FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

March 24, 2015

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

CHRISTOPHER NATHANUEL ELBEY WASHINGTON,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

ELLAOISE WASHINGTON, and

ERMMA LAST NAME UNKNOWN

(LNU),

Defendants - Appellees.

No. 14-3217

(D. of Kan.)

(D.C. No. 6:14-CV-01215-EFM-KGG)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before LUCERO, TYMKOVICH, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.** 

Christopher Washington, a state prisoner proceeding pro se,1

 appeals the

district court’s dismissal of claims arising out of an alleged breach of contract.

*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,

however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th

Cir. R. 32.1.

** After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge

panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material

assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th

Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

1

 Consequently, we “review his pleadings and filings liberally.” Lewis v.

C.I.R., 523 F.3d 1272, 1273 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008).

Appellate Case: 14-3217 Document: 01019404163 Date Filed: 03/24/2015 Page: 1 
The district court dismissed the action under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) for

failure to state a claim on which relief may be granted. Exercising jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm. 

I. Background

Mr. Washington, invoking diversity jurisdiction, filed a pro se complaint

alleging a breach of contract by his ex-wife, Ellaoise Washington, and a second

defendant, Ermma LNU (Last Name Unknown) (Jane Doe).2

 The complaint was

devoid of details regarding the alleged breach beyond conclusory allegations that

the defendants breached a contract. 

The district court ordered Mr. Washington to amend his complaint and

show cause as to why it should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim. 

Because the court did not receive an amended complaint within thirty days, it

dismissed the complaint on that ground. A day later, the court received Mr.

Washington’s timely postmarked response. Although that response was not much

clearer than the original complaint, it did direct the court’s attention to an

affidavit by Ms. Washington, which had been attached to the original complaint.

2

 He also purported to bring a “Second Cause Of Action” for “Default and

Enforcement of Lien.” R., Vol. I at 7. But neither his complaint nor his response

to the district court’s subsequent order to show cause describe an intelligible

claim on this point. Thus, the district court correctly dismissed that claim. 

Moreover, he waived any challenge to that aspect of the district court’s decision

by making no arguments regarding this cause of action on appeal. See Jordan v.

Bowen, 808 F.2d 733, 736 (10th Cir. 1987).

-2-

Appellate Case: 14-3217 Document: 01019404163 Date Filed: 03/24/2015 Page: 2 
In the affidavit, Ms. Washington stated Mr. Washington gave her $500 in

exchange “for taking full responsibility and assisting [him]” regarding another

case he had filed in federal court.3

 Id. at 19. She further admitted she breached

the agreement and that she caused the damages Mr. Washington alleged. But

nothing in the response to the order to show cause elaborated how either

defendant allegedly breached the contract beyond bare assertions that they did. 

Because the district court found the response insufficient to show cause, it

reaffirmed its dismissal of the complaint. 

II. Discussion

We review the district court’s dismissal under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) for

failure to state a claim de novo, applying the same standard of review applicable

to dismissals under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Kay v. Bemis, 500

F.3d 1214, 1217 (10th Cir. 2007). A “complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

3

 On appeal, Mr. Washington claims (for the first time, as far as we can

tell) that he lent Ms. Washington this money to “discharge a $29,000 IRS debt.”

Aplt. Br. at 3. To the extent this shift is intended as an argument, Mr.

Washington failed to explain why we should consider this otherwise forfeited

argument. See Richison v. Ernest Grp., 634 F.3d 1123, 1128, 1131 (10th Cir.

2011) (holding we only reverse “a district court’s judgment on the basis of a

forfeited theory” if appellant explains why “failing to do so would entrench a

plainly erroneous result”). It would at any rate have no effect on our conclusion.

-3-

Appellate Case: 14-3217 Document: 01019404163 Date Filed: 03/24/2015 Page: 3 
conclusory statements, do not suffice,” and we “are not bound to accept as true a

legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Id. The question is whether

the allegations actually entitled to the assumption of truth “plausibly support a

legal claim for relief”—that is, whether they “raise a right to relief above the

speculative level.” Kay, 500 F.3d at 1218. A plaintiff who provides only

“conclusory allegations without supporting factual averments” has failed to

discharge his burden. Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). 

