NASA SP-4015 

ASTRONAUTICS AND 

AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy 

Text by 

Science and Technology Division 

Library of Congress 

Sponsored by 

NASA Historical Office 

Scientific and Technical Information Office 1972 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

Washington, l3.C. 
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-60308 

Price: Paper cover-$3.10 domestic postpaid or $2.75 cents GPO Bookstore 

Stock Number 3300-0424 
Foreword 

This volume provides an immediate reference to aerospace-related 

events of 1970, enabling all of us to broaden or to refresh our crowded 

memories. As part of NASA% chronology series it is intended to help historians and other analysts in preserving historical accuracy and precisian. 

Perhaps the Apollo 13 problems that resulted in using the lunar lander 

Aquarius as a “lifeboat” will be the most readily recalled of the 1970 

events. Yet, as this volume clearly indicates, there were many significant milestones in space and aeronautics. The lunar samples returned by Apollo I2 and 12 were intensively studied in the United States and 16 

other countries; the last two Apollo missions scheduled were canceled; 

the feasibility of reusable space shuttles as a means of reducing the cost 

and expanding the versatility of space operations was examined in 

greater detail; the Skylab program to evaluate man’s adaptation to the 

space environment proceeded toward its launchings in early 1973. Dividends continued to be returned from our scientific satellites already in 

orbit: Pioneer VIcompleted six orbits of the sun, providing data on solar 

weather on the far side of the sun; Oao IIbegan transmitting ultraviolet 

spectral data on some 25 000 stars; Ogo III, IV, V, and VImade sky surveys which could correlate geophysical data from other satellites, 

sounding rockets, and ground-based instruments. Among the 38 new 

payloads launched by the United States were the first prototype satellite 

for an operational weather system, ITOS, and three Intelsat communications satellites. Japan and China both launched their first satellites during 1970. In aeronautics, research and development on the supercritical 

wing culminated in the first flight tests. And the X-24 “lifting body” made its first flight early in the year and moved into supersonic flight in 

October. 

Other kinds of events are also included in this chronology. Dr. Cyril A. Ponnamperuma of the Ames Research Center reported the first positive identification of amino acids of extraterrestrial origins, found in the 

meteorite that fell near Murchison, Australia, in 1969. Numerous entries 

evidence increasing international cooperation in and mutual benefits 

from space activities. 

The overall space program was being evaluated during all of 1970-at 

perhaps the very peak of our technological and scientific achievements 

in exploration, in basic science, and in application to earth-bound needs. 

Questions of the basicevalue of and the need for space activities in relation to needs for solutions of problems on earth were being explored in 

all sectors of our national life. The space frontier has been crossed and 

men, their thoughts and their machines, are no longer bound to our 

home planet Earth. The accessibility of space will have a place in man’s 

life and thinking for all his future. Even against a backdrop of the broad 

range of earth-bound problems-poverty, pollution, world peace, and 

iii 
disruptive changes besetting most social institutions-man’s new 

perspective on his place in a dynamic universe is a basic challenge. We 

appear to have been in an escalating scientific and technological revolution during the 20th century, its intellectual stimulus and constructive 

values perhaps best symbolized by the intense space venture of the past decade. 

The space program as a human enterprise, gaining new knowledge and skills and applying them to practical purpose, seems a symbol much 

needed in a world beset by doubts and fears and frustrations and with 

many difficult problems yet to solve. 

Homer E. Newell 

Associate Administrator 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

September 17, 1971 

iv 
Con tents 

Foreword ...................................................................... 

Illustrations .................................................................... 

Preface ......................................................................... 

January ......................................................................... 

NASA Associate Administrator Homer E . Newel1 

February ....................................................................... 

March ........................................................................... 

April ............................................................................ 

May ............................................................................. 

June ............................................................................. 

July .............................................................................. 

August .......................................................................... 

September ..................................................................... 

October ........................................................................ 

November ..................................................................... 

December ...................................................................... 

Appendix A: Satellites. Space Probes. and Manned Space 

Flights. a Chronicle for 1970 ............................................ 

Appendix B: Chronology of Major NASA Launches. 1970 ......... 

Appendix C: Chronology of Manned Space Flight. 1970 .......... 

Appendix D: Abbreviations of References ............................ 

Index and List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................... 

PAGE 

111 

... 

vii 

ix 

1 

35 

71 

107 

161 

189 

223 

255 

283 

323 

357 

383 

415 

439 

443 

447 

451 

V 

Illustrations 

PAGE 

Itos I Improved Tiros Operational Satellite prepared for mating to 

its launch vehicle and later waiting atop the first “super-six” 

Thor-Delta before Jan. 23 launch ....................................... Japan’s first satellite, Ohsumi, prepared for Feb. 11 launch ........ Three lifting bodies active in NASA-USAF research program: HL10, M2-F3, and X-24A ..................................................... Totality of March 7 eclipse of the sun, above Wallops Station, 

passing over tracking antenna, and during Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launch ................................................................ Moon’s shadow moving up across the Eastern Seaboard from the 

Gulf of Mexico during March 7 eclipse: photographed by Ats 

111 .............................................................................. Dr. Wernher von Braun sworn in March 13 as NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning by Administrator Thomas 0. 

Paine ............................................................................ Feb. 17, 1958, visit by Vice President Nixon to Jet Propulsion Laboratory, celebrating Explorer I launch with JPL and Cal 

Tech officials Dr. Clark B. Millikan, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Dr. 

William H. Pickering, Dr. Jack E. Froelich, V. C. Larsen, and 

Robert J. Parks .............................................................. NASA Deputy Administrator George M. Low conferring April 10 

with Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale D. 

Myers on launch status of Apollo 13 ................................... Launch of Apollo 13 toward the moon from Kennedy Space Center April 11 and the service module that ruptured 56 hours later, 

endangering the flight ...................................................... Officials consulting in Manned Spacecraft Center’s Mission Oper- ations Control Room as Apollo 13 astronauts worked to bring the spacecraft home ....................................................... Apollo 13 LM Aquarius photographed from the CM just after jettiCrew of Apollo l3-Fred W. Haise, Jr., James A. Lovell, Jr., and 

John L. Swigert, Jr.-arriving safely onboard recovery ship April 17 ........................................................................ Mission officials congratulating each other in MSC Mission Operations Control Room after safe Apollo 13 splashdown ............. Apollo 11 Astronauts Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., 

and NASA Administrator Paine, representing Neil A. Armstrong, 

standing with the Gen. Thomas D. White Space Trophy presented by Secretary of the Air Force Robert C. Seamans April 29 . . City of Chicago welcoming Apollo 13 astronauts with ticker tape 

and cheers May 1 ........................................................... 

son April 17 .................................................................. 

24 

48 

56 

80 

81 

89 

104 

117 

120 

122 

123 

124 

124 

155 

163 

vii 
PAGE 

Demonstrations of down-to-earth uses of Fluorel fireproofing material developed for spacecraft, which were presented at 

May 6-7 MSC conference .................................................. Space Orbiter Shuttlecraft model after air-drop test at White 

Sands Missile Range May 27 ............................................. The speakers’ table at NASA’s June 3-5 space station briefing for 

ESRO officials in Paris ...................................................... Rep. George P. Miller examining an Apollo oxygen tank with 

NASA Administrator Paine and Langley Research Center Director Edgar M. Cortright June 16 before the Senate Space Committee hearing on the Apollo 13 accident ............................. 205 

Full-scale model of the lunar roving vehicle in June practice exer- cises at Marshall Space Flight Center, with Astronauts Charles 

M. Duke, Jr., and John W. Young ...................................... 206 

Experimental thermal reactor in tests (announced by NASA Aug. 

9) on V-8 engine at Lewis Research Center to reduce pollution 

from automobile exhaust, with technician Warren A. Moore ... 261 

Some of the lunar craters named at IAU’s Aug. 18-21 triennial assembly, shown on a photograph of the moon’s far side made by 

Lunar Orbiter V ............................................................. 268 

Cartoonist Paul Conrad’s reaction to NASA cancellation of lunar 

landing missions, announced Sept. 2 .................................. 288 

Last Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC-15) captive-fired at Mississippi Test 

Facility Sept. 30, with photo of the 14th S-IC stage on the test 

stand earlier .................................................................. 3 19 

Supersonic Planetary Entry Decelerator (SPED) experiment’s parasol deployed in June systems check-out before Oct. 9 launch . 332 

Soviet Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov welcomed at National Airport by Astronauts Edwin E. 

Aldrin, Jr., and Neil A. Armstrong at start of U.S. tour Oct. 18 . 339 

Full-scale hypersonic research engine (HRE) poised before Oct. 20 

test in LaRc’s 8-Foot High-Temperature Structures Tunnel ..... 344 

Principal investigator Dr. Torquato Gualitierotti for OFO Orbiting 

Frog Otolith satellite standing beside part of spacecraft before 

its Nov. 9 launch, with a cutway diagram of the experiment 

package inserted 363 

USN T2-C aircraft on its first flight with NASA’s supercritical test 

wing Nov. 24 and the Nov. 3 delivery to Flight Research Center 

of the thin version of the new airfoil mounted on an F-8 fighter 378 

Dr. Cyril A. Ponnamperuma of Ames Research Center displaying a meteorite that he announced Dec. 5 had been found to contain 

amino acids, constitutents of living cells ............................. 388 

Uhuru (Explorer XLII) Shown in preflight testing with Mrs. Marjorie Townsend, project manager, and during Dec. 12 launch 

from the San Marco sea platform ....................................... 396 

USN F-14 Tomcat fighter just before takeoff on its successful 

maiden flight Dec. 21 ...................................................... 404 

168 

182 

193 

............................................................ 

viii 
Preface 

As with its seven annual ancestors and several precursors, this volume is intended to be as complete and accurate a chronicle of known 

events and commentary in 1970 as could be documented by immediately 

available sources. Essential1 it provides a running start on aeronautiserves as a general reference for those interested in science, technology, and policy aspects of aerospace affairs during 1970. 

For the first time, this Astronautics and Aeronautics chronology gives 

all measurements in the metric system according to the International 

System of Units (SI). Heretofore, the En iish system of units was used. 

Policy Directive 2220.4 of September 14, 1970, required conversion to 

the International System of Units, previously used in GSFC’S Satellite 

Situation Report and most European publications. NASA was the first 

Federal agency to adopt this policy. 

General editor of this volume was the Deputy NASA Historian, Frank 

W. Anderson, Jr., and the technical editor was Mrs. Carrie E. Karegeannes. The entire NASA Historical Office participated in source selection, review, and publication. Archivist Lee D. Saegesser collects current documentation. The Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress, under an exchange of funds agreement, drafts monthly segments in comment edition form, which are circulated for 

corrections and use. At the Library Mrs. Patricia D. Davis, Mrs. Carmen 

B. Brock-Smith, and Mrs. Shirley M. Singleton carry principal respodsibility. At the end of the year, the entire manuscript is reworked to include comments received and recent additional information. Arthur G. 

Renstrom of the Library of Congress prepared the extensive index, 

which is indispensable to the usefulness of a chronology. The index 

serves also as a glossary of abbreviations and acronyms used in the 

chronology. Appendix A, “Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights, 1970,” Appendix B, “Chronology of Major NASA Launches, 1970,” and 

Appendix C, “Chronology of Manned Space Flight, 1970,” were pre- pared by Leonard C. Bruno of the Library staff. Appendix D, “Abbreviations of References,” was prepared by Mrs. Brock-Smith. 

Without the validation throughout NASA and other Federal agencies, 

the content of this volume would be less reliable and less nearly complete. Comments, additions, and criticisms are always welcomed by the 

NASA Historical Office. 

Eugene M. Emme 

NASA Historian 

cal and astronautical data o Y interest to future historians. But it also 

In this volume they are retained in parent a eses following SI units. NASA 

ix 
January 1970 

January I: Apollo 11 lunar landing had been voted biggest news story of 

1969 in poll of Associated Press member newspapers and radio and 

TV stations, AP announced. Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, Apollo tI commander, had been voted top newsmaker of year. AP poll 

ranked Vietnam war second biggest story and “story of Sen. Edward M. Kennedy’s political fortunes” third. (Rock, AP, W Star, 

1/1/70, A3) 0 President Nixon in San Clemente, Calif., signed National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. Act declared Government policy “to 

create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony and fulfill the social, economic, and other 

requirements of present and future generations of Americans.” It 

established within Presidential Executive Office full-time, threemember Council on Environmental Quality and required President 

to submit environmental quality reports to Congress annually, beginning July l, 1970. President said that “the 1970’s absolutely must 

be the years when America pays its debt to the past by reclaiming the purity of its air, its waters, and our living environment. It is literally now or never.” (PD, 1/5/70, 11-3) 0 Dr. Charles H. Townes, Nobel Prize winning Univ. of California 

physicist and member of NAS Council, was appointed Chairman of 

NAS-NRC Space Science Board. Dr. Townes had headed President 

Nixon’s task force to make recommendations on national space 

program in 1969. (NASPIO; NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 3/70; A&A38) 

January 2: Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from 

TERLS carrying Indian payload to study ionosphere. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) * ApoJJo 10 and I1 photos of lunar far side had revealed number of 

probable igneous intrusions, including three probable dikes that 

crosscut wall and floor of 75-km (46.6-mi) crater, Farouk El-Baz of 

Bellcomm, Inc., reported in Science. Intrusions were distinguished by their settings, textures, structures, and brightness. Recognition 

of probable igneous intrusions in lunar highlands supported indica- tions of heterogeneity of lunar materials and plausibility of intrusive 

igneous activity on moon, in addition to extrusive volcanism. (Science, 1/2/70,49-50) 0 Results of study of infrared spectra recorded by Mariner VI and VZZ 

were reported in Science by Univ. of California at Berkeley chemists Kenneth C. Herr and Dr. George C. Pimentel. Reflections 

at 4.3~ suggested presence of solid carbon dioxide in upper atmosphere of Mars. (Science, 1/2/70,47-9) * MSC announced appointment of Sigurd A. Sjoberg as Director of 

Flight Operations, replacing Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., who had 

been appointed MSC Deputy Director. Sjoberg had been Deputy 

1 
January 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

Director of Flight Operations since 1963. Appointment was effective 

Dec. 28, 1969. (MSC Release 70-1) 0 With advent of SST, information on meteorological conditions at higher levels of stratosphere would be needed for routine civil-aviation 

operations, Frederick G. Finger and Raymond M. McInturff of 

ESSA’S Weather Bureau said in Science. Forecast system would be 

extended from 12-km (7.5-mi) to 20-km (12.4-mi) altitudes or higher. 

Forecasting techniques to support SST might be facilitated by ex- ploiting similarities between stratosphere and troposphere weather. 

Much remained to be done on phenomenon forecasting. Wind effects should be smaller for SST than for subsonic aircraft but wind 

forecasts might be necessary during winter, when variations were 

high enough to effect economics of operation. Knowledge of temperature fields and of ozone distribution could prove valuable. Possible solar cosmic radiation hazards would be minimized by groundbased forecasting system and onboard detection equipment but sonic boom problem at ground level might be less tractable. Amplification and attenuation of boom by meteorological conditions could be 

predicted. World Weather Watch of U.N. and ESSA’S satellites and 

spacecraft with ability to depict continuous three-dimensional temperature distribution and wind pressure over entire globe would play major role in providing SST meteorological information, as would 

ssritself. (Science, 1/2/70, 16-24) 

January 3: Photos of falling meteorite were taken by automatic cameras 

at Hominy, Okla., and Pleasanton, Kans., field stations of Prairie 

Network operated for NASA by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO). Fireball was observed over large area of midwestern 

U.S. Observatory scientist Dr. Richard E. McCrosky later predict- ed from film records probable impact point near Lost City, Okla. 

Meteorite entered earth’s atmosphere at 56 300 km per hr (35 000 

mph), creating trail that was visible for nine seconds. (SAO Release 

70-01; McElheny, Boston Globe, 1/20/70) 0 Accuracy of Apoflo 12 LM lunar landing was described by Henry S. F. 

Cooper, Jr., in post-mission report from KSC published by the New 

Yorker. After successful completion of mission, Cooper had talked 

with Flight Dynamics Officer David Reed, who had been in charge 

of LM trajectory during lunar landing. Cooper reported that Reed 

and other flight engineers had been “too accurate in plotting their trajectory, for Commander (now Captain) Charles Conrad, Jr., who 

was at the controls, had to change the LM’S landing point at the last 

minute. ‘He was afraid he’d land right on top of the Surveyor if he 

kept on going according to plan, and later, when we fed the data 

from the LM into a computer, we found that if he’d gone on in the 

way he was, he would have hit it,’ Reed told me.” (New Yorker, 

1/3/70,46-56) 

January 4: Lunar Science Institute near MSC in Houston, Tex., was dedicated at ceremonies attended by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, other NASA officials, and some 70 space scientists who 

had gathered early for Jan. 5 opening of Apollo II Lunar Science 

Conference at MSC. Dr. Paine said, “This is the institution to help us 

bring all the expertise we need together to solve the riddles of the 

moon.” LSI, created by 49-university Universities Space Research Assn., had one-year contract with NASA, renewable annually. Facili2 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 January 4 

ties would be open to all scientists, including those from Iron Curtain countries. Dr. William W. Rubey, Univ. of California and Rice 

Univ. geologist, would be Director. (H Post, 1/5/70) 0 Budget limits had caused cancellation of one lunar landing and 

stretchout of remaining seven Apollo missions into 1974, Dr. 

George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, said in interview following LSI dedication in Houston, Tex. Eighth lunar landing had 

been dropped to permit use of Saturn V rocket to launch first U.S. 

space station in July 1972. (UPI, NYT, 1/5/70, 1) 0 Capt. W. J. Bright of Ascot, England, was named provisional winner 

of 1970 London-Sydney Air Race after flying Britten-Norman Islander aircraft 19 300 km (12 000 mi) from Gatwick Airport, Lon- don, to Bankstown Airport, Sydney, Australia, in 76 hrs elapsed time. Second and third prizes in $1 12 000 competition to commemorate 1919 England-to-Australia flight of Ross and Keith Smith were 

won by Australian pilot Jack Masling in Cessna 310 and British pilot 

Brian Holland in Piper Twin Comanche B. (Trumbull, NYT, 1/5/70, 

61) January 5: NASA launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets carrying 

GSFC grenade experiments. One was launched from Churchill Research Range; other was launched from Wallops Station. Rockets 

and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 ERC announced development of silicon carbide diode that had survived and functioned over temperature range of 889 K (1600°F)- 

from 978 K (+ 1300°F) to 89 K (-300°F). Diode was believed to be 

first of its kind to withstand extremely high temperatures while performing effectively as detector of high-frequency radiation at frequencies to 10 billion cps and would be operable at Venus surface 

temperatures-about 700 K (800°F). Diode was developed by ERC’S 

Richard Farrell. (ERC Release 70-1) 0 Time magazine named “the Middle Americans” its Men and Women 

of the Year: “They sent Richard Nixon to the White House and two 

teams of astronauts to the moon. They were both exalted and afraid. 

The mysteries of space were nothing. . .compared with the menacing confusions of their own society.” Middle Americans admired 

“men like Neil Armstrong and, to some extent, Spiro Agnew.” Apollo 1 1 and 12 were “a quintessential adventure of American 

technology and daring.” Astronauts were “paragons of Middle 

American aspiration. Redolent of charcoal cookouts, their vocabularies an engaging mix of space jargon and ‘gee whiz,’ the space ex- plorers gave back to Middle America a v!ctory of its own values. It 

was little noted, except in Middle America where such things still 

matter, that among Neil Armstrong’s extraterrestrial baggage was a 

special badge of his college fraternity, Phi Delta Theta. He used it 

symbolically to establish Moon Alpha Chapter.” Some liberals had 

“grumbled that the Apollo program’s $26 billion would have been 

better spent on curing hunger or the urban malaise.” Yet Middle 

Americans “reveled in the lunar landings precisely because they 

were victories purely accomplished; in Vietnam, in the carious 

slums, in the polluted environment, no clear victories seemed possible any longer.” (Time, 1/5/70, 10-2) * Chicago Tribune article blamed Apollo program for demise of USAF’S 

Project Blue Book UFO study: “Wonderful as the saucers were, the 

3 
January 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

moon shots probably killed them. The idea of little men with bulbous heads and wagging antennae landing.. .wasn’t a bit more 

amazing than the spectacle of human beings traversing space and 

walking the surface of a dead world. And, in addition, the latter was 

undoubtedly true.” (C Trib, 1/5/70) * Dr. Max Born, nuclear physicist and corecipient of 1954 Nobel Prize 

in physics, died at age 87. (NYT, 1/6/70, 1) 

January 5-9: Apollo I1 Lunar Science Conference at MSC presented re- sults of first systematic studies of lunar samples by more than 500 

scientists from nine countries. Samples from Tranquility Base consisted of basaltic igneous rocks; microbreccias, which were mechanical mixture of soil and small rock fragments compacted into coherent rock; and lunar soil. Soil was mixture of crystalline and 

glassy fragments with small fragments of iron meteoroids. Most 

rock fragments derived from larger igneous rocks-probably once 

part of underlying bedrock. Some crystalline fragments might have 

come from Highlands near Tranquility site. Rocks and fragments in 

soil showed evidence of surface erosion from hypervelocity impacts 

accompanied by local melting, splashing, evaporation, and condensation. Crystalline rocks ranged from fine-grained vesicular to vuggy, medium-grained equigranular. 

Most common minerals found were pyroxene, plagioclase, ilmenite, olivine, and cristobalite. Three new minerals occurring in igneous rocks were pyroxmanganite, ferropseudobrookite, and chromium-titanium spinel. Free metallic iron and troilite, rare on earth, 

were common accessory minerals in igneous rocks. Silicate minerals were unusually transparent because of complete absence of hydrothermal alteration. Tests had shown that, at time of crystalliza- tion, observed phases could have coexisted only in very dry, highly 

reducing system in which oxygen pressure was estimated to be 10-13 

atmospheres-more than five orders of magnitude lower than for 

typical terrestrial basaltic magmas. 

Melting experiments indicated 98% of primary igneous liquid crystallized in 1483-1333 K (1210-1060°C) temperature range with 

minor interstitial liquids continuing to crystallize down to 1223 K 

(95OOC). Microscopic and microprobe examinations had produced evidence for existence of interstitial liquid rich in potassium and 

aluminum, which probably was immiscible with main liquid. Viscosity of lunar magmas was calculated anorder of magnitude below that 

of terrestrial basaltic magmas. This characteristic might be significant in explaining textural features, differentiation mechanisms that 

produced chemical composition, and morphological features of lunar seas. 

Chemical compositions of all igneous rocks were similar except 

for concentration of potassium, rubidium, cesium, uranium, tho- rium, and barium. These elements distinguished two groups of igneous rocks, with fine-grained rocks containing more than coarsegrained rocks. All rocks had high concentrations of titanium, scandium, zirconium, hafnium, yttrium, and trivalent rare earth elements, and low concentrations of sodium. Low abundance of europium was striking feature of igneous rocks. Composition of soils 

and breccias was similar to but distinguishable from igneous rocks. 

Igneous rocks contained at least one other “rock” component dis4 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 5-9 

tinct from lunar basalts sampled. Soil was rich in nickel and volatile 

elements-cadmium, zinc, silver, gold, copper, and thallium-that 

occurred in carbonaceous chondrites. Enrichment was consistent 

with observed occurrence of meteorite material in soil. 

Many elements that occurred in low abundance in lunar igneous 

rocks were strongly enriched in terrestrial crustal rocks that were 

product of igneous differentiation. It had been suggested that low 

abundance of these elements derived from residual lunar liquids was 

indication that whole moon was depleted in number of volatile elements. If inference was correct, it could be inferred that lunar material separated from high-temperature, dispersed nebula at 1273 K 

(lOOO°C) or higher. 

Coincidence of high abundance of titanium, separation of europium from other rare earth elements, and separation of barium and 

strontium suggested igneous liquids were end product of fractional 

crystallization process or, less likely, that they were produced by partial melting and subsequent segregation of liquid in lunar interior. 

High-pressure and temperature experiments had shown that materials with chemical composition of Tranquility Base basalts 

would, at conditions inferred for lunar interior, have densities exceeding moon’s average density. Therefore, basalts could not represent moon’s bulk composition. 

Age of basaltic crystalline rock was determined at 3.7 billion yrs. 

Igneous rocks were melted and crystallized about 10 billion yrs after 

moon’s formation. Single exotic rock fragment had yielded age of 

4.4 billion yrs and indicated variability in age between different 

areas on lunar surface. Relatively young basalts showed moon had 

not been completely dead planet from its formation, but that it had 

undergone significant differentiation, at least locally, in thin lunar 

crust. Period before 3.7-billion-yr event recorded in older Highland 

areas was interval in which earth’s record had been obliterated. 

Therefore much of lunar surface was important in understanding early evolution and differentiation of planets. 

Observations showed lunar materials were product of considerable geochemical and petrological evolution. Optical properties of 

soil measured in laboratories agreed with those inferred from telescopic studies and indicated thin layer of soil must have covered 

most of moon. Correlation of spectral features determined in laboratory with telescopic studies suggested that iron content of lunar 

surface might vary. Measured dielectric constant of soil agreed with 

known radar reflectivity of moon. Penetration depth suggested upper layers were electrically transparent. Measured thermal conductivity suggested that diurnal variations in temperature should extend 

to less than one meter in soil regions. Thermoluminescence studies 

on core samples showed substantial diurnal variation in temperature 12 cm (4.7 in) below surface. 

Seismic study showed that attenuation of lunar sound waves decreased with pressure. High-pressure velocities were consistent 

with those observed in Apollo 12 seismic experiments, suggesting possibility of seismic wave guide at shallow depths on moon. Natural remanent magnetization found in crystalline rocks and breccias 

suggested ancient moon might have had magnetic field with strength of few percent of earth’s field. Field existing 3.7 billion yrs ago 

5 
January 5-9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

might have been result of fluid motions in lunar interior-effect of 

earth’s field when moon and earth were closer together or result of 

processes not yet understood. 

Lunar samples were valuable for study of low-energy, weakly 

penetrating radiations and had provided sample of gases blown off 

sun in solar wind, making it possible to determine isotopic composition and abundance of elements in sun by direct measurement. Results would lead to better understanding of sun’s evolution. Studies 

of stored nuclear tracks and induced radioactivities had shown effect of bombardment by solar flare particles and suggested activity had persisted for long periods. Abundance of cosmic-ray-produced 

nuclides in samples showed some rocks had been on or within several centimeters of lunar surface for at least 10 million yrs and within 

one or two meters (three to six and a half feet) for at least 500 million yrs. 

In search for life origins on moon, micropaleontological examination of sample by optical microscopy and by electron and scanning 

electron microscopy had produced uniformly negative results. Intensive search for viable organisms using many environmental and 

media combinations had produced negative results, as had the one 

quarantine study. 

Reports given at conference were published in Jan. 30 issue of 

Science under NASA contract. (Science, 1/30/70) 

Cambridge Univ. astronomer Dr. Fred Hoyle was principal 

speaker at banquet given by National Space Hall of Fame and City 

of Houston during conference. He said it was significant that in year when men first set foot on another world, desire to save their own 

planet had suddenly blossomed. “Quite suddenly everyone worldwide has become seriously interested in protecting the environment. 

Something new has happened to create this feeling of awareness 

about our planet.” He warned that man had to face probability that 

he could no longer discover important physical laws solely by observation in earth laboratories. “We are in a transition period, and 

in the future we must rely more on outside laboratories than astronomers did in the past.” (Burgess, CSM, 1/8/70) 

January 6: Dr. Gary V. Latham, Columbia Univ. seismologist and principal seismic investigator for Apollo program, during Houston, 

Tex., press conference withdrew proposal that atomic bomb be detonated on moon. Instead, he said, NASA should find way to hit moon 

hard enough to create strong internal reverberations. Pressure from 

scientists and public had led to retraction of original proposal. (W 

Star, 1/8/70, B4) 

0 Former Astronaut Michael Collins was sworn in as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs in Washington, D.C. He would be 

responsible for State Dept. relations with U.S. public, particularly youth. (State Dept Release 3) 

0 NASA announced it was publishing new quarterly, Computer Program Abstracts, listing documented computer programs developed by and 

for NASA and DOD. First issue listed 500 programs available to domestic purchasers for nominal fee. Journal, published by Office of 

Technology Utilization, was available by subscription or from Superintendent of Documents, GPO. (NASA Release 70-1) 

6 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 6 

0 MSC announced contract awards: General Motors Corp. AC Electronics Div. received $3-million letter contract for primary navigation, 

guidance, and control system support for Apollo CM and LM; Boeing Co. received $3-million letter contract for systems engineering and 

assessment for Apollo spacecraft program; and Raytheon Co. received $1-million letter contract for 250 fixed-memory modules for 

CM and LM guidance computers in support of Apollo and Apollo 

Applications programs. (MSC Releases 70-2,70-3,70-4) 

January 7: Interagency Committee on Back Contamination notified 

NASA that Apollo 12 lunar samples and Surveyor parts could be released from LRL quarantine to principal investigators. (MSC Release 

0 MSC announced NASA had awarded United Aircraft Corp. Hamilton 

Standard Div. $5 461 203 contract supplement for changes in Apol- lo portable-life-support-system (PLSS) contract. Agreement formally 

incorporated changes permitting PLSS to accept an improved communications system supplied by NASA. (MSC Release 70-6) 0 President Nixon announced in San Clemente, Calif., redesignation of 

Secor D. Browne as Chairman and of Whitney Gillilland as Vice 

Chairman of Civil Aeronautics Board for period ending Dec. 31, 

1970. (PD, 1/12/70,35) 

January 8: NASA announced that Apollo 13 manned lunar landing mission, scheduled for launch March 12, had been rescheduled for 

April 11 to allow “additional time for more detailed analysis of spe- cific plans.” Launches after Apollo 13 were being studied to determine best interval between them to obtain maximum operational 

and scientific returns. Apollo 14, scheduled for July would be rescheduled for autumn 1970. (NASA Release 70-5) 0 Col. Douglas H. Frost (USAF) set A-7D Corsair I1 flight-endurance record with IO-hr flight from Edwards AFB, Calif., consisting of two 

roundtrips to New Mexico covering 8047 km (5000 mi), with one aerial refueling. Purpose of flight was to test aircraft for pilot comfort, 

cruise capability, and deployment characteristics during long flight. 

Col. Frost pronounced flight comfortable and did not realize he had 

set new time record for Corsair. (AFSC Release 9.70) 

NASA announced appointment of Dale D. Myers, Vice President and 

General Manager of North American Rockwell Corp.’s,Space Shuttle Program, as NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, effective Jan. 12. Myers would succeed Dr. George E. Mueller, who left NASA Dec. 10, 1969. (NASA Release 70-4) 0 U.S. and Australia would begin construction of top-secret communications station at Woomera rocket range, Australia, AP reported. 

Australian Defense Minister Malcolm Fraser had announced $4- 

million contract had been let to Australian firm. U.S. would pay 

about three fourths of construction bill. Facility would be used for 

space and defense programs. (PBull, 1/8/70,3) 0 Highly sensitive magnetometer that could measure earth’s total magnetic field 10 times more accurately than best instruments in use had 

been developed by ESSA scientists Joe H. Allen and Dale L. Vance 

and by Dr. Peter L. Bender of Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, ESSA said. Instrument was expected to disclose whether 

earthquakes were preceded by local changes in earth’s magnetic field. (ESSA Research Lab Release 69-125-357) 

70-7) 

7 
January 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Establishment of Charles S. Draper Research Center and appointment 

of MIT scientist Dr. C. S. Draper as its President were announced by 

Dr. Jerome P. Keuper, President of Florida Institute of Technology, site of new center. Dr. Draper would continue as Vice Director of 

MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which had been renamed Charles 

S. Draper Laboratory, with cognizance of DOD projects and respon- sibility for advanced technology in control navigation guidance. (FIT 

Release) 

January 9: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXVIII from Baykonur into 

orbit with 276-km (171.5-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, and 64.9” inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 21. 

(GSFC SSR, 1/15/70, 1/30/70; SBD, 1/12/70,38) 

NASA announced appointment of Philip E. Culbertson, Director of 

Project Integration for Apollo Applications Program, as NASA 

Director of Advanced Manned Missions Program, OMSF. (NASA Release 70-6) 0 GSFC announced award of $2 831 670 contract to Hughes Aircraft Co. 

to develop millimeter-wave communications experiment for NASA’s 

ATS-F satellite, scheduled for launch in 1972. Millimeter-wave frequencies would offer relief for saturated lower frequency bands and 

provide large bandwidth channels for transmission of TV and highdensity data-relay traffic. (GSFC Release 1-70) 

0 Bronzite chondrite meteorite weighing 10 kg (22 lbs) was found by Gunther Schwartz, field manager of Smithsonian Astrophysical 

Observatory’s Prairie Network, near Lost City, Okla., 73 km (45 

mi) east of Tulsa, six days after it had been photographed by network’s automatic cameras [see Jan. 31. Schwartz found meteorite 

less than three fourths kilometer (half mile) from impact point pre- dicted by Smithsonian Observatory scientist Dr. Richard E. McCrosky. (SA0 Release 70-01) 

0 Importance of studying asteroids was cited in Science by Dr. Hannes 

0. Alfven of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and Univ. 

of California at San Diego and Dr. Gustaf 0. S. Arrhenius of 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography: “There are now good reasons 

to believe that the asteroidal belt represents an intermediate stage in 

the formation of the planets. This links the present conditions in the 

asteroidal region with the epoch in which the earth and the other 

planets were accreting from interplanetary grains. Hence, in order 

to understand how the solar system originated it may be essential to 

explore the asteroids.” Since manned Mars landing would take 

place after 1980, “it is of interest to discuss whether a sample of an 

asteroid may be obtained in an easier way, at an earlier time, and as 

a technologically intermediate step.” Asteroid sample could be obtained by landing spacecraft on asteroid or by capturing small asteroid and landing it on earth’s surface or storing it in earth orbit for 

later investigation. (Science, 1/9/70, 139-41) 

Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong received honorary Doctor of 

Engineering degree from Purdue Univ. Later he told students and 

press he had no political ambitions but did not criticize astronauts 

who did. “After all, politics should have something more than-lawyers representing the people.” (AP, W Post, 1/10/70; KC Times, 

1 / 10/70). 

8 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 9 

0 DOD announced allotment of $100 000 000 to Lockheed-Georgia Co. 

under USAF contract for production of C-5A aircraft, bringing total obligated to $2 026 229 928. Contract would be managed by Aeronautical Systems Div. (DOD Release 24-70) 

January 10: ComSatCorp’s Intelsat-111 F-&first Intelsat comsat insured 

against launch failure-misfired but remained on launch pad, appar- ently undamaged. Satellite was insured for $4.5 million with Lloyd’s of London and Associated Aviation Underwriters. Launch by 

NASA, originally scheduled for Jan. 7, had been postponed because 

of bad weather and difficulties with Delta booster. (UPI, NYT, 111 I/ 

70,52; Newsweek, 1/26/70) 

0 NASA launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets carrying GSFC grenade experiments-one from Point Barrow, Alaska, and one from 

Wallops Station. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

0 The Economist commented on NASA Lunar Science Conference: “It 

has probably been a long time since so many scientists enjoyed themselves so visibly at a meeting or laughed so much or had reflected in their eyes the sheer pleasure of discovery that only children have. For the moment they are up and Nasa is down.” NASA 

was “between space programmes and is running short of friends 

and also short of cash as its budget is daily cut. The rate of moon 

shots has now been cut to two a year. This really ought not to please 

the scientists but it pleases them just the same since they have complained bitterly that they cannot conduct research at Nasa’s hectic 

pace and their work is suffering as a result. This is not exactly the 

happiest time to be a Nasa administrator waiting daily for the President’s next word but it IS a wonderful time to be a moon man.” 

(Economist, 1/10/70, 15-6) 0 Cosmonaut Pave1 Belyayev, commander of U.S.S.R.’s Voskhod II 

mission March 18, 1965, died from complications following operation for stomach ulcers. (UPI, W Star, 111 1/70, D6) 

January 1 1: Development of Fluorel, which could be applied by spray to 

fireproof material against temperatures to 1500 K (2200°F) was described by Jerome F. Lederer, Director of Safety, OMSF, in interview released by AP. Compound was developed by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. under direction of MSC engineers. Fluorinated copolymer paste developed to reduce flammability hazards in 

spacecraft consisted of 20% of Fluorel solids homogenized to form 

methylethylketone solution. It had been designated Refset L-3203-6 

by manufacturer, Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc. Fluorel would be. 

among nonflammable and fire-resistant materials developed for U.S. 

space program and reviewed by NASA for industry and Government 

agencies at safety conference at MSC in May. (AP, NYT, 1/12/70, 

0 Optical Doppler system powered by carbon dioxide laser was being 

developed by MSFC physicist Robert M. Huffnaker to detect and 

measure clear-air turbulence, MSFC announced. System, which 

measured atmospheric wind velocity directly, operated on Doppler 

radar principle except that coherent laser pulse was used instead of 

radio frequency energy. Huff naker hoped to have airborne version 

of system operational in year. (MSFC Release 70-5) 

10; NASA Release 70-7) 

9 
January II ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

0 Nixon Administration had decided against big space program for 

1970s, Thomas O’Toole wrote in Washington Post. There would be 

“no set goal for landing men on Mars, no plan to colonize the moon 

and no sudden push to orbit a permanent manned space station above the earth in the next five years.” While space program would 

“not be allowed to shrink much” in 1970, Administration would ask 

Congress for no more than $3.7 billion for space in FY 1971, “the 

lowest request for space funds in almost a decade.” Low funding level meant space spending would not rise above $4 billion annually for at least several years and new programs would not be started in 

near future. (WPost, 1/11/70, Al) 

January 11-18: Washington Evening Star published series of seven articles on environmental pollution. Many scientists feared “that the 

1970s will be the dawn of Doomsday.” Mail to White House on environment had doubled after first lunar landing. “To many, the 

flights raised the question of where technological priorities should 

be directed-into space or back on the earth?” Some astronauts had 

said that from space, air pollution was so visible it cut into the joy of 

seeing earth from hundreds or thousands of miles away. Articles 

examined “what man has done to his envirpnment, and what he can 

do to save it.” Observers saw “great promise” in National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 signed Jan. 1. “To Congress, the President, and so many others who will become embroiled in this recently dramatized issue, the task at hand can be summed up in the 

phrase ‘quality of life.’ It will be a task af cleaning up, of making the 

air and the water and the land healthier and more enjoyable. Over 

the decades, as Americans have built a richer economic standard, 

they have run up a huge bill to the natural world around them. The 

bill is overdue.” Total cost of cleaning up environment had been estimated at $100billion to $125 billion. (Hornig, Welsh, W Star, 1111-, 

18/70, Al) 

January 12: AEC Chairman, Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, in New York Times 

article predicted new frontiers for nuclear energy during 1970s. 

Major advances would include development of large commercial 

fast-breeder reactor which should lead to “breeder economy in the 

1980’s that will inaugurate vast savings in fuel resources and costs”; 

use of abundant cheap power for desalting seawater and introducing 

new industrial processes; use of nuclear fission as power source; 

and melding of nuclear and space ages “as nuclear energy becomes 

a major source of auxiliary and propulsive power for space activities.” SNAP systems for nuclear auxiliary power would become 

“principle source of electricity in space.” Seventies also would see 

expanded use of nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes, such as 

power source for navaids, for underground excavation in stimulating production of natural gas, and in extraction of minerals from 

low-grade ores and oil from oil shales. Advances were expected in 

use of radioisotopes in medicine, agriculture, and industry and in 

basic and applied research in nuclear fields. (NYT, 1/12/70,81) 

Structural failure of left wing stemming from “preexisting defect in 

the steel used in a pivot fitting where the wheel joins the fuselage” 

was cause of Dec. 22, 1969, crash of USAF F-111, Dr. Robert C. 

Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, announced. USAF would 

10 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 12 

inspect remaining F-11 1s for similar defects. (Wieghart, NYT, 11131 

70, 16) 0 Mathematics had become “key tool in almost all of the physical and social sciences,” Harry Schwartz said in New York Times. “Theories and working hypotheses in the most diverse fields are now expressed in terms of equations using not only the language of ordinary algebra, but also derivatives, matrices, and even more advanced concepts.” It was “stress on numerical results and quantitative, not qualitative, predictions, that gives the computer its present central and increasing role in scientific research.” (NYT, 1/12/70, 

81) * Editorial by Robert Hotz in Aviation Week & Space Technology out- lined space outlook for 1970: “Space will. . .see some titanic strug- gles in the market-place as the key programs in the space transportation system of the mid-1970s come up for contractor selection. 

Many observers will be misled by the relatively small dollar increases in Fiscal 1971 space budgets. Many new programs can be initiated 

with the same level of funding that was required for the Apollo era, 

plus some heavy reprogramming of existing projects that are approaching technical obsolescence much faster than any planners imagined. By judiciously paring its present programs and getting 

only a modest boost for Fiscal 1971, NASA can lay the foundations 

for the next decade’s major space program. Military space, tempo- rarily deflated by the manned orbiting laboratory cancellation, will 

trend toward a broader program involving several major new fields. 

Commercial and nOn-NASA space will provide a modestly expanding market, and the big battle between celestial and terrestrial communications is shaping into a major clash.” (Av Wk, 1/12/70, 11) 

January 13: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said at NASA 

Hq. news conference on future plans he was directing portions of 

space program to bring operations in line with FY 1971 budget. “We 

recognize the many important needs and urgent problems we face 

here on earth. America’s space achievements in the 1960’s have 

rightly raised hopes that this country and all mankind can do more to 

overcome pressing problems of society. The space program should 

inspire bolder solutions and suggest new approaches. It has already 

provided many direct and indirect benefits and is creating new 

wealth and capabilities.” Strong space program continued as one of 

Nation’s major priorities. “However, we recognize that under current fiscal restraints NASA must find new ways to stretch out current 

programs and reduce our present operational base.” NASA would 

“press forward in 1971 at a reduced level, but in the right direction 

with the basic ingredients we need for major achievements in the 

1970s and beyond. . . .we will not dissipate the strong teams that 

sent men to explore the moon and automated spacecraft to observe 

the planets.” 

NASA would suspend Saturn V production indefinitely after Saturn V 515 completion, stretch Apollo lunar missions to six-month 

launch intervals, defer lunar expeditions during AAP space station 

flights in 1972, and postpone VikinglMars 1973 unmanned lander 

launch to next Mars opportunity in 1975. Number of employees in 

NASA program was expected to decline from 190000 at end of FY 

1970 to 140 000 at close of FY 1971. 

11 
January 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Positive aspects of space program for 1970s included Apollo missions through Apollo 19, use of one Saturn V to launch first experi- mental AAP space station into earth orbit in 1972, Mars orbit by two 

unmanned spacecraft in 1971, launch of first Jupiter probe in !972, 

launch of spacecraft past Venus to Mercury in 1973, and continuation of scientific satellite launches. 

Design of reusable space shuttle would be started and first experimental space station would be launched, as planned, in 1972. FY 

1971 budget would permit proceeding with design of advanced space station as permanent base in earth orbit, continued work on NASAAEC NERVA project, practical earth applications of space technology, and advances in applications of space technology in fields such 

as meteorology and communications. Although “austere,” space 

program for 1971 was “forward looking” and contained “basic ingredients needed for an effective space program in the 1970s.” It 

would “extend our space capabilities, expand our scientific 

knowledge, and make available new applications of benefit to peo- ple here on earth.” 

In response to question, Dr. Paine said he foresaw no shutdown 

of KSC and had no plans for closing other centers. Intended actions 

“represent a decision to proceed through the year 1971 and see what 

our studies turn up. I think it is important to realize these are very 

advanced, perhaps, and we have a lot to learn about the technologi- cal feasibility, the cost, schedules-and I wouldn’t want to say we 

now have a complete free road into the future. We don’t.’’ Asked if 

he thought NASA was close to point where “team started falling to 

pieces,” Dr. Paine said that “you can carry out space programs for 

the United States at a large number of different levels. I think the 

level we have now is a level we can take great pride in and I think 

the country in the 1970’s will be very proud of the achievements 

NASA will turn in.” (Transcript) 

At NASA Hq. news conference on future NASA plans Julian Scheer, 

Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, announced that 10-kg 

(22-lb) meteorite recovered Jan. 9 near Lost City, Okla., had come 

from orbit which took it outside Mars’ orbit at planet’s farthest point from sun. (Transcript) 0 NASA launched four sounding rockets from Churchill Research Range. 

Two Nike-Cajuns carried GSFC grenade experiments. Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Michigan experiment to study atmospheric struc- ture. Nike-Tomahawk carried Univ. of Maryland payload through 

northern edge of bright aurora to 259-km (160.9-mi) altitude to observe visual aurora. Observations included measurement of energy 

spectra of auroral electrons and auroral lights, measurement of electric fields, and measurement of visual aurora and aurora at three 

wavelengths. (SR list: NASA Rpt SRL) 

Robert J. Perchard of Bourne, Mass., had obtained exclusive royalty- free patent license from NASA to manufacture and sell inflatable life 

raft developed for manned space flight program, NASA announced. 

Patent had been issued to NASA Nov. I I, 1964. Nontippable raft 

with radar-reflective surface had been part of survival equipment aboard all Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft. Under NASA 

patent policy exclusive royalty-free license could be granted if 

commercial use of invention had not occurred within two years after 

12 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 13 

patent’s issuance. Perchard had become interested in developing 

new life raft after death of his son at sea during Coast Guard air rescue mission. (NASA Release 70-3) 0 Massachusetts Gov. Francis W. Sargent visited President Nixon at 

White House to discuss other uses for ERC complex in Cambridge, 

Mass., which NASA was closing. Later governor told press he had 

received “commitment” from President to seek other uses for the 

Center and he hoped Administration would consider other kinds of 

Federal research. (Doyle, W Star, 1/14/70, A15) 

0 Pan American World Airways’ Boeing 747 arrived at London Airport after first passenger transatlantic crossing. Aircraft, world’s largest 

passenger plane, carried 361 passengers-mostly staff-on 6-hr 30- 

min flight from John F. Kennedv International AirDort in New 

York. First regularly scheduled psssenger flight had ‘been set for 

Jan. 21. (NYT, 1/13/70,73) 

* In FAA precertification test of Boeing 747 superjet airliner at Roswell, 

N. Mex., 423 Roswell residents proved passengers could be evacuated through four hatches in less than 86 secs. Five hatches were to 

have been used, but one evacuation chute failed and “passengers” had to scramble out of remaining exits. (UPI, W Star, 1/14/70, A6) 

0 TV commentator Walter Cronkite was named by Boston Museum, 

Boston, Mass., as 1970 recipient of Bradford Washburn Award for 

his “superlative presentation” of U.S. space program. Gold medal 

and $5000 honorarium were awarded annually in spring for “outstanding contribution toward public understanding of science, ap- preciation of its fascination, and the vital role it plays in all our 

lives.” (UPI, NYT, 1/16/70) 

0 Boeing Co. would lay off some 18000 persons in Puget Sound area 

during 1970, company Vice President Lowell P. Michelwait said in 

Seattle. Company employed 101 500 in peak year 1968. Nationwide force declined by.25 500 during 1969. Boeing employment in 

Seattle area was 80 000 and would drop to 62 000. Figures indicated 40% drop in work force in 2 1/2 yrs. Decline was attributed to slower 

commercial aircraft sales, failure to win new Government contracts, 

reduced Government spending, completion of current Government 

contracts, and increased productivity in 747 jet airliner assembly 

lines. (AP, NYT, 1/14/70) 

* Blanche S. Scott, first woman pilot in US, died at age 84. Mrs. Scott 

had made solo flight in Hammondsport, N.Y., Sept. 6, 1910, in Curtiss Pusher aircraft and had become first woman to ride in jet aircraft in 1948. (UPI. WPost, 1/14/70, C6) 

January 13-14: NASA successfully launched one Nike-Cajun and six 

Nike-Apache sounding rockets carrying chemical cloud experiments from Wallops Station between 5:36 pm and 6:35 am EST. 

Rockets ejected vapor trails between 40- and 217-km (25- and 135- 

mi) altitudes to measure wind velocities and directions. 

Nike-Apache launched at dusk was unsuccessful because 2nd 

stage failed to ignite. Nike-Apache launched at dawn carried sodium 

experiment that created reddish-orange cloud visible for hundreds 

of miles along East Coast. Nike-Cajun and four Nike-Apaches carried trimethylaluminum (TMA) payloads that formed pale white 

clouds. Data were obtained by photographing continuously motions 

13 
January 13-14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

of trails from five ground-based camera sites. Similar tests had been 

conducted Feb. 13-14, 1969. 

In conjunction with vapor series two Nike-Apaches and one 

Nike-Cajun were launched at 6:47 am, 12:23 pm, and 1255 pm EST 

Jan. 14, carrying acoustic grenade experiments to obtain correlative data on atmosphere between 48- and !21-km (30- and 75-mi) altitudes by detonating grenades and recording their sound arrivals on 

ground. Arcas was launched at 1:27 pm EST Jan. 14 to obtain additional meteorological data. (WS Release 70- 1) 

January 14-16: Intelsat-III F-6 was successfully launched by NASA for 

ComSatCorp on behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium, after series of delays including misfiring Jan. 10. 

The 293.9-kg (648-Ib) cylindrical satellite, launched from ETR at 7:16 

pm EST by four-stage long-tank, thrust-augmented Thor-Delta booster, entered elliptical transfer orbit with 35 871.2-km (22 289.3- 

mi) apogee, 289.5-km (179.9-mi) perigee, 634.5-min period, and 28.05’ inclination. All systems were functioning normally. 

Apogee motor was fired at 8:29 am EST Jan. 16 to place satellite in 

near-synchronous orbit of 35 900-km (22 300-mi) altitude over Atlantic and antenna was deployed. Full-time commercial service was 

scheduled to begin Feb. 1, with 955 circuits carrying telephone and telegraph traffic between 17 earth stations in Atlantic region. Satellite could also carry TV traffic at same time and had 1200-circuit 

capacity. Intelsat-ZIZF-6 was fourth successful launch in Intelsat 111 series. 

Last successful mission, Intelsat-III F-4 (May 21-23, 1969), had 

been followed by Intelsat-ZII F-5 (July 25, 1969), which failed to 

reach planned orbit. (GSFC Dir Wkly Rpt; ComSatCorp Releases 70- 

I, 70-4,70-6; Proj Off) 

January 14: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB 

by Titan IIIB-Agena D booster. Satellite entered orbit with 407.2- 

km (253-mi) apogee, 125.5-km (78-mi) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 

109.9’ inclination and reentered Feb. 1. (Pres Rpt 71: GSFC SSR, 

111 5/70: 2/15/70) 

At NASA Hq. briefing, NASA and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory officials displayed and described 10-kg (22-lb) meteorite found 

by Prairie Network [see Jan. 91. Observatory’s Dr. Richard McCrosky said meteorite was “not sucked into earth by gravity.” It 

had flamed through atmosphere on direct collision course and was 

“almost a direct hit. Earth’s gravity had a very little role.” Eight billion meteors struck earth’s atmosphere daily, but most burned out 

and only few remaining ones were discovered. NASA official said 

Lost City, Okla., meteorite was “freshest” ever examined. (NASA 

PAO; WPost, 1/14/70, A7) 

Cancellation of 8743070 first day covers of moon landing postage stamp-nearly trebling previous top of three million covers canceled-was announced by Postmaster General Winton M. Blount. 

Requests for souvenir envelope commemorating Jul 20, 1969, 

tries and reached 60 000-80 000 daily within days after stamp was 

announced July 9, 1969. Stamp sales totaled 9 614 685, with value of 

$961 468.50. Previous record had been set in 1962 for stamp comApollo 11 lunar landing had been received from 100 di P erent coun14 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 14 

memorating first U.S. earth-orbiting flight by Astronaut John H. 

Glenn, Jr. (PO Dept Philatelic Release 3) 0 Former President Lyndon B. Johnson was briefed on Apollo 12 mission by Astronauts Alan L. Bean, Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and 

Charles Conrad, Jr.; at LBJ ranch near Stonewal1,Tex. (P Bull, 

1 / 15/70) 

FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer said in speech before Aviation/ Space Writers Assn. in New York that FAA was not satisfied with 

Boeing 747 jumbo jet emergency evacuation system after Jan. 13 

tests at Roswell, N. Mex. If problem of chute failure was not solved 

by Jan. 21, scheduled start of Pan American World Airways’ 747 

service between New York and London might be delayed. (Lindsey, NYT, 1/15/70,77) 0 U.S.S.R. had agreed in December to build comsat station in Cuba, 

Philadelphia Inquirer reported. Experts had said purpose could be 

to monitor and track U.S. missiles. Officially station was to permit exchange of radio and TV between Moscow and Havana. (P Znq, 

1 / 14/70) 

January 15: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXIX from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 1490-km (925.8-mi) apogee, 195-km (121.2-mi) perigee, 

101.9-min period, and 81.8” inclination. Satellite reentered July 1. 

(GSFC SSR, 1/15/70; 7/31/70; SF, 7/70,282) 0 Interagency Committee on Back Contamination suggested elimination 

of requirement for quarantine after lunar exploration because no 

evidence of back contamination had been found after Apollo 11 and 

12 missions. Committee report released to press said, “There is no 

need to impose quarantine on the crews, the lunar samples or equipment on subsequent missions.” (AP, W Post, 1/16/70, A5) 

Mrs. Richard M. Nixon christened Clipper Young America, Pan 

American World Airways’ first operational Boeing 747, in Dulles 

International Airport ceremony. Aircraft was parked alongside 

Boeing 707 and 40-yr old Ford Trimotor, first aircraft flown by Pan 

Am. (AP, WPost, 1/16/70, 14) 0 Advertisement offering “genuine” moon rock fragments at $1 per 

carat had been denounced as fraud by West German police in 

Frankfurt. Check with U.S. authorities had revealed fragments could not possibly have come from Apollo 11 samples, AP reported. 

( W Post, 1/16/70, A12) 0 USN announced support aircraft carrier U.S.S. Hornet would be inactivated by June 30. Ship, which had served as recovery vessel in 

Apollo missions, would be mothballed after 26 yrs of service. (DOD 

Release 38-70) 0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe and Under Secretary of 

Transportation James M. Beggs met with West German Minister of 

Transport and of Postal Affairs and Communications George Leber 

in Washington, D.C. They agreed to give priority to continuing col- laboration on R&D in transportation technology. (DOT Release 2170) 

Czechoslovakian press agency CTK had said in Prague that astronomical dictionary in seven languages, issued by Czechoslovakia’s Akademia publishing house, was first work of its kind in world, AP reported. (NYT, 1/15/70, 12) 0 Denver Post editorial commented: “The earth problems seem to us 

more important at the moment than the space problems, and human . 15 
January IS ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

survival will be in jeopardy unless the earth problems are solved. 

Instead of allowing some of NASA’s talents and resources to leave 

the public service, we believe they could be put to work developing 

scientific and technological solutions to the problems of environment.” (D Post, 1/15/70,22) 

January 16: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXX from Kapustin Yar into orbit with 297-km (184.6-mi) apogee, 239-km (148.5-mi) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 48.4” inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 10. 

(GSFC SSR, 1/31/70; 2/15/70; SF, 7/70,282) 0 U.K.’s Skynet A (IDCSP-A) comsat, launched by NASA for USAF Nov. 

21, 1969, was adjudged successful by NASA. Satellite was adjusted into final orbit Jan. 7 and USAF reported all systems were operating 

satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 0 MSC released Surveyor III spacecraft parts, returned from moon to 

earth by Apollo 12 crew, from LRL quarantine for examination by 

principal investigators. (MSC Release 70-10) 0 NASA launched two Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets from Churchill 

Research Range. One carried GSFC payload to 210-km (130.5-mi) altitude to measure extreme uv auroral emissions. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, but door covering photometer did 

not deploy. Second rocket carried Univ. of Maryland payload into 

bright aurora to 252-km (156.6-mi) altitude to make detailed observations of visual aurora. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and good data were obtained. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

0 Bullpup-Cajun sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Wallops Station, carried GSFC payload to 41-km (25.5-mi) altitude to measure 

ozone distribution in mesosphere and stratosphere and ozone in 20- 

to 65-km (12- to 40-mi) region. Rocket underperformed because of 

pitch-roll lock-in during 2nd-stage burn, which increased coning 

angle. Instrument performance was satisfactory. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

USAF grounded all 10 C-5A transports, world’s largest aircraft, after 

discovery of wing crack in aircraft undergoing modifications at 

Lockheed-Georgia Go. plant. Crack was in same area where weakness had been reported during earlier static load tests, USAF said. 

(AP, WPost, 1/17/70, Al) 0 Use of range and Doppler tracking data to determine earth-moon mass 

ratio and mass of Mars was described in Science by JPL astronomers 

John D. Anderson, Leonard Efron, and S. Kuen Wong. Accurate 

navigation of Mariner VI and VII to Mars had required use of twoway, phase-coherent range and Doppler tracking data from NASAJPL Deep Space Network. Coverage of both Mariners from launch 

to encounter with Mars, closest approach to Mars, and beyond had 

provided new information on ratio of mass of earth to that of moon; 

Mars gravity field, particularly planet’s mass; and ephemerides of 

Mars and earth. Data complemented Doppler data from Mariner IV 

with exception of inconsistency of about 0.0004% in values for mass 

of moon determined from lunar trajectories. Determinations of 

mass of Mars by Manner IV and VI were in agreement. (Science, 

0 Gen. James Ferguson, AFSC Commander, delivered graduation address before Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards AFB, Calif.: “To the man in the street, we may have made it look too easy to 

prevent nuclear wars for more than 20 years, to deter or contain lim1 / 16/70,277-9) 

16 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 16 

ited wars, and even to put men on the moon. The average American 

may well be bored by the third moon landing, but the Soviet plan- ners-who know exactly what magnitude of effort is involved-do 

not get bored. They see us researching and developing new strategic and tactical weapons; they see us producing the largest airplane in 

the world and developing a new superiority fighter and advanced 

bomber; they see us committed to a larger and faster supersonic 

transport. And, knowing full well that they had a significant head 

start, they see us on the moon-in living color.” They “know in the 

Kremlin-far better than most of our own laymen know-the time, 

the effort, the skill and dedication, and the vast commitment of resources all this requires. To them, what we do does not look easy- and in any contest of endurance, it must by now have become obvious that our far greater productivity must inevitably prevail.” 

(Text) 

William T. Piper, founder of Piper Aircraft Cor .-one of world’s 

largest light-aircraft corporations-died at age I 9. Piper, known as 

“the Henry Ford of aviation,’’ had built more aircraft than anyone 

else in the world, including durable, inexpensive Piper Cub. (Krebs, 

NYT, 1/17/70,31) 

January 17: Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Nixon 

Administration’s cut in space funding: “The lowering of the sights in space is regrettable. It is unfortunate that, with the new frontier 

now open to us, we cannot move out to the full extent of our technical ability. But the decision to cut down on expenditures and to 

spread out the enormous cost of space exploration was no 

mistake.. . . The planets and the ocean of space beyond have endured for quite some time. They will wait undisturbed for man’s intrusions. The economy is not so accommodating.” (W Star, 1/17/70, 

A4) 0 Bob P. Helgeson, former NASA Director of Safety, died of cancer at 

age 49. Helgeson had retired from NASA in September 1969 because 

of illness. He had been Deputy Manager of AEC’S Hanford Atomic 

Works and Director of AEC-NASA nuclear rocket development station in Jackass Flats, Nev., before becoming Director of Safety in 

January 1968. (W Post, 1/19/70, D4) 

January 18: Lockheed-Georgia Co. said 8 of 10 C-5As grounded by USAF 

Jan. 16 because of wing crack had been cleared to fly again. (AP, 

NYT, 1/20/70,33) 

Mt. Palomar Observatory and Mt. Wilson Observatory were collectively renamed Hale Observatories, in honor of founder George E. 

