The NASA 

John H. Glenn 

Research Center: 

An Economic 

Impact Study 

Fiscal Year 2022 

Prepared for:

NASA JOHN H. GLENN RESEARCH CENTER

Prepared by:

Molly S. Schnoke

Jack Yochum

Georgina Guadalupe Figueroa, Ph.D. candidate

June 2023 

2121 Euclid Avenue ǀ Cleveland, Ohio 44115

https://levin.urban.csuohio.edu/ced

CENTER FOR 

ECONOMIC 

DEVELOPMENT

THE NASA JOHN H. GLENN RESEARCH CENTER:

AN ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY

FISCAL YEAR 2022

Prepared for:

NASA JOHN H. GLENN RESEARCH CENTER

Prepared by:

MOLLY S. SCHNOKE

JACK YOCHUM

GEORGINA GUADALUPE FIGUEROA, PH. D. CANDIDATE

June 2023 

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Christopher Blake, Scott Graham, Timothy McCartney, Harvey Schabes, 

Michael Zernic, employees of the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center, and James Kubera from MM 

Technologies, for their contributions to this project. They assisted in coordinating the data gathering for 

the study and provided feedback on the report's content. This project is a result of the collaboration 

between NASA Glenn, MM Technologies, and Cleveland State University's Center for Economic 

Development.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................ i

A. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 1

B. NASA Glenn Research Center: Background .............................................................................................. 2

B.1. NASA Glenn Test Facilities ................................................................................................................. 2

B.2. NASA Glenn Mission Areas Supporting NASA Themes...................................................................... 3

C. NASA Glenn Research Center: Economic Overview ................................................................................. 8

C.1. Employment and Occupations........................................................................................................... 8

C.2. Place of Residence for Glenn Employees.........................................................................................10

C.3. Payroll ..............................................................................................................................................12

C.4. NASA Glenn Expenditures, FY 2022 ................................................................................................. 13

C.5. NASA Glenn Awards to Academic Institutions.................................................................................14

C.6. NASA Glenn Revenues .....................................................................................................................17

C.7. Taxes Paid by NASA Glenn Employees.............................................................................................18

D. Economic Impact of NASA Glenn............................................................................................................19

D.1. Methodology ...................................................................................................................................19

D.2. Economic Impact on Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ................................................................................23

D.2.1. Output Impact on Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 .............................................................................23

D.2.2. Employment Impact on Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ....................................................................28

D.2.3. Labor Income Impact on Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ..................................................................31

D.2.4. Value Added Impact on Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ....................................................................34

D.2.5. Tax Impact on Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ...................................................................................37

D.2.6. FY 2022 Northeast Ohio Impact Summary ...............................................................................37

D.3. Economic Impact on the State of Ohio, FY 2022 .............................................................................38

D.3.1. Output Impact on the State of Ohio, FY 2022 ..........................................................................38

D.3.2. Employment Impact on the State of Ohio, FY 2022 ................................................................. 42

D.3.3. Labor Income Impact on the State of Ohio, FY 2022 ................................................................45

D.3.4. Value Added Impact on the State of Ohio, FY 2022 ................................................................. 48

D.3.5. Tax Impact on the State of Ohio, FY 2022 ................................................................................51

D.3.6. FY 2022 Ohio Impact Summary ................................................................................................51

Appendix A: Data Tables.............................................................................................................................52
List of Tables

Table 1. NASA Glenn Civil Service Employment Distribution by Occupational Category, FY 2018-FY 2022 8

Table 2. NASA Glenn On- or Near-Site Contractors Employment, FY 2018-FY 2022 .................................... 9

Table 3. NASA Glenn Civil Service Employees by Occupation and Place of Residence, FY 2022 ................11

Table 4. NASA Glenn Educational Awards in Ohio by Academic Institution, FY 2018-FY 2022 ..................16

Table 5. NASA Glenn Revenues, FY 2018-FY 2022 (in millions of nominal dollars)....................................17

Table 6. Income Taxes Paid by NASA Glenn Employees.............................................................................18

Table 7. Output Impact in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ...................................................................................24

Table 8. Employment Impact in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ..........................................................................28

Table 9. Labor Income Impact in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ........................................................................31

Table 10. Value Added Impact in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ........................................................................34

Table 11. Output Impact in the State of Ohio, FY 2022 ..............................................................................39

Table 12. Employment Impact in the State of Ohio, FY 2022 .....................................................................42

Table 13. Labor Income Impact in the State of Ohio, FY 2022 ...................................................................45

Table 14. Value Added Impact in the State of Ohio, FY 2022 .....................................................................48

Table A.1. NASA Glenn Spending by State, Excluding Payroll, FY 2022 ......................................................53

Table A.2. NASA Glenn Grants Allocated to Academic Institutions by State, FY 2022 ...............................55

Table A.3. NASA Glenn Detailed Expenditures in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ...............................................56

Table A.4. NASA Glenn Detailed Expenditures in the State of Ohio, FY 2022 ............................................58
List of Figures 

Figure 1. NASA Glenn Civil Service Employees by Place of Residence, FY 2022 .........................................10

Figure 2. NASA Glenn Spending in Selected Regions, FY 2022 ...................................................................14

Figure 3. NASA Glenn Academic Awards to Colleges and Universities, FY 2022 (in millions) ....................15

Figure 4. Economic Impact of NASA Glenn Research Center on Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ........................22

Figure 5. Increase in Sales for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 .............27

Figure 6. Increase in Sales for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ................27

Figure 7. Increase in Jobs for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ..............30

Figure 8. Increase in Jobs for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 .................30

Figure 9. Increase in Labor Income for NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ..........33

Figure 10. Increase in Labor Income for Consumer-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ...........33

Figure 11. Increase in Value Added for NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 .........36

Figure 12. Increase in Value Added for Consumer-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 ............36

Figure 13. Increase in Sales for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 ............................41

Figure 14. Increase in Sales for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 ...............................41

Figure 15. Increase in Jobs for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 .............................44

Figure 16. Increase in Jobs for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 ................................44

Figure 17. Increase in Labor Income for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 ..............47

Figure 18. Increase in Labor Income for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 .................47

Figure 19. Increase in Value Added for NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 ..........................50

Figure 20. Increase in Value Added for Consumer-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 .............................50

The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page i 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 Located at Lewis Field (next to Cleveland 

Hopkins International Airport) and Neil A. 

Armstrong Test Facility (Armstrong Test 

Facility), located in Sandusky, Ohio, the 

NASA John H. Glenn Research Center (Glenn 

Research Center) performs research, 

engineering development, and testing to 

advance aviation, enable exploration of the 

universe, and improve life on Earth. Its 

scientists and engineers deliver advanced 

technology and flight systems for spacecraft 

and improve aircraft efficiency, often in 

partnership with U.S. companies, 

universities, and other government 

institutions. The Center's core capabilities 

concentrate on air-breathing and in-space 

propulsion, power systems, aerospace 

communications, materials for extreme 

environments, biomedical technologies, and 

high-value space experiments in the physical 

sciences - all focused on solving important, 

practical aerospace problems and opening 

new frontiers (scientific, technological, and 

economical) for our nation.1

 NASA Glenn's campuses include more than 

198 buildings that contain a unique 

collection of world-class laboratories and 

test facilities. Since the groundbreaking for 

the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory of 

the National Advisory Committee for 

Aeronautics (forerunner to NASA) on 

January 23, 1941, more than $1.08 billion 

has been invested in the construction of 

NASA Glenn's campuses. The estimated 

current replacement value of Lewis Field and 

Armstrong Test Facility is approximately 

$4.77 billion. 

1 For further information, use the following link: 

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/home/index.html#. 

U7R0kpRdUwA

 The Lewis Field Campus and Armstrong Test 

Facility each host large-scale facilities that 

are uniquely and specifically designed to test 

aviation and spaceflight hardware. Both 

locations enable NASA, other governmental 

agencies, and academic and industry 

partners from across the country to perform 

specialized research and testing to support 

the Agency's Aeronautics, Space and Science 

Missions, as well as the country's interests in 

these areas.

 During the period covered in this report, 

NASA Glenn has had several leadership roles 

that are critical to programs and projects in 

all of NASA's missions: Deep Space 

Exploration Systems, Low Earth Orbit, and 

Spaceflight Operations, Science, Exploration 

Technology, and Aeronautics Research. 

Within the Deep Space Exploration Systems,

it captures Exploration Systems 

Development and Exploration Research and 

Development of the systems and capabilities 

needed for human exploration of the Moon 

and Mars. Low Earth Orbit and Space Flight 

Operations includes utilization and 

operations of the International Space Station 

and associated communications and 

navigation services. The role in Science is 

focusing on applying research capabilities 

and technology development for planetary 

and earth science missions. Exploration 

Technology is centering on advancing the 

creation of novel technology investments to 

go, land, live, and explore the Moon, Mars, 

and beyond.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page ii

 In addition, NASA Glenn is leading the 

aeronautic research that includes managing 

the Advanced Air Transport Technology and 

the Hybrid Thermally Efficient Core (HyTEC) 

Projects, defining the most compelling 

technical challenges facing the air transport 

industry as envisioned for the 2030-2040-

time horizon. The research explores and 

advances knowledge, technologies, and 

concepts to enable giant steps in energy 

efficiency and environmental compatibility, 

resulting in less fuel burn and less direct 

impact with the atmosphere.

 This report is structured with the following 

sections: Sections A and B consist of the 

report's introduction and background 

describing NASA Glenn's campuses, their 

location, and the mission of the Center. 

Section C provides an economic overview of 

NASA Glenn, including information about its 

employment and occupations, employee 

residences, payroll, expenditures, awards to 

academia and other institutions, revenues, 

and taxes paid by NASA Glenn employees. 

Section D describes the economic impact 

created by NASA Glenn Research Center on 

two regions, an 8-county Northeast Ohio 

region and the State of Ohio during Fiscal 

Year (FY) 2022. This report is an update of 

several earlier studies that described NASA 

Glenn and measured its economic impact on 

Northeast Ohio and Ohio.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page iii

ECONOMIC IMPACT GENERATED BY NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER SPENDING

In FY 2022, the NASA Glenn Research Center 

continued creating economic impacts on the 

regional economies of Northeast Ohio and Ohio

by employing local labor, paying high wages to 

their employees who spend most of their income 

locally, engaging local contractors, and 

collaborating with local higher education 

institutions providing them with research grants 

and contracts. This study uses a multi-regional

input-output (I-O) model to estimate the effect 

of NASA Glenn Research Center's spending on 

the economies of Northeast Ohio (NEO) and 

Ohio. This model measures economic impact in 

terms of growth in output (sales), value added 

(output less intermediary goods), number of 

new and supported jobs, labor income, and tax 

revenues to all levels of government. This study 

uses the Multi-Regional Input-Output model and 

methodology (MRIO) to measure NASA Glenn's 

impact on the economies of Northeast Ohio and 

Ohio based on the inter-relationships of two 

connected regions. This methodology is the 

same as was used to prepare the FY 2021 

Economic Impact Study and is comparable with 

previous studies. The MRIO analysis better 

accounts for the Ohio regional supply chain, 

calculating the impact for the larger region as the 

economic impact of NASA Glenn on Northeast 

Ohio and on the remainder of Ohio. 

This report illustrates the complete economic 

impact on two regions using detailed economic 

sectors and illustrates the impact using five main 

indicators: output, employment, value added, 

labor income, and taxes. Each indicator is 

detailed with direct, indirect, and induced 

components of economic impact. The table 

below summarizes NASA Glenn's economic 

impact on Northeast Ohio and the State of Ohio 

during FY 2022. 

Economic Impact Northeast Ohio State of Ohio

Output $1,810.5 million $1,997.5 million

Value Added $1,121.5 million $1,207.8 million

Employment 8,324 jobs 9,109 jobs 

Labor Income $777.3 million $832.1 million 

Taxes $186.8 million $185.5 million2

Note: Direct value added impact was assessed as a percentage of output, whereas in studies prior to FY 2013 it 

accounted only for labor income as a direct value added impact. All values are in 2023 dollars.

 In FY 2022, NASA Glenn's $585.9 million of 

direct spending in Northeast Ohio (in 2022 

dollars) created a total output economic 

impact of $1,810.5 million across all industry 

sectors. The value added increased by 

$1,121.5 million as a result of NASA Glenn's 

operations, funded primarily by dollars 

2 Tax impact reflects additional federal, state, and local tax revenues collected in the region due to NASA Glenn expenditures 

made for its operations. The tax impact on the State of Ohio appears deflated due to a larger than usual industry change in 528- 

Other Federal government enterprises. This industry in heavily subsidized by the government, causing a negative direct tax 

impact that outsizes the spending done by NASA Glenn. Due to the infusion of federal funds in response to the COVID-19 

pandemic, these effects have been amplified. More information can be found here: https://support.implan.com/hc/enus/articles/360036110393. 

external to the region. In addition, 8,324 jobs 

were created and supported in the region, 

and labor income in Northeast Ohio 

increased by $777.3 million. NASA Glenn's 

operations in Northeast Ohio also generated 

$186.8 million in local, state, and federal tax 

revenue. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page iv

 NASA Glenn's activities in Ohio in FY 2022 

were stimulated by $630.4 million in direct 

spending in the state (in 2022 dollars). This 

funding originated primarily from outside of 

the state and generated an increased 

demand in output (sales) for products and 

services valued at $1,997.5 million. 

 Ohio value added increased by $1,207.8

million as a result of NASA Glenn's activities 

in the state. In addition, 9,109 jobs were 

created and supported in Ohio, and labor 

income across the state increased by $832.1

million. NASA Glenn operations in Ohio also 

generated $185.5 million in local, state, and 

federal taxes. 

 Direct NASA Glenn spending had the 

greatest impact in the areas of scientific 

research and development, administrative 

and waste management services, facilities 

support services, maintenance and repair 

construction of nonresidential structures, 

computer related services, educational 

services, investigation and security services, 

and architectural, engineering, and related 

services. 

 Spending by NASA Glenn personnel and 

other workers was in line with typical 

consumer spending patterns. Industries that 

benefited the most from NASA Glenn 

spending included real estate and rental 

services, hospitals and healthcare offices, 

insurance carriers, food services, and 

nursing and community care facilities. 

NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER: AN OVERVIEW

 In FY 2022, NASA Glenn civil service 

employment totaled 1,541. This includes 339

Administrative Professionals (22%), 15 

Clerical workers (1%), 1,125 Scientists & 

Engineers (73%), and 62 Technicians (4%). 

Compared to FY 2021, the total civil service 

employment increased by 4 workers, with an 

increase of 16 employees in the 

Administrative Professional category and a 

decrease of 12 employees in the Scientists & 

Engineers category. 

 The employees at NASA Glenn are highly 

educated and highly skilled civil service 

workers. In FY 2022, 90.3% of civil service 

employees held a bachelor's degree or 

higher. Of the total of NASA Glenn's civil 

service employees, 18.3% held doctoral 

degrees, 39.7% held master's degrees, and

32.3% held bachelor's degrees.3

 In FY 2022, scientists and engineers continue 

to be the largest occupational category. This 

occupation has continually been the largest 

across all categories over the last five years, 

3 Not including Student Trainees. 

a trend that has sustained since before FY 

2018. Scientists and Engineers accounted for 

73% of the civil service employees at NASA 

Glenn in FY 2022. 

 Combining civil service employees and local 

contractors, the total number of employees 

at NASA Glenn was 3,286 in FY 2022. An 

increase of 4 workers from FY 2021. From FY 

2018 to FY 2022, the highest total combined 

employment was 3,324 in FY 2020. 

 NASA Glenn civil service employees received 

total compensation of $259.7 million during

FY 2022. In this report, total compensation 

included both payroll of $191.2 million and 

employee benefits of $68.4 million. Between 

FY 2021 and FY 2022, total compensation 

increased by $3.9 million (1.5%) in nominal 

dollars. In this same period, NASA Glenn's 

nominal payroll has increased by $1.4 million 

(0.7%).

 From FY 2018 to FY 2022, total 

compensation increased by $23.9 million 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page v

(10.1%) increasing from $235.8 million in FY 

2018 to $259.7 million in FY 2022, while

payroll increased by $11.4 million (6.3%) (in 

nominal dollars). 

 In FY 2022, vendors from 46 states, the 

District of Columbia, and fifteen foreign 

countries received a share of NASA Glenn 

expenditures, which totaled $695.2 million. 

This is 21.9% larger than total expenditures 

in FY 2021, with an increase in total spending 

of $124.7 million in nominal dollars. After 

adjusting for inflation, this is an increase of

$79.2 million (12.9%). 

 Ohio continues to receive the largest share 

of total expenditures, with $378.5 million

going to state vendors in FY 2022. This is

54.4% of NASA Glenn's total spending and 

a $33.7 million increase in nominal dollars

from FY 2021. 4

 Northeast Ohio received 89.8% of NASA 

Glenn's total expenditures in the State of 

Ohio, with the region’s vendors receiving 

$340 million. Cuyahoga County received 

the largest share of expenditures both 

within Northeast Ohio and the State of 

Ohio, receiving 98.7% and 88.6%, 

respectively. 

 California received the second largest 

share of NASA Glenn spending, receiving

$187 million (26.9% of total expenditures),

an 85.4% increase from FY 2021. Alabama 

received the third-largest shares in FY 

2022, 4.8% of total expenditure, or $33.3

million, despite experiencing a decline of 

$6.3 million, or 18.9% (in nominal dollars).

