NOT FOR PUBLICATION1

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL 

OF THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

IN RE JEANETTE WELLERS,

 Debtor. 

__________________________________ 

JEANETTE WELLERS, 

 Appellant, 

v. 

M. STEPHEN PETERS, Chapter 7

Trustee, SIMON E. RODRIGUEZ, Chapter

7 Trustee, and GREAT AMERICAN

INSURANCE COMPANY,

 Appellees.

BAP No. CO-20-040

Bankr. No. 18-10240 

Chapter 7 

OPINION 

_________________________________ 

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court 

for the District of Colorado 

_________________________________ 

Before CORNISH, MICHAEL, and HALL, Bankruptcy Judges. 

_________________________________ 

CORNISH, Bankruptcy Judge. 

_________________________________ 

1

This unpublished opinion may be cited for its persuasive value, but is not 

precedential, except under the doctrines of law of the case, claim preclusion, and issue 

preclusion. 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8026-6. 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 1 of 16
2 

This appeal involves the proceeds of the sale of a chapter 7 debtor’s residence. 

After selling the residence with court approval, the chapter 7 trustee proposed a 

settlement agreement between the trustee and a secured creditor, resolving the estate’s 

civil claims against the creditor in exchange for a reduction in the amount of the 

creditor’s secured claim. The United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Colorado 

(the “Bankruptcy Court”) approved the settlement agreement over the debtor’s objection. 

The debtor appeals, arguing the settlement resulted in denial of her homestead exemption. 

Because the Bankruptcy Court expressly did not decide the issue of the debtor’s 

homestead exemption, we will not consider that issue on appeal. Finding no abuse of 

discretion in approving the settlement agreement, we AFFIRM the Bankruptcy Court’s 

order. 

I. Background and Procedural History

According to her schedules, Jeanette Wellers (the “Debtor”) is the owner of a 

contractor business called JBlanco Enterprises, Inc. (“JBE”).2

 In 2011, Great American 

Insurance Company (“GAIC”) issued a performance bond in connection with a JBE 

construction project at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, 

Colorado. Prior to the bond issuance, the Debtor signed an indemnity agreement, 

agreeing to indemnify GAIC for any payments made under the bond. The indemnity 

agreement provided the Debtor waived the right to claim any property, including a 

homestead, exempt from levy or execution in the event GAIC sought to collect under the 

2

Statement of Financial Affairs at 9, in Appellant’s App. at 23. 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 2 of 16
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agreement. At the time, the Debtor lived at 12570 East Dakota Avenue, Lakewood, 

Colorado. 

In November 2016, GAIC paid out $549,271.25 on JBE’s behalf to cover claims 

for flawed roof work. Being personally liable for the debt, the Debtor entered into a 

settlement agreement with GAIC requiring her to sign a confession of judgment3

 and a 

promissory note in the amount of $549,271.25.4

 GAIC secured the promissory note with 

a mortgage against (1) the Debtor’s current residence at 140 Humboldt Street, Denver, 

Colorado (the “Residence”)5

 and (2) a commercial property at 1 Park Street, Broomfield, 

Colorado (“Park Street”).6

 The Debtor owned the Residence with her husband. Park 

Street was owned by Evan Charles Properties, LLC (“ECP”), a company wholly owned 

by the Debtor. 

The Debtor filed a chapter 11 petition on January 12, 2018. Her husband, 

Frederick Wellers, filed a chapter 7 petition on February 1, 2018. The Bankruptcy Court 

converted the Debtor’s case to chapter 7 on July 20, 2019. Stephen Peters is the trustee in 

the Debtor’s case, and Simon Rodriguez is the trustee in her husband’s case (the 

“Trustees”). 

Before the conversion of her case, the Debtor filed an adversary proceeding 

against GAIC to set aside the confession of judgment, promissory note, and mortgages as 

3 Confession of Judgment, in Appellant’s App. at 96.

4 Promissory Note, in Appellant’s App. at 100 (providing for monthly payments of 

$3,500, an annual payment of $25,000, and a five-year balloon payment of $343,666.80, 

interest to accrue at 5%). 

