troubles. There is still an economy to 

keep sound, industry and commerce to be kept competitive, and a 

government to be made more efficient, Failure to take this extraordinary project apart, piece by piece, and examine its usefulness in these 

areas would indeed be wasteful.” (S/A, 9/69, 42-53) 

Dr. Mose L. Harvey in Science and Public Aflairs, bulletin of atomic scientists, discussed lunar landing and US.-Soviet equation: “The capability of the United States to continue in space, and otherwise keep 

pace with the scientific-technological revolution, depends entirely on 

continued public faith in the ‘military-industrial complex’ and the 

‘scientific and technological elite,’ if one wishes to keep using these 

unfortunate terms. It was only because we were able effectively to organize and use a genuine and mutually rewarding partnership between 

industry, universities and government that we were able to effect the 

moon landing and to do the other near-miraculous things we have 

done in space and in other fields involving advanced science and advanced technology, It is precisely on this partnership that the superiority of the American way over the Soviet way has so far rested.” 

(Science and Public Affairs, 9/69, 28-35) 

Atlas published translation of article in L’Espresso, Rome, by Italian 

novelist Albert0 Moravia on implications of ApoZZo 12. “In Columbus’s 

days, men were offered finite goals, like the discovery of America; or 

they were offered spiritual aims, like the search for goodness, truth and 

9/69, 7-9) 

321 
During September ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

beauty. At that time, no one could have guessed that Columbus’s discovery was only a beginning. That other discoveries would follow, a 

second America, a third, a fourth, and so on through millions of years 

and billions of kilometers. But today that is happening. Compared to 

our new set of goals, the aims of Marx and communism are pure imagination. For the first time the real and the rational are about to become 

one. We are now at the end of history-and post-history is just beginning.” (Atlas, 9/69, 40-3) 

Atlas said its “Talk of the World” section had “got a little hoarse” on 

subject of ApolZo 11. It quoted rba few of the more unusual moonthoughts” from international press. El Tiempo in Bogota had reported 

Colombian wool fabrics were used in ApoZZo 11 spacecraft upholstery. 

Canada’s Kitchener Waterloo Record had said LM had touched down 

on moon with legs made in Canada by Montreal firm. Oigu, in Lima, 

Peru, had said when Sputnik went into orbit “it was noted that Pedro 

Paulet Mostajo had invented a jet-propelled rocket back in 1895.” 

Atlas commented that “this could go on forever.” (Atlas, 9/69, 101 0 In Astrophysical Journal, Princeton Univ. astronomers Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Dr. James E. Gunn predicted few pulsars should be found 

with periods more than 1.5 secs, from results of their quarantine exploration of pulsar model. (Astro Journ, 9/69, 1395-1417) 0 USAF communications and navigation satellite programs were outlined by 

L/G John W. O’Neill, Vice Commander of AFSC, in TRW Space Log. 

AFSC was testing new UHF communication terminal in conjunction with 

Tacsat I tactical comsat and had tested UHF shipboard, jeep, vanmounted, and team-pack terminals as receivers for satellite communications. Second-generation defense comsats would have earth coverage 

antennas and also steerable narrow-beam antennas to direct energy to 

two “spotlighted” areas on earth’s surface, permitting use of small terminals instead of large ground stations. Proposed navigation satellite 

system would consist of high-altitude satellites transmitting navigation 

signals with worldwide coverage, ground stations to track and command satellites, and user receiving equipment. Navsat would provide 

all four armed services with common grid for mobile operations and 

could be used by aircraft, ships, submarines, and foot soldiers. Potential for aircraft carrier operations was being studied. 

Computer revolution would provide new data processing equipment 

“with infinite potential for influencing satellite design and function” 

in future. “We are pressing hard for progress in laser technology, 

which appears to have excellent potential for communication applications. We are also pushing the development of new sources of power 

in space in which a breakaway from our heavy reliance upon the solar 

cell could make future satellite development a whole new game.” (TRW 

Space Log, Summer/Fall 69, 3-17) 

322 
October 1969 

October 1: Boreas (Esro ZB) satellite-designed, developed, and constructed 

by European Space Research Organization-was successfully launched 

by NASA from WTR by Scout booster. Orbital parameters: apogee, 237.4 

mi (382 km) ; perigee, 180.8 mi (291 km) ; period, 91.3 min; and inclination, 85.1'. Primary NASA mission objectives were to place Boreas 

into planned orbit and provide tracking and telemetry support. Boreas 

was backup for and identical to Aurorae (Esro ZA) successfully 

launched by NASA Oct. 3, 1968. It carried eight experiments to study 

aurora borealis (Northern Lights) and related phenomena of polar 

ionosphere, representing six organizations from U.K., Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 

Boreas was third successful ESRO satellite launched by NASA. First 

success, Iris Z (Esro IZB) , had been launched by NASA May 16, 1968, 

to replace ESRO IIA, which had failed to enter orbit May 29, 1967. ESRO 

was responsible for experiment .instrumentation, delivery of spacecraft 

to launch site, equipment and personnel necessary to mate spacecraft 

to launch vehicle, and spacecraft testing. NASA provided Scout launch 

vehicle and launch services in second launching on cost-reinibursable 

basis under Dec. 30, 1966, agreement with ESRO. (NASA Proj off; GSFC 

SSR, 10/15/69; SBD, 10/3/69, 147) 

Solid-fuel U.K. Falstaff rocket, carrying equipment to measure vibrations 

and temperatures, reached mach 5 after launch from Australian monorail launcher at Woomera, Australia, in joint U.K.-Australia research 

program. (Znteruvia, 11/69, 1751) 

0 Eleventh anniversary of NASA, established by National Aeronautics and 

Space Act of 1958. (Space Act) 

Portrait of James' E. Webb, second NASA Administrator (1961-1968), 

was unveiled in anniversary ceremony at Smithsoniaii Arts and Industries Building. Painted by Gardner Cox, portrait would eventually 

hang in NASA Hq. (Program; NASA Release 69-140) 

0 Lockheed C-5A Galaxy, world's largest aircraft, took off from Edwards 

AFB, Calif., with 410,OOO-lb load-heaviest ever carried by any aircraft, 21,000 lbs heavier than C-5A was expected to lift even under 

wartime conditions, and 28,100 lbs heavier than record it established 

June 16. Aircraft, G5A No. 3, reached 18,800-ft altitude burning 

21,000 lbs of fuel during climb. (P Inq, 10/2/69, 3; UPI Service, 

10/2/69) 

0 Sud-Aviation chief test pilot Andre Turcat flew Anglo-French Concorde 

001 supersonic airliner for about nine minutes at mach 1.05 (693 

mph), passing sound barrier for first time. Two outer engines were at 

full force and two inner engines at less than capacity force during 

36,000-ft-altitude flight. Concorde flew from Toulouse-Blagnac Airport. (NYT, 10/1/69, 1) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew said at press conference following tour of 

323 
October 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

October 1 : NASA launched Boreas, European Space Research Organization satellite, 

to study the aurora borealis and polar atmosphere. In the photo the spacecraft was prepared for launch on a four-stage Scout booster from the Western Test Range. 

JPL: ". . . the cities may benefit more from what's happening right 

here at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory than they do from what's happening in some community action agency. Now, I'm not downgrading 

the need to work closely with people . . . but I think it would be a des324 
ASTROSAUTICS AKD AEROSAUTICS, 1969 October 1 

perate mistake . . . to adopt an attitude that we do not challenge the 

unknown, we do not move forward simply because we can’t predict 

what we’re going to find.” Columbus “didn’t find what he went for but 

he found something even better. Maybe that applies to the situation 

with regard to the ultimate goal . . . about landing a man on Mars. . . . we may do something a lot better.” 

In reply to question, he said: “We will never reach a point where 

we’ll have enough money for . . the problems of the cities and of the 

population. . . . we could spend every resource we have and forego 

any scientific exploration and forget the need to research and develop 

new techniques. . . . I suppose you come down to the final determination that you’ve got to put some of your effort in the future and not 

all of it in the present. And I don’t think the lack of a focus in the 

space program would be a benefit at all to the future of the cities and 

the problems you mention.” (Transcript) Daniel J. Harnett was sworn in as NASA Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs. He had held executive positions with Northrop Corp. 

since 1964. (KASA Release 69-139) 0 Soviet space scientist Dr. Oleg G. Gazenko said at news conference during meeting of International Academy of Astronautics at Cloudcroft, 

R’.Mex., it would be desirable and technically feasible for cosmonaut 

to be member of future Apollo moon-landing crew. (AP, B Sun, 

10/2/69, A15) 

Twenty-third anniversary of Naval Missile Center at Point Mugu, Calif., 

USN’S principal facility for testing and evaluating air-launched missiles 

and other airborne weapons systems. (PMR Missile, 10/3/69, 1) 

William Teir, Saturn IB program manager at MSFC, became deputy director for management of Program Management directorate. ( MSFC 

Release 69-225) 

* Japan inaugurated semio5cial Space Development Corp. to coordinate 

space activities, including orbiting of two satellites-one in 1972 for 

ionospheric observation and one in 1974 for communications. Corporation would replace system under which projects were undertaken 

separately by different ministries. Its 539-million yen ($1.5-million) 

capital had been raised by government fund of 500 million yen and 39 

million yen from private industry. (Reuters, NYT, 10/5/69, L27) 

October 2: Astronaut Alan L. Bean described plans for Apollo 12 extravehicular activities to press at KSC. Mission, to begin Nov. 14, would 

include two 31/2-hr EVA periods on moon. For first EVA main objective 

was to deploy ALSEP, deploy TV camera and take photos, deploy lunar 

equipment conveyor, take contingency sample, deploy S-band antenna 

and solar wind experiment, and collect lunar material. 

After rest in LM astronauts would return to lunar surface for second 

EVA period, to collect good documented sample and document geologically interesting features with photographs, samples, and description. 

“There’s not going to be a lot of time to pick up a rock and think 

about it . . . but there’s going to be time to look at the craters and try 

to determine what kind they are and where they came from, if this 

one’s different from that one, what part of the crater you want to 

sample. . . . We’re going to take photographs as we see all of it. And 

when this is finished we’re hopefully going to be over near Surveyor.” 

Examination of Surveyor 111 (launched April 17, 1967) was second 

325 
October 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

objective. Crew would retrieve parts for evaluation of how materials 

withstood long-term exposure in space. 

Final surface experiment would be conducted after liftoff from moon 

when crew crashed LM ascent stage onto surface. Crash would be recorded by seismometer and was expected to provide data from which 

scientists could make inferences about moon’s internal structure. 

(Transcript) * Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR with 

VAM-20 booster carried MIT payload to 97.9-mi (157.5-km j altitude 

to determine precise position of two or more x-ray sources and evaluate small photoelectric detector. Rocket and instruments-including 

several bands of proportional counters, slot collimators, modulation 

collimators, aspect cameras, and attitude control system-functioned 

satisfactorily. All collimators gave expected rates and modulation on 

star X-1 in constellation Scorpius (calibration) and on Sagittarius. 

(NASA Rpt SRL) 

At MSFC ceremony, NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, presented 

awards to 117 center employees and industry representatives, mostly in 

recognition of exceptional service to Apollo program. Employee awards 

included NASA Medal for Distinguished Service to MSFC Director, Dr. 

Wernher von Braun; Deputy Director, Technical, Eberhard F. M. 

Rees; Deputy Director, Management, Harry H. Gorman; Director of 

Science and Engineering Hermann K. Weidner; Vice Commander, 

Aeronautical Systems Div., M/C Edmund F. O’Connor (USAF) ; Director of Program Management Lee B. James; and Deputy Director of 

Science and ,Engineering Ludie G. Richard. 

NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement was presented 

to James A. Downey, 111; Erwin Fehlberg; Gerhard B. Heller; Robert 

J. Nauman; and Joseph L. Randall. Other awards received were NASA 

Medal for Exceptional Service by NASA employees and NASA Certificate 

for Distinguished Public Service by industry personnel. MSFC Release 69-222 j 

October 3: Ogo VZ Orbiting Geophysical Observatory, launched into lowaltitude polar orbit June 5, was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft had completed first diurnal cycle and had provided data on global 

characteristics of neutral atmosphere; association of electric fields with 

ionospheric irregularities ; airglow emissions associated with oxygen, 

sodium, and molecular nitrogen ; and propagation of proton whistlers. 

Performance of Ogo VZ subsystems had been excellent and instrumentation for 23 of 25 experiments was operational. Active three-axis stabilization had been maintained since initial acquisition and gas usage 

was consistent with one-year operation. To extend attitude-stabilized 

lifetime beyond one year, operations plan had been modified to include 

manual control of gas jet firing. (NASA Proj Off) 0 MSC announced appointment of Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper as Assistant 

for Space Shuttle Program in MSC’S Flight Crew Operations Directorate. Cooper would be responsible for flight crew training program, 

astronaut inputs into design and engineering, and directorate’s part 

in hardware development and testing for Space Shuttle. He would remain on flight status and eligible for space flight. ( MSC Release 69/67) 

MSFC announced that it had issued $10,751,000 contract to General 

Electric Co.)s Apollo Systems Div. for electrical support equipment for 

326 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 3 

Apollo Telescope Mount and launch systems for Saturn 

multiple docking adapter and airlock. Work was to 

June 30, 1975. 

MSFC had also issued six-month $56,727 contract to Bionic Instru. 

ments, Inc., to develop lunar roving vehicle hazard locator. Locator, 

which would be installed on lunar rover or dual-model vehicle, would 

use laser beam to spot rocks, holes, and other obstacles on lunar surface and display on screen warning of obstacles hidden from astronauts’ view. ( MSFC Releases 69-223, 6%224) 

Spain awarded its Grand Cross of Aeronautic Merit to Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins. 

( UPI, NYT, 10/4/69,23) 

October 4: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station carried 223-lb Cal Tech payload to 146-mi (234.9-km) 

altitude to study intensity, spectrum, and degree of isotropy of diffuse x-ray background in 0.1- to 20-kev range and to study energy 

spectrum of star X-1 in constellation Scorpius in 0.1- to 15-kev range. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and good data were 

obtained in all 12 prime data channels. (NASA Rpt SRL; WS Release) 

NASC Executive Secretary William A. Anders, Apollo 8 astronaut, told 

Western Conference of Young Presidents’ Organization in Phoenix, 

Ariz., that U.S. lost $13 billion each year in agricultural production 

from insects, disease, and fire. Use of satellite sensors could improve 

surveys of agricultural and forest resources, aid mineral and petroleum 

prospecting, obtain better inventory of earth‘s water sources, detect 

natural and man-made geography changes, sense ocean currents and 

temperatures to aid fishing industry and improve routing of commercial 

shipping, and study effects of environmental and water pollution. While 

NASA space expenditures were averaging about $4.5 billion annuallyabout 2/3 of 1% of GNP-nearly $4 billion was spent in US. for nondurable toys and sport supplies, $4.7 billion for foreign travel, and 

over $6.5 billion in amusements. 

Anders urged international harmony through space. “We travel 

through space on a small planet. The Earth looked so tiny in the 

heavens that there were times during the Apollo 8 mission when I had 

trouble finding it. If you can imagine yourself in a darkened room with 

only one clearly visible object, a small blue-green sphere about the 

size of a Christmas tree ornament, then you can begin to grasp what 

the Earth looks l&e from space. I think all of us subconsciously think 

the Earth is flat or at least almost infinite. Let me assure you that, 

rather than a massive giant, it should be thought of more as the 

fragile Christmas tree ball which we should handle with considerable 

care. . . . From space, the earth is indivisible. There are no flags, no 

national boundaries. Let us on Earth then use the Communications 

Revolution to break down the barriers which separate us, so that all of 

Earth‘s people will be truly brothers.’’ (CR, 10/6/69, E8190-2; NASC 

PIO) 

Apollo I1 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and 

Michael Collins and wives arrived at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, for 

two-day rest before proceeding to rid and meeting with Gen. Francisco Franco during 38-day goo our. (AP, NYT, 10/6/69) 

USAF had awarded three-year, $2O-million contract to North American 

327 
October 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. to design new rocket engine to power 

payloads in space, Business Week said. United Aircraft’s Pratt & 

Whitney Div. was also working on concept, magazine believed. (Bus 

Wk, 10/4/69) 

October 5: GSFC scientists and Smithsonian Institution ecologist Dr. Helmut 

K. Buechner planned to use female elk named Moe for first experiment 

in tracking animals by satellite, New York Times said. Wearing 23-lb 

instrumentation around neck, elk was expected to migrate from point 

in Wyoming to national elk refuge south of Yellowstone Park at 

Jackson Hole, Wyo.-100-mi distance. (Teltsch, NYT, 10/5/69, 16) 

October 5-11: International Astronautical Federation ( IAF) held 20th 

Congress in Mar del Plata, Argentina. 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, gave Invited Lecture Oct. 6 on Apollo program, space 

benefits, Apollo Applications program, and lunar exploration. Apollo 

Applications program would “study the earth through the use of a six 

lens multispectral camera installation. On Apollo 9 some of the rudimentary work was done using four lenses. 50% more kinds of information will be brought back by the crews of Apollo Applications. Because 

almost everything on earth has a different reflective quality, as distinctive as a signature or a fingerprint, results from this photographic exploration can be expected to yield rich rewards. Many of the earth 

sciences look to this kind of information for answers to previously 

unanswerable questions. Hydrologists are interested in discovering not 

only the depth, but also the temperature of the waters of the world, 

and these conditions can be ascertained from space. Warm water attracts certain species of fish, so fishermen are also interested in these 

experiments. 

“Agronomists believe that soil chemistry will reveal itself on a 

large scale in certain kinds of filtered photography. Agriculturists 

know that different crops, at different stages of their development and 

in different states of health, reflect distinctive amounts of light. They 

hope, using the photographs we will take, to get some measure of the 

world’s crop, as well as some knowledge of its condition. Geologists, 

who have found clues to mineral deposits in the Gemini and Apollo pictures, look to this more sophisticated photography for additional information, and for distinctions which will eventually permit certain kinds 

of prospecting from space. Cartographers and Geodesists are interested 

in everything from urban sprawl to continental drift.” 

Sun would be prime target for exploration in Apollo Applications 

program, with experiments conducted by astronaut-astronomers using 

Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) in orbit. “For the first time we will 

have a massive set of instruments with high resolution for looking in 

some depth and detail at the activities of the sun from beyond the 

veil of the earth‘s atmosphere.” Program would consist of three missions into near-earth space, one of 28 days and two of 56 days each. 

First step would be establishment of Saturn V workshop in orbit, 

planned for March 1972 launch, followed by launches of solar panels, 

ATM, and crew of three for 28-day stay. Second manned mission was 

scheduled for launch about three months after first, with third to 

follow one month after return of second crew. (Text) 

328 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 5-11 

* At Third International History of Astronautics Symposium Oct. 10, 

organized by IAF in connection with its 20th Congress, A. Ingemar 

Skoog of Swedish Interplanetary Society traced rocket development in 

Sweden from 1807, when military first understood possibilities of 

rockets in warfare, to mid-l860s, when rockets were taken out of 

service. “An examination of the rockets preserved at the Army Museum in Stockholm, has shown that all 14 rockets are still fitted with 

their original propellant. This will be tested by propellant experts later 

this year in order to find out the properties of a 140 years old propellant.” (Text) 

W. Geisler of Polish Astronautical Society had submitted paper on 

history and development of rocket technology and astronautics in 

Poland before 1949: use of rockets on Polish territory by Tartars 

in 13th century probably had marked introduction of use of rockets 

in Europe. (R6sum6) 

Frederick I. Ordway, 111, of Univ. of Alabama delivered paper 

“The Alleged Contributions of Pedro E. Paulet to Liquid Propellant 

Rocketry.” “Paulet, a Peruvian chemical engineer-turned-diplomat, 

spent much of his professional foreign service career in Europe. . . . his claim to being a precursor of liquid propellant rocketry rests in 

a letter he wrote from Rome on the 23rd of August 1927 that was 

published in the 7 October 1927 issue of the Lima, Peru, newspaper 

El Cornercio. Therein, he describes liquid propellant rocket engine 

experiments he had conducted . . . in Paris thirty years earlier. . . . Relying on this source and derivatives, many subsequent writers have 

accorded Paulet a perhaps undeserved place in the history of rocketry.” (Summary) 

October 6: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor ZZ weather satellite from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 676-km (420.1-mi) apogee, 619-km (384.6-mi) perigee, 

97.6-min period, and 81.2’ inclination. Powered by solar cells, satellite was designed to trace cloud cover, detect presence of snow on dark 

and daylight sides of earth, and record radiated and reflected heat 

from atmosphere. (GSFC SSR, 10/15/69; SBD, 10/7/69, 166; Av 

Wk, 10/20/69,191) 

President Nixon announced Ruben F. Mettler, Executive Vice President 

of TRW Inc., would be Chairman of new Presidential Task Force on 

Science Policy [see Sept. 221. (PD, 10/13/69, 1376) 0 Apollo 8 Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., and wife inspected container 

vessel American Astronaut in London and signed autographs for longshoremen. Mrs. Lovell had christened vessel in April. (Reuters, C 

Trib, 10/7/69) 

October 7: Anglo-French supersonic airliner Concorde 001 reached 730 

mph during 110-min flight from Toulouse, France. It was second time 

aircraft had broken sound barrier [see Oct. 11. (UPI, W Star, 

10/8/69, A13) 

* Space Power Facility, with world’s largest high-vacuum chamber (100-ft 

dia by 120-ft height, containing 800,000 cu ft), and Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility were opened officially at LeRC. Space Power 

Facility-to test large, space electric power generating systems and 

spacecraft-would first test Brayton cycle power system operated with 

nuclear isotope or solar heat. Facility could produce equivalent of 

329 
October 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

vacuum in space 100 to 300 mi above earth. Propulsion Research 

Facility would be used first for development of Centaur, 2nd-stage 

rocket vehicle. (LeRC Release 69-54) 

House passed 384 to 5 amended N 1970 NSF authorization of $477.3 

million. Amendments had reduced authorization by $3.3 million. (CR, 

10/7/69, H9151-62) 

* US. and U.S.S.R. in Geneva announced agreement on draft treaty to 

ban placing of nuclear weapons on world‘s seabeds. Proposed treaty 

would be discussed by Geneva Disarmament Conference and U.N. 

General Assembly. It would come into effect when ratified by US., 

U.S.S.R., and 20 other nations. (Roberts, W Post, 10/8/69, Al) 

* ApoZZo II astronauts placed wreath at Christopher Columbus monument 

in Madrid and later met Gen. Francisco Franco and Prince Juan 

Carlos during world tour. (UPI, W Star, 10/7/69, A6) 

* Boeing Co. had responded to Federal budget trimming by eliminating 

11,230 jobs between Jan. 1 and Sept. 26 and would continue cutting 

back 1,000 jobs monthly well into 1970, Wushington Post said. Reduction in work force from high of 101,554 on Jan. 19, 1968, to 

83,765 on Sept. 26, 1969, had been blow to Seattle. Boeing President 

T. A. Wilson saw problem for next five years as national desire to 

retrench, with mili&y spending under especially tight rein. (Wilson, 

W Post, 10/7/69, Al) 

DOD announced General Electric Co. was being awarded $1,300,000 supplemental agreement to previously awardid USAF contract for R~;D 

of Mark 12 reentry vehicle. Contract was managed by SAMSO. (DOD 

Release 842-69) 

October 8: France successfully tested Diamant-B carrier rocket 1st stage 

(617) for 112 secs at Vernon, France. Test was first in series of four 

planned in initial phase of qualification testing. (Znteravia, 11/69, 

1751) 

In Paris during world tour ApoZZo 11 astronauts were made chevaliers of 

French Legion of Honor by Premier Jacques Chaban-Delmas and met 

with French President Georges Pompidou. Paris Mayor Etienne Royer 

de Vericourt presented them with city’s Gold Medal. (UPI, C Trib, 

10/9/69) 

* Two-man, 15-ft submarine Nekton with seven-inch knife taped to its 

mechanical claw, sliced line to free research submarine Deep Quest, 

and four-man crew trapped on ocean floor off San Diego, Calif., for 

12 hrs. Deep Quest, developed by Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for undersea research and salvage, had been demonstrating its ability to raise 

and lower objects when its propeller became snarled. (AP, W Post, 

10/9/69, A3) 0 Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) introduced S. 3003, “to provide for 

more effective control over the expenditure of funds by the Department 

of Defense and the Kational Aeronautics and Space Administration for 

independent research and development.” Measure was referred to Senate Committee on Armed Services. (CRY 10/8/69, S12100) 

Astronaut Anthony W. England suffered symptoms of bends while testing moon-walking equipment in vacuum chamber at MSC. NASA spokesman said cause of symptoms, which disappeared as soon as chamber 

was returned to full atmospheric pressure, was not known. England was 

placed under 24-hr observation. ( UPI, W Post, 10/9/69, A28) 

330 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 8 

First FB-111A strategic bomber was delivered to USAF Strategic Air 

Command (SAC) by AFSC in Carswell AFB, Tex., ceremonies. Aircraft 

were scheduled to become operational during spring and summer 1970. 

General Dynamics Corp. was prime contractor. (General Dynamics 

Release 1475) 

October 9: Joseph P. Loftus, Jr., Manager of MSC Program Engineering 

Office, described plans for future Apollo lunar exploration at MSC 

press conference. Technological objectives were to increase scientific 

payload to lunar orbit and to lunar surface, permit high flexibility 

in landing site selection, increase lunar orbit and lunar surface stay 

time, increase lunar surface mobility with self-propelled lunar roving 

vehicle, develop and demonstrate advanced techniques and hardware 

for expanded manned space mission capabilities, develop techniques for 

achieving point landings, and demonstrate closed-loop onboard navigation capability as applicable to advanced missions. 

Scientific objectives were to investigate major classes of lunar surface features, surface processes, and regional problems; collect samples 

at each site for analyses on earth; establish network of surface instrumentation to measure seismic activity, heat flow, and disturbance in 

moon’s axis of rotation; survey and measure lunar surface from lunar 

orbit with high-resolution photography and remote sensing; investigate 

near-moon environment and interaction of moon with solar wind; 

map lunar gravitational field and internally produced magnetic field; 

and detect atmospheric components resulting from neutralized solar 

wind and micrometeoroid impacts. 

Achievement of scientific objectives would be facilitated by addition 

of scientific instrument module (SIM) under service module sector 

door. SIM would consist of scientific instruments mounted on shelves 

behind door, which would be deployed pyrotechnically after crew left 

lunar surface. Spacecraft would also use new modular equipment 

storage assembly (MESA). “Unlike the existing MESA it is modular and 

people, instead of having to take many things out of compartments and 

stick them into a bag ; . . here you simply take hold of a handle . . . and lift out an entire shelf. On that shelf are all the things required 

for the next EVA period. So, it is one movement instead of a dozen.” 

One tank of hydrogen and one tank of oxygen would be added to 

extend mission capability to 161/2 days. Since each EVA period would 

increase up to 5 hrs and total lunar stay time would increase up to 

200 hrs, lithium hydroxide would be increased for portable life-support 

system and for spacecraft, and insulation would be increased on top 

of spacecraft around docking tunnel. Minor changes would be made 

to interior garments so crew would have more suitable environment 

and crew would remove spacesuits and sleep in hammocks during rest 

periods on lunar surface. (Transcript) 

* Boosted Arcas I1 sounding rocket launched by NASA from Resolute Bay, 

Canada, carried GSFC payload to 68.4-mi (110-km) altitude to obtain 

electron-density and collision-frequency profiles of high-latitude quiet 

D region and positive ion-density measurements. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Lunar scientist Dr. Harold C. Urey said in lecture at Univ. of California 

at San Diego that new evidence had been uncovered during Apollo 11 

mission that moon had been formed by collision process begun about 

331 
October 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

4.5 billion yrs ago. Water might have been present on moon temporarily and might still be beneath lunar surface. Information was to be 

made public by NASA in January 1970. (UPI, W Post, 10/10/69, A5) 0 Apollo 11 astronauts, welcomed by crowds in Amsterdam during world 

tour, presented Queen Juliana with plaque similar to one they left on 

lunar surface. In Brussels later in day they were decorated by King 

Baudouin with insignia of the Order of Leopold, nation’s highest 

honor. (AP, Huntmille Times, 10/9/69; UPI, W Star, 10/10/69, A9) 

* ARC Director, Dr. Hans Mark, had announced appointment of Executive 

Assistant Director Loren G. Bright as Director of newly established 

Directorate of Research Support, ARC Astrogrum reported. Divisions 

in new directorate included computation, research facilities and equipment, and technical services. ( ARC Astrogrum, 10/9/69, 1) 

Sen. Edward W. Brooke (R-Mass.) delivered Landon Lecture at Kansas 

state Univ.: “With this new generation of weapons [MIRVs] about to 

sprout from the arsenals of the Soviet Union and the United States, I 

have been joined by almost half the Senate and a sizable number of 

House members in calling for a joint moratorium on flight tests of the 

so-called MIRV systems.” (Text) 

October 10: Nuclear energy in space was discussed in address opening US. 

Technical Forum at Nuclex 69 in Basel, Switzerland, by Milton Klein, 

Manager of AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office and Director 

of AEC Space Nuclear Systems Div.: “A forward looking space program such as that envisioned by the Task Group [see Sept. 15, 171 

will mean growing reliance on nuclear systems. . . . As an integral 

part of a new capability for space transportation, we look to the nuclear 

rocket to provide the propulsion to move large payloads from low 

earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit or to lunar orbit to support extended lunar exploration. It also offers major advantages for transporting heavy payloads into deep space.” NERVA development was 

being initiated, with nuclear engine expected to be in operation in 

late 1970s. “It is also possible to envision ultimately the use of a controlled thermonuclear, or fusion, reaction for producing propulsion 

energy. Obviously development of such a propulsion system for space 

would come only after the development of a useful controlled thermonuclear reaction in a ground based plant, a goal that has not yet been 

achieved.” (Text) . Apollo 11 astronauts lunched with King Olav of Norway in Oslo before 

spending weekend at cottage of Norwegian Defense Minister Otto 

Greig Tidemand during world tour. (UPI, W Star, 10/10/69, A9) 

0 President Nixon announced James H. Wakelin, Jr., former Assistant 

Secretary of the Navy for R&D, would be chairman of new Presidential 

Task Force on Oceanography [see Sept. 221. (PD, 10/13/69, 13934) 

October 11-18: U.S.S.R.’s Soyuz VZ, carrying Cosmonauts Georgy S. Shonin and Valery N. Kubasov, was successfully launched from Baikonur 

at 4:lO pm Baikonur time into orbit with 229-km (142.3-mi) apogee, 

194-km (120.6-mi) perigee, 88.8-min period, and 51.7’ inclination. 

Tass said spacecraft carried equipment to test methods of welding 

materials in weightlessness and did not carry docking equipment used 

on Soyuz ZV and Soyuz V Jan. 14-18. Western speculation, later confirmed, was that Soyuz VI would rendezvous with other spacecraft. 

332 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 11-18 

Soyuz VZZ, carrying Cosmonauts Anatoly V. Filipchenko, Vladislav 

N. Volkov, and Viktor V. Gorbatko, was launched from Baikonur at 

3:45 pm Oct. 12 into orbit with 217-km (134.8-mi) apogee, 200-km 

( 124.3-mi) perigee, 88.4-min period, and 51.6” inclination. Tass said 

spacecraft’s mission was “maneuvering in the orbit, staging joint 

navigation observations of the spaceships . . . in group flight, observation of celestial bodies and the horizon of the Earth, determination of 

the real luminosity of stars, observation of changes in illumination 

created by the Sun and other scientific experiments.” 

Third spacecraft, Soyuz VZZZ, carrying Cosmonauts Vladimir A. 

Shatalov and Dr. Aleksey S. Yeliseyev, was launched from Baikonur 

at 3:29 pm Oct. 13 into orbit with 278-km (172.7-mi) apogee, 215-km 

( 133.6-mi) perigee, 89.4-min period, and 51.6” inclination. Its mission, Tass said, was “comprehensive simultaneous scientific studies in 

near-terrestrial space in accordance with an extensive program ; testing 

of the complex system of controlling a simultaneous group flight of 

three space ships; mutual maneuvering of ships in orbit with the aim 

of solving a number of problems of developing the piloted space 

system.” TV viewers received announcement of flights about 30 min 

after launches and saw video-tape recordings of launches about 1% 

hrs later. Ultimate goal of three-spacecraft mission was not given. In 

prelaunch interview shown on TV several hours after launch, Dr. 

Yeliseyev said group mission would conduct experiments leading to 

“creation of still more powerful orbiting stations.” Tass reported crews 

had checked out equipment and communicated with each other. Soyuz 

VZ was conducting medical-biological tests, Soyuz VI1 was observing 

and photographing earth and celestial bodies, and Soyuz VI11 was 

conducting research on polarization of solar light reflected by 

atmosphere. 

On Oct. Id Tass reported Soyuz VZZ and Soyuz VllZ had moved 

close together, carried out “mutual observation-photography and movie 

filming,” studied “possibility of exchanging information with the aid 

of light signals and visceral optical methods,” conducted series of 

medical experiments, and observed “effect of erosion by micrometeorites on the condition of illuminators and optic systems of the craft.” 

On Oct. 15 spacecraft approached to within 500 yds during rendezvous, 

while Soyuz VZ hovered nearby. 

On Oct. 16 Radio Moscow announced Soyuz VI had successfully 

completed mission and had softlanded in preset area 100 mi northwest 

of Karaganda at 12:52 pm Moscow time. No information on other two 

Soya spacecraft was given until Tass announced softlanding of Soyuz 

VZl at 12:36 pm Oct. 17 and of Soyuz VZZZ at 12:lO pm Oct. 18. 

Western officials speculated missions had not achieved all objectives. 

Tass said all major tasks were carried out with “high efficiency.” 

(Gwertzman, NYT, 10/12-14, 18/69; SBD, 10/14/69, 195; 10/ 

21/69, 230; Reuters, W Post, 10/15-16/69; AP, W Star, 10/16/69, 

Al; Reston, LA Times, 10/19/69, A2; GSFC SSR, 10/15/69; 

10/31/69) 

October II: Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, 

Jr., and Alan L. Bean held press conference at MSC. Code names for 

Apollo 12 LM and CM had been selected, they said, from entries sub333 
October 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

mitted by North American Rockwell Corp. and Grumman Aerospace 

Corp. employees. CM would be called “Yankee Clipper” and LM, 

“Intrepid.” 

Major differences from ApoZZo 11 mission would be increase in 

geology and photography. Detailed documented sample collection 

would be team effort. Description would tell geologist about rock’s 

location, includidg how it was related to other rocks, whether it was 

partially covered, and why it attracted attention. Astronauts would 

carry bags and tongs at all times during EVA to collect rocks when 

sighted instead of being limited to collecting during specific period 

of EVA. 

Photographic activities, described by Conrad as “the world’s greatest zero-G juggling act,” would include multispectral photography of 

lunar surface, using four Hasselblad cameras in hatch window. Three 

cameras would have black-and-white film with filters; fourth would 

have infrared film. Purpose of camera setup, Gordon explained, was to 

“photograph the illuminated side of the moon from one minute after 

sunrise to one minute prior to sunset in a stiff manner.” Every 20 

secs “cameras would be activated, to give complete strip photography 

across the surface of the moon. . . . The big step photography I think 

is probably one of the most important things we’re doing on this 

flight. . . .” (Transcript; MSC Release 69-68) 

* At Fourth Annual AVLABS Awards Banquet of USA Aviation Material 

Laboratories in Fort Eustis, Va., NASA Deputy Associate Administrator 

for Aeronautics Charles W. Harper discussed NASA-USA cooperation in 

aeronautics. “Aviation, both military and civil, has suffered in past 

years from a scarcity of new young blood bringing new ideas and new 

training to research. For several years NASA has been constrained by 

personnel limits and so unable to bring this kind of new talent into 

its aeronautics problem. A joint Army-NASA program may provide 

a unique opportunity to increase the interest of our universities in the 

challenges of aviation technology and to bring the new scientists they 

train into the job of finding solutions.” (Text) 

October 12: Walter Sullivan described mystery of cosmic rays in New York 

Times. “No natural phenomena with which we have intimate contact 

are more awesome.” Scores of these high-energy particles flashed 

through human body every second with energy capable of piercing 

six feet of lead. Some believed them accountable for aging process. 

Recent Australian observations had shown some particles (mostly 

protons) hit atmosphere with 100-billion-bev energy. Princeton Univ. 

physicists Dr. Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Dr. James E. Gunn had SUE ” 

gested pulsars might be superaccelerators of cosmic ray particles. 

(NYT, 10/12/69,8) 

October 12-13: ApoZZo 11 astronauts visited West Germanv during world 

tour. They were escorted to Berlin Wall by Mayor‘Klaus Schuetz. 

(NASA EH; B Sun, 10/14/69) 

October 13: MSC announced award of $4.1-million modification to IBM 

Corp. contract for design, development, implementation, maintenance, 

and operation of real-time computer complex (RTTC) which supported Apollo lunar landing missions. Modification definitized requirements to support Apollo lunar surface experiments package 

334 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 13 

( ALSEP) and continyed work under multi-inventive arrangement covering cost, performance, schedule, and equipment management. (MSC 

Release 69-69) 0 NASA and DOT award of $165,908 contract to Booz-Allen Applied Research Inc. for six-month study of total US. investment in aeronautical 

R&D since 1945 was announced by Secretary of Transportation John 

A. Volpe. Joint effort was to develop methods of assessing national 

benefits which accrued from RLW development expenditures. (DOT 

Release 22269) 

a Flaws in F-111s produced to date were detailed by L/G John W. O’Neill, 

Vice Commander of AFSC, and L/G George S. Boylan, Jr., Deputy 

Chief of Staff , Programs and Resources, USAF Hq., in testimony before 

Senate Committee on Appropriations. Aircraft were seriously short in 

engine power for nonnuclear missions. Their weight had grown without commensurate engine power increase and thus acceleration time 

was now four minutes. Outlay of $80 million was necessary to overhaul 

450 F-111s to correct serious flaw in wing boxes. (Testimony) 

lzvestia published article by Soviet space scientist Alexander Koval, Vice 

President of International Astronomical Commission. It was “high 

time” that space knowledge was used for advancement of communications, meteorology, geodesy, and navigation. Since space exploration 

was not cheap, simpler and more reliable experiments must be tried 

before complex and expensive ones. Three practical applications of 

space research were industrial use of high vacuum and absolute cold, 

industrial use of rocketry innovations, and putting “production-technical complexes” in space. ( W Post, 10/15/69, A21) 

October 14: U.S.S.R. launched Intercosmos I into orbit with 626-km (389.0- 

mi) apogee, 253-km (157.2-mi) perigee, 93.3-min period, and 48.3’ 

inclination. Spacecraft carried experiments from U.S.S.R., East Germany, and Czechoslovakia, including x-ray spectrograph to determine 

which areas of sun were chief producers of x-rays and whether 

these emissions were polarized. It reentered Jan. 2, 1970. (GSFC SSR, 

10/15/69; 1/15/70; SBD, 10/15/69, 203; Interavia, 11/69, 1751) 

0 Apollo 11 astronauts were received at Buckingham Palace by Queen 

Elizabeth during their visit to U.K. on 22-nation tour. (Reuters, 

B Sun, 10/15/69) 

October 15: Astrobee 1500 sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops 

Station carried 102-lb GSFC payload to 1,600.0-mi (2,575-km) altitude 

and transmitted 35 min of data. Primary objectives were to measure 

cosmic radio noise intensities over 600-khz to 3-mhz frequency band, 

continue evaluation of Astrobee performance, and verify new Alcor 

1B 2nd stage. Secondary objective was to test receiver system for 

Explorer XXXVIII Radio Astronomy Explorer (launched July 4, 

1968). Solid-fueled Astrobee 1500 weighed 11,600 lbs and was being 

developed to provide research rocket to carry heavy scientific payloads to high altitudes with relatively easy handling. (WS Release 

69-17; NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 NASA acknowledged it was reviewing proposed orbital flight of monkey 

with transplanted heart. Project was one of two based on work of 

Dr. Christiaan Barnard, South African surgeon and heart transplant pioneer. Second Barnard-based study would deal with effects of space 

335 
October 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

flight on mechanism of rejection of foreign tissues in living organisms. 

Both proposals had been submitted by General Electric Co. Reentry 

Systems Div. ( W Post, 10/16/69) 

Washington Post reported interview with L/G Samuel C. Phillips, Commander of USAF Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO) and 

former NASA Apollo Program Director. Space shuttle was SAMSO’S top 

priority program. New family of spaceships was being roughed out 

on drawing boards. “From a military standpoint, we need to be 

aggressive advocates of the capability to take a look at and deal as 

necessary with space vehicles of another country.” USAF and NASA were 

dividing labor on space shuttle program, which would cost estimated 

$1 billion. Pace of program would depend on progress toward development of reusable rocket engine which would not burn itself out as it 

hurtled into space, LeRoy E. Day, Chief of NASA Space Shuttle Task 

Group, said. (Wilson, W Post, 10/15/69, A3) 0 USAF Space and Missile Systems Organization ( SAMSO) had awarded 

$14,303,150 contract to General Dynamics’ Convair Div. for manufacture of six Atlas (SLV-3C) launch vehicles for NASA and for conversion of one USAF launch vehicle (SLV-3) to later configuration, 

Convair announced. (Convair Div Release 1481) 

USAF dedicated 365-ft-long, $3.3-million telescope on 9,200-ft elevation 

in Sacramento Mountains in southeast New Mexico. Described as most 

important new solar observing facility constructed in US. in decade, 

telescope would expand solar research capability of USAF’S Sacramento 

Peak Observatory and provide unequaled image stability. Telescope 

would be used for research on solar centers of activity-sunspots, 

magnetic fields, solar flares, and plage areas. Sacramento Peak solar 

research was endeavoring to identify causal relationships to predict 

solar energy variations and environmental disturbances affecting USAF 

operations. Observatory would participate in Global Flare Patrol Network support of NASA’s Apollo 12 mission, scheduled for Nov. 14 

launch. Operated by ESSA’S Space Disturbance Center in Boulder, 

Colo., network would give warning of any solar flares dangerous to 

mission. (USAF Release 1049-42; AP, NYT, 10/19/69, 62; ESSA PIO) 

0 Eastern Airlines became first US. carrier to employ antihijacking system 

developed by FAA. System combined knowledge of certain behavioral 

traits of hijackers with weapon screening device. Program was joint 

effort of FAA, Air Transport Assn., and Eastern, with assistance from 

US. Marshal’s O5ce. (FAA Release 69-119) 

Washington Post editorial said: “It is a pity that the Soviet Union continues to wrap its space program in secrecy. The flights of Soyuz 6, 

7 and 8 were launched in secret and on a mission also kept secret from 

the people whose labor supports the government that is paying for it. 

The contrast with the openness of the American space program could 

not be sharper and it is our lack of knowledge of what the Russians 

are doing that makes di5cult any assessment of the meaning of these 

flights.” As long as U.S.S.R. preferred to operate in secret, “there is 

little that Americans can do other than congratulate them on their 

successes.” (W Post, 10/15/69, A18) 

October 16: NASA estimated total cost of Viking project at $750 million, 

Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science 

and Applications, said in testimony before House Committee on Sci336 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 16 

ence and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications. “We have . . . made a substantial effort to accurately determine 

funding requirements before beginning hardware development. We 

believe our estimates are sound and that the Viking mission will make 

major scientific advance in our knowledge about Mars.” 

While earliest estimates for Earth Resources Technology Satellite 

( ERTS) program were about $50 million, current preliminary estimates 

varied from $100 to $200 million, depending on selection of spacecraft, 

sensors, telecommunications network, and ground data-handling system. “The study and design effort underway will provide for formal 

cost definition by the beginning of hardware development in mid1970.” 

In Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) program, 18 experiments 

had been chosen in air traffic control and communications, orbiting 

spacecraft communications and tracking, interference measurements, 

and meteorology. Instructional TV experiment would be conducted 

after completion of originally planned ATS-F program [see Sept. 181. 

“We are well into the definition phase for ATS F&G, and plan to 

select a contractor for hardware development later this year with the 

launch of ATS F in 1972.” (Text) e Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried 

GSFC payload to 127.2-mi (204.7-km) altitude to obtain high-resolution 

spectrograms of belt and sword stars of Orion. Excellent spectrum of 

star zeta in Orion was obtained and good spectrum of star epsilon 

in Orion was recorded. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

e Apollo 11 astronauts and wives on world tour had private audience with 

Pope Paul VI at Vatican and later met with bishops from around the 

world. During Papal audience, 200 dissident bishops attending 

“shadow synod” near Vatican issued denunciation of meeting. Pope 

had previously refused to see them. Priests said poor people of world 

would interpret astronauts’ audience with Pope to mean “that the 

Church is ready to link itself with power, of which the astronauts are 

the symbol, and that she refused to accept direct contact with weakness, of which our modest assembly is a symbol.” (AP, P BUZZ, 

10/16/69) 

* U.S.S.R. Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov 

would arrive in New York Oct. 20 to begin two-week visit to US. as 

guests of astronauts, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman announced. 

He had extended invitation during his July tour of U.S.S.R. Beregovoy 

had flown Soyuz ZZZ mission, Oct. 26-30, 1968; Feoktistov was scientist aboard Oct. 12, 1964, Voskhod I flight. Itinerary was expected to 

include MSC, Grand Canyon, California, Detroit, and Washington, 

D.C. (NASA Release 69-141; AP, W Star, 10/21/69) 

0 At LeRC technical conference on plasmas and magnetic fields, LeRC 

Electromagnetic Propulsion Div. Chief Wolfgang E. Moeckel said, 

“Man has reached the Moon and there is now some talk about going 

to the stars, but we are not yet ready with propulsion systems that are 

suitable for exploring our own solar system.” Manned flights to distant planets would become reasonable only with advanced nuclear propulsion systems. Thermonuclear fusion rocket, if feasible, could reduce 

manned Mars mission to four to five months and journey to Jupiter 

or Saturn to under three years. Solar electric rockets looked promising 

337 
October 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

for unmanned probes to planets as remote as Jupiter. (IRRC Release 

* AIAA announced former ARC director H. Julian Allen had been named to 

receive 1969 Daniel Guggenheim Medal. Medal-presented annually 

by AIAA, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and Society of 

Automotive Engineers for achievement in advancement of aeronautics 

-would be awarded Oct. 21 during AIAA Sixth Annual Meeting and 

Technical Display in Anaheim, Calif. ( AIAA Release) 

* Dr. Charles Stark Draper, head of MIT’S Instrumentation Laboratory 

since 1940, said he had been replaced because “they are going to take 

the lab” out of defense work and ‘‘ konvert it to civilian purposes.’ ” 

MIT had set up committee with veto power over research projects. 

Prof. Charles L. Miller had been named as Dr. Draper’s successor. 

( AP, W Post, 10/17/69, A3) 

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in Stockholm, 

Sweden, to U.S. scientists Dr. Max Delbruck, Cal Tech biologist; Dr. 

Alfred D. Hershey, director of Carnegie Institution’s genetics research 

unit; and Dr. Salvador E. Luria, MIT microbiologist. Award recognized 

discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases including reproductive processes of bacteriophage virus which infected bacteria. Scientists would share $73,000 cash Drize for what selection committee called 

69-58; LeRC PAO) 

setting “the solid foundation o’n which molecular biology rests.” (Lee, 

NYT, 10/17/69,1) 

In age of lunar landings there was boom in superstition in U.K., London 

Express Service reported in El Paso Herald-Post. Psychological investigation of 140 Manchester Univ. students had revealed 12% believed 

in old superstitions and London street survey had shown “pattern of 

belief incredible a few years ago.” One U.K. astrologer received more 

than 100,000 letters yearly; three-fourths of population studied newspaper horoscopes regularly; and 3 out of 10 winners in premium bond 

stakes reckoned they owed winnings to “lucky numbers under a particular star.” (EZ Paso Herald-Post, 10/16/69, 612) 

* Meteor Crater, Arizona, 640-acre site containing crater three miles in 

circumference and 570 ft deep, was attracting 200,000 visitors annually as “finest example on earth” of what Apollo 11 astronauts found 

on moon. (Arline, W Star, 10/16/69, A21) 

October 17: Mariner Mars 1969 missions were adjudged successful by NASA. 

Both spacecraft had performed satisfactorily with only minor anomalies 

in transit to Mars. Mariner VI (launched Feb. 24) had encountered 

Mars July 31 and had returned valuable data on Mars equatorial 

region. All scientific instruments except one of two channels of infrared 

spectrometer operated successfully. Mariner VZI (launched March 27) 

had encountered Mars Aug. 5 with all scientific instruments operating 

successfully and had returned good data on Mars southern hemisphere. 

Scientific data provided by two spacecraft included more than 2,000 

uv spectra and more than 400 infrared spectra of atmosphere and 

surface. Infrared radiometer returned more than 800 near-encounter 

and 100,000 far-encounter surface and atmospheric measurements. TV 

cameras produced 198 high-quality analog pictures of Martian surface. 

Tracking data provided measurements of mass and ephemeris of Mars, 

but degree of success of celestial mechanics experiment was yet to be 

determined. S-band occultation experiment determined electron and 

338 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 17 

temperature profile of ionosphere and temperature and pressure profile 

of lower atmosphere. (NASA Proj Off) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCZZ from Plesetsk into orbit with 320-km 

(198.8-mi) apogee, 207-km (128.6-mi) .perigee, 89.6-min period, and 

65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 25. ( GSFC SSR, 10/31/69; 

SBD, 10/20/69, 226) 

* NASA announced appointment of L/G Frank A. Bogart (USAF, Ret.) as 

MSC Associate Director, succeeding Wesley L. Hjornevik, who had been 

nominated Deputy Director of Office of Economic Opportunity. Bogart 

would be succeeded as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight (Management) at NASA Hq. by Harry H. Gorman, MSFC 

Deputy Director (Management). (NASA Release 69-144) 

At Moscow meeting of Franco-Soviet Grand Commission, formed in 1967 

to boost cooperation, France and U.S.S.R. signed protocol to join in 

attempt to put laser reflector on moon. French laser reflector would be 

launched by Soviet rocket. (Reuters, B Sun, 10/18/69) 

* Cambridge Univ. astronomer Fred Hoyle said in Science indications 

that igneous lunar rocks were perhaps as old as meteorites might “lead 

to the suggestion that the moon experienced a period of intense volcanic activity early in its history.” There was no need for volcanoes 

to have occurred in situ on moon. “Considerations of angular monientum show that planetary material probably separated from the sun 

when the radius of the latter was considerably greater than its present 

value. Current work on stellar structure requires that the effective 

surface temperature or* the solar condensation be substantially constant at 3500” to 4000°K during this phase, independent of radius. 

Hence, for comparatively large radii the luminosity would have been 

very much greater than the present-day value, so that primitive planetary material could well have been considerably hotter than would be 

estimated for material at corresponding distances from the present-day 

sun. . . . It will be of great interest to see if the recently acquired 

samples of lunar material establish the existence of such a hot phase, 

and, if so, to discover if any features of terrestrial geochemistry, which 

have hitherto been attributed to igneous activities on the earth itself, 

really belong to the initial primitive phase of the solar system.” (Science, 10/17/69, 401) 

* Gravity at ApoZZo II lunar landing site had been determined to be 

162,821,680 milligals from data telemetered to earth by LM on lunar 

surface, MSC scientist Richard L. Nance reported in Science. Gravity 

was measured with pulsed integrating pendulous accelerometer. Measurement could suggest order of magnitude of other anomalies, provide 

guide for future surveys, and indicate degree of homogeneity of moon. 

Radius of moon at an observation point could be determined independently of other methods of measurement. (Science, 10/17/69, 

384-5 ) 

* Science published letter from Cornell Univ. astronomer Dr. Brian T. 

O’Leary, former NASA scientist-astronaut: Comment from NASA officials 

that he had resigned from NASA program because he did not want to 

become pilot was oversimplification. “The budgetary delays in plans 

for scientific space flights and the inability to carry on a reasonable 

amount of scientific research in the meantime were equally important 

reasons.” (Science, 10/17/69, 313) 

339 
October 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* Univ. of Iowa astronomers Dr. James A. Van Allen and Dr. Richard S. 

Yeh reported in Science that abstract measurements made by lunar 

orbiting Explorer XXXV during 1967-68 showed it unlikely that 

alpha-particle emissivity of moon was greater than 0.064 per square 

cm per sec per steradian. And it was extremely unlikely it was greater 

than 0.128. (Values were 0.1 and 0.2 of 1966 provisional estimates by 

H. W. Kraner and others.) Result implied abundance of uranium-238 

in outer crust of moon was much less than typical of earth’s lithosphere, though it was consistent with abundance of uranium-238 in 

terrestrial basalt or in chondritic meteorites. (Science, 10/17/69, 

* NASA selected TRW Inc. and General Electric Co. for contract negotiations 

to conduct competitive studies for Earth Resources Technology Satellite 

( ERTS) program. Studies would determine how designs of existing 

spacecraft could be adapted with minimum modifications to ERTS requirements and to evaluate orbital and ground-based processing 

requirements. Final negotiations were expected to lead to two $500,- 

000, firm-fixed-price contracts. First ERTS flights would be launched 

in early 1972 to evaluate sensors for monitoring earth resources and 

to assess scope and requirements of eventual Earth Resources Satellite 

(ERS) program. (NASA Release 69-142) 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and Operations, 

received Mission of the Doctor award, presented annually by Italy’s 

Carlo Erba Foundation to a doctor for his “human qualities and talent.” (AP, NYT, 10/17/69) 

Washington Evening Star editorial commented on US.-India agreement 

to provide first direct TV broadcasts from satellite to small receiving 

stations [see Sept. 181: “All parties involved in this unusual enterprise seem confident it will succeed. If they are proved right, the whole 

idea can be broadened to enrich . . . every land on every continent 

where there is need to spread knowledge and forge unifying links 

between cities and isolated hamlets in the hinterland.” (W Star, 

10/17/69, A12) 

In interview published by New York Times, Boeing Co. Vice President 

H. W. Withington said SST cost, quoted at $40 million, would climb 

to $50 million or $60 million if inflation continued at current rate. 

He did not expect increase to cut heavily into sales. Under current 

forecast, Boeing would have to raise “about $2-billion to go into 

production, and that’s assuming we get 50 per cent progress payments 

[half of the purchase price] in the 1973-74 period. I’m not so sure 

we’ll be able to do this.” (Lindsey, NYT, 10/17/69) 

Sir George Edwards, Chairman and Managing Director of British Aircraft 

Corp., told American Newcomen Society meeting in New York that 

Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport had completed 75 flights 

and approximately 128 flying hrs. (BAC Release 42/69) 

* ComSatCorp reported third-quarter net income of $1,446,000 (14 cents 

per share), decline from 20 cents per share for second quarter and 

from $11,760,000 (17 cents per share) for third quarter of 1968. 

Earnings for first nine months of 1969 totaled $4,947,000 (49 cents 

per share), down from $5,054,000 (50 cents per share) for first nine 

months of 1968. ComSatCorp said revenues failed to reach expected 

level because of interruption of service on Intelsat-Ill F-2 June 29 

370-2) 

340 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 17 

and amortization costs had depreciated because of expansion of conisat 

system. As of Sept. 30, ComSatCorp was leasing 1,364 circuits full-time, 

increase of 522 over Sept. 30, 1968. (ComSatCorp Release 59) 

Dr. Caryl P. Haskins, Carnegie Institution President, announced 404n 

telescope of advanced design would be erected atop 8,000-ft Las Campanas Mountain in north central Chile. It would be first telescope of 

Carnegie Southern Observatory, which eventually would house 200-in 

reflector similar to that at Mt. Palomar Observatory in California. 

New telescope, expected to be operational in one year, would be 

equipped with ultrasensitive photoelectric instruments to measure light 

from remote sources and with digital data system. (Carnegie Institution Release) 

October 18: Cosmos CCCZZZ was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 457-km (284.0-mi) apogee, 268-km (166.5-mi) perigee, 

91.7-min period, and 70.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 23, 

1970. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/69; 1/31/70; SBD, 10/21/69, 233) 

* ApoZZo 1 I astronauts arrived at Belgrade from Rome during world tour. 

They were cheered by crowd estimated at 400,000 to 500,000 persons 

between airport and tomb of Yugoslavia’s Unknown Soldier, where 

they placed wreath. Later, at luncheon in their honor, President Tito 

said, “I do not like invaders on earth, but I hold in high esteem the 

conquering of celestial bodies, and I express my wishes for biggest 

success.” (NYT, 10/19/69, L69; UPI, W Star, 10/19/69, A4) 

Proposed Nixon Administration program of low-budget oceanic and 

marine science activities was announced in Washington, D.C., by Vice 

President Spiro T. Agnew. Program sought establishment of coastal 

zone management program, modest grants for state planning and regulatory mechanisms, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, 

currently under consideration by Congress and Ash Commission on 

Federal Reorganization. Program also proposed coastal laboratories for 

regional problems, pilot project of lake restoration, International 

Decade of Ocean Exploration, and accelerated program of Arctic 

research. (Lannan, W Star, 10/19/69, A12) 

October 19: Boeing Co. President T. A. Wilson was quoted in Washington 

Post interview as saying 747 airliner was biggest financial gamble his 

firm had ever taken. Huge aircraft would compete with Lockheed 1011 

and McDonnell Douglas DC-10, which were smaller but less expensive 

to purchase and operate, with three engines instead of four. While airlines were seeking ways to retrench, Boeing Co. was building 747 in 

plant bigger than vertical assembly building for Saturn V at KSC. To 

date, Boeing Co. had announced 183 orders for 747-not enough to 

recoup itsexpenses with aircraft price at $20 million each. McDonnell 

Douglas had orders for 97 DC-10s and options on 104 orders. Lockheed had 181 orders for 1011s. (Wilson, W Post, 10/19/69, B5) 

John N. Wilford said in New York Times: “Even though the Soyuz flights 

accomplished less than American observers had expected, they served 

notice that the Soviet Union may have forged ahead in space-station 

development while the United States was concentrating on the Apollo 

moon flight preparations.’’ But if U.S.S.R. had meant missions as beginning of first space station, “they fell far short.” There were “no 

link-ups of vehicles, no transfers of crews between ships and no test of 

the effects of long-duration weightlessness. None of the three ships was 

341 
October 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

placed in an orbit high enough for the prolonged flights being considered for space stations.” 

Mission accomplishments could prove useful for construction of future space stations. “They proved that they were able to launch three 

manned spacecraft in three consecutive days, which the United States 

has not done. Such precision launchings are necessary for space station deployment.” Missions also had demonstrated first welding in 

space. “It will probably be necessary to weld together sections of a 

space station, rather than rely solely on the mechanical clamps used 

for present docking operations, and to make repairs by welding during 

flight.” (NYT, 10/19/69, E9) 

October 20: Capt. Chester M. Lee (USN, Ret.), Apollo 12 Mission Director, 

described Apollo 12 plans to press at NASA Hq. [see Oct. 21. Mission 

would be launched toward moon at 11 :22 am EST Nov. 14, carrying Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr. (commander) , Alan L. Bean ( LM pilot), 

and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. (CM pilot). Primary objectives would be 

to perform selenological inspection, survey and sample mare area, deploy Apollo lunar surface experiment package ( ALSEP) , develop techniques for point landing capability, and photograph candidate landing 

sites. 

Basic flight plan would be similar to one for ApoZZo 11 (July 16-24] 

with modifications to improve landing accuracy and increase data return. Launch azimuth had been narrowed from 72O-108O for Apollo 11 

to 72”-96” for Apollo 12 and trajectory had been changed from freereturn to hybrid. Lunar orbit stay time for Apollo 12 would be 

increased from 59.6 hrs for ApoZZo 11 to 89 hrs; lunar surface stay 

time, from 21.6 hrs to 31.5 hrs; EVA from one 2-hr 32-min period to 

two 3-hr 30-min periods; and total mission time, from 195.3 hrs to 

2M.7 hrs. LM sleeping arrangements would be improved with hammocks, color TV if repaired by launch date would be used on surface, 

and LM ascent stage would be crashed onto lunar surface near seismometer after ascent from moon and redocking. To increase navigational accuracy crew would avoid waste and water dumps 10 hrs before 

landing to prevent thrust that might carry them off course, would 

approach moon upside-down so landing radar would be operational 

during entire landing phase, and would speed up descent to conserve 

fuel at landing. (Transcript) 

0 Tass reported Soviet scientists had tested “electric jet plasma engine” 

producing jet flow of gas that reached 75 mps. Engine “needs neither 

fuel nor oxidizer from the ground. Once the aircraft is taken to the 

ionosphere it is able to continue flying using only atmospheric nitrogen.” Tass said engine might be used to power “superfast” jetliners in 

upper atmosphere. 

Washington Post quoted US. scientists as saying this was misinterpretation. No aircraft could fly high enough to take advantage of such 

an engine. Soviet development sounded like “very interesting” breakthrough, which US. was not even pursuing. It appeared to be new 

version of ion engine, which NASA would use aboard SERT spacecraft 

later in year. But SERT engine would carry its own fuel. Electrical 

power supply to convert nitrogen to electrified gas would be too heavy. 

(O’Toole, W Post, 10/21/69, A23) 

* NAS released Scientific Uses of the Large Space Telescope, report of ad 

342 
ASTRONAllTlCS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Ortoher 20 

hoc committee of NAS-NRC Space Science Board appointed to consider 

scientific functions and practical feasibility of placing in earth orbit 

or on lunar surface diff raction-limited, optical telescope with 120-in 

aperture. Committee concluded LST would make dominant contribution 

to understanding content, structure, scale, and evolution of universe 

and provide important, decisive information in other astronomical 

fields; efficient space astronomy program would also require continuing series of smaller telescopes; and most effective utilization of powerful space telescope would require substantial increase in ground-based 

instruments. (Text) 0 Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Soyuz Vl, Vll, 

and VIIl: “The latest Soviet space spectacular, it would seem, adds up 

to a small step for mankind and a giant step for the welding trade. 

There is nothing overwhelmingly impressive about having three spacecraft in orbit at once. All that is required these days is the decision to 

get them up and the money to build three rockets and launch facilities. 

Even the highly touted welding experiment does not constitute a major 

technical breakthrough. It did raise the honorable trade to new heights, 

but the conditions under which the tests were made could have beenand probably have been-largely duplicated in the laboratory.” (W 

Star, 10/20/69) 

Aquanauts Dr. Larry Hallanger, Dr. David Youngblood, Wally Jenkins, 

and Richard A. Waller had successfully completed two-day experiment 

in first self-contained undersea laboratory 50 ft below Atlantic near 

Riviera Beach, Fla., Associated Press reported. Hydro-Lab, 16 ft long 

and 8 ft in diameter, supplied its own electricity from fuel cell similar 

to cell used for power in Apollo spacecraft. It was built by Perry 

Oceanographics, Inc. (W Star, 10/20/69, A3) 

Sari Francisco Board of Supervisors had voted to negotiate with Texas 

niillionaire Lamar Hunt on least? of 22-acre Alcatraz Island, United 

Press International reported. Hunt planned underground museum in 

tribute to ApoZZo 11, while restoring island’s historic buildings. (W 

Star., 10/20/69, B4) 

October 20-23: AIAA’S Sixth Annual Meeting and Technical Display was 

held in Anaheim, Calif. Among 6,559 persons attending were Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov with Apollo 8 

Astronaut Frank Borman, host for their US. visit. At press conference 

Beregovoy said military use of space was not practical: “The aim of 

our program is the exploration of space. In our minds, space is the 

scene of peaceful work and investigation.” Feoktistov said US.- 

U.S.S.R. space race was “first phase of space flight.” Space research 

was now in second phase. “I think we can say that in that phase Soviet 

and American scientists are intensely helping each other.” U.S.S.R. 

wanted to send unmanned spacecraft to moon’s vicinity, outer planets, 

and solar orbit and to develop weather and communications satellites. 

Soviet plans called for manned space stations and manned flights to 

vicinities of Mars, Venus, and Mercury. Asked when astronauts and 

cosmonauts might fly side by side, Beregovoy said, “We are going 

parallel but different ways now, but in principle such a possibility 

exists. Maybe a year, maybe three years. Maybe as soon as we learn 

English.” (AIAA Release 11/3/69; O’Toole, W Post, 10/24/69, A3) 

ESSA Administrator Robert M. White described new-generation 

343 
October 20-23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

weather satellite ITOS that would be launched in prototype by NASA 

later in 1969 and in operational form by ESSA in early 1970. “It combines in one spacecraft both the stored-data and direct readout cameras 

of the present two-satellite [ TIROS] arrangement. Fewer launches will 

be required to keep the system in operation. The design allows for 

growth and the capacity to accommodate a variety of instruments to 

meet new and developing needs.” System would contain high-resolution 

infrared radiometer for “nighttime observations approaching daytime 

pictures in resolution and quality” thus providing 24-hr weather satellite coverage. “This step will enable us to meet fully the first national 

program objective-providing twice-daily observations of the entire 

earth, both by stored and direct readout systems, day and night.” 

(Text) 

Fifty years of transatlantic flight-from USN NC-4 flying boat’s Lisbon arrival May 27, 1919, to June 3, 1969, maiden Atlantic crossing 

of Boeing 747-was traced in paper by Dr. Richard K. Smith, Ramsey 

Fellow at Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. 

During “the Heroic Years on the North Atlantic between 27 May 1919 

and 27 May 1939, there were 175 flights across the Atlantic; 142 were 

by airplanes, 33 by airships. . . . It is confidently believed that all the 

persons who flew the Atlantic by airplane during that period could be 

accommodated aboard a 747, perhaps with some seats to spare. However, at least three more 747s would be required to lift those persons 

who flew by airship during 1919-1937!” (Text) 

MSC Flight Operations Director Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., said 

Apollo program might be extended to 1973 to allow NASA to fly three 

space station training missions in 1972. “It’s going to be some time 

before we settle it. But it’s going to be difficult to handle both Apollo 

and Apollo Applications from an operational point of view as well as 

a people point of view in 1972.” Revised launch schedule set Apollo 19 

landing back to November 1972 and Apollo 20 to May 1973. Between 

Apollo 18 launch Feb. 11, 1972, and Apollo 19 were three orbital 

flights preparatory for establishment of first U.S. permanent space station in 1975. These flights could come just after Apollo 18, in May 

1972 and in September 1972. Further reason for ApolIo landings delay 

was possibility they would be made in remote lunar areas like crater 

Tycho, almost 1,000 mi below moon’s equator and rated among top 

priority landing sites. (O’Toole, W Post, 10/23/69, A21) 

Dr. Arthur D. Code, Univ. of Wisconsin astronomer, reported discovery that relatively young stars in constellations Orion and Scorpius 

were generating heats of 45,000”F-5,000” hotter than had been 

thought. Finding, from data obtained by NASA’s Oao I1 satellite 

(launched Dec. 7, 1968), suggested young stars might be more massive 

and maturing faster than originally believed and supported theories of 

thermonuclear processes in stars’ interiors that generated such heats. 

Oao I1 data also showed younger stars had more complex chemical 

composition than stars formed near universe’s beginning. They contained fairly large amounts of carbon, silicon, magnesium, and heavier 

elements, as well as predominant hydrogen and helium. Other Oao I1 

data indicated particles in interstellar space were variety of complex 

matter, much of which might be debris ejected from stars. (Wilford, 

NYT, 10/21/69, C19) 

344 
ASTROSAUTICS .4ND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 20-23 

MSC Director of Engineering Development Maxime A. Faget outlined 

concept of space vehicle with two reusable stages-booster rocket and 

orbiter craft-both with fixed wings, long fuselages, and rear rocket 

engines. Vehicle would be 225 ft high and weigh 2.5 million Ibs at 

launch. Orbiter vehicle, capable of carrying 25,000 lbs of cargo and 

passengers, would be attached pickaback to booster stage’s upper half. 

Booster, burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, would elevate 

orbiter to fringe of space, separate, drop away, and cruise to landing 

like jet airliner. Booster probably would be piloted by two astronauts. 

Orbiter would ignite rocket engine to continue upward to space station 

orbiting at 300-mi altitude. After link-up with space station, transfer 

of cargo or 12 passengers, and pickup of new load, orbiter would be 

steered by pilot into atmosphere and controlled glide to landing on 

10,000-ft runways used by aircraft. Key to reentry would be orbiter’s 

L‘angle of attack” when hitting atmosphere. Faget proposed 60’ angle 

with nose up, so flattened bottom would catch airflow to slow descent. 

Small jet engines would be fired to help control final descent phases of 

both orbiter and booster. Outer surface of vehicles would be made of 

metal alloys that could sustain temperatures to 2,700’F. Wilford, 

NYT, 10/24/69, 43) 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, discussed 

DOD space activities: “In communications, meteorology and surveillance 

. . . we are actively pursuing increased capability. . . . Tactical communications using satellite relays are presently being intensely tested 

and show great promise in improving control of field units and increasing . . . cooperation between land, sea and air forces. In surveillance, our efforts have produced results. Of first importance is a new 

satellite early warning system that will do a great deal to further insure 

our ability to deter nuclear attack.” Savings in space travel costs ‘Lmust 

be linked to the recovery and reuse of space vehicles. . . . Since major 

improvement in our ability to use space environment would be of direct 

assistance to both NASA and the military, we are jointly planning our 

research and development towards this objective.” (Text) 

Major AIAA awards presented included Louis W. Hill Space Transportation Award to George M. Low, former Manager of Apollo Spacecraft Program at MSC, currently on special assignment to MSC Director, 

for “his leadership role in bringing the Apollo Program to fulfillment, 

and to the thousands of engineers who dedicated their careers, without 

public recognition, to the conquest of space.” Daniel Guggenheim 

Medal for 1969 was presented to retired ARC Director H. Julian Allen 

for “personal contributions to outstanding research and development 

leading to vastly improved re-entry bodies, missiles, satellites, and 

spacecraft, and for leadership in directing and inspiring a large group 

of research men at Ames Laboratory.” Lawrence Sperry Award was 

given Edgar C. Lineberry, Jr., Chief of Orbital Mission Analysis 

Branch, MSC, for “significant advancement in the field of rendezvous 

mechanics through his development of the space maneuver logic and 

associated control techniques, and his formulation of the mission plans 

which contributed decisively to the success of all rendezvous operations 

conducted during United States manned space flights.” De Florez 

Training Award was given to Gifford Bull, Principal Engineer and Engineering Pilot at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, for “establishing 

345 
October 20-23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

the use of variable stability airplanes as flight dynamics training vehicles for engineering test pilots.’’ 

New AIAA Award for Spacecraft Design was awarded Otto E. Bartoe, 

Jr., Vice President, Aerospace Div., Ball Brothers Research Corp., for 

“concept and preliminary design of the Orbiting Solar Observatory 

spacecraft configuration and control systems, the first embodiment of 

the spin-despin design.” Aerospace Communications Award was 

awarded Dr. Eberhardt Rechtin, Director of DOD Advanced Research 

Projects Agency and former JPL Assistant Director for Tracking and 

Data Acquisition, for “development of phase lock systems for space 

communications, guidance and control, and for contributions to the 

design, development and operation of NASA’s Deep Space Network.” 

( MSC Release; AIAA Releases; AIAA Booster, 10/20/69) 

Honored as new Honorary Fellows at Honors and Award Banquet 

Oct. 23 were Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force 

and former NASA Deputy Administrator; German rocket pioneer Hermann Oberth; and Northrop Corp. founder John K. Northrop. 

Among 29 new Fellows were: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman, 

Deputy Director, Flight Crew Operations Directorate, MSC; former 

GSFC Director, Dr. Harry J. Goett, Chief Engineer, Space and Re-Entry 

Systems Div., Philco-Ford Corp. ; Najeeb E. Halaby, President, Pan 

American World Airways, Inc. ; Samuel L. Higginbottom, Vice President, Operations Group, Eastern Airlines, Inc. ; L/G Samuel C. Phillips, 

Commander of USAF Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO) 

and former NASA Apollo Program Director; John G. Borger, Chief 

Engineer, Pan American World Airways, Inc. ; Walter Haeussermann, 

Director, Astrionics Laboratory, MSFC; Dr. John C. Houbolt, Vice 

President and Senior Consultant, Aeronautical Research Associates of 

Princeton. ( AIAA Release) 

During third AIAA President’s Forum, Under Secretary of Interior 

Russell E. Train said, “Photographs of Earth, taken by our astronauts 

from the vicinity of the Moon, bring home more forcefully than the 

words of all scientists of all times the fact that we live on a finite 

planet with finite but poorly known resources.” ( A&A, 2/70) 

October 21: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCClV into orbit with 760-km 

(472.2-mi) apogee, 742-km (461.1-mi) perigee, 99.8-min period, and 

74.0’ inclination. ( GSFC SSR, 10/31/69) 

* NASA’s Annual Honor Awards Ceremony was held in Washington, D.C., 

with keynote speaker Dr. Charles H. Townes, Univ. of California at 

Berkeley physicist and member of President’s Task Force on Science 

Policy. 

Recipients of NASA Distinguished Service Medal were: L/G Frank 

A. Bogart ( USAF, Ret.), MSC Associate Director; Robert E. Bordeau, 

Assistant Director for Projects, GSFC; Dr. John F. Clark, GSFC Director; Charles W. Mathews, Deputy Associate Administrator, OMSF; 

Ozro M. Covington, Assistant Director for Manned Flight Support, 

GSFC; George H. Hage, Boeing Co. Vice President for Product Development and former NASA Apollo Program Deputy Director; Dr. 

George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight; Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space 

Science and Applications; Rocco Petrone, Apollo Program Director ; 

L/G Samuel C. Phillips, Commander of USAF Space and Missile Sys346 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 21 

tems Organization ( SAMSO) and former Apollo Program Director; 

Julian W. Scheer, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs; Dr. 

Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force and former NASA 

Deputy Administrator; Willis H. Shapley, Associate Deputy Administrator; and Gerald M. Truszynski, Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition. 

Distinguished Public Service Medal was awarded to Dr. Harry H. 

Hess (posthumously), former Princeton Univ. geologist and Chairman 

of NAs-NRc Space Science Board, and to Dr. Townes. 