Hale. As California facilities operated jointly by Cal Tech and Carnegie Institution of Washington, Mt. Palomar housed 5080-mm (200- 

in) Hale telescope, world’s largest optical telescope, and Mt. Wilson, 1524-mm (60-in) reflection telescope. (UPI, W News, 1/19/70, 

14) 0 In Washington Sunday Star William Hines advocated abandonment of 

SST program “and substitution of a longer range objective: a hypersonic transport airplane (HST) to become operational around 1990.” 

R&D for 500-passenger, 8000-km-per-hr (5000-mph) global-range HST 

was “going to be bought and paid for anyway” as part of NASA’s 

space shuttle program. This would be a classic case of ‘spinoff’-a byproduct of the space program useful to the civilian economy.” 

17 
January 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

There seemed little doubt “that an aerospace-plane capable of shuttling Earth-to-orbit could be adapted to serve long-range world markets as a pure airplane if travel demands could be shown to justify 

its construction.” SST was “not a spinoff but a drainoff .” Its “most 

dubious aspect” was “direct federal subsidy of R&D, which in effect 

amounts to a $1.5 billion loan to private enterprise at zero interest,” 

Hines said. (W Star, 1/18/70, C4) 

During Week of January 18: India successfully test-fired four Rohini 

rockets at Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station. Additional launches would be conducted following week. (AP, W Post, 1/23/ 

70, A21) 

January 19: NASA’s HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter C. 

Hoag (USAF), reached 25 600-m (84 000-ft) altitude and mach 1.3 

during powered flight after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 13 700-111 

(45 000-ft) altitude west of Rosamond, Calif. Purpose of flight, 32nd 

in series, was to obtain stability and control data. (NASA Proj Off) 

0 Modularized equipment transport system (METS) to be used by lunar 

explorers starting with October 1971 Apollo 14 mission was described by MSC Chief of Crew Systems Div. Robert E. Smylie in interview at AIAA’S annual Aerospace Sciences meeting in New York. 

Two-wheel, rickshaw-like cart would double walking range on moon 

and increase sample collection. Other plans to improve astronauts’ 

mobility included more flexible spacesuits, modified LM that could 

stay more than two days on moon, and improved backpack to allow 

astronauts to work outside spacecraft for more than six hours at-a 

time. Cart, 7.6 cm (30 in) high, weighing 9 kg (20 lbs), had been designed with attachments for cameras, tools, and scientific equipment. It would be carried to moon folded in compartment outside 

LM. (Wilford, NYT, 1/20/70,46) 

Apollo 12 commander Charles Conrad, Jr., received award of excellence from Governor’s Committee of 100 000 Pennsylvanians at 

ceremonies in Pittsburgh. Conrad, cited for excellence in science 

and technology, was born in Philadelphia. Ceremony climaxed day during which Conrad and Apollo 12 Astronauts Alan L. Bean and 

Richard F. Gordon, Jr., toured Pennsylvania. (P Bull, 1/19/70, 1/20/ 

70) 

0 Vice President Spiro T. Agnew completed 12-nation Asiatic goodwill 

tour which began Dec. 26, 1969. On return to Washington, D.C., he 

was accompanied by Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford and wife, who 

had joined tour at Bangkok, Thailand, Jan. 3. Astronaut Eugene A. 

Cernan and wife had accompanied Agnew party as far as Afghanistan and had returned to U.S. Jan. 9. During tour Vice President distributed chips from Apollo I I moon rock to government representa- tives and passed out foreign flags that had been carried to moon 

aboard Apollo 11 spacecraft. (Off of VP; Naughton, NYT, 1/13/70, 

C3) 

0 Second fragment of Lost City, Okla., meteorite weighing 277.8 g (9.8 

oz) had been found by farmer Philip Halpain in Lost City pasture, 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory announced. It had been 

flown to Richland, Wash., for analysis of short-lived radioactive 

byproducts of radiation in outer space. (McElheny, Boston Globe, 

1/20/70) 

18 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 19 

* USAF ordered that C-SAs, world’s largest aircraft, be limited to carry- ing 50% of intended capacity until each could be fitted with wing- strengthening braces. Senate Armed Services Committee announced it would investigate C-5A structural soundness before authorizing further funds for aircraft’s production. (Homan, W Post, 

1/20/70, A3) * FAA Deputy Administrator David D. Thomas announced his resigna- tion and retirement, effective Feb. 15. He had joined FAA as air 

traffic controller in 1938 and had worked his way up to second-ranking job in agency. Following resignation of Gen. William F. McKee 

in 1968, Thomas had served as acting FAA administrator for eight 

months. (NYT, 1/19/70,71; UPI, W Post, 1/20/70, A12) 

Kansas City Times editorial commented on effect of budget cuts on 

future of NASA programs: Cutback of 50000 employees, many in 

production jobs, would not alone be critical. “The real damage 

would come with the loss of key scientific personnel and teams engaged in shaping the medium and long-term future of the U.S. space 

effort. Lucrative opportunities in education and industry await such people, and they are not about to fritter away their talents and careers in trying to hold together an underfunded program whose goals 

are either limited or uncertain.” (KC Times, 1/19/70,28) * Aviation Week & Space Technology quoted from article by Soviet 

Academician Boris N. Petrov that had appeared in July 1969 Space World. Communist Party First Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev had 

praised manned orbital platform as possible “cosmodrome in space, 

a launch platform for flights to other planets. There will emerge 

great scientific laboratories for the study of space technology and 

biology, medicine and geophysics, astronomy, and astrophysics.” 

Platform was “the main highway into space for man.” (Av Wk, 

1/19/70, 18) * Pace of U.S. space exploration program had been “critically slowed and its direction is in serious doubt,” William J. Normyle said in 

Aviation Week & Space Technology. “Manned and unmanned programs are being severely curtailed by the Nixon Administration’s 

refusal to commit itself to a firm post-Apollo Ian while beset with 

social and economic problems.” (Av Wk, 1119b0, 16) 

January 19-21: AIAA held eighth Aerospace Sciences meeting in New 

York. 

At banquet Jan. 20, $10000 Goddard Award was presented to 

Gerhard Neumann, Vice President and Group Executive of GE Aircraft Engine Group, for “pioneering achievements in the development of high performance aircraft gas turbine engines, including the 

invention of the variable stator compressor system that is making possible an engine generation of both subsonic and supersonic engines, and for leadership in fostering the development of the high 

bypass turbofan .” 

AIAA Sylvanus Albert Reed Award of $500 was presented to Dr. 

Richard T. Whitcomb, Jr., Head of 8-Foot Tunnels Branch at LaRC, 

for “the imaginative use of wind tunnel. experimentation for the solution of aerodynamic problems for the improvement of aerodynamic performances of transonic aircraft.” AIAA Space Science Award 

of $500 was given to Dr. Carl E. McIlwan, Univ. of California at 

San Diego physicist, for ordering radiations trapped in earth’s geo19 
January 19-2 I ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

magnetic field and for outstanding investigations of these radiations. 

Newton A. Lieurance, ESSA Director of Aviation Affairs, received 

$500 Robert M. Losey Award for outstanding contributions to the 

science of meteorology as applied to aeronautics. Dr. Wilmot N. 

Hess, ESSA Director of Research Laboratories, received $500 G. 

Edward Pendray Award “for an outstanding contribution to the literature in the field of space physics by synthesizing and reflecting in 

a single text the results of a decade of research on ‘The Radiation 

Belt and Magnetosphere.’ ” (AIAA Release: Langley Researcher, 

1/23/70, I) 

AIAA Board established Committee for International Cooperation 

in Space with Dean Francis H. Clauser of Cal Tech as chairman. 

Committee would give AIAA contact point with aerospace men and 

societies in countries around the world through IAF and other international groups. (A&A, 8/70,25) 

January 20: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXI from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 473-km (293.9-mi) apogee, 271-km (168.4-mi) perigee, 

91.9-min period, and 70.9” inclination. Satellite reentered March 23. 

(GSFC SSR, 1/31/70; 3/31/70; SF, 7/70,282) 0 FAA approved Boeing 747 jumbo jet for commercial service. ( W Post, 

1/21/70, D9) 

Results of study by ARC geologist Dr. William L. Quaide contradicted 

4.5-billion-yr age reported for oldest sample at Jan. 5-9 Lunar Science Conference in Houston, ARC announced. Most of thick layer of 

lunar soil and rocks at Tranquility Base appeared to have been 

formed from local volcanic bedrock underlying Apo//o I1 landing site. Bedrock had been dated by three methods at approximately 

3.65 billion yrs old. Same dating methods had shown one sample to 

be almost 1 billion yrs older, or 4.5 billion yrs old. Dr. Quaide had 

found when individual particles of rock were taken from soil and 

dated they again measured at 3.65-billion-yr age. (ARC Release 70-1) 0 President Nixon had asked Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Science Adviser, to 

explore future use of ERC, Office of Science and Technology announced. (OST PIO) 

0 Richard C. McCurdy, immediate past president and chief executive 

officer of Shell Oil Co., was sworn in as NASA consultant. He would 

serve on Management Advisory Panel. (NASA Release 70-9) 0 MSFC announced appointment of Robert E. Lindstrom as Deputy 

Director of Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Science and 

Engineering Directorate. Lindstrom had worked in aerospace industry since his resignation from NASA in 1963. (MSFC Release 70-10) 0 Astronauts Alan L. Bean, R. Walter Cunningham, and Joseph P. 

Kerwin, grounded Dec. 23, 1969, for minor infractions of aircraft 

flight rules, resumed training in T-38 jet aircraft at MSC. (UPI. w 

Star, 1/21/70, A7) 

Many Turkish peasants were convinced that flu that had been ravaging Turkey came from germs brought to earth by Apollo astronauts, San 

Francisco Chronicle said. Peasants thought astronauts had been 

imprisoned in room for bringing microbes back from the moon and 

that wind had carried microbes from space capsule to Europe and 

Turkey. Charges were appearing in Turkish press. (Arnow, SF 

Chron , 1 /20/70) 

20 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 20 

e Agreement to reduce jet aircraft air pollution by 1972 was reached in 

Washington, D.C., by Nixon Administration and representatives from 31 scheduled and charter U.S. airlines. Airlines agreed to install pollution control devices on 1000 Boeing 727 and 737 and DC-9 

aircraft during regular maintenance overhauls. Devices, called burner cans, would eliminate 70%-80% of solid particles spewed into air 

by jets. (Curry, WPost, 1/21/70, A2) 0 Washington Post editorial commented on Boeing 747 jumbo jet debut: “We have a sneaking suspicion that the 747, as the new behemoth of 

the skies is called, has appeared on the scene three or four years 

prematurely. It is, or so everyone who has flown in it says, a magnif- icent airplane that brings a jump in passenger comfort equal to or 

surpassing that which occurred when the smaller jets went into service. But passenger comfort in the air is only part of the business of 

air travel and it looks to us as if other parts of that business-the 

airports and the airlines themselves, to be exact-are not really 

ready.” (W Post, 1/20/70, A14) 

January 21: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXII from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 311-km (193.34) apogee, 195-km (121.2-mi) perigee, 

89.5-min period, and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 29. 

(GSFC SSR, 1/31/70; SF, 7170,282) e Scientists at Royal Observatory in Edinburgh unveiled Galaxy, machine conceived by Dr. P. N. Fellgett of Reading Univ., Scotland, 

to measure star images at rate of 10 000 per hr. Machine had found 

1103 stars less than 28 million yrs old in constellation Perseus, 

where only 15 had been found previously. Galaxy contained Elliot 4130 computer linked to 406-mm (16411) Schmidt telescope and 

could measure accuracy of star’s position to one micron. British 

scientists said they believed machine established world lead in astronomy for U.K. (WPost, 1/21/70, A3) 0 AIAA announced reelection of Dr. Ronald Smelt as AIAA President and 

of Dr. John C. Houbolt as Vice President-Technical and election of 

eight new Directors: Dr. Mac C. Adams, Vice President and Deputy Group Executive of Avco Government Products Group and former NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and 

Technology; A. Scott Crossfield, Division Vice President for Flight Research and Development for Eastern Air Lines; Christopher C. 

Kraft, Jr., MSC Deputy Director; Carlos C. Wood, Division Vice 

President of United Aircraft Corp.’s Sikorsky Aircraft Div.; Edward N. Hall, Assistant Chief Scientist for United Aircraft Corp.’s 

Corporate Technical Staff; Dr. Walter T. Olsen, LeRC Assistant 

Director; Alan Y. Pope, Director of Aerothermodynamics for Sandia Corp.; and Charles W. Duffy, Jr., Director of Personnel for 

Boeing Co.’s Commercial Airplane Div., SST Branch. (AIAA Release) 0 Officials from Massachusetts, City of Cambridge, and ERC met at 

White House with Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, President’s Science Adviser, to discuss prospects for new uses for ERC facilities. (OSTPIO) 

0 Portuguese Government announced plans to establish permanent 

study committee on space exploration. Committee would collect, 

collate, and study information on space travel, promote training of 

scientists and technicians, and maintain contact with world organizations on space exploration. (Reuters, W Post, 1/22/70, A7) 

21 
January 2 I ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

FAA reported it had executed 513 grant agreements committing $107.5 

million for airport development during FY 1969 and raising 23-yr total of grants provided under Federal-aid Airport Program to almost $1.2 billion. (FAA Release 70-6) 

Consumer adviser and safety advocate Ralph Nader released report in 

Washington, D.C., to Government agencies and industry spokesmen. It charged that travel by light aircraft was most dangerous form of transportation in U.S. and that general-aviation industry 

had neglected simple remedies which could save hundreds of lives 

annually. (AP, W Star, 1/22/70, A4) 0 DOD announced USAF contract awards: $1 800 000 supplemental 

agreement to NIT for basic research on properties of matter in intense magnetic fields, managed by Office of Scientific Research; and 

$354 000 initial increment to $1 062 000 cost-reimbursement contract 

to Trustees of Princeton Univ. for basic research on hypersonic 

flow, managed by Aeronautical Systems Div. (DOD Release 54-70) 

January 21-22: Pan American World Airways Boeing 747 jumbo jet 

completed first commercial transatlantic flight in 7-hr 8-min flight from New York to London with 196 passengers and 18 crew members. (Witkin, NYT, 1/23/70,93) 

January 22: Discovery by Oao ZZ of great hydrogen cloud surrounding 

comet Tago-Sato-Kosaka was announced by NASA. Instruments in 

Univ. of Wisconsin payload aboard Oao ZI, launched Dec. 7, 1968, 

had first studied comet Jan. 14 as it moved from sun. Data gathered 

to date had shown hydrogen cloud surrounding comet’s head was 

large as sun. Data and ground-based observations should facilitate 

more accurate determination of amount of mass ejected from comet 

and provide better knowledge of its composition, NASA said. (NASA 

Release 70-10) 

President Nixon delivered State of the Union Message before Joint Session of Congress: “The moment has arrived to harness the vast 

energies and abundance of this land to the creation of a new American experience. . .more truly a reflection of the goodness and grace of the human spirit. The seventies will be a time of new beginnings, 

a time of exploring both on the earth and in the heavens, a time of 

discovery .” 

GNP would increase by $500 billion in next 10 yrs-increase greater than entire growth of U.S. economy from 1790 to 1950. “Our 

purpose in this period should not be simply better management of 

the programs of the past. The time has come for a new quest-a 

quest not for a greater quantity of what we have had but for a new 

quality of life in America.” 

President proposed total reform of welfare system; assessment and reform of institutions of government at Federal, state, and local 

level; and “reforms which will expand the range of opportunities for 

all Americans.” Greatest question of seventies was “shall we surrender to our surroundings or shall we make our peace with nature 

and begin to make reparations for the damage we have done to our 

air, to our land, and to our water?” 

President would propose to Congress $10 billion nationwide clean 

waters program “to put modern municipal waste treatment plants in 

every place in America where they are needed to make our waters 

clean again.. .now.” He called for further advances in engine de22 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 22 

sign and fuel composition for automobile, ''our worst polluter of the 

air," and new rural environment to reverse migration to urban centers. He also planned balanced FY 1971 budget to help stop rise of 

cost of living. ". . . I see a new America as we celebrate our 200th anniversary 6 

years from now. I see an America in which we have abolished hunger, provided the means for every family in the nation to obtain a 

minimum income, made enormous progress in providing better 

housing, faster transportation, improved health, and superior education. . . . I see an America in which we have made great strides 

in stopping pollution of our air, cleaning up our-water, opening up our parks, continuing to explore in space. Most important, I see an 

America at peace with all the nations of the world. 

"This is not an impossible dream. The goals are within our 

reach. . . . Let it not be recorded that we were the first American 

generation that had the means but not the vision to make this dream 

come true." (PD, 1/26/70,58-66) 

Univ. of Southern California conferred degree of M.S. in aerospace 

engineering on Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong. Astronaut 

had pursued graduate studies under usc-Edwards AFB program from 1955 to 1960 and had nearly completed degree requirements 

when he was transferred. Lecture delivered Jan. 22 by Armstrong 

on "Lunar Landing: Techni ues and Procedures" completed requirements. (AP, W Star, 1/23970) 

MSFC announced selection of Chrysler Corp., General Electric Co., 

and Boeing Co. for competitive negotiations leading to three-year, $25-million, cost-plus-incentive-award-fee contract for management, sustaining engineering, and logistics support for Saturn 

ground support equipment and for operations and maintenance of 

Saturn systems development facilities. (MSFC Release 70-12) 

January 23: NASA successfully launched ltos l(Tiros-M) Improved Tiros 

Operational Satellite from WTR at 3:31 am PST by two-stage, longtank Thor-Delta (DSV-3N-6) booster with six solid-fuel, strap-on 

Thiokol rockets. Satellite entered polar, sun-synchronous orbit with 

1478.2-km (918.7-mi) apogee, 1432.3-km (890:2-mi) perigee, 115-min 

period, 102" inclination, and 0.02" per day orbital drift. 

Australis Oscar V (Oscar A) Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio, carried pickaback on 2nd stage, was successfully ejected and 

entered orbit with 1482-km (920.9-mi) apogee, 1434-km (891.1-mi) 

perigee, 115-min period, and 101.9' inclination. Oscar V was fifth in 

series of Oscar launches; previous spacecraft had been launched in 

conjunction with DOD missions. Satellite had been constructed by 

amateur radio operators at Melbourne Univ. in Australia and pre- pared for launch by U.S. Radio Amateur Satellite Corp.; 17.7-kg 

(39-lb) satellite would transmit at 29.45 mhz in 10-m band and 144.5 

mhz in 2-m band. 

Primary objective of ltos I was to flight-qualify prototype space- craft for Improved Tiros Operational System and obtain engineering 

data for evaluation of single-momentum, wheel-stabilized system for earth-oriented stabilized platform. Secondary objective was to 

evaluate use of stabilized platform for operational meteorology by 

observing cloud cover by direct readout. 

23 
January 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

January 23: NASA IaunchedItos I Improved Tiros Opera- tional Satellite into orbit to photograph the earth day 

and night and flight-qualify the spacecraft for use in the 

National Operational Meteorological Satellite System. Itos I would take night infrared pictures and transmit 

cloud-top and surface temperatures. TV photos could 

be received by automatic picture transmission system 

stations. "Super-six" version of two-stage, long-tank 

Thor-Delta launch vehicle (at rightbthrust augmented for the first time by six solid-fuel strap-on Castor rockets instead of three-made its debut to orbit the spacecraft weighing more than twice as much as previous Tos 

satellites. Before the launch, above, the spacecraft was photographed as it was prepared for mating to the IleltaN at the Western Test Range. Oscar V was launched 

pickaback for use by amateur radio operators at Melbourne University, Australia. 

24 
ASTRONAUWCS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 23 

Itos I was first in new series of operational meteorological satellites to be launched in joint NASA-ESSA program to replace TOS satellites operating in National Operational Meteorological Satellite System. Itos I weighed 306 kg (675 1bs)-more than twice as much as 

previous TOS satellites-and carried both automatic picture transmission (APT) and advanced vidicon camera system (AVCS) cameras, previously carried on separate missions. Satellite was boxshaped with three-panel solar array and had new “stabilite” threeaxis stabilization system. Onboard experiments included two redundant AVCS cameras for stored global cloud-cover data for remote 

readout; two redundant APT cameras for local readout of global 

cloud-cover data; redundant scanning radiometers for global cloudcover data for remote and local readout, both day and night; flatplate radiometer for data on global heat balance; and solar proton 

monitor for routine observation of solar flares. Spacecraft would 

more than double daily weather coverage possible from ESSA satellites already in orbit and give more effective coverage at less expense for longer time. Nighttime photo capability would provide cloud-cover photos night and day every 12 hrs; ESSA series provided 

one picture per day. 

Itos I was 19th spacecraft to be launched in NOMSS. First, Tiros I, 

had been launched April 1, 1960; last, Essa IX, had been launched 

Feb. 26, 1969. Itos I was funded by NASA except for meteorological 

sensors; KSC was responsible for launch operations and GSFC was 

responsible for Delta booster. Future ITOS spacecraft would be 

funded by ESSA and would be turned over to ESSA by NASA after 

postlaunch checkout. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 70-2) 

NASA successfully conducted first test firing of experimental solidpropellant rocket motor with 1.07-111 (4241) diameter and built-in 

thrust stopper at Eniwetok Atoll in Pacific. Motor burned 34 secs at 

53 400-newton (12 000-lb) thrust before it was stopped by internal 

water-quench system. Motor had been constructed by Hercules 

Inc., for JPL. (NASA Release 70-12) NASA’s ALSEP 1, placed on lunar surface by Apollo 12crew Nov. 19, 

1969, was functioning satisfactorily after more than 64 days of uninterrupted operation, MSC announced. Some 1977 commands had 

been transmitted to and carried out by ALSEP 1 since deployment. Scientific and engineering data were being transmitted continuously 

and radioisotope power remained constant at 74 w. Passive seismic 

experiment had recorded episode of large tilts on long-period horizontal sensors that lasted one hour and coincided with third lunar 

sunrise Jan. 16. (MSC Release 70-12) 0 NASA released photo of emblem selected by Astronauts James A. 

Lovell, Jr., Thomas K. Mattingly 11, and Fred W. Haise, Jr., for 

Apollo 13 mission. Emblem, designed by Lumen Martin Winter of 

New York, depicted three horses pulling sun chariot from earth to 

moon, with Latin phrase “Ex luna scientia” (From the moon, 

knowledge). (NASA PAO; B News, 1/25/70) 0 President Nixon announced Administration’s recommendations on 

use of comsats for domestic telecommunications. White House 

press office released memorandum to FCC Chairman Dean Burch 

outlining recommendations: Government policy “should encourage 

and facilitate the development” of commercial domestic comsat 

25 
January 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

systems “to the extent that private enterprise finds them economically and operationally feasible.” Subject to appropriate conditions, 

“any financially qualified public or private entity, including Government corporations, should be permitted to establish and operate domestic satellite facilities for its own needs; join with related entities in common-user, cooperative facilities; establish facilities for 

lease to prospective users; or establish facilities. to be used in pro- viding specialized carrier services on a competitive basis.” Common carriers “should be free to establish facilities for either 

switched public message or specialized services, or both. The number of classes of potential offerers. . .should not be limited arbitrarily. Nor should there be any a priori ranking of potential types of systems. . . .” Guidelines were set forth for establishment and opera- tion of domestic comsats. (PD, 1/26/70,66; Text) 0 ComSatCorp announced it would file promptly with FCC for authority 

to proceed with domestic satellite services. (ComSatCorp Release 

0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, named Oran W. Nicks, 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applica- tions, as Acting Associate Administrator for Advanced Research 

and Technology, effective immediately. Nicks succeeded Bruce T. 

Lundin, who had been named LeRC Director. (NASA Release 70-1 1 ; 

Results of acquisition measurements of round-trip travel time of light from McDonald Observatory, Tex., to laser ranging retroreflector 

deployed on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts-made Aug. 20 and 

Sept. 3, 4, and 22, 1969-were reported in Science by astronomers 

from Univ. of Maryland, GSFC, and Univ. of Texas. Uncertainty in 

round-trip travel time was +- 15 nanoseconds, with pulsed ruby laser 

and timing system used for acquisition. Uncertainty in later 

measurements of planned long-term sequence from McDonald Observatory was expected to be order of magnitude smaller. Succesful performance of retroreflector at several angles of solar illumination, as well as during and after a lunar night, confirmed prediction 

of thermal design analyses. (Science, 1/23/70,368-70) 0 Analytical results for lunar material in Sinus Medii derived from alpha-scattering experiment on Surveyor VI (launched by NASA Nov. 

7, 1967; softlanded on moon Nov. 9, 1967) were reported in Science 

by JPL, Argonne National Laboratory, and Univ of Chicago chemists. Amounts of principal constituents at Sinus Medii- mare 

were approximately same as those at Sea of Tranquility. Sodium 

contents of both maria were lower than those of terrestrial basalts. 

Titanium content at Sinus Medii was lower than at Sea of Tranquility. Results suggested important differences in detailed chemical 

composition at different mare areas on moon. (Science, 1/23/70, 

USAF announced it was flight-testing dual sidearm controller developed by Hughes Aircraft Co. that might replace pilot’s control stick 

or wheel in future aircraft. Built into copilot’s seat frame, device 

was designed for electrical flight control using power augumentation 

system similar to power steering in automobile. (AFSC Release 

2 15.69) 

70-5) 

NASA Ann, 1/23/70) 

376-9) 

26 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 23 

New York Times editorial commented on President Nixon’s State of 

the Union address: “Where the President was at his best was in his 

call for an environmental program not only the most comprehensive 

in the nation’s history but the most costly as well. . . . The proposal is thoroughly commendable as far as it goes, but unless it is combined with effective legislation to curb private industrial polluters as 

well, it is bound to fall considerably short of the objective.” (NYT, 

1/23/70,46) 

Situation at Lockheed-Georgia Co. aircraft plant in Marietta, Ga., ty- pified “impact of the changed national priorities outlined by President Nixon in his State of the Union message today,” George C. 

Wilson said in Washington Post. “Workers wonder when-not ifthey will be laid off as they see the end of the C-5A airplane pro- gram.” Work force was expected to drop from 29 000 to 24 000 during 1970, “with longer range employment picture much bleaker.” 

(W Post, 1/23/70,3) 

January 24: Aerobee 150MI sounding rocket, launched by NASA from 

WSMR with VAN-20 booster, carried Princeton Univ. payload to 

168.9-km (105.0-mi) altitude to obtain uv spectra of hot atmospheres of stars. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactoriiy and 

unique uv photo of comet Tago-Sato-Kosaka was recorded. (NASA 

Rpt SRL) 

World’s largest tuna fishing boat was launched in San Diego, Calif. It 

was insulated with polyurethane foam which had been developed for use as insulation in Saturn V 2nd-stage fuel tank. North American Rockwell Corp. had used foam in 61-m (200-ft) clipper. (MSFC 

Release 70-23) 

USN launched DSRV-1 (Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle) in San 

Diego, Calif. It was first of fleet of six planned, at total $480-million 

cost, to rescue survivors of submarine disasters. (Lannan, W Star, 

1/24/70. A2) 

January’25: U.S. Ambassador to Guyana Spencer King said in Guyana that Apollo moon rocks would go on exhibition there during February observance of Guyana’s becoming a republic. (NYT, 1/27/70) 0 “Heavily censored testimony of defense officials before congressional 

committees” indicated laser development field was making “dramatic advances” in race to develop “dea!h ray,” Orr Kelly said in 

Washington Sunday Star. But most intriguing developments had 

come in unclassified research. Reports indicated U.S.S.R. also was 

seeking to exploit same basic scientific knowledge. (W Star, 1/25/70) 

January 26: NASA’s HL-IO lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pi- lot William H. Dana, reached 26 800-m (88 000-ft) altitude and mach , 1.4 during powered flight after air launch from B-52 aircraft at 

13 700-m (45 000-ft) altitude west of Rosamond. Calif. Purpose of 

flight, 33rd in series, was to obtain stability and control data at various mach numbers and angles of attack. (NASA Proj Off) 0 LeRc scientists and engineers were “applying their special talents in 

offhours to studying the dirty air they breathe,” Cleveland Plain 

Dealer said. Several had attended Cleveland hearing on air quality 

and “had a great impact on the state air pollution control board.” 

More than 100 LeRC volunteers had formed clean air committee to 

offer talents as concerned citizens. (McCann, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 1/26/70) 

27 
January 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, i 970 

0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe and Canadian Minister of 

Transport Donald C. Jamieson agreed in Washington, D.C., to exchange information on problems of automobile and aviation safety 

and pollution common to both countries. (DOT Release 2670) 0 President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Charles D. Baker, 

Deputy Under Secretary of Transportation, as Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Policy and International Affairs. He would 

succeed Paul Cherington who had resigned. (PD, 2/2/70,74,99) 0 MSC announced award of $5.l-million NASA contract to Itek Corp. for six high-resolution cameras to be used for lunar photography on 

Apollo 16, 17, and 18 missions. (MSC Release 70-1 1) 

MSFC announced award of $4 360 260 modification to Saturn V contract with Boeing Co. for installation of accumulators-small gas 

reservoirs in liquid-oxygen prevalves-in 1st stage (S-IC) to change frequency of oscillation in propulsion system. Installation had been 

made after second Saturn V had oscillated severely during unmanned Apollo 6flight April 4, 1968. (MSFC Release 70-14) 

Feasibility of replacing existing primary and secondary radar in 1970s 

with satellite system to perform air surveillance would be studied by 

new ad hoc air traffic control panel of President’s Science Advisory Committee, Aviation Week 62 Space Technology reported. Panel’s 

report was due in June. (Av Wk, 1/26/70,25) 

Washington Evening Star editorial praised Nixon Administration’s 

Jan. 23 recommendation that FCC allow open competition in domestic comsat services. President was “relying on innovation and competition-rather than government regulation of a single, monopolis- tic organization-to provide the best service at the lowest possible 

price. This would be vastly different from the regulated monopoly 

approach on which this country has come to rely more and more in 

such public utility areas as electricity and telephone service. The 

White House has chosen wisely to abandon such an approach for the nation’s first step into space communication for domestic use.” 

(W Star, 1/26/70) 0 AT&T announced it would apply to FCC for permission to use satellites 

in its domestic operations. (Samuelson, W Post, 1/27/70) 

January 27: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, announced ap- pointment of Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, as 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, effective March 

1. Dr. von Braun would be succeeded by his deputy, Dr. Eberhard 

F. M. Rees. Dr. Paine said: “It is essential that we bring NASA’s best 

talents to bear on our future space planning.” NASA must select its 

“new space ventures with the best critical judgment and make every dollar count. Dr. Wernher von Braun has an unmatched record of 

looking to the future to choose the most promising avenues of technical advance. He brings to his new assignment sound vision, insight, and technical competence. . . .” (MSFC Release 70-19; NASA 

Release 70- 13) 0 Charles W. Harper, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology (Aeronautics), discussed NASA’s 

role in development of anticollision systems for aircraft before 

House Committee on Government Operations’ Subcommittee on 

Government Activities. It appeared “impractical” to force small 

general-aviation aircraft “to avoid controlled airspace or to carry 

28 ‘ 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 27 

the expensive equipment and undergo the intensive training necessary to place them under control of the ATC [air traffic 

control] system. For these , FAA has asked NASA to investigate the possibility of dev inexpensive, lightweight equipment for small aircraft which would augment significantly the collision avoidance probability when the pilot is flying on the see-and-beseen principle. . . .” 

NASA program was guided by FAA‘s Collision Prevention Advisory Group, of which NASA was member, and by NASA Research and 

Technology Advisory Committee’s Subcommittee on Aircraft Oper- ating Problems, of which FAA was member. Both grmps included 

representatives of industry and other Government agencies. (Testimony) 0 MSFC announced award of $3.2-million extension .to contract with 

Mason-Rust for institutional support services at Mlchoud Assembly Facility. Contract covered Jan. 1 through June 30. (MSFC Release 

January 28: Rep. Seymour Halpern (R-N.Y.) introduced H.R. 15609 “to 

establish a sonic boom and aircraft noise damage fund to provide for 

the payment of damages caused by sonic boom and other aircraft 

noise.” Legislation was referred to House Judiciary Committee. (CR. 1 /28/70, H472) 0 Rep. F. Bradford Morse (R-Mass.) introduced H.R. 15605 “to provide 

for a National Laboratory for Environmental Sciences.” (CR, 1/28/ 

70, H478) January 28-29: Review meeting at MSFC on design of lunar roving vehicle 

(LRV) was attended by nearly 100 representatives of NASA, prime 

contractor Boeing Co., and Boeing subcontractor, General Motors 

AC Electronics Div. (MSFC Release 70-17; Marshall Star, 1/28/70, 1) 

January 29: NASA launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets from 

Point Barrow, Alaska, carrying GSFC grenade experiments. Rockets 

and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman would leave active duty with NASA 

July 1, NASA announced. He would become Vice President of Electronic Data Systems, Inc., assist in establishment of American Horizons Foundation, and continue to serve NASA as consultant on 

earth-orbiting space stations. Borman, assigned to NASA by USAF 

since 1962 and NASA Field Director of S ace Station Studies since 

received NASA Distinguished and Exceptional Service Medals, USAF 

Comand Astronaut Wings and Distinguished Flying Cross, American Astronautical Flight Achievement Award, Air Force Assn.’s 

David C. Schilling Flight Tro h , Cal Tech’s Distinguished Alumni 

Experience in space program, Borman said, “has been the most 

rewarding of my life. This new opportunity will enable me to work 

with a major industrial firm, continue an association with the space 

effort and to devote a substantial amount of my time through the 

Foundation to many issues which have interested me for a long 

time.” (NASA Release 70-14) 0 MSC announced award of one-year, $1 I-million, cost-plus-award-fee 

contract extension to Service Technology Corp. for facility support 

services. Award was for third year of five-year program initially 

70- 16) 

May 1969, would retire from USAF after 5 0 yrs active duty. He had 

Service Award, and New Yor RH tate Medal for Valor. 

29 
January 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

awarded to LTV Aerospace Corp. and brought total value of contract 

since December 1967 to $34.8 million. (MSC Release 70-17) 0 President Nixon announced appointment of Russell E. Train, Robert 

Cahn, and Gordon J. F. MacDonald as members of new Council on 

Environmental Quality and outlined Council’s chief responsibilities: 

to study condition of Nation’s environment, develop new environmental programs and policies, coordinate Federal programs, ensure 

that all activities of Federal Government took environmental considerations into account, and assist President in preparing annual 

report on Environmental Quality. (PD, 2/2/70,90-1) @ At annual meeting of American Physical Society in Chicago, symposium on cosmic physics suggested stellar explosion could have pre- cipitated condensation of dust and gas to form sun and planets. 

Analysis of meteorite discovered several years earlier at St. Severin, France, had led to suggestion by Cal Tech physicist Dr. Gerald J. 

Wasserburg that great stellar explosion had accompanied or immediately preceded formation of solar system, Walter Sullivan said in 

New York Times. Meteorite had contained calcium phosphate crys- tals in tiny tracks of particles ejected by radioactive atoms. Suspected source was plutonium 244-element manufactured in laboratory but not found in nature. Because plutonium 244’s mean lifetime was 

only 118 million yrs, any plutonium in earth rocks or meteorites, 

both more than 4.5 billion yrs old, would have decayed radioactively 

unless something occurred just before or during solar system’s formation that synthesized this substance. According to Wasserburg 

hypothesis, material was incorporated into meteorite where, during solar system’s infancy, it decayed possibly into neutron-rich forms, 

or isotopes, of xenon found in meteorite, leaving radiation tracks. 

(NYT, 1/30/70,23) 

January 29-30: U.N. Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space met at 

MSC for review of Earth Resources Satellite Program. Representa- tives from 21 of 28 nations on Committee were shown conceptual 

design of satellite system to survey global atmospheric patterns by mid-1970s. Dr. John M. DeNoyer, Director of NASA Earth Observations Programs, described Global Atmospheric Research Project: It would be “significant step toward adequate modeling of the atmosphere and will take us much closer to a reliable prediction capability for the weather.” Space technology could also contribute to management of world’s food supply, quality and availability of water, 

mineral sources, land use, urban development, and pollution. “Degradation of our planet may be inevitable. If so, we must work as a 

community of all nations to make the rate of degradation as slow as 

possibie.” (MSC Release 70-16; Hill, H Chron, 1/30/70) 

January 30: AEC announced portable atomic camera using californium 

252 to generate neutrons to penetrate most metals and other opaque 

materials and detect weaknesses or foreign substances had been 

developed by Battelle-Northwest at AEC’S Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Wash. Other applications of camera included safety checks of radioactive heat sources and reactor components and 

possible use to examine bone marrow and flesh for tumors. (AEC 

Release N-7) 

January 31: Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service pub- lished United States and Soviet Progress in Space: How do the Na30 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 January 3 I 

tions Compare? Report by Dr. Charles S. Sheldon 11, Chief of Science Policy Div., summarized 12-yr efforts of major space powers. 

U.S. expected to have spent by June 30, 1970, just over $56 billion 

on combined military and civilian space programs in which some 

half million persons had been employed. It was likely U.S.S.R. had 

“committed a similar amount of resources.” U.S. space employment had peaked; Soviet had not, “as judged by their rising number 

of launchings.” There was no evidence that total Soviet aerospace 

industry was as fully equipped as U.S., but missiles of differing design philosophies seen in Moscow parades suggested “more than 

one design and development team for space work just as in Soviet 

aviation.” Each country seemed adequately equipped with launch 

pads. U.S.S.R. claimed nationwide tracking system but relied on 

ships to fill gaps. U.S.S.R. was still using ICBM with 1400-kg (3000-lb) thrust and 

improved staging to boost 4700-kg (10 400-lb) Vostok and 6600-kg (14500-lb) Soyuz. Proton launch vehicle had carried 16800 kg 

(37 000 Ibs) to earth orbit and might have potential to lift 27 200 kg (60 000 lbs) with circumlunar capacity of 6000 kg (14 500 Ibs). “We 

have not yet seen the very large Soviet vehicle confidently predicted by NASA officials the last three years. Lesser Soviet launch vehicles account for unmanned programs.” There was no sign of Soviet 

breakthrough in fuels “but their engines are run at relatively high 

pressure, increasing efficiency.” There was no sign that solid-fuel 

rockets had been used by U.S.S.R. for space purposes and question of Soviet development of nuclear rocket was “highly speculative.” Soviet work on electric rockets had reached only “early proof-ofprinciple” stage. U.S. Saturn V was “clearly the best operational weight lifter in the world.” 

Odds were “overwhelming” that Vladimir Komarov had been 

only Soviet Cosmonaut killed in space so far. “This is because the 

Russians have followed a conservative approach to manned flight 

with heavy vehicles allowing much redundancy in equipment.” There seemed to be “little difference between the Soviet and U.S. 

space programs as to general purpose and direction.” About three 

fifths of U.S. flights were conducted for DOD; similar heavy military emphasis existed in U.S.S.R. “Soviet Union has a large and regular 

program of military support flights including use of satellites for 

photographic observation, electronic listening, weather reporting, 

communications relaying, and ship navigation.” U.S. did not have 

FOB program, “because it does not regard them as necessary or desirable. The Russians obviously do, for reasons not wholly clear.” 

While assessment could not be conclusive, “suspicion remains that 

a capability to inspect and destroy satellites has been created” by 

U.S.S.R. 

In space applications, U.S. “has held a clear lead from the earlier 

days of the space program, and this experience has permitted us to 

move ahead to more advanced systems while the Soviet Union was 

still working hard to catch up.” U.S.S.R. had made greater effort in 

number of lunar and planetary flights, “but so far has not gained as 

good results as we have from a more modest program.” Some 14% 

of Soviet flights had been in escape mission category and 8% of U.S. 

flights. Reasonable assumption was “that manned flights by the 

31 
January 3 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Russians to the Moon will come as soon as they solve their present problems of unreliability of hardware.” Question of U.S. and 

U.S.S.R. going to moon together “has been asked more in rhetorical sense than as a concrete offer by either side.” No assessment of 

prospects could be made “without forecasting the future political 

climate which is beyond our present capabilities.” (Text) 

Twelfth anniversary of Explorer I, first U.S. satellite. Launched Jan. 

31, 1958, stovepipe-shaped 14-kg (30.8-lb) satellite was in orbit with 

585.7-km (364-mi) apogee and 294-km (182.7-mi) perigee and was 

expected to reenter and disintegrate in May. (MSFC Release 70-1 1) 0 Aerospace Defense Command reported that U.S. had 290 satellites in 

orbit around earth at end of January, with 18 deep-space probes still 

active. U.S.S.R. had 75 satellites and 14 deep-space probes. U.K. 

had 3, France 5, Canada 3, West Germany 1, Australia 1, and ESRO 

3. (SD Union, 2/8/70) 

During January: SpacelAeronautics reviewed status of aerospace and 

aeronautical projects at commencement of 1970s. Commercial 

transport industry was “microcosm of the capitalistic system. The 

health of any constituent, SST or airbus or Stol, is on trial in a harshly profit-motivated atmosphere that says. . . ‘shape up or ship out.’ 

Nowhere is this test more evident than in the troubled, hesitant posture of the U.S. SST program.” With retrenchment to fixed-wing design “and a continual dropback in the urgency level of our SST 

effort,” SST’S competitive advantages were “being dissipated by an 

inexorable calendar.” 

Apolfo I1 lunar landing had alleviated Cciigressional opposition 

to further expensive long-term space commitments. “Suddenly, it 

was practical to think of going ahead with an expanded lunar explo- ration program.” 

Space science and applications program had been marking time, 

“with most programs stretched out to match the diminished funding 

made smaller still by the nasty bite of inflation.” But “light is beginning to show at the end of the long, dark tunnel of fiscal retrenchment.” Success of satellite infrared spectrometer (SIRS), “welcome 

and long overdue test of ATS-3” for coast-to-coast relay of TV programs, and climb in “Cornsat’s ’69 operating profiles” above $1- 

million mark had led space science program steadily to shift “its 

dollar focus away from the earth.” 

Civil system activity by aerospace community was only token. 

“Yet 1969 may prove to have been a landmark year for the industry’s relations with this strange and often self-contradictory market. 

New initiatives by the federal government indicate a growing awareness in Washington of what aerospace may be able to contribute to 

the solution of complex civil problems.” (SIA, 1/70,27-69,81-132) 0 Fortune editorial commented on end of decade: “Before the 1960’s 

are too hastily buried, it is well worth recalling.. .that the decade 

just ended was, for U.S. business, far and away the most profitable and productive ever. Indeed, in the long view of history, the Sixties will be remembered not just for tragic episodes, the war, riots, 

and assassinations, but also for the greatest floodtide of material 

abundance ever seen by human eyes. It is, after all, rare in human 

affairs that resources, talent, and institutions coincide to release ful32 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 During January 

ly man’s remarkable productive ca acities-and this happened in 

the U.’S. in the Sixties.” (Fortune, lbO,69-70) 0 Lightweight double-wall meteoroid shield developed for enlarged 

propulsion system of Mariner Mars 1971 was described in Journal of 

Spacecraft and Rockets by JPL scientist John R. Howard. Outer 

sheet of Teflon-impregnated glass fabric and multilayer thermal insulation was more effective than aluminum sheet of same weight because of impact phenomena modification by heterogeneous first 

sheet and impact energy absorption by thermal insulation. Series of 

tests over range of impact velocities with projectiles of glass, nylon, and syntactic paste had been conducted. Linear extrapolation had 

shown that composite outer sheet was sufficient for specified meteoroid threat. (JSR, 1/70,69-72) 0 J. W. Chamberlain, Associate Director for Planetary Sciences at Kitt 

Peak National Observatory, Ariz., reviewed cosmological theory for systematical exploration of outer planets in Astronautics & Aeronautics. Jovian planets-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune- had high intrinsic interest because their characteristics were similar 

to one another’s but “vastly different” from those of terrestrial 

planets. Atmospheric distinctions which did exist among Jovian 

planets had probably “arisen from relatively minor differences in 

the prevailing conditions at the times of their birth.” 

Major planets constituted “completely different kind of object.” 

Nearest and biggest-Jupiter-had over 1000 times earth’s volume 

and 300 times earth’s mass for mean density of only 1.3 times that of 

water. It was “guardian (if not the parent) of a large family of at 

least 12 satellites, two of which are as large as a small planet. It has a 

daily rotation period of only 10 hr; and its atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, the most abundant elements in 

the Sun (and the universe itself. . .).” Neptune was “most distant of 

the giants” and Pluto was “nonconformist of the solar system” whose orbit “is far from circular, the solar distance ranging between 

about 30 and 50 A.U. [30 and 50 times distance from earth to sun] 

during its 248-year revolution, at a 17-deg inclination to the 

ecliptic.” Many astronomers suspected larger differences between 

terrestrial and major planets held clues to formation of solar system. 

0 ARC engineer Gerald J. Miatech and Aerojet-General engineer Clarence A. Lysdale reported application of multiple-satellite concept to 

particles and field research in Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 

Emphasis had been on experiments to resolve temporal and spatial interreactions of solar wind and earth’s magnetosphere. Study had 

revealed feasibility, using proved technology, of establishing foursatellite cluster for particles and field research in acceptable orbital 

array using single Thor-Delta launch vehicle. (JRS, 1/70,60-8) 0 Lord Ritchie-Calder wrote in Foreign ARairs: “Past civilizations are 

buried in the graveyards of their own mistakes, but as each died of 

its greed, its carelessness or its effeteness another took its place. 

That was because such civilizations took their character from a locality or region. Today ours is a global civilization; it is not bounded 

by the Tigris and the Euphrates nor even the Hellespont and the 

Indus; it is the whole world. Its planet has shrunk to a neighborhood 

(A&A, 1/70,20-2) 

33 
During January ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

round which a man-made satellite can patrol sixteen times a day, 

riding the gravitational fences of Man’s family estate. It is a community so interdependent that our mistakes are exaggerated on a 

world scale. . . . Modern Man can outboast the Ancients, who in the 

arrogance of their material achievements built pyramids as the 

gravestones of their civilizations. We can blast our pyramids into 

space to orbit through all eternity round a planet which perished by 

our neglect.” (Foreign Affairs, 1/70,207-20) 

34 
February 1970 

February 2: President Nixon in message transmitting FY 1971 budget to 

Congress said: “Man has ventured to the moon and returned-an 

awesome achievement. In determining the proper pace for future 

space activities, we must carefully weigh the potential benefits of: 

scientific research by unmanned spacecraft; continued exploration 

of the solar system, including manned exploration of the planets; 

and the a plication of space and aeronautics technology to the di- 

“I have reviewed many exciting alternatives for the future. Consistent with other national priorities, we shall seek to extend our 

capabilities in space-both manned and unmanned. I intend to do 

this within total space outlays 12% smaller than in 1970. In our current efforts, we will continue to stress additional uses of space technology. Our actions will make it possible to begin plans for a 

manned expedition to Mars.” 

President said national budget, first for which he bore full respon- sibility, fulfilled pledge to submit balanced FY 1971 budget. “This 

anti-inflationary budget begins the necessary process of reordering 

our national priorities. For the first time in two full decades, the 

Federal Government .will spend more money on human resource 

programs than on national defense.” About 41% of estimated outlays would be devoted to spending for education and manpower, health, income security, and veterans benefits and services. Pollution control, crime reduction, transportation, and housing programs 

were “planned to grow substantially in the years ahead.” (PD, 2/9/ 

0 President Nixon sent $200.8-billion FY 1971 budget request to Congress, including total space budget of $4.954 billion. Of this sum, 

NASA would receive $3.148 billion (plus $185.5 million for aircraft 

technology); DOD would receive $1.674 billion; AEC, $99 million; 

ESSA, $26 million; De t. of Interior, $4 million; NSF, $2 million; and 

Dept. of Agriculture, E1 million. 

Total NASA new obligational authority (NOA) requested, $3.333 

billion, was $404.9 million less than FY 1970 NOA of $3.737 billion. 

NASA expenditures were budgeted to decline $486.4 million, from 

FY 1970 level of $3.889 billion to $3.403 billion. Reductions placed 

proposed NASA FY 1971 funding at lowest level since 1962. Of budget request, $2.606 billion would go for R&D, $34.6 million for construction of facilities, and $692.3 million for research and program 

management. Apollo funding decrease of $729.6 million, to $956.50 million in 

FY 1971, reflecting successful completion of manned lunar landing goal, would be partially offset by increase to $515.2 million for 

manned space flight operations. The $515.2 million would include 

$364.3 million for Apollo Applications, $110 million for space shutrect bene l! t of mankind. 

70, 106-19) 

35 
February 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

tie and station, and $40.9 million for operations. Advanced missions 

would receive $2.5 million, same as in FY 1970, to bring total for 

manned space flight to $1.474 billion, down $557.5 million from FY 

1970. 

Funding for space science and applications programs would increase $45.9 million, from $519.7 million in FY 1970 to $565.7 million. Increases would go to physics and astronom program, for airborne research ($3 million), solar observatories ($16.1 million), and 

Explorer satellites ($25.6 million). Funding for Pioneer program of 

lanetary exploration would increase from $20 million in FY 1970 to E 32.9 million. Funding for biosatellites would decrease from $6 million in FY 1970 to $1.5 million. Earth resources survey would receive more than 50% increase in funding, from $26 million to $52.5 

million, with $41.5 million allocated for Earth Resources Technology Satellite. New projects funded were navigation and traffic control 

studies (with DOT), $3 million, and Global Atmospheric Research 

Program (GARP) study, $1 million. 

Total for advanced research and technology programs would be 

reduced from $272 million in FY 1970 to $264 million. NERVA rocket 

funding would increase from $27 million to $32 million. Increases 

also were proposed for V/STOL aircraft technology ($15 million in 

FY 1971, from $9.5 million in FY 1970), subsonic aircraft technology($11.9 million, from $9.4 million in FY 1970), and supersonic aircraft technology ($21.9 million, from $18.9 million in FY 1970), 

within total $185.5 million requested for aeronautics. 

Sustaining university program was being phased out, with no 

funds requested for FY 1971. 

DOD space funding, down $82 million, reflected cancellation of 

MOL program. FY 1971 funding would support satellite development, portions of missile development, and range operations. 

AEC’S requested $99 million reflected slight decreases for development of NERVA rocket and space nuclear electric power sources for 

space applications. 

Funds for Depts. of Interior and Agriculture would support par- ticipation in ERTS project. NSF’s $2-million space funding was for 

research rockets and satellite and observation instruments. 

FAA 1971 budget reflected restoration of $275 million in Federal 

funds for development of two prototype SSTS. (NASA Release, 2/21 

70; US Budget for FY 1971; BOB Special Analysis) 

NAsAHq. briefing on FY 1971 budget, held Jan. 31, was released. Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, had said: “We are putting 

into motion with this budget a program which does not advance 

toward a single climactic event. It follows the recommendations of 

the Space Task Group Report’s Option 11, although at a reduced 

pace. The budget to implement the recommendations, however, is 

austere and, as a result, does not take full advantage of our total 

capability. But the new program has the flexibility to accommodate 

this reduced budget in FY 1971.” 

Lowest NASA budget since FY 1962 “means substantial cutbacks 

and deferrals in a number of programs. Our best current estimate is 

that the total nationwide employment on NASA work-which was 

once 420,000 people-will decline from current level by another 

45,000, to about 144,000 people by the end of fiscal year 1971. The 

36 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 2 

impact will be felt in many sections of the country. This is regrettable, but the Administration has faced the hard fact that these steps 

must be taken to achieve a fiscally responsible balanced budget in 

this time of inflation. . . .this budget level, which we hope will be 

NASA’s lowest level, is strongly oriented to the future. The necessary reductions. . .have not been made ‘across the board.’ We have 

made careful selections and decisions.” 

NASA would preserve strong future capability centered on development of economical, reusable space transportation system including shuttle, space station, and reusable nuclear rocket; continue 

efforts on practical applications of space technology for early practical benefits on earth; continue lunar exploration with Apollo vehicles and Apollo Applications earth orbital workshop flights with 

hardware previously under procurement; continue, “but with 

stretchouts and deferrals,” balanced program of planetary explora- tion and scientific investigations in space focused on potentially exciting discoveries; continue increasing emphasis on aeronautics; and 

maintain “essential cadre of NASA’s technical, operational, and 

management capabilities on which the continuing and future position of the United States in space depends.” [See Jan. 13.1 

Assistant Administrator for Administration William E. Lilly during briefing had replied to question that planned fund request for 

space station and shuttle had been for $250 million to $260 millionsupporting Task Group’s Option 11, to provide operational systems 

in 1977-but request had been cut to final $110 million. Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale D. Myers had said 

program should give CY 1978 operational date. Dates for Mars mission were not yet planned. Michoud Assembly Facility and Mississippi Test Facility were 

among NASA installations to be affected by budgetary action, Lilly had said. Plans on Michoud would be to “complete the last of 15 

Saturn 5’s in 1970; then we will be carrying on activities for the storage, repairing and refurbishing of the 1-B and the Saturn 5 stages, providing the engineering and support necessary for the flights through 1974, and maintaining the capability to restart or reinitiate 

the production of Saturn 5’s; maintaining the capability to accept 

new work. . .and. . .attempting to find other. users of that facility in 

New Orleans.” At MTF, Saturn V static test firings would be completed. “Then, the plans in our budget are to mothball the facilities. 

Personnel will be phased down.. .to essentially a mothball or caretaker mode.” NASA was working with other agencies to seek other 

uses for that location. (Transcript) 0 At Washington Heart Assn. meeting in Washington, D.C.. Dr. 

Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at 

MSC, received Spacemedic Award “for outstanding contributions to 

the study of hearts in space.” 

He also reported evidence from A 0110 12 mission that prolonged 

on human skin. Astronauts Alan L. Bean and Charles Conrad, Jr., 

had sustained temporary post-flight infections from staphylococcus bacteria carried from earth, which had increased in virulence 

during flight. (AP, H Post, 2/3/70; W Post, 2/3/70) 0 ALSEP 1 had operated without interruption for over 1948 hrs since 

space flight might intensify action o P some bacteria normally found 

37 
February 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

being deployed on lunar surface Nov. 19, 1969, by Apollo lZcrew, 

MSC announced. To date ALSEP 1 had received and implemented 

2034 commands. (MSC Release 70-19) 

Between June 30,1970, and June 30,1971, there would be reduction of 

from 1000 to 2000 in number of aerospace contractor personnel at 

MSC, NASA Deputy Administrator George M. Low said during meet- ings with press and staff at MSC. Civil service employees would be 

reduced by 49. (Maloney, HPost, 2/3/70) 

(Space Electric Rocket Test) from WTR at 6:49 pm PST by ThoradAgena booster. Spacecraft entered orbit with 1008.9-km (626.9-mi) 

apogee, 998.4-km (620.4-mi) perigee, 105.2-min period, and 99.1' 

inclination. Deployment of solar panels, disabling and dumping of 

Agena attitude control system, and transfer of Agena horizon sensor to spacecraft were accomplished satisfactorily. Spacecraft attitude was being maintained by gravity gradient forces and control 

moment gyros to well within required limits. 

Primary mission objective was to operate electric ion thruster system in space satisfactorily for six months. Secondary objectives 

were to determine variation of thruster power efficiency with mission time: measure RF noise from ion beam in frequency bands associated with interplanetary communications systems; measure extent 

of coupling between ion beam and space plasma; measure magnitude of ion engine's thrust by electrostatically suspended accelerometer, 

orbit change, or thruster measurements; measure long-term effects 

of ion thruster efflux on silicon-cell* solar array ;and measure change in equilibrium temperature of optically reflective coating in space 

environment. 

Sert II system had large solar array, cylindrical spacecraft support unit (ssu), and spacecraft ring housing two ion engines, electric 

propulsion experiments, power conditioning, power switching and 

signaling equipment, and reacquisition control system. ssu housed 

two telemetry transmitters, two command systems, two tape recorders for data storage, power distribution system, battery for 

reacquisition control, and four control moment gyros. Sert II was second mission in SERT project. SERT I, launched on 

suborbital mission July 20, 1964, had proved that ion engines could 

produce thrust in space. SERT project was managed by LeRC under 

OART direction. Tracking and data acquisition were conducted by 

GSFC. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 70-8; LeRC Release 70-2) 0 NASA launched three sounding rockets. Two Nike-Cajuns launched 

from Point Barrow, Alaska, carried GSFC grenade experiment. NikeTomahawk launched from Andoeya, Norway, carried Norwegian payload to conduct auroral studies. (SR list) 0 NASA announced it had granted Alaska permission to use Ats I 

(launched Dec. 7, 1966) to transmit educational radio programs to 

remote areas in Alaska and instructional and public TV from Fairbanks to Kodiak, Nome, and Fort Yukon, Alaska. Experiment- intended to help Alaska develop operational experience with which 

to plan follow-on operational satellite system-would operate seven 

hours per day through spring 1971. Radio transmissions would begin in March 1970 and TV in October 1970. ComSatCorp would provide 

at least three ground stations and RCA Global Communications Inc. 

February 3: NASA successfully launched 1500-kg (3300-Ib) Sert 

38 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 3 

would provide one. Alaska would finance operation of experiment, 

provide programming, and evaluate results, reimbursing NASA for 

any costs over those for normal experimental operations. 

Potential users of operational satellite systems willing to invest in 

necessary facilities, provide programming, and cover ground costs 

were being permitted to present proposals for use of Ats I and Ats 

III (launched Nov. 6, 1967) for worthwhile experiments as long as 

satellites continued to operate. (NASA Release 70-16) 0 President Nixon transmitted to Congress Aeronautics and Space Report of the President for 1969 (dated January 1970). He said: “The 

year 1969 was truly a turning point in the story of space exploration -the most significant of any year in that still brief history.” U.S. 

had achieved “most prominent of our goals in space-one which 

had long been a focus for our energies. As we enter a new decade, 

we must now set new goals which make sense for the Seventjes. The 

space budget that I am submitting to Congress reflects my view of a 

balanced space program, one which will build on the progress we 

have already made. Our space and aeronautics program has benefited this Nation in many ways. It has contributed to our national security, to our educational, transportation, and commercial strength, to 

our scientific and medical knowledge, to our international position 

and to our sense of the dignity and the capacity of man. And the story is only beginning. We have made long strides into the future during the past year; now we must build on those accomplishments in 

the coming years and decades.” (Pres Rpt70[69]; PD,2/9/70; 146) 0 Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications submitted to House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics Assessment of Space Communications Technology: NASA program of R&D in comsats and 

associated equipment during past decade had been “remarkably successful.” ComSatCorp also had made “significant strides.” As 

result, U.S. was “undisputed leader in this new technology.” State 

of the art was sufficiently advanced to “make important contributions to the improvement of the American domestic telecommunications system, particularly in Alaska. . .largest and most remote State 

of the Union.’’ 

Committee urged expansion of NASA space applications program. 

It should be “principle purpose of the U.S. Government. . .to bring 

to the American people the best, the most effective, the least expen- sive communications services. It is the clear responsibility of the 

Government to develop and implement public policies, and improve the effectiveness of its regulatory functions, so as to promote the 

improvement of the Nation’s telecommunications at a rate which 

reflects the progress of technology. To the extent that governmen- tal indecision has delayed the efficient integration of innovation and 

invention, the Government must be considered to have failed in this 

responsibility.” (Text) 

Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.) introduced S. 3374, $3.333-billion FY 1971 NASA authorization bill. [See Feb. 2.1 (Text) 

NASA budget cutbacks would not substantially affect JPL, Dr. Thomas 

0. Paine, NASA Administrator, told press following conference with 

JPL leadership teams in Pasadena, Calif. “Our cutbacks will fall 

most heavily upon the manned space flight program.’’ Some 16 000 

aerospace employees would be cut from Governmental paypll 

39 
February 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

throughout California, Dr. Paine said. (Pottage, Glendale Ledger, 

2/5/70) 0 In paper at AIAA Launch Operations Meeting at Cocoa Beach, Fla., Dr. 