Washington and Virginia received the 

fourth and fifth largest share of 

expenditures in FY 2022. 

 Expenditures in foreign countries increased 

from $0.25 million to $0.55 million in 

nominal dollars between FY 2021 and FY 

2022 (122% increase). Great Britain was the 

4 Total expenditures increased by $33.7 million in nominal dollars and $35.5 million in real dollars adjusted for inflation 

between FY 2021 and FY 2022.

largest beneficiary of the foreign countries,

followed by Canada. 

 NASA Glenn awarded $13.4 million to 

colleges and universities in 34 states during 

FY 2022. Grants accounted for $8.2 million in 

this total. Funding to academic institutions 

decreased by $0.27 million (2%) between FY 

2021 and FY 2022 in nominal dollars. NASA 

Glenn also awarded $5.1 million in contracts 

to Ohio academic institutions in FY 2022

through on-site contracts. The academic 

funding allocated to the top five states —

Ohio, Georgia, California, Illinois, and 

Pennsylvania — in FY 2022 accounted for 

67% of the total awards, compared to 68% of 

total grants made to the top five states 

during FY 2021.

 Northeast Ohio experienced the largest 

nominal increase of $1.4 million (55%) in 

awards between FY 2021 and FY 2022, while 

the rest of Ohio saw the largest nominal 

decrease of $1.7 million (44%). Georgia had 

a nominal increase of $353.2 thousand 

(18%). Pennsylvania and California saw large 

decreases in awards in this period, losing 

$61.5 thousand (7%) and $52.8 thousand

(12%), respectively, while Illinois 

experienced a $50.5 thousand decrease 

(1%).

 Northeast Ohio received 64.2% of the $6.01

million awarded to all of Ohio, totaling $3.9

million. Northeast Ohio received 28.8% of all 

academic funding given by NASA Glenn in FY 

2022. Northeast Ohio's share of awards 

increased at the state level (48% of total 

Ohio awards in FY 2021), $1.4 million in 

nominal dollars.

 Of the eight Ohio universities that received 

funding, the University of Toledo and Case 

Western Reserve University (CWRU) 

continued receiving the highest amount in 

FY 2022. Combined, they accounted for 

73.5% of NASA Glenn Awards to Ohio 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page vi

academic institutions. The University of 

Toledo received $1.7 million (28.3% of the 

total), and CWRU received over $2.7 million 

(45.2% of the total) in FY 2022. For the 

University of Toledo, this was a $0.47 million 

or 21.7% decrease during the last five years 

(adjusted to 2022 dollars). 

 The University of Akron was awarded $1.1

million (17.9% of the total) and received the 

third-highest share of the total funding to 

Ohio academic institutions. The Ohio State 

University received $282.4 thousand (4.7%) 

and ranked fourth. The remainder of the FY 

2022 awards from NASA Glenn to Ohio 

academic institutions went to Ohio 

University ($116,439 or 1.9%), Kent State 

University ($66,447 or 1.1%), University of 

Cincinnati ($35,714 or 0.6%) and University 

of Dayton ($21,005 or 0.3%).

 Total revenue reached $986.7 million in FY 

2022. Without adjusting for inflation, this is 

an 18.9% increase from FY 2021. NASA 

Glenn’s revenues have increased by 32.4% 

since FY 2018. The largest share of revenue 

from reimbursable commitments came from 

Federal funding, accounting for 92.2%. The 

Department of Defense accounted for the 

largest share of total reimbursable 

commitment in FY 2022, contributing 66.5%.

 Total income tax paid by NASA Glenn 

employees totaled $33.4 million in FY 2022, 

a 1.1% increase from the previous year. 

Excluding federal taxes, NASA Glenn 

employees paid $9.5 million in income taxes 

at the state and local levels in FY 2022. The 

amount of taxes paid to local and state 

governments has increased steadily 

between FY 2018 and FY 2021, rising from 

$9.1 million in FY 2018 to $9.5 million in FY 

2022. 

 NASA Glenn continues to be an essential

institution influencing the economic life of 

both Northeast Ohio and the State of Ohio. 

NASA Glenn's employees are part of the 

knowledge-intensive labor force that 

develops innovation, advances the nation, 

generates wealth in the region, and attracts 

other creative workers to reside in Ohio. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 1

A. INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results of the economic 

impact analysis of the National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration's (NASA) Glenn Research 

Center (Glenn) on the eight-county Northeast 

Ohio region and the State of Ohio during FY 

2022. 5 This study is based on input-output 

modeling that reflects the buy-sell relationships 

between industries, the household sector, and 

the government sector in a region. The modeling 

results estimate the economic impact of NASA 

Glenn's spending on Northeast Ohio and the 

state of Ohio.6

 Since NEO is a part of Ohio, this 

study is conducted using Multi-Regional InputOutput (MRIO) analysis, where the economic 

impact is estimated on interconnected two 

regions, Northeast Ohio and the rest of the state 

of Ohio, defined as Ohio less Northeast Ohio. The 

economic impact illustrated in NEO accounts for 

the effect of spending in NEO and the economic 

impact created in NEO when spending was done 

outside of NEO region; the economic impact in 

Ohio accounts for the effects created in NEO 

from spending that occurred in NEO and across 

the rest of Ohio and economic impact in nonNEO counties from spending inside and outside 

of NEO.

The report also provides an overview of NASA 

Glenn operations and a descriptive analysis of its 

Research and Development (R&D) activities. It 

looks at changes in NASA Glenn's employees in 

terms of employment, payroll, occupation, and 

place of residence during FY 2022. The report 

provides information on NASA Glenn's 

expenditures and revenues, awards to academic 

institutions, and taxes contributed by 

employees. 

This analysis was conducted by the Center for 

Economic Development of Cleveland State 

University's Maxine Goodman Levin College of 

Public Affairs and Education. This FY 2022 

report is an update to previous studies published 

in 1996, 2000, 2005, and annually from 2007 

through 2022.7

5 For purposes of this study, Northeast Ohio includes Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and Summit 

Counties.

6 Output impact reflects the total value of all additional goods and services produced in the economy. For example, the output 

economic impact includes the total value of all professional scientific and technical services and all intermediary goods created 

to secure delivery of the scientific services. Value added impact reflects the value of only additional output produced in the 

region, which is calculated as total sales less intermediary goods which are not sold as final products. For example, the value 

added impact will account for the value of all professional scientific and technical services excluding intermediary goods 

produced to deliver these services. Such intermediary goods, among others, include research supplies, utilities, research 

services of intermediary steps of research.

7 All previous studies can be found on the Center for Economic Development’s website: 

https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/urban_cecde/
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 2

B. NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER: BACKGROUND

Located at Lewis Field (next to Cleveland Hopkins 

International Airport) and Armstrong Test 

Facility (Sandusky, Ohio), the NASA Glenn 

Research Center performs research, engineering 

development, and testing to advance aviation, 

enable exploration of the universe, and improve 

life on Earth. Its scientists and engineers deliver 

advanced technology and flight systems for 

spacecraft and improve efficiency in aircraft, 

often in partnership with U.S. companies, 

universities, and other government institutions. 

The Center's core capabilities concentrate on airbreathing and in-space propulsion, power 

systems, aerospace communications, materials 

for extreme environments, biomedical 

technologies, and high-value space experiments 

in the physical sciences - all focused on solving 

important, practical aerospace problems and 

opening new frontiers (scientific, technological, 

and economical) for our nation.8

B.1. NASA GLENN TEST FACILITIES

NASA Glenn's campuses include more than 198 

buildings that contain a unique collection of 

world-class laboratories and test facilities. Since 

the groundbreaking for the Aircraft Engine 

Research Laboratory of the National Advisory 

Committee for Aeronautics (forerunner to NASA) 

on January 23, 1941, more than $1.08 billion has 

been invested in the construction of NASA 

Glenn's campuses. The estimated current 

replacement value of Lewis Field and Armstrong 

Test Facility is approximately $4.77 billion.

Glenn's main campus, Lewis Field, is situated on 

307 acres of land and contains more than 87 

buildings and other real property assets. 

Lewis Field has a large inventory of facilities that 

supports research, development, testing, and 

evaluation activities. There are approximately 

366 research and test facilities located at the 

Lewis Field site, including 24 major test facilities 

and over 100 research and development 

laboratories. The world-class facilities at Lewis 

Field include large and unique aero-propulsion 

wind tunnels, micro-gravity and free-fall 

research facilities, engine test cells, flight 

research facilities, space environment chambers, 

vacuum chambers and a host of additional 

research and development laboratories and test 

stands.

Glenn's Armstrong Test Facility is located 50 

miles west of Cleveland in Sandusky, Ohio, on 

6,740 acres of land. Armstrong Test Facility has 

large, unique facilities that simulate the 

environment of space. Most of these capabilities 

are world-unique, including an electric aircraft 

testbed for investigating flight weight hybrid 

electric power train systems, the world's largest 

thermal-vacuum space simulation chamber, the 

largest mechanical vibration table, the most 

powerful reverberant acoustic test chamber, the 

largest electromagnetic test chamber, the 

largest space simulation chamber which can test 

planetary dust, the largest liquid hydrogencapable space simulation chamber, and the only 

cold soak start/restart rocket engine test facility. 

Both locations enable NASA, other governmental 

agencies, and academic and industry partners 

from across the country to perform specialized 

research and testing to support the Agency's 

Aeronautics, Space and Science Missions as well 

as the country's interests in these areas.

8 For further information, use the following link: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/home/index.html#.U7R0kpRdUwA
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 3

B.2. NASA GLENN MISSION AREAS SUPPORTING NASA THEMES

During the period covered in this report, NASA 

Glenn has had several leadership roles critical to 

programs and projects in all of NASA's missions: 

Deep Space Exploration Systems, Low Earth 

Orbit, and Spaceflight Operations, Science, 

Exploration Technology, and Aeronautics 

Research. 

Deep Space Exploration Systems (Exploration 

Systems Development and Exploration Research 

and Development of the systems and capabilities 

needed for human exploration of the Moon and 

Mars)

 Provides significant management, design, 

development, test, integration, and 

production operations contributions within 

the Orion Program, including managing the 

European Service Module (ESM) 

development by the European Space Agency 

(ESA). The ESM provides power, propulsion, 

consumable water and gasses, and 

communications for the Orion spacecraft. 

Other technical support includes design and 

analysis of vehicle structures, ground 

handling, and related vehicle mission 

readiness activities such as integrating the 

ESM with the crewed portion of the Orion 

vehicle, the Crew Module (CM).

 Conducted Orion spacecraft qualification 

environmental testing at Glenn's Armstrong 

Test Facility of the fully integrated Orion 

ESM-CM in support of the very successful 

Artemis I, Exploration Mission -1, uncrewed 

flight around the Moon.

 Providing overall technical and publicprivate partner leadership to manage the 

government team and the prime contractor 

responsible for the development of the 

Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), which 

will be the first of several elements or 

modules assembled in Lunar orbit to form 

the Gateway, the platform that will orbit the 

Moon and support future planned lunar 

landers and surface activities. This includes 

managing and developing next-generation 

Solar Electric Propulsion systems that, as 

part of the Gateway architecture, support 

sustainable exploration with humans 

reaching farther into space.

 Managing the government team and prime 

contractor developing the Space Launch 

System (SLS) Universal Stage Adapter (USA) 

that connects the SLS Exploration Upper 

Stage (EUS) to the Orion Crew and Service 

Module. This includes applying human 

spaceflight engineering and technical 

capabilities to perform a variety of analysis 

and integration tasks to support the 

development of the Block 1B configuration 

of the SLS. The USA integrates the EUS to the 

Orion spacecraft and the comanifested 

payloads on the EUS while providing 

structural, electrical, and communication 

paths. The USA will also provide 

environmental control to payloads during 

integrated ground operations, launch, and 

ascent phases.

 Developing next-generation systems that 

enable exploration. NASA Glenn is leading 

projects to make advancements in 

spacecraft fire safety, including developing 

and launching payloads to test and observe 

flames, fire detection, and mitigation 

techniques in a microgravity environment; 

advanced power systems and components 

for efficient distribution architectures; and 

other enabling technologies to further 

exploration sustainability and science 

applications. 

Low Earth Orbit and Space Flight Operations

(Utilization and operations of the International 

Space Station and associated Space and Flight 

Support communications and navigation 

services)

 Leading the development of microgravity 

experiments and research apparatus in the 

physical science fields of combustion 
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science, fluid physics and transport 

phenomena, and soft matter dynamics, 

which are conducted on the International 

Space Station.

 Contributing to the Human Research 

Program, which performs research and 

technology related to human health, 

exercise development for exploration 

countermeasures, and medical devices, 

including computational modeling.

 Providing sustaining engineering to ensure 

safe and reliable operation of the 

International Space Station's electrical 

power system. 

 Leading the development and utilization of 

new, advanced communications technology, 

including lunar surface networking, 

cognitive, wideband and quantum 

communications. In addition, performs radio 

frequency spectrum management and 

spectrum analysis for the Agency.

 Providing leadership for the 

Communications Services Project (CSP) to 

establish partnerships with commercial 

satellite communications (SATCOM) 

companies to develop and demonstrate 

capabilities that can meet NASA's space 

relay needs and develop the approach for 

the acquisition and operation of commercial 

SATCOM services.

Science (Applying research capabilities and 

technology development for planetary and earth 

science missions)

 Managing the Radioisotope Power Systems 

(RPS) Program and developing associated 

power technologies. Radioisotope Power 

Systems enable scientific missions where 

conventional power systems such as solar 

power or batteries are impractical. Examples 

include enhancing current thermoelectric 

technologies, and developing next 

generation capabilities, including the Next 

Generation Radioisotope Thermoelectric 

Generator and other high efficiency power 

generation technology using radioisotope 

heat sources.

 Managing production of radioisotope 

materials and fuel in conjunction with the 

Department of Energy (DOE) for NASA space 

missions.

 Managing National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA) and launch authorization processes 

to launch RPS-enabled missions, such as the 

Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover mission.

 Developing and testing, with industry 

support, small solar electric propulsion 

thrusters and power processing units for 

future science missions.

 Participating in lunar science activities by 

developing subsystems and hardware, 

including critical power and mobility 

technologies (e.g. rover tires) and 

instruments, to characterize the nature of 

lunar polar volatiles and to conduct surface 

missions. 

 Developing systems and instruments for 

science missions operating in harsh 

environments such as the atmosphere and 

surface of Venus. 

 Conducting complex environmental testing 

utilizing the unique NASA Glenn Extreme 

Environments Rig (GEER) facility that can 

accurately simulate atmospheric conditions 

for any planet or moon in the solar system 

and beyond.

 Developing new scientific instruments and 

mission concepts for planetary surfaces 

(e.g., Venus, Mars) and Earth science (e.g., 

fresh water).

 Conducting airborne monitoring of harmful 

algal blooms, in fresh water such as Lake 

Erie, using hyperspectral sensors. This is 

conducted in collaboration with regional 

universities and institutes using both piloted 

and unpiloted techniques.

 Supporting NASA Headquarters with 

assessments and panel membership for 

Planetary Science, including 
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technology/tools coordination and science 

advisory groups.

 Hosting conferences and meetings that have 

national and international science 

community representation at Northeast 

Ohio local venues. Examples include the 

American Nuclear Society’s Nuclear and 

Emerging Technologies for Space 

Conference, the Commercial Lunar Payload 

Services Survive the Lunar Night Technology 

Workshop, and the NASA Agency Science 

Council meeting.

Exploration Technology (Advancing the creation 

of novel technology investments to go, land, live, 

and explore the Moon, Mars, and beyond)

 Leading the development and testing of 

Solar and Nuclear Electric Propulsion 

technology that can enable future spacebased exploration and scientific missions of 

the future.

 Leading the development of technologies for 

cryogenic fluids transfer and storage and 

associated propulsion systems analysis, for 

application to the Space Launch System and 

future transportation systems. This includes 

ground testing and flight operations support 

for refueling techniques.

 Managing and developing kilowatt class 

nuclear power systems for in-space and 

lunar surface power, including a 

demonstration of a fission lunar surface 

power system in partnership with DOE.

 The Space Technology Research Grants 

(STRG) program executed by NASA Glenn 

accelerates the development of high 

risk/high payoff technologies to support the 

future space science and exploration needs 

of NASA, other government agencies and the 

commercial space sector. STRG challenges 

the spectrum of academic researchers from 

graduate students to tenured faculty 

members to examine the theoretical 

feasibility of ideas and approaches that are 

critical to making science, space travel, and 

exploration more effective, affordable, and 

sustainable. 

 The Small Business Innovation Research 

(SBIR) program provides an opportunity for 

small, high technology companies and 

research institutions to participate in 

government-sponsored research and 

development efforts in key technology 

areas. NASA Glenn evaluates and awards 

more SBIR grants than any other Center.

 NASA Glenn engages the regional ecosystem 

and encourages involvement with 

businesses and academia through the 

Technology Transfer Expanded (T2X) 

Program. T2X is NASA's focused effort 

to accelerate commercialization by derisking innovation through entrepreneurship 

and focused partnership initiatives to launch 

and sustain startup companies. GRC’s T2X 

team conducted significant groundwork for 

the NASA Entrepreneurial Academy, 

FedTech, Tech Center, Parallel 18, and other 

similar programs, coordinating over 25 

technology submissions with related 

inventor support. These efforts resulted in 

16 patented technology selections, six 

licenses, and significant network growth. 