Exceptional Bravery Medal was awarded to Charles J. Beverlin and 

Billy B. McClure of General Dynamics Corp. at KSC, each for prompt 

action during “accidental depressurization of an Atlas launch vehicle” 

which “prevented destruction of a Mariner Mars space vehicle and 

potential injury to his comrades.” 

Special recognition given to employees of NASA and leading aerospace industries for their role in successful Apollo lunar landing resulted in largest number of annual awards to date. Exceptional 

Scientific Achievement Medal was awarded to 25 persons, Exceptional 

Service Medal to 97, and Public Service Group Achievement Award to 

29. Other awards included Group Achievement Award, Public Service 

Award, and Certificate of Appreciation. (Program; NASA Release 

69-143; NASA Personnel Div) 

* MSC Director, Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, announced appointment of Dr. Gene 

Simmons, MIT professor of geophysics, to new position of MSC Chief 

Scientist and of Anthony J. Calio as Director of Science and Applications. Dr. Simmons would divide his time between MIT and NASA, reporting directly to MSC Director. At MSC Dr. Simmons would attempt 

to emphasize strong role of science in future manned flights and lunar 

exploration and to effect close ties between NASA programs and scientific community. ( MSC Release 69-72) 

* Visiting Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov 

received Presidential pens and bronze inaugural medals from President 

Nixon,during brief stop at White House. Later they flew to MSC, where 

they were honored at dinner by 30 astronauts. Apollo 8 Astronaut 

Frank Borman showed cosmonauts NASA T-38 jet aircraft. (PD, 

10/27/69, 1485; AP, W Star, 10/22/69, A3) 

* Richard W. Cook, Deputy Director for Operations in Science and Engineering Directorate, MSFC, would become Deputy Director, Management, to MSFC Director, Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC announced. He 

would succeed Harry H. Gorman, new NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight (Management), for one or two years, 

or until permanent replacement became available. ( MSFC Release 

October 22: Cosmos CCCV was launched by U.S.S.R. from Baikonur. Satellite entered orbit with 340-km (211.3-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) 

perigee, 88.4-min period, and 51.4’ inclination and reentered Oct. 24. 

(GSFC SSR, 10/31/69; SBD, 10/27/69, 254) 

* Press conference on preliminary science results of Biosatellite 111 

(launched June 28) was held at NASA Hq. Spacecraft, carrying male 

macaque monkey Bonny, had been launched on 30-day mission to investigate physiological problems during space flight but had been 

deorbited after 81/2 days when monkey’s condition deteriorated. 

347 

69-232) 
October 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

John W. Dyer, Manager of Biosatellite Project Operations at ARC, 

said all of automatically controlled functions performed “beautifully” 

after launch and spacecraft and instrumentation performed well 

throughout mission. “The animal was reported to be enthusiastically 

eating and drinking, and after four or five days, a routine operation 

capable of going the duration of on-board consumables was projected.” 

Clear data on Bonny and entire flight system were recorded at 16 stations in 180 intervals of 5 to 10 min each and good quality data were 

returned from onboard tape and film records recovered with capsule. 

Bonny remained alert until eighth day, providing much new information on cycles of sleep and wakefulness at zero g. Dr. W. Ross Adey 

of UCLA, principal experimenter, said one important discovery was alterations in circadian rhythms, daily rhythms in physiological functions. “At least it is clear that if there is not an actual prolongation of 

the rhythms there is a very significant phase shift so that the animal 

woke later and later each day.” Most interesting discovery about sleep 

patterns was that dream sleep, which constituted 20% of normal night’s 

sleep on earth and was characterized by rapid eye movements (REM), 

occurred in space. “It had never been clear in space whether man or 

animals have this REM sleep, and there is evidence that decreased 

gravitational inputs, or decreased inputs from the body will seriously 

disrupt it. So we were very interested to see that REM sleep in the 

monkey . . . that there was indeed a great deal of sleep of this REM 

type, and that it occurred in . . . an intermediate stage of sleep.” 

One of first abnormalities noted in Bonny was pendular eye movement, swinging movement that occurred when vestibular mechanism in 

inner ear was disturbed. Fluid was moving in some fashion that might 

indicate pressure or cooling if it occurred on earth. “None of these 

conditions applied here. But the weightlessness would allow movements 

of the fluid which were probably unusual. . . . This is interesting because the Apollo astronauts who have now much more room to move 

around than in . . . the Mercury and Gemini spacecraft have . . . almost 

uniformly reported some degree of vestibular disturbances.” 

By eighth day, brain and body temperature and central venous pressure had dropped dangerously. Fluid loss by sweating and diuresis was 

high, apparently because of redistribution of blood in visceral pools 

from weightlessness. On recovery Bonny was semicomatose and his 

temperature was below 35°C. Immediate resuscitation measures with 

intravenous fluid were begun and monkey’s condition improved substantially. “The temperature came up to about 35.8, the heart rate 

stabilized, and the blood pressure came up. . . . And the animal was 

lifting his head . . . and making coordinated movements with all four 

limbs. And then quite suddenly, about twelve hours after recovery, a 

condition of ventricular fibrillation ensued. It came on very suddenly, 

and the heartbeat became totally disordered. And there was no recovery. This is a common occurrence in monkeys of this species when 

recovering from hypothermia . . . and death is almost a certainty.” 

Autopsy revealed 20% loss in body weight, much higher than 

3%-8% reported for astronuats in early days of flights. Restraint, 

weightlessness, and decreased feedback from peripheral structures had 

decreased shivering response, and monkey had failed to respond to 

falling temperature with normal thermogenic response. Restraint and, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 22 

particularly, weightlessness had led to pooling of blood in thorax and 

abdomen, raising central venous pressures and leading to loss of fluid 

through kidney and sweating. Dr. Adey said mission was “highly successful in revealing physiological effects of weightlessness in spite of 

the reduced duration of the experiment’, and indicated “great value of 

carefully designed animal experiments in collection of important biomedical data relevant to manned flight.” 

Virtually every piece of information that could be drawn about 

manned space flight indicated similar changes in astronauts, though to 

smaller degree, he said. Scientists still did not know whether gravity 

was necessary for long-duration space flights. “Therefore, I think it is 

premature to consider the design of space platforms or the larger space 

stations until we know more from the biomedical point of view about 

what is absolutely necessary.” President’s Science Advisory Committee 

report to President Nixon, being printed, would say necessary biomedical basis for elaborate space platforms and space stations did not 

exist in NASA or in scientific community. (Transcript) 

Retirement of Dr. Abe Silverstein, LeRC Director, was announced by Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator. ,He would be succeeded Nov. 1 

by OART Acting Administrator Bruce T. Lundin. In requesting retirement, Dr. Silverstein wrote: “AS NASA engages in its second ten-year 

program, it may be important that the men whose decisions initiate 

the new long-range projects be available to complete them. Since I do 

not think I can stretch my 40 years of service into 50, it is perhaps 

best . . . if I bow out now.” Few have made so great a contribution to 

our national space effort,” Dr. Paine said. 

Dr. Silverstein had been first Director of Space Flight Programs in 

NASA Hq. in 1958. Under his leadership first US. man-in-space program, Project Mercury, had been planned and groundwork laid for 

Gemini and Apollo programs. He had joined NASA at Langley Aeronautical Laboratory in 1929 and helped design and later was in charge 

of Full-scale Wind Tunnel. Transferring to Lewis Laboratory in 1943, 

he was responsible for conception, design, and construction of first 

US. supersonic-propulsion wind tunnels. After three years with NASA 

Hq., 1958-1961, he returned to LeRC as Director. 

Lundin had served NASA since 1943, when he joined staff at Lewis. 

In 1961 he was appointed Associate Director for Development. In May 

1968 he went to NASA Hq. as Deputy Associate Administrator for OART. 

(NASA Release 69-145; LeRC Release 69-61; LeRC Biog 4/67) 0 NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. 

Manke, reached mach 0.6 after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 

40,000-ft altitude over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Objectives of 

unpowered flight, sixth in series, were to check out new pilot, evaluate 

handling characteristics with 30” upper flap, and evaluate handling 

qualities at various roll gain settings of stability augmentation systems 

(SAS). (NASA Proj Off) 0 At Moscow ceremony honoring Soyuz VI, VII, and VIII cosmonauts, 

Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Leonid L. Brezhnev said 

U.S.S.R. had “an extensive space program drawn up for many years.” 

Main road lay in orbital space stations. “Our road of space conquest 

is the road of solving vital fundamental problems, the problems of science and technology.” While U.S.S.R. favored international space co349 
October 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

operation, major advance in the development of space techniques 

has been achieved in the flight . . . just completed. Our science approached the setting up of long-term orbital stations and laboratories 

-the decisive means of extensive exploration of outer space.” (Clarity, 

NYT, 10/23/69,78) 

Discovery of possible planet, in orbit around NPO-532 pulsar about 

6,000 light years from solar system, was reported by Cornel1 Univ. astronomer Dr. Thomas Gold. Discovery, by astronomers at Arecibo 

Ionospheric Observatory in Puerto Rico, was indicated by wobble in 

pulsation rate from NPO-532, pulsar or neutron star in Crab Nebula. 

Planet was same distance from neutron star as Mercury was from sun. 

(K Post, 10/22/69, A9) 

October 23: Apollo 12 countdown demonstration test (CDDT) began at KSC 

in preparation for launch to moon Nov. 14. (UPI, NYT, 10/25/69) 

In Kinshasa, Republic of Congo, Apollo 11 astronauts were awarded 

National Order of the Leopard, Congo’s highest decoration, by President Joseph D. Mobutu for “setting an example to all mankind.” 

(C Trib, 10/24/69) 

* Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov told 

press conference at MSC they had declined invitation to visit Cape Kennedy because they could not reciprocate and invite US. astronauts to 

Soviet launch facilities. (C Trib, 10/24/69) 

* Dr. George E, Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, addressed 25th Annual General Meeting of IATA in Amsterdam, 

Netherlands. “Within the next ten years we can expect the full effect 

of the space age to be felt. New insights into our complex environment 

will spur the development of new industries, new products and the new 

jobs which we need to gainfully employ our expanding population.” 

Air transportation would be one of first areas “dramatically affected” 

by space experience. “An inertial guidance system fundamentally the 

same as that which carried Apollo 11 to the moon is now being installed in the Boeing 747. Data concerning the flammability of nonmetallic materials, accumulated for use in the Apollo Modules, is being 

utilized for interior fittings. . . .” Other space-to-aviation transfers included composite materials to withstand stresses and temperatures not 

previously encountered, optical tooling for large structures, welding 

with new materials and by new processes in new aircraft, and generalpurpose onboard digital computers. “The use of solid-state large-scale 

integrated circuits for multiplexing and self-checking circuits will 

eliminate most cabling and much maintenance.” 

Desired characteristics of space shuttle, which could be operational 

by 1976, would anticipate those of next generation of air transports, 

possibly, global transport “so that no place on earth would be more 

than an hour from any other.” (Text) 

October 24: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Titan IIIB-Agena booster into orbit with 395.8-mi (636.8-km) 

apogee, 78.3-mi (125.9-km) perigee, 92.1-min period, and 108.1’ inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 8. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/69; Pres Rpt 

U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites, Cosmos CCCVZ, launched from 

Baikonur, entered orbit with 307-km ( 190.8-mi) apogee, 203-km 

(126.1-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, and 64.9” inclination and re70 ~691) 

350 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 24 

entered Nov. 5. Cosmos CCCVII enter 

(1,340.3-mi) apogee, 213-km (132.4-mi) p 

and 48.4” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/69; 11/15/69; SBD, 

10/27/69, 255) 

Apollo 12 spacecraft was lashed by 40-mph winds during second day of 

countdown demonstration test ( CDDT) at KSC. Officials said exercise 

proceeded without difficulty. (W Post, 10/25/69, A9; UPI, NYT, 

10/25/69) 

* Dr. Gene Simmons, MSC Chief Scientist, told press at MSC reported conflict between scientists and engineers in U.S. space program was “more 

apparent than it is real.” MSC officials were making great efforts to 

increase scientific return from nine remaining Apollo missions. Dr. 

Simmons was “not sure there is this rift.” (W Post, 10/25/69, A9) 

LaRc announced award of $313,620,000 cost-plus-incentive-fee/award-fee 

contract to Martin Marietta Corp. for construction of lander portions 

of two Viking spacecraft scheduled to softland on Mars in summer 

1973 and for project integration services. (LaRC Release) 

0 Soviet Academy of Sciences President, Prof. Mstislav V. Keldysh, said 

in Stockholm, “We no longer have any time plan for manned moon 

trips. Right now we are concentrating on constructing big satellite 

space stations.” He predicted expanded scientific cooperation between 

U.S. and U.S.S.R. with possibility of cosmonauts and astronauts aboard 

same spacecraft in future. In Sweden for Swedish Academy of Engineering’s 50th anniversary, Prof. Keldysh implied U.S.S.R. planned to 

assemble spacecraft in orbiting stations and launch them from there. 

He indicated existence of conflicting views in U.S.S.R. as to space research funding. “My personal view is that, when man has taken his 

first step into space, you cannot stop further development.” (UPI, 

W Post, 10/25/69, A3) 

* Visiting U.S.S.R. Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. 

Feoktistov went on “Flight to the Moon” ride at Disneyland, Calif., 

during U.S. tour. They received Mickey Mouse watches and caps from 

employees dressed as cartoon characters in spacesuits. Beregovoy said, 

“Now we are admitted to this particular society.” (UPI, NYT, 

10/25/69, 3) 

October 25: Economist said of Soviet Soyuz “fiascoy’ U.S.S.R. had 

tried “highly ambitious link-up of the components of a permanent, 

orbiting space station, something the Americans will be in no shape to 

do for perhaps five years. The fact that the Russians apparently failed 

must have been humiliating to them, and gratifying to the Americans, 

but it is unlikely to be more than a temporary check to a programme 

that has rolled with considerable success since the Russians put the 

world’s first satellite in orbit more than a decade ago. The slow progress reflects the state of Soviet industry, but is steady progress with 

few loose ends. The American programme, trimmed and squeezed by 

political pressure and public opinion, is trailing appreciably more 

loose ends; despite the victory on the moon Nasa will have to set 

about tidying them up. And it is then that the Russians will have the 

last laugh.” (Economist, 10/25/69, 20) 

October 26: Estimated 1.5 million persons lined streets of Bombay, India, 

to welcome Apollo 11 astronauts. It was largest reception given to astronauts and wives during 22-nation tour. ( AP, B Sun, 10/27/69, A3) 

351 
October 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

U.S.S.R. Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov 

attended football game in San Diego, Calif., during two-week US. tour. 

When interpreter failed to explain game clearly, Beregovoy described 

action as “All fall down, all get up, all fall down.” (AP, W Star, 

10/27/69, A5) 

Eureka, Calif., high school senior Ronald Titus had identified sketch of 

future space station released by Tass Oct. 11 as identical to drawing 

in Sperry Gyroscope Co. advertisement in February 1962 Scientific 

American, New York Times reported. Original Soviet caption had said 

it was “Soviet sketch of a future space station.” Sketch had appeared 

in Eureka Times-Stundard and New York Times as concept of Soviet 

space station. (NYT, 10/26/69, 11) 

0 In $100,000 experiment to evaluate claims that jet noise had caused female minks to panic and eat their young, USAF planned to send jet aircraft through sound barrier over Univ. of Alaska’s experimental mink 

farm near Petersburg. On ground, observers from Dept. of Agriculture 

and Cornel1 Univ. would study mink reaction to sonic boom. Since 

1962 USAF had paid 25 claims totaling $67,000 for mink problems 

alleged to have been caused by supersonic aircraft. (Pinto, W Star, 

10/26/69, A22) 

0 Comsat issue had emerged as “classic case of governmental indecisionthe result of divided federal responsibilities, complicated technical and 

legal issues, and powerful, competing industrial interests,” Robert J. 

Samuelson said in Washington Post article. Nearly year had passed 

since task force appointed Aug. 14, 1967, by President Johnson to formulate “national communications policy” had submitted report. Nixon 

Administration had begun separate investigation. Meanwhile, “supporters of a domestic system, frustrated by repeated delay, are pushing 

the White House and the FCC for a quick decision.” ComSatCorp had 

always been “ardent advocate.” In 1965 and 1966, NBC and ABC had 

“enthusiastically embraced” comsats as means of transmitting TV 

signals. Recently, CBS President Dr. Frank M. Stanton had become convert, “apparently provoked” by AT&T’S new, higher TV signal rates. 

Within month, White House might propose approval of domestic 

comsat system but FCC would still have difficult task of approving 

specific system. Only limited number of comsats could be orbited 

24,000 mi above equator without interfering with each others’ transmission, even if Government were to allow more than one comsat system. If comsats assumed major role in communications, any decision 

allocating ownership rights could involve multimillions in eventual 

annual revenue. At first networks had asked to be allowed to create 

separate system, while ComSatCorp and AT&T advocated single system. 

Unresolved issue helped explain “extended years of study.” However, 

recent changes made compromise more likely. (V Post, 10/26/69, F1) 

October 27: NASA’s HLlO lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot 

William H. Dana, reached 60,500-ft altitude and rnach 1.6-vehicle’s 

fastest speed to date-after air-launch from B-52 aircraft west of 

Rosamond, Calif. Objective of flight, 27th in HLlO series and 14th 

with power, was to obtain stability and control data at transonic speeds. 

(NASA Proj Off; AP, NYT, 10/29/69, 12) 0 Dr. Persa R. Bell, Chief of MSC Lunar and Earth Sciences Div. and Manager of Lunar Receiving Laboratory, announced his resignation, effec352 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 27 

tive in January 1970. Be said he would return to scientific research at 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Until his departure Dr. Bell would act 

as special assistant to Anthony J. Calio, MSC Director of Science and 

Applications, evaluating and making recommendations on LRL operations and performing scientific research within LRL. Bryan R. Erb, 

Deputy Chief OB Lunar and Earth Sciences Div., would be acting LRL 

manager for Apollo 12 mission. (MSC Release 69-74) 

* Thomas W. Ray, historian at Defense Communications Agency, became 

Assistant NASA Historian for Manned Space Flight, replacing William 

D. Putnam, who had resigned in August to join RAND Corp. (NASA 

Note) 

October 28: Temperature measurements from satellite soundings had proved 

so valuable they were being used to prepare basic maps of Northern 

Hemisphere weather, ESSA announced. Soundings, made by 91-lb satellite infrared spectrometer (SIRS) on board NASA’s Nimbus 111 (launched 

April 14) , had provided unprecedented coverage of conditions over 

oceans and other areas where few upper-air measurements were made. 

Use of SIRS data had proved so successful that special computer-tocomputer link had been installed between GSFC and National Meteorological Center in Suitland, Md., to permit regular use of data in 

analyses of weather conditions over eastern Atlantic and most of Pacific from surface to 53,000-ft altitude. Improved version of SIRS was 

being readied for flight on next Nimbus launch in spring 1970. (ESSA 

Release ES 69-67) 

NASA announced selection of Boeing Co. Aerospace Group to receive $19- 

million, cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to design, develop, test, and 

deliver four flight-qualified lunar roving vehicles and related test and 

training equipment. Four-wheeled vehicles would be carried on board 

Apollo LM descent stages in 1971-72 to transport astronauts on lunar 

surface and store equipment and lunar samples. (NASA Release 69-147) 

* Apollo 11 astronauts were welcomed by estimated 100,000 persons in 

Bangkok, Thailand, after flight from Dacca, Pakistan, during world 

tour. (C Trib, 10/29/69) 

* Dr. William D. McElroy, NSF Director, announced 36-mo extension of 

Deep Sea Drilling Project, which was nearing end of l8-mo contract 

period. To date, holes up to 3,231 ft deep had been drilled at more 

than 66 sites in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in water depths up to 

20,140 ft, to retrieve sediment samples that had rained onto ocean 

floor for millions of years. Project sought data on inner space-history 

and origins of ocean basins and continents. Contract extension-from 

June 30, 1970, to June 30, 1973-covered additional drilling during 

15 two-month cruises of drilling ship GZomar Challenger. ( NSF Release 

October 29: Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, 

Jr., and Alan L. Bean achieved mock liftoff at 11:22 am EDT-exact 

minute planned-completing final phase of initial countdown demonstration test (CDDT) for Nov. 14 launch to moon. No major problems 

arose in spite of gusty winds and rain that would have delayed actual 

launch. (W Post, 10/30/69, AS) 

Second official public display of lunar rock fragment retrieved from 

moon by ApoZZo 11 astronauts was unveiled at MSC by Dr. Robert R. 

Gilruth, MSC Director. Exhibit included 12 photograph and text panels 

69-14) 

353 
October 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

and four-foot-diameter opaque sphere with 20-in viewing port. ( MSC 

Release 69-73) 

* NASA launched Arcas sounding rocket from Wallops Station carrying 

Pennsylvania State Univ. payload to study ion composition. Mission 

did not meet minimum scientific requirements. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Space shuttle was “first step or keystone to the success and growth of 

future space flight developments for the exploration and exploitation of 

space,” LeRoy E. Day and B. G. Noblitt of Space Shuttle Task Group, 

NASA OMSF, said in paper presented at IEEE EASCON Session on Earth 

Orbiting Manned Space Station in Washington, D.C. “Large experiment modules and unmanned satellites can be placed into low earth 

orbit and retrieved as desired. Propulsive stages and payloads . . . destined for higher energy orbits can be placed into low earth orbits.” 

On-orbit reusable shuttles like space tugs and nuclear stages “become 

economically advantageous once propellants can be inexpensively delivered to earth orbit. . . . On-orbit maintenance services can be provided for malfunctioning or inoperative satellites. . . . short duration 

special purpose orbital missions can be conducted by the space shuttle 

itself to augment or complement space station activities. The design 

and operational characteristics of the space shuttle will also provide a 

potential capability to conduct space rescue missions-a capability that 

is not practical with conventional expendable launch systems:” (Text) 8 DOD announced it would scrap B-58 supersonic bomber and cut back 

continental air defenses in economy drive necessitated by congressional reductions in defense budget. ( DOD Release 927-69; Homan, 

W Post, 10/30/69, A9) 

Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman, testified before Senate Joint Committee on Atomic Energy during hearings on environmental effects of 

producing electric power: “In the years ahead today’s outcries about 

the environment will be nothing compared to cries of angry citizens 

who find that power failures due to a lack of sufficient generating 

capacity to meet peak loads have plunged them into prolonged blackouts . . . when their health and well being . . . may be seriously endangered. The environment of a city whose life’s energy has been cut 

-whose transportation and communications are dead, in which medical and police help cannot be had, and where food spoils and people 

stifle or shiver while imprisoned in stalled subways or darkened skyscrapers-all this also represents a dangerous environment that we must 

anticipate and work to avoid. . . I believe that the judicial development of nuclear power as a major source of energy for the future is in 

the public interest and that five, ten and a hundred years hence, men 

will look back with favor on the course we are taking today.” (Text) 

Former astronaut and aquanaut M. Scott Carpenter announced he would 

become President and Chief Executive of Sea Sciences Corp., private 

enterprise formed to develop underwater projects. Prince Bernhard of 

The Netherlands would be board chairman. (UPI, W Star, 10/30/69, 

A16) 

Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin Feoktistov spent half 

hour riding into Grand Canyon on mules after arriving in Arizona 

from San Francisco during two-week US. tour. (UPI, W Star, 

10/30/69, A3) 

October 30: Dr. Gary V. Latham of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observa354 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 30 

tory said in Washington, D.C., that evidence of vibrations recorded by 

seismic equipment left on moon by ApoZZo 11 astronauts “now looks 

more like volcanoes we see on earth than anything else.” Concept of 

volcanoes caused by isolated pockets of radioactive heating did not 

conflict with “cold moon” theory but was &‘new working hypothesis.” 

Among things affecting data received on earth before Apollo 11 seismic 

equipment failed were gasping, creakings, and groanings of LM lower 

stage. (Lannan, W Star, 10/31/69, A3) 

* LeRC announced award of $25,518,000 cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to 

General Dynamics Corp. Convair Div. to design and build first of new 

series of improved Centaur upper stage rockets. General Dynamics 

would update and simplify Centaur system and make it compatible 

with Titan I11 booster. Centaur, first liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen 

rocket developed by U.S., had been used with Atlas booster to launch 

successfully Surveyor, Mariner, OAO, and ATS satellites. ( LeRC Release 

69-65) 

* Dr. Murray Cell-Mann of Gal Tech was named winner of 1969 Nobel 

Prize in physics for “fundamental work in nearly all domains of his 

field,” especially for “discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.” Dr. Gell-Mann, who would 

receive $72,800 award, had introduced concept of quark-hypothetical 

particle from which other particles of nucleus of atom were made-and 

had proposed eightfold-way theory that many particles might change 

places and their differences from each other lay in their energy quotient. Dr. Gell-Mann was member of NASA Physics Advisory Committee 

from 1964, to 1969. 

Chemistry prize was awarded Prof. Derek H. R. Barton of Imperial 

College of Science and Technology in London and Prof. Odd Hassell 

of Univ. of Oslo for work to develop and apply concept of conformation in chemistry. (Getze, LA Times, 10/31/69; AP, W Star, 

10/30/69, A1 ; NASA OSSA) 

* Dr. Harold Brown, former Secretary of the Air Force, was inaugurated 

as president of Cal Tech during day-long ceremonies on campus. He 

succeeded Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, who had become Presidential Science 

Adviser. (LA Times, 9/4/69) 

October 31 : NAS-NRC Space Science Board published Lunar Exploration: 

Strategy for Research 1969-1 975. Best use of manned lunar-landing 

capability in lunar exploration would entail shift of emphasis from 

technological development to exploitation of existing Apollo technology 

for scientific objectives. Board recommended : immediately focusing 

lunar program on optimizing returns on investment already made in 

Apollo through maximum use of existing Apollo technology; giving 

priority to current Apollo lunar-exploration phase should choice be 

necessary in early 1970s between funding major new manned exploration technology and funding extensions of Apollo lunar technology; 

periodic reevaluation of NASA’s proposed lunar landing sites; earliest 

possible extensions of Apollo technology to increase scientific returns 

and increasing interval up to six months between missions to allow 

incorporation of improvements; early provision of roving vehicle to 

transport astronauts at least 3.1-6.2 mi (5-10 km) from LM; inchsion in Apollo 16 to 20 time frame, in high-inclination orbit, of experiments in gravimetry by satellite-to-satellite tracking technique, 

355 
October 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

altimetry, magnetometry, x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometry, and 

medium- and high-resolution photography ; and increase in supporting 

research in orbital sensing techniques, both active and passive. 

Board also recommended high-priority consideration for long-distance, remotely controlled, traversing vehicle for later missions; careful 

review of Apollo program management structure to increase role of 

scientists in influencing basic policy and mission hardware ; specific 

support to lunar experiment definition as integral part of Apollo program and more substantial investment in developing experiment packages easily modified and interchanged even shortly before flight; and 

high-priority attention to management, handling, distribution, and 

analysis of lunar samples brought to earth. (Text; NRC Release) 

NASA announced new quarantine procedures for Apollo 12 lunar landing 

mission scheduled for launch Nov. 14. Procedures had been recommended by Interagency Committee on Back Contamination. If astronauts’ condition was normal at splashdown they would don fresh flight 

suits and oral-nasal masks instead of biological isolation garments 

(BIG) used on Apollo 11. BIG would be available in case of unexplained 

crew illness. Swimmer would swab hatch and adjacent areas with 

liquid decontamination agent and crew would be carried by helicopter 

to mobile quarantine facility (MQF) on board recovery ship. Subsequent crew quarantine procedures would be same as for Apollo 11. 

Spacecraft would be returned to Hawaii by recovery ship, where 

team would deactivate pyrotechnics and flush and drain fluid systems 

(except water). It would then be flown to Lunar Receiving Laboratory 

for storage in special room until release from quarantine Jan. 7, 1970. 

(NASA Release 69-148A) 

e Measurement of transient Faraday rotation of Pioneer VI (launched into 

solar orbit Dec. 16, 1965) as it was occulted by sun Nov. 21 through 

Nov. 24, 1968, was reported in Science by members of JPL and UCLA 

staff. JPL’S 210-ft antenna at Barstow, Calif., equipped with automatic 

polarization tracking system, was used to observe three large-scale 

transient phenomena, measurements of which indicated Faraday rotation of 40’ had occurred. Duration of each was approximately two 

hours. Phenomena appeared to be correlated with observations of 

solar radio bursts with wavelengths in dekametric region. (Science, 

10/31/69, 596-8) 

Tektite I1 project, in which more than 50 scientists would spend varying 

periods in ocean over seven-month span starting in spring 1970, was 

announced by Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel. Program 

would include major marine scientific mission and extensive human 

behavioral studies, with emphasis on problems of small crews in isolation for extended periods under stress conditions. (Interior Dept 

Release) 

* Aerospace industry employment would continue to decline from record 

achieved in 1968, according to semiannual survey results released by 

Aerospace Industries Assn. Total employment was expected to drop 

from 1,388,000 to 1,305,000 (67%) between March 1969 and March 

1970 because of reduced expenditures for civilian space program and 

declining sales of civilian transport aircraft during phase-out of current models and commencement of production on new aircraft. (AIA 

Release 6945) 

356 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 31 

* Walter Rundell, Jr., of Iowa State Univ. Dept. of History described U.S. 

Government historical programs at National Convention of Southern 

Historical Assn. in Washington, D.C. : “NASA’s historical program began in 1959 under the leadership of Eugene M. Emme. Two years later 

Emme launched the official publications with his Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the 

Exploration of Space, 1915-1960. This has been followed by similar 

annual chronologies and chronologies devoted to the Mercury, Gemini, 

and Apollo projects. Since 1966 the office has published several monographs, some written under contract by private scholars, rather than 

being undertaken by the permanent staff. A good example is This New 

Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, by Swenson, Grimwood, and 

Alexander.” (Text) 

During October: The Atlantic commented on Apollo 11: “We enthusiastically join the rest of human kind in applauding the feat of the Apollo 

11 astronauts and their NASA sponsors. It is an achievement far greater, 

even, than the construction and successful launching of The Brick 

Moon, which happened in these pages exactly one hundred years ago.” 

Story, by Edward Everett Hale, had told of group of New Englanders 

who had constructed artificial moon of bricks and launched it into 

orbit to provide perpetual navigation aid for seamen. “SO far as we 

can determine, the launching of The Brick Moon provoked considerably less public interest than the latest American lunar expedition.” 

(Atlantic, 10/69, 3) 

German space program was described in International Science Notes 

published by Dept. of State. For 1969, German space budget was $88 

million, with $51 million for national program and remainder for international programs. Amount was approximately 16.5% of total Science Ministry budget. During 1969 to 1973, program would be directed 

to extraterrestrial research, development of scientific and applications 

satellite technology (communications, TV, navigation, and meteorology), and development of launcher technology in cooperation with 

other European countries. Plans included two German Azur research 

satellites to measure earth radiation belt and density composition of 

higher atmosphere, both to be launched by United States rockets; development of two solar probes (Helios) in cooperation with NASA; research comsat (Symphonie) to be developed with France; and 

participation in ESRO research programs and in development of ELDO 

launcher. (Science Policy Bull, 10/69, 51) 

357 

November 1969 

November 1: In Sydney, Australia, during world tour of Apollo 11 astronauts, Astronauts Michael Collins said NASA might someday send 

women on space flights. “NASA has never barred women,” he told news 

conference. ‘‘Flying background is usually what has prevented the 

young ladies from participating.” (AP, W Post, 11/2/69, 18) 

Visiting Soviet Cosmonauts Konstantin P. Feoktistov and Georgy T. Beregovoy viewed Apollo 11 lunar rock sample at Smithsonian Institution 

during tour of Washington, D.C. (W Star, 11/2/69) 

Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, addressed Sigma Xi 

Convention in Palm Springs, Calif.: “Science is now a part of society, 

is a part of politics, is a part of the social and economic system. Scientists must carefully ponder the relevance of their work to the problems 

of human beings. . . . They must ask the question of whether the scientific work in which they are engaged is of sufficient importance to the 

progress of knowledge and its application to be worthy of public support. They must face the fact that budgetary problems will be difficult 

in the years ahead and that we must reevaluate priorities and reevaluate the mechanisms that we have adopted for allocating our limited 

funds.” (Text) 

In first large-scale attempt at radar mapping of ice-buried continent surrounding South Pole, scientists of Scott Polar Research Institute in 

Cambridge, England, would make at least 20 flights with airborneradar-equipped USN 6130 Hercules aircraft from McMurdo Sound in 

Antarctic, New York Times said. Radar equipment already had penetrated more than 14,800 ft of ice, recording profile of mountains and 

valleys underneath. (Sullivan, NYT, 11/1/69, 30) 

* Article in Komsomolskaya Pravda acknowledged publicly, for first time, 

that U.S.S.R. had conducted underground nuclear tests “several years 

ago” to blast oil storage areas in deep salt bed. In same issue Andronik 

M. Petrosyants, Chairman of State Committee on Atomic Energy, said 

he had discussed Soviet program with US. in Vienna in April. (UPI, 

C Trib, 11/2/69, 16) 

November 2: In Washington Post Thomas O’Toole traced NASA plans for 

planetary exploration from May 1971 launch of two Mariner spacecraft 

for Mars to Grand Tours of planets beginning in 1977 and 1979. 

“What comes after the two Grand Tours? Nobody really knows, but 

the space agency’s dreamers about unmanned missions have a plot already written and it reads a little better than most science fiction does.” 

Spacecraft would circulate through asteroid belt for year, making 

asteroid counts and photographing larger asteroids. Beyond that, scientists would like to rendezvous with a comet and investigate Saturn’s 

rings. (W Post, 11/2/69, B3) 

November 2-3: AFRCL conducted program to measure polar cap absorption 

(PCA) event and to determine effects on earth’s upper atmosphere. 

359 
November 2-3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Thirty-six sounding rockets-Nike-Iroquois, Black Brant, Nike-Javelin, 

Sidewinder-Arcas, and Arcas---were launched from Churchill Research 

Range to 37.3- to 124.3-mi (60- to 200-km) altitudes to measure 

energies and densities of charged particles, atmospheric temperatures 

and composition, and geomagnetic fluctuations. Background data had 

been provided from eight sounding rockets launched before program 

and support was provided by measurements from Vela, Pioneer, ATS, 

Explorer, OV, and ESRO satellites; from instruments on board KC-135 

aircraft; and from ground-based instruments. (SBD, 11/19/69, 80) 

November 3: NASA’s HGlO lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter C. 

Hoag ( USAF) , reached 66,000-ft altitude and mach I .4 after air-launch 

from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosamond, Calif. Objective of powered flight, 28th in series, was to obtain stability and 

control data at various angles of attack and stability augmentation 

settings. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Analysis of lunar soil samples supported theory that moon once was part 

of earth and became separated in cataclysmic tidal wave, Dr. John A. 

O’Keefe, Assistant Chief of GSFC’S Laboratory for Theoretical Studies, 

said in lecture at Northern Illinois Univ. Theory would explain why 

both earth’s crust and moon were deficient in precious metals, nickel, 

and cobalt and would account for indications of intense heat in moon’s 

formation. Heavy metals would have sunk to earth‘s core when it was 

molten; moon had no heavy core, so it must be part of earth’s crust. 

(UPI, LA Her-Exam, 11/4/69; W News, 11/4/69) 0 Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC-12) was successfully fired for 125 secs at Mississippi Test Facility in first ground test since failure of s-IC-11 June 

26, which caused test-stand fire. NASA board of investigation had concluded fire had been caused by polyethylene disc dust cover that should 

have been removed before test and recommended 12 corrections in 

assembly, preparation, and test procedures. ( MSFC Release 69-237) 

NASA published Mariner-Mars 1969: A Preliminary Report (NASA 

SP-225), summarizing results of Muriner VZ (launched Feb. 24) and 

Mariner VZZ (launched March 27) and describing Mariner program, 

spacecraft, flights, equipment, experiments, and observations. (Text) 

* ApoZZo 11 astronauts on world tour arrived in Seoul, Korea, for overnight 

stay. They were treated as state guests and decorated in ceremony at 

presidential mansion. (AP, W Star, 11/3/69, A21) 

0 Richard W. Cook, former MSFC Deputy Director for Operations, Science 

and Engineering, became Deputy Director for Management, replacing 

Harry H. Gorman, who had been reassigned to NASA Hq. Ludie G. 

Richard, former Deputy Director (Technical), Science and Engineering, became Deputy Director of directorate. (Murshall Star, 11/12/69, 

1) 

USAF issued RFPS to airframe and engine manufacturers for development 

of EL1 strategic aircraft, formerly designated Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft (AMSA). Proposals were due by spring 1970. (DOD Release 946-69) 

November 4: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCVZZI into orbit with 408-km 

(253.5-mi) apogee, 270-km ( 167.8-mi) perigee, 91.2-min period, 

and 71.0’ inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 5, 1970. (GSFC SSR, 

11/15/69; 1/15/70) 

NASA launched two sounding rockets from WSMR with VAM-20 boosters. 

360 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 4 

Aerobee 150 carried Naval Research Laboratory payload to 124.0-mi 

(199.6-km) altitude to photograph images of sun and part of corona 

in 150-400 A and 400-650 A region. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and excellent spectroheliograms were obtained. 

Aerobee 150 MI carried American Science and Engineering, Inc., 

payload to 112.5-mi (181-km) altitude to obtain high-resolution pictures of time development of solar flare in x-ray region of spectrum. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, photographing 1B 

limb flare with appreciable x-ray emission that lasted throughout flight. 

(NASA Rpts SRL) 

* Plans for launch of first of two Jupiter probes from KSC between Feb. 26 

and March 15, 1972, were outlined by Charles F. Hall, manager of 

Pioneer F and G projects at ARC, during meeting of scientists, engineers, and contractors at Mountain View, Calif. Launched by AtlasCentaur booster, Pioneer F would take 610-770 days to reach Jupiter 

on voyage through planet’s heavy radiation belt to within 90,000 mi 

of Jupiter surface. It would carry 60 lbs of instruments and photographic equipment to conduct 13 experiments to measure solar wind 

and space dust and analyze Jupiter’s radiation and atmosphere. Probe 

would be first to travel to asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and 

eventually would leave solar system. Pioneer G Jupiter probe would be 

launched in early 1973. (UPI, P Bull, 11/5/69) 

* House and Senate conferees, in executive session, agreed to file conference report on differences between Senate-passed [see Sept. 19) and 

House-passed [see June 101 versions of H.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA 

authorization. Report would retain Senate-passed authorization of 

$3.716 billion. (CR, 11/4/69, D1023) 

At televised news conference in Moscow on Soyuz VI, VII, and VI11 

mission [see Oct. 12-18], Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet 

Academy of Sciences, said U.S.S.R. hoped to have permanent space 

station in earth orbit “certainlyy’ within 10 yrs “and I think less than 

five years.” Station plans did not rule out manned lunar exploration 

but, he said, “I can only say such operations are not planned for the 

coming months. Shall we study the universe with the help of automatic (unmanned) spacecraft? We shall. Shall we fly to the moon 

and the other planets of the solar system in the future? I think we 

shall because such travel is one of the further aims of mankind in 

conquering outer space.” (Gwertzman, NYT, 11/5/69, 16) 

* AEC-NASA Nuclear Rocket Development Station in Jackass Flats, Nev., 

was “scaling down operations, laying off workers, husbanding the facilities it already has-and waiting,” New York Times reported. Like 

many US. space research and test centers, “their futures uncertain 

amid an increasing emphasis on defense and domestic matters at the 

expense of space,” station’s scientists and engineers were “waiting for 

President Nixon to decide on the direction and pace of the national 

space effort in the next decade.” (Wilford, NYT, 11/4/69, 20) 

Apollo 11 astronauts on world tour arrived in Tokyo. Tight security 

measures prompted by fears of possible attack by radical students protesting Japan’s defense treaty with US. permitted public exposure for 

only half hour. Police estimated 120,000 people watched brief parade 

down Ginza, Tokyo’s main street. Later astronauts and wives were 

received by Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako. Astronauts were 

361 
November 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

presented cultural medal by Prime Minister Eisaku Sato-first time 

medal had been presented to foreigners, (Pepper, B Sun, 11/5/69, A2) 

Visiting Soviet Cosmonauts Konstantin P. Feoktistov and Georgy T. 

Beregovoy left New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport for 

Moscow after two-week US. visit. During airport interview Feoktistov 

said he liked US. astronauts’ “sincerity and hopeful approach to life.” 

Beregovoy said, “Friendship is a force which will help the world to 

conquer space.’’ Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman was at airport 

to see them off. (NYT, 11/5/69, 52) 

National Transportation Safety Board opened hearings in Washington, 

D.C., on midair collisions. In last 31 yrs of recorded aviation history 

there had been only 12 midair collisions with passenger fatalities, 

Clifton F. von Kann, Vice President for Operations and Engineering 

of Air Transport Assn., testified. “Even with the explosive growth of 

airline service during the last ten years, there have been just four 

collisions with airline passenger fatalities.” (Sehlstedt, B Sun, 11/5/69, 

A91 

November 5: NASA announced decision to install color TV camera on Apollo 

12 LM for operation on lunar surface. Decision had been made after 

three-hour test using unified S-band transmitter. Engineers had simulated varying return signal strengths to Manned Space Flight Network 

tracking antennas. Camera had been refurbished after flying in Apollo 

20 CM. (MSC Release 69-75) 

Apollo I2 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and 

Michael Collins, with wives, were welcomed by President Nixon at 

mite House ceremony on their return from 44,650-mi around-theworld goodwill journey. President called 38-day, 29-stop tour of 22 

countries ‘‘most successful goodwill trip in the history of the United 

States.” First men on the moon had demonstrated they were “the best 

possible ambassadors America could have on this earth.” Armstrong 

said astronauts had been receiv6d everywhere, “not just as individuals, 

but as representatives of the United States” and of “scientific and 

technological accomplishment . . . that serves as a symbol . . . of a 

willing and talented nation assembling its resources and firm in its 

will . . . to share for the benefits of all mankind.” 

During journey, astronauts had given 22 news conferences, been 

received by 20 heads of state, and received decorations on nine occasions. (PD, 11/10/69, 1563; Robertson, NYT, 11/6/69, 22) 

NASA had put into operation $2.6-million, six-story-high flight simulator 

for advanced aircraft (FSAA) at ARC, ARC announced. Largest pilotedaircraft simulator ever built would provide research data on handling 

characteristics of faster and larger jets to ensure safe control by their 

pilots. Designed by ARC engineers John C. Dusterberry, Maurice D. 

White, and Shizuo Doiguchi, simulator had motion-generator with 100 

ft of lateral motion, 10 ft of vertical motion, and 8 ft of forward and 

backward motion, combined with pitch, roll, and yaw motions. It was 

operated by general-purpose, digital-analog computer, which could be 

programmed with flight characteristics of most aircraft. FSAA could 

simulate aerodynamics of hypersonic and supersonic flight by reentry 

vehicle- such as space shuttle. (ARC Release 69-13) 

0 Research to improve materials and lubricants for aerospace might aid in 

replacement of human hip joint with prosthesis better than any yet 

362 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 5 

developed, LeRC scientist Robert L. Johnson announced. Bearing properties of materials-like cobalt alloy-used in commercial hip joints 

could be improved by changing crystal structure of metal to hexagonal 

form, Johnson had found in NASA studies. Interest in these alloys had 

led to cooperative program with Cornel1 Medical Center in New York. 

(URC Release 6946) 

Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, Dean of MIT School of Engineering and 

former NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and 

Technology, was among persons inside MIT Instrumentation Laboratory 

when students from MIT and other Boston, Mass., campuses demonstrated against laboratory’s defense work and were confronted by 

police. Later Dr. Bisplinghoff said: “The university has set as policy a 

deliberate movement from Department of Defense and space research 

to a different mix: more and more research relevant to societal problems. It’s going to take a considerable time to make the transition, 

however, and if we are going to continue on the same scale of operations . . . we’re going to need lots of time and new money.” It would 

be up to Congress to change emphasis, not MIT. Instrumentation Laboratory, meanwhile, would honor commitments to DOD, including work 

on Poseidon missile. (Nordheimer, NYT, 11/9/69, 61) 

Giant $6-million solar furnace had been built by French National Center 

for Scientific Research at Odeillo in Pyrenees for tasks ranging from 

testing effects of atomic bomb flashes to production of exotic materials 

for electronic industries, New York Times reported. More than 20,000 

mirrors focused sunlight on %-in steel plate to melt hole through 

plate in seconds. Furnace also had 63 flat, mirrored panels holding 180 

small mirrors to follow motion of sun and parabolic array of 9,000 

mirrors, mounted to form north-facing wall of nine-story building. 

Movable panels on hillside reflected sunlight into paraboloid; tower 

held material to be exposed to extreme heat at focal point of paraboloid. (Sullivan, NYT, 11/5/69, 49) 

November 6: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories launched 997-fttall, 34-million-cu-ft helium balloon-largest ever built-from Holloman AFB, N. Mex. Balloon, part of NASA’s cosmic ray ionization program ( CRISP), was to have provided high-altitude platform for 13,800- 

lb payload to measure cosmic radiation in upper atmosphere. It had 

been scheduled to drift eastward at 108,000-ft altitude for 24 hrs, but 

descended 3 hrs after launch because of leak. (MSC Roundup, 

11/14/69, 2; MSC Release 69-70) 

* House adopted conference report on H.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA authorization, and sent it to Senate for further action. Report retained 

Senate’s $3.716-billion authorization-$280 million below FY 1969 

NASA authorization and $285 million less than $3.966 billion passed by 

House June 10. It accepted House amendment requiring astronauts 

to plant US. flag on any planet visited for first time on US.-financed 

mission, Senate amendment requiring public disclosure of names and 

salaries of employees who exchanged positions between NASA and 

aerospace industry, and House provision withholding funds to any college which barred military recruiters. (House Rpt 91409; CR, 

11/6/69, H1067M) 

0 Senate Committee on Appropriations favorably reported with amendments H.R. 12307 FY Independent Offices and KUD bill, which in363 
November 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

eluded $3.715 billion NASA appropriation. (CR, 11/6/69, D1034; 

Senate Rpt 91-521) 

Ten NASA employees and four support contractors received special awards 

at White Sands Test Facility for participation in extensive Apollo 

propulsion system test programs. (MSC Release 69-76) 

November 7: West Germany's 157-lb Azur (GRS-A) research satellite was 

successfully launched by NASA from WTR by four-stage Scout booster. 

Orbital parameters: apogee, 3,145.4 km (1,954.5 mi) ; perigee, 383.8 

km (238.5 mi); period, 121.9 min; and inclination, 103". Primary 

NASA objective was to insert spacecraft into quasi-polar orbit in which 

it could study Van Allen belt, Northern Hemisphere auroral zones, 

and spectral variation of solar particles versus time during solar flares. 

The &&-high, 30-in-dia cylindrical satellite carried seven experiments from five German research institutes to continue studies conducted by NASA Explorer and OGO satellites. Data would be available 

exclusively to German principal investigators for one year. Launch 

was first in series of cooperative missions between NASA and German 

Ministry for Scientific Research ( BMWF) under July 1965 agreement. 

BMWF was responsible for design, development, fabrication, and testing of spacecraft and experiments and for ground-support equipment 

November 7: West German research satellite Azur-first satellite in a cooperative 

Federal Republic of Germany and NASA program-was orbited from WTR by NASA to 

study the earth's radiation belts, auroral zone, and effects of solar proton events. The 

spacecraft was photographed during checkout, before mating to its Scout booster. 

364 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 November 7 

and data-reduction facilities. NASA was responsible for Scout booster, 

launch, and tracking and data acquisition support. (NASA Release 

69-146; NASA Proj .off; GSFC SSR, 11/15/69; AP, C Trib, 11/10/69) 

Apollo 12 countdown began at KSC at 12:OO pm EST for launch toward 

moon at 11:22 am EST Nov. 14. Countdown, originally scheduled to 

begin at 7:OO pm EST Nov. 8, had been started early to reduce costs 

by eliminating overtime that would have been paid to launch crews. 

( UPI, NYT, 11/8/69,20) 

* Senate adopted conference report on H.R. 11’271, FY 1970 NASA authorization bill [see Nov. 61, thus clearing bill for White House. (CR, 

11/7/69, S13918-9) 

* Number of eminent selenologists had confirmed dating of Apollo 11 

moon rocks at 4.5 billion yrs or more, to presumed formation of solar 

system, indicating lunar surface was far older than any material originating on earth’s surface, John Lannan said in Washington Evening 

Star. Same lunar scientists had “lashed out” at what they claimed were 

NASA’s “restrictions on the free flow of scientific information.” Lunar 

investigators would present findings at January symposium but many 

felt “information of such significance should be published immediately 

through normal scientific channels.” Counterargument was “that all 

the investigators get an even break this way.” (W Star, 11/7/69, Al) 

Analysis of organic combustion products generated by LM descent engine, 

deemed major and least controllable source of organic and inorganic 

contamination in lunar sample collection procedure, was reported in 

Science by B. R. Simoneit and A. L. Burlingame of Univ. of California 

at Berkeley, D. A. Flory of MSC, and I. D. Smith of MSC’S White Sands 

Test Facility. Major gaseous combustion products found in model engine’s exhaust were ammonia, water, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, 

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide. Minor products were acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, ethylene, formaldehyde, propadiene, ketene, 

cyanous acid, hydrazoic acid, various methylamines, acetaldehyde, 

methylnitrite, formic acid, nitrous acid, butadiene, nitrilohydrazines, 

nitromethane, and nitrosohydrazines with other oxidized derivatives 

of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and hydrazine. Ion intensities of 

species in all mass spectras were estimated as: gases, 87.7%; compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 6.0%; and compounds of 

carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (with traces of oxygen), 5.8%. (Science, 11/7/69, 733-8) 

November 8: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, 

Jr., and Michael Collins received first Pere Marquette Discovery Award 

of silver medal from Father Marquette Tercentenary Commission of 

Marquette Univ. (CRY 12/4/69, E10223) 

* Economist editorial commented: “If the Russians are ever going to get 

another prestige victory over the United States, and not the sort of 

worldwide humiliation they have endured with Luna 15 during the 

American moon landing, and then with the triple Soyuz anti-climax, 

they will have to pull something off soon. For if not the Soviet planners may see increasingly less reason to continue spending even 1 per 

cent of the country’s gross national product on its cosmonauts. . . . What is ironic is that a Soviet slowdown could be seen as a mirror 

image of the running battle in the United States between the scientists 

and the space engineers, but with the Russian scientists coming out on 

365 
November 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

top. The Academy of Sciences is widely regarded as the repository 

of all that is most stuffily conservative in Soviet science. That may have 

been the central cause of the Russian flop.” It was also blow to Americans who relied for new space funds on Nixon Administration’s “continuing fear of what the Russians may yet do.” (Economist, 11/8/69, 

* Dr. Vesto M. Slipher, astronomer who headed team that discovered planet 

Pluto in 1930 and discoverer of aurora-like radiations of night sky, 

died at age 93. He had been director of Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz., 191619541. (UPI, LA Times, 11/10/69) 

November 9: Canadian Black Brant VB sounding rocket was launched by 

NASA from Wallops Station carrying 450-lb Naval Research Laboratory 

payload containing telescope instrumented for infrared astronomy. 

Telescope, completely cooled with liquid helium to keep telescope 

radiation from interfering with measurements, contained photoelectric 

detectors sensitive to optical radiation in region between visible light 

and microwaves. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and 

payload was recovered. (WS Release 69-18) 

Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and 

Alan L. Bean underwent last major pre3ight medical examination at 

KSC and were cleared for Nov. €4 launch. Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at MSC, said astronauts were 

rested and in good spirits and showed no evidence of any infectious 

disease that might interfere with launch. (UPI, NYT, 11/10/69, 10) 

NASA published A Long-Range Program in Space Astronomy: Position 

Paper of the Astronomy Missions Board (NASA SP-213), which Board 

had submitted to NASA in July. Board of 19 leading US. astronomerschaired by Dr. Leo Goldberg, Harvard College Observatory Directorhad been appointed by NASA in autumn 1967 to consult scientific community and propose program for 1970s. 

Astronomy had “far greater potential for advancement by the space 

program than any other branch of science.” Astronomical instruments 

in space could reach regions of electromagnetic spectrum unable to 

penetrate earth’s atmosphere; thus, “most fundamental problems of 

astronomy may be brought within range of solution.” 

Board provided guidelines for minimum balanced program costing 

$250 million annually in 1970s and optimum program “proceeding at 

fastest possible rate consistent with available scientific and technical 

manpower” and costing $500 million annually during same period. 

Proposals included “careful assignment of priorities and balanced allocation of resources in order to optimize scientific progress on such 

problems as the origin of the universe; the course of stellar evolution, 

including the ultimate destiny of the Sun and solar system; the existence of other planetary systems, some of which may support other 

forms of intelligent life; and other problems with deep philosophical 

significance which are of great interest to everyone and are therefore 

properly supported by public expenditure.” 

Board recommended increased effort in x-ray and gamma-ray astronomy using Explorer spacecraft with large payload capability; 

optical w astronomy program leading to large space telescope in 

1980s; R&D of detectors and small cooling systems for infrared astronomy from spacecraft to complement ground and aircraft observations ; 

12-3) 

366 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 9 

observation of astrophysical objects in longwave radio portion of 

spectrum; more sophisticated solar spacecraft to extend observations 

of solar surface and study effects of solat activity on earth; continued 

observations of planets from earth orbit using OAOS and Small 

Astronomy Satellite; more advanced observation of interplanetary 

medium, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields, with astronomy instrumentation on planetary and Explorer spacecraft; and augmented experiments using aircraft, balloons, and suborbital rocket launches. (Text; 

NASA Release 69-149) 

* Cal Tech astronomer Dr. J. B. Oke reported discovery of new kind of 

galaxy with tiny, brilliant nuclei like quasars at visual edge of universe, billions of light years away. Like quasars, galaxies emitted 

powerful radio signals but, unlike quasars, they seemed to have spiral 

arms like Milky Way galaxy. Thus, they might be “missing link in 

the evolution of the universe.” First evidence of new galaxies had 

been found by $250,000, 32-channel photoelectric spectrometer atop 

200-in telescope at Mt. Palomar, Calif. (Dighton, AP, W Post, 

11/10/69, Al) 

New York Times editorial: “Apollo 12 must not be taken for granted. 

It is another extremely important step in man’s exploration of earth’s 

natural satellite, a venture accompanied by great risk yet promXng 

large rewards in additional knowledge. The mere fact that the Apollo 

12 astronauts are scheduled to spend almost three times as long walking on the moon as their predecessors and to bring back to earth part 

of Surveyor 3-which landed in 1967-emphasizes how much more 

complex and ambitious this mission is.” Second moon landing might 

seem less glamorous than first, “but it requires great bravery and skill 

from all involved, and, if successful, could move lunar science ahead 

substantially.” (NYT, 11/9/69, 14) 

Joint US.-U.S.S.R. moon flight was, again, advocated by Jess Gorkin in 

Parade. Magazine had proposed cooperative space venture Jan. 9, 1966. 

“The idea had international appeal. Residents of Moscow spoke warmly 

of the concept. Letters of approval poured in from all over the United 

States as well as Europe and Asia. The proposal was supported by 

newspapers around the world.” NASA had “been sharing the country’s 

space knowledge with other nations for years.” US. scientists had 

worked closely with scientists from nations whose scientific payloads 

were launched aboard US. rockets. (Parade, 11/9/69) 

November 10: The Biomedical Foundations of Manned Space Flight: A Report of the Space Science and Technology Panel of the President’s Science Advisory Committee was submitted to President’s Science Adviser, 

Dr. Lee A. DuBridge: “In order to define an appropriate mix of 

manned and unmanned operations, NASA will need to ‘qualify man for 

space flight’ in the broadest sense. That is, NASA should pursue a biomedical program which explores the optimization of man’s role in 

space, the limitations on his effectiveness and means to circumvent 

those limitations . . . a program to determine the best use of man as 

a space subsystem in interaction with automated subsystems. An effective program directed to this objective exceeds the present capabilities 

of NASA and involves resources not yet developed in the biomedical 

community.” 

Report criticized NASA for not implementing previous recommenda367 
November 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tions toward strong biomedical research capability. “Pressures for 

early and reasonably certain success led to placing primary emphasis 

initially on validation of the capability to construct, orbit, and recover 

manned spacecraft, with long-range, scientific goals in the biomedical 

field set aside as potentially interfering with flight objectives. Scientific 

requirements were thus deemphasized at the very time when development of basic scientific knowledge and a cadre of scientific talent 

should have been begun.” NASA was now faced “with the question of 

qualifying man for more complex tasks in space, for longer duration 

flights, and of evaluating man as an integral part of the spacecraft 

man-machine system, without sound biomedical foundation.” In particular, “decisions concerning development directions for the next generation of manned spacecraft systems for use in earth orbit must be 

made without an adequate basis of understanding.” 

NASA should plan overall biomedical program using resources, personnel, and experience of other Government areas, especially DOD, and 

support multidisciplinary environmental medical laboratories within 

universities. Report favored international cooperation in space exploration for peaceful purposes, close communications with biomedical community, and broadened participation of biomedical scientists in space 

flight programs. NASA should affiliate biologically and medically trained 

astronauts with research components of NASA or qualified institutions. 

They should be assigned to MSC flight-crew organization only when 

participating in specific missions. Report recommended that NASA consider separating space biomedical research from organization conducting space missions and from flight medical services. (Text) 

NASA announced Apollo 12 LM guidance-system targeting for Site 7 landing point on moon’s Ocean of Storms had been changed to improve 

crew’s ability to observe landing point during late portion of descent. 

Crew would attempt to land close to Surveyor ZZZ spacecraft at 2.990 

south latitude by 23.204 west longitude. Original aiming point was 

2.982 south latitude by 23.392 west longitude--1,118 ft northeast of 

Surveyor 111. (NASA Release 69-148B) 

* NASA announced resignation of Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, effective Dec. 10. No successor 

was named and Dr. Mueller did not reveal his plans for future. Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said: “It is due to Dr. Mueller’s 

creative leadership of the magnificent manned space flight organization 

that the flight of Apollo 11 . . . achieved the national goal set in May, 

1961. . . . We regret that Dr. Mueller has made the decision to return 

to private life, but recognize that decision comes at a time when the 

task he accepted is complete and a sound foundation for our future 

national space program has been established.” 

Dr. Mueller, who had directed manned space flight program for six 

years, had received NASA Distinguished Service Medal, achieved early 

operational flight schedule in Gemini program, formulated concept for 

thorough and comprehensive ground testing permitting all-up flight 

testing and early operational availability of Saturn-Apollo hardware, 

introduced improved techniques that established efficient management 

of nationwide industrial complex for first lunar landing and return on 

schedule and within cost, and formulated low-cost space transportation 

368 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 10 

and operations which were basis for space shuttle and space station 

programs. (NASA Release 69-151) 

Senate considered B.R. 12307, FY 1970 Independent Offices and HUD 

bill which contained $3.715 billion NASA appropriation. It rejected by 

22 to 46 amendment by Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) that would 

have reduced F’Y 1970 NASA funds by $100 million. Conference report 

accompanying bill noted considerable concern about “future of funding for manned lunar programs because of budget constraints . . . and 

a question of National priorities.” Conferees suggested Congress, NASA, 

and Administration review manned lunar program policy for future 

“and decide and determine policy” and that Committees on Appropriations be “advised at earliest possible date.” (CR, 10/11/69, D1046, 

S13989, S14010-6, S14025-50, S14053; House Conf Rpt 91-649) 

Aircraft collision was “one of the most important specific difficulties 

facing the continuing expansion of aeronautical services in the United 

States,” NASA OART said in prepared statement for National Transportation Safety Board [see Nov. 141. Continuing increase in air passenger 

and cargo transportation and number of general-aviation aircraft would 

further increase collision risk. Advent of jumbo jet and SST would increase number of fatalities and value of equipment lost in individual 

collisions. Best long-term solution was “development of an adequate 

traffic control system, adequate airports, and adequate airspace utilization techniques.” Until achieved, other means for preventing collisions 

must be developed for commercial and general-aviation aircraft. NASA 

was developing two approaches for needs of general-aviation. (Text) 

Biggest engineering problem facing 108-yr-old MIT at close of 1960s was 

one of identity, Eric Wentworth said in Washington Post, “namely the 

increasingly disputed place of war-related research within its academic 

confines.” MIT ranked first among US. universities in receipt of DOD 

funding, which in 1968 accounted for almost half of Institute’s $17- 

million budget. Since March 4 day-long work stoppage by students and 

young faculty members protesting MIT’S heavy military involvement, 

President Howard W. Johnson and other MIT leaders had moved to 

reassess MIT’S role. They had declared temporary halt on accepting 

new contracts for classified research at Instrumentation Laboratory 

and Lincoln Laboratory and established commission to review laboratories’ role. Commission had recommended continuing basic DOD research but avoiding advanced development of weaponry, reducing 

secrecy, and shifting efforts toward meeting domestic and social needs. 

Meanwhile, Instrumentation Laboratory had already “come to the 

end of an era.” Its founder and head, Dr. Charles S. Draper, had been 

“eased out of his job as director although he may continue in other 

capacities.” His accomplishments with laboratory had included onboard guidance navigation systems “that took Apollo 11 spacemen to 

the moon last summer.” (W Post, 11/10/69, 2) 

November II: Senate passed 68 to 1, H.R. 12307, FY 1970 Independent 

Offices and HUD bill containing $3.715 billion NASA appropriation with 

$3.019 billion for R&D, $58.2 million for construction of facilities, and 

$637.4 million for research and program management. (CR, 11/11/69, 

S14099-108) 

Hughes Aircraft Co. executive team held press conference aboard private 

369 
November 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

yacht near Cape Kennedy, Fla., to announce company President Howard R. Hughes’ intention to rename Surveyor 111 “Hughes Automated 

Lunar Observer” (HALO). Hughes’ assistant, Peter Maheuson, said 

Hughes was understood to have asked NASA to use acronym in all airto-ground communications. Hughes Aircraft Co. had manufactured 

Surveyor 111, which landed on moon April 19, 1967. Pieces of unmanned spacecraft were to be returned by Apollo 12 for examination 

at LRL. (Lannan, W Star, 11/12/69, Al) 

0 West German ambassadors in Moscow, Washington, D.C., and London 

signed nuclear nonproliferation treaty sponsored by US. and U.S.S.R. 

(Morgan, W Post, 11/29/69, Al) 

Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel announced DOI-NASA agreement 

to enlarge Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge within KSC area by 

25,830 acres, to total 83,796 acres. Agreement put all but KSC’S most 

intensely used land within wildlife sanctuary established in 1963. Merritt Island’s eagle population had been depleted by land development 

until NASA began acquiring land in area. (DOI Release 20242-69) 0 Behind “computerized smoothness” of Apollo 12 countdown, there was 

“smoldering and sometimes explosive struggle” at KSC among scientists, engineers, and Government officials over how to run space program, John Noble W-ilford said in New York Times. General 

uncertainty over future of NASA and of space priorities was fueling 

“internal feud” which began to be exposed after July Apollo 11 lunar 

landing. Successful Apollo 12 flight could intensify controversy by 

raising “stakes” in struggle. Scientists wanted greater emphasis on scientific experiments; scientist-astronauts were disenchanted at slim 

prospects of space flights ; engineers, especially at MSC, resented scientists’ attitude. (NYT, 11/11/69, 1) 

November 12: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCIX from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 353-km (219.3-mi) apogee, 191-km (118.1-mi) perigee, 89.9- 

min period, and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 20. ( GSFC 

SSR, 11/15/69; 11/30/69; SBD, 11/14/69, 59) 0 Os0 VI Orbiting Solar Observatory (launched Aug. 9) was adjudged 

successful by NASA. All spacecraft systems had operated satisfactorily 

and all primary objectives had been met. Spacecraft had been operating 

at slightly lower than expected temperatures and elevation motor current was higher than on previous flights. As result, elevation servo 

jitter was less than 2 arc secs, zero to peak, best achieved on any oso 

flight. (NASA Proj Off) 

Countdown for Apollo 12 lunar landing mission continued at KSC despite 

discovery of leak in fuel tank. Officials said launch crews would have 

ample time to replace tank and check out replacement without delaying 

liftoff Nov. 14. (O’Toole, W Post, 11/13/69, Al) 

Observers on earth would have two opportunities to see Apollo 12 after 

launch Nov. 14, NASA announced. During first opportunity, 57 min 

after liftoff, oxygen release from Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IVB) would 

be visible on east coasts of North and South America and western 

Europe and Africa. During second opportunity, about 15 hrs after liftoff , spacecraft would be visible during translunar coast through telescopes in US., Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, and 

western Africa. (NASA Release 69-148C) 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 November 12 

Dr. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, announced resignation of Albert F. 

Siepert, KSC Deputy Director (Management), effective Dee. 1. He 

would become Program Associate at Univ. of Michigan’s Institute for 

Social Research and project manager for large-scale organizational 

research study sponsored by General Motors Corp. Siepert had been 

executive officer at National Institutes of Health before joining NASA 

and had received HEW’S Distinguished Service Award (1933, Arthur 

S. Flemming Award (1950), NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1968), 

and NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1969). ( KSC Release 464-69) 

Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.) , Chairman of Subcommittee on Space 

Science and Applications of House Committee on Science and Astronautics, addressed National Space Club in Washington, D.C. : “During 

the entire spectrum of our second and third decades in space, manned 

space flight has not merely been emphasized, but has literally cannibalized any hope for major scientific planetary, interplanetary, communications, meteorological, oceanographic (in cooperation with 

satellites) , earth resources satellite programs, etc.! I must conclude . . . that the only valid justification for early development of the [space] 

shuttle is to supply the newborn 50-100 crew manned space stations 

and the manned exploration of Mars.” 

From 1958 to 1969 US. had launched approximately 750 spacecraft, 

Karth said: USAF, 380; NASA, 241; USN, 91; and joint USAF-uSN, 37. 

(Text) 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced new FAA regulation establishing maximum noise level for new subsonic transport aircraft at 93-108 effective perceived noise decibels-up to 10 epndbs 

less than those for noisiest aircraft already in service. Regulation would 

be effective Dec. 1, but aircraft like Boeing 747 with high-bypass-ratio 

engines for which application for type certificate was made before Jan. 

7, 1967, would be granted additional time to comply. (DOT Release 

69-124) 

November 13: NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld 

R. Gentry ( USAF) , reached mach 0.65 after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Purpose 

of unpowered flight, seventh in series, was to obtain stability and control data at 30” upper-flap setting and various rudder settings. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

President Nixon telephoned Apollo 12 Commander Charles Conrad, Jr., 

to wish crew good luck on eve of launch. (PD, 11/17/69, 1604) 

President Nixon sent to Senate nomination of Dr. George M. Low as 

NASA Deputy Administrator. Manager of Apollo spacecraft at MSC 

since 1964, Dr. Low had served space program since 1949, when he 

joined NACA. He was recipient of NASA’s Outstanding Leadership and 

Distinguished Service Awards and had received Arthur S. Flemming 

Award in 1963 as one of the 10 outstanding young men in Government. 

(PD, 11/17/69, 1597) 

0 Apollo 12 prelaunch press conferences were held at KSC and MSC. Operations were proceeding as planned toward launch from KSC at 11 :22 am 

EST Nov. 14. Astronauts were in good health and weather was expected 

to be within minimums for launch. Liquid-hydrogen tank that had 

leaked Nov. 12 had been replaced, liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen 

371 
November 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

had been loaded, and conditions were all go. Launch azimuth had been 

expanded to 160’ to provide 120 min additional time for liftoff and 

greater opportunity for launch on Nov. 14. (Transcript) 

In message transmitting to Congress NASA’s Twentieth Semiannual Report, President Nixon said: “During this decade, we have successfully 

met many challenges and have achieved significant progress in our 

ability to utilize space for practical applications, scientific exploration, 

and expansion of man’s frontiers. We have subsequently landed astronauts upon the Moon, explored its surface, and returned these men to 

Earth. This historic event was made possible because of the solid 

foundation of a broad range of earlier activities, and through the skill 

and dedication of the many contributors to our space program.” (PD, 

11/17/69, 1603; CR, 11/13/69, S14274) 

* US. and U.S.S.R. space programs had common problem-what to do 

next in space exploration, Associated Press quoted Cosmonaut Konstantin P. Feoktistov as saying in Moscow. Both countries understood 

need for new space exploration technology, “and we, as well as the 

Americans, are facing the choice of a new direction.” (AP, W Post, 

11 /l4/69) 

* House Appropriations Committee approved full $95.9 million requested 

by President Nixon for continued SST development. (CR, 11/13/69, 

D1065; AP, B Sun, 11/14/69) 

At 42nd scientific session of American Heart Assn. in Dallas, Tex., 

Dutch scientist Dr. A. C. Arntzenius described application of jet propulsion principle-for every movement in one direction, there is an 

equal opposite movement-in experiments to increase blood pumped 

by animal heart without increasing heart action. With research team 

from medical faculty of Rotterdam he had strapped piglets and dogs 

to “frictionless” table that slid in synchronization with animal heartbeat. Movement made it unnecessary for ventricle to expend energy to 

accelerate blood as it left heart. When blood started toward animal’s 

head, table was moved in direction of its feet, forcing blood in opposite 

direction without adding to demands on heart. (UPI, W Star, 11/23/69, 

All; Am Heart Assn PIO) 

0 DOD announced General Dynamics Corp. was awarded $66,850,000 supplement to previously awarded USAF contract for production of F-111 

aircraft, bringing total obligations to $2,608,785,766. ( DOD Release 

982-69) 

November 14-24: Apollo 12 (AS-507), second manned lunar landing mission, was successfully flown by NASA. Spacecraft’s LM-6, Intrepid, 

made pinpoint landing Nov. 19 on lunar surface near Surveyor Ill, 

which had landed April 19, 1967. Two astronauts deployed experiments, took photos, and collected samples in two EVA periods on moon 

before lifting off to dock with orbiting CSM-108, Yankee Clipper, and 

return safely to earth. 

November 14-18: Spacecraft carrying Astronauts Charles (Pete) 

Conrad, Jr. (commander), Richard F. Gordon, Jr. (CM pilot); and 

Alan L. Bean (LM pilot) was launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, 

Pad A, by Saturn V booster at 11:22 am EST Nov. 14. Launch was 

watched by 3,000 invited guests, including President and Mrs. Nixon. 

Weather conditions at launch were minimal: peak ground winds of 14 

knots, light rain showers, broken clouds at 800 ft, and overcast at 

372 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 14-24 

November 14: President Nixon and his daughter Tricia (foreground) watched preparations for the launch of Apollo 12 from KSC, while Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, shielded Mrs. Nixon from rain. Seconds into flight an electrical discharge 

shut down the spacecraft fuel cells, but the astronauts corrected the condition. 

10,000 ft with tops at 21,000 ft. During ascent observers on ground 

saw two parallel streaks of lightning flash between clouds and launch 

pad. NASA reported electrical transients, later attributed to electrical 

potential discharges from clouds through spacecraft to ground, had 

suddenly shut off spacecraft’s electrical power at 00:36 GET and turned 

on numerous alarms in CM. Spacecraft automatically switched to 

backup battery power while crew restored primary power system. 

Commander Conrad radioed, “We had everything in the world drop 

out.” Control Center commented, “We’ve had a couple of cardiac arrests down here, too.” “There wasn’t time up here,” Conrad answered. 

Power system remained normal throughout rest of mission. Spacecraft entered planned parking orbit with 118-mi (189.9-km) apogee and 115.0-mi (185.0-km) perigee. 

After postlaunch checkout CSM separated from Saturn V 3rd stage 

(S-IVB) and LM, code-named Intrepid. Onboard TV initiated after 

separation clearly showed CSM transposing and docking with LM at 

3:27 GET and ice on windows from rain €rozen during liftoff. Crew 

ejected CSM/LM from S-IVB and conducted first SPS burn for translunar insertion. Slingshot maneuver placed S-IVB into earth orbit with 

373 
November 14-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1969 

515,549.4- to 560,429.9-mi (829,519.0- to 901,731.7-km) apogee and 

93,213.2- to 109,324.1-mi (149,980.0- to 175,902.5-km) perigee and 

period of 39 to 45 days, instead of heliocentric orbit planned, because 

of error in instrument unit. To ensure that electrical transients during 

launch had not affected LM systems, Conrad and Bean entered LM at 

7 :20 GET for housekeeping and systems checks. All checks indicated 

systems were satisfactory. Translunar insertion maneuver was so accurate that midcourse maneuver No. 1 was not necessary. Midcourse 

correction No. 2, at 30:53 GET, placed spacecraft on desired hybrid 

circumlunar trajectory with closest approach of 69.1 mi; third and 

fourth maneuvers were not necessary. Good-quality TV coverage of 

preparations for and performance of midcourse maneuver was transmitted for 47 min. 

Conrad and Bean began transfer to LM during translunar coast % 

hr earlier than planned to obtain full TV coverage through Goldstone 

tracking station. The 56-min transmission, beginning at 62 :52 GET, 

showed excellent color pictures of CSM, intravehicular transfer, LM interior, earth, and moon. Gordon reported crew was in good condition. 

TV broadcast scheduled for 81:30 GET before lunar orbit insertion was 

canceled because of sun angle and glare on spacecraft windows. 

374 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 14-24 

November 1&21: Apollo 12 CSM and LM separated in Lunar orbit and the LM Intrepid 

made a pinpoint landing on the moon Nov. 19, 600 feet away from Surveyor 111, which 

had landed April 19, 1967. Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., and Alan L. Bean deployed 

experiments, took photos, and collected samples in two EVA periods. At left Conrad, 

photographed by Bean, examined Surveyor 111 in the Ocean of Storms, with Intrepid on the horizon. Above, a crewman used hand tools from a tool carrier. 

Spacecraft entered lunar orbit with 194.3-mi (312.6-km) apolune 

and 72.0-mi (115.9-km) perilune at 83:25 GET (10:47 pm EST Nov. 

