If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

May 21, 2019

v No. 339726

Shiawassee Circuit Court

BRIAN JOSEPH BACKUS, LC No. 16-008412-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and TUKEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant was convicted by a jury of five counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, 

MCL 750.520b(1)(b) (victim less than 13 years old), and was sentenced by the trial court to 

serve concurrent terms of 50 to 75 years in prison. On remand from this Court, see People v 

Backus, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 28, 2018 (Docket No. 

339726), the trial court denied defendant’s motion for new trial, which was based on claims of 

ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

The complainant is defendant’s adopted child. In January 2016, the complainant, who 

was 15 years old at the time of trial, gave his mother a letter he had written in which he stated 

that defendant had been sexually assaulting him for the past five years. The complainant

testified at trial that defendant began forcing him to have anal and oral sex when he was about 8 

years old, and that the assaults had continued until he was about 13 years old. The complainant’s 

older brother likewise testified that when he was about 11 years old, defendant began touching 

his genitals and forcing him to have oral sex, and that when he got older, defendant forced him to 

have anal sex. The complainant’s brother testified that defendant’s assaults continued until the 

year before trial.

II. ANALYSIS

Defendant initially raised several different arguments concerning the ineffective 

assistance of counsel. Defendant argued that his trial attorneys were ineffective because they 
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failed to file a motion to suppress his incriminating statements to police, failed to investigate 

exculpatory evidence, failed to consult a handwriting expert, and failed to object to testimony 

from the prosecutor’s expert witness. At oral argument before this Court, however, defendant 

waived all of his ineffective-assistance arguments except two: the claim based on his trial 

attorneys’ failure to file a motion to suppress incriminating statements, and the claim based on 

his trial attorneys’ failure to object to testimony from the expert witness. We will not consider 

the arguments that defendant raised and subsequently waived. “One who waives his rights under 

a rule may not then seek appellate review of a claimed deprivation of those rights, for his waiver 

has extinguished any error.” People v Carter, 462 Mich 206, 215; 612 NW2d 144 (2000)

(cleaned up). As explained below, we conclude that defendant’s remaining ineffectiveassistance-of-counsel claims are without merit.

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must prove that 

defense counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable in light of prevailing professional 

norms and that, but for counsel’s error, it is reasonably probable that the outcome would have 

been different. Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 688, 694; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 

(1984); People v Pickens, 446 Mich 298, 302-303; 521 NW2d 797 (1994). Effective assistance 

of counsel is presumed, People v Vaughn, 491 Mich 642, 670; 821 NW2d 288 (2012), and a 

defendant bears a heavy burden of proving otherwise, People v Seals, 285 Mich App 1, 17; 776 

NW2d 314 (2009). In doing so, a defendant must overcome a strong presumption that the 

challenged conduct might be considered sound trial strategy. People v Knapp, 244 Mich App 

361, 385-386, 386 n 7; 624 NW2d 227 (2001). A defendant can only overcome the presumption 

by showing that counsel failed to perform an essential duty and that the failure was prejudicial to 

defendant. People v Hampton, 176 Mich App 383, 385; 439 NW2d 365 (1989). Counsel’s 

performance must be measured against an objective standard of reasonableness, People v Payne, 

285 Mich App 181, 188, 190; 774 NW2d 714 (2009), and without benefit of hindsight, People v 

LaVearn, 448 Mich 207, 216; 528 NW2d 721 (1995). This Court “neither substitutes its 

judgment for that of counsel regarding matters of trial strategy, nor makes an assessment of 

counsel’s competence with the benefit of hindsight.” People v Mutuszak, 263 Mich App 42, 58; 

687 NW2d 342 (2004). 

Whether a defendant received ineffective assistance of trial counsel presents a mixed 

question of fact and constitutional law. People v Grant, 470 Mich 477, 484; 684 NW2d 686 

(2004). “A judge must first find the facts, then must decide whether those facts establish a 

violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel.” Id. This 

Court reviews the trial court’s factual findings for clear error. Id. “Clear error exists if the 

reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that the trial court made a mistake.” 