GRC’s T2X also supported Technology 

Transfer University (T2U) programs with 

Youngstown State University, Baldwin 

Wallace University, and engaged in 

conversations with Northeast Ohio’s 

National Institute of Standards and 

Technology Manufacturing Extension 

Partnership, MAGNET, Confluence 

Engineering LLC, and other local university 

and industry partners. 

 The NASA Glenn Tech Transfer Office 

Licensing Team licensed 24 different NASA 

Glenn technologies through 18 new license 

agreements and two new Data Usage 

Agreements. The Glenn Tech Transfer Office 

hosted several webinars which featured a 

Glenn inventor presenting an overview of 

one of their patented technologies, and a 

brief discussion of licensing and partnering
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with Glenn presented by a Glenn Technology 

Manager. These webinars have resulted in 

numerous licensing leads for each of the 

technologies presented.

 The NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts 

program has nurtured several NASA Glenn 

concepts and visionary ideas that could 

transform future NASA missions with the 

creation of breakthroughs—radically better 

or entirely new aerospace architectures, 

systems, or missions. 

 NASA Glenn stimulates and encourages 

creativity and innovation in a wide spectrum 

of fledgling technologies through the Center 

Innovation Fund while addressing the 

technology needs of NASA and the nation.

Aeronautics Research

 Managing the Advanced Air Transport 

Technology Project defining the most 

compelling technical challenges facing the 

air transport industry as envisioned for the 

2030-2040-time horizon. The research 

explores and advances knowledge, 

technologies, and concepts to enable giant 

steps in energy efficiency and sustainability 

resulting in less fuel burn and less direct 

impact with the atmosphere.

 Managing the Hybrid Thermally Efficient 

Core (HyTEC) Project focusing on 

accelerating the development of small-core 

turbofan engine technologies to advance the 

next single-aisle aircraft engines. Working 

closely with cost sharing partners in 

industry, the research is maturing small core 

engine technologies leading to a full-scale 

advanced engine core ground 

demonstration that will strengthen the U.S. 

leadership and deliver more efficient 

engines for future single-aisle aircraft.

 Managing the hybrid electric propulsion 

investments, partnerships, performing 

technical research, development and testing 

for hybrid electric elements and subsystems 

including high power density materials, high 

efficiency, high power density megawatt 

class electric machines, more efficient, 

higher performing combustion and turbine 

systems. 

 Managing and performing research, 

including testing for propulsion/airframe 

integration advances to enable changes in 

air vehicle shapes resulting in significant 

improvements in fuel efficiency.

 Performing engine icing research and testing 

in the only facility in the world capable of 

replicating conditions for ice formation at 

altitude internal to combustion engines, to 

understand the physics and to provide the 

capability to certify commercial engines for 

operations in icing conditions.

 Leading the development and performing 

testing of advanced air-breathing 

combustion subsystems and systems to 

achieve higher efficiencies and reduce 

system emissions due to combustion.

 Managing the power and propulsion 

concepts within the Revolutionary Vertical 

Lift Technologies Project, defining the most 

compelling technical challenges facing the 

rotorcraft and vertical lift communities, and 

performing research, development and 

testing of hybrid electric propulsion, drive 

systems, transmissions, and turbomachinery 

for vertical lift vehicles.

 Managing the propulsion concepts 

supporting the Commercial Supersonic 

Technologies Project overseeing vehicle 

research, integration and testing in the 

development of tools, technologies and 

knowledge that will eliminate technical 

barriers preventing practical commercial 

supersonic flight. Performing research and 

development to design tools and innovative 

concepts for integrated supersonic 
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propulsion systems that can meet airport 

noise regulations.

 Supporting the Aeronautics Evaluation and 

Test Capabilities Portfolio, combining 

research, analysis, and test capabilities 

necessary to achieve future air vehicle 

development and operations. Providing 

operations and maintenance oversight while 

also developing and implementing a 

construct to make future investment 

portfolio decisions for Aeronautics and 

Agency Aerosciences objectives. 

 Leading the development of advanced 

aviation communication and navigation 

architecture for the future airspace by 

demonstrating secure and reliable 

communications system via large-scale 

simulations and flight-testing to validate 

performance requirements for the national 

air space. Working with partners the 

research explores RF coverage at relevant 

altitudes, precise and reliable navigation 

concepts, cybersecurity measures and the 

development of data for new standards. 

 Conducting research in the Convergent 

Aeronautics Solutions Project, pursuing 

short duration activities to establish earlystage innovative concepts and technology 

feasibility for high-potential solutions to 

major-system-level challenges that require 

NASA and the aviation community to think 

beyond current concepts, architectures and 

relationships. Performing technology 

developments include airframe structures 

accounting for power system elements and 

establishing voltage and power limits for 

hybrid electric aircraft options.

 Managing the Transformative Tools and 

Technology Project to develop new 

multidisciplinary computer-based tools, 

models, and associated scientific knowledge 

that will provide first-of-a-kind capabilities 

to analyze, understand, and predict 

performance for a wide variety of aviation 

concepts. Performing research and 

technology development of ceramic matrix 

composite materials, advanced coatings, 

propulsion analysis, and design tools for 

future aeronautics concepts.

 Providing requirements and systems 

engineering approach to embed cybersecurity into the future air traffic 

management system, including developing 

communications architectures and potential 

future communications elements, sensors 

and autonomy solutions, with test and 

verification, for future airspace operations 

concepts.

 Managing the Hypersonics Technology 

Project, supporting vehicle studies, 

performing propulsion testing, and 

developing high temperature seals and 

analytic tool development to advance 

hypersonic technology for the nation.

 Providing technical leadership for the 

Electrified Powertrain Flight Demonstrator 

Project to accelerate US industry technology 

readiness of integrated Mega Watt-class 

electrified powertrain for the next 

generation single aisle (150 – 200 passenger 

seat class) commercial transport aircraft. By 

increasing the power density of powertrain 

components, this demonstration will 

advance knowledge, technologies, and 

concepts enabling the next generation of 

sustainable commercial transports.
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C. NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER: ECONOMIC OVERVIEW

This section presents an economic overview of 

the NASA Glenn Research Center during FY 2022. 

This analysis offers information on changes 

between FY 2018 and FY 2022 on payroll, 

revenues, expenditures, awards to academic 

institutions, occupational distribution, number 

of employees, employees' place of residence, 

and income taxes paid by NASA Glenn 

employees. All these indicators illustrate the 

magnitude of a large research enterprise that 

provides a significant economic impact on 

Northeast Ohio and Ohio.

C.1. EMPLOYMENT AND OCCUPATIONS

The total employment of NASA Glenn Research 

Center includes two components: (1) civil service 

employees and (2) local contractors. This is 

common in federal laboratories to hire 

contracted employees since they allow for more 

flexibility in performance and labor costs. The 

number of contracted employees can be easily 

adjusted, aligning with Glenn’s scope of work 

and new projects. The civil service employment 

has been relatively constant in order to retain 

workers with long-term core expertise. These 

workers are essential for NASA Glenn’s 

operations, and they are retained for many years 

to secure the continuity of research and 

efficiency of operation. NASA Glenn’s civil 

service employment distribution is made up of 

four main occupational categories: (1) 

administrative professionals, (2) clerical staff, (3) 

scientists and engineers, and (4) technicians.

Table 1 presents the total number of NASA 

Glenn’s civil service employees and the shares of 

the four categories. Between FY 2018 and FY 

2022, civil service workers average 1,566

annually. The number of civil service employees 

peaked in 2018 at 1,594 workers; the number 

decreased by 53 between 2018 and 2022, led by 

a decrease in Technicians. In FY 2022, NASA 

Glenn had 1,541 civil service employees, and the 

overall distribution among all occupational 

categories has only changed slightly. It included 

339 Administrative Professionals (22%), 15 

Clerical workers (1%), 1,125 Scientists & 

Engineers (73%), and 62 Technicians (4%).

Table 1. NASA Glenn Civil Service Employment Distribution by Occupational Category, FY 2018-FY 2022

 Occupational Category

Fiscal Year Total Administrative 

Professional Clerical Scientists & Engineers Technician

2018 1,594 21% 2% 70% 7%

2019 1,578 22% 1% 72% 5%

2020 1,581 22% 1% 73% 4%

2021 1,537 21% 1% 74% 4%

2022 1,541 22% 1% 73% 4%

Note: The table does not include local contractors.9

9 A detailed listing of NASA Glenn’s local contractors can be found at (NASA internal website)

https://nasa.sharepoint.com/sites/grc-procurement/SitePages/References-Tools.aspx 
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The total Glenn civil service employment 

increased by 4 workers from FY 2021, with an 

increase of 16 employees in the Administrative 

Professional category and a decrease of 12 

employees in the Scientists & Engineers 

category. The rest of the categories remained 

the same.

The largest occupational category was Scientists 

& Engineers, which has continued to be the 

largest occupation over the last five years and 

historically before FY 2018. This category

accounts for 73% of the civil service employees 

at NASA Glenn in FY 2022. 

Administrative Professionals was the secondlargest occupation group, accounting for 22% of 

NASA Glenn employees in FY 2022. This category

of employment increased by 1 percent from 21% 

in FY 2021 and remains the second largest 

category, a position that has been held in the last 

five years. 

The number of technicians employed by NASA 

Glenn was maintained at 4% from FY 2021 to FY

2022 and has remained that way since FY 2020. 

Compared to FY 2018, the number of technicians 

in FY 2022 decreased by 50 employees. 

Over the last five years, the clerical category has 

continued to be the smallest occupational 

category among civil service employees, ranging 

from 1% to 2%, and between 15 and 32 

employees. This category had 32 employees at 

its peak in 2018 and has continually dropped 

since, standing at 15 employees in 2022. 

NASA Glenn’s civil employees are highly 

educated and skilled. Over 90% of civil service 

employees had a bachelor’s degree or higher in 

FY 2022. Of the total NASA Glenn’s civil service 

workforce, 18.3% held a doctorate degree, 

39.7% held a master’s degree, and 32.3% held a 

bachelor’s degree. Compared to FY 2021, the 

level of educational attainment of NASA Glenn’s 

civil employees has remained the same.10 

In addition to its own employment, Table 2 

displays NASA Glenn on or near-site contractors’ 

employment over the last five years. NASA Glenn 

contracted work to 1,745 on or near-site 

contractors in FY 2022. The number of 

contractors has grown by 7% between FY 2018 

and FY 2022. NASA Glenn contractor 

employment ranged from 1,687 to 1,745 over 

the last five years, with an average of 1,719

contractors per year. 

In FY 2022, the total number of NASA Glenn 

employees, including both civil service 

employees and local contractors, was 3,286. This 

showed a decrease of 4 workers from FY 2021 to

FY 2022. During the last five years, the highest 

total combined employment was 3,324 in FY 

2020, and the lowest was 3,281 in FY 2018. 

Table 2. NASA Glenn On- or Near-Site Contractors Employment, FY 2018-FY 2022 

Fiscal Year Employment of On- or 

Near-Site Contractors

2018 1,687

2019 1,676

2020 1,743

2021 1,745

2022 1,745

10 These counts do not include Student Trainees and Temporary Employees.
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C.2. PLACE OF RESIDENCE FOR GLENN EMPLOYEES 

NASA Glenn Lewis Field is located in Cuyahoga 

County near Cleveland Hopkins International 

Airport in Cuyahoga County, the heart of 

Northeast Ohio. NASA Glenn also operates the 

Armstrong Test Facility, located near Sandusky, 

Ohio, in Erie County to the west of Cleveland. 

Most civil service employees at NASA Glenn live 

in Cuyahoga County or the other surrounding 

counties that comprise Northeast Ohio.11 Figure 

1 shows NASA Glenn civil service employees by 

employees’ postal addresses by geographic 

region. In FY 2022, 92.6% (1,426 employees) of 

NASA Glenn’s civil service employees resided in 

Northeast Ohio. 

Of the 1,541 total civil employeesin FY 2022, 894

(58%) lived in Cuyahoga County. A significant 

number of NASA Glenn employees live in Lorain 

County (243 workers or 15.7%) and Medina 

County (159 workers or 10.3%). Summit County 

accounts for 4.9% (or 76 workers), and the other 

Northeast Ohio counties held 3.5% of NASA 

Glenn employee places of residence, and 

another 2.8% lived in Ohio Counties outside of 

Northeast Ohio. Only 4.7% of NASA Glenn 

employees resided outside Ohio. 

Compared to FY 2021, the percentage of NASA 

Glenn employees who reside in Cuyahoga 

County has decreased by 0.8 percent points. The

distribution of NASA Glenn employment across 

Northeast Ohio and Ohio structurally changed 

very little between FY 2018 and FY 2022.

Figure 1. NASA Glenn Civil Service Employees by Place of Residence, FY 2022

11 Northeast Ohio includes Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and Summit Counties.
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The places of residence of NASA Glenn civil 

service employees are shown by their 

occupations in Table 3. Cuyahoga County, where 

the NASA Glenn Lewis Field is located, served as 

the place of residence for the highest share of 

employees in each occupational category. In FY 

2022, 92.6% of the employees in all four 

occupations resided in Northeast Ohio. All 

Clerical employees (100%) lived in Northeast 

Ohio. Technicians were the second occupation 

likely to live in Northeast Ohio, at 98.3%. 

Approximately 7% and 8% of NASA Glenn's 

Administrative Professional and Scientists & 

Engineerslived outside of Northeast Ohio. About 

50% of Administrative Professional, 77% of 

Clerical, 61% of Scientists & Engineers, and 45% 

of NASA Glenn's Technicians lived in Cuyahoga 

County in FY 2022. Of the total NASA Glenn civil 

service employees, Scientists & Engineers were 

the most likely to live out of state, at 5.3%, while 

100% of Technicians live in Ohio.

Table 3. NASA Glenn Civil Service Employees by Occupation and Place of Residence, FY 2022 

Residence Administrative 

Professional Clerical Scientists & Engineers Technicians Total

Northeast Ohio 92.9% 100.0% 92.2% 98.3% 92.6%

Cuyahoga County 50.2% 76.9% 60.9% 45.0% 58.0%

Lorain County 20.6% 15.4% 13.5% 31.7% 15.7%

Medina County 12.2% 7.7% 9.7% 13.3% 10.3%

Summit County 7.7% 0.0% 4.3% 3.3% 4.9%

Lake County 0.6% 0.0% 1.6% 1.7% 1.4%

Geauga County 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.7% 1.0%

Portage County 1.0% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 0.9%

Ashtabula County 0.7% 0.0% 0.1% 1.7% 0.3%

Other Ohio 3.5% 0.0% 2.5% 1.7% 2.8%

Out of State 3.5% 0.0% 5.3% 0.0% 4.7%

 Note: Northeast Ohio component counties sorted by total.
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C.3. PAYROLL

Total compensation received by NASA Glenn civil 

service employees in FY 2022 amounted to 

$259.7 million (in 2022 dollars). This includes 

$191.2 million in Payroll and $68.4 million in 

employee benefits.

The total compensation increased by $3.9

million (1.5%) between FY 2021 and FY 2022 in 

nominal dollars. 12 In this same period, NASA 

Glenn's nominal payroll has increased by $1.4

million or 0.7%. 13 Since 2018, total 

compensation has increased by $23.9 million 

(10.1%) from $235.8 million in FY 2018 to $259.7

million in FY 2022, 14 and payroll increased by 

$11.4 million (6.3%) in nominal dollars.

15 

There was a continual increase in employee 

benefits between FY 2018 and FY 2022. The 

percent of employee benefits in relation to total 

compensation has been increasing every year 

since FY 2018. Benefits were 23.7% (or $55.8

million) of total compensation in FY 2018, 

increasing to 26.3% (or $68.4 million) of total 

compensation in FY 2022 in nominal dollars.16 

The average wage per civil service employee 

increased by 0.5% from $123,532 to $124,104 

from FY 2021 to FY 2022.17 There was a nominal 

increase of 10% (or $11,251) in the total average 

wage per civil service employee during the last 

five years.

18

12 In real dollars adjusted for inflation, total compensation decreased by $16.5 million, or 6% between FY 2021 and FY 2022 

(Constant or real dollar is an adjusted for inflation value of currencies to compare dollar values from one period to another.

Inflation for payroll was adjusted using CPI for the Midwest region). 13 Total real payroll has decreased by $8.3 million (or 4.2%) from FY 2021 and FY 2022. 14 In real dollars adjusted for inflation, total compensation decreased by $14.4 million (or 5.3%) between FY 2018 and FY 2022. 15 The real payroll decreased by $6.2 million or 3.1% over the last five years. 16 Real benefit was $61.3 million in FY 2018. 17 The average wage per employee in real terms decreased 6.9%, or $9,269 between FY 2021 and FY 2022. 18 In real dollar adjusted for inflation, the average wage per employee decreased by 5.4%, or $7,106 between FY 2018 and FY 

2022. 
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C.4. NASA GLENN EXPENDITURES, FY 2022 

In FY 2022, vendors from 46 states, the District 

of Columbia, and fifteen foreign countries 

received a portion of NASA Glenn’s 

expenditures. These FY 2022 expenditures 

totaled $695.2 million, which is a 21.9% or 

$124.7 million increase (in nominal dollars) from 

FY 2021 expenditures of $570.5 million. This

translates to an $83.9 million increase (or 13.9%) 

between FY 2021 and FY 2022 after adjusting for 

inflation.19 In the five-year period, expenditures 

increased 26.8%, or $146.8 million, between FY 

2018 and FY 2022, in real 2022 dollars.