17) after first SPS burn. During first lunar orbit good quality TV 

coverage of lunar surface was transmitted for 33 min. Crew provided 

excellent descriptions of lunar features. Second SPS burn circularized 

orbit with 76.1-mi (122.5-km) apolune and 62.5-mi (100.6-km) 

perilune at 87:47 GET. Conrad and Bean transferred to LM for 11/2-hr 

housekeeping, voice and telemetry test, and oxygen-purge-system check 

and then returned to CM. 

November 18-21: Conrad and Bean reentered LM and checked out 

all systems before firing reaction-control-system thrusters at 107 :54 

GET to separate CSM and LM. Descent-propulsion-system engine propelled LM to position 4.6-5.8 mi north of expected ground track and 

error was corrected during powered descent maneuver. LM guidance 

computer was updated during powered descent to compensate €or indications that trajectory was 4,200 ft short of target point. At entry into 

approach phase trajectory was close to nominal. Crew took over manual 

control at 370 ft, passed over right side of target crater, and flew to 

left for landing on moon's Ocean of Storms about 600 ft from Surveyor 

ZIZ spacecraft at 111:32 GET (155 am EST Nov. 19). Landing coordinates were approximately 3.036" S and 23.418O W. Conrad reported 

extensive dust obscuring view during final descent. After landing he 

reported sighting CMS orbiting overhead. Gordon, orbiting moon in 

375 
November 14-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

CM Yankee Clipper, reported sighting Surveyor 111 and Intrepid on 

moon. 

Conrad opened LM hatch at 115:ll GET, descended LM ladder, and 

deployed modularized equipment stowage assembly (MESA) containing 

camera which recorded his descent to lunar surface. Conrad reported 

seeing Surveyor III spacecraft and said LM had landed 25 ft downrange from lip of crater. Conrad, inches shorter than Neil A. Armstrong, who had stepped onto moon July 21, had difficulty taking last 

step from ladder. When he touched lunar surface at 115.22 GET (6:M 

am EST Nov. 19) Conrad said, “Whoopee! Man, that may have been 

a small step for Neil, but that’s a long one for me.” He said lunar surface was soft and loosely packed, causing his boots to dig in as he 

walked, and sun was bright like a spotlight. LM had landed so gently 

its shock-absorbing legs were barely telescoped by gentle impact. 

Conrad recorded Bean’s descent to lunar surface at 115:52 GET 

(7:l4 am EST Nov. 19). Shortly after color TV camera was removed 

from MESA bracket, transmission was lost and was not regained for 

remainder of EVA. Crew colIected 40- to 50-Ib contingency sample and 

reported mounds resembling volcanoes. Mounds were 4 ft high with 

flattened tops 5 ft wide and sides sloping out to 15- to 20-ft dia. Conrad said he saw neither breccia nor vesicular rocks, only basalts. 

Lithium hydroxide canisters and contingency sample were transferred 

to LM; S-band antenna, solar wind composition experiment, and American flag were deployed as planned. ALSEP with SNAP-27 atomic generator was deployed 600-700 ft from LM. Shortly after deployment 

passive seismometer transmitted to earth signals from astronauts’ footsteps as they returned to LM. During deployment astronauts kicked up 

dust and some adhered to instruments. Overall effect would be determined through long-term measurements of system’s engineering parameters. Conrad and Bean dusted each other off and entered Intrepid 

after 3 hrs 56 min walking on lunar surface. 

After resting inside LM and checking plans for second EVA period, 

astronauts left LM at 131:33 GET (10:55 pm EST Nov. 19), 1 hr 

min ahead of schedule. Astronauts stored LM TV camera in equipment 

transfer bag for return to earth for failure analysis. Conrad walked to 

ALSEP site to check leveling of lunar atmosphere detector. Astronaut 

movement on surface was recorded on passive seismometer and lunar 

surface magnetometer. EVA traverse took crew to ALSEP deployment 

site, Head Crater, Bench Crater, Sharp Crater, Halo Crater, Surveyor 

III site, Block Crater, and back to LM. Astronauts walked 1,500-2,000 

ft from LM, covering about 6,000-ft distance, their confidence and 

speed increasing with experience. After walk Conrad reported he had 

fallen once but Bean had picked him up without difficulty. Conrad 

rolled grapefruit-sized rock down wall of Bead Crater about 300400 

ft from passive seismometer, but no significant response was detected. 

Crew obtained desired photographic panoramas, core samples, trench 

sample, lunar environment sample, and assorted rock, dirt, bedrock, 

and molten samples. They reported fine dust buildup on all sides of 

larger rocks and said soil color lightened as depth increased. Crew reported Surveyor footpad marks were still visible and entire spacecraft 

looked brown, as if something had rained on it. Glass parts were not 

376 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 14-24 

broken. Crew retrieved parts of Surveyor III, including TV camera 

and soil scoop. They then retrieved solar wind composition experiment 

and stowed it in equipment bag, took stereo pictures near LM, and 

transferred all collected samples, parts, and equipment to LM. They 

dusted off, reentered LM, and jettisoned equipment according to plan, 

closing hatch by 134:82 GET (2:44 am EST Nov. 20) , after 3 hrs 49 

min walking on lunar surface in second EVA period. 

While LM was on moon Gordon, orbiting moon in CSM, completed 

lunar multispectral photography experiment and photographed Wall 

of Theophilus and future landing sites, Fra Mauro and Descartes. Film 

would be analyzed to aid scientists in planning for future sample collection and in extrapolating known compositions from returned samples 

to parts of moon that would not be visited. 

At 142204 GET (9:26 am EST Nov. 20) LM successfully lifted off 

moon after 31 hrs 31 min on lunar surface, leaving LM descent stage. 

Astronauts brought back 95 lbs of lunar surface samples, parts of Surveyor 111, films, and miniature flags of 136 nations, 50 US. states, and 

4 US. possessions. A 1.2-sec overburn of LM ascent propulsion system 

caused by incorrect manual switching sequence prevented automatic 

shutdown of engine and resulted in insertion velocity 32 fps greater 

than planned, placing LM in orbit with 71.4-mi (114.9-km) apolune 

and 10.6-mi ( 17.1-km) perilune. Crew quickly recognized discrepancy, manually shut down engine, and used RSC trim maneuver to 

enter planned orbit with 53.3-mi (85.8-km) apolune and 10.1-mi 

(16.3-km) perilune. 

Rendezvous maneuvers occurred as planned and LM docked with 

CSM at 145:36 GET (1258 pm EST Nov. 20). Tv was transmitted from 

CSM for last 24 min of rendezvous sequence. Crew transferred with 

samples, equipment, and fib to CSM; LM ascent stage was jettisoned 

and intentionally crashed onto lunar surface at 5:17 pm EST Nov. 20 

about 44.9 mi (72.2 km) southeast of Surveyor 111. Crash was detected 

by seismometer left on moon and produced reverberations lasting for 

more than 30 min. Crew made CSM plane-change maneuver at 159:05 

GET and took high-resolution and stereo-strip photos and tracked landmarks, to conclude planned photography of Fra Mauro, Descartes, and 

Lalande. 

November 21-24: Crew fired SPS engine at 172:27 GET (3:49 pm 

EST Nov. 21), injecting CSM into transearth trajectory after 89 hrs 

2 min (44 revolutions) in lunar orbit. Midcourse correction No. 5, at 

188:28 GET, was so accurate that sixth correction was not necessary. 

TV transmission of receding moon and spacecraft interior was transmitted for 38 min, beginning at 192:27 GET. Good-quality transmission 

of question-and-answer period with scientists and press was conducted 

for 37 min, beginning at 224307 GET. Final midcourse correctionNo. 7 at 241 :24 GET-resulted in predicted entry velocity of 36,116 fps 

and flight path angle of -6.47'. CM Yankee Clipper separated from 

SM at 244:07 GET. Parachute deployment and other reentry events occurred as planned. Yankee Clipper splashed down in mid-Pacific at 

244:36 GET (3 :58 pm EST Nov. 24), 4.03 mi from recovery ship U.S.S. 

Hornet. Astronauts, wearing flight suits and masks, were carried by 

helicopter from CM to recovery ship, where they entered mobile quar377 
November 14-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

antine facility ( MQF) with recovery physician and technician. Crew, 

physician, and technician remained inside MQF until it was delivered to 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston. 

CM was retrieved and mated to MQF transfer tunnel on board recovery ship. From inside MQF/CM containment envelope, MQF engineer 

removed lunar samples and equipment through decontamination lock 

and CM was sealed until delivery to LW. Sample return containers, 

film, and other data were flown to Pago Pago and to Houston for 

transport to LRL. 

Primary ApoZZo 12 mission objectiveeto perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of mare area, deploy and activate 

ALSEP, develop techniques for point landing capability, develop man’s 

capability to work in lunar environment, and obtain photos of candidate exploration sites-were achieved. All launch vehicle and spacecraft 

systems performed according to plan, with only minor and corrected 

discrepancies. Flight crew performance was outstanding. All three 

crew members remained in excellent health and good spirits. Accomplishments included first use of hybrid trajectory, largest US. payload 

placed into lunar orbit (72,335 lbs after lunar orbit insertion), first 

demonstration of point landing capability, first use of two EVA periods, 

first recharge of portable life-support system, first double-core-tube 

sample, first return of samples from vehicle previously landed on moon, 

longest distance traversed on lunar surface, first multispectral photography from lunar orbit, and longest lunar mission to date. 

ApoZZo 12 was ninth Apollo mission to date, sixth manned Apollo 

mission, and second manned lunar landing mission. ApoZZo I1 (July 

16-24, 1969) had proved capability to perform manned landing on 

moon and return and to retrieve lunar samples for study on earth. 

Apollo program was directed by NASA O5ce of Manned Space Flight; 

MSC was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC for 

Saturn V launch vehicle, and KSC for launch operations. Tracking and 

data acquisition was managed by GSFC under overall direction of NASA 

O5ce of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA Proj Off; Mission 

Commentary; NASA Release 69-148; FonF; NYT, 11/15-26/69; W 

Post, 11/15-26/69; W Star, 11/15-26/69; B Sun, 11/15-26/69) 

November 14: President Nixon became first Presidpnt to witness space 

launch while in office when he, Mrs. Nixon, and daughter Tricia viewed 

ApoZZo 12 launch at KSC. President called liftoff “spectacular.” Later 

he addressed NASA personnel in Launch Control: “. . . I know there has 

been a lot of discussion as to what the future of the space program is. 

. . . I do think you can be assured that in Dr. Paine and his colleagues 

you have men who are dedicated to this program, who are making the 

case for it . . . as against other national priorities and making it very 

effectively. I leaned in the direction of the program before. After hearing what they have had to say with regard to our future plans, I must 

say that I lean even more in that direction. . . . I realize that in those 

within the program . . . there are different attitudes as to what the 

emphasis should be, whether we should emphasize more exploration or 

more in taking the knowledge we have already acquired and making 

practical applications of it. . . . We want to have a balanced program, 

but most important, we are going forward. America . . . is first in 

space.” (Carroll, B Sun, 11/15/69, Al; PD, 11/17/69, 1601-2) 

378 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 14 

Tass carried ApoUo 12 report shortly before launch. Report described 

mission objectives and ended: “We wish a successful flight and a safe 

return to the courageous team of the American spaceship Apollo 12.” 

(Reuters, W Post, 11/15/69, A6) 

0 While there was some “feeling of dejavu” at Cocoa Beach, near Apollo 

12 launch site, some residents, especially local business men, believed 

interest in Apollo 12 was “just as keen as in any other launching,” 

New York Times said. Manager Hal Saunders of Cape Kennedy Hilton 

Hotel had said, while pace seemed calmer and more organized, people 

were no less excited than before. He felt there were more tourists at 

Cape Kennedy this week than in July bcause “fewer were scared by 

press reports . . . that all facilities would be jammed.” Many were seeing launch for first time “and it is still a thoroughly thrilling experience.” (Blakeslee, NYT, 11/14/69, 33) 

* Liverworts grown in lunar soil at LRL had reached three-inch height and 

were “green and happy,” Washington Post said, while controls, grown 

in earth soil, were “puny-not even an inch high-and pale.” Difference in plants, commonly found on rocks and in forests and among 

first to grow in volcanic areas, had been considered small when first 

noted in August. However, LRL Chief of Preventive Medicine, Dr. 

William Kemmerer, now called difference “one of the really unexpected 

results of the lunar mission.” Plant tests had been conducted to see if 

lunar material caused harm to earth plants. Control plants had been 

grown in desert soil. Tobacco cells and soy bean cells in culture with 

lunar soil had done better than controls in earth soil; ferns were growing “more spectacularly” than some grown in earth soil. Man’s knowledge of trace mineral requirements in plants and animals was “very, 

very limited,” Dr. Kemmerer had said. “I don’t think we’ll find something going on in lunar nutrition that we don’t find on the earth. I do 

think important questions have been raised.” (Cohn, W Post, 

11/14/69) 

0 Control of Azur, West German research satellite launched by NASA Nov. 

7, was phased over to German control center. Turn-on and checkout of 

all subsystems and instruments had been completed within six days 

after launch. All housekeeping and scientific data values were well 

within expected ranges, but spurious commands had been occurring 

intermittently; program of protective commands had been developed 

to keep spacecraft in proper mode of operation. (NASA Proj Off) 

NASA and DOD announced signing of agreement between NASA and US. 

Army Materiel Command to expand national capability in low-speed 

aviation technology through joint use of NASA test chambers, wind 

tunnels, and other facilities. Agreement expanded effort at ARC and 

established similar arrangement at LaRC and LeRC. (NASA Release 

* LeRC announced award of $2.5-million letter contract to United Aircraft 

Corp.’s Pratt & Whitney Div. to build and test 18 RL-10 A3-3 rocket 

engines. Engine, developed in 1958 and first liquid-hydrogen and 

liquid-oxygen engine to be flown in space, would be used on Centaur 

high-energy upper-stage rockets in early 1970s. (LeRC Release 69-68) 

US. astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts, in joint space efforts, could succeed in improving US.-Soviet relations where “tired old politicians” 

had failed, Sen. Barry M. Goldwater (R-Ariz.) said during visit to 

69-150) 

379 I 
November 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

MSC. “Maybe this would be a way to break through to the rulers of 

Russia. When you get professional people together-scientists, aviators 

. . . you find you have many common problems.” Sen. Goldwater said 

he hoped Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman would not seek Senate 

seat in 1970 but would wait awhile “and take mine.” (UPI, NYT, 

11/16/69, 79) 

WAF announced decision not to fund C-5A procurement beyond FY 

1970 program of 23 aircraft. Budget constraints had reduced program 

requirements from 120 to 81 aircraft. (DOD Release 998-69) 

National Aeronautic Assn. conferred title “Elder Statesman of Aviation” 

on Adm. Joseph J. Clark ( USN, Ret.) , Katherine Stinson Oteroo, and 

William A. Patterson, retired President of United Air Lines. (W Star, 

11/15/69, A3) 

November 15: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCX into orbit with 332-km 

(206.3-mi) apogee, 203-km ( 126.1-mi) perigee, 89.8-min period, 

and 64.9” inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 23. (GSFC SSR, 

11/15/69; 11/30/69) 

Washington Post editorial on Apollo 12 launch: “Through the peculiarities of our time, we are all about to become participants, albeit 

vicariously, in the kind of research and exploration that has been 

carried out previously by lonely scientists almost in isolation. Radio 

and television make it possible for us to watch and to hear two explorers as they go about the somewhat mundane business of making 

and recording observations, picking up rocks, and setting up equipment. As these flights roll on through the next few years, we will 

watch the slow process of exploration proceed. In a way, it will be like 

being there when Darwin traveled around the world and made the observations that resulted in his theory of evolution or when Lewis and 

Clark explored the Northwest. Not too much should be expected from 

any one trip or any one set of experiments. It is the totality of knowledge, not its fragments, that counts.” (W Post, 11/15/69, A20) 

Americans had generated only “scant enthusiasm” for Apollo 12 launch, 

New York Times said. In contrast to Apollo 11, July 16, “television 

sets in bars and business offices drew only small, languid crowds. . . .” 

Collective sense of anticlimax was “perhaps predictable considering 

the intense national emotion spent on the first moon landing four 

months ago.” Contributing to indifference might have been “the mounting preoccupation with the war in Vietnam, the peace rallies, the controversy surrounding Vice President Rgnew and earthly social 

problems.” However, “there were no reports of the kind of demonstrations that protested the Apollo 11 flight.” Marchers in antiwar protests 

had appeared “to show little interest” in Apollo 12. (Reinhold, NYT, 

11/15/69) * FAA announced proposal to extend hourly flight quotas in effect at five 

high-density airports serving New York, Chicago, and Washington, 

D.C., for 9-12 mos beyond Dec. 31 expiration date. Experience with 

quota system since June 1 inception indicated it had relieved congestion and reduced delays. (FAA Release 69-125) 

November 16: During “Meet the Press” interview shown on NBC TV Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said he thought Apollo 11 

spacecraft would have crashed if Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong had 

not piloted it on final lunar approach. Quick reactions by Apollo 12 

380 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 16 

crew had helped save mission from power failure on its launch. “I 

think that the [ApoZZo 121 launch would have been a success. But we 

felt a good deal better with the astronauts there.” Dr. Paine thought 

U.S.S.R. would attempt moon trips “in the next few years.” (W Post, 

11/17/69, A3) 

0 First public display of 21.1-gm ApoZZo 11 moon rock at American 

Museum of Natural History in New York attracted largest crowd in 

museum’s history-42,195 persons. Display would run for 2% mos 

as highlight of museum’s centennial celebration. (NYT, 11/16/69, 66; 

AP, W Star, 11/17/69, Al) 

Merger of US. and U.S.S.R. satellite systems into worldwide comsat 

link for all nations was proposed in report of Sept. 21-25 international 

conference at Talloires, France, released by sponsors Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Twentieth Century Fund. In Communicating by Satellite: An International Discussion, task force appointed to consider new rules and regulations for international satellite 

communications said : “Obstacles undoubtedly exist to achieving the 

goal of an integrated, global system, but technical compatibility 

between the two major satellite communications systems-Intelsat and 

Intersputnik (through the Soviet Orbita) -is not difficult to obtain. 

Their orbital systems are complementary; their frequency plans can 

be coordinated; a single ground station can operate in either system, 

and their transmitting and receiving equipment can be adapted for 

operation in both systems.” 

All nations should have access to global, integrated comsat system 

with “willingness and ability to accept certain technical and administrative requirements” only relevant consideration. No political conditions should be applied to membership. Voting rules should “take 

account of the special contributions” of countries like US. and U.S.S.R. 

“while recognizing the interests of virtually all nations in the basic 

rules of operation of the system.” No nation should be allowed to 

broadcast sound and TV into territory of other nations without their 

consent. (Text; AP, W Star, 11/17/69, A12) 

Space race was underway in summer of 1945, as US., U.K., and U.S.S.R. 

searched for key men who had effected Germany’s “staggering lead in 

rocketry,” David Owen of London Daily Telegraph said in Washington 

Post. Article traced escape of Wernher von Braun and Peeneiniinde 

rocket scientists from defeated German Gen. Hans Kammler who had 

ordered them shot rather than have them captured by Allies; hiding 

of rocket drawings and records in remote Harz Mountain cave; voluntary surrender of scientists to US.; and withdrawal of scientists, documents, and rockets by US. before U.K. and U.S.S.R. could capture any 

but small part of German rocketry effort. (W Post, 11/16/69, B3) 

November 17: NASA’s HLlO lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot 

William H. Dana, reached 66,000-ft altitude and mach 1.6 in powered 

flight after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of 

Rosamond, Calif. Objectives of flight, 29th in series, were to obtain 

stability and control data and airspeed calibration. (NASA Proj Off) 

Senate and House conferees on H.R. 12307, N 1970 Independent 

O5ces and HUD appropriations bill, agreed to $3.006-billion NASA R&D 

appropriation instead of $3 billion proposed by House and $3.019 

billion proposed by Senate. Appropriation for construction of facilities 

381 
November 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

was $53.2 million ss proposed by House rather than $58.2 million as 

proposed by Senate, and research and program management appropriation was accepted at Senate’s $637.4 million rather than $643.7 million 

proposed by House. Conferees also agreed on $44O-million FY 1970 

appropriation for NSF. (Conference Rpt 91-649; CRY 11/17/69, 

D1078) 

Space progran could provide tools and knowledge to help eliminate air 

pollution, NASC Executive Secretary William A. Anders, former Apollo 

8 astronaut, said in speech before Governors’ Conference on California’s Changing Environment in Los Angeles. With remote sensors 

in aircraft “pilot can quickly and accurately map pollution levels over 

a wide axea and range of altitudes.” Pollution map of entire US. could 

he generated each day. “Thus, aircraft and satellites with these remote 

sensors offer the unique advantage of being able to view large areas 

through new eyeballs very quickly and selectively. Further, by computer, the data can be reduced to formats that can be quickly and 

easily understood.” Aircraft and satellite surveys would provide “data 

which supplement surface techniques and which, in some cases, can’t 

be gathered in any other way.” Rather than fantastically expensive, 

satellite measurements could “be competitive with surface systems.” 

(Text) 0 Soviet space program had been severely set back by ‘‘catastrophic explosion of 10-million-lb-thrust prototype booster during preparatory 

launch operations at Tyuratam last summer,” Aviation Week & Space 

Technology reported. U.S.S.R.’s manned orbiting platform (MOP) program, “already at least a year behind schedule and proceeding slowly, 

has been further retarded because of the . . . failure. Last month’s 

triple Soyuz launch has emerged as a prime example of rescheduling 

necessitated by the booster’s absence and by the aftermath of shortterm and conflicting political decisions. . . . “Failure of the booster prototype was only one event in a largely 

chaotic year for the Soviet space program. During 1969 the Russians: 

shifted much of their large booster inventory to military purposes in 

connection with the Chinese border crisis” ; postponed scheduled late 

spring launch of Soyuz VI “because all remaining non-military facilities were in turn preempted by a highly compressed lunar effort”; and 

hastily launched Luna XV “in an effort to prove, in event of an 

Apollo failure, that at least a one-way soft landing from lunar orbit 

could be performed unmanned and, alternately, that failure would not 

result in loss of human life.” (Av Wk, 11/17/69, 26-7) 

SST economics were discussed by FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer 

before Long Island Assn. of Commerce and Industry in Manhasset, 

N.Y. Study of simulated SST operation in 1980~~ with comparison of 

SST and subsonic jets based on total operating cost rather than direct 

operating cost and using 1969 values, had shown “SST beats the 707 

substantially and comes much nearer to equaling the impressively low 

747 costs.” Elements of ground support and overhead costs gained 

advantage of SST’S greater productivity in seat-miles per hour. “The 

2707-300 [SST] is two thirds as big as the 747 and it flies three times 

as fast, so it will do twice as much as the 747 (and 4% times the 707 

or DC-8) in the same time period.” By 1978, SST introduction date, 

aircraft’s total operating cost “comes within one-tenth of a cent per 

382 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 17 

seat-mile of matching the 440-seat economy version of the 747.” (Text) 

Univ. of California at Berkeley astronomer Dr. David Cudaback reported 

that observations indicated dust clouds in sky might contain great 

quantity of diamond grains, each few thousandths of inch in diameter. 

(AP, W Star, 11/18/69, A10) 

November 18: President Nixon signed H.R. 11271 (P.L. 91-119), $3.715- 

billion NASA FY 1970 Authorization Act. It provided for R&D: Apollo, 

$1.691 billion ; space flight operations, $225.6 million; advanced missions, $2.5 million; physics and astronomy, $117.6 million; lunar and 

planetary exploration, $138.8 million ; and bioscience, $20:4 million. 

Space applications R&D authorization was $128.4 million. Also 

authorized were $112.6 million for launch vehicle procurement, $9 

million for sustaining university program, $27.5 for space vehicle 

systems, $33.5 for electronic systems, and $22.1 million for human 

factor systems. 

Act allocated $20.2 million for basic research, $36.9 million for 

space power and electric propulsion systems, $50 million for nuclear 

rocket, $22.8 million for chemical propulsion systems, $278 million 

for tracking and data acquisition, and $5 million for technology 

utilization. 

For construction of facilities, law authorized $8 million for ERC, 

$670,000 for GSFC, $12.5 million for KSC, $4.7 million for LaRC, $1.7 

million for MSC, and $500,000 for Wallops Station. Act authorized 

$637.4 million for research and program management. (PD, 11/24/69, 

* Senate and House adopted conference report on H.R. 12307, Independent 

Offices and HUP appropriations bill including FY 1970 NASA funding of 

$3.697 billion and $440 million for NSF. Bill was forwarded to President Nixon for signature. (CR, 11/18/69, S14574-9, H10981-7) 

House by vote of 362 to 25, passed and sent to Senate H.R. 14794, DOT 

FY appropriations bill containing $96 million for SST development 

program. (CR, 11/18/69, H10990-1034) 

President Nixon approved S. 1857, $480-million National Science 

Foundation Authorization Act, 1970 (P.L. 91-121). (PD, 11/24/69, 

1643) 

Sen. William Proxmire ( D-Wis.) introduced, for himself and cosponsors, 

S.J.R. 285, authorizing Senate Foreign Relations Committee to undertake comprehensive study of all possibilities for international cooperation in space exploration. (CR, 11/18/69, S145934) 

President Nixon announced membership of Task Force on Air Pollution, 

with Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Chairman of California Air Pollution 

Board, as chairman. It would evaluate effectiveness of efforts to curtail 

air pollution and recommend further actions. (PD, 11/24/69, 1624) 

New York Times editorial asked: “Why should lunar research be limited 

to what this country can afford? Even if the Soviet Union is unwilling 

to cooperate, there are very substantial human and material resources 

in Western Europe, Japan and other areas that could be mobilized for 

the task of lunar exploration and settlement that lies ahead. President 

Nixon could demonstrate high statesmanship by offering to turn the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration into the International 

Aeronautics and Space Administration if others will join to help 

carry the burdens of the effort and provide additional talents for the 

1643; PL 91-119) 

383 
November 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

job. And if NASA became IASA, even Moscow-after its recent space 

disappointments-might see advantages in joining the common effort 

to make the moon a lever for uniting mankind.” (NYT, 11/18/69) 

AEC released report of investigation into May 11 fire at AEC plutoniumhandling facility at Rocky Flats, Colo. Estimated damage to buildings 

and equipment was $45 million excluding cost of plutonium recovery. 

Fire had originated in plutonium storage cabinet; cause was unknown. 

(AEC Release M-257) 

November 18-19: LeRC’S work in development of longer lasting, hightemperature-enduring, corrosion-resistant materials was described at 

conference on Research in Aerospace Materials at Center. Conference 

was attended by 400 scientists and engineers from universities, industry, and Government. New alloying concept had yielded “WAZ-20,” 

alloy of nickel, tungsten, aluminum, zirconium, and carbon with melting point 150’ higher than conventional cast-nickel-base alloys and 

higher strength at 2,200°F, for possible use in 1st-stage turbine stator 

vanes. Also reported were use of prealloyed powders to improve properties of nickel-base alloys ; dispersion-strengthened nickel-base alloys 

and solid-state welding of these materials; developments in chromium, 

molybdenum, and tungsten alloys and fiber composites; and experimental techniques developed to predict properties of materials after 

10-20 yrs of use from tests lasting less than year. (LeRC Release 

November 19: In international reaction to Apollo 12 moon walk Moscow 

Radio announced landing eight minutes after touchdown, followed with 

brief progress bulletins, and broadcast seven-minute film on event 

seven hours after LM landed on moon. Foreigners in Moscow said BBC 

broadcast was jammed by two stronger stations just before lunar 

touchdown. 

Pope Paul VI at Vatican watched astronauts on TV, then knelt for 

short prayer. He sent message to President Nixon: “Many, many 

congratulations to you and the American nation on yet another magnificent step for the human race.” 

Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of U.K.’s Jodrell Bank Experimental 

Station, saluted “precision and accuracyyy of Apollo 12 lunar landing. 

He said, “Until the Russians achieve a rocket with the thrust of the 

order of Saturn 5, or greater, it is unlikely they will be able to stage 

any manned flight comparable with Apollo.” London’s morning newspapers put Apollo 12 story well down on front pages in contrast to 

Apollo 11 banner headlines. 

In Helsinki, Finland, Soviet diplomats attending strategic arms 

limitation talks toasted Apollo 12 crew. 

Tokyo TV dealers expressed unhappiness because repeat of run on 

color sets after Apollo 11 landing failed to materialize. 

West German Foreign Minister Walter Scheel said Apollo 12 was an 

invitation to Europe to organize its own space potential. 

Egyptian newspapers gave Apollo 12 second billing to continuing 

conflict with Israel. In Poland millions watched lunar landing by direct 

TV transmission. In Sweden TV reception was poor and viewer interest lagged. 

Former Argentine President Arturo U. Illia, in Buenos Aires, called 

lunar landing “a victory for democracy.” 

69-70; LeRC PIO) 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 19 

Australians watched landing 10 secs before U.S. because of time 

lag. In France many viewers were unable to watch landing because of 

electric utility strikes. Moon walk was one of few programs shown on 

Italian TV during day of general strike. 

Shah of Iran sent congratulations to President Nixon and Apollo 12 

crew for “untiring endeavor.” Landing was shown live on Iranian TV. 

West Germany’s Wickert Public Opinion Institute estimated 82% of 

German adults watched TV shots of lunar landing, 92% watched 

Apollo 11. It concluded Apollo 12 lacked suspense that attended first 

moon shot. (AP, B Sun, 11/20/69, Al; Robinson, NYT, 11/20/69, 

30; W Post, 11/20/69, A16; Spencer, W Star, 11/21/69, A6) 

Reaction to Apollo 12 lunar landing was “almost a ho-hum,” Associated 

Press reported. “It seemed to indicate they are now taking moon 

voyages for granted.” 

At White House, President and Mrs. Nixon arose before dawn to 

watch moon walk on TV. President had commented it was “first time 

anybody has sung from the moon,” as Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., 

hummed while conducting lunar tasks. 

In Philadelphia’s Franklin Institute, where thousands had gathered 

in July to watch Apollo 11 lunar landing, only 45 persons showed up 

to watch Apollo 12. 

Of 12 New Yorkers interviewed by New York Times, only Bernard 

Granite of the Bronx had watched lunar landing. He said, “The first 

one was more exciting. This one was anticlimactic, but I still think 

they are justified in spending the money.” 

Portland, Ore., secretary Jeanne Paulson said, “I’m at the point 

where I think the money should go to the poverty program. There 

are too many starving people in the slum ghettos.’’ 

Des Moines, Iowa, secretary Eileen Brown said, “The biggest concern seemed to be that they couldn’t make the TV work rather than 

whether they could perform their assignments. What do we think they 

are up there for, anyway, to put a show on for us?” 

Police in Los Angeles, Calif., attributed sharp drop in reported crime 

to Apollo 12 moon landing and walk. 

In Washington, D.C., McKinley High School teacher said, “This 

doesn’t concern us at all. There are far more important things going 

on here.” Question for his pupils was “whether we will survive to 

the year 2000.” (AP, B Sun, 11/20/69, Al; Robinson, NYT, 11/20/69, 

31; W Post, 11/20/69, A16; Spencer, W Star, 11/21/69, A6) 

NASA Launch Vehicle Review Board recommended resumption of launch 

operations for spacecraft using Delta booster. In interim report board 

said recommendation was based on findings of Failure Review Board 

which had investigated failures of Delta 71 (July 25) and Delta 73 

(Aug. 27). Delta 71, carrying Zntelsut-ZZZ F-5, had failed because of 

motor case rupture or nozzle failure; Delta 73, carrying Pioneer E, 

had failed because of vibrating relief valve which caused hydraulic oil 

leak. Failure Review Board suggested additional internal insulation, 

pressure tests, equipment x-rays, installation of specially tested and 

selected valves, and new acceptance tests of hydraulic system. Next 

mission scheduled with Delta was U.K.’s Skynet comsat Nov. 21. 

(NASA Release 69-152) 

NASA announced selection of Aerojet-General Gorp. to receive $S-million, 

385 
November 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

cost-plus-award-fee contract for development of advanced optical communications experiment-first laser communications system to be used 

on satellite. Lasers provided extremely wideband communications function and would be able to transmit hundreds of TV channels around 

the world, greatly increasing microwave capability. Experiment would 

be placed on board ATS-F, scheduled for launch in 1972, and could be 

expanded to include spacecraft-to-spacecraft communications between 

ATS-F and AT-, to be launched in 1974. (NASA Release 69-153) 

Delegation of 10 Soviet scientists visited Brookhaven National Laboratory at Upton, N.Y. During luncheon they peered through microscope 

at 12-gm piece of lunar matter brought back by ApoZlo 1.2 €or study at 

laboratory’s nuclear research facilities. Scientists were on two-week 

tour arranged through memorandum of cooperation on peaceful uses 

of atomic energy. Group of US. scientists would pay reciprocal visit 

to U.S.S.R. early in 1970. (Kaufman, NYT, 11/20/69, 45) 

DOD announced Martin Marietta Corp. would receive $2,313,740 supplemental agreement to previously awarded USAF contract for design, 

development, fabrication? and delivery of Titan I11 booster. Contract 

would be managed by Space and Missile Systems Organization. (DOD 

Release 1003-69) 

November 20: US. newspaper editorials commented on Apollo 12 landing 

on moon: 

Washington Post: “The sheer joy of these two astronauts . . . shines 

out over everything else. They are obviously moon-struck. Conrad 

sounded like the most eager and happiest young geology student in the 

universe as he hummed and laughed his way from rock to rock, grabbing one after the other and complaining that he couldn’t get enough. 

And who would have thought that one of these highly skilled men 

would resort, as Bean did, to bonking the television camera with a 

hammer in an effort to make it work? Unfortunately, the failure of 

the camera did deprive us of seeing this frolic. . . . There was much 

to be learned from it about the moon and about the men who combine 

such cool technical competence with such zest for a serious and 

dangerous job.” (W Post, 11/20/69) 

Detroit News: “To travel 230,000 miles and hit the target on the 

button is almost unbelievable except that NASA, its crews and its machines are making believers of us all. But there’s a lesson to be taken 

to heart in the camera’s freak failure. Conrad and Bean tried to remedy 

the defect. . . . But they had to drop that to get on with more 

essential scientific exploratory experiments. Conrad’s oxygen limit was 

four hours. Be hadn’t time to spare. . . . that should be warning to 

those euphoric advocates of setting a target date for a trip to Mars. 

An astronaut limited to four hours work on the moon is a reminder 

of the vast project ahead in confounding the elements in this untapped 

lunar mystery. Prophecies of colonizing the moon should be set against 

that four-hour limit, even though we no doubt will improve on it.” 

(D News, 11/20/69) 

Atlanta Constitution: “This second landing, more than 900 miles 

from where the pioneers of Apollo 11 put down last July, notably extends our knowledge. New landing techniques, a longer lunar stay, 

nuclear-powered experiments-they all serve to push back a fantastic 

386 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 20 

frontier which only a few short years ago was regarded as a most 

implausible province of man.” (Atlanta Constitution, 11/20/69) 

Houstin Chronicle: “Our admiration for the coolness and the skill of 

astronauts Conrad, Bean and Richard F. Gordon, Jr.-the latter still 

in lonely orbit around the Moon-is boundless. The astronauts continue to perform, one mission after the other, in storybook perfection. 

We marvel, too, at the ability of the technicians on the ground to 

quickly respond to unexpected eventualities, like the electrical difficulty 

just after the launch, and to enable the mission to proceed unimpaired. 

These achievements inspire all men. They lift our sights for the future.” 

(H Chron, 11/20/69, 2 Sec, 5) 

Birmingham News: “The flight has been so predictably on schedule 

that its very success is certain to help push moon travel back into the 

ho-hum recesses of blase mankind’s mind, as each success in the 

Mercury and Gemini and early Apollo series made earth orbital spaceflight seem routine.” (B News, 11/20/69) * Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman received gold medal for “distinguished service to humanity’’ from National Institute of Social Sciences 

in New York. Institute President Frank Pace, Jr., said, “The great 

scientific adventure in which you extend the reach of man cannot equal 

for us the moments in which you expanded the human spirit.” Borman 

replied, “The awesome power of today’s technology undoubtedly terrifies many social scientists. But far from subjugating man, I think 

this technology, if properly applied, is the only chance to preserve the 

dignity of human life.” (AP, W Star, 11/21/69, A2) 

* Second largest lunar sample shown to public to date-67.7-gm moon 

rock-went on display at USIA “Education-U.S.A.” exhibit at Sekoniki 

Park in Moscow. One of 14 moon rocks thus far released by NASA for 

publicity tours, rock later would travel with USIA exhibit to Tashkent, 

Baku, and Novosibirsk, where it would become first US. exhibit ever 

shown in Siberia. Other moon rocks had been scheduled for showing 

at 30 US. museums. Largest lunar sample-Smithsonian Institution’s 

478.8-gm rock-was expected to be only permanent display. NASA also 

had approved display of samples entrusted to US. scientists who 

wished to show them in their home towns. (Lardner, W Post, 

11/24/69, Al; USIA PIO) 

0 In NASA-funded project U.S. Bureau of Mines was seeking way to get 

water and air from lunar rocks, build underground lunar shelters like 

mines, weld and melt lunar materials, and mine planets like Mars and 

Venus which might bear substances more valuable than those on moon, 

Associated Press said. First lunar mining would occur during Apollo 

13 mission in March. Astronaut would bore 10-ft hole in lunar crust 

to determine what lay beneath and to test drill designed for NASA by 

Martin Corp. Scientists at US. Bureau of Mines research center in 

Bruceton, Pa., and at six other locations had been studying since 1965 

possible use of lunar materials to build and support manned lunar 

station. Project Director Thomas C. H. Hutchinson had said, “Even 

if we found pure platinum on the moon, it would cost too much to 

bring it back.” Goal was to establish manufacturing processes on moon 

to speed exploration of planets. (AP, W Post, 11/20/59, A78) 

Cosmonaut Konstantin P. Feoktistov said in Pravda: “The Americans 

387 
November 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

have not been entirely rational in adapting aviation control panels to 

the needs for space flight. The control system of the Soyuz ship, for 

example, seems to me to be simpler, more logical and therefore more 

perfect.” Feoktistov, who toured U.S. Oct. 20 to Nov. 4, congratulated 

his new acquaintances in US. on Apollo 12 lunar landing and wished 

them “complete success.” (AP, W Star, 11/20/69, A6) 

Moon “loomed large in Chinese tradition,’’ but 700 million people of 

Communist China had not been told of Apollo 12 lunar landing, 

Christian Science Monitor said. Though “elite hierarchy in Peking . . . learned of Intrepid’s touchdown as fast as the Soviets,” story of 

Apollo 12 had not passed beyond select group of leaders. “Indeed 

the Chinese people have yet to be told by their government-controlled 

press and radio of the flight of Apollo 11. . . .” Some might hear of 

flight from foreign radio broadcast, but many were jammed by Peking. 

VOA report to Hong Kong on Intrepid’s lunar landing had been 

“curiously overlaid with martial music from a Chinese Communist 

radio station on the mainland” (Hughes, CSM, 11/20/69) 

Washington Daily News reported song called “The Wondrous Telephone,” by Thomas P. Westendorf, had been published in 1877 with 

cover showing group of men talking by telephone to man in the moon. 

(W News, 11/20/69, 52) 

* Apollo 11 CM was being readied at North American Rockwell plant in 

Downey, Calif., for tour of 50 state capitals and final resting place at 

Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., Associated Press reported. NASA was sponsoring tour. (CSM, 11/20/69) 

North American Rockwell Corp. announced plans to develop for NASA 

flying lunar excursion experimental platform ( FLEEP) -one-man, jetpropelled craft with adjustable hand controls-to transport astronauts 

across lunar surface. ( AP, NYT, 11/22/69, 38) 

* Use of space technology in “complete and systematic rehabilitation” of 

Washington, D.C., was proposed by RCA president Robert W. Sarnoff 

in speech before Fourth Annual Computer Age Conference of National 

Industrial Conference Board in New York City. “A comprehensive 

systems effort to revitalize the city and its environs should invoke a 

nationwide response . . . as broad and enthusiastic as that inspired by 

the Apollo moon landing.” (Text) e MSFC announced award of $8-million letter contract to McDonnell 

Douglas Corp. for two sets of structural components for Saturn V 3rd 

stage (S-IVB) for Saturn V manned orbital workshop. Work would 

be completed by January 1972. (MSFC Release 69-249) 

e Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of $279,032 

contract to Control Data Corp. Melville Space and Defense Systems 

Div. for 22-mo study of pilot warning instrument (PWI) systems that 

would improve pilots’ ability to detect other aircraft in flight. (FAA 

Release 69-126) 

November 21-23: U.K.’s Skynet A (IDCSP-A) military comsat was successfully launched from ETR at 7:37 pm EST by NASA for USAF and U.K. by 

Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor-Delta ( DSV-3M) booster. Spacecraft entered transfer orbit with 23,045.4-mi (37,080.1-km) apogee, 

160.7-mi (258.6-km) perigee, 655.3-min period, and 27.6O inclination. 

Primary NASA objective was to place spacecraft into synchronous 

388 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 21-23 

transfer orbit accurate enough for apogee motor to place spacecraft 

into synchronous equatorial orbit. 

On Nov. 23 apogee motor was fired and spacecraft entered circular orbit with 22,216.5-mi (35,746.4-km) apogee, 21,558.3-mi 

(34,687.3-km) perigee, 1,431-min period, 2.M” inclination, and 1.3’ 

per day eastward orbital drift. Drift rate was increased to 8’ per day 

to ensure arrival on station over Indian Ocean by Dec. 30. All systems 

except primary communications system had been turned on and were 

operating satisfactorily. 

Skynet A was first of two U.K. military comsats scheduled to be 

launched over Indian Ocean under DOD-U.K. agreement. USAF managed 

project for DOD and would reimburse NASA for launch services. U.K. 

would reimburse USAF. Skynet B would be launched in May 1970. 

Spacecraft consisted of two concentric cylinders containing apogee 

motor, solar cells, despun antenna, high-pressure hydrazine stabilization system, and redundant x-band communications system. It was 32 

in high, 54 in in dia, and had five-year lifetime. 

Initial operation of spacecraft telemetry and command functions 

were performed from USAF satellite control facility. Control of orbital 

operations would be transferred to U.K. telemetry command facility 

after spacecraft reached station. (NASA Proj Off; SBD, 11/26/69, 114) 

November 21: Apollo 12 Astronaut Richard F. Gordon, Jr., orbiting moon 

in CSM, set new world record for solo space flight. Gordon piloted 

CSM alone for 37 hrs 41 min, breaking 30-hr 20-min record set by 

Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., in Fuith 7 May 15-16, 1963. (UPI, 

W Star, 11/21/69, A7) 

0 NASA’s HGlO lifting-body vehicle piloted by Maj. Peter C. Hoag 

(USAF) reached 78,000-ft altitude and mach 1.4 in powered flight 

after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosamond, Calif. Purpose of flight, 30th in series, was to obtain stability 

and control data at varying stability augmentation gain settings. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

President Nixon and Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan issued joint 

statement following White House discussions on international situation. 

On space, statement said: “The Prime Minister congratulated the 

President on the successful moon landing of Apollo XII, and expressed 

the hope for a safe journey back to earth for the astronauts. The 

President and the Prime Minister agreed that the exploration of space 

offers great opportunities for expanding cooperation in peaceful scientific projects among all nations. In this connection, the Prime Minister 

noted with pleasure that the United States and Japan last summer had 

concluded an agreement on space cooperation. The President and the 

Prime Minister agreed that the implementation of this unique program 

is of importance to both countries.” (PD, 11/24/69, 1633-7) 

Inaccurate signals from controlling gyro mechanism had caused Sept. 17 

destruction of AH-56A helicopter inside wind tunnel at ARC, NASA 

announced. Investigation board, appointed by ARC Director, Dr. Hans 

Mark, had determined accident did not result from malfunction of 

rotor control system or of wind-tunnel systems and equipment. Board 

recommended greater use of computers to analyze rotor systems before 

test, study of safety systems and hazards and procedures for wind389 
November 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tunnel crews in emergencies, and addition of metal barriers to protect 

control room and sections near tunnel. It said visual close observation of tests should be minimized. AH-56A was under study for stability and control at USA request. (NASA Release 69-154) 

* Total $21.35-billion investment “in the development and demonstration 

of a national manned lunar landing capability” was detailed by Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, in letter to Sen. Clinton P. 

Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. “At the time of its establishment, the 

national goal of a manned lunar landing and return in this decade 

represented the most difficult technological endeavor ever to challenge 

the American nation. During this period, senior NASA officials in testimony before the Congress estimated the cost . . . at between $20 and 

$40 billion.” Estimate was refined to approximately $19.5 bilIion in 

March 1964, with assumption “there would be a timely initiation of a 

follow-on program which would bear a portion of the relatively fixed 

cost required to develop and sustain this national capability.” 

Estimates then and annual reassessments had reflected total program 

cost, including cost of initial lunar landing. Lunar objective “was not 

simply an end in itself but, rather, provided the focus for the effort 

to attain space supremacy for whatever the national interest required.” 

In March 1966 NASA had furnished estimate of $22.718 billion based 

on assumption that there would not be timely initiation of follow-on 

program. In April 1969 NASA furnished estimate of $23.877 billion, 

which would still be valid if negative assumption had materialized. 

“But with the success of Apollo 11, we have the opportunity to utilize 

this demonstrated capability in a more meaningful way. By improving 

payloads and modifying spacecraft to increase lunar surface systems, 

we can enhance significantly the return of scientific data from both 

lunar orbit and the lunar surface.” 

NASA had met national commitment “at a cost nearer the lower end 

of the range of estimates” despite “unpredictable substantial inflationary conditions.” Actual cost accrued through July 31, 1969, was 

$21.35 billion, of which $2 billion was value of flight hardware available for future flights. Capital assets included were approximately 

$2.8 billion and were “of continuing national value.” 

Apollo was “triumph in management as well as in technology and 

engineering which united government, industry and universities in a 

common peaceful undertaking. At least one-half million people worked 

on the manned lunar landing program . . . during the eight years from 

its announcement to its initial success.” (Text) 

* U.S. radioastronomers had been unable to obtain funds for facilities 

recommended five years ago and were beginning to fear “that the 

momentum that has attracted talented researchers from engineering 

and physics into radio astronomy may soon be lost,” Robert W. Holcomb said in Science. “Pulsars and the interstellar clouds provide 

astronomers with the opportunity to extend their ideas about stellar 

evolution into very early and very late stages, and most of the pertinent 

research must be done with radio telescopes. These instruments are 

also required for some of the most important cosmological problems 

currently being considered.” (Science, 11/21/69, 984-6) 

* At opening day ceremonies of American Bible Week in New York, 

390 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 21 

sponsors, Laymen’s Committee of American Bible Society and Catholic 

Biblical Assn. of America, awarded citation to crew of ApoUo 8 for 

reading from Genesis as they orbited moon during Dec. 21-27, 1968, 

mission. (NYT, 11/22/69, 41)) 

e Astronaut promotion policy seemed “certain to discomfit someone after 

the end of Apollo 12 no matter whether it’s followed or ignored,” 

Washington Post said. President Johnson had decreed in 1965 that 

each military astronaut would get one spot promotion after his first 

space flight. Apolb 12 commander Charles (Pete) Conrad, Jr., and 

CM pilot Richard F. Gordon, Jr., had both received promotions to 

commander, USN. Apollo 12 LM Pilot Alan L. Bean, also commander, 

USN, now rated promotion to captain, but was junior crewman in age, 

service in grade, and space experience. Bean promotion might “irritate” others but would be fair to Bean. Promotion for all three astronauts would be “unfair to other astronauts who have flown twice or 

three times and only promoted once.” President Nixon might have to 

make “sticky” decision. (W Post, 11/21/69, A17) 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of $200,000 

FAA contract to Univ. of Tennessee at Knoxville for two-year study of 

methods of reducing sonic boom, to help FAA establish certification 

standards for new aircraft. (FAA Release 69-127) 

DOD announced General Electric Co. would receive $5,192,730 supplemental agreement to previously awarded USAF contract for R&D of 

Mark 15 reentry vehicle. Contract would be managed by Space and 

Missile Systems Organization. ( DOD Release 1015-69) 

November 22: Weightlessness during extended space trips “reduces the 

flexibility of men’s bones,” Soviet scientist V. V. Parin said in interview published in Komsomolskaya Pravda in Moscow. “The organism 

of a cosmonaut dehydrates in weightlessness and calcium leaves the 

bones.” Probable solution would be to create artificial gravity in 

space, Parin said. (UPI, W Post, 11/23/69, A6) e Economist commented on perils of prolonged space voyages: “When 

astronauts begin to do tours of duty that could run from three months 

to a year at a time on the moon, or on orbiting earth platformsstill more when they embark on 2Vz year trips to Mars-the problems 

will be much greater. Their bodies may adapt themselves to conditions 

of weightlessness or low gravity, and to living in atmospheres of rather 

less density than on earth, and then find it hard to readapt back to 

earth conditions again. If, over time, the changes become irreversible, 

we could witness the evolution of a new race of space hominoids with 

whom we could communicate but not cohabit.” (Economist, 11/22/69) 

Apollo 12 congratulatory telegrams at MSC suggested “crew members of 

Apollo 12 will not be lacking their own fan club,” Washington Post 

article said. Meanwhile, Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Apollo 8 crew continued to receive fan mail. 

Biggest fans of space program appeared to be “little children and supporters of prayers in outer space.” (Lardner, W Post, 11/22/69, A6) 

November 23: ESRO’S Boreas (Esro IB), launched Oct. 1 into lower than 

planned orbit, reentered atmosphere after 52 days in orbit. During 

this period spacecraft and all experiments functioned satisfactorily. 

ESRO accumulated large quantity of scientific data and adjudged mission successful. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/69; NASA Proj off) 

391 
November 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

* New Yo& Times editorial commented on Apollo 12: “It is almost incredible that such giant strides could have been made in the few 

months that separated Apollo 12 from Apollo 11.” Navigational 

capabilities available to Neil Armstrong last July were “so inexact that 

for days or weeks after his landing there was no certainty even as to 

just where Eagle had touched down. Intrepid, on the contrary, landed 

within a few hundred feet of Surveyor 3, the prime target of its crew’s 

planned collection activities. It will take months, perhaps years, to 

harvest the full scientific gains from Apollo 12. Already, however, it is 

evident that mankind is still at the stage where the more it learns 

about the moon, the more mysterious and puzzling that natural satellite 

appears to be.” (NYT, 11/23/69, 12) 

* Nonspace nations were expressing growing resentment at U.N. over lack 

Qf progress on treaty covering damages for space accidents, New York 

Times said. Members of 28-nation Outer Space Committee had complained that they cooperated with space powers on space rescue treaty 

in 1967 on understanding that treaty on damages would be pushed to 

completion. US. had reassured nonspace nations that it wanted immediate action on damages treaty but U.S.S.R. had been “balking” 

over provision for binding arbitration when damage claims Were not 

settled by direct negotiations or through commission. Other disagreements included financial ceiling on liability for single accident-US. 

had suggested $500 million-and objections to US. and U.S.S.R. 

tendency to negotiate directly and consult other nations later. (Teltsch, 

NYT, 11/23/69, 73) 

November 24: Following successful completion of Apollo 12 President 

Nixon issued statement: “This mission has shown conclusively that the 

system we have developed has enormous scientific potential and we 

can now look forward to utilizing that capability. . . . The triumph of 

Apollo 12 is not only an American triumph. This second voyage to 

the surface of the moon represents another great victory of the human 

mind and spirit, one which will lift the sights and raise the spirits of 

men everywhere.” (PD, 12/1/69, 1659) 

During telephone call from White House to U.S.S. Hornet, shortly after 

Apollo 12 splashdown and recovery, President Nixon told Apollo 12 

astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and Alan F. 

Bean of their promotions to captain, USN. (PD, 12/1/69, 1659) 

Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., MSC Director of Flight Operations, told press 

at MSC he wanted full report on piloting difficulties in landing on moon 

before committing Apollo 13 to landing attempt on moon’s rugged 

central highlands. Full discussion of lunar landing-described by 

Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., as “no easy task”-was important 

aspect of what must be learned during crew debriefing, Kraft said. 

(Wilford, NYT, 11/25/69, 33) * U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk. Cosmos CCCXZ 

entered orbit with 467-km (290.2-mi) apogee, 272-km (169.0-mi) 

perigee, 91.9-min period, and 71.0” inclination and reentered March 

10, 1970. Cosmos CCCXII entered orbit with 1,180-km (773.2-mi) 

apogee, 1,141-km (709.0-mi) perigee, 108.5-min period, and 74.0” 

inclination. ( GSFC SSR, 11/30/69; 3/31/70; SBD, 11/26/69, 112) 

* President Nixon signed nuclear nonproliferation treaty in Washington, 

D.C. Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ratified treaty simultaneously in 

392 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 24 

Moscow, with President Nikolay V. Podgorny signing document. U.S. 

and U.S.S.R. were 23rd and 24th nations to ratify treaty, which would 

become e%ective after ratification by 43 countries. (PD, 12/1/69, 

1658; NYT, 11/25/69, 1) 

* Aurora Expedition-during which ARC’S Convair 990 aircraft would 

make about 12 flights from Fort Churchill, Canada, to study aurora in 

polar regions-began with first data flight. Twenty-five university, 

industry, NASA and other US. Government, French, and Canadian 

scientists would operate at altitudes up to 40,000 ft across and parallel 

to auroral oval in flights until Dec. 18. (NASA Note to Editors, 

11/12/69; NASA News Release 69-165) 

* U.S. Geological Survey Director William T. Pecora said in Washington, 

D.C., that rocks brought back by Apollo 11 were geologic “hors 

d’oeuvre” but ApoZZo 12 rocks “will be a veritable feast.’’ Geologists 

were delighted “by the onsite descriptions provided by astronauts 

Conrad and Bean” who were “eager rock hounds.” (UPI, NYT, 

11/25/69, 32) 

Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Apollo 12’s man-made 

lunar quake: ‘‘It seems that when the lunar lander was sent rocketing 

down to crash on the Ocean of Storms, it left the moon ‘ringing like 

a gong’ for some 30 minutes. This, in the words of one ecstatic 

scientist, constitutes ‘a major discovery . . . quite beyond the range 

of our experience.’ ” Scientific curiosity “is a good thing-provided it’s 

kept within reasonable limits. . . . Just suppose that their first reading 

was right, and that the moon really is some sort of celestial gong. 

Remember what happened when people got too enthusiastic with the 

Liberty Bell.” (W Star, 11/24/69, A12) 

USAF announced successful completion of tests at Arnold Engineering and 

Development Center at Tullahoma, Tenn., to qualify 41,000-lb-thrust 

TF-39 turbofan engine-largest U.S. military jet engine-for USAF’S 

C-5 Galaxy transport, world’s largest aircraft. ( AFSC Release 183.69) 

Senate Interior Committee held hearing on July 10 S.J.R. 133 by Sens. 

Spessard L. Holland (D-Fla.) and Edward J. Gurney (R-Fla.) to 

return original name, “Cape Canaveral,” to Cape Kennedy. Sen. 

Gurney said name “Canaveral” “may well be the oldest geographical 

point in the United States, certainly on the east coast, recorded even 

before the ancient names of Cape Cod and Jamestown.” KSC would 

retain late President John F. Kennedy’s name. Witnesses suggested 

name change had been made “with high emotions” and without proper 

legal proceedings. Cape had been renamed for late President by executive order from President Lyndon B. Johnson Nov. 29, 1963. (Greider, 

W Post, 11/25/69, A3) 

Jack C. Swearingen, former Chief of Program Control in MSFC Apollo 

Applications Program Office, became Assistant Director in Science 

and Engineering. (Marshall Star, 11/12/69, 1) 

* Raymond Einhorn, former NASA Director of Audits, became Special 

Assistant to NASA Acting Associate Administrator for Organization and 

Management. He would be succeeded by Martin Sacks, Special Assistant to Assistant Administrator for Special Contracts Negotiation and 

Review. (NASA Ann, 11/20/69) 

Washington Evening Star editorial commented on proposal by Carnegie 

Endowment for International Peace and Twentieth Century Fund con393 
November 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

ference that US. and U.S.S.R. merge comsat systems [see Nov. 161. 

“Intelsat . . . is already a going concern-an increasingly successful 

and expanding one-operating on a global scale. Open to every country on a nonpolitical, nondiscriminatory basis,\it has no reason whatever to consolidate itself and its resources with Russia’s Intersputnik 

setup-a system that exists only on paper, and not very clearly at that. 

. . . In the circumstances, the Talloires panelists would have been on 

sounder ground had they recommended that the Kremlin join Intelsat. 

Such a move would better serve not only Russia’s interests, but the 

cause of East-West cooperation as well.” (W Star, 11/24/69, A12) 

November 25: NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld 

R. Gentry (USAF) , completed eighth glide flight at FRC. Objective of 

flight, last glide flight in series, was to obtain stability and control 

data at 30” upper flap setting and 0‘. rudder bias setting. (NASA Proj 

off’) 

Two boxes of lunar samples from ApoZZo 12 arrived at Lunar Receiving 

Laboratory in Houston, where they would be examined and used in 

experiments. (AP, W Star, 11/26/69, A2) 

Pakistan President Yahya Khan sent “hearty felicitations” to President 

Nixon and American people on Apollo 12 success. “May your endeavor 

lead to increasing expansion of the bounds of human knowledge and 

bring forth newer possibilities of lasting peace and progress on earth.” 

(NYT, 11/26/69,24) 

Washington Post Apollo 12 editorial: “Although it will be weeks or 

months before we know what the harvest of knowledge from this trip 

has been, the first impression is that the harvest has been a rich one. 

The astronauts accomplished everything they had been asked to do 

and more. The pinpoint landing indicates that the navigational problems 

are not nearly as great as once thoaght, clearing the way for future 

astronauts to go precisely where the scientists want them to. The ease 

with which Mr. Conrad and Mr. Bean functioned on the moon’s surface 

indicates that their successors will be able to range farther afield and 

undertake more complicated assignments. Even the accidental fall of 

Pete Conrad is a plus. It cuts down the fear that a fall would be 

extremely serious and points out . . . that man may be more adaptable 

to alien conditions than he dreams.” (W Post, 11/25/69, A20) 

At hearing on suit of atheist Madalyn Murray O’Hair to ban broadcast 

of prayers by US. astronauts in space [see Aug. 161, US. Attorney 

Seagel Wheatley and NASA counsel asked dismissal of suit on grounds 

Mrs. O’Hair and her Society of. Separationists lacked necessary legal 

standing to sue Government. Justice Dept. Attorney James Barnes said, 

“NASA has no plans to instruct astronauts what to say. The statements 

that the astronauts made are their own. . . . NASA has no intention of 

circumscribing . . . the astronauts’ rights in the free exercise of religion.” (UPI, W Post, 11/25/69, A8) 

NASA was using July 26 edict against unauthorized use of Apollo flight 

insignia to make “unauthorized” possession of souvenir Apollo flight 

patches Federal offense, *Wushington Post said. While astronauts felt 

they should be only ones entitled to distribute patches, businessmen 

contended they ought to be in public domain. NASA contractors like 

Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. had been granted exceptions to 

blanket rule. (Lardner, W Post, 11/25/69, A8) 

394 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 26 

November 26: Explorer XLI Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (launched 

June 21) was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft was functioning 

satisfactorily and mission objectives had been exceeded. Nine operational experiments were providing detailed information on galactic and 

solar cosmic rays, interplanetary medium, and distant magnetosphere. 

All systems and experiments were functioning satisfactorily and returning useful data except GSFC and Univ. of Maryland plasma experiment 

and Univ. of Iowa and Univ. of California energetic particle experiment, which malfunctioned during orbits 10 and 15. 

Preliminary data indicated that although spacecraft had been 

launched close to solar maximum, sun had been unusually quiet. However, low-energy galactic cosmic rays appeared to be more stro-ngly 

modulated than observed previously and interplanetary conditions 

appeared to be more disturbed. Observations would be continued 

throughout solar maximum. (NASA Proj Off) 

* NASA’s Pioneer VZ (launched Dec. 16, 1965) and Pioneer VZl (launched 

Aug. 17, 1966) were performing three new experiments on solar system 

scale, possible only because spacecraft’s extremely long lifetimes had 

allowed them to reach necessary positions in space, ARC announced. 

On Nov. 6, when Pioneer VI and Pioneer VZI were 175 million mi 

apart on common line with sun, scientists had observed changes in 

behavior of solar wind particles due to passage through space. On 

Nov. 29, when spacecraft reached far side of sun on common line 

with earth, engineers would conduct 150-million-mi interplanetary communications experiment. On Dec. 2, when spacecraft reached points 

on common spiral line leading out from sun, scientists would measure 

different kinds of solar particles coming from same events on sun. 

(ARC Release 69-15) a President Nixon signed H.R. 12307 into P.L. 91-126, Independent 

Offices and HUD FY 1970 appropriations act, which included $3.697- 

billion NASA appropriation-down $299 million from $3.995-billion 

FY 1969 NASA appropriation and $181 million from President Johnson’s budget request of $3.878 billion. 

Act allocated $3.006 billion for R&D, down $364 million from FY 

1969 allocation and $162 million below Johnson request. Construction 

of facilities allocation for N 1970 was $53.2 million, up $31.4 

million from FY 1969 but $5 million below Johnson request. Allocation 

for research and program management of $637.4 million was $34.3- 

million increase over N 1969 and $13.5 million below Johnson 

request. 

Act also contained $44O-million NSF N 1970 appropriation. * (PD, 

12/1/69, 1669; Texts) 

* Senate confirmed nomination of George M. Low as NASA Deputy Administrator. (CR, 11/26/69, S15140, D1126) 

November 27: Geologists at Lunar Receiving Laboratory examined several 

large, dust-covered, crystalline rocks from first box of Apollo 12 lunar 

samples. Largest rock weighed 3-4 lbs and was 5 in long and 4% in 

thick. (Rossiter, W Star, 11/27/69, A4) 

* NASA released first photos taken by Apollo 12 astronauts on and near 

lunar surface, including color stills and 16-mm film showing solar 

eclipse, LM descent to moon, astronauts walking on moon, and LM 

separating from CSM. 

395 
November 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Still photos showed closeup of Ocean of Storms, bleak, dull-gray 

area strewn with rocks and sprinkled with footprints and an astronaut 

inspecting Surveyor ZIZ, with LM in background at top of crater rim. 

(AP, NYT, 11/28/69, 32) 

November 28: Geologists at Lunar Receiving Laboratory held press conference on Apollo 12 lunar samples and expressed surprise at samples’ 

differences from rocks retrieved by Apollo 11. Preliminary examination of samples showed they were crystalline and larger than anticipated. Dr. Jeffrey L. Warner, MSC geologist, said rocks returned by 

Apollo 11 contained up to 12% titanium oxide, but those from Apollo 

12 contained only about 2%--amount consistent with terrestrial rocks. 

He said geologists were very puzzled by absence of breccia rocks in 

Ap0110 12 samples because 75% of rocks from Apollo 11 were breccia. 

Crystalline rocks were similar to volcanic rocks found by Apollo 11, 

but some of Apollo 12 rocks were coated with glass and had protruding 

crystals up to 2-34 in long. (Rossiter, W Post, 11/29/69, A3; W Star, 

11/29/69, Al) 

Apollo 12 astronauts, enclosed in mobile quarantine facility, arrived at 

Pearl Harbor, ,Hawaii, where they were greeted by huge crowd, Marine 

band, civic and military officials, and hula troupe. (Rossiter, W Post, 

11/29/69, A3) 

President Nixon announced intention to nominate Apollo 11 Astronaut 

Michael Collins as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs to 

succeed Dixon Donnelly who had resigned in January. Nomination was 

submitted to Senate Dec. 2. (PD, 12/1/69,1667; 12/8/69, 1702) 

Mars’ reddish color might be attributed to carbon suboxide, Univ. of 

Massachusetts physicists William T. Plummer and Robert K. Carson 

reported in Science. They had found reflection spectrum of Mars could 

be well matched from 0.2 p through 1.6 p and farther by polymers of 

carbon suboxide. (Science, 11/28/69, 1141-2) 

In Science article advocating large-scale mobilization of scientists to 

solve world’s “crisis problems,” John Platt, Associate Director of 

Univ. of Michigan Mental Health Research Institute, said human race 

was on steeply rising “S-curve” of change. “We are undergoing a 

great historical transition to new levels of technological power. . . . In the last century, we have increased our speeds of communication by 

a factor of 107; our speeds of travel by 102; our speeds of data 

handling by lo6; our energy resources by lo3; our power of weapons 

by lo6; our ability to control diseases by something like 102; and our 

rate of population growth to lo3 times what it was a few thousand 

years ago.” Within last 25 years “the Western world has moved into 

an age of jet planes, missiles and satellites, nuclear power and nuclear 

terror.” But S-curve was beginning to level off. “This means that if we 

could learn how to manage these new powers and problems in the next 

few years without killing ourselves by our obsolete structures and 

behavior, we might be able to create new and more effective social 

structures that would last for many generations.” (Science, 11/28/69, 

1115-21) 0 Science editorial said faltering US. public support of science pointed to 

conclusion: “Science has established no secure claim in its own right 

upon the priorities of our national treasury.” At World War 11’s end, 

U.S. taxpayer had become leading patron of science. “For the next 

396 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 28 

20 years, public money flowed in increasing volume to the support of 

science.“ Public support “began to level out in 1965, and the support 

of university science is now down about $250 million from the 1965 

peak of $1.3 billion.” In foremost U.S. universities “federal funding 

of science has exerted pressures tending to divide and dissolve that 

frail community. At best, it has installed and expanded scientific departments . . . without regard to the needs and priorities of the university as a whole. . . . At worst, it has established in the universities 

entirely inappropriate activities, motivated by the interests of the 

mission-oriented granting agencies and often inimical to free inquiry 

and to the humanity of science.” (Science, 11/28/69, 1101) 

November 29: Apollo 12 astronauts, enclosed in mobile quarantine facility, 

arrived at Ellington AFB, Tex., where they were greeted by 500 cheering persons, including their families and NASA officials. MQF was moved 

in motorcade to Lunar Receiving Laboratory, where astronauts would 

remain until Dec. 10. (DeLone, W Post, 11/30/69, A3) 

* Conclusion that rings of Saturn were water ice of extraordinarily low 

temperature was announced by Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper, Director of 

Univ. of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Researchers had 

ruled out earlier theory that composition could be ammonia ice by 

comparing spectra of rings and ices of number of compounds. Team 

had studied infrared reflection of spectrum of rings with interferometer 

attached to 61-in NASA telescope at LPL observatory near Tucson. (Univ. 

of Arizona Release 6911.29 dh) 

November 30: Following publication Nov. 29 by Pravda of article describing US. moon rock exhibit in Moscow, crowd of “thousands,” eager to 

see display, smashed glass door and nearly demolished room in which 

Apollo films were shown. (Clarity, NYT, 12/1/69, 18) 

Worldwide program to provide widest display possible of Apollo 11 lunar 

samples was announced by NASA. Of 15 moon rocks weighing between 

2/3 and 21/2 oz, 8 were for US. display and 7 had been released to 

USIA for overseas showing. In addition to Smithsonian Institution display, exhibits would include rock traveling with Apollo 11 CM on 

tour of 50 state capitals and two-month showings in 30 museums and 

planetariums during year. USIA would show six stones on world tour, 

and seventh at Expo ’70 in Osaka, Japan. (NASA Release 69-155) 

Completion of multimillion-dollar electron microscope, twice as powerful 

as any previously existing, at Laboratory of Electronic Optics in 

Toulouse, France, opened question “Will we ever be able to look into 

the very heart of things?” Walter Sullivan said in New York Times. 

Instrument, without its accelerator, weighed 22 tons and stood 

10 ft tall. Interviews with US., French, and U.K. scientists had revealed wide feeling that “before long it may be possible . . . to see 

individual atoms and ‘read’ the genetic message in a strand of DNA 

(deoxyribonucleic acid) .” Univ. of Chicago biophysicist Dr. Humberto 

Fernandez-Moran had said when that stage was reached, it might be 

possible not only to predict, but also to design life at the molecular 

level. (NYT, 11/30/69, E9) 

During November: It was “no government secret” that NASA, “preoccupied 

with putting men on the moon,” had neglected aeronautics in favor of 

space, C. V. Glines said in Armed Forces Management. But pressures 

generated by “airways crisis of 1st year, an ever-growing divergence 

397 
During November ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

between civilian and military aeronautical R&D requirements and 

applications and concern for loss of US. preeminence in aeronautics 

are demanding that attention be given to national aeronautical research 

and development policies.” Effects of Nixon Administration “study 

timetable” for long-range NASA-DOT civil R&D program would affect 

DOT-FAA 1972 budgets. Meanwhile, “quiet gains are being made in the 

aeronautics side of the NASA house.” NASA aircraft technology budget 

would increase from $94.9 million in FY 1969 to over $100 million in 

FY 1970, with further increase in FY 1971 and new high in FY 1972, 

“when the long-range study gives new directions for aeronautical 

research.” (Armed Forces Management, 11/69, 344) 

Astronautics & Aeronautics magazine published special issue containing 

“1973 Viking Voyage to Mars” by NASA Viking project management. 

Two orbiters would release two softlanders to search for life, map 

Martian surface from orbit, monitor Martian weather, study atmosphere, and take three-dimensional color photos from ground. Flight 

directors on earth would probably choose landing site from orbiter 

reconnaissance photos taken at arrival. A science satellite in its own 

right, the orbiter would also relay a record volume of interplanetary 

data from the lander to earth. Nuclear-powered instrument platform 

based on Surveyor would push evolution of automation step further 

during mission. (A&A, 11/69, 30-59) 

* Army Digest published interview on space spinoffs with Harry N. Lowe, 

Jr., Chief of Extraterrestrial Research Agency of USA Office of Chief 

of Engineers: Space program should return profit to Nation. Tangible 

spinoff results were being observed in medicine, communications, 

engineering, and architecture. Savings in building industry and related 

engineering fields alone would eventually exceed present cost of entire 

space program. “We have seen the world’s largest building put up at 

the Cape, and other scientific and engineering marvels at Huntsville 

and Houston. We have had to work with scientists and others to an 

extent never before necessary. We have had to develop and apply new 

concepts and standards of performance.” 

Extraterrestrial Research Agency work included design and construction concept for semipermanent lunar base, definition of effort to 

develop lunar construction capability, and studies with NASA of lunar 

vehicles and mobility. Analyses of lunar samples indicated no need for 

change in concepts of lunar construction. With water source and 

cheaper transportation, “man can colonize the moon.” (Army Digest, 

11/69, 30-1) 

NSF Reviews of Data on Science and Resources (NSF 69-36) reported 

nearly 13,000 scientists and engineers became immigrants into US. 

in FY 1968, less than 4% growth over 1967 level. U.K. and India were 

largest sources of immigrant scientists and engineers, with 2,400 coming from U.K. and 1,400 from India. (NSF 69-36, No. 18, 1) 

398 
December 1969 

December 1: NASA announced Australis Oscar-A, 39-lb spacecraft designed 

and constructed by amateur radio operators at Melbourne Univ. in 

Australia, had been accepted for launch Jan. 9, 1970, as secondary 

payload on Tiros-M. Radio Amateur Satellite Corp., group of US. 

amateurs, was preparing satellite for launch, testing and qualifying 

it to comply with NASA requirements. Australis Oscar-A would transmit 

low-power signals on two amateur bands-29.45 mhz in 10-meter band 

and 14.05 mhz in 2-meter band-that would be used by radio amateurs throughout world for training in satellite tracking and for radio 

propagation experiments. 

Australis Oscar-A would be fifth satellite launched under Project 

Oscar and first accepted by NASA as secondary payload. Four previous 

satellites had been launched by group of US. radio operators on 

Pacific Coast in conjunction with DOD spacecraft. (NASA Release 

In interview released by United Press International Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, MSFC Director, said he knew of nothing which could feasibly 

send man to the stars in the predictable future. NERVA prototype, only 

working model of new-generation engine in US., was too bulky for 

flight. Refined version, scheduled for test flight in mid-I970s, was 

expected to land man on Mars. Beyond that all was conjecture. “There 

is no design concept and even the basic idea of a controlled thermonuclear reaction has not been demonstrated.” It was not known what 

thrust could be generated by fusion engine. U.S.S.R. had announced 

development of plasma-jet or ion-thrust engine which, as designed, 

would not be useful in deep space or close to earth. U.S. scientists 

had been working on plasma-jet theory and electric propulsion machine. 

Science fiction concept of space distortion or warp through which 

spacecraft could travel in “null space” where distances were shorter 

and speeds faster had some basis according to Einstein’s theory of 

relativity. In Univ. of Maryland experiments “presence of gravitational 

radiation has been tentatively discovered . . . [and] can be interpreted 

as the interaction of such a warp with the sensor used in the experiment.” Despite this, “there does not appear to be any possibility of 

utilizing such interactions as a space propulsion system.” (W Star, 

12/1/69, AS) 

0 Roger Lewis, President of General Dynamics Corp., announced appointment of Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for 

Manned Space Flight, as General Dynamics Vice President, effective 

immediately. Dr. Mueller’s resignation from NASA would be effective 

Dec. 10. (General Dynamics Release 1491) 

ApoZZo I1 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and 

Michael Collins visited Canadian Parliament in Ottawa. Canadian 

Prime Minister Pierre E. Trudeau said astronauts’ contributions to 

69-157) 

399 
December 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

science and .humanity “will live as long as mankind lives.” Astronauts 

would conclude two-day Canadian visit with Dec. 2 visit to Montreal 

and tour of nearby factory where LM landing pads were made. (UPI, 

W Post, 12/4/69, B3) 

* Eleven scientists and technicians joined Apollo 12 astronauts in quarantine at Lunar Receiving Laboratory after accidental exposure to lunar 

samples. (UPI, NYT, 12/2/69, 49) 0 Role of ERC in electronics-related aeronautical R&D was described by ERC 

Director James C. Elms in testimony before House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research and 

Technology. Center had continued research on electronic components 

and devices, especially application of microelectronics and large-scale 

integrated circuits to advanced avionics systems; on application of 

advanced technology to instrumentation for sensing and controlling aircraft motion and attitude; on optics and microwaves; on psychological 

instrumentations; on data processing; and on electrical power systems. 

