Honorable Jane A. Restani, Chief Judge of the United States Court of *.

International Trade, sitting by designation.

 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 08-3165

___________

ROBERT LINCOLN, 

Appellant

v.

JOHN A. PALAKOVICH, et. al.;

THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF THE COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA; 

THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA

___________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. No. 2-07-cv-01373)

District Judge: The Honorable Norma L. Shapiro

___________

ARGUED APRIL 13, 2010

Before: SLOVITER, NYGAARD, Circuit Judges, and RESTANI, Judge *

(Filed June 21, 2010)

___________

J. Nicholas Ranjan, Esq. (Argued)

K&L Gates

210 Sixth Avenue

Pittsburgh, PA 15222

Counsel for Appellant
We have jurisdiction to hear this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 2253. 

1.

Harshbarger v. Regan, 599 F.3d 290, 291 n.1 (3d Cir. 2010). 

2

John W. Goldsborough, Esq. (Argued)

Three South Penn Square

Philadelphia, PA 19107

Counsel for Appellees

___________

OPINION OF THE COURT

___________

NYGAARD, Circuit Judge.

Since this opinion is wholly without precedential value, we write solely for the

benefit of the parties, who are familiar with the factual and procedural history of this

matter. We will vacate the order and remand the cause to the District Court.1

I.

Police arrested Robert Lincoln in 2003 for the robbery and brutal beating of a

woman in her home. On October 27, 2003, pursuant to a plea agreement, Lincoln pleaded

guilty to charges of attempted murder, robbery, and aggravated assault. He received a

sentence of sixteen to forty years of imprisonment and twenty years of probation. 

Lincoln’s counsel timely filed a notice of appeal to the Pennsylvania Superior

Court on November 26, 2003. On January 5, 2004, the Superior Court issued an order
“Whenever a notice of appeal to the Superior Court is filed, the 2.

Prothonotary shall send a docketing statement form which shall be completed and

returned within ten (10) days in order that the Court shall be able to more efficiently and

expeditiously administer the scheduling of argument and submission of cases on appeal.

Failure to file a docketing statement may result in dismissal of the appeal.” Pa. R.A.P.

3517. 

While the discontinuance is recorded on the Superior Court’s docket, there 3.

is no reference to the receipt of a praecipe to discontinue. The record contains a copy of a

praecipe that was signed by Lincoln’s counsel and posted for service by mail to the

District Attorney on January 2, 2004. We presume, therefore, that the Superior Court

discontinued the matter upon the request of Lincoln’s counsel. Moreover, the record copy

of the order discontinuing the matter leads us to conclude that it was signed by the

Prothonotary on January 6, 2004, even though it was docketed on January 5, 2004.

The Post Conviction Relief Act is also commonly referenced as “PCRA.” 4.

The letter was filed in accord with Commonwealth v. Finley, 479 A.2d 5.

568 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1984). 

3

noting Lincoln’s failure to file a docketing statement and requiring him to do so within

ten days. On that same day, however, the Superior Court discontinued the matter, 2

presumably upon the request of Lincoln’s counsel. 

3

In February 2004, Lincoln filed a pro se petition for relief under the Post

Conviction Relief Act, 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 9541-9546, claiming ineffectiveness of

trial counsel. Court-appointed counsel subsequently filed a letter seeking to withdraw 4

representation, after reviewing the entire record and concluding that there were not any

substantive or procedural issues of arguable merit. 

5

Pursuant to the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure, the Court of

Common Pleas of Philadelphia County issued a notice of intent to dismiss Lincoln’s
Our order stated the following: “The foregoing application for a 6.

certificate of appealability is granted in part and denied in part. A certificate of

(continued...)

4

petition without a hearing. Pa. R.Crim. P. 907(1). Lincoln responded to the notice with a

letter in which he requested an evidentiary hearing and raised, for the first time, an

ineffectiveness claim against his direct-appeal counsel. The Court of Common Pleas

dismissed the petition and, in a later opinion written for the purposes of appellate review,

it did not address Lincoln’s claim of appellate counsel ineffectiveness.

Lincoln appealed pro se to the Superior Court. The Superior Court dismissed

Lincoln’s claim of ineffectiveness of appellate counsel, concluding that the issue was

waived because it was not raised in Lincoln’s petition for post-conviction relief. The

Superior Court affirmed the order, finding the claim of ineffectiveness of trial counsel

meritless. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied allocatur. 