5 Mortgage, in Appellee’s App. at 93. 

6 Mortgage, in Appellee’s App. at 104. 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 3 of 16
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fraudulent transfers pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 544 and 548(a)(1)7

 and to seek recovery and 

preservation pursuant §§ 550 and 551.8

 GAIC filed counterclaims seeking to deny the 

Debtor’s discharge. To facilitate the sale of the Residence and Park Street, the Debtor’s 

trustee sought to settle the adversary proceeding involving GAIC. Because the liens 

securing GAIC’s $972,000 claims in the Debtor’s and Frederick Wellers’ bankruptcy 

cases were cross-collateralized, obtaining any equity for distribution to unsecured 

creditors required the sale of both the Residence and Park Street. Therefore, the Trustees 

negotiated a global settlement agreement in both bankruptcy cases providing GAIC 

would reduce its claim from $972,000 to $650,000 in exchange for the Debtor’s estate’s 

release of its claims against GAIC. The Bankruptcy Court approved the global settlement 

allowing the Trustees to split the proceeds from the sale of the Residence and Park Street 

equally between Mr. and Mrs. Wellers’ estates.9

As part of the global settlement, the Trustees filed a motion to sell the Residence 

for $2.3 million (the “Motion to Sell”), which was approved by the Bankruptcy Court, 

over the Debtor’s objection, on August 20, 2020.10 Proceeds of the sale went to JP 

Morgan Chase Bank’s first mortgage of $1,072,421.42, TBK Bank’s second mortgage of 

$769,912.53 (secured by both the Residence and Park Street), and a $988.63 mechanics 

7

 All future references to “Bankruptcy Code,” “Code,” or “§,” refer to Title 11 of 

the United States Code.

8

 Complaint, in Appellant’s App. at 81. 

9 Order Approving Settlement Agreement Between Chapter 7 Trustee and Trustee 

Simon Rodriguez, in Appellant’s App. at 191.

10 Order: (1) Granting Trustee’s Motion to Sell; (2) Denying Debtor’s Motion to 

Abandon; and (3) Granting, in Part, Trustee’s Motion to Compel Turnover (the “Order 

Approving Sale”), in Appellee’s App. at 390. 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 4 of 16
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lien.11 The Order Approving Sale projected after payment of these liens and closing costs 

$310,070.85 in proceeds would remain.12 This provided $248,056.68 to GAIC and 

$62,014.17 to be split by the Trustees for benefit of the respective estates. The Debtor’s 

Trustee had proposed to pay the Debtor $105,000.00 for her homestead exemption but 

GAIC objected, claiming the Debtor had waived her exemption. The Bankruptcy Court’s 

Order Approving Sale noted that the Debtor, through her counsel, had indeed waived her 

homestead exemption. The Bankruptcy Court expressly stated that the expected 

distribution of funds from the sale of the Residence did not include any payment to the 

Debtor attributable to her homestead exemption. The Bankruptcy Court noted that the 

liens on her Residence exceeded its value – a fact that was conceded by the Debtor − so 

there was no equity to which her homestead could attach. The Bankruptcy Court did not 

foreclose the possibility that funds may be available to the Debtor upon its future 

consideration of the proposed stipulation (the “Carve-Out Stipulation”).

13 The Debtor did 

not appeal the Order Approving Sale. 

The Trustees filed the Motion to Approve Carve-Out Stipulation (the “Carve-Out 

Motion”) on August 5, 2020.14 The Carve-Out Motion provided GAIC would receive 80 

percent of the remaining proceeds from the sale of the Residence, and the Trustees of 

each estate would split the remaining 20 percent. Once GAIC obtained $650,000 from the 

11 Id. at 5, in Appellee’s App. at 394. 

12 Id. at 3, in Appellee’s App. at 392. 

13 Id.

14 Appellant’s App. at 454. Carve-Out Stipulation, in Appellant’s App. at 460. 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 5 of 16
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proceeds of both the Residence and Park Street,15 any remaining funds would go to the 

Trustees for their commission and distribution. The Carve-Out Motion did not 

specifically provide for the Debtor’s $105,000 homestead exemption claimed in the 

Residence. None of the funds made available to the Trustees would come from the 

Debtor’s homestead exemption amount; instead, the Trustees would recover from 

GAIC’s reduction of its claim. Therefore, the Debtor’s homestead exemption was not at 

issue in the Carve-Out Motion. GAIC would receive the Debtor’s $105,000 homestead 

exemption as part of the satisfaction of its $650,000 claim. The stipulation noted GAIC 

disputed the Debtor’s claim of a homestead exemption because of her waiver of the 

exemption in the 2011 indemnity agreement. 