ERC had 14 programs in aeronautical R&D, including air traffic control, 

V/STOL guidance, navigation and flight control, collision avoidance, 

use of navigational and communications satellites in aviation, support 

technology, remote detection of clear air turbulence, physiological 

monitoring, and NASA intercenter research in high-speed flight using 

YF-12 aircraft. (Testimony) 

December 2: Boeing 747 slated for passenger service with Pan American 

World Airways beginning mid-February 1970 flew from Seattle, Wash., 

to John F. Kennedy International Airport with 176 passengers in first 

public preview of jumbo jet flight. PaSSengerS-PAA officials, flight 

crew, and press-were startled by shudder as plane’s wheels were 

buffeted by rough spots on runway. Phenomenon was repeated when 

plane touched down in New York after 4-hr 5-min flight. Passengers 

also were critical of “interior noise level in the rear half of the plane.” 

(Witkin, NYT, 12/3/69, 1) 0 Scientist Dr. Edwin C. T. Chao, quarantined with Apollo 12 astronauts 

at LRL, said mound on moon photographed by Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., during ApoZZo 12 moonwalk could be crushed rock ejected 

from crater. MSC geologist Dr. Robin P. Brett said 1.5-lb rock among 

ApoZlo 12 samples had been formed far beneath surface and could be 

deepest piece of lunar material man had yet studied. (UPI, NYT, 

12/4/69, 17) 

Gayle Planetarium in Montgomery, Ala., opened formally with exhibit 

of lunar sample through Dec. 7. MSFC announced it would display lunar 

rock during February and March 1970. (MSFC Release 69-258) 

* Austin, Tex., District Judge Jack Roberts dismissed suit by atheist Mrs. 

Madalyn Murray O’Hair and Society of Separationists, Inc., to stop 

astronauts from saying prayers in space [see Nov. 251. He ruled 

prayers were not NASA policy but individual decision by astronauts. If 

NASA had forbidden astronauts to pray in space it would have been 

unconstitutional abridgment of their rights. Mrs. O’Hair planned to 

appeal decision. (NYT, 12/3/69, 44) 

* Washington Post editorial praised Nov. 20 speech of RCA President 

Robert W. Sarnoff which called for use of space technology in “fullscale pilot program” to rehabilitate Washington, D.C. : Nation “needs 

to know whether the computer-age technology that sent us to the moon 

400 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 2 

twice can be used to solve the problems of American cities. That 

question in a slightly different form has been plaguing the space community. Are vital national resources needed to meet the crisis at home 

being diverted to the moon and beyond?” 

Sarnoff speech “picks up from a series of addresses by Dr. Thomas 

0. Paine, administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, suggesting that modern technology can assist in solving the 

problems of cities, provided there is a national commitment to do 

( W Post, 12/2/69, A181 

December 3: Dr. George M. Low was sworn in as NASA Deputy Administrator 

by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator. (NASA Release 69-159) 

December 3: Dr. George M. Low-ueteran of Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs-was sworn in as Deputy Administrator of NASA by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

Administrator, after Nov. 26 Senate confirmation. 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXIII from Plesetsk into orbit with 247-km 

(153.5-mi) apogee, 197-km (122.4-mi) perigee, 88.9-min period, and 

65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 15. ( GSFC SSR, 12/15/69; 

SBD, 12/4/69, 148) 

* NASA selected Hughes Aircraft Co. Space Systems Div. and RCA Corp. 

Astro-Electronics Div. to receive parallel four-month, $250,000 fixedprice study contracts for definition and design of Atmosphere Explorer 

spacecraft AE-c and AE-D. Spacecraft would carry experiments to 

study atmospheric composition and characteristics in lower thermosphere. (NASA Release 69-158) 

* At opening session of Governors’ Conference in Washington, D.C., President Nixon presented to governors mementos from ApoZZo II mission 

for people of 50 states, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, District of 

401 
December 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Columbia, and Trust Territories of Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. Each presentation, consisting .of state flag and chip from 

moon’s surface, bore inscription: “This flag of your state was carried 

to the Moon and back by Apollo 11, and this fragment of the Moon’s 

surface was brought to Earth by the crew of that first manned lunar 

landing.” (PD, 12/8/69,1696) 

President Nixon announced appointment of Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. 

Armstrong as Chairman and member of Peace Corps National Advisory Council to succeed W. Thomas Johnson, Jr., who resigned 

May 27. (PD, 12/8/69, 1696) 

. DOD announced USAF contract awards. Martin Marietta Corp. received 

$1,081,000 supplemental agreement to previously awarded contract to 

design, develop, and fabricate Titan IIIC boosters and associated aerospace equipment. Contract would be managed by Space ahd Missile 

Systems Organization ( SAMSO). 

Philco-Ford Corp. received $44,375,975 contract for engineering, 

furnishing, installing, and testing aircraft control and warning system. 

Contract would be managed by Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area. 

( DOD Release 1046-69) 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced FAA plans to hue 

proposal to control emission of aircraft smoke in flight in effort to 

combat air pollution. (FAA Release 69-129) 

December 4: USAF launched unidentified satellite on Thor-Agena booster 

from Vandenberg AFB into orbit with 135.3-mi (249.9-km) apogee, 

105.6-mi (169.9-km) perigee, 88.4-min period, and 81.4O inclination. 

Satellite reentered Jan. 10, 1970. (GSFC SSR, 12/15/69; 1/15/70; 

Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

December 5: NASA launched two sounding rockets from WSMR to conduct 

stellar x-ray studies. Nike-Apache carried Dudley Observatory payload 

and Aerobee 150 carried University of Wisconsin payload. (NASA Proj 

Off) 

NASA and public TV would participate in first full-scale experiments in 

use of satellites to transmit TV programs domestically, John W. Macy, 

Jr., President of Corp. for Public Broadcasting announced. Scheduled 

for near future, tests would transmit public broadcasting programs 

using Ats ZZZ spacecraft in orbit and NASA ground stations at Rosman, 

N.C., and Mojave, Calif., to indicate technical problems and operating 

costs of satellite transmission. NASA had authorized first regular use of 

its satellites domestically for other than purely scientific purposes in 

letter to Macy, Chairman of Satellite Task Force organized by CPB to 

represent public broadcasting interests in satellite field. ( CPB Release) 

* Successful results of seeding hurricane Debbie on Aug. 18 and 20 were 

announced by Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans and Secretary 

of the Navy John H. Chafee at Washington, D. C., press conference. 

Analysis of silver iodide seeding had suggested storm was weakened 

by intervention. While scientists could not state absolutely that hurricanes could be modified, Secretaries pledged their departments to intensified effort in Project Stormfury, joint venture of ESSA and USN. 

(Schmeck, NYT, 12/5/69, 90) 

* DOD announced Lockheed Aircraft Corp. was receiving $100,000 initial 

increment to $2,532,250 fixed-price USAF contract for experimental 

studies of airflow characteristics of advanced aircraft engines. Contract 

402 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 5 

would be managed by AFSC Aeronautical Systems Div. (DOD Release 

1052-69) 

0 Analysis of Pesyanoe enstatite achondrite samples confirmed new isotopic 

composition of xenon in Pesyanoe meteorite was due to presence of 

component like that in solar gas, Kurt Marti of Univ. of California at 

San Diego reported in Science. Xenon in Pesyanoe meteorite was mixture of several components. Solar-type xenon was new component deficient in neutron-rich isotopes as compared to both trapped chondritic 

and terrestrial atmospheric xenon. (Science, 12/5/69, 1263-5) 

December 7: Astronomers were contemplating possibility that universe 

might be several times larger than previously believed as result of observations from Oao II, NASA announced. Spacecraft, launched Dec. 7, 

1968, had discovered that many galaxies were much brighter in uv 

radiation than expected, confirmed that hot stars lost as much as sun’s 

total mass in 100,000 yrs and equivalent of earth‘s mass in 1 yr, and 

indicated that if extra mass assumed to exist as unobservable matter 

in universe was present it did not radiate in UV, suggesting that universe was not closed system. 

Oao II’s performance during first year in orbit had been exceptional. 

By Nov. 9, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s sky-mapping instrument package, in 169 days of operation, had taken 5,884 pictures 

during observations of 2,265 individual square areas of sky. Univ. of 

Wisconsin experiment had studied 568 specific objects during 1,995 

observations in 165 days of operation. Achievements had prompted 

some astronomers to rank Oao II with invention of telescope in its importance to astronomy. (NASA Release 69-156) 

Dr. John M. DeNoyer, former Assistant Director for Research at U.S. 

Geological Survey, became Director of Earth Observations Programs 

in NASA Office of Space Science and Applications. (NASA Hq WB, 

1/5/70] 

“Eyewitness to Space,” exhibit of works of over 70 US. artists commissioned by NASA to document its activities, opened at National Gallery 

of Art in Washington, D.C. Show included paintings, drawings, and 

sculpture by James B. Wyeth, Mitchell Jamison, Norman Rockwell, 

Lamar Dodd, William Thon, and Robert Rauschenberg. Eight-foot 

montage of disparate space themes by Rauschenberg was largest lithograph ever made, according to Gallery’s Curator of Art H. Lester 

Cooke. (Constantine, W Star, 12/7/69, J8) 

December 8: Recording by seismometer on moon of seven external impacts 

near Apollo 12 landing site since astronauts left moon Nov. 20 was 

reported by Columbia Univ. scientist Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal 

investigator for Apollo program’s seismic research. Each impact had 

produced tremors. Dr. Latham said meteors might have struck Ocean 

of Storms, whose surface resonated when hit. Lack of internal quakes 

indicated moon had not been heated substantially for about 4.6 billion 

yrs. (AP, W Star, 12/9/69, A6) 

Edgar L. Piret, U.S. Embassy Scientific Attach6 in Paris, accepted Prix 

Pierre Guzman gold medals on behalf of Apollo II Astronauts Neil A. 

Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins. Award had been 

established by Mme. Anna Emile Guzman in 1889 for first persons “to 

find the means of communicating with a heavenly body-Mars excluded” [see Aug. 131. ( AP, W Post, 12/9/69, A23) 

403 
December 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Apollo 11 lunar landing had been selected number one foreign news story 

of year by Japan’s Kyodo news service, Associated Press said. Second 

was President Nixon’s decision to reduce US. troom in Vietnam: third 

was Communist China’s ninth party congress inL Peking. (St. ‘Louis 

LeRc’s 60-mw test reactor at Plum Brook Station, Ohio, completed 100th 

cycle of operation. It had begun full-power operation in April 1963. 

Since then it had participated in 1,100 irradiations of experiments in 

nuclear propulsion, energy conversion, basic radiation effects, and nuclear physics programs. About 30 active irradiation experiments in 

progress ranged from nuclear fuel material tests to studies of atomic 

and molecular structure of matter. (LeRC Release 69-72) 

Rep. Edgar F. Foreman (R-N. Mex.) introduced H.C.R. 464 for Congressional recognition of Goddard Rocket and Space Museum, Roswell, 

N. Mex., as memorial to Dr. Robert H. Goddard, “who pioneered in 

rocket experimentation and contributed to America’s success in landing 

men on the moon.” (CRY 12/8/69, H11865) 

By vote of 330 to 33 House passed H.R. 15090, $69.9-billion DOD FY 

1970 appropriations bill. (CR, 12/8/69, (Hl1865-909) 

0 Princeton Univ. scientists had observed sudden speedup in fastest and 

youngest pulsar, in heart of Crab Nebula, Walter Sullivan reported in 

New York Times. With second discovery of periodic phenomenon, astronomers had taken word “glitchyy from electronic engineers and astroG-D, 12/8/69) 

nauts to describe sudden udeparture from normal “pulsar behavior. 

(NYT, 12/8/69) 

December 9: LeRC Director Bruce T. Lundin discussed future interest in 

transonic speed range-mach 0.7 to mach 1.4-before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced 

Research and Technology during hearings on US. aeronautical activities: “Cruise speeds of commercial and military transports have 

already reached about Mach 0.85, and further increases to about Mach 

1.15 are of interest hecause this speed can be attained without sonic 

boom effects. The transonic speed range is also critical for a supersonic 

transport because performance in this range determines subsonic cruise 

efficiency. Transonic speed characteristics are important to fighter aircraft because they are required to maneuver at these speeds, and they 

are important to bomber aircraft because they affect the engine size 

which is necessary to accelerate to higher supersonic speeds. . . . It is 

in this speed range that many interactions, shock waves, and flow separations occur that become important to the thrust, drag, and stall 

margin of the engine and on the lift, drag and buffet characteristics of 

the aircraft. Unfortunately, mathematical prediction techniques do not 

work well in this speed range and experimental testing becomes of 

major importance.” Only very small models could be used in transonic 

tunnels “and scaling up results from very small models to full size airplanes is at best difficult and usually impossible. We will be paced here 

for some time to come by the capabilities of our experimental facilities.” (Testimony) 0 Sen. Robert J. Dole (R-Kans.) introduced S.R. 167 “providing for the 

display in the Capitol Building of a portion of the moon.” Resolution 

was referred to Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. (CR, 

12/9/69, S16142) 

404 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 10 

December 10: NASA announced it was proceeding with plans and preparations for launch of Apollo 13 manned lunar landing mission to Fra 

Mauro on March 12, 1970. Decision was based on review of photos 

taken of Fra Mauro area and successful demonstration of pinpoint 

landing techniques by Apollo 12. Fra Mauro was flat, vast highland 

area about 110 mi east of Apollo 12 landing point on Ocean of Storms. 

(NASA Release 69-162) 

* Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and 

Alan L. Bean and 25 other persons quarantined in Lunar Receiving 

Laboratory were released one day ahead of schedule. Dr. Charles A. 

Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at MSC, said astronauts were in good physical condition. (B Sun, 12/11/69, Al) 

Electrical fire damaged GSFC offices, laboratories, and equipment including 150-lb Small Scientific Satellite scheduled for 1970 launch in Explorer series. Damage to satellite and laboratory facility was estimated 

at $400,000. There were no injuries. Origin of fire was being investigated. (W Star, 12/10/69, B1; GSFC Historian) 

* End of era in satellite watching would come with discontinuation in June 

1970 of Smithsonian Institution’s optical tracking program, John 

Lannan said in Washington Evening Star. NASA already was terminating 10-yr support of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s efforts 

at Cambridge, Mass. Optical tracking had cost $4 million annually 

since 1958, first through NSF, then NASA. Program had led to nationwide “Dial-A-Satellite’7 telephone net by which tape-recorded messages 

told callers where satellites could be seen in sky. Service had become 

“Dial-A-Phenomenon” to note ecological, geophysical, and astronomical 

events, since decay of only visible satellites, Echo Z and Echo ZZ. 

Smithsonian Observatory had watched satellites with worldwide battery 

of Baker-Nunn cameras, which had been phased out except for observing maneuvers in major space flights. Observatory’s geodetic program 

was being expanded, with two lasers operational, one on Mount-Hopkins, Ariz., the other in Athens, Greece, but financial support had been 

halved for current fiscal year and would be cut to $1.3 million in 1971. 

(W Star, 12/10/69, A26; Smithsonian PAO) 

December 11: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXZV from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 465-km (288.9-mi) apogee, 296-km (183.9-mi) perigee, 91.6- 

min period, and 71.0’ inclination and reentered March 22, 1970. ( GSFC 

SSR, 12/15/69; 3/31/70; SBD, 12/15/69, 193) 

USAF YF-12A supersonic aircraft made first flight from Edwards AFB, 

Calif., under joint NASA-USAF sponsorship, opening program to advance U.S. knowledge of aerial defense tactics and future of commercial 

aviation [see July 111. (AFSC Newsreview, 2/70, 1) 

NASA announced appointment of Charles W. Mathews, Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, as Acting Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, replacing Dr. George E. Mueller. 

(NASA Ann) 

“Into the New Realm,” exhibit of documentary history of U.S. Government in space from early balloon ascensions to origination of Apollo 

program, opened at National Archives in Washington, D.C. Exhibit 

included original of National Space Act of 1958, which created NASA, 

and copies of correspondence on establishment of US. space program 

from President Eisenhower ; President Kennedy; first NASA Adminis405 
December 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

December 11: USAF YF-12A supersonic aircraft made its first research flight from 

Edwards AFB, to open a joint NASA-USAF program to advance knowledge of high-performance flight. Special instrumentation installed by NASA increased the value of the 

flying test bed for accumulating data. Pilots were from NASA and the Air Force. 

trator, Dr. T. Keith Glennan; former NASA Administrator James E. 

Webb; and others. (Natl Archives PIO) 

President Nixon issued proclamation commemorating Dec. 17 as Wright 

Brothers Day: “On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright . . . stepped from a homemade contraption onto an ocean beach in the State 

of North Carolina, aiter completing the first successful airplane flight. 

“Almost sixty-six years later, another man stepped from another 

craft onto another plain . . . the waterless Sea of Tranquility on the 

Moon. Man had not only removed his bondage to the earth, but had 

expanded his horizons to outer space.” (PD, 12/15/69, 1732) 

0 Former astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., formally announced candidacy for 

Democratic nomination for US. Senate seat being vacated by Sen. 

Stephen M. Young (D-Ohio) . (NYT, 12/12/69, 33) 

December 12: NASA’s HGlO lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot 

William H. Dana, reached 80,000-ft altitude and mach 1.4 after airlaunch from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosamond, 

Calif. Objective of powered flight, 31st in series, was to obtain stability 

and control data. (NASA Proj Off) 0 ApoZZo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and 

Alan L. Bean held press conference at MSC and showed movies and 

slides of mission. Explaining failure of color TV camera, Conrad said: 

“What apparently happened . . . is that I took the thing off MESA and 

set it down. The MESA was in the sun at the time and . . . I apparently 

either pointed it at the sun or pointed it at the MESA, which was in the 

sun and a pretty bright reflector . . . and just that few seconds . . . was 

406 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 December 12 

enough to sunburn the camera. . . , I didn’t realize it was as sensitive 

to light as it is.” 

Dust on surface was a major problem, Conrad said. Ground was soft 

and astronauts sank in significantly. It was difficult to keep experiment 

package clean. “It was almost impossible for us to walk around those 

packages without our little dust cloud and at any time the dust hit the 

surface of the package it stuck and the worst thing you could do was 

try to rub it off because you just smeared it over them even worse. . . .” 

To question about dficulty in landing LM on moon, Conrad replied 

he had misinterpreted correct gage reading and underestimated accuracy of LM’S descent. “. . . I felt that that gage was not . . . giving me 

the proper information. I found it quite hard to believe that I could 

have gotten the velocity killed quite as well as I did . . . and so I was 

continually going out the window to get roll information and a general 

idea of my lateral and horizontal velocities.” Although Conrad felt 

landing on moon was not “an amateur’s game,” he felt satisfactory 

landings under completely instrumented flight rule conditions could be 

made. Crew had suggested adding instrument that would provide automatic nulling of horizontal and lateral velocities but would leave pilot 

with rate of descent command. Conrad said he did not think dust during descent would be problem on future missions “as long as you get 

a look at your landing site before you get into the dust, and ascertain 

that it’s all right-it’s perfectly all right to go in and land, IFR. . . . I 

don’t recommend any change from the procedures that we’re using 

right now.” 

Bean said photos of moon were realistic, but photos of earth were 

not. “As we view the Moon from the Earth, it’s white and flat; it’s 

quite pretty. When you get up at the Moon . . . it’s much the same; it’s 

either white or concrete colored or grey. . . . But when you look at the 

Earth. . . it kind of sparkles, and . . . you can’t capture it on the film. 

It’s sort of like taking a picture of an emerald . . . and hoping to get 

it.” 

Gordon said he had mixture of emotions, ‘‘a mixture of thoughts, as 

to why is it all here? And . . . what the function that each person, each 

part, each molecule, each body performs, in the overall scheme of why 

is it, what is it, and from where did it come.” (Transcript) * Lunar Receiving Laboratory scientists told press at MSC rocks retrieved 

from moon by Apollo 12 crew were younger, lower in titanium, and 

higher in nickel than those retrieved by Apollo 11 and showed no signs 

of bacteria or toxicity. Dr. Oliver A. Schaeffer of New York State 

Univ. at Stony Brook said Apolb 12 samples seemed to be 2.2 billion 

to 2.5 billion yrs old, compared to 3.8 billion to 4,6 billion yrs old for 

ApoUo 11 samples. “The younger age means the . . . activity, whether 

volcanic or meteorite impact, took place over an extended period of 

time, not on a short time scale.” 

Dr. S. Ross Taylor of Australian National Univ. said chemistry of 

Apollo 12 and Apollo 11 samples was basically similar but had many 

interesting differences. “The surface is not completely homogeneous 

across the moon. There are differences in chemistry probably reflecting 

in the underlying rock. . . . it looks as though we could have two extremes of differences.” Apollo 12 samples from Ocean of Storms had 

about half titanium content found in ApoUo I1 samples from Sea of 

407 
December 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Tranquility. They had few refractory elements and fewer volatile elements. (Wilford, NYT, 12/13/69, 20; Cohn, W Post, 12/13/69, A10) 

Senate confirmed nomination of former Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael 

Collins to be Assistant Secretary of State for PubIic Affairs. (CR, 

12/12/69, D1201) 

* Moon was gray and colorless, rather than orange from oxidation of ferrous oxide in rocks by photolytically liberated oxygen, UCLA geophysicist Dr. Willard F. Libby noted in Science. He suggested reason “lies 

in the solar wind’s bringing in atomic hydrogen to replace that lost by 

the photolytic decomposition of water vapor.” (Science, 12/12/69, 

1437-8) 

Results of four radio occultation measurements of Mars’ atmosphere, 

ionosphere, and surface configuration by Mariner VI and VI1 were reported in Science by JPL’S Dr. Arvydas J. Kliore, Dr. Gunnar Fjeldbo, 

and Boris L. Seidel and Goddard Institute for Space Studies’ Dr. S. 

Ichtiaque Rasool. Measurements had provided refractivity data in Mars 

atmosphere at four points above its surface. For atmosphere consisting 

predominantly of carbon dioxide, surface pressures between 6 and 7 

millibars at three points of measurement and 3.8 at fourth, indicated 

elevation of 3.1-3.7 mi (5-6 km). Temperature profile measured by 

Mariner VI near equator in daytime indicated temperatures in stratosphere about 100°K warmer than those predicted by theory. Measurements by Mariner VI taken at 79”N at beginning of polar night 

indicated conditions were favorable for condensation of carbon dioxide 

at almost all altitudes. Mariner VI1 measurements taken at 58”s in 

daytime and 38”N at night also showed carbon dioxide condensation 

was possible at altitudes above about 15.5 mi (25 km) . Measurements 

of electron density in ionosphere showed upper atmosphere was substantially warmer than in 1965, possibly because of increased solar 

activity and proximity to sun. (Science, 12/12/69, 1393-7) 

* TOR-SHOK energy-absorbing system designed for Apollo program was 

being installed by State Highway Commission of Kansas along major 

arteries in and about Topeka, Republic Steel Corp. announced. Developed by Ara, Inc., system used multiple-telescoping, lightweight, 

high-strength steel tubing to attach guardrail to its mounting posts, 

concrete abutments, or other roadside objects. When car struck guardrail, most of impact force was transmitted from rail to TOR-SHOKS, 

rings that absorbed shock by turning inside out. (Republic Steel Release R-1053) 

* NASA was allowing Apollo 12 crew and colleagues to take part in Jewish 

National Fund dinner Dec. 14 in Houston “after years of guarding 

against the use of its astronauts as fund-raisers,” Associated Press said. 

Proceeds of $100-a-plate affair honoring Apollo 12 and other astronauts would be used to plant trees in Israel. (AP, W Post, 12/13/69, 

A12) 

* DOD announced General Electric Co. would receive $5,333,250 supplemental agreement to previously awarded USAF contract for R&D of 

Mark 12 reentry vehicle. Contract would be managed by Space and 

Missile Systems Organization ( SAMSO). ( DOD Release 1068-69) 

December 13: NASA successfully launched first two in series of Nike-Apache 

sounding rockets carrying chemical cl6ud experiments from NASA Wallops Station. Rocket launched at 5:22 pm EST carried sodium experi408 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 13 

ment which created reddish-orange cloud visible for hundreds of miles. 

Rocket launched at 7:30 pm EST carried trimethylaluminum (TMA) 

experiment which created bluish-white cloud. Primary objective was to 

measure wind directions and speeds in 25- to 135-mi (40.2- to 

217.2-km) region and temporal variations that occurred throughout 

night. Four TMA experiments and two acoustic grenade experiments, 

postponed because of cloud cover, would be rescheduled. (WS Releases 

* Aerobee 150 sounding rocket carrying GSFC payload was launched by 

NASA from WSMR to conduct stellar w studies. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Pan American World Airways took delivery of first Boeing 747 to be 

turned over to commercial line in ceremony at Boeing Field in Seattle, 

Wash. Later in day, 362-passenger transport left on six-hour flight to 

Nassau, Bahamas. It was scheduled to fly to New York same day. (AP, 

W Star, 12/14/69, A25) 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass., said comet 

Tago-Sato-Kosaka, discovered Oct. 10 by Japanese astronomers, was 

being observed by astronomers in Southern Hemisphere and should be 

visible to naked eye throughout US. in mid-January 1970. It was first 

comet visible without telescope in more than two years. (UPI, W Star, 

12/14/69, A33) 

December 15: At meeting of American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, 

Columbia Univ. scientist Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal investigator 

for Apollo program’s seismic research, proposed detonation of nuclear 

device on moon to assist analysis of lunar interior. He announced tentative plans for placement of one- to five-kiloton bomb on lunar far 

side by unmanned Atlas-Agena rocket between Apollo 15 and 16 missions in November 1970 and envisioned possible cooperative effort 

with U.S.S.R. “I expect to run into a large number of political snags. 

But these problems are not insurmountable if we include the Russians 

. . . and agree to share the data with them. . . . I would like to ask 

them to put the bomb on the moon.” Proposal was to be submitted to 

NAS for approval. Nuclear blast would send seismic waves through 

moon’s core. These would be measured to yield information on nature 

and origin of lunar interior. (Reuters, W Post, 12/16/69, A2) 

* NASA established 14-member Apollo Orbital Science Photographic Team 

to provide scientific guidance in design, operation, and data utilization 

of photographic systems for Apollo lunar orbital science program. 

Chairman was Frederick J. Doyle of US. Geological Survey. (Apollo 

Prog Off) 

NRC Panel on Remote Atmospheric Probing issued Atmospheric Exploration by Remote Probes, Volume 1, Summary and Recommendations, 

of final report to NAS-NRC Committee on Atmospheric Sciences. Report 

recommended that National Center for Atmospheric Research organize 

scientific committee to formulate with NASA “an integrated remote atmospheric probing program at the unique Wallops Island facility; and 

that NASA establish procedures for the utilization of the facility and 

make widely known its availability for atmospheric research.” Report 

also recommended inclusion of atmospheric probing among scientific 

missions of Haystack radar at MIT and Millstone radar and urged development of new facilities for remote atmosphere probing by Doppler 

radar. (Text) 

69-19, 69-20) 

409 
December 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Senate, by vote of 85 to 4, passed H.R. 15090, $69.3-billion DOD fl 

1970 appropriations bill. (CR, 12/15/69, 516743-4, 516750-1, 

S16782, 5167841-96) 

* Gen. James Ferguson (WAF), AFSC Commander, said in keynote address 

before Air Force Eatigue and Fracture Conference at Miami Beach, 

Fla.: “Our potential adversaries are pushing on all frontiers of technology. We cannot safely do less, and yet we must achieve our technological goals with less in the way of money, manpower, and facilities.” 

Each aircraft “will have to-be better, more capable, stronger, more 

durable, and preferably less costly.” (Text) 

December 16: NASA announced appointment of Robert N. Lindley, Vice 

President Program General Manager of McDonnell Douglas Corp., as 

Special Assistant to NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight. (NASA Ann) 

* Senate Committee on Appropriations voted in closed session to cut approximately $16 million from House-recommended allocation of $96 

million for SST development under H.R. 14794, DOD FY 1970 appropriations bill. (Reuters, B Sun, 12/17/69, A9) 

Man Will Never Fly Memorial Society held 10th annual meeting at Kitty 

Hawk, N.C. on eve of 66th anniversary of Wright brothers’ first airplane flight. Society’s highest honor, National Anti-aviation Citation 

Presentation, was awarded in absentia to President Nixon for his decision to spend $1.3 billion on two prototype SSTS. “Since Britain, 

France and Russia have already built SST prototypes,” citation said, 

“an all-American SST will . . . give the United States a smashing aviation fourth.” 

Julian Scheer, NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs and 

founding member of society, narrated films showing simulations of 

lunar surface used by NASA for training. They indicated “that you can 

really fake things on the ground-almost to the point of deception.” 

Society’s 600 members included aviation pioneers, military pilots, airline executives, and aerospace newswriters. (Wilford, NYT, 12/18/69, 

30) 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced selection of Robert 

P. Selfridge, Director of Greater Rockford (Ill.) Airport, to receive 

FAA Award for Distinguished Service for his “contribution in developing and promoting the cause of General Aviation” and for his “constructive suggestions, imagination, dedication and service to the 

aviation users, above and beyond the role of an Airport Director.” 

(FAA Release 69-67) 

December 16-17: USNS Vanguard, which provided only sea-going link in 

NASA tracking and communications network during Apollo flights, was 

on display at Port of Baltimore, Md. (W Post, 12/15/69, B8; NASA 

December 17: SNAP-27 nuclear generator placed on moon by Apollo 12 

astronauts had continued to operate during first 28-day-and-night 

lunar. cycle despite temperatures from -291°F to +283”F, AEC announced. It was producing more than 70 w of electricity to power five 

instruments deployed Nov. 19 to transmit lunar data. (AEC Release 

NASA Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched from WSMR with 

VAM-20 booster carried AFCRL payload to 127-mi (204.3-km) altiPAO) 

M-274) 

410 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 December 17 

tude. Objective was to calibrate Harvard College Observatory spectrometer on board orbiting Os0 VI by studying active regions of sun 

simultaneously at 300-41N) A with telemetering, grazing incidence, 

scanning EUV monochromator. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

USAF took delivery of first operational C-5 Galaxy aircraft in ceremony 

at Lockheed-Georgia Co. plant in Marietta, Ga. Later, aircraft was 

flown to Altus AFB, Okla., for use by Military Airlift Command. (DOD 

Release 1078-69; USAF PIO) 

* Termination of Project Blue Book-USAF investigation of UFOs-was announced by Dr. Robert C. Seamaas, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force. 

Project’s continuation could not be justified “on the ground of national 

security or in the interest of science.” Decision was based on evaluation of Jan. 9 report by Univ. of Colorado, NAS review of Univ. of 

Colorado report, and USAF investigations of UFO reports since 1948. 

USAF had concluded: no UFO reported, investigated, and evaluated by 

USAF had threatened US. security; there had been no evidence that 

“unidentified” sightings represented technological developments or 

principles beyond range of scientific knowledge; and there had been 

no evidence that “unidentified” sightings were extraterrestrial vehicles. 

Project Blue Book records would be retired to USAF archives at Maxwell AFB, Ala. (DOD Release 1077-69) 

* National Investigations Committee for Aerial Phenomena ( NICAP) , 10,000-member private UFO-investigating group, released statement on 

termination of USAF Project Blue Book: “Congress can now discuss the 

possibility of turning over UFO investigations to a civilian federal 

agency or a private scientific organization.” USAF decision “increases 

the need for an active program of research and education.” (NICAP 

Release) s London-to-Sydney Air Race commemorating first England-to-Australia 

flight in 1919 by Ross and Keith Smith started at Gatwick Airport near 

London, with 89 entries competing for $112,000 in prizes. (NYT, 

1/5/70, 61) 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, in letter to Sen. Clinton P. 

Anderson, Chairman of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences, summarized recent NASA efforts to improve international cooperation in space. He had visited major European capitals and Canada 

and hoped to visit Australia and Japan, to explain “planning for US. 

space activities in the next decades.” Foreign space authorities had 

been invited to “sponsor their own industrial participation in the NASA 

conference on space shuttle conceptsy’ held in October. “Additional 

mechanisms are being developed to permit foreign space interests to 

keep in touch with and even contribute to our studies over the next 

year, especially in the space shuttle and station programs.” 

In letters to President Mstislav V. Keldysh and Academician Anatoly 

A. Blagonravov of Soviet Academy of Sciences Dr. Paine had invited 

Soviet proposals for experiments on US. spacecraft, offered use of 

laser reflector left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts, invited Soviet proposals for lunar sample analysis, invited Soviet scientists to Viking 

Mars 1973 conference, offered to discuss coordination of planetary 

programs, and reiterated US. readiness “to meet anytime, any place, 

to consider any possibilities for cooperation or coordination between 

411 
December 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

us.” There had been “no substantial response.” (CR, 1/21/70, S259) 

Senate, by vote of 58 to 22, rejected amendment submitted by Sen. 

William Proxmire (D-Wis.) to strike from H.R. 14794, DOT FY 1970 

appropriations bill, $80 million for SST development. (CR, 12/17/69, 

S 17003, S 17005-48) 

Maj. Alexander P. de Seversky, long-time advocate of air power, received 

USAF Exceptional Service Award at Pentagon ceremony for “exceptionally meritorious service” to U.S. aviation from 1918 to 1969. (W 

Star, 12/18/69, A2) 

* Surprise had been expressed over enthusiastic reception in Moscow of 

U.S. lunar rock exhibit, Washington Evening Star editorial noted. 

There was really nothing surprising, however. “From a narrowly nationalistic point of view, the Russian people and the Soviet government 

can claim that, were it not for the early Russian successes in space, that 

piece of rock would still be resting on the moon. But it is more likely 

that the Russians, and the other peoples of the Earth, see the first moon 

landing for what it truly was: A triumph for the collective ingenuity 

of Man.” (W Star, 12/17/69) 

December 18: Selection of investigators and investigation areas for 1973 

Viking mission to Mars was announced by NASA. LaRC would manage 

overall project and be responsible for lander portion of spacecraft. 

JPL would manage orbiter portion and be responsible for tracking and 

data acquisition. Viking, follow-on to 1964-1965, 1969, and 1971 

Mariner Mars flights, would consist of two instrumented spacecraft in 

Mars orbit, each of which would detach landing capsule for softlanding 

on Mars. Mission objectives included detection of life if it existed. 

(NASA Release 69-166) 

Hot firing of twin RL-10 Centaur engines marked first use of LeRC’s new 

Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, B-2 stand, at Plum Brook 

Station, Ohio [see Oct. 71, and first Centaur tests at Plum Brook since 

structural tests in mid-1960s. Since then, Centaur, configured with 1ststage Atlas, had launched seven Surveyor spacecraft to moon, two 

Mariner spacecraft to Mars, one OAO, and one ATS. (LeRC Release 

NASA announced appointment of John A. Whitney as Assistant General 

Counsel for Procurement Matters. (NASA Release 69-167) 

* Planned US. participation in 1971 Paris Air Show was announced in 

Washington, D.C., by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe and 

Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans. DOT would coordinate exhibition of U.S. aircraft on flight line. (DOT Release 26669) * Senate and House cleared for President’s signature H.R. 15090. $69.6- 

69-76) 

billion DOD FY 1970 appropriations bill. TCR, 12/18/69, Sl7181-6; 

____ H12706-8) __ -, 

Tom Wicker commented in New York Times on suggested detonation of 

nuclear device on moon [see Dec. 151. “Aside from the obvious questions about the effects of nuclear fallout in the moon’s atmosphere, what 

might be the total environmental consequences of such an explosionfor the moon itself, for those who will be visiting it from earth, for 

other objects in the solar system?” Fast performances had indicated 

“some unexpected and probably unwelcome result.” Indus and Ganges 

River irrigation systems had contaminated soil in India with salt that 

rose from earth with water and Aswan Dam was spreading disease 

412 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 December 18 

with irrigation waters in Egypt and damaging fertile Nile delta by interfering with anci US., oil leaks from ocean 

floor set off by sc s had ruined Santa Barbara, 

Calif., coast. “Mo oeing 747, Concorde supersonic 

airliner, C-5A Galaxy jet, and SST would “spew their poisons on mankind.” Could man master anything that really mattered? “Certainly 

not nature, and least of all himself; rather it is altogether likely that if 

the Biblical flood someday engulfs the earth, it will flow from seeded 

clouds. That might even be a fitting end.” (NYT, 12/18/69, 46) 

December 19: Results of Apollo 11 experiment to trap atomic particles from 

solar wind on lunar surface [see Aug. 181 were reported in Science by 

originator Dr. Johannes Geiss and Univ. of Berne, Switzerland, team. 

Helium-4 solar wind flux during ApoZZo 11 excursion was 5.1 million 

to 7.5 million atoms per sq cm per sec. Solar wind direction and energy 

were essentially not perturbed by moon. Evidence for solar wind albedo 

had been found. (Science, 12/19/69, 1502-3) 

December 20: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXV into orbit with 541-km 

(336.2-mi) apogee, 518-km (321.9-mi) perigee, 95.2-min period, 

and 74.0’ inclination. ( GSFC SSR, 12/31/69) 

Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong arrived in Bangkok, Thailand, to 

meet with Peace Corps officials on Presidential mission. (AP, W Post, 

12/21/69, A17; W Star, 12/21/69, D7) 

Lunar rock sample weighing 34.1 gm left Lisbon, Portugal, for Washing 

ton, D.C., after eight-day exhibit that attracted some 60,000 persons, 

including 400 leaders of Portuguese scientific, military, and educational 

world. Rock, shown on Portuguese TV to estimated 9 million viewers, 

would be sent to Prague. (NYT, 12/21/69, 22) 

* Bell Aerosystems Co. announced it would become Bell Aerospace Go. Div. 

of Textron, Inc., effective Jan. 3, 1970, when Bell Aerospace Corp. 

would merge into Textron. (Bell Aerosystems Release 52) 

December 21: Apollo 12 astronauts and wives attended Sunday services at 

White House and later were guests at informal dinner given by President and Mrs. Nixon. They stayed overnight at White House. (PD, 

12/22/69, 1763; AP, B Sun, 12/22/69, A3) 

* Philadelphia Inquirer editorial criticized Dec. 15 proposal of Columbia 

Univ. scientist Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal investigator of seismic 

experiments for NASA Apollo missions, to set off nuclear blast on moon: “. . . the whole idea seems fundamentally repugnant and whether scientifically sound or not likely to lead into ramifications outweighing any 

possible return in scientific knowledge. . . . Reaction against such an 

experiment would be even more intense, if it were undertaken in cooperation, as proposed, with the Soviet Union. Nuclear devices are not 

toys to be used for scientific game playing anywhere on earth or in 

space.” (P Znq, 12/21/69) 

December 22: USAF ordered temporary halt to F-111 operations following 

15th F-111 crash since aircraft’s inception in 1965. Accident occurred 

45 mi northwest of Nellis AFB, Nev., when aircraft, in shallow dive to 

drop smoke bombs and fire rockets, struck ground past target and exploded, killing USAF pilots Maj, James L. Anthony and L/C Thomas J. 

Mack. (Witkin, NYT, 12/23/69, 13) 

Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Dec. 17 USAF termination of Project Blue Book: “Loyal saucer people, undeterred by bureau- 
December 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

cratic huffiness, will now look forward to that impending twilight when 

a strange galaxy of glowing, humming, reds, greens and lavenders will 

settle over the [USAF] Academy at Colorado Springs, spirit it away to 

Arcturus or Andromeda and put the specimens in a zoo.” (W Star, 

12/22/69, A14) 

December 23: U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites. Cosmos CCCXVl 

entered orbit with 1,638-km ( 1,017.8-mi) apogee, 147-km (91.3-mi) 

perigee, 102.8-min period, and 49.4” inclination. Cosmos CCCXVll 

entered orbit with 296-km (183.9-mi) apogee, 191-km (118.7-mi) 

perigee, 89.3-min period, and 65.4” inclination; it reentered Jan. 5, 

1970. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/69; 1/15/70) 

ApoZZo I1 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong joined comedian Bob Hope in 

entertaining 15,000 US. troops at field headquarters of 25th Infantry 

Div. near Saigon, South Vietnam. (UPI, W Star, 12/24/69, AS) 

* Astronauts Alan L. Bean, R. Walter Cunningham, and Joseph P. Kerwin were grounded by NASA for 30 days for minor infractions of 

aircraft flight rules. Groundings-apparent attempt by NASA to emphasize importance of safety during jet training flights-were first for astronauts; in past, infractions had been discussed at weekly pilot 

meetings. (O’Tode, w Post, 1/7/70, A3) 

House adopted H.R. 765, authorizing Smithsonian Institution to display 

US. flag presented to House by Apollo 11 astronauts. (CR, 12/23/69, 

H13090) 

* Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, announced selection of McDonnell Douglas Corp. as prime contractor for development 

and production of F-15 advanced tactical fighter aircraft. Initial award 

would be $1,146,385,000 fixed-price contract for engineering, design, 

and fabrication of 20 aircraft. First wing of 107 aircraft would be 

produced under later contract, not to exceed $936,591,000. (DOD Release 1095-69) 

December 24: Tiros Operational Satellite ( TOS) System-joint effort of 

NASA and ESSA to provide systematic, daily, worldwide cloud-cover observations-was adjudged successful by NASA. TOS system was operated 

in support of National Operational Meteorological Satellite System 

( NOMSS) . It included four advanced vidicon-camera-system stored-data 

spacecraft for remote global cloud-cover observations and five automatic-picture-transmission (APT) direct-readout spacecraft for local 

cloud-cover observations. Nine spacecraft had been successfully 

launched and operated in orbit; tenth had been qualified but had not 

been launched because of extended life of earlier spacecraft. (NASA 

Proj Off) * Nimbus 111, launched by NASA April 14, was adjudged successful. Spacecraft had achieved primary and secondary objectives July 14 when it 

completed three months in orbit with all experiments operating successfully. Spacecraft had acquired representative number of global 

samples from which vertical temperature profiles of atmosphere were 

derived, mapped global radiative energy balance of earth atmosphere 

and cloud cover, demonstrated feasibility of surface tracking and-obtaining remote data from platforms on earth’s surface and in atmosphere via IRLS system and temperature profile determination by 

infrared spectrometry, and demonstrated SNAP-19 as auxiliary power 

system. .(NASA Proj Off) 

Ats V Applications Technology Satellite, launched Aug. 12, was adjudged 

414 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 December 24 

unsuccessful by NASA. Primary objective-deployment and exercise of 

gravity-gradient stabilization system-had not been achieved because 

spacecraft failed to despin properly. Secondary objectives, except for 

operation of ion engine, were being achieved. (NASA Proj Off) 

NASA’s Biosatellite 111, launched June 28, was adjudged unsuccessful by 

NASA. Although data obtained from mission had been significant, primary objective-to operate spacecraft for more than 15 days to provide 

suitable physiological environment for instrumented monkey-had not 

been achieved. Spacecraft had been deorbited after 8% days beeause 

of monkey’s rapid physiological deterioration. Monkey had died 

shortly after recovery July 7. (NASA Proj Off) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space 

Science and Applications published Future of the Bioscience Program 

of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Report concluded bioscientific experimentation on man and animals in first decade of space flight had been “relatively meager.” Scientific research 

on manned flight had been “minimal” and had not included biomedical 

experimentation of kind done in Biosatellite program. More research 

was urgently needed on biological influence of zero gravity and effects 

of change or elimination of rhythmic daily periodicity of animal and 

plant life on earth. Space technology now permitted advanced scientific 

research on these and related biological factors. 

While professors exchanged scientific theories freely, NASA representatives inclined toward “protecting jurisdiction authority and extending organizational power within the framework of their agency.” 

Complete information exchange should prevail, especially in bioscience, 

“which eventually may affect human life.” “Rivalry” between science 

and engineering was “real.” In NASA, science was “used” but “rarely 

accepted in its own right by the engineering management.” 

While knowledge from 14-day missions was adequate to proceed 

with planning of 28-day AAP mission, it was inadequate to proceed 

safely with proposed 56-day flight or longer planetary flights without 

monitoring astronauts on 28-day mission in experiments “beyond any 

yet undertaken in manned flight.” Further biosatellite exploration with 

primates and instruments was “merited if not indeed prescribed.” Final 

evaluation of Biosatellite 111 would determine new mechanisms and 

improved monitoring of test mammals to be programmed. 

Subcommittee endorsed proposal of Dr. W. Ross Adey, NASA’s principal investigator for Biosatellite 111, that basic measurements be required on all flight crews and recommended reinstitution of biosatellite 

experiments with animals in earth orbit, extension of bioscience 

research to planets when technologically feasible, uprating of science 

role as mission objective, and NASA and Congress delegation of “highest 

relative priority” to “bioscience programs which offer the most immediate return to the taxpayers through . . . medicine and physiology.” 

Subcommittee further recommended NASA examine and implement “to 

fullest practicable extent” recommendations of President’s Scientific 

Advisory Panel for “new level of biomedical research capability,” that 

OMSF conduct biomedical experiments on astronauts during 28-day 

AAP missions, and that NASA’s scientific investigations be planned “with 

close and continued participation of the academic research institutions.’, (Text) 

USAF changed Dec. 22 temporary suspension of F-111A aircraft to com415 
December 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

plete ban on all F-111A flights as result of investigation to date of 

Dec. 22 crash at Nellis AFB, Nev., which killed two pilots. Preliminary 

study indicated cause of crash as “failure of its left wing prior to its 

impact with the ground.” (CSM, 1/5/70; W Star, 12/25/69, A3) 

December 25: U.S.S.R. launched Intercosmos II into orbit with 1,169-km 

(726.4-4 apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee, 98.4min period, 

and 48.4” inclination to study ionosphere. Tass said equipment on 

board was designed in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and 

December 26: Studies of shock and thermal metamorphism of olivine trachybasalt by nuclear explosion at Nevada Test Site for comparison 

studies of Apollo 11 lunar samples were described in Science. Preliminary examination of Apollo 11 lunar surface material suggested many 

samples would be mafic igneous rocks showing shock metamorphism 

produced by meteorite impact. (James, Science, 12/26/69, 1615-9) 

December 26-31: American Assn. for the Advancement of Science held 

136th meeting in Boston, Mass. Panel discussion of future of U.S. 

space program was disrupted by some 50 student protesters who converged on panel chairman Dr. Charles Stark Draper, former director 

of MIT’S Instrumentation Laboratory, and participants. Protesters said 

they objected to space program because funds could be better spent to 

solve social ills on earth. They littered podium with signs and papiermache moon rock. Dr. Draper justified continuation of space program 

because of its technological and prestige contributions. “Space is a 

bargain.” 

Outgoing AAAS president Dr. Walter Orr Roberts met continued objections in his attempt to justify space program on basis of applications 

and was almost shouted down when he suggested US.-U.S.S.R. cooperation in internationalized space stations. In presidential address Dr. 

Roberts, President of University Corp. for Atmospheric Research, said 

space technology had “vastly enlarged the arsenals of the United States 

and the U.S.S.R., bringing to reality hitherto fanciful modes of military 

surveillance, communications, and weaponry.” Time had come “for us 

to take a bold new step in space. I propose that this nation call upon 

the Soviet Union to join hands in space, with a jointly conducted, 

earth-oriented space program that will put the new-found Soviet and 

American skills in space to work for the direct benefit of man.” 

Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Northwestern Univ. astronomer and consultant 

to USAF Project Blue Book, expressed fear that USAF would destroy 

classified UFO records because of Dec. 17 termination of project. “I do 

not believe we are being visited by little green men. . . . I do believe a 

phenomenon exists, and that it is worthy of scientific attention.” 

Dr. Lewis M. Branscomb, Director of National Bureau of Standards, 

and Dr. Gordon J. F. MacDonald, Vice Chancellor of Univ. of California at Santa Barbara, called for hard, new look at manned space 

flight spending and urged moratorium on pressure for early manned 

missions to Mars. 

Dr. S. Fred Singer, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Interior, said, “If 

we downgrade the manned space program we may find we don’t have 

any space program.” 

Panel of young scientists from Harvard Univ. and MIT, invited by 

AAAS, attacked cbmisuse7y of science in formal papers presented before 

U.S.S.R. (B sun, 12/27/69; GSFC SSR, 12/31/69) 

416 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 26-31 

meeting. Allen S. Weinraub, graduate student at Harvard, said science 

was controlled by Federal Government and large corporations that held 

pursestrings. Panel member Larry W. Beeferman of MIT called NASA 

“the national aerospace subsidy administration.” 

At press conference following meeting, Presidential adviser on 

hunger Dr. Jean Mayer said, “We can feed everybody-and feed them 

very well-and go to the moon as well.” 

Dr. Frank J. Low, Univ. of Arizona scientist, reported discovery of 

Irtrons”-cells of creation-at centers of 12 galaxies so far, including Milky Way. He believed both matter and antimatter were created 

in each and then annihilated each other, continuously spraying out 

debris to fill universe, making stars, planets, and new worlds. Theory 

had originally been proposed by British astronomer Sir James Jeans 

early in century. (Lannan, W Star, 12/28/69, A7; W Post, 12/27/69, 

B6; 12/29/69, Al, A7; 12/30/69, A2; Science, 1/2/70, 11-6) 

December 27: Scientists from US., Canada, and France, participating in 

NASA-sponsored 25-day probe of aurora borealis Nov. 24 to Dec. 18, 

had discovered very high ratios of red oxygen emissions to blue nitro; 

gen emissions in earth’s upper atmosphere, NASA announced. Higher 

measured ratios indicated many solar electrons that bombarded atmosphere might have been low energy. There might be more oxygen in 

polar atmosphere than at other latitudes, or high temperatures in upper 

polar atmosphere. Studies in airborne laboratory-NASA Convair 990 

jet aircraft Galileo-also detected bombardment of earth’s atmosphere 

by protons. Comparison of light emission caused by protons and electrons would help explain particles’ origin. Measurement from six 

photometers and three spectrometers would provide explanation of 

newly discovered phenomena. (NASA Releases 69-165, 69-169) 

December 28: Sigurd A. Sjoberg became MSC Director of Flight Operations, 

succeeding Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. Sjoberg had been Deputy 

Director of Flight Operations since 1963. (MSC Release 70-1) 

December 29: NASA announced decision to close Electronics Research Center 

at Cambridge, Mass. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, told 

staff: “. . . we must effect reductions and consolidations across the 

board if we are to reshape our programs to meet the nation’s future 

needs in aeronautics and space. . . . We are simply faced with the hard 

fact that NASA cannot afford to continue to invest broadly in electronics 

research as we have in the past.” Phasing down of ERC work would 

begin immediately. Final plans were in preparation for placement of 

personnel and disposition of real property in Cambridge. Center, which 

opened Sept. 1, 1964, had 850 employees. Six buildings, representing 

$30-million investment, were in final phases of construction. (NASA 

Release 69-171) 

NASA exhibit at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan, March 15 through September 

would. feature F-1 rocket engine, models of Explorer VII, VIII, and 

XI, tools being developed for Saturn V Workshop, and Saturn V 

launch vehicle digital computer, MSFC announced. Exhibit also would 

display weather and communications satellites, Apollo spacecraft, spacesuits, flight cameras, and moon rocks. (MSFC Release 69-273) 

* Five-year program to improve detection of clear air turbulence (CAT) - 

with cooperation of NASA, DOT, DOD, and ESSA-was announced in 

Washington, D.C., by ESSA Administrator, Dr. Robert M. White. Proju 

417 
December 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

ect would seek improvement of long-range weather forecasting and 

development of onboard portable detection devices for aircraft to locate CAT in time to permit ilot to take evasive action or prepare for 

penetration. ( UPI, NYT, 12729/69, 57) 

President Nixon announced intention to appoint Abbott M. Washburn as 

U.S. Representative to Plenipotentiary Conference on Definitive Arrangements for the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium, with rank of Ambassador, succeeding William W. Scranton, 

whose resignation would be effective Dec. 31. (PD, 1/5/70, 5) 

December 30: Cambridge, Mass., city officials and industrialists set up study 

group to protect their interests in $60-million ERC, which NASA was 

closing [see Dec. 291. Municipal officials called NASA move “a clear 

breach of faith on the part of the Federal Government” and hinted 

possible court action to stop closing, on breach of contract grounds. 

They said they had not been consulted about NASA’s decision. (Fenton, 

NYT, 12/31/69, 10) 

* In Pravda, Soviet Academician and automation expert Dr. Boris N. Petrov said U.S.S.R., in effort to conserve resources, had decided not to 

compete with U.S. in manned lunar exploration, but to concentrate on 

launching unmanned vehicles into mter space and on creation of permanent space stations around earth. “Our program by no means excludes manned flights to the moon, but at the present time, we attach 

prime importance to lunar exploration by unmanned vehicles. The 

economic side is of no small importance. Unmanned vehicles are many 

times less expensive than manned.” (Gwertzman, NYT, 12/31/69, 11) 

Soviet scientist Nikolay A. Kozyrev told Soviet Committee for Inventions 

and Discoveries he had discovered active volcano on moon. He had 

detected glowing rocks in Aristarchus crater in 1955 and obtained 

spectrogram of crater’s gas in 1958. Comparing spectrogram with 

others obtained from active volcanos in Soviet Far East, he had found 

them similar. (UPI, W News, 12/31/69, 9) 

* Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced 10-mo extension, 

to Oct. 25, 1970, of FAA rule setting hourly flight quotas at five highdensity airports serving New York, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. 

Decision was based “on operational experience . . . which clearly establishes that the traveling public has benefited substantially from this 

measure.” (FAA Release 69-137) 

December 31: President Nixon in San Clemente, Calif., announced 1969 recipients of National Medal of Science, Federal Government’s highest 

award for distinguished achievement in science, mathematics, and engineering, including: Purdue Univ. chemist Herbert C. Brown, for 

LLdiscovery and exploration of hydroboration reaction and for developing it into a major and powerful tool in chemical synthesis”; Princeton 

Univ. mathematician William Feller, “for original and definitive contributions to pure and applied mathematics, for making probability 

available to users, and for pioneering work in establishing Mathematical Reviews”; Jack S. C. Kilby, Texas Instruments Inc., for “original 

conceptions and valuable contributions in the production and application of integrated circuits”; and Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, Director of 

Stanford Univ. Linear Accelerator Center, for “classic experiments 

probing the elementary particles of matter and for contributions to ad418 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Decembet 31 

vancing the means of experimentation in this challenging field.” (PD, 

1/5/70, 10-1) 

During December: NASA issued Apollo 11: Preliminary Science Report 

(NASA SP-214) , summarizing scientific findings of first manned lunar 

landing mission July 16-24. In foreword Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA 

Administrator, said : “The concept of traveling across the vastness of 

space to new worlds has stirred the imagination of men everywhere. . . . The success of this mission has opened new fields of exploration and 

research . . . which will lead to a greater understanding of our planet 

and provide a new insight into the origin and history of the solar 

system.” 

Report included photographic review of Apollo 11 mission with observations by crew-Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, 

Jr., and Michael Collins. Descriptions of geologic setting of lunar material, soil mechanics investigation, passive seismic experiment, laser 

ranging retroreflector, and solar wind composition experiment were 

provided by principal investigators. 

In addition to major findings reported Sept. 15 in summary by NASA 

Preliminary Examination Team (PET) , SP-214 reported passive seismic experiment package deployed on moon had operated satisfactorily 

for 21 days and had detected seismic signals from astronaut activity or 

LM motions. Whether actual lunar seismic events had been detected 

was uncertain. Laser reflector deployed on moon had been used as 

target for earth-based lasers and distance to moon had been measured 

to within four-mile accuracy. Future studies would be made on distance 

variation to study motion of moon and earth. Preliminary analysis had 

been made on part of aluminum foil and showed helium, neon, and 

argon; isotopic composition of each element had been measured. 

(Text ; NASA Release 69-160) 

Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, was named to receive first “at 

large” award in 17-yr history of $10,000 Rockefeller Public Service 

Awards for “distinguished service to the government of the United 

States and to the American people.” Other 1969 recipients included Dr. 

John W. Evans, Director of USAF’S Sacramento Peak Observatory, in 

science, technology, or engineering category. ( AF/SD, 1/70, 24-5) 

* Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, NASC Chairman, discussed future of US. 

space program in Space Age News: “It is my personal belief that a 

vigorous space effort is essential to the welfare of this country, particularly since it has contributed so much to our international prestige, our 

national security and our economy. I can assure you that the President 

shares this view.” Through 11 yrs of space activity U.S. had “gained 

one of its most priceless resources-trained, experienced professionals 

capable of creating, managing, and operating a complete range of space 

systems dedicated to bringing the benefits of space within reach of all 

of us here on Earth.” U.S. had “just begun its space program. The 

success of the first decade indicates an enlarged effort in the decade to 

come.” (Space Age News, 12/69) 

Coming age of economy space flight was discussed by J. S. Butz, Jr., in 

Air Force and Space Digest. Space shuttle was key to opening of space 

“much as the railroads opened a stream of travel into the American 

West.” It was “complex and expensive system that is within our grasp 

419 
During December ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

if the nation’s technology and management are willing to meet challenges of herculean proportions.” In prospect was day when astronauts 

would be as numerous as present day airline pilots, space flights would 

be scheduled, almost daily, and “virtually any young man who yearns 

to voyage into space will be able to do so at some point in his life.” 

(AF/SD, 12/69, 3744) 0 Space/Aeronautics described 1969 as U.S.S.R.’s “most active and most 

frustrating” year in space. “In the fall of 1968 it was possible to believe . . . that the Soviet Union might fly men around the moon before 

the United States. A year later it was possible to ask: ‘Where are the 

Russians?’ ’’ Most failures were in attempts to prepare man’s way to 

moon. “The inglorious performance of Luna 15, just as America was 

landing men on the lunar surface, could almost be called the least of 

Russia’s lunar problems. By far the worst . . must be repeated technical troubles with the long-awaited ‘super booster,’ the rough equivalent of Saturn 5. If semi-official rumors are to be accepted as accurate, 

the Russian vehicle is in a great deal of difficulty. 

“The . . . launching of Soyuz 6, 7, and 8 were impressive in many 

ways-but Western officials still counted the group flight as a disappointment to the Russians. . . . The most skeptical Western estimates 

now are that the Russians may have abandoned the big booster, that 

they will not land men on the moon before 1972 . . . and that no large 

Soviet station will be assembled in orbit before the last half of the 

’70s.’’ (Space/Aeronautics, 12/69, 24-6) 

“Dethronement” of Dr. Charles Stark Draper as head of MIT Instrumentation Lab had resulted from campaign waged by “coterie of selfappointed zealots who insist that defense research is ‘war research’ and 

cannot be tolerated,” William Leavitt said in Air Force and Space 

Digest article. On campus these days, “genius is not enough to keep 

you on the job. Your work has to be politically, morally, and socially 

acceptable” to these zealots. ( AF/SD, 12/69, 46-50) 0 NSF published American Science Manpower, 1968, report of National 

Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel : Almost 298,000 scientists-nine percent of whom were women-reported to National Register in 1968. Of these, three-fifths were in physical and mathematical 

sciences, one-fifth in life sciences, remainder in behavioral and social 

sciences. Registration was up 23% over 242,800 in 1966. Industry employed 32% of 1968 registrants, down from 34% in 1966. Scientists 

employed in educational institutions increased from 36% to 40%. 

Those in Federal Government remained at 10% both years. Federal 

Government provided funds for at least some of work of 127,400 

scientists, or 43% of total registrants. (Text) 

0 In American Scholar architect R. Buckminster Fuller said: “It seems 

eminently clear that we not only must put our space programs on 

highest priority of attention and resource investment but that all humanity must be accredited and financed to enter into a new re-educational system that is geared to develop our most prominent awareness, 

that we indeed are in space and that all of our concern is with the fact 

that our space-vehicle Earth and its life-energy-giving Sun, and the 

tide-pumping Moon can provide ample sustenance and power for all 

humanity’s needs to be derived from our direct energy income without 

further robbing our fossil fuels energy savings account. In reality, the 

420 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During December 

Sun, the Earth and the Moon are nothing else than a most fantastically 

well-designed and space-programmed team of vehicles. All of us are, 

always have been, and so long as we exist, always will be-nothing else 

but-astronauts. Let’s pull our heads out of the brain benumbing, 

mind frustrating, misinformedly conditioned reflexes. If it is going to 

be ‘All ashore who’s going ashore,’ once more intent to return to nonspace DOWN HERE ON EARTH, humanity is doomed.” (American Scholar, 

Winter 1969-70, 2747) 

During 1969: In 1969-the year man first set foot on another celestial body 

-US. orbited 54 spacecraft and U.S.S.R., 70. US. total included 31 

orbited by DOD. NASA’s 23 included 2 satellites orbited for DOD as 

secondary payloads. 

Highlight of 1969 was achievement of major goal in NASA’s Apollo 

program-to land man on the moon and return him safely to earth. 

Lunar landing system completed final phases of test and demonstration 

when Apollo 9 demonstrated operation of LM in earth orbit and Apollo 

10 demonstrated operation of complete Apollo spacecraft in lunar orbit, 

with LM making two passes within 47,000 ft of lunar surface. Apollo 

program climaxed with Apollo 11, July 16-24, when LM Eagle landed 

on moon and Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. 

-first men on the moon-performed tasks on lunar surface, redocked 

with CSM in lunar orbit, and returned safely to earth with lunar 

samples. Apollo 12 successfully accomplished second manned lunar 

landing with pinpoint accuracy, touching down close to Surveyor 111, 

which had landed on moon April 19, 1967. Crew set up first ALSEP on 

lunar surface and returned safely to earth with lunar samples and parts 

of Surveyor Ill. 

Unmanned Mariner VI and Mariner VI1 passed within 2,000 mi of 

Mars, transmitting more than 200 times more data about Mars than 

were obtained by Mariner ZV in 1964. Spacecraft measured chemical 

composition and temperature of atmosphere and surface and took 198 

high-quality pictures, providing new insight into Mars surface characteristics. Other scientific achievements included orbiting of Os0 V, Os0 

VI, Ogo VI, and Explorer XLI. Applications satellites included 

Intelsat-Ill F-3, Intelsat-Ill FA, and Intelsat-Ill F-5 for ComSatCorp; Essa IX meteorological satellite for ESSA; Nimbus 111; and Ats 

V. Biosatellite III provided significant biological data on instrumented 

monkey on board, but mission was terminated early after monkey’s 

physiological condition deteriorated, and monkey died shortly after 

recovery. Pioneer E, scheduled to enter solar orbit, and its secondary 

payload TETR-c were destroyed shortly after launch when Delta booster 

malfunctioned. 

Some 189 meteorological sounding rockets, 85 scientific sounding 

rockets, and 60 high-altitude balloons were launched. 

NASA-IJSAF XB-70 and X-15 programs were concluded and new 

joint program was icitiated to continue aeronautical R&D, using YF-12 

supersonic aircraft. First operational C-5A, military cargo transport 

and world’s largest aircraft, was delivered to USAF and by November 

seven C-5As had accumulated 1,320 hrs flying time. Aeronautical R&D 

continued to improve quality and quantity of options available in aircraft technology, and aircraft industry made first flights of several 

wide-bodied jumbo jet transports for civil use, including Boeing 74,7. 

421 
During 1969 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

New SST design with delta wing was approved by FAA and prototype 

construction was recommended by President Nixon. 

NASA’s HLlO lifting-body vehicle completed 3 successful glide flights 

and 15 powered flights included first supersonic flight at mach 1.1 and 

54,000-ft altitude. USAF’S X-24A lifting-body vehicle completed 7 

flights. 

DOD space program included orbiting of 2 Vela nuclear-detection 

satellites, 7 Orbiting Vehicle research satellites, Tacsat I tactical cornsat, Egrs XIII (Secor XIII) geodetic satellite (launched by NASA), and 

U.K.’s Shynet A comsat (launched by NASA). Titan IIIM development 

was terminated and USAF’S Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program was canceled because of budget cutbacks. 

NASA and AEC completed ground tests of XE experimental rocket engine with 28 successful startups and 2.8 hrs of operation, including 

3.5 min at full thrust, and validated test stand No. 1 in Jackass Flats, 

Nev. SNAP-27 generator was used as electrical power source for 

Apollo 12 experiments left on moon and SNAP-19 was auxiliary power 

system for Nimbus III. SNAP-29 program was terminated. New 

liquid-propellant rocket engine was developed and new triprapellant 

system produced record performance for chemically powered engines. 

U.S.S.R.’s 70 payloads included 55 Cosmos satellites and 2 Intercosmos, 2 Meteor, 1 Luna, 1 Zond, 5 Soyuz, and 2 Venus spacecraft, 

and 2 Molniya I comsats. Manned Soyuz ZV docked with manned 

Soyuz V and two cosmonauts transferred from Soyuz V to Soyuz ZV 

before returning to earth. Manned Soyuz VI, VII, and VIII, launched 

on three successive days, rendezvoused in orbit and performed experiments including photography, communications, and welding. Luna XV, 

apparent unmanned challenger to NASA’s Apollo 11 for first lunar landing and return, crashed onto lunar surface in July. U.S.S.R.’s Tu-144 

delta-wing supersonic transport successfully reached speeds up to 900 

mph and was demonstrated publicly in 90-min test flight. (Pres Rpt 

70 [69] ; NASA Release 69-161; GSFC SSR, 12/31/69) 

* Year 1969 was one of critical decision and realignment of programs for 

NASA as primary goal of first decade was achieved through Apollo program. Post-Apollo planning had preceded the coming of the Nixon 

Administration and Apollo 11. Budget retrenchment accelerated 

throughout Government as cost of Vietnam war continued high and 

White House sought to lessen inflation by fiscal economy. Nationwide 

reevaluation of societal priorities emphasized problems of pollution, 

poverty, and crime. 

Successful lunar landings of Apollo 11 and 12-seen and acclaimed 

worldwide-mushroomed US. enthusiasm for manned space achievement. NASA announced development of plans for further lunar missions 

and post-Apollo planetary exploration. But year was turning point, with 

completion of a major goal and examination of possible new goals and 

priorities for the next decade. Phasing down of Apollo program after 

climax brought shifts in program emphasis and in personnel. Most of 

initial Saturn V launch vehicles had been completed. Hardware requirements would decrease as missions slowed. Peak costs during 

1960s had built NASA base of people, technology, and facilities as 

national capability to conduct space missions. 

Future space objectives and budget options were examined, within 

422 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During 1969 

Government and outside, for balance between more manned missions 

and more unmanned scientific exploration and applications of knowledge already gained. Criticism of past emphasis on engineering rather 

than on science was partly answered by decision to provide more time 

for scientific study and planning between the next Apollo lunar missions. Program plans included Apollo Applications, missions to Mars 

and Jupiter, long-range studies of Venus-Mercury mission and threeplanet grand tours, development of permanent space station, joint 

NASA-DOD studies of space transportation system with reusable shuttle, 

and accelerated aeronautics activities. 

NASA FY 1970 appropriation of $93.697 billion was $181 million below budget proposed by outgoing President Johnson and $19 million 

below President Nixon’s amended request for $3.716 billion. Cutbacks 

in Government spending forced NASA to announce 1970 closing of 

Electronics Research Center and DOD to cancel Manned Orbiting Laboratory ( MOL) program. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, 

told E&C employees in December that agency had to “effect reductions 

and consolidation across the board if we are to shape our programs to 

meet the nation’s future needs in aeronautics and space.” Reductions 

in work force-largely in contractor personnel-were brought by 

planned phasing out of Apollo program as well as by budget cuts. Year 

of man’s first landing on moon, despite its global impact, ended with 

space goals and levels of effort for the next decade an open question. 

(Pres Rpt 70 [69] ; AbA 69) * In its international cooperation program, NASA successfully launched 

three foreign satellites-Canadian Isis I, third of series to conduct 

ionospheric measurement; Borem (Esro IB) for European Space Research organization on reimbursable basis; and West German Azur 

under cooperative project to conduct radiation belt measurements. 

Agreements for new projects were reached with U.K., Italy, Netherlands, and Canada. U.K. agreement called for 1971 launch of satellite 

on NASA Scout vehicle to measure ionospheric particles and radio noise 

and experiment to fly on board NASA’s Nimbus-E in 1972. Italian agreement provided for 1970 launch of San Marco-C satellite on NASA Scout 

vehicle from Italian San Marco range in Indian Ocean and use of 

range for launching NASA spacecraft into equatorial orbit. 

Under Netherlands agreement two Dutch scientists would participate 

as observers in OAO program. Canadian agreement called for reimbursement launching of Canadian comsat. Project Helios, cooperative 

endeavor with West German Ministry for Scientific Research to place 

two solar probes (1974-1975) closer to sun than any other spacecraft, 

would obtain data on solar processes and earth-sun relationship. Under 

another agreement with West Germany, Project Aeros, NASA would 

launch German-developed satellite in 1972 for aeronomy measurements. 

In agreement with Indian space agency, ATS-F satellite would be made 

available for experimental educational TV broadcasting directly and 

by relay to receivers in 5,000 Indian villages. 

Additional cooperative projects during 1969 included launch of one 

Italian, two U.K., and two French experiments; continuation of sounding rocket projects with Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Japan, Norway, Pakistan, Spain, and Sweden; inclusion of Canadian and French 

experiments on Convair 990 flights to study auroras in northern lati423 
During 1969 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tudes; and extension of aeronautical research projects with Canada, 

France, West Germany, and U.K. Agreement with Spain for NASA 

Madrid tracking station was extended in June until 1984 and negotiations were begun with Australia for extension of tracking arrangements 

until same year. 

Lunar surface material returned by Apollo 11 astronauts was distributed to 39 principal investigators from nine countries-Australia, 

Belgium, Canada, Finland, West Germany, Japan, South Africa, Switzerland, and U.K. 

International highlights in 1969 included around-the-world tour of 

Apollo 11 astronauts to dramatize conviction that successful lunar landing was triumph for all mankind; travels of NASA Administrator, Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, to inform ministerial and space agency officials 

abroad of US. space plans and invite their participation; and participation of foreign experts in NASA conference on space shuttle concepts. 

Efforts by NASA to develop cooperative programs with U.S.S.R. continued during 1969, but met with limited success. (Pres Rpt 70 [69]) 

Drone aircraft was reportedly impaled with spear of light from experimental laser and destroyed in three milliseconds at Air Force Special 

Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, N. Mex. Account in Aviation Week 

& Space Technology was later denied by USAF officials. 

Tri-service laser weapon research programs, principally sponsored 

by ARPA, were studying number of military applications of lasers, according to magazine. USAF had increased planned funding of highenergy gas laser development in FY 1969 from $0.5 million to $2.5 

million to make use of power output increase achieved by United Aircraft Corp. in 1968. And $1.5 million had been given to exploratory 

development of high-power solid-state lasers. For FY 1970 USAF had 

asked $8 million to exploit United Aircraft development. (Av Wlc, 

1/12/70, 16-7; USAF PIO; A&A, 4/70, 16-21) 

* Aerospace industry sales of $28.3 billion in 1969 were second highest in 

industry’s history despite anticipated decline of 4.1% from 1968 

record of $29.5 billion. All areas of aerospace endeavor leveled off except nonaerospace sales by aerospace companies, which increased. 

Commercial aerospace sales, principally jet transports, were $5,800 

million, down from $6,429 million in 1968. Trend resulted from phasing out of current transport models while jumbo jet production was 

beginning. Sales by aerospace industry to DOD were $16.2 million in 

1969 and $16.6 billion in 1968. Military aircraft sales totaled $10 

billion in 1969 and $10.7 billion in 1968. Space sales dropped to $4,4#99 

million from $5,108 million in 1968, because of approaching completion of Apollo program hardware phase and cancellation of MOL. 

(Aerospace, Winter, 1970) 

US. scheduled airlines carried 159 million passengers; in 1949 they had 

carried less than 17 million. In 1969 airlines accounted for 75% of 

common carrier passenger-miles between U.S. cities; in 1949 they had 

accounted for 14%. In 1969 18.3 million passengers flew between US. 

and other countries; in 1949 there were 2.2 million. U.S. scheduled 

airlines produced 3.2 billion ton-miles of air freight service in 1969, 

increase of 15.7% over 1968. (1970 Air Transport Facts & Figures) Air carrier accidents decreased from 73 in 1968 to 68 in 1969. Accident 

rate was down from 1.12 per 100,000 hrs flown to 0.98. Fatal accidents 

424 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During 1969 

had dropped from 16 to 10 and total fataIities from 352 to 160, lowest 

since 1957. Fatality rate was 2.3 per 100,000 hrs flown; it had been 

5.4 in 1968. Total air carrier accidents had declined steadily from 102 

in 1959 to 1969’s 68. (FAA Release 70-23 

0 Number of active pilots in US. reached 720,Q28, rise of 4% over 1968 

total. Student pilots dropped 3% from end of 1968, to 203,520 at end 

of 1969. (FAA Release 70-37) 

0 Best seller of books published by New York Times during year was We 

Reach the Moon. by John Noble Wilford. Book sold 1 million copies in 

US. and abroad. (NYT, 2/22/70) 

425 

Appendix A 

SATELLITES, SPACE PROBES, AND MANNED 

SPACE FLIGHTS 

A CHRONICLE FOR 1969 

The following tabulation was compiled from open sources by Leonard C. 

Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress. 

Sources included the United Nations Public Registry; the Satellite Situation 

Report issued by the Operations Control Center at Goddard Space Flight 

Center; public information releases of the Department of Defense, NASA, 

ESSA, and other agencies, as well as those of the Communications Satellite 

Corporation. Russian data are from the U.N. Public Registry, the Satellite 

Situation Report, translations from the Tass News Agency, statements in the 

Soviet press, and international news services’ reports. Data on satellites of 

other foreign nations are from the U.N. Public Registry, the Satellite Situation Report, government announcements, and international news services’ 

reports. 

This tabulation lists payloads that have (a) orbited; (b) as probes, ascended to at least the 4,000-mile altitude that traditionally has distinguished 

probes from sounding rockets, etc.; or (c) conveyed one or more humans 

into space, whether orbit was attained or not, Furthermore, only flights that 

have succeeded-or at least can be shown by tracking data to have fulfilled 

our definition of satellite or probe or manned flight-are listed. Date of 

launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. An asterisk by the date 

marks those dates that are one day earlier in this tabulation than in listings 

which are referenced to Greenwich Mean Time. A double asterisk by the 

date marks dates of Soviet launches which are a day later in this compilation than in listings which are referenced to Greenwich Mean Time. 