The geographic distribution of NASA Glenn’s 

spending during FY 2022 is illustrated in Figure 

2. Ohio continues to receive the largest share 

of the total expenditures, with $378.5 million

going to state vendors in FY 2022. These 

expenditures represent 54.4% of all NASA 

Glenn expenditures and a $33.7 million 

increase from FY 2021 when Ohio received 

60.4% or $344.8 million in nominal dollars. 20 

Almost 90% of NASA Glenn’s total expenditures 

in Ohio in FY 2022 were spent in Northeast 

Ohio, a total of $340 million. Cuyahoga County 

received the largest share of expenditures 

spent both within Northeast Ohio and in the 

State of Ohio, receiving 98.6% and 89.8%, 

respectively. Cuyahoga county also received 

the largest share of spending across the entire 

geographic distribution of NASA Glenn's total 

expenditures in FY 2022 at 48.2%. 

California and Alabama received the second 

and third largest shares of NASA Glenn 

spending in FY 2022. California received $187

million, the equivalent of 26.9% of total 

expenditures, and Alabama received $33.3

million, or 4.8% of total expenditures. In 

California, expenditures increased 85.4% 

($86.2 million in nominal dollars) and $78.9

million (73.1%) in real dollars adjusted for 

inflation between FY 2021 and FY 2022. Alabama 

experienced a decrease of $6.3 million, or 

15.9%, in nominal dollars and $6 million, or 

21.5%, in real dollars between FY 2021 and FY 

2022. 

Washington and Virginia received the fourth 

and fifth largest share of expenditures in FY 

2022. Washington experienced an increase of 

$2.4 million (9%), while Virginia experienced an 

increase of $8.5 million (281%) in nominal 

dollars. 21 (See Appendix Table A.1 for more 

information on NASA Glenn spending by state.) 

NASA Glenn's expenditures in foreign countries 

more than doubled from $0.25 million to $0.55 

million in nominal dollars between FY 2021 and 

FY 2022. Great Britain was the largest beneficiary 

of the foreign countries that received NASA 

Glenn's contracts, and total expenditure in this 

country doubled between FY 2021 and FY 2022. 

(See Appendix Table A.1 for more information on 

NASA Glenn foreign country expenditures).

19 Inflation was adjusted using CPI-U US, 290.3 for 2022. 20 Total Ohio expenditures increased by $33.7 million in nominal dollars and $9.1 million in real dollars adjusted for inflation 

between FY 2021 and FY 2022. 21 Washington experienced an increase of $0.5 million (1.7%) and Virginia saw an increase of $8.2 million (256.3%) in real 

dollars.
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Figure 2. NASA Glenn Spending in Selected Regions, FY 2022 

 

C.5. NASA GLENN AWARDS TO ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS

NASA Glenn Research Center provides funding to 

colleges, universities, and other nonprofit 

institutions in the form of research and 

development contracts and grants for assisting 

NASA in its R&D projects. Funding to academic 

and other institutions is dependent upon NASA 

Glenn’s year-to-year mission and goals. 

In FY 2022, NASA Glenn awarded funding that 

totaled nearly $13.4 million to colleges and 

universities in 34 states. Grants accounted for 

$8.2 million of this total. Funding to academic 

institutions decreased by $266.3 thousand (2%) 

between FY 2021 and FY 2022 in nominal dollars. 

NASA Glenn also awarded $5.2 million in 

contracts to Ohio academic institutions in FY 

2022 through on-site contracts.

Figure 3 displays the distribution of funding 

awarded to colleges and universities with an 

emphasis on select states that received the 

largest share of funding. The academic funding 

awarded in the top five states – Georgia, 

California, Illinois, Ohio, and Pennsylvania – in FY 

2022 accounted for 67% of the total awards, 

compared to 68% of total awards made to the 

top five states during FY 2021. Ohio experienced 

a nominal decrease of $331.5 thousand (8%) in 

awards between FY 2021 and FY 2022, and 

Georgia had a nominal increase of $353

thousand (47%). California, Illinois, and 

Pennsylvania all experienced decreases in 

awards between FY 2021 and FY 2022, losing 

$61.5 thousand (7%), $50.5 thousand (8%), and 

$52.8 thousand (12%), respectively. (See 

Appendix Table A.2. for more information).
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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Figure 3. NASA Glenn Academic Awards to Colleges and Universities, FY 2022 (in millions) 

Academic institutions in Ohio received $6 million 

in FY 2022, which accounted for the largest share 

(45%) of NASA Glenn’s academic awards for the 

year. NASA Glenn’s academic awards to Ohio 

decreased by 1.5 percent points between FY 

2021 and FY 2022. Northeast Ohio received 

64.2% of the $6 million awarded to all of Ohio, 

totaling $3.9 million. Northeast Ohio received 

29% of all academic funding given by NASA 

Glenn in FY 2022. In FY 2022, the second only to 

Ohio was Georgia. It received $1.1 million of 

NASA Glenn’s academic awards or an 8% share 

of funding. California and Illinois were awarded 

the third and fourth largest shares overall, 

22 The methodology of collecting data for Table 4 has changed since FY 2017. The research team accounted not only for 

educational awards that were directly given to educational institutions; the total amount of awards also includes contract 

dollars that were passed to educational institutions through third-party entities. 23 NASA Glenn increased its total academic funding in Ohio by 6.7%, from $5.7 million in FY 2018 to $6 million in FY 2022 in 

nominal dollars. 

receiving $0.88 million (7%) and $0.56 million 

(4%), respectively, in funding to colleges and 

universities. 

Table 4 presents the distribution of NASA Glenn 

awards to academic institutions in the State of 

Ohio from FY 2018 to FY 2022 (inflated to 2022 

dollars).22 The total amount of funding to Ohio 

academic institutions decreased by 8.2% 

between 2018 and 2022, from $6.5 million in FY 

2018 to $6 million in FY 2022, after adjusting for 

inflation. 23 Total academic funding awarded in 

Ohio also decreased between FY 2021 and FY 

2022 by $0.84 million (12.2%).

Notes: Figures in nominal dollars

“Other Ohio” refers to colleges and universities located outside the 8-county Northeast Ohio region
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Of all Ohio academic institutions that received 

funding, Case Western Reserve University 

(CWRU) and the University of Toledo were 

awarded the most in FY 2022. The two

universities combined accounted for 73.5% of 

NASA Glenn awards to Ohio academic

institutions in FY 2022. CWRU received $2.7 

million (45.2% of the total), and the University of 

Toledo received $1.7 million (28.3% of the total) 

in FY 2022. For CWRU, this was a decrease of 

$5.9 thousand or a 0.2% decrease in funding 

between FY 2018 and FY 2022. For the University 

of Toledo, this was a $0.47 million or 16.3% 

decrease during the last five years (adjusted to 

2022 dollars).

The University of Akron was awarded $1.07 

million (17.9%) in FY 2022 and received the thirdhighest share of the total funding to Ohio 

academic institutions. The Ohio State University 

received $282,411 (4.7%) and ranked fourth. The 

remainder of the FY 2022 awards from NASA 

Glenn to Ohio academic institutions went to the 

Ohio University ($116,439 or 1.3%), Kent State 

University ($66,447 or 1.1%), University of 

Cincinnati ($35,714 or 0.6%) and University of 

Dayton ($21,005 or 0.3%).

Table 4. NASA Glenn Educational Awards in Ohio by Academic Institution, FY 2018-FY 2022 

Ohio Colleges and Universities FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 FY 2022 

Share 

Case Western Reserve University $2,722,179 $2,557,482 $2,475,788 $2,601,967 $2,716,335 45.2%

University of Toledo $2,167,469 $2,014,194 $1,148,287 $2,886,561 $1,697,555 28.3%

The University of Akron $513,016 $494,236 $273,000 $602,184 $1,073,365 17.9%

Ohio State University $430,166 $550,670 $226,852 $566,272 $282,411 4.7%

Ohio University $88,163 $86,908 $88,220 $104,763 $116,439 1.9%

Kent State University $155,314 $202,861 $79,680 $43,904 $66,447 1.1%

University of Cincinnati $155,634 $43,953 $16,991 $5,395 $35,714 0.6%

University of Dayton $0 $0 $0 $0 $21,005 0.3%

Cuyahoga Community College $124,680 $18,333 $0 $0 $0 0.0%

Cleveland State University $189,789 $186,503 $138,722 $34,852 $0 0.0%

TOTAL $6,546,411 $6,155,141 $4,447,539 $6,845,899 $6,009,272 100.0%

Notes: The table is sorted by FY 2022 column.

Data are inflated to 2022 dollars (Inflation coefficient of 272.4 is based on CPI Midwest region).
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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C.6. NASA GLENN REVENUES

In FY 2022, NASA Glenn’s Total Revenue reached 

$986.7 million, which is an 18.9% increase from 

FY 2021 in nominal dollars. In the last five years, 

revenue has increased 32.4%, ranging from 

$745.3 million in FY 2018 to $986.7 million in FY 

2022 in nominal dollars. 

Table 5 illustrates NASA Glenn’s revenue from FY 

2018 to FY 2022 by source: NASA direct 

authority and reimbursable commitments.

Revenue from NASA's direct authority increased 

by 14.8% from FY 2021 to FY 2022. Overall, in the 

past five years, there was a 31.3% increase in 

NASA’s direct authority in nominal dollars, 

peaking in FY 2019 at $928.3 million. In addition 

to the $915.5 million in direct authority revenue 

in FY 2022, NASA Glenn also received $71.2

million in reimbursable commitments. 

As shown in Table 5 below, reimbursable funding 

has fluctuated since FY 2018, reflecting the 

change in non-NASA customers doing business 

with NASA Glenn in recent years. Revenues from 

reimbursable commitmentsincreased by 121.5% 

within the past year, growing over $39 million 

from FY 2021 and making FY 2022 the highest in 

the past 5 years. 

In FY 2022, the largest share of the revenue for 

reimbursable commitments came from federal 

funding, which accounted for 92.2%. The largest 

share of federal funding came from the 

Department of Defense, which contributed 

66.5%. “Other Federal Agencies” accounted for 

the second largest share (25.7%). There was a 9.8 

percent point increase in reimbursable 

commitments from the Department of Defense 

between FY 2021 and FY 2022 despite the large 

decrease in funding from the U.S. Air Force of 

23.7 percent points.

Table 5. NASA Glenn Revenues, FY 2018-FY 2022 (in millions of nominal dollars)

Description FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022

NASA Direct Authority $697.4 $928.3 $822.2 $797.7 $915.5 

Total Reimbursable Commitments $47.9 $67.9 $43.0 $32.1 $71.2 

Total FY Authority $745.3 $996.2 $865.3 $829.8 $986.7 

NASA Budget % 93.6% 93.2% 95.0% 96.1% 92.8%

Note: Data in millions of nominal dollars.
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C.7. TAXES PAID BY NASA GLENN EMPLOYEES

The economies of both Northeast Ohio and the 

state of Ohio benefit greatly from taxes paid by 

NASA Glenn Employees. The distribution of 

income tax paid by employees is affected by 

NASA Glenn’s Cleveland, Brook Park, and 

Fairview Park locations.

Table 6 shows the amount of income taxes paid 

by NASA Glenn employees at the federal, state, 

and local levels. The table excludes income taxes 

paid by NASA Glenn employees residing outside 

the respective regions. In FY 2022, the total 

income tax paid by NASA Glenn employees 

totaled $33.4 million. This is a slight increase of 

1.1%, or $365 thousand, compared to FY 2021, in 

nominal dollars. 

NASA Glenn employees paid $9.5 million in 

income taxes at the state and local levels in FY 

2022. This is a small 0.5% increase from FY 2021 

without adjusting for inflation. The amount of 

taxes paid to local and state governments has 

steadily remained over $9 million over the past 

five years, starting with $9.1 million in FY 2018 

and growing to $9.5 million in FY 2021 and FY 

2022. 

The city of Brook Park and the state of Ohio 

received the largest share of the income taxes 

paid by NASA Glenn's employees. Combined, 

they accounted for 99.6% of the total state and 

local income taxes paid in FY 2022. In FY 2022, 

61.6% ($5.9 million) of the income taxes paid at 

the state and local levels went to the State of 

Ohio. Since 2018, NASA Glenn employees have 

paid an annual average of $5.8 million in income 

taxes to the State of Ohio.

The city of Brook Park received $3.6 million in 

income tax revenue from NASA Glenn 

employees in FY 2022, representing a marginal 

increase of 0.5% (or $16,887) compared to FY 

2021. This accounts for 98.9% of the income 

taxes paid to the cities of Cleveland, Brook Park, 

and Fairview Park by NASA Glenn employees in 

FY 2022. In the past five years, the city of 

Cleveland saw a notable increase in income tax 

of 75.7%, while the city of Fairview Park 

experienced a 9.9% decrease. 

Table 6. Income Taxes Paid by NASA Glenn Employees

Year City of Brook 

Park

City of 

Cleveland

City of Fairview 

Park

State of 

Ohio Federal Total

2018 $3,357,770 $12,039 $22,718 $5,749,268 $22,685,203 $31,826,998 

2019 $3,522,660 $14,046 $26,332 $5,869,450 $22,467,112 $31,899,600 

2020 $3,497,273 $14,755 $26,784 $5,660,975 $22,869,119 $32,068,907 

2021 $3,587,596 $15,512 $27,079 $5,826,093 $23,613,701 $33,069,982 

2022 $3,604,483 $21,158 $20,460 $5,857,262 $23,931,766 $33,435,128 

5-Year Total $17,569,783 $77,510 $123,373 $28,963,048 $115,566,902 $162,300,615 
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D. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NASA GLENN

This section describes the methodology and 

illustrates the results of research estimating the 

economic impact NASA Glenn created on 

Northeast Ohio and the State of Ohio in FY 

2022. 24 The economic impact is measured in 

terms of output (sales), employment, value 

added, labor income, and taxes contributed to 

local, state, and federal governments.

Each of the economic impact categories includes 

three types of impact: direct, indirect, and 

induced. 25 NASA Glenn's total impact on 

Northeast Ohio and the State of Ohio are 

presented as separate estimates.

D.1. METHODOLOGY

The main assumption to estimate NASA Glenn's 

economic impact is that NASA Glenn established 

its operations in the region at the beginning of FY 

2022 and generated demand by purchasing 

goods and services for its operations from 

vendors located in Northeast Ohio and Ohio. 

This new demand for goods and services is called 

"change in final demand," which represents the 

direct impact NASA Glenn's spending has on the 

economy of each region. 26 The initial NASA 

expenditures (i.e., change in final demand) in the 

region result in economic impacts on Northeast 

Ohio and Ohio. The economic impact is born via 

the inter-relation of industries buying goods and 

services from each other within the region of 

study. This study uses an input-output model 

that reflects the buy-sell relationships among all 

industry sectors. 

NASA Glenn purchases goods and services as 

inputs in its research and development activities, 

which creates a direct impact. The assessment of 

intermediate goods purchasing from NASA 

suppliers within the region of study is 

represented in the indirect portion of the 

economic impact. 

Indirect impact measures the value of labor, 

capital, and other inputs of production needed 

24 For this analysis, Northeast Ohio is delineated by eight counties: Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, 

Portage, and Summit. 

25 The change in final demand is the direct economic impact created by NASA Glenn in Northeast Ohio and Ohio.

26 Change in final demand, or direct impact, is defined as the total purchases of goods and services for NASA Glenn’s overall 

operations in respective regions. 

to produce the goods and services that serve as 

the supplies required by NASA Glenn for its 

operation; these supplies are purchased from 

the supply chain of NASA Glenn in Northeast 

Ohio and Ohio. 

Additionally, the economic impact is assessed 

from the spending patterns of both NASA Glenn 

employees and employees of NASA Glenn's 

suppliers. This tertiary impact is reflected in the 

induced effects of the economic impact 

assessment. The induced impact measures local 

households' change in spending due to earnings 

by NASA Glenn employees and increased 

earnings of employees in regional supply 

industries that produce goods and services for 

NASA Glenn and its suppliers. 

To calculate direct value added and assess NASA 

Glenn's spending pattern and its multipliers, the 

institution is treated as a research and 

development industry and not as a federal 

government industry. This makes the 

intermediate expenditure pattern of NASA Glenn 

similar to that of other comparable research 

institutions in the area. 

Economic impact analysis accounts for interindustry buy-sell relationships within the 

respective economies of the research areas of 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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Northeast Ohio or Ohio. These relationships 

determine how the economy responds to 

changes in buying and selling patterns among 

industries. Input-output (I-O) models estimate 

inter-industry relationships at the county, 

regional, state, or country level by measuring the 

distribution of inputs purchased and outputs 

sold by each industry, government, and 

household. Using I-O models' multipliers makes 

it possible to estimate the specific impact of one 

additional dollar spent by or one additional 

employee hired for NASA Glenn. This impact 

continues, creating additional expenditures and 

jobs. The economic multiplier measures the 

extent to which an initial expenditure affects the 

regional economy.27 

This study utilizes regional I-O multipliers from 

the IMPLAN online application 

model. 28 Specifically, SAM multipliers estimate 

the ripple effect that an initial expenditure made 

by NASA Glenn has on the regional economy.29

The data on industry buy-sell relationships 

within the respective economy of the research 

areas of Northeast Ohio or Ohio are updated 

annually. 

Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) analysis 

makes it possible to track how an impact on any 

of the 546 IMPLAN Industries in a Study Area 

region (i.e., Northeast Ohio or Ohio) affects the 

production of all 546 Industries and household 

spending in these regions.30

We used the "bill of goods" method and applied 

it to industry change for this study. We match 

27 For example, suppose that Company “A” reports sales of $1 million. From the revenues, the company pays its suppliers and 

workers, covers production costs, and takes a profit. Once the suppliers and employees receive their payments, they will spend 

a portion of their money in the local economy purchasing goods and services, while another portion of the monies will be spent 

outside the local economy (leakage). By evaluating the chain of local purchases that result from the initial infusion of $1 million, 

it is possible to estimate a regional economic multiplier.

28 IMPLAN (IMpact analysis for PLANning) was originally developed by two federal agencies, the Department of Agriculture and 

the Department of the Interior, to assist in land and resource management planning. The Minnesota IMPLAN Group Inc. later 

commercialized the model as a software package. The company was then sold and rebranded as IMPLAN Group LLC.

29 IMPLAN type SAM (Social Accounting Matrices) multipliers are used in this study. SAM multipliers are based on information in 

a social account matrix that considers commuting, institutional savings, inter-institutional transfers, and social security and 

income tax leakages.

30 MRIO: Considerations when using Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis. https://support.implan.com/hc/enus/articles/115009713448-MRIO-Introduction-to-Multi-Regional-Input-Output-Analysis. 

each category of NASA Glenn's expenditures to 

the industry from which it purchases products. 

This technique enables the research to match 

goods and services purchased by NASA Glenn to 

goods and services produced by different 

industries in the region in question. 

When estimating regional economic impact, 

three factors are addressed: (1) the exclusion of 

NASA Glenn purchases from companies located 

outside of the study's region, (2) how 

expenditures made in NEO create economic 

impact in NEO and the remainder of Ohio, and 

how expenditures made in the remainder of 

Ohio create an economic impact on NEO and the 

remainder of Ohio, and (3) what amount of 

revenues are received from local sources. For 

this analysis, NASA Glenn's economic impact on 

the Northeast Ohio economy accounts for the 

purchases of goods produced by companies 

located in Northeast Ohio and purchases made 

in the remainder of Ohio (outside NEO) created 

on NEO through the supply chain of companies 

located in NEO.

Following the same methodology, the economic 

impact on the State of Ohio is assessed from 

NASA Glenn's purchases of goods and services 

produced only by companies located in Ohio. All 

goods and services purchased from businesses 

and entities located outside of the state were 

excluded when estimating the statewide impact 

of NASA Glenn.
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IMPLAN measures economic impact using five 

variables: employment, labor income, value 

added, output, and taxes:

• Employment impact measures the number 

of jobs created in the region as a result of 

NASA Glenn expenditures made for its 

operations. 

• Labor income impact measures the 

additional labor earnings created in the 

region due to NASA Glenn expenditures 

made for its operations. 

• Value added impact measures the additional 

value added created in the region due to 

NASA Glenn expenditures made for its 

operations. Value added is calculated as 

output less the value of intermediary 

goods.31

• Output impact measures the additional 

value of all goods and services produced in 

the region due to NASA Glenn expenditures 

made for its operations. 

• Tax impact measures the additional federal, 

state, and local tax revenues collected in the 

region due to NASA Glenn expenditures 

made for its operations. 

The employment, labor income, value added 

impact, and output impacts are each a 

summation of three components: direct impact, 

indirect impact, and induced impact.32 Unlike in 

the previous studies, throughout this report, the 

NASA Glenn FY 2022 expenditures and their 

comparison to FY 2021 are analyzed in 2022 

dollars, according directly to the data received 

from NASA Glenn. To illustrate economic impact 

in real terms, the results of the economic impact 

for Northeast Ohio and Ohio are expressed in 

2023 dollars. Appropriate footnotes are included 

for each table.

Figure 4 illustrates the process by which NASA 

Glenn impacted Northeast Ohio's economy 

through its spending in the region in FY 2022. 

Through its attraction of federal dollars external 

to NEO and Ohio economies, NASA Glenn 

created new demand for goods and services 

(change in final demand, which is also treated as 

a direct impact). Some of this demand was 

generated for goods and services provided by 

vendors outside Northeast Ohio and Ohio, 

resulting in dollars leaving the regional and state 

economies. However, most goods and services 

necessary for NASA Glenn operations were 

purchased locally. 

31 Intermediary goods and services—such as energy, materials, and purchased services—are purchased for the production of 

other goods and services rather than for final consumption.

32 The summation of direct, indirect, and induced impacts across industries in the impact tables (Tables 7-14) and following 

figures may reflect rounding discrepancies created by multiple iterations of IMPLAN modeling. According to IMPLAN, 

discrepancies of up to 3% are due to rounding during multiple iterations of data calculations in the model.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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Figure 4. Economic Impact of NASA Glenn Research Center on Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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D.2. ECONOMIC IMPACT ON NORTHEAST 

OHIO, FY 2022 

The following section of the report analyzes the 

economic impact of NASA Glenn on the economy 

of Northeast Ohio in FY 2022. The economic 

impact is triggered by the changes in the final 

demand in Northeast Ohio, i.e., purchases from 

the companies within this region and companies 

in the rest of Ohio that have a supply chain in the 

region of study. The economic impact is 

measured by the changes in output (sales), 

employment, labor income (earnings), value 

added, and federal, state, and local taxes paid 

and generated by Glenn's activities. 

D.2.1. Output Impact on Northeast Ohio, 

FY 2022 

NASA Glenn's expenditures were divided into 

three brackets of spending: (1) goods and 

services purchased from companies and 

institutions located in Northeast Ohio, (2) 

spending for goods and services from businesses 

and other institutions located outside Northeast 

Ohio but still in Ohio (we called this region 

Remainder of Ohio), and (3) spending outside of 

Ohio. The first and second groups of spending 

create an economic impact on the economy of 

Northeast Ohio, while the third group is 

considered a regional leakage (or loss). While the 

second group of purchases made from 

companies located in the Remainder of Ohio 

does not affect NEO directly, the economic 

impact is created through the multiple chains of 

suppliers located within NEO and selling their 

product to the NASA Glenn-supplier companies 

located in the Remainder of Ohio. The regional 

leakages – purchases made outside of Ohio - are 

not included in calculating the economic impact 

on Northeast Ohio. Local spending is then 

categorized by products purchased from 

different industries in the regional economy 

based on an IMPLAN industry classification 

system that differentiates spending across 546 

sectors. IMPLAN sectors are similar to the 

description of industries used in the North 

American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 

but do not fully correspond to the NAICS system. 

Appendix Table A.3. provides detailed NASA 

Glenn expenditures in Northeast Ohio by 

industry in FY 2022. 

About 42% of NASA Glenn's total expenditures in 

Northeast Ohio went towards employee 

compensation, which is typical for labor-intense 

industries conducting research and 

development activities. NASA Glenn's largest 

expenditures on goods and services in Northeast 

Ohio in FY 2022 were made on professional, 

scientific, and technical services (35.2%), 

including about 22% of total expenditures on 

scientific research and development services. 

Table 7 illustrates the total output impact of 

NASA Glenn on the economy of Northeast Ohio, 

detailed by economic sectors. This output 

contains direct, indirect, and induced impacts. 

NASA Glenn's total operational expenditures 

represent direct output impact for Northeast 

Ohio (including the regional margin of purchases 

from the retail industry). The indirect impact is 

estimated by summing the contributions of 

individual industries that provide supplies to the 

producers of the goods and services that NASA 

Glenn ultimately consumes. Induced impact is 

measuring the effect of consumer spending due 

to the demand for products and services 

created by NASA Glenn. 
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Table 7. Output Impact in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

Industry Direct Indirect Induced Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting $127,224 $361,367 $488,591

Mining $562,650 $275,994 $838,644

Utilities $11,558,063 $7,601,348 $19,159,411

Construction $41,473,354 $3,191,654 $44,665,008

Manufacturing $8,190,930 $5,581,062 $13,771,992

Wholesale Trade $10,706,822 $21,791,665 $32,498,486

Retail Trade $4,260,986 $35,872,612 $40,133,599

Transportation & Warehousing $7,541,175 $11,570,079 $19,111,254

Information $12,535,258 $16,845,051 $29,380,309

Finance & Insurance $13,226,825 $50,149,705 $63,376,529

Real Estate & Rental $22,289,367 $22,614,026 $44,903,393

Professional- Scientific & 

Technological Services $251,360,635 $17,995,966 $269,356,601

Management of Companies $12,650,845 $6,937,495 $19,588,340

Administrative & Waste Services $98,905,813 $13,224,258 $112,130,071

Educational Services $15,238,342 $5,084,436 $20,322,777

Health & Social Services $1,399,679 $64,171,023 $65,570,702

Arts- Entertainment & Recreation $866,792 $5,014,652 $5,881,444

Accommodation & Food Services $4,065,106 $21,660,054 $25,725,160

Other Services $4,588,492 $19,449,494 $24,037,986

Government & Non-NAICs $601,289,871 $354,535,419 $3,689,532 $959,514,823

Total Output $601,289,871 $876,083,776 $333,081,472 $1,810,455,119

Notes: For output impact, the change in final demand or direct impact ($601,289,871) equals the total spending of NASA Glenn 

for goods and services in and outside of Northeast Ohio, including wages and benefits, with minor discrepancies due to IMPLAN 

rounding errors. The results of the economic impact are shown in 2023 dollars.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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The total output impact of NASA Glenn on 

Northeast Ohio was $1,810.5 million in FY 2022. 

NASA Glenn’s spending of $601.3 million in 

Northeast Ohio resulted in an output (sales) 

change of $1,810.5 million across all industry 

sectors (Table 7, in 2023 dollars). Glenn’s initial 

spending triggered a $269.4 million increase in 

total sales (direct, indirect, and induced) by the 

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 

industry and a $29.4 million increase in sales by 

the Information industry. NASA Glenn was also 

responsible for a $112.1 million increase in total 

sales by the Administrative and Waste services 

industry, a $45 million increase by the Real 

Estate and Rental Industry, and $63.4 by the 

Finance and Insurance industry. If NASA Glenn 

did not exist in Northeast Ohio, the region would 

lose the output generated by its spending. The 

above examples illustrate the idea that the 

regional impact of NASA Glenn’s operation can 

be best described as the increase in output of 

affected industries compared to the hypothetical

absence of NASA Glenn in Northeast Ohio.

Of the total output impact, 33.2% ($601.3 million 

in 2023 dollars) is accounted for by NASA Glenn’s 

direct spending in Northeast Ohio, which creates 

the direct economic impact on Northeast Ohio. 

Approximately $876.1 million (48.4%) of the 

total output impact results from indirect 

spending by NASA Glenn (purchasing from its 

suppliers). The remaining output impact of 

$333.1 million (18.4%) is attributed to the 

induced impact from NASA Glenn purchases 

rippling through the regional economy.

The following analysis of the economic impact 

results illustrates that the indirect and induced 

portions of the economic impact (totaling 

$1,209.2 million, or 66.8% of total output) could 

be divided into three broad categories: NASA 

Glenn-driven industries, consumer-driven 

industries, and other industries. 

NASA Glenn-driven industries increase sales, 

employment, and earnings primarily, but not 

exclusively, due to NASA Glenn’s operations. 

They include professional and scientific services; 

facilities and support services; construction; 

computer related services; architectural and 

engineering services; and employment services. 

The total increase in output due to indirect and 

induced economic impacts from these industries 

in FY 2022 was $495.0 million, or 39.8% of NASA 

Glenn’s overall indirect and induced impact on 

Northeast Ohio.

Consumer-driven sectors increase sales, 

employment, and earnings primarily due to 

spending by Glenn employees and other workers 

who produce goods and services for NASA Glenn 

and their suppliers. These industries include 

other real estate; hospitals; monetary 

authorities and depository credit 

intermediation; insurance carriers, except direct 

life; offices of physicians, and other consumerdriven industries (see Figure 6). The increase in 

output due to indirect and induced economic 

impacts for these industries in FY 2022 was 

$252.7 million, or 20.3% of the total impact.

Other industries are driven by both NASA Glenn 

and consumer spending, and their impact could 

not be attributed to either group. It is split 

between NASA Glenn and consumer spending; 

they should not be attributed to NASA Glenn 

operations only. These industries include mining; 

manufacturing; agriculture; government 

enterprises; wholesale trade; and transportation 

and warehousing. The total increase in output 

due to indirect and induced economic impacts 

for these industries in FY 2022 was $496.6

million, or 39.9% of the total impact.

The output distributions featuring the largest 

Glenn- and consumer-driven industries are 

shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. In Figure 

5, industries with additional sales of at least $25

million, or 5.0% of the total sale, were selected 

to be illustrated. Industries with additional sales 

of at least $10 million (4.0% of the total) were 

selected to be presented in Figure 6. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 26

The scientific research and development services 

industry generated the largest output as a single 

industry in FY 2022; it created an output increase 

of $145.3 million due to NASA Glenn’s 

operations (Figure 5). This amount is the 

summation of the indirect and induced impacts 

generated primarily, but not exclusively, by 

NASA Glenn’s spending on research services. The 

increase of $145.3 million represented 29% of 

the $495.0 million increase in output for all NASA 

Glenn-driven industries. Other industries shown 

in Figure 5 can be interpreted similarly. 

Figure 6 presents the consumer-driven 

industries of the economy that saw the largest 

increases in sales. Of these consumer-driven 

industries, the hospitals industry saw the largest 

increase in sales (by $32.3 million). This amount 

is the summation of the indirect and induced 

impacts generated primarily by NASA Glenn 

employees and other workers for rental 

activities. The increase of $32.3 million 

accounted for 13% of the $252.7 million increase 

in output for all consumer-driven industries. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 27

Figure 5. Increase in Sales for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

Figure 6. Increase in Sales for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 28

D.2.2. Employment Impact on Northeast 

Ohio, FY 2022 

In addition to its direct employment, NASA 

Glenn’s presence in Northeast Ohio has 

supported and created new full-time and parttime jobs outside of NASA Glenn. Spending in FY 

2022 resulted in retained workers in NASA Glenn 

(direct impact) and increased employment in its 

supplier industries (indirect impact).

In addition, money spent by NASA Glenn 

employees as well as by employees of its 

supplier companies created jobs in other 

industries (induced impact). The total 

employment impact equals the summation of 

NASA Glenn’s employment (direct impact), 

employment in the supply chain companies, and 

employment across many consumer goods and 

services industries (the indirect and induced 

components). Table 8 shows the number of jobs 

supported and created by each industry sector. 

Table 8. Employment Impact in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

Industry Direct Indirect Induced Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & 

Hunting 3 6 10 

Mining 1 0 1 

Utilities 12 6 18 

Construction 187 13 200 

Manufacturing 22 14 36 

Wholesale Trade 29 59 88 

Retail Trade 35 319 354 

Transportation & Warehousing 62 94 156 

Information 19 30 49 

Finance & Insurance 26 133 159 

Real Estate & Rental 102 93 195 

Professional- Scientific & 

Technological Services 1,259 98 1,357 

Management of Companies 48 26 74 

Administrative & Waste Services 759 124 882 

Educational Services 192 81 272 

Health & Social Services 12 510 522 

Arts- Entertainment & Recreation 9 52 61 

Accommodation & Food Services 53 255 307 

Other Services 38 195 232 

Government & Non-NAICs 1,541 1,796 12 3,349 

Total Output 1,541 4,664 2,118 8,324 

Notes: For employment impact, the change in final demand (direct impact) equals the number of employees working for 

NASA Glenn. Sum to the total might have a slight error due to rounding.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 29

Employment in Northeast Ohio increased by 

8,324 employees in FY 2022 due to NASA 

Glenn’s spending. Of these jobs, 1,541 (18.5%) 

were directly employed at NASA Glenn. New and 

retained jobs were also created as a result of 

NASA Glenn’s indirect economic impact in the 

supplier companies. This spending on goods and 

services caused the creation and retention of an 

additional 4,664 full-time and part-time jobs 

(56.0%) in NEO. The remaining 2,118 (25.4%) 

jobs were created as induced impact due to 

purchases made by NASA Glenn and suppliers’ 

employees. These industries produce products 

that are typically within the consumer 

purchasing pattern of the region. All these jobs 

are called new and retained based on the 

assumption that these jobs would not exist in the 

region if, hypothetically, NASA Glenn was not 

present in the NEO economy and had not spent 

its budget for regional purchases in FY 2022. 

Of the 6,783 jobs created and supported in 

Northeast Ohio due to the indirect and induced 

impacts, 2,779 (41.0%) were found in the NASA 

Glenn-driven industries, 1,681 (24.8%) were in 

the consumer-driven industries, and 2,322

(34.2%) were in other industries. 33 The job 

distribution across the largest sectors for select 

NASA Glenn- and consumer-driven industries are 

shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. The 

industries illustrated in Figures 7 and 8 have the 

highest increases in employment, with a 

minimum of 120 employees (or over 4%) per 

sector in Figure 7 and a minimum of 70 (or over 

4%) in Figure 8.