Adolf H. Knothe, Chief of KSC Range Safety Staff, said teletype received July 17, 1969, from German ship Vegesack reported “numerous pieces of Stage l [S-IC stage of Saturn VI of Apollo l l were 

sighted dropping into sea around the vessel.” Ship had been 604 km 

(375 mi) east northeast of Cape Kennedy when Apol/o I1 had lifted 

off toward moon July 16, 1969. ( W News, 2/3/70; AIAA PIO) 

Photos of central Alabama taken by Apollo 9 astronauts had been of 

major significance for geological exploration in the state, AP report- ed. Alabama State Geologist Philip LaMoreaux had said photos were “new aid and approach in locating stable areas for construction, exploration for minerals and studying geologic structures as an 

aid in oil and gas exploration.” (Huntsville Times, 2/3/70) 0 President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Robert H. Cannon, Jr., as Assistant Secretary for Systems Development and 

Technology. He would succeed Secor D. Browne, appointed to CAB 

0 Japan became 94th nation to sign nuclear nonproliferation treaty. 

(Roberts, W Post, 2/4/70, A14) February 4: Two Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets, launched by NASA 

from Churchill Research Range, carried Univ. of Alaska payloads 

to 310-km (192.6-mi) and 340-km (21 1.34) altitudes to obtain data 

on spatial variation of auroral light emissions and on relationship between their intensities and volume emission rates. Rockets and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily; good data were obtained. 

(NASA Rpts SRL) 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, told Cleveland, Ohio, 

press conference LeRC would receive $22-million increase for FY 

1971. “We expect Lewis to play a very significant role in the space station-space base evolution. The challenge in electric power alone 

is one that will keep Lewis people going indefinitely.” Dr. Paine was 

visiting NASA centers to explain effects of FY 1971 budget cuts. 

(Lewis News, 2/13/70, 1) 0 Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr.? told press at KSC that Apollo 13 mission would be his last space flight. “There are a lot of people standing in line for flights. I’ve had more than my share. So 1’11 step aside after this one.” Apollo 13 would be Lovell’s fourth space flight. 

(AP, W Star, 2/5/70, A2) * MSC Director of Flight Crew Operations Donald K. Slayton, on behalf 

of himself and MSC Flight Crew Operations staff, received 1969 IEEE 

Reliability Award in Los Angeles for exceptional contributions to 

field of reliability. (NASA Hq Reliability & Quality Assurance Newsletter, 3/70, 2) 

ARC biochemists were developing process to convert principal body wastes-carbon dioxide and water-into palatable food for long- duration space missions, ARC announced. Methods to turn carbon 

dioxide and water vapor exhaled and water recovered from urine 

into sugars and glycerol in series of chemical reactions might also be 

applied to solve food problems on earth. Work was under way by 

ARC, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and two industrial contractors 

to develop system to produce chemical foods under space condiOct. 6, 1969. (PD, 2/9/70,125, 147; DOT PIO) 

40 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 4 

tions, including weightlessness, and reduce food deliveries to orbiting space station. (ARC Release 70-3) 0 Apollo 12 commander Charles Conrad, Jr., accepted Silver Quill 

Award of American Business Press on NASA’s behalf at dinner in 

Wahington, D.C. Award was given for “greatest exploration expe- dition in the history of mankind,’’ ABP Board Chairman Donald V. 

Buttenheim said. It also recognized “tremendous feat of organiza- tion of human and material resources” and translation of discoveries and development of manned space flight into “down to earth 

benefits of the new technology for the good of industry, America, 

and all mankind.” (ABP Release, 1/1/70; ABPO~~) 0 MSC announced award of $3 270 897 one-year extension to contract 

with Zia Co. for maintenance and o erations support at White 

award-fee contract to $17.9-million since November 1966. (MSC Release 70-20) 0 Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) introduced H.R. 15695, $3.333-billion 

FY 1971 NASA authorization bill. (Text) 

February 4-6: AIAA held Advanced Space Transportation Meeting at 

Patrick AFB and Cocoa Beach, Fla. In keynote address Charles W. 

Mathews, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, discussed capabilities of NASA reusable space shuttle. “In 

the area of multi-mission and multi-agency use, we are talking and 

thinking in the broadest sense. Certainly, the Department of Defense, in addition to NASA, has many requirements to carry payloads into space. Other agencies, the industrial community, and the academic community also have been involved in like fashion but have 

been.. .inhibited by the limited capabilities and costs of present 

launch systems and payloads. However, in addition to a higher level of participation within our own country, a much greater involvement is expected internationally because of the fle;ribility and utility 

of the space shuttle. Other nations might utilize a United States 

shuttle to carry and deploy their payloads or carry their personnel to 

a space station, but ultimately, nations or a consortium of nations 

may desire to operate their own shuttles just as foreign airlines operate U.S. developed commercial aircraft.” 

Design baselines at start of Phase B studies of shuttle included 1.6 

million kg (3.5 million Ibs) at liftoff and payload compartment volume of 4.6-rn (15-ft) dia by 18.3 rn (60 ft) long. 

Pan American World Airways President Najeeb E. Halaby said 

NASA reusable space shuttle was logical step toward ship for commercial travel to orbit and back and for point-to-point earth transportation. (Mathews Text; UPI, W Star, 2/6/70, A10) 

February 5: NASA launched Aerobee 170-new 12.5-m (41-ft)-tall sounding rocket configuration consisting of liquid-fuel Aerobee 150 sustainer and solid-fuel Nike booster-from Wallops Station at 1051 

am EST, carrying 95.7-kg (21 1-lb) instrumented payload. Primary 

objectives were to flight-test first Aerobee 170 production vehicle, 

flight-test new water recovery system and conduct water recovery 

operation like one to be conducted during solar eclipse March 7, and 

flight-qualify new telemetry instrumentation. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily; payload and Aerobee sustainer 

were recovered. (WS Release 70-2) 

Sands Test Facility. Extension broug K t total value of cost-plus41 
February 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., 

and Alan L. Bean were presented Distinguished Service Medals by 

Adm. Thomas H. Moorer, Chief of Naval Operations, in Pentagon 

ceremony. Conrad also received Navy Command Insignia for his 

role as Apollo 12 commander. Bean, for whom Apollo 12 was first 

space flight, received USN astronaut wings. (DOD Release 97-70) 0 Rep. James G. Fulton (R-Pa.) introduced H.R. 15747, $3.333-billion 

FY 1971 NASA authorization bill. (Text) 

“American and British space experts believe that the Soviet Union 

has built and successfully tested a satellite capable of intercepting 

and destroying other orbiting spacecraft,” Richard D. Lyons report- ed in New York Times. Tracking data and intelligence reports suggested that U.S.S.R.’s Cosmos CCXLVIII(1aunched Oct. 19, 1968) 

had homed in on Cosmos CCXLlX (launched Oct. 20, 1968) and 

Cosmos CCLll (launched Nov. 1, 1968) and destroyed them. Air 

Force Aerospace Defense Command radar had monitored launches 

and orbits and later detected about 25 pieces of the two spacecraft, 

indicating explosions had occurred while they were near Cosmos 

CCXLVIII. 

USAF plans for orbital attack system code-named Saint (satellite 

inspection and interception satellite) prepared 11 yrs ago had been 

shelved, but were ap arently being revived under new code name, 

Lyons said. (NYT, 2h70, 1) 

MSFC announced award of separate $150 000 three-month contracts to 

three firms to study possible conversion of 12 existing rocket engine 

test stands for captive firings of propulsion system for new space 

shuttle engine. New engine, not yet under development, would be 

used in clusters to power reusable space shuttle which could be 

flown up to 100 times. Four test positions at MSFC would be studied 

by Aerojet-General Corp.; four at NASA Rocket Engine Test Site at 

Edwards, Calif., by NAR Rocketdyne Div.; and four at MTF, by United Aircraft Corp.’s Pratt & Whitney Div. (MSFC Release 70-27) 

0 NASA announced delay in selection of contractor to develop, fabricate, test, and operate ATS-F and ATS-G Applications Technology Satellites because of “recent decisions in connection with the NASA 

Fiscal Year 1971 budget.” Fairchild Hiller Corp. and General Electric Co., final competitors, had been asked to revise their proposals. 

(NASA Release 70-18) 

Members of President’s Council on Environmental Quality indicated reservations about proceeding with SST development during meeting 

with press in Washington, D.C. Chairman Russell E. Train said, 

“The environmental problems posed by the SST are exceedingly se- rious and have not been solved yet.” Dr. Gordon J. F. MacDonald 

said he shared Train’s views and mentioned large quantities of water 

vapor introduced into atmosphere by SST in flight. Robert Cahn said 

that, while SST would fly at subsonic speeds over populated areas, 

“we don’t know the effects [of supersonic speeds] on wildlife in 

nonpopulated areas.’’ (Kenworth, NYT, 2/6/70,73) 

February 6: At NASA Hq. industry briefing on space program for 1970s 

and beyond, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said: “I 

think that when we talk about reducing the overall aerospace program by 12 percent, we have to look at the other side of the point 

too.. .we will still be spending $3.3 billion in the 71 budget, and I 

42 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 6 

think by any possible measure that puts the space program very, 

very high in the nation’s priorities.” Major reduction would be in 

manned spaceflight “from a little over $2 billion in FY 70 to $1,- 

474,000,000 in 71.” With “the manned lunar landing behind us, with 

almost all the initial buy of 15 vehicles now completed, we are able 

to take a major reduction in the Apollo account as that program reaches a logical termination. We had hoped to continue the Saturn 

V at limited production of several a year. The decision was made 

under these austere conditions that we would terminate that production and take the savings.” 

Peak NASA expenditure of $6 billion in 1965 included outlay for 

buildup of total NASA base. Fact “that we are now down between 

the three and four billion mark by no means means that we will be 

operating at a substantially lower space activity than we had at the 

peak. It reflects more the fact that the base is now completed; we 

can put a much higher percentage of our expenditures into program. ” 

However, FY 1971 budget would delay Apollo Applications flight until end of 1972; stretch Apollo lunar flights to two a year, with 

Apollo 16 occurring before AA program launch in 1972-1973 and 

Apollo 17 and 18 after AA program missions; delay ATS-F and ATS-G 

by one year, and Viking-Mars lander from 1973 to 1975; and reduce 

NASA operational base by shutting down ERC and possibly mothballing Mississippi Test Facility. Dr. Paine said NASA aeronautics effort 

would increase. “We feel that much of the work that will be going forward in the shuttle program will probably have some spin-off into 

the aeronautics area.” Emphasis would be placed on V/STOL and 

quiet engines. 

Orbiting Solar Observatory launch recommended by Space Task 

Group for 1975 would be delayed to 1976. Interplanetary Monitoring 

Probes originally scheduled for 1971 and 1972 would be launched in 

1972 and 1973 and ISIS would be moved from 1970 and 1972 to 1971 

and 1973. Synchronous Meteorological Satellites each would slip 

one year, to 1972 and 1973, and Applications Technology Satellites, 

one year, to 1973 and 1975. lunar roving vehicle would be carried on 

Apollo 16, 17, 18, and 19. Decision on whether to fund two or three 

space shuttle definition studies would be made after proposals were 

received. In space station area experimental requirements would be 

emphasized. Two Phase-B definition studies were under way. Summer study of utilization of space stations would be international 

conference “with, we hope, strong participation from the European 

space research organization.” NERVA studies would continue. 

Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, told conference that “with the technology we already have in 

hand” antipollution program could be initiated “to produce a space 

reflector-maybe it will have to be a mile [1.6 km] in diameter-that 

can direct the sun’s energy to create holes over our cities which 

would act as chimneys to evacuate smog.” (Transcript) 0 Value of space program to national defense was discussed by SAMSO 

Commander, L/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), before Executives’ 

Club in Chicago. Program had produced “greatly improved military communications, strategical and tactical; the ability to detect and 

monitor nuclear detonations anywhere in the world; new capabih43 
February 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ties for precise navigation of fast-moving aircraft, ships, submarines 

or land vehicles; and a variety of capabilities for early warning and 

other defensive space systems.” First defense comsat system had 

been transmitting “substantial load of voice communications between Washington and Vietnam since 1967. It can also handle high- speed digital data such as tactical reconnaissance photographs. Improved adaptations of this 26-satellite initial system have been developed for the United Kingdom and NATO.” 

In year’s time “we will be launching a still further improved 

Phase I1 United States system with greater traffic handling capacity, higher reliability and longer life expectancy.” First experimental 

satellite had also been launched “in development of a new tactical 

communications capability that will enable troops. . .to communicate with each other in spite of intervening obstacles like mountain 

ranges or enemy forces. Another new defense capability was built 

into our VELA satellites. . .launched in October of 1963 to monitor 

the nuclear test ban treaty.” Velas had become “oldest man-made 

functioning systems in space; they still respond to command, although their duties have largely been taken over now by more advanced versions.” Velas had performed scientific chores like “monitoring the level of solar radiation during manned space flights, to 

ensure against danger to the astronauts.” 

uSAF navigation satellites under study would permit pinpoint accuracy in navigation of supersonic aircraft and surface and subsurface vehicles. They held promise for prevention of midair collisions. 

“We’re also doing extensive studies on a space shuttle system that 

would be. . .a reusable space booster capable of supporting both 

military and civilian space operations.” It could put satellites into 

orbit, service satellites operating in space, supply manned space station, or assist in rescue of astronauts in space emergencies. (Text) 

Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC), scheduled to become part of SA-513 launch 

vehicle, was successfully static-fired at MTF. (MSFC Release 70-7; 

NASA awarded Service Technology Corp. one-year $3.5-million costplus-award-fee contract to provide technical .services for develop- ment and verification testing of space propulsion systems and related subsystems for follow-on MSC missions. (MSC Release 70-22) 

R&D aspects of Nixon Administration’s FY 1971 budget were discussed in Science. Total Federal obligations in support of R&D 

would continue to decline-from $16.4 billion in FY 1970 to $15.8 

billion in FY 1971. Obligations for basic and ap lied research would 

increase by $260 million, from $5.54 billion to $5.80 billion. Obligations for R&D facilities would drop from $727 million to $585 million, 

“the decrease chiefly reflecting a big drop in atomic energy spend- ing.” (Boffey, Carter, Hamilton, Science, 2/6/70,845-8) 

Sen. Winston L. Prouty (R-Vt.) introduced S. 3412, authorizing ap- propriations of $498 million for National Science Foundation during 

FY 1971. (CR, 2/6/70,51343) 0 Sen. Howard H. Baker, Jr. (R-Tenn.), introduced for himself and Sen. 

Edmund S. Muskie (D-Me.) S. 3410, “to establish a structure that 

will provide integrated knowledge and understanding of the ecologi- cal, social and technological problems associated with air pollution, 

MSFC PIO) 

44 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 6 

water pollution, solid waste disposal, general pollution and degrada- tion of the environment.” (CR, 2/6/70, S1341-3) 

February 7: Intelsa’t-III F-6, launched by NASA for ComSatCorp Jan. 14, 

began full-time commercial service with 955 circuits carrying telephone and telegraph messages between 17 earth stations in Atlantic 

area. (ComSatCorp PIO; ComSatCorp Release 70-6) 

*Imaging photopolarimeter for Jupiter probe was being developed by Santa Barbara Research Center for ARC, Armed Forces Journal reported. Instrument for Pioneer F and G spacecraft to be launched in 

1972 and 1973 would map density and distribution of “asteroidal 

debris,” measure gas above Jupiter’s cloud layers, and transmit 

two-color spin-scan images of planet. (AFJ, 2/7/70,2) * Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR 

carrying American Science and Engineering, Inc., experiment to 

study x-ray spectra. Mission did not meet minimum scientific requirements. (SR list) 

February 8: NSF released results of survey which showed growth rate of 

R&D ex enditures by universities and colleges had slowed Cith levR&D expenditures by institutions of higher learning had grown at 

annual rate of 17.0% during academic years 1958-1966 and at 11.6%, 

1966-1968. Federal Government financed 61% of total 1966-1968. 

Analysis of President Nixon’s FY 1971 budget had shown Federal 

support of R&D at universities and colleges decreased by 2% between FY 1968 and 1969 and increased by 2% bstween FY 1969 and 

1970. FY 1971 budget requested increase of 2% between 1970 and 

1971. (NSF Release 70-108) 

George J. Vecchietti, NASA Director of Procurement, assumed additional duties as Deputy Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs. (NASA Release 70-38) * Boom “was busted” at Cape Kennedy, New York Times article said. 

Engineers and technicians “who helped put American astronauts on 

the moon” had moved away by thousands, leaving “a sagging economy and perhaps the best house buys in the United States.” Employment in Cape Kennedy area had dropped from 26 000 to 18 900 

and was still falling. Business in Brevard County had dropped 15%; 

total bank deposits were down by $1.7 million from $241 million on 

Dec. 31, 1968; and unemployment rate had risen to almost 4%. Motel business was off estimated $400000 per month, with half of 

county’s 1500 units vacant most of time. In December 1969 county 

had become eligible for Federal food commodities and 1327 families 

had qualified. Real estate was only business booming, with local 

residents buying homes sold by engineers at low prices and interest 

rates. (Waldron, NYT, 2/8/’70,80) 

February 9: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, received British 

Interplanetary Society awards commemorating man’s first lunar 

landing at special meeting of Society in London. Awards were silver 

replica of Apollo 11 LM presented to NASA and gold medals for Apol- lo I1 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. 

Aldrin, Jr. (Spaceflight, 5/70, 191) * President Nixon transmitted to Congress Reorganization Plan 1 of 

1970, “to establish an Office of Telecommunications Policy in the 

Executive Office of the President.” Unit would be headed by Direccling o # of Federal obligations for R&D. Trend had begun in 1960s. 

45 
February 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

tor and Deputy Director appointed by President. Existing office of 

Director of Telecommunications Management. would be abolished. 

New office would serve as President’s principal adviser on telecommunications policy, would help formulate policies and coordinate operations for Federal Government’s communications sys- tems and carry out responsibilities of President undef Communications Satellite Act, and would “enable the executive branch fo 

speak with a clearer voice and to act as a more effective partner in 

discussions of communications poli.cy with both the Congress and 

the Federal Communications Commission.” (PD, 2/16/70, 156-8) 0 Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and Operations, described medical phenomena encountered by Apollo 12 astronauts in keynote address at Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine seminar in San Antonio, Tex. Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., 

Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and Alan L. Bean had observed brilliant 

flashes of light on closing eyes in darkened portions of spacecraft. 

They were believed to be caused by charged particles or rays from 

sun or from space. Astronauts also experienced sensitivity to lunar 

dust, body changes including face fullness, reddened eyes, and 

flushed faces during early part of flight, and increase in skin bacteria 

beyond amount normal on earth. Dr. Berry blamed body changes on 

pooling of fluids in head from lack of gravity. Behavior of bacteria 

might make doctors consider altering normal skin surface bacteria 

content by special baths for astronauts before flight. 

Dr. Berry also said that woman might share in planetary exploration but tests were needed to ensure “she doesn’t create more prob- lems than she solves. I think it would definitely be more comfortable 

if we took women along.” (Huntsville Times, 2/10/70; Huntsville 

News, 2/10/70) 0 SAMSO had successfully tested thrust vector control system (TVC), 

improved steering mechanism for Titan IIIC booster, AFSC announced. TVC was lighter and less complicated than present system 

and would permit orbiting of heavier payloads by Titan IIIC. Mechanism had ring of 24 electrical valves that injected liquid nitrogen tetroxide from pressurized tank into flaming exhaust to deflect hot 

gases and steer booster. Operational system already in use had hy- draulic valves with spaghetti-like collection of hydraulic lines, 

heavy pumps, and separate tanks for liquid and pressurizing gas. 

(AFSC Release 17.70) 

0 Hundredth anniversary of U.S. Weather Bureau. (Latham, W Post, 

2/ 10/69,20) e New Haven Register editorial commented on intention of Apollo 8 

Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., to end active participation in space after commanding, Apollo 13 mission: “The space agency can ill 

afford to let go of Jim Lovell, whose 24 days in space give him a 

world’s record. When he concludes the Apollo 13 mission he will be, 

without doubt, the best qualified man in the agency. A top administrative post should be found for him.” (New Haven Register, 2/91 

70) February 10: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXIIIinto orbit with 314- 

km (195.1-mi) apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 65.3” inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 18. (GSFC SSR, 21151 

70; 2/28/70) 

46 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February IO 

* NASA Hq. briefing explained to university administrators effects of 

NASA budget cuts on funds for educating space scientists. Termination $f sustaining university program in FY 1971 would eliminate 

more than 200 predoctoral training grants which had been funded at 

$4.18 million. Funding for multidisciplinary research grants also 

would end. Students would not be cut off immediately, since grants 

had been step-funded and would be reduced over three years. NASA 

Assistant Administrator for University Affairs F. B. Smith said other agencies might assume funding of some grants, since university 

R&D funding in total Federal budget would increase by $1 14 million 

during FY 1971. Presidential Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, said increase would not compensate for leveling off of R&D 

budgets in past few years nor for effects of inflation. He noted Government support for graduate students was declining generally and 

said Government did not need as many scientists as previously. 

Total $21 million would be cut by NASA in contracts and grants to 

universities. In OSSA, university R&D grants in bioscience would be 

cut by 30%. Cuts would eliminate a high-energy astronomical observatory. OART would experience 30% cut in university R&D. chiefly affecting electronics and space vehicles research. OMSF contracts 

with MIT for Apollo program would be reduced by $2 million. University grants and contracts which survived would be reoriented in 

FY 1971, with emphasis on what universities could do for NASA. 

(NASA Off of Univ Aff .: Gruchow, Science, 2/20/70, 1107) 

President Nixon recommended to Congress 37-point administrative 

and legislative program on environmental quality. It included fiveyear, $10-billion Clean Waters Act; more rigorous standards to limit 

pollution by automobiles; establishment of nationwide air quality 

standards and power to enforce compliance; extension of Solid 

Waste Disposal Act; use of Federal land near metropolitan areas for 

recreational purposes; and enlistment of volunteer aid in restoring 

healthy environment. (PD, 2/16/70, 158-73) 

U.S. Patent Office granted patent No. 3 495 260 to GSFC engineers Charles R. Laughlin and Roger C. Hollenbaugh for North Atlantic 

air traffic control system using satellite. System, in which aircraft 

would transmit positions to ground stations and data would be relayed to all aircraft via satellite, would be tested with ATS in 1972 or 

1973. Position of SSTS flying at three times speed of subsonic aircraft 

would be calculated by computers and supplied to traffic controllers. 

(NYT, 2/14/70) * NASA issued RFPs to 14 firms for engineering study on space environment in which average person could work, sleep, eat, and relax 

comfortably and efficiently for long periods. Objective of study was 

to prepare handbooks to be used for basic criteria for design and to 

set standards. (MSC Release 70-23) 

Inter-Academy Exchange program of NAS and Soviet Academy of 

Sciences, renewed and broadened for 1970 and 1971, was signed. Agreement, negotiated in Washington, D.C., was latest in series of 

two-year agreements begun in 1959. It was retroactive to Jan. 1, 

1970. Pact provided for 180 man-months of study in U.S. by scientists designated by Soviet Academy and for 180 man-months of research in U.S.S.R. by scientists selected by NAS. It also contained 

47 
February 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

February 11: Japan launched its first satellite, Ohsumi, becoming the fourth narion to orbit a spacecraft on its own booster. Tbe satellite was photographed during preparation for launch from Kagoshima Space Center, Uchinora, in the Ohsumi district. 

provision for joint research. (NAS-NRC-NBE News Rpt, 3/70, 1; NAS 

PIO) 

0 NASA launched two soundirlg rockets from Churchill Research Range. Nike-Tomahawk carried Univ. of Alaska payload to examine spatial 

distribution of ionospheric currents near visual auroral forms, examine relationship between electron and proton. precipitation and 

usual auroral distributions produced by precipitation, and track 

flashing light on payload with image orthicon TV system while simultaneously observing aurora. Payload penetrated intense auroral 

arc forms near northern edge of auroral breakup. All experiments 

operated successfully and TV system tracked rocket through aurora. 

Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Texas at Dallas experiment to 

study ionosphere. Mission did not meet minimum scientific requirements. (NASA Rpt SRL ; SR list) February 11: Japan successfully launched 38-kg (84-Ib) Ohsumi (Lambda 4s-5) satellite carrying 10.9-kg (24-lb) instrumented payload from 

Kagoshima Space Center at Uchinora at 1:25 pm local time, becom48 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 1 I 

ing fourth nation to orbit earth satellite on own launch vehicle. Orbital parameters: apogee, 5136 km (3191.4 mi); perigee, 525 km (326.2 

mi); period, 116.1 min; and inclination, 31.4’. Total cost of satellite 

and 16.5-m (54-ft) four-stage Lambda 4s booster was 118 million 

yen. Onboard equipment included 4th-stage spherical motor 48 cm 

(18.9 in) in diameter with small radio transmitter, battery, thermometer, and accelerometer in nosecone and four antenna spikes projecting from cone. Launch was fifth attempt by Japanese Institute of 

Space and Aeronautical Science to orbit satellite. Spacecraft was 

named for district from which it was launched. (GSFC SSR, 2/15/70; 

SF, 5/70,189; N~sAht Aff) 

USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by ThorBurner I1 booster. Satellite entered orbit with 872.3-km (542-mi) 

apogee, 7723-km (480-mi) perigee, 101.3-min period, and 98.6” inclination. (Pres Rpt 71; GSFC SSR, 2/15/70) 

Apollo 11 spacecraft, first manned vehicle to land on moon, would 

start year-long tour of state capitals April 17, NASA announced. (AP, 

P Bull, 211 1/70) 

NASA announced award of $38-million, cost-plus-incentive-award-fee 

contract with multiple incentives to TRW Systems Group to design, 

develop, fabricate, assemble, test and deliver Pioneer F and Pioneer 

G. Spacecraft would be launched toward Jupiter in 1972 and 1973 to 

collect data on interplanetary medium beyond Mars, observe asteroid belt, explore environment and atmosphere of Jupiter, and develop technology for long-duration flights to outer planets. Contract was follow-on to previous TRW contract for Pioneer VI, VII, VIII, 

and IX. (NASA Release 70-20) 

President Nixon established Advisory Council on Management Improvement to recommend improved methods and procedures to 

‘sharpen efficiency of Governient operations. He abpointed Gen. 

Bernard A. Schriever (USAF, Ret.) Chairman. (PD, 2/16/70, 176-7) 

February 11-14: Symposium, “A Century of Weather Progress,” was 

held in Washington, D.C., to honor 100th anniversary of U.S. 

weather services and 50th anniversary of American Meteorological Society. Dr. Frederick Sargent I1 of College of Environmental Science in Washington said current method of “ecological adaptation” 

was not appropriate strategy for managing quality of environment. 

He proposed environmental planning and control motivated by 

“new humanism” that recognized all men as sharers of environment. 

Dr. Walter Orr Roberts, President of University Corp. for Atmospheric Research in Colorado, said man and his technology were 

changing weather and environment. They were creating megalopolises with effect on atmospheric and surface radiation, permitting heat dumping by air conditioners, creating worldwide buildup of 

carbon dioxide from increased use of oil and coal, fostering increased storm activity from industrial smoke particles in air, and 

producing sun-reflecting cloud layers by jet aircraft use. (NYT. 

2/ 15/70, L36) 

February 12: ESRO’s Boreas satellite (launched by NASA Oct. 1, 1969) 

was adjudged successful by NASA. Satellite had entered lower than 

planned orbit and had reentered Nov. 23, 1969, but all experiments 

49 
February 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

functioned satisfactorily. ESRO had obtained large quantity of scientific data and considered mission a success. (NASA Proj Off) 0 Japanese scientists reported loss of signals from Ohsurni satellite 

(launched Feb. 11) during eighth orbit. Scientists .discontinued 

tracking on ninth orbit; they said mission had provided valuable data for development of Japan’s Mu rocket, scheduled for launch in 

autumn of 1970. (SBD, 2/13/79,201) 0 House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on 

NASA Oversight released Manned Space Flight: Present and Future. 

Staff study concluded that growth of national space program in decade had “provided major national technological and scientific resource of personnel and facilities.” Decline in resource could increase risk in accomplishing current programs and was causing “dislocations in affected communities throughout the United 

States.” 

With termination of Apollo fabrication, 8 Saturn Vs and 6 Saturn 

IBs, 12 CMS and SMS, and 1 or 2 LMS would be available for manned 

flight. After 1974, U.S. would have no capability for lifting manned 

payloads over 27 200 kg (60 000 Ibs) into space and would have only 

three vehicles that could lift 27 200-kg payloads unless Saturn V 

production was resumed or substitute was developed. Launch rate 

of less than two manned vehicles per year could materially increase 

risk of manned launch and spaceflight operations; production rate of 

two or more Apollo spacecraft and launch vehicles per year would 

minimize annual cost without inordinate increases in total vehicle 

cost over current costs, while maintaining critical skills of major 

subcontractors. 

U.S. would have no long-duration manned earth-orbital capability after 1973 without extension of orbital workshop program or initiation of development of space. station. Early development of lowcost earth-to-orbit transportation system appeared to off er greatest 

opportunity for reducing space flight costs while increasing flexibility and variety of missions in near-earth orbit. For increased flexibility in low-cost earth-to-orbit recoverable transportation system, 

development of chemical space tug was advised. Report noted that 

NASA maintained the only U.S. manned space flight capability and 

advised major decisions on manned space flight program to prolong 

capability beyond 1974. (Text) 

WAF Chief of Staff, Gen. John D. Ryan, approved flights of seven 

heavily instrumented F-111s needed in R&D programs. Remaining 226 F-111s continued to be grounded pending final determination of 

test and inspection procedures to ensure against repetition of manufacturing defect that led to fatal Dec. 22, 1969, crash. (AP. NYT, 

2/12/70, C9) 0 Christian Science Monitor editorial said NASA had postponed manned 

Mars mission because of budget cutback but “it is keeping its space shuttle program pretty much on schedule.” Reusable space vehicle 

was LLguarantee that space progress won’t be wholly shunted aside 

by budget stringencies.” It would “help to keep alive the interest of 

the big rocket and airframe contractors, and the enthusiasm of the 

thousands of researchers and scientists who have hoped to make 

space exploration their life work.” (CSM, 2/12/70) 

February 13: MSC announced establishment of Space Shuttle Program 

50 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 13 

Office and appointment of Robert F. Thompson as Manager. Kenneth s. Rleinknecht, Manager for Command and Service Modules, 

would succeed Thompson as Manager of Apollo Applications Program Office. Clifford E. Charlesworth, a flight director, was appoint- ed to new position of Apollo Applications Program Deputy Manager. (MSC Release 70-25) 0 Distribution of 13 kg (28.6 lbs) of Apollo 12 lunar material to 139 U.S. 

scientists and 54 scientists from 16 foreign countries had begun at 

MSC, NASA announced. Domestic analysis would be performed in 

139 university, industrial, and government laboratories in 25 states 

and District of Columbia. Foreign investigators represented Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Finland, West Germany, 

Japan, Korea, Spain, Switzerland, U.K., South Africa, Italy, 

France, Norway, and India. Preliminary investigation at LRL had 

revealed Apollo 12 samples were similar in characteristics to Apollo 

11 samples. Principal investigators would report findings at MSC 

Lunar Science Conference in January 1971. (NASA Release 70-19) 

Aerobee 170 sounding rocket, launched by NASA from WSMR, carried 

Columbia Radiation Laboratories payload to 230.9-km (143.5-mi) 

altitude to study soft x-ray sources and diffuse background. Rocket 

and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 White House announced in Key Biscayne, Fla., that President Nixon 

had asked Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. 

Gordon, Jr., and Alan L.Bean to visit Latin America, Europe, Africa, and Asia as his personal representatives. Tour, to take 40 days, 

would be in Feb. 16. Astronauts would be accompanied by wives. 

(PD, 2/16?70, 178-9) 0 NASA awarded $5.7-million contract extension to Aerojet-General Corp. for continued R&D on SNAP-8 nuclear power system. (LeRC 

Hist Monitor; Pasadena Star-News, 2/2 1/70) 

February 14: Electron-bombardment ion engine onboard NASA’s Serf II 

spacecraft, launched Feb. 3, was advanced to full thrust to begin endurance test. During six-month test NASA would evaluate engine 

performance and engine’s 27-millinewton (six-millipound) thrust 

would increase spacecraft’s apogee by about 97 km (60 mi). (NASA 

Release 70-34) 0 OSSA Science Steering Committee’s Planetary Biology Subcommittee, 

concerned about validity of Lunar Receiving Laboratory tests on 

lunar samples and unexplained biological effect of lunar soil on 

some plants, had recommended continuation of quarantine procedures through Apollo 13 mission, Victor Cohn reported in Washington Post. Subcommittee had strongly opposed Jan. 15 suggestion by Interagency Committee on Back Contamination that quarantine be 

abandoned and had prompted NASA to ask NAS for reevaluation by a 

special committee. ( WPost, 2/14/70, AS; NASA Exobiology Off) 

Prince Philip of Great Britain inspected Apollo 13 rocket during tour 

of KSC. (uPI, WPost, 2/15/70, A2) 0 Scientists at Japanese astronomical laboratory discovered new star of 

seventh magnitude in constellation of Serpens. Later it was upgraded to fifth magnitude as light brightened. (AP, WPost, 2/17/70, A15) 

February 15: NASA announced selection of payload and principal invgtigators for oso-I (Eye) Orbiting Solar Observatory, scheduled for 

launch in 1973 to investigate sun’s chromosphere-corona interface. 

51 
February 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

oso-I experiments would study unexplained temperature change between solar disc and corona over 16 000-km (10 000-mi) altitude 

and cosmic x-radiation, including both general x-ray background of 

universe and discrete x-ray sources. (NASA Release 70-17) * NASA was placing new emphasis on development of profitable manufacturing facilities orbiting in space and operated by private industry, because of budget cuts, New York Times article said. Industry 

participation could lead to operation and ownership of facilities by 

organizations like ComSatCorp-“prototype of such a joint under- taking.” NASA would make available facilities like space shuttle 

transportation system, space workshops, and station at mutually 

agreeable price. Some manufacturing might be more economical in 

space because of high vacuum and zero g, but before program could 

become practical NASA would have to move into “more highly developed operational stage. . .more applicable to research and development and to manufacturing.” (Tomaszewski, NYT, 2/15/70, C1) 0 West German government was ready to accept partnership arrangement with U.S. in seven-year space shuttle program, William Wines 

reported in Washington Sunday Star. Nixon Administration had 

“gone openly shopping” for foreign assistance in project. There 

was dispute over how far negotiations had gone, “but the West 

Germans believe they have been offered a 10 percent piece of the 

action in exchange for about $570 million in. . .Deutschemarks, 

payable 300 million marks annually for seven years.” NASA had said 

discussions had been going on with eight foreign countries. (W Star, 

21 15/70) 

February 16: Wild, 227-kg (500-lb) elk on National Elk Refuge near 

Jackson Hole, Wyo., would be fitted with 10-kg (23-lb) electronic 

collar to transmit data to orbiting Nimbus ZII (launched April 14, 

1969), NASA announced. Experiment-sponsored by NASA, Dept. of 

Interior, and Smithsonian Institution-was attempt to learn more 

about migratory habits of large animals. Collar containing small antenna, transmitter, receiver, batteries, and solar cells would transmit data on atmospheric temperature, elk’s skin temperature, altitude above sea level, light intensity, and location daily at noon and 

midnight for six months. Data would be received by interrogation, 

recording, and location system (IRLS) onboard Nimbus ZIZ and 

stored in spacecraft’s memory system to be matched with another 

interrogation two or three minutes later. With time and range of two 

consecutive interrogations, elk’s location could be determined to 

within one mile. 

Electronic collar had been tested on semitame elk at National 

Bison Range in Montana with no ill effect on the elk. Scientists 

would attempt to place electronic collar on one of two wild female 

elk which had been wearing 10-kg dummy collars. Elk used in experiment would be named “Monique.” (NASA Release 70-24) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew presented National Geographic Socie- ty’s Hubbard Medal to Apoffo II Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins at ceremonies in Washington, D.C. Medal honored exceptional research, exploration, and 

discovery. (Program; UPI, W News, 2/16/70) 0 Atheist Mrs. MadaIyn Murray O’Hair carried her suit to ban broadcast and telecast of prayers by astronauts in space to U.S. Supreme 

52 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 16‘ 

Court. She appealed Dec. 2, 1969, decision of U.S. District Court 

that ra ers were individual decisions of astronauts. (AP, NM; 21 

17/78, d;) 0 INTELSAT international planetary conference convened in Washington, D.C. U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs U. 

Alexis Johnson welcomed 100 delegates to meeting, which was to 

work out definitive arrangements for establishment of single global 

commercial comsat system with control apportioned among members. (UPI, WPost, 2/17/70) 0 In message transmitting to Congress 19th annual report of National 

Science Foundation President Nixon said, “As we go forward into 

the decade of the 70s, the role of science will surely become more 

and more important in the search for solutions to our problems and 

in the effort to enhance our environment.” (CR, 2/16/70, H812) 

February 17: Agreement to ensure that space transportation system 

(sTS) would be of maximum utility to both NASA and DOD was signed in Washington, D.C., by NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

and Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr. STS was 

to provide U.S. with “economical capability for delivering payloads of men, equipment, supplies, and other spacecraft to and from 

space by reducing operating costs an order of magnitude below 

those of present systems.” Program would include international 

participation and use. NASA would manage STS development, with 

project generally unclassified. STS would consist of “earth-to-orbit 

space shuttle.” Agreement established NASA-USAF STS Committee 

to conduct continuing review of STS program and recommend steps 

to achieve “system that meets DOD and NASA requirements.” Recommendations would include, but not be limited to, “development 

and operational aspects, technology status and needs, resource considerations, and interagency relationships.” (Text) 0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, opened testimony before 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics on NASA FY 1971 

authorization: “Apollo 11 and 12 demonstrated that we can fly 

across a quarter of a million miles [400 000 km] of space, land with 

precision, carry out research and exploration, and return safely to 

earth. We met our commitments for the decade of the sixties. Now 

we must chart a new course for the next decade in space. The Congress again shares with the Administration the responsibility for 

continuing progress and leadership in space and aeronautics. At 

the same time, NASA is going through a difficult period of redirection, and austere budget goals must be met. This is therefore a time 

of great challenge. But I firmly believe that with your support we 

can continue to forge ahead in space exploration, in science, in applications, and in aerospace technology. The program which we 

will lay before you, although austere, provides for balanced progress toward the challenging goals for the 1970’s and the decades to 

follow .” 

NASA budget as it came from President included “major reduction 

in space program,” to achieve balanced U.S. budget in “time of 

inflation.” By reducing operating base, making selective cut-backs, 

and deferring new starts NASA had developed program permitting progress toward SpaceTask Group’s Option I1 goals, but at reduced 

pace. [see Jan. 13 and Feb. 21. Dr. Paine noted it was significant 

53 
Febrhary 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

that, “in a sharply reduced total budget, we have been able to increase our space applications efforts. Our aeronautics effort will 

also continue to be strengthened.” 

He urged Committee to keep in mind that proposed program 

“could not be conducted in the face of further cuts.” NASA had no 

plans to fly astronauts in space between last Apollo flight in 1974 and 

the time space shuttle would be operative in late 1970s. “Any significant reduction in our FY 1971 request will further extend this gap in 

American manned space flight, and reduce other important programs .” (Testimony) 0 Apollo 12 LM in final moments of descent to lunar surface had caused 

dust shower that pocked Surveyor III and sand-blasted camera, 

NASA announced. Burton G. Cour-Palais, Chief of Meteoroid Sciences Branch at MSC, reported that Surveyor IIITV camera experi- enced little meteoroid damage during 950 days of exposure to space environment, but had numerous shallow craters of recent originapparently caused by LM 183 m (600 ft) away. LM-caused craters 

were “shallow. . mostly of recent origin, as indicated by their 

whiteness against the sandy brown color of the TV camera housing painted surface.” White craters were concentrated on arc of TV 

camera facing LM, 10 to 100 times as many as on side away from LM. 

Preliminary assessment of meteoroid impacts indicated more than 

five impacts on camera housing and four on polished tube. (NASA 

Release 70-23) 0 ESSA announced it had received NASA contract to investigate lightning hazards to rockets as part of NASA effort to develop lightning-warning system and techniques for lightning suppression. Dr. Heinz W. 

Kasemir, head of ESSA research project, said that “launching a 

rocket through thunder or rain clouds can be hazardous, not so 

much because the rocket will be hit accidently by natural lightning, but because the rocket itself may trigger a lightning stroke in the 

storm.” NASA’s Apollo 12 had suffered temporary power failure from lightning during launch through storm at KSC Nov. 14, 1969. 

Suspected triggering effect of rockets in thunderheads had been 

demonstrated when specially equipped ESSA DC-6 research aircraft 

operated by ESSA’S Research Flight Facility was struck by lightning 

three separate times under similar meteorological conditions during thunderstorm research project near Flagstaff, Ariz. Each time lightning struck, aircraft was in dissipating thunderhead near freezing level and in area of cloud that contained both ice and water. Corona 

discharge had been audibly detected on aircraft communications 

system for two seconds before each lightning strike. Observations 

of electrical field within the storm before and after lightning bolts 

suggested that aircraft itself, moving through thunderhead, might have triggered discharges. (ESSA Release 70-8-30) 

First public TV programming via satellite was inaugurated by transmission of South Carolina ETV Network program from Columbia, 

S.C., via NASA’s Ats IIIto public TV network station in Los Ange- les. Program featured John W. Macy, Jr., President of Corp. for 

Public Broadcasting, addressing special “Satellite Dinner” in Columbia honoring South Carolina General Assembly. CPB would reimburse NASA for costs of experiment. (NASA Release 70-22) 0 NASA announced award of $3 300 000 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to 

54 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 17 

Boeing Co. Aerospace Systems Div. for engineering support .of 

Apollo Lunar Exploration program. Contract covered engineering 

evaluation, flight readiness reviews, and mission evaluations Jan. 1 

through Dec. 31. (NASA Release 70-25) 0 Abolition of 21-day quarantine for astronauts returning from moon 

was recommended to NAS panel by NASA officials and representa- tives of Interagency Committee on Back Contamination. Panel 

Chairman, Dr. Allan H. Brown of Univ. of Pennsylvania, said his 

group would relay decision to NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine. (UPI, NYT, 2/18/70, C17) 

Apollo I2 astronauts, on 40-day tour, arrived in Lima, Peru, from 

Caracas, Venezuela. They were greeted by about 5000 persons. 

(AP, W Post, 2/19/70, C7) 0 Sen. Barry M. Goldwater (R-Ariz.) urged constructipn of air and 

space museum at Smithsonian Institution to house aeronautical and 

astronautical displays. (CR, 2/17/70, SJ757) 

President Nixon presented National Science Medals in White House 

ceremony. Recipients had been announced Dec. 31, 1969; Purdue 

Univ. chemist Herbert C. Brown, Princeton Univ. mathematician 

William Feller, Jack S. C. Kilby of Texas Instruments Inc., and 

Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, Director of Stanford Univ. Linear Accelerator Center. (PD, 2/23/70, 190-1; 1/5/70, 10-1) 0 U.S.S.R. was constructing astrophysical observatory atop 5633-m 

(18 481-ft) Mt. Elbrus in Caucasus mountains to house 599-cm (236- 

in) altazimuthal telescope, Los Angeles Times said. Instrument 

would be largest optical telescope in the world. Its mirror would be 

tested in autumn 1971, with observations to begin in autumn 1972. 

Telescope would be used for extragalactic exploration; study of 

nebulae and stars, particular1 faint stars: and planetary research. 

(Bengelsdorf, LA Times, 2117bO) 

February 18: NASA’s HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter C. Hoag (USAF), reached 19 800-m (65 000-ft) altitude and mach 1.86 

-highest speed to date-during powered flight after air-launch from 

B-52 aircraft at 14 300-m (47 000-ft) altitude at FRC. Primary objec- tives were to investigate suspected roll reversal at high speed and to 

operate vehicle for extended time with stability augmentation system off. Preliminary indications were that no roll reversal existed 

and that handling qualities were better than anticipated. Pilot said 

vehicle flew “beautifully” in s ite of moderate air turbulence. 

(NASA Proj Off; LA Her-Exam, 2b0/70) 

NASA issued RFPs for preliminary definition and planning studies for 

main propulsion system of reusable space shuttle. Preliminary concepts called for cluster of throttleable engines with 1780-kilonewton 

(400000-lb) thrust each at sea level. NR Rocketdyne Div., United 

Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div., Aerojet-General Corp., TRW 

Inc.. Bell Aerospace Systems, and Marquardt Corp. would submit 

proposals by March 20. Three firms would be awarded fixed-price 

contracts for I 1-mo parallel studies. (NASA Release 70-26) 0 Only medical side effect to astronauts found thus far from long periods spent in space was “some cardiovascular deterioration,” Dr. 

Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and Opera- tions, told Los Angeles press conference. This was “normal response of the body to a less demanding environment.” But medical 

55 
February 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

February 18: NASA's HL-IO lifting body (above right) reached a lifting-body speed re- cord of mach 1.86 and an altitude of 19 800 meters (65 000 feet) during powered flight after air launch from a B-52 aircraft. Experimental vehicles in the joint NASA-USAF Lifting Body 

Flight Research Program to develop the design of future space shuttle craft also included 

the X-24A (above.left), which made its first supersonic flight Oct. 14, and the M2-F3 (center), which made its first glide flight June 2. 

research was still too flimsy to risk two-year manned Mars flight. 

(Krimsky, Long Beach [Calif] Independent, 2/19/70) 

Javelin sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Churchill Research 

Range, carried Univ. of California at Berkeley payload to 494-km 

(307-mi) altitude. Objectives were to observe auroral protons and 

electrons over energy spectrum from thermal levels to several 

hundred kilovolts and to study electric fields and their relation to 

particle fluxes; density, temperature, and motion of ionospheric 

plasma currents; alpha particle and neutral fluxes in aurora: and 

auroral radiation. All experiments functioned satisfactorily and useful data were obtained. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 Lend-lease of quarters and equipment aboard U .S. earth-orbiting 

space station of 1970s to help foreign scientists study terrain of underdeveloped countries was advocated by Dr. Kraft A. Ehricke, 

Chief Scientific Adviser for Advanced Programs at North American 

Rockwell Corp. Space Div., before press in Los Angeles. (Miles, LA Times. 2/19/70) 0 DOD announced USAF award of $3 000 000 supplement to previously awarded contract with General Dynamics Corp. for F-1 1 1 aircraft. 

(DOD Release 134-70) 

February 19: U.S.S.R. launched Molniya I-13comsat from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 39 309-km (24 425.4-mi) apogee, 335-km (208.2-mi) perigee, 703.4-min period, and 65.3" inclination. (GSFC SSR, 2/28/70; 

SF, 5/70,189) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill 

56 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 19 

Research Range carrying GSFC experiment to conduct auroral studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 In message read at opening of Warsaw exhibit of Apollo 11 lunar landing materials, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said, “It 

is our sincere hope and belief that Poland, with its rich scientific heritage, will play an important role in these [space] ventures.” (C Trib, 

2/20/70) 0 Arthur S. Flemming Award was presented by Downtown Jaycees of 

Washington, D.C., to 10 young men for outstanding and meritorious 

service in Federal Government, including Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil 

A. Armstrong and Eugene F. Kranz, Chief of MSC’S Flight Control 

Div. (W Post, 2/16/70, B6) Scientists accidently tranquilized wrong elk for Nimbus III tracking 

experiment [see Feb. 161; since electronic collar fit, they attached it 

to the 227-kg (500-Ib) elk and named her “Monique.” Dart contain- ing tranquilizer had missed intended target, one of two elk which 

had been wearing dummy collars in preparation for experiment. 

(AP, KC Star, 2/20/70) 0 President Nixon transmitted to Congress The Physical Sciences, second annual report of National Science Board. Board expressed desire to participate in preparation of Government-wide plan to realize 

excellence in science as national goal. “The United States scientific 

effort is currently threatened with possible mediocrity. Funding limitations currently imposed by the Federal Government on scientific 

research should be lifted before the present vitality of the physical sciences, which is essential to the progress of all science, is lost.” 

(PD, 2/13/70,246; Text) 0 Chairman Willard F. Rockwell, Jr., was named Chief Executive Officer and Robert Anderson was elected President and Chief Operating 

Officer of North American Rockwell Corp. by board of directors at 

annual meeting. (NAR News, 2/20/70, 1) 

February 19-20: Medical behavioral experiments to be conducted on 

Apollo Applications missions were described by NASA Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale D. Myers in authorization hearings before House Committee on Science and Astronautics: Experiments would seek “information required to understand 

man’s capability for long-duration flight and to provide the confidence that man can participate in an optimal manner in 

these. . .activities.” Four experiments to determine skeletal and 

muscular alterations during space flight and evaluate biochemical 

changes and nutritive requirements would measure input and output of calcium, nitrogen, and other biochemical constituents; make xray studies of bone demineralization: and assess hormonal and electrolyte constituents of blood and body waste products. Cardiovas- cular study would use lower body negative pressure-preflight, inflight, and postflight-to test cardiovascular system reflexes regulating regional perfusion pressure in distribution of blood throughout 

body as man changed posture on earth. Inflight measurements 

would allow establishment of onset, rate of progression, and severity of adverse changes in protective reflex responses. Investigations 

of hematology and immunology would be made. 

Two neurophysiological experiments would evaluate central 

nervous system responses. First, human vestibular experiment 

57 
February 19-20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

would extend studies initiated during Gemini program to investigate effects of weightlessness and subgravity states on perception and organization of personal and extrapersonal space and establish integrity of vestibular apparatus during prolonged weightlessness. In 

second, electroencephalogram (EEG) would determine effects of 

prolonged space flight on patterns of sleep and wakefulness and assess attention levels in task performance and work-rest cycles. Energy expenditure in space would be measured for first time by comparison of metabolic rate during rest, during calibrated exercise, and 

while performing operational tasks. (Testimony) February 20: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, began NASA 

testimony on FY 1971 authorization before Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences [See Feb. 171. Among FY 1969 

aerospace accomplishments he noted that “the promising NASA 

supercritical wing development moved from conceptual and wind 

tunnel work into preparations for full-scale tests at our Flight Research Center on a modified jet aircraft acquired from the Navy. These flight tests will begin in November 1970. Because of its potential for enhancing both the cruise performance and the opera- tions economics of subsonic jet aircraft, this new NASA concept has generated widespread interest within the aircraft industry.” (TestiComSatCorp reported net income had increased from $6 841 000 (68 

cents per share) for 1968 to $7 129 000 (71 cents per share) for 1969. 

Net operating income had increased from $988000 for 1968 to 

$1 832 000 for 1969. Revenues had increased from $30 495 000 for 

1968 to $47034000 for 1969. On Dec. 31, 1969, ComSatCorp was 

leasing full-time to its customers equivalent of 1435 half circuits, 494 

more than 941 being leased on Dec. 31, 1968. (ComSatCorp Release 

South African surgeon Dr. Christian N. Barnard, heart transplant pioneer, toured MSFC and addressed NASA audience. He asked for 

closer cooperation between heart transplant research and space 

program so that studies of effects of weightlessness could be more 

closely observed. (Marshall Star, 2/25/70, 1) 0 DOD announced USAF contract awards: $1 600 000 definitive contract 

to Aerojet-General Corp. for procurement of spare parts for Titan 

IIIC booster and $1 841 000 cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for R&D on Air Force Satellite Control 

Facility. (DOD Release 144-70) 

February 21: Instruments placed on moon by Apollo 12 astronauts recorded 306 K (91°F) drop in temperature and 40% decline in light intensity as moon went through partial eclipse. MSC scientists said 

no other significant readings were recorded. (AP, W Post, 2/21/70, 

A3; W Post, 2/22/70, A2) 0 Second attempt to locate Monique, instrumented elk, by satellite [see 

Feb. 161 was unsuccessful. Feb. 19 attempt had failed. NASA attributed failures to interference or failure of collar transmitter. NASA 

observer would be sent to track Monique on foot. (AP, NYT, 21221 

70) 0 Article by Dr. Ralph E. Lapp in New Republic criticized space trans- portation system and NASA participation in Feb. 4-6 classified conference at Patrick AFB at which system was discussed. System, almony) 

70-8) 

58 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 21 

though NASA budget item, was “Air Force finesse to pave the way 

for a space-bomber or interceptor,” and “could rival the Safeguard 

ABM as a waste of money,” Lapp declared. (New Republic, 2/21/70) 

February 22: Scientists located elk Monique, using ground tracking system in animal’s collar, but were unable to track her with orbiting Nimbus 111. Monique had been fitted with electronic collar Feb. 19 

in experiment being conducted by NASA, Dept. of Interior, and 

Smithsonian Institution to obtain data on elk migration. (AP, P Bull, 

2/23 170) 0 Univ. of Maryland astronomer Dr. Joseph Weber had located source 

of gravity waves that permeated universe in concentrated area near 

constellation Sagittarius at center of Milky Way, New York Times 

reported. (NYT, 2/22/70, F4) February 23: At annual meeting of American Chemical Society in Houston, Tex., Univ. of Chicago lunar chemist Dr. Anthony Turkevich 

described lunar highlands as “comparable to the continents of 

earth, floating like icebergs on a more dense medium of deeper rocks.” Only chemical basis of comparison between lunar plains 

and highlands had been provided by Turkevich-designed experiment flown on Surveyor mission to highland region near crater Tycho. 

Compared with Apollo 11 lunar sample data, experiment data 

proved plains were darker and denser than highlands because they contained twice the abundance of elements heavier than calcium. 

Moon’s chemical content also showed “evidence for a crust on the 

moon.” 

Dr. John A. Wood of Smithsonian Astophysical Observatory pre- sented corroborating evidence based on traces of highland material 

in Apollo I1 samples. He explained meteoroid impact at nearby highland area might have showered lighter-colored material-anorthosite-on plain where Apollo 11 landed. Anorthositic crust, 

formed by melting, probably covered moon at one time. Then giant 

craters, which became plains, were blasted into crust by early impacts and lavas from beneath surface welled into holes and solidified. Dr. Wood estimated depth of crust at 24 km (15 mi), but other 

scientists were skeptical. 

In interview following meeting, Cal Tech chemist Dr. Gerald J. 

Wasserburg said crust was thin “like the skin of an onion.” (Wilford, NYT, 2/24/70,25) 0 Orbiting Nimbus 111 successfully located elk Monique, fitted Feb. 19 

with electronic collar containing transmitter. (SBD, 2/26/70,254) 0 Apollo 12 astronauts began goodwill tour of Europe with one-day visit 

to Lisbon, Portugal. (NYT, 2/24/70) 0 Japan’s space goals were described in Aviation Week & Space Technology: “Japan is redirecting the orientation of its national space 

program with the ambitious goal of placing a series of advanced satellites into orbit by the mid-1970s.’’ Plans provided for variety of 

payloads, including comsats, navigation, and geodetic satellite 

packages. “If successful, and if the funding to support it is forthcoming, [Japan’s] satellite and booster technology will outstrip that 

of the older programs of western Europe, placing Japan third in line 

behind the U.S. and the Soviet Union.” (Brownlow, Av Wk, 21231 

70,75-85) 

59 
February 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

February 24: NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld 

R. Gentry (USAF), successfully completed ninth glide flight over 

South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Objectives were to obtain stability and control data with flap and rudder settings that would be used on 

powered flights, obtain expected angle of attack and mach number 

for powered flights, and determine effects of modifying nose-gear door to reduce pitch-down tendency at gear deployment. Pilot flew 

X-24A through turbulence without difficulty and landing gear door 

modification apparently alleviated pitch-down. Next X-24A flight 

would be powered. (NASA Proj Off) 

Challenge and objectives of space science and applications program for next decade were outlined by Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, before 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics during NASA FY 

1971 authorization hearings: “In the allocation of its scarce resources NASA is emphasizing those projects which help solve immediate problems and deferring to a later year those major new starts 

whose objectives are primarily to gain the new knowledge. Obviously, we cannot continue to defer such promising scientific projects indefinitely without mortgaging the economic health, the technical 

progress, and the security of this Nation. 

“In the immediate future these postponements are tolerable because of our active ongoing program. Future Aeronomy and Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) Explorer missions will be directed at the earth’s environment: improved OSO’S will study the sun and provide data for correlation with ecology studies; the Small Astronomy Satellites (SAS) will start giving us continued data on galactic x-rays and gamma-rays; and future missions of the OAO will continue the successful observation program begun with OAO-2. Before 

the middle of the decade, we will visit two additional planets, Jupiter and Mercury. We will orbit Mars in 1971 and land in 1976. Under 

our supporting programs, we are analyzing space data, developing theories to explain the findings; we are conducting relatively less 

expensive but very productive investigations with sounding rockets 

and airplanes; and are developing concepts and investigations for 

future missions.” Establishing scientific priorities, allocating proper 

resources to research, and deciding between various expensive scientific projects would continue to be “a most difficult problem.” 

NASA would work with in-house scientists, advisory groups, and 

NAS and NAE “to be sure that the scientific projects we are undertaking are sound and worthy of support.” (Testimony) Donald P. Hearth, Director of Planetary Programs, OSSA, testified on continuation of Mars program before Committee: “The results of the Mariner 6 and 7 missions have affected very little the 

probability that life, in some form, may exist and they have not 

dampened the enthusiasm of the biologist to search for life on Mars. 

The apparent low nitrogen content in the atmosphere can be tolerated by many organisms. In fact, biota can be readily conceived which 

do not directly utilize gaseous nitrogen at all. The results have increased the geological interest in Mars primarily due to the discovery of the chaotic and featureless terrains. An understanding of 

these geological differences could shed new light on the origin and 

evolution of Mars and, thereby, on the origin and evolution of the 

60 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 February 24 

solar system as a whole. We are, therefore, continuing the Mars 

program. . . . However because of the need to minimize expenditures. . .it has been necessary to delay the Viking missions from 

1973 to 1975.” (Testimony) 

R. B. Marsten, Director of Communications Programs, OSSA, testified on broadcast service of NASA advanced flight experimentation in satellite communications: “Broadcast services come in three 

classes-the distribution class, which, through a relatively small 

satellite, would broadcast program material to large receivers, per- haps co-located with local broadcast transmitters for rebroadcast in 

the conventional mode; a somewhat larger satellite in the community mode, which would broadcast to moderate size receivers located 

in village squares, or in remote areas and connected to a cable disfribution system for redistribution of the program material to viewing 

sets; and. . .direct broadcast mode, in which multi-kilowatt power 

level satellites broadcast directly to the user, who may have a conventional TV receiver. This application has the potential of provid- ing instant national service where there is no ground infrastructure, 

and is much talked about now for educational purposes.” (Testimony) Jesse L. Mitchell, Director of Physics and Astronomy Programs, 

OSSA, said in submitted statement that research with instrumented 

aircraft was integral part of NASA program. “This research helps to 

bridge the gap between groundbased experiments and those that 

require the more expensive rockets and space vehicles. We have 

conducted auroral and airglow research observations of the solar 

corona during total eclipses and infrared observations. The ability to 

investigate interstellar dust and other celestial objects by observing their infrared emissions is opening up a promising line of research. A 

small jet aircraft has been used to take a 12-inch [305-mm] infrared 

telescope to 50000 feet [15 200 m] above the earth. At this altitude, 

much of the infrared radiation from the universe is observable; in 

contrast, at the surface of the earth it is obscured by water vapor. 