World space activity declined for the second straight year. There was a 

decline in the total successful launches-110 against 119 in 1968--and a 

decline in total payloads orbited-124 against 138 in 1968. The difference 

between launches and payloads is of course accounted for by the multiplepayload launches (DOD is the principal user of this system, with 7 multiplepayload launches orbiting a total of 19 payloads and as many as 5 payloads 

on one Titan IIIC; NASA had 2 multiple launches totaling 4 payloads in 

1969 and the same in 1968; the USSR., whose last multiple-payload 

launch was in 1965, had none). 

Of the 1969 world total, the United States launched 40 boosters carrying 

54 payloads (compared to 45 and 64 in 1968). Of these totals, DOD was responsible for 19 launches and 31 payloads. The 4.6 launches made the lowest 

US. total since 1963, and the 54 payloads are the fewest since 1961. Eight 

427 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

of NASA’s total were nOn-NASA missions-Intelsat~III F-3, Intelsat-Ill FA, 

Intelsat-Ill F-5, Boreas, Azur, Skynet A, Essa IX, and Egrs XIII. The 

U.S.S.R. launched 70 boosters in 1969; it had launched 741 in 1968. 

In 1969 manned space flight peaked both in quantity and in achievement. 

Four US. Apollo flights put 12 astronauts in space and five U.S.S.R. Soyuz 

flights orbited 11 cosmonauts, for a record 23 men in space in one year. 

ApoUo 11 was naturally the most dramatic, with the United States achieving 

its manned lunar landing goal. In steady progression, the successes of 

Apollo 9 in earth orbit and Apollo 10 in lunar orbit prepared the way for 

the Apollo 11 lunar touchdown on July 20, 1969. The Apollo 12 follow-up 

lunar landing four months later further demonstrated man’s ability to function in the lunar environment. 

The Soviet Union performed two lunar missions in 1969, both unmanned. 

Luna XV impacted the moon and Zond VII was the third successful Soviet 

circumlunar flight, reentry, and recovery. The U.S.S.R. also launched two 

Venus probes, both of which landed on the planet. The five Soviet manned 

flights in earth orbit performed rendezvous and docking and accomplished 

the first crew exchange in orbit. 

As we have cautioned in previous years, the “Remarks” column of these 

appendixes is never complete because of the inescapable lag behind each 

flight of the analysis and interpretation of the results. 

428 
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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

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457 

Appendix B 

CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES, 1969 

This chronology of major NASA launches in 1969 is intended to provide 

an accurate and ready historical reference, compiling and verifying’information previously scattered in several sources. It includes launches of all 

rocket vehicles larger than sounding rockets launched either by NASA or 

under “NASA direction” (e.g., in 1969 NASA provided vehicles and launch 

facilities and launched ComSatCorp’s three Intelsat 111 satellites, ESSA’S Essa 

IX, USA’S Egrs XIII as a secondary payload, ESRO’S Boreas, West Germany’s 

Azur, and U.K.’s Skynet A, as well as Isis I in joint US.-Canadian pkogram). NASA sounding rocket launches are published annually by the Goddard Space Flight Center Historian in Goddard Projects Summary: Satellites 

and Sounding Rockets. 

An attempt has been made to classify performance of both the launch 

vehicle and the payload and to summarize total results in terms of primary 

mission. Three categories have been used for evaluating vehicle performance 

and mission results-successful (S) , partially successful (P) , and unsuccessful (U) . A fourth category, unknown (Unk) , has been added for payloads when vehicle malfunctions did not give the payload a chance to 

exercise its main experiments. These divisions are necessarily arbitrary ; 

many of the results cannot be neatly categorized. Also they ignore the fact 

that a great deal is learned from missions that may have been classified as 

unsuccessful. 

Rate of launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. Open sources 

were used, verified when in doubt with the project offices in NASA Headquarters and with NASA Centers. For further information on each item, see 

Appendix A of this volume and the entries in the main chronology as referenced in the index. Prepared April 1970 by William A. Lockyer, Jr., Historical and Library Services Branch, Kennedy Space Center. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

461 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

D ffl ffl 

9 ffl ffl 

9 rn 

? ? 9 

Y Y 

5 s D 

rn ? 

N 4 I? N 

M 6 

4 4 
Nov. 7* Azu+ Non-NASA mission; Scout (aw-A) particles and fields (WTR) 

Germen Research 

Satellite 

Nov. 14 Apollo 1.9 Manned lunar landing Saturn V 

(AS-807, (XSC) 

CSM-108. 

LM-6) 

Nov. 21* Skynet A 

(mm-A) 

No~-NASA mission; 

communications 

satellite 

Delta DSV-3M 

S S S Launched into quasi-polar orbit (1,966/239

inner Van Allen belt northern aumN z

solar flares. W 7 fexperiments function

factorily. Satellite was arned over to We

Ministry for Science end Education Nov. 

Second manned Iunar landing mission, A

Charles Conrad Jr., CDR; Richard F. Go

cxP; Alan L. '~ean, LMP. Launched fro

11:22 EST NOV. 14. Demonstrated LM Poi

ability by landing within 600 ft of Sur

spacecraft (3.036'' S 2.418' W) at 1:bI am 

19. Astronauts Coirad and Bean each 

two EVAs totaling 16 hra 30 min. Deploy

obtained lunar samples, made 6,000-ft luna

to investigate Swrveffor 111 (landed April 

and remove samples. Astronaut Gordon pho

future exploration sites from csx in lu

La lifted off from lunar surface at 9:26 

Nov. 20. landed in Pacific Ocean ne

Hornet at 3:68 pm EST Nov. 24. Total rnis

10 days 4 hrs 36 mist 56 secs. 

Launched by NASA for USAF and U.K. into 

transfer orbit. On Nov. 23, spacecraft's apo

was fired to achieve synchronous transfer o

217/21,668) over muator. Satellite was a

final orbit over Indian Ocean Jan. 7. 197

tional control was given to United King

29. 1970. 

* Time at launch site: one day later by Greenwich time. 

Appendix C 

CHRONOLOGY OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT, 1969 

This chronology contains basic information on all manned space flights 

during 1969 and, taken with Appendix C to the 1965, 1966, and 1968 

editions of this publication, provides a summary record of manned exploration of the space environment through 1969. The information was compiled 

by Leonard C. Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library 

of Congress. 

The year 1969 was manned space flight’s most prolific year to date. Four 

Apollo flights and five Soyuz flights put a record 23 men into space. The 

Soviets accomplished the first crew transfer in orbit. The United States 

achieved its goal of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely 

to earth-and did it again four months later. 

None of the five Soviet flights left earth orbit. Rather, all performed 

earth-related experiments. Soyuz IV, carrying one cosmonaut, docked with 

Soyuz V, carrying a 3-man crew. Two members from Soyuz V transferred 

to and remained in Soyuz IV until reentry. Ten months later, Soyuz VZ 

hovered near Soyuz VI1 and Soyuz VIII as they performed close rendezvous 

maneuvers but did not dock. Soyuz VI tested welding techniques in its depressurized spacecraft chamber. 

The early March earth orbital flight of Apollo 9 was the first successful 

manned flight of the Apollo LM, and ApolZo 10 successfully demonstrated 

the complete system during its circumlunar flight. Apollo 11’s Neil Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., returned safely to earth with lunar samples 

after becoming the first men to walk on the moon. And the Apolto 12 crew 

took an extensive lunar walk and retrieved a soil scoop from Surveyor 111, 

which had been on the moon for 2% years. 

By the end of 1969, the United States had conducted a total of 22 manned 

space flights-16 in earth orbit, 2 in lunar orbit and 2 lunar landingswith a total of 24 different crewmen. Of the 24 American astronauts, 10 had 

participated in 2 flights each, and 5 had flown three times, The Soviet Union 

had conducted a total of 15 manned flights, all in earth orbit, with 21 cosmonauts. Three cosmonauts had flown twice each. Cumulative totals for 

manned spacecraft hours on flight had reached 2,303 hours 56 minutes for 

the United States and 1,054 hours 8 minutes for the Soviet Union. Cumulative total man-hours in space were 5,833 hours 57 minutes for the United 

States and 1,698 hours 47 minutes for the U.S.S.R. 

Data on U.S. flights are the latest available to date within NASA. Although 

minor details are subject to modification as data are refined, major aspects 

of all U.S. manned flights remain subject to direct observation by interested 

citizens of the world, with a significant portion of recent missions seen live 

on worldwide television. 

465 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

03 

466 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 

467 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

4168 
from sM and landed in Pacifi

pm EDT 7/24/69. Recovery 

Hornet. 

Oct. 11 Oct. 16 Soruz VI Georgy S. Shonin Not 

Valery N. Kubasov available 

Oct. 12 Oct. 17 Soyuz VII Vladialav N, Volkov Not 

Anatoir V. Filipohenko ava~lable 

Viktor V. Garbatko 

Oct. 13 Oct. 18 Soyuz VIIl Vladimir A. Shatalov Not 

Alexey Yeliseyev avarlable 

143 118 hrs 21 rnin Soyuz VI, VII, and VIII o

group flight without actuall

3 craft launched on succe

140 118 hrs 43min from Tyuratam. Sows VI

orbit hovered nearby as S

and 'SOWE VIlI performed 

techniques and mutual o

173 118 hrs 51 min photorraPhy. While Soffua 

proached within 1.800 ft of S

speculation is that unex~ec

aroblems prevented actual 

Soyu? VI, wbicb carried n

equipment tested welding 

in depresiurized spacecraft 

also conducted manual contro

medico-biological research. S

observed and photographed 

celestial bodies. Soffuz VIII 

research on polarization of 

VIII conducted medical ex

reflected by atmosphere. Bot

and observed effect of micr

erosion on their craft. Vid

an launches ahown on S

While Western ofacials specu

sions bad not achieved all 

Tass said an major tasks we

out with "high efficiency." 

craft landed safely in prese

Soviet Union on sucoessive 

Nov. 14 Nov. 24 AWUO 12 Charles Conrad, Jr. 300,269 44 238,340 214 hrs 36 min Second manned lunar landin

(AS-507, Richard F. Gordon, Jr. 

CM-ID8, Alan L. Bean S~acecraft launched by S

booster. During insertion i

LM-6 ) orbit, spacecraft experience

tary .power loss at 36 sees 

electrzcal potential dischar

clouds passed through space 

ground. Power quickly resto

S-IVB initiated translunar 

CSM separated from S-IVB 

transposed, docked with LM, 

craft separated from 3rd s

tempted 8-IVB alinnshot 

achieved geocentric ofbit ra

desired heliocentric orbit. TLI 

placed satellite on 1st hyb
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

470 
Appendix D 

ABBREVIATIONS OF REFERENCES 

Listed here are abbreviations for sources cited in the text. This list does 

not include all sources provided in the chronology, for some of the references cited are not abbreviated. Only references that appear in abbreviated 

form are listed below. Abbreviations used in the chronology entries themselves are cross-referenced in the Index. 

A&A 

A&A 69 

ABC American Broadcasting Company 

AEC Release 

Aero Daily xqiaIsMau Liwa amdsoiap. 

Aero Tech Aerospace Technology magazine (formerly Technology Week) 

AF Mgmt Armed Forces Management magazine 

AFFTC Release Air Force Flight Test Center News Release 

AFHF Newsletter Air Force Historical Foundation Newsletter 

AFJ Armed Forces Journal magazine 

AFNS Release Air Force News Service Release 

AFOSR Release Air Force Office of Scientific Research News Release AFRPL Release Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory News 

AFSC Newsreview Air Force Systems Command’s Newsreview 

AFSC Release Air Force Systems Command News Release 

AFISD Air Force and Space Digest magazine 

AFSSD Release Air Force Space Systems Division News Release AIA Release Aerospace Industries Association News Release 

AIAA Facts American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

Facts AIAA News American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

News AIAA Release American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

News Release AIP News American Znstitute of Physics News Amer Av American Aviation magazine (formerly Aerospace 

T echnobgy ) 

AP Associated Press news service 

ARC Astrogram 

ARC Release 

Atlanta JIC 

Av Daily Aviation Daily newsletter 

Av Wk 

B News Birmingham News newspaper 

B Sun Baltimore Sun newspaper 

Bus Wk Business Week magazine 

C Daily News Chicago Daily News newspaper C Trib Chicago Tribune newspaper 

Can Press Canadian Press news service CBS Columbia Broadcasting System C&E News Chemical & Engineering News magazine 

AIAA’S magazine, Astronautics & Aeronautics 

NASA’s Astronautics and Aeronautics 1969 

[this publication1 

Atomic Energy Commission News Release 

Release 

NASA Ames Research Center’s Astrogmm 

NASA Ames Research Center News Release 

Atlanta Journal and Constitution newspaper 

Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine 

471 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

DOT Release 

EH 

ERC Release 

ESSA Release 

FAA Release 

FonF 

FRC Release 

FRC X-Press 

GE Forum 

Goddard News CSFC Release 

CSFC SSR 

H Chroii 

H Post JPL Lab-Oratory 

JPL Release 

JSR 

KC Star 

KC Times KSC Release 

LA Her-Exam 

LA Times 

Langley Researcher 

LaRC Release 

LC Info Bull 

LeRC Release 

Lewis News 

M Her 

LATNS 

M News 

M Trib 

Marshall Star 

MJ 

MSC Release 

MSC Roundup 

MSFC Release 

NAA News 

NAC Release 

NAE Release 

NAR Release NAR Skywriter NAS Release NAS-NRC Release 

NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt 

NANA 

NASA Ann 

NASA Hq PB NASA Hq WB 

Communications Satellite Corporation News Release 

Congressional Quarterly 

Congressional Record 

Christian Science Monitor newspaper 

Chicago Tribune News Service 

Denver Post newspaper 

Dow Jones news service 

Department of Defense News Release 

Department of Transportation News Release 

NASA Historical Division (Code EH) 

NASA Electronics Research Center News Release 

Environmental Science Services Administration News 

Federal Aviation Administration News Release 

Release 

Facts on File 

NASA Flight Research Center News Release NASA Flight Research Center’s FRC X-Press 

General &ectric Forum magazine NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Goddard News 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center News Release 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Satellite SituHouston Chronicle newspaper 

Houston Post newspaper 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Lab-Oratory 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory News Release 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

Kansas City Star newspaper 

Kansas City Times newspaper 

NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center News Release 

Los Angeles Herald-Examiner newspaper 

Los Angeles Times newspaper 

NASA Langley Research Center’s Langley Researcher NASA Langley Research Center News Release 

Los Angeles Times News Service 

Library of Congress Information Bulletin 

NASA Lewis Research Center News Release NASA Lewis Research Center’s Lewis News 

Miami Herald newspaper 

Miami News newspaper 

Minneapolis Tribune newspaper NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center’s 

Milwaukee Journal newspaper 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center News Release 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center’s Space News 

NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center News 

National Aeronautic Association News 

National Aviation Club News Release 

National Academy of Engineering News Release 

North American Newspaper Alliance 

North American Rockwell Corp. News Release 

North American Rockwell Corp. Skywriter 

National Academy of Sciences News Release 

National Academy of Sciences-National Research 

Council News Release 

National Academy of Sciences-National Research 

Council-National Academy of Engineering News 

Report 

NASA Announcement NASA Headquarters Personnel Bulletin 

NASA Headquarters Veekly Bulletin 

ation Report 

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets magazine 

Marshall Star 

Roundup 

Release 

472 
ASTRONAUTICS 

N News 

Natl Obs 

NGS Release 

NN 

NSC Release 

NSF Release 

N Va Sun 

NBC 

NMINY News 

NYT 

NYTNS 

0 Sen 

Oakland l'rib 

Omaha W-H 

P Bull 

PA0 

PD 

P Inq 

PMR Missile PMR Release 

Pres Rpt 70 [691 

PI0 

SA 

SED 

SAO Release 

Sci Amer 

Sci Serv 

SD 

SD Union 

SF 

SF Chron 

SP 

SR 

SSN 

St Louis G-D 

St Louis P-D 

Testimony 

Text 

Transcript 

USGS Release 

US News 

W News 

w Post 

W Star 

WH Release 

WJT 

WS Release 

WSJ 

UP1 

No. 8 

News 

National Space Club News Release 

National Science Foundation News Release 

Northern Virginia Sun newspaper 

New York Daily News newspaper 

New York Times newspaper 

New York Times News Service 

Orlando Sentinel newspaper 

Oakland Tribune newspaper 

Omaha World-Herald newspaper 

Philadelphia Evening and Sunday Bulletin newsPublic Affairs Office 

National Archives and Records Service's Weekly 

Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper 

Public Information Office 

USN Pacific Missile Range's Missile USN Pacific Missile Range News Release 

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President, 

Transmitted to the Congress January 1970 (report 

of activities during 1969) 

Space Aeronautics magazine 

Space Business Daily newsletter 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory News ReScientific American magazine 

Science Service news service 

Space Digest magazine 

San Diego Union newspaper 

Space Flight magazine 

San Francisco Chronicle newspaper 

Space Propulsion newsletter 

Saturday Review magazine 

Souiet Sciences in the News, publication of ElectroOptical Systems, Inc. 

St. Louis Globe-Democrat newspaper St. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper 

Congressional testimony, prepared statement 

Prepared report or speech text 

Official transcript of news conference or CongresUnited Press International news service 

US. Geological Survey News Release 

US. News & World Report magazine 

paper 

Compilation of Presidential Documents 

lease 

sional hearing 

unday Star newspaper 

une newspaper NASA Wallops Station News Release 

Wall Street Journal newspaper 

473 

INDEX AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 

AND ACRONYMS 

A 

AA. See Apollo Applications program. 

AAS. See American Astronautical Society. 

AAAs. See American Assn. for the AdABC. See American Broadcasting Co. 

Abelson, Dr. Philip H., 179-180 

Aberdeen, Md., 49 

Abernathy, Rev. Ralph D., 201, 209, 225 

ABM. See Antiballistic missile system and 

vancement of Science. 

Safeguard. The ABM and the Changed Strategic 

Military Balance, U.S.A. us. U.S.S.R. 

(American Security Council report), 

131 

__ - Abbot, Dr. Charles G., 147 

ABRES. See Advanced Ballistic Reentry 

Accident 

System. 

aircraft, 19, 40-41, 362, 424425 

AH-56A (helicopter), 260, 308-309, 

389-390 

F-IllA, 155, 413, 415-416 

T-33, 283 

Tu-144, 121 

X-15, 177 

XV4B, 80 

XB-70, 11 

launch vehicle 

Saturn V, 188, 195 

U.S.S.R. booster, 382 

liftingbody vehicle, 29 

Lunar Landing Training Vehicle, 5, 

17.1 

Se&b 111, 51, 52, 57, 77, 188-189, 

316-317 

spacecraft, 392 

Apollo AS-204, 206 

Biosatellite III, 162 

Adams, Harold W., 209 

Adams, Maj. Michael J. (USAF), 177 

Adey, Dr. W. Ross, 348-349 ADS. See Airport Data System. 

Adulyadej, King Bhumibol (Thailand), 

Advanced Ballistic Reentry System 

Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft 

25 1 

(ABRES), 10 

(AMSA). See B-1. 

Advanced Marine Vehicles Meeting, Second, 156 

Advanced Research Projects Agency 

Advanced vidicon camera system (AVCS) , 

AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. AEC-NASA Nuclear Rocket Development 

Station, 361 

AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, 76, 87, 94, 309, 332 

Aero Club of Washington, 29 

Aerobee (sounding rocket) 

airglow experiment, 49 

solar astronomy, 48-49, 302, 360-361 

stellar data, 71, 79, 179, 402, 409 

ultraviolet astronomy, 4849, 78, 409 

x-ray astronomy, 78, 179, 402 

infrared astronomy, 299 

solar astronomy, 104, 108, 111, 113, 

stellar data, 31-32, 118, 184, 326, 337 

ultraviolet astronomy, 6, 31-32, 43, 

upper-atmosphere data, 38, 42, 179 

x-ray astronomy, 65-66, 70, 104, 108, 

(ARPA), 119, 346, 424 

5758 

150 

150 A, 139 

150 MI 

140-141, 308, 314, 316, 361, 410- 

411 

140-41, 179, 184, 308, 410-411 

118, 186, 326, 361 

170, 298 

Aeroflot, 255 

Aerojet-General Corp., 87, 94, 154, 168, 

241, 385-386 

Aeronautics, 113-114, 369 

anniversary, 129, 133, 292-293, 410 

award, 21, 72-73, 87, 101, 127, 132, 

150, 178, 200, 209, 283, 293, 298, 

315, 338, 345-346, 410 

cooperation, 204-205, 321, 334, 379, 

397398, 417418, 421-422, 423-424 

employment. 77. 150. 356 

350, 27-28 

exposition, 52, 161-162, 173, 283, 412 

funds for, 14-15, 60, 70, 78, 113, 119- 

120, 193, 205 

general aviation. See General aviation. 

military, 14-15, 52, 66, 111-112, 131, 

NASA program, 14-16, 38, 44, 66, 70, 

noise abatement. See Noise, aircraft. 

207, 397-398 

84, 119-120, 204-205, 397-398, 400, 

421-424 

475 
research (see also X-15, X-24, XB-70, 

XV4B, YF-12, etc.), 11, 44, 70, 72, 

78, 84-85, 92, 103, 120-121, 123, 155, 

184, 193, 205, 299-300, 315-316, 

321, 335, 350, 362, 369, 397-398, 

400, 402403, 404, 417-418, 421-422, 

423-424 

statistics, 34, 40-41, 70, 102, 124, 136, 

U.S.S.R.. 120 

150, 176, 193, 356, 424-425 

Aeronautics and Astronautics: An Amert can Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 

1915-1960, 357 

Aeros, Project, 423 

Aerospace Corp., 304 Aerospace Facts and Figures, 1969, 193 

Aerospace Industries Assn. (AKA), 109, 

124, 150, 193, 356 

Aerospace industry, 35, 77, 80, 95-96, 97, 

124, 150, 164, 193, 228, 317, 330, 347, 

356, 361, 363, 424 

Aerospace Medical Assn., 130-131 

Aerospace Systems Laboratory (Princeton Univ.), 208-209 

AFCRL. See Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. 

Africa, 101 

AFSC. See Air Force Systems Command. 

Agathadaemon canal (Mars), 262 

Agena (booster). See Atlas-Agena; Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented ThorAgena; Thor-Agena; Thorad-Agena; 

and Titan IIIB-Agena. 

Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 54. 83, 

135. 191. 232. 380 

Apollo 9 miss;on, 65 

Apollo 11 mission, 210, 224, 225 

awards bv. 91-92. 100 

oceanography, 56,’ 341 

press conference, 65, 308, 323-325 

space program, 65, 152, 224, 225, 231, 

Agreement. See international cooperation; International cooperation, space; 

and Treaty. Agrell, Dr. S. O., 312 

Agriculture, Dept. of, 14, 76, 106, 141, 

352 

AH-56A (Cheyenne) (helicopter), 106, 

115, 148, 150, 160, 260, 308-309, 389- 

390 

271, 294, 308, 320, 323-325, 419 

Ahmedabad, India, 311 

AIA. See Aerospace Industries Assn. AIAA. See American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 

Air cargo, 113-114, 369, 424 

Air Force Academy, 170, 225 

Air Force Armament Development and 

Air Force Assn., 86-87 

Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL), 164, 308, 359-360, 

410411 

Test Center, 186 

Lunar Laser Observatory, 192 

Air Force Fatigue and Fracture ConferAir Force Museum, 38, 119, 177 

Air Force Review of the C-5A Program, 

ence, 410 

251 

___ Air Force Special Weapons Laboratory, 

Air Force Systems Command (AFCS), 

Aeronautical Systems Div., 402403 

Air pollution, 147, 278-279, 285-286, 

383, 402, 412413 

Air Traffic .Activity Report, 102 

Air tra5c control, 15, 32, .55, 369 FAA regulation, 32, 4344, 188, 253, 

424 

140, 260, 295, 331, 410 

3x0 

saiihe use in, 37, 47, 319 

statistics, 34, 102, 109, 369 

Air Traffic Controllers Organization. 44 

Air Transport Assn. of America (ATA), 

80, 278, 315, 336 

Air transportation. See Air traffic con- trol; Aircraft; Airlines; Airports; 

General aviation; and Supersonic 

transport. 

Aircraft (see also individual aircraft, 

such as C5A, F-111, X-15, XB-70). 

accident, 11, 19, 4041, 80, 121, 155, 

413, 415416, 424-425 

air pollution, 278-279, 402, 413 

air show, 146, 168, 169, 173, 283, 412 

antisubmarine, 15, 131 

award, 72-73, 87, 178, 200, 209, 298, 

bomber. 4. 15. 86. 99. 111-112. 117. 

177, 260, 283, 308-309, 362, 389-390, 

315, 345-346 

131, ,133, 155, 169, ’ 183, K,’ i97: 

205, 297-298, 321, 360, 413, 415416 

cargo, 113-114, 369, 424 .. 

carrier, 206 

collision study, 70, 315-316, 319, 362, 

cost, 88, 177, 186, 314-315, 340, 341, 

369 

410 

delta-wing, 195, 422 

exhibit, 38, 119, 177 

fighter, 1, 4, 9, 13, 15, 39, 86, 129, 

155. 197. 201. 283. 372. 413. 41 

flvine‘ boat- 133: 344 I ---I --- 

fire& 1, 5, 9, 13-14, 61, 71, 

159-160, 161-162, 168, 173, 197, 

283. 297-298. 323. 329. 340 

131, 

4 

121, 

255, 

general-aviation, ld15, 441, 70, 102, 

109, 124, 150, 369 

helicopter, 35, 79, 106, 115, 124, 129, 

131, 141, 148, 150, 160, 260, 308- 

309. 389-390 

hovercraft, 156 

hypersonic, 15 

interception, 73, 205, 400, 405, 421 

noise. See Noise, aircraft. 

reconnaissance, 73 

record, 79, 129, 151, 158, 177, 323 

regulations, 3, 4344, 57, 188, 253, 371, 

380, 402 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

476 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

research (see also X-15. X-24. XB-70. 

XV4B; YF-12, ktc.j, 11, ‘ 44, 70: 

72-73, 78, 85, 92, 123, 155, 183-184, 

193, 205. 299-300. 315-316. 321. 335. 

350: 362. 369. 397-398. h0. -, ,402: ~ 

403; 404,’ 421h22, 423424 

safety, 9, 4041, 70, 148, 208, 362, 369, 

424425 

seaplane, 133 

sonic boom. See Sonic boom. 

statistics, 34, 4041, 70, 102, 113-114, 

136, 150, 193, 356 

supersonic. See Supersonic transport, 

Concorde, F-8, F-14A, F-111, Tu144, x-15, XB-70, YF-12, etc. 

tracking, 14Q 

traffic control. See Air traffic control. 

training, 283 

transport (see also Supersonic transport), 40-41, 57, 70, 75, 113-114, 

121, 136, 150, 162, 168-169, 193, 

208-209, 356, 362, 369, 424 

jet, 45-46, 47, 121, 168-169, 175, 193, 

350, 369, 371, 400, 409, 421-422, 

424 

STOL, 29, 32, 50, 84, 89, 114, 320 

212, 278-279, 299-300, 304, 341, 

military, 38, 107, 123-124, 128-129, 

130, 138, 151, 207, 212, 281, 283, 

293. 323. 359. 380. 411. 421 

STOL,’29, 32, 50, 84, ‘89, 114, 320 

Vietnam war use, 99 

V/STOL, 15, 75, 84, 92 

wind-tunnel testing, 183-184, 299, 379, 

VTOL, 75, 80, 114, 129 

389 

Airci& Owners and Pilots Assn., 138- 

Airglow, 49, 171-173 

Airlines, 9, 29, 40-41, 50, 70, 84, 176, 

424-425 

Airlock, 128 

Airport Data System (ADS), 117 

Airports (see also Air traffic control; 

Noise, aircraft ; and individual airports, such as Washington National 

Airport), 32, 54, 253 FAA plans, 156 

facilities, 55, 88-89, 113-114, 117, 176, 

369 

139 

fog,-42 

funds for, 32, 123, 156, 182 NASA role in, 253 

noise control, 3, 263-265, 371 

pollution control, 278-279 

regulation, 3, 32, 43-44, 57, 369, 380, 

runway research, 29 

statistics, 34, 70, 102, 109, 117, 176 

Ajaccio, Corsica, 244 

Alabama, Univ. of, 329 

Alaska, 179 

Alaska, Univ. of, 83, 352 

Alcatraz Island, 343 

Alcock, John W., 129 

418 

Aldrin, Col. Edwin E., Jr. (USAF), 315, 

414 

celebrations for, 279-280, 282, 283, 

commemorative medal, 275 

commemorative stamp, 202, 273-274, 

Congress, report to, 307 

extravehicular activity, 198-199, 212, 

flight, 212-224, 277-278, 421 

lunar landing, 232, 262, 271, 277- 

278, 281, 421 

medical aspects, 137, 156-157, 245, 

273 

Nixon, President Richard M., mes- sages and welcome to, 209, 242 

preparations for, 5, 108, 114, 156- 

157, 168, 182, 196, 204 

press conference, 198-199, 207, 267- 

quarantine, 76, 141, 223, 247, 267, 

record, 250-251 

significance of, 277-278, 281 

splashdown, 222-223 

TV interview, 283-284 

Apollo 11 mission, 307, 442 

298, 300 

289, 300 

217-220, 255, 267-268, 273-274, 

277-278 

268, 277-278, 280-281, 362 

273, 276 

awards and honors, 147, 233, 237, 251, 

Canadian visit, 312, 399400 

commemorative stamp ceremony, 289, 

tribute to, 228, 243, 279-280, 391, 

White House visit, 319, 362 

world tour, 312, 319, 327, 330, 332, 

334, 335, 337, 341, 350, 351, 353, 

255, 279-280, 327, 365, 403 

300 

399-400 

359, 360, 361-362 

Alexander, Charles S., 357 

Algae, 159 

Algiers, 234 

Algol IIB (rocket engine), 291 

Algol 111, 291 

Alioto, Mayor Joseph, 211 

Allen, H. Julian, 53, 338, 345 

Allen, Richard J., 68-69 

Alley, Carroll, 71 

Alouette I (Canadian satellite), 30 

Alouette 11, 30 

Alphanumeric system, 156 

ALSEP. See Apollo lunar surface experiAltus AFB, Okla., 411 

Alvizienis, Dr. Algirdas A., 299 

American Academy of Achievement, 203 

American Airlines, 292 

American Assn. for the Advancement of 

Science (AAAS) , 2-3, 159, 184, 416417 

American Assn. of School Administrators, 46 

American Astronautical Society (AAS), 183 

American Bible Society, Laymen’s Com- mittee, 390-391 

ment package. 

477 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

American Bible Week, 390-391 

American Broadcasting Co. (ABC) , 146, 

American Cancer Society Seminar, 96 

American Chemical Society, 110, 184 

American Field Service, 238 

American Geophysical Union, 116, 409 

American Heart Assn., 372 

American Institute of Aeronautical Sci352 

ences. 187 

American Institute of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics (AIAA), 21, 60, 79, 297 

award, 21, 72-73, 209, 338. 345446 

Honorary Fellows, 287, 346 

meetines. 21. 72-73. 78. 134. 343-346 

The P&t-Apollo Space * Program: An 

AlAA View, 151-152 

President’s Forum, 346 

American Management Assn., 56 

American Museum of Natural History, 

American Physical Society, 40, 120 

American Rocket Society, 226 

American Samoa. 401-402 

381 

American Science & Engineering, Inc., 

American Science Manpower, 1968 (NSF 

104, 361 

report), 420 

cation, 285 

184 

American Security Council, 131 

American Society for Engineering EduAmerican Society of Biological Chemists, 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 338 

Div.. 315 

American Standard, Inc., Wilcox-Sierra 

American Systems, Inc., 105 

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 

(AT&T), 352 

American Univ., 136 

America’s Next Decade in Space: A Report for the Space Task Group, 308 

Ames Research Center (ARC) (NASA), 

315, 348, 379 

award, 21, 338 

experiment, 395 

flight simulator, 362 

management, 190, 292 

personnel, 53, 332 

research, aircraft, 123, 362, 393 

Thermo and Gas-Dynamics Div., 200 

Amistad Dam, 299 

AMSA (advanced manned strategic aircraft). See B-1. 

Amsterdam, Netherlands, 312, 332, 350 

Amundsen. CaDt. Roald. 251 

An-22 (U.S.S:R. turboprop transport), 

121, 159, 162, 168 

Anaheim, Calif., 287, 338, 343 

Ancient Order of Hibernians, 72 

Anders, William A., 308 

air pollution, 382 

Apollo 8 mission, 6-7, 59, 71, 87, 203, 

327 

Apollo 11 mission, 5 

appointment to NASC, 141, 184 

awards and honors, 2, 6, 10, 68, 87, 

receptions for, 9, 13 

technology utilization, space, 327, 382 

White House visit, 6, 32 

Anderson, Sen. Clinton P., 24, 29, 118, 

390, 411 

Anderson, G. P., 298 

Anderson, Minister for Supply Kenneth 

McC. (Australia), 34 

Andoya, Norway, 18, 20 

Andrews AFB, Md., 262 

Andromeda galaxy (M31), 99 

Andromeda Strain, The, 181 

Animal experiments, space, 18-19, 139, 

Ankara, Turkey, 312 

100-101, 132, 203, 298, 390-391 

189-190, 200, 201-202, 261, 335-336, 

347-349, 415, 421 

Anniversary 

aircraft, 129, 133, 410, 411 

manned space flight, 8, 202 

NASA, 323- 

Naval Missile Center, 325 

satellite. 33. 51. 59. 83 

- 

.., _-, -_ 

Antarctica, 159, 257, 559- 

Antenna, 29, 44. 148, 179, 187, 189, 356 

spacecraft, 137, 143, 259, 322 

Anthony, Maj. James L. (USAF), 413 

Antiballistic missile (ABM) system (see 

also Safeguard), 33, 83, 89, 320 

congressional consideration, 39, 46-47, 

funds for 48, 53, 131 

Nixon, President Richard M., views 

on, 43, 80, 81 

opposition to, 40, 46-47, 89, 103, 114, 

124, 131, 136 

sites, 39, 43, 80 

U.S.S.R., 43, 48, 50, 53, 62, 80, 89, 

129, 131, 140 

Antihijacking system, 336 

Apollo (program) (see also Apollo Ap- plications program) 6, 70, 77, 195, 

astronaut. See Astronaut. 

award, 68-69, 117, 280, 300, 326, 345- 

cost, 6, 43, 46, 88, 262, 390, 422 

criticism, 2, 273 

funds for, 15, 134, 138, 249-250, 311, 

landing site, 77, 345 

launch 

52, 53, 81, 103, 111-112, 124, 131 

207, 256, 294-295, 308, 325, 357 

346, 346-347 

355-356, 422-423 

Apollo 9 (AS-504), 62-65, 421 

Apollo 11 (P-S-506), 168, 212-224, 

Ap0110 IO (AS-505), 142-145, 421 

421 

Apollo 12 (AS-507), 372-378, 421 

management, 202, 274, 287, 297, 313, 

plans for, 66-67, 73, 77, 81-82, 102, 

356, 422-423 

344, 351, 422-423 

478 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

policy, 37, 51, 81-82, 86-87, 111, 136, 

press comment (see also Apollo missions), 1, 250, 321 

progress, 6, 65, 76, 77, 144-145, 223- 

tracking, 140, 306-307 

Apollo (Spacecraft), 7, 5657, 59, 73, 

ascent propulsion system (APS) , 64, 

command and service module. See 

command module. See Command 

computer error, 174 

control, 26-27, 232, 375 crewman optical alignment sight 

debrE, 89 

descent propulsion system (DPS) , 64, 

143, 213, 375 

escape device, 94 

equipment, 14, 77, 91, 102, 111, 168, 

201, 373-377 

exhibit, 105, 161-162, 417 

heat shield, 27 

landing system, 26-27, 378, 405 

launch. See Apollo (program). launch vehicle. See Saturn. 

life-support system, 123, 206, 267, 378 

lunar module. See Lunar module. 

reaction control system (RCS), 64, 143, 

recovery, 141, 223, 378 

service module, 143 

service propulsion system (SPS), 64, 

test, 65, 77, 143-144 

271-272, 273, 284, 355-356, 422-423 

224, 246-247, 420, 421-423 

149, 197 

143, 377 

Command and service module. 

module. 

(CPAS), 64 

213, 222, 375 

143, 212-213, 222, 373, 375, 377 

Apollo 4 mission, 65 

Apollo 5 mission, 65 

Apollo 6 mission, 65 

Apollo 7 (spacecraft), 20-21 

Apollo 7 mission, 65, 68, 72-73, 144, 223, 

Apollo 8 (spaceoraft), 105, 161-162, 168 

287 

comuuter error. 174 

Apollo‘ 8 mission, 371 71, 141, 149, 155, 

158-159, 391 

award, 2, 6, 10, 32, 68, 87, 100-101, 

132, 136, 203, 287, 298, 390-391 

commemorative medals, 265 

commemorative stamp, 8, %, 59, 129- -_. 1.w 

Congress, report to, 7 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 6-7, 13, 

232 

moving picture color film, 8, 46 

Nixon, President Richard M., 20, 32, 

34, 61-62 

orbit, 73 

physiological aspects, 28 

press comment, 1, 2, 26 

press conference, 7, 25, 54 

reaction to, European, 54 

reception, 13 

record, 208 

religious aspects, 268, 283, 390-391, 

394. 400 

results,’ 111, 116, 180 

significance, 2, 6-7, 16, 20, 39, 65, 

73, 92, 129-130, 144-145, 223 

success, 47 

U.S.S.R., comment on, 25, 26 

Apollo 9 mission, 161-162, 328 

award, 91-92 

biological aspects, 61 

extravehicular activity, 5, 33, 64, 81, 91 

launch, 62-65, 67, 421 

moving picture color film, 81 

Nixon, President Richard M., 65 

photographs, 64, 81, 116-117 

preparations for, 5, 16, 23, 26-27, 33, 

press comment, 67, 72, 80, 89, 90 

press conference, 26-27, 33, 61, 77, 91, 

58, 61 

116-1 17 

significance. of, 65, 145, 223, 421 

spacecraft debris, 89 

splashdown, 64 

success, 130 

TV coverage, 50, 67 

U.S.S.R., comment, 80 

launch, 142-143, 421 

moving pictures, 159 

Nixon, President Richard M., 157 

photographs, 90, 142-144, 149, 159 

preparations for, 16, 23, 33, 73, 77, 

82-83, 90, 104, 108, 118, 137, 138, 

142 

press comment, 147-148, 149-150, 152- 

154, 155, 157 

press conference, 33, 108 

significance of, 152-154, 158, 223, 421 

splashdown, 143 

success, 230 

TV coverage, 90, 108, 142-143, 147, 

Apollo 10 mission, 116, 138, 169, 174, 

180, 200 

149 

U.S.S.R., comment, 157, 158 

Apollo 11 mission, 135, 170-171, 187, 

188, 342, 368, 370, 388 

achievement, 223, 233, 235-236, 24% 

390, 391, 419, 421, 422, 424 

awards and honors, 233, 237, 242, 243- 

327, 343, 365, 40344 

biological aspects, 141, 156-157, 245, 

261, 273, 293, 356, 391 

commemorative medals, 275 

commemorative stamps, 202, 233, 273- 

274, 289, 300, 311, 319 

Congress, report to, 307 

cosmonaut medals, 228, 230 

cost, 186, 271, 390 

criticism, 201, 205-206, 210, 211, 230- 

231, 235, 273 

243, 245-249, 250-251, 309-310, 378, 

244, 251, 279-280, 282, 283, 284, 298, 

book, 135-136, 252 

479 
experiments, 259 

laser, 114, 220, 223, 237, 259, 261, 

285. 411. 419 

seis&c, lh, 223, 229-230, 237, 240- 

solar wind, 219, 223, 230, 285, 413, 

241, 249, 354455, 419 

419 

seis&c, lh, 223, 229-230, 237, 240- 

solar wind, 219, 223, 230, 285, 413, 

241, 249, 354455, 419 

419 

extravehicular activity, 74, 108, 114, 

Eyewitness to Space (art program), 

implications of, 200-201, 238-239, 

182, 198, 208, 212, 217-220, 223, 

243, 255-256, 267-268, 273-274, 278 

226, 241, 403 

239-240, 240-241, 242-243, 261-262, 

268-269, 277-278, 282, 284, 286-287, 

291, 300, 307, 309-310, 321-322 

launch, 168, 212-224, 421 

lunar landing, 114, 168, 181-182, 215- 

280-281, 370, 378, 380, 404, 421, 422 

lunar rock samples, 75-76, 114, 168, 

266-267. 267-268. 270. 275. 288-289. 

220, 232-236, 238-239, 277-278, 

223, 247, 250, 260, 261-262, 263, 

290,29% 306, 353-354; 359; 365, 378; 

386, 387, 397, 402, 407-408, 421 

medical aspects, 130-131, 137, 156- 

157, 204, 206, 223, 245, 261, 266-267, 

273 

moving picture film, 247, 252, 277, 292 museum memorial, proposed, 343 

Nixon. President Richard M.. 190. 

1961197, 200, 204, 209, 219-220, 223; 

224, 228, 230-231, 242, 244, 246, 

402 

249-250, 261, 262, 275, 279-280, 284, 

observance of. 206. 208. 209-211. 225- 

226, 232-234, 239, 244, 380 ’ 

photographs, 212-223, 241, 247, 252- 

Dreuarations for. 5. 23. 105. 108. 114. 

253, 255-256, 419 

A 127, 141, 144, 14$, 149, 156-157, 168; 

169-170, 178, 179-180, 181-182, 195, 

196-200, 203, 204, 205-206, 209-210 

press comment, 157, 193, 207, 208, 

210-211. 225-226. 227-228. 228- 

229, 231, 235-236, 239-24, 244, 

246-247, 249-250, 261-262, 271- 

272, 276, 279. 280-281. 282. 295. 

308; 357 

foreign, 193, 210-211, 225-226, 227- 

228, 229, 231, 236, 240, 242, 247, 

248. 251-252. 321-322 

press conference; 108, 182, 198-199, 

quarantine, 75-76, 141, 223, 247, 266- 

267, 273, 276 

records. 250-251 

199-200, 204, 207, 231-232, 242- 

243, 250, 267-268, 277-278, 280-281 

religious aspects, 206-207, 232, 235, 

242, 246-247, 253, 268, 283-284, 391, 

394. 400 

222-223, 230 

TV coverage, 212, 217, 225-226, 232- 

234, 244-245, 276 

U.S.S.R. and, 206, 225, 230, 233, 238, 

242, 244, 251, 256, 273, 311, 386 

wager, 160-161, 233 

Apollo 11 : Preliminary Science Report, 

419 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

4%0 

Ap2lo 12 mission, 370 

achievement, 378, 392, 394, 421, 422 

biological aspects, 356, 377-379, 391 

experiments, 40647, 410 

seismic, 325-326, 342, 376-377, 403 

solar wind, 376-377 

extravehicular activity, 243, 325-326, 

334, 342, 372, 376-377, 378, 386- 

387. - - . , 394. - - -, 395-396 - - - - - - launch, 372-378, 421 

lunar landing. I 368, 375. 395-396, 407. 

421, 422 

lunar rock samples, 334, 376-377, 378, 

393, 394, 395, 396, 407-408, 421 

moving picture films, 395, 407 

Nixon, President Richard M., 371, 372, 

378, 384, 385, 389, 392 

photographs, 334, 376-378, 395-396, 

41-17 

power failure, 373-374, 380-381 

preparations for, 105, 243, 299, 315, 

342, 350, 353, 362, 366, 368, 370, 

press comment, 367, 379, 380, 386387. 

press conference, 243, 325-326, 333- 

public reaction to, 379, 380, 384385, 

388, 391, 396 

quarantine, 356, 377-378, 396, 397, 

399, 405 

records, 378, 389 

splashdown, 377-378 

TV broadcasts, 342, 362, 373-376, 377, 

380, 384385, 386 

U.S.S.R. and, 379, 384, 387-388 

Apollo 13 mission, 182, 267, 315, 387, 

392, 405 

Apollo 14 mission, 267 

Apollo 15 mission, 409 

Apollo 16 mission, 409 

Apollo 18 mission, 344 

Apollo 19 mission, 344 

Apollo 20 mission, 344 

ADO~~O Achievement Award (NASA). 300 

371-372 

391, 392, 393, 394 

334, 342, 371-372, 406-407 

Ai0110 Applications program, 55, 87,’ 200, 

258, 393 

contract, 59, 77, 85, 94, 154, 270-271, 

funds for, 15, 67, 82, 109, 119, 138, 163 

management, 344 

plans for, 37, 66-67, 110, 122, 128, 

Apollo lunar surface experiment package 

Apollo 12 mission, 230, 243, 325, 342, 

297 

151-152, 286, 328, 423 

(ALSEP) , 334-335 

376, 421 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

481 

Apollo 13 mission, 267 

Apollo 14 mission, 267 

Apollo Orbital Science Photographic 

Team, 4Q9 

Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), 16, 17, 

contract, 11, 71, 77, 177, 270-271, 320 

experiment, 328 

funds for, 15-16 

test, 48-49 

237-238 

Auulications Technolorn Satellite -- (ATS) 

program, 23, 139, i50, 360, 402,'414- 

415, 421, 423 

contract, 241, 337 

experiment, 337 

funds for, 15 

kins Univ.), 37 

Applied Physics Laboratory (Johns HopAPS. See Ascent urooulsion svstem. 

APT. See Automatic iicture transmission. 

Aquanaut, 51, 86, 343, 354 

accident, 51, 52, 57, 77, 188-189, 316- 

317 

record. 110 

Ara, Inc:, 408 

Arcas (sounding rocket), 18, 20, 28, 33- 

Arctic. 101. 341 

34, 41, 79, 331, 354 

Arctowski, 'Henry, Medal, 121 

Arcturus (star), 175 

Arecibo (Puerto Rico) Ionospheric Observatory, 121, 350 

Arenosillo, Spain, 94, 132, 133 

Argentina, 79, 287, 304, 384 

Argentine Radio Astronomy Institute, 

181 --- Argonne National Laboratory, 24, 182, 

292 

Ariel IV (U.K. satellite), 59 

Aristarchus (lunar crater), 139-140, 213 

Arizona, 168, 291 

Arizona, Univ. of, 16-17, 288, 417 

Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 397 

Steward Observatory, 164 

Armed Forces Day, 140 

Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals, 160 

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 

30 

AGstrong, Neil A., 315, 414 

Apollo 11 mission, 178, 402 

celebrations for, 279-280, 282, 283, 

commemorative medal, 275 

commemorative stamp, 202, 273-274, 

Congress, report to, 307 

extravehicular activity, 198-199, 212, 

flight, 212-224, 278, 380, 421 

lunar landing, 232, 239-240, 241, 

medical aspects, 137, 156-157, 245, 

284, 298, 300 

289, 300 

217-220, 255, 267-268, 273-274, 

278, 421 

252-253, 262, 271, 277-278, 280- 

281, 380, 421 

273 

Nixon, President Richard M., 209, 

preparations for, 5, 108, 114, 156- 

Dress conference. 198-199. 207. 267- 

242, 319 

157, 168, 181-182, 196, 204 

268, 277-278, '280-281,'362 ' 

quarantine, 76, 141, 223, 247, 267- 

268, 273, 276 

record, 250-251 

significance of, 278, 282 

splashdown, 223 

TV interview, 283 

appointment, 402 

awards and honors, 233, 237, 246, 251, 

255, 279-280, 281, 327, 365, 403 

Canadian visit, 312, 39940 

legacy, 281 

Thailand visit, 413 

tribute to, 228, 243-244, 391, 392, 399- 

400 

White House visit, 362 

world tour, 312, 319, 327, 330, 332, 

334, 335, 337, 341, 350, 351, 353, 

Armstrong, Neil A., Aerospace Museum, 

359, 360, 361-362 

746 

A&id Engineering Development Center, 

Arnold, Henry H., Trophy, 87 

Arntzenius, Dr. A. C., 372 ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects 

Artificial horizon, 263 

ARTS. See Automated radar tracking sysAscent propulsion system (APS) 

Asia, 101, 140 

Aspis-Pronoia insurance company, 226 

Associated Industries, Inc., 117, 125 

Asteroid, 288, 359 

Astrobee 1500 (sounding rocket), 335 

Astrobotanist, 103 

Astrology, 338 

Astronaut (see also Cosmonaut; Extra. 

vehicular activity), 20, 71, 83, 105, 

168, 173, 178, 185, 186, 329, 337, 

342, 343, 347, 394 

138, 183-184, 393 

Agency. 

tems. 

(Apollo), 64, 143, 377 

accident, 206, 283 

achievements. 17. 50. 420 

Apollo mission. 'See Apollo missions 

appointment, 83, 141, 184, 317, 326, 

(8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). 

396. 402 

Canada, visit to, 39940 crew assignment, 5, 105, 187-188 

former, 43, 75, 134, 327, 406 

fund raising by, 4Q8 

goodwill tour, 32, 37, 38, 41, 46, 49, 

51, 52, 155, 195-196, 197, 199, 202, 

204, 299, 312, 319, 327, 330, 332, 

334, 335, 337, 341, 350, 351, 353, 

hazards, 28, 179-180, 205, 207, 278, 

359, 360, 361-368, 424 

281, 380-381, 391 
honors, 2, 6-7, 9, 10, 13, 39, 53, 68, 

233, 237, 246, 251. 255, 279-280, 

87, 91, 101-102, 132, 136, 200, 203, 

282, 283, 289,. 298,. 307,. 319, 327, 

362, 365, 387, 390-391, 396, 403 

lunar landing story, contract, 196 

memorial, 53, 233, 245, 246, 304 

physiology, 61, 71, 81, 130-131, 137, 

142, 204, 206, 245, 273, 284, 317, 330 

political aspirations, 168 

Presidential mission. 413 

330, 332, 346, 347, 350, 360, 361- 

press conference, 7,' 26-27, 41, 53-54, 

61, 75, 158-159, 196, 198-199, 204, 

207, 267-268, 277-278, 280-281, 

325-326. 333334. 362, 396. 406-407 

promotion,' M, 39i, 392' 

quarantine, 76, 141, 223, 247, 267, 273, 

record, 208, 250-251, 389 

religion, 268, 391, 394, 400 

resignation. 267 

276, 356, 377-378, 396, 397, 400, 405 

scieitist-astronaut, 284, 286, 290, 339, 

Smithsonian Institution ceremony. 307 

351, 355-356 

space rescue. See Space rescue ireaty. training, 114, 142, 155, 156-157, 181- 

tributes to, 228, 242, 246, 276, 279- 

White House liaison, 230, 232 

White House visit, 32, 56, 157, 191, 

women as, 359 

posed), 53, 245 

182, 284, 414 

281, 282, 362, 385, 392 

USAF, 281, 289 

204, 232, 319, 362, 413 

Astronautics Engineer Award, 68 

Astronauts Memorial Commission (proAstronomy (see also individual observatories, planets, sounding rockets, and 

satellites such as Mariner VI, Mariner VII, Oao 11; Pulsar; Radioastronomy; Star; Telescope), 109 

award, 121 

gamma ray, 2, 124, 318-319, 366-367 

NASA program, 15-16, 66, 69, 76, 94- 

95, 124, 136, 138, 156, 256-257, 263, 

361, 366-367, 403, 422-423 

solar, 90-91, 121, 160, 336, 366-367, 

295 

steiiir, 42, 134-135, 160, 322, 344, 350 

ultraviolet, 3, 99, 124, 298 

U.S.S.R. program, 103, 120, 278 

x-ray, 104, 118, 120, 124, 133-134, 160, 

Athens, Greece, 405 

ATA. See Air Transport Assn. of America. 

Atlantic I1 (communications satellite) . 

Atlantic City, N.J., 46, 89 

Atlantic Ocean, 18, 30, 64, 133, 137, 291, 

Atlantis (undersea laboratory), 123 

Atlas (booster), 347, 355 

. 281-282, 366-367 

See Intelsat-I1 F-3. 

343, 344, 353 

F, 10, 83 

Atlas-Agena (booster), 106, 409 

Atlas-Centaur (booster), 114, 154, 177, 

355, 361, 412 

SLV-3C. 55, 277 

AC-19, 92 

ATM. See Aoollo Telescooe Mount. 

Atmosphere,=9, 18, 19, 205 21, 23, 24, 25, 

27, 33-34, 38, 41-42, 83, 88, 94, 204- 

205, 329, 357, 359-360, 409, 414 

Atmosphere Explorer AE-c (spacecraft), 

401 

Atmosphere Explorer, AE-D, 401 

Atmospheric Exploration by Remote 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (see 

also AEC~NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office; NERVA; Rover; SNAP; 

and Vela programs), 106, 110 

Argonne National Laboratory, 24, 182, 

Probes (NRC report), 409 

On" LY4 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 386 

budget, 14-15, 42, 110, 193, 361 

contract, 47-48, 94 

cooperation, 27, 43, 88, 105, 177-178, 

deep-water test, 189 

magnet, superconducting, 24 

nuclear power, peaceful use of, 25, 43, 

nuclear-powered deep submergence renuclear reactor, 28, 130, 177-178, 189 

nuclear rocket engine, 76, 87, 105, 130, 

personnel, 30, 125, 184 

Rocky Flats, Colo., facility fire, 135, 

Space Nuclear Systems Div., 332 

Atoms for Peace program, 41 ATS. See Applications Technology Satellite program. Ats I (Applications Technology Satellite), 150, 277 

Ats 11, 150, 277 

Ats 111, 88, 277, 402 

Ats IV, 277 

Ats V (ATS-E), 86, 148, 277, 414-415, 

ATS-G, 86, 118, 337 

Atwood. .T. Leland. 147 

309, 332, 422 

130, 189, 354 

search vehicle, 27 

309, 422 

384 

421 

ATS-F, 86, 118, 241, 311, 337, 423 

Aurora,'43, 48, 51152, 54, 58, 72, 83, 90- 

91, 171-173, 253, 257, 323, 364, 393, 

417, 423-424 

Aurora 7 (spacecraft), 134 

Aurora borealis, 323, 393, 417 

Aurora Expedition, 393, 417 

Aurorae (Esro IA) (satellite), 323 

Austin, Tex., 268, 283, 400 

Australia, 25, 43, 233, 244, 319, 334, 385 

communication via satellite, 140, 202 

international cooperation, space, 34, 

137, 177, 318-319, 323, 399, 411, 

423-424 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

482 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

tracking station, 34, 148, 189, 424 

Australian National Univ., 292, 407 

Australian Research Grants Committee, 

319 

Australian Weapons Research Establishment, 117 

Australis Oscar-A (spacecraft), 399 

Austria, 210 

Autogiro, 283 

Automated radar tracking systems 

(ARTS), 55 

Automatic picture transmission (APT), 

414 

Avco Corp., 191 

AVCS. See Advanced vidicon camera sysAviation Material Laboratories (AVLABS) , 

Aviation Progress Committee, 88-89 

AviationISpace Writers Assn., 138 

Aviator's Trophy, 298 

Awards, 338, 355 

tem. 

334 

civic, 10, 50, 279, 289, 330, 403, 419 

Government, 1-2, 54, 178, 251, 255, 

307, 308, 330, 332, 350, 410, 418- 

419 

NASA, 10, 34, 38, 91-92, 154, 265, 

280, 300, 326, 346-347, 371 

institutions, 168, 287. 338. 365 

military, 101, 300, 304, 334, 412 

society, 345-346 

achievement, 122-123, 127, 138, 203 

aeronautics, 21, 72-73, 87, 101, 127, 

132, 150, 178, ZOO, 209, 283, 293, 

astronautics, 21, 68-69, 72-73, 87, 

exploration, 251 

science, 136 

technology, 54, 117, 345-346 

298, 315, 338, 345-346, 410 

100-101, 132, 134, 182-183, 237, 

251, 298, 345-346 

AX (close support aircraft), 131 

Ayer, Prof. Alfred J., 239 

Azcarrago, Gen. Luis (Spain), 180 

Azur (W. German satellite), 357 

Azur (GRS-A), 364-365, 379, 423 

B 

B-1 (advanced manned strategic aircraft, 

AMSA), 86, 131, 169, 360 

B-52 (Stratofortress), 15, 86, 183 

HL-10 flights, 113, 117, 133, 148, 159, 

174- 267. 297. 309. 319. 352. 360. 

B-58 (supersonic bomber), 354 

Back contamination, 76, 136-137, 141, 

156-157, 175, 176, 179-180, 181, 205, 

235, 261, 270, 273, 302, 356 

Bacteria, 159 

Baikonur, U.S.S.R., 195-196 

launch 

Cosmos, 58, 105, 186, 237, 267, 293, 

Luna XV, 195, 206, 224 

Molniya 1-12, 237 

Soruz IV, 11 

305-306, 316, 347, 350-351 

Siyuz v;11 a 

soyuz VII, 333 

soyuz VM, 333 

Soyuz VI, 332 

Baker, Norman, 146 

Baker-Nunn camera. 405 

Baku, -U.SZS.R., 38f 

Baldeschwieler, Dr. John D.. 117 

Bales, Stephen G., 280 

Ball Brothers Research Corp. Aerospace 

Balloon, 86, 156, 205, 257, 315, 319, 363, 

Div., 346 

421 

Ballute (balloon-parachute), 239 

Baltimore, Md., 320, 410 

Bangkok, Thailand, 243, 251, 312, 353, 

Bantam Books, 252 

Barbados, West Indies, 88, 291 

Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX), 88 

Barium Cloud Experiment (BCE), 82, 105 

Barker, Tom, 134 

Barnard, Dr. Christiaan, 335-336 

Barnard's Star, 109 

Barnes, James, 394 

Barreira do Inferno. Natal. Brazil. 312 

413 

Barry, Marion, 230-231 ' 

Barstow, Calif., 356 

Barth, Dr. Charles A., 261, 298, 302 

Barth. Robert A.. Jr., 52 

Bartoe, Otto E., Jr., 346 

Basel, Switzerland, 332 

Baudoin I, King of Belgium, 46, 55, 332 

BBC. See British Broadcasting Corp. 

BCE. See Barium Cloud Experiment. 

Beam, Ambassador Jacob D., 197 

Bean, Capt. Alan L. (USN) 

Apollo 12 mission 

extravehicular activity, 243, 325-326, 

333-334. 342. 372. 376-377. 386- 

387, 394, 395 ' 

387 

flight, 372-378 

lunar landing, 375-376, 385, 386- 

medical examination, 366 

Nixon, President Richard M., 371, 

plans for, 105, 325-326, 342, 353, 

press conference, 325-326, 333-334, 

quarantine, 356, 377-378, 396, 397, 

splashdown, 377 

fund-raising dinner, 408 

grounded, 414 

promotion, 391, 392 

White House visit, 413 

392 

365, 366, 368, 371-372 

406407 

405 

483 
Beecher, William, 50 

Beeferman, Larry W., 417 

Beggs, James M., 52, 59, 79, 95, 178 

Beil, David A., 260 

Belgium, 32, 37, 46, 55, 132, 234, 312, 

4% 

Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 312, 341 

Bell Aerosystems Co., 103, 413 

Bell, Dr. Persa R., 352-353 

Bellcomm, Inc., 38 

Ben Franklin (PX-15) (research subBench Crater (moon), 376 

Bendix Corp., 111, 177, 315, 320 

Bendix Field Engineering Corp., 196 

Benedict, Howard, 104 

Benetnasch (star), 79 

Beniele, Max, 239 

Bennett, Dr. Ivan L., Jr., 174 

Benoit, Dr. Robert, 159 

Beregovoy, M/G Georgy T., 195, 197 

marine), 103, 282 

Apollo 10 mission message, 158 

press conference, 343, 350, 362 

US. visit, 337, 343, 347, 350, 351, 352, 

354, 359, 362 

Beresford, Spencer M., 304 

Berkeley, Calif., 383 

Berlin, West, 37, 49, 55, 334 

Berne, Univ. of, 413 

Physics Institute, 285 

Bernhard, Prince (Netherlands), 354 

Bernier, Robert E., 290 

Berry, Dr. Charles A., 110 

Aoollo 9 mission. 61 

Ai0110 11 missioh, 130-131, 200, 204, 

Apollo 12 mission, 366, 405 

award. 287. 340 

206, 273 

interview, ,206 

press conference, 61 

Betadine (disinfectant), 156-157 

Bethpage, N.Y., 26 

Beverlin, Charles J., 347 

Biehl, Richard E., 239 

Biloxi, Miss., 225 

Biological isolation garments (BIG), 141, 

The Biomedical Foundations of Manned 

Space Flight: A Report of the Space 

Science and Technology Panel of the 

President's Science Advisory Gommittee, 367-368 

Bionic Instruments, Inc., 327 

Biosatellite (program), 23 

Biosatellite I, 190 

Biosatellite 11, 78, 160, 190 

Biosatellite Ill, 162, 189-190, 200, 201- 

Biosatellite-F, 138, 163 

Bird, John D., 4 

Bisplinghoff, Dr. Raymond L., 178, 363 

Black Arrow (booster), 190 

Black Brant (Canadian sounding 

156-157, 356 

202, 347-349, 415, 421 

rocket), 360 

Black Brant IIIB, 59, 127 

Black Brant IV, 312 

Black Brant VB, 366 

Blagonravov, Dr. Anatoly A., 80, 185- 

Block Crater (moon), 376 

Blount, Postmaster General Winton M., 

Blue Book, Project, 411, 413-414, 416 BMWF. See Germany, West, Ministry of 

Scientific Research. BOB. See Budget, Bureau of. 

Bobko, Maj. Karol H. (WAF), 281 

Boeing Co., 122, 164 

186, 311, 411 

129-130, 202, 274, 289, 300 

Aerospace Group, 353 

booster, Saturn V, 47, 278, 297 

contract, 1, 25-26, 47, 278, 297, 320 

employment, 330 

jet passenger transport. See Boeing 

lunar roving vehicle, 320, 353 

personnel, 285 

space station, 25-26 

supersonic transport, 17, 314-315 

Vert01 Div., 92 

Boeing 707 (jet transport), 88, 382 

Boeing 747 (jet passenger transport), 

707 and Boeing 747. 

203,304,317,344,350,371, 382-383 

maiden flight, 4546, 421 

transatlantic, 169, 344 

orders, 341 

Paris Air Show exhibit, 162, 169, 175 

preview flight, 400 

Boffey, Philip M., 189 

Bogard, Dr. Donald, 288-289 

Bogart, L/G Frank A. (USAF, Ret.), 346 

Bogota, Colombia, 226, 312 

Bohr, Niels, Library, 164 

Bolender, Carroll H., 91 

Bolger, Philip H., 21 

Bologna, Univ. of, 272 

Bombay, India, 312, 351 BOMEX. See Barbados Oceanographic and 

Bonn, W. Germany, 37, 48, 55, 177 

Bonny (space monkey), 190, 200, 201- 

The Book of Mars, 89 

Boosted Arcas I1 (sounding rocket), 28, 

Meteorological Experiment. 

202, 347-349, 415, 421 

331 

Booth, William, 2 

Booz-Allen Applied Research, Inc., 335 

Bordeau, Robert E., 346 

Bordeaux, France, 297-298 

Boreas (Esro IB) (satellite), 323, 391, 

423 

Bo;&, John G., 346 

Borman, Col. Frank (USAF), 71, 229, 274, 

337. 343. 347. 362. 380 

Apollo 8 mission, 6-7, 32, 34, 39, 68, 

71, 268 

appointment, 131 

awards and honors, 2, 6-7, 9, 10, 39, 

68, 87, 100-101, 132, 136, 203, 298, 

346, 387, 390-391 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

484 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

goodwill tour, 32, 37, 38, 41, 46, 48, 

moon, exploration of, 102 

political aspirations, 168, 380 

press conference, 7, 41, 53-54, 158- 

receptions for, 9, 10, 13 

space, exploration of, 158-159 

visit to Czechoslovakia. 136. 155 

49, 51, 52, 53-54 

159, 196, 204 

visit to U.S.S.R., 195-196,’ 197, 199, 

White House activities, 6, 32, 56-57, 

202, 204, 210, 211, 245, 337 

230, 232 

Boston, Mass., 29, 105, 112, 363, 416 

Boulder, Colo., 90, 259, 336 

bps: bits per second 

Bradley International Airport, 263 

Bramley, Eric, 136 

Branscomb, Dr. Lewis M., 416 

Brantford, Canada, 234 

Bray, Rep. William G., 253 

Brayton Cycle space power generator, 58 

Brazil, 175, 179, 186, 234, 423424 

Brett, Dr. Robin P., 400 

Brevard County, Fla., 197, 210, 225 

Brewster, Wash., 179 

Breuhnev, Leonid I., 23, 127, 129, 251, 

The Brick Moon (novel), 357 

Bright, Loren G., 332 

Bristol, U.K., 105 

British Aircraft Corp., 61, 105, 285, 340 

British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC) , 225 

British External Telecommunication Executive, 32 

British Interplanetary Society, 187 

Bromine, 128 

Bronk, Dr. Detlev W., 1-2 

Brooke, Sen. Edward W., 183, 332 

Brooks, Harvey, 257 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 386 

Brown, Arthur W., 129 

Brown, Eileen, 385 

Brown, Dr. Harold, 355 

Brown, Dr. Herbert C., 418 

Brown, Judge John R., 283 

Brown Univ., 168 

Browne, Secor D., 302 

Bruceton, Pa., 387 

Bruns, Franklin R., Jr., 319 

Brussels, Belgium, 37, 46, 55, 234, 312 

Bryson Construction Co., Inc., 320 

Bucharest, Romania, 261. 262 

Buchwald, Art, 235 

Buckhorn, Calif., 174 

Buckingham Palace, U.K., 335 

Budapest, Hungary, 234 

Budget, Bureau of (BOB), 5-6, 32, 108- 

Buechner, Dr. Helmut K., 328 

Buenos Aires, Argentina, 312, 384 

Buffum. Ronald 5.. 260 

349-350 

109 

Buff um; William -B., 242 

Bulgaria, 24, 229 

Bull, Gifford, 345-346 

Bullpup Cajun (sounding rocket), 178 

Burcham, Dr. Donald P., 135 

Burcher, Eugene S., 138 

Bureau of Fisheries, 9 

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 

Burke, Rep. J. Herbert, 281 

Burlingame, A. L., 365 

Bush, Dr. Vannevar, 184 

Butz, J. S., Jr., 192, 419-420 

14 

C 

C-5 (Galaxy) (military cargo transport), 393, 411 

C-5A, 57, 212, 293, 411, 413 

contract, 17, 123-124, 128-129, 130, 

132, 138, 251, 380 

Paris Air Show, 162 

record, 151, 323 

static test, 207 

test flights, 57, 151, 283, 323, 421 

359 

cost, 17, 107, 128-129, 138, 251, 281 

C-130 (Hercules) (transport aircraft), 

C-141 (military transport), 293 CAB. See Civil Aeronautics Board. 

California, 177, 291 

California Air Pollution Board, 383 

California Institute of Technology (CalTech), 117 

award, 338, 355 

computer (self-testingand-repairing) , 2911-299 -. - ~ 

galaxies, discovery of, 367 

Mariner VI, 269, 282, 301 

Mariner VII. 265, 269-270, 301 

pulsar signal research, 121 

California Museum of Science and Technology, 123 

Berkeley, 53, 72, 110, 167, 186, 261, 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 53, 

California, Univ. of, 42, 179, 238, 395 

301-302, 346, 365, 383 

iin 

Lick- Observatory, 42, 237, 259, 261, 

285 

Los Angeles (UCLA), 174, 288, 348- 

San Diego, 8, 331-332, 403 

Santa Barbara. 263. 416 

349, 356, 408 

Calio, Anthony J., 347, 353 

Calle, Paul, 202 

Cambridge, Mass., 405, 417, 418 

Cambridge, U.K., 359 

Cambridge Univ., 42, 312 

Camden, N.J., 54 

Camera, 77, 91, 116-117, 405 

Apollo 11, 201, 217 

Apollo 12, 334, 362, 376377, 386 

Essa IX. 57-58 

Mariner’ VI, 55, 252, 253-254, 338 

Mariner VU, 252, 259, 338 

Cameron, Dr. Roy E., 159 

485 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Campbell, Dr. Malcolm J., 180 

Canada, 155, 399400 

Avo110 11 reaction. 236. 240 

cdoperation, 30, 132, 393, 411, 417, 

satellite, 30, 241, 423 

423-424 

sounding rocket (see also Sounding 

rocket, international programs), 59, 

127, 312, 366, 4-24 

Canaveral Council of Technical Societies, 

83 

Canberra, Australia, 34, 189, 292 

Cancer, 96 

Candau, Dr. M. G., 254-255 

Cannon, Berry L., 52, 57, 77, 188-189, 

316-317 

Canopus (starT, 55, 92, 99, 117 

Cap Pistol (astronaut maneuvering 

unit), 239 

229. 242. 281. 393 

Cape Canaveral, Fla., 180-181, 203-204, 

Cape ' Kennedy,' Fla. (see also Eastern 

Test Range and Kennedy Space 

Center), 228, 304, 398 

Apollo 11 launch, 183, 186, 204, 205- 

206. 224-226. 249 

name controversy, 180-181, 203-204, 

Cape Kennedy Regional Airport, Fla., 

229, 242, 281, 393 

263 

Cape Keraudren, Australia, 25, 43 

Cape Parry, Canada, 71 

Carbon dioxide, 57, 128, 365, 408 

Carbon suboxide, 3% 

Cardiff, Wales, 134 

Cardiovascular pressure transducer, 128 

Carlos, Prince Juan (Spain), 330 

Carnarvon Tracking Station, Australia, 

Carnegie Endowment for International 

Carnegie Institution of Washington, 341 

Carnegie Southern Observatory, 341 

Carpenter, Cdr. M. Scott (USN, Ret.), 

Carpentier, Dr. William R., 245 

Carson, Robert K., 3% 

Camwell AFB, Tex., 331 

CAS. See Collision avoidance system. 

CAS. See Cooperative Applications SatelCase Institute of Technology, 125, 304 

Case Western Reserve University, 319 

Caste1 Gondolfo, Italy, 206, 225, 232, 242 

CAT. See Clear air turbulence. 

Catholic Biblical Assn. of America, 390- 

Catterson, Dr. A. Duane, 142 

Cayey, Puerto Rico, 27 

CBS Laboratories, 102, 201 

CDDT. See Countdown demonstration test. 

Ceausescu, President Nicolae (RoCentaur (booster upper stage) (see also 

M 

Peace, 381, 393-394 

21-22, 86, 134, 354 

lite. 

391 

mania), 261 

Atlaq-Centaur), 330, 355, 412 

Centaurus (constellation), 256, 281 

Central America, 370 

Centralization of Federal Science AcCerberus canal (Mars), 262 

Cernan, Cdr. Eugene A. (USN), 16, 90, 

Cerro Tololo, Chile, 133-134 

Certificate of Appreciation (NASA), 347 

CF-6 (turbofan engine), 212 

CH-54H (Flying Crane) (helicopter), 

Chaban-Delmas, Premier Jacques 

Chafee, Secretary of the Navy John H., 

Chaffee, L/Cdr Roger B. (USN), 228 

Chamant, Jean, 162 

Chamberlain, Dr. Owen, 238 

Chambers, Dr. Alan B., 315 

Chamical, Argentina, 304 

Chanute, Octave, Award, 73 

Chao, Dr. Edwin C. T., 400 

Chapman, Dr. Dean R., 200 

Chappell, Rep. William, 242 

Charles, Robert H., 123-124 

Charlie Brown (Apollo 10 CSM). See 

Charyk, Dr. Joseph V., 137, 179 

Chayes, Abram, 131 

Chicago Executive Club, 320 

Chicago, Ill., 24, 28, 34, 44, 263, 279, 

320, 380, 418 

Chicago, Univ. of, 121, 191, 397 

Childs, Marquis, 154 

Chile, 234, 341 

China, Communist, 234, 236, 388, 404 

China, Nationalist, 234 

Chlorine, 128 

Chrysler Corp., 117-118, 155 

Space Div., 49, 94, 101, 113, 123, 154 

Churchill Research Range, Canada (see 

also Fort Churchill, Canada), 21, 23, 

72, 107, 113, 360 

302 

tivities (House report), 161 

108, 142-144, 152-153, 191, 267 

35 

(France), 330 

4, 402 

Command and service module. 

missile threat, 43, 80, 181 

nuclear test, 181 

31, 38, 4142, 43, 48, 49, 51-52, 54, 58, 

Circadian rhythms, 180 

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 136, 244, 

Civil Air Patrol, 49 

Clark, Evert, 69 

Clark, Adm. Joseph J. (USN, Ret.), 380 

Clark, Dr. John F., 346 

Clark Univ., Robert Hutchings Goddard 

Clarke, Arthur C., 39, 289 

Clarkson College of Technology, 318 

Clayton, James, 249 

Clear air turbuence (CAT), 417-418 

Clegg, Dr. P. E., 312 

Cleveland, Ohio, 34 

Clifford, Secretary of Defense Clark M., 

Library, 147 

4 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

sight. 

Cochran, John, 105 

Code, Dr. Arthur D., 99, 344 

Cohn, Victor, 81-82, 136, 286 

College, Alaska, 257 

Collier, Robert J., Trophy, 101, 

29.1 

Clifton, Dr. H. Edward, 51, 86, 110 

Cloudcroft, N. Mex., 325 

CM. SIX Command module. 