People v Armstrong, 490 Mich 281, 289; 806 NW2d 676 (2011). We review questions of 

constitutional law de novo. Grant, 470 Mich at 485.

B. MOTION TO SUPPRESS DEFENDANT’S STATEMENTS

Defendant argued during the Ginther hearing that his trial attorneys were ineffective for 

failing to request a Walker hearing to suppress the statements he made to police during his first 

interview. Defendant contends that his statements were inadmissible and should have been 
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suppressed because he did not receive Miranda warnings before he made the statements, even 

though he was subject to a custodial interrogation. Because we conclude that a reasonable 

person in defendant’s position would have felt he was at liberty to end or leave the interview,

defendant’s statements were not made during a custodial interrogation and Miranda warnings 

were not required.

“It is well settled that Miranda warnings need be given only in situations involving a 

custodial interrogation.” People v Zahn, 234 Mich App 438, 449; 594 NW2d 120 (1999). In 

determining whether a defendant was subjected to a custodial interrogation, this Court considers 

“the totality of the circumstances, with the key question being whether the accused reasonably 

could have believed that he was not free to leave.” Id. Relevant factors to consider in making 

this determination include “the location of the questioning, its duration, statements made during 

the interview, the presence or absence of physical restraints during the questioning, and the 

release of the interviewee at the end of the questioning.” Howes v Fields, 565 US 499, 509; 132

S Ct 1181; 182 L Ed 2d 17 (2012) (citations omitted).

Defendant asserted that his statements were made during a custodial interrogation 

because he was coerced into going to the police station and because he did not feel free to leave 

once he arrived there. According to defendant, when police officers arrived at his home to 

execute a search warrant, one of the officers “grabbed” him by the arm, pulled him to his patrol 

vehicle, forced him into the vehicle, and locked the door before driving him to the police station. 

Defendant also stated that he asked the officer whether he needed a lawyer several times, and 

was told that he did not. At the police station, according to defendant, the officer shut the door to 

the interview room and defendant believed that the door was locked.

The officer who conducted the initial interview with defendant testified that when he 

made contact with defendant, he asked defendant whether he was willing to “freely and 

voluntarily” come to the police station to have a conversation with him, and defendant agreed to 

do so. The officer testified that he offered to drive defendant to the police station and bring him 

home after the interview, but he also told defendant that he was free to drive his own vehicle. 

The officer claimed that defendant decided to ride with the officer; the officer denied that he 

locked the door to his patrol vehicle once defendant was inside. Additionally, the officer 

claimed that the door to the interview room at the police station could not be locked. A

recording of the interview was admitted at trial. During the interview, the officer told defendant 

that he was free to leave at any time, and defendant acknowledged that he had agreed to come to 

the police station freely and voluntarily. 

Although defendant claims that the police interview lasted for nearly two hours, the 

recording of the interview played at trial indicates that the actual length of the interview was 86 

minutes, excluding a break. Even if defendant’s assessment of the length of the interview is 

accurate, we do not agree that a two-hour interview would have caused a reasonable person to 

believe that he was unable to leave or unable to terminate the interview. Defendant 

acknowledged that he was not handcuffed by the officers before going to the police station, and

there was no evidence that he was restrained in any way at the police station. The interviewing 

officer reiterated several times that defendant was free to leave at any point during the 

questioning, and that defendant would be going home at the end of the interview. In addition, 

during the break in the interview, defendant did not request to leave or end the interview. Based 
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on the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that a reasonable person in defendant’s position 

would have felt he was at liberty to end or leave the interview. Therefore, defendant’s 

statements were not made during a custodial interrogation and Miranda warnings were not 

required. “Failing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile objection does not constitute 

ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 

(2010). The trial court did not clearly err by concluding that defendant’s trial attorneys were not 

ineffective for failing to file motions to suppress his statements made during his interview with 

police.

C. EXPERT-WITNESS TESTIMONY

Defendant next argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to testimony 

from the prosecutor’s expert-medical witness that the complainant was sexually abused by 

defendant. We agree that this testimony was improper, but conclude that any error did not affect 

the outcome of the proceedings. Additionally, we do not agree with defendant’s contention that 

trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the expert’s testimony regarding statements 

made by the complainant during the medical examination.