The Debtor objected to the Carve-Out Motion and approval of the stipulation. She 

argued (1) there was no equity in the Residence; (2) attempts to sell property when there 

is no equity and a debtor will not receive a homestead exemption are suspect; (3) the 

Trustees sought to enrich themselves through a $94,000 commission on the sale of the 

Residence instead of properly abandoning the encumbered property; and (4) the sale 

would not generate proceeds for unsecured creditors.16 The Debtor also filed a brief in 

15 The Trustees negotiated a sale of Park Street for $1,750,000, although pleadings 

related to that sale are not contained in the record on appeal. See Trustee’s Motion for 

Authority to (a) Sell Property of the Bankruptcy Estate, 1 Park Street, Broomfield . . . ., 

Bankr. ECF No. 630. 

16 *Corrected* Debtor’s Objection to Trustee’s Motion to Approve Carve-Out 

Stipulation at 3-5, in Appellant’s App. at 496-98. The Trustees filed a motion to strike the 

Debtor’s objection to the Carve-Out Motion, but the Bankruptcy Court indicated “striking 

the objection would not give these parties the clearest and surest path toward finality of 

this dispute.” Order and Notice of Non-Evidentiary Hearing at 1, in Appellee’s App. at 

387. 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 6 of 16
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support of her objection.17 The brief largely repeated the same objections, asserted the 

Trustees mismanaged the Park Street property after a fire, and asserted the Debtor did not 

waive her homestead exemption because the 2011 indemnity agreement pertained to her 

home on the date she executed the agreement (her prior home in Lakewood, Colorado), 

not to the Residence. The Debtor argued equity should be calculated based on the total of 

“non-avoidable, consensual liens and encumbrances,”18 leaving $430,143.10 in equity. 

Therefore, the Debtor argued she was entitled to her entire $105,000 homestead 

exemption. 

The Bankruptcy Court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the Carve-Out Motion 

on September 3, 2020. The Debtor again argued that she had not in fact waived her 

homestead exemption, but the Bankruptcy Court declined to consider any challenge to 

waiver in considering the Carve-Out Motion.19 The Bankruptcy Court advised the parties 

to be prepared to address the homestead waiver issue at a future hearing.20 In the Order 

Granting Trustees’ Motion to Approve Carve-Out Stipulation (the “Carve-Out Order”), 

the Bankruptcy Court observed that in her objection to the Motion to Sell, the Debtor 

conceded she waived the homestead exemption.21 The Bankruptcy Court analyzed the 

Carve-Out Motion and stipulation under the factors adopted by In re Kopexa Realty 

17 Debtor’s Brief Regarding Trustee M. Stephen Peters’ and Trustee Simon 

Rodriquez’s Motion to Approve Carve-Out Stipulation and the Objection filed by Debtor 

Jeanette Wellers, in Appellant’s App. at 540. 

18 Id. at 7, in Appellant’s App. at 546. 

19 Tr. Sept. 3, 2020 Hearing at 9, 30-36, in Appellee’s App. at 563, 584-90. 

20 Id. at 36, in Appellee’s App. at 590. 

21 Carve-Out Order at 2, in Appellant’s App. at 565. 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 7 of 16
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Venture Co.22 and approved the stipulation. The Bankruptcy Court concluded (1) the 

Debtor did not challenge the Trustees’ assertion that they investigated the claims against 

GAIC and believed they were meritless, (2) the complexity and expense of litigation 

would burden the Debtor’s estate, and (3) other creditors’ approval of the stipulation all 

supported granting the Carve-Out Motion.23 The Bankruptcy Court conceded the 

difficulty of collection factor did not weigh in favor of approval. The Bankruptcy Court 

also noted the Debtor’s objection centered on the homestead exemption, an issue not 

before the court, and failed to point out how the stipulation was unfair, inequitable, or not 

in the best interests of the estate.24 Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court granted the CarveOut Motion and approved the stipulation. 