Coahuila, MX., 299 

COAS. See Crewman optical alignment 

132, 283, 

Cojhis, Michael, 4,14 

298, 300 

289, 300 

Apollo 11 mission, 401402 

celebrations for, 279-280, 282, 283, 

commemorative medal, 275 

commemorative stamp, 202, 273-274, 

Congress, report to, 307 

flight, 212-224, 277, 421 

lunar landing, 277 

medical aspects, 137, 156-157, 245, 

Nixon, President Richard M., 209, 

273 

242 

press .conference, 198, 207, 

quarantine, 76, 141, 223, 247, 273, 

record, 250-251 

significance of, 277 

splashdown, 223 

TV interview, 283-284 

appointment, 396, 408 

awards and honors, 233, 237, 251, 255, 

Canadian visit, 312, 399400 

commemorative stamp ceremony, 289, 

promotion, 245 

tribute to, 228, 339-400 

White House visit. 362 

281, 362 

276 

279-280, 327, 365, 403 

300 

world tour, 312, 319, -327, 330, 332, 

334, 335, 337, 341, 350, 351, 353, 

Collins Radio Co., 189 

Collision avoidance, aircraft, 70, 315- 

316, 319, 362, 369 

Collision avoidance system (CAS), aircraft, 315-316 

Cologne, W. Germany, 312 

Colombia, 226 

Colon de Carvajal y Maroto, Cristobal, 

Colorado Springs, Colo., 134, 170, 225 

Colorado, Univ. of, 5, 22, 34, 41, 72, 127, 

179, 189, 261, 298, 302, 314, 411 

. Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, 316 

Columbia (Apollo 11). See Command 

module. 

Columbia Radiation Laboratories, 71 

359, 360, 361-362 

52 

Columbia Univ., 71, 117, 174, 230, 250, 

273, 354-355, 403 

Columbus, Christopher, 226, 330 

Columbus, Diego, 52 

Comet, 359, 409 

Comet (aircraft) , 162 

Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) 

station (ESSA), 58 

Command and service module (CSM) 

Apollo 8, 7 

Apollo 9 (Gumdrop) (CSM-104), 5, 

6265. 72 

Apollo *lo ~ (Charlie Brown) (CSMApollo 11 (Columbia) (CSM-107). 

Apollo 12 (Yankee Clipper) (CSMcontract, 70 

ADO~~O 8. 7 

1061, 16, 90, 108, 142-144, 159 

108, 212-218, 222, 255-256 

1081, 372-376, 377, 389, 395 

Command module (CM) 

Apollo 9, (Gumdrop) , 5, 26-27, 62, 64, 

Apollo 10 (Charlie Brown), 362 

Apollo 11 (Columbia), 141, 198-199, 

Apollo 12 (Yankee Clipper), 333-334, 

65, 81, 91-92 

212, 222-223, 226, 388, 397 

372-373, 377-378. 

Apollo 9, (Gumdrop) , 5, 26-27, 62, 64, 

Apollo 10 (Charlie Brown), 362 

Apollo 11 (Columbia), 141, 198-199, 

Apollo 12 (Yankee Clipper), 333-334, 

65, 81, 91-92 

212, 222-223, 226, 388, 397 

372-373, 377-378. 

Commerce, Dept. of, 50, 88, 199, 402 

Commission on Federal Reorganization, 

341 

Commission on Human Rights (New 

York), 2 

Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, 9, 56 

Committee on Scientific and Technical 

Communication (SATCOM) , 174-175 

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) , 

Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, 

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial 

Communications by Satellite: An InterCommunications satellite (see also individual satellites: Echo II, lntelsat I, 

Intelsat-Ill F-2, Molniya I-11, etc.), 

140, 343 

136-137 

259-260 

Research Organization, 121 

national Discussion, 381 

benefits, 33, 37, 47, 137 

conference, 24, 88 

contract, 61, 66, 171, 241 

cooperation, 402 

international, 88, 117, 132, 157, 357, 

ground station, 27, 61, 135, 137, 171 

launch 

failure, 245, 281, 385 

lntelsat-Ill F-3, 3940, 151 

Intelsat-lII F-4, 150-151 

Intelsat-Ill F-5, 245, 281, 385 

Molniya I-11, 106 

Molniya 1-12, 237 

plans for, 23, 114, 290-291 

Skynet A (IDCSP-A) , 388-389 

381, 393-394 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Taccomsat I, 44 

388-389, 422 

military, 44, 66, 131, 140, 322, 346, 

space program, 51, 80, 81-82, 95, 104, 

1%. 294 

Conge&, House of Representatives, 108- 

rates, 30 109, 114, 124, 169, 186, 224, 238, use of, 18, 47, 61, 75, 111, 137, 140, 

202. 253. 257. 286. 340341. 402 bills introduced. 2. 18. 52. 53. 113. 138. 

270, 307, 332, 361, 381482 

US. policy, 253, 352 

Communications Satellite Act of 1%2, 53 

Communications Satellite Corp. (ComSatCorp), 290 

Annual Meetlng of Shareholders, 137 

Apollo 11 TV coverage, 225-226, 244- 

245, 276 

Atlantic 11. See Intelsat-11 F-3. 

contract, 171 

cooperation, 179 

Early Bird. See Intelsat I. FCC regulation, 30, 352 

ground station, 61, 137, 171 

Intelsat I (Early Bird), 61, 137, 191, 

Intelsat-11 F-3 (Intelsat 11-C; AtlanIntelsat-I11 F-1, 40, 135, 151 

Intelsat-Ill F-2, 23, 30, 40, 61, 151, 

Intelsat-111 F-3, 39-44), 137, 140, 151, 

Intelsat-111 F4, 140, 150-151, 276, 421 

Intelsat-Ill F-5, 245, 281, 385, 421 

Intelsat IV, 114 

rates, 30 

revenues, 54, 61, 231, 340-341 

sate!lite program, 114, 137 

services, 18, 50, 137, 179, 244-245, 

Computer, 71, 87, 139, 174, 177, 203, 

350, 362 

Computer Sciences Corp., 48, 203 

ComSatCorp. See Communications Satellite Corp. Concorde (U.K.-France supersonic transport), 13-14, 26, 146, 197, 255, 413 

flights, 61, 71, 105, 162, 173, 285, 323, 

329, 340 

Condon, Dr. Edward U., 5, 8, 20, 50, 288 

Cone, Clarence D., Jr., 96- 

Congress, 47-48, 68, 210, 232, 311, 314- 

315, 341, 361, 411 

Apollo 8 mission, 7 

Apollo 11 mission, 186, 207, 279-280, 

307, 312-313 

ComSatCorp report to, 61 

Defense, Dept. of, 99, 104, 123-124, 

178 

Federal Aviation Administration, 156 

NASA’s Twentieth Semiannual Report 

to, 372 

President’s messages 

airports, 182 

budget, 14-15, 107 

State of the Union, 13 

INTELSAT, 101-102 

259, 286 

tic II), 191, 259 

191, 245, 259, 276, 286, 340-341 

421 

276, 286, 340-341 

204-205, 290, 298-299, 322, 334-335, 

Science, Secretary of (proposed), 3 

,. 202, 242, 2&, 253,‘309, & 

330, 363, 383, 404, 412, 414 

369, 372, 383 

245 

Commerce, 40, 253 

bills passed, 53, 176, 186, 307, 312, 

Committee on Appropriations, 184, 

Committee on Armed Services, 39, 99 

Committee on House Administration, 

Committee on Interstate and Foreign 

Committee on Judiyiary, 202 

Committee on Science and Astronautics, 18, 66-67, 69, 70, 113, 

284, 317 

Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology, 76, 84, 92, 

400. 404 

115, 117, 147, 245, 257, 275-276, 

Subcommittee on Manned Space 

Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, Flight, 71, 73-74, 91 

202, 276-277 

Subcommittee on Science, Research, 

and Development, 5253, 161, 255 

Subcommittee on Space Science and 

Applications, 74, 76, 78, 84-86, 

118. 162. 336-337. 371. 415 

Congress, Senate, 57, 78, 103, 131, 186, 

224, 276, 281, 309, 312, 332, 361, 

363, 369, 381-382, 383, 390. 406. 412 

bills introdiced, 22, 26, 29, 118, 150, 

183, 330, 383, 404 

bills passed, 13, 246, 255, 308, 312, 

361, 365, 369, 383, 410, 412 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences, 13, 79-80, 312 

NASA budget, 24, 118, 186-187, 270, 

testimony, 119-120, 123, 127, 130, 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., letter to, 390, 

411412 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., nomination, 

311 

131, 134, 160, 266 

79-80 

Committee on Appropriations, 135, 

Committee on Armed Services, 86, 

Committee on Banking and Currency, 

115, 251 

Committee on Commerce, 133, 150 

Subcommittee on Aviation, 88-89 

Committee on Foreign Relations, 22, 

53, 57, 383 

Committee on Government Operations, 

312 

Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 203-204, 393 

363-364, 369, 410 

111-112, 330 

488 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 

Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, 42 

Committee on Rules and Adrninistration, 404 

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 

354 

nominations approved and confirmed, 

43,79-80, 87, 118, 130, 184, 395, 408 

nominations submitted to, 91, 141, 180, 

371 

resolution, 133, 203-204, 229 

Congressional Medal of Honor, 2 

Congressional Space Medals of Honor, 

Conklin, Dr. Edward K., 175 

Comer, Dr. J. P., 281-282 

Conrad, Capt. Charles (Pete), Jr. (usN) 

extravehicular activity, 333-334, 342, 

flight, 372-378 

lunar landing, 375-376, 385, 386-387 

medical examination, 366 

Nixon, President Richard M., 371, 

307, 308, 319 

Apollo 12 mission 

372, 376-377, 386-387, 394, 395 

392 

plans for, 105, 342, 353, 365, 366, 

press conference, 333-334, 406-407 

quarantine, 356, 377-378, 396, 397, 

368, 371-372 

455 

splashdown, 377-378 

fund-raising dinner, 408 

promotion, 391, 392 

White House visit, 413 

Constan, Dr. George N., 256, 260 

Contact: The Story of the Early Birds, 52 

Contract (see also under agencies, such 

cost-plus-award-fee, 30, 59, 196, 292, 

cost-plus-fixed-fee, 1, 38, 85, 87-88, 

cost-dus-fixed-fee/award-fee. 297. 351 

as NASA, USAF), 25 

293, 385-386 

154 

cost-plus-incentive-fee, 150,‘ 160,’ 191, 

fixed-price, 14, 32-33, 48, 401, 402- 

320, 353, 355 

403, 414 

fixed-price-incentive-fee, 71, 212 

study, 25-26, 46, 47, 94, 105, 111, 120, 

128, 241, 270, 280, 335, 340, 451 

Control Data Corp., Melville Space and 

Defense Svstems Div.. 388 

Convair (Gdileo) (je; aircraft), 133, 

Convention of CooDeration for the Se393, 417, 423424 

curity of Air Navigation, 148 

Convocation on Ecology and the Human 

Environment, 132 

Cook, Richard W., 347, 360 

Cooke, H. Lester, 403 

Cooke, W. J., 164 

Coons, Roy G., 266-267 

Cooper, Col. L. Gordon (USAF), 326 

Cooperative Applications Satellite (CAS), 

86 

1969 

Copernicus (moon crater), 253 

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 300 

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, 2, 42. 

Cornell Medical Center, 362-363 

Cornell Univ., 114, 121, 180, 299, 317, 

339, 350, 352 

Coronagraph, 127 

Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 402 

Cortright, Edgar M., 21 

Cosmic ray, 29, 134-135, 177, 187, 334 

Cosmic Ray Ionization Program (CRISP), 

Cosmonaut, 41, 48, 249, 365-366 

345-346 

395 

363 

Apollo 10 mission message, 158 Apollo 1 I mission message, 244 

astronauts, meeting with, 168, 195- 

awards and honors, 23-24, 39, 349-350 

film, 104 

interview, 25, 159-160, 372, 387-388 

medals placed on moon, 228, 230 

Soyuz IV mission, 11-12, 23-24, 332, 

soyuz v mission, 11-12, 23-24, 332, 

Soyuz VI mission, 332-333, 336, 341- 

196, 197, 199 

422 

422 

342, 343, 349-350, 361, 365-366, 382, 

420. 422 

Soyui VI1 mission, 333, 336, 341-342, 

Soruz VI11 mission. 333, 336. 34J-342. 

343, 349-350, 361, 365-366, 420, 422 

space’cooperatibn, 196, 325, 351 ‘ 

US. visit, 337, 343, 347, 350, 351, 352, 

354, 359, 362. 387-388 

Cosmos (U.S.S.R.’ satellite), 422 

Cosmos CCLXIII, 9 

Cosmos CCLXIV, 24 

Cosmos CCLXV, 43 

Cosmos CCLXVI, 56 

Cosmos CCLXVII, 58 

Cosmos CCLXVIII, 67 

Cosmos CCLXIX, 67 

Cosmos CCLXX, 70 

Cosmos CCLXXI, 80-81 

Cosmos CCLXXll, 82 

Cosmos CCLXXIII, 89 

Cosmos CCLXXIV, 90 

Cosmos CCLXXV, 94 

Cosmos CCLXXVI, 101 

Cosmos CCLXXVII, 101 

Cosmos CCLXXVIII, 105 

cosmos CCLXXIX, 109 

Cosmos CCLXXX, 116 

Cosmos CCLXXXI, 137 

cosmos CCLXXXII, 148 

Cosmos ccLxXX111, 158 

Cosmos CCLXXXIV, 160 cosmos CCLXXXY, 169 

Cosmos CCLXXVI, 181 

Cosmos CCLXXXVII, 186 

Cosmos CCLXXXVIII, 189 

Cosmos CCLXXXIX, 203 

489 
Cosmos CCXC, 237 

Cosmos GCXCI, 267 

Cosmos CCXCII, 281 

Cosmos CCXCN, 285, 291 

Cosmos CCXCV, 287 

Cosmos CCXCVI, 293 

Cosmos CCXCVII, 29T 

Cosmos CCXCVM, 305-306 

Cosmos CCXCIX, 309 

Cosmos CCC, 314 

Cosmos CCCI, 316 

Cosmos CCCII, 339 

Cosmos CCCIII, 341 

Cosmos CCCIV, 346 

Cosmos CCCV, 347 

Cosmos CCCVI, 350-351 

Cosmos CCCVII, 350-351 

Cosmos CCCVIII, 360 

Cosmos CCCIX, 370 

Cosmos CCCX, 380 

Cosmos CCCXI, 392 

Cosmos CCCXII, 392 

Cosmos CCCXIII, 401 

Cosmos CCCXIV, 405 cosmos CCCXV, 413 

Cosmos CCCXVI, 414 cosmos CCCXVII, 414 COSPAR. See Committee on Space ReCouncil of Economic Advisers, 3 

Countdown Apollo (US. Paris Air Show 

Countdown demonstration test (CDDT) , 

Covington, Ozro M., 117, 346 

Cox, Gardner, 323 

Crab Nebula, 16-17, 42, 71, 78, 118, 164, 

Cracow, Poland, 233 

Creason, R. L., 57 

Crewman optical alignment sight 

Crews, L/C Albert H. (USAF), 281 

Crichton, Michael, 181 

Crimea, U.S.S.R., 195 

Crippen, L/Cdr Robert L. (USN), 281 CRISP. See Cosmic Ray Ionization ProCromley, Ray (Raymond Avolon) , 298 

Crossfield, A. Scott, 29 

Crooker, John H., 302 

Crowley, Mrs. Peggy, 46 CSM. See Command and service module. 

Cuba, 51, 234 

Cudaback, Dr. David, 383 

Cunningham, R. Walter, 21, 72-73, 105 

Curtiss-Wright Corp., 239 

Cyanogen, 139-144) 

Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 136 

Czechoslovakia, 155, 233, 249, 251, 335 

Czechoslovakian Communist Party, 242 

cosmos ccxc111, 283 

search. 

theme), 161-162 

108, 118, 182, 195, 350, 351, 353 

350, 404 

(COAS), 64 

gram. 

D 

Dacca, East Pakistan, 312, 353 

Daddario, Rep. EmiIio Q., 114 

Dade County, Fla., 9 

Dai Chi Chinei (Japanese freighter), 

1 98 

D&i, Mayor Richard J., 279 

Dallas, Tex., 2-3, 372 

Dana, William H., 117, 148, 240, 297, 

381, 406 

Daniel and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award, 287 

Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics, 226 

Darwin, Australia, 312 

Davies, Merton E., 282 

Day, LeRoy E., 131, 336, 354 

Day, Melvin S., 135 

Dayton, Ohio, 138 

DC-8 (jet transport), 88, 382 

DC-10 (jet transport), 212, 341 

Dearborn, Mich., 197 

“Debrief: Apollo 8” (color film), 8 

Debus, Dr. Kurt H., 10, 122, 274, 289, 9-7 a1 I 

Deception Island, Antarctica, 159 

Deep Quest (research submarine), 330 

Deep Space Network (DSN), 34, 180, 

Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle, 112 

Deep submergence research vehicle, 27 

Defence Research Board (DRB) (CanDefense Communications Agency, 353 

Defense, Dept. of (DOD) (see also U.S. 

Air Force, US. Army, and US. 

Navy), 5, 116, 316-317 

Advanced Research Projects Agency, 

119, 346, 424 

aircraft, 4, 11, 15, 35, 39, 86, 99, 

128-129, 130, 131, 135, 151, 155, 

183, 201, 251, 260, 283, 293, 319, 

320-321, 354, 372, 379, 389490, 

417-418, 424 

anniversary, 59 

award, 99-100, 101, 346 

budget, 14-15, 42, 86, 99, 107, 109- 

110, 131, 178, 181, 193, 354, 410, 412 

communications satellite system, 131, 

319, 345, 385, 388-389 

contract, 48, 123-124, 130, 135, 136, 

201, 251, 330, 372, 386, 408 

cooperation, 88, 399, 417-418 

189, 274-275, 346 

ada), 41 

106, 107, 111-112, 115, 123-124, 

NASA, 11, 34, 38, 58-59, 86-87, 88, 

119, 151-152, 153, 176-177, 200, 

317, 345, 368, 379, 388-389, 417- 

418, 421, 422, 423 

cooperation, international, 388-389 

facilities. 43 

missile program, 10, 15, 33, 39, 43, 46- 

47, 53, 80, 81, 89, 103, 112, 124, 

131, 136, 183, 190-191, 229, 320-321 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

490 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

491 

MOL, 15, 21, 86-87, 110, 151-152, 176- 

177. 178. 181. 200. 260. 281. 289. 423 

personnel,'4, 119, i93, '251,'285,' 346 

R&D, 11, 14, 15, a, 67, 88, 106, 

124. 136, 164. 257. 330, 345. 363, 

space program, 15, 59, 86-87, 131, 

200. 304-305. 319. 345. 388-389. 

151-152, 164, 167, 176-177, 193, 

4191-420, 421, '422, 423 

Defense Satellite Communications SysDe Florez Training Award, 345-346 

De Gaulle, President Charles (France), 

tem (DSCS), 66, 131 

41 

Deiiruck, Dr. Max, 338 

Delphi, Greece, 187 

Delta (booster) (see also Thor-Delta), 

Dembling, Dr. Paul G., 300-301 

Denebola (star), 79 

Denmark, 323 

DeNoyer, Dr. John M., 403 

Denver, Colo., 75, 183, 288 

de Seversky, Alexander P., 412 

Des Moines, Iowa, 243, 385 

Descartes (moon). 377 

135, 385, 421 

Descent propulsidn system (DPS) , 64, 

143, 213, 375 

Detroit, Mich., 337 

Dewart, Prof. Leslie, 39 

Diaz Ordaz, President Gustavo (Mexico), 

299 

DGhton, Ralph, 185 

Dirksen, Sen. Everett M., 246, 271, 312 

Disarmament, 13, 21, 30, 33, 67, 81, 86, 

131, 155, 174, 181, 183, 190-191, 197, xi!? 

Discoverer I (satellite), 59 

Disney, M. J., 164 

Disneyland, Calif., 351 

Distinguished Public Service Award 

(USN), 138 

Distinguished Public Service Certificate 

(NASA), 326 

(NASA), 154, 347 

Distinguished Public Service Medal 

Distinguished Service Medal (USAF) , 300 

Distinguished Service Medal (NASA), 10, 

13, 91, 101, 154, 280, 287, 326, 346- 

347 

__. 

DLRV. See Dual-mode lunar roving 

vehicle. 

Dobbins AFB, Ga., 80, 151 

Dobrynin, Ambassador Anatoly F., 206 

Docking, 83 

Apollo 9, 62, 64 

Apollo 11, 212, 222, 421 

Apollo 12, 373, 377 

Soyuz lV and Soyuz V, 11-12, 19, 120 

Dodd, Lamar, 226, 403 

Dodd, Sen. Thomas J., 184 

Doiguchi, Shizuo, 362 

Dole, Sen. Robert J., 404 

Donnelly, Dixon, 3% 

Doolittle, L/G James H. (USAF, Ret.), 304 DOT. See Transportation, Dept. of. 

Douglas Aircraft Co., 209 

Downey, Calif., 388 

Downey, James A., III, 326 

Downs, Dr. George S., 56 

Doyle, Frederick J., 409 

DPS. See Descent propulsion system. 

Drake, Dr. Frank D., 121 

Draper, Dr. Charles Stark, 338, 369, 416, 

420 

D&rsee Defence Research Board (CanDryden, Dr. Hugh L., 184, 289 

Dryden, Hugh L., Memorial Fellowship, 

DSCS. See Defense Satellite CommunicaDSN. See Deep Space Network. 

Dual-mode lunar roving vehicle (DLRV), 

ada). 

68-69 

tions System. 

111 

Dublin, Ireland, 121 

Dubridge, Dr. Lee A., 54, 355 

appointment, 42, 43 

basic research, 52-53, 68, 297 

international cooperation, 78, 304, 308, 

ABM System, 83 

316 

press conference, 49-50, 316 

science, political aspects of, 42, 122, 

297 

space program, national, 6, 17-18, 38, 

Dudley Observatory (Albany, N.Y.) , 159, 

Duff, Brian M., 115-116 

Duke, Capt. Charles M., Jr. (USAF), 267 

Duke Univ., 19, 109 

Dulles International Airport, Va., 89, 283 

Dusterberry, John C., 362 

Dyer, John W., 348 

49-50, 5253, 68, 78, 82, 134, 197- 

198, 308 

279, 287, 402 

E 

Eagle (Apollo 11 LM). See Lunar 

Eaker, L/G Ira C. (USAF, Ret.), 191 

Early Apollo scientific experiment packEarly Bird (communications satellite). 

Earth (see also Earth Resources Technology Satellite), 20, 49, 76, 136, 

158, 198, 394 

module. 

age (EASEP), 230 

See Intelsat I. 

crust, 360 

magnetic field, 171-173, 177, 185 

magnetosphere, 115, 185, 257, 291, 316 

mapping, 124, 173 

motion. 175 

photographs of, 59, 62-63, 64, 81, 90, 

116-117, 143, 149, 222, 232, 304, 

328, 346, 40647 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

resources measurement, 37, 62-63, 75, 

85, 100, 116-117, 245, 276, 304, 308, 

420-421 

shape, 83 

Earth Photographs from Gemini VI 

Through XI1 (NASA SP-171), 304 

Earth Resources Technology Satellite 

(ERTS) program, 85, 139, 156, 157, 

245 

benefits, 33, 37, 119-120, 162, 276 

contract, 151, 340 

cost, 162, 337 

funds for, 15, 66, 69, 138, 164 

international cooperation, 310, 416 

ment package. 

EASEP. See Early Apollo scientific experiEastern Airlines, Inc., 29, 336, 346 

Eastern Test Range (ETR) (see also 

Cape Kennedy and Kennedy Space 

Center), launch, 23 

ApoZZo 11 (AS-506), 212 

Atlas-Agena, 106 

Atlas-Centaur, 55, 92, 277 

failure, 245, 291 

LongTank Thrust-Augmented ThorDelta, 40, 150, 189-190, 245, 388 

Thor-Delta, 22 

Thor-Delta N, 272 

Thrust-Augmented Improved Delta, 

Apollo 9 (AS--504), 33, 62 

Ap0110 10 (AS-5051, 90, 142 

Apollo 12 (AS-507), 372-373 

29 1 

Thrust-Augmented Thor-Delta, 57 

Titan IIIC, 44, 155 

Echo I (communications satellite), 405 

Echo 11, 175, 405 

Eclipse, solar, 395 

Edison, Thomas A., Memorial Lecture, 

EDP Technology, Inc., 2 

Edwards AFB, Calif., 38, 177, 205, 315, 

74 

323. 405 

Edwards, Sir George, 340 

Eglin AFB, Fla., 186 

Egrs XI11 (Secor XIIZ) (Seauential Collation of Range satellite) ,*107, 422 

Egypt. See United Arab Republic. Eiffel Tower, 41 

Einhorn, Raymond, 393 

Einstein, Prof. Albert, 182, 300 

Eisele, L/C Donn F. (USAF), 21, 72-73 

Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 47, 

Eisenhower, Mrs. Dwight D., 280 

El Segundo, Calif., 304 

ELDO. See European Launcher Development Organization. 

ELDO F-8 (ELDO satellite), 196 

Electric propulsion, 337-338, 342 

Electron microscope, 397 

Electronics Research Center (ERC) 

aeronautical research, 70, 263, 400 

appropriations, 113, 383 

60, 196, 405 

(NASA), 128 

closing, 417, 418, 423 

38. 233. 335 

Elizabeth 11, Queen of Great Britain, 

Elk expeiiment, 328 

Ellice Island, 239 

Ellington AFB, Tex., 5, 103. 182, 283, 397 __ 

Ellineton. Duke. 233 

Elms, J&es C.: 139, 400 

Emme, Dr. Eugene M., 196, 357 

Emmerton, Bill, 183 

Engine (see also individual engines, 

snch as F-1. H-1) 

airciaft, 19, 34, 35,’ 342, 402 

jet, 25, 32-33, 176, 212, 371, 393, 413 

aollution bv, 278-279. 413 

Quiet Engine Research Program, 25, 

supersonic transport, 17, 173, 323, 

turbofan, 45-46, 212, 304, 393 

32-33, 212 

329, 413 

electric, 17, 134, 342 

nuclear (see also NERVA), 28, 190 

rocket, 70, 79, 101, 104, 105, 162, 185, 

327-328, 379, 417 

fire, 195 

test, 104 

Engineering, 1, 97 

The Engineering Profession: A New 

Profile, 97 

Engineers, 97, 99, 179, 193, 257, 351, 398 

Engineers Joint Council, 97 

England, Dr. Anthony W., 330 

Engle, Capt. Joseph H. (USAF), 267 

Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) 

tion. 58 

budget, 14, 15 

Command and Data Acquisition stacooperation, 9, 402, 414, 417 

personnel, 259 

satellite. 15. 88. 205. 343-344. 353, 

414, 42i ’ 

launch, 57-58, 107 

Space Disturbance Center, 90, 336 

weather modification, 402 

epndh: effective perceived noise in decibels 

Equal Employment Opportunity Commissioh, 77 

Erb, Bryan R., 353 

Erba, Carlo, Foundation, 340 ERC. See Electronics Research Center. ERTS. See Earth Resources Technology 

ERTS-A (Earth Resources Technology 

Escape system, 94 

ESRO. See European Space Research OrEsro IB. See Boreas. 

Esro IIA (ESRO satellite), 323 

Esro IIB. See Iris 1. 

ESSA. See Environmental Science Services 

Satellite program. 

Satellite), 66, 85, 151 

ERTS-B, 66, 85 

ganization. 

Administration. 

492 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

493 

Essu VI1 (meteorological satellite), 58 

Essa IX (TOS-C), 57-58, 421 

Ethiopia, 205, 251 ETR. See Eastern Test Range. 

Eupatoria, U.S.S.R., 199 

Eureka, Calif., 352 

Eurocontrol, 148 

Europa (booster), 1% 

Europe (see also International cooperation and International cooperation, 

space), 74, 135, 137, 140, 262, 370 

European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), 114, 196, 357 

European Space Research and Technology Center, 290 

European Space Research Organization 

(ESRO), 357, 360 

launch, satellite 

Borem (Esro IB), 323, 391, 423 

satellite, 82, 290 

Heos I, 82 ESRO IIA, 323 

Iris I (Esro IIB), 323 

EUY. See Ultraviolet, extreme. EVA. See Extravehicular activitv. 

Evans, Albert J., 84 

Evans, Dr. Joh 

Evans, LlewellJ 

Evans. L/Cdr 

n W., 419 rn J., 92, 262 

Ronald E. (USN). 267 

Evans; Rowland, 284 

Evans, Dr. W. D., 281 

Ewing, Dr. Maurice, 230 

Exceptional Bravery Medal (NASA), 347 

Exceptional Civilian Service Award 

Exceptional Scientific Achievement 

Medal (NASA), 10, 13, 326, 347 

Exceptional Service Award (USAF) , 304, 

412 

Exceptional Service Medal (NASA), 91, 

326, 347 

Exhibit, 52, 161-162, 173, 226, 283, 309, 

313, 400, 403, 405-406, 410, 412, 417 

Expanded Use of Federal Research Fucilities by University Investigators (report), 56 

Experiment module, 128 , 

Experimentoy Corp., 159 

Explorer (program), 50, 138, 360, 364, 

Explorer I (satellite), 38, 77 

Explorer VU, 417 

Explorer VIII, 417 

Explorer XI, 417 

Explorer XXXI, 30 

Explorer XXXlll (IMP-D) , 185 

Explorer XXXIV (IMP-F), 129 

Explorer XXXV (IMP-E), 185, 340 

Explorer XXXVllI (Radio Astronomy 

Explorer XLI (IMP-G), 185, 395, 421 

Explorers Club, 2 

Expo 70, 417 

Extraterrestrial life, 152, 200, 289 

302 

(USA), 256 

366-367, 405 

Explorer RAE-A), 115, 335 

Mars, 55, 90, 92, 103, 184-185, 271, 

moon, 261, 270 

Venus, 103 

398 

Extraterrestrial Research Agency (USA), 

Extravehicular activity (EVA), 331 

Apollo 9, 5, 33, 62, 64, 81, 91 

Apollo 11, 74, 108, 182, 198, 208, 212, 

217-220, 223, 243, 255, 274 

39s 

Apollo 12, 243, 325, 334, 342, 376-377, 

Apolio 13, 267 

Apollo 14, 267 

gram), 226, 241, 403 

Eyewitness to Space (NASA art proF 

F-1 (rocket engine), 79, 105, 162, 185, 

417 

Fi-. (Phantom 11) (fighter aircraft), 

F4E, 9 

F-8 (ELDO spacecraft), 196 

F-8 (supersonic carrier fighter), 44, 155 

F-14A (supersonic fighter aircraft), 13, 

F-15 (fighter aircraft), 15, 169 

F-106 (research jet aircraft), 155 

F-111 (supersonic fighter), 135, 164, 

129, 201 

F-8B, 91 

F-8C, 91 

15, 39, 131 

F-15A, 131 

283. 372 

F-lllA, 49, 52, 123, 155, 413, 415-416 

FAA. See Federal Aviation AdministraF-UlB, 15, 39 

tion. 

Fabiola, Queen of Belgium, 46 

Faget, Dr. Maxime A., 289, 345 

Fairbanks, Alaska, 58, 83 

Falstaff (U.K. rocket), 323 

Fancher. Has. 297-298 

Farmer,'Dr. C. B., 90 

Fasi, Mayor Frank E'., 247 

Fastie, William G.. 359 

FB-111 (supersonic bomber), 86 

FB-IllA, 331 

FCC. See Federal Communications Commission. 

Federal-aid Airport Program, 156 

Federal Air-Sea Interaction Research 

Program, 88 

Federal Airport Act, 156 

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 

accident investigation, 19 

air pollution, 402 

air trafEc control, 15, 19, 34, 4344, 

55, 57, 148, 156, 188, 253, 315-316, 

319, 388, 418 

airports, 57, 117, 123, 156, 176 

antihijacking system, 336 

award, 54, 123, 127, 178, 410 

budget, 15, 398 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

contract, 25, 46, 55, 89, 388, 391 FOBS. See Fractional Orbiting Bombard- cooperation, 315 

forecast. 70 

landing system, 89 

noise, aircraft, 3, 25, 32, 46, 371, 391 

personnel, 58, 123, 141 

regulations, 3, 9, 19, 32, 43-44, 57, 

138439, 188, 371, 402, 418 

transport, supersonic (see also Super- sonic transport), 15, 123 

design and development, 17, 422 

Federal Communications Commission 

Federal Council for Science and TechFederal Electric Corp., 320 

Federal Polytechnic, Zurich, 285 

Federal Support to Universities and Colleges, Fiscal Year 1967 (NSF report), 

106 

Fhd6ration AGronautique Internationale, 

315 

Fedorov, Dr. Yevgeny K., 112 

Fehlberg, Erwin, 326 

Feller, Dr. William, 418 

Felver, Edward R., 202 

Feoktistov, Konstantin P., 195, 197, 372 

Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 mission com- ment. 233. 387-388 

(FCC), 30, 102, 253, 352 

nology, 56 

U.S. visit, 337, 343, 347, 350, 351, 352, 

Ferguson, Gen. James (USAF), 260, 410 

Fernandez-Moran, Dr. Humberto, 397 

Filipchenko, Anatoly V., 333 

Filton Airfield, U.K., 105 

Finger, Harold B., 20, 69, 87, 91, 115, 

Finland, 384, 424 

Finney, John, 178 

Fire, 405 

“First Man on the Moon” (commemorative postage stamp), 202, 273-274, 289, 

300, 311, 319 

Fisher, Adrian S., 30 

Fisher, Paul C., 48 

Fjeldbo, Dr. Gunnar, 408 

Flagstaff, Ariz., 366 FLEEP. See Flying lunar excursion experimental platform. 

Flemming, Arthur S., Awards, 50, 371 

Flight Research Center (FRC) (NASA), 

Flight simulator for advanced aircraft 

Flight Test, Simulation, and Support 

Florida Legislature, 180, 229 

Flory, D. A., 365 

Flying Baton (artificial horizon device), 

Flying lunar excursion experimental platFlying Tiger Pilot Trophy, 200 

Flying Tigers, 200 

354, 359, 362, 387-388 

118 

11, 59, 92, 119, 123, 299-300, 315 

(FSAA), 362 

Conference, 3rd, 72 

263 

form (FLEEP), 388 

ment System. 

Fog Drops, Project, 42 

Foreman, Rep. Edgar F., 404 

Formosa, 234 

Fort Churchill, Canada, 393 

Ft. Davis, Tex., 90 

Fort Eustis, Va., 334 

Foster, Dr. John S., Jr., 4, 11, 99, 131 

Foster, William C., 30 

Four Corners, Calif., 113, 133, 148, 159 

Fra Mauro (moon), 377, 405 

France, 168, 397 

aircraft, 29, 162, 197 

Apollo missions, reaction to, 16, 210, 

244, 385 

astronauts visit to, 32, 37 

communications satellite system, 56, 

114, 132 

Concorde (U.K.-France supersonic 

transport), 13-14, 26, 61, 71, 105, 

146, 162, 173, 197, 255, 285, 323, 

329, 340, 413 

international cooperation, 196, 339, 

393, 411, 417, 423-424 

laser, 339 

satellite, 86 

test, 330 

(Spain), 327, 330 

Franco Bahamonde, Gen. Francisco 

Franco-Soviet Grand Commission, 339 

Frank, M. P., 290 

Frankel, Max, 284 

Frankford Arsenal, 283 

Franklin Institute, 161, 385 

FRC. See Flight Research Center. 

Fredriksson, Dr. Kurt, 304 

French Atomic Energy Commission, 312 

French Legion of Honor, 330 

French National Center for Scientific Research, 363 

Frey, Rep. Louis, Jr., 53, 242, 245 

Fricker. John. 164 

Frye, William R., 147 

FSAA. See Flight simulator for advanced 

Fubini, Dr. Eugene G., 173 

Fuchlow, Capt. William D. (USAF), 49 

Fuel, 138, 342, 355, 379 

Fuel cell, 343 

Fulbright, Sen. J. William, 29, 276 

Fuller, R. Buckminster, 420 

Fullerton, Maj. Charles G. (WAF), 281 

Fulton, Rep. James G., 281 

Fungus, 159 

Funkhouser, Dr. John, 288 

Fusion energy, 318 

Future of the Bioscience Program of the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 415 

aircraft. 

G 

Gagarin, Col. Yuri A. (U.S.S.R.), 41, 51, 

104, 199, 228 

494 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

495 

Galabert International Astronautics 

Galilei, Galileo, 300 

Galilw (Convgr 990 jet aircraft), 133, 

Gallant, Richard P., 315 

Gallup, George, poll, 270. 275 

Gamma ray, 2, 45, 124, 318319, 366 

Gandhi, Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira 

GAO. See General Accounting Office. 

Garber, Paul, 133 

Gardner, Prof. Richard N., 248 

Garner, Howell D., 4 

GARP. See Global Atmospheric Research 

Prize, 237 

393, 417, 423 

(India), 158, 234 

Program. 

Garwin, Dr. Richard L., 117 

Gast. Dr. Paul. 250 

Gates, Dr. Clarence R., 188 

Gayle Planetarium, 400 

Gazenko, Dr. Oleg G., 325 GCA Corp., 34, 49, 113, 300, 304 

Geisler. W.. 329 

Geiss, Dr. Johannes, 285, 413 

Gell-Mann, Dr. Murray, 117, 355 

Gemini (urogram), 110,160,257,304,357 

Gemini VI1 mission 71 

Gemini XI1 mission, 71 

General Accounting Office (6.401, 47-48, 

138 

General aviation 

aircraft, 70, 102, 109, 124, 

award, 410 

collision avoidance system, 396 

employment, 150 

The Magnitude and Economic Impact 

of General Aviation (study), 109 

research, 15 

safety, 40-41, 369 

tax, 182 

Atlas-Centaur, 114, 336, 355 

award, 347 

contract, 47, 270, 336, 355, 372 

Convair Div., 114, 336, 355 

Aircraft Engine Group, 212 

award, 147 

contract, 32, 191, 293, 330, 340, 391, 

General Dynamics Corp., 399 

F-111, 164, 372 

General Electric Go. 

408 

laboratory, undersea, 51 

MIRV missile, 191 

neutron radiography research, 168 

quiet jet engine, 32 

Re-Entry Systems Div., 336 

reentry vehicle, 391, 408 

spacecraft, 293, 340 

supersonic transport engine, 17 

turbofan engine, 17 

national, 171 

General Motors Corp., 371 

General Telephone & Electronics InterGeneva Disarmament Conference, 81, 155 

Geneva, SrPitzerland, 189, 197, 198 

Gentry, Maj. Jerauld R. (WAF), 101, 

Geodetic satellite, 33, 86, 107, 422 

Geogaphos (planetoid), 288 

Geological Society of America, 290 

Geomagnetism, 96 

Georgadze, Mikhail P., 197 

GEOS-C (geodetic satellite), 86 

Gerathewohl, Dr. Siegfried J., 180 

Germany, East, 251, 317, 335 

Germany, West 

113, 133, 286, 298, 299, 371 

Apollo flights, reaction to, 16, 193, 225, 

astronaut visit to, 32, 37, 48, 49, 334 

cooperation, space, 76, 114, 132, 177, 

Ministry of Scientific Research 

space program, 76, 114, 177, 357, 364, 

244, 384 

196, 364, 379, 423424 

(BMWF), 364 

379, 423 

Gesell, Gerhard A., 138-139 GET: ground elapsed time 

Getler, Michael, 321 

Ghana, 234 

Ghiorso, Albert, 110 

Gilbert Island, 239 

Gill, C. James, 38 

Gilruth, Dr. Robert R., 10, 274, 289, 317, 

347, 353, 419 

Glasstone, Dr. Samuel, 89 

Glendale, Ariz., 39 

Glenn, Col. John H., Jr. (USMC, Ret.), 

Glennan, Dr. T. Keith, 125, 184, 406 

Glines, Carroll V., 397 

Global Atmospheric Research Program 

Global Flare Patrol Network, 336 

Glomm Challenger (drilling ship), 273, 

43, 289, 406 

(CARP), 88, 204 

"?" a33 

Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2, 

Goddard Memorial Dinner, 68 

Goddard, LJC P. M. (RN), 129 

Goddard, Dr. Robert H., 147, 226, 280, 

Goddard, Mrs. Robert H., 147, 280 

Goddard, Robert H., Award, 21 

Goddard, Robert H., Historical Essay 

Goddard, Robert H., Memorial Trophy, 

174, 200, 408 

289, 300, 404 

competition, 69 

611 

Goddard, Robert Hutchings, Library, 147 

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) 

Apollo 9, 65 

Apollo 10, 145 

Apollo 11, 224, 274-275 

Apollo 12, 358 

award, 117, 154, 346 

buoy-tracking experiment, 199 

contract, 271, 297 

cooperation, 353 

Extraterrestrial Physics Branch, 50 

facilities, 383, 405 

fire, 405 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Laboratory for Theoretical Studies, 360 

mapping, 50 

National Space Science Data Center, 

1, 271 

patent, 82 

personnel, 259, 290 

satellite animal-tracking experiment, 

satellite monitoring 

328 

- 

Essa IX, 58 

Explorer XLI (IMP-G) , 185 

Manner V, 127 

Oao II (oAo-A~). 99 

Ogo VI (oGo-F),’~~~ 

Rehy I and Relay 11, 124 

Satellite Tracking Center, 37 

Small Scientific Satellite, 405 

sounding rocket experiments 

OS0 v (OSO-F), 22 

astronomical, 107, 140, 184, 335, 337, 

488 

atmospheric data, 9, 18, 19, 21, 25, 

31, 33-34, 38, 41, 94, 132, 133, 286 

electric fields, 71, 279, 331 

instrumentation test, 286 

vehicle performance test, 28, 335 

weather data analvses. 353 

Goett, Dr. Harry J., 346 

Gold, Dr. Thomas, 121, 317, 350 

Goldberg, Dr. Leo, 156, 256, 366 

Golden Kev Award. 46 

Goldmark, -Dr. Peter C., 102, 201 

Goldstein, Dr. Richard M., 252 

Goldstone Tracking Station, 56, 137, 179, 

Goldwater, Sen. Barry M., 13, 379-380 

Goldwater, Rep. Barry M., Jr., 169 

Golovin, Dr. Nicholas E., 119 

Goodell, Sen. Charles E., 13 

Goodling, Rep. George A., 309 

Goody, Dr. Richard M., 318 

Goodyear Aerospace Corp., 239 

Gorbatko, Victor V., 333 

Gordon, Capt. Richard F., Jr. (USN) 

flight, 372, 374, 375-376, 377, 389 

medical examination, 366 

Nixon, President Richard M., 371, 

plans for, 105, 342, 353, 365, 366, 

press conference, 333, 406 

quarantine, 356, 377-378, 396, 397, 

252, 274, 374 

Apollo 12 mission 

392 

368, 371-372 

m5 

splashdown, 377 

fund-raising dinner, 408 

promotion, 391, 392 

record, 389 

White House visit. 413 

Gorkin, Jess, 367 ’ 

Gorman, Harry H., 326, 347, 360 

Gorton, Prime Minister John G. (Australia), 117, 244 

Gottlieb, Dr. Peter, 116 

Governors’ Conference, 401 

Governor’s Conference on California’s 

Changing Environment, 382 

Graham, Billy (William F.), 246 

Grand Canyon, Ark, 337, 354 

Grand Cross of Aeronautic Merit, 327 

Granite, Bernard, 385 

Grant, 3, 32, 52, 209, 319 

Gravity, 71, 78, 86, 182, 190, 206 

artificial, 117-118, 391 

Great Salt Lake, 49 

“Great Transatlantic Air Race of 1969,” 

129 

Greece, 226 

Green, Dr. Robert L., 46 

Greenherg, D. S., 114-115 

Greenglass, Bert, 313 

“Greenhouse” effect (Venus), 128 

Grimwood, James M., 357 

Grissom, L/C Virgil I. (USAF), 228 

Grissom, Mrs. Virgil I., 279 

Gromyko, Foreign Minister Andrey A. 

(U.S.S.R.), 236 

Groton, Conn., 27 

Group Achievement Award (NASA), 34, 

154, 347 

Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., 

13, 26, 39, 42, 46, 92, 111, 262, 394 GSFC. See Goddard Space Flight Center. 

Guam, 273, 284, 312, 402 

Guam International Airport, 246 

Guggenheim, Daniel, Medal, 338, 345 

Guggenheim, Harry F., 226 

Gulf of Mexico, 157 

Gulf Stream Drift Mission, 103, 209, 282 

Gumdrop (Apollo 9 command and serv- ice module). See Command and serv- ice module. 

Gunn, Charles R., 54 

Gum, Dr. James E., 322, 334 

Gurney, Sen. Edward J., 203, 393 

Gutenberg, Johann, 161 

Guzman, Mme. Anne E., 281, 403 

Gwertzman, Bernard, 152, 181 

H 

Haagen-Smit, Arie Jan, 383 

Haeussermann, Dr. Walter, 346 

Hage, George H., 33, 108, 182, 274, 285, 

Haggerty, James J., Jr., 89, 95 

Haggerty, Dr. Patrick E., 117 

The Hague, Netherlands, 37 

Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 205 

Haise, Fred W., Jr., 267 

Halahy, Najeeb E., 255, 346 

Hale, Edward Everett, 357 

Haley Astronautics Award, 72 

Halifax, Nova Scotia, 103 

Hall, Charles F., 361 

Hall, Mayor Chuck, 9 

Hallanger, Dr. Larry, 343 

Hallgren, Dr. Richard E., 50 

300, 346 

496 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

HALO. See Hughes Automated Lunar ObHalo Crater (moon), 376 

Hamiter, Leon C., Jr., 290 

Hand. Alfred. 54 

server. 

Handier, Dr. ‘Philip, 19 

Haney, Paul P., 116, 118 

Haredi. Sheikh Ahmand, 226 

Harlow, Dr. James G., 70 

Harmon International Aviator’s Trophy, 

Harnett, Daniel J., 319, 325 

Harper, Charles W., 21, 334 

Harrier (VTOL aircraft), 129, 162 

Harrington, Michael, 4 

Harris, Louis, poll, 22, 208, 290 

Harris, Dr. Robert, 253 

Hartford, Conn., 263 

Hartsfield, Maj. Henry W., Jr. (USAF), 

Harvard College, 77 

Harvard College Observatory, 256, 272, 

Harvard Univ., 89, 131, 238, 257, 302, 

Harvey, Dr. Mose L., 321 

Hassell, Prof. Odd, 355 

Hawaii, 134, 190 

Hawaii, Univ. of, 314 

Hawaiian Telephone Co., 32 

Hawker Siddeley Aviation Co., 162 

Haworth, Leland J., 184 

Hayashi, Tsuyoshi, 290 

Hayden Planetarium, 243 

Haynes, Charles G., 19 

Haynos, Joseph G., 82 

Head Crater (moon), 376 

Health, Education, and Welfare, Dept. of 

Heart transplant, 1 

Hearth, Donald P., 76 

Heavy ion linear accelerator (HILAC), 110 

Heavy lift helicopter (HLH), 131 

Hedin, Sven, 50 

Heinemann, President Gustav (West 

Germany), 244 

Helian, R. D., 281 . Helicopter, 79, 129 

accident, 260, 308-309, 389 

astronaut pickup, 141 

civil, 35, 124 

military, 106, 115, 131, 148, 150, 160, 

260, 389 

298 

281 

308, 366, 411 

318, 416-417 

(HEW), 83, 106, 110, 141, 274 

record, 79, 129 

U.S.S.R., 35, 79 

Heliodyne Corp., 271 

Helios, Project (sun probe 

357, 423 

Heliports, 176 

Helium, 156 

Hellas (Mars), 269 

Heller, Gerhard B., 76, 326 

Helsinki, Finland, 384 

Heos I (ESRO satellite), 82 

), 76, 177, 

Hero of the Soviet Union, 1 

Herr, Dr. Kenieth C., 269 

Herrick, Dr. Samuel, Jr.. 288 

Herriman. Alan G.. 282 

Hershey, Dr.-Alfred D, 338 

Hess, Dr. Harry H., 167, 289-290, 347 

Hess. Dr. Wilmot N.. 259. 288 

HEW.‘ See Health, Education, and WelHeyerdahl, Thor, 146 

Hibbs, Albert R., 34 

Hickam AFB, Hawaii, 201, 245 

Hickel, Secretary of the Interior Walter 

Hiday atullah, Mohammad, 255 

Higginbottom, Samuel L., 346 HILAC. See Heavy ion linear accelerator. 

Hill, Louis W., Space Transportation 

fare, Dept. of. 

J., 356 

Award, 345 

Hill, Ambassador Robert C., 180 

Hill. William. Oreanization. 161 

Hillary, Sir Edmlnd, 251 ’ 

Hines, William M., 28, 90, 119, 176, 186, 

207. 262. 274. 289. 313 

Hirohito, Emperor (Japan), 234, 361 

Hirondelle (turboprop aircraft), 162 

“Historical Perspectives on Apollo,” 196 

Hitler, Adolf, 297 

Hjornevik, Wesley L., 339 

HL-10 (lifting-body vehicle), 29 

test flight, 422 

award, 298 

glide, 117, 174, 422 

powered, 113, 133, 148, 

240, 267, 297, 309, 319, 

381, 389, 406, 422 HLH. See Heavy lift helicopter. 

Hoag, Maj. Peter C. (USAF), 174, 

.%O. 389 

159, 

352, 

184, 

360, 

319, 

Hoagiand, Hudson, 50 

Hodgson, Alfred S., 19 

Holcomb, Robert W., 390 

Holland, Sen. Spessard L., 203, 393 

Holloman AFB, N. Mex., 363 

Honolulu, Hawaii, 99, 273, 312 

Hooker, Dr. Stanley, 21 

Hoover Dam, 87 

Hope, Bob, 414 

Hord, Dr. Charles W., 269, 298 

Hornig, Dr. Donald F., 3 

Horowitz, Dr. Norman H., 282, 302 

Hotz, Robert B., 191 

Houbolt, Dr. John C., 346 

Housing and Urban Development, Dept. 

airport study, 263-265 

funding, 42, 184, 369, 383, 395 

Operation Breakthrough, 188 

personnel, 87, 91, 115, 313 

Apollo 8 stamp ceremony, 129 

Apollo 11 mission 

of (HUD), 237 

Houston, Tex., 137, 148, 183, 249, 255, 

261, 398 

celebration, 244, 283 

497 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

press conference, 280-281 

312, 408 

394 

astronauts at, 75, 267, 279, 281, 283, 

employment, 231 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory, 223, 378, 

Lunar Science Institute, 8, 227 

National Space Hall of Fame, 289 

233 

Houston Welfare Rights Organization, 

Hovercraft, 156 

Hoyle, Fred, 339 

Hsieh, Jen-chao, 234 HUD. See Housing and Urban Develop 

ment, Dept. of. 

Hughes Aircraft Co., 61, 241, 369 

Space Systems Div., 401 

Hughes Automated Lunar Observer 

(HALO) (Surveyor Ill), 370 

Hughes, Howard R., 370 

Human factor systems program, 154 

Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H., 

Humphrey, Mrs. Hubert H., 280 

Hungary, 46, 234, 251 

Hunt, Sir John, 251 

Hunt, Lamar, 343 

Hunten, Dr. Donald M., 318 

Huntsville, Ala., 170, 244, 398 

Hurd, Peter, 226 

Hurricane Debbie, 402 

Hutchinson, Thomas C. H., 387 

Hyderabad, India, 258 

Hydrogen bomb, 312 

Hydro-Lab (underwater laboratory), 343 

Hydroxyl radical, 189 

Hynek, Dr. J. Allen, 28, 288, 416 

Hypatia Rille (moon), 159 

Hypersonic aircraft, 15, 87, 362 

20, 233, 280 

I 

IAA. See International Academy of Astronautics. 

IAF. See International Aeronautical Federation and International Astronautical 

Federation. 

IATA. See International Air Transport 

Assn. IBM. See International Business Machines 

Corp. 

ICBM. See Intercontinental ballistic missile. IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 

Illia, President Arthuro U. (Argentina), 

384 

Illinois, 28 

Illinois Institute of Technology, 293 

Illinois Institute of Technology Research 

Illinois, Univ. of, 34, 41, 113, 300, 304 

Institute, 11 

ILRV. See Integral Launch and Reentry 

ILS. See Instrument landing system. 

Ilyin, Lt. (U.S.S.R.), 33, 39 IME. See Interplanetary Meteoroid Experiment. IMP. See Interplanetary Monitoring Platform. 

IMP-D, 185 

Vehicle. 

IMP-E. 185 

IMP-G; 185 

Imperial College of Science and Technolonv, 355 

IMS. ~Gi'Ion mass spectrometer. 

Inchon, South Korea, 237 

Independence Day, 197-198 

India, 190, 234, 398, 412 

cooperation, 118, 120, 258, 311, 340, 

Nixon, President Richard M., visit to, 

Indian Ocean, 25, 140, 263, 389, 423 

Indian Space Research Organization, 311 

Indiana Univ., 102 

Indonesia, 200, 249 

Inertial reference integrating gyro 

Ingalls, Richard P., 288 

Institute for Soviet-American Relations, 

Institute for Strategic Studies, 106 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics 

Instituto Geofisico del Peru, 267 

Instituto Nacional de TBcnica AeroInstrument landing system (ILS) , 89 

Integral Launch and Reentry Vehicle 

INTELSAT. See International TelecommuIntelsat I (Early Bird) (communications 

423 

255 

(IRIG), 14 

195 

Engineers (IEEE), 177, 354 

spacial, 180 

(ILRV), 47 

nications Satellite Consortium. 

satellite), 61,-137, 191, 259, 286 

111, 191, 259 

Intelsat-I1 F-3 (Intelsat 11-C; Atlantic 

Intelsat-I11 F-1, 50, 135, 151 

Intelsat-Ill F-2, 30, 40, 61, 151, 191, 226, 

Intelsat-111 F-3, 23, 3940, 137, 140, 151, 

htelsat-111 F-4, 23, 140, 150-151, 276, 

Intelsat-Ill F-5, 245, 281, 385, 421 

Intelsat IV, 114 

Interagency Committee on Back Contamination, 141, 273, 302, 356 

Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) 

(see also Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle), 48, 140 

Intercosmos I (U.S.S.R. satellite), 335, 

422 

Intercosmos 11, 416, 422 

Interior, Dept. of, 14, 51, 76, 141, 267, 

245, 259, 276, 286, 340 

421 

421 

356 

498 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS 

International Academy of Astronautics 

International Aeronautical Exposidon, 52 

International Aeronautical Federation 

International Air Transport Assn. 

International Astronautical Congress, 287 

International Astronautical Federation 

International Astronomical Commission, 

International Aviation Service Award 

International Business Machines Corp. 

(IAA), 325 

(IAF)? 208, 250 

( IATA) , 292-293, 350 

(IAF), 328 

335 

(FAA), 54 

Federal Systems Div., 71 

Watson Laboratory, 117 

International cooperation (see also Disarmament and Treaty), 51, 261, 262, 

300, 392, 393, 417 

air transportation, 121, 148, 292-293 

aircraft (see also Concorde) , 161-162, 

423424 

astronomy, 181, 319, 417 

meteorology, 45, 78-79, 204-205 

military, 117, 132, 289 

nuclear power, 25, 43, 316, 386, 409 

oceanography, 133, 197, 330, 341 

science and technology, 78, 102, 304, 

3 16 

International cooperation, space (see 

also European Launcher Development Organization; European Space 

Research Organization; International 

Telecommunications Satellite Con- 

(IBM), 25, 79, 91, 315, 334 

sortium; Space'rescue treaty), 1, 39, 

167, 175, 238. 248. 255, 285, 290, 

43, 55, 75, 101-102, 103, 117, 158, 

308-310. 312. 349-350. 379. 423-424 I, 

law, 189, i98, 229, 392 

military, 117, 132, 389 

satellite. 102. 169 

communications, 61, 171 

DOD-U.K., 388-389 

earth resources, 33, 310 

Europe, 132, 196, 323, 357, 416 

-Australia, 177, 399 

-Canada, 30, 241, 423-424 

-ESRO, 323, 423 

-Germany, West, 76, 114, 177, 357, 

364, 379, 423424 

-India, 311, 340, 423 

-Italy, 177, 423 

-Netherlands, 423 

NASA 

-U.K., 23, 59, 323, 385, 388-389, 

-USSR., 19, 196, 381, 394, 411, 

422, 423 

416 

U.S. 

-NATO, 132 

-U.S.S.R., 25, 393394. 

sounding rocket. See Sounding rocket, 

, 1969 

international programs. 

space research, 4, 43, 44, 102, 168-169, 

290 

Europe, 74, 248, 383, 411, 416 

France-U.S.S.R., 339 

U.S.-Australia, 137, 177, 319, 423 

-France, 423424 

-Germanv. West. 177 

-.--., - 

-USSR 

-Italy, lii, 423 ' 

-Japan, 383, 389, 411 

-TTK 423424 

25, 26, 41, 78, 95-96, 

103, i95, 202, 211, 231, 233, 

238, 240, 245, 246, 247, 248, 311, 

318, 325, 343, 351, 367, 383, 

409, 411412, 424 

tracking 

U.S.-Australia, 34, 148, 189, 424 

.Perii. 267 

International Decade of Ocean ExploraInternational Geomagnetic Reference 

International History of Astronautics 

International Platform Assn., 237 

International Rice Research Institute, 

International Symposium on Space TechInternational Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT) , 381, 394 

tion, 341 

Field, 173 

Symposium, Third, 329 

163 

nology, Eighth, 290 

conference, 24, 26, 56, 88, 101 

membership, 61 

satellite, 40, 114, 150 

International Union of Radio Science, 

U.S. National Committee, 115 

Interplanetary Meteoroid Experiment 

(IME), 105 

Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 

(IMP), 30, 185 

Interrogation, recording, and location 

(IRLS) system, 107 

Intersputnik (U.S.S.R. communications 

satellite system), 381, 394 

Zntrepid (Apollo 12 LM). See Lunar 

module. 

Iodine, 128 

Ion mass spectrometer (IMS), 241 

Ion propulsion, 48, 342, 399, 415 

Ionosphere, 30, 33-34, 41, 84, 113, 135, 

160, 188, 257, 300, 304, 323, 339, 423 

Iowa, 28 

Iowa State Univ., Dept. of History, 357 

Iowa, Univ. of, 263, 340, 395 

Iran, 385 IRIG. See Inertial reference integrating 

gyro. Iris I (Esro IZB) (International Radiation Investigation Satellite), 323 

Irwin, Maj. James B. (USAF), 105 

Isis I (ISIS-A) (International Satellite 

for Ionospheric Studies), 30, 241, 423 

499 
Island Creek Coal Co., 267 

Israel, 226, 384, 408 

“Issues and Answers” (TV program), 

146 

Italy, 155, 244, 384-385 

Borman, Col. Frank (USAF), visit to, 

cooperation, space, 132, 177, 423 ELDO F-8 spacecraft, 196 

satellite, 423 

32, 37 

IT&T COrp., 320 ITOS (meteorological satellite), 3443 

J 

J-2 (rocket engine), 70, 101, 104-105, 

Jackass Flats, Nev., 87, 178, 279, 309, 

Jackson Hole, Wyo., 328 

Jackson, Nelson P., Award, 69 

Jaffe, Dr. Leonard D., 85, 116, 139, 141, 

162, 185 

361, 422 

189 

Jakarta, Indonesia, 249 

James, Francis, 181 

James, Lee B., 188, 251, 317 

Jamison, Mitchell, 403 

Japan, 82, 140, 168, 175 

Apollo I1 and Apollo 12 missions, re- action to, 226, 234, 244, 249, 361 

booster, 284, 297, 314 

Cabinet, 9 

international cooperation, space, 118, 

International Symposium on Space 

launch, rocket, 284, 297 

National Defense Council, 9 

space debris damage, 198 

space program, 118, 120, 290, 314, 325 

Jastrow, Dr. Robert, 2, 200 

Javelin (sounding rocket), 188 

Jeans, Sir James, 417 

Jenkins, Wally, 343 

Jerusalem, Israel. 226 

120, 383, 389, 411, 423-424 

Technology, 290 

Jet belt, 103 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) (CalAgnew, Vice President Spiro T., visit 

Tech), 85, 184, 248 

to. 323-325 

award, 203, 346 

computer, 299 

Deep Space Network, 34, 180, 189, 

Goldstone Tracking Station, 56, 137, 

history, 274 

lunar research 

274-275, 346 

179, 252, 274, 374 

mascons, 116, 120 

surface, 34-35, 189 

Mariner Project, 55-57, 90, 133, 250, 

252, 253-254, 256, 259, 261-262, 

265-266, 269, 282, 298, 301-302, 408 

personnel, 6, 135, 188, 290 

Pioneer VI, 356 

Viking Project, 57, 111, 274-275, 412 

Jewish National Fund, 408 

Jobe, Capt. Robert Earle (USAF), 49 

Jodrell Bank Experimental Station 

(U.K.), 158, 224, 232, 233, 237, 238, 

244, 384 

Johns Hopkins Univ., 1, 37, 43, 46, 49, 

298 

Dept. of Biology, 184 

ADOUO 8 mission. 13 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 3, 20 

Apollo 11 mission 

Cape Kennedy visit, 209, 224 

message, 196 

astronauts’ promotion. 391 

awards by, 1, 6 

budget, 14, 40, 109 

communications policy, 352 

Kennedy Space Center, 393 

memoirs, 136 

space program, 6-7, 10, 20, 60, 231- 

NASA, 14-16, 109-110, 395, 423 

-1- 

3.13 

State of the Union Message, 13 

Johnson, Mrs. Lyndon B., 209 

Johnson, Robert L., 363 

Johnson, W. Thomas, Jr., 402 

Johnston Island, 223 

Johnston, S. Paul, 297 

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 180, 280 

Joint Commission on Scientific and 

Technical Communications (proposed) 

(NAS-NAE), 175 

Joint Computer Conference, 139 

Jones, Dr. Norman D., 261 

Jones, Robert J., 202 

Jordan, Sen. Len B., 13 JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

Juliana, Queen (Netherlands), 332 

Junkers 390 (bomber), 297 

Jupiter (planet), 16, 76, 115, 157, 192, 

263, 299, 338, 361, 423 

Justice, Dept. of, 130, 394 

(CalTech). 

K 

Kahn. ~~ Richard S.. 157 

Kamm,-Robert W., 20 

Kammler, Gen. Hans (Germany), 381 

Kansas State Highway Commission, 408 

Kansas State Unik., 332 

Kapryan, Walter J., 287 

Kapustin Yar, U.S.S.R., 67 

Karaganda, U.S.S.R., 333 

Karth, Rep. Joseph E., 371 

Kauai, Pacific Ocean, 201 

Kaufman, Harold R., 134 

Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., 196, 271 

Kazakov, Vasily, 159 

Kedrov, Boniface, 157 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

500 
Keldysh, Prof. Mstislav V., 25, 202, 229, 

Kellv, K. K.. 298 

2&, 311, 351, 361, 411 

Kelli; Orr, 4 

Kennedy, Sen. Edward M., 131, 147, 148, 

175,224 

Kennedy, President John F., 20, 38, 44, 

60, 175, 196, 212, 240, 393, 405 

Kennedy, John F., International Airport, 

N.Y., 263, 279, 362, 400 

Kennedy, John F., Medal for National 

Civic Service, 72 

Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 393 

accident, 162 

Apollo/Saturn (see also Apollo missions), 118, 195, 299, 350, 351 

astronaut memorial (proposed), 53, 

245 

astronauts at, 5, 207, 325, 371 

award, 10, 122, 154, 289 

budget. 122 

contract, 122, 320 

facilities, 341, 383 

launch operations (see also Launch 

Complex 34, 37, 39; and Apollo 

missions), 65, 122, 137, 145, 173, 

361, 371 

lunar landing memorial, 304 

meeting, 33 

personnel, 122, 154, 287, 313, 371 

press conference, 207, 325, 371 

spacecraft delivery and shipments to, 

149, 182 

visits to, 136 

210, 224 

Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 65, 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 209, on" 44- 

Johnson. Mrs. Lvndon B.. 209 

Nixon, President Richaid M., 378 

Nixon, Mrs. Richard M., 378 

Nixon. Miss Tricia. 378 

Kepler, Johann, 300 ' 

Kerwin, Cdr. Joseph P. (USN), 283, 414 

Key Biscayne, Fla., 38 

Keyhoe, Maj. Donald E. (USMC, Ret.), 8 

Khan, President Yahya (Pakistan), 244, 

259. 394 

Khrunov, Yevegeny, 11-12, 23 

Khrushchev. Premier Nikita (U.S.S.R.). 

Kiesinger, Chancellor Kurt G. (W. GerKilby, Jack S. C., 418 

IGng, Dr. Elbert A., 273, 287 

King, Dr. Martin Luther, 231 

Kinshasa, Congo, 312, 350 

Kirchner, Englebert, 294 

Kirkman, Don, 1% 

KirtIand AFB, N. Mex., 424 

Kiruna, Sweden, 18, 20, 24, 27 

Kitt Peak National Observatory, 17, 318 

Kitty Hawk Flyer (aircraft), 177 

Kitty Hawk, N.C., 88, 410 

Kleen, Dr. Werner J., 290 

197, 249 

many), 48, 270 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

501 

Klein, Milton, 130, 332 

Kliore, Dr. Arvydas J., 408 

Knight, Maj. William J. (US 

Knoxville, Tenn., 391 

Knutson, Don, 169 

Komarov, Col. Vladimir M. 

199, 228 

Koran, 226 

Korea, South, 237, 244 

Korolev, Sergey P., 199 

Kosygin, Premier Alexey N. 

Koval, Alexander, 335 

Kozlov, Mikhail V., 1 

Kozyrev, Dr. Nikolay A., 139, 418 

Kraft, Christopher C., Jr., 10, 274, 290, 

Gamer, James J., 50 

Kraner, H. W., 340 

Kranz, Eugene F., 91 

Krause, Dr. Helmut G., 183 

Kremlin, 33, 39 

Borovitsky Gate, 23 

Kryter, Karl D., 26 

KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. 

Kubasov, Valery N., 332 

Kubat, Jerald R., 130 

Kuiper, Dr. Gerard P., 397 

Kuznetsov, Vasily V., 197 

233 

344, 392, 417 

AF), 87 

(U.S.S.R.), 

( U.S.S.R. ) , 

L 

L-loll airbus, 341 

Laboratory for Electronics, Inc., 89 

Laboratory of Electrical Optics, Toulouse, France, 397 

La Canada-Flintridge, Calif., 85 

Lagos, Nigeria, 226 

Lahore, Pakistan, 259 

Lalande (moon), 377 

Laird, Secretary of Defense Melvin R., 

11, 34 

C-5A, 123, 138 

defense budget, 86, 99 

press conference, 4, 33 

Sentinel ABM, 33, 39, 53 

space program, 146 

174, 230, 249, 273, 354-355 

Lambda (Japanese booster), 297, 314 

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 

Lampang, Thailand, 286 

Landon Lecture, 332 

Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 349 

Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

(NASA), 379 

Aircraft Noise Reduction Laboratory, 

120 

budget, 383 

buffeting research, 123 

contract, 94 

cooperation, 379 

jet shoes, 4 

Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, 96 
patent, 4 

personnel, 21, 290, 293 

supercnticd wing, 44, 293, 299 

Viking. Project. 59. 111. 293, 412 

You&"'Scie&e Con,es; 105. 

Lannan. John, 21, 40, 153, 167, 365, 405 

La Plata, Argentina, 181 

Lapp, Dr. Ralph E., 37 

LaRC. See Langley Research Center 

Larsen, Agnew E., 283 

Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 312, 327 

Las Vegas, Nev., 49 

Laser 

(NASA). 

lunar experiments, 192, 339 

Apollo 11, 114, 220, 223, 

261, 285, 411, 419 use of, 37, 127, 312, 318, 

386, 405, 424 

Latham, Dr. Gary V., 230, 249, 

413 

237, 

322, 

, 354, 

259, 

327, 

409, 

Latin America, 101, 226 

Launch Complex 34, 122 

Launch Complex 37, 122 

Launch Complex 39, 122 

Apollo launches from 

Apollo 9, 62 

Apollo 10, 73, 108, 142 

Apollo 11, 149, 212 

Apollo 12, 372 

La Violette, Paul E., 160 

Lawrance, Charles L., Award, 138 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (Univ. 

of Calif.), 53, 110 

Leavitt, William, 420 

Le Bourget Airport, Paris, 162, 169 

Lecky-Thompson, S/L Tom (RAF), 129 

Lederberg, Dr. Joshua, 205 

Lederer, Jerome F., 315 

Lee, Capt. Chester M. (USN, Ret.), 285, 

242 - -- Leicester. Univ. of. 22 

Leighton; Dr. Robert B., 269, 282, 301 

Lenin, Vladimir I., 199 

Leningrad, U.S.S.R., 196, 278 

Leonov, L/C Aleksey A. (U.S.S.R.), 48, 

158 

Leovy, Conway B 282 

LeRC. See Le& Research Center 

(NASA 1. 

Lesher, Dr. Richard L., 135 

Lewis Research Center (LeRC) (NASA), 

7s 

award, 50, 134, 154 

booster, 56, 355, 412 

Brayton Cycle space power system, 58 

contract, 212, 355 

cooperation, 379 

Electromagnetic Propulsion Div., 134 

ion propulsion, 48, 342 

noise abatement, 33, 120, 212 

Plum Brook Station, 404 

Propulsion Systems Acoustics Branch, 

50 

research, 155, 362-363, 384, 404, 412 

Space Power Facility, 329 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, 329-330, 412 

Lewis, Roger, 399 

Ley, Way, 187 

Libby, Dr. Willard F., 408 

Library of Congress, 184 

Lick Observatory, Calif., 42, 237, 259, 

Lifting-bodv vehicle 

Legislative Reference Service, 95 

261, 285 

Science Policy Research Div., 161 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

502 

HC10, -29, 113, 117, 133, 148, 159, 

174, 184, 240, 267, 297, 298, 319, 

352, 360, 381, 389, 406, 422 

M2-F2. 29 

M2-F3; 29 

X-24, 29 

X-24A, 101, 113, 133, 286, 299, 316, 

349, 371, 422 

Light Iutratheater Transport (LIT) airLima, Peru, 267, 322 

Limeill Weapons Research Center, 312 

Lincoln Center, N.Y., 8 

Lincoln Univ., 168 

Lindbergh, Charles A., 100, 177 

Lindley, Robert N., 410 

Lindsay, Mayor John V., 279 

Lindsey, Robert, 156 

Lineberry, Edgar C., Jr., 345 

Lingenfelter, Dr. Richard, 174 

Linweaver, Cdr. Paul G. (USN), 188 

Lisbon, Portugal, 37, 53, 344, 413 

Lisitzin, Dr. Aleksandr P., 273 LIT. See Light Intratheater Transport 

Little, Brown & Co., 135 

Little, Stephen, 90 

Lloyd's of London, 244 LLRV. See Lunar Landing Research VeLLTV. See Lunar Landing Training VeLM. See Lunar module. 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 79, 157-158 

craft, 92 

aircraft. 

hicle. 

hicle. 

AH56A (helicopter), 106, 115, 148, 

aircraft engine, 402 

C-5A (cargo transport), 17, 57, 107, 

207, 251, 281, 283, 293, 323, 380, 

411, 421 

contract, 128, 130, 132, 150, 160, 251, 

280, 402 

L-loll airbus, 341 

nuclear rocket, 280 

XV-4B (VTOL aircraft), 80 

Lockheed, Allan H., 157 

Lockheed-California Go., 115, 260, 308 

Lockheed-Georgia Co., 57, 151, 283 

Lockheed, Malcolm, 157 

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 47 

Loftus, Joseph P., Jr., 331 

Logan, Joseph, Jr., 234 

150, 160, 260, 308, 389-390 

123-124, 128, 130, 132, 138, 151, 162, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

503 

, 55, 56, 129, 134, 

f Commerce and Intronomy: Position Paper of the Astronomy Missions Board (NASA SP2131, 366 

Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor 

(Thorad)-Agena D (booster), 107, 

171, 173, 319 

Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor 

(LTTAT) -Delta (booster), 40, 150, 189- 

190, 245, 272, 388 

Loprete, Joseph F., 239 

Los Alamos (N. Mex.) Scientific Laboratory, 272, 281 

Loa Angeles, Calif., 123, 209, 300, 382 

aerospace industry, 71 

Apollo flights, reaction to, 235-236, 

385 

astronaut’s dinner and visit to, 276, 

Los Angeles International Airport, 102, 

279 

279, 284 

Lounsberrv. Ernest D.. 4 

Lovelace, -W. Randolph, 11, Award, 182 

Lovell, Sir Bernard, 158, 224, 232, 233, 

Lovell, Capt. James A,, Jr. (USN), 71, 

237, 238, 244, 384 

329 . _. 

Apollo 8 mission, 32, 68 

Apollo 11 mission, 5 

Apollo 13 mission, 267 

appointment, 83 

awards and honors, 2, 6-8, 10, 68, 87, 

press conference, 6 

record, 208 

receptions for, 9, 13 

White House visit, 6, 32 

Lovell, Mrs. James A,, Jr., 329 

Low, Dr. Frank J., 417 

Low, Dr. George M., 108, 274, 317, 345, 

Lowe, Henry N., Jr., 398 

Lowell Observatory, Ariz., 209, 366 

Lown, Dr. Bernard, 128 LRL. See Lunar Receiving Laboratory. LST. See Lunar surface telescope. 

LTTAT. See LongTank Thrust-Augmented 

100, 101, 132, 298, 391 

371, 395, 401 

Thor-Delta. 