33 NASA Glenn-driven industries include utilities, construction, information, education, professional and scientific services, and 

administrative and support services. Consumer-driven industries include retail, healthcare, real estate, other services, owneroccupied buildings, and finance and insurance. 

Besides the federal government sector, where 

NASA Glenn’s direct employment is accounted 

for, the scientific research and development 

service industry generated the largest number of 

additional jobs among NASA Glenn-driven 

industries. Companies engaged in scientific R&D 

saw an increase of 641 jobs in FY 2022 due to 

NASA Glenn’s operation in Northeast Ohio 

(Figure 7). These jobs equal the total of indirect 

and induced employment impacts generated 

primarily by NASA Glenn employees and other 

workers participating in Northeast Ohio’s R&D 

contractors’ sector. The 617 R&D jobs accounted 

for 23% of the 2,708 NASA Glenn-driven 

industries. Other industries shown in Figure 7 

can be interpreted similarly. 

Of all consumer-driven industries, the hospital

industry saw the largest increase in jobs; it grew 

by 162 jobs in FY 2022 as a result of NASA Glenn’s 

spending (Figure 8). These jobs are the 

summation of the indirect and induced 

employment impacts generated primarily by 

NASA Glenn employees and other workers 

participating in the Northeast Ohio real estate 

sector. The 162 jobs represent 10% of the 1,681

jobs created across all consumer-driven 

industries. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 30

Figure 7. Increase in Jobs for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

Figure 8. Increase in Jobs for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 31

D.2.3. Labor Income Impact on Northeast 

Ohio, FY 2022 

Labor income impact includes the earnings 

received by NASA Glenn employees, the change 

in earnings of employees of its supply chain 

companies, and the labor income of employees 

in the consumer-driven industries in Northeast 

Ohio. All these earnings are received by 

employees due to NASA Glenn’s spending on 

goods and services in the region. Wages and 

benefits paid to NASA Glenn employees

represent the direct economic impact. The 

indirect impact is estimated by summing the 

wages and benefits paid to those who work for 

NASA Glenn suppliers and companies that 

provide inputs to producers of the goods and 

services consumed by NASA Glenn.

Induced impact is defined as the wages and 

benefits paid to employees across all industries 

selling their products to employees of NASA 

Glenn and employees of the NASA Glenn 

suppliers. The total earnings impact includes the 

wages and benefits received by NASA Glenn 

employees (change in final demand), indirect, 

and induced impacts. Table 9 displays the 

earnings impact by each industry sector in 2023 

dollars. 

Table 9. Labor Income Impact in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

Industry Direct Indirect Induced Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting $42,765 $77,145 $119,910

Mining $56,286 $8,034 $64,321

Utilities $1,772,142 $1,047,933 $2,820,076

Construction $8,846,518 $595,901 $9,442,420

Manufacturing $1,747,952 $943,570 $2,691,522

Wholesale Trade $2,855,984 $5,822,881 $8,678,864

Retail Trade $1,369,636 $10,933,904 $12,303,540

Transportation & Warehousing $2,906,552 $4,619,709 $7,526,261

Information $1,746,781 $2,636,940 $4,383,721

Finance & Insurance $2,322,858 $9,963,263 $12,286,121

Real Estate & Rental $1,878,703 $1,785,658 $3,664,360

Professional- Scientific & 

Technological Services $94,148,683 $7,077,155 $101,225,838

Management of Companies $6,745,821 $3,699,286 $10,445,107

Administrative & Waste Services $31,533,041 $5,087,909 $36,620,950

Educational Services $7,647,896 $3,369,457 $11,017,353

Health & Social Services $654,301 $33,563,431 $34,217,732

Arts- Entertainment & Recreation $331,252 $1,712,390 $2,043,642

Accommodation & Food Services $1,438,513 $6,373,990 $7,812,502

Other Services $1,721,302 $8,050,111 $9,771,413

Government & Non-NAICs $252,348,860 $246,592,177 $1,193,078 $500,134,116

Total Output $252,348,860 $416,359,165 $108,561,746 $777,269,771

Notes: Labor income constitutes economic impact through households of NASA employees and those affected by NASA 

operations throughout the economy. The economic impact is shown in 2023 dollars.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 32

Due to NASA Glenn spending in FY 2022, the 

total labor income in Northeast Ohio increased 

by $777.3 million. Of this total, $252.3 million 

(32.5%) was due to wages and benefits paid 

directly to NASA Glenn employees (i.e., the 

direct effect measured in 2023 dollars). The 

indirect impact, or the wages and benefits paid 

to employees of companies who supply goods 

and services to NASA Glenn, represented $416.4

million (53.6%) of the total amount. The 

remaining economic impact is represented by 

the induced effect totaling $108.6 million 

(14.0%). This impact comes from the spending of 

both NASA Glenn and suppliers’ employees in 

consumer goods and services industries 

throughout the regional economy. 

Of the $524.9 million increase in labor income 

generated across Northeast Ohio due to the 

indirect and induced impacts, $165.5 million 

(31.5%) was reported in NASA Glenn-driven 

industries, $72.2 million (14.9%) was generated 

in consumer-driven industries, and $281.2

million (53.6%) was reported in other 

industries.34 

The labor income distribution for select NASA 

Glenn-driven and consumer-driven industries is 

shown in Figures 9 and 10. Selected industries 

that added over $9 million (5%) are displayed in 

Figure 9, and industries that added over $2 

million (3%) are displayed in Figure 10.

Within NASA Glenn-driven industries, those 

engaged in scientific research and development 

services saw their labor income increase by 

$50.4 million in FY 2022 (Figure 9). These 

earnings are the summation of the indirect and 

induced impacts generated primarily, but not 

exclusively, by NASA Glenn using scientific 

research and development services in Northeast 

Ohio. The $50.4 million spent on scientific R&D 

represents 30% of the $165.5 million total 

increase in labor income reported by all the 

NASA Glenn-driven industries in FY 2022. 

Of all consumer-driven industries, private 

hospitals saw the largest increase in earnings in 

FY 2022. Earnings in this industry totaled $15.0

million, making up 19.2% of the $78.2 million 

consumer-driven total. These earnings result 

from totaling the indirect and induced impacts 

generated by consumer spending on doctors’ 

services.

34 See section D.2.1. Output Impact on Northeast Ohio for definitions of Glenn-driven, consumer-driven, and other industries.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 33

Figure 9. Increase in Labor Income for NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

Figure 10. Increase in Labor Income for Consumer-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 34

D.2.4. Value Added Impact on Northeast 

Ohio, FY 2022 

The total value added 35 impact in Northeast 

Ohio was $1,121.5 million in FY 2022. The direct 

impact of $309.1 million was created by 

excluding intermediate expenditures from the 

total output. 36 The sales from companies to 

NASA Glenn, excluding the value of intermediary 

goods and services, represented an indirect 

impact of $623.9 million.

The induced value-added economic impact of 

$188.5 million represents the sales (excluding 

intermediary goods and services) in all industries 

that produced products for the consumption of 

employees of NASA Glenn and employees of its 

suppliers through regular household spending. 

The total value-added economic impact is a 

summation of the direct, indirect, and induced 

impacts. Table 10 displays the value-added 

impact for each industry sector in 2023 dollars. 

Table 10. Value Added Impact in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

Industry Direct Indirect Induced Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting $85,458 $181,494 $266,952

Mining $266,211 $113,288 $379,499

Utilities $5,887,886 $3,785,740 $9,673,626

Construction $16,355,064 $1,216,943 $17,572,007

Manufacturing $3,097,947 $1,852,946 $4,950,893

Wholesale Trade $5,944,015 $12,238,614 $18,182,630

Retail Trade $2,827,450 $21,430,195 $24,257,646

Transportation & Warehousing $3,905,687 $6,040,588 $9,946,276

Information $4,410,789 $7,179,378 $11,590,167

Finance & Insurance $9,104,564 $27,100,706 $36,205,269

Real Estate & Rental $9,286,366 $12,798,172 $22,084,538

Professional- Scientific & 

Technological Services $139,939,687 $11,976,844 $151,916,531

Management of Companies $7,978,974 $4,375,525 $12,354,500

Administrative & Waste Services $46,622,543 $7,163,013 $53,785,556

Educational Services $7,875,089 $3,700,308 $11,575,398

Health & Social Services $937,393 $40,056,074 $40,993,467

Arts- Entertainment & Recreation $617,565 $3,264,577 $3,882,142

Accommodation & Food Services $2,265,072 $10,815,895 $13,080,967

Other Services $3,105,405 $11,666,183 $14,771,588

Government & Non-NAICs $309,130,940 $353,365,725 $1,527,468 $664,024,133

Total Output $309,130,940 $623,878,893 $188,483,951 $1,121,493,784

Notes: The economic impact is shown in 2023 dollars.

35 “Value added” measures the economic impact of all goods and services produced in Northeast Ohio due to the operation of 

NASA Glenn, excluding intermediary goods which are goods used in the production of other goods and not for final 

consumption.

36 For this study, we treated NASA Glenn as any other research and development institution, assuming that NASA Glenn’s 

intermediate expenditure pattern is the same as any other research institution in Northeast Ohio. For an average research 

institution in Northeast Ohio, the intermediate expenditures accounted for 51.4% of total output.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 35

Total value added in Northeast Ohio increased 

by $1,121.5 million in FY 2022 as a result of 

NASA Glenn’s spending on goods and services.

Of this total amount, $309.1 million (27.6%) 

represented the change in final demand (direct 

impact), calculated as total output minus

intermediate expenditures. In the case of NASA 

Glenn, a large portion of the value added are the 

wages and salaries paid to the employees, which 

is typical for any organization or company in the 

research and development industry. The indirect 

effect of $623.9 million (55.6%) represented the 

value of goods and services, excluding 

intermediary goods, of companies in Northeast 

Ohio that supply NASA Glenn. The remaining 

value-added induced impact was estimated at 

$188.5 million (16.8%). This value arose due to 

the ripple effects that NASA Glenn’s spending 

had on the Northeast Ohio economy.

Of the $812.4 million increase in value added 

attributed to Northeast Ohio due to the indirect 

and induced impacts, $256.1 million (30.5%) was 

observed in NASA Glenn-driven industries, 

$145.7 million (17.3%) has occurred in 

consumer-driven industries, and $438.4 million 

(52.2%) was reported in other industries.37 

The value-added distribution for select NASA 

Glenn-driven industries can be found in Figure 

11. The value-added distribution for select 

consumer-driven industries can be found in 

Figure 12. Each of the select industries shown in 

Figures 11 and 12 added at least $12 million (or 

5%) and $6 million (or 4%), respectively.

Of the NASA Glenn-driven industries, the 

scientific research and development services 

industry saw the largest value-added increase in 

FY 2022 ($74.7 million). This amount results from 

summing the indirect and induced impacts 

generated by NASA Glenn’s spending. This $74.7

million increase in the scientific R&D industry 

represented a 29% share of the $256.1 million 

increase in value added across all NASA Glenndriven industries. The other industries shown in 

Figure 11 can be interpreted similarly. 

Within the consumer-driven industries, those 

who worked in hospitals saw their value-added

increase by $17.9 million in FY 2022. This 

increase results from summing indirect and 

induced impacts that were generated primarily, 

though not exclusively, by NASA Glenn’s 

spending in the banking industry. This $17.9 

million increase accounted for 12% of the $145.7 

million growth in value added that occurred 

across all consumer-driven industries.

37 See section D.2.1. Output Impact on Northeast Ohio for definitions of NASA Glenn-driven, consumer-driven, and other 

industries. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 36

Figure 11. Increase in Value Added for NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

Figure 12. Increase in Value Added for Consumer-Driven Industries in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 37

D.2.5. Tax Impact on Northeast Ohio, FY 

2022 

NASA Glenn’s operations and economic impact 

on Northeast Ohio in FY 2022 increased the 

region’s tax revenues by $186.8 million (in 2023 

dollars). Of this total, the direct tax impact paid 

by NASA Glenn’s employees to all levels of 

government was $34.3 million in 2023 dollars. 

The local tax paid below the state level due to 

the NASA Glenn operations and employment 

(including county and sub-county taxes) was 

$19.5 million in FY 2022. 

D.2.6. FY 2022 Northeast Ohio Impact 

Summary

The economic activity in FY 2022 generated by 

NASA Glenn Research Center created the 

following economic impact on Northeast Ohio:

 Total Output Impact: $1,810.5 M 

 Total Employment Impact: 8,324 jobs

 Total Labor Income Impact: $777.3 M 

 Total Value-Added Impact: $1,121.5 M 

 Total Tax Impact: $186.8 M 

The impact of NASA Glenn’s expenditures on 

Northeast Ohio reflects the benefits of total 

expenditures of $585.9 million (which is equal to 

$601.3 million in 2023 dollars). These 

expenditures include a total amount of $340

million spent on purchases in Northeast Ohio in 

FY 2022 and expenditures on labor income paid

to employees living in Northeast Ohio for $245.8 

million. 

Excluding expenditures on labor income, 60.6% 

(about $206 million) of NASA Glenn’s 

expenditures were allocated to professional, 

scientific, and technical services; 20% ($68.1

million) was spent on administrative and support 

services, and 11.7% ($39.8 million) was spent on 

construction – the three largest groups of NASA 

Glenn expenditures in Northeast Ohio.38 These 

three sectors constituted the largest categories 

of NASA Glenn spending in Northeast Ohio in FY 

2022 and together represented 92.3% ($313.9

million) of all NASA Glenn’s FY 2022 

expenditures in Northeast Ohio, excluding labor 

income. Among other expenditures, educational 

services represented a 4.4% share and utilities 

2.1%. Other sectors’ expenditures were less than 

1%. Expenditures on labor income and benefits 

constituted 42% of the overall $557.3 million of 

NASA Glenn direct spending in Northeast Ohio in 

FY 2022. 

Businesses across many industries benefited 

from spending by NASA Glenn personnel and 

workers of NASA Glenn suppliers. Labor income 

received by NASA Glenn personnel and other 

workers was spent following typical consumer 

spending patterns. This includes expenditures on 

food service, real estate companies, hospitals 

and healthcare services, motor vehicle dealers, 

commercial banks, accounting services, and 

other miscellaneous retailers.

38 Amounts in parentheses detailing percentage numbers are presented in 2022 dollars and correspond to Appendix Table A.3.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 38

D.3. ECONOMIC IMPACT ON THE STATE OF OHIO, FY 2022 

This section illustrates an assessment of the 

economic impact of NASA Glenn operations on 

the State of Ohio’s economy in FY 2022. This 

economic impact analysis is based on the same 

methodology used to estimate NASA Glenn’s 

economic impact on Northeast Ohio, as 

described in Section D.2. The difference between 

the results in the two sections is based on the 

larger spending captured through Ohio vendors 

across the whole state (this section) in 

comparison to the purchases made from the 

companies located in only Northeast Ohio 

(section D.2). 

D.3.1. Output Impact on the State of Ohio, 

FY 2022 

This economic impact analysis used IMPLAN 

multipliers to identify the buy-sell relationship 

between industries in Ohio. The multipliers 

applied to the spending in the State of Ohio are 

generally larger than those that are applied to 

expenditures in Northeast Ohio due to NASA 

Glenn’s broader supply chain located in the 

state. The larger geographic area also results in 

less leakage (money spent outside of the region 

of study) from the economy.

NASA Glenn expenditures were divided into two 

categories. First is the spending on goods and 

services purchased from companies and other 

entities located in Ohio. The second category 

included the spending for goods and services 

from businesses located outside of Ohio. 

Only expenditures made in Ohio created the 

economic impact described in this section. This 

spending within the state is further categorized 

by products and services originating within the 

local economy based on an IMPLAN classification 

system of industries that produce the products. 

The spending is then assigned to 546 IMPLAN 

sectors, similar to the NAICS code industrial 

classification. Table A.4. in Appendix A lists 

detailed NASA Glenn expenditures by a specific 

industry in Ohio. The modeling was conducted 

on IMPLAN’s online platform through the MRIO 

algorithm.