The admission of expert testimony is governed by MRE 702, which provides:

If the court determines that scientific, technical, or other specialized

knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a

fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if

(1) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the

product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the

principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

In child-sexual-abuse cases, “(1) an expert may not testify that the sexual abuse occurred, (2) an 

expert may not vouch for the veracity of a victim, and (3) an expert may not testify whether the 

defendant is guilty.” People v Peterson, 450 Mich 349, 352; 537 NW2d 857 (1995). In this 

case, the expert medical witness testified that in his opinion, the complainant was abused by 

defendant. This testimony clearly violated the holding in Peterson that “an expert may not 

testify that the sexual abuse occurred,” and we agree that trial counsel should have objected to 

this testimony. In light of the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt, however, he cannot 

show that the outcome of the trial would have been different absent counsel’s error. See People 

v McGraw, 484 Mich 120, 142; 771 NW2d 655 (2009). The prosecutor presented ample 

evidence that defendant committed the offenses, including defendant’s own admissions during 

two police interviews, as well as the complainant’s testimony and the “other acts” testimony of 

his brother. In light of this compelling evidence, it is not likely that the outcome of the 

proceeding would have been different, but for trial counsel’s failure to object to the expert’s 

testimony.

As for the expert’s testimony regarding the complainant’s description of the sexual 

assaults during the medical-history portion of the examination, defendant asserts that the 

testimony was not properly admitted under the medical-treatment hearsay exception, MRE 

803(4), because the complainant’s statements were made too long after the last alleged incident 
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had occurred to be considered trustworthy. Although statements made for purposes of medical 

treatment may generally be admitted under MRE 803(4), this Court has held that “[i]n cases of

suspected child abuse, statements the child makes may be admitted under this exception when

the totality of circumstances surrounding the statements supports that they are trustworthy.” 

People v Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 95; 854 NW2d 531 (2014). Factors to be considered on the

issue of trustworthiness include:

(1) the age and maturity of the declarant, (2) the manner in which the statements

are elicited (leading questions may undermine the trustworthiness of a statement),

(3) the manner in which the statements are phrased (childlike terminology may be

evidence of genuineness), (4) use of terminology unexpected of a child of similar

age, (5) who initiated the examination (prosecutorial initiation may indicate that

the examination was not intended for purposes of medical diagnosis and

treatment), (6) the timing of the examination in relation to the assault (the child is

still suffering pain and distress), (7) the timing of the examination in relation to

the trial (involving the purpose of the examination), (8) the type of examination

(statements made in the course of treatment for psychological disorders may not

be as reliable), (9) the relation of the declarant to the person identified (evidence

that the child did not mistake the identity), and (10) the existence of or lack of

motive to fabricate. [People v Meeboer (After Remand), 439 Mich 310, 324-325;

484 NW2d 621(1992) (citations omitted).]

In this case, the complainant was examined by the expert when he was 13 or 14 years old,

and he testified that the last assault occurred when he was 13 years old. Therefore, there was

some delay between the last-reported incident and the examination. Yet, according to the

evidence presented, the complainant was mature enough at the time of the examination to

describe what happened to him with clarity and detail, and there was no evidence that the

statements were elicited through leading or improper questions. See id. The examination was

initiated by Child Protective Services, not by the prosecutor, although it seems clear that the

purpose of the examination was to investigate the allegations rather than strictly for medical

diagnosis and treatment. Id. at 325. Based on the totality of circumstances surrounding the

statements, a finding that the statements were trustworthy is supported by the record. Duenaz,

306 Mich App at 95. Moreover, in light of the overwhelming evidence presented against

defendant, any error based on the admission of these statements did not affect the outcome of the 

proceedings. See McGraw, 484 Mich at 142. Defendant is not entitled to relief.

Affirmed.

/s/ Brock A. Swartzle

/s/ Michael J. Kelly

/s/Jonathan Tukel