LTV Aerospace Corp., 11, 91, 291 

Lucian, 232 

Luebke, President Heinrich (W. Germany), 158 

launch, 206 

Luna XV (U.S.S.R. lunar probe), 195, 

207-208, 224, 229, 232, 238, 382 

moon landing, 236, 251, 422 

press comment, 211, 420 

Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (Tucson, Ariz.), 397 

,Lunar Exploration: Strategy for Research, 1969-1975 (Space Science 

Board report), 355 

Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV) , 315 

Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV), 

5, 103, 173, 182 

Lunar Laser Observatory (Tucson, 

Ariz.), 192 

Lunar module (LM), 111, 169, 182, 185, 

205, 320, 353, 365 

Apollo 9 (Spider) (LM-31, 5, 26-27, 

33, 62-65, 67, 72, 81, 8P-90, 91, 130, 

421 

Apollo 10 (Snoopy) (LM-41, 16, 90, 

Apollo 11 (Eagle) (LM-5), 21, 46, 

108, 141, 162, 179, 196, 198-199, 

256. 355 

142-144, 159, 421 

210-213, 215, 217-222, 237, 255- 

moon’ landing, 199-200, 212-213, 

moon liftoff, 220, 222 

215, 232, 252, 317, 322, 421 

plaque on, ‘196 ’ 

Apollo 12 (Intrepid) (LM-6), 333- 

334, 342, 362, 368, 372-379, 395- 

397 

moon landing, 375-376, 407 moon liftoff, 377 

contract, 4243 

exhibit. 105. 161-162 

Lunar Orbiter (program), 187, 20% 

282-283 

Lunar Orbiter 1 Preliminary Results 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) 

(NASA SP-197), 187 

(NASA), 45, 103, 259, 370 

Apollo 11 postage stamp, 202 

astronauts at, 75-76 

Apollo 11, 247, 260, 267, 273 

Apollo 12, 378, 397, 400, 405 

criticism, of, 95, 176 

lunar samples, 75-76, 95 

Apollo 11, 222-223, 247, 250, 253, 

Apollo 12, 356, 378, 394, 395-396, 

260, 261, 263, 270, 275, 288, 302- 

304, 306 

407 

personnel, 260, 266, 273, 352-353, 400, 

405 

Lunar Rock Conference, 306 

Lunar roving vehicle (LRV), 205, 320, 

327, 353, 355-356 

dual-mode (DLRV), 111 

Lunar Science Institute, 8, 75, 227 

Lunar surface telescope (LST), 123, 343 

Lundin, Bruce T., 349, 404 

Lupus (constellation), 256, 281 

Luria, Dr. Salvador E., 338 

Lutine Bell (Lloyd‘s of London), 244 

Lyman-alpha radiation, 316 

Lyons, Kenneth T., 253 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

M 

M2-F2 (liftingbody vehicle), 29 

McCarthy, Joseph W., 81 

McClure, Billy B., 347 

McCollum-Pratt Institute, 184 

McConnell, Gen. John P. (USAF), 112, 

M2-F3, 29 

245 

27. 51, 63-65, 72. 91. 161, 168, 187- 

McDivitt, Col. James A. (USAF), 5, 26- 

188, 3i7 

MacDonald, Dr. Gordon J. F., 263, 416 

McDonald, Dr. James E., 288 

McDonald Observatorv, Tex., 17, 90, 

237, 259, 285 

airlock, 128, 297 

collision avoidance system, 315-316 

contract, 14, 91, 123, 201, 241, 280, 

297, 299, 388, 414 

employment, 185 

F-4 Phantom, 9, 201 

Saturn V, 117, 280, 388 

space station, 241, 270, 299 STOL aircraft, 29 

Titan IIIC, 14 

297 

McDonnell Douglas Corp., 410 

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., 

McDowell, James, 38 

McElroy, Dr. William D., 184, 189, 353 

Mack, L/C Thomas J. (USAF), 413 

Mackin, Dr. Robert J., Jr., 135 

MacLeish, Archibald, 20 

McLucas. John L.. 304 

McMurdo Sound, 359 

Macy, John W., Jr., 402 

Madrid, Spain, 37, 52, 180, 187, 189, 

312. 327. 330. 424 

Magnet, superconducting, 24 

Magnetic field, 171, 173, 177, 185, 230 

Magnetosphere, 115, 185, 257, 291, 316, 

395 - The Magnitude and Economic Impact of 

Magnuson, Sen. Warren G., 133 

Maheuson, Peter, 370 

Mahlberg, Dr. Paul, 103 

Mahnken, Conrad V. W., 51, 86, 110 

Mahon, Joseph B., 118 

Mailer, Norman, 135-136 

Man of Achievement Award (American 

Academy of Achievement), 203 

“Man on the Moon” (CBS News recording), 292 

Man on the Moon (pamphlet), 234 

Man Will Never Fly Memorial Society, 

General Aviation (study), 109 

410 

Management, 148-149, 192-193, 202 

Manchester, U.K., 122 

Manchester Univ. (U.K.), 338 

Mandelbaum, Leonard, 51 

Manhasset, N.Y., 382 

Manhattan Project, 53, 161, 227 

Manila, Philippines, 248 

Manke, John A., 113, 133, 159, 184, 267, 

309, 349 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 

appropriations, 15, 110 

cancellation, 176, 178, 179, 181, 186, 

and NASA, 21, 86-87, 104, 146 

pilots, 281, 289 

gram (U.S.S.R.), 382 

110, 151-152, 200, 260 

191, 257-258, 281, 422, 423, 424 

Manned orbiting platform (MOP) proManned space flight (see also Apollo 

program, Apollo 8, 9, 10, 11, and 

12 missions; Gemini program; Astronaut; Cosmonaut; Manned Orbiting Laboratory; Soyuz IV, V, VI, 

VU, and VI11 missions; Space biology; and Space station), 71 

achievements. 17. 39. 47. 65. 72-73. 

91, 101, 212, 246-247, 259, 262, 372; 

378, 384 

advantages. 17-18. 74-75. 242 

cooperason, 248 

criticism, 82, 167, 204, 262, 289, 423 

EVA. See Extravehicular activity. 

funding, 14-15, 28, 29, 109-110, 356 

hazards, 80, 157, 281, 327 

longduration, 94, 178, 200, 337-338 

lunar landing, manned. See Moon 

military aspects, 86-87, 104, 200 

policy and plans 

landing, manned. 

US., 15-16, 18-19, 37, 47, 51, 66- 

67, 72, 74, 80, 81-82, 86-87, 94- 

95, 104, 119-120, 134, 167-168, 

214-215, 268-269, 304-305, 313, 

320, 367-369, 371, 384, 405, 416, 

422-423 

U.S.S.R., 120, 170-171, 241-242, 292 

Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) , 10, 117, 196, 362 

Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) 

(NASA), 27, 74, 185, 231, 233, 245, 

249, 288, 289, 290, 312, 337, 339, 

365, 366 

Apollo spacecraft, 65, 145, 223-224, 

230 

astronauts at, 61, 75-76, 114, 198, 200, 

award, 10, 91. 287, 289, 340. 345- 

273, 276, 277, 330, 391 

346, 419 

nar Receiving Laboratory. 

facilities, 114, 334, 383 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory. See Lulunar rock sample exhibit, 353-354 

management, 47, 65, 223-224, 378 

National Seminar for Manned Flight 

personnel, 131, 259, 282, 292, 317, 326, 

press conference, 61, 77, 108, 198, 242- 

Awareness, 317 

347, 417 

243, 277-278, 280-281, 333-334, 350, 

371-372, 392, 396, 406-408 

quarantine procedures (see also Lunar 

504 
Receiving Laboratory), 75-76, 141, 

179-180, 273, 356 

real-time computer complex, 334 

space station, 299 

spacecraft test. See Apollo (spacecraft) . visits to 

cosmonauts, 337, 350 

Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 

205 

visits to 

cosmonauts, 337, 350 

Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 

205 

Mannhe&, W. Germany, 225 

Mansfield, Sen. Michael J., 224, 

Marcos, President Ferdinand E. 

Mar del Plata, Argentina, 327, 

Mare Imbrium (moon), 180 

Mare Marginis (moon), 180 

Mare Occulum (Hidden Sea) 

Marietta, Ga., 411 

Mariner (program), 15, 23, 56, 

pines), 248 

180 

359 

, 296 

(Philip328 

(moon), 

138, 256, 

Mariner (spacecraft), 359 

Mariner I11 (Mars probe), 55 

Mariner IV (Mars probe), 54, 89, 210, 

253, 421 

Mariner Y (Venus probe), 127, 160 

Mariner VI (Mariner F) (Mars probe), 

117, 167, 187, 250 

262, 266, 282 

launch, 55 

photographs, 90, 210, 250, 252, 253, 

results, 133, 261, 262, 266, 269, 298, 

Mariner VI1 (Mariner G) (Mars probe), 

55, 117, 167, 187 

301-302, 338-339, 408, 421 

control, 99, 103, 253, 254, 259 

launch, 92 

photographs, 90, 210, 252, 253-254, 

results, 133, 262, 265-266, 301-302, 

259, 261, 262-263, 265, 266, 269 

338-339, 407408, 421 

Mark, Dr. Hans M., 53, 332, 389 

Mark 12 (reentry vehicle), 330, 408 

Mark 15, 391 

Marks, Leonard H., 56, 88 

Marquette, Father, Tercentenary ComMarquette, Pere, Discovery Award, 365 

Marquette Univ., 365 

Mars (planet) (see also Mariner 111, 

Mariner IV, Mariner VI, Mariner 

VII, and Viking program), 105, 146, 

320 

mission, 365 

atmosphere, 55, 75, 92-93, 184-185, 

250, 261, 266, 269, 293, 298, 301, 

338, 398, 408. 421 

The Book of Mars, 89 

canals, 261, 262, 266 

color, 3% 

craters, 261, 262, 269-270, 282, 301 

ephemeris, 338 

equatorial region, 338 

exploration of, 74-75, 94, 147, 169, 

176, 187, 197, 235-236, 247, 260, 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

505 

262, 268-269, 271-272, 276, 337 

benefits, 337 

funding, 67, 262, 270, 271 

international cooperation, 248 

manned, 95, 178, 205, 224, 231, 242, 

247, 262, 266, 268, 269, 271, 276, 

277, 283, 288, 305, 320, 325, 344, 

371, 399 

plans for, 15-16, 57, 136, 205, 231, 

293, 343, 344, 359, 398, 399, 412, 

422423 

spacecraft, 15-16, 59, 160, 205, 338, 

359, 412 

unmanned, 256, 271, 283, 421 

cost, 336-337 

ionosnhere. 408 

life in, 55, 90, 94, 185, 261, 269-270, 

271, 302, 308, 398 

mass, 339 

photographs of, 55, 89, 90, 210, 

252. .259. 261. 262-263. 265. 

2821 %1,'339, 398, 421 ' 

poles, 252, 262-263, 265, 266 

surface, 55, 92, 250, 252, 261, 

269-270. 282. 301. 338. 398. 408 

250, 

266, 

265, 

, 421 

temperature, 55, 250, 261, 268 

water on, 90, 261, 269, 293, 302 

Marshall, Justice Frederick M., 2 

Marshall Saace Flight Center (MSFC) 

(NASA); 71, 105; 116, 122, 195, 270, 

290, 317, 417 

Apollo Telescope Mount, 12, 71, 177, 

320, 327 

(NASA); 71, 105; 116, 122, 195, 270, 

290, 317, 417 

Apollo Telescope Mount, 12, 71, 177, 

320, 327 

Astrionics Laboratory, 347 

award, 10, 69, 147, 288, 326 

contract, 11, 25, 58, 17, 91, 105, 111, 

113, 177, 205, 270, 271, 297, 299, 

320, 327 

Saturn, 25, 47, 49, 77, 87, 91, 94, 

101, 104, 113, 117, 132, 315, 388 

Engineering Laboratory, 83 

launch vehicle. See Saturn. 

lunar rock sample exhibit, 400 

320, 327 

378 

Lunar roving vehicle (LRV), 111, 205, 

management, 64, 113, 146, 223-224, 

meeting, 122, 156 

Neutral Buoyancy Simulator, 17 

personnel, 13, 77, 103, 185, 187-188, 

Saturn I Workshop, 1.14, 297, 327, 388 

Space Sciences Laboratory, 76-77 

Space Technology Applications and 

Research Laboratory (STARLAB), 285 

space station, 128, 270, 299 

251, 255, 325, 360, 393 

Marsten, Dr. Richard B., 139 

Marti, Kurt, 403 

Martin, James S., Jr., 111 

Martin-Marietta Airport, Baltimore, 315 

Martin Marietta Corp., 85, 160, 270, 351, 

Martin, Minta, Lecture, 75 

Maryland, Univ. of, 71, 75, 182, 395, 399 

Mascon (mass concentration of gravitational pull), 73, 116, 120, 180, 283 

386, 387, 402 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Mason, Dr. Bryan H., 304 

Mason, Harold P., 293 

Mason-Rust Co., 58 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

(NIT), 35, 89, 131, 178, 347, 409, 

416, 417 

award, 178 

Div. of Sponsored Research, 14 

experiment, 118 

Instrumentation Laboratory, 338, 363, 

369, 416, 420 

Lincoln Laboratory, 288, 369 

Martin, Minta, Lecture, 75 

military research, demonstrations 

against, 67, 136, 363, 369 

Union of Concerned Scientists, 40 

Massachusetts, Univ. of, 396 

Materials technology, 58, 85, 203, 350, 

362, 363, 384 

Mathematics, 1 

Mathews, Dr. Charles W., 131, 346, 406 

Mathias, Sen. Charles McC., Jr., 13, 312 

Mattingly, L/Cdr Thomas K., I1 (USN), 

Maurer camera, 217 

Maus, Hans H., 256 

Maxwell AFB, Ala., 411 

Maxwell, M/G Jewell C. (USAF), 127, 186 

May, Chester B., 103, 282 

Mayer, Dr. Jean, 417 

Mead, Dr. Margaret, 201 

Medal of Freedom, 280 

“Meet the Press” (TV program), 145 

Melbourne, Univ. of, 319, 399 

Melville Space and Defense Systems 

Memorandum of Understanding, 30, 176 

Men of the Year, 2 

Menconi, Ralph J., 275 

Mercator, Gerardus, 294 

Mercator projection, 294 

Mercury (planet), 16, 69, 76, 110, 119, 

Mercury (program), 357 

Mercury compounds, 128 Meredith, Scott, 135, 136 MESA. See Modularized equipment stowage assembly. 

Meteor, 279, 287 

Meteor I (U.S.S.R. meteorological satellite), 91, 422 

Meteor 11, 329, 422 

Meteor Crater, Ariz., 338 

Meteorite, 28, 45, 403, 416 

Meteorological satellite (see also iudividual satellites, such as Ats Ill, Ats 

IV, Essa IX, Meteor I, Meteor II, 

Nimbus I, Nimbus 11, Nimbus III), 

33, 43, 47, 111, 157, 357 

Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment, 88 

cooperation, 45, 88, 205 

GlobaI Atmospheric Research Program, 88, 204 ITOS program, 344 

267 

Div., Control Data Corp., 388 

134, 138, 147 

Nimbus program, 18, 23, 86, 88, 107- 

108, 139, 205, 353, 414, 421,422, 423 

Tiros program, 23, 57, 85, 344, 399, 

414 

U.S.S.R., 91, 329, 422 

Meteorology, 42, 44, 78, 86, 88, 132, 139, 

204. -7 353 --- 

Metric system, 317 

Metroliner (high-speed train), 17 

Mettler, Ruben F., 329 

Metzenbaum, Howard M., 411 

Mexico, 146, 299, 370 

Mexico City, Mexico, 312, 319 

Meyer, Karl E., 161 

Mi-10 (U.S.S.R. helicopter), 35 Miami, Fla., 103, 123, 148, 206 

Miami Beach, Fla., 410 

Miami, Univ. of, 123 

Michel, Dr. F. Curtis, 267, 287 

Michigan, 28 

Michigan, Univ. of, 136, 286 

Mental Health Research Institute, 396 

Michoud Assembly Facility (MSFC) , 58, 

118, 256, 260, 299 

Micrometeoroid, 159, 279, 287 

Microminiaturization, 196 

Midwav Island. 112 

Institute of Marine Science, 273 

MiG (0.S.S.R. ’fighter aircraft), 1 

Military Airlift Command, 411 

Milky Way (galaxy), 115, 118, 316 

Milledgeville, Ga., 88 

Miller, Prof. Charles L., 338 

Miller, Rep. George P., 18, 113, 138, 275 

Miller, Dr. Joseph S., 42 

Miller, Dr. Maynard M., 2 

Miller and Berry, 320 

Mineralogical Society of America, 290 

Mink experiment, 352 

Minneapolis, Minn., 206 

Minnesota, Univ. of, 31 

Minuteman (missile), 230, 297 

Mirage (French fighter aircraft), 162 

Mirage (French supersonic fighterbomber aircraft), 197 MIRV. See Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle. 

Missile 

antiballistic missile (ABM), 33, 39, 

40, 43, 47, 52, 62, 80, 81, 83, 89, 103, 

112, 117, 124, 131, 136, 230, 320 

award, 345 

contract, 191, 362 

detection, 183, 321 

Institute of Technology, 38, 42 

foreign Communist China, 43, 80, 181 

U.S.S.R., 10, 43, 48, 50, 53, 62, 89, 

116, 129, 131, 140, 181, 183, 229, 

332 

interc&kineutal ballistic (ICBM), 48, 

140. 230. 297 

limitation 6f, 13, 21, 67, 81, 86, 131, 

155, 173, 181, 183, 190, 196, 332 

multiple independently targetable re506 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

entry vehicle (MIRV), 10, 116, 183, 

190, 191 

nuclear, 10, 81, 86, 129, 135, 155, 181 

test, 173, 181, 183, 191, 325 

underwater-to-surface, 155, 197, 362 

Mission Control Center (NASA), 137, 

215, 220, 374 

Mission of the Doctor award, 341 

Mississippi Test Facility (MTF), 24, 104, 

182, 185, 188, 360 MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology. 

Mitchell, Cdr. Edgar D. (USN), 267 

Mitchell, Jesse L., 154 

Mobile quarantine facility (MQF), 223, 

Mobutu, President Joseph D. (Congo), 

Modularized equipment stowage asMoe (elk), 328 

Moeckel, Wolfgang E., 338 

Mogadiscio, Somalia, 234 

Mohler, Dr. Stanley R., 180 

Mohole, Project, 290 

Mojave, Calif., 402 MOL. See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. Molniya I-11 (U.S.S.R. communications 

satellite), 106 

Molniya I-12, 237 

Moltke Crater (moon), 159 

Monkey experiment, 190, 200, 201-202, 

Monochromator, 309, 411 

Monroney, Sen. A. S. Mike, 88-89 

Montclair, N.J., 243-244 

Montclair, N.J., Library, 298 

Montgomery, Ala., 400 

Montreal, Canada, 312, 322 

Moon (see also Apollo missions, Lunar 

Orbiter, Lunar Receiving Lahoratory, etc.), 131, 136, 142, 420 

base, 123, 160, 169, 250, 305, 387, 398 

colonization of, 102, 134, 191, 397 

color, 217, 408 

contamination from. 76. 136-137. 141. 

247, 356, 377-378, 396 

350 

sembly (MESA), 217, 331, 376, 407 

335, 347-348, 415, 421 

156, 175, 176,- i79, '181, 205,' 235; 

261, 270, 273, 274, 302, 303, 356 

crater, 173, 200. 208, 209. 215, 249, 

345,' 376 

distance from earth, 261 

exploration of, 2, 14, 47, 48, 50, 59, 

73, 74-75, 82, 96, 110, 111, 113, 

119, 129, 147, 148, 149, 160, 164, 

167, 169, 170, 175, 177, 185, 308, 

313, 317, 331, 355 

international cooperation, 102 

manned, 67, 108 

globe, 208 

gravity, 157, 340 

laboratory, 278 

landing, 169, 197 

equipment, 80, 111, 388 

manned, 33, 37, 43, 46, 53, 55, 67, 

72, 74, 75, 77, 82, 90, 91, 92, 

103, 106, 108-109, 111, 120, 122, 

134, 137, 143, 144, 146, 147, 

149, 262, 267, 271, 272, 278, 

281, 287, 325, 351, 405, 411, 

418, 420, 421, 423 

anniversary, 202 

commemorative stamp, 202, 273, 

criticism, 204 

implications of, 238, 307, 311, 322 

legal aspects, 290 

memorial sculpture, 304 

plans for, 168, 169, 170, 176, 178, 

179, 182, 185, 187, 188, 325, 

334, 342, 354, 356, 368 

U.S., 199, 208, 212, 252, 362, 368, 

370, 372, 384, 385, 389, 390, 

391, 392, 398 

commemoration of, 196, 254 

plans for, 205, 207, 243 

U.S.S.R., 246, 361, 365 

289 

soft, 141, 382 

unmanned, 35, 141, 170, 189. 339. 

365. 370. 419. 423 

U.S%:R., i36, 251,-382 

landing site, 7, 35, 67, 77, 82, 90, 116, 

142. 342. 345. 356. 368, 369, 377. 378 

laser 'experiment, 114, 192, 219, ' 223, 

236, 237, 259, 261, 285, 339, 419 

life on, 103, 167, 261, 270, 275, 313 

lunar orbit, record, 208, 250 

magnetic field, 230 

mascon, 93, 116, 120, 180, 283 

mining, 191, 387 

nuclear explosion on, proposed, 167, 

409, 412, 413 

observatory, 169 

origin of, 198, 241, 292, 332, 360, 409 

passenger flight to, 241, 244 

photographs of, 90, 92, 116, 159, 179, 

187, 201, 208, 218, 219, 220, 241, 

252, 253, 255, 306, 325, 334, 343, 

376, 395, 405, 407, 4Q9, 419 

probe, Luna XV, 200 

seismic experiment, 114, 223, 230, 237, 

240, 248, 325, 342, 354, 376, 377, 

419 

solar wind experiment, 219, 223, 230, 

station. 167. 388 

285, 315, 413, 419 

surface, 7,' 20, 28, 34-35, 103, 141, 

146, 152, 159, 160, 174, 187, 189, 

240. 308, 338, 340. 419 

analvsis of. 198; 250: 360 

composition, 250, 376 

glazing, 317 

sample, 195, 200, 208, 219 

243, 246, 247, 250, 

260, 262, 267, 275, 

301, 302, 304, 306, 

325, 339, 343, 354, 

365, 373, 376, 379, 

387. 393. 398. 412 

-220, 223, 

253, 2%. 

285, 290, 

307, 312, 

356, 360, 

380, 386, 

biological tests,' 261, 293 

exhibit, 309, 314, 401, 412 

507 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

preliminary study, 270, 288, 292, 

306 

tavern, 317 

telescope on, 123, 332, 342 

TV telecasts from, 210, 217, 362, 373, 

volcanic activity, 139, 187, 212, 339, 

water on, 167, 275, 313, 332, 398 

233 

374 

418 

“Moon In” (Central Park, New York), 

“Moon Maiden” (song), 279 

Moore, David, 204 

Moore, George S., 123 

Moore, Wendell F., 161 

Moorer, Adm. Thomas H. (USN), 180 

MOP. See Manned orbiting platform. 

Moravia, Alberto, 321 

Morea, Saverio F., 185 

Moritz, Bernard, 130 

Morocco, 146 

Moscow, 12, 152, 185, 339, 362 

antimissile defense, 50 

astronaut visit, 195, 202 

cosmonaut ceremony, 23, 33, 349 

lunar rock exhibit, 412 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty signing, 370, 392-393 

press conference, 21, 372 

Moser, Dr. Jiirgen K., 121 

Moslems, 226, 234 

Motorcycle, 129 

Mt. Everest, 303 

Mt. Hopkins, Ariz., 405 

Mt. Palomar Observatory, 341, 367 

Mountain View, Calif., 361 

MQF. See Mobile quarantine facility. 

MS4 (Japanese rocket), 290-291 

MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. 

MSFC. See Marshall Space Flight Center. 

MSFN. See Manned Space Flight NetMU3D (Japanese rocket), 284 

Mueller, Dr. George E., 131, 274, 405 

Apollo Applications, 67 

Apollo program, 73, 74, 77, 88, 262 

award, 10, 300, 346 ’ 

earth resources satellite, 33 

lunar exploration, 67, 74, 123, 157, 246 

manned space flight, 73, 74 

press conference, 29, 77, 242-243 

resignation, 368, 399 

reusable launch and space vehicles, 

space program, 29, 243, 262 

space shuttle, 350 

space station, 74, 131, 267 

U.S.S.R. space program, 29, 207-208 

Muller, Paul M., 116, 120 

Multiple docking adapter, 128 

Multiple independently targetable reen- try vehicle (MIRV), 10, 116, 183, 190, 

332 

Mumford, Lewis, 201 

Murphy, Sen. George L., 150 

work. 

266 

Murray, Dr. Bruce C., 282 

Muscat and Oman (sultanate), 48 

Museum, space (proposed), 346 

N 

NAA. See National Aeronautics Assn. NAE. See National Academy of Engineering. NAFEC. See National Aviation Facilities 

Experimental Center. 

Nagako, Empress (Japan), 361 

Nance, Richard L., 339 NAS. See National Academy of Sciences. NASA. See National Aeronautics and 

NASA Apollo Lunar Exploration Office, 

NASA Apollo Program Office, 68-69 

NASA Astronomy Missions Board, 156, 

NASA Communications Network (NASNASA Historical Advisory Committee, 178 NASA Launch Vehicle Review Board, 385 NASA Office of Advanced Research and 

Technology (OART), 21, 84, 87, 212, 

368 

Space Administration. 

74 

256, 366 

COM) , 292 

NASA Office of Manned Space Flight 

(OMSF), 22, 145, 223, 292, 378, 415 NASA Office of Public Affairs, 10 

NASA Office of Space Science and Appli- cations (OSSA), 76, 78, 118, 173, 

190, 245, 277, 292, 403 

Lunar and Planetary Programs Div., 

55 

NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition (OTDA), 65, 145, 224, 378 NASA Physics Advisory Committee, 355 NASA Preliminary Examination Team 

(PET), 306, 419 NASA Science and Technology Advisory 

Committee for Manned Space Flight, 

94 

NASA Space Shuttle Task Group, 336, 

354 

NASC. See National Aeronautics and 

Space Council. NASCOM. See NASA Communications Network. 

NAS-NRC Space Science Board. See National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council. 

Nassau, Bahamas, 409 

Natal, Brazil, 179, 186, 188 

National Academy of Engineering 

Committee on Public Engineering 

(NAE) , 99, 189 

Policy, 257 

National Academy of Sciences (NASI, 2, 

184, 314, 410 

advisory committee to HUD, 189 

annual. meeting, 121 

antiballistic missile (ABM) system, 89 

508 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

applications satellite study, 47 

award, 121 

Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, 

cooperation, 141 

food management for aerospace ve- hicles conference, 110 

Lunar Science Institute, 8, 75-76, 227 

president, election of, 19 

report, 19, 136, 257, 263, 343, 355 

space program, 19, 136, 226, 263, 355 

Space Science Board, 19, 94, 124, 136, 

Committee on Space Medicine, 164 

Universities Organizing Committee for 

Space Sciences, 8 UFO study review, 5, 411 

World Data Center A for Rockets and 

409 

164, 167, 263, 390, 343, 347 

Satellites, 1 

300, 323, 405 

National Aeronautic Assn. (NAA), 101 

National Aeronautics and Space Act, 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (see also NASA 

centers, programs, satellites, and re- lated headings, such as Ames Research Center, Apollo program, Essa 

ZX), 75, 79, 86, 87, 135, 300, 304, 

313, 323, 337 

accomplishments, 1, 7, 10, 13, 14, 

16, 18, 25, 38, 64, 65, 68, 71, 77, 80, 

92, 145, 160, 212, 230, 242, 246, 251, 

372, 421, 422423 

agreement. See International cooperation, space; and Treaty. 

anniversary, 33, 51, 83, 323 

Apollo Orbital Science Photographic 

Team, 410 

Apollo 204 Review Board. See Apollo 

204 Review Board. 

astronaut. See astronaut. 

Astronomy Missions Board, 4, 156, 256 

awards and honors, 2, 6, 8, 10, 22, 

32. __ 33. 

__ 38. 43. 46. 47. 49. 59. 68- 

69: 72; 87; 100-101, i17, ’118,‘ 123, 

138-139, 168, 200, 204, 237, 251, 

255. 266. 279-280. 288-289, 326, 

337; 3451346, 3461347, 350, 360, 

362, 364, 371, 387, 388, 403, 419 

Apollo Achievement Award, 362 

Distinguished Public Service Certificate, 326 

Distinguished Public Service Medal, 

Distinguished Service Medal, 10, 13, 

91, 154, 280, 287, 326, 346 

Exceptional Bravery Medal, 347 

Exceptional Scientific Achievement 

Medal, 10, 13, 326, 347 

Exceptional Service Medal, 91, 287, 

326, 347 

Group Achievement Award, 154, 346 

Outstanding Leadership Award, 371 

Public Service Award, 92, 347 

budget, FY 1970, 3, 5-6, 14-16, 22, 

154, 346-347 

28, 38, 106, 108-110, 115, 116, 

122, 147, 163, 167, 204, 208, 305, 

390, 423 

appropriations, 184, 186, 381-382 

authorization, 18, 66, 67, 69, 70, 

71, 74, 78, 84, 85, 91, 108-109, 

276, 329, 337, 361, 363 

press comment, 4, 28, 81-82, 95, 108, 

Senate consideration 

bills signed, 383, 395 

House consideration 

112-113, 117, 118, 138, 147, 176, 

155, 163, 421 

appropriations, 364-365, 369, 382, 

authorization, 24, 118, 120, 123, 

383 

127, 130, 131, 134,- 160, 186, 

265-266, 270, 307, 311, 312, 330, 

361, 365 

conference, 17, 106, 111, 122, 169, 317, 

337, 375, 384, 411 

contract, 25, 35 

aeronautics, 335 

aircraft, 300 

communications system, 241, 386 

computer services, 71, 88, 177, 203, 

335 

engine, 32, 70, 79, 85, 91, 212, 291, 

facilities. 271. 320 

379-380 

guidance and’navigation, 13 

instrumentation, 11, 24, 76, 91, 253 

launch vehicle, 47, 49, 70, 77, 88, 

91, 94, 100, 113, 117, 133, 154, 

278, 297, 315, 355, 389 

life support system, 123, 173 

nuclear propulsion, 93, 105 

space equipment, 21, 92-94, 111, 

297, 320, 327, 353 

space shuttle, 26, 48 

space station, 11, 26, 240, 270, 299 

spacecraft, 30, 43, 46, 59, 70, 154, 

160, 297, 340, 351, 401 

study, 38, 47, 105., 111, 128, 151, 

187, 240, 270, 340 

support services, 1, 24, 30, 38, 47, 

59, 85, 88, 91, 100, 104, 114, 292, 

293 

telescope, 71, 177, 320, 327 

tracking, 189, 196 

AEC, 88, 105, 178, 310, 332, 422 

Commerce, Dept. of, 88 

ComSatCorp, 178 

DOD, 11, 34, 38, 87, 88, 146, 152, 

cooperation, 103, 111, 170, 402 

153, 176-177, 345, 368, 379, 389, 

417 

ESSA, 356, 414, 417 

Interior, Dept. of, 51, 356 

NSF, 88, 356 

Transportation, Dept. of, 88, 417 

USAF, 21, 29, 86, 119, 146, 176, 192, 

205, 258, 321, 336, 363, 389, 405, 

421 

USA, 49, 334, 379 

509 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

U.S. Bureau of Mines, 387 

U.S. Coast Guard, 51 

cooperation, international. See International cooperation, space; and 

Sounding rocket, international programs. 

criticism, 176, 204, 205, 231, 272, 284, 

287, 289, 340, 364, 367-368, 398, 413, 

415, 418, 423 

employment, 66, 69, 197, 231, 361, 363, 

390. 422-423 

USN, 44, 51, 119 

exhibit, 105,762, 403, 405, 417 

facilities, 176, 245, 277, 312, 329, 362, 

383, 417. 418. 423 

history, 351, 353, 357 

inaugural parade float, 21 

launch, 23, 420 

Apollo 9 (AS-504), 62 

Ap0110 10 (AS-505), 142 

Apollo 11 (AS-506), 211-223 

Apollo 12 (AS-507), 372-378 

failure 

Intelsat-I11 F-1, 135 

Intelsat-Ill F-5, 245, 281 

Pioneer E, 291 

postponed, 61, 62, 107, 108 

probe Mariner VI (Mariner F), 55 

Mariner VI1 (Mariner G), 94 

satellite, 22-23, 30, 3940, 57, 107, 

173, 185, 189-190, 245, 323, 364, 

388-389 

Ats V (ATS-E), 276 

Azur (GRS-A), 364 

Biosatellite 111 ( Biosatellite-D) , 

Boreas (Esro IB), 323 

Essa IX (TOS-G) , 58 

Explorer XLI (IMP<), 185 

Intelsat-Ill F-3, 39-40 

Nimbus III (Nimbus-B2), 107 

os0 VI (oso-c), 272 

Skynet A (IDCSP-A), 389 

Aerobee 150, 49, 78, 80, 179, 302, 

361, 402, 409 

Aerobee 150A, 139 

Aerobee 150 MI, 9, 38, 42, 43, 65- 

66, 71, 104, 108, 111, 113, 118, 

141, 179, 184, 186, 299, 309, 314, 

316, 326, 337, 361, 410 

Aerobee 170, 298 

Aerobee 350, 27 

Arcas, 18, 19, 33, 41, 354 

Astrobee 1500, 335 

Black Brant IIIB, 59, 127 

Black Brant IV, 312 

Black Brant VB, 366 

Boosted Arcas 11, 28, 332 

Bdpup Cajun, 178 

Javelin, 188 

189-190 

ISiS I (ISIS--A), 30 

OgO VI (OGO-F), 171 OS0 v (OSO-F), 22 

sounding rocket 

Nike-Apache, 33-34, 41, 43, 48, 

49, 51-52, 54, 58, 106, 113, 118, 

120, 135, 159, 176, 189, 279, 286, 

287, 300, 303, 402, 408 

Nike-Cajun, 9, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 

25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33-34, 38, 41, 

94, 132, 133, 135 

Nike-Tomahawk, 27-28, 29, 49, 71, 

286, 327 

Orion E, 79 

Pacemaker, 203 

Sidewinder-Arcas, 79 

legal suit, 270, 283, 394, 401 

Lunar Landing Training Vehicle, 5, 

Lunar Planetary Missions Board, 94 

management, 15, 24, 148, 167, 195, 

203, 254, 276, 287, 390 

Management Advisory Council, 70 

manpower. See Employment. 

memorial, lunar landing, 304 

organization, 139, 167, 274, 332 

patents, 4, 82 

Performance Evaluation Board. 70 

72, 83, 112-113, 133, 211-212, 

173, 182 

personnel, 9, 42, 46, 67-68, 80,’87, 100, 

103, 115, 116, 129, 136, 139, 188, 

260, 274, 281, 289. 290, 291, 293, 

299, 300; 304, 323; 360; 362, 371, 

394- 395. 396. 399. 400. 417 z- z 

appointment, 7, 19, 20, ’53,- 70, 76, 

83, 173, 185, 251, 285, 290, 304, 

317. 319, 325. 326. 332. 339. 353. 

403: 405: 410: 412’ ‘ ’ ’ 

resignation; 135: 251, 259, 267, 292, 

297, 340, 347, 352, 368, 371 

retirement, 13. 19, 53. 256. 349 ,I 

procurement, 25 

programs 

aeronautics, 11, 15, 16, 39, 42, 44, 

, 65, 70, 78, 84, 110, 113, 120, 121, 

123, 138, 177, 205, 212, 263, 321, 

334, 362, 368, 379, 398, 400, 417, 

421422 

art, 226, 403 

astronomy, 3, 15, 16, 22, 23, 28, 35, 

37, 55, 57, 66, 73, 76, 85, 89, 92, 

94, 111, 119, 123, 136, 138, 160, 

192, 257, 263, 266, 276, 283, 305, 

318, 328, 337, 359, 361, 367, 412 

communications, 23, 37, 39, 150, 151, 

402 

earth resources, 15, 16, 33, 37, 47, 

49, 66, 69, 85, 119, 138, 151, 161, 

163, 305, 308, 328, 337, 339, 357 

historv. 357 .I 

international, 7, 21, 26, 30, 59, 74, 

85, 103, 167, 169, 177, 202, 268, 

305, 309, 311, 411, 423424 

manned space flight, 6, 15, 16, 18, 

19, 23, 27, 28, 33, 47, 64, 66, 74, 

77, 82, 86, 91, 94, 104, 109, 111, 

119, 134, 151, 163, 178, 208, 223, 

237, 260, 266, 308, 312, 321, 331, 

510 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

343-344, 355, 367, 371, 378, 390, 

421 

meG&ology, 23, 47, 57, 69, 85, 107, 

151, 204, 344 353, 409, 414 

nuclear propulsion, 16, 37, 77, 105, 

109, 130, 138, 260, 268, 269, 309, 

332, 383, 399, 404, 422 

soundme rocket. 124. 421 

space medicine,' 18, '19, 23, 51, 72, 

76, 78, 123, 128, 130-131, 136, 138, 

154, 164, 189, 190, 200, 201-202, 

206, 273, 335-336. 348-349. 367- 

368, 415 

space reqcue, 21, 315 

space science, 15, 37, 77, 78, 120, 

134, 136, 151, 167, 171, 185, 305, 

308, 331, 337, 338, 355 

space station, 15, 16, 17, 66, 73, 83, 

86, 94, 111, 120, 138, 146, 167, 

169, 237, 241, 260, 266, 268, 269, 

305, 328, 343, 344 

technology utilization, 23, 66, 70, 75, 

127, 202, 274, 337, 362 

tracking and data acquisition, 37, 

149, 187, 210, 267, 307, 423 

Science and Technology Advisory Committee for Manned Space Fiight, 94 

Semiannual ReDort to Congress. 371 

Space Task Group repor< 305, 308, 

test, 17, 403 

312-313 

aircraft. 263. 405. 421 

ion eniine. 47 ' 

launch- vehicle, 103, 185, 195, 196, 

lifting-bodv vehicle. 29. 101. 112, 

272, 360, 412 

11t 133, 148, 159, 174, 184, 240; 

267, 286, 297, 299, 300, 316, 319, 

349, 352, 360, 371, 381, 389, 394, 

407, 421 

Lunar Landing Training, 103, 182 

nuclear, 87, 178, 190, 294, 310, 410 

parachute, 79, 183 

spacecraft, 117, 195, 196, 351 

universities. 3. 25. 56. 106. 109. 156. ,I 

227, 304,'363, 368, 382, 415 

X-15. See X-15. 

National Aeronautics and Space Council 

(NASC) 

award, 87 

Chairman, 20, 54, 66, 91, 294, 320, 419 

Executive Secretary, 49, 87, 147, 184, 

President's Space Task Group recomNational Air and Space Museum, 297, 

344 

National Air Exposition, Second, 283 

National Amateur Astronomers convenNational Anti-aviation Citation PresenNational Archives, 405 

National Assn. of Government Employees, 

257, 281, 327 

mendation, 167, 171 

tion, 288 

tation, 410 

253 

National Aviation Club, Award for 

National Aviation Facilities Experimental 

National Aviation Planning Commission 

National Broadcasting Co. (NBC) , 146, 

National Center for Atmospheric ReNational Civil Service League, 122 

National Collegiate Athletic Assn., 83 

National Conference on Public Administration, 1969, 148 

National Council on Marine Resources 

and Engineering Development, 56, 99 

National Day of Participation (Apollo 11 

mission), 224, 230 

National Flight Data Center (NFDC), 117 

National Gallery of Art, Washington, 

D.C., 403 

National Geodetic Satellite program, 86 

National Geographic Society, 100, 101, 

204 

National Industrial Conference Board, 

388 

National Institute of Social Sciences, 387 

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2, 

110 

National Investigations Committee on 

Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), 8, 411 

National Medal of Science, 1, 418 

National Meteorological Center, 353 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Agency (NOAA) (proposed), 14, 150, 

341 

National Oceanographic Center, 9 

National Operational Meteorological Satellite System (NOMSS), 86, 422 

National Order of the Leopard, 350 

National Postal Forum, 289 

National Press Club, 268 

National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel, 420 

National Research Council (NRC) , 205, 

297 

Committee on Radio Frequency Requirements for Scientific Research, 

125 

Geophysical Research Board, Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research, 

Achievement, 127 

Center (NAFEC), 89 

(proposed), 26 

357 

search, 167, 409 

-., F.7 . Panel on Remote Atmospheric Probing, 409 

Space Science Board, 18, 94, 124, 136, 

164, 167, 263, 289, 343, 347, 355, 

356 

National Science Board. 121 

National Science Foundation (NSF) , 32, 

American Science Manpower, 1968, 

35, 53, 182, 290, 405 

420 

cooperation, 88, 90 

Deep Sea Drilling Project, 353 

Federal Support to Universities and 

511 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Colleges, Fiscal Year 1967, 106 

329, 383, 395 

funds for, 15, 40, 110, 113, 184, 312, 

grants, 319 

personnel, 114, 121, 189 

R&D Activities of Local Governments, 

1966 and 1967, 97 

Reviews of Data on Science and Resources, 398 

Scientific Activities of Nonprofit Institutions, 1966, 96 

Scientific and Technical Personnel in 

the Federal Government, 1967, 198 

National Science Teachers Assn., 105 

National Sea Grant Program, 9 

National security, 35, 258, 306, 411, 419 

National Security Council, 2 

National Security Industrial Assn., 33, 

National Seminar for Manned Flight 

National Society of Professional Engi178 

Awareness, 317 

neers, 37 

268, 371 

National Space Club, 16, 67, 68, 111, 

National Space Hall of Fame, 289 

National Space Science Data Center, 1, 

271 

National Telemetrv Conference. 117 

National Transpoitation Safety Board, 

National Urban Coalition, 115, 116 

NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Or19, 40, 362, 369 

ganization. 

Nlugle, Dr. John E., 69, 84, 127, 139, 

Nauman. Robert J.. 326 

179, 336, 346 

Naval Missile Center, 325 

Naval Research Laboratory, 22, 74, 78, 

84, 111, 124, 171, 272, 298, 361, 366 

Atmosphere and Astrophysics Div., 2 

Naval Weapons Center, 34, 41 

Navigation satellite, 33, 37, 47, 190, 322, 

357 

NBc. See National Broadcasting Co. 

NC-4 (flying boat), 133, 344 

Near East, 140 

Need for lmproved Guidelines in Contracting for Research with Government-Sponsored Nonprofit Contractors, 

47-48 

Neilson, Thomas H., 124 

Nekton (submarine), 330 

Nellis AFB, Nev., 49, 155, 413, 416 

Nelson, Bryce, 59-60, 163 

Neptune (planet), 263, 299 NERVA. See Nuclear Engine for Rocket 

Vehicle Application. 

Ness, Dr. Norman F., 50 

Netherlands 32, 132, 423 

Neugebauer, Dr. Gerry, 269 

Neutrography, 168-169 

Nevada, 291 

Nevada Test Site, 416 

New Delhi, India, 234, 255, 258 

New Jersey, Div. of Clear Air and 

New Mexico, 315 

New Mexico, Univ. of, 272 

New O&aus, La., 96, 105, 298 

New Orleans Chamber of Commerce. 140 

New York, N.Y., 90-91, 129, 190, 232- 

Water, 278 

233, 363 

Apollo 11 moon rock exhibit, 381 

astronauts in, 8, 276, 279, 387 

cosmonaut visit, 337 

air services and traffic, 13-14, 34, 43- 

44, 418 

meeting, 40, 387, 388 

train services, 17, 105 

New York City Medal, 8 

New York Society of Security Analysts, 

29 

New York State Supreme Court, 2 

New York State Univ., 288 

Stony Brook, 407 

New York Stock Exchange, 150, 238, 

243 

New York Univ., 121 

Newark, N.J., 72 

Newark, N.J., Airport, 9, 278 

Newcomen Society in North America, 

Newell, Dr. Homer E., Jr., 110, 111, 178 

News conference. See Press conference. 

Newton, Sir Isaac, 300 NFDC. See National Flight Data Center. 

Niagara Falls International Airport, 103 

NICAP. See National Investigations ComNigeria, 226 NIH. See National Institutes of Health. 

Nike-Apache (sounding rocket) 

auroral data, 43, 48, 51-52, 54, 58 

cosmic radiation, 107 

electron measurement, 33-34, 113, 300, 

hydroxyl radical measurement, 189 

ionospheric experiments, 33-34, 41, 

micrometeoroid sampling, 159, 176, 

upper-atmosphere data, 41, 49, 135, 

x-ray astronomy, 118, 120, 402 

Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket), 133 

upper-atmosphere data, 9, 18, 19, 20, 

340 

mittee on Aerial Phenomena. 

303-304 

113, 135, 300 

279, 287 

286, 408-409 

21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30-31, 33-34, 38, 

40-41, 94, 132, 133, 135 

Nike-Iroquois (sounding rocket), 360 

Nike-Javelin (sounding rocket), 360 

Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket) 

contract, 253 

electron measurement, 71, 113 

instrumentation test, 27-28, 286 

upper atmosphere data, 29, 49, 72, 83, 

x-ray data, 134, 211-212, 327 

286 

Nikolayev, Adrian G., 158 

Nimbus (program), 23, 139 

512 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

513 

Nimbus I (meteorological satellite), 108 

Nimbus II, 18, 108 

Nimbus III (Nimbus-B2) , 85, 88, 107- 

Nimbus D, 85 

Nimbus E, 85, 423 

Nimbus F, 85 

Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., 82 

Nitric oxide, 34, 41, 179, 365 

Nitrogen, 13P-140, 179 

Nix Olympica (Mars crater), 262 

Nixon, President Richard M., 4, 26, 56- 

108, 205, 353, 414, 421, 422 

57 

Air Force Academy address, 170 

Amistad Dam dedication, 299 

antiballistic missile (ABM), 39, 46-47, 

80, 81, 83, 89, 121, 129 

Apollo 8 mission, 20, 32, 34, 61-62 

Apollo 9 mission, 64-65 

Apollo IO mission, 157 

Apollo II mission, 196, 224, 249, 250, 

261, 262, 275, 284, 401-402 

astronauts 

communications with, 209, 219- 

dininn with. 200. 204 

220, 230 

state -dime; for,’ 279-280 

tribute to, 228, 242, 246, 362 

U.S.S. Hornet greeting, 223 

messages to, 244 - moon plaque, 196 

National Day of Participation, 224, 

Apollo 12 mission, 371, 372, 378, 384, 

385, 389, 392 

appointments and nominations by, 6, 

9, 17-18, 30, 46, 68, 117, 121, 141, 

184, 189, 302, 314, 329, 332, 392, 

402, 418 

- 

230-231 

arms limitation, 183, 190-191 

Asian tour, 199, 247, 248, 251, 255 

astronaut goodwill tour, 32, 299, 319 

astronauts, visit with, 191, 413 

award to. 410 

awards by, 68, 101, 418-419 

bills signed, 383, 395 

budget, 107, 109-110, 138, 186-187 

ComSatCorp report to, 61 

Congressional Space Medal of Honor 

European tour, 50, 55, 56-57, 61-62 

inauguration, 18, 20-21 

international cooperation, space, 20, 32, 

43, 238, 309310 MIRV missile, 190-191 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 41, 

office performance, 275 

science, 40, 54, 56, 297 

space program, national, 9, 20, 32, 38, 

109, 110, 115, 117, 119-120, 238, 

271, 371, 372, 423 

Space Task Force Group report to, 

approved, 319 

392-393 

43, 49-50, 78, 80, 82, 95, 104, 108- 

167, 304-305, 308, 312-313, 332 

supersonic transport, 32, 43, 58-59, 82, 

95, 123, 137, 314-315, 318, 372, 410, 

422 

task forces, 314, 329, 332 

U.N. address, 309-310 

Vietnam War, 404 

White House religious service, 232 

world tour, 247, 251, 259, 261, 262, 

284 

Wright Brothers Day, 406 

372, 378 

budget) 

Nixon, Mrs. Richard M., 261, 279, 284, 

Nixon, Miss Tricia, 378 

NOA: new obligational authority (in 

Nobel, Alfred B., Prize in Chemistry, 355 

Nobel, Alfred B., Prize in Physics, 355 

Nobel, Alfred B., Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 338 

Noblitt, B. G., 354 

Noise, aircraft, 3, 15, 25, 32, %, 78, 

120, 173, 212, 263, 265, 371, 391, 400 NOMSS. See National Operational Satellite System. NORAD. See North American Air Defense 

Command. 

Noren, Rev. Paul H. A., 206-207 

Normvle. William J.. 108-109. 115 

Norris, Henry W., 111 

North American Air Defense Command 

North American Rockwell Corp. (NAR) 

Aerospace and Systems Group, 195 

aircraft, 11, 85, 169, 177 

Apollo spacecraft, 59, 388 

Atomics International Div., 195 

Autonetics Div., 135 

award, 69, 147 

contract, 47, 85, 94, 132, 135, 270, 280 

escape-to-orbit vehicle, 94 

flying lunar excursion experimental platform (FLEEP) , 388 

Power Svstems Div.. 195 

(NORAD), 89, 291 

Rocketdyne Div., 70, 79, 85, 101, 104, 

Saturn V, 24, 132, 280 

Space Div., 70. 77. 241 

195, 327-328 

space shuttle, ‘47 ’ 

space station, 270, 299 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

(NATO), 132 

North Pole, 251 

Northern Illinois Univ., 360 

Northrop Corp., 287, 319, 325, 346 

Northrop, John K., 157-158, 287, 346 

Northwestern Univ., 288, 416 

Astronomv Dent.. 28 

Norton, W:W. & Co., 252 

Norway, 18, 20, 132, 323, 423 

Nossiter, Bernard D., 107. 135 

Nova Scotia, Canada, 282 

Novak. Robert D. S.. 284 , --- 

Novikov, Kirill, 21 

Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R., 195, 387 

Noyes, Crosby S., 154-155, 177 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

NR-1 (nuclear-powered deep submerNRC. See National Research Council. 

NSF. See National Science Foundation. 

Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Ap- plication (NERVA), 105, 266, 332, 399 

gence research vehicle), 27 

contract, 94 

funds for, 16, 66, 109, 120, 163 

NERVA XE, 177-178, 279, 309, 422 

Nuclear explosion, 167, 409, 412413 

Niiclear fallout. 412-413 

NERVA I, 94 

test, 87, 177-178, 279, 309,422 

- - _. . __-. 

Nuclear generator,28, -130, 177-178, 189, 

190, 329430, 414, 422 

Nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 13, 41, 

52, 57, 58, 78, 317, 370, 392-393 

Nuclear power, 4, 37, 130, 189, 354 

Nuclear propulsion, 37, 66, 76, 87, 94, 

Nuclear test, 155, 181, 359 

Nuclear test ban treaty, 13, 81 

Nuclear weapons (see also Disarmament; 

Missile; and Treaty), 81, 86, 131, 135, 

136, 155, 181, 330 

130, 156, 200, 260, 280, 332, 337- 

338, 399, 404, 422 

0 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 45, 353 

OAO. See Orbiting Astronomical ObservaOao 11 (Orbiting Astronomical Observa- tory. 

awards for contributions to, 154 

disorders, 106, 173 

experimental data from, 3, 99, 344, 403 

OART. See NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. 

Oberth, Prof. Hermann, 188, 287, 346 

Oberth, Hermann, Society of Nuremberg, 

188 

Ocean of Storms (moon), 243, 368, 375, 

393, 3%, 403, 407-408 

Oceanography (see also Aquanaut; Project Tektite I and 11; and Sealab) 

award, 50 

contract, 353 

cooperation, 51, 88, 356 

international aspects, 133, 197 

manned flight contributions to, 160 

record, 86, 110 

research, 17, 27, 51, 88, 103, 110, 209, 

273, 282, 330, 343 

satellite use in, 88, 199 

US. program, 9, 56, 133, 150, 314, 

341, 353, 356 

O’Connell, Joseph J., Jr., 40 

O’connor, M/C Edmund F. (USAF), 188, 

Odeillo, France, 363 

OECD. See Office for Economic Cooperatory), 134 

251 

tion and Development. 

Office for Economic Cooperation and DeDirectorate for Scientific Affairs, 59- 

Office of Economic Opportunity, 339 

Office of Science and Technology (President’s), 42, 43, 106, 119, 174 OFO. See Orbiting Frog Otolith. OGO. See Orbiting Geophysical Observavelopment ( OECD) , 255 

60 

tom. 

___ Ogo ’r; 171 

Ogo Ill, 171 

Om IV. 171 

Ogo V,.171, 316 

O’Hair, Mrs. Madalyn Murray, 268, 283, 

O’Hair, Richard. 268 

OgO VI (OGO-F), 171, 326, 421 

394, 400 

050 V..171. 316 -7 --- o& vi (OGO-F), 171, 326, 421 

O’Hair, Mrs. Madalyn Murray, 268, 283, 

O’Hair, Richard. 268 

394, 400 

O’Hare Internakon2 Airport, 28, 102, 

Ohio, 406 

Ohio Historical Society, 246 

Ohio State Univ., 156 

Ojai, Calif., 200 

Oke, Dr. John B., 367 

O’Keefe, Dr. John A., 50, 360 

O’Keefe, William J., 263 

Olav V. King (Norway), 332 

O’Leary, Dr. Brian T., 180, 339 

OMSF. See NASA Office of Manned Space 

On the Edge of the Moon (London 

O’Neill, L/G John W. IUSAF). 322 

263-264, 279 

Flight. 

Times supplement), 169-170 

, , --- Operation Breakthrough (HUD) , 188 

“Operation Paperclip,” 13 

Operations Research Society of America, 

183 

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 

(OAO), 3, 23, 106, 154, 266, 344, 367, 

487 

Orbiting Frog Otolith (OFO) (spacecraft), 154 

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory ( 

171, 173, 364 

Orbiting Solar Observatory (oso) , Orbiting Vehicle (ov) (research 

lite), 83-84, 155, 164 

Order of Lenin Medal, 24 

Order of Leopold, 332 

Ordway, Frederick I., 111, 329 

Orion (constellation), 337, 344 

Orion I1 (sounding rocket), 79 

Orlando, Fla., 271 

Ortoli, Francois X., 316 

Osaka, Japan, 417 

Oscar, Project, 399 

Osgood, John, 52 

Oslo, Norway, 312, 355 

Osman, Armstrong Abdurahman, 234 OSO. See Orbiting Solar Observatory. 

os0 I (Orbiting Solar Observatory), 22- 

Os0 III, 23, 272 

23, 272 

OSO II, 22-23, 272 

OGO), 

23 

satel514 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Os0 IV, 23, 272 OS0 v (OSO-F), 22, 23, 28, 56, 108, 272, 

421 

Os0 VI (OSO-G), 272, 308, 370, 411, 421 

oso-c, 272 

OSSA. See NASA O5ce of Space Science 

Ostriker, Dr. Jeremiah P., 322, 334 

Oteroo, Katherine Stinson, 380 

O’Toole, Thomas, 46, 62, 92, 95, 359 

Otopeni Airport, Romania, 261 

Ottawa, Canada, 312, 399 

Our Nation and the Sea (report), 9 

Outer Solar System: A Program for Exploration (Space Science Board reand Applications. 

port), 263 

Outstanding Leadership Award (NASA), 

OV 1-16 (orbiting vehicle research satellite), 164 

OV 1-17, 83-84 

OV I-17A. 83 

OV 1-18, 83 

OV V-6, 155 

Overmeyer, Maj. Robert F. (USMC), 281 

Owen, David, 381 

Owen, Tobias, 293 

Owens, Miss Heather A., 266-267 

Oxford, Pa., 168 

Oxford Univ., 239 

OV 1-19, 83 

OV V-5, 155 

OV V-9, 155 

P 

Pac (Package Attitude Control) system, 

Pace, Frank, Jr., 387 

Pacemaker (sounding rocket), 203 

Pacific Ocean 

272 

Apollo 10, 143 

Apollo 11, 168, 223 

Apollo 12, 377 

Biosatellite Ill, 201 

communications satellite, 18, 137, 140 

Deep Sea Drilling Project, 353 

Sealab I11 project, 51 

U.S.S.R. rocket test, 112, 116, 156 

Packer, Dr. Leo S., 83 

Pago Pago, 378 

Paine Field, Wash., 45 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., 274, 306, 349, 368 

aeronautics, 66 

Apollo 11 mission, 199-200, 209-210, 

appointment, 46, 68, 87, 100, 401 

appointments by, 70 

awards and honors, 168, 300 

awards by, 6, 32, 132, 154, 280, 326 

budget, 15-16, 66, 109-110, 119-120 

Deep Space Network facility, Madrid, 

223, 231-232, 279, 380-381 

180 

Electronics Research Center (ERC) , 

international cooperation, space, 74- 

legal suit, 268, 283, 394, 400 

management. 148-149 

417, 423 

75, 169, 268, 311, 411412, 424 

space-program, national, 15-16, 66, 68, 

74-75, 100, 119-120, 145-146, 169, 

175-176, 192, 199-200. 207, 259- 

260, 266, 268, 294, 417, 424 

space station, 169 

U.S.S.R. space program, 120, 145-146, 

169, 199-200, 266 

space station, 75, 120 

Research Committee, 99 

Pakistan, 190, 244, 259, 394, 423 

Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere 

Palm Springs, Calif., 359 

Palmer, John S., 279 

Palo Alto, Calif., 257 

Palomar, Calif., 134 

Palos Verdes, Calif., 54 

Pan American World Airways, Inc. (Pan 

Am), 81, 175, 241, 346, 400, 409 

Panofsky, Wolfgang K. H., 418419 

Parachute, 143, 183 PARD See Pilot Airborne Recovery DeParin, Dr. Vassily V., 158, 391 

Paris, France, 159, 197, 244, 290, 312, 

vice. 

316 

astronaut visit, 37, 41 

award, 237, 403 

Nixon, President Richard M., visit, 55, 

Paris Air Show, 161-162, 168, 173, 412 

US. exhibit, 105, 161-162, 168, 169, 

U.S.S.R. exhibit, 146-147, 159-160, 

61-62 

175 

162, 168 

Paris, Univ. of, 22, 316 

Park, Chauncey C., 266-267 

Park, President Chung Hee (South 

Park, William C., 73 

Parker, Dr. Eugene N., 121 

Parker, Jack S., 147 

Parkes, Australia, 137, 319 

Pasadena, Calif., 158, 261 

Pasadena Chamber of Commerce, 158 

Patent, 4, 82, 159, 239 

Patterson, William A., 380 

Paul VI, Pope 

Apollo 10 flight, 152 

Apollo 11 flight, 206, 225, 232, 242, 

Korea), 244 

244 

Aio-Cio 12 flight, 384 

astronauts visit, 51, 337 

Nixon, President Richard M 

Paulet, Pedro E., 329 

Paulet Mostajo, Pedro, 322 

Paulson, Jeanne, 385 

Paumalu, Hawaii, 179 

PCA. See Polar cap absorption. 

Peace Corps, 413 

., visit, 61 

515 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Peace Corps National Advisory Council, 

442 

Pe&e, J. B., 298 

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 396 

Pearson, Drew, 204 

Peary, Adm. Robert E. (USN), 101, 251 

Pecora, William T., 393 

Pegasus Ill (meteoroid detection satelPell, Sen. Claiborne, 22 

Penn Central Co., 17, 105 

Pennsylvania, Univ. of, 67 

Pentagon, 34, 412 

Perez-Marin, Gen. Antonio (Spain), 180 

Perl, Dr. Martin L., 124 

Perry Oceanographics, Inc., 343 

Perseid meteor shower, 279, 287 

Peru, 267, 322 PET. See NASA Preliminary Examination 

lite), 64, 263 

Team. 

Samnles. 306 

PET Summary of Apollo 11 Lunar 

Petersburg, Alaska, 352 

Peterson, Maj. Donald H. (USAF), 281 

Petrone. Rocco A., 10, 274. 297, 317, 346 

Petrosyants, Andronik M.; 359 

Petrov, Dr. Boris N., 418 

Petrov, Prof. Georgy I., 233 

Phantom F-4E (jet fighter), 9 

Phelps, Robert H., 82 

Philadelphia, Pa., 283, 385 

Philco-Ford Corp., 402 

Education and Technical Services Div., 

%ace and Re-Entrv Svstems Div.. 346 

87-88 

Phiiippines, 190, 200,‘ 248 

Phillips, Mrs. Mary, 315 

Phillips, L/G Samuel C. (USAF), 274, 297 

Apollo 8, 16 

Apollo Il, 178, 182, 243 

awards and honors, 10, 68, 87, 300, 

space shuttle, 336 

Phoenix, Ariz., 327 

Physics, 77, 160, 256-257, 355 

Physics of the Earth in Space: The 

Role of Ground-Based Research (NRC 

report), 256-257 

Physiology in the Space Environment 

(Space Science Board report), 18-19 

Piccard, Dr. Jacques, 103, 209, 282 

Pickering, Dr. William H., 184-185, 188, 

203, 248 

Pilot Airborne Recovery Device (PARD), 

239 

Pilot warning instrument ( PWI), systems, 388 

Pilots, 425 

Pimentel, Dr. George C., 269, 301-302 

Pin Main, Canada, 71 

Pioneer (interplanetary probe), 89, 360 

Pioneer VI, 291, 356, 395 

Pioneer VII, 291, 395 

Pioneer Vlll, 180, 291 

Pioneer IX, 159, 291 

346-347 

Pioneer E, 23, 291, 385, 421 

Pioneer F, 76, 361 

Pioneer G, 76, 361 

Piret, Edgar L., 403 

Pitcairn. Harold F.. 283 

Plamondon, Joseph hi -133 

Plan for U.S. Participation in the Global 

Atmospheric Research Program (NRC 

report), 204-205 

Planetary Explorer (program), 163 

Planetoid, 288 

Plate, Thomas G., 231 

Plateau Elysium (Mars), 262 

Platt, John, 396 

Plesetsk, U.S.S.R. 

Cosmos launch, 67, 70, 80-81, 82, 91, 

101. 137. 148. 181. 203. 237. 281. 

283; 285; 297; 339; 341; 370; 392, 

401, 405 

Meteor I launch, 91 

Meteor I1 launch, 329 

Plum Brook Station. Ohio. 404. 412 I, 

Plummer, William T., 396 

Pluto (planet), 192, 263, 299, 366, 

Plutonium, 135, 384 

Plvmouth. Eneland. 133 

pidb: perceived noise in decibels 

Podgorny, President Nikolay V. 

(U.S.S.R.), 24, 210, 211, 244, 251, 

392-393 

Point Barrow, Alaska, 9, 19, 30, 38 

Point Mugu, Calif., 325 

Poland, 210, 225, 233, 244, 251, 384 

Polar cap absorption (PCA), 359-360 

Polish Astronautical Society, 329 

Pompidou, President Georges (France) 

Poor People’s Campaign, 205-206, 209. 

330 

210 

Pout? AFB. N.C.. 283 

Piier, Dgniel Ri-246 

Porter, Dr. Richard W., 136-137 

Portland, Ore., 385 

Portugal, 32, 37, 413 

Poseidon (missile), 363 

The Post-Apollo Space Program: An 

AlAA View, 151-152 

The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future (Space Task 

Group report), 304-305 

Post Office Dept., 8, 129-130, 202, 273- 

274, 300, 311, 319 

Potsdam, N.Y., 318 

Prague, Czechoslovakia, 413 

Pratt, Perry W., 21 

Pratt & Whitney Div., United Aircraft 

Presidential Task Force on Science 

President’s Council on Youth OpporPresident’s Science Advisory Committee, 

President’s Space Task Group, 78, 131, 

Cqrp., 25, 32-33, 46, 304, 328 

Policy, 314, 329, 346 

tunity, 135, 170 

42, 73-74, 117, 151, 184, 314 

134, 167, 173, 192, 320 

516 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

517 

The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future (report), 

304-305, 308, 312-313, 332 

Press, Dr. Frank, 230 

Press comment 

47, 129 

antiballistic missile (ABM) system, 46- 

Apollo 8 mission, 1, 2, 26 

An0110 9 mission. 67. 72. 80. 90 

Apollo 10 mission, 147-148, ’ 149-150, 

152-154, 155, 157 

Apollo I1 mission 

foreign, 193, 210-211, 225-226, 227- 

228, 229, 231, 236, 240, 242, 247, 

moon plaque, 196-197 

248, 251-252, 321-322 

US., 157, 174, 192-193, 207, 208, 

210-211. 225-226. 227. 228-229. 

231, 235-236, 239-240, ’ 244, 245- 

247, 249-250, 261-262, 271-272, 

276, 279, 280-281, 282, 295, 308, nr“ 

33 I 

Apollo 12 mission, 367, 379, 380, 386- 

387, 391, 392, 393, 394 

astronaut ceremonies, 279, 282 

Blue Book, Project, 413-414 

CSA (cargo aircraft), 293 

communications satellite, 26, 394-395 

disarmament, 190-191 

docking (Soyuz IV and Soyuz VI, 19 

international cooperation, space, 26, 

lunar exploration, 152-153, 154, 313, 

43, 175, 248, 367, 383-384 

383-384 

lunar rock samples, 261-262, 313, 412 

Mariner VI, 256, 262, 271, 308 

Mariner VU, 256, 262, 271, 308 

Mars, manned flight to, 231, 262, 271 

moon 

MOL, 179, 181, 186, 289 

contamination from, 175, 176 

international research, 4-5 

nuclear blast on, 412-413 

NASA Administrator, 46 

objects in orbit, 149-150 

pulsars, 134-135 

Science, Secretary of (proposed), 3 

science and technology, 1, 2-3, 154, 

space biology, 391 

space program, national, 4-5, 43, 80, 

359, 419-421 

162-163, 321, 396-397, 40041 

81-82, 95, 119, 154-155, 161, 163, 

248, 271-272, 289, 309, 313, 321, 

space results, 203, 227, 228, 242, 256 

space station, 80, 391 

supersonic transport (SST) , 137, 318, 

UFO’s, 8-9, 20, 413-414 

U.S.S.R. space program, 336, 342, 343, 

351, 365-366 

Press conference 

aircraft, 128-129 

antiballistic missile (ABM) system, 33, 

413 

43 

Apollo 8 mission, 7, 25, 54 

Apollo 9 mission, 26-27, 33, 61, 77, 

Apollo 10 mission, 33, 108 

Auollo 11 mission. 108. 182. 198-199. 

91, 116-117 

‘204, 207, 231, 242-243,267-268, 275; 

A~ollo 12 mission, 243. 325-326, 333- 

277-278, 280-281, 407408 

-334, 342, 371-372, 392, 406-408 

Apollo 13 mission, 392 

astronaut. See Astronaut. 

Biosatellite Ill, 347-349 

cosmonaut, 343, 350, 372 

Defense, Dept. of, 4, 33, 99, 128-129 

disarmament, 21, 174 

earth resources program, 116-117 

Haney, Paul, 116 

international cooperation, space, 25, 

41, 102, 158, 169, 196, 238, 245, 325 

manned space flight, 29, 53-54 

Mariner VI, 261, 269-270, 301-302 

Mariner VII, 269-270, 301-302 

Mars, manned flight to, 224, 243, 283- 

284, 305 moon 

lunar surface samples, 250, 267-268, 

nuclear explosion on, 167 

275, 396, 407-408 

Nixon, President Richard M., 43 

Oao Il, 129 

President’s Space Task Group report, 

308 

mace failure, 262 

space program, national, 49-50, 54, 77, 

122, 148, 158-159, 170-171, 224, 

231-232, 242-243, 248, 305, 323-325, 

417 

space station, 169 

supersonic transport (SST), 81, 186, 

197 

Su%yor Ill, 369-370 

UFOS, 8 

U.S.S.R. space program, 29, 170-171, 

204, 246, 343, 350, 361 women as astronauts, 359 

Press, Dr. Frank, 230 

Preston, Lancashire, U.K., 161 

Price, Don K., 136 

Pride, Inc., 230-231 

Princeton Univ., 127, 184, 290, 322, 334, 

Aerospace Systems Laboratory, 208- 

Prix Pierre Guzman, 403 

Probe (see also individual probes, such as Mariner VI, Mariner VU, Venus 

V, and Venus VI), 15, 66, 89 

interplanetary, 66, 76, 136-137, 187, 

192, 366-367, 421 

Jupiter, 16, 76, 192, 263 

lunar. See Luna XV, Lunar Orbiter I, 

Zond V, Zond VI, and Zond VU. 

137, 224, 231, 266, 343 

404, 418 

209 

Mars, 16, 18, 57, 76, 95, 111, 119, 136- 

Mercury, 16, 69, 76, 343 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Neptune, 192, 263 

Pluto. 192 

Saturn, 192, 263 

sun, 37, 177, 357 

Uranus, 192, 263 

U.S.S.R., 42, 75,. 120, 136-137, 140, 

141-142. 160. 171 

Venus, 16, 69,‘76, 136-137, 318, 343 

“Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual 

Freedom” (essay), 163 

Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference, 

Fifth, 134 

Proton, 171, 417 

Proxmire, Sen. William, 130, 281, 309, 

311, 330, 369, 383, 412 

Public Service Award (N~sA), 92, 347 

Pueblito de Allende, Mexico, 45 

Puerto Rico, 121, 401-402 

Pulkovo Observatorv. 139-140 

Pulsar, 16-17, 42, i8, 121-122, 134-135, 

289, 322 

acceleration, 56, 121, 334, 404 

optical, 164 

Purcell, Joseph, 99, 129, 154 

Purdue Univ., 418 

Putnam, William D., 353 PWI. See Pilot warning instrument systems. 

Q 

Qantas Airlines, 239 

Qatron Corp., 297 

Quamme, Hal J., 80 

Quarantine of astronauts 

Apollo 11 mission, 75-76, 141, 223 

273, 276 

Apollo 12 mission, 356, 377-378, 396, 

397, 400, 405 

Quark (theoretical elementary particle 

of matter), 355 

Quasar (quasi-stellar object), 99, 367 

Quiet Engine Research Program, 25, 32- 

33, 212 

R 

Rabi, Dr. Isidor I., 39 

Radar, 156 

aircraft, 156, 359 

mapping use, 288 

sidelooking, 47 

tracking, 55, 64, 65 

U.S.S.R., 50, 62 

Radiation (see also Ultraviolet and 

cosmic, 107, 155, 184, 318-319, 403 

effects, 78, 83, 96, 136, 164 

gamma, 318-319 

lunar. 313. 317 

X-ray) 

measurement, 83, 84, 175, 187 

solar, 83, 107, 133, 187, 269 

trapped, 84, 173 

Radio Amateur Satellite Corp., 399 

Radio Corporation of America (RCA) . 88, 113, 388, 400, 401 

Astro-Electronics Div., 139, 401 

Radio signal, 115, 367 

Radioastronomy, 123, 181, 390 

Radioisotopes, 132 

Radiometer, 175, 254, 344 

Radiophysics, 161 

Radiotelescope, 42 

Radome, 331 

RW. See Research and development. 

R&D Activities of Local Governments, Fiscal Years 1966 and 1967 (NSF 69- 

14), -97 

R&D an the Aircraft and Missiles lndustry, 1957-68 (NSF 69-15), 164 

RAND Corp., 282, 353 

Randall, Joseph L., 326 

Randall, Judith, 1 

Raper, 0. F., 298 

Rapid eye movements (REM), 348 

Raska, Dr. Karel, 254 

Rasool, Dr. S. Ichtiaque, 127-128, 408 

Raspevin, K., 1 

Rat experiment, 139 

Rathjens, George W., 131 

Rauschenberg, Robert, 226, 403 

Ray, Thomas W., 353 

Raymond, John M., Jr., 180 RCA. See Radio Corporation of America. RCA Service Co., 113, 292 RCS. See Reaction control system. 

RDT&E (research, development, test, and 

engineering). See Research and develonment. 

Reactibn control system (Rcs), 64, 143, 

Real-time computer complex (RTCC) , 334 

Ream. Harold E.. 103 

213, 222, 375 

Recher, Marcel, 304 

Rechtin, Dr. Eberhardt, 346 

Reconnaissance satellite, 192 

Record 

aircraft, 79, 129, 152, 157, 177, 323 

oceanographic, 86, 110 

spacecraft, 208, 250-251, 378, 389 

Redstone Arsenal, Ala., 256 

Reentry vehicle, 192, 330, 389, 408 

Rees, Dr. Eberhard F. M., 10, 188, 326 

Regency Corp., 75 

Regulus (star), 79 

Reichley, Paul, 56 

Relativity, theory of, 71 

Relay I (satellite), 124 

Relay 11, 124 

Religious Society of Friends, 232 REM. See Rapid eye movements. 

Rendezvous 

377 

US., 5, 27, 64, 91, 198, 249, 256, 345, 

U.S.S.R., 11, 12, 120, 332, 333, 422 

Republic Steel Corp., 408 

Request for proposals (RFP), 120, 128, 

151, 205 

518 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Rescue of astronaut. See Space rescue. Research and development (R&D), 4, 

aeronautics, 15-16, 113, 148, 164, 193, 

benefits. 40. 75. 128. 335 

151, 175, 255 

335 

,, 

coniputir, i39 

employment, 96, 97, 150, 231 

Federal surwort, 3. 29, 35, 40, 

257, 297 -- funds for, 14-16, 96-97, 110, 164, 

DOD, 14, 15, 40, 124, 136, 330 

42, 

257 

FAA, 15 

NASA, 14-15, 47, 108-109, 113, 138, 

176, 177, 184, 193, 257, 312, 330 

U.S.S.R., 60 

Research and Development in Industry, 

1967: Funds, 1967; Scientists and Engineers, January 1968 (NSF 69-28), 

257 

Resolute Bay, Canada, 28, 331 

Resor, Secretary of the Army Stanley R., 

4. 148 

Reisable launch and space vehicles, 25, 

29, 47, 82, 254, 260, 266, 268, 345, 354, 

423 

Reviews of Data on Science and Resburces (NSF 69-36), 398 

Reynolds, Orr E., 78 RFP. See Request for proposals. 