Investigators from the University of Arizona have used a Lear jet from ARC for observations of planets, stars, and galaxies at wavelengths from 30 to 300 microns.” They had discovered centers of 

galaxies were bright in infrared. Because of importance of this area 

of astronomy, “36-inch [914-mm] telescope is presently being constructed to be placed in a C-141 jet airplane. This plane and the larger telescope will constitute a unique and effective airborne astronomical observatory.” (Testimony) 

Joseph B. Mahon, Director of Launch Vehicle and Propulsion 

Programs, OSSA, submitted statement on NASA plans for use of Titan 

IIIC and Titan-Centaur booster configuration. Titan IIIC would be 

used to launch ATS-F and ATS-G into synchronous orbit. Introduction 

of Titan-Centaur configuration in time scale to support Viking mission would represent “vital portion of the effort associated with the 

Centaur Program in Calendar Years 1971,1972, and 1973.” NASA and 

USAF had concluded basic management agreements for operation of 

Titan IIIC and Titan-Centaur systems. USAF would act as Titan IIIC 

launch vehicle systems manager, responsible to NASA mission direction. NASA would be Titan-Centaur launch vehicle systems manager but would use selected elements of existing USAF contractor organi61 
February 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

zations. Titan I11 complex at ETR would be modified to provide single launch pad capability for supporting planetary opportunities 

with two launches from the same pad. Plans for Titan 111-Centaur 

included engineering proof flight of all-up Viking configuration late 

in 1973. First operational use was planned for 1974 to support Helios-A solar probe, subject to discussions with West Germany. During FY 1970, preliminary design and program definition effort for 

Titan 111-Centaur would be completed and final design and qualification effort initiated, as well as action for procurement of proof-flight vehicle and supporting hardware. (Testimony) 0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, began six-day visit to Australia to discuss space program cooperation. (Reuters, W Post, 21131 

70) 0 Monique, elk fitted with electronic collar Feb. 19 to transmit data on 

elk migration to orbiting Nimbus 111, died of. pneumonia-like disease. NASA would select another elk and continue the tracking experiment. (SBD, 2/26/70,254) 

NASA announced designation of Apollo Applications program as 

“Skylab.” (NASA Release 70-30) 0 Arcas sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carrying Univ. of Houston experiment to study ionosphere. Mission was partially successful and met minimum scientific 

requirements. (SR list) 0 ApoJJo 12 astronauts arrived in Luxembourg and met with Grand 

Duke during40-day, 21-nation tour. (AP, W Star, 2/25/70, A5) 

Boeing 747 had emerged “as the most thoroughly tested transport in 

history,” Charles Y arborough said in Washington Evening Star. For 

year Boeing Co. had been subjecting complete 747 minus operating 

systems to total destruction, “flexing its great wings upward 29 feet 

[9 m] and applying wing-airframe stresses of 116 percent of the ultimate design load.” Test figures had shown aircraft withstood 174% 

of maximum load anticipated in normal operations. Aircraft, in operation, was encountering problem of wake turbulence. French 

government had threatened to ban inauguration of 747 service to 

Paris on March 1 because of “troubled air its massive engines leave behind.” U.K. had warned all aircraft to follow FAA rule calling for 

16 km (10 mi) horizontal separation between 747 and other aircraft. 

Normal separation was three to five miles (five to eight kilometers). 

FAA edict, applicable only in U.S., also called for 600-m (2000-ft) 

vertical separation. (W Star, 2/24/70, A9) 

February 25: NASA announced plans to place White Sands, N. Mex., 

Test Facility on standby status in June 1971 because of reduced FY 

1971 budget requests and reduction of Apollo program work. Move 

could reduce employment from 641 to caretaker force of 50 followingcompletion of 1970-1971 tests of Apollo LM and Skylab program 

CMS and SMS. Facility would be kept in condition for resumption of 

work in 60-90 days. In announcing decision Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

NASA Administrator, said, “The NASA facilities at White Sands are 

unique and valuable. We plan to consider them carefully for possi- ble use in future NASA programs, and to undertake a survey of possible uses by other government agencies.” (NASA Release 70-3 1) 0 Apollo 13 Astronaut Fred W. Haise, Jr., described plans for EVA on 

lunar surface at KSC news conference. Haise said he and Astronaut 

62 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 25 

James A. Lovell, Jr., would explore hilly region, collect samples, and climb 180-220 m (250-400 ft) up Cone Crater. “We hope to get 

back to at least the base. . . . From a sampling standpoint there 

really is a very definite ejecta blanket of rock fragments that’s 

thrown out of the hole at the base of the cone and it would certainly be of interest to get up to the rim. . .and even if you just got pictures of that it would be of extreme interest. Another benefit. . .high ground would give yo11 a magnificient panorama. You 

could see a good deal more of the countryside that you can see 

from. . .walking around. . . . Haise would drill three holes 3 m (10 ft) deep in lunar surfacetwo to hold heat sensors and one for sample collection-using battery-powered, rotary-percussion drill. Depth of 3 m (10 ft) “compared to the center of the moon may not be very deep, but it does 

give a look-see through the surface structure at least in place that in 

time represents several million years.” (Transcript) 

NASA announced selection of 15 investigators and experiments for 

Atmosphere Explorer (AE) flights C, D, and E scheduled for launch 

in 1973, 1974, and 1975. Spacecraft would investigate atmosphere at 

altitudes between 120 and 150 km (75 and 95 mi). Region had not 

been investigated by satellites because air drag slowed satellites’ 

eriods and caused premature reentry. New AE spacecraft woiild 

iave onboard hydrazine propulsion systems that would overcome 

air drag and permit automated variable orbits. (NASA Release 70-29) 0 Oran W. Nicks, NASA Acting Associate Administrator for Advanced 

Research and Technology, testified before House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics on OART’S FY 1971 program. Primary 

objective of V/STOL program was “research needed for the development of advanced rotorcraft which will offer hovering capability and 

low-noise operations for inner-city operations plus the cruise flight 

efficiency necessary for inner-city to outlying airport service. Expe- rience with conventional helicopters shows that this service is desired but that it falls short of economic success. If the gap can be closed by improved technology, then the way will be clear for rapid 

development of this type of travel service. To this end, we are working on several advanced rotor concepts.” LaRC V/STOL Transition 

Research Wind Tunnel would be operational in late 1970. Facility would study effect of down flow from rotors on fuselage and tail, 

high-lift flaps for STOL air transport applications, and effect of jetlift engine exhaust on aerodynamic and propulsion characteristics of 

VTOL fighter configurations. (Testimony) 

Dr. Walton L. Jones, Director of Biotechnology and Human Research Div., oART, testifying on human factors program, told Committee: “No seriously limiting effects have been noted in cardiovascular function during the relatively brief manned space flight to 

date. However, longer duration exposure to weightlessness and the 

absence of hydrostatic stresses of earth gravity may cause deterioration in cardiovascular reactivity.” (Testimony) 

Charles W. Harper, Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, OART, testified before House Committee on NASA’s V/STOL 

technology: “In the past few years NASA has focused its research 

increasingly toward the objective of enabling development of sezera1 types of V/STOL aircraft. each directed at a single important mis9, 

63 
February 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

sion. These include an advanced rotor type with airplane-like cruise 

capability for those missions where vertical takeoff and landing is 

mandatory, a small and agile STOL aircraft with mod5st cruise per- formance and capable of operating easily out of 1500 [460-m] runways having minimum site preparation and a large STOL aircraft 

having jet transport type cruise, performance while also operating 

easily out of well prepared 1500 [460-m] STOL ports. In addition to 

this more focused activity, the V/STOL program contains broader 

research objectives leading eventually to multimission V/STOL aircraft satisfying this growing transportation mode most effectively.” 

(Testimony) 

Dr. Hermann H. Kurzweg, Director of Research, OART, testified 

on NASA basic research programs: NASA-supported research had 

developed new approach permitting for first time step-by-step numerical calculation of growth of disturbances in atmospheric shear flows, which should contribute to detection and avoidance of clearair turbulence by jet aircraft. First steps had been taken to apply fluid physics knowledge to atmospheric pollution from airborne and 

ground sources, testing pollutant action in models of city streets. 

New research programs would apply knowledge of fluid dynamics 

to noise abatement studies. Establishment of direct relationship 

between surface structure and electrical characteristics of germanium surface during oxidation had increased knowledge of oxygen’s 

role in device performance and should increase efficiency in electronic devices. Special attention was being given to evaluation of 

alloys at the high temperatures of supersonic speeds and to evaluation of rigid polymeric foams as lightweight structural materials for 

aircraft . (Testimony) 

Milton Klein, Manager of Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, OART, testified before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology on role of nuclear rockets in future space transportation. Potential for reuse of nuclear stage provided additional prospects for spaceflight economy. 

Nuclear rocket would be in-space link between earth-to-orbit transportation system and operations at moon and in distant earth orbits. 

NASA budget request for $38 million for program in FY 1971, however, could “be viewed as maintaining progress in only the most important longest-lead-time development activities in NERVA.” Progress made in “early, critical years, will permit later development 

activities. . .to proceed smoothly.” Effort was essential to meet 

major milestones: first ground test of series of NERVA flight reactors 

in 1973 and first ground test of series of NERVA flight engines in 

1974. (Testimony) Mission Agency Support of Basic Research, report by Research Management Advisory Panel of Subcommittee on Science, Research, 

and Development was submitted to House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics: “The scientists who work in fundamental research have always proved to be the best reservoir of manpower for 

tasks requiring objectivity, innovative ideas, and imaginative ap- proaches. We must not let the source of this reservoir dry up.” 

Report recommended Congressional reaffirmation of policy that 

mission agencies fund their proportionate share of basic research, 

Federal funding of research to ensure against U.S. research gap, 

64 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 25 

and Federal support of younger scientists as well as established investigators. (Text) 0 Executive nomination of Charles D. Baker as Assistant Secretary of 

Transportation, submitted Jan. 26, was withdrawn from Senate. 

(CR, 2/25/70, S2394) 0 Harry Mitchell, NASA Deputy Director of Office of Facilities, died at 

age 47 after heart attack at NASA Hq. (W Star, 2/27/70, B5) 

February 26: President Nixon sent message to Congress setting forth 

Federal Economy Act of 1970: “I propose reduction, termination or 

restructuring of 57 programs which are obsolete, low priority or in 

need of basic reform. These program changes would save a total of 

$2.5 billion in the fiscal year 1971 .” Among “most significant” items 

in total savings effort was spacf: program. “After the recent successful Apollo missions, scientific needs for more manned lunar 

explorations were reassessed. We concluded that fewer manned 

expeditions to the moon were needed, and production of additional 

Saturn V launch vehicles and spacecraft has been suspended. Eight 

Saturn Vs remain in our inventory for manned flights during the early 70s: Savings as a result of these and related space research decisions total $417 million in fiscal year 1971 appropriations.” (PD, 3/21 

0 President Nixon sent to Congress Annual Report on Activities and 

Accomplishments under the Communications Satellite Act of 1962. 

He said: “Communications between Earth and the Moon, while certainly the most dramatic use, is only one of many ways in which satellite communications can now be employed. The Intelsat Consortium of more than 70 nations has been highly successful in bringing 

the benefits of communications satellite technology to the people of 

many nations. This report reflects the steady progress being made 

toward an improved global communications network. Already we 

see major improvements in international telecommunications capabilities-improvements that will ultimately benefit all of the world’s 

people.” Report said 1969 “saw the largest annual increase in the number 

of operational earth stations in the history of INTELSAT.” At year’s 

end, 41 earth station antennas were in operation in 24 countries. 

“Nine other stations or additional antennas are ex ected to be in 

service within the first six months of 1970.” (PD, 3/2770,275; H Doc 

0 Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, testified in NASA FY 

197 1 authorization hearings before House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics: “Our most serious problem in recent years has 

been our inability to hire newly graduated scientists, engineers and administrative professionals in sufficient numbers. The average age 

of NASA employees is now increasing 8/10 of a year each year. 

While we were able to hire 965 graduating college students in 1966, 

the number dropped to 738 in 1967, 567 in 1968,253 in 1969, and an 

estimated 180 in 1970.” 

NASA Civil Service staffing would decline from 31 350 at end of FY 

1970 to 30 550 at end of FY 1971. Of this reduction, 600 would result 

from phasing out of ERC employees. Total of 200 would be reduced 

at manned space flight centers and NASA Hq. (Testimony) * NASA Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition 

70,27 1-5) 

91 -264) 

65 
February 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Gerald M. Truszynski testified before House Committee: Tracking 

networks had supported 101 manned and unmanned missions in addition to Apollo 11 in 1969. Meeting basic requirements of flight projects when budget was at “minimum level” had required significant reductions in overall network capability. Planned improvements had 

been deferred in FY 1969 for second year and, for first time, sustaining equipment items had been deferred. 

FY 1971 request of $299.3 million-$298.0 million for R&D and 

$1.3 million for construction-included MSFN equipment to support Apollo Applications program while continuing ALSEP support. Satellite Network reductions in FY 1969 had terminated or greatly reduced support of several in-orbit spacecraft still capable of transmitting valuable scientific data. Remaining workload of some 45 satelliteslcontinued to require around-the-clock bperationsjat lmostlnetwork stations. Many satellites already aloft would require support in 

FY 1971, as would 10 new spacecraft scheduled for launch. FY 1971 

equipment replacement program was critical. Network could support only portion of spacecraft passes and rel!abihty was essential. 

Continued support from DSN overseas facilities would be needed 

to support four on-going Pioneer missions and Mariner VI and VII. 

Major increase in workload in late FY 1971 with launch of dual Mariner ’71 mission would require substantial preparatory engineering 

effort, as would multimission capability for future programs of Pioneer F and G, MarinerlMercury ’73, and Helios. (Testimony) 

Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director, announced formation of Mariner Venus-Mercury Office at JPL, headed by project manager Walker 

E. Giberson. (JPL Release 543) 

Februar 27: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXIV into orbit with 

46dm (288.9-mi) apogee, 264-km (164.0-mi) perigee, 91.9-min peri- od, and 71.0” inclination. Satellite reentered May 23. (GSFC SSR, 21 

28/70; 513 1/70) 

NASA’s HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot William 

H. Dana, successfully completed 35th flight after air launch from 

B-52 aircraft at FRC. Purposes of powered flight were to obtain data 

with speed brakes open at supersonic speed and to obtain additional 

stability and control data at supersonic speeds. If data were satisfactory XLR-11 engine would be replaced by hydrogen-peroxide landing en ines for powered approach and landing phase of program. 

Dale D. Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, testified on NASA FY 1971 authorization before Senate 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences: Manned space 

expenditures for FY 1971 would be about 25% less than in FY 1970 

and about half FY 1966 peak. “We are able to make these rapid 

changes . . . as the result of two fundamental policies . . . . One 

of these policies is that the great bulk of the NASA program is carried 

out under contracts with industry, university laboratories and other 

institutions in the private sector of our econom . The other . . . is 

numbers to properly supervise the work performed under contract . . . . Essentially all the reductions being implemented in the 

manned space flight programs in Fiscal Year 1971 are in those effort‘s carried out udder contract.” 

(NASA%rOj Off) 

that NASA must maintain a civil service staff su d cient in quality and 

66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 February 27 

In FY 1971 NASA proposed to complete definition of space shuttle 

and space station and continue studies of systems, missions, and 

payloads for further economies in future years. In Apollo program, 

Myers pointed out, scheduled stretchout of manned lunar landings would “add to operational costs of the lunar exploration program, 

although not to our costs this year.” 

In Skylab program, design, development, and ground testing of 

subsystems and assemblies of Saturn Workshop, airlock module, 

multiple docking adapter, and ATM were well advanced. Fabrication 

had begun on first flight articles, with delivery scheduled for late 

1971. 

In space shuttle program, shuttle would be “designed so that it 

can be maintained in a state of launch readiness for lengthy periods and yet be launched within two hours notice into an orbit of any inclination. In the event of an emergency in space, it would be able to 

carry engineering or repair specialists to overcome the problem or 

rescue an endangered crew.” (Testimony) 9 Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird urged repeal of Congressional restriction that forced DOD to prove military usefulness of its basic 

research, during testimony before House Committee on Armed 

Services hearings on military posture: If “we reduce our support of 

research projects on the theory that they do not seem to be related 

directly to military programs, I believe it is essential that the support 

of high-quality basic research projects of broad national interest be 

provided immediately by some other agency of the government.” 

Later Laird told House Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Defense Appropriations that driving pace at which U.S.S.R. 

was expanding missile forces could reduce U.S. to second-rate strategic Position by mid-1970s. (Testimony; CR, 4/1/70,54794) 

* President Nixon, in White House ceremony, presented Atomic Pioneers Award to Dr. Vannevar Bush for his ‘ exceptional contributions to the national security as Director of the Office of Scientific 

Research and Development in marshalling the resources of American science for national defense during World War I1 and for his 

pioneering leadership as a Presidential advisor in fostering the establishment of new Federal agencies, including the National Science 

Foundation, and the Atomic Energy Commission, which have made 

possible the unprecedented growth of scientific research and development in the last two decades.” 

President also presented Award to Dr. James B. Conant for his 

“exceptional contributions to the national security as Chairman of 

the National Defense Research Committee in overseeing the successful development of weapons systems, including the atomic 

bomb, during World War I1 and for his pioneering leadership in the 

nation’s atomic energy program after the war as Chairman of the 

Committee on Atomic Energy of the Joint Research and Develop- ment Board and as a member of General Advisory Committee to the 

Atomic Energy Commission.” 

President presented third Atomic Pioneers Award to L/G Leslie R. 

Groves (USA-Ret) for his “exceptional contributions to the national 

security as Commanding General of the Manhattan Engineer District, United States Army, in developing the world’s first nuclear 

weapons during World War 11, and for his pioneering efforts in es67 
February 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

tablishing administrative patterns adopted by the Atomic Energy Commission in effecting the use of atomic energy for military and 

peaceful purposes.” (PD, 3/2/70,279-80) Christian Science Monitor published interview with Dr. Charles S. 

Sheldon 11, Chief of Library of Congress’s Science Policy Research 

Div. U.S.S.R. had not closed door to manned lunar landings but 

since successful Apollo I1 lunar landing, ‘‘I think . . . they have succeeded in taking the heat off themselves psychologically.” Soviet space program “definitely seems to have been delayed in so far as 

use of any large vehicle is concerned.” Still, program was “proba- bly larger than ours.” It was “about equivalent to our program at its 

peak.” U.S.S.R. was “putting close to two percent of their GNP into 

their space program.” There was “possibility” that U.S.S.R. was 

testing FOBS. (Stanford, CSM, 2/27/70) 

At meeting of American College of Cardiology in New Orleans, La., 

ARC-Stanford Univ. team of scientists reported successful use of 

sonar to provide data on heartbeat and blood circulation formerly 

unobtainable from cardiac patients without cardiac catherization, 

blood sampling, or x-rays. Stanford work-supported by ARC. NIH 

and American Heart Am.-used commercially available machine 

which emitted and received high-frequency sound waves. As sonic 

impulses were bounced against walls of heart, they were recorded 

and converted into electrical signals which were displayed on TV 

screen. Sonar also was being used at Stanford to detect heart 

changes that led to early rejection in heart transplant patients. 

(NASA Release 70-32) * Common digitizer, new radar processing device developed by AFSC’S 

Electronic Systems Div. and FAA, would replace radar signal 

processors used by DOD, uSAF announced. It would allow USAF and 

FAA to share radar information for air traffic control and military air 

defense and would reduce costs by relaying radar information over 

telephone lines. (AFSC Release 253.69) 0 John H. Chaffee, Secretary of the Navy, and Dr. Robert C. Seamans, 

Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, announced selection of United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div. to develop and produce high-per- formance, afterburning turbofan engines for USN F-14B and USAF 

F-15 fighter aircraft. Target price for first 90 engines was 

$448 162 600; first increment to be funded was $47 450 000. (DOD 

Release 162-70) 

February 28: Apollo 12 astronauts and wives arrived in Bucharest, 

Romania, only Communist capital on their world tour itinerary. Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., said it was “warmest welcome we’ve 

had yet,” as crowd of estimated 15000 persons braved icy winds 

along 16-km (IO-mi) motorcade route from airport. In rare exception 

to strict rules, Romanian authorities allowed vehicles in motorcade 

to fly U.S. flag, practice usually reserved for official or state occasions. After stopover in Vienna, astronauts and wives would continue to Africa. (UPI, W Star, 3/1/70, A17) * Vial containing 2.3 g (0.07 oz) of Apollo 11 lunar material disappeared 

from display at charity dinner in Los Angeles, Calif. Julian Scheer, 

NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, later said sample, 

one of 100 issued to scientists in U.S., had been lent to Cal Tech sci68 
‘ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 February 28 

entist for research. Use of sample at fund-raising affair was violation of NASA regulations. (Rosenbaum, NYT, 3/2/70,26) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill 

Research Range carrying GSFC experiment to conduct auroral studies. Mission did not meet minimum scientific requirements. (SR list) 

During February: In AFSC Newsreview editorial Gen. James Ferguson 

(WAF), AFSC Commander, praised command’s two decades of “distinguished progress” in science and technology: “When the F-15 

air-superiority fighter outclasses everything in the air-when the 

B-1 advanced bomber is operational-when a new generation of 

ICBMS helps to maintain peace-when a million-pound airplane can 

remain on station indefinitely because of nuclear power-and when 

military men maneuver into and out of space orbits, at will, from 

conventional airfields-all these, and more, will have been possible 

not only because of what we learn today and tomorrow, but because 

of all the things we learned in our first two decades.” (AFSC Newsreview, 2/70,2) * In Space/Aeronautics Frank Leary commented on NASA plans for 

manned Mars mission: “A commitment to placing human footprints on the red planet will spark an arduous and enormously expensive effort. And it will rankle those critics who want the money 

spent on earthly ills. Technologically and politically, the manned 

Mars mission is no piece of cake. But, like Apollo, it is virtually in- evitable.” (SIA, 2/70,28-38) * RAF took delivery of Belfast aircraft equipped with Smith MK 29 fully 

automatic landing (autoland) system. Built by Short Brothers & 

Harland, aircraft was world’s first military transport cleared for 

automatic landings under civil safety standards and fully operational conditions. (AFISD, 3/70, 12) 0 Progress report on plans for National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., was published in Astronautics and Aeronautics. During hearings on H.R. 6125, signed by President Johrlson in July 1966, 

Smithsonian Institution had been enjoined from asking Congress for 

construction funding until after settlement of Vietnam War. Assistant Secretary for Science Sidney R. Galler was requesting FY 1971 

funds of $2 million to reappraise architectural plans for museum and 

“listening for a ‘signal from Congress’ ” before asking for construction funds. In interim, small air and space display was housed in 

Smithsonian’s Arts and Industries Building and in small, temporary 

Air and Space Building. “The bulk of the 200 plus airframes and the 

300-400 engines is stored at the Silver Hill (Maryland) Navy facility. 

About 80% of the stored collection is either in sheds or crates.” 

Museum plans were reviewed periodically to reflect latest in design. 

Until 747 aircraft and Apollo spacecraft, Smithsonian could house 

aerospace history displays. 

“The total Smithsonian annual budget runs about $30 million. The 

Air and Space portion amounted to $538 000 in 1969 or about 2% of 

the tota!. . , , S. Paul Johnston retired in September as Director of 

the National Air and Space Museum. Galler is still looking for a replacement.” (A&A, 2/70, 16-7) 

Univ. of Arizona astronomer Dale P. Cruikshank in Sky and Telescope reported on his IO-mo visit to U.S.S.R. in 1968-1969 under 

exchange program between NAS and Soviet equivalent, Akademiya 

69 
During February ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Nauk. He had left U .R. “with the feeling that further SovietAmerican cooperatio ground-based astronomy is possible and 

desirable. This is not the case for research from spacecraft, because of the vast difference between the space policies of the two countries.” (Sky and Telescope, 2/70,76-9) 

70 
March 1970 

March 1: NASA launched two Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets simultaneously-one from Dew Line Station, Bar Main, Barter Island, 

Alaska, and one from Alaska Rocket Range at Fairbanks-carrying 

GSFC payloads. Primary objective was to make simultaneous measurements of electric fields over wide range of latitudes crossing 

auroral zone and extending into polar cap region. Four barium 

clouds were released from each rocket and were photographed by 

cameras at six sites in Alaska and one in Canada. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

0 Arcas sounding rocket was launched by NAS-A from Churchill Research Range carrying Univ. of Houston experiment to study ionosphere. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

March 2: Apollo 13 Mission Director’s briefing was held at NASA 

Hq.: Mission would be launched from KSC April 11 on hybrid trajectory to moon’s Fra Mauro, rugged highland area. Saturn V 3rd 

stage (S-IVB) would be ejected onto trajectory that would crash it 

onto lunar surface, providing signals that could be recorded by seismometer left on moon by Apollo 12 crew. Astronauts James A. 

Lovell, Jr., and Fred W. Haise, Jr., would land LM on moon and 

conduct two five:hour EVA periods on lunar surface while Astronaut 

Thomas K. Mattingly I1 orbited moon in CSM, photographing candidate landing sites. Lunar surface EVA would be covered with color 

TV camera; black-and-white camera would be carried as backup. 

After return to earth crew, lunar samples, and spacecraft would 

be quarantined under procedures similar to those for Apollo 11 and 

Apollo 12. Apollo Mission Director, Capt. Chester M. Lee (USN, 

Ret.), said continuation of quarantine-thought unnecessary by many scientists-was based “solely upon the fact that a segment of 

the scientific community considered the hilly upland site toeconstitute a new lunar environment . . . . The bio tests . . . phystcal science, and organic chemistry analyses, have found absolutely no 

evidence of any life forms or precursors of life.” 

1.0 ieduce risk of lightning from high-potential near thunderstorms which had affected Apollo 12, NASA had tightened rules €or 

launching in bad weather. Spacecraft would not be launched if nominal flight path carried vehicle through cumulonimbus clouds, within 

8 km (5 mi) of thunderstorm cloud, or within 5 km (3 mi) of overhang 

from a cumulonimbus cloud; through a cold front or squall lying clouds extending 3000 m (10 000 ft); through middle cloud layers 1800 m (6000 ft) or more deep; or through cumulus clouds with tops 3000 m (10 000 ft) or higher. Capt. Lee said although Apollo vehicle 

was well protected, lightning discharge did occur and NASA officials 

were “doing everything we possibly can to avoid it, without restricting ourselves unduly” to never launching at all. (Transcript) 

NSF published Federal Funds for Research, Development, and Other 

Scientific Activities, Fiscal Years 1968, 1969, and 1970: Federal ob71 
March 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ligations for R&D were $15.9 billion in FY 1968 and were expected to 

total $15.8 billion in FY 1969 and $16.5 billion in FY 1970. Cycle of 

rapid advancement in Federal R&D funding that began in 1950s had 

ended. Basic research obligations totaled $2.1 billion in FY 1968 and 

were expected to be same in FY 1969. In FY 1970 research obligations were expected to rise to $2.4 billion. During decade, basic research had grown more rapidly than either applied research or development. Applied research obligations totaled $3.3 billion in FY 

1968 and were expected to be same in FY 1969. For FY 1970, obliga- tions were expected to reach $3.7 billion. Applied research growth 

rate since FY 1967 had slowed to less than 1% annually. Development obligations totaled $10.6 billion in FY 1968 and were expected to decrease to $10.4 billion in FYs 1969 and 1970. From FYs 1959 to 

1969 development portion of Federal R&D total dropped from 79% to 

66%. 

In FY 1969, 77% of Federal R&D funds was expected to go to extramural performers and remainder to intramural at Federal facilities. 

DOD, NASA, and AEC continued to provide bulk of Federal R&D dollars (83%) in FY 1969, with 75% of their obligations allocated to 

development. Industrial firms performed 67% of DOD, NASA, and 

AEC R&D work in FY 1969. Engineering was scheduled to receive 

most research funds in FY 1969 (29% of total), followed by life sciences (29%), environmental sciences (1 l%), social sciences (4%), 

mathematics (2%), and psychology (2%). (Text) 0 In letter to Deputy Secretary of Defense David M. Packard, Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Chairman Daniel J. Haughton asked DOD for up 

to $655 million in assistance funds. Haughton blamed “unprecedented magnitude” of Lockheed’s disputes with USAF, USN, and 

USA for corporation’s serious financial plight and said Lockheed 

wanted advance on $770 million it claimed Government owed on 

defense contracts. Unless money was forthcoming, Haughton said, 

it would be “financially impossible” for Lockheed to continue C-SA 

cargo aircraft production and to fulfill contracts for Cheyenne helicopter, destroyer escorts and amphibious floating docks, and shortrange attack missile (SRAM). (Text) 

March 2-4: AIAA Earth Resources Conference to consider technical, 

economic, and political aspects of global satellite system was held in 

Annapolis, Md. In keynote address Under Secretary of State U. 

Alexis Johnson said surveying earth’s resources from space could 

change face of international relations. He warned nations must organize international survey program to avoid serious diplomatic 

problems when system became operational in few years. “We 

should start now to consider with other countries how best to capi- talize and coordinate earth resource surveying systems as they 

come to serve the interests of many countries. People value what 

they pay for and they will not contribute to a U.S. program.” Problem of how to handle data gathered from country not participating 

or not wanting information known was major problem. 

Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.), Chairman of Subcommittee on 

NASA Oversight of House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 

said NASA’s projected new program costs were “unrealistically low.” He predicted, “There will be pressure on Congress to reduce 

72 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 2-4 

the space budget still further unless the future orientation of the 

program is based less on space spectaculars and more on the production of tangible benefits." 

ERC and MIT research teams reported that camera and sensor systems for survey satellites had shown in aircraft and balloon tests 

along northeastern coast of U.S. that air and water pollution could 

be monitored effectively and traced to sources by satellites. (AP, 

Huntsville News, 3/30/70; Lannan, W Star. 3/4/70, A4; AP, C Trib, 

3/4/70) March 3: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from 

Alaska Rocket Range at Fairbanks, carrying GSFC payload to make 

simultaneous measurement of electric fields over wide range of latitudes crossing auroral zone and extending into polar cap region. 

Four barium clouds were released during disturbed magnetic conditions and good photographic coverage was obtained. Rocket was 

launched in conjunction with series begun March 1. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

March 4: USAF launched two unidentified satellites on one Thor-Agena 

booster from Vandenberg AFB. One entered orbit with 226.9-km 

(141 .O-mi) apogee, 224.7-km (139.74) perigee, 88.4-min period, and 88.4" inclination and reentered March 26. Second entered orbit 

with 506.9-km (315.0-mi) apogee, 439.4-km (273.0-mi) perigee, 94.0- 

min period. and 88.1" inclination. (GSFC SSR,4/31/70: Pres Rpt 71) 

0 U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXV into orbit with 321-km (199.5- 

mi) apogee, 199-km (123.7-mi) perigee, 89.7-min period, and 65.4" 

inclination. Satellite reentered March 12. (GSFC SSR, 3/3 1/70) 

NASA launched two Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets 11 min apartone from Dew Line Station, Bar Main, Barter Island, Alaska, and 

one from Alaska Rocket Range at Fairbanks-carrying GSFC pay- loads. Primary objective was to make simultaneous measurement of 

electric fields over wide range of latitudes crossing auroral zone and 

extending into polar cap region. Four barium clouds were released 

from each rocket and good photographic coverage was obtained 

from ground stations. Similar launches had been conducted March 1 

and 3. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

NASA announced appointment of Donald P. Hearth, Director of Planetary Programs in OSSA since 1967, as GSFC Qeputy Director, effective April 6. Hearth had joined NASA in 1962 as Manager of Advanced Programs and Technology. In 1966 he became Assistant 

Director for Planetary Flight Programs and was Deputy Director of 

Voyager Program in 1967. (NASA Release 70-35) 

0 Oran W. Nicks, NASA Acting Associate Administrator for Advanced 

Research and Technology, testified before Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences during NASA FY 1971 authorization hearings: Jet aircraft noise-reduction goals of NASA's acoustically treated nacelle program had been achieved. McDonnell Douglas design modifying nacelles of DC-8 had reduced noise by 10.5 

epndb with estimated 4.2% direct-operating-cost increase. Boeing 

design for 707 aircraft had reduced noise by 15.5 epndb with estimated 9.2% direct-operating-cost increase. Long-range approach to 

reducing jet transport noise was under way in quiet engine program, with quietness as design requirement for first time in aviation history. Quiet engine incorporating high bypass ratio, low-noise fan de73 
March 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

sign, and sound attenuating ducts would be built by General Electric 

co. 

Three lifting-body vehicles-UsAF X-24A, NASA M2-F3, and 

NASA HL- 10-were investigating low-speed flight problems to be 

encountered by space shuttle orbiter and booster in future and pro- viding information on subsonic and transonic flying qualities. 

In human factors program, NASA was preparing life support systems for extended space missions. “Continuous testing of candidate 

sub-systems integrated into functional life support systems has been 

accomplished for up to 60 days. The space vehicle simulation chambers employed.. .have accommodated four-man teams. A bo-day 

test with the four-man simulator will be conducted this year.” Test 

would include onboard oxygen recovery system with water electrolysis unit-major component in subsystem for oxygen recovery 

from carbon dioxide. During 90-day run, advanced subsystems for 

water recovery employing vacuum distillation and vapor pyrolysis 

with isotope power source and water vapor electrolysis unit for 

humidity control would be validated. (Testimony) Gerald M. Truszynski, NASA Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition, testified on communications satellites 

before Committee: “NASA has recently completed negotiations and 

signed an agreement with the Communications Satellite Corporation 

(COMSAT) for a continuation of satellite services. . . . New contracts 

have been negotiated for continuing this service with Cable and 

Wireless, Ltd., England; Australian Overseas Telecommunications 

Commission; and Compaiiia Telef6nica Nacional de Espaiia, 

Spain.” (Testimony) 

NASA was reviewing policy of allowing astronauts to sell publications 

exclusive personal stories, John N. Wilford said in New Yark 

Times. Review had been initiated because current contract with 

Life magazine would expire July 24. Though magazine denied it had 

made decision to renew or to drop contract, astronauts’ attorney had said he would entertain contract discussion with other publica- tions. NASA committee, which included three astronauts, was expected to announce policy decision within few weeks. While details 

of Life contract had not been made public, Wilford said it was understood magazine had paid astronauuts $200 000 a year and provided $100 000 worth of life insurance. (NYT, 3/4/70, C13) 

Sen. Charles H. Percy (R-Ill.) introduced for himself and several cosponsors S.R. 56, requesting President to call conference on international exploration of space. (CR, 3/4/70, S3020) 0 Australian government would review urgently its commitment to pur- chase 24 F-111 fighter-bombers from U.S., Defense Minister Malcolm Fraser told Parliament in Canberra. Fraser said, “Since the 

last crash [Dec. 22, 19691, the government has been pressing for 

sufficient information to enable the situation concerning the F-111 to 

be reassessed.” (Reuters, W Post, 3/5/70, A9) 0 Steady increase of particulate matter in atmosphere might ultimately 

create eternal winter on earth, ESSA scientist Dr. Earl W. Barrett 

told International Solar Energy Conference in Melbourne, Australia. His calculations from data gathered in relatively clean environment of Boulder, Colo., indicated current loss of one percent of 

74 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 4 

available solar energy in summer and slightly higher loss in winter. 

(ESSA Research Labs Release 70/17/54) 0 Permanent injunction to bar sale of Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory 

by Cornell Univ. to EDP Technology, Inc., private research company, was issued by Justice Harold P. Kelly of New York State Supreme Court. He ruled Cornell should continue to operate laboratory and its work should be restricted to public research projects. (NYT, 3/5/70,40C) 0 DOD announced it would close or scale down activities at 371 military bases by June 30, 1971, to trim defense spending by $914 million. 

(NUT, 3/5/70, 1) 

March 5: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from 

Dew Line Station, Bar Main, Barter Island, Alaska, carrying GSFC 

payload to measure electric fields over wide range of latitudes crossing auroral zone and extending into polar cap region. Rocket, last in 

Alaska series [see March 41, released four barium clouds that were 

photographed from ground. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 Jerome F. Lederer, director of OMSF safety programs, was appointed 

NASA Director of Safety, succeeding Bob P. Helgeson who died Jan. 

17. Lederer would continue in charge of manned flight safety, with 

staff and activities merged into safety director’s office. Philip H. 

Bolger would become Assistant Director for Safety Programs and Research and Daniel F. Hayes would become Assistant Director for 

Industrial Safety. Assistant Director for Aviation Safety would be 

appointed shortly. (NASA Release 70-36) 0 Milton Klein, Manager of AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office 

and Director of AEC Space Nuclear Systems, testified before Senate 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences: “During the past 

year, the AEC program to provide technology for space nuclear 

power has furnished operational systems for an earth satellite and 

the surface of the Moon, and in the near future will provide nuclear 

power for a new navigational satellite and probes of Jupiter and 

Mars. Moreover, nuclear power will be imperative for the deep 

space unmanned planetary missions, the space stationlspace base and a variety of other missions planned for the new decade and beyond.” Basic technology program had demonstrated “nuclear rocket technology is ready to fulfill this vital role in space and forms the 

basis for the development of the flight rated NERVA.” (Testimony) 0 Nuclear nonproliferation treaty went into effect. President Nixon in 

Washington, D.C., and Soviet Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin in Moscow presided in ceremonies at which last of 47 nations deposited 

instruments of ratification. (Finney , NYT, 3/6/70, 1) 

President Nixon signed E.O. 11514, putting into effect policies and 

responsibilities of National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (P.L. 

No. 91-190, approved Jan. 1, 1970). (PD, 3/9/70,320-1) 0 Wallops Station announced selection of General Electric Co. and 

Computer Sciences Corp. for competitive negotiations leading to 

$400 000 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to provide engineering and 

technical services at Wallops through March 1971. (WS Release 70- 

3) 0 Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird told Washington, D.C., news 

conference he was limiting F-111 procurement to four wings. “In 

75 
March 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

order to have four wings of the F-1 1 1, it would be necessary to pur- chase an additional 40 aircraft. The decision as to whether those 40 

aircraft will be purchased or not is dependent upon the scientific review that we are making now and the Air Force has set up a special 

committee of outstanding scientists and technical advisors’’ to make 

review. (Transcript) 0 FAA released report by Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee on 

capabilities and needs of FAA air traffic control system. Report said 

semiautomated third-generation air traffic control system being implemented nationwide by FAA “must be substantially upgraded if it 

is even to accommodate the aviation growth of the 1970s.” With 

major modifications, useful life of system could be extended into 

the 1990s, at which time fourth-generation system might be needed. 

(FAA Release 5770) 0 Pawel Elsztein’s Rakiety Sondujace Atmosfere, published in Warsaw, 

Poland, listed site of U.S.S.R.’s Baykonur Cosmodrome at 47” 22’ 

north latitude and 65” 45 east longitude, Space Business Daily reported. U.S.S.R. had said launch site was in south, east of Aral Sea, 

but had never revealed exact location. (SBD, 3/5/70,24) 

March 6: Sert II spacecraft with experimental electric rocket engine (launched Feb. 3) was already setting endurance records and returning valuable technical data, NASA announced. Endurance test begun Feb. 14 was continuing satisfactorily. Only problem was failure of 

miniature electrostatic accelerometer, one of three instruments for 

measuring thrust. (NASA Release 70-34) 0 Science published report of Apollo 12 Lunar Sample Preliminary Examination Team. Samples from Ocean of Storms were about one 

billion years younger than Apollo 11 samples from Tranquility Base. While most conclusions reached on Apollo 11 rocks also applied to 

Apollo 12 rocks, Apollo 11 crystalline rocks displayed one texture 

(lath-shaped ilmenite and plagioclase with interstitial pyroxene) 

and similar modes (50% pyroxene, 30% plagioclase, 20% opaque, 0 

to 5% olivine), while Apollo 12crystalline rocks showed wide range in texture and mode. Most Apollo 12 igneous rocks fitted fractional 

crystallization sequence, indicating that they represented either 

parts of single intrusive sequence or samples of number of similar 

sequences. Breccias were of lower abundance at Ocean of Storms 

site than at Tranquility Base, “presumably because the regolith at 

the Ocean of Storms is less mature and not as thick as at Tranquility Base.” Complex stratification existed in lunar regolith, “presumably due mainly to the superposition of ejecta blankets.” Apollo 12 

sample 12033 indicated presence of layer of volcanic ash. Greater 

carbon content in Apollo 12 breccias and fines than in crystalline rocks was “presumably due largely to contributions of meteoritic 

material and solar wind.” Amount of indigenous organic material 

capable of volatilization or pyrolysis, or both, appeared extremely 

low in Apollo 12 samples. Content of noble gas of solar wind origin 

was less in fines and breccias of Apollo 12 rocks than in fines and 

breccias from Apollo 11’s Tranquility Base site. Breccias contained less solar wind contribution than did fines, indicating that breccias 

were formed from fines lower in solar wind noble gases than were 

fines at surface. Presence of nuclides produced by cosmic rays showed Apollo 12rocks had been within 1 m (3.3 ft) of surface for 

76 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 6 

10 million to 200 million yrs. Igneous rocks had crystalized 1.7 billion to 2.7 billion yrs ago. (Science, 3/6/70, 1325-39) 0 Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science 

and Applications, testified before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences during FY 1971 NASA authorization hearings: “One of the immediate challenges to NASA, and particularly to 

the Office of Space Science and Applications, for this decade will be 

to understand the problems of the ecology of the earth, to determine 

and develop the space systems which will be required to solve these 

problems, and to understand the long-range implications of their use 

so that we do not, by their use, create new problems for mankind.” 

In FY 1971 NASA budget had almost doubled resources allocated 

to applications in FY 1969. Agency was proceeding with ERTS, cooperating with ESSA in Global Atmospheric Research Program, and 

studying with FAA and ESRO “feasibility of establishing a joint navigation and traffic control satellite system over the North Atlantic 

within the next decade.” (Testimony) 

Dr. Donald G. Rea, former NASA Deputy Director for Planetary Programs in OSSA, would become JPL Assistant Laboratory Director for 

Science March 16, NASA announced. In newly created post Dr. Rea 

would be responsible for managing JPL’S total science program and 

would act as JPL’S chief scientist. (NASA Release 70-37) 

In Science editorial, Preston Cloud of UCLA Dept. of Geology said: “Planet Earth, seen from space, appears as a fragile and limited life-supporting system in a vast emptiness. That such a view is, in 

fact, an accurate one is now more widely accepted than it was not 

long ago, before Earth’s problems of overpopulation, overconsumption, limited resources, and environmental degradation attained the limelight. The danger is that a government and public now deluged 

by doomsday prophecies and bemused by equally confident reiterations that technology will cure all may hesitate in coming to grips 

with the problem, in the hope that, given time, it will go away.” 

(Science, 3/6/70, 1323) 

March 6-8: NASA launched barrage of 31 sounding rockets-Arcas, 

Nike-Apache, Nike-Cajun, Nike-Tomahawk, Nike-Iroquois, Aerobee 150, Aerobee 170, and Javelin-from Wallops Station to collect 

data on solar eclipse. Meteorology, ionospheric physics, and solar 

physics experiments were provided by four universities and seven 

other research organizations. All 31 rockets were launched on time, 

all vehicles performed satisfactorily, and excellent radar traces and 

telemetry records were received. Only one experiment, ozone and 

water vapor experiment on a Nike-Cajun, failed to return any scientific data. Three other experiments-solar flare spectrum on an 

Aerobee 170, airglow experiment on a Nike-Tomahawk, and Pitot 

probe on a Nike-Apache-were partial successes. 

Of three supporting Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launches from 

WSMR two experiments were successful and were recovered. Third 

was recovered but pointing-control system had not trained experiment on sun. (NASA Releases 70-39,70-28) 

March 7: President Nixon issued statement from Key Biscayne, Fla., on 

future of U.S. space program: “Having completed that long stride 

into the future which has been our objective for the past decade, we 

must now define new goals which make sense for the seventies. We 

77 
March 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

must build on the successes of the past, always reaching out for new 

achievements. But we must also recognize that many critical prob- lems here on this planet make high priority demands on our attention and our resources. By no means should we allow our space program to stagnate. But-with the entire future and the entire universe 

before us-we should not try to do everything at once. Our ap- proach to space must continue to be bold-but it must also be balanced.” 

General purposes of space program should be exploration, acquisition of scientific knowledge, and use of practical applications to 

benefit life on earth. Six objectives of space program should be lunar exploration; planetary exploration, including eventual manned 

Mars exploration; reduction in cost of space operations; extension 

of man’s capability to live and work in space; expansion of practical 

applications of space technology; and encouragement of greater international cooperation in space. “A program which achieves these 

goals will be a balanced space program. . .which will extend our 

capabilities and knowledge. . .and put our new learning to work for 

the immediate benefit of all people. As we enter a new decade, we 

are conscious. . .that man is also entering a new historic era. For the 

first time, he has reached beyond his planet; for the rest of time, we 

will think of ourselves as men from the planet Earth.” 

President Nixon said NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

had met recently with space authorities of Western Europe, Canada, Japan, and Australia to “find ways in which we can cooperate 

more effectively in space.” (PD, 3/9/70,328-31) 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, at Key Biscayne press 

conference following release of President’s space message outlined 

NASA plans for “Grand Tour” missions in 1970s and space developments for next decade: “A strong effort in exploration, in science 

and in the practical application of space for the benefit of man here 

on Earth is laid out, with increasing emphasis on international cooperation.” Space shuttle and space station proposals contained re- duction in cost of space activities and increase in man’s capability to 

travel back and forth and to work in space for long periods. Space 

shuttle would take off vertically; at 64-km (40-mi) altitude and 

11 300 km per hr (7000 mph), 2nd stage would separate and carry 22.5-metric-ton (25-short-ton) payload of men, equipment, and sup- plies into earth orbit, with 1st stage returning to earth for horizontal 

landing. After mission of up to two weeks, 2nd stage would reenter 

atmosphere and land horizontally for reuse. 

President’s program of planetary exploration would “provide 

man with a closehand look of every planet in the solar system.” 

Administration placed “great emphasis. . .on the practical appli- cations of space techniques, not only in communication satellites 

and weather satellites, but in new areas such as Earth resources satellites.” 

Dr. Paine saw as “most statesmanlike portion” of President’s 

statement “increasing recognition of the international participation 

of other nations in both the exploration and the utilization of 

space.’’ It was too early to report specific results of Dr. Paine’s visit 

to world’s space capitals but “there certainly is a very substantial interest overseas in utilizing more fully the American program as a 

78 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 March 7 

means of closing the technology gap on the part of other nations 

and, at the same time, allowing them to participate in both the explo- ration and the utilization of space in the decades to come.” (Transcript) 

Photo of eclipse taken by National Center for Atmospheric Research 

scientist Dr. Gordon A. Newkirk, Jr., at 2680-m (8800-ft) altitude in 

mountains 48 km (30 mi) southwest of San Carlos Yautepec, Mexico, showed more detail of solar corona than any picture ever taken, 

Center said. Dr. Newkirk used special filter installed on white-light telescope centered precisely on sun during brief period of totality, in 

experiment to compare structure of corona to measurements of 

sun’s magnetic fields. (AP, B Sun, 5/21/70) 0 In NASA-sponsored solar eclipse project .scientists used spacecraft in 

deep space, earth-orbiting satellltes, instruments on ground, and 

sounding rockets to make intense study, concentrating on eclipse’s 

effect on earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere. 

In-space observations were conducted with four NASA spacecraft and three U.S.-Canada satellites. Radio signals from Mariner VI on 

far side of sun were measured to determine how eclipse affected signals and to study changes in charged particles in earth’s atmosphere. Os0 V and Os0 VI, in earth orbit, pointed instruments at sun 

to gather data on sun and solar atmosphere, and Ats III photographed earth and its cloud-cover to show path of eclipse across 

northern hemisphere. American-Canadian satellites AIouette I, 

Alouette 11, and Isis I investigated eclipse-caused changes in ionosphere. Ground observations were conducted by observers from three 

universities and four NASA centers at sites in Virginia and Mexico. 

At site near Sandbridge, Va. ,. Univ. of Michigan team photographed solar corona and LaRC experimenter photographed solar flash spectrum that was too weak to be seen when sun was not obscured. LaRC, GSFC, and SAO scientists used four Super Schmidt Meteor Cameras at Wallops Island, Eastville, and Sandbridge, Va., to photograph faint comets believed to be near sun. At LaRC, Univ. of Colorado scientists used optical assembly for two Wallaston prisms on 

LaRC’S 241-mm (9.5-in) Cassegrain telescope to investigate difference between color of tangentially and radially polarized radiation from solar K-corona. ARC scientists photographed full intermediatescale coronal structure, using special radial transmission filter in 

front of LaRC telescope’s prime focus. 

In Mexico LaRC scientists used NASA’S mobile Satellite Photometric Observatory in path of totality at Miahuatlan to determine 

intensity of coronal radiation to 1% accuracy. Simultaneous wideband monitor measurements of intensity and polarization of coronal 

radiation were made out to 3.2 million km (2 million mi) from sun to 

determine for first time fine structure of coronal electron density 

and temperature. Team of MSC and Univ. of Houston scientists 

made variety of observations near Miahuatlan in attempt to separate 

F- and K-coronas, determine structure .of coronas, and study interplanetary dust and particles by measuring coronal intensity and radiation, recording flash chromosphere spectrum, and using photographic and photoelectric techniques to study shadow bands. Data from satellite and ground observations would be compared 

79 
March 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

March 7: Spacecraft in deep space, earth-orbiting satellites, barage of sounding rockets, 

and instruments on the ground were used to make intense study of the 1970 solar eclipse and its effect on the earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. Totality of the eclipse (at top) occurred at Wallops Station at 138 pm EST, passing over trackingantenna (lower left) as it 

began to sweep the Eastern Seaboard. A Nike-Cajun (above right), one of 31 sounding rockets launched from Wallops March 6-8, lifted off 

right on facing page) taken by Ats I11 satellite from sy (22 300 miles) above the ea show the moon's shado 

northeast from the Gulf of xico and out into the Atlantic. 

80 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 March 7 

with data from barrage of sounding rockets launched March 6-8. 

(NASA Release 70-28; MSC Roundup, 3/27/70, 1) 0 AFCRL KC-135 research aircraft, carrying new infrared sensing system and multichannel tape recorders above moon’s shadow, collected 

data on solar eclipse. Primary objective was to develop techniques for predicting wavelengths at which atmosphere would be most 

transparent under different conditions. Although eclipse lasted only 

3 min 30 secs on earth, by chasing lunar shadow scientists prolonged effect to 5 min 38 secs. Abrupt switching off and switching on of 

sunlight provided ideal means of learning nature of airglow reaction, 

particularly in 80- to 100-km (50- to 60-mi) region. Aircraft flew from 

Kelly AFB, Tex., down eclipse path over Pacific four times-before 

eclipse, as sun became increasingly covered, during eclipse totality, 

and during final stages of partial eclipse. (Sullivan, NYT, 3/8/70,60) 

81 
March 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

* First total solar eclipse seen over heavily populated areas of U.S. 

since 1925 was greeted by millions of viewers who crowded beaches, towns, and islands where viewing was most favorable. Eclipse 

was total along path 137-161 km (85-100 mi) wide through Mexico, 

Florida, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, and Nantucket Island, 

Mass. It was 96% total in New York City and 95% in Washington, 

D.C. (Wilford, NYT, 3/8/70, 1) * Ivory Coast President Felix Houphouet-Boigny presented gold 

plaques to Apollo 12 astronauts, who had arrived in Abidjan March 

6. They would leave for Tanzania March 8 during world tour. (Reuters, WPost, 3/8/70, A7) * Pravda published policy statement which said U.S.S.R. was not seeking nuclear superiority over U.S. Pravda said there were possibilities for reaching agreement on limiting strategic weapons at U.S.- 

U.S.S.R. talks scheduled for April 16 in Vienna but questioned U.S. 

sincerity in wanting accord. (Gwertzman, NYT, 3/8/70, 1) 

March 8: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was’launched by NASA from 

Andoeya, Norway, carrying Norwegian experiment to conduct auroral studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR 

list) * Cleveland Plain Dealer editorial on President’s space goal message: “Underlying the message seemed to be one word-flexibility. And because the space program deals with the unknown, it is reasonable to accept flexibility as a necessary factor.” (C Plain Dealer, 

3/8/70) 

New York Times editorial commented on solar eclipse: “Today an 

eclipse is practically a scientific event, predictable as high noon, 

right down to the fraction of a second. The big mystery is gone, though it is an occasion for scientific measurement and further calculation. But there is another dimension to such an occasion. It puts the earth into perspective as few other occasions ever do.” (NYT, 

3/8/70,4: 10) 0 U.S. submitted to U.N. Seabed Committee 12-point guide for international regulation of deep seabed to provide e ual share of benefits of 

exploitation for all nations. (Brewer, NYT, 338/70,24) March 9: ComSatCorp sent annual report to shareholders on 1969 activities. Financial report had been released Feb. 20. In letter to shareholders ComSatCorp President Joseph V. Charyk and Chairman 

James McCormack said: “Outstanding. progress has been made in 

the establishment of the global communications satellite system. . .a 

goal toward which COMSAT and the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT) have worked since inception. 

This basic goal was achieved when a satellite was placed over the 

Indian Ocean in the summer of 1969. . . . In addition, the pace of 

earth station development by national entities in many countries has 

been significant. Investment worldwide of about $200 million in 

earth stations and more than $100 million in satellites reflects a widespread confidence in the present and future benefits of satellite 

communications.” 

Highlights of 1969 included achievement of major INTELSAT goal, 

global coverage by comsat; full commerical operation of 22 new 

antennas in 18 countries; start of construction on Intelsat IV series 

satellites and selection of Atlas-Centaur as series launch vehicle; 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 9 

completion of ComSat Laboratories, major R&D facility; and reaffirmation by ComSatCorp of its readiness to finance, establish, and 

operate domestic comsat system. (Text) 

Press editorials commented on President Nixon’s statement on Nation’s space program. 

New York Times: “If the President’s program is fulfilled on 

schedule, the economics of space activity-both its costs and its 

dividends for nonscientists here on earth-will be revolutionized. 

The reconnaissance activities of earth resources satellites have 

enormous potentials for aiding agriculture, forestry, the search for 

new minerals, and the exploitation of the seas. The prospect of 

communications satellites that can broadcast radio and television 

programs directly to homes everywhere offers exciting new 

perspectives for further unifying all peoples, while simultaneously raising delicate political problems. . . . When it becomes available, 

the reusable space shuttle will. . .facilitate construction of a permanent manned orbiting space station that will open up new areas of 

scientific and economic activity in the near neighborhood of earth.’’ 

(NYT, 3/9/70) 

Washington Evening Star: “The 1970’s promise to be an exciting decade in space, not just a comedown from the exhilaration of the 

initial moon landings. The next 10 years will be even more satisfying if another of the President’s goals-increased international cooperation in space-is realized. To that end, Soviet space scientists have been told about the U.S. plans. The Russian leaders would do well 

to consider the economies and other benefits that could come from 

pooling skills and resources as man reaches farther and farther beyond his planet.” (W Star, 3/9/70) 

Washington Post: “It was appropriate that President Nixon 

should announce his proposed plans for exploration in space on the 

last day in this century when a total eclipse of the sun was visible in 

the United States. Opportunities to make strides in learning about 

our universe do not come often and must be seized when they arrive. The scientists. . .did the best that could be done in Saturday’s 

brief moment of darkness to learn more about the forces in the sun 

that dominate our solar system. And the President seems to have 

done about the best that can be done with the resources now available to keep our space program on the rieht track. 

“The emphasis the Administration is giving to unmanned fli ht 

activities-the commitments to launch vehicles in 1977 and 1979. B or 

grand tours of our outermost planets are the most exciting-will test 

the willingness of the nation to spend huge sums on basic research. 

The future programs of NASA, at least for the next decade, will have 

little of the appeal that seized the ublic during the race to land men 

on the moon first. And the wort hp of these programs, in terms of 

knowledge they may yield about the solar system and the usefulness 

of that knowledge, is difficult to appreciate fully. The test in the future will be whether we are willing to pay for these robes for knowledge without the exhilarating experience of watcfing the first man 

step onto the moon’s surface, and of beating the Russians.” (W 

Post, 3/9\70) 

0 MSC announced award of $57 264 989, cost-plus-fixed-fee NASA con83 
March 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

tract to General Electric Co. for spacecraft checkout, reliability and 

quality assurance engineering, and systems engineering in support of Apollo and Skylab programs. Contract, which definitized letter 

contract, covered work from October 1969 through December 1972. 

(MSC Release 70-3 1) e “Grand Tour’’ of outer solar system was discussed by William Hines 

in Chicago Sun-Times: “The grand tour idea came out of Caltech 

several years ago after a graduate student in Prof. Homer J. Stewart’s aeronautical engineering department calculated the added energy that could be imparted to a spacecraft by the massive gravitational fields of various planets. This information, together with the 

unusual configuration of outer planets in the 1980s, was patched 

together by Stewart into the grand tour concept. Theoretically, Stewart calculated, it should be possible to fire a spacecraft into a 

near-miss trajectory toward Jupiter and then let that planet, biggest in the solar system, take over. Jupiter would add energy, and hence 

velocity, to the spacecraft.. . . This would send the craft toward 

Saturn, where more energy would be borrowed from the ringed 

planet’s gravitational field, and then on to Uranus for more of the 

same, Neptune and finally Pluto.” (C Sun-Times, 3/9/70) 

March 9-10: NASA launched series of three Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets from TERLS, carrying GSFC payloads to investigate relationship between ion composition, airglow emissions, and vertical drift 

velocities in F region of ionosphere. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily and good dat,a were obtained. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

March 10: French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) successfully launched French Diamant-B rocket carrying Franco-German scientific satellite Dial (Diamant pour 1’ Allemagne) from Guiana Space 

Center (GSC), Kourou, French Guiana. Mission, under joint agree- ment with West Germany, was France’s fifth successful launch. The 

1 15-kg (253-Ib) payload included German scientific “WI Kapsule” 

WIKA and French technological “Mini Kapsule” MIKA which was 

damaged by vibration between 2nd and 3rd stages. French capsule 

was to have checked Diamant-B stages during flight. Satellite entered orbit with 1613-km (1002.3-mi) apogee, 308-km (191.4-mi) perigee, 104.3-min period, and 5.4” inclination. (GSFC SSR. 3/31/70; C 

Trib,3/11/70; Av Wk, 4/6/70; NASA Int Aff; SBD, 3/12/70,57; SF, 51 

70, 189) e Subsystem test bed (STB), experimental, low-cost spacecraft module, 

began 10-day vacuum-chamber test at MSC to determine how STB 

reacted to temperature and vacuum extremes. It also would evaluate heat pipe, new device that might be useful in controlling temperature of future space vehicles. Test would subject STB, which had 

4.6-m (15-ft) diameter and 2.7-m (9-ft) height, to temperatures from 

200 K to 383 K (- 100°F to +230”F) and to vacuum equivalent to that 

at 160 km (100 mi) above earth. (MSC Release 70-32) e Quincy (Mass.) Patriot Ledger editorial noted President’s space goal 

message had not included Mars mission as major goal at this point. 

“More important is the consolidation and mastery of the space environment closer to earth, as well as greater application of space research to human problems. Fortunately, this is the emphasis of Mr. 

Nixon’s new program.” (Q Patriot Ledger, 3/10/70) * U.S. intention to begin deployment of MIRV missiles in June was dis84 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March IO 

closed by Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., at 

closed session of Senate Armed Services Committee, AP reported. (C Trib, 3/11/70, 18) 

March If: MSC scientists reported three kinds of earth bacteria had died 

when exposed to lunar soil gathered by Apollo If: staphylococcus 

aureus scraped from Apollo 21 astronauts when they returned to 

earth; azobacter vinlandii, solid bacterium; and pseuodomonas aeroginosa, used in laboratory studies. LRL chief of preventative 

medicine Dr. William Kemmerer said conjecture was that all were 

killed by poison in Apollo I1 core-tube material. Tube held lunar soil 

gathered from five to eight inches beneath lunar surface. There had 

been no ill effects in similar tests with Apollo 11 soil or Apollo 12 

surface or underground samples. (Cohn, W Post, 3/12/70, Al) 0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, reported on international 

cooperation in NASA programs before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences: NASA had established “sound base 

of extensive and successful cooperation” with over 70 countries in 

1960s, entered into almost 250 agreements for international space projects, orbited foreign satellites and flown foreign experiments on 

U.S. spacecraft, participated in more than 500 cooperative scientific 

rocket soundings from sites throughout world, involved more than 

50 foreign scientists in analysis of lunar samples, and provided for 

direct daily reception by some 50 countries of data from weather 

satellites. “Third” countries together spent “roughly $300 million a 

year on space.” 

“On the aeronautics side of NASA’s responsibilities, cooperative projects with Canadian, French, German, and British agencies are 

contributing importantly to the development and testing of a variety of V/STOL aircraft configurations.’’ 