The Debtor filed a timely notice of appeal on September 14, 2020. The Debtor did 

not seek a stay pending appeal from the BAP or the Bankruptcy Court—however, the 

appellees do not suggest the appeal is moot. 

II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

“With the consent of the parties, this Court has jurisdiction to hear timely-filed 

appeals from ‘final judgments, orders, and decrees’ of bankruptcy courts within the Tenth 

Circuit.”25 An order granting a motion to approve a compromise of claims is final for 

22 213 B.R. 1020 (10th Cir. BAP 1997). 

23 Carve-Out Order at 3-4, in Appellant’s App. at 566-67. 

24 Id. 25 Straight v. Wyo. Dep’t of Transp. (In re Straight), 248 B.R. 403, 409 (10th Cir. 

BAP 2000) (first quoting 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), and then citing 28 U.S.C. § 158(b)(1), 

(c)(1) and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002). 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 8 of 16
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purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(3).26

 None of the parties in this case elected for this 

appeal to be heard by the United States District Court for the District of Colorado 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(c). Accordingly, this Court has jurisdiction over this appeal. 

 We review a bankruptcy court’s approval of a settlement agreement brought 

pursuant to Rule 9019 for an abuse of discretion.27 “Under the abuse of discretion 

standard[,] ‘a trial court’s decision will not be disturbed unless the appellate court has a 

definite and firm conviction that the lower court made a clear error of judgment or 

exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.’”28 An abuse of 

discretion occurs when a trial court “makes an ‘arbitrary, capricious or whimsical,’ or 

‘manifestly unreasonable judgment.’”29 “A clear example of an abuse of discretion exists 

where the trial court fails to consider the applicable legal standard or the facts upon 

which the exercise of its discretionary judgment is based.”30 

We review a bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear error. “A factual finding 

is ‘clearly erroneous’ when ‘it is without factual support in the record, or if the appellate 

court, after reviewing all the evidence, is left with the definite and firm conviction that a 

mistake has been made.’”31

 But if the bankruptcy court’s “factual findings are premised 

26 See Korngold v. Loyd (In re S. Med. Arts Cos.), 343 B.R. 250, 254 (10th Cir. 

BAP 2006). 

27 Id. at 256. 

28 In re Arenas, 535 B.R. 845, 849 (10th Cir. BAP 2015) (quoting Moothart v. 

Bell, 21 F.3d 1499, 1504 (10th Cir. 1994)). 

29 Id. (quoting Moothart, 21 F.3d at 1504-05). 

30 Jackson v. Los Lunas Cmty. Program, 880 F.3d 1176, 1191 (10th Cir. 2018) 

(quoting Ohlander v. Larson, 114 F.3d 1531, 1537 (10th Cir. 1997)). 

31 LTF Real Estate Co. v. Expert S. Tulsa, LLC (In re Expert S. Tulsa, LLC), 522 

B.R. 634, 643 (10th Cir. BAP 2014) (quoting Las Vegas Ice & Cold Storage Co. v. Far 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 9 of 16
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on improper legal standards or on proper ones improperly applied, they are not entitled to 

the protection of the clearly erroneous standard, but are subject to de novo review.”32 

We review questions of law de novo, which “requires an independent 

determination of the issues, giving no special weight to the bankruptcy court’s 

decision.”33

III. Analysis

a. Debtor’s Issue on Appeal

The Debtor asks this Court to review her claim of the homestead exemption, an 

issue she admits the Bankruptcy Court did not consider. In the “Rulings Presented for 

Review” section of Appellant’s Brief, the Debtor states:

The [Bankruptcy] Court has not ruled on the homestead exemption if it is 

applicable as per the carve-out agreement. The [Bankruptcy] Court simply 

passed on the ruling but should have ruled because that issue was in front 

of the Court. So Debtor is asking the BAP to review and issue a ruling in 

our favor, based on the evidence.34

W. Bank), 893 F.2d 1182, 1185 (10th Cir. 1990)), aff'd, 619 F. App'x 779 (10th Cir.

2015) (unpublished). 32 In re Novinda Corp., 585 B.R. 145, 152 (10th Cir. BAP 2018) (quoting Osborn 

v. Durant Bank & Tr. Co. (In re Osborn), 24 F.3d 1199, 1203 (10th Cir. 1994), abrogated

in part on other grounds by Eastman v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 493 F.3d 1151 (10th Cir.

2007)).

33 In re Expert S. Tulsa, LLC, 522 B.R. at 643 (citing Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell, 

499 U.S. 225, 238 (1991)). 

34 Appellant’s Br. 22. The Debtor reiterates this is her only argument in her 

responses to the appellees’ briefs. Appellant’s Reply Br. 8 (“It is about the Bankruptcy 

Court’s erroneous failure to rule on the Appellant’s Homestead Exemption as it is defined 

in the Carve-out agreement.”). 

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The Carve-Out Order expressly states, “[t]he only issue before the Court at this 

time is whether to approve a fairly simple settlement agreement.”35 The Bankruptcy 

Court also stated the Debtor’s “only arguments against the Carve-Out [Motion] were her 

contention that she is entitled to her homestead exemption and collateral challenges to 

this Court’s approval of the sale of [the Residence]. Neither matter is presently before the 

Court.”36 Thus, the Bankruptcy Court expressly declined to rule on the Debtor’s stated 

issue on appeal. 

As has been held numerous times, “[i]t is the general rule, of course, that a federal 

appellate court does not consider an issue not passed upon below.”37 An issue is not 

passed on below if it has not been “presented to, considered [and] decided by the trial 

court.”38 Policy reasons for limiting review to issues actually considered by a lower court 

include preventing surprise on appeal, allowing whatever evidence there may be to be 

presented, and allowing parties the opportunity to present legal arguments.39 The Tenth 

Circuit Court of Appeals (the “Tenth Circuit”) enumerated other reasons for not 

considering such issues, including the need to frequently remand for evidentiary hearings, 

the need for finality in litigation, and the conservation of judicial resources.40 The noted 

35 Carve-Out Order at 3, in Appellant’s App. at 566. 

36 Id. at 4, in Appellant’s App. at 567; Tr. Sept. 3, 2020 Hearing at 36, in 

Appellee’s App. at 590 (suggesting the Bankruptcy Court would consider future 

challenges to the waiver of the homestead exemption). 

37 Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 120 (1976). 

38 Lyons v. Jefferson Bank & Tr., 994 F.2d 716, 721 (10th Cir. 1993) (quoting 

Cavic v. Pioneer Astro Indus. Inc., 825 F.2d 1421, 1425 (10th Cir. 1987)). 

39 Singleton, 428 U.S. at 120. 

40 Lyons, 994 F.2d at 721 (quoting Hicks v. Gates Rubber Co., 928 F.2d 966, 970-

71 (10th Cir. 1991)). 

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exceptions to this rule are the need to address the court’s jurisdiction or when sovereign 

immunity is raised41 or other situations “where ‘injustice might otherwise result.’”42

Thus, the Tenth Circuit exercises its “discretion to hear issues for the first time on appeal 

only in the most unusual circumstances.”43

The Debtor fails to point to any unusual circumstances or injustice that would 

convince us to consider an issue not addressed or decided in the order on appeal. The 

Debtor suggests the Trustees improperly (i) sold the Residence, which lacked equity, to 

earn a commission and (ii) allowed GAIC to enhance its claim. The Debtor also attacks 

findings made by the Bankruptcy Court in the Order Approving Sale, which she did not 

appeal. She ignores the fact that the Residence and Park Street were cross-collateralized. 