In the District Court, Lincoln’s pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus again

raised the claims of ineffectiveness of trial counsel and appellate counsel. Overruling

Lincoln’s objections to the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation, the District

Court held that Lincoln’s claim of ineffectiveness of trial counsel was meritless. The

District Court also concluded that Lincoln’s claim of ineffectiveness of appellate counsel

was procedurally defaulted, based upon the Pennsylvania Superior Court’s dismissal of

the claim as waived. We certified for appeal only Lincoln’s claim of ineffectiveness of

appellate counsel.6
(...continued) 6.

appealability is granted on claim 1 (as numbered in Appellant’s petition for a writ of

habeas corpus) concerning whether Appellant was denied effective assistance of counsel

when Appellant’s direct appeal was withdrawn. See Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473,

484 (2000); see also Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470 (2000). In their briefing, the

parties shall address whether this claim was defaulted by virtue of the fact that Appellant

raised this claim in state court only in his response to the PCRA court’s notice of intent to

dismiss. We decline to issue a certificate of appealability on claim 2 because jurists of

reason would not debate the District Court’s denial of this claim. Slack, 529 U.S. at 484.”

 

5

II.

 The principles of finality and comity mandate that a federal habeas court may

not review a state court decision that rests “on a state law ground that is independent of

the federal question and adequate to support the judgment.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501

U.S. 722, 729 (1991). In particular, “a state procedural default of any federal claim will

bar federal habeas unless the petitioner demonstrates cause and actual prejudice.” Id. at

748. 

Nonetheless, the Supreme Court also said: “The terms ‘cause’ and ‘actual

prejudice’ are not rigid concepts; they take their meaning from the principles of comity

and finality discussed above. In appropriate cases those principles must yield to the

imperative of correcting a fundamentally unjust incarceration.” Engle v. Issac, 456 U.S.

107, 135 (1982). The Court expressed confidence that “victims of a fundamental

miscarriage of injustice will meet the cause-and-prejudice standard . . . .” Id.
We are mindful of the District Attorney’s assertion that Lincoln’s present 7.

argument in defense of his right to a direct appeal is waived because it is substantially

different from arguments he previously made. Nonetheless, it has been our long-standing

practice to liberally construe the filings of pro se parties. United States v. Otero, 502

F.3d 331, 334 (3d Cir. 2007). For this reason, we do not regard Lincoln’s claim as

waived. 

6

Since first raising the issue, Lincoln has consistently asserted that it was his

intent to exercise his right to a direct appeal and that this right was squandered through

his appellate counsel’s deficient performance. In Roe v. Flores-Ortega, the Supreme 7

Court said the following:

In Cronic, Penson, and Robbins, we held that the complete

denial of counsel during a critical stage of a judicial

proceeding mandates a presumption of prejudice because “the

adversary process itself” has been rendered “presumptively

unreliable.” Cronic, supra, at 659. The even more serious

denial of the entire judicial proceeding itself, which a

defendant wanted at the time and to which he had a right,

similarly demands a presumption of prejudice. Put simply, we

cannot accord any “ ‘presumption of reliability,’ ” Robbins, at

286, to judicial proceedings that never took place. 

Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 483 (2000) (citing United States. v. Cronic, 466 U.S.

648 (1984); Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75 (1988); Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259 (2000)

(citations to Supreme Court Reporter omitted)). Applying Flores-Ortega, Lincoln’s claim

of an unfair denial of his right to a direct appeal, if sufficiently supported by evidence,

would constitute a manifest injustice sufficient to grant his petition for writ of habeas

corpus, regardless of any procedural defect. 
7

With that said, we find the record bereft of evidence to ground any ruling on the

issue of whether such a manifest injustice has actually occurred. The record indicates only

that Lincoln’s counsel timely filed an appeal in November 2003, and that, presumably at

the request of Lincoln’s counsel, the Superior Court discontinued the appeal in January

2004. This, alone, is insufficient to ascertain whether Lincoln’s right to a direct appeal

was prejudiced because we do not know if counsel acted in consultation with Lincoln. For

this reason, we find that the District Court erred by failing to look beyond the procedural

default issue and consider whether Lincoln could demonstrate prejudice sufficient to grant

his petition for writ of habeas corpus. Accordingly, we will remand the cause to the

District Court for it to consider this issue. We stress that it remains Lincoln’s burden to

demonstrate that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient failure

to consult with him” about the appeal, he would have pursued his direct appeal. FloresOrtega, 528 U.S. at 484. 

III.

For the above stated reasons, we will vacate the order of the District Court and

remand the cause with instructions to consider whether Lincoln’s right to a direct appeal

was prejudiced by the conduct of his direct-appeal counsel.