Table 11 details the total output impact on the 

state of Ohio and its components. The total 

amount of all NASA Glenn operations purchases 

represented the direct output impact (change in 

final demand). The indirect impact is estimated 

by totaling the contributions of individual 

industries that provide inputs to the producers 

of the goods and services that NASA Glenn 

ultimately consumes. The induced impact was 

estimated by measuring the spending of the 

employees of NASA Glenn and supplying 

industries due to Glenn’s increased demand for 

products and services. Adding the direct, 

indirect, and induced impacts resulted in the 

total output impact. Table 11 also details output 

impacts by industry sector, illustrating how 

NASA Glenn’s sending across the State of Ohio 

affects different sectors of the state economy.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 39

Table 11. Output Impact in the State of Ohio, FY 2022

Industry Direct Indirect Induced Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting $412,565 $560,717 $973,282

Mining $1,491,065 $378,855 $1,869,920

Utilities $13,760,869 $8,960,727 $22,721,596

Construction $41,845,359 $3,697,600 $45,542,959

Manufacturing $16,220,126 $7,714,995 $23,935,121

Wholesale Trade $12,608,319 $24,920,342 $37,528,662

Retail Trade $4,634,736 $41,787,451 $46,422,187

Transportation & Warehousing $9,859,403 $13,472,708 $23,332,111

Information $15,263,266 $19,069,807 $34,333,073

Finance & Insurance $17,300,284 $57,383,412 $74,683,696

Real Estate & Rental $26,155,614 $25,850,738 $52,006,352

Professional- Scientific & 

Technological Services $291,417,906 $20,170,856 $311,588,762

Management of Companies $14,405,542 $7,880,558 $22,286,100

Administrative & Waste Services $106,732,391 $15,195,860 $121,928,251

Educational Services $15,529,337 $5,660,920 $21,190,256

Health & Social Services $1,400,430 $73,886,138 $75,286,568

Arts- Entertainment & Recreation $957,557 $5,698,918 $6,656,474

Accommodation & Food Services $4,657,222 $25,103,241 $29,760,463

Other Services $5,912,676 $22,600,312 $28,512,988

Government & Non-NAICs $646,980,199 $365,806,542 $4,200,999 $1,016,987,740

Total Output $646,980,199 $966,371,209 $384,195,152 $1,997,546,560

Notes: Direct impact of NASA Glenn is a change in final demand that is applied to a sector of NASA Glenn's industry, NAICS 9271 

– Space Research and Technology, which is part of a larger industry sector NAICS 92 – Public Administration (Government & nonNAICs).

For output impact, the change in final demand or direct impact equals the spending of NASA Glenn for goods and services within 

Ohio, including wages and benefits. The output impact is adjusted for inflation and shown in 2023 dollars. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 40

In FY 2022, the total output impact of NASA 

Glenn on the State of Ohio was $1,997.5 million.

NASA Glenn’s expenditures of $954.9 million 

worth of overall expenditures, including $630.4

million of the spending in Ohio. This spending 

resulted in an output (sales) change of $1,997.5

million across all industry sectors (Table 11, in 

2023 dollars). This economic impact included a 

$311.6 million increase in total sales in the 

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 

industry and a $121.9 million increase in sales in 

the Administrative and Waste Services. 

Of the total output impact, 32.4% ($647 million) 

is the direct impact – total NASA Glenn’s 

spending in Ohio. Indirect spending from NASA 

Glenn’s purchases of goods and services within 

the State of Ohio made up $966.4 million (48.4%) 

of the total output impact. The remaining $384.2

million (19.2%) of the total output impact is due 

to the induced impact of NASA Glenn’s spending 

throughout the state.

A detailed analysis of the IMPLAN model shows 

that the $1,350.6 million increase in sales 

generated by the indirect and induced impacts 

can be divided into three broad categories: NASA 

Glenn-driven ($557.3 million, 40.1%), consumerdriven ($293.3 million, 21.1%), and other 

industries ($540.9 million, 38.9%).39 

Figures 13 and 14 display the output 

distributions for select NASA Glenn- and 

consumer-driven industries, respectively. 

Selected industries illustrated in Figure 13 added 

over $27.0 million or 5.0%, and selected 

industries in Figure 14 added over $12.0 million 

or 4.0% each. 

The scientific research and development 

industry generated the largest output impact as 

a single industry; it increased by $180.3 million 

in FY 2022 due to NASA Glenn’s operations 

(Figure 13). This amount results from totaling the 

indirect and induced impacts generated 

primarily by NASA Glenn’s spending on research 

and development services. This increase of 

$180.3 million accounted for 32% of the $557.3

million increase in output of all Glenn-driven 

industries. Other industries shown in Figure 13 

can be interpreted similarly.

In consumer-driven industries (displayed in 

Figure 14), hospitals generated the largest 

output impact as an individual industry. This 

industry increased by $36.4 million in FY 2022 

and represented a 12% share of the $293.3 

million increase in output for all consumerdriven industries. Other industries shown in 

Figure 14 can be interpreted similarly.

39 NASA Glenn-driven industries are industries that increase sales, employment, and earnings primarily, but not exclusively, due 

to NASA Glenn’s spending. Among these industries are utilities, construction, information, professional and scientific services, 

administrative and support services, and education. The consumer-driven industries are those that increase sales, employment, 

and earnings primarily due to spending by NASA Glenn employees and other workers who produce goods and services for NASA 

Glenn and their suppliers. These industries include retail, healthcare, real estate, other services, owner-occupied buildings, 

finance and insurance, and entertainment and food. Other industries are those that are driven by both NASA Glenn and 

consumer spending, that their impact is split between NASA Glenn and other businesses in the region. These industries include 

mining, manufacturing, agriculture, government enterprises, wholesale trade, and transportation and warehousing.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 41

Figure 13. Increase in Sales for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 

Figure 14. Increase in Sales for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 42

D.3.2. Employment Impact on the State of 

Ohio, FY 2022 

NASA Glenn’s operations create jobs in Ohio 

beyond Glenn’s hiring of its employees (change 

in final demand or direct impact). Glenn’s 

spending creates employment across the State 

of Ohio through its supply chain (indirect 

impact).

In addition, money spent by NASA Glenn 

employees and employees of supply chain 

companies creates jobs in various other 

industries that sell products and services to the 

household of the employees of NASA Glenn and 

their suppliers (induced impact). The total 

employment impact equals the sum of NASA 

Glenn’s employment (direct impact) and the 

indirect and induced impacts. Table 12 shows 

the number of jobs supported and created by the 

industry sector.

Table 12. Employment Impact in the State of Ohio, FY 2022

Industry Direct Indirect Induced Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & 

Hunting 7 8 15 

Mining 3 0 3 

Utilities 14 7 21 

Construction 189 15 204 

Manufacturing 37 18 55 

Wholesale Trade 34 67 101 

Retail Trade 39 371 410 

Transportation & Warehousing 76 108 184 

Information 24 34 58 

Finance & Insurance 36 152 189 

Real Estate & Rental 119 106 225 

Professional- Scientific & 

Technological Services 1,447 111 1,559 

Management of Companies 55 30 85 

Administrative & Waste Services 842 142 984 

Educational Services 196 91 286 

Health & Social Services 12 590 602 

Arts- Entertainment & Recreation 10 60 70 

Accommodation & Food Services 60 295 356 

Other Services 45 227 272 

Government & Non-NAICs 1,541 1,876 14 3,430 

Total Output 1,541 5,122 2,446 9,109 

Notes: For employment impact, the change in final demand (direct impact) equals the number of employees working for NASA 

Glenn. Sum to the total might have a slight error due to rounding.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 43

NASA Glenn’s spending in FY 2022 resulted in a 

total increase of 9,109 jobs in the State of Ohio. 

Of the total employment, 1,541 people (16.9%) 

were directly employed at NASA Glenn Research 

Center. As a result of NASA Glenn’s spending on 

goods and services purchased in Ohio through 

their supply chain industries, 5,122 full-time and 

part-time jobs (56.2%) were supported and 

created in the region as an indirect economic 

impact. The remaining 2,446 jobs (26.9%) were 

created as an induced impact due to consumer 

spending made by NASA Glenn and suppliers’ 

employees. These industries produce products 

that are typically purchased by households in the

region. 

Of the 7,568 jobs created in the State of Ohio due 

to the indirect and induced effects, 3,112

(41.1%) were found in the NASA Glenn-driven 

sectors, 1,948 (25.7%) were created in 

consumer-driven sectors, and 2,508 (33.1%) 

were created in other sectors.40

The job distribution by largest industrial sectors 

for select NASA Glenn-driven and consumerdriven sectors are shown in Figures 15 and 16, 

respectively. Each of the industries shown in 

Figure 15 supported or added over 170 jobs 

(6.0%). Each of the industries shown in Figure 16 

supported or added over 75 jobs (4.0%).

40 Glenn-driven industries include utilities, construction, information, education, professional and scientific services, and 

administrative and support services. Consumer-driven industries include retail, healthcare, real estate, other services, owneroccupied buildings, finance and insurance, and entertainment and food.

Among all NASA Glenn-driven industries, the 

scientific research and development industry 

generated the highest number of additional jobs 

(Figure 15). Companies engaged in scientific R&D 

(professional, scientific, and technical services 

sector) increased their employment by 799 jobs 

and accounted for a 26% share of the 3,112 jobs 

created across all NASA Glenn-driven industries 

in FY 2022. This increase in jobs results from 

totaling the indirect and induced impacts 

generated primarily, though not exclusively, by 

NASA Glenn’s use of scientific research and 

development services within the State of Ohio.

Hospitals saw the largest increase of jobs as a 

single industry among consumer-driven 

industries in FY 2022; the increase of 185 jobs 

was due to NASA Glenn’s spending generating 

jobs in regional supply industries (Figure 16). 

These jobs equal the total of the direct, indirect, 

and induced employment impacts generated 

primarily by NASA Glenn employees and other 

workers from hospitals in the State of Ohio. 

These 185 jobs represent a 9.5% share of the 

1,948 jobs created across all consumer-driven 

industries in the state. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 44

Figure 15. Increase in Jobs for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 

Figure 16. Increase in Jobs for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022

 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 45

D.3.3. Labor Income Impact on the State of 

Ohio, FY 2022 

Labor income is the estimated change in 

earnings and benefits received by NASA Glenn 

employees and employees of its supply 

companies in Ohio. The increase in labor income 

occurred due to NASA Glenn’s spending on 

goods and services purchased in the state. The 

total wages and benefits paid to all NASA Glenn 

employees created the change in final demand 

or direct impact of NASA Glenn in Ohio 

measured in labor income.

Wages and benefits paid to the employees of the 

supplier companies and the companies from 

which suppliers purchase their goods and 

services make up the indirect earnings impact. 

The induced impact was generated through the 

spending of NASA Glenn workers and workers in 

all industries employed due to the increased 

demand for products and services created by 

NASA Glenn. The total earnings impact includes 

the wages and benefits received by NASA Glenn 

employees (the direct effect), employees of 

Glenn’s supply chain companies (indirect effect), 

and employees working in consumer-driven 

industries (induced effect). The labor income 

impact by industry is illustrated in Table 13 in 

2023 dollars. 

Table 13. Labor Income Impact in the State of Ohio, FY 2022 

Industry Direct Indirect Induced Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting $71,996 $95,082 $167,078

Mining $139,168 $11,089 $150,256

Utilities $2,041,571 $1,203,710 $3,245,281

Construction $8,916,198 $688,926 $9,605,124

Manufacturing $2,932,727 $1,210,187 $4,142,914

Wholesale Trade $3,353,135 $6,576,751 $9,929,886

Retail Trade $1,473,367 $12,662,222 $14,135,588

Transportation & Warehousing $3,719,067 $5,363,231 $9,082,298

Information $2,197,789 $3,008,190 $5,205,980

Finance & Insurance $3,148,126 $11,330,370 $14,478,496

Real Estate & Rental $2,212,125 $2,025,324 $4,237,449

Professional- Scientific & 

Technological Services $108,524,872 $7,934,014 $116,458,886

Management of Companies $7,685,674 $4,204,411 $11,890,085

Administrative & Waste Services $34,796,889 $5,832,574 $40,629,463

Educational Services $7,801,099 $3,721,314 $11,522,413

Health & Social Services $654,648 $38,546,499 $39,201,148

Arts- Entertainment & Recreation $364,280 $1,916,072 $2,280,352

Accommodation & Food Services $1,641,632 $7,364,510 $9,006,143

Other Services $2,109,218 $9,295,287 $11,404,505

Government & Non-NAICs $258,539,586 $255,401,361 $1,353,497 $515,294,444

Total Output $258,539,586 $449,184,942 $124,343,260 $832,067,789

Notes: For labor income impact, the change in final demand or direct impact equals the wages and benefits paid to 

NASA Glenn employees. The direct labor income is shown in 2023 dollars.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 46

In FY 2022, the total labor income increased by 

$832.1 million in the State of Ohio due to NASA 

Glenn’s spending on goods and services. Of this 

amount, $258.5 million (31.1%) originated from 

wages and benefits paid directly to NASA Glenn 

employees (change in final demand, or direct 

effect measured in 2023 dollars). Of the $832.1

million in total labor income, $449.2 million 

(54.0%) represented the compensations to 

employees of companies in the State of Ohio 

that supply goods and services to NASA Glenn 

(indirect impact). The remaining induced 

earnings, estimated to be $124.3 million (14.9%), 

resulted from NASA Glenn’s spending rippling 

through the Ohio economy via the wages of 

Glenn’s employees and wages of their supply 

companies. 

Of the $573.5 million increase in labor income 

generated across the State of Ohio due to 

indirect and induced impacts, $186.7 million 

(32.5%) was paid in Glenn-driven industries, 

$90.1 million (15.7%) was paid in consumerdriven industries, and $296.7 million (51.7%) 

occurred in other industries.41 

Figure 17 describes the labor income distribution 

by the industry for selected NASA Glenn-driven 

sectors. The labor income distribution for select 

consumer-driven industries is shown in Figure 

18. The selected industries shown in Figures 17 

and 18 each added over 5.0% ($9 million) and 

3.0% ($2.7 million), respectively. 

Of the NASA Glenn-driven industries, employees 

in the scientific research and development 

services industry saw the largest increase in 

labor income in FY 2022 (Figure 17). Labor 

income in this sector increased by $62.6 million 

and accounted for 33% of the $186.7 million 

total increase in labor income reported by all 

NASA Glenn-driven industries. These earnings 

result from totaling the indirect and induced 

impacts generated by NASA Glenn’s purchases of 

computer-related services.

Private hospitals saw the largest increase in labor 

income across all consumer-driven industries in 

FY 2022 (Figure 18). Increasing by $16.8 million, 

labor income in the private hospitals' sector 

represented a 19% share of the $90.1 million 

labor income increase that occurred across all 

consumer-driven industries. These earnings are 

the summation of the indirect and induced 

impacts that occurred by consumer spending on 

doctors’ services. 

41 See section D.2.1. Output Impact on Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 for detailed definitions of NASA Glenn-driven, consumer-driven, 

and other industries. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 47

Figure 17. Increase in Labor Income for Select NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 

Figure 18. Increase in Labor Income for Select Consumer-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 48

D.3.4. Value Added Impact on the State of 

Ohio, FY 2022 

NASA Glenn’s spending in FY 2022 created an 

increase of $1,207.8 million in value added for all 

industries.42 Of this total, $328.9 million (27.2%) 

was the change in final demand, or direct impact, 

calculated as total output, less intermediate 

expenditures. Wages and salaries paid to NASA 

Glenn employees make up the largest portion of 

the total value added, which is typical for 

research and development-intense companies 

and organizations. Another $662.4 million 

(54.6%) represented the indirect impact – the 

value of goods and services, less intermediary 

goods, of companies in Ohio that supply 

products and services to NASA Glenn. The 

remaining value-added impact (the induced 

component) was estimated at $216.6 million 

(17.9%). It occurred as a result of NASA Glenn’s 

spending rippling through the Ohio economy. 

The total value-added impact is a summation 

result of direct, indirect, and induced impacts 

(Table 14, in 2023 dollars).43

Table 14. Value Added Impact in the State of Ohio, FY 2022

Industry Direct Indirect Induced Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting $236,446 $255,003 $491,449

Mining $765,704 $166,107 $931,811

Utilities $6,924,942 $4,416,931 $11,341,873

Construction $16,492,551 $1,405,837 $17,898,388

Manufacturing $5,617,740 $2,489,616 $8,107,356

Wholesale Trade $7,079,132 $13,969,827 $21,048,959

Retail Trade $3,050,466 $24,932,012 $27,982,478

Transportation & Warehousing $5,233,271 $7,109,434 $12,342,705

Information $5,436,561 $8,139,810 $13,576,371

Finance & Insurance $11,388,320 $30,986,675 $42,374,995

Real Estate & Rental $10,985,510 $14,674,777 $25,660,287

Professional- Scientific & 

Technological Services $160,869,589 $13,314,416 $174,184,005

Management of Companies $9,082,904 $4,968,833 $14,051,737

Administrative & Waste Services $50,945,605 $8,215,260 $59,160,865

Educational Services $8,071,539 $4,100,750 $12,172,288

Health & Social Services $937,903 $46,069,406 $47,007,309

Arts- Entertainment & Recreation $672,077 $3,669,208 $4,341,285

Accommodation & Food Services $2,590,884 $12,509,416 $15,100,300

Other Services $3,986,139 $13,434,369 $17,420,508

Government & Non-NAICs $328,924,733 $351,984,558 $1,732,358 $682,641,650

Total Output $328,924,733 $662,351,842 $216,560,044 $1,207,836,619

42 “Value added” measures the economic impact of all goods and services produced in the state of Ohio due to NASA Glenn’s 

operation (excluding intermediary goods).

43 For value added impact, the change in final demand (direct impact) equals total output less the intermediate expenditures. 

For this study, we treated NASA Glenn as any other research and development institution, assuming that NASA Glenn’s 

intermediate expenditure pattern is the same as that of any other research institution in Ohio. For an average research 

institution in Ohio, the intermediate expenditures accounted for 52% of total output. Value added consists of employee 

compensation, proprietor income, other property type income and taxes on production and imports. Any of these values could 

be negative.