The Trustees’ negotiation and global settlement in both bankruptcy cases resulted in a 

sale of both properties and a reduction of GAIC’s claim, which generated equity for the 

Trustees to distribute. She has always conceded that the Residence itself lacked sufficient 

equity to satisfy all liens against it and her homestead exemption. Therefore, regardless of 

the waiver issue, after satisfaction of the secured claims, there were no funds available to 

pay her the homestead exemption.

44 The dispute over the Debtor’s homestead exemption 

41 Id. (citing Hicks, 928 F.2d at 920). 

42 Id. (quoting Singleton, 428 U.S. at 121). 

43 Id. (citing cases as examples of unusual circumstances). 

44 Motion to Abandon Interest in Property Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. Section 554(b) 

(the “Motion to Abandon”) at 3-4, in Appellant’s App. at 277-78. The Debtor admitted 

that there was a lack of equity in the Residence during the proceedings on the Motion to 

Sell and the Motion to Abandon. The Debtor argued that the Residence was of 

inconsequential value to the estate and should thus be abandoned to her. Order: (1) 

Granting Trustee’s Motion to Sell; (2) Denying Debtor’s Motion to Abandon; and (3) 

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is between the Debtor and GAIC, as clearly stated in the Carve-Out Motion and by the 

Bankruptcy Court in its Carve-Out Order. We do not believe the Debtor has identified 

any unusual circumstances that would justify deviation from the well-established rule that 

an appellate court does not consider an issue not ruled on below. Therefore, we decline to 

address the issue of her homestead exemption. 

b. Bankruptcy Court’s Approval of the Carve-Out Stipulation

The Debtor does not challenge the Bankruptcy Court’s findings and conclusions 

regarding the Carve-Out Stipulation on appeal. However, as the Debtor argues that the 

Carve-Out Motion should never have been approved by the Bankruptcy Court and that 

some courts have found carve-out deals to be improper where an asset is fully 

encumbered, we will review the Bankruptcy Court’s analysis of the settlement. 

Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9019 (“Rule 9019") governs the approval 

of a compromise or settlement. In interpreting a bankruptcy court’s duty under Rule 9019, 

case law suggests “[t]here can be no informed and independent judgment as to whether a 

proposed compromise is fair and equitable until the bankruptcy judge has apprised 

himself of all facts necessary for an intelligent and objective opinion of the probabilities 

of ultimate success should the claim be litigated.”45 A court need not conduct a mini-trial 

Granting, in Part, Trustee’s Motion to Compel Turnover at 3-5, in Appellee’s App. at 

392-94.

45 In re Armstrong, 285 B.R. 344, 2002 WL 471332, at *2 (10th Cir. BAP March 

28, 2002) (unpublished) (quoting Protective Comm. for Indep. Stockholders of TMT 

Trailer Ferry, Inc. v. Anderson, 390 U.S. 414, 424 (1968)), aff’d, 99 F. App’x 210, 213 

(10th Cir. 2004). 

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or decide the numerous questions of law and fact,46 but its decision to approve a 

settlement “must be an informed one based upon an objective evaluation of developed 

facts.”47 Accordingly, this Court has held that a bankruptcy court must evaluate the 

factual circumstances of a compromise in light of: “(1) the chance of success on the 

litigation on the merits; (2) possible problems in collecting the judgment; (3) the expense 

and complexity of the litigation; and (4) the interest of the creditors.”48 “[T]he court need 

not resolve all of these issues, but must only identify them ‘so that the reasonableness of 

the settlement may be evaluated.’”49 Thus, these factors50 facilitate a “court’s general 

charge [ ] to determine whether the settlement is fair and equitable and in the best 

interests of the estate.”51 

The Bankruptcy Court evaluated the stipulation and Carve-Out Motion utilizing 

the Kopexa factors. In considering the first factor, the Bankruptcy Court determined the 

46 See In re Brutsche, 500 B.R. 62, 71 (Bankr. D.N.M. 2013). 

47 Korngold v. Loyd (In re S. Med. Arts Cos.), 343 B.R. 250, 256 (10th Cir. BAP 

2006) (quoting Reiss v. Hagmann, 881 F.2d 890, 892 (10th Cir. 1989)); see also In re 