In experimental meteorological satellite and balloon program, 

Project Eole, NASA would launch French satellite to track several 

hundred balloons to derive global circulation of winds. Cooperative 

earth resources survey projects had been undertaken with Brazil and 

Mexico to acquaint foreign scientists and policy makers with poten- tial of remote sensing. NASA had added earth resources disciplines 

to international graduate fellowship program and planned international workshop in 1971. NASA was providing technical assistance to 

India in aircraft survey of coconut palm blight in Kerala State so 

that its spread could be controlled. Agency was considering propos- al to launch French synchronous meteorological satellite as joint 

contribution to Global Atmospheric Research Program and had met 

informally with ESRO and European aviation officials to consider 

mission requirements for possible preoperational air-traffic-control 

satellite system for North Atlantic. 

Dr. Paine had written new letters to Soviet Academy of Sciences 

President Mstislav V. Keldysh and to Academician Anatoly A. Blagonravov “inviting new initiatives in space cooperation.” Keldysh 

had accepted suggestion for meeting, but had deferred further discussion for “three or four months” from Dec. 12, 1969. Keldysh 

had declined invitation of Soviet proposals for experiments on NASA 

planetary probes, “advocating instead a relationship in which NASA 

and the Soviet Academy would coordinate ‘planetary goals’ and 

85 
March II ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

‘exchange results’ of unmanned planetary investigations.” (Testi0 Saturn V 2nd stage (S-11), scheduled to boost Apollo 17 toward moon 

in 1972, was successfully static-fired for 378 sees at MTF. (Marshall 

Star, 311 1 /70) 

Apollo 12 lunar samples were presented in Bonn to Science and Education Ministry’s Parliamentary State Secretary Klaus von Dohnanyi by US. Ambassador to West Germany Kenneth Rush. Samples would be investigated at Max-Planck Institute in Heidelberg. (Ley- endecker, Bonner Rundschau, 3/12/70) 

James M. Beggs, Under Secretary of Transportation, addressed Western Governor’s Conference on application of science and technology to problems of pollution, transportation, and employment in Salt 

Lake City, Utah: “We have left the Age of technology, where a technical innovation.. .was sufficient cause for the formation of a 

great new industry or the initiation of a large complex project. We 

seem to be shifting now to a period of more complexity in decisionmaking, where the longer term effects of our technological advances 

may be the true determinant of the decision to proceed or not to proceed. . .the ‘Technosocial Age.’ ” 

In aviation, “we find a sector of transport supported by burgeoning technology, effective salesmanship, and extremely rapid expan- sion of traffic demand. In 1964, there were 83 million air carrier pas- sengers. This figure grew to nearly 153 million in 1968. The number 

of air carrier operations. . .grew accordingly from 7.4 to 9.9 million.” Of total daily operations handled by FAA terminal facilities, 

four fifths were general aviation. (Text) 

Kansas City Times editorial commented on President Nixon’s space recommendations: “The hang-the-cost generosity of Congress that 

marked the early years of the Apollo moon program seems not to 

have been rekindled by last summer’s landing on the Sea of Tranquility, for all the justified national pride that feat stimulated. And 

Mr. Nixon, judging from his last budget message, is disinclined to 

buck this trend. The President’s conviction seems to be that important and dramatic goals await the U.S. in space, but that the reality 

of competing demands on the national resources prohibits the setting of binding deadlines for their achievement. His caution is reasonable, even if it does not lend itself to flights of public imagina- tion.” (KC Times, 3/11/70) 0 Status of C-5 Galaxy aircraft program funding was described by Dr. 

Robert C. Seamans, Jr:, Secretary of the Air Force, before Senate 

Armed Services Committee during hearings on USAF FY 1971 budget request: In 1969 it had appeared “that the 120 aircraft program 

would cost about $4,831 million, including initial spares. As we interpreted the contract, the contractor would lose some $285 million 

on 120 aircraft, and any smaller buy the contractor’s loss would be 

higher. The contractor disagreed. By his interpretation. . .he expect- ed to make a small profit on the total program. As a consequence of 

budget restraints, rising costs, and an overall reappraisal of defense 

requirements, we have now limited the program to 81 aircraft. The 

program’s final cost to the Government, however, depends on resolution of the issues between the Air Force and contractor over the 

contract. We are still trying to work these out with Lockheed 

mony) 

86 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 11 

but. . .litigation.may be required. If the Air Force w he arguments, the 81 aircraft program will cost about $4 bil the contractor wins all his points, the cost will be. . .on th of $500 

million more.” It might be ‘‘several years before we know the exact outcome of this program.” (Testimony) 

March 12: House Committee on Science and Astronautics ordered favorably reported H.R. 15695, FY 1971 NASA authorization with 

amendments that added $297.8 million to President Nixon’s budget 

request of $3.333 billion. New authorization total of $3.63 1 billion 

included addition of $144.9 million to Apollo budget request, for 

total Apollo allocation of $1.1 billion, and $155 million for space 

flight operations, making total of $670.2 million in that category. (H 

0 NASA announced award of $22-million, 45-1110, cost-plus-incentive- award-fee contract to General Electric Co. for management, sustaining engineering, logistics, and support for Saturn ground-sup- port equipment and for operations and maintenance of Saturn systems development facility. Contract, to be managed by MSFC under 

OMSF direction, was expected to achieve substantial savings by consolidating work previously performed under six separate contracts. 

(NASA Release 70-40) 0 AFSC announced acceptance by SAMSO’S 6555th Aerospace Test Wing of new, $1.6-million spacecraft environmental enclosure for Titan 

IIIC Launch Complex 40 at Cape Kennedy. Enclosure, 25 m (83 ft) 

tall, extending from 9th to 14th level of 73-m (240-ft) mobile service 

tower, would allow crews to adjust and repair spacecraft in place instead of removing them from MST and transporting them to “clean 

rooms.” (AFSC Release 44.70) 0 NAE President Eric A. Walker announced selection of Dr. C. Stark 

Draper, vice-director of MIT’S Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (formerly Instrumentation Laboratory), to receive NAE’S fifth 

Founders Medal. Dr. Draper would receive medal and deliver 

Founders Lecture at luncheon April 30 in conjunction with NAE’S 

annual meeting. (NAE Release) 

March 13: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXVlinto orbit with 239-km 

(148.5-mi) apogee, 209-km (129.9-mi) perigee, 90.1-min period, and 

81.3” inclination. Satellite reentered March 21. (GSFC SSR, 3/3 1/70) 0 ltos I(Tiros-M), launched Jan. 23, was adjudged successful by NASA. 

Primary objective of obtaining inflight engineering data for evaluation of single-momentum wheel stabilization system and secondary 

objective of evaluating stabilized platform for operational meteorol- ogy had been achieved. New stabilization system had proved very 

effective, maintaining spacecraft attitude within specified jI 1”. After 

completion of engineering tests and evaluation of spacecraft subsystems, spacecraft would be turned over to ESSA for use in meteorological operations. (NASA Proj Off) * Office of Science and Technology sent to Congress The Next Decade 

in Space, report of Science and Technology Panel of President’s Science Ad Committee: National program for next 

decade in space should focus on using “space capabilities for the 

welfare, security, and enlightenment of all people.” Recommended 

goals were to contribute to Nation’s economic strength and security and expand earth-oriented research and applications of space sciRpt 91-929; CR, 3/12/70, D225; W Post, 3/13/70, A10) 

87 
March 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ence and technology; explore solar system with phased program of 

lunar exploration, search for extraterrestrial life, and diversified 

planetary exploration; and use space platforms to expand knowledge of universe and basic physical laws. Panel urged that 

U.S. develop technology to expand capability for automated equipment controlled by man in remote location for space exploration and 

civil applications, reduce cost of space operations by cost reduction 

for expendable vehicles and payload development, strengthen 

biomedical basis for possible long-duration manned space flights, and encourage international cooperative programs. Panel recommended NASA and DOD continue joint study of reusable space transportation system “in the expectation that a decision 

can be made for a FY 1972 budget decision on an STS development 

program .” Design target should be replacement “of the largest possible part of the national launch vehicle stable,” including Saturn V. 

“We urge the deferral of a development decision on space stations 

more elaborate than the AAP space station. . .concept until the prior availability of the STS can be‘confidently anticipated.” It was “likely that some form of multiply reusable space transportation system 

will indeed become the most attractive major new technology de- velopment for the decade.” 

Other recommendations were basic biomedical research program supplemented by 12- to 18-mo Apollo Applications flight program, 

to provide human factors information for more ambitious space station; possible second-generation space station to utilize STS; and 

earth-orbital manned space flight activity with systems using STS. 

(Text) 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, former MSFC Director, was sworn in as NASA 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning by Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, NASA Administrator. (Off NASA Dep Assoc Admin) 

DF. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and Prof. Giampietro 

Puppi of Italian National Research Council (CNR) signed agree- ment specifying conditions under which NASA would provide reim- bursable launchings for Italian scientific spacecraft and responsibilities of each party. CNR would provide spacecraft and experiments, inform NASA of spacecraft’s design and mission, and reimburse 

NASA for launch vehicle and associated services. NASA would furnish booster that would meet mission requirements and provide launch, tracking and data acquisition, and other services. 

First launch under agreement would be Italy’s Sirio, scheduled for launch by Delta booster into 35 400-km (22 000-mi) stationary 

orbit in 1972. Satellite would carry telecommunications, technology, 

and scientific experiments to be conducted with ground stations in 

Europe. (NASA Release 70-42) 0 NASA held Hq. briefing on space station and shuttle programs for rep- resentatives of 17 nations, ELDO, ESC, and ESRO. Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, NASA Administrator, said foreign participation was step in 

NASA’s continuing efforts to inform other nations of post-Apollo 

program planning so that they might determine extent to which they 

wished to participate in it. (NASA Release 70-41) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew presented Harmon International Aviation and Space Trophy for 1969 to Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry (USAF) for 

“extraordinary and brilliant piloting feat” while testing NASA HL-10 

88 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 13 

March 13: Dr. Wernher von Braun (left), former MSFC Director, was sworn in as NASA 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, Administrator. 

lifting-body vehicle and to Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, Witliam A. Anders, and James A. Lovell, Jr., for first manned flight to 

moon. (Program; AFSC Newsreview, 4/70) e Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and Operations, participated in international medical conference by two-way satellite TV relay between MSC and 11 European cities. Conference 

was part of program of 18th International Post-Graduate Congress 

of German Federal Medical Council. Central meeting was at Davos, 

Switzerland, with other medical groups participating through TV 

projection from nine German cities and Vienna, Austria. (MSC Release 70-29: NASA PAO) 

Models of Viking Mars lander had been tested at speeds from mach 

0.6 to mach 0.3 in Propulsion Wind Tunnel at AFSC’S Arnold Engineering Development Center at Tullahoma, Tenn., AFSC announced. 

Atmosphere on Mars had been simulated in tunnels for tests conducted for NASA and Martin Marietta Corp. on aeroshell and base 

cover that would protect lander during entry through Martian atmosphere. (AFSC Release 67.70) 

President Nixon announced appointment of new members of President’s Science Advisory Committee: Dr. Solomon J. Buchsbaum, 

Vice President of Research, Sandia Laboratories; Dr. Theodore L. 

Cairns, Assistant Director, Central Research Dept., E. I. du Pont de 

Nemours & Co.; Dr. James S. Coleman, Dept. of Social Relations, 

Johns Hopkins Univ.; Dr. Val L. Fitch, Princeton Univ. physicist; 
March 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

and Dr. Lloyd H. Smith, of Dept. of Medicine, Univ. 

of California, San Franci enter. New members would 

serve until Dec. 31, 1973. ed William R. Hewlett, who 

had resigned, and Dr. Ivan L. Bennett, Jr., Dr. Sidney D. Drell, Dr. 

Charles P. Slichter, and Dr. Charles H. Townes, whose terms had 

expired. (PD, 3/16/70,357-8) 0 Dr. Donald F. Hornig-Vice President and Director of Eastman Kodak Co., professor at Univ. of Rochester, and former Presidential 

Science Adviser-was named President of Brown Univ. in Providence, R.I., effective June 1. (W Star, 3/14/70, A2; Science, 3/20/70, 

1597) 0 Chicago Daily News editorial commented on President Nixon’s space recommendations: “Compared to the feverish reach for the moon 

in the Sixties, the plans. . .seem almost pedestrian. Not until men 

take off for Mars-at the earliest in 1983-will there be anything like 

the excitement of the first trip to the moon. Yet it is a practical time- table NASA has developed, one that promises the maximum in scientific research within a budget reflecting a lowered priority for space. Exploration of space is by no means being abandoned, but urgent needs on Earth clearly come first.” (CDaily News, 3/13/70) 0 Science article commented on suggestions of President’s Science 

Advisory Committee panel that NASA devote more time to biomedical research: “There appear to be practical limits other than the 

budgetary ones on the expansion of basic studies in the manned 

space program. It will be a long time before astronauts on missions 

operate in conditions anything like those of the laboratory.” MSC 

Director of Medical Research and Operations, Dr. Charles A. Berry, and his staff “have been responsible for establishing medical 

protocols for the missions, in a way that balances the need for biomedical data with operational demands and the willingness and 

ability of the astronauts to cooperate. Some medical procedures are tedious, unpleasant, and even humiliating, and when the work load 

on astronauts is heavy, data gathering has to be limited. For this 

reason in part, then, tension between biomedical insiders and outsiders is likely to continue. At the same time the interests of the two 

groups are nearer to converging than ever before.” (Walsh, Science, 3/13/70, 1469-71) March 14: Apollo 13 Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., Thomas K. Mattingly 11, and Fred W. Haise, Jr., held press conference at MSC. 

Lovell announced final code names for LM and CM had been selected 

according to theme of mythology. LM would be called “Aquarius” after mythical Egyptian water carrier who brought fertility and 

knowledge to Nile Valley. Code name originally selected for CM- 

“Auriga,” for constellation Auriga-had been dropped in favor of 

“Odyssey,” epic Greek poem about long adventures and wanderings of Odysseus in Greek mythology. Lovell said Apollo 13 crew 

had “already had quite an odyssey just getting trained” for mission. 

Landing of Aquarius on moon would be different from previous 

landings, Lovell said. Key to landing was Cone Crater on Fra Mauro. LM was “being targeted for a spot that we don’t want to land at,” 

uprange about 1/2 km from desired site; “we’re not sure of the actual height of this ridge [of Cone Crater]. . .so we’re targeting 

uprange to make sure we get over it.” 

90 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 14 

Reason for going to Fra Mauro was “its peculiar geologic formations there and. . .a place called the Mare Imbrium. . .a large circular basin that was formed early in the moon’s history.. .by a large impact. In the formation of this impact it made hummocky ridges, 

radiating outward from the center of the impact down into. . .Fra 

Mauro. . . . Now, by going to Fra Mauro, we hope to. . .bring back 

some of the basin type material that was thrown out by this catastrophe.” (Transcript; UPI, C Trib, 3/15/70) 0 Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR 

carrying NRL experiment for stellar studies. Mission did not meet 

minimum scientific requirements, but instruments on board rocket 

detected molecular hydrogen in interstellar space for first time. Although much indirect evidence for presence of large amounts of 

molecular hydrogen in space had been accumulated, detection by 

Aerobee 150 was first direct measurement. (SR list; Naval Research 

Reviews, 7/70, 31) 0 Philadelphia Evening Bulletin editorial commented on President’s 

space goal message: “President Nixon’s ‘low profile’ space program represents a realistic appraisal of the American temper at this 

time. Without the Russians nipping at our heels, apparently, there is 

little public pressure to keep space exploration and development going at better than a jog. It’s worth noting, however, that although 

Mr. Nixon has accepted implicit funding limitations reflecting both 

his own anti-inflation drive and public opinion, he hasn’t really 

slammed any doors.” (P Bull, 3/14/70) 

The Economist commented: “Nasa’s future plans may not 

brighten the back of cereal boxes but they are solid, varied and balanced. The dangers from now-on are not likely to be financial but 

technical: the space shuttle will be hard to make.” (Econornrst, 

3/14/70,53) March 15: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and Dr. Wernher 

von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator, discussed future 

of U.S. space program on ABC program “Issues and Answers.” Dr. 

Paine said he did not anticipate further cutbacks in NASA personnel 

and facilities. “In my opinion we have slimmed down the NASA base 

to the point where we now have something which I would expect to 

see extended throughout the seventies and eighties.” He was “quite optimistic about the future of the space agency.” 

Dr. von Braun said “in the long haul” U.S. could not compete with U.S.S.R. at $3.333-billion budget level. It was obvious “that 

we are ahead in some areas,” but U.S.S.R. was probably ahead in 

space station field. (NASA Special Ann, 3/11/70; SBD, 3/17/70,76) 0 U.S., Japanese Government, and U.S.S.R. pavilions attracted largest 

crowds on opening day of Expo ‘70 in Osaka, Japan. Apollo 12 

moon rock was primary interest of 8000 visitors per hour who pas- sed through U.S. exhibit. (Shabecoff, NYT, 3/16/70) 

March 16: West Germany’s Azur research satellite, launched by NASA 

Nov. 7, 1969, was adjudged successful by NASA. Satellite had 

achieved nominal orbit and had obtained very good data. Spacecraft and instruments were functioning satisfactorily except for tape recorder that had failed 30 days after launch. (NASA Proj Off) 

Custer Channel Wing Gorp. demonstrated takeoff and climbing ability of Custer CCW-5 channel-wing aircraft at Teterboro Airport in New 

91 
March 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Jersey. Prototype of possible STOL aircraft for serving small airports in downtown urban areas had half-circle channel in each wing, 

weighed 2100 kg (4600 Ibs), and flew at minimum speed of 64 km 

per hr (40 mph)-almost half that of conventional aircraft of same 

size, weight, and power. Its maximum speed was 258 km per hr (160 

mph). (Hudson, NYT, 3/17/70,69) 0 Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences conducted hearing on S.R. 49, providing for Congressional recognition of Goddard Rocket and Space Museum at Roswell, N. Mex., as fitting memorial to Dr. Robert H. Goddard, U.S. rocket pioneer. Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, testified: “Americans can 

ill afford to ignore the contributions of Robert H. Goddard in the 

history of the coming of the space age. Young Americans need to 

appreciate that what appear as unsoluble problems today are not 

new to man’s experience. Dr. Robert H. Goddard’s rocket artifacts 

and his lifelong labors should be an inspiration to each generation of 

youth as they grapple with their concerns of their day and their 

dreams of a better world of their tomorrows in a dynamic universe. 

This nation cannot afford not to have Robert H. Goddards in the 

future .” 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator, 

testified: “It seems very important that we and our children after us 

never lose awareness of what key individuals such as Robert Goddard provided to a fuller understanding of the progress of mankind. 

He, like Konstantine Tsiolkovsky of Russia and Hermann Oberth of 

Germany, correctly theorized on the use of liquid hydrogen as a fuel 

with liquid oxygen for high-energy thrust. Based upon the liquid- hydrogen work at the Lewis Research Center, NASA developed the 

upper stages for the Saturn V which enabled us to achieve the Apol- lo missions to the moon.’’ 

Hearing took place on 44th anniversary of first successful launching of liquid-fuel rocket by Dr. Goddard. (Testimony; CR, 3/17/70, 

S3828-30; Huntsville News, 3/17/70) 0 Harold G. Miller, Chief of Mission Simulation Branch in MSC’S Flight 

Control Div., received AIAA’S DeFlorez Training Award in Cape Kennedy for “contributing significantly to the United States space 

flight programs through development of flight controller training 

techniques and capabilities.” (AIAA Release, 3/11/70) 

Hospital in Sydney, Australia, was using blankets coated with aluminum foil and lined with polyester film to keep infants warm, Chicago Tribune said. Both substances, used in astronauts’ spacesuits, had 

high-heat-retention properties. (C Trib, 3/16/70) 0 Dual-input transponder using two transmitting-receiving antennas to 

achieve uninterrupted line of sight to ATC ground interrogators within range was described in one of eight technical reports announced 

by FAA. (FAA Release T 70-16) 

March 17: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor IIIweather satellite from Plesetsk 

into orbit with 633-km (393.344 apogee, 537-km (333.7-mi) perigee, 96.3-min period, and 81.1” inclination. (GSFC SSR. 3/31/70: SBD, 

3/19/70,94) 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), for himself and others, introduced 

H.R. 16516, $3.630-billion NASA FY 1971 authorization bill which 

reflected March 12 committee action, superceded H.R. 15695 intro92 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 17 

duced Feb. 4, and added $297.8 million to President’s budget request of $3.333 billion. New bill would allocate $2.903 billion for 

R&D, including: Apollo, $1.101 billion; space flight operations, $670.2 million; advanced missions, $1 million; physics and astronomy, $1 10.4 million; lunar and planetary exploration, $144.9 million; 

bioscience, $12.9 million; space applications, $172.6 million; launch 

vehicle procurement, $124.9 million; space vehicle systems, $30 million; electronics systems, $23.9 million; human factor systems, $18.3 million; and basic research, $18 million. Space power and 

electric propulsion systems would remain at $30.9 million; nuclear 

rockets, at $38 million; chemical propulsion, at $20.3 million; and 

aeronautical vehicles, at $87.1 million. Tracking and data acquisition would drop to $293.8 million; technology utilization would increase to $4.5 million. 

Construction of facilities would be cut to $33.9 million. Research 

and program management funds would be increased to $693.7 million. (Text) 0 Gen. John D. Ryan, USAF Chief of Staff, presented USAF FY 1971 

budget request to House Committee on Armed Services: U.S.S.R.’s operational ICBM force outnumbered that of U.S. 

and, “by mid-1971, will probably exceed ours by several hundred 

launchers.” Soviets had technology to develop hard-target MIRV and 

“Fractional Orbit Bombardment (FOBS) or depressed trajectory 

ICBM (DICBM) may already be operational. Their new ‘swing-wing’ bomber prototype could become operational, and their submarinelaunched ballistic missile force is expanding rapidly.” 

U.S. continued to reduce bomber strength of Strategic Air Command. “We have phased out the B-58s, and severely cut back the 

FB-111s. At end FY-71, we will have fewer B-52s and 66 FB-Ills. 

We hope to off set the reduced strength by increasing the capability 

of our bombers with the Short Range Attack Missile (SRAM) and the 

Subsonic Cruise Armed Decoy (SCAD) and providing for increased 

prelaunch survivability through satellite basing and improved warn- ing.” In last five years, “we have cut our active interceptor strength 

by two-thirds and our radars by one-half. The Soviets during this period have maintained their Long Range Aviation forces at about 

200 heavy bombers and over 700 medium bombers and tankers. . . .” (Testimony) 

In testimony before Senate Armed Services Committee, L/G Otto 

J. Glasser (USAF) said development of short-range attack missile 

(SRAM) would be completed in September. USAF would run 12 tests 

of advanced ballistic reentry system (ABRES), push studies of new 

midcourse surveillance system to warn of attacking missiles, operate four large-payload flight tests using Atlas E and F boosters in 

ABRES program, and continue advanced development “to apply new 

technology to the mid-course tracking and discrimination problem .” 

Satellite system looked “promising” but uSAF was investigating alternate sensorlplatform combinations “to assure that no promising 

concept is overlooked.” USAF advanced avionics program was 

pursuing electronically scanned, phased-array radar antenna for 

strike aircraft and completion of all-weather close-support weapon- delivery system. (Aero Daily, 3/18/70,20) 

Alabama Space and Rocket Center at Huntsville opened with $lO-mil93 
March 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

lion exhibit of hardware from MSFC, Army Missile Command, and 

U.S. aerospace-missile companies. Speakers at dedication ceremonies included Dr. Wernher von Braun-NASA Deputy Associate Administrator and former MSFC Director-and Astronaut Frank 

Borman. Center, managed by Alabama Space Science Exhibit 

Commission, was financed by $1.9-million state bond issue and built 

on 14 hectares (35 acres) transferred by USA from Redstone Arsenal 

property. (Marshall Star, 3/11/70, 1) 0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of $3- 

million DOT contract to Grumman Aerospace Corp. to design 480- 

km-per-hr (300-mph) tracked air-cushion research vehicle (TACRV). 

(DOT Release 6370) March 17-19: Manned Flight Awareness Workshop at MSFC was attended by 51 representatives of nearly 20 industrial firms and several 

Government agencies, to plan promotion of space flight safety and 

hardware reliability among work forces during 1970s. (MSFC Release 

March 18: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXVII from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 823-km (51 1.44) apogee, 268-km (166.5-mi) perigee, 

95.5-min period, and 70.9” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/70; SBD, 

3/20/70,99) 

National Space Club’s Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy was pre- sented to Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins at 13th Annual Goddard Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C. Astronauts were cited for successfully 

accomplishing lunar landing that “climaxed a decade of dedication 

and technological advancement, and gave millions of Americans 

pride in their country and its achievements.” 

Other awards included Goddard Historical Essay Award to Prof. 

Jphn M. Logsdon of Catholic Univ. and Frank H. Winter of National Air and S ace Museum and NSC Press Award to Thomas 

given to Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator; and Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award, to Grumman Aerospace Corp. 

for Apollo LM. (Program) Apollo 12 astronauts arrived in Djakarta, Indonesia, during world 

tour. They were welcomed by several thousand persons. (AP, W 

Post, 3/19/70) 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) introduced for himself and Rep. 

James G. Fulton (R-Pa.) and Rep. Ken Hechler (D-W. Va.) H.R. 

16539, “to amend the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 

to provide that the Secretary of Transportation shall be a member of 

the National Aeronautics and Space Council.” (CR, 3/18/70, H1891) 0 Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Commissioner, announced selection of 

five scientists to receive 1970 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Memorial 

Award for meritorious work in atomic energy: Dr. William J. Blair, 

Pacific Northwest Laboratory; Dr. James W. Cobble, Purdue Univ.; 

Dr. Joseph M. Hendrie, Brookhaven National Laboratory; and Dr. 

Michael M. May and Dr. Andrew M. Sessler, Lawrence Radiation 

Laboratory. Awards would be presented May 11 at Univ. of California at .Berkeley. (AEC Release N-39) March 19: USAF’S X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Gerauld R. 

Gent@ (USAF), successfully completed first powered flight after air 

70-49; NASA PAO) 

O’Toole of Was x ington Post. Astronautics Engineer Award was 

94 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 19 

launch from B-52 aircraft at 12 200-km (40 000-ft) altitude. XLR-I 1 

rocket engine burned 160 secs, boosting vehicle to 13700-km 

(45 000-ft) altitude and mach 0.8 before it glided to landing on Rogers Dry Lake, Calif. Objective of flight, 10th in X-24A series, was to 

check operation of rocket propulsion system, stability and control 

system, and handling characteristics during powered flight. (NASA 

Proj Off: AFFTC Release 70-3) 0 NASA launched series of three Nike-Apache sounding rockets from 

TERLS to measure positive ion composition in daytime equatorial D 

and E region and to measure variation of ion composition and density and electron density with altitude. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily and data were expected to yield valuable information. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

0 House Committee on Science and Astronautics favorably reported 

H.R. 16516, FY 1971 NASA authorization bill totaling $3.630 billion, 

as introduced March 17. (CR, 3/19/70, D262; H Rpt 91-929) 0 Apollo 12 commander Neil A. Armstrong was one of 10 persons named to receive National Civil Service League’s 15th annual career service awards. Each honoree would receive $1000, inscribed 

watch, and citation at banquet May 8. (W Star, 3/19/70, A2) 0 MSFC was launching “low-key campaign to encourage almost 1000 of 

its federal civil servants to retire,” Huntsville Times said. Move 

was “to get ‘old timers’ . . .to voluntarily move out of their jobs, 

making room for younger workers who conceivably could lose their 

jobs in the space agency’s belt-tightening.” (Huntsville Times, 31191 

70) 0 Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, had told 

closed session of House Armed Services Committee that USAF 

planned “continued rapid retrenchment” to lowest expenditure level since Korean War buildup, Washington Daily News reported. Planned purchase of 390 aircraft was “smallest number. . .procured 

in any one year” in USAF history (as a separate service). (W News, 

3/19/70,20) 

March 20-25: North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Nato ~(NATO-A) military comsat was successfully launched from ETR at 652 pm EST by 

NASA for uSAF and NATO by long-tank, thrust-augmented Thor-Delta (DSV-3M) booster. Spacecraft entered transfer orbit with 

36 926.6-km (22 950.0-mi) apogee, 290.0-km (180.7-mi) perigee, 653- 

min period, and 25.6” inclination. NASA objective was to place 

spacecraft into transfer orbit accurate enough for apogee motor to 

place spacecraft into s nchronous equatorial orbit. 

orbit with 36 619.2-km (22759.0-mi) apogee, 34 421.3-km (21 393.0- 

mi) perigee, 23.5-hr period, 0.3” inclination, and 5.7”-per-day eastward orbital drift. Spacecraft would arrive on station over Atlantic 

at 18” west longitude June 10. All systems had operated normally since March 25 turn-on. 

Nato I was first of two NATO military comsats scheduled to be 

launched into orbit over Atlantic under DOD-NATO agreement. USAF 

managed project for DOD and would reimburse NASA for launch 

services. NATO would reimburse USAF. Spacecraft weighed 242.7 kg (535 lbs) and consisted of two concentric cylinders containing redundant X-band communication systems. 

Apogee motor was i! red March 23 and spacecraft entered circular 

95 
March 20-25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Initial operation of spacecraft telemetry and command functions 

were performed from USAF satellite control facility. Control of orbital operations would be transferred to NATO after spacecraft 

reached station. (NASA Proj Off; SBD, 3/24/70, 11 1) March 20: Nike-Cajun sounding rocket, launched by NASA from wSMR, 

carried MSC payload to 56-km (34.8-mi) altitude to measure, simultaneously, hydroxyl airglow and ozone distributions during day and 

night. Results would be used to calculate atomic hydrogen distribu- tions in 75-90-km (47-56-mi) region. Rocket trajectory was low and 

clamshell nosecone se arated at liftoff ..Data were not useable, but 

* Nixon Administration was reviewing need for Government program 

to stockpile helium, Science reported. Program, “which provides 

for extracting helium from streams of natural gas and storing it underground for future use, has recently been running at a huge deficit.” Scientists were worried that Administration might allow 

squandering of “priceless natural resource that may be desperately 

needed by future generations.” Helium had unique properties “for which there is no real substitute in high-technology applications.” 

Largest use was “as a purging and pressurizing agent in Iiquid- fueled rockets.” Helium also was expected to play key role in development of nuclear reactors, lasers and masers, magnetohydrodamics, and superconducting cables for electric power. Threat to supply lay in use of natural gas as domestic fuel. Unless 

helium was extracted fir& it was passed into atmosphere w5en natural gas was burned. Federal Government had begun conservation 

program in 1960. (Boffey, Science, 3/20/70, 1593-6; Budget of the 

U.S. Government, FY 1971,357) 0 Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman appeared as host on ABC TV program “Mission Possible-They Care for a City.” Program outlined 

attempts to improve environment of San Francisco. (W Star, 3/17/ 

70) 

Science published letter on environment from John Caff rey of American Council on Education: “I date my own reawakening of interest in man’s environment to the Apollo 8 mission and to the first 

clear photographs of the earth from that mission. My theory is that 

the views of the earth from that expedition and from the subsequent 

Apollo flights have made many of us see the earth as a whole, in a 

curious way-as a single environment in which hundreds of millions 

of human beings have a stake. . . . I suspect that the greatest lasting benefit of the Apollo missions may be. . .this sudden rush of inspira- tion to try to save this fragile environment-the whole one-if we 

still can.” (Science, 3/20/70, 1561) * International conference on global communications satellite system 

adjourned until autumn without reaching agreement on permanent operating arrangements. Conference established Intersessional 

Working Group to negotiate and draft intergovernmental and oper- ating agreement reflecting compromise proposals offered by Australia and Japan. (Rpt of US Del to Sec State 4-3-70) 

Science article discussed “puzzling observations and bizarre theories” accrued from studies of galaxies and quasars: “Starting with 

the discovery of radio galaxies in the mid-1950s astronomers have 

shown that many types of galaxies and (since 1963) quasars release 

payload was recovere B in reusable condition. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

96 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 20 

more energy than can be accounted for by known physical processes.” New theories discussed seemed “to bring two trends to the surface. First is the idea that a collection of discrete sources helps get around the severe limitations placed on the size of the radiating ob- ject and may help account for the random variability observed in the 

emission of many extragalactic objects. Second, the idea that many 

collections of matter may be expanding seems to be making a small 

dent in the long-held view that all objects are condensing from a homogeneous universe.” (Holcomb, Science, 3/20/70, 1601-3) 

March 21: Theory that helped to explain source of uncontrolled malignant growth and indicated short cuts to development of chemical 

countermeasures against cancer was described by Law biophysi- cist Clarence D. Cone, Jr., at 12th Annual Science Writers Seminar 

of American Cancer Society in San Antonio, Tex. Theory proposed that division of body cells was controlled precisely by pattern of ion 

concentrations on surface tissue of cells. Pattern was formed by 

electrical voltage that normally existed across cellular surfaces and 

varied from one part of body to another. Theory provided explanation of functional connection between two major pathological features of cancer-uncontrolled growth of cells and spread of disease 

in body-and implied that basic functional aberrancy producing both conditions lay in alteration of molecular structure of cell surface. Theory proposed central mechanism for control of body cell 

division, which, if proved valid, would provide new basis for research progress on key biomedical problems, such as human conception, birth defects, growth, aging, and cancer. (Text; NASA Release 70-43) e Laser weapons were likely to enter U.S. armory within five years, 

Manchester Guardian said. Since defense expenditure on lasers 

began in 1959, U.S. had become prime research agency and had allocated $8.4 million for high-energy laser research in 1971. U.S. 

plans were reported as including “possibility of destroying low 

flying missiles, the disabling and destruction of aircraft, probably through ignition of fuel, and the disabling of fuse mechanisms and 

of infra-red homing or detection devices.” (Manchester Guardian, 

3/2 1/70) e U.S.S.R. began series of carrier rocket tests in the Pacific about 725 

km (450 mi) north northeast of Midway Island and warned ships and 

aircraft to stay away from area with 177-km (1 10-mi) diameter until 

completion of tests April 10. (AP, NYT, 3/22170,7) 

March 21-26: IEEE held annual meeting in New York. Successful use of 

laser beams to transmit long-distance telephone calls was described 

by Prof. Raphael A. Kazaryan of Armenian Academy of Sciences. 

He said 24-km (Smi), 24-channel telephone link-up in Soviet Armenia was world’s first “operational” application of lasers in telephoning. System had been in service between Yerevan, capital of 

Armenia, and Burakan Astrophysical Observatory since July 1969. 

Another six-mile system was being tested in Moscow. In interview 

Prof. Kazaryan said. system, using helium-neon lase!, had been 80 

percent reliable during most difficult transmission times when reflected sunlight interfered with communications light beam, More 

powerful laser, using carbon dioxide to generate beam, would be 

employed soon to improve system. (Wilford, NYT, 3/29/70,53) 

97 
March 7-2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

March 22: NASA’s intention to assist Texas with problems of pollution 

and preservation of natural resources and environment had been 

announced by Texas Oov. Preston Smith, Houston Chronicle reported. Governor had asked NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, for access to “vast wealth of scientific information” in Earth 

Resources data bank at MSC. Data would include remote sensor material from aircraft and satellites over Texas and its coastline. (H 

Chron, 3/22/70) * Lawrence W. Vogel, former Special Assistant to NASA Acting Associate Administrator for Organization and Management, became Director of NASA Hq. Administration. He succeeded Charles G. 

Haynes, who became Deputy Auditor General at Agency for International Development. (NASA Ann, 3/16/70) 

March 23: NSF released Federal Support for Research and Development 

at Universities and Colleges and Selected Nonprofit Institutions, FY 

1968: A Report to the President and Congress (NSF 69-33). Federal 

Government had obligated $1.4 billion for R&D in FY 1968-5% increase over FY 1967. Average annual increase of Federal obliga- tions to universities and colleges for R&D 1955-1967 had been over 

21%. Dept. of Agriculture and DOD re orted cutbacks in academic 

R&D funding in FY 1968, including b1 million in defense R&D. 

Number of academic institutions receiving Federal support rose 8%, 

from 573 in FY 1967 to 620 in FY 1968. One hundred top-ranking 

institutions received 93% of R&D totals obligated by NASA and AEC 

and 88% of DOD R&D total in 1968. MIT was largest recipient again, with $80 million, “three-fourths of which was obligated by DOD and 

NASA.” (Text) 0 North American Rockwell Corp. would lay off 8000 employees between April l and Nov. l, Wall Street Journal quoted NR Chairman Willard F. Rockwell as saying in interview. Most reductions would 

be in aerospace operations at Southern California facilities. About 

30% of workers to be laid off were engineers and 10% were management employees. (James, WSJ, 3/23/70) 0 First volume of third edition of Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsklopediya, 

new Soviet encyclopedia, was released in U.S.S.R. It credited 

Wright Brothers with first airplane flight. Second edition, which 

appeared from 1950 to 1958, had contended that Russian, A. F. 

Mozhaisky, was designer of first airplane, which had been flown 

first during summer of 1882. This version had appeared in U.S.S.R. 

as late as 1968, in history of Russian aviation and astronautics pub- lished by Ministry of Defense. New edition of encyclopedia said 

Mozhaisky’s airplane was built in 1885 and “crashed on take-off .” 

(Gwertzman, NYT, 3/24/70,6) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics submitted to Congress Issues and Directions for Aeronautical Research and Development, 

report of Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology. Report recommended that U.S. establish national aeronautics and 

aviation policy emphasizing aeronautical R&D, Government-industry 

roles be clarified, and DOT be statutory member of NASC. Report found reason for concern over maintenance of long-term U.S. leadership in aeronautics and aviation. Technological R&D base needed 

to be rebuilt and existing technology should be used more fruitfully. 

(Text) 

98 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 24 

March 24: FCC announced it would consider ‘applications to establish 

and operate domestic communication satellite facilities for multiple 

or specialized common carrier services, for lease to other common 

carriers, for private use, joint cooperative use, or any combination 

of such services.” FCC had been unable to “determine on the basis 

of information it now has whether a domestic satellite program 

could best be developed by authorization of a multi-purpose or spe- cialized or a combination of systems or through an ‘open entry’ policy.” Commission would permit “potential applicants to take the 

initiative in submitting concrete system proposals for. . . consideration.” (FCC Public Notice Rpt 5862) 0 Senate investigators disclosed F-111 range in very-low-level flight at 

supersonic speed was only 56 km (35 mi) rather than 386 km (240 mi) 

called for in production contract. New York Times later said USAF 

sources privately acknqwledged high-dash ran e near tree-top leved deficiency could be mitigated by reduction in speed or by use of 

extra, droppable fuel tanks. (Witkin, NYT, 3/25/70, 11) 

Apollo 1.2 Astronauts Alan L. Bean, Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and 

Charles Conrad, Jr., visited Expo ’70 in Osaka, Japan, during world tour. They climbed out of mock spaceship in U.S. Pavilion and onto 

simulated lunar surface. (AP, W Star, 3/24/70, A2) 

President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Kenneth M. 

Smith, President and Chief Executive of Windecker Research Inc., 

to be FAA Deputy Administrator. He would replace David D. Thomas, who had resigned. (PD, 3/30/70,421,447) 

VTOL Dynastat, helium-filled airship that could carry 100 passengers 

300-800 km (200-500 mi) in 30- by 9-m (100- by 30-ft) car, was described at symposium of American Helium Society in Washington, 

D.C. Goodyear Aerospace Corp. scientists Dr. Robert S. Ross and 

Philip F. Myers said airship would be powered by four to six engines driving propellers with forward and vertical thrust. (Goodyear Profile, 5/70,9- 10; Huntsville Times, 3/29/70) 0 House Committee on Science and Astronautics ordered favorably reorted H.R. 16595, NSF FY 1971 authorization bill, after adding !i 27.6 million to President Nixon’s budget request of $500 million. 

(CR, 3/24/70, D283; Boffey, Science, 4/3/70,95-7) 

March 25: President Nixon announced transfer of Electronics Research 

Center in Cambridge, Mass., from NASA to DOT, effective July 1. 

James C. Elms would continue as Director and Center would be 

renamed Transportation Development Center. Later, Secretary of 

Transportation John A. Volpe announced DOT would use center for 

R&D efforts on systems and equipment to automate air traffic control 

system more highly, economically feasible collision avoidance system for commercial and private aircraft, sensors to measure and 

monitor air pollution caused by transportation elements, automatic landing systems for aircraft, system analysis on urban transit sys- tems and highway traffic control, ocean-data buoy systems to transmit weather and oceanographic data, and auto-driver simulation 

systems to study accident causes and prevention. (PD, 3/30/70,446; 

DOT Release 6870) 0 NASA launched two sounding rockets from Churchill Research Range. 

Aerobee 150MI launched with VAM-17 booster carried Johns Hopel had been prime goal in F-111 development. l ourees had suggest99 
March 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

kins Univ. and Univ. of Pittsburgh payload to 164.4-km (102.2-mi) 

altitude. Objective was to measure neutral and ion composition in 

auroral discharge, visible emJss!on features of aurora, primary and secondary electron energy distributions, and auroral height profile. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. Nike-Tomahawk carried Univ. of Colorado payload to 235-km 

(146.0-mi) altitude to measure Vegard-Kaplan and Lyman-BirgeHopfield bands of nitrogen in uv auroral emissions. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily and good data were obtained. 

Prototype parachute recovery system, being tested for first time, 

failed and payload was not recoyered. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

Three security automobiles burst into flames in fog-like oxygen vapor 335 m (1100 ft) from Apollo 13’s Saturn V booster at KSC Launch 

Complex 39, Pad A, during rocket fueling for countdown demonstration test. Patrolmen escaped injury and booster was not damaged. Test was delayed nearly four hours, but engineers successfully completed countdown with simulated ignition. Vented oxygen 

vapor apparently mixed with gasoline in carburetors and was ignited 

by spark plugs. Dr. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, appointed board 

to investigate accident. (UPI, W Post, 3/26/70, A3) 

U.S. and Australia signed 10-yr extension to agreement under which 

Australia managed NASA tracking activities. Original 10-yr agreement effective Feb. 26,1960, would extend to Feb. 26, 1980. Australian Dept. of Su ply would continue to manage NASA tracking, data 

mera, Carnarvon, and Cooby Creek. New antenna 64 m (210 ft) in 

diameter for deep space tracking would be installed at Tidbinbilla. 

Australian facilities-largest concentration of NASA facilities outside US.-represented $77-million investment; employed more 

than 700 Australian engineers, technicians, and support staff; and 

operated at annual cost of $14 million. (NASA Release 70-33) 0 LIG John W. O’Neill (USAF), AFSC Vice Commander, testified on status 

of F-111 aircraft before Senate Committee on Government Opera- tions’ Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. USAF investigation of Dec. 22, 1969, crash that had killed two pilots near Nellis 

AFB, Nev., had shown ‘‘structural failure of the left wing occurred 

at very low altitude, ,during a normal dive recovery after a routine 

delivery of air-to-ground ordnance. Although the aircrew escape 

module performed as it was designed, time between ejection and 

ground impact did not allow the recovery chute to open.” Metallurgical flaw, “somewhat like an ultra-thin hairline crack, existed in 

the lower plate of the wing pivot fitting.” In addition to USAF investigations, special ad hoc committee of Air Force Scientific Advisory 

Board had reviewed findings and technical data. “We have concluded that the flaw was introduced at a subcontractor f@ty at some 

point during the manufacture of the lower plate. . . . No modifications to present structure were planned but structural 

inspections of all F-111s would “utilize improved ultrasonic inspection techniques and procedures developed as a direct result of this 

problem.” Program would cost estimated $31.2 million. First aircraft were to be completed and returned to flight status in June 1970. 

All aircraft should be restored by shortly after first of year. (Testimony) 

acquisition, an 8 communications facilities near Canberra, Woo100 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 25 

0 Lowell Observatory astronomer Dr. Peter Boyce had reported “blue 

smog” of Mars was caused by physical changes on planet’ssurface 

rather than by looking at Mars through earth’s atmosphere, Philadelphia Inquirer said. Dr. Boyce had used special area-scanning 

photometer attached to Lowell Observatory’s 610-mm (24%) reflector at Cerro Tololo in Chilean Andes to obtain accurate photometric measurements of Mars. (P Inq, 3/25/70) 

March 26-27: Princeton Univ. astronomers successfully launched Stratoscope 11, 91-cm-dia (36-in-dia) balloon-borne optical telescope, 

from National Scientific Balloon Flight Station at Palestine, Tex. 

Telescope remained aloft during night at 24 400-m (80 000-ft) altitude where it photographed Uranus, Jupiter, nebulae, and nuclei of 

Seyfert galaxy with resolution three times greater than ground- based photos. Project was supported by NASA and NSF. (NASA ReMarch 26: Apollo 13 Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., Fred W. Haise, 

Jr., and Thomas K. Mattingly I1 underwent brief medical examination, donned spacesuits, and practiced countdown procedures at 

KSC for 2 1/2 hrs in preparation for launch toward moon April 11. 

(AP, NYT, 3/27/70,23) 0 NASA named flight and support crews for Apollo 15 lunar landing mission scheduled for autumn of 1970. Prime crewmen were Astronauts 

David R. Scott, commander; Alfred M. Worden, CM pilot; and 

James B. Irwin, LM pilot. Backup crew consisted of Astronauts 

Richard F. Gordon, Jr., Vance D. Brand, and Harrison H. Schmitt. 

Support crewmen were Scientist-Astronauts Karl G. Henize and 

Robert A. Parker. (NASA Release 70-46) 0 Two photographs taken from Apollo 9 spacecraft in March 1969 had 

been used as backdrop for experimental topographic map of Phoenix, Ariz., area, New York Times reported. U.S. Geological Survey scientist Dr. A.P. Colvocoresses had said that “on ordinary maps the lines and symbols used to represent geographic features in such 

terrain leave many areas essentially blank. On this map, however, 

there are no blank areas. . . . The map is easy to ‘read’ because the 

photo shows the actual land surface, enhanced by superposition of 

cartographic details.” (NYT, 3/26/70) * Responding to question on astronaut pay, Washington Daily News 

columnist Hy Gardner quoted NASA as saying astronauts received 

no supplemental allowance for flyirq space missions. During last weeks before mission launch, they were on temporary duty assignment at KSC where they resided at Government expense. Status continued until they returned home to Houston after mission. During 

temporary duty period, military astronauts received allotment of $2 

per day and civilian astronauts, $3.20 per day. (W News, 3/26/70, 

40) 0 Sun shone less brightly than had been supposed, studies at GSFC and 

by Cal Tech team and Dr. Andrew J. Drummond of Eppley Laboratory had determined, New York Times reported. GSFC had used 

NASA’s Convair 990 jet aircraft to collect data. Combined results 

had been evaluated by committee of Government and academic scientists headed by Dr. Matthew P. Teokaekara, who led GSFC experiments. Intensity of visible sunlight was now believed to be eight percent lower than generally accepted figure of two calories per 

!ease 70-44; NASA PAO) 

101 
March 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

square centimeter per minute. Estimate for total flow of energy 

from sun to earth-solar constant-had been revised downward 

three percent. (Sullivan, NYT, 3/26/70,26) 

Four particles of moon rock no bigger than tea leaf went on display at 

Science Museum in London. (Reuters, W Post, 3/27/70, C5) 0 New reconnaissance aircraft, Q-Star, was successfully demonstrated by Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. in Palo Alto, Calif. Modified 

glider featured quiet flight achieved through special Curtiss-Wright Corp. engine and slow-turning wooden propeller. Observers said 

thev could not tell aircraft was overhead without watching, -- sky. (uPI, 

W Post, 3/27/70) March 27: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos GCCXXVIII from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 316-km (196.4-mi) apogee, 206-km (128.0-mi) perigee, 89.7-min period, and 72.8" inclination. Satellite reentered April 9. 

(GSFC SSR, 3/31/70,4/30/70; SBD, 3/31/70, 142) 0 NASA launched series of four Boosted Arcas sounding rockets from 

TERLS to measure positive and negative ion densities with Gerdien 

condenser and make simultaneous radio propagation measurements 

of electron density. NASA also launched Nike-Apache from TERLS 

carrying Indian experiment to study magnetic field and ionosphere. 

Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpts SRL; 

SR list) 

Scientific data on March 7 solar eclipse collected by NASA Aerobee 

170 sounding rocket at 173.8-km (108-mi) altitude had been recovered from 1783 m (5850 ft) under water by uSN cable-controlled 

underwater recovery vehicle (CURV HI), Wallops Station announced. NRL payload carrying four cameras had photographed solar flash spectrum in eclipsed sun's chromosphere, but parachute 

failed to open and payload sank 120 km (75 mi) off coast of Wallops Island. Va. After recovery, water-soaked film was maintained at 275 

K (35°F) while scientists devised special processing techniques to 

restore film. Photos containing prime uv spectrum during total 

eclipse were salvaged. (WS Release 70-5) * President Nixon announced intention to nominate four assistant directors of NSF: Edward C. Creutz to be Assistant Director for Research; Lloyd E. Humphreys to be Assistant Director for Education; Lewis Levin to be Assistant Director for Institutional Programs; and Thomas B. Owen to be Assistant Director for National 

and International Programs. Nominations were submitted to Senate 

March 31, 1970. (PD, 3/30/70,444; 4/6/70,475) 0 FAA issuance of advance notice of proposed aircraft engine emission standards, soliciting comments, was announced by Secretary of 

Transportation John A. Volpe. Studies had shown that one percent of total U.S. air pollution might be attributed to aircraft emissions. 

(FAA Release 70-28) 

March 27-28: NASA launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets-Rehbar 21 and Rehbar 22-from Karachi, Pakistan, carrying PakistanU.K. grenade experiments. Rockets and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily. (SR list) 

March 28: X-15 rocket research aircraft, holder 6f 7274-km per hr (4520- 

mph) speed record for manned aircraft, went on display at Alabama 

Space and Rocket Center near MSFC. Once piloted by Apollo I I Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and one of three manufactured for NASA, 

102 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 28 

the 22 700-kg (50 000-lb) $50-milIion X-15 was on loan frm 

Air Force Museum at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. Second X-15 was 

on display at Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Third ha,$ 

been destroyed in 1967 crash. (Birmingham Post-Herald, 3/28/70) * Retrorocket parachute-with rocket to provide upthrust to descend- ing parachute carrying heavy and delicate equipment just before Et 

hit ground-was among items shown in Soviet film purchased for 

U.S. market, AP reported. Half-hour movie made to show Soviet 

people power of their armed forces, depicted what it called “awesome arsenal” including small rocket that skittered just off groarrsld 

in search of enemy tanks. (C Trib, 3/29/70, 1A) March 28-29: U.S.S.R. tested two SS-9 missiles with tPipje wayheads. 

Missiles traveled more than 9260 km (5754 mi) before dropping tarheads into Pacific south of Aleutian Islands, according $0 Jerry W. 

Friedheim, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Befgnse for 

Public Affairs. (Kelly, W Star, 3/30170, A4) March 29: NASA invited world scientific community 20 submit .by fuw 3 

proposals for scientific research on lunar samples to be returned 

from Apollo missions 14 through 19. Specific RFPS wag being seat 

to nearly 200 teams of scientists in U.S. and 16 foreign countries 

that were analyzing Apollo 1 1 and Apollo 12samples and would analyze samples from Apollo 13. (NASA Release 70-45) 0 Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director, annoyweed es{ab.lishmea2 of 

Civil Systems Projects Office at JPL to “dRveloplapphca~ions of the 

laboratory’s capabilities for solution of problems III mgdical neering, public safety support, urban iland use and transportat 

Office would be headed by Howard H. Haglund, former Surveyor 

Project Manager. (JPL Release 548) March 30: Japanese government had asked U.S.S.R. to suspend snim 

of carrier rocket tests begun in Pacific March 21, Space Business 

Daily reported. Japan said tests so close to Japanese islands of Kluc 

riles, Shikoku, and Niigaia would disrupt shipping, air sexvice, q.d 

fishing and warned that continuing tests could damage SovietJapanese relations. (SBD, 3/30/70, 138) 

DOD announced award of $51 081 576 to General Dynamios Cerp. under existing USAF contract for production of F-111 aircraft. (DOD 

Release 239-70) 

March 31: First U.S. satellite-14-kg (30.8-lb) Explorer I, launched from 

Cape Canaveral, Fla., by Jupiter C booster Jan. 31,195g-reentgred 

atmosphere over South Pacific. Satellite had discovered Van llen 

radiation belts, had completed 58 4Q8 revolutions sf the earth,, and 

traveled 2.67 billion km (1.66 billion mi). 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator 

for Planning, who was Director of Army Ballistic Missile Agengyaf 

time of launch, said: “By today’s standardsExplorer 1 wwa feeble, 

first step in space. But in its day it was an outstanding accomplishment, done on short notice to place the fsee world in the ‘space 

race. . . . We have come a long way from that tiny Explorer, demonstrated by the fact that the Saturn V we are now Bying can piace in 

Earth orbit about 10,000 times as much paylead as the little Jupiter- C that launched Explorer 1 .” (NASA Release 70-49; .GSEC Mission 4 

Analysis Div) 

In first public appearance since assuming duties at NASA Hq. as Depu103 
March 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

March 31: Explorer I, first U.S. satellite (launched Jan. 31, 1958). reentered the atmosphere over the South Pacific after completing 58 408 revolutions and traveling 2.67 billion 

kilometers (1.66 billion miles) during its 13-year lifetime. To celebrate the launch, Vice 

President Richard M. Nixon visited Jet Propulsion Laboratory Feb. 17. 1958. Examining the spacecraft model with him (left to right above) were Dr. Clark B. Millikan. Director of 

the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Cal Tech: Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, President of 

Cal Tech; Dr. William H. Pickering, Director of JPL: Dr. Jack E. Froehlich, Explorer Pro- ject Director at JPL; V. C. Larsen, Jr., Laboratory Administrator at JPL; and Robert J. 

Parks, Chief Of JPL Guidance Control Division. 

ty Associate Administrator for Planning, Dr. Wernher von Braun 

held press conference on NASA planning procedures: Skylab program would consist of four flights. First would be an unmanned 

flight boosted by two-stage Saturn V-only first and second stage, with third stage replaced by orbital workshop, now called Skylab. “It will be this country’s first orbital space station. Attached to 

this Skylab is an airlock module, and a multiple docking adapter, to 

which arriving command and service modules can dock for crew 

exchange. And also attached to it is the ATM. . .a manned solar observatory that will be serviced by the people living in the Skylab. 

One day after this Skylab has been launched into orbit and has depioyed its solar panels, both on the ATM and the Skylab itself, it will 

be visited by a Saturn 1B-launched command and service module, 

bringing the first crew complement of three. The command module 

will dock to the multiple docking adapter, the crew will slip through the docking adapter and the airlock, into the workshop. . . . And the 

men will stay up there for 28 days.” Crew would then “crawl back 

into their command module, detach.. .use the service module to 

104 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 March 3 I 

deboost themselves, and the command module will reenter the 

ocean and make a norma4 Apollo landing. 

“About three months after the first flight, another flight will go up, and this time the crew stay.. .will be extended to 56 days. . . . And 

finally, there will be a third revisit, again of 56 days, after which the 

third crew will descend. The Skylab will then go into storage and 

can potentially be reactivated any time thereafter if more revisits 

are planned.” 

Even without budget restraints, it would be “something like 1977 

before we could have a [space] shuttle flying.” 

NASA was “in continuous touch with the Air Force” in space shuttle and space station field. “The armed forces. . .have the duty 

to look into everything that may have a defense aspect; and so it is 

entirely proper that they want to understand the ramifications of 

space.” (Transcript) * First powered launch of USN’S solid-propellant Condor air-to-surface 

missile was successfully conducted at China Lake, Calif. Missile 

flew preprogrammed trajectory to impact after launch from F-4A 

Phantom jet at high altitude and mach 0.58. All test objectives were 

met. (NR News. 4/3/70, I) 

Christjan Science Monitor editorial commented on transfer of ERC to 

DOT for use as Transportation Systems Center: “However glamorous it may be, travel in space is of little immediate importance to the 

average man. But travel on earthebecomes daily more important- and often more difficult. . . . This IS an extraordinarily important 

and welcome move. It means that, perhaps for the first time in the 

United States, there will be continuous, large-scale research into all 

aspects of land, sea, and air transportation by a large and highly 

competent staff .” (CSM, 3/3 1/70) 0 U.S.S.R. announced successful completion of carrier rocket tests 

begun in Pacific March 21. Tests, scheduled for completion April 10, 

had been protested by Japanese government March 30. (AP, W 

Post, 4/1/70, A17) 0 DOD announced USAF contract awards for operation and maintenance 

of Air Force Satellite Control Facility tracking stations: $4 300 000 

initial increment to Lockheed Aircraft Corp. under $7 772 050 contract and $3 078 000 initial increment under $4 578 444 contract; and 

$4 500 000 initial increment to Philco-Ford Corp. under $8 424 250 

fixed-price contract. (DOD Release 241-70) 

During March: Dr. James A. Van Allen, Univ. of Iowa Director of Physics and Astronomy Depts.., discussed significance of lunar landings, in university lecture ser~es: “The Apollo missions, to me, are 

straightforward though immensely difficult tasks. They do, however, yield relatively little in the way of fundamental understanding of 

nature. They are not scientific in that sense. There is a longstanding 

controversy as to whether a manned spacecraft is a better way to 

conduct science in space than an automated, commandable space- craft. I’m sure there is no simple answer to that question. As the 

general romance and entertainment value of manned flight tend to 

wear off a little, I think this question will be attacked in a thoroughly pragmatic way.” Apollo 11 lunar landing “might properly be compared to the explorations of Amundsen and Perry and Byrd in the 

Arctic and Antarctic, or perhaps Lindbergh flying the Atlantic. These 

I05 
During March ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

are great achievements, heroic achievements, but the general poten- tial af the Moon in its relationship to human life on a large scale is by 

no means obvious to me. I don’t think any competent person has foanda significant, economic, human use for the Moon.” There was 

general feeling, mostly from aeronautics and allied industries, that 

development- of space flight was important to U.S. future in same 

sense that aircraft development had been. “I think this is fundamentaly a false analogy.” Space shuttle and space station were feasible. 

“Whether or not it is sensible to pursue them, I have a great difficulty iin judging.” (Univ of Iowa Spectator, 3/70,6) * AIA President Karl G. Harr, Jr., said in Aerospace Technology: “In 

terms of its scope and novelty no single enterprise matches man’s 

landing on the moon-the Apollo program. Nor has any other enterprisein history brokem so much new technical ground. The technical 

and mmageriaI ingredients of these space accomplishments, as we11 

as of comparable national security programs, are available for 

brmder applications in the nation’s service. The problem is how to 

harness them effectively for such purposes. The Apollo program 

eenfered on a clearry stated goal with adequate funding for its attainment. Because it represented achievement of a national goal, lines 

of authority and responsibility were clear, simple and strong. Our 

nation’s environmental problems, however, often do not enjoy such 

clear delineations. . . . The greatest need is for the development of 

innovative means to overcome such constraints so that technology’s FevoMionary new tools can be more effectively applied to the pressing needs of our society. . . . The transfer of aerospace technology to domestic areas is underway and is already making significant contributions. *’ 

Magazine cited comput‘er technology used by NASA to evaluate 

spacecraft systems and by USN to study pilot behavior as space age 

spinoff which might “soon be used to conduct highway safety research or to design new houses and urban renewal projects.” (Aero 

Teeh, 3/70,3) 0 Soviet Cosmonaut Konstantin P. Feoktistov’s comments on OctoberNovember 1969 visit to U.S. were published in Space World: “During the talks with the astronauts and specialists from NASA we 

learned many interesting things about the preparation for, and realization.of, the American Space project. We visited the enterprises 

of the North American Rockwell Company which manufactures the 

command module of Apollo. I managed to sit in Apollo 14 which 

was being tested then. I saw quite a few good design solutions.” 