Not even pro se plaintiffs need “special legal training to recount the facts

surrounding [their] alleged injury, and [they] must provide such facts if the court

is to determine whether [they make] out a claim on which relief can be granted.” 

Id.

We now turn to the breach of contract claims. To state a claim for breach

of contract in Kansas, a plaintiff must plead “(1) the existence of a contract

between the parties; (2) sufficient consideration to support the contract; (3) the

plaintiff’s performance or willingness to perform in compliance with the contract;

(4) the defendant’s breach of the contract; and (5) damages to the plaintiff caused

by the breach.” Stechschulte v. Jennings, 298 P.3d 1083, 1098 (Kan. 2013).

We first address the claim against Ms. Washington. In evaluating the

sufficiency of a complaint, we “may consider not only the complaint itself, but

also attached exhibits . . . and documents incorporated into the complaint by

reference.” Smith v. United States, 561 F.3d 1090, 1098 (10th Cir. 2009). But

-4-

Appellate Case: 14-3217 Document: 01019404163 Date Filed: 03/24/2015 Page: 4 
even incorporating the admissions in Ms. Washington’s affidavit into the

complaint would not save this claim. True, Ms. Washington purports to admit

that (1) a contract existed, (2) Mr. Washington gave consideration for the

contract, (3) she breached the contract, and (4) she caused damages in the amount

he alleged. Those admissions, however, are no more than “[t]hreadbare recitals

of the elements” of a breach of contract, “supported by mere conclusory

statements.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. An “unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfullyharmed-me accusation” will not do, id., and neither will an unadorned “Iunlawfully-harmed-the-defendant” admission. Put another way, Mr.

Washington’s complaint still would have been deficient had it alleged what Ms.

Washington purports to admit in her affidavit. Incorporating conclusory

allegations via an affidavit cannot make them actionable. Consequently, Mr.

Washington failed to state a claim against Ms. Washington. 

Mr. Washington’s claim against defendant Doe also fails. He made no

specific allegations regarding her supposed breach beyond claiming that “[b]oth

defendants contracted to assist plaintiff” and that they both breached that

contract. R., Vol. I at 6. He failed to plead how she breached any contract at

issue here, or for that matter that any contract backed by consideration existed

between them. The claim of breach is a “conclusory allegation[] without

supporting factual averments,” and is “insufficient to state a claim on which relief

can be based.” Hall, 935 F.2d at 1110. For the same reasons, the complaint also

-5-

Appellate Case: 14-3217 Document: 01019404163 Date Filed: 03/24/2015 Page: 5 
fails to satisfy Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8’s requirement that a complaint

“give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it

rests.” Burnett v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 706 F.3d 1231, 1235–36

(10th Cir. 2013). The district court properly dismissed the claim against

defendant Doe.4

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.5

Appellant’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis is denied. Appellant is ordered

to immediately pay the filing fee in full. 

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Timothy M. Tymkovich

Circuit Judge

4

 In his brief, Mr. Washington claims Ms. Washington “contracted to hire

[defendant Doe] and to pay [her] to create [an] e-commerce website and maintain

operations in the capacities [sic] of webmaster,” and that defendant Doe

“breached the said contract due to [Ms. Washington’s] direction.” Aplt. Br. at

3–4. If Mr. Washington means to assert that defendant Doe acted as Ms.

Washington’s agent, his failure to explain why we should consider this newly

raised argument waived it. Richison, 634 F.3d at 1131 (noting that failure to

argue for “plain error and its application on appeal” to otherwise forfeited

arguments waives the arguments before this court). Even if we considered the

argument, it could not cure the deficiencies of the complaint with respect to

defendant Doe. 

5

 We deny Mr. Washington’s motion “requesting leave to be relieved from

district court judgment” based on allegedly newly discovered evidence, which in

reality is his attempt to elaborate upon and bolster arguments he made in his

appellate brief. Nothing in that filing, even if we considered it, would change our

conclusion here.

-6-

Appellate Case: 14-3217 Document: 01019404163 Date Filed: 03/24/2015 Page: 6