Rhodes, Gov. James A., 298 

Rice Univ., 58, 76, 253, 2457 

Richard, Ludie G., 326, 360 

Richardson, Robert, 50 

Rickover, V/A Hyman G. (USN), 132 

Rindner, Dr. Wilhelm, 128 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 312 

Ripley, Dr. S. Dillon, 307 

Rivers, Rep. L. Mendel, 39 

Riviera Beach, Fla., 343 

RGlO A33 (rocket engine), 379 

Roberts, Judge Jack, 400 

Roberts, Dr. Walter Orr, 44, 167, 416 

Rockaway Beach, N.Y., 133 

Rockefeller Public Service Award, 419 

Rockefeller Univ., 1, 19, 314 

Rocket belt, 161 

Rockwell, Norman, 403 

Rocky Flats, Colo., 135, 384 

Rogers, Alan E. E., 289 

Rogers, Secretary of State William P., 

Rolls-Royce, Ltd., Bristol-Siddeley EnRom, Frank E., 156 

Romania, 46, 234, 249, 251, 261, 262, 284 

Rome, Italy, 37, 55, 298, 312, 341 

Romney, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development George W., 87, 237 

Roosa, Maj. Stuart A. (USAF), 267 

Rosamond, Calif., HL-10 (lifting-body 

vehicle) flight, 184, 240, 267, 297, 309, 

352, 360, 381, 406 

Museum of Modern Art, 234 

52, 174 

gine Div., 21 

Rosman, N.C., 402 

Rossi, Dr. Bruno, 89 

Rossini, Mayor Pascal, 244 

Royal Crown Cola International, 43 

Royal Geographical Society, 251 

Royal Navy (U.K.), 129 

Royal Society of Scientists, 38 

Royer de Vericourt, Mayor Etienne, 330 

RTCC. See Real-time computer complex. 

Rubey, William C., 76 

Rubin, Irene S., 286 

Rudolph, Dr. Arthur, 10, 13, 182 

Rundell, Walter, Jr., 357 

Rusk, Dean, 285, 287 

Rusk, Dr. Howard A,, 274 

Russell, Lord Bertrand A. W., 210 

Rutgers Univ., 272 

Ryan, Gen. John G. (USAF), 180 

Ryan, Rep. William F., 124 

Ryle, Sir Martin, 42 

S 

S3A (antisubmarine aircraft), 15, 131, 

S-IC. See Saturn V (booster), stage, 1st. 

S-11. See Saturn V (booster), stage, 2nd. 

S-IVB. See Saturn V (booster), stage, 

Saavedra, Albert, 202 

Sabin, Dr. Albert, 298 SAC. See Strategic Air Command. 

Sacks, Martin, 393 

Sacramento Peak Observatory, 336, 419 

Safeguard (formerly Sentinel) (antiballistic missile system), 33, 43, 83, 

114, 320 

congressional consideration, 39, 46-47, 

52, 53, 103, 131, 229 

name change, 89 

Nixon, President Richard M.. views on. 43. 80. 81 

260 

3rd. 

press comment, 4647, 81, 129 

Sagan, Dr. Carl, 180 

Sagittarius (constellation), 318-319, 326 

Saigon, South Vietnam, 254, 414 

St. Alban’s School, Washington, D.C., 

133. 

St-jihn, Virgin Islands, 51, 110 

St. Peter’s Basilica, 152 

Sakharov, Prof. Andrey D., 163 

Salon Internationale de I’A6onautique 

et de 1’Espace. See Pans Air Show. 

Salzburg, Austria, 188 

SAMSO. See USAF Space and Missile systems Organization. 

Samuelson, Robert J., 101, 352 

San Clemente Island. Calif.. 51. 189 

San Diego, Calif., .57, 225, 273, 275, 

San Francisco, Calif., 130, 211, 225, 

330, 331, 352 

Board of Supervisors, 343 

259-260, 354, 409 

519 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

San Marco-C (Italian satellite), 286, 423 

Sanders Associates, Inc., 91 

Santa Monica, Calif., 20 

Santa Susana, Calif., 28 

Santiago, Chile, 106, 234 

Sarabhai, Dr. Vikram A., 310 

Saragat, President Giuseppe (Italy), 244 

Sarnoff, Robert W., 388, 40041 SAS. See Stability augmentation system 

SATCOM. See Committee on Scientific and 

Satellite infrared spectrometer (SIRS), 

Sato, Prime Minister Eisaku (Japan), 

and Small Astronomy Satellite. 

Techn’ical Communication. 

353 

244. 361-362. 389 

Saturn (planet), 192, 337-338 

Saturn I Workshop (spacecraft), 15, 16, 

Saturn IB (booster). contract. 25. 49. 

rings, 359, 397 

17, 104, 114 

94, 101, 113, 154, 315 

capability, 96, 170-171, 384 

contract, 25, 47, 70, 77, 87, 91, 113, 

132, 278, 280, 297, 315, 388 

Saturn V (booster), 228, 275, 317 

engine 

exhibit, 105, 417 

F-1, 105, 185 

J-2, 105, 185 

launch 

AS-504, 62-65, 67 

AS-505, 16, 142-145 

AS-507, 299, 372-378 

AS-506, 108, 168, 195, 196, 

AS-508, 182 

program, 13, 67, 69, 76-77, 

119-120, 134, 138, 163-164, 

212-224 

109-110, 

251, 422 

stage 

1st (S-IC), 182, 188, 297 

test, 118, 188, 195, 360 

test, 24, 104, 185 

2nd (S-111, 70, 77, 132. 182 

3rd (S-IVB), 89, 105, 117, 128, 142, 

Saturn V Workshop (spacecraft), 237- 

Saunders, Hal, 379 

Saunders, Stuart T., 17 

Savannah, Ga., 233 

Savchenko, Boris, 152 

Saxbe, Sen. William B., 13 

Schaeffer, Dr. Oliver A., 288, 292, 407 

Scheel, Walter, 384 

Scheer, Julian W., 7, 116, 118, 347, 410 

Scherer, Capt. Lee R. (USN, Ret.), 74 

Schiller, Karl, 162 

Schirra, Walter M., Jr., 21, %, 72-73, 

Schmitt, Harrison H., 286 

Schneider, William C., 10, 290 

Schorn, Dr. Ronald, 90 

Schriever, Gen. Bernard A. (USAF, Ret.), 

182, 

373-374, 388 

187, 197, 202-203, 280, 370, 

238, 270-271, 297, 326-328, 388, 417 

75, 173 

188 

Scheutz, Mayor Klaus (W. Germany), 

Schwartz, Harry, 284 

Schweickart, Russell , L., 5, 26, 62-65, 

Sciacca, Prof. Michele Federico, 239 

Science (see also National Academy of 

3% 

81, 91, 161-162, 168 

Sciences), 11, 65, 122, 148-149 

award, 1-2 

benefits, 68, 162-163, 321 

Government support of, 28, 29, 42, 

359, 396-397 

human needs, 359 

national policy and goals, 2-3, 40, 52- 

53, 67, 132, 161, 314-315 

Presidential Task Force on Science 

Policy, 314, 329, 346 

President’s Science Advisory Committee, 42, 73, 117, 151-152, 184, 314 

U.S.S.R., 59-60, 250 

Science Policy in the USSR (OECD 

study), 59-60 

Science Research Council (SRC) (U.K.) , 18, 20, 24, 27, 59, 312 

Science, Secretary of (proposed), 2-3 

Science, Technology, and Public Policy 

During the Ninetieth Congress (House 

report), 255 

Scientific Activities on Nonprofit Institutions, 1966 (NSF 69-16), 96-97 

Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) (University-NASA) , 10 

Scientific and Technical Personnel in 

the Federal Government, 1967 (NSF 

Scientific instrument module (SIM), 331 

Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying 

Objects, 5 

Scientific Uses of the Large Space Telescope (Space Science Board report), 

342-343 

69-26), 193 

Scientist-astronaut, 284, 286, 290, 339, 

351, 356, 370 

Scientists, 41), 52-53, 96-97, 124, 178- 

179, 193, 257, 273, 284, 287, 316, 351, 

356. 398. .. 420 

Scientists, Engineers, and Physicians 

from Abroad, Fiscal Years 1966 and 

1967 (NSF 69-10), 178-179 

Scientists for Social and Political Action, 

124 

SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership 

Conference. 

Scoruio X-1 (star). 133-134 

Scorpius (constellation), 65-66, 184, 

Scott, Col. David R. (USAF). 5, 26-27. 

281-282, 326, 327, 344 

62-65, 91, 105, 161-162, 168 

Scott, Sen. Hugh D., 29 

Scott Polar Research Institute, 359 

Scout (booster), 59, 86, 291, 323, 364- 

Scranton, William W., 104, 418 

scripps Institution of Oceanography, 273 

Scull, Wilfred E., 290 

365, 423 

520 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Sea of Crises (moon), 237 

Sea of Okhotsk, 175 

Sea of Tranquility (moon), 159, 168, 

Sea Sciences Corp., 354 

Seaborg, Dr. Glenn T., 30, la, 3% 

Sealab I11 (underwater laboratory), 22, 

Seamans, Secretary of the Air Force 

Robert C., Jr., 167, 192, 300, 308, 

414 

215, 221-222, 237, 249, 271, 280, 301, 

306, 407-408 

51, 57, 77, 188-189, 316417 

AIAA presidency, 21, 79 

appointment, 4 

awards and honors, 287, 346, 347 

Blue Book, Project, 411 

C5A, 128 

military space program, 13, 21, 320, 

321, 345 

space program, national, 21, 60, 75, 

87, 104 

supersonic bomber, 111-112, 183, 321 

U.S.S.R. missile and space program, 

MOL, 21, 87, 104 

21, 140 

X-15. 177. 321 

Seaplane bases, 176 

Seattle, Wash., 45, 330, 400, 409 

Seattle-Tacoma Airport, Wash., 169 

Secor XIII (Egrs XIII) (Sequential Collation of Range satellite), 107, 422 

Securities and Exchange Commission 

(SEC), 132 

Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 241-242 

Seidel. Boris L., 408 

Seim, Sandra E., 160 

Seismometer experiment, lunar 

Apollo 11 mission, 114, 223, 229-230, 

Apollo I2 mission, 326, 342, 376, 403 

Seitz, Dr. Frederick S., 8, 19, 154, 314 

Selfridge, Robert P., 410 

Self-testing and repairing (STAR) com- puter, 298-299 

Semiconductors, 128 

Semple, Robert B., Jr., 284 

Sentinel (antiballistic missile system). 

See Safeguard. 

Seoul, S. Korea, 312, 360 

Serenitatis (moon), 180 SERT I (Space Electric Rocket Test), 48 SERT 11, 48, 342 

Serv-Air, Inc., 59 

Service module (sM), 7, 142 

Service propulsion system (SPS), 64, 14-2, 

Seversky, Maj. Alexander de, 184, 412 

Shabad, Theodore, 39 

Shaffer, John H., 58, 156, 382-383 

Shannon, Dr. James V., 3 

SHAPE (Supersonic High Altitude Parachute Experiment) Project, 183 

Shapley, Willis H., 347 

Sharp Crater (moon), 376 

Sharp, Dr. Robert P., 265, 282, 301 

237, 240-241, 249, 354-355, 419 

143, 212-213, 375 

Sharpe, Mitchell R., 69 

Shatalov. Vladimir A.. 11-12. 23, 158, 

159-160, 168, 333 ' 

Shawbury, U.K., 317 

Sheldon, Dr. Charles S., 11, 95-96 

Shepard, Capt. Alan B., Jr. (USN), 132, 

Sheremetyevo Airport, U.S.S.R., 152, 195 

267, 289 

Shoes, jet, 4 

Shonin, Georgy S., 332 

Shriver, Ambassador R. Sargent, 41, 

Shub, Anatole, 33 

Sidewinder-Arcas (sounding rocket), 79, 

161-162 

360 

Sidey, Hugh, 174 

Siegel, Dr. Peter V., 180 

Sigma Xi Convention, 359 

Significant Achievements in Space SciSikorsky, Igor I., 150 

Silverstein, Dr. Abe, 349 

SIM. See Scientific instrument module.' 

Simat, Helliesen, & Eichner, Inc., 113 

Simmons, Dr. Gene, 347, 351 

Simoneit, B. R., 365 

Singapore, 234 

Singer, Dr. S. Fred, 416 

Singlinger, A., & Co., 177 SIRS. See Satellite infrared spectrometer. Sjoberg, Sigurd A., 417 

Sjogren, William L., 116 

Skinner, Sherrod E., 304 

Skoog, A. Ingemar, 329 

Skynet A (IDCSP-A) (U.K. communicaSkynet B, 389 SLA. See Spacecraft-lunar-module-adapter 

Slipher, Dr. Vest0 M., 366 

Sloop, John L., 178 

SM. See Service module. 

Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS), 367 

Smelt, Dr. Ronald, 79 

Smith, Bradford A., 282 

Smith, Dr. F, Graham, 121-122 

Smith, Ambassador Gerard C., 30, 81 

Smith, Dr. Harlan J., 237 

Smith, Dr. Henry J., 306 

Smith, I. D., 365 

Smith, Keith, 411 

Smith, Sen. Margaret C., 118 

Smith, Dr. Paul S., 232 

Smith, Sen. Ralph T., 312 

Smith, Dr. Richard K., 344 

Smith, Sir Ross Macpherson, 411 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 

(Cambridge, Mass.), 3, 79, 129, 403, 

405, 409 

Smithsonian Institution, 29, 147, 297, 

304, 328, 344 

astronaut dinner, 7 

exhibit 

aircraft, 119, 133 

flag, U.S. (Apollo ll), 414 

ence, 1967 (SP-167), 160 

tions satellite), 385, 388-389, 422 

panels. 

521 
lunar rock sample, 304, 306, 307, 

spacecraft, 388 

TV equipment, 201 

323 

309, 313, 359, 387, 397 

Webb, James E., portrait unveiling, 

Smoke hood, 9 SMS. See Synchronous Meteorological 

SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliarv 

Satellite. 

Power) oroeram. 28 

SNAP-$A -(n;clea; generator), 190 

SNAP-19, 414, 422 

SNAP-27, 410, 422 

SNAP-29. 422 

Snoopy (Apollo 10 LM). See Lunar 

module. 

Snow, Lord Charles (C.P.), 39, 291 

Society of Automotive Engineers, 338 

Society of Separationists, Inc., 268, 394, 

400 

Sodiim experiment, 408-409 

Software Fix (SOFIX), 139 

Sokolov, Oleg M., 146 

Solar cell, 82, 322, 329 

Solar flare, 90-91, 187, 361, 364 

Solar furnace, 363 

Solar physics, 132-133, 136-137, 160, 

sounding rocket, 104, 108, 111, 140- 

366-367 

141, 176, 298, 302, 308, 314, 360- 

361, 410-411 

Solar wind, 177, 219, 223, 230, 285, 376- 

377, 408, 413, 419 

Solid propellant, 291 

Somali Republic, 234, 247 

Sonic boom, 11, 26, 58-59, 183-184, 255, 

Sonnett, Dr. Charles P., 21 

Sounding rocket (see also individual 

sounding rockets: Aerobee, Arcas, 

Astrobee 1500, Black Brant, Boosted 

Arcas 11, Nike-Apache, Nike-Cajun, Nike-Iroauois. Nike-Tomahawk. Orion 

352, 391 

11, Pacemaker, Sidewinder-Arcas) , 3, 124, 203 

foreign, 139-140, 156, 421-422 

Canada, 59, 127, 312, 366, 423-424 

funds for, 124 

international programs 

-Australia, 423 

-Brazil, 179, 186, 188, 423 

-Canada, 21, 23, 31, 38, 41-42, 

NASA-Argentina, 303-304 

43, 48, 49, 51-52, 54, 58, 59, 71, 

72, 113, 127, 312, 331, 366, 423- 

424 

-India, 118, 120, 423 

-Japan, 118, 120, 411, 423 

-Norway, 18, 20, 423 

-Pakistan, 423 

-Spain, 94, 132, 133, 423 

-Sweden, 18, 20, 24, 27, 423 

-U.K., 18, 20, 24, 27 

U.K.-Australia, 323 

Sounding Rockets: Their Role in Space 

Research (Space Science Board re- port), 124 

South Africa, 424 

South America, 370 

South Atlantic Anomaly region, 312 

South Florida, Univ. of, 110 

South Pole, 251, 359 

South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif., 133, 286, 

299, 316, 349, 371 

Southern Christian Leadership Confer- ence (SCLC), 201, 205-206 

Southern Historical Assn., 357 

Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, 

43, 48. 51-52, 54. 188 

Soviet Academy of Sciences, 25, 202, 

Soviet Committee for Inventions and 

229, 244, 351, 361, 366, 411-412 

Discoveries, 418 

Soviet Institute for Cosmic Research, 233 

Soyuz (U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 109 

Soyuz 111 mission, 337 

Soyuz IV mission, 11-12, 23, 332, 422 

Soyuz V mission, 11-12, 23, 332, 422 

soyuz VI mission, 332, 336, 341-342, 

343, 361, 365-366, 382, 420, 422 

soyuz VI1 mission, 333, 336, 341-342, 

Soyuz VI11 mission, 333, 336, 341-342, 

Space accident liability, 392 

Space Age Management, 192-193 

“Space-Age Management and City Administration” (conference paper), 148- 

1 49 

launch, 332 

launch, 333 

launch, 333 

343, 361, 365-366, 382, 420, 422 

343, 361, 365-366, 382, 420, 422 

- -_ 

Space biology, 61, 62, 72, 81, 96, 178, 

180. 200. 302. 336 

animal experimknts, 18, 139, 154, 189- 

190, 200, 201-202, 261, 335, 347- 

349, 415. 421 

atmosphere, artificial, 206 

environment, effects, 18-19, 71, 130- 

life support system, 12, 123, 190, 206, 

131, 138 

378 

lunar dust experiment, 261, 293, 379 

medical benefits, 75, 78, 96 

motion sickness, 142 NASA program, 138, 367-368, 381-382, 

415 

nutrition, 110 

Physiology in the Space Environment 

radiation effects, 78, 96, 136-137, 164, 

(NAS-NRG report), 18 

190 

Space Resources for Teachers: Biology, 

Including Suggestions for Classroom 

Activities and Laboratory Experiments, 72 

weightlessness, effects, 17, 18-19, 48, 

117-118, 136, 201, 206, 348-349, 391 

Space debris. See Spacecraft debris. 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

522 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Space Development Corp. (Japan), 325 

Space Disturbance Center, 90, 336 

Space Exploration Day (proposed), 202 

Space law, 189, 290 

Space law treaty, 13, 229, 276, 320 

Space manufacturing module (proposed), XR 

S&e, military use of, 290, 320-321, 343 

communications, 44, 66, 131, 322, 346, 

389, 422 

history, 329 

navigation, 322 

reconnaissance, 345 

US., 13, 21, 186, 190-191, 200, 336, 

343, 345, 416 

Space, peaceful use of, 6-7, 11, 13, 14, 

Space program, national (see also individual programs, such as Apollo 

program and National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration, budget), 

96, 208-209, 252, 390 

achievements, 6-7, 10, 59, 71, 148-149, 

manned space flight, 2, 13, 14, 17- 

USSR., 21, 50, 190-191, 416 

20, 24, 157-158, 191, 196, 219-220, 

224, 244, 249, 343-344, 390 

372, 421424 

18, 25, 39, 6265, 68, 71-72, 77- 

78, 80, 91, 101, 148-149, 239-240, 

242-243, 244, 245, 251-252, 277- 

278, 280, 282, 298-299, 386-387, 

392-393. 394 

Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 65, 

100, 152, 224-225, 231, 271, 294, 

308, 320, 323-325, 419 

benefits. See Space results. 

budget, 14-16, 22, 38, 49-50, 67, 81- 

82, 95, 109, 167, 270, 305, 366, 383, 

395, 422423 

96, 154, 158, 208, 262, 271, 327, 390, 

416, 422423 

criticism, 2-3, 151-152, 176, 201, 204, 

Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 47, 

employment, 66, 69, 80, 422-423 

exhibit, 403, 405-406 

international aspects (see also International cooperation) 4, 6-7, 20, 26, 

236, 238, 244-246, 249, 262, 268, 290, 

309-310, 327, 362, 367, 381, 389, 

393-394, 411-412, 416, 423-424 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 1, 6-7, 

10, 13, 14-16, 17, 20, 60, 110, 192, 

224-225, 231, 232, 395, 423 

Kennedy, President John F., 6, 44, 60, 

174, 175, 212, 240, 405 

lunar landing. See Moon, landing. 

management, 24, 57, 84, 111, 148-149, 

military aspects, 9, 21, 38, 51, 75, 80, 

Cost, 4, 56, 38, 42-43, 47, 87-88, 95- 

273, 287, 367-368, 385, 416-417, 423 

60, 250, a5 

32, 41, 43, 48, 54, 75, 168, 199, 235- 

202, 274, 276-277, 368, 370 

179, 185, 200, 304-305, 320, 416 

86-87, 104, 146, 167, 174, 176-177, 

Nixon, President Richard M., 9, 20, 

32, 38, 43, 49, 61, 65, 68, 78, 80, 

81, 95, 104, 108, 109, 110, 115, 117, 

119, 224, 238, 246, 250, 262, 271, 

304-305, 309-310, 362, 371, 372, 378, 

43R 

obi&tives, 6, 37, 44, 49-50, 73-75, 76, 

77-78. 81-82. 85-86. 130. 134. 151- 

152, 273, 275-276,’ 285%; -285, 

304-305, 308. 318, 331, 421, 422423 

policy, 10, 24, 4950, 51, 60, 74-75, 

80-81. 86-87. 104- 111. 116. 119- 

120, i47, i4di49, i67Zxiii%,177, 

208, 232, 237, 239-248, 242-243, 

248-250, 256, 271-272, 284, 287-288, 

290, 294-295, 320321, 351, 370, 378, 

422-423 

pos~~poiio, 38, 44, 47, 6-7, 69, 77, 

118, 119-120, 151-152, 167, 178, 

266. 270. 271. 283-284. 305. 312- 

313; 328; 337-338, 344 359, 361, 

372, 399, 412, 422423 

budget, 28, 69, 110, 119-120, 147. 

36M6 

cost, 162, 262, 336-337 

suggested programs, 37, 85-86, 94- 

95, 123, 235-236, 259-260, 263, 

266, 268-269, 275-276, 304-305, 

308, 312-313, 342-343, 355-356, 

366-368, 381, 397-398, 415 

significance, 1, 2, 16, 20, 39, 51, 52- 

53, 65, 68, 129-130, 174, 175-176, 

197-198. 200-201. 224-225. 231-232. 

235-2361 242-243,262,266269, 2771 

278, 294-295, 307, 321-322, 346, 380, 

420421 

U.S.S.R. vs. U.S. See Space race. 

booster, 95-96. 170 

Space race, 95-96, 285-286, 321, 343, 

365-366, 381 

earth applications, 74-75 

funds. 48 

lunar ’exploration, 74-75, 96, 170-171, 

195, 211, 238, 246, 249, 256, 271- 

272, 273 

Ganned space flight, 341-342 

military, 48 

planetary flights, 74-75, 84-85, 96 

space station, 74-75, 96, 341-342, 351 

Space rescue, 21, 262, 315, 354 

Space rescue treaty, 130, 392 

Space Resources for Teachers: Biology, Including Suggestions for Classroom 

Activities and Laboratory Experiments, ?r) IY 

Space results (see also Earth; Moon; 

Mars; Venus; individual probes, 

satellites, and sounding rockets), 17, 

394,419 

75, 170, 268-269, 298, 312-313, 321, 

agriculture, 37, 119, 276, 285, 327 

aircraft, 75, 350, 400 

architecture, 398 

astronomy, 28, 37, 75, 90, 99, 115, 

523 
120, 121-122, 124, 160, 256,266, 308, 

408, 419 

111, 235, 298, 335, 398 

276, 285, 298, 308, 327, 382 

238, 276, 350, 419 

398, 400, 408 

40748 

communications, 2, 33, 37, 47, 75, 100, 

earth sciences, 33, 37, 49, 73, 75, 100, 

economic benefits, 2, 75, 167, 203, 227, 

education, 17, 47, 75, 298 

engineering, 203, 238, 267, 335, 350, 

geology, 2, 33, 37, 203, 308, 327, 328, 

international relations, 65, 94, 102, 

materials technology, 2, 75, 203, 235, 

116-117, 119-120, 124, 203, 235, 245, 

261-262, 308, 419 

3sn 

medicine, 47, 203, 235, 274, 315, 262- 

263, 398 

meteorology, 33, 47, 111, 235, 308, 327, 

military, 75, 174 

navigation, 33, 47, 70, 100, 203, 335, 

335, 414 

400 

oceanography, 160. 199, 203, 327, 346 

photography, 328 

religion, 39 

science, 68, 230, 240-241, 308, 356, 

392 

so&i science, 147, 148-149, 242, 294, 

technology, 2, 37, 174, 203, 230 

Space Science Board (NAS-NRC). See 

National Academy of Sciences and 

National Research Council. 

Space Science Education Conference, 17 

Space shuttle, 25, 29, 47, 73-74, 109, 

120, 131, 138, 262, 266, 276, 305, 

326, 350, 354, 362, 368-369, 371, 

419-420 

323-325, 400-401 

cooperation, 29, 173, 336, 411, 424 

nuclear, 268 

reusable, 23, 29, 47, 74, 82, 260, 268- 

269, 345. 354. 423 

Space station (see also Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory; Saturn I Workshop; 

Saturn V Workshop), 21, 47, 262, 

276, 289, 351, 354, 371 

contract, 25-26, 120, 241, 270, 299 

design, 17, 28, 120, 128, 285, 349 

international cooperation, 102, 169, 

militarv. 86-87. 104 

248, 411, 416 

NASA program,' 66-67, 73-74, 83, 91, 

167, 169, 178, 237-238, 260, 266, 

94, 104, 108-109, 111, 131, 138, 146, 

268-269, 305, 343-344, 368-369, 423 

press comment, 80, 351, 391 

press conference, 169 

U.S.S.R., 12, 24, 75, 120, 146, 271, 278, 

333, 341. 343. 349-350. 351. 361. 

382; 420,.422 ' 

Space Task Group. See President's Space 

Task Group. 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

5.244 

Space Technology Applications and ReSpace Tracking and Data Acquisition 

Space transportation (see also Space 

Space tug, 262, 266, 305 

Spacecraft (see also individual spacecraft, such as Apollo, Lunar Orbiter, Luna, Mariner, Surveyor) 

accident, 29, 162, 206 

communications, 26, 44, 117, 159, 210, 

search Laboratory (STARLAB), 285 

Network (STADAN), 292 

shuttle), 169-170, 177, 270 

241 

control, 11-12, 26-27, 56, 58, 59, 92, 

106. 142-143. 173. 259. 278. 291. 333 

debris, 89, 13d, 143, 198, 200 

design, 17, 120, 151, 171, 241, 266, 

' 

270, 272, 276-277, 343-345, 388, 

397-398. .401 

development testing, 44 

electrical systems, 11-12, 27, 37, 114, 

135, 173, 373-374 

environment control system, 17, 141- 

equipment, 2, 54-56, 102, 122, 142, 

escape system, 94, 239 

exhibit. 105. 161-162. 417 

142, 173-174 

143, 217-218, 298-299, 332 

hazards, 149-150 

heating. 26-27. 263 

instrumentation; 14, 55, 58, 91, 107, 

landing system. 26-27. 29. 140. 141- 

115, 133, 151-152, 171, 316, 326, 

338, 340 

142,-160, 181-182, 183, 378, 405 

206, 378 

life support system, 12, 123, 173-174, 

propulsion. See Engine and individual - launch vehicles, such as Saturn. 

recovery, 190, 201-202, 222-223 

reentry control system, 47, 271 reusable (see also Space shuttle). 25- 

26, 47, 266 

Spacecraft debris, 28, 89, 198, 228, 291 

Spacecraft-lunar-module-adapter (SLA) 

panels, 202-203 

Spacesuit, 12, 77, 91, 206, 313 

Spain, 94, 132, 133, 180, 187, 189, 226, 

327, 330, 423-424 

Spanish Space Research Council, 180 

Spartan (missile), 62 

Speas, R. Dixon, Associates, 109 

Spectrograph, 90 

Spectrometer, 38, 42, 55, 77, 171, 179, 

254, 261, 269, 286, 301-302, 367, 410- 

411, 414, 417 

Sperry Gyroscope Co., 352 

Sperry, Lawrence, Award, 345 

Sperry Rand Corp., 42 

Sperry Gyroscope Div., 42 

UNIVAC Federal Systems Div., 55 

Spica (star), 79 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Spider (Apollo 9 LM). See Lunar 

Spilhaus, Dr. Athelstan F., 159 

spirit of St. Louis (aircraft), 177 

Spivak, Lawrence E., 184 

Sproul Observatory, 109 SPS. See Service propulsion system. 

Sputnik I (U.S.S.R. satellite), 20, 161 

SR-71 (strategic reconnaissance airSRC. See Science Research Council 

SS-9 (U.S.S.R. missile), 116, 140, 229 SSRC. See Swedish Space Research ComSST. See Supersonic transport SST Authority (proposed), 137 

Stability augmentation system (SAS), 349 

STAC. See Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (University-NASA) . STADAN. See Space Tracking and Data 

Acquisition Network. 

Stafford, Col. Thomas P. (USAF), 16, 90, 

108, 142-144, 152r153, 191 

Stamp, commemorative, 8, 46, 59, 129- 

3 19 

Stamy, James L., 260 

Stanford Research Institute, Calif., 26, 

Stanford Univ., 117, 124, 136, 174, 205 

Stanford Univ. Hospital, 315 

Stanton, Dr. Frank M., 352 

Star, 3, 6, 16, 32, 42, 55, 66, 79, 99, 133- 

134, 134-135, 136, 184, 256, 326, 327, 

337, 344, 359 STAR. See Self-testing and repairing comStar City (Vzyozdni Gorodok, U.S.S.R.) , 

Star Tracking Rocket Attitude Positioning (STRAP) system, 6, 43 

STABLAB. See Space Technology Applications and Research Laboratory. 

State, Dept. of, 7, 24, 25, 43, 88, 130, 

311, 357 

Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C., 

132 

Stehling, Kurt R., 192 

Sterne, Joseph, 78 

Stewart, A. I., 298 

Stewart, M/G James T. (USAF), 260 

Stockholm, Sweden, 338 STOL (short takeoff and landing) aircraft, 29, 32, 50, 84, 89, 113-114, 320 

module. 

craft), 73 

(U.K.). 

mittee. 

130, 202, 233, 273-274, 289, 300, 311, 

257 

Linear Accelerator Center, 418 

puter. 

195-196 

STOLpOrt, 89 

Stoltenberg, Dr. Gerhard, Minister for 

Scientific Affairs (W. Germany), 48, 

177 

Stone, Dr. Robert G., 115 

Stonehenge, U.K., 289 

Storms, Ocean of (moon), 243, 368, 375, 

Strategic Air Command (SAC), 331 

405, 478 

Study of Air Cargo and Air Passenger 

Terminal Facilitation (DOT report), 

113 

A Study of Technology Assessment: Report of the Committee on. Public Engineering Policy, National Academy of 

Sciences, 257 

Stuhlinger, Dr. Ernst, 77 

Submarine, 27, 99-100, 112, 140, 330 

missile-carrying, 195 

Sudan, 247 

Sud-Aviation (France), 61, 71, 173, 197, 

285, 323 

Suez Canal, 234 

Suharto, President (Indonesia), 249 

Suitland, Md., 353 

Sullivan, Walter S., 28, 90, 181, 312, 334, 

Summer Space Education Program for 

Sun (see also Eclipse, solar; Radiation, 

solar; Solar flare; Solar wind; etc.), 

37, 49, 121, 288, 299, 329, 335, 336, 

420-421 

satellite data, 28, 111, 115, 133, 155, 

sounding rocket data, 111, 113, 124, 

Sunblazer (program), 163 

Supersonic transport (SST) (see also 

Concorde and Tu-144) 

397, 404 

the Cities, 170 

185, 271-273, 364-365, 395 

298, 361-562, 410 

award, 178 

benefits, 81, 314-315, 382-383 

criticism, 82, 413 

design and development, 1, 11, 404, 

economic aspects, 382-383 

flight plans, 146-147, 255, 285 

foreign, 1, 13-14, 61, 84, 146-147, 197, 

255, 422 

funds for, 15, 81, 82, 110, 137, 186, 

314-315, 318, 372, 383, 410, 412 

hazards, 369 

Nixon, President Richard M., 32, 43, 

press comment, 137, 318, 413 

press conference, 81, 186, 197 

sonic boom, 11, 26, 58-59, 183-184, 

Surveyor (program), 34-35, 141, 187, 

191 

Surveyor III (spacecraft), 372, 377, 396 

examination of, plans for, 243, 325- 

renaming of (proposed), 369-370 

retrieval of parts, 342, 367, 376-377, 

Cost, 186, 314-315, 340, 382-383 

421-422 

58, 82, 95, 123, 137, 314-315. 318. 

372, 383, 410, 421-422 

255, 352 

326 

421 

Surveyor V (lunar probe), 250, 275 

Sutton, Dr. George, 230 

Swarthmore College, 109 

Swartz, Reginald W., 239 

Swearingen, Jack C., ,393 

525 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Sweden, 18, 20, 24, 27, 50, 226, 227-228, 

Swedish Academy of Engineering, 351 

Swedish Interplanetary Society, 329 

Swedish Space Research Committee 

(SSRC), 18, 20, 24, 27 

Swenson, Loyd S., Jr., 357 

Swigert, John L., Jr., 267 

Switzerland, 4% 

Sydney, Australia, 121, 137, 312, 359 

Syrnphonie (W. German comsat), 357 

Symposium on Military Oceanography, 

Synchronous Meteorological Satellite 

Systems engineering, 35, 388 

Syvertson, Clarence A., 53 

T 

T-33 (jet trainer), 283 

Tacsut I (tactical communications satellite), 44, 322, 422 

Tactical Satellite Communications Program, 131, 140 TACV. See Tracked Air Cushion Vehicle. 

TADJET. See Transport Air Drop and Jettison Test. 

Tago-Sato-Kosaka comet, 409 TAID. See Thrust-Augmented Improved 

Thor-Delta booster. 

Taipei, Formosa, 234 

Talkeetna, Alaska, 171 

Talloires, France, 381, 394 

Tampa, Fla., 110 

Tape, Dr. Gerald F., 112, 117 

Tappaan, Francis D., 147 

Tashkent, U.S.S.R., 387 

Task Force on Air Pollution, 383 

Task Force on Oceanography, 314 

Task Force on Science Policy, 314 

Taylor, D. J., 164 

Taylor, Henry J., 138 

Taylor, Dr. S. Ross, 292, 407 

TCFM. See Temperature-control flux mon236, 240, 252, 323, 384, 423 

160 

(SMS), 69, 86, 139 

itor. 

Teague, Rep. Olin E., 71 

Technology, 11, 53, 132, 135, 136, 146, 

148-149, 151, 162-1639 257, 321, 396 

Technology in Retrospect and Critical 

Events in Science (TRACES) (report), 

11 

itor. 

Teague, Rep. Olin E., 71 

Technology, 11, 53, 132, 135, 136, 146, 

148-149, 151, 162-1639 257, 321, 396 

Technology in Retrospect and Critical 

Events in Science (TRACES) (report), 

11 

Technology: Processes of Assessment 

Technology utilization, space, 34, 44, 70, 

Teheran, Iran, 226, 312 

Teir, William, 325 

Tektite, 200 

Tektite I, Project, 51, 86, 110, 138 

Tektite 11, Project, 356 

Tel Aviv, Israel, 226 

Telemetry, 117 

Telescope, 29, 133-134, 257, 259, 272, 

and Choice (NAS report), 257 

416 

. 

119-120, 157, 298, 309-310, 335, 388, 

336, 341, 342-343, 390, 403 

gamma-ray, 127 

lunar surface, 123, 331, 342-343 

space, 81, 122, 342-343, 366-367 

spectrographic, 90 

Television, 146, 227 

Apollo 9, 50, 67 

ApollO 10. 90, 108, 142-144, 147-1489 

149 

Apollo 11, 182, 201, 207, 210, 212-223, 

244-245, 267, 276, 279 

Apollo 12, 342, 362, 374-376, 377, 380, 

384-385, 386 

color, 102, 210, 342, 362 

educational, 337, 423 

Nixon, President Richard M., 18, 50 

soyuz IV, 11-12 

soyuz v, 11-12 

space probe use of, 55, 210, 259, 261, 

262, 301, 338 

tube, 105-106 

via satellite, 18, 30, 39-40, 47, 50, 61, 

137, 151, 179, 286, 311, 340, 402, 423 

Teller, Dr. Edward, 167 

Temperature-control flux monitors 

(TCFM), 133 

Tennessee, 225 

Tennessee, Univ. of, 391 

Space Institute, 20 

Tepper, Dr. Moms, 139 

Ter Horst, J. F., 9 

TERLS. See Thumba Equatorial Rocket 

Launching Station. TETR c (test and training satellite), 291, 

42 1 

Texas, 397 

Texas Instruments, Inc., 117, 418 

Texas, Univ. of, 17, 90, 237, 259 

McDonald Observatory, 17, 90, 259 

Textron, Inc., Bell Aerospace Co., 413 

TF-39 (turbofan engine), 212, 393 

Thailand, 190, 251 

Thant, U, U.N. Secretary General, 158, 

Thimann, Kenneth V., 162-163 

Thiokol Chemical Corp., 177 

This New Ocean: A History of Project 

Mercury, 250, 357 

Thomas, Rep. Albert, 289 

Thomas, David D., 58 

Thomas, David E., Jr., 4 

Thompson, Dr. Floyd L., 21 

Thon, William, 403 

Thor-Agena (booster), 23, 4.0, 59, 86, 

Thor-Burner (booster), 240 

Thor-Delta (booster), 22, 54 

244, 279 

127, 243, 255, 402 

Long-Tank, Trust-Augmented, 40, 150, 

Thrust-Augmented, 57 

Thrust-Augmented Improved, 30, 185, 

Thorad. See Long-Tank Thrust-Aug 

Thorad-Agena (booster), 48, 314 

189-190, 245, 272, 388 

291 

mented Thor-Agena D. 

526 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Thorad-Agena D (booster), 107, 171- 

Thoren, Kip S., 121 

Thorn, Dr. Oakleigh, 11, 225 

Thornton, Dr. William E., 290 

Threlfall, David, 161, 233 

Thrust-Augmented Improved Thor-Delta 

Thrust-Augmented Thor-Delta (booster), 

173, 319 

(TAID) (booster), 30, 185, 291 

57 

Thorad-Agena D (booster), 107, 171- 

Thoren, Kip S., 121 

Thorn, Dr. Oakleigh, 11, 225 

Thornton, Dr. William E., 290 

Threlfall, David, 161, 233 

Thrust-Augmented Improved Thor-Delta 

- (TAID) (booster), 30, 185, 291 

or-Delta (booster), 

173, 319 

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching 

Tibet. 50 

Station (TERLS), 118, 120 

Tidemand, Defense Minister Otto Grieg 

(Norway), 332 

Time, Men of the Year award, 2 

Time-Life, Inc., 1% 

Tiros (meteorological satellite), 23, 139 

Tiros-M, 85-86, 399 

Tiros-N, 85-86 

Tiros Operational Satellite (TOS) svs- -, tem, 57, 414 

Titan I11 (booster), 15, 355, 386 

Titan IIIB-Agena, 288, 350 

Titan IIIB-Agena D, 23, 66, 109, 169 

Titan IIIC, 14, 44, 118, 155, 402 

Titan IIIM, 185, 422 

Titan-Centaur (booster), 118, 192 

Titanium, 275 

Tito, President Josip Broz (Yugoslavia), 

341 

Tiio; L/C Gherman S. (U.S.S.R.), 158, 

195, 197 

Titus, Ronald, 352 TMA. See Trimethy1aluminum experiTokyo, Japan, 82, 290, 312, 361-362, 384 

Tokyo Univ., 297 

Tolson, Clyde A., 239 

Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, 148 

Torrey, Volta W., 138 

TOR-SHOK (energy-absorbing system), 

TOS. see Tiros Operational Satellite 

ment. 

408 

(TOS) system. 

61. 323 

Toulouse, France, 329, 397 

Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, France, 13, 

-7 ~- 

Townes, Dr. Charles H., 82, 94, 167, 346 

Toynbee, Prof. Arnold J., 239 

TRACES. See Technology in Retrospect 

Tracked Air Cushion Vehicle (TACV), 

Tracking, 47-48, 59, 199, 204, 322, 399 

and Critical Events in Science. 

163 

aircraft, 140 

animal, 328 

Apollo 11 mission, 204, 224 

deep space (DSN), 34, 180, 189, 274- 

275, 346 

laser, 37, 405 

NASCOM, 292 

radar, 55, 291-292 

ship, 306-307, 410 

MSFN, 10, 33-34, 117, 196, 292, 362 

STADAN, 292 

station 

Australia, 34, 148, 424 - Pew. __ 267 

Spa&, -424 

US., 142, 274-275, 374, 405 

Train, Russell E., 346 

Tranquility Base. See Sea of Tranquility. 

Trans World Airlines, 81, 241, 244 

Transformation of Imagery (TRIM), 139 

Transit IV-A (navigational satellite), 

Transplan, Inc., 113 

Transport Air Drop and Jettison Test 

Transportation, 17, 105, 113-114, 163, 

Transportation, Dept. of (DOT), 58, 113- 

190 

(TADJET), 283 

208, 209 

114, 410 

air cushion vehicle, 163 

air traffic control, 32, 88-89, 123, 388, 

airports, 32, 123 

budget, 14, 78, 383, 398, 412 

contract, 89, 163, 335, 388 

cooperation, 88, 417-418 

exhibit, 412 

noise abatement, 263-265 

personnel, 52, 79 

R&D, 335, 417-418 

supersonic transport, 32, 43, 95, 123, 

TurboTrain, 105 

Transportation Facilities Committee, 113 

Treaty 

damages for space accidents, 392 

missile control, 21, 33, 81, 131, 174, 

nuclear nonproliferation, 13, 41, 52, 57, 

78, 317, 370, 392-393 

nuclear test ban. 13. 81 

418 

146-147, 412 

181, 183, 190-191, 332 

outer space, 13, ’320’ 

seabed, weapon ban on, 81, 86, 155, 

197, 330 

space rescue, 21, 130, 392 

Triesneck Crater (moon), 159 

TRIM. See Transformation of Imagery. 

Trimble, George S., 292 

Trimethylaluminum (TMA) experiment, 

Trubshaw, Brian, 105 

Trudeau, Prime Minister Pierre E. (CanThe True History (by Lucian), 232 

Truly, L/Cdr Richard H. (USN), 281 

Truszynski, Gerald M., 10, 210, 347 TRW Inc., 58, 66, 329, 34.0 

Systems Group, 113, 319 

Tu-22 (U.S.S.R. supersonic bomber), 1 

Tu-144 (U.S.S.R. supersonic transport), 

1, 5, 121, 14.6-147, 152, 159, 173, 255, 

283, 422 

Tu-154 (U.S.S.R. jet transport), 121 

Tucson, Ariz., 157-158, 192, 397 

Tullahoma, Tenn., 138, 183-184, 393 

49, 408-409 

ada), 399-400 

527 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of 

Scientific and Technical SubcommitCommittee on the Peaceful Uses of 

Disarmament Committee, 197 

General Assembly, 197, 309, 330 

Nixon, President Richard M., address, 

Outer Space, 189, 198, 392 

tee, 157 

the Seabed and Ocean Floor, 22 

309-310 

Tunney, Rep. John V., 202 

TurboTrain, 105 

Turcat, AndrB, 61, 71, 173, 323 

Turkevich, Anthony, 191 

“2001: A Space Odyssey” (film), 241 

Twentieth Century Fund, 393-394 

Tycho (lunar crater), 200 

Tyuratam, U.S.S.R., 382 

U 

U.A.R. See United Arab Republic. 

Udall, Rep. Morris K., 168 

Uebel, Theodore C., 54 UFO. See Unidentified flvine. -- obiect. 

U.K. See United Kingddm. 

Ultraviolet (uv), 3, 6, 31-32, 43, 55, 78, 

99, 124, 134, 136, 179, 184, 298, 302, 

366, 403, 49 

extreme (EUV), 140, 308, 411 

U.N. See United Nations. 

Underground nuclear test, 359 

Unidentified flying object (UFO), 5, 8-9, 

20, 50-51, 288, 411, 413-414, 416 

Unidentified satellite, 23, 40, 66, 86, 106, 

109, 127, 169, 240, 243, 255, 288, 314, 

319, 350, 402 

Union of Concerned Scientists, 40 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See 

U.S.S.R. 

United Air Lines, 278-279, 380 

United Aircraft Corp., 21, 105, 173, 4243 

Pratt & Whitney Div., 25, 32, 46, 304, 

328. 

__ -, 379 - . - United Arab Republic (U.A.R.) , 140, 

United Kingdom (U.K.), 16, 106, 168- 

226, 384, 413 

169. 381 - I --~ 

aircraft, Concorde, 13-14, 26, 61, 71, 

105, 146, 162, 173, 197, 255, 285, 

323, 329, 340, 410, 413 

Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions, re- action to, 210, 225, 233, 236, 238, 

244, 384 

astronauts 

award to, 251 

visit by, 32, 38, 312, 335 

booster, 190, 196 

cooperation, defense, 132 

cooperation, space, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27, 

Defence Ministry, 195 

House of Commons, 38 

launch, satellite, 388 

lunar sample exhibit and study, 312, 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 78 

satellite, 23, 59, 385, 388-389, 422, 423 

science and technology, 398 

space program, 59, 132, 323, 385, 388- 

United Nations (U.N.), 8, 24, 26, 175, 

59, 132, 196, 323, 385, 388-389, $22, 

423-424 

423 

389, 423-424 

276, 279, 282, 311 

Secretary General, 244 

Security Council, 24~2 

Space Council (proposed), 311 

Space Institute (proposed), 248 

and Cultural Organization, 255 

United Nations Educational, Scientific, 

United Nations Space Council (proposed), 311 

United States and Soviet Rivalry in 

SDace: Who 1s Ahead and How Do 

tie Contenders Compare?, 95 

136 

United States Space Science Program, 

United Technology Center, 48 

Universe, 403 

Universities, 168 

and space effort, 8, 171, 227 

Federal support, 32, 40, 54, 56, 106, 

grants to, 3, 32, 52 

military research, 40, 67, 136, 363, 369 NASA program, 3, 25, 56, 106, 109, 156, 

171, 227, 302, 334, 363, 368, 383, 415 

Universities Organizing Committee for 

Space Sciences, 8 

Universities Space Research Assn. 

397 

(USRA), 227 

University College (London), 22, 272 

University Corp. for Atmospheric Research, 44, 416 

Upton, N.Y., 386 

Uranus (planet), 192, 263 

Urey, Dr. Harold C., 238, 275, 288, 292, 

331 

United States (U.S.) (see also appropriaward, 1-2, 50, 54, 100-101, 121, 418 

budget, 3, 4, 14-16, 22, 86, 99, 107, 

communications, 24, 56, 88, 101-102, 

ate agencies and Congress) 

109-110 

381 

defense, 4, 40, 46-47, 48, 86, 99, 130, 

disarmament, 13, 30, 81, 86, 155, 197 

education, 3, 105-106, 136, 147, 168, 

132, 183 

174 

health, 147, 266-267 

housing, 188, 237 

international cooueration. 4. 22. 24-25. 

43, 56, 78-79, 88, lOli102, 133, 204; 

258, 261, 386, 417 

medical research, 96, 128 

meteorology, 78, 88 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty. See 

Nuclear nonproliferation treaty. 

528 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

529 

oceanography, 9, 22, 51, 56, 99-100, 

110, 133, 197, 209, 314, 341, 353 

pollution abatement, 147, 267, 278-279, 

285-286, 354, 383, 402, 412-413 

research and development, 3, 28, 54- 

science and technology, 3, 11, 14-15, 

56, 96-97, 136, 164, 257 

19-20, 28-29, 40, 42, 43, 106, 117- 

118, 121-122, 125, 174-175, 178-179, 

184, 255, 297, 313-315, 321, 346-347, 

359, 396-397, 4*19 

space program. See Space program, 

national. 

space rescue treaty. See Space rescue 

treaty. 

transportation (see also Supersonic 

transport), 17, 32, 52, 79, 105, 163 

Vietnam war. See Vietnam war. US. Aeronautics and Space Activities 

for 1968 (President’s report), 17 

US. Air Force (USAF) (see also individual bases, centers, and commands, 

such as Air Force Systems Command, Arnold Engineering Development Center, Edwards AFB), 68, 75, 

79, 138, 163-164, 167, 177, 245, 284, 

355, 410 

aircraft (see also individual aircraft, 

such as C-5A. C-130. F-111A. 

X-15, XB-701, 4, 17, 38,’49, 52, 57, 

80, 106-107, 111-112, 115, 119, 123- 

124. 128. 131, 138, 140, 151, 169, 

183, 201, 205, 207, 239, 251, 281, 

283, 293, 321, 323, 331, 352, 354, 

416, 421-422 

award, 87, 101, 304, 346-347, 412, 419 

booster, 386 

budget, 15, 424 

communications satellite, 322 

contract, 14, 48, 66, 85, 123-124, 128, 

372, 386, 391, 402-403, 408, 414 

cooperation, 21, 29, 86-87, 119, 146, 

388-389, 405, 421-422 

laser, 424 

launch, 371 

balloon, 363 

reentry vehicle, 10 

satellite, 23, 40, 66, 83, 86, 106, 109, 

127, 155, 169, 240, 243, 255, 288, 

314, 319, 350, 402 

360, 372, 380, 405, 411, 413, 415- 

135, 150, 191, 327-328, 330, 336, 

176, 192, 205, 257-258, 283, 321, 336, 

liftiw-bodv vehicle. 421-422 __ __ missire prbgram, 43, 229, 297 

MOL, 15, 87, 104, 110, 146, 151, 176- 

177, 178-179. 181. 186. 191. 200. 

257-258, 260,’281, 289, $22, 423, 424 

navigation satellite, 322 

personnel, 4, 9, 21, 124, 130, 141, 180, 

reentry vehicle, 391 

research, 164, 183-184 

satellite, 191 

sonic boom test, 352 

188, 260, 274*, 281, 289 

space program, 13, 193 

space shuttle, 336 

telescope, 336 

UFO, 5, 8-9, 288, 411, 413414, 416 

US. Army (USA), 235 

aircraft, 131, 148, 150, 160, 308-309 

contract, 148, 150 

cooperation, 49, 283, 334, 379 

personnel, 4, 398 

satellite, 107-108, 422 

Transport Air Drop and Jettison Test 

(TADJET) program, 283 

universities research, 136 

U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, 315 

US. Army Aviation Material Laboratories ( AVLABS) , 334 

U.S. Army Ballistics Laboratory, 49 

US. Army Collateral Investigation 

Board, 260 

US. Army Materiel Command, 379 

US. Bureau of Mines, 387 

US. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 117 

US. Coast Guard, 9, 51 

US. Comptroller General, 281, 309 

US. Deep Sea Drilling Project, 273 

US. Geological Survey, 393, 403, 409 

US. Information Agency (USIA), 234, 

US. Lake Survey, 9 

US. Marshal’s Office, 336 

US. Naval Academy, 101 

US. Navy (USN), 123, 206 

387, 397 

aircraft, 13, 15, 39, 44, 91, 119, 133, 

anniversarv. 133. 325 

155, 201, 260 

aquanaut inquiry, 57, 77, 316-317 

award, 10, 138 

contract, 13, 39, 91, 201, 260 

cooperation, 27, 44’, 51, 119, 402 

deep submergence research vehicle, 27, 

112 

launch, 371 

missile, 325 

navigation satellite system, 37, 190 

Project Tektite, 51, 138, 356 

personnel, 4, 134 

Sealab 111 experiment, 22, 51-52, 57, 

spacecraft recovery, 64, 143, 190, 223, 

Stormfury Project, 402 

tracking shim 306 

77, 316-317 

242, 244, 245-246, 284, 377, 392 

US. Pat& dffice, 239 

US. Post Office, 273, 289 

US. Public Health Service, 76 

US. Supreme Court, 7 

US. Weather Bureau, 157 

WAF. See US. Air Force. 

USAF Aeronautical Chart and InformaUSAF Museum, 11 

USAF Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO), 297, 300, 336, 346- 

347, 386, 391, 408 

tion Center, 209 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

USNS Huntsville, 306 USNS Mercury, 306 USNS Redstone, 306 USNS Vanguard, 306, 410 

us=. See Universities Space Research 

U.S.S. Elk River, 22, 52 

U.S.S. Gary, 206 

U.S.S. Guadalcanal, 64 

U.S.S. Hornet, 190, 223, 242, 244, 245, 

246, 284, 377, 392 

U.S.S. Princeton, 143 

U.S.S. Yorktown, 10 

U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (see also Soviet Academy 

of Sciences, etc.), 21, 39, 49, 78, 89, 

Assn. 

129. 130. 131. 136-137. 145-147. 

1751176, '197, 370 

aircraft, 1, 5, 35, 79, 121, 146-147, 

152, 159, 162, 168, 173, 225, 283, 422 

antiballistic missile svstem. 62. 89 

Apollo 8 mission (comment), 25, 26 

ApoZZo 9 mission (comment), 80 

Apollo 10 mission (comment), 157 

Apollo 11 mission (comment), 206, 

225, 230, 233, 242, 244, 251, 256, 273 

ApoZlo 12 mission (comment), 384 

award, 23-24 

booster. 95-96. 170-171. 382 

Borman, Col. 'Frank (USAF), visit to, 

195-196, 197, 199, 202, 204, 210, 

211, 337 

budget, 48 

communications satellite, 106, 381, 422 

communications satellite conference, 

24, 26 

cooperation, space, 19, 25, 26, 41, 56, 

74, 78, 96, 101-102, 189, 195, 196, 

240, 245, 246, 247, 248, 311, 318, 

202, 211, 229, 231-232, 233, 238, 

325, 339, 343, 351, 367, 379-380, 381, 

383-384, 409, 411-412, 416, 424 

cosmonaut. See Cosmonaut. 

disarmament, 21, 33, 81, 86, 174, 181, 

electric engine, 342 

Foreign Ministry, 21 

launch, 422 

197, 330 

probe, 351 

Luna XV, 206, 382 

Venus V. 2. 8 > -, - 

Venus VI, 7-8 

Zond VlI, 271 

satellite 

Cosmos, 9, 24, 43, 56, 58, 67, 70, 

105. 109. 116. 137. 148. 158, 

80-81, 82, 89, 90, 94, 101, 

160: 169: 181: 186: 183: 203. 

237: 2671 281; 283; 285; 287; 

293, 297, 305-306, 309, 314, 

316. 339. 341. 346. 347. 350- 

351; 360; 370, 380, 392, 401, 

405, 413, 414 

Intercosmos I, 335 

Intercosmos 11, 416 

Meteor I, 91 

Meteor 11, 329 

Molniya 1-11, 106 

Mdniya 1-12, 237 

Soyuz IV, 11-12 

Soyuz v, 11-12 

SOYUZ VI, 332-333 

SOYUZ Vlll, 332-333 

Soyuz VU, 332-333 

lunar rock exhibit, reception of, 412 

May Day celebration, 127, 129 

missile and rocket program, 10, 43, 48, 

50, 52, 53, 106, 116, 129, 131, 140, 

229 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 41, 78, 

nuclear test explosion, 112, 359 

meteorological satellite, 91, 329 

Paris Air Show exhibit, 146-147, 168 

probe, 2, 7-8, 42, 75, 78, 136-137, 140, 

141-142, 160, 171, 271, 351, 422 

Luna XV, 195, 206, 207-208, 211, 

224, 229, 232, 236-237, 238, 251, 

382 

392-393 

rocket test. 112. 156 

science and technology, 59-60, 103, 

space program, 24, 29, 48, 72, 74-75, 

273, 278 

86. 95-96. 104. 120. 169. 170-171. 

185-186, 195, 200, 241-242, 246, 249, 

256, 266, 268, 278, 318, 335, 336, 

341-342, 343, 349-350, 351, 361, 

365-366, 372, 382, 383-384, 399, 418. 

420. 421. 422 I --, --- 

space station, 11-12, 24, 75, 146, 271, 

278, 332-333, 341-342, 343, 349-350, 

351. 361. 382. 420. 422 

spacecraft. See U.S.S.R., satellite; and 

individual spacecraft, such as Luna 

XV, Molniya 1-11, Soyuz IV, Zond 

vu. 

spacecraft debris, 130, 198, 291 

State Committee on Atomic Energy, 

supersonic transport, 1, 5, 121, 146- 

weapons, 4, 10, 48, 80, 95, 116, 129, 

Weather Bureau, 112 

359 

147, 152, 159, 173, 255, 283, 422 

181, 191, 330, 332, 416 

UV. See Ultraviolet. 

V 

V-12 (U.S.S.R. helicopter), 79 

Vacuum chamber, 329-330 

VAM-20 (booster), 31, 65-66, 108, 111, 

Van Allen, Dr. James A., 90, 167, 263, 

Van Allen radiation belt, 84, 90-91, 364 van de Kamp, Dr. Peter, 109 

Van Derwalker, John G., 51, 86, 110 

Van Nuys, Calif., 102 

179, 184, 308, 326, 360-361, 410 

340 

530 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Van Praagh, David, 199 

Vandenberg AFB, Calif. (see also Western Test Range), launch 

Advanced Ballistic Reentry System, 10 

satellite launch vehicle 

Atlas-F, 10, 83 

Thor-Agena, 40, 86, 127, 243, 255, 

Thor-Burner, 240 

Thorad-Agena, 314 

Thorad-Agena D, 319 

Titan IIIB-Agena, 288, 350 

Titan IIIB-Agena D, 23, 66, 109, 169 

Vanguard I (U.S. satellite), 83 

Vanguard 11, 51 

Varsavsky, Dr. Carlos, 118 

Vatican City, 55, 337 

Vecchietti, George J., 132 

Vega (aircraft), 158 

Vega (star), 92 

Vegesack (German freighter), 228 

Vela (constellation), 56 

Vela .(nuclear test detection satellite), 

281, 360, 422 

Vela IX, 155, 256 

Vela X, 155, 256 

Venus (planet), 260 

402 

atmosphere, 2, 6, 43, 75, 127-128, 140, 

exploration of, 66, 69, 76, 84, 119, 

magnetic field, 160 

map, 288 messure. 140. 141-142. 160. 171 

141-142, 160, 318 

136-137, 256, 286, 318, 343, 423 

probe, 2, 74, 16, 89; 119-120, 127- 

surface, 103, 171, 288 

temperature, 140, 141-142, 171 

422 

128, 140, 141-142, 160, 171 

Venus (U.S.S.R. interplanetary probe), 

Venus 111 (Venera Ill), 89 

Venus IV (Venera IV), 2, 89, 140, 160 

Venus V (Venera V), 2, 8, 23, 42, 141- 

142, 171 

Venus VI (Venera VI 1, 7-8, 23, 42, 140, 

Verne, Jules, 199 

Very Low Frequency Propagation SatelVidal, Eugene Luther, 54 

Vienna, Austria, 359 

Vietnam, North, 245 

Vietnam war, 4, 14, 22, 48, 57, 99, 404, 

Vernon, France, 330 

Viking, Project 

141-142, 171 

lite, 131 

422 

contract, 59, 160, 293, 351 

experiments, 311 

fundine. 15. 336-337 

landini' system, 160, 351, 412 

plans for, 16, 57, 111, 118, 275, 336- 

337, 398, 411, 412 

Villard, Henry Serrano, 52 

Vincze, Paul, 275 

Virgin Islands, 401-402 

Voice of America (VOA), 234, 249 

Volcano, 159, 418 

Volkov, Vladislav N., 333 

Volpe, Secretary of Transportation John 

A., 58, 371, 402, 410, 412, 418 

contract award. 89. 335, 388. 391 

SST, 43, 81, 95; 31&-315 

Volynov, Boris, 11, 23 von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 13, 77, 188, 

210, 274, 381 

Apollo 11 mission, 187, 247-248 

awards and honors, 10, 147, 289, 326 

European visit, 187 

Mars mission, 266, 270 

press conference, 170-171 

U.S.S.R. space program, 170-171 von Kann, Clifton F., 362 von Kbrmin Gas Dynamics Facility 

(Tullahoma, Tenn.) , 138 von Ktirmbn, Theodore, 274 

Voskhod I mission, 337 

Vostok I (U.S.S.R. spacecraft). 199 

Vostok I mission. 104 

Vozzo, Dr. J. -A., ' 293 

Vrebalovich, Dr. Thomas, 290 V/STOL aircraft, 15, 75, 84, 92 

vsx (antisubmarine aircraft). See S-3A. VTOL aircraft, 75, 80, 114, 129, 199 

Vykukal, Hubert C., 315 

W 

Waddell. __ ._ .lack. 45-46 

Wakelin, James H., Jr., 332 

Wald, Dr. George, 89, 238-239 

Walker, Joseph -A., 315 

Wall, Dr. Frederick T., 8 

Wall of Theophilus (moon), 377 

Waller, Richard A., 51, 86, 110, 343 

Wallops Station (NASA), 58, 409 

contract, 88, 154, 253 

funding, 383 

launch, sounding rocket 

Aerobee 150 A, 139 

Aerobee 350, 27 

Arcas, 33-34, 41, 354 

Boosted Arcas 11, 28 

Astrobee 1500, 335 

Black Brant IIIB, 59, 127 

Black Brant VB, 366 

Bullpup Cajun, 178 

Nike-Apache, 33-34, 41, 49, 113, 

Nike-Cajun, 18, 25, 33-34, 41, 94, 

Nike-Tomahawk, 27-28, 29, 49, 211- 

Pacemaker, 203 r 

Sidewinder-Arcas, 79 

recovery experiment, 79 

Walters, Robert, 115 

Wampler, Dr. E. Joseph, 42 

135, 159, 176, 189, 286, 300, 303- 

304, 408-409 

132, 133 

212, 286, 327 

53 1 
Wapakoneta, Ohio, 243, 298 

Warner, Jack, 317 

Warner, Dr. Jeffrey L., 263, 396 

Warren, Chief Justice Earl, 168 

Warren, Dr. Shields, 164 

Warsaw, Poland, 211, 244, 251 

Washburn, Abbott M., 418 

Washington Academy of Sciences, 54 

Washington Airlines, 50, 320 

Washington, D.C., 2, 80, 180, 196, 204, 

225, 355, 362, 385, 388, 392, 393, 417 

Apollo 11 postage stamp, 289, 319 

astronauts in, 7, 32, 56-57, 157, 191, 

awards presented in, 50, 54, 100-101, 

204, 231, 232, 307, 413 

117. 127 

Wapakoneta, Ohio, 243, 298 

Warner, Jack, 317 

Warner. Dr. .Teffrev L.. 263. 396 

Warren; Chief Jusiice ’Earl; 168 

Warren, Dr. Shields, 164 

Warsaw, Poland, 211, 244, 251 

Washburn, Abbott M., 418 

Washington Academy of Sciences, 54 

Washington Airlines, 50, 320 

Washington, D.C., 2, 80, 180, 196, 204, 

225, 355, 362, 385, 388, 392, 393, 417 

Apollo 11 postage stamp, 289, 319 

astronauts in, 7, 32, 56-57, 157, 191, 

awards presented in, 50, 54, 100-101, 

204, 231, 232, 307, 413 

117. 127 

cosmdniits in, 337, 359 

exhibit, 133, 388, 403, 406, 413 

meetings, 24, 32, 54, 56, 68, 72, 74, 78, 

111, 115, 116, 120, 121, 133, 148, 

170, 178, 237, 268, 357, 371 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty signed, 

370 

press conference, 9, 182, 224, 301, 355, 

402 

Washfigton National Airport, 43, 380, 

Washington National Gallery of Art, 226 

Washington, Univ. of, 273, 282 

Watchers of the Skies, 187 

Watson, James Craig, Medal, 121 

Watson, Postmaster General W. Marvin, 

418 

8 

We Reach the Moon, 252, 425 

Weapon systems, 41, 42, 136, 155, 191, 

Weather modification, 42, 205 

Webb, James E., 7, 42, 184, 406 

257, 330, 332, 424 

luncheon, for, 209 

portrait of, 323 

Space Age Management, 192 

Weber, Dr. Joseph, 182 

Weeghman, Richard B., 164 

Weidner, Hermann K., 326 

Weightlessness, effects of, 19, 48, 117 

animals, 201, 348-349 

human beings, 17, 136, 206, 391 

Weinberg, Steven, 131 

Weinraub, Allen S., 417 

Welsh, Dr. Edward C., 39, 87, 141, 257 

Wenk, Dr. Edward, Jr., 99 

Wentwortb, Eric, 369 

West German Air and Space Research 

Institute. 48 

West Palm Beach, Ha., 209 

West Virginia Univ., 70 

Westendorf, Thomas P., 388 

Western Electric Co., 233 

Western Test Range (WTR) (see also 

Vandenberg AFB, Calif.), launch, 23 

Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor 

(Thoradl-Agena D, 107, 171 

Scout, 59, 323, 365 

Thorad-Agena, 48 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

532 

Thrust-Augmented Improved ThorWestinghouse Astronuclear Laboratory, 

87 

Delta, 30, 185 

Westinghouse Electric Corp., 108, 144 

Weston Instruments, Inc., Electro Mechanical Research Aerospace Sciences 

Div.. 41 

Wethe; Jay D., 195 

Wetherill, John Price, Medal, 161 

Whalen. Rea Charles W.. Jr.. 116 

Wheatlev. seapel. 394 

Wheator;,’ Md.: 204 

Wheeler, Gen. Earle G. (USA), 180 

“Where the Legend - Starts” (U.S.S.R. 

film), 104 

280, 289 

Whitcomb, Dr. Richard T., 44, 293 

White, L/C Edward H., I1 (USAF), 228, 

White, Mrs. Edward H., 11, 280 

White, Maurice D., 362 

White House, 34, 83, 109, 178, 304, 364, 

422 

228, 230, 232, 284 

Apollo 11 mission, 190, 196, 219, 224, 

Apollo 12 mission, 385, 392 

appointments, 49, 68, 91 

astronauts at, 32, 72, 157, 191, 200, 

204, 232, 319, 362, 413 

awards presented at, 6, 68 

press conference, 32, 43 

space program, 38, 167, 238, 253, 270, 

White, Dr. Robert M., 344, 417 

White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), N. 

304-305, 352, 389 

Mex., 119 

launch 

Aerobee 150 

solar astronomy, 48, 302, 361 

stellar data. 71, 79, 402, 409 

ultraviolet ‘astronomy, 48-49, 78, 

x-ray astronomy, 78, 402 

infrared data, 299 

solar astronomy, 104, 108, 111, 

140, 308, 314, 316, 361, 410 

stellar data, 31, 118, 184, 326, 337, 

4G9 

ultraviolet astronomy, 6, 31, 43, 

140, 179, 184, 308, 410 

x-ray astronomy, 65-66, 71, 104, 

108, 118, 325, 361 

409 

Aerobee 150 MI 

Aerobee 170, 298 

balloon, 315 

Nike-Apache, micrometeoroid sam- pling, 279, 287 

White, Gen. Thomas D., Space Trophy, 101 

White Sands Test Facility, 365 

Whitney, John A., 412 

Whittaker, Philip N., 104, 123, 130, 132 

Whittier College, 232 WHO. See World Health Organization. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Wicker, Tom (Thomas Grey), 412 

Wickert Public Opinion Institute, 38% 

Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B., 35, 131, 254 

Wilcox-Sierra Div. of American StandWild, Dr. J. P., 121 

Wilford, John Noble, 252, 273, 370 

Wdhelm, Janusz, 164 

Williams, George E., 260 

Williams, Rev. Hosea, 205 

Wilson, Rep. Charles H., 52 

Wilson, Gill Robb, Trophy for Arts and 

Wilson, Prime Minister Harold (U.K.) , 

Wilson, Herbert A., Jr., 290 

Wilson, Richard, 288 

Wilson, Riley, 266-267 

Wilson, T. A., 330, 341 

Wimberley, Robert C., 76 

Wing, aircraft, 44, 46, 84, 207, 293, 299 

Winns Club. 150 

ard, Inc., 315 

Letters, 87 

38, 158, 233 

Winte, Ralph F., 19 

Winter Study on Uses of Manned Space 

Flight. 1975-1985, Proceedings, 94 

Wisconsin, 28 

Wisconsin, Univ. of, 3, 29, 80, 99, 129, 

Wise, Dr. Donald U., 287 

Withington, H. W., 340 

Wolf Research and Development Corp., 

344, 402, 403 

271 

Wolff, Rep. Lester L., 177 

Wollenhaupt, Wilbur R., 174 

Wolloneone, Australia. 233 

Women as- astronauts, 359 

“The Wondrous Telephone” (song), 388 

Wood, Clotaire, 290 

Woods Hole, Mass., 290 

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 

273 

Woomera Rocket Range, Australia, 99, 

190, 196, 323 

Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, 50 

Worden, Capt. Alfred M. (USAF), 105 

World Center for Exploration FoundaWorld Data Center A for Rockets and 

World Health Organization (WHO), 311 

tion, 2 

Satellites, 1 

Communicable Disease Div., 254 

World War I, 133 

World Weather Program, 78 

Wray, James, 28 - Wrieht brothers. 88. 177. 226. 236 I ---I - 

Wright Brothers Day, 406, 410 

Wright, Orville, 52, W, 410 

Wright, Wilbur, 406. 410 

Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 11, 38, 1 Is. 

119, 111 

WSMR. See White Sands Missile Range. 

WTR. See Western Test Range. 

Wyeth, James B., 226 

Wyld, James H., Propulsion Award, 134 

X 

X-1 (star), 326, 327 

X-15 (rocket research aircraft), 87, 11% 

133, 177, 205, 315, 321, 421 

X-24 (lifting-body vehicle), 29 

X-24A, 101, 113, 133, 286, 299, 316, 349, 

371, 421 

XB-70 (supersonic aircraft), 11, 38, 

205, 321, 421 

XE (nuclear rocket engine), 177-178, 

279, 309, 422 

Xenon, 403 

X-ray, 168 

experiment, 22, 71, 78, 179, 326, 335 

mirror. 104 

polarimeter, 71 

radiation, 66, 71, 104, 108, 

source, 99, 104, 118, 121, 

XV4B (Hummingbird) (VTOL 

327, 361 

335, 366, 402 

133-134, 136, 160, 186, 281 

80 

Y 

179, 

124, 

aircr 

-282, 

184, 

127, 

326, 

.aft), 

Yak-40 (U.S.S.R. trijet), 168 

Yamaguchi, Japan, 135 

Yankee Clipper (Apollo 12 command 

Yarborough, Sen. Ralph W., 270 

Yeh. Dr. Richard S.. 340 

module). See Command module. 

Yeli’seyev, Dr. Aleksky S., 11-12, 23, 159, 

Yellowstone National Park, 107, 328 

Yelvan. Eduard V.. 1. 152 

168, 333 

YFL12‘ (jet intercept&), 400, 421 

Yorty, Mayor Samuel W., 279 

YF-12A, 72, 205, 405 

Young, Dr. Andrew T.. 282 

Young, Cdr. John w. (USN), 16, 90, 

Young Presidents’ Organization. 327 

142, 152, 159, 191, 267 

Young, Sen. Stephen -M., 405 

Youngblood, Dr. David, 343 

Youth Science Congress, 105 

Yugoslavia, 24, 249, 341 

Z 

Zacharias, Jerrold R., 254 

Zihringer, Dr. Joseph, 288 

Zakharov, Aleksey V., 242 

Zakharov, Matvey V., 129 

108, 

533 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 

Zamayatin, Leonid, 21 

Zholudev, Gen. Leonid V. (U.S.S.R.), 

Ziegler, Henri, 197 

Ziegler, Ronald L., 305 

Ziehl, Dr. Donald, 85 195 

Zoeckler, M/G John L. (USAF), 260 

Zond V (U.S.S.R. space probe), 271 

Zond VU, 271, 422 

Zvezdny Gorodok (Star City) (U.S.S.R.), 

121 Zond VI, 271 

534 
NASA HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS 

HISTORIES 

* Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP4101, 1966, $4.00.* 

Loyd S. Swenson, James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New 

Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-4201, 1966, $5.50. * Constance McL. Green and Miitton Lomask, Vanguard: A History, NASA SP4202, 1970; also Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971, $12.50. 

Alfred Rosenthal, Venture Into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight 

Center, NASA SP-4301, 1968, $2.50. 

* Edwin P. Hartman, Adventures in Research: A History of the Ames Research 

Center, 1940-1965, NASA SP-4302, 1970, $4.75. 

HISTORICAL STUDIES 

Eugene M. Emme (ed.), History of Rocket Technology (Detroit: Wayne State 

University, 1964). * Mae Mills Link, Space Medicine in Project Mercury. NASA SP403, 1965, 

$1.00. 

Historical Sketch of NASA, NASA EP-29, 1965 and 1966. 

Katherine M. Dickson (Library of Congress), History of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics: A Preliminary Bibliography, NASA HHR-29, Clearinghouse for 

Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va. 22150, $3.00. 

William R. Corliss, History of NASA Sounding Rockets, NASA SP-4401 (1970). 

CHRONOLOGIES 

* Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronolom of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960, compiled by E. M. Emme, 

Washington: NASA, 1961. 

* Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1961, __ published bv the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 1962. 

mittee on Science and Astronautics, 1963. 

Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1962, published by the House ComAstronautics and Aeronautics, 1963, NASA SP-4004, 1964. 

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1964, NASA SP-4005, 1965. e Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1965, NASA SP-4006, 1966. 

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1966, NASA SP-4007, 1967, $1.50. * Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1967, NASA SP-4008, 1968, $2.25. 

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1968, NASA SP4010, 1969, $2.00. = James M. Grimwood, Project' Mercury: A Chronology, NASA SP-4001, 1963. * James M. Grimwood and Barton C. Hacker, with Peter J. Vorzimmer, Project 

Gemini Technology and Operations: A Chronology, NASA SP-4002, 1969, $2.75. 

* Ivan D. Ertel and Mary Louise Morse, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, 

Vol. I, Through November 7, 1962, NASA SP409, $2.50. = Mary Louise Morse and Jean Kernahan Bays, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Vol. 11, November 8,1962-September 30,1964, NASA SP-4013 (1971) 

*All titles with prices can be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, 

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 

$7 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1971 0-408-803 
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