(Space World, 3/70,38-9) * AIAA and AM jointly established Technology Utilization Awards to 

stimulate aerospace engineers, scjentists, and technicians to apply 

aerospace technology to commercial uses. Categories for consideration were polrution control, transportation, earth resources, communications, data handling, agriculture, medicine, housing, education, and earth environmental sciences. Abstracts on technology utiEzation ideas were due May 31 and full papers, Aug. 31. Plaques and 

$ISO-$800 awards would be presented in October. (NR News, 31201 

7%1; AAS Release) 

106 
April 1970 

April 1: Tenth anniversary of Tiros I (Television Infrared Observation 

Satellite), world’s first weather satellite, launched by NASA from 

Cape Canaveral, Fla. Satellite had transmitted 22 952 pictures during 89-day lifetime. Since Tiros I, 23 meteorological satellites-I0 

Tiros, 3 Nimbus, 9 ESSA. and 1 ITos-had been orbited, returning 

more than one million pictures of earth’s cloud cover and other data 

for weather forecasting and research. (ESSA Release 70-18) 0 Scientists tranquilized 227-kg (500-lb) elk near Jackson Hole, Wyo., and fitted her with 10-kg (23-lb) electronic collar to transmit data to 

orbiting Nimbus ZZZ (launched April 14, 1969). Elk, which had worn 

dummy collar for 44 days, rejoined herd and showed no ill effects. 

Experiment was sponsored by NASA, Dept. of Interior, and Smithsonian Institution and was second attempt to study migratory habits 

of large animals. First attempt had ended prematurely when Monique, first elk fitted with collar, died of pneumonia Feb. 24. 

Nimbus III, orbiting at 1100-km (700-mi) altitude, successfully contacted second elk four times over 10-min period and would contact her twice daily as she migrated to summer grazing area. (NASA 

Release 70-53) 

Space shuttle mission capabilities were described by LeRoy E. Day, 

Manager of Space Shuttle Task Group in NASA OMSF. in paper presented at AIAA conference on Test Effectiveness in the 70s at Palo 

Alto, Calif.: “It is envisioned that the shuttle will eventually rep!ace essentially all of the present day launch vehicles or their derivatives 

except for very small vehicles of the Scout class and the Saturn V. 

This will be possible because low operational costs of the reusable 

shuttle will make it competitive even if it carries only a fraction of 

its full payload capability on particular missions. In addition to the 

low launch costs, we expect the benign acoustic and acceleration 

environment of the shuttle to allow significant reductions in the cost 

of payloads. Acceleration during descent and reentry will be less 

than 3 g’s. Payload design will be further aided b allowing greater 

bay accommodations. Preliminary analyses indicate reductions in 

payload development costs of 25-30 percent may be expected.” 

(Text) 

Approximately 155 representatives from industry, universities, and 

government attended pre-proposal briefing on proposed High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO) at MSFC. (MSFC Release 70-58) 0 Transfer of SST program from FAA to Office of Secretary of Transpor- tation and appointment of William M. Magruder, Deputy Director 

of Commercial Engineering at Lockheed California Co., as Director 

of Supersonic Transport Development Program were announced by 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. (DOT Release 7670) 0 AFSC announced that AFWTR at Vandenberg AFB, Calif., and SAMSO’S 

volume and weight for many payloads because o r the shuttle cargo 

107 
April 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

aerospace test wings at Vandenberg and Patrick AFB, Fla., would be 

combined to form Space and Missile Test Center (SAMTEC) under 

SANS0 command. (AFSC Release 65.70) 

April 2: USAF’S X-24A lifting-body vehicle piloted. by NASA test pilot 

John A. Manke reached 18 300-m (60000-ft) altitude and mach0.85 

during second powered flight after air launch from B-52 aircraft at 

12 200-m (40 000-ft) altitude from FRc. Purpose of flight-1 lth in X24A series and first for a NASA pilot-was to obtain stability and 

control data. (NASA Proj Off) 0 Javelin sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Churchill Research 

Range, carried Univ. of California at Berkeley payload to 557-km 

(346-mi) altitude. Objectives were to observe auroral protons and 

electrons over energy spectrum from thermal levels to several 

hundred kilovolts; study electric fields and their relation to particle fluxes; study density, temperature, and motion of ionospheric plasma currents; and study alpha-particle and neutral fluxes in aurora. 

All experiments performed satisfactorily and excellent data were 

obtained. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

OFe‘de‘ration Alronautique Internationale (FAI) certified establishment of 

two space flight records by U.S.S.R.’s Soyuz VI, VII, and VIIImission (Oct. 11-18, 1969). One was for group flight of two spacecraft, with five men logging 35 hrs 19 min 33 secs over 989242-km 

(614 685.3-mi) distance. Second was for group flight of three spacecraft, with seven men for 4 hrs 24 min 29 sees over 123425 km 

(76 692.6 mi). (SBD, 4127170,268; FAX) 

0 Ice breaker S.S. Manhattan left Newport News, Va., for Arctic Circle 

carrying experimental antenna, receiver, and decoder for NASA experiment in ranging and data transmission between vessel and orbiting Ats V. ERC scientist Richard M. Waetjen would test satellite’s 

contact with ship at high latitudes of Arctic Circle through data 

transmission at teletype rates and obtain data on effects of Arctic 

weather, ocean surfaces, and reflections of s.ignals from surrounding ice. NASA would use Mojave Ground Station in Barstow, Calif., 

to send signals to S.S. Manhattan through Ats V. (ERC Release 70-5) 0 Enrique G. Regueiro, who broadcast Apollo missions in Latin America, estimated his audience at 100 million out of total population of 

190 million. At Washington, D.C., dinner party he said he felt “people in Latin America are more excited about these moon flights than 

the people of the United States.” (McCardle, WPost, 413170, B3) 0 NASA announced selection of NAS for negotiation of $3.5-million, costreimbursement contract to continue administration of NASA Resident Research Associateship Program. Contract would cover Sept. 1, 1969, through Aug. 31, 1971, during which maximum of 187 doctoral and postdoctoral researchers would work with experienced 

engineers. (NASA Release 70-51) 0 NR Space Div. had earned incentive award fees of $1 006080 and 

$643 200 under contracts for Apollo CSM and Saturn V 2nd stage (SII), NASA announced. Awards, determined by NASA Performance 

Evaluation Board, covered management performance during 1969. 

(NASA Release 70-52) @ Reorganization of FAA engineering and development activities was 

announced by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. Move would place functions of FAA Aircraft Development Service in sys108 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 April 2 

terns Research and Development Service. National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center at Atlantic City, N.J., and National Airspace Systems Program Office would come under direction of Associate Administrator for Engineering and Development. (FAA Release 

April3: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXIXfrom Plesetsk into orbit 

with 241-km (149.8-mi) apogee, 210-km (130.5-mi) perigee, 88.9-min 

period, and 81.4” inclination. Satellite reentered April 15. (GSFC 

SSR, 4/30/70; SBD, 4/6/70, 168) 0 JPL and USAF officials commemorated 25 yrs of rocket engine testing at 

Edwards Test Station, Edwards AFB, Calif., by placing historical marker at approach to ETS administration building. Plaque cited 

April 2, 1945, date of arrival at Muroc Dry Lake of first cadre of 10 

JPL engineers and technicians. (Boron, Calif Enterprise, 4/2/70) 0 Paul E. Purser, Special Assistant to Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, retired after more than 30 yrs service to NASA and NACA. Purser 

had served as MSC Acting Director in Dr. Gilruth’s absence and had 

been on leave of absence from MSC since September 1968 to assist 

Dr. Philip G. Hoffman, President of Univ. of Houston. (MSC Release 70-36; MSC Roundup, 4/13/70, I) 

USA’S Meritorious Civilian Service Award for Bravery was presented 

to Milton W. Alberry of Army Aeronautical Laboratory for exhibiting unusual courage and competence during wind-tunnel accident at 

ARC September 17, 1969. Cheyenne AH-56A helicopter under test 

broke loose and threw parts into control room. Alberry shut off fuel 

and electrical supplies to aircraft and rendered first aid to injured coworker “possibly saving his life.” (ARC Astrogram, 4/23/70; ARC 

PAO; NASA Release 69-154) 0 DOT takeover of NASA’s Electronics Research Center was discussed in 

Science: Since inception in September 1965, ERC had built up to 

about 825-member staff including 420 professionals. “If the NASA 

and DOT proponents are right it may not require so wild a transition 

to bring space electronics research down to earth and deploy it 

against problems of air traffic control. There seems to be a fair 

amount of optimism that the technical problems of developing effective control systems will yield to electronics research, but DOT, 

which plans a budget of about $20 million next year for the center, is 

likely to encounter the practical problems of getting research funds 

equal to the task.” (Science, 4/3/70,100) 0 Science editorial noted that President’s Council of Economic Advisers had projected increase in Federal expenditures from $189 billion 

in 1970 to $206 billion in 1975. It was “within this budgetary situation-one so cramped as to allow little room for maneuvering-that future research funds must be considered. The President’s budget for 1971 calls for $15.8 billion of R&D funds, an amount which constitutes a smaller percentage of the total federal budget than in any 

year since 1959. Research and development funds hit a high of 12.6 

percent of the federal budget in 1965 and have been decreasing by 

an average rate of 0.8 percentage point a year, to 8.7 percent in 1970 

and a requested 7.8 percent in 1971. Any statistical projection of 

R&D funds for the next several years looks bleak, and there is little 

that can be done to improve matters for the coming year.” (Wolfle, 

Science, 4/3/70,69) 

T 70-17) 

109 
April 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

April 4: Project Tektite I1 began at Charlotte Amalie, V.I., after threeday delay caused by late arrival of equipment. Participants in underwater research project were NASA, Dept. of Interior, NSF, USN, 

Smithsonian Institution, US. Coast Guard, HEW, General Electric 

Co., Virgin Islands Government, universities, and technical institutions. Four scientists and one engineer descended 15 m (50 ft) to 

habitat laboratory in which they would live and conduct research for 

11 days. During ensuing seven months, 62 scientists, engineers, and 

doctors, including five women, would descend in teams. 

Objectives were to accelerate development of ocean science and 

technology and provide impetus for national man-in-the-sea pro- gram, expand Tektite I successes by program of diving scientists in 

all marine disciplines; train scientists in saturation techniques, am- plify Tektite I behavioral program and develop crew selections and 

performance criteria for manned undersea and space missions, conduct biomedical studies and operational procedures to extend saturated nitrogen diving to 30 m (100 ft) and evaluate diving equipment for marine undersea research. (Tektite I1 Press Info; Wilford, NYT, 

4/5/70,70) 0 Phasing out of Naval Air Reserve’s Floyd Bennett Field near Jamaica, 

N.Y ., as military installation began, with official closing scheduled 

for end of June 1971. In almost four decades, airport had been used 

by Amelia Earhart, Douglas C. “Wrong Way” Corrigan. Col. Roscoe Turner, Gen. Italo Balbo of Italy, and Jacqueline Cochran. It 

was start and finish of July 1933 round-the-world flight of Wiley 

Post. Field was dedicated May 23, 1931, and named after USN warrant officer who was copilot of Adm. Richard E. Byrd on first flight 

over North Pole in 1926. (Silver, NYT, 4/5/70,90) 0 Discovery of carbon monoxide in five regions of Milky Way was 

made by scientists of Bell Telephone Laboratories using National 

Radio Astronomy Observatory telescope at Kitt Peak, Ariz. Carbon 

monoxide was sixth molecular substance identified in outer space. 

NSF later said discoveries would “stimulate further work by chemists as well as astrophysicists, looking toward better understanding of the chemical processes taking place in space, and eventually more knowledge of the possibilities of life elsewhere in the universe.” (UPI, W Star, 4/11/70, A14) 

Article by woman cosmonaut Valentina V. Tereshkova-Nikolayava 

published in January UNESCO magazine Impact asserted equality of 

sexes in space, New York Times reported. Cosmonaut-who had 

orbited earth 48 times in June 16-19, 1963, mission-said that “a 

woman can stand all the conditions of space flight as well as a man.” 

Women had endured silence and isolation as well as men and had 

adapted to weightlessness more quickly, although takeoff and landing of s acecraft should be timed to consider menstrual cycle. (NYT, 4bl70.20) 

Containerization system for airline passengers had been designed by Fried. Krupp Co. scientists in Essen, West Germany, New York 

Times reported. Units containing washrooms, galley, and luggage 

compartment would be filled at airline terminal and moved into waiting airliners. At destination, containers wopld be rolled from aircraft to terminal or directly to electric trains; smaller containers 

could be shifted from airliner to small aircraft or helicopters. De110 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 4 

signers estimated 500 passengers and their luggage could be exchanged in 10 min. (NYT, 4/4/70,58) 0 Cornel1 Univ. team of scientists headed by Dr. Carl Sagan had sent 

shock waves through mixture of methane, ethane, ammonia, and 

water vapor-gases which simulated “air” on earth four billion 

years ago-Christian Science Monitor reported. Results, which 

showed amino acids in great abundance, indicated protein molecules (building blocks of organic life) might have been shocked into 

existence by thunder and impact of meteors in earth’s primitive 

atmosphere. Protein molecules evolved from amino acids. (CSM, 

4/4/70) April 4-5: Lunar sample material was displayed at Wallops Station during two-day joint Federal activities including Assateague National 

Seashore Park, Chincoteague Coast Guard Station, Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, and ESSA exhibits and tours. (WS ReApril5: Countdown for NASA’s Apollo 13 manned lunar landing mission, 

scheduled for launch April 11, began at KSC despite serious problem in helium tank. NASA spokesman said super-cold helium was heating 

too rapidly, suggesting possibility of leak or contaminants in sys- tem. (Wilford, NYT, 4/6/70, 1; WPost, 4/6/70, A4) 

Apollo 13 launch would open “decade in which space will have a new 

shape. , .leaner shape, with spending well below the hell-bent-tothe-moon space budgets of the 1960s,” Victor Cohn said in Washington Post. It would also be “subdued shape, lowered and Nixonian. Political and popular enthusiasm for expensive space travel is 

down several percentage points.” New shape “might turn out to be 

a more sensible one for many seasons.” It might place “more stress 

on using space flight to learn the facts of the universe and ways these facts can be applied to improve life on earth.” NASA was still 

undergoing “wrenching change, with many controversies that are 

far from ended. There is still a deep split between many space scien- tists and many aerospace leaders and technologists over the best 

ways to use America’s new capability.” ( WPost, 4/5/70, B1) 

April 6: Apollo 13 Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., Fred W. Hake,-Jr., 

and Thomas K. Mattingly rl: underwent comprehensive medical 

examination at KSC, including laboratory tests to determine their 

immunity to German measles (rubella). Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at MSC, said crew was 

“in good physical condition and good shape to carry out the mission 

and the lunar surface activities,” but expressed concern that astronauts could develop German measles during mission. They had been 

exposed to rubella virus when Astronaut Charles M. Duke, Jr., 

member of backup crew, developed disease April 5. (Wilford, NYT, 

4/7/70, 1) 0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, in invited testimony on 

space benefits and potential, told Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences that during first 12 yrs in space U.S. orbital 

payloads had increased 10 000 times, from Explorer 1’s 14-kg (30.8 

Ibs) to Apollo 13’s planned 136 000 kg (300 000 lbs); speed record 13 

times, from 3000 km per hr (1900 mph) to 40 000 km per hr (25 000 

mph); and flight altitude 10 000 times, from 38 400 m (126 000 ft) to 

377 400 km (234 500 mi). Astronauts had logged 5843 hrs in space, 

lease 70-6; NASA PAO) 

111 
April 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

safely flying 113 400 000 km (70 472 000 mi). Twelve Americans had 

orbited moon and four had walked on its surface. NASA had 

launched 155 unmanned spacecraft to return scientific and practical 

data, 23 in cooperative international programs. “Today we live in a different world because in 1958 America recognized the challenge of space and boldly made the required national investment to meet it. Since then over a billion children have been 

born all around the world, the first space age generation. Because of 

the space program they will learn a new science, a new cosmology, 

and a new view of man and his destiny in the universe. . . . Today’s children can look ahead confidently to new opportunities and to 

great new strides that man will make in the twenty-first century. . . . Their generation will view the earth as a whole for the first time, and 

be able to deal with technology, with science, and with philosophy 

as a unified experience, common to all men of the blue planet 

earth.” 

Appendixes to prepared statement described NASA’s technology utilization program: 1.6 million scientific and technical publications distributed in 1969, including 3 21 1 500 microfiche copies; contribution to U.S. schools including spacemobile project, which had 

reached 3 306 410 students live and 20 391 500 via TV in 1969; and 

space research laboratories built at 34 institutions of higher learning 

during 1960s, in which more than 1000 students had worked towards 

doctorates. NASA had received 968 830 letters in 1969; its exhibits 

were viewed by 37.6 million persons and its films, by 9.8 million directly and by 248 million on TV. 

News media coverage of NASA activities in 1969 included 3497 

newsmen from 57 countries accredited to Apollo 11. (Testimony; 

Schlstedt, B Sun, 4/7/70) Fifth anniversary of ComSatCorp’s Early Bird I, world’s first commercial comsat, launched by NASA from KSC. First commercial 

space link between North America and Europe, Early Bird I had 

been retired from full-time service in 1969 after receiving and transmitting more than 235 hrs of TV and operating for more than 3 1/2 

yrs with 100% reliability. Satellite could still be used for emergency 

service to handle 300 circuits between U.S. and Europe. (CornSatCorp Release 70-16) 0 Edmund J. Habib, Associate Chief of GSFC’S Advanced Development Div., Tracking and Data Systems Directorate, received AIAA’S 1970 

Space Communications Award at Los Angeles luncheon. Habib was 

cited for “pioneering developments of the advanced tracking and 

telemetry data processing systems of NASA’S Space Tracking and 

Data Acquisition Network, and for leadership of the development of technology for the future Tracking and Data Relay Satellite space 

network.” (AIAA Release 4/6/70) * MSC issued RFPS for preliminary study of reusable space tug that could 

be economically operated around earth, near moon, and in support of interplanetary missions. Preliminary study of highly versatile, 

four-module system would lead to award of nine-month, $250 000 

fixed-price contract to investigate space tug missions and operations and determine if single-design vehicle could accomplish all tasks 

proposed. Space tug was one of new flight hardware items identified 

I12 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 6 

in Space Task Group report to President in September 1969. (MSC 

Release 70-38) 

MSFC announced award to SPACO Inc. of 10-mo, $2.8-million, costplus-award-fee contract for engineering and operation support to 

MSFC Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory. (MSFC Release 

April 7: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXX from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 538-km (334.3-mi) apogee, 517-km (321.3-mi) perigee, 95.1-min 

period, and 74.0” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/70; SBD, 4/13/70, 

201) 0 Edward C. Polhamus of LaRc Stability and Performance Branch testified before Senate Committee on Government Operations’ Perma- nent Subcommittee on Investigations during F-1 1 1 hearings. Extensive wind-tunnel tests of F-111 during aircraft’s development stage 

had led LaRC engineers in 1963 to conclude F-111 would not meet 

USAF specification for primary mission dash requirement; aircraft would not develop maneuver capability at supersonic speeds specified by contractor; and aircraft’s directional stability was extremely 

low at supersonic speeds. Primary mission shortcoming had been 

“associated with a high drag level which required significant design 

changes to solve.” Polhamus said contractor, General Dynamics Corp., had insisted F-11 1 would exceed primary mission requirement “and did little in the way of airframe modification.” (Testimony; P Inq, 4/8/70,2) 

U.S. Supreme Court dismissed Feb. 16 appeal by atheist Mrs. Madalyn Murray O’Hair of District Court decision rejecting her suit 

against NASA to ban prayer in space. (Reuters, B Sun, 4/7/70, A6) 0 Senate passed S.C.R. 49 to provide Congressional recognition of Dr. 

Robert H. Goddard and Goddard Rocket and Space Museum. (CR, 

4/7/70, S5153) 

Comet Bennett, discovered Dec. 28, 1969, by J. C. Bennett of Pretoria, South Africa, had been visible to naked eye for several hours 

before dawn, New York Times said. It was expected to fade by end 

of April and might never be seen again. (NYT, 4/7/70,11) 0 FAA-DOT Certificate of Commendation was presented by FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer to Col. A. B. McMullen (USAF, Ret.) for outstanding contribution to development of general-aviation airports 

throughout U.S. and for his lifelong dedication to advancement of 

airport facilities throughout the world. Certificate was presented 

during ceremonies at National Aviation Club in Washington, D.C. 

(FAA Release 70-30) 0 MSFC announced award of 10-mo contract extension at $6.4 million to 

Brown Engineering Co. for engineering and operation support to 

MSFC Astronautics Laboratory. (MSFC Release 70-70) 0 James J. Kilpatrick in Washington Evening Star criticized Administration’s intention to invest additional $290 million in SST: “Except for 

speed, the SST offers not a single advantage in range, comfort, passenger volume, profits, safety, ease of handling-none of these. 

And unlike the [Boeing] 747, which the industry developed at its 

own expense, the SST would cost the taxpayers a fortune in subsidies unlikely ever to be recouped.” (W Star, 4/7/70, A7) April 8: Nimbus IV (Nimbus-D) meteorological satellite was successfully launched by NASA from WTR by long-tank, thrust-augmented Thor 

70-66) 

113 
April 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

(THORAD)-Agena D booster. Launch was 400th for USAF's Thor 

booster. Satellite entered orbit with 1098.0-km (682.4-mi) apo$ee, 1087.2-km (675.7-mi) perigee, 107.1-min period, and 99.9" inclination. 

USA's Top0 Ifirst in new series of topographic satellites to be used 

with equipment modified from USA's SECOR (Sequential Collation of 

Range) program, was carried as secondary payload on Agena D 2nd 

stage. Top0 Iwas ejected into orbit with 1092-km (678.5-mi) apogee, 1085-km (674.2-mi) perigee, 107-min period, and 99.8" inclination, 

where it would investigate new technique for accurate, real-time 

determination of positions on earth's surface. 

Primary objectives for Nimbus IVwere to acquire sufficient number of global samples of atmospheric radiation measurements for 

comparing vertical-temperature, water-vapor, and ozone profiles 

and to provide basis for comparing merits of at least three of five 

spectrometric experiments on board. As secondary objectives 

spaeecraft would demonstrate feasibility of determining wind-velocity fields by tracking multiple balloons and demonstrate satisfactory operation of advanced modular three-axis attitude-control system for six months. 

Nimbus IV carried nine meteorological experiments: three new 

(backscatter uv spectrometer, filter wedge spectrometer, and selective chopper radiometer) and six carried on previous Nimbus missions (infrared interferometer spectrometer; satellite infrared spec- trometer; interrogation, recording, and location system; temperature and humidity infrared radiometer; image-dissector camera system; and monitor of uv solar energy). Spacecraft's new attitudecontrol system stabilized Nimbus IV constantly pointing toward 

earth within 1" accuracy and permitted initial acquisition and reacquisition of earth from any attitude. 

Butterfly-shaped, 675.2-kg (1488.6-1b) Nimbus IV was fifth in series of seven spacecraft designed to explore and collect data for 

understanding nature and development of atmosphere and for reduction of economic impact of adverse weather on all nations. Nimbus 111 had been launched April 14, 1969. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 70-47; AFSC Release 104.70; GSFC SSR, 4/30/70) 

USAF launched two Vela nuclear-detection satellites from ETR on one 

Titan IIIC booster. Vela XI entered orbit with 110739.5-km 

(68 810.3-mi) apoeee, 110 091.8-km (68 478.4-mi) perigee, 6695-min 

eriod, and 37.7" inclination. Vela XIIentered orbit with 11 1 379.8- E m (69 281 .&mi) apogee, 11 1 11 1.1-km (69 041.2-mi) erigee, 6699- 

min period, and 32.9" inclination. Each 350-k$ (770-lby satellite carried optical sensors to detect electromagnetic pulses-brief radio 

signals generated by atomic explosions-anywhere in atmosphere. 

Sensors could also detect atomic weapon tests up to 160 million km 

(100 million mi) into space and could distinguish between weapon tests and exploding stars. Launch was last in Vela series begun in 

1963. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/70; W Post, 4/9/70, A8; AFSC Release 106.70; 

Pres Rpt 71) 0 Cosmos CCCXXXI was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 323-km 

(200.7-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 

64.9" inclination. Satellite reentered April 16. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/70) 

114 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 8 

* Astronaut John L. Swigert, Jr., Apollo 13 backup CM pilot, began lastminute training program to determine whether he could replace Astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly I1 on mission scheduled for launch 

April 11. Apollo 13 prime crewmen-James A. Lovell, Jr., Fred W. 

Haise, Jr., and Mattingly-had been tested for immunity to German 

measles April 6 after exposure to disease and Mattingly had not 

shown immunity. NASA said final decision on moving Swigert to 

prime crew depended upon demonstration that Swigert, Lovell, and 

Haise could work together as a team and “precisely execute the few 

intricate time-critical maneuvers which require rapid and close coordination.” (Lannan, W Star, 4/9/70, Ai; O’Toole, W Post, 4/9/70, 

A 1) 0 Interview on Apollo 13 cuisine with MSC chief of food and nutrition 

Dr. Malcolm Smith, Jr., was published by New York Times. Increased use of spoons, use of bowls, and facilities for spreading sandwich fillings on slices of fresh bread would provide Apollo 13 

astronauts more nearly normal eating procedures than on previous 

missions. Freeze-dried pork and scalloped potatoes would contain 

chunks rather than be of baby food consistency but meal would still 

be lukewarm. Wider variety of fresh bread had been baked for 

Apollo 13 mission, in lidded pans to provide uniform crust as insurance against loose crumbs which had been problem with former 

freeze-dried cracker sandwiches. Loaves were passed through 1900 

K (3000°F) flame to destroy all mold-producing spores. Two slices 

of bread made from irradiated flour would be carried to test potential alternate method of preserving food without refrigeration. Apol- lo 13’s food was 70% freeze-dried, mainly because of space limitation; bread was treated with nitrogen gas to retard staling. Other 

“firsts” in foods to be carried were pecans to stimulate astronauts’ 

appetites, dehydrated orange crystals modified to prevent caking, 

and instant rice product to be reconstituted by hot tap water. 

Dr. Smith was already planning for 120-day Skylab missions, when hot food would be welcomed. Major obstacle was difficulty in 

heating food at zero g. He hoped to place test heating device aboard 

Apollo 14. (Hewitt, NYT, 4/8/70,51) 

Wristwatch calibrated on lunar time system developed by Kenneth L. 

Franklin, Assistant Chairman of American Museum-Hayden Planetarium, had been devised by Helbros Watches Div. of Elgin National Industries, Wall Street Journal reported. Watch used three hands 

of conventional earth watch plus “window” telling “lune” time, 

based on fact that time from sunrise to sunrise on moon was equal to 

29.53 earth days. Franklin called this period “lunation“ and divided 

it into 30 “lunes” each equal to about 24 earth hours. Each lune was 

devided into 24 “lunours” about an earth-hour long. (WSJ, 4/8/70) 0 NASA announced selection of General Electric Co. for negotiation of 

$50 000 000 cost-plus-award-fee contract for development, fabrication, test, and project operations of ATS-F and ATS-G, scheduled for 

launch into stationary orbit over equator in 1973 and 1975. (NASA 

Release 70-55) 

MSC announced award of $875 000 contract to Hycon Manufacturing Co. for five lunar topographic camera systems. Cameras, each 

equipped with 457-mm (18-in) focal length lens and 61 m (200 ft) of 

115 
April 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

film to take more than 400 photos without reloading, would be flown 

on Apollo 13, 14, and 15 missions to photograph future landing sites 

and other targets. (MSC Release 70-31) 0 Philadelphia Inquirer editorial commented on Apollo 13 crew’s exposure to German measles: “It is an untimely reminder of how much 

America spends to send men to the moon and how little to combat 

disease on earth.. . . We are in favor of continued space explora- tion, to a point, but we cannot help thinking what the money spent 

on just one shot to the moon could do if devoted instead to the pre- vention and cure of diseases that afflict millions of earthlings.” (P 

Inq, 4/8/70) April9: Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at MSC, said chances were high that Astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly I1 would develop German measles next week and that, in his 

opinion, Mattingly’s lack of immunity would not permit him to fly 

on Apollo 13 April 11. 

NASA had not officially ruled out Mattingly for flight, but countdown was proceeding on schedule and backup CM pilot John L. 

Swigert, Jr., was undergoing intensive training in Apollo simulators 

at KSC. (O’Toole, W Post, 4/10/70, A2) 0 Hydrogen cloud 13 million km (8 million mi) in diameter around comet 

Bennett had been discovered by Lyman-alpha experiment on board 

Ogo V (launched March 4, 1968), NASA announced. Measurements 

had been made during three-day period while Bennett was about 

105 000 000 km (65 000 000 mi) from earth and Ogo V was orbiting 

earth at 23 000- to 108 000-km (14 000- to 67 000-mi) altitude. operat- ing in special spin-scan mode. Univ. of Colorado scientists said data 

from Ogo V photometer indicated comet was composed largely of 

water. (NASA Release 70-56: UPI. W Star, 4/10/70, A2) 0 MSC announced award of $4.5-million, cost-plus-fixed-fee NASA contract to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. for three-inch-focallength mapping camera, stellar reference camera, and timing device 

for precision mapping of moon on future Apollo missions. Mapping 

camera would provide 1 14-mm-sq (4.5-in-sq) photos with precise 

geometric controls. Stellar reference camera, used with timing de- vice and laser altimeter-being produced under separate NASA contract with RCA-would provide spacecraft attitude, time, and altitude at which each photo was taken. (MSC Release 70-40) 

AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office had awarded Aerojet-Gen- era1 Corp. $50 219 497 contract extension for continued design and development work on NERVA engine, NASA announced. Extension 

definitized work to be performed from Oct. 1, 1969, through Sept. 30, 1970. (NASA Release 70-54) 0 President Nixon signed E.O. 11523 establishing National Industrial Pollution Control Council to advise on industry programs on environmental quality. He announced appointments of Bert S. Cross, 

board chairman of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., and 

Willard F. Rockwell, board chairman of North American Rockwell 

Corp., as Chairman and Vice Chairman and appointments of 53 

members to Council. Council would submit, through Secretary of 

Commerce, specific recommendations for further action on industrial environmental pollution and consider “role it can play in helping 

116 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 9 

to implement the Nation’s environmental protection program.” 

Senate, by vote of 72 to 6, adopted S.R. 211, which sought agreement with U.S.S.R. on limiting offensive and defensive strategic weapons 

and suspension of test flights of reentry vehicles. (CR, 4/9/70, 

Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) introduced S. 3700, FY 1971 NSF 

authorization providing $548 million-$50 million more than President Nixon’s recommendation plus additional $2 million annually in 

foreign currencies to be spent outside U.S. (CR, 4/9/70, S5428-9) 

April 9-10: US-U.S.S.R. editorial board to prepare and publish joint 

review of space biology and medicine met in Moscow to select authors and establish procedures and schedules. Project was established under Oct. 8, 1965, agreement between NASA and Soviet 

Academy of Sciences. First exchange of reference materials had 

been made in January. (NASA Release 70-61) 

April 10: Astronaut John L. Swigert, Jr., would replace Thomas K. Mattingly I1 as CM pilot on Apollo 13 mission April 11, Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, NASA Administrator, announced. Mattingly , exposed to 

German measles, had not developed immunity and was expected to 

show symptoms of disease next week. “The recommendation of 

(PD, 4/13/70,502-4) 

S5479-508) 

April 10: NASA announced that Astronaut John L. Swigert, Jr., would replace Thomas K. 

Mattingly I1 as chi pilot on Apollo 13 mission. Cancellation of the mission had been consi- 

&red following Matk@ly’s exposgre to German measles. Below, Dr. George M. Low 

(left), Deputy Administrator, conferred with Associate Administrator for Manned,Space Flight Dale D. Myers at April 10 launch status meeting at Kennedy Space Center. 

117 
April IO ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

everyone. . .was unanimous that Apollo 13 be launched tomorrow,’’ 

Dr. Paine told press at KSC. Decision was made after Swigert demonstrated in intensive training that he could replace Matting!y on 

short notice. “When it comes to the problems you can get into in the 

command module. . .Jack [Swigert] literally wrote the book on the 

malfunctions and how to overcome them,” Dr. Paine said. 

Director of Flight Crew Operations Donald K. Slayton said Swigert had performed critical maneuvers flawlessly in training. “Our 

simulator people said it couldn’t be done. . .but we anticipated more 

problems than we had. We were all surprised. It went very smoothly.” (Wilford, NYT, 411 1/70, 1; O’Toole, W Post, 4/11/70, Al) 0 President Nixon honored visiting West German Chancellor and Mrs. 

Willy Brandt at White House dinner on eve of Apollo 13 launch. He 

said: “We are particularly happy that tomorrow you will go to see 

the takeoff of Apollo 13. We are very hotiored that tonight among 

our very honored guests is Wernher Von Braun, which reminds us 

of the debt we owe to those who have helped our space project and 

who are of German background.” 

President said he had telephoned Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., 

and Apollo 13 colleagues as they were having dinner together at 

MSC. “I wished them well and told them that the Chancellor would 

be there to see the take off and they promised much better weather 

than when I saw it last year.” (PD, 4/13/70,508-10) 0 Few people “really seem to care” that $375-million Apollo 13 mission 

“may never get off the ground tomorrow” because astronauts had 

been exposed to measles, Wall Street Journal said. Mission was inspiring “little excitement at KSC or elsewhere across the land.” Perhaps 100000 tourists were on hand for event, “but that’s a small 

crowd compared with the million or so that came here for the first 

moon shot. . . .” There would be 700 newsmen, “far below the 

2000 who covered the first shot.” (Tanner, WSJ, 4/10/70) 

First aircraft designed and produced in Israel-twin-engine, 20-passenger Arava STOL aircraft-made inaugural flight from Lydda Airort near Tel Aviv. Built by Israel Aircraft Industries, Arava cost ! 400 000 and was intended for feeder lines in developed nations and 

more rugged operations in developing areas. Aircraft was powered 

by Pratt & Whitney turboprop engines from Canada. (NYT, 4/10/70, 

2) 0 Nimbus IV meteorological satellite, launched April 8, had contacted 

elk fitted with instrumented collar in Wyoming April 1 and had 

transmitted data on elk’s temperature, NASA announced. (UPI, W 

Post, 4/12/70,60) 0 MSC announced award of $1.9-million contract to Itek Corp. for de- sign, development, and delivery of multispectral photographic equipment for Project Skylab. Itek would provide one six-lens camera flight unit, one backup, and associated lenses and magazines. 

(MSC Release 70-41) 

Washington Post editorial commented on launch of Project Tektite 

11: “As the astronauts get ready to soar to the heights, it is worth 

mentioning that a group of aquanauts have sunk to the bottoms-in 

this case, the crew of Tektite 11. . . . The drama of undersea exploration is considerably less than probes into outer space; but, in many ways, the world on the floor of the sea is more mysterious, more 

118 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April IO 

demanding-and potentially richer in what it offers mankind-than 

anything on the craterscape of the moon.” ( WPost, 4/10/70, A18) 

April 11-17: NASA’S Apollo 13 (AS-508)-carrying three-man crew, LM7 Aquarius and CS~-109Odyssey-was launched on lunar landing mission, but 56 hrs into flight toward moon mission was aborted 

because of SM oxygen tank rupture. In most serious inflight situation 

experienced in manned space program, crew followed LM “lifeboat” emergency plan, transferring to LM and using its systems and 

supplies to swing around moon and back to earth on fastest feasible 

course. Emergency procedures were used to make electrical power, 

water, and oxygen last to end of journey. Crew returned to CM and 

jettisoned LM before reentry and splashed down safely in Pacific 

April 17. 

April 11-12: Mission began with successful, on-schedule liftoff 

from KSC Launch Complex 39, Pad A, at 2:13 pm EST April 11, 

carrying Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr. (commander), John L. 

Swigert, Jr. (CM pilot), and Fred W. Haise, Jr. (LM pilot). Swigert 

was last-minute substitution from backup crew for Thomas K. Mattingly 11, who had failed to develop immunity after exposure to 

German measles. Launch was watched by 4500 persons in VIP 

stands. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, West German Chancellor 

Willy Brandt, and Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, 

watched from KSC firing Room No. 1. Weather conditions at launch 

were satisfactory: peak ground winds of 10 knots, overcast at 6000 

m (20 000 ft), and visibility of 16 km (10 mi). 

Spacecraft and S-IVB combination entered parking orbit with 

185.5-km (1 15.3-mi) apogee and 181.5-km (1 12.8-mi) perigee. During 

2nd-stage boost S-I1 center engine cut off 132 secs early and remaining four engines burned 34 secs longer than predicted. Space vehicle 

velocity after boost was 68 m per sec (223 fps) lower than planned, causing S-IVB orbital insertion burn to be 9 secs longer than predicted, but sufficient propellants remained for translunar insertion. 

Onboard TV was initiated at 1:35 GET for 5 1/2 min. Second S-IVB 

burn, on schedule at 2:41 GET, injected spacecraft on translunar 

trajectory. 

CSM separated from S-IVB and LM Aquarius. Onboard TV initiated after separation for 72 min clearly showed CSM “hard-docking” 

with LM, ejection of CSM/LM from S-IVB/IU at 4:Ol GET, S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system (APS) evasive maneuver, and spacecraft exterior and interior. 

First S-IVB APS burn, lasting 217 secs beginning at 6:OO GET, 

aimed stage for lunar target point so accurately that second burn 

was not required. S-IVB/IU hit lunar surface at 7757 GET (8: 10 pm 

EST April 14) at 259 m per sec (8465 fps) and energy equivalent to 

11.5 tons of TNT at 2.4” south latitude and 27.9” west longitude137.1 km (85.2 mi) from Apollo 12 seismometer that detected impact. Seismic signal for S-IVBIIU was similar to signal from Apollo 

12 LM Zntrepid that had impacted moonNov. 20,1969, but was 20-30 

times larger and lasted 3 hrs 20 mins-four times longer. Signal was 

so large that ground command had to reduce seismometer gain to 

keep recording on scale. Suprathermal ion detector experiment 

(SIDE) deployed by Apollo 12 crew recorded jump in the number of 

ion counts after S-IVB/IU impact. Instrument, in lunar shadow, 

I I9 
April 11-17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

April 11-17: Apollo 13, launched toward moon from 

Kennedy Space Center by Saturn V (left), was aborted 

56 hours into flight by the rupture of a service module 

oxygen tank. Astronauts transferred to LM in an emer- gency “lifeboat” plan and used its systems and supplies 

to return to earth without landing on the moon. The se- verely damaged SM (above) was photographed from the 

LM/CM following jettison just before earth reentry. An 

entire panel was blown away by the explosion. 

120 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 April 11-17 

recorded no ions at tim 

22 secs after impact to 

ions and back to none. 

produced by 6300 K to 

generated by impact o 

mi) had been ionized by sunlight. 

Translunar insertion maneuver was so accurate that midcourse 

correction No. 1 (MCC-1) was not necessary. MCC-2, for 3.4 secs at 

30: 14 GET, placed spacecraft on desired hybrid circumlunar trajectory with closest approach of 114.9 km (71.4 mi). MCC-3 was not necessary. Good-quality TV coverage of preparations for and performance of midcourse maneuver was transmitted for 49 min, beginning 

at 30:03 GET, including dumping waste water from spacecraft fuel cells with moon visible in background. 

While joking with Mission Control, Swigert suddenly remembered that he had failed to file his Federal income tax return, but 

was assured that he could be granted an extension. 

April 13-14: Lovell and Hake entered LM for housekeeping and 

system checks, reported that helium tank that had malfunctioned 

before launch was satisfactory, transmitted TV pictures of LM interior, and joked about sleeping and eating in space. Haise reported he 

had shaved to improve his TV image. Lovell closed telecast by 

wishing everyone on earth “a nice evening,” saying astronauts were 

ready “to get back for a pleasant evening in Odyssey.’’ Minutes later, at 5555 GET (10:08 pm EST April 13), crew reported undervoltage alarm on CSM main bus B, rapid loss of pressure in SM oxygen tank 

No. 2, and dropping of current in fuel cells 1 and 3 to zero. 

“Hey, we’ve got a problem here,” Swigert told ground controllers. 

“This is Houston, say again please.” “Houston, we’ve had a problem,” Lovell replied. And Haise 

reported “a pretty large bang associated with the caution and warning.” 

A few minutes later crew reported spacecraft was venting something-later determined to be oxygen-out into space. Astronauts could see blizzard of particles flying out of SM, presumably from 

ruptured tank. Despite desperate efforts improvised on board and 

suggested by Mission Control, nothing seemed to halt drop in oxygen pressure. Spacecraft dipped repeatedly, apparently because of 

venting gas. By 57:24 GET, Mission Control reported tank No. 2 

pressure was “slowly going to zero and we’re starting to think about 

the LM lifeboat.” Swigert replied, “Yes, that’s something we’re 

thinking about, too. We’ve been talking it over. . . .” Decision was 

made to abort mission. 

Astronauts hurriedly had to salvage enough oxygen to supply CM 

during reentry and keep gyros operating until LM navigation equip- ment could be powered up. With only minutes of power remaining, 

crew fed oxygen into reserve tank and hooked up emergency batter- ies to CSM navigation gyros until LM was powered up. Crew activated LM, powered down CSM, and used LM systems for power and life 

support. 

Astronauts remained calm as they wrestled with procedures to 

stabilize spacecraft and stretch consumables. All information on 

121 
April 11-17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

April 11-17: Officials conferred at the flight directors’ console in the MSC Mission Opera- tions Control Room as Apollo 13 astronauts attempted to bring their crippled spacecraft 

safely back to earth. Dr. Donald K. Slayton, Director of Flight Crew Operations, leans an elbow on the console at far left. Circling to the right in front of him are Apollo Spacecraft 

Program Manager James A. McDivitt; Deputy Director of Flight Operations Howard W. 

Tindall, Jr.; Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director at NASA Headquarters; and 

Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Director of Flight Operations. Apollo Mission Director 

Chester M. Lee stands in front of Dr. Kraft. Seated at the console (center, left to right) are Flight Directors Gerald D. Griffin and Glynn S. Lunney. Behind the console (left to right) are Astronauts Joseph P. Kerwin and Vance D. Brand, Flight Dynamics Officer Philip C. 

Shaffer, Retro Officer John S. Llewellyn, Flight Dynamics Officer Charles F. Dieterich, 

and Lawrence S. Canin, guidance navigation and control engineer at MSC 

mission-including details of accident and emergency procedureswere made public immediately as data were received. Public’s apparent boredom at beginning of mission was transformed into deep 

concern for astronauts’ safety. Messages and offers of aid were sent 

to U.S. from world leaders and prayers were offered by religious leaders on every continent. 

MCC-4 was conducted with LM’S descent propulsion system (DPS) 

at 61:30 GET, placing Apollo 13 on free-return trajectory around 

moon on which CM Odyssey would splash down in Indian Ocean at 

152:OO GET. Both LM guidance systems were powered up and primary system used for 263.4-sec DPS burn at 79:28 GET as spacecraft 

swung out from behind moon, two hours after closest approach. 

Burn produced 262-m-per-see (860 fps) differential velocity, short- ened predicted return time to 14353 GET, and moved predicted land- ing point to mid-Pacific. After maneuver, passive thermal control 

was established and LM was powered down to conserve consumables. 

“Aquarius has really been quite a winner,’’ Hake said to Mission 

Control about three hours later. “When this flight’s all over we’ll 

really be able to figure out what a LM can do.” 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 11-17 

During remainder of transearth coast crew continued emergency procedures to deal with shortage of water to cool LM electronic systems, decreasing temperatures in both cabins, and buildup of carbon 

dioxide in LM. Fearing that CM instruments needed for reentry might freeze, crew kept spacecraft in passive thermal control-“barbecue mode” of rotation to let sun uniformly heat all sides. Astronauts 

met cooling water shortage by filling every plastic bag they could 

with water from CM and carrying it to LM. Shortage of air-cleaning 

lithium hydroxide in LM was met by rigging combination of CM and 

LM cartridges; following instructions worked out on ground, crew 

built adapter and ran lunar spacesuit air hoses from LM fans through 

tunnel to connect to CM air-scrubbing canisters. Transmission of 

health data was eliminated and communications held to minimum to 

conserve electricity. Crew tried to keep warm by wearing boots carried for walking on moon, sleeping in narrow tunnel between LM and 

CSM that seemed warmer, and wearing extra clothing. April 15-17; MCC-5 at 105:19 GET, by 15-sec LM DPS burn, decreased velocity by 2.3 m per sec (7.5 fps) and raised entry-flightpath angle to -6.52’. Crew partially powered up CSM to check therApril 15-17: “Farewell, Aquarius, and we thank you,” Mission Control responded to crew report “LMjettison,” just over an hour before Apollo 13 CM splashed down April 17. 

The LM, which had served as a lifeboat after an oxygen tank explosion aborted the mission, was photographed from the CM after jettison. Industry, university, and NASA ground 

teams had been working continuously during the last days of the return trip to develop new reentry procedures for the unusual CMILM configuration. 

123 
April 11-17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

124 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 11-17 

mal conditions. Because of unusual spacecraft configuration (with 

LM still attached) and L inability to survive reentry heat, officials 

on ground developed n reentry procedu and verified them in 

ground-based simulations. A 30-man team at MIT’S Charles S. Draper Laboratory worked throughout night studying stressed Apollo 13 

guidance system and working out new trajectories. Simulations and 

programming of emergency problems were conducted by NR engineers in Downey, Calif., by Astronaut Richard F. Gordon, Jr., in 

LM at KSC, and by Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan and David R. Scott 

at MSC, so that almost every move Apollo 13 crew made had first 

been proved out on ground. 

MCC-7 was successfully accomplished at 137:40 GET with 22.4- 

sec LM RCS burn, resulting in predicted -6.49” entry-flight-path angle. 

Crew viewed and photographed SM when it was jettisoned at 138:02 

GET, reporting that one entire panel was missing near S-band highgain antenna and that great deal of debris was hanging out. 

CM was powered up and .LM was jettisoned at 141:30 GET. SNAP27 nuclear generator carrying 3.9 kg (8.6 Ibs) of radioactive plutonium fell from LM into Pacific northeast of New Zealand. 

“Farewell, Aquarius, and we thank you,” Mission Control responded to spacecraft’s report “LM jettison.” “She sure was a 

good ship,” Swigert added later. 

Parachute deployment and other reentry events occurred as 

planned and Odyssey splashed down in mid-Pacific southeast of 

American Samoa at 14254~~~ (1:07 pm EST April 17), 6.4 km (4 mi) 

from recovery ship U.S.S. Iwo Jim. Astronauts-exhausted but in 

good health-were picked up by recovery helicopter and were safely aboard recovery ship less than one hour after splashdown. 

Primary Apollo 13 mission objectives-to make selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials in preselected Fra 

Mauro area; deploy and activate ALSEP; develop man’s capability to 

work in lunar environment; and photograph candidate exploration 

sites-were not achieved. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, announced April 17 that Apollo 13 Review Board, headed by 

LaRC Director Edgar M. Cortright, would be established to determine cause of accident. 

Apollo 13 flight crew performance was outstanding throughout 

mission; calm, precise reaction to emergency and diligence in config- uring and maintaining LM was noteworthy. Despite lack of adequate sleep and low temperature in spacecraft, neither performance 

nor spirits faltered. Similarly, performance of flight operations team 

was outstanding in planning and aiding crew to safe return. 

Apollo 13 was 10th Apollo mission and third manned lunar landing 

attempt. Accident was first inflight failure in 22 manned flights in 

U.S. space program. Apollo 12 (Nov. 14-24, 1969) and Apollo 11 

April 17: Safely home, the Apollo 13 crew stepped aboard the U.S.S. Iwo Jima recovery 

ship after splashdown in the South Pacific. Leaving the helicopter (at top, from left) are Astronauts Fred W. Haise, Jr., James A. Lovell, Jr., and JohnL. Swigert, Jr. In the once- tense Mission Uperations Control Room at MSC (at bottom), &. Donald K. Slayts (left 

of center), Director of Flight Crew Operations, shook hads with ApoUo Mission Director 

Chester M. Lee as arriving Astronaut Lovell appeared on the TVmonitor. &. Rocw A. 

Petrone, ApoUo Program Ifirector, stands behind Lee, with Flight Control Division Chief 

Eugene F. Kranz sitting at the console in front. 

125 
April 11-17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

(July 16-24, 1969) manned missions had successfully landed on 

moon and returned to earth with lunar samples. (NASA Proj Off; 

FonF, 4116-22/70,253-5; W Star, 4112-14/70; NYT, 4/15/70; 4/18/70; 

4/19/70; W Post, 4/15/70; 4/18/70, Al; MSC Hist Off; Off NASA Administrator) 

April 11: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXXII from Plesetsk into orbit with 760-km (472.2-mi) apogee, 755-km (469.1-mi) perigee, 99.9- 

min period, and 74.0” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/70; SBD, 4/20/70, 

236) Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from 

Churchill Research Range, carrying Univ. of Minnesota experiment 

to conduct auroral studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

New York Times editorial commented on substitution of Astronaut 

John L. Swigert, Jr., for Astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly I1 on 

Apollo 13 mission. “The decision adds a new note of tension and a 

new reason for worry in what will be-despite the brilliant success 

of the two earlier moon trips-an exceedingly dangerous venture 

whose maneuvers require the most precise possible coordination 

among all three crew members. In the entire history of the space 

program there can have been few if any more difficult or more hotly 

debated choices faced by the program’s top leaders.” (NYT, 411 1/ 

70,30) 0 Apollo 12 moon rock was guarded by three men as firemen fought fire 

at Stardust Hotel in Las Vegas, Nev. Lunar sample lent by NASA for 

display at physics symposium in hotel was kept in place during fire 

for security reasons. (UPI, WPost, 4/12/70, A3) April 12: U.S.S.R. celebrated National Cosmonauts Day-ninth anniversary of Vostok I, first manned orbital space flight by Cosmonaut 

Yuri A. Gagarin April 12, 1961. Soviet press reviewed U.S.S.R. 

space triumphs and praised 18 cosmonauts. 

Except for brief announcement in Pravda that Apollo 13 had “departed for the moon,” press ignored third U.S. manned lunar landing attempt. AP reported mood of Soviet people was not festive and 

quoted one Muscovite as saying, “It seems a bit silly celebrating Gagarin’s first space flight while the Americans are paying their 

third visit to the moon.” (B Sun, 4/13/70, A5) 0 Philadelphia Sunday Bulletin editorial commented on Apollo 13: “The 

ease with which Mr. Swigert fitted into the prime crew lineup would 

suggest that the real risks in the Apollo 13 mission are still the risks 

the public never sees or comprehends. These involve mechanical 

and electronic components beyond lay understanding. They are 

immediately interchangeable on Earth, but they lack the adaptability of Captain Lovell and his companions at the point of no return.” 

(P Bull, 411 2/70) 

Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director, received Society of Manufacturing Engineers Interprofessional Cooperation Award at dinner in 

Detroit, Mich., for giving U.S. “through his work in jet propulsion, 

missilery, and telemetry . . . a viable defense system while contributing substantially to her pre-eminence in the investigation of outer 

space.” (Pasadena Star-News, 4/2/70) 0 Financial plight of Lockheed Aircraft Corp. was “symptomatic of a 

far more pervasive malaise spreading in the aerospace industry ,” 

126 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 12 

Robert A. Wright said in New York Times. Because of “intricate 

interwoven pattern” of subcontracting common to large defense 

programs, Lockheed’s problems would affect other companies including 2000 that supplied or made parts for C-5A cargo aircraft. 

“In the current atmosphere of defense spending cuts and political criticism of the so-called military-industrial complex, the attention 

generated by Lockheed’s problem is unlikely to enhance the poor 

prospects of the depressed aero-space industry.” (NYT, 4/12/70, 

F1) April 13: With Apollo 13 procezding “in almost textbook fashion,” 

newsmen at MSC were discussing “minor ‘glitches’ ” because 

“there had been nothing of major nature to talk about,” Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, said. Houston TV had failed to carry launch live 

and only 295 U.S. and 55 foreign journalists were covering MSC. 

Apollo 13 astronauts had prompted complaints from newsmen for 

being “too quiet.” Reason might be “that few newsmen have listened to find out whether the crewmen are talking or not.” (Bane, 

LA Her-Exam, 4/ 13/70) 0 Timing of Apollo 13 could upstage U.S.S.R. ’s plans for “biggest ideological event in Soviet history, the Lenin centennial,” New York 

Times reported. Mission had been launched on 1970 Leninist Subbotnik-day when loyal citizens donated full day’s work to their 

country. Second day of Apollo 13 mission was Cosmonauts Day, anniversary of Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin’s triumph as first man to 

orbit earth. Apollo 13 astronauts were scheduled to return to earth 

the day before the Lenin anniversary, “almost exactly at the hour 

that Secretary General Leonid I. Brezhnev is scheduled to crown 

his career by delivering the major address commemorating the 

founder of the Soviet system.” (Schwartz, NYT, 4/13/70) 0 Baltimore Sun editorial on Apollo 13 launch: “If there is less national 

emotional interest in the moon flights now as they become almost routine, and as their goals are related to specific scientific quests, 

rather than to the romance of just making the flight and landing, there is still great interest and concern for a safe voyage. That 

America is not jaded by these brave and difficult ventures is shown 

in the large crowds that show up for launches in Florida and the attention televised coverage draws in the rest of the nation.” (B Sun, 

4/13/70. A12) 0 Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR 

carrying Univ. of Michigan experiment to study airglow. Mission 

was unsuccessful. (SR list) 

Papers of U.S. rocket pioneer Dr. Robert H. Goddard, recording his 

life work, were published by McGraw-Hill Book Co. of New York. 

(AFJ, 4/18/70,6) 0 President Nixon sent to Congress annual report on marine resources 

and engineering development. Budget request for FY 1971 would 

provide $533.1 million for marine science and technology activities 

to improve management of coastal zone, expand Arctic research, 

develop program for restoring damaged lakes, expand collection of 

data on ocean and weather conditions, and undertake other pro- jects. Funds also would support U.S. participation in International 

Decade of Ocean Exploration. (PD, 4/13/70,518) 

April 14: As Apollo 13 approached critical point in efforts to return 

127 
April 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

safely to earth, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, told 

press in Houston, “The performance of the entire NASA team with 

the remainder of this mission will undoubtedly have an effect on a 

view that Congress has of the activities that we are proposing for the 

future.” Specific problems encountered by Apollo 13 were “things 

that will be reviewed by the Congress.” (Wilson, W Post, 4/15/70, 

A13) 0 President Nixon received 45-min briefing by NASA officials at GSFC on 

problems of Apollo 13 mission. Dr. John F. Clark, GSFC Director, 

said President was deeply concerned about mission’s difficulties. 

Later President entertained Danish Prime Minister Hilmar Baunsgaard at White House dinner. President said: “I think tonight of 

three men . . . in outer space coming around the moon . . . . I do 

know that they have the s irit of the Vikings. They are men of adwives of two of the men and the mother of the one who is not married-they have women, who like the wives and the mothers of the 

Vikings of old waited at home with faith that their men would come 

back . ” 

President, at his request, was informed during dinner of success 

of Apollo 13 maneuver which put spacecraft on homeward course. 

(PD, 4/20/70, 538; Lyons, NYT, 4/15/70, 1; Beale, W Star, 4/15/70, 

F1) 0 Senate unanimously passed S.R. 388 “that the Senate of the United 

States commends the Apollo 13 astronauts . . . for their fortitude 

and courage; extends its support to their families, their friends and 

all who are involved in their mission; and urges all businesses, 

commercial operations, communications media, and others who 

wish to and can comply to pause at 9 p.m. today, April 14, 1970, in 

order that all persons who so desire may join in asking the help of 

Almighty God in assuring the safe return of the astronauts.” (CR, 

In Moscow, many persons relied on foreign radio broadcasts for 

information on Apollo 13 progress; Soviet news media continued to 

give only brief reports. At U.N. in New York, Dr. Anatoly A. Blagonravov, Soviet delegate to Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer 

Space, said people of world were hoping for safe return of “courageous astronauts.” Pope Paul VI told audience of loo00 Romans and tourists in St. 

Peter’s Basilica, “We cannot forget at this moment the lot of the 

astronauts of Apollo 13. We hope that at least their lives can be 

saved.” 

Japanese businessman said in Tokyo: “How could it happen? 

Why, they almost shuttled to the moon as safely as we ride commuter trains.” 

In Paris, radio stations interrupted regular programs with news 

bulletins and interviews with space experts. La Monde said, “The 

whole human race is participating with them in the agony of their 

return.” 

Thousands flocked to churches in Georgetown, Guyana. They 

were saying mission should have been called Apollo 12B or Apollo 14, rather than Apollo 13. 

venture. They are men o P courage. Back home-I talked to the 

4/14/70,85644-5) 0 International reaction to Apollo 13 crisis: 

128 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 14 

In Australia, Sydney TV station superimposed Apollo 13 bulletins 

over film of “Lost in Space.” BBC continued newscasts until 4 am local time to report critical 

maneuver of spacecraft. 

Budapest woman said, “Oh God, I hope they return safely.” 

Hers was “common theme,” Washington Post said; “around the 

world people, whether lowly or mighty, paused to participate in the 

first life-and-death drama in deep space.” (Johnson, W Post, 4/15/ 

70, Al; Arnold, NYT,4/15/70,1) 

Families of Apoffo 13 astronauts monitored flight communications on 

NASA squawk boxes and watched TV in their homes. Mrs. Marilyn 

Love11 and Mrs. Mary Haise kept older children home from school. 

Parents of unmarried Astronaut John L. Swigert, Jr., remained at 

home in Denver, Colo. (AP, NYT, 4/15/70,29) 

America’s “sanguine attitude about manned space flight” had been 

shattered by Apollo 13’s technical problems, Howard Simons said in 

Washington Post. “As the first words came that the three astronauts were in peril, earthbound fears began to race along with the 

moonbound craft. The astronauts seemed remarkably calm, most 

other persons desperate.” As tension heightened, “inevitable questions began to intrude on one’s innate fears. Would they get back? 

Could they get back?” It seemed certain situation would revive debate over rescue capability. “Mysterious ‘bang’ in space is bound to 

further slow an already slowed effort to stretch man’s reach beyond 

his immediate horizon.” ( W Post, 4/14/70, Al) 0 Aerobee 350 sounding rocket, launched by NASA from WSMR, carried 

GSFC payload to 87.8-km (54.6-mi) altitude. Objectives of mission, 

first Aerobee 350 launch from WSMR, were to demonstrate suitability of complete Aerobee 350 system for scientific research and to investigate solar and stellar x-ray phenomena. Rocket performance was 

unsatisfactory because premature sustainer-thrust termination seriously limited apogee. Payload recovery system operated successfully and ACS turned on and tried to erect. No useful x-ray data were 

obtained, but good performance data were recorded. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 House Armed Services Committee, by vote of 25 to 5, authorized 

$544.2 million for construction of C-5A transport aircraft, including $200 million toward funds requested by manufacturer Lockheed 

Aircraft Corp. fsee March 21. (AP, NYT, 4/16/70,31) 0 Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird and Australian Minister for 

Defence Malcolm Fraser reached accord in Washington, D.C., on 

Australian purchase of F-1 1 1C aircraft. Delivery of aircraft would 

be delayed until technical difficulties were fully evaluated and corrected; Australia would be provided on lease or other reimburseable 

basis up to 24 F-4E Phantom aircraft in interim; alternative Australian actions to meet strike aircraft requirements remained as op- tions. (DOD Release 301-70) 0 President Nixon submitted to Senate nominations of new members to 

National Science Board: H. Guyford Stever, President of Carnegie- Mellon Univ.; Robert A. Charpie, President of Cabot Corp.; Lloyd 

M. Cooke, Director of Urban Affairs for Union Carbide Corp.; 

Robert H. Dicke, Princeton Univ. physicist; David M. Gates, botanist of Washington Univ. in St. Louis; and Frank Press, MIT geolo- gist and physicist. (PD, 4/20/70,521-2) 

129 
April 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 Officials of Stardust Hotel in Las Vegas, Nev., said 22 000 persons had filed past hotel’s exhibit of Apollo 12 lunar sample in six days. About 10000 viewed most successful Strip “show” in one week. 