The value-added impact is adjusted for inflation and shown in 2023 dollars.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 49

Total value added in the State of Ohio increased 

by $1,207.8 million as a result of NASA Glenn’s 

spending for goods and services in FY 2022. Of 

this total amount, $328.9 million (27.2%) 

included the wages and benefits paid directly to 

NASA Glenn employees (change in final demand 

or direct impact). Another $662.4 million (54.8%) 

represented the value of goods and services (less 

intermediary goods) created by supply 

companies to NASA Glenn in Ohio (indirect 

impact). The remaining value-added impact 

(induced component), estimated to be $216.6

million (17.9%), occurred as the effects of NASA 

Glenn’s spending rippled through the Ohio 

economy.

Of the $878.9 million increase in value added 

generated across Ohio due to indirect and 

induced impacts, $288.2 million (31.6%) was 

reported in NASA Glenn-driven industries, 

$168.4 million (18.5%) was generated in 

consumer-driven industries, and $454.4 million 

(49.9%) was reported in other industries. 

Figure 19 details the value-added distribution for 

select NASA Glenn-driven industries, and Figure 

20 shows the value-added distribution for select 

consumer-driven industries. Select industries in 

Figure 19 and Figure 20 added at least $12 

million (4%) and $7 million (4%), respectively.

The scientific research and development services 

industry saw the largest increase in value added 

of all NASA-Glenn-driven industries, with its 

value-added totaling $92.4 million (Figure 19). 

This increase in value added is the result of 

totaling indirect and induced impacts that are 

generated primarily, though not exclusively, by 

NASA Glenn’s spending on facilities support 

services. The $92.4 million accounted for 32.1% 

of the $288.2 million value added increase that 

was reported across all NASA Glenn-driven 

industries. 

In consumer-driven industries, employees 

working in private hospitals saw their valueadded increase by $20 million in FY 2022 (Figure

20). This value-added increase is a result of 

totaling the indirect and induced impacts 

generated by consumer spending for banking. 

The increase of $20 million accounted for 12% of 

the $168.4 million value added increase that 

occurred across all consumer-driven industries. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 50

Figure 19. Increase in Value Added for NASA Glenn-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 

Figure 20. Increase in Value Added for Consumer-Driven Industries in Ohio, FY 2022 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 51

D.3.5. Tax Impact on the State of Ohio, FY 

2022 

NASA Glenn’s operations and economic impact 

on the state of Ohio in FY 2022 increased tax 

revenues by a total of $185.5 million (in 2023 

dollars). Of this total amount, the direct tax 

impact to all levels of government was $34.3 

million in Glenn’s employee taxes on wages. 

$25.2 million were paid in taxes to the state and 

local governments in the state of Ohio, including 

$13.3 million in state tax.44

D.3.6. FY 2022 Ohio Impact Summary

The economic activity in FY 2022 generated by 

NASA Glenn Research Center created the 

following economic impact on the State of Ohio:

 Total Output Impact: $1,997.5 M 

 Total Employment Impact: 9,109 jobs

 Total Labor Income Impact: $832.1 M 

 Total Value-Added Impact: $1,207.8 M 

 Total Tax Impact: $185.5 M 

NASA Glenn’s expenditures on the state of Ohio 

created a slightly higher economic impact on 

Ohio than that on Northeast Ohio because the 

models capture more buy-sell relationships in 

the larger geographic area, and modeling the 

economic impact through the MRIO model 

allows the capture of benefits across all areas of 

the state. The majority of NASA Glenn’s 

expenditures in Ohio were spent in Northeast 

Ohio. 

In FY 2022, NASA Glenn’s expenditures in the 

State of Ohio totaled $630.4 million, including 

$251.9 million (40%) in labor income. The total 

expenditures in all of Ohio were $44.5 million 

more than in the total expenditures in Northeast 

Ohio. 

Similarly, to the expenditures made in Northeast 

Ohio in FY 2022, the largest share of the total 

payments, $237.7 million was spent on 

professional, scientific, and technical services. 

Excluding labor income, this constitutes 62.8% of 

all expenditures. In addition, $69.9 million was 

paid for administrative and support and waste 

management and remediation services (18.5%), 

$39.8 (10.5%) for construction, $15.2 million 

(4%) for educational services, and $7.5 million 

(2%) for utilities. These five largest areas of 

spending accounted for $370.1 million, or 97.8% 

of all non-labor expenditures in FY 2022.45

NASA Glenn’s statewide expenditure pattern is 

similar to the expenditures in Northeast Ohio. 

Because NASA Glenn is a large institution that 

employs highly qualified and provides highly 

paid labor, Glenn is accountable for a large part 

of the economic impact through the spending of 

its employees. The businesses that benefited the 

most from spending by NASA Glenn personnel 

and other workers whose earnings were due in 

part to NASA Glenn’s expenditures are typical, 

considering consumer spending patterns. These 

businesses include the following industries: food 

services, accounting services, commercial banks, 

motor vehicle dealers, educational institutions, 

and hospitals and other healthcare services. 

44 State tax numbers appear deflated due to a larger than usual industry change in 528- Other Federal government enterprises. 

This industry in heavily subsidized by the governmental, causing a negative direct tax impact that outsizes the spending done by 

NASA Glenn.

45 Amounts in parentheses detailing percentage numbers are presented in 2022 dollars and correspond to Appendix table A.4.
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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APPENDIX A: DATA TABLES

Table A.1. NASA Glenn Spending by State, FY 2022 

Table A.2. NASA Glenn Monies Allocated to Academic Institutions, FY 2022 

Table A.3. NASA Glenn Detailed Expenditures in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

Table A.4. NASA Glenn Detailed Expenditures in the State of Ohio, FY 2022 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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Table A.1. NASA Glenn Spending by State, Excluding Payroll, FY 2022 

Region Total Share

Ohio $378,484,891 54.4%

California $187,029,023 26.9%

Alabama $33,287,863 4.8%

Washington $29,740,179 4.3%

Virginia $11,459,823 1.6%

Connecticut $6,046,017 0.9%

Pennsylvania $5,365,118 0.8%

New York $5,114,704 0.7%

Massachusetts $4,414,709 0.6%

Florida $4,206,667 0.6%

Texas $4,028,250 0.6%

Illinois $2,974,360 0.4%

Colorado $2,277,845 0.3%

Michigan $1,993,896 0.3%

New Jersey $1,933,965 0.3%

Maryland $1,836,852 0.3%

Arizona $1,692,420 0.2%

Indiana $1,667,115 0.2%

Wisconsin $1,631,902 0.2%

Georgia $1,322,547 0.2%

Minnesota $1,115,116 0.2%

District of Columbia $1,033,664 0.1%

New Hampshire $969,958 0.1%

North Carolina $734,311 0.1%

Missouri $710,582 0.1%

Oregon $685,386 0.1%

Tennessee $630,144 0.1%

New Mexico $402,180 0.1%

Delaware $276,190 0.0%

Mississippi $254,597 0.0%

Nevada $232,653 0.0%

Utah $227,111 0.0%

Kentucky $186,545 0.0%
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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Region Total Share

Kansas $153,195 0.0%

South Carolina $122,041 0.0%

Nebraska $108,022 0.0%

South Dakota $100,165 0.0%

Rhode Island $87,931 0.0%

Montana $65,432 0.0%

Vermont $25,091 0.0%

Maine $15,055 0.0%

Wyoming $6,486 0.0%

Iowa $5,043 0.0%

Oklahoma $5,042 0.0%

Alaska $0 0.0%

Louisiana $0 0.0%

North Dakota $0 0.0%

U.S. Total (47 states 

and the District of 

Columbia)

$694,660,084 99.92%

Great Britain $153,459 0.0%

Canada $150,039 0.0%

Germany $93,221 0.0%

Taiwan $45,278 0.0%

Switzerland $43,333 0.0%

Slovenia $26,627 0.0%

France $12,333 0.0%

Netherlands $7,366 0.0%

Japan $5,000 0.0%

Israel $3,742 0.0%

Greece $2,452 0.0%

Denmark $2,279 0.0%

Sweden $1,503 0.0%

Italy $1,374 0.0%

South Korea $495 0.0%

Foreign Total $548,500 0.08%

Grand Total $695,208,584 100.0%
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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Table A.2. NASA Glenn Grants Allocated to Academic Institutions by State, FY 2022 

State College / 

University Share

Georgia $1,101,141 13.5%

California $883,655 10.8%

Ohio $831,999 10.1%

Illinois $562,306 6.9%

Pennsylvania $405,713 5.0%

Maryland $403,258 4.9%

Massachusetts $401,664 4.9%

Tennessee $398,699 4.9%

Michigan $378,096 4.6%

Indiana $363,519 4.4%

North Carolina $328,854 4.0%

Colorado $307,332 3.8%

Arizona $282,459 3.5%

New York $236,525 2.9%

Connecticut $230,189 2.8%

Florida $201,051 2.5%

Texas $187,237 2.3%

Virginia $93,813 1.1%

South Dakota $90,707 1.1%

Nebraska $90,000 1.1%

New Jersey $87,919 1.1%

Kentucky $59,674 0.7%

South Carolina $51,975 0.6%

Missouri $49,507 0.6%

Kansas $46,465 0.6%

New Mexico $43,370 0.5%

Oregon $31,150 0.4%

Delaware $18,889 0.2%

Wisconsin $16,042 0.2%

District of Columbia $8,051 0.1%

Alabama $0 0.0%

Nevada $0 0.0%

Iowa $0 0.0%

Washington $0 0.0%

Total $8,191,259 100%
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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Table A.3. NASA Glenn Detailed Expenditures in Northeast Ohio, FY 2022 

 Description IMPLAN 

Sector (a)

Expenditure 

(b)

Utilities $7,244,941

 Electric Power Transmission and Distribution 47 $3,866,428

 Natural Gas Distribution 48 $1,400,542

 Water, Sewage and Other Systems 49 $1,977,971

Construction $39,759,544

 Construction of Other New Nonresidential Structures 56 $10,682,689

 Maintenance and Repair Construction of Nonresidential Structures 60 $29,076,854

Manufacturing $1,311,371

 Nonferrous Metal, Except Copper and Aluminum, Shaping 225 $13,074

 Plate Work Manufacturing 237 $23,303

 Hardware Manufacturing 245 $28,691

 Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing 246 $13,751

 Machine Shops 247 $342,451

 Turned Product and Screw, Nut, and Bolt Manufacturing 248 $43,350

 Metal Coating and Nonprecious Engraving 250 $5,345

 Valve and Fittings, Other than Plumbing, Manufacturing 252 $52,192

 Photographic and Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing 271 $5,731

 Fluid Power Cylinder and Actuator Manufacturing 295 $56,870

 Scales, Balances, and Miscellaneous General Purpose Machinery 

Manufacturing 297 $16,652

 Broadcast and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing 302 $347,530

 Other Electronic Component Manufacturing 310 $32,615

 Industrial Process Variable Instruments Manufacturing 314 $259,884

 Electricity and Signal Testing Instruments Manufacturing 316 $11,687

 Analytical Laboratory Instrument Manufacturing 317 $28,970

 Watch, Clock, and Other Measuring and Controlling Device Manufacturing 319 $29,277

Wholesale Trade & Retail Trade $903,560

 Wholesale - Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies 392 $33,390

 Wholesale - Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies 393 $12,000

 Retail - Miscellaneous Store Retailers 412 $858,170

Transportation and Warehousing $24,714

 Truck transportation 417 $24,714
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

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 Description IMPLAN 

Sector (a)

Expenditure 

(b)

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing $332,299

 Automotive equipment rental and leasing 450 $280,937

 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment rental and leasing 453 $51,362

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services $205,992,774

 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 456 $4,072,186

 Legal services 455 $7,107

 Architectural, engineering, and related services 457 $21,491,881

 Custom computer programming services 459 $15,085

 Other computer related services, including facilities management 461 $26,702,467

 Management consulting services 462 $144,668

 Environmental and other technical consulting services 463 $24,353,081

 Scientific research and development services 464 $129,014,807

 Marketing research & all other miscellaneous professional, scientific, & 

technical services 468 $191,492

Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services $68,105,796

 Facilities support services 471 $60,104,421

 Employment services 472 $159,053

 Investigation and security services 475 $5,231,560

 Services to buildings 476 $2,431,003

 Other support services 478 $3,600

 Waste management and remediation services 479 $176,159

Educational Services $14,931,849

 Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools 481 $606,101

 Other educational services 482 $14,325,748

Health Care and Social Assistance $1,394,603

 Other ambulatory health care services 489 $1,394,603

Labor Income $245,881,166

 Employee Compensation (c) $245,881,166

TOTAL EXPENDITURES IN NEO $585,882,615

a. Sector: Industry classification code used by IMPLAN. It is analogous to the North American Industry Classification System 

(NAICS). IMPLAN provides a cross-reference table bridging their sector numbers and NAICS codes.

b. Expenditure: Actual dollar value for a product or service spent by NASA Glenn in FY 2022. Values shown in Table A-3 are limited 

to expenditures made in Northeast Ohio. 

c. Labor Income: Labor income includes wages and benefits of Glenn employees paid in Northeast Ohio. 
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 58

Table A.4. NASA Glenn Detailed Expenditures in the State of Ohio, FY 2022 

NAICS 

Sector Description IMPLAN Sector (a)

Expenditure

(b)

Utilities $7,463,012

Electric power transmission and distribution 47 $3,866,428

Natural gas distribution 48 $1,442,806

Water, sewage and other systems 49 $2,153,778

Construction $39,809,533

Construction of other new nonresidential structures 56 $10,682,689

Maintenance and repair construction of nonresidential structures 60 $29,126,843

Manufacturing $2,441,042

Plastics material and resin manufacturing 164 $353,058

Artificial and synthetic fibers and filaments manufacturing 166 $13,750

 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing 215 $17,182

Nonferrous metal, except copper and aluminum, shaping 225 $13,074

Plate work manufacturing 237 $79,553

Hardware manufacturing 245 $28,691

Spring and wire product manufacturing 246 $13,751

Machine shops 247 $379,067

Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing 248 $43,350

Metal coating and nonprecious engraving 250 $5,345

Valve and fittings, other than plumbing, manufacturing 252 $230,034

Fabricated pipe and pipe fitting manufacturing 258 $30,430

Photographic and photocopying equipment manufacturing 271 $5,731

 Other commercial service industry machinery manufacturing 272 $9,858

Industrial process furnace and oven manufacturing 294 $49,229

Fluid power cylinder and actuator manufacturing 295 $56,870

 Scales, balances, and miscellaneous general purpose machinery 

manufacturing 297 $16,652

Broadcast and wireless communications equipment manufacturing 302 $347,530

Other electronic component manufacturing 310 $32,615

 Search, detection, and navigation instruments manufacturing 312 $40,000

Industrial process variable instruments manufacturing 314 $259,884

Electricity and signal testing instruments manufacturing 316 $11,687

Analytical laboratory instrument manufacturing 317 $64,420

Watch, clock, and other measuring and controlling device manufacturing 319 $29,277

Relay and industrial control manufacturing 332 $297,949

All other miscellaneous electrical equipment and component manufacturing 339 $12,058

Wholesale Trade & Retail Trade $1,169,516

Wholesale - Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies 392 $33,390

Wholesale - Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 393 $12,000

Retail - Motor vehicle and parts dealers 402 $21,986

 Retail - Miscellaneous store retailers 412 $1,102,140
The NASA Glenn Research Center: An Economic Impact Study Fiscal Year 2022

Center for Economic Development, Cleveland State University Page 59

NAICS 

Sector Description IMPLAN Sector (a)

Expenditure 

(b)

Transportation and Warehousing $30,019

Truck transportation 417 $30,019

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing $332,299

Automotive equipment rental and leasing 450 $280,937

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment rental and leasing 453 $51,362

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services $237,713,717

Legal services 455 $7,107

 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 456 $4,072,186

Architectural, engineering, and related services 457 $22,676,759

Custom computer programming services 459 $15,085

Computer systems design services 460 $16,450

Other computer related services, including facilities management 461 $26,725,559

Management consulting services 462 $144,668

Environmental and other technical consulting services 463 $24,372,651

Scientific research and development services 464 $159,454,252

 Marketing research & all other miscellaneous professional, scientific, & 

technical services 468 $229,000

Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation $69,913,361

Facilities support services 471 $60,132,336

Employment services 472 $159,053

Investigation and security services 475 $7,011,209

Services to buildings 476 $2,431,003

Other support services 478 $3,600

Waste management and remediation services 479 $176,159

Educational Services $15,203,596

Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools 481 $826,999

Other educational services 482 $14,376,598

Health Care and Social Assistance $1,394,603

Other ambulatory health care services 489 $1,394,603

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation $833

Independent artists, writers, and performers 499 $833

Other Services (except Public Administration) $3,019,540

 Grantmaking, giving, and social advocacy organizations 522 $665,030

Other federal government enterprises 528 $2,354,511

Labor Income $251,913,223

Employee Compensation (c) $251,913,223

TOTAL EXPENDITURES IN OHIO $630,404,295

a. Sector: Industry classification code used by IMPLAN. It is analogous to the North American Industry Classification System 

(NAICS). IMPLAN provides a cross-reference table bridging their sector numbers and NAICS codes.

b. Expenditure: Actual dollar value for a product or service spent by NASA Glenn in FY 2022. Values shown in Table A-4 are limited 

to expenditures made in Ohio. 

c. Labor Income: Labor income includes wages and benefits of Glenn employees paid in Ohio.