Armstrong, 2002 WL 471332, at *2 (“There can be no informed and independent 

judgment as to whether a proposed compromise is fair and equitable until the bankruptcy 

judge has apprised himself of all facts necessary for an intelligent and objective opinion 

of the probabilities of ultimate success should the claim be litigated.” (quoting Anderson, 

390 U.S. at 424 )).

48 Loyd v. Foxglove, Inc. (In re S. Med. Arts Companies, Inc.), 343 B.R. 250, 256 

(10th Cir. BAP 2006) (citing In re Kopexa Realty Venture Co., 213 B.R. 1020, 1022 

(10th Cir. BAP 1997)); see also In re Armstrong, 99 F. App’x 210, 213 (10th Cir. 2004) 

(unpublished). 

49 In re W. Pac. Airlines, Inc., 219 B.R. 575, 579 (D. Colo. 1998) (quoting In re 

The Hermitage Inn, Inc., 66 B.R. 71, 72 (Bankr. D. Colo. 1986)). 

50 Hereinafter referred to as the Kopexa Factors, established by In re Kopexa 

Realty Venture Co., 213 B.R. 1020 (10th Cir. BAP 1997). 

51 In re Rich Global, LLC, 652 F. App’x 625, 631 (10th Cir. 2016) (unpublished) 

(quoting W. Pac. Airlines Inc., 219 B.R. at 579). 

BAP Appeal No. 20-40 Docket No. 52 Filed: 07/13/2021 Page: 14 of 16
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settlement that included a $322,000 reduction in GAIC’s secured claim in exchange for 

dismissal of the estate’s claims was “eminently reasonable and a proper exercise of the 

[T]rustees’ business judgment” based on the “[T]rustees’ assertion that they have

investigated the [claims against GAIC] and believe they are wholly without merit.”52 It 

noted that the Debtor did not challenge this assertion.53 The Bankruptcy Court found the 

second factor regarding the complexity and expense of continuing the litigation supported 

approval of the settlement since continuation of the litigation would result in additional 

administrative expenses that would burden the Debtor’s estate. There was no concern 

regarding the third factor of collecting a judgment against GAIC so the Bankruptcy Court 

found this factor did not support approval. As to the fourth factor, the Bankruptcy Court 

noted that no creditor objected to the settlement, thus weighing in favor of approving the 

stipulation. Importantly, the Bankruptcy Court found the stipulation freed up $770,000 in 

equity in Park Street, and the combination of the sales of the Residence and Park Street 

resulted in a significant distribution to unsecured creditors in both bankruptcy estates. 

These facts satisfy any objection to a carve-out deal of the fully encumbered Residence 

since this agreement resulted in a meaningful distribution to creditors.54 

The Bankruptcy Court carefully considered and set forth the facts and made an 

objective evaluation of those facts utilizing the Kopexa factors, the appropriate legal 

52 Carve-Out Order at 3, in Appellant’s App. at 566. 

53 Id.

54 See In re Bird, 577 B.R. 365, 378 (10th Cir. BAP 2017) (“[C]arve out 

agreements are only permitted if they result in meaningful distributions to creditors. And 

the definition of meaningful depends on the totality of circumstances.”). 

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standard for analyzing a settlement.55 After reviewing the Carve-Out Order, we see no 

reason to overturn the Bankruptcy Court’s findings and conclude it did not abuse its 

discretion in approving the Carve-Out Motion. 

IV. Conclusion

The Debtor appeals the Carve-Out Order on the grounds it deprives her of her 

claimed homestead exemption. The Bankruptcy Court expressly stated the homestead 

exemption issue was not before it and did not decide that issue. Accordingly, this Court 

may not review that issue raised by the Debtor. This Court finds no error in the 

Bankruptcy Court’s analysis and approval of the Carve-Out Motion utilizing the Kopexa 

factors. Because we do not have a definite and firm conviction that the Bankruptcy Court 

made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the 

circumstances presented, the Carve-Out Order is AFFIRMED. 

55 Isho v. Loveridge (In re Isho), 498 B.R. 391(10th Cir. BAP 2013) 

(unpublished). 

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