(AP, NYT, 4/16/70) 0 INTELSAT announced election of new officers of Interim Communications Satellite Committee, for term of office beginning July 1. John 

A. Johnson, ComSatCorp Vice President-International and U.S. 

representative to INTELSAT, would succeed Carlos Nufiez A. of 

Mexico as Chairman. Yves Fargette, Regional Director of French 

Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, would succeed Johnson 

as Vice Chairman. (INTELSAT Release 70-19) 

April 15: Soviet Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin sent message to President 

Nixon: “We follow with concern the flight of the spacecraft Apollo 

13 in which failure developed. I want to inform you the Soviet government has given orders to all citizens and members of the armed 

forces to use all necessary means to render assistance in the rescue 

of the American astronauts.” 

Italian Defense Ministry ordered Italian armed forces to be ready 

to give immediate help as needed if Apollo 13 splashed down in 

Mediterranean. Reuters reported that U.K. Prime Minister Harold 

Wilson pledged help of Royal Navy ships for possible recovery 

work and that French President Georges J. Pompidou made similar 

offer of his navy. (UPI, W Star, 4/15/70; Reuters, WPost, 4/16/70) 0 USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by Titan 

IIIB-Agena D booster into orbit with 386.2-km (240-mi) apogee. 

136.8-km (85-mi) perigee, 89.7-min period, and 110.9’ inclination. 

Satellite reentered May 6. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/70; UPI, NYT, 4/17/70, 

48; Pres Rpt 71) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXXIII into orbit with 226-km 

(140.4-mi) apogee, 211-km (131.1-mi) perigee, 88.8-min period, and 

81.3’ inclination. Satellite reentered April 28. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/70) 0 Concept of using LM to help return space crew to earth in case of serious trouble aboard CM had been worked out in 1964 and was prac- ticed during Apo//o 9’s 10-day orbit March 3-13, 1969, LM chief designer Thomas J. Kelly told New York Times. “But I can’t say we 

foresaw exactly this type of failure, with everything out.” Kelly 

said he had flown from Massachusetts, where he had been taking 

course at MIT, to Grumman Aerospace Corp. plant at Bethpage, 

N.Y., to help answer questions about how to deal with Apollo 13 

emergency. (Witkin, NYT, 4/16/70) 

Dr. Eugene Carson Blake, General Secretary of World Council of 

Churches, said in Geneva that people of world were praying for astronauts. 

In Santa Ninfa, Sicily, devasted by earthquake in January, Mayor 

Vito Bellafore said, “After the first Apollo success people did lose 

interest; it seemed that it was only a mechanical exercise. Now we 

see again the human drama, and all of our worry is for those three 

lo-nely men.” 

London Times said Apollo 13 would leave “scar on the American space program.” Best outcome of accident would be “greater 

sense of deliberation in the exploration of space.” (Lyons, NYT, 

4/16/70, 1) 

International reaction to Apollo 13 emergency continued: 

130 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 15 

* Editorial comment as damaged Apollo 13 attempted safe return to 

earth: 

New York Times: “An emergency in a space craft on the voyage between earth and moon was bound to occur sometime. The enormous hazards of the long journey through the most hostile of environments, the ever present possibility of failure by one or more of 

the millions of components contained in an Apollo vehicle, the ubiquitous threat of human error, all these combine in lunar flights to 

make them the most dangerous expeditions human beings have ever 

undertaken. In retrospect, the remarkable fact is not that such ominous peril has arisen in the now-aborted trip of Apollo 13, but that 

the actually hazardous trips to the moon and back by Apollos 8, 10, 

11, and 12 were accomplished in safety.” (NYT, 4/15/70) 

Washington Post: “Lindbergh gave up a continent, as the astronauts gave up a planet, because he had measured the risks and 

found them reasonable, for all the possibility of disaster lurking 

around the corner-it does so every day for men and nations. So if 

we are going to apply the glories, we must confront the dangers along the way. All we can do now, as that unlike1 looking craft 

limps back from the moon, is to hope that the men w K o ride in it and 

the men in Houston who guide it can find what Lindbergh found. 

‘Somewhere in an unknown recess of my mind,’ he wrote ‘I’ve discovered that my ability rises and falls with the essential problems that confront me. What I can do depends largely on what I have to 

do to stay alive and on course.’ ” (W Post, 4/15/70) 

Baltimore Sun: “The safety record of the Apollo program has, 

except for one hideous ground accident, been a perfect one. Per- haps we have too easily assumed that therefore all expeditions 

would begin and end without serious and unforseen breakdown, 

without the torments of suspense when the line between splendid 

accomplishment and bitter tragedy is drawn very fine. The truth is, 

of course, that exploration, especially in a realm new to man, can 

never be free of deadly hazards. But the astronauts and the men 

associated with them in their ventures have always known it.” It 

was clear astronauts were equal to emergency, “but they remain at 

the mercy of machinery which in some still unexplained way has 

failed them. The rest of us can only wait from desperate hour to 

hour, trusting that superlative skill, universal ho e and fervent prayers will prevail over cruel chance.” (B Sun, 4/15370) * As U.S. and U.S.S.R. opened strategic arms limitation talks (SALT) in 

Vienna, thoughts of delegates and local citizens were on Apollo 13. 

Washington Post later said mission was “a symbol of the space age that reflects the arms control problem at these talks. The rocket that 

put men into space also is the device that can rain death for millions 

by one superpower upon the other.” (Roberts, W Post, 4/16/70, 

A10) * Researchers at Ohio State Univ. headed by physiologist Dr. Harold S. 

Weiss had received grants totaling $452 975 to study artificial atmospheres inside space vehicles, UPI reported. They were trying to eliminate undesirable side effects on astronauts from breathing pure 

oxygen. (NYT, 4/16/70,30) 9 NASA announced award of one-year, $40 000, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract with two one-year options to Computing and Software, Inc., 

131 
April 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

for support services for biomedical programs at FRC. Work would 

include design of life-support systems for advanced research flight 

vehicles. (NASA Release 70-57) 

Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development of House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics transmitted to parent 

committee The National Institutes of Research and Advanced Studies: A Recommendation for Centralization of Federal Scjence Responsibilities. Report, result of IO-mo study by subcommittee, recommended immediate establishment of National Institutes of Research and Advanced Studies (NIRAS) to consolidate Federal responsibilities for basic research and graduate education. NIRAS 

would be independent agency below cabinet level with aqministrator appointed by President subject to Senate confirmation. NSF, 

whose charter was basis for NIRAS, would be distributed in new centralized agency, with education programs at undergraduate level or 

below transferred to HEW Office of Education. Basic research pro- grams determined to be no longer relevant to individual agency missions would be considered for transfer to NIRAS. 

Committee also recommended increase of OST staff with director 

given Cabinet status and responsibilities extended. (Text) 

F-111 wing carry-through box underwent 16 080th hour of ground test- ing-four times estimated number of hours aircraft would actually fly in 10 yrs-at Fort Worth Div. of General Dynamics Corp. Box 

had to withstand four times the number of maneuver loadings anticipated during decade of service operation at rate of 400 flight hours 

per year. (PD, 4/20/70,525-6) April 16: Tass announced Soviet efforts to aid recovery of Apollo 13 

astronauts: fishing trauler Chumikan and two cargo ships were being 

sent to recovery area, several whaling ships in South Pacific were 

being diverted to Samoa, and Soviet ships throughout world had 

been alerted. President Nixon sent message to Soviet Premier Aleksey Kosygin expressing “deep gratitude” and said, “I will let you 

know fast if we need your government’s help.” 

Later, New York Times quoted “informed sources” as saying Chumikan was missile instrumentation ship which had already been deployed in area to gather data on Apollo 13 mission with electronic 

sensing devices. 

Times said 13 countries had offered to make ships available for 

recovery, at least six said they would permit U.S. aircraft to fly over 

their territory during recovery operations, and more than 70 countries had responded to U.S. request not to use radio frequencies used by recovery forces to avoid possible conflicts on airways. 

(Lindsey, NYT, 4/18/70,12) 0 Cosmonaut Vladimir A. Shatalov, on behalf of all Soviet cosmonauts, 

sent message to Apollo 13 crew: “We Soviet cosmonauts are following your flight with great attention and anxiety. We wish wholeheartedly your safe return to our mother earth.” (AP, B Sun, 41171 

70, A9) 

Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong told press at MSC Apollo 13 

crewmen would be “considerably disappointed that they weren’t 

able to use all that practice they’ve had and that wonderful oppor- tunity to walk on the moon’s surface.” Possibility of not returning 

safely was a real one that “always exists in the back of your mind,” 

132 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 16 

he said.“I suspect that the attitude that they [astronauts] reflect 

over the communication loops reflects what they’re really thinking. 

Namely, they’re trying to do each and every job precisely as well as 

they can and not overlook anything.” (AP, W Star, 4/17/70, A7) * NASA launched two sounding rockets from Churchill Research Range. Areas carried Univ. of Houston payload to study ionosphere. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Texas at Dailas payload to study ionosphere, but mission 

was unsuccessful. (SR list) 

NASA announced tracking station at Antigua, no longer required for 

manned space flight support, would be closed by June 30. Station, 

which included unified S-band radar complex and 9-m (30-ft) dish 

antenna, had been established in 1967 and had played major role in 

tracking Apollo flights through Apollo 11. (NASA Release 70-58) 

FAA published notice of proposed rule to prohibit flights by civil aircraft over U.S. at speeds that would cause sonic boom to reach 

ground. (FAA Release 70-33) 

President Nixon sent message to Ambassador Gerard C. Smith, chief 

of U.S. delegation to US.-U.S.S.R. strategic arms limitations talks 

(SALT) in Vienna: “I express. . .the hope that an agreement can be 

reached on the limitation and eventual reduction of strategic arsenals with proper recognition of the legitimate security interests of 

the United States and the Soviet Union and of third countries.” 

(PD, 4/20/70,53 1) 

President Nixon issued statement following safe return of 

Apollo 13 astronauts: “From the beginning, man’s ventures into 

space have been accompanied by danger. Apollo 13 reminds us how 

real those dangers are. . .of the special qualities of the men who dare 

to brave the perils of space. It testifies, also, to the extraordinary 

concert of skills, in space and on the ground, that goes into a moon 

mission. To the astronauts, a relieved Nation says ‘Welcome home.’ 

To them and to those on the ground who did so magnificent a job of 

guiding Apollo 13 safely back from the edge of eternity, a grateful 

Nation says ‘Well done.’ ” 

In proclamation designating April 19 as national day of prayer and 

thanksgiving for safe return of Apollo I3 astronauts, President 

said: “The imperiled flight and safe return of the crew of Apollo 13 

were events that humbled and inspired people all over the world. 

We were humbled by the knowledge that in this stage of man’s exploration of space, a safe splashdown of an imperiled mission is in 

its way as successful as a landing on and safe return from the Moon. 

We were inspired by the courage of the crew, the devotion and skill 

of the members of the NASA team on the ground and by the offers of 

assistance from nations around the world.” 

President spoke with Apollo 13 astronauts by telephone from White House to U.S.S. Iwo Jima in Pacific. He told them he would 

like to present them the Presidential Medal of Freedom in Hawaii on 

following day. President then announced intentions at White House 

press briefing..He would go “first to Houston, where we will pick 

up the two wives, and then go on to Hawaii. . . .what these men 

have done has been a great inspiration to all of us. I think also what 

the men on the ground have done is an inspiration to us. How men 

react in adversity determines their true greatness, and these men 

April 17: 

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April 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

have demonstrated that the American character is sound and strong 

and capable of taking a very difficult situation and turning it into a 

very successful venture. . . .in recognition, also, of the men on the 

ground, I am going to present the Medal of Freedom tomorrow in 

Houston. . . to the Apollo 13 crew on the ground who have made 

these very difficult decisions on the spot, decisions that had to be 

right.” (PD, 4/20/70,538-40; Text) 

RASA held series of three Apollo 13 post-recovery press conferences 

at MSC hosted by NASA Administrator, manned space flight officials, 

and technical specialists. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said although mission “must be recorded as a failure, there’s 

never been a more prideful moment in the space program.” Most 

impressive aspect of mission was “tremendous effectiveness in 

team work of our ground support operation . . . . From every state . . . we’ve had people. . . working to backstop-the many ddferent system decisions that had to be systematically and methodically faced up to and made. . . . The Flight Operations Directors . . . certainly demonstrated that flight controllers can operate under these very adverse conditions. They’ve been able to do things in a far shorter period of time than we’d ever thought possible be-I 

fore .” 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, said basic procedures used for every phase of mission were predetermined. “For 

example, the burn made behind the moon . . . was a standard emergency burn that would be used in case the service propulsion system would not work on a normal lunar mission going into lunar orbit. 

Each one of these steps had been predetermined and also simulated. 

But putting them all together into a sequence of steps . . . and 

working out some of the detailed procedures on how to save power 

and how to save batteries; how to save water; those things were determined during the course of the flight, both by the men . . . on the 

ground and by the astronauts.” (Transcript) 0 At White House press conference former astronauts Michael Collins, 

Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, and William A. Anders, NASC Executive Secretary, described arrangements that had 

kept President Nixon informed on Apollo 13 crisis. President had 

had access to direct TV, radio, and telephone contact with MSC Mission Control. He had talked with NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 

0. Paine, and Astronaut Frank Borman there. Collins and Anders 

had set up “squawk box” into Mission Control outside President’s 

office and briefed President and his staff on developments. President’s chief concerns had been CM-SM separation, and crew’s safety and physical condition. Collins said, “The fact that we had this incident really changes very little. We have always known that such a 

situation could develop and he [President] does not feel that it 

should unduly cloud the future when it comes to space exploration .” (Transcript) 0 President Nixon made brief appearance at banquet for Republican leaders in Washington, D.C., after learning of Apollo 13 astronauts’ 

safe return. He told group that when he called mission commander 

James A. Lovell, Jr., after splashdown, Astronaut Lovell had said 

he was sorry mission had not been completed. “My reply,” President said, “was: ‘Captain, you and your colleagues did complete 

134 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 I April 17 

the mission.’ ” President told group, “After what happened this 

tumultuous week, let’s not take American wealth and strength for 

granted. . .where machines failed, we had to turn to man, and man 

came through.” President said it had been “prokdest day of my life 

and in the life of the country.” Vice President Spiro T. Agnew said 

“social levelers of the New Left” would seize on Apollo 13 neardisaster to demand space budget be “soaked down into the nearest 

slum.” It would be “shortsighted tragic blunder” to heed warnings of “fair weather friends” of space program who were “readying the 

life-boats for a quick exit.” (Hope, W Star, 4/18/70, A2) 

Sign at MSC was changed from “Our hearts are with the Apollo 13 

crew,” to “Sigh of relief party here tonight.” Mission Control 

broke into applause before whipping out traditional cigars to fill 

huge room with blue smoke. Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, 

observed that mission had not been complete failure. Spacecraft 

had gone around moon-feat that would have caused sensation two 

years before. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said later 

in day, “I’m a little tired and bedraggled but I’m feeling 10 or 20 

years younger than I did yesterday.” 

In New York, thousands watched recovery on giant TV screen at 

Grand Central Terminal. Loud applause sounded when capsule appeared in sky, at splashdown, and when astronauts appeared. Hot 

dog stand operator at Vanderbilt Ave. and 47th Street assured pas- sersby, “It’s all right.” Long strands of multicolored ticker tape and 

bushels of confetti poured from skyscraper windows. At City Hall, 

Mayor John V. Lindsay said, “NOW they are safely back and New 

Yorkers join with men everywhere in saying‘welcorne home.”’ 

Church bells pealed throughout Nation. Traffic came to standstill 

in Indianapolis, Los Angeles reported no crime for brief period, and 

dice stopped rolling in Las Vegas briefly. Richmond, Va., department store manager, watching crowd before store TV set, said everybody “had a quiet smile, but it was curious the way they stood 

looking at all that good news-silently and almost as if they were still praying.” ( WPost, 4/18/70, Al, All; NYT, 4/18/70, 1, 13) 

European Broadcasting Union said in Geneva that TV audience at 

splashdown might well have been biggest TV audience of all time. 

In American Samoa, girls were limbering up for siva-siva dance to 

greet astronauts. Pilgrims prayed their thanks in India. Press item 

from Johannesburg, South Africa, said witch doctor named Mago- mezulu had tossed bones which told him Apollo 13 astronauts would 

return safely but that “these men have interfered with God and he 

has turned them back. This is a warning that the Americans should 

stop landing on the moon.” 

Thousands in Lima, Peru, received permission to take early lunch 

to watch final moments of splashdown. In Canada, Prime Minister Pierre E. Trudeau expressed “great 

re lief. ’ ’ 

Queen Elizabeth wired congratulations from England to President 

Nixon. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster John Cardinal 

Heenan said, “Thank God.” Telephone operator at U.S. Embassy 

in London was inundated with calls. She said, “People were sobU.S. reaction to Apollo 13’s successful splashdown: 

0 International reaction to Apollo 13 spashdown: 

135 
April 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

bing with obvious relief and happiness. I just don’t know what to 

say to them” (Johnson, W Post, 4/18/70, Al; Arnold, NYT, 4/18/70, 

1; Waldron, NYT, 4/18/70, 13) 0 New York Times editorial appeared before Apollo 13 splashdown: “Here on earth the drama in space has done more than shatter any complacency that may have begun to surround lunar flight. It has 

drawn men and nations together in common concern over astronauts who are envoys of mankind even before they are nationals of 

a particular state . . . . Lovell, Swigert and Haise have already 

written an e ic of heroism and skill that assures them immortality in 

0 ComSatCorp reported increase in net income for first quarter of 1970 

to $3 345 000 (33 cents per share), up from $1 525 000 (15 cents per 

share) for first quarter of 1969. First quarter net operating income 

was $1 850 000-up from $137 000 for first quarter of 1969 and from 

$1 832 000 for all of 1969. First quarter revenues totaled $15 435 000, 

some $5 213 000 more than for first quarter of 1969. On March 31, 

1970, ComSatCorp was leasing full time 1566 half circuits-357 

more than on March 31, 1969. (ComSatCorp Release 70-22) * Philadelphia Inquirer editorial commented on Communist Chinese 

satellite: “To assume that the Red Chinese will refrain from placing 

hydrogen warheads in orbiting satellites, capable of being released 

by remote control on signal from Peking, is to engage in the most 

dangerous kind of head-in-the-sand complacency.” (P Inq, 4/17/70) 

Marxist syndrome “-that R&D must be directly relevant to social 

problems, from national security to drug addition-is becoming the 

U.S. science policy rule of thumb,” S. Dedijer of Univ. of Lund, 

Sweden, said in Science. During past generation, “there seemed to 

be no limit in the United States to the support of any project so long 

as it was classified science, research, development, test or evaluation.” Demand for more rational R&D policy had been growing in 

U.S. for years. “This social reexamination is resulting in the flight of motivated young talent from the physical to the life sciences, the 

humanities, and ethics and religion, on the one hand, and to a 

growth of interest in the policy sciences, in social problems studies, 

and in the definition of R&D relevant to them, on the other.” (Science, 4/17/70,344-5) April 17-28: Full-scale plywood-and-metal model of A 0110 LM that 

cials attempted to move it to serve as backdrop for President Nixon’s scheduled speech. Workmen worked through night to install 

replaCement-LM that had been used as trainer for Apollo 21 lunar 

landing. (W Post, 4/19/70, A18) 

April 28: Apollo 13 astronauts were taken in three helicopters from 

U.S.S. Iwo Jirna to Tafunda Airport in American Samoa, to set foot 

on solid ground for first time since mission launch. They were greeted by Samoan Governor John M. Haydon. Governor presented IRS 

form 1040A to Astronaut John L. Swigert, Jr., who had forgoten to file his income tax before departing on mission. Colorfully dressed 

crowd of more than 3000 cheered astronauts during half-hour recep- tion before their departure in USAF C-141 jet aircraft for Hawaii to 

meet President Nixon. (Trumbull, NYT, 4/19/70,1) 

President Nixon presented Presidential Medal of Freedom to Apollo 

the annals o P space exploration.” (NYT, 4/17/70) 

had stood on MSC grounds for two years collapsed w R en MSC offi136 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 18 

Mission Operations team at MSC. Citation read: “We often speak of 

scientific ‘miracles’-forgetting. . .that these are the product of hard 

work, long hours and disciplined intelligence. The men and women 

of the Apollo mission operations team performed such a miracle, 

transforming potential tragedy into one of the most dramatic rescues of all time. Years of intense preparation made this rescue ossible. The skill, coordination and performance under pressure o P the 

mission operations team made it happen. Three brave astronauts are 

alive and on Earth because of their dedication, and because at the 

critical moments the people of that team were wise enough and selfossessed enough to make the right decisions. This extraordinary I? eat is a tribute to man’s ingenuity, to his resourcefulness and to his 

courage.” Award was accepted by Sigurd A. Sjoberg, Director of 

Flight Operations, on behalf of himself, Glynn S. Lunney, Milton 

L. Windler, Gerald D. Griffin, and Eugene F. Kranz. Following 

award cereniony President and Mrs. Nixon left Houston for Honolulu with Apolio 13 astronauts’ wives, Mrs. James A. Lovell, Jr., 

Mrs. Fred W. Hake, Jr., and parents of bachelor astronaut, John L. 

S w igert , Jr . In Honolulu, President Nixon presented Presidential Medal of 

Freedom to Apollo 13 astronauts. He said in part: “we have received over 100 messages from foreign governments-from the Soviet Union, from Poland, other countries behind the Iron Curtain, 

from countries in the free world. This is truly a welcome from all the 

people of the world to three very brave men.” Citation on each 

medal read: “Adversity brings out the character of a man. Confronted suddenly and unexpectedly with grave peril in the far reaches of space, he demonstrated a calm courage and quiet heroism that 

stand as an example to men everywhere. His safe return is a triumph of the human spirit-of those special qualities of man himself we 

rely on when machines fail, and that we rely on also for those things that machines cannot do. 

“From the start, the exploration of space has been hazardous 

adventure. The voyage of Apollo 13 dramatized its risks. The men 

of Apollo 13, by their poise and skill under the most intense kind of 

pressure, epitomized the character that accepts danger and surmounts it. Theirs is the spirit that built America. With gratitude and 

admiration, America salutes their spirit and their achievement.” 

0 More than 50 engineers at MSC and at NR’s Downey, Calif., plant were working through weekend to complete “life history” of ruptured Apollo 13 oxygen tank, John N. Wilford reported in New 

York Times. “The only time in the tank’s history even the slightest doubt was raised about its preflight condition was during precount- down preparations’ . . . . Technicians reported having trouble 

draining the liquid oxygen from the tank after a test. The tank 

seemed to empty s!ower than usual. But the next time it was 

checked out, the drainage problem did not occur.” Report on tank’s 

manufacture, installation, testing, and flight would be submitted to 

Apollo 13Review Board. (NYT, 4/19/70,54) 

NBC estimated Apolio 13 splashdown TV audience at more than 40 

million viewing portions of coxerage from Houston Control or pickups from sea off American Samoa. Since millions abroad watched 

(PI), 4/27/70,548-50) 

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April 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

event, “global total that joined in the final moment of relief proba- bly can never be measured,” Jack Gould said in New York Times. 

ABC, CBS and NBC had “acquitted themselves most handsomely” 

during day “that added emotion to emotion before the climax that 

left a viewer almost drained of the powers of response.” Apollo 

Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Charles Conrad, Jr., and Eugene A. Cernan had assisted network commentators in reporting technical aspects of mission. “For the first time on TV, the viewer could 

see for himself the fruits of the imaginative training program of 

NASA.” 

Washington Post said networks “deserved the criticism they got 

for slow reaction to the unexpected danger. . .on Monday night” but 

“deserve praise today for the cris rofessional reporting and for 

some unusual restraint.” (NYT, 4LkbO; Laurent, W Post, 4/18/70, A12) 

Baltimore Sun: “The simple, grateful ‘welcome home’ spoken 

throughout the world yesterday not only lifted a burden of dread; it 

celebrated a new and unforgettable triumph in man’s exploration of 

space and his own resources of courage and ability at their highest.” 

(B Sun, 4/18/70) 

New York Times: “Only in a formal sense, Apollo 13 will go into 

history as a failure . , . Apollo 13’s booster rocket was sent crashing into the moon on schedule, and that did produce some useful and 

important scientific data. But in a larger sense, Apollo 13’s flight was 

enormously productive. The emergency which so gravely endangered .its crew turned this flight into a crucial-though unintended- experiment in space rescue . . . . The lessons learned from this 

near-disaster will help save spacefarers who are still unborn. And 

Apollo 13’s ordeal must raise more insistently than ever the question of creating an international space rescue organization with the rockets, crews, and other necessities required to give aid to distressed 

travelers in space.” (NYT, 4/18/70) 

Cleveland Plain Dealer: “The very real triumph of Apollo 13, the 

successful return of a crippled craft, could help the United States 

space program. What NASA can learn from its inquiry into the cause 

of the accident could further advance space science and technology -and safety. Certainly further evaluation of the space program’s timetable is in order. But man learns from his failures as well as 

from his spectacular achievements.” (C Plain Dealer, 4/18/70) 

New York News: “President Nixon has very fittingly proclaimed 

tomorrow a day of national thanksgiving. And with that attended to, 

the U.S. space research and exploration program should proceed full-speed ahead, with special reference to more manned moon 

shots, and the sooner the better. To falter or fail now would 

be. . .unworthy of Americans or America.” (NY News, 4/18/70) 

Nature: “One of the striking features of the past days has been 

the sheer competence of the people who have been concerned on 

the ground as well asin the sky. As always, NASA has put on a good 

show, and there is more to this than the mere capacity to keep a stiff 

upper lip or even to diminish real dangers.” NASA had functioned 

“superbly” during daring exploits. “A part of the secret has been 

that there have been enough men on hand to think of everything, or 

Apollo 13 editorials: 

138 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 18 

nearly everything. Another has been the logic of the planning.” Conduct of Apollo would be “monument to the way in which pure 

reason can accelerate complicated technical developments. Nothin 

decided in the next few months should diminish the importance o 

this brilliant demonstration. Those who are inclined to complain that there had been an accident should, rather, wonder why it has not 

happened before.” (Nature, 4/18/70, 197) 

Discovery by radar astronomers at JPL’S Goldstone Tracking Station 

of several nearly continent-sized rough areas on Mercury’s surface 

was reported by Dr. Richard M. Goldstein, head of JPL Communications Research Section, at meeting of U.S. National Committee of 

International Scientific Radio Union in Washington, D.C. Areas 

were similar to ones observed on Venus but “larger relative to the 

size of the disk,” and had much less contrast to the surrounding 

areas. (JPL Release 550) 0 Display of Apollo 11 lunar rocks and Apollo 12 space helmet opened 

at New York State Museum in Albany, N.Y. Display had been lent 

by General Electric Co. and NASA. Exhibit would continue through April 26. (UPI, NYT, 4/18/70, 12) 

Study of defense industry profits by Logistics Management Institute, 

DOD-subsidized research organization, had shown lower profits on 

defense work than on commercial sales, Armed Forces Journalsaid. 

Overall profit percentage on total capital investment for major defense companies was 6.8% for 1968, down 0.7% from 1967. (AH, 

April 19: U.S. observed national day of prayer in gratitude for safe 

return of Apollo 13 astronauts. In New York 150 persons attended 

sunset service at Temple Emanuel. Invocation of gratitude was added to Sunday mass at St. Patrick’s Cathedral, expressing hope that 

space exploration would contribute to peace and welfare of mankind. Greek Orthodox Primate of North and South America, Archbishop Iakovos, delivered special message for faith’s Palm Sunday 

observances. He said he believed “God permitted the agony of 

these last four days” to aid men in “overcoming the temporal with 

the spiritual, the temporary with the eternal.” 

Church and interfaith councils in St. Petersburg, Fla., made combined appeal for prayer in area churches and kept chapels open during day. In Marietta, Ohio, Jaycees completed petition containing 

50 000 signatures, opposing efforts to ban prayers in broadcasts 

from space. Petition was later presented to space officials in Washington, D.C. Gov. Nelson D. Rockefeller proclaimed “day of prayer and thanksgiving” in New York State. Sen. Margaret Chase 

Smith (R-Me.) said crisis refuted claims that space exploration 

dealt fatal blow to religion. “The manner. in which great numbers of Americans attended special prayer services. . . has been insptrational.” J. F. Meredith, treasurer of Central State Conference of 

the Seventh Day Adventists, said in Kansas City, “We feel that this 

points up the fxt that despite all of man’s knowledge and ingenuity 

there is still a supreme being in control of things, and that we have to 

trust him.” (NYT, 4/20/70,28; 4/19/70,54) 

President and Mrs. Nixon and party of Apollo 13 astronauts and families attended services at Kawaiahao Church in Honolulu commemorating National Day of Prayer and Thanksgiving [see April 171. Presf 

4/ 18/70,2-3) 

I39 
April 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ident said: “There are very deep ideological differences that divide 

the world today. But when it was learned that these men were in 

danger, there poured into the White House from all over the world 

messages from the Communist countries, from people of various 

religions, saying that they wished their best, offering their assistance. When they learned they were back, there was an outpouring 

of relief and rejoicing from eople, regardless of. their political or 

religious differences . . . . Ifonly we could think in that way about 

every individual on this earth, we could truly have world peace.” Following service Presidential party flew from Hawaii to San Clemente, Calif. (PD, 4/27/70,550-3) * Apollo 13 astronauts and families were greeted by crowd of 5000 at 

Ellington AFB on return to Houston from Hawaii. Astronaut James 

A. Lovell, Jr., said: “Jack and Fred and I are very proud and glad to 

be back in Texas because there were times when we weren’t sure we 

would make it back here. We would not have been here today if it 

were not for the people on the ground. The people in Mission Control guided us all the way, day and night.” (Pasadena Star-News. 4/ 

20/70; Lannan, W Star, 4/20/70, Al) * NASA released two black-and-white photos taken by Apollo 13 crew, 

showing damage to SM from oxygen tank explosion. Former Astronaut James A. McDivitt, Manager of Agollo Spacecraft Program at 

MSC, said primary information revealed by pictures was that entire 

4- by 1%-m (13- by 5%-ft) panel held by 251) bolts had been blown 

off and that fuel cells above tanks had remained intact. (Auerbach, 

W Post, 4/20/70, Al) 

Washington Post: “The footprints are still imperishably graven on 

the lunar dust and the flag still flies on the surface of the moon, but it 

all seems more distant, unreal and unattainable now. The loud bang 

that rocked Apollo 13 and echoed back to us from outer space last 

week did more than challenge our comfortable assumptions about 

manned space flight. It reminded us how much we have taken for 

granted, how much has been achieved and how far man has yet to 

go.” (W Post, 4/19/70, B1) 

Washington Sunday Star: “. . .men, the world over, instinctively recognize the metaphysical importance of the reach into space. Lovell, Haise, and Swigert were not just three Americans on a 

dangerous mission. They, and those who will follow, are ambassadors of life to new, unknown regions. The success of these first halting steps into space has brought a new vision to a slightly weary world and given mankind a new pride in its humanity. It is a gift 

without price. It is an offering that must not be withdrawn because 

of a momentary setback and a dramatic demonstration of the dangers that have always been present.” (W Star, 4/19/70) 

Philadelphia Sunday Bulletin: “Of all the machines man has made 

to plumb the de ths of space, surely none has served him betAquarius and the men who designed and manufactured her earned 

the plaque in Smithsonian, just as the astronauts and the Apollo 13 

ground crew earned the Freedom Medals President Nixon has 

awarded them.” (P Bull, 4/19/70) 

City council of Roermond, the Netherlands, had announced it would 

0 Apollo 13 editorials: 

ter or more faith P ully in desperate circumstances [than the LM]. So 

140 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 19 

name street after Apollo 13 and include names of Astronauts James 

A. Lovell, Jr., Fred W. Haise, Jr., and John L. Swigert, Jr., in street 

signs, AP reported. ( W Post, 4/20/70, A8) 

April20: House leaders of both arties urged that U.S. push ahead with 

Cormack (D-Mass.) said in floor speech, “There may be a small 

minority who will urge that we pull back our space efforts. This is 

not my position. Neither am I convinced it will be the view of the 

Congress or the overwhelming majority of American people.” 

House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford (R-Mich.) said he concurred. Chairman George P. Miller (D-Calif.) of House Committee 

on Science and Astronautics said committee would not conduct investigation of Apollo 13 accident but would review findings of NASA 

inquiry board. (CR, 4/20/70, H3247,3276; UPI, W Post, 4/2/70) * Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., Fred W. Haise, Jr., and John L. 

Swigert, Jr.,. were debriefed on Apollo 13 mission at MSC, tape-recording details for almost eight hours. 

NASA released 6%-min 15-mm movie of mission, including scenes 

of astronauts after SM explosion. Film showed Lovell rubbing his 

hands vigorously as if trying to warm them, Haise sleeping with his 

hands folded inside his spacesuit to keep them from floatilig free in 

weightlessness, and Swigert studying flight plan. (AP, W Post, 4/21/ 

70, A4) 9 Max Lerner described reactions to Apollo 13 accident in Philadelphia Evening Bulletin: “What was I doing, glued to the TV screen like a 

zombie with the blood drained out me . . .? What was wrong with 

me-and with millions of others? . . . we had all played the game of 

apathy up to that moment . . . confident that Apollo 13 was just one 

more sure-thing deployment of what man already proved he can do. 

The flight reports had to compete for newspaper space and, in some 

newspapers, were slipping into the inside pages.” After news of 

oxygen tank explosion “astronauts were no longer either three invincible heroes or three stooges for ‘the Establishment,’ but simply three human beings caught in space a quarter-million miles from 

home . . . Through the plight of our proxies . . . we caught-a glimpse of how perilous man’s whole enterprise is, how tragic, in 

fact, his whole existence is in this shaky cosmos that runs by laws until you hit the unexplainable.” 

Apollo 13 was “a tiny, mobile version of the earth, with a power failure and the shortage of water and a danger of polluted air and the 

erratic fortunes of communicating and the image of three men having to read their instruments with a flashlight in the darkness of the 

cabin.” (P Bull, 4/20/70) 

National Observer: “At a time when Americans were becoming 

bored with successful flights to the moon, the ordeal of Apollo 13 

reminded the nation of the dangers and difficulties of space. But 

because of courage, care, and uncommon resourcefulness-because, in fact, of history’s most dramatic field expedient-the astronauts made their way safely back to earth. The first walk on the 

moon was a wonder of wonders, but the return of Apollo 13 was the 

gladdest moment of them all.” (National Observer, 4/20/70) 

space exploration despite ff pollo 13 abort. Speaker John W. Mc0 Apollo 13 editorials: 

141 
April 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

Wall Street Journal: “Assuming all feasible precautions are taken, then, the issue of death potential should not really be a major factor in assessing the space program, and particularly the very costly moon program. That program should be judged on whether 

any gains from it are proportionate to the totality of its costs. Some 

scientists and laymen believe the costs are disproportlonate. At any 

rate, that is the proper criterion for weighing the future of space exploration, not the admitted and awesome danger of death in eternal orbit.” (WSJ, 4/20/70) 

ComSatCorp Chairman James McCormack submitted annual Report 

to the President and the Congress, including information reported to 

ComSatCorp shareholders March 9. (Text) 0 NASA announced appointment of Assistant Administrator for Legisla- tive Affairs Robert F. Allnutt as Assistant to Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

NASA Administrator, and as member of Apollo 13 Accident Review 

Board. Allnutt would be succeeded by H. Dale Grubb, President’s 

Special Assistant for Legislative Affairs. (NASA Release 70-60) 0 Firemen in Evendale, Ohio, had worked two years to perfect new firefighting uniform of aluminum-beta glass, material used in astronauts 

space suits, UPI said. (W News, 4/20/70,4) * Flow-visualization technique using laser as light source was enabling 

AFSC engineers to obtain cross-sectional view of entire flow 

field around scale model aircraft in wind tunnels at Arnold Engineer- ing Development Center at Tullahoma, Tenn., AFSC announced. 

Technique, using saturated air and continuous-wave ruby laser, had 

been used to photograph shock waves around “hypersonic cruise 

vehicle”-theoretical aircraft that would fly twice as fast as fastest 

jet-powered research aircraft. (ASFC Release 1 13.70) * Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird discussed “basic asymmetry” 

between U.S. and U.S.S.R. efforts in nuclear weapons field at AP 

annual luncheon in New York: From 1965 to 1967 U.S.S.R. had 

more than tripled its inventory of strategic offensive nuclear weapon 

launchers-from 500 to 1700, including 200 heavy bombers-and 

quadrupled total megatonnage in its strategic offensive force. U.S. 

in same period had not increased established level of 1710 strategic nuclear missile launchers, had reduced heavy bomber strength of 

780 by over 200, and had reduced megatonnage by more than 40%. 

“Except for the minimum ‘hedge’ that SAFEGUARD will provide, we 

have not responded to the Soviet strategic offensive buildup with 

new deployment programs. We did not respond in past years because the United States deliberately chose to assume that the Soviet 

buildup was aimed at achieving a deterrent posture comparable to 

that of the United States. We have not responded this year because.. .we fervently hope that SALT can render such a response 

unnecessary.’’ (Text) 

April 20-24: American Geophysical Union held annual meeting in Washington, D.C. 

Cal Tech physicist Dr. Gerald J. Wasserburg said detailed studies 

of Apollo 12 moon rocks had shown preliminary estimates of their 

age to be off by some 800 million yrs. Evidence from Apollo 11 and 

12 lunar sample studies indicated moon-and possibly earth and 

some major planets-had at least one period of sustained turbulence, lasting about 300 million yrs and beginning some billion years 

142 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 20-24 

after moon and rest of .solar system originated. Solar system was 

estimated to be 4.6 billion yrs old. At news conference following 

meeting, Dr. Wasserburg said he Lnd collaborator, Cal Tech physi- cist Dr. D. A. Papanastassiou, had found aGe of lava-born Apollo 12 rocks to be 3.4billion yrs, rather than preliminary estimate of 2.6 

billion yrs. Apollo 11 rocks were found to be 3.65 billion yrs old. 

Evidence indicated both areas of moon had been formed from same 

sustained process lasting some 300 million yrs. There was “widespread outpouring” of lava over sea regions of moon about 3.5 billion yrs ago. Evidence suggested Sea of Storms, where Apollo 12 

rocks were found, had, almost same age as Sea of Tranquility, Apol- lo 11 lunar site. (AP, LA Times, 4/23/70) 

Dr. Rhodes W. Fairbridge, Columbia Univ. geologist, reported finding territory which was earth’s south polar region in Upper Ordovician period, about 450 million yrs ago, in middle of Sahara desert. Finding supported belief that phenomenon of sliding land masses known as continental drift had occurred. (Blakeslee, NYT, 4/21/ 

70,U At closing session scientists, with exception of ESSA’S Dr. S. Fred 

Singer, maintained earth and moon had simultane3us and similar 

origin despite differences between lunar rocks and those of earth. 

Dr. Singer agreed moon had most likely been captured in earth’s 

gravitational field “very shortly” after earth’s formation about 4.6 

billion yrs. ago. Dr. John A. O’Keefe of GSFC thought earth and 

moon were once single planet that broke apart. Dr. A. 6. W. Cameron of Yeshiva Univ. felt earth and moon had formed in same gaseous cloud. (UPI, NYT, 4/27/70) April21: Apollo 13Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., John L. Swigert, Jr., 

and Fred W. Haise, Jr., described their initial reaction to Apollo 13 

accident to press at MSC. Lovell explained: “Fred was still in the 

lunar module, Jack was back in the command module in the lefthand seat, and I was halfway in between the lower equipment 

bay. . .when all three of us heard a rather large bang, just one bang. 

Now, before that, Fred. . .had actuated a valve which nominally 

gives us the same sound. . .so when this bang came we really didn’t 

get concerned right away, but I looked up at Fred and Fred had that 

expression like it wasn’t his fault, and we suddenly realized that 

something else had occurred, but exactly what we didn’t know.” 

Swigert said he had felt vibration accompanying bang and then 

noticed master alarm and main bus B undervolt light. “I transmitted 

to Houston that we had a problem and proceeded to. . .look at the 

voltage. . .[which] at that time was completely normal. . . .” Swigert thought bang had occurred in LM and Haise, in LM, thohght it had 

occurred in CM. 

Lovell said his first impression was “that we had had an electrical 

problem that caused this bang. . . . That quickly went away and then 

I looked out the window and saw this venting and my concern was 

increasing all the time. It went from I wonder what this is going to 

do to the landing to I wonder if we can get back home again. It was 

apparent. . .that the only way to survive the situation was to transfer 

to the LM. , . .” 

Lovell said decision on date, crew, and destination of Apollo 14 

would be made after debriefings and investigation by Apollo 13 Re143 
April 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

view Board. If NASA “wants this crew to go back to Fra Mauro, 

we’ll be glad to go. If they decide to send another crew or not to go 

to Fra Mauro, that’s their decision.” (Transcript) 

NASA announced appointment of members of Apoffo 13 Review 

Board, headed by LaRC Director Edgar M. Cortright: Astronaut Neil 

A. Armstrong; Robert F. Allnutt, Assistant to NASA Administrator; 

Dr. John F. Clark, GSFC Director; BIG Walter R. Hedrick (USAF), 

Director of Space, DCS/R&D; Vincent L. Johnson, OSSA Deputy Associate Administrator (Engineering); Milton Klein, Manager of AECNASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office; and Dr. Hans Mark, ARC 

Director. (Off NASA Administrator; Wilford, NYT, 4/22/70,27) 0 Rep. Lou Frey, Jr. (R-Fla.), discussed space program spinoff on 

House floor: “Between 1965 and 1971 NASA awarded grants and research contracts for 1640 programs to 223 colleges and universities 

in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The total university expenditures by NASA from 1959 through 1969 totaled $2.7 billion 

and contributed to this Nation’s educational goals by the development of new scientific disciplines, technologies and educational facilities.” NASA’s educational efforts in secondary and elementary 

schools had been “many and varied, but one of the unpublicized and most important has been its programs to assist underprivileged 

youth in the inner city. The problem has been tackled in a number of 

locations by a wide variety of techni ues, including special materials, instructors, and so forth.” (CR, 4(321/70, H3317-25) 0 New standards for certification of transport aircraft over 5670 

kg (12 500 Ibs), effective May 8, were announced by Secretary of 

Transportation John A. Volpe. Standards included warning system 

to alert pilots to failing power-operated control system; operating procedures for flight in turbulence; design of airframe for dynamic loads from continuous turbulence, with flight load measurements 

required for new aircraft with unreliable methods of predicting load 

intensities; system for preventing condensation on inside of windshield during flight and taxiing; greater redundancy in control system designs; flight tests to demonstrate freedom from flutter through transonic speed range; protection of empennage from bird strikes; 

more comprehensive airframe lightning protection criteria; additional fire protection for powerplant; dual locking for all critical removable fasteners; protection of fuel system components in event of 

gear-up landing; design precautions to minimize hazards of turbine 

rotor failure; fail-safe criteria for aircraft systems; changes in design 

standards to accommodate modern instrumentation and to require basic flight and navigation instrument at each pilot station; and improvements in reliability of hydraulic systems. (FAA Release 70-35) 

April 22: Inrefsat-I11 F-7 was launched by NASA for ComSatCorp on 

behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium 

(INTELSAT). Satellite, launched from ETR by three-stage, long-tank Thor-Delta booster, did not reach predicted transfer orbit because 

bboster underperformed. Engineers fired onboard hydrazine thrusters to push satellite into desired synchronous orbit with 35 772.9- 

km (22 233.0-mi) apogee and 35 737.7-km (22 21 1.1 .-mi) perigee at 

19” west longitude over Atlantic. Remaining fuel was expected to 

maintain satellite in orbit over Atlantic for five years. Full-time 

commercial service was scheduled to begin May 8. 

144 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 22 

Zntelsat-IZZ F-7 was fifth successful launch in Intelsat 111 series. 

Last successful mission, Intelsat-111 F-6, had been launched Jan. 14. 

(ComSatCorp Release 70-26; NASA Proj Off) 

USAF’S X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry 

(USAF), successfully completed third powered flight, reaching 

18 300-m (60 000-ft) altitude and mach 0.9 after air launch from B-52 

aircraft at 12 280-m (40 000-ft) altitude from FRC. Objectives of 

flight, 12th in X-24A series, were to expand envelope to mach 0.9 

and to obtain lateral-directional stability derivatives at mach 0.85. 

(NASA Proj Off) 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences ordered favorably reported H.R. 16516, FY 1971 NASA authorization bill, with 

amendments which cut $15 million from $692.3-million Administration budget request for research and program management and 

$2.05 million from $34.6-million Administration request for construction of facilities. Total $3.315 billion NASA authorization recommended by Senate committee was $17.05 million below $3.333 

billion Nixon budget request. (CR, 4/23/70, D388) * Fairchild Hiller Corp. Vice President Edward G. Uhl told stockholders at annual meeting that company had filed protest with NASA, U.S. 

Comptroller General, and President Nixon over April 8 NASA award 

of $50 000 000 contract to General Electric Co. for design and manu- facture of experimental commercial spacecraft, according to Washington Evening Star. Fairchild Hiller General Counsel John F. Dealy said company was protesting on four points: GE submitted pro- posal six days after deadline and made technical changes contrary to 

NASA regulations; GE’s cost savings were not genuine savings to 

Government; NASA’s selection procedure on contracts was not adequate; and Fairchild Hiller was not given fair and proper evaluation of its technical innovations for spacecraft. (Harris, W Star, 4/23/70, 

D9) 0 Bruce Biossat discussed Apollo 13 in Washington Daily News: “Our 

greatest hangup is the dreams we cling to on earth. And no one is 

more guilty of fostering and perpetuating thew than the men who 

today are assailing our space undertaking as costly distraction. . . . What we have long needed, as historian Dr. Daniel Boorstin suggests, is to forget about fixing and fulfilling some great national purpose. We will do better in small human clusters, working with dedication and fuller knowledge, in assaults on an ever-changing roster of important but quite specialized goals. Far from adding to crip- pling illusion, our men in space have shown us-in a very cruel laboratory-that such hard goals can be attained.” ( W News, 4/22/70, 

19) April 23: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXXIV into orbit with 482- 

km (299.5-mi) apogee, 271-km (168.4-mi) perigee, 92-min period, 

and 70.9” inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 9. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/70: 

813 1 /70) 

House passed by 229 votes to 105 H.R. 16516, FY 1971 NASA authorization, after agreeing to recommit bill to House Committee on Science and Astronautics with instructions to reduce Apollo pro ram 

funding by $14.5 million and space flight operations funding by h5.S 

million. Action brought authorization total to $3.601 billion, $30 million below $3.631 billion reported by House Committee on Science 

145 
April 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

and Astronautics on March 12, but $268 million more than $3.333 

billion requested by Administration. (CR, 4/23/70, H3377-23) 0 Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for 

Planning, addressed American Newspaper Publishers Assn. in New 

York: “Our mental concepts and. life habits are Earth-oriented. The 

ability to go the Moon or Mars is regarded as something less than important, and this is only natural. But I am firmly convinced that 

the space program will prove to be one of the most important, creative, and beneficial to mankind ever undeftaken by the United 

States. . . . I think we must clearly establish in this new decade our 

goals and objectives as an agency first, and then define the hardware 

needed only after we know exactly where we are headed.” Hardware “on hand or that would be fine to develop” should not “tell us 

where we’re going.” (Text) 

U.S. detection in 1950s of Soviet radar three times size of football 

field was described before Association by Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., 

DOD Director of Defense Research and Engineering: “It was so big that when we first found out about it we were hesitant even to identify it as a radar. Much later we learned that it was far too powerful for most of the applications we could imagine. Assuming it was a 

radar, many argued that it made sense only as part of a detection, 

tracking and control network for satellites. The non-radar proponents even tried to make it into such things as a space communications system. The location of the first such radar argued that. . .this 

equipment probably would form part of an ABM system.” (Text) 0 Earth resources data on selected areas of Texas, gathered for MSC 

data bank, were presented to representatives of Texas Committee 

for the Study of Land Use and Environmental Control during MSC 

briefing on NASA earth resources aircraft program. Committee also 

received pertinent earth resources data collected by NASA while 

developing remote sensing techniques for spacecraft applications. 

(MsC Release 70-42a) 

Rep. J. Glenn Beall, Jr. (R-Md.), on House floor called for Government investigation of a selection by NASA of General Electric Co. 

for negotiation of ATS-F and ATS-G contract announced April 8. He 

claimed that technical innovations developed by Fairchild Hiller 

Corp. “eventually became a part of the competitor’s proposal.” 

USAF resumed testing at WSMR after seven-month pause for remodeling with launch of 15-m (50-ft) Athena test missile from Utah 

Launch Complex at Green River. Remodeling permitted tacllity to 

accept Athena H-longer, heavier, improved Athena-scheduled 

for launch in late 1970. Athena was used in SAMSO’S Advanced Ballistic Reentry Systems (ABRES) program to test reentry 

concepts and phenomena with subscale models of ballistic reentry vehicles. (AFSC Release 105.70) 0 Scientists at Smithsonian Institution’s Astrophysical Laboratory said 

studies of 10-kg (22-lb) meteorite that fell near Lost City, Okla., Jan. 9 

had provided firmest evidence to date of intensity of cosmic rays beyond sun. Data obtained had raised possibility that manned 

spacecraft venturing to planets beyond Mars might have to be armored against swarms of high-energy “space bullets.” Meteorite 

was estimated to have weighed 227 kg (500 Ibs) originally and was 

(CR, 4/23/70, H3435-6) 

146 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 23 

assumed to be fragment of explosive collision between two huge 

objects 6 million yrs ago. (AP, B Sun, 4/24/70, A3; Smithsonian 

* MSC announced award of $3 000 OOO NASA contract to Garrett Corp. 

AiResearch Manufacturing Co. Div. for portable astronaut life sup- port assembly (ALSA) to support extravehicular and intravehicular 

activity in Sk lab program. (MSC Release 70-43) 

before Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare’s NSF Subcommittee. Dr. James R. Killian, Jr., MIT Board Chairman, said he 

could recall “no time when financial outlook was so bleak” in 30 yrs of college administration work. Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner, MIT Provost, said cutbacks in scientific research might cost U.S. world leadership in science and technology and economic well-being in future. 

Dr. George B. Kistiakowsky, Harvard Univ. chemist, said budget stringency and “selective and uncoordinated pruning” by Government agencies had damaged U.S. scientific effort. Dr. Donald F. 

Hornig, President-elect of Brown Univ., concurred with colleagues. 

(Schmeck, NYT, 4/24/70,9) 

April 24: Communist China launched her first earth satellite (designated 

Chicorn I by NORAD) from Shuang-ch’eng-tsu, east of Lop Nor nuclear test site. The 173-kg (380.6-1b) satellite entered orbit with 

2387-km (1483.2-mi) apogee, 439-km (272.8-mi) perigee, 114-min pe- riod, and 68.4” inclination, broadcasting telemetry data and revolutionary song “Dong Fang Hong” (“The East is Red”) on frequency 

of 20.009 megacycles. Launch made Communist China fifth nation 

to orbit satellite with own booster. Radio Peking, announcing launch 

on evening newscast, credited feat to Communist Party Chairman 

Mao Tse-tung’s leadership. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/70; SBD, 4/28/70, 271 ; 

UPI, W Star, 4/25/70, Al; Newsweek, 5/4/70) * U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXXXVfrom Kapustin Yar into orbit 

with 398-km (247.3-mi) apogee, 249-km (154.7-mi) perigee, 91-min 

period, and 48.4” inclination. Satellite reentered June 22. (GSFC SSR, 

4/30/70; 6/30/70; SBD, 4/28/70,272) 

Testimony on Apollo 13 mission was given before Senate Committee 

on Aeronautical and Space Sciences by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA 

Administrator; Apollo 13Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and John 

L. Swigert, Jr.; Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director; 

and Apollo Flight Director Glynn S. Lunney. Astronaut Fred W. 

Haise, Jr., was unable to attend. 

Dr. Paine said: “The Apollo 13 mission was a failure. We did not 

succeed in America’s third lunar landing attempt and we were therefore unable to explore the moon’s Fra Mauro formation. This hilly region remains a high priority objective in our lunar program. . . . We cannot yet say’which of the remaining Apollo missions will be 

sent there. Although the Apollo 13 mission failed, we regard the 

recovery actions that followed. . .as a gratifying success which will 

contribute greatly to the nation’s space flight competence.” There 

was no reason “why this setback should be-or should be made to 

be-the occasion for a major change in the course of the nation’s 

space program. We have clearly demonstrated the basic soundness 

of the Apollo system and of our operational procedures. . . . From a 

technical standpoint, there is no question but that we are prepared 

PAO) 

0 Former Presi B entia1 science advisers testified on NAS funding 

147 
April 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

to move forward in the 1970’s with the space program we have outlined to you. . . .” Dr. Paine said President Nixon ‘‘fully shares this 

view .” (Testimony) 

Dr. Petrone testified: “This long arduous voyage continuously presented the challenge to balance the spacecraft systems required 

to perform necessary functions against the availability of consumables, of water, electrical power, oxygen, and the lithium hydroxide 

to remove the carbon dioxide. The options available to flight and 

ground crews in every case permitted acceptable courses of action 

to be selected. During this emergency situation, the remaining sys- tems performed in an outstanding manner meeting the unusual demands placed upon them. At the same time, the flight and ground 

crews demonstrated exceptional confidence in meeting these sets of 

unusual circumstances.” 

Mission ended with “set of consumables which were within about 

two percent of what we had predicted back at 63 hours or about seven hours after the problem occurred,” Lunney told Committee. “If 

the consumable posture. . .had worsened or if we had absorbed another failure. . .we would have had to resort to scheduling communi- cation times with the crew.” Although probably within 12 hours to 

24 of running out of most critical consumable, water, “had we pro- ceeded into. . .duty cycling the communications gear onboard, we 

probably could have stretched that period.” Astronaut Lovell described crew’s feelings during crisis: “We 

soon realized that our only hope of survival was to go into Aquarius, 

power up its systems and use the systems and the consumables on 

board. . .for a return home. And it was here that we realized that it 

was now a case of survival.” Spacecraft was on trajectory that “would have entered us in a sort of permanent orbit, some . 230. . .thousand miles [370000 km] in apogee, and maybe a thousand [1600 km] or so in perigee.. . . Again, the ground came 

through, and gave us. . .the free trajectory burn, which was required 

to get us back to earth. My main concern at this point was to get this spacecraft back within the earth’s atmosphere.” (Transcript) 0 LeRC Special Projects Div. had begun systematic evaluation of lift 

fan-in-wing configurations for VTOL aircraft in $750 000 V/STOL 

wind-tunnel facility, Lewis News said. Concept was one of several 

being studied for use in VTOL aircraft. Current studies were to determine variation in fan thrust and efficiency as horizontal airflow over 

fan increased. Subsequent tests would use more efficient version of 

existing rotor to study effect of devices to prevent boundary-layer 

separation during change to horizontal flight and louvers to direct 

exhaust rearward. October tests of three small fans in longitudinal 

array would simulate installation in actual aircraft. Noise-measuring capability was being added to facility. (Lewis News, 4/24/70,1) 0 Sen. Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. (R-Md.), told press he had forwarded 

file on NASA ATS-F and ATS-G contract with General Electric to Senate Committee on Government Operations for referral to its permanent Investigating Subcommittee. (Rovner, B Sun, 4/25/70, A14) 0 Tests to determine full capabilities of satellite communications were 

being conducted by AFSC Rome Air Development Center engineers 

with orbiting Les VI(1aunched Sept. 26, 1968) and Tacsat I(Feb. 9, 

1969), AFSC announced. Using two parabolic antennas and new 

I48 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 24 

equipment at Verona Test Site near Griffiss AFB, N.Y., engineers 

simulated traffic conditions of a comsat system being used simultaneously by hundreds of separate stations. Simulation permitted 

measurement of number of possible communications circuits 

through satellite before actual construction of stations. Tests were 

being conducted with terminals on ground, aircraft, surface vessels, 

submarines, and land vehicles, with participation by U.K., Canada, 

and Netherlands. (AFSC Release 72.70) 0 MSC announced selection of Wackenhut Services, Inc., for negotiation of $1 .Zmillion, one-year, cost-plus-award-fee contract for security, 

safety, fire protection, and emergency ambulance services at MSC. 

Contract would cover July 1, 1970, through June 30, 1971, with two 

one-year options. (MSC Info Sheet) 0 Gen. James Ferguson, AFSC Commander, discussed role of military in 

current controversies over cost and efficiency of F-111 and C-5A 

aircraft during Seventh Space Congress at Cocoa Beach, Fla.: "If 

we in military development have been remiss, I would say it is because we not only failed to fully communicate the difficulties involved in pushing the state of the art, but we also neglected to stress 

the uncertainties between known design parameters on paper and the hardware that ultimately results. To the intense competition for 

finite resources, and to a flood of paper studies, we reacted with 

overoptimism and neglected to properly qualify the normal uncertainties of development or the technical risks involved." Advancing 

state of the art was "synonymous with working beyond the boundaries of the certain and the known. As long as we operate at these 

outer limits of science and technology, performance, schedule and 

cost are inevitably going to be, at best, elastic parameters. The alternative is to stand pat with the F-4, the B-52, and the C-141. Such an 

alternative would be hardly supportable in even a static world." 

(Text) 0 AIAA Board of Directors meeting in Denver Golo.., created two new 

committees: Technical Committee on Application of Aerospace Technology to Society would report through Technical Activities 

Committee (TAC); Committee on International Cooperation in Space Flight would "foster international cooperation in space activities 

among the engineers and scientists of the world." (A&A, 6/70,76) 

April 25: U.S.S.R. launched eight Cosmos satellites with single booster 

for continued space research. Orbital arameters: Cosmos 

CCCXXXVI, 1489-km (925.2-mi) apogee, 1461-km (909.7-mi) perigee, 115.4-min period, and 73.9" inclination; Cosmos CCCXXXVII, 

1554-km (965.6-mi) apogee, 1469-km (912.8-mi) perigee, 116.2-min 

period, and 74" inclination; Cosmos CCCXXXVIZI, 1517-km 

(942.6-mi) apogee, 1472-km (914.74) perigee, 115.8-min period, and 74" inclination: Cosmos CCCXXXIX, 1468-km (912.24) apogee, 1450-km (901 .O-mi) perigee, 115-min period, and 74" inclination; 

Cosmos CCCXL, 1468-km (912.2-mi) apogee, 1412-km (877.4-mi) 

perigee, 114.6-min period, and 74" inclination; Cosmos CCCXLI, 

1470-km (913.4-mi) apogee, 1345-km (835.7-mi) erigee, 113.9-min 

period, and 74" inclination; Cosmos CCCXLII, b70-km (913.4-mi) 

apogee, 1312-km (815.2-mi) perigee, 113.5-min period, and 74" inclination; and Cosmos CCCXLIZI, 1468-km (912.2-min) apogee, 1379- 

km (856.9-mi) perigee, 114.2-min period, and 74" inclination. All sys149 
April 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

tems were functioning satisfactorily. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/70; AP, W 

Star, 4/27/70, Al) 0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, released statement: “Red 

China has apparently become the fifth nation to launch an Earth satellite with its own booster following the Soviet Union, the United 

States, France and Japan. Working in close cooperation with the 

U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Australia, and the European 

Space Research Organization (ESRO) have flown Earth satellites. 

This new development has been anticipated for some time. . . . It is 

a dramatic demonstration of the determination of the Chinese leaders, despite many problems, to put science and technology very high 

on their list of national priorities.” (Text) 

DOD and USAF scientists showed “marked lack of surprise at launch of 

first Communist Chinese satellite,” AP said. It quoted unidentified 

DOD scientist as saying launch did not indicate, by itself, that Communist Chinese had achieved capability to fire ICBMS at U.S. Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird had told Congress Feb. 20 that he 

believed Chinese would attempt launch, AP said. (B Sun, 4/26/70, 

AI) US. was engaged in close electronic monitoring of Communkt 

Chinese satellite and booster launch to determine its characteristics 

and capabilities, UPI reported. Intelligence analysts estimated 

Communist China might be able to develop and deploy 10 to 25 intercontinental ballistic missiles by mid- 1975, which could threaten 

U.S. (Daniloff, UPI, Plnq, 4/26/70) 

Announcement of launch of first Communist Chinese satellite was 

greeted in Peking with crashing of drums and cymbals. Thousands 

of Chinese converged on Tien An Men Square in demonstration 

which Washington Post said had been “well organized” since 

launch had been expected for “some time.” Groups of teenagers, children, and even grandmothers marched behind red banners and 

large portraits of Chairman Mao Tse-tung. People’s Liberation 

Army group carried six-foot-high model of Chinese character for 

double happiness. Downtown office buldings were outlined in white 

lights when news was relayed by TV at 9:30 pm Peking time; 

colored bulbs lit trees along Boulevard of Eternal Peace. Firecrackers exploded everywhere, and crowds, said Post, “seemed very relaxed and grinned happily at foreigners.” (Webster, W Post, 4/28/ 

70, A12) 

Vice Premier Chiang Ching-kuo of Nationalist China watched technicians track Communist China’s first satellite at NORAD Hq. in Colorado Springs, Colo. (W Post, 4/26/70, A14) 0 NASA was “bracing itself for the inevitable backlash of opinion,” now 

that “public jubilation” over Apollo 13’s safe return had subsided, 

Economist said. “But so far the reaction has been surprisingly mild. 

The newspapers have generally argued that people had become too 

over-confident about the dangers of space travel and that the explo- ration of the moon must continue. President Nixon has made it clear 

where he stands; he announced to Dr. Thomas Paine. . .that he had 

‘a great organization’ and that he himself was a firm believer in 

manned space flight.” (Economist, 4/25/70,43-4) 

In U.S.S.R. Pravda devoted 10 words on inside page to report of 

April 26: International reaction to first Chinese satellite launch: 

150 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 26 

launch. Washington Post said it was “continuation of a war of 

words”; Chinese had barely mentioned Soviet space activities since 

nations became enemies. Romania congratulated Chinese for “fresh 

successes in the field of scientific investigation of outer space.” 

Albania also hailed achievement. 

U.K. Minister of Technology Anthony Wedgwood Benn sent 

message to Chinese government congratulating engineers and space 

workers on launch. West Germany’s Bochum Observatory called 

event greater technological feat than 1957 launch of Soviet Sputnik I. 

North Vietnam news agency said launching “brings out the supremacy of socialism and contributes to the development of science 

and technology in the interests of progressive mankind.” Pakistan 

President Yahya Khan in message to Chinese Premier Chou En-lai 

called ‘launch “great step forward,” demonstrating progress of 

China’s technology. He said feat “by our friendly neighbor has been 

received by us with a feeling of admiration.” 

Japanese officials said if China had developed guidance system 

for satellite launching, it soon would be able to fire intercontinental 

missiles with high precision. (W Post, 4/27/70, A9; WSJ, 4/27/70) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew and Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford attended dedication ceremony of Stafford Field, small airfield in Stafford’s hometown, Weatherford, Okla. Airfield was Weatherford’s 

memorial to Stafford who had piloted two Gemini missions. At dedication Vice President said: “While Staff ord Field may not be equiv- alent in size to the giant airports of this country and the world, 

it. . .symbolizes the best of American traditions. . .harnessing that 

pioneering spirit of old.” ( WPost, 4/27/70, A4; Text) 

ComSatCorp had been “bouncing from one controversy to another” 

since its 1962 inception, Robert J. Samuelson said in Washington 

Post. “Last week it was the International Telephone and Telegraph 

World Communications, Inc., that asked the FCC to scrub the satellite launch. ITT argued that the Commission was favoring satellite 

communications over underseas cable systems. . . . Others share 

ITT’S irritation. The remaining communications carriers with cable 

interests. . .are similarly unhappy with their new satellite competi- tor.” ComSatCorp stock holders were displeased that company had 

yet to pay dividend. “Even foreign countries, which have benefited 

by Comsat’s experience in establishing an international satellite 

network now resent Comsat’s dominant position in that system.” 

But international satellite traffic had been growing at annual rate of 

20%. With initial investment nearly completed, ComSatCorp’s operating revenues were rising rapidly. ( W Post, 4/26/70, L3) 4 F-14, “first completely new American fighter plane. . .since the XF4Hl-prototype of the F4 Phantom,” would “skim down the runway” at Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. before end of January 1971, Washington Sunday Star said. USN would attempt to buy 710 F-14s over next decade at $8 billion including R&D costs. Aircraft would have titanium wings. It was first time any manufacturer 

had used as much as 2700 k (6000 Ibs) of titanium in aircraft pro- duction. (Kelly, W Star, 4/26(j70, A7) 0 Anthropologist Dr. Margaret Mead in New York Times Magazine discussed prefigurative society in which young became mentors of eld151 
April 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ers. “A scientist friend of mine was having a conversation with his 

son and wasn’t getting anywhere until he realized that he was standing on the earth looking at the moon, and the boy was standing on 

the moon looking at tne earth.” (NYT Magazine, 4/26/70,102). April 26-30: During American Physical Society’s spring meeting in 

Washington, D.C., Cornell Univ. physicist Dr. James R. Houck told 

news cwference series of rocket and balloon observations by MIT in 

autumn of 1969 had confirmed that unexplained infrared radiation 

impinged on earth’s upper atmosphere, apparently from all parts of 

sky. In meeting he expressed hope that 5400-kg (six-ton) earth satellite, High Energy Astronomy Observatory, could be funded for 

1974 launch to observe extremely high phenomena that could not be 

detected from earth because of intervening atmosphere. (Sullivan, 

NYT, 4/30/70,21) 

Dr. Reuven Ramaty of GSFC reported measurements of low-energy cosmic-ray positrons by Ogo II satellite (launched June 6, 1966) 

had indicated that relatively young and close cosmic-ray source-a 

su ernova explosion-might have occured 100 000 yrs ago and 300 

supernova reviously discovered, was 5000 light years from earth.) 

During meeting, 32 APS members marched on DOD to oppose Vietnam War, ABM and MIRV missile systems, and DOD ties with American universities. (W Post, 4/30/70, A35) 

April 27: Senate passed S.J.R. 193 appointing former NASA Administrator James E. Webb as Citizen Regent of Board of Regents of Smithsonian Institution. (CR, 4/27/70, S6234-5) * Aerospace Medical Assn. held 41st annual scientific meeting in Houston, Tex. Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research 

and Operations, presided. 

NASC Executive Secretary William A. Anders, former astronaut, 

delivered Louis H. Bauer Lecture: Space program had contributed 

“in innumerable ways to new advances in biotechnology and human 

factors research.” Developments included miniature radiation probes size of clinical thermometer, EKG transmitting systems, 

computer enhancement of x-ra films using techniques developed to 

vices to detect the tiny tremors of early Parkinson’s disease, which 

were developed to register micrometeoroid hits on spacecraft.” 

(MSC Release 70-42; Text) 0 Assistant Under Secretary of State for Public Affairs and former astronaut Michael Collins addressed meeting of Foreign Service 

Wives Assn. in Washington, D.C.: “By the year 2000 or 2100, peo- ple will look back on the 1970s and find it incredible that cancellation 

of the space program was proposed. . . . It is inevitable there will be 

colonization of other lanets, des ite the risks.” Collins told group 

and colleagues were safely enroute home; “that was the first time I 

felt any certainty about it. ’ (W Star, 4/28/70, B7) 

Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., DOD Director of Defense Research and Engineering, testified before House Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee-on DOD Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation 

concerning Communist Chinese satellite: April 24 launch of Chicom 

lig K t years from earth. (Crab Nebula, closest known remnant of any 

(Press Con P Summary; Text; AP, CSM, 5/2/70) 

bring out details from Mars p K otographs, and “supersensitive dehe hadn’t been sure o P success of P rst manned lunar landing until he 

152 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 27 

I by Communist China indicated “Chinese commitment to a large 

space program” rather than “attempt to make a show by launching 

a single object into space.” Chinese had “benefited from two findings by the Soviets and ourselves. . .enormous political impact that 

such a launch has around the world. . .[and] military applications. I 

believe the Chinese statement made it rather clear that they associate this space effort with their future needs from a military point of 

view.” (Transcript) 0 F-5D “Skylancer” aircraft used by A ollo II Astronaut Neil A. Armturned over by NASA to Ohio Historical Society for display in future 

Armstrong Museum at Wapakoneta, FRC announced. Until comple- tion of museum in Armstrong’s hometown, aircraft, which he flew 

in 1960s to practice spacecraft emergency maneuvers, would be displayed at USAF Museum at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. (FRC Release 7/70) 

MSFC announced award of $4 435 275 contract modification to North 

American Rockwell Corp. for changes in seven Saturn V 2nd stages, 

S-11-9 through S-11-15. Work, which included testing and replacing 

components that caused corrosion, would be completed by March 

31, 1973. (MSFC Release 70-79) 0 Appointment of John P. Olsen, Assistant to Senior Vice President of 

U.S. Smelting, Refining and Mining Co., as Deputy Under Secretary of Transportation was announced by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. He would succeed Charles D. Baker, who had 

been appointed Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Policy and 

International Affairs, effective April 28. (DOT Release 8970) * At NAS annual meeting in Washington, D.C., Dr. Philip H. Abelson, 

Director of Carnegie Institute geophysical laboratory and editor of 

Science, said cutbacks in Government research funds during last 

five years had dealt devasting blow to U.S. colleges and reduced 

Nation’s total scientific research effort by at least 30%. If cutbacks 

continued, U.S. would become “second-class nation in science.” 

Harvard Univ. scientist Dr. Harvey Brooks said surge of science 

funding in Japan, Western Europe, and U.S.S.R. had cost U.S. its 

research lead in astronomy, radioastronomy, biology, and physical 

and organic chemistry. It was doubtful U.S. would ever regain supremacy it once enjoyed in virtually every scientific field. (Kirkman, 

W News, 4/28/70,20) 0 Stewart Alsop said in Newsweek: “The story of the failure of the 

Russian moon-exploration project. . . is interesting and rather puz- zling. The first test of the Soviet space vehicle comparable to Apollo 

was operationally successful in March 1967. The most recent SL-12 

mission-an unmanned, nonrecoverable lunar probe-aborted in 

February, the eleventh to do so. 

“The Soviet Government and the Soviet press had not a word t? 

say about this string of failures. . . But in the American intelligence community there is no doubt at all about the failures, and no 

doubt either that the Soviet space-exploration program has been a 

thorouqhly miserable performance.” (Fewsweek, 4/27/70) 

Communist China’s first satelli?e was beltevpd to have been planned by U.S.-trained scientist Tsien Hsueh-shen, Wall Street Journal 

said. Former MIT and Cal Tech scientist had been high-ranking Penstrong in training was being retired E y FRC and eventually would be 

153 
April 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

tagon adviser during World War I1 and had left U.S. in 1955 after 

having been named in deportation order charging him with being Communist Party member. (WSJ, 4/27/70) 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin editorial on Communist Chinese satellite launch: “To identify Peking’s satellite as proof of a perfected 

weapon is to orient debate on the ABM to expansion of that systemand the proliferation of weapons. This at a time when the world’s 

two prime producers of nuclear weapons are trying to agree on curtailing them. For these talks [SALT] to fail is to deliver the world to 

witless expansion of arsenals, with the always accompanying threat 

to.use them. The ultimate promise is catastrophe far beyond any- thing the Chinese could execute.” (PBull, 4/27/70) 

April 27-30: American Nuclear Society held annual meeting in Huntsville, Ala. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, told members 

U.S. technological edge over rest of world depended on joint nuclear-space developments. Presence of highly skilled personnel .at 

MSFC made it logical that program be centered there. (Huntsville 

News, 4/29/70) 

April 28: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor IV from Plesetsk to photograph 

snow and cloud cover and study “atmospheric thermal energy radiated by the earth.” Orbital parameters: apogee, 743 km (461.7 mi); 

perigee, 636 km (395.2 mi); period, 98.2 min; and inclination, 81.2’. 

Equipment was functioning satisfactorily. (GSFC SSR, 4/20/70; AP, 

W Post, 4/30/70, A34; SBD, 5/6/70,25) 

Apollo 13 manned lunar landing mission (April 11-17), aborted after 56 

hrs of flight, was officially adjudged unsuccessful by NASA. (NASA 

Proj Off) 0 MSC announced award of $34 065 390 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to 

Boeing Co. Southeast Div. to define letter contract for systems engineering and conduct flight readiness assessment for Apollo program. Contract would cover Jan. 1, 1970, through Dec. 31, 1970, 

with options for 1971 and 1972. (MSC Release 70-45) 

Appointment of Apol!o8 commander Frank Borman as Vice President of Eastern Airlines was announced by EA Vice President 

and Executive Officer Floyd D. Hall. Borman would assume new 

duties after completing course for executives at Harvard Univ. (EA 

Release) 0 Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carried ARC experiment to study dust particles in atmosphere. (SR list) 0 U.S.S.R. was using long- and medium-range bombers and, possibly, communications satellites to coordinate global naval exercises, DOD 

sources were reported as saying. No violations of territorial air 

space of any nation had been reported. (UPI, C Trib, 4/26/70, A4; 

AP, NYT, 4/29/70,. 8) 0 James McCormack announced he would not continue as ComSatCorp Chairman and Chief Executive Officer beyond annual shareholders 

meeting scheduled for May 12. He would continue as a director. 

(ComSatCorp Release 70-5) 0 Baltimore Sun editorial commented on Communist Chinese satellite 

launch: “Of course Peking still runs far behind America and Russia 

in nuclear.and space development. . . . But not nearly so far behind 

as only a few years ago. And apart from conjectures about progress 

154 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 April 28 

in missilery, ‘Following Star’ [satellite] is a reminder of the potential military dimensions of space which may acquire a new importance 

now that China has entered the extraterrestrial realm.” (B Sun, 

4/28/70, A10) 

April 29: Members of Apollo 13 Review Board entered Apollo simulator 

at MSC and, using recorded data, reconstructed tense moments after 

explosion disabled spacecraft April 13. Board member Astronaut 

Neil A. Armstrong said purpose of reconstruction was to give investigators better a preciation of accident from crewmen’s point of 

view ( W Post, 4h0/70, A27) @ Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, presented 

Gen. Thomas D. White Space Trophy to Apollo If crew-astronauts 

Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins, since 

named Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs-in Washington, D.C., ceremony. Award, established by National Geographic 

Society in 1961 for USAF members and units, honored crew for making most outstanding contribution to U.S. aerospace progress during 1969 by accomplishing first manned lunar landing. (DOD Release 359- 

70) 0 ESSA announced award of $1 .6-miIlion contract to Gulton Industries 

Data Systems Div. to construct infrared temperature profile radiometer (ITPR), advanced satellite instrument for obtaining temperature sounding through atmosphere to earth’s surface. ESSA was deApril 29: Apollo ll Astronauts Michael Collins (left) and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (right), 

were presented the Gen. Thomas D. White Space Trophy by Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr. 

(center left), Secretary of the Air Force. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, represented Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, who was unable to be present. 

155 
April 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

veloping ITPR for use by NASA on Nimbus-E, scheduled for launch 

in 1972. (ESSA Release 70-28) * Vice President of Soviet Academy of Sciences Mikhail D. Millionshchikov said at second national Convocation on Challenge of 

Building Peace in New York that exchange of experience in space 

between U.S. and U.S.S.R. would be “very fruitful.” It was “very dangerous to make a race. . . because the lives of human beings are 

at stake.” Astronaut Frank Borman, chairman of panel discussion, 

suggested “Soviet-American committee to chart the exploration of 

the solar system, a group to develop and formulate policy and interchange of ideas, both in the manned and unmanned fields.” (Wilford, NYT, 4/30/70) 

Development of world’s most powerful continuous-beam laser, with 

energy output capable of driving s orts car, was described by Dr. 

American Physical Society in New York. Laser could produce 30 

kw of power in narrow beam and 60 kw in divergent beam. Values 

were triple those of most powerful continuous-beam lasers in operation. Avco laser resembled rocket engine. Nitrogen-carbon dioxide 

gas was heated to 1900 K (3000°F) in one chamber and shot through 

nozzle into second chamber at supersonic speed. Carbon dioxide 

molecules emitted photons which mirrors focused into beam of light 

emitted from chamber. 

At news conference following meeting, scientists denied lasers 

were being built for use as “death rays.” Wayne State Univ. scientist Dr. Alexander J. Glass said scientists in U.S., U.S.S.R., and 

France were developing increasingly larger lasers that produced 100 

kw of light energy in few trillionths of second. (Lyons, NYT, 4/30/ 

70,20) * Christian Science Monitor editorial: “China’s successful orbiting of 

her first satellite is further proof of her continuing effort in space and rocketry-even if her entering of the space age comes nearly 13 

years after Sputnik I. It is proof, too, that even if China still lacks 

industrial brawn and remains basically an underdeveloped country, 

she is not lacking in scientific and technical brilliance. What she has 

achieved is all the more remarkable because-as the Chinese themselves report it-the Soviet Union reneged in 1959 on its 1957 agreement to help China with ‘new technology for nuclear defense.’ Thus 

what China has done has been done on her own-and by her scientists and technologists in spite of the self-inflicted torment of Chairman Mao’s cultural revolution.” (CSM, 4/29/70) 

April 30: Arnold W. Frutkin, NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs, described Brazilian proposal for educational broadcast experiment usin NASA ATS-F or ATS-G satellite to House Comcy and Scientific Development: “The roject is intended , . . as the 

and raAo instructional material to the entire country through a government-owned geostationary satellite. The experiment itself contem TV and radio broadcasting into some 500 schools in the 

Rio e de Norte region. It would test the use of satellites for 

central broadcasting using a balance of TV and radio, to upprade 

teacher quality, permit the use of local monitors with less training, 

Edward T. Gerry of Avco Researc R Lab. during annual meeting of 

mittee on Foreign .A 1 airs’ Subcommittee on National Security Polidevelo ment prototype of a system t R at will broadcast television 

156 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS 1970 April 30 

and so facilitate rapid expansion of the educational system.” Proposal was undergoing revision before final technical evaluation by 

NASA. (Testimony) * In experiment to test validity of Einstein theory of relativity, JPL astronomer Dr. John D. Anderson and Cal Tech astronomer Dr, 

Duane 0. Muhleman measured radio signal from Mariner VI just 

before it swung behind sun. If Einstein theory was correct, precise distance-measuring system built b JPL engineer and coinvestigator 

station in Mohave Desert would register slowup of 200 millionths of 

second in roundtrip signal from satellite. Einstein said velocity of 

light was slower in gravitational field near sun than in interplanetary 

space where gravitational fields were weaker. (NASA Release 70-62) * Saturn V 2nd stag.e (S-11-13) was successfully captive-fired for 367 

secs at MTF. Stage would be used to launch Skylab space station in 

late 1972. (MSFC Release 70-85) 

NASA announced selection of Aerojet Liquid Rocket Co., NR Rocketdyne Div., and United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div. for 

final negotiations of $6-million, fixed-price contracts for 1 1-mo parallel studies for design definition of space shuttle main propulsion 

system. Contracts would be managed by MSFC. (NASA Release 70-64) * Apollo 13 Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., at National Press Club 

Luncheon in Washington, D.C., denied interest in running for office 

of Senator from Wisconsin: “I’m a public servant and I intend to be 

that way.” He hoped to devote “next two years at least” to helping 

develop strong, well-balanced space program. (Schmeck, NYT, 

4/30/70) 

NAE announced election of retired General Electric Co. Vice President Clarence H. Linder as first full-time NAE President and Dr. 

Chauncey Starr of UCLA as Vice President. Dr. Thomas C. Kavanagh of Praeger-Kavanagh-Waterbury and of Madigan-Hyland was 

reelected Treasurer and J. €I. Mulligan, Jr., Secretary. Among those 

elected to Council were Dr. T. Keith Glennan, first NASA Administrator, and Dr. Eugene G. Fubini, NASA consultant. (NAE Release; 

NAE Bridge, 6/70, 1) * President Nixon’s address to Nation on situation in Southeast Asia 

was televised live b satellite to Australia, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, 

the Philip ines, andYHong Kong. (PD, 5/4/70, 596-601; UPI, W Star, 

5/1/70, Ab) 

0 USAF announced F-1 1 1 wing structure undergoing pound Eatigue testing at General Dynamics Corp.’s San Diego, Calif., facility cracked 

at point equivalent to 7% yrs of service life. (AP, W Post, 5/1/70) * Australian cabinet decided to lease U.S. F-4E Phantom aircraft as 

stand-in for 24 F-111s it had ordered. F-111s continued to be 

grounded for further tests. (UPI, NY News, 5/1/70,8) . Jerry L. Pettis (R-Calif.) announced resignation from House 

mittee on Ways and Means. (CR, 4/30/70, H3719-20) 

0 New York Times editorial deplored decline of Federal support for 

research: “The search for peace and knowledge, the rescue of 

man’s environment and the rebirth of the decaying cities are certain 

to become illusory goals unless they are pursued with as much hardhitting scholarship and scientific purpose as the perfection of misWarren L. Martin and 64-m (210- Y t) antenna at Goldstone tracking 

* RF ommittee on Science and Astronautics to fill seat on House Com157 
April 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

siles or exploration in space. The Pentagon has never failed to impress the political leaders with its dependence on the creativity of 

the ablest minds on campus; it would be a devastating commentary 

on the nation’s values if history were to record that the military establishment was the only dependable patron of American research 

and scholarship, and that when military support was cut off, scientific research withered and died.” (NYT, 4/30/70,34) 

During April: Science and Technology: Tools for Progress, report to 

President Nixon by President’s Task Force on Science Policy, was released. Report, submitted Dec. 10, 1969, recommended that President enunciate as national policy, need for vigorous, high-quality science and technology and continuing leadership in science and 

technology “relevant to our other national goals and purposes”; 

that President direct Federal departments and agencies to strengthen capability to use science and technology in attack on social, urban, and environmental problems; and that U.S. achieve effective 

and consistent commitment to long-range research, uninterrupted 

support of graduate education, improved use of Federal laboratories, and improved process for establishing priorities in Federal 

support of science. 

Report further recommended President enunicate policy of increasing long-term participation by private institutions-particularly 

business-in social, urban, and environmental programs and direct appropriate departments and agencies to identify deterrents to private investment of capital and technology in these programs; sug- gest incentives for action and remedies for each deterrent; enunciate policy of increased emphasis on R&D for national security, if 

necessary; and continue encouragement of new science-based foreign policy initiatives and opportunities for international cooperation. Administration should make clear policy of technical assistance to underdeveloped nations to help them establish their own 

scientific research, education, and technical training institutions. 

Task Force recommended President direct his Science Adviser to 

develop, for his approval, broadly-based program for continuing development of national science policy. (Text) 0 NASA published The Terrestrial Environment: Solid-Earth and Ocean 

Physics (NASA CR-1579), report of study sponsored by NASA and 

MIT at Williams College. Report concluded that greater understanding of earth from measurements by satellites would have significant applications to “entire effect of the atmospheric and oceanic development, including protection against (storm) hazard and pollution.” Recommended program goals (which were supported by technology recommendations) were: identification of forces and mechanisms that accounted for motions and earthquakes and variations of 

gravitational field and similar solid-earth phenomena: discovery of 

general circulation of oceans at all depths; increased knowledge of 

how earthquakes occur; improved understanding of global heat balance by study of ocean currents and heat transport of air-sea interaction; identification of internal driving forces and complex mechanisms of interaction of earth’s core, mantle, and crust; definition of 

locations and mechanisms of energy d,issipation in oceans; and explanation of mechanisms associated with variations in rotation rate 

158 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 During April 

and wobble of earth’s rotation axis and their possible association with major earthquake events. (Text; NASA Release 70-63) 

NAE President Eric A. Walker announced election of 51 engineers to 

NAE membership. They included Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, for “contributions to the proposal, formulation, and 

management of Project Apollo”; Gerhard Neumann, Vice President 

and Group Executive of General Electric Co. Aircraft Engine Group, for “contributions to the development of variable stator 

compressors and high by-pass turbofan engines for jet aircraft”; 

Kendall Perkins, Corporate Vice President, Engineering and Re- search, of McDonnell Douglas Corp., for “contributions to aerospace technology, and engineering management in the design of aircraft and spacecraft”; and Dr. Paul Rosenberg, President of Paul 

Rosenberg Associates, for “pioneering contributions to space pho- togrammetric systems, radar prediction techniques, information 

storage and retrieval, and the kinematics of human spine motion.” 

(NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 4/70,1) 0 In Astronautics and Aeronautics, Herbert Friedman discussed pulsars and their implications in new astronomy: “Even with the modest 

payloads of small rockets it is possible to instrument for pulsar detection at periods as short as l. millisecond.” X-ray astronomers had 

been eager to have NASA provide program of high-energy astronomy payloads in 4500- to 9000-kg (10 000- to 20 000-lb) class that would 

be launched by vehicles of Titan-Centaur capability. Large x-ray detector could “very likely detect thousands of weak sources and 

discover high-frequency pulsar characteristics, if present. Such a 

program,” HEAO (High Energy Astronomy Observatory), “was to 

have begun in 1970 but has been a casualty of the present budgetary 

squeeze.” (A&A, 4/70,22-5) Society that could afford to spend as much as U.S. did on cokes, cosmetics, tobacco, and liquor could afford its space expenditure, William H. Bayley, NASA Assistant Director for Tracking and Data 

Acquisition, said in JPL Lab-Oratory. Between 1959 and 1969 U.S. 

had devoted $30 billion to space program, $40 billion each for cosmetics and soft drinks, almost $80 billion each for cosmetics and 

soft drinks, almost $80 billion for tobacco, and some $1 10 billion for 

alcoholic beverages-about four times cost of space program. Annual space expenditure had been about one half of 1% of GNP, and 

about 1/20th of defense expenditure. Most expensive space program had been Apollo at $24 billion, 93% of which was spent for goods 

and services provided by private industry. To date, “no money at all 

has been spent on the Moon or planets: it has all been spent right here on earth.” (JPLLab-Oratory, 4/70,4-19) 0 Astronaufical Multilingual Dictionary of the International Acad,emy of 

Astronautics, conceived by the late Dr. Theodore von Kirman, was 

published by Academia Publishing House of Czechoslovak Asademy of Sciences in Prague. Executive editor was Ing. J. Vlachy and scientific editor Prof. R. Pes’ek. U.S. coeditors were Dr. Woodford 

A. Heflin of USAF’S Air University Aerospace Studies Institute and 

William H. Allen of NASA. Other coeditors were in U.S.S.R., Germany, France, Italy, Argentina, and Czechoslovakia. (Text; Air 

University Dispatch, 4/10/70, 18) 

159 
During April ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

0 Teknika i Vooruzheiniye (Moscow) quoted Soviet Cosmonaut Georgy 

T. Beregovoy on future U.S.S.R. space program: “The Soviet Union is successfully carrying out a space research program designed for many years in the future. Its aims are determined by the needs of 

science and the national economy and the requirements of scientific 

and technical progress.” Prospects for development were “unfold- ing with the establishing of orbiting stations. . . . Cosmodrome stations, extra atmospheric bases for geophysicists-and astronomical 

observatories, and space laboratories for chemists will appear.” 

(JPRS 50505,5/13/70) 0 Article on birth pangs of first satellite, written by Dr. Clifford C. Furnas shortly before his death in April 1969, was published in Research Trends. Dr. Furnas had been member in 1955 of DOD’S Ad 

Hoc Advisory Group on Special Capabilities, a panel appointed to 

investigate feasibility of U.S. satellite program. (Research Trends, 

Spring 1970, 15-8) 

Failure of Government to define priorities in science and technology and stay with them was one cause of unemployment among scien- tists and engineers in U.S., Richard S. Lewis said in Bulletin of the 

Atomic Scientists. Cutback in civilian space program was prime example: “The consequences of this retrenchment in the dissipation 

of human resources could hardly be more pronounced than if the 

Nixon Administration was phasing out space exploration-which it 

is not.” (Bull of Atomic Scientists, 4/70,28-9) 

1 60 
May 1970 

May 1: Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, held press 

briefing at MSC on Apollo 13 Review Board’s progress in investiga- tion of accident that aborted April 11-17 mission: Combination “of 

all the data from telemetry, from all the testing of all the analytical 

work and perhaps information from photographs” would be required “to determine the most probable cause or causes” of April 13 accident. Board believed most probable sequence of events was: 

Short circuit in oxygen tank No. 2 caused combustion within tank. 

“This in turn caused the pressure and a temperature within the tank 

to increase. The tank then ruptured. This rupture. . . caused the 

pressure in the compartment in which the tank is located to increase 

which then caused. . . the big covering panel in the Service Module 

to blow off .” Panel hit high-gain antenna and knocked it out, causing brief loss of data. 

Preflight events of possible significance included change of motors of fans inside tank at Beech Aircraft Co. plant early in manufacture. “Later on the tank, itself, was. . .moved from one space- craft and installed in spacecraft 109 and during the removal from 

spacecraft.. .106, it was jarred or dropped an inch or two [5-10 

cm]. . . . Finally, during the loading and unloadin of the tank during the countdown demonstration tests at the Cape t a ere was an anomaly which made it very difficult to get the oxygen out of the tank. 

This was several weeks before the flight and a new procedure not previously tried was used in the detanking”-gaseous oxygen “was 

pumped into the tank and released again, the heaters were turned off 

and on. . . .” 

Board was investigating connection between events and accident 

and would submit final reportlo Dr. Low and Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

NASA Administrator, about June 1. (Transcript) * Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences favorably reported H.R. 16516, NASA FY 1971 authorization bill, with amendment reducing total authorization to $3.3 16 billion-$285 million less 

than $3.333 billion requested by Administration. Committee’s recommended total-providing $2.606 billion for R&D, $32.5 million for 

construction of facilities, and $677.3 million for research and program management-was lowest recommended by Senate Space 

Committee since 1961 and $399.6 million less than total recommended by Committee in FY 1970. 

Committee rejected House increase of $130.5 million over Administration request for Apollo program. It also rejected increases of $139.5 million for space flight operations, $5.6 million for ATS project, $2.3 million for selected aeronautics research efforts, $500 000 

for technology utilization program, and $2.05 million for construction of Earth Resources Technology Laboratory “at this time.” It 

restored House cuts of $1.5 million to advanced manned missions 

161 
May 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

program, $5.6 million to Explorer satellite project, and $4.2 million 

to tracking and data acquisition. Committee strongly urged Executive Branch to develop-formal interagency agreement defining responsibilities for experimental and operational ERTS systems. (Senate Rpt 91-833) 0 NASA established NASA Planning Board under direction of Dr. Wernher von Braun, Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, to 

provide focal point for coordinating and integrating NASA planning 

and related activities. Board and its activities would be supported by 

central staff under Dr. von Braun and Dr. DeMarquis D. Wyatt, new 

Assistant Administrator for Planning. Six members, one executive 

secretary, and five observers had been selected from top NASA Hq. administrators. (NASA Release 70-65) * NASA communications network (NASCOM) service was transferred 

from Intelsat-I1 F-2 (launched Jan. 11, 1964) to Intelsat-III F-7 

(launched April 22, 1970). (ComSatCorp Release 70-26) 0 Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill 

Research Range carrying ARC experiment to collect dust particles. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 H. Dale Grubb, former Special Assistant to President, was sworn in as 

NASA Assistant Administrator for Legislative Affairs. (NASA Off Leg 

Aff) 

Apollo 13 Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and John L. Swigert, Jr., 

were given ticker-tape parade welcome in Chicago, where they addressed 800 at luncheon and later spoke to 2500 high school students. Astronaut Fred W. Haise, Jr., third Apollo 13 astronaut, was 

indisposed. (UPI, HPost, 5/2/70) * FAA reported operations at 300 airports in U.S. with FAA-Staffed control towers had increased two percent in 1969-smallest annual increase since 1961. In 1968 increase was 11%. Decline was attributed 

primarily to hourly flight quotas established June 1, 1969, by FAA at 

Q’Hare International Airport in Chicago and four other major airports to reduce congestion and delays. O’Hare, with 676 473 opera- tions in 1969, remained Nation’s busiest airport despite two percent 

drop in total 1969 operations. Second and third busiest were Los 

Angeles International with 613 938 operations and Long Beach (Calif.) with 550 867, with Santa Ana (Calif.) following with 545 299. 

(FAA Release 70-39) 0 Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman, addressed International Joint 

Conference of American Geographical Society and American Div. 

of World Academy of Art and Science in New York: “It is obvious 

that for some people science and technology are among the best 

scapegoats of the time. They are said to be the cause of most of our 

ills today. By conqsering disease and extending life they have been 

responsible for an explosion of population. By increasing productiv- ity and raising living standards they have been responsible for depleting resources and polluting nature. By expanding knowledge and 

emphasizing efficiency, they have been responsible for deflating myths and diminishing man. And by placing enormous power in the 

hands of man they have brought him to the brink of his own destruction.” 

Science,had been “victim of its own single-minded success” in 

going “from the broad and general philosophy from which it origi162 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 1 

May 1: The city of Chicago welcomed the Apollo 13 astronauts and Aight controllers with 

ticker tape, confetti, and cheers during a parade around the Loop. Honorary citizenship awards were given John L. Swigert, Jr., and Fred W. Haise, Jr. (absent), and the city’s Medal of Merit was given to Right commander James A. Lovell, Jr. 

nated into a growing number of more precise disciplines-each becoming more productive the narrower its focus became.” But “in 

recent years this process has been reversed and we are now seeing 

the growth of interdisciplinary sciences and a striving for a more allencompassing grasp of the physical world and even broader rela163 
May I ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

tionships. . . . This type of growth is essential if science is to be 

the guiding force-as it must be-behind our evolving mankind.” 

(Text) * Samuel K. Hoffman, President of NR Rocketdyne Div.,. retired after 

leading company’s work in development of rocket engine technology for more than 20 yrs, including 10 yrs as Rocketdyne President. 

Hoffman received American Rocket Society’s Robert H. Goddard 

Memorial Award in 1959 for outstanding work in liquid-propellant 

rockets. (NR News, 5/1/70, 1; Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1915- 

60, 176) 

Dr. Philip H. Abelson, editor of Science magazine and codiscoverer 

of element neptunium, was named President of Carnegie Institution of Washington. He would succeed Dr. Caryl P. Haskins, who would 

retire at end of June 1971. (NYT, 5/6/70; Carnegie Inst Release) 0 Holt, Rinehart and Winston published Operation Overflight, in which 

author Francis Gary Powers said information supplied by Lee Harvey Oswald, identified by Warren Commission as assassin of President John F. Kennedy, might have enabled Russians to shoot down 

his U-2 espionage aircraft in 1960. Powers believed Oswald had 

supplied U.S.S.R. with data on MPS-16 height-finding radar equip- ment. (AP, €3 Sun, 4/20/70,6) 

May 2: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, spoke during 10- 

day “Emphasis Space” program at Nebraska Wesleyan Univ. on 

“very basic question” of why U.S. should be spending “all of this 

money out in space when we have so many problems here on 

earth.” He said answer was “indeed that human values have the 

highest priority. I would submit that the American space program is 

indeed a program that has tremendous human values. . . . we in the 

space agency who are effecting technical change feel that history shows that the interaction between technical change and social 

change is extremely close. We believe that the activities that we are 

carrying out will have a tremendous impact on the way our children 

and our children’s children will live. We are in the business of creating new wealth and new power that can be used by all men.” 

Apollo 12 Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., said that lunar flights were “enhancing man’s knowledge of the environment in which he 

lives. . . .space has proven to date that it is something that man can 

use that is of benefit to man, . . . The question is do you want it 

used.” Space program was at point “where it is up to the people to 

decide through the government what uses we will put space to.” 

(Neb Wes Univ’s New Dimensions, 9/70; AP, San Diego Union, 

5/3/70) 0 Impact of space requirements on U.S. computer indu?try was discussed by Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, at 

ARCS (Achievement Rewards for College Scientists) Foundation 

Annual Scholarship Awards Banquet in Houston, Tex.: “In Project 

Mercury, ground-based computers were only required to determine 

quickly and accurately booster cut-off conditions. In Apollo, however, computers are used throughout the mission in real time, to calculate the trajectory to the moon and back, to compare three separate solutions for the lunar descent, to record and analyze thousands 

of bits of telemetered spacecraft information, to compare these to 

predicted values to detect trouble, and . . . to monitor the well-being 

164 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAmCS, 1970 May 2 

of the crew. For Mercury, the computer program contained 40 000 

computer words; for Apollo, a 1 500 000-word program was needed, 

while at the same time, the speed of the computers has increased 

sevenfold.” 

U.S. computer industry was doing $8 billion worth of business 

annual1 , paid highest average wages of any U.S. industry, and was 

lion worth of computers; in 1969, $728 million dollars worth. “U.S. 

computer exports have increased by over 1400 percent in the first 

decade of the space age. This impressive record was built on excellence of performance through continuing technological superiority. 

In a large measure it was the stimulus of NASA’s requirements that 

brought about these technological advances in the computer industry.” (Text) 

May 3: With exception of Mission Control, MSC buildings normally open 

to public had remained open during Apollo 13 crisis, New York 

Times commented. Visitors could watch-from overhead catwalk in 

Building 5-scientists and astronauts devising techniques for Apollo 13’s return to earth. Gordon NYT, 5/3/70,7) 0 Although Communist Lhina odcially had entered space age with April 

24 launch of satellite, much of the countr ‘s industrial machinery 

Shanghai factories had said they “used the e ui ment of the twenties to turn out products of the seventies.” ,197 hi e Communist China’s space success reflected “application of a more advanced technology,” even this was said to have been achieved “because the 

Chinese people adhered to the ‘principle of independence and selfreliance.’ ” (NYT, 5/3/70, 18) 

Col. Gen. Nikita V. Yegerov, ideological chief of U.S.S.R.’s strategic rocket forces, died at age 62. ( WPost, 5/7/70, B14) 

May 4: MSC successfully conducted initial system verification tests of 

1/10 size, dynamically scaled, experimental model of proposed 12.5K 

Space Orbiter Shuttlecraft in 2400-m (8000-ft) drop from helicopter at Fort Hood, Tex. Initial test and continuing drop tests at WSMR 

were to demonstrate transition from high angle of attack reentry to 

level cruise attitude, to demonstrate stability in stalled conditions, 

and to obtain free-flight data. (MSC Release 70-53; NASA Photo 70-H 

813) 0 House passed S.R. 193, to provide for appointment of former NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb as Citizen Regent of Board of Regents of Smithsonian Institution. (CR, 5/4/70, H3828-9) 

May 5: Ninth anniversary of first U.S. manned space flight, by Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., in Freedom ’/Mercury spacecraft. 

Apollo 13 astronauts visited Grumman Aerospace Corp. plant at 

Bethpage, N.Y., where LM Aquarius was built. Astronauts received 

rousing cheer from 15 000 workers. Aquarius received rousing cheer 

from astronauts. (UPI, W Star, 5/6/70, A2; MSC Hist Off) * ESSA announced that photos from NASA’s orbiting Ats I over Pacific 

and Ats IIIover Atlantic were being transmitted to National Severe 

Storms Forecast Center in Kansas City, Mo., providing new source 

of information on tornado and severe storm development during 

daylight hours. Beginning June 1, ATS photos would also be sent to 

“one o r the most rapidly growing.” In 1960, U.S. exported $48 milwas “product of an earlier age,” New Yor P Times said. Workers at 

165 
May 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

National Hurricane Center in Miami, Fla., for tropical storm prediction. (ESSA Release 70-31) 0 Propeller-driven XC-142 V/STOL aircraft on loan to NASA by USAF ended experiments in support of research into V/STOL techniques at 

LaRC and was flown by NASA pilots to Air Force Museum at Dayton, Ohio. Built by Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., four-engine tilt-wing aircraft had evolved from wind-tunnel models tested at LaRC and other 

NASA centers starting in 1956. (NASA Special Release) 0 John L. Steele, Senior Correspondent of Time-Life News Service, 

praised James E. Webb’s book Space Age Management in speech at 

Time-Life and Kaiser Corp. luncheon to direct attention to need for 

pollution control. Former NASA Administrator Webb had written 

that space accomplishments could “usher in new era of great advances for us and for mankind. . .because our accomplishments indicate a fundamental improvement in man’s ability to find and use 

new knowledge.” These included new ways in which large-scale organized efforts were managed; encouragement of multidisciplinary efforts using science, engineering, and management; new techniques and tools for research in social and physical sciences; and 

“creative manner in which these are applied to the solution of age- old problems.” With these accomplishments U.S. had shown, 

Webb had written, “that we can perform the most difficult and challenging tasks without departing from or damaging our fundamental 

values or our democratic institutions.” (CR, 5/28/70, S8008-9) 

May 6: Senate passed, by vote of 69 to 15, H.R. 16516, $3.316-billion 

-NASA FY 1971 authorization, after rejecting amendment by Sen. 

Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.) to delete $110 million for definition 

and design of space shuttle and space station. Senate requested conference with House. (CR, 5/6/70,56768-817) 

Apollo II Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and 

Michael Collins received Robert J. Collier Trophy for “their high courage and stunning success in accomplishing man’s highest adventure in recorded history-the first moon landing.” Award was presented at Washington, D.C., luncheon given by National Aeronautic Assn. and National Aviation Club. (NAA Release; NR News, 

5/15/70, 1) 

ARC research scientist Dr. Dale R. Lumb received National Telemetry 

Conference’s National Telemetry Man of the Year Award at NTC 

luncheon in Los Angeles. Award was for development of advanced 

coding system for spacecraft telemetry signals that had enabled Pioneer IX(launched Nov. 8, 1968) to double amount of data returned 

with no increase in power and little added equipment. (ARC Astrogram, 5/7/70, 1) 

NASA announced issuance of Analysis of Apollo 8 Photography and 

Visual Observations (NASA SP-201). Book contained black-andwhite photos taken on 1968 mission to furnish data on approach topography and landmarks for early Apollo landings, on scientific 

merit and roughness of areas for possible follow-on Apollo landings and on broad structure and characteristics of lunar surface. (NASA 

Special Release) 

Sen. Howard W. Cannon (D-Nev.) said on Senate floor that in FY 

1971 “Federal Government will spend more for human resources 

programs than anything else. This amounts to $81.9 billion, or 41 

166 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 6 

percent of the total budget. This is $8.3 billion more than for national defense. In sharp contrast is the outlay for space research and 

technology which is only $3.4 billion, or a scant 1.7 ereent of the 

total.” National defense outlays had declined by 4.8 9 o in 1969-1971; 

outlays for human resources had increased 13.5%; and space funding had decreased 10.5%-“greatest decrease of any item in-the entire Federal budget.” (CR, 5/6/70, $6805) 0 FAA released aviation forecast covering FYs 1970-1981 : Passengers carried in scheduled service by U.S.. carriers wovld increase after 

1971 at average rate of 12% annually. Figure more than doubled.that 

forecast for remainder of national economy, but was below 18% 

annual rate 1965-1969. Passengers carried by U.S. scheduled carriers would reach 522 million in 1981-more than triple 1969 total of 

168 million. Domestic travel would account for 460 million of 1981 

total; international travel, 62 million. Revenue passenger-miles 

flown by U.S. scheduled carriers would grow from 120 billion in 

1969 to 450 billion in 1981. (FAA Release 70-40) 

May 6-7: NASA held Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety 

at MSC to demonstrate to industry NASA-developed technology available to consumers. Rep. Jerry L. Pettis (R-Calif.) said in keynote 

address: “The successful R&D program conducted by NASA in the 

field of nonmetallic fireproof materials has produced a ‘quantum 

jump’ that can greatly affect many major industries and has pro- found life-preserving implications .” (CR, 5/13/70, E4249-51: MSC 

Roundup, 5/22/70,1) 

May 7: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, announced that 

Apollo 14 would be launched no earlier than Dec. 3 toward landing on moon’s Fra Mauro, intended landing site of aborted Apollo 13 

mission. “Our present assessment is that the modifications to the 

oxygen tanks in the Service Module that have already been identified will require several months. . . . We will take whatever time Is 

necessary and not commit to a speeific launch date until the Apollo 13 Review Board completes its work and makes its findings and EeCommendations. ” 

Flight crew for Apollo 14 would be same as originally announced: 

Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (commander), Stuart A. Roosa (CM pilot), and 

Edgar D. Mitchell (LM pilot). (NASA Release 70-67) 

House Committee on Appropriations approved H.R. 17548, FY 1971 

Independent Offices and HUD appropriations bill containing $3.197- 

billion NASA appropriation-$136 million less than $3.333-billion 

NASA budget estimate. Appropriation provided $2.500 billion for 

R&D, $18.3 million for construction of facilities, and $678.7 million 

for research and program management. Report recommended postponement of Apollo 14 mission until 1971 “to give ample time for 

study, report, and correction of the Apollo 13 problems.” Bill also allocated $497 million to NSF-$16 million less than NSF 

budget estimate of $513 million. (House Rpt 91-1060; Subcom on 

Independ Off) 0 George C, Wilson said in Washington Post that “top secret” DOD teport based on photos taken by U.S. Samos satellites indicated 

U.S.S.R. had built fewer SS-9 missile sites in 1969 than in 1965. (W 

Post, 5/7/70, A7) 

161 
May 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

May 6-7: Conference on Materials for Improved Fire Safety, held at MSC. demonstrated 

NASA-developed technology available to industry. Among materials developed to reduce 

spacecraft fire hazards, Fluorel could be sprayed on materials to fireproof them against 

temperatures to 1500 K (2200°F). Fluorel-coated Durette fabric could provide lightweight, durable suits (suits to the right) that would permit firemen to work close to fires. Added 

aluminum layer would reflect heat outward and provide a vapor barrier to protect firemen from steam. Fluorel sprayed on chair (lower left) charred in the direct flame of a torch but 

when the material was scraped off the wood was revealed to be undamaged. 

168 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 8 

May& Aerobee 170 sounding rocket, launched by NASA from WSMR, 

carried MIT payload to 146.2-km (90.9-mi) altitude to obtain precise 

position of two or more x-ray sources. Instruments functioned satisfactorily, but timer on rocket closed shut-off valves at 46 secs. Good 

data were collected from first target, but data from second target 

were not expected to be useful. (NASA R t SRL) 

service. (ComSatCorp PIO; ComSatCorp Release 70-26) 0 Four ground test models of Apollo Telescope Mount manned solar 

observatory were under construction at MSFC Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, MSFC announced. Flight versions-prime spacecraft and backup-would follow. MSFC engineers were modifying laboratory, previously used €or Saturn V assembly and early 

Skylab mockup work, for ATM fabrication role. Changes included 

installation of clean room where air would wash downward over 

unit under construction, installation of airlock 14 m (45 ft) high for 

moving hardware to and from building without contaminating air, 

and installation of. second clean room and automatic checkout 

equipment in Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory area. 

(MSFC Release 70-87) 

DOT announced plans to staff new Transportation Systems Center at 

Cambridge, Mass., with 425 employees beginning July 1, when 

agency would acquire former NASA ERC facility. DOT would retain as 

many ERC staff members as possible. Of 826 persons employed by 

NASA at ERC on Dec. 29, 1969, when ERC closing was announced, 

159 had left and additional 56 had indicated they planned to leave. 

(DOT Release 10070) 0 In Science, Project Tektite I scientific team-Dr. H. Edward Clifton, 

Conrad V. W. Mahnken, John G. Vanderwalker, and Richard A. 

Waller-discussed results of February-April 1969 experiment spon- sored by NASA, USN, Dept. of Interior, and General Electric Co. to 

provide data for behavioral, biomedical, and engineering studies 

and marine sciences program. Between 10% and 20% of waking 

time had been devoted to psychological tests for biomedical studies. 

Minor external ear infections contracted by *all divers was only health problem to affect scientific program. Experiments had demonstrated advantages of underwater habitation and saturation diving 

for biological and geological research: opportunity for continuous 

monitoring of organisms or processes and for more research time in 

water. (Science, 5/8/70,659-63) 

NASA and DOT announced award of,$221000 contract to George Washington Univ. to analyze potential social impacts of future aviation 

technology and new air transportation systems. Analysis would 

support part of Civil Aviation R&D Policy Study being conducted 

jointly by NASA and DOT. (DOT Release 9870) 0 NASA and DOD budget cuts had contributed to dismissal of 60 persons -chiefly chemists, physicists, and physical science technicians-at 

National Bureau of Standards, Science reported. Bureau received 

about one third of its funding from NASA, DOD, and other agencies. 

(Science, 5/8/70,682) 

May 9: Washington Daily News said SEC was completing study to determine if Lockheed Aircraft Corp. officials had sold $1.2 million worth 

of company stock after having confidential information that Lock0 Inrelsar-UIF-7, launched April 22, began P ull-time regular commercial 

169 
May 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

heed contract with USAF to build C-5A cargo aircraft was in financial 

trouble. (Dietsch, W News, 5/9/70) May 10: In second attempt to test validity of Einstein theory of relativity 

[see April 301, JPL astronomer Dr. John D. Anderson and Cal Tech 

astronomer Dr. Duane 0. Muhleman measured radio signal from 

Mariner VIIjust before it passed almost directly behind sun. During 

April 30 attempt, astronomers measured Mariner VI signal. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/10/70; NASA Release 70-62) 0 Dr. Robert Jastrow, Director of NASA’s Institute for Space Studies, 

discussed eventual colonization of outer planets in New York Times 

Magazine: While most Homo sapiens would remain on earth in 

world of future, small percentage-“restless, inquisitive,. innovative, continually seeking out challenges and testing the limits of the 

environment”-would “move out to become a small, hardy population on Mars. Within a few decades of the year 2000, a pioneering band of men-and women-will be living on.Mars. . . . Children will 

be born on Mars. Later, the spacefarers will go beyond Mars and 

beyond the solar system. Some day they will find the earth and its 

debilitating gravitational pull as difficult a place in which to survive 

as today’s land-adapted men find the water out of which the ancestral fishes emerged 300 million years ago. Eventually they will constitute a new species, evolved out of Homo sapiens, but linked to 

the ancestral planet only by sentiment.” (NYT Magazine, 5/10/70, 

30) May It: NASA launched Aerobee 150 sounding rocket from Churchill 

Research Range carrying Univ. of Minnesota payload to study armospheric composition. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 SST program had experienced $76-million cost overrun during past six 

months, Rep. Sidney R. Yates (D-Ill.) said in testimony before Joint 

Economic Committee’s Subcommittee on Economy in Government. Government would have to absorb some $57 million of SST 

cost growth. (Testimony) 0 Kenneth M. Smith, former President and Chief Executive of Windecker Research Inc., was sworn in as FAA Deputy Administrator. 

(FAA PIO) 

May 12: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXLIV into orbit with 326-km 

(202.6-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 87.3-min period, and 

72.0” inclination. Satellite reentered May 20. (GSFCSSR, 5/3 1/70) 0 House passed H.R. 17548, FY 1971 Independent Offices and HUD appropriations bill containing $3.197-billion NASA appropriation. (CR, 

0 NASA selected McDonnell Douglas Corp. and NR Space Division to 

negotiate 1 1-mo, $8-million, fixed-price contracts for parallel definiti’on and preliminary design studies of two-stage reusable space 

shuttle vehicle to transport crew, passengers, and cargo between 

earth and near space. MSFC would manage McDonnell Douglas work 

and MSC would manage NR work. (NASA Release 70-68) 

Russell E. Train, Chairman of President’s Council on Environmental 

Qaality , testified before congressional Joint Economic Committee’s 

Subcommittee on Economy in Government during hearings on SST: 

‘‘Current design of the U.S. supersonic transport and of the [Anglo- Frenchj Concorde leads to a noise field radiated perpendicular to the 

5/12/70, H4219-70) 

170 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 12 

runway, called ‘sideline noise,’ that is substantially greater than that 

of the conventional subsonic jets.” In terms of FAA measures to 

assess annoyance, “SST would be three to four times louder than 

current FAA sideline noise standards and four-to five times louder 

than the [Boeing] 747. In terms of noise pressure, the sideline noise 

level would also be substantially higher than that of subsonic jets 

meeting the FAA requirements.” (Testimony) 0 ComSatCorp had made formal proposal to FAA for satellite system to 

enable FAA and foreign air controllers to maintain radar surveillance 

of commercial aircraft over oceans, Washington Post reported. System would be used exclusively to improve airline communications. 

(Samuelson, W Post, 5/12/70) 

Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird testified before Senate Armed 

Services Committee on strategic balance and arms limitation: “Today, we believe that 64 Moscow ABM launchers are operational. In 

addition, testing for new and/or improved ABM systems continues, while several of the large surveillance radars, that have an important 

early warning and tracking function in the Soviet ABM weapons system, are already deployed. The United States has no operational 

ABM components in place. We have reoriented and slowed down the 

depioyment of the ABM system authorized by Congress in 1967. . . . “We are concerned about the future because of the momentum in 

this Soviet buildup. . . . Advances in Soviet deployments and technology could threaten the survivability of our ICBMS and bombers.” 

(Testimony) May 13: MSC announced selection of Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. to 

receive 18-1110, $1 075 000, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for large 

space station solar-array technology-evaluation program. Program objectives were to conduct technical evaluation of current state of 

the art of solar systems and design analysis and test evaluation of 

components. Work would be conducted under MSC direction. (MSC 

Release 70-48) Sovetsky Voin in Moscow published article on conquering universe, 

by Soviet Academician Boris N. Petrov: “During the next few 

years’ studies of circumterrestrial space, the upper atmosphere and 

earth from space will undoubtedly develop further with the use of 

satellites with automatic instrumentation, periodically launched 

manned spaceships and large orbiting scientific stations operating for long periods and having a replaceable crew, as well as by sounding the atmosphere with geophysical rockets.” (JPRS, 50505,5/13/70, 

53-4) 

AFSC announced participation with MIT’S Lincoln Laboratory in Project Seek Storm to provide basis for design and development of 

improved weather radar system. USAF WC-130 Air Weather Service 

aircraft, using specialized weather instrumentation, were to gather 

flight data for svstem to Provide information on where storms would 

strike and to piovide maps showing where heaviest rainfalls would 

occur. Project was under way at AFSC’S Electronic Systems Div. at 

L. G. Hanscom Field, Mass. (AFSCRelease 122.70) 

May 14: NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. Manke, completed 13th flight from FRC. Two of four rocket 

chambers failed to fire after air launch from B-52 aircraft at 12 800- 

rn (42000-ft) altitude and desired speed (mach 0.95) was not 

171 
May 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

achieved. Some data were obtained at about mach 0.7 and below. 

(NASA Proj Off) 0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, delivered commencement 

address at Univ. of New Brunswick in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada: “. . .the Space Age, being only a decade old, has not 

,yet had time to develop a professional university curricula. Thus, 

we have not been able to hi!e graduates specifically trained in space and astronautical engineering. . . . This parallels the experience 

we had when solid-state electronics replaced vacuum tubes, and we 

had to move ahead by retraining peo le. . . . It was also true at the 

plants without the benefit of professionally trained graduates. The 

message for you here is that all of these programs were successful 

because the primary discipline that universities teach is intellectual 

discipline itself .” (Text) 0 Arcas sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Pacific Missile 

Range carrying GSFC experiment to study ozone in atmosphere. Mission did not meet minimum scientific requirements. (SR list) 0 Chicago Daily News said student antiwar demonstrations at Univ. of 

Illinois in Urbana might have caused DOD to reevaluate decision to 

locate world’s largest computer-Illiac IV-on University campus. 

Sources in Washington, D.C., had said DOD was reevaluating whether to locate computer center in Urbana. Computer, being funded by 

DOD at cost of more than $24 million, would be used two thirds time 

for military work, such as plotting operations of U.S. missile defense systems under enemy attack. During remaining time, computer would be available for academic work by university scientists. Computer had been target of student and faculty protests at Urbana 

since Nov. 15, 1969, when university newspaper revealed it would 

be built on campus. (CDaily News, 5/14/70,5) 

May 15: Saturn V and Saturn IB launches scheduled for 1972-1973 Sky- lab pro ram would be launched from KSC Launch Complex 39 into take advantage of Launch Complex 39’s modern facilities, including Vehicle Assembly Building; to saye money by consolidating 

manpower and spacecraft support and checkout equipment; and to 

reduce transportation costs. Launch Complex 34, part of AFETR 

shared by NASA and DOD, had been operating since 1961 and would 

require extensive updating and repair for use in Skylab program. 

(NASA Release 70-70) 

Anal sis of photo of Phobos, largest of two Martian moons, taken 

13t!OOO km (86 000 mi) from Mars by Mariner VII was discussed in 

Science by New Mexico State Univ. astronomer and Mariner proect scientist Bradford A. Smith. JPL photo-enhancement techniques 

il ad indicated Phobos was nonspherical and was larger and had darker surface than previously thought. Satellite’s limb profile measured 18 by 22 km (I l .2 by 13.7 mi) and was elongated along orbital 

plane. Phobos had average visual geometric albedo of 0.065, lower 

than that known for any other body in solar system. It seemed probable Phobos had not formed by accretion around rimordial Mars, 

but was captured at some later time. (Science, 5/15b0,828-30; NASA 

Release 70-66) 

FAA was increasing required separation between jumbo jets and smallstart of the nuclear age, when we ha c! .to develop new nuclear power 

stead o f Launch Complex 34, NASA announced. Change was made 

172 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 15 

er aircraft on landing and tak m 4.8 km (3 mi) to 8 km (5 mi) as 

result of February tests w F F-104 and C-SA. Tests had 

shown severe effects of wake turbulence caused by larger aircraft 

on trailing smaller aircraft. However, earlier requirement that aircraft following Boeing 747 stay 16 km (10 mi) behind and 600 m 

(2000 ft) below 747 had been found unnecessary. FAA had since reverted to normal enroute requirement of 8-km (5-mi) and 309-m 

(1000-ft) separation for all aircraft, including 747. ( WSJ, 5/15/70) 

AFSC announced M/G James T. Stewart, AFSC Deputy Chief of Staff for 

Systems, had been nominated by President Nixon for promotion to 

grade of lieutenant general. He would assume new duties as Commander of Aeronautical Systems Div. at Wright-Patterson AFB, 

Ohio, replacing M/G Lee V. Gossick, who would assume Gen. Stewart’s current post, (AFSC Release 147.70) 0 Charles Scribner’s Sons published first two volumes of 13-volume 

Dictionary of Scientific Biography, first comprehensive biographical reference work covering science exclusively. Project was under 

auspices of American Council of Learned Societies and had NSF 

financial support. (Whitman, NYT, 7/11 /70; Charles Scribner’s 

Sons) May 16: Shrinking profits and widespread attacks on military programs 

were making 1970s “age of uncertainty” for U.S. defense industry, 

Max Lehrer, Vice President of RCA Defense Electronics Products 

Div., said in speech before Philadelphia Chapter of Federal Government Accountants Assn. Logistic Management Institute study had 

shown tax profits for defense firms had dropped from 5.1% average in 1959 to 3.9% in 1968, while profits for comparable nondefense companies over same period rose from 8.9% to 9.4%. (Text) 

May 17: Serf I1 (Space Electric Rocket Test), launched Feb. 3, had 

reached halfway point of six-month endurance test in space with ion 

engine operating satisfactorily for more than 2000 hrs, NASA announced. Experiment to determine whether electric rocket operation would interfere with radio communications between space- craft, electric propulsion system, and nearby space indicated there 

would be no problem. Experiment to measure effects of ion thruster 

efflux on silicon-cell solar array showed solar cells were being adversely affected. As ions were emitted through molybdenum grid, 

small particles of grid broke off (sputtered) and were deposited on 

nearby surfaces, reducing ability of test patches to convert solar 

energy into electric power. Controllers had turned off electric bombardment engine for several hours March 7 to avoid damage during solar eclipse ,when Serf II 

intersected eclipse path on two orbits with sharp loss in electric 

power from solar tells. After engine was restarted it continued to 

function satisfactorily. Only problem had been Feb. 7 failure of 

miniature electrostatic accelerometer, one of four methods of 

measuring engine’s thrust. (NASA Release 70-69) 

May 18: NASA announced appointment of Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, Apollo 12-commander, as NASA De uty Associate Administrator for 

tive July 1. He would succeed Charles W. Harper. Harper had been 

appointed Special Assistant to the Director for Interagency Affairs 

at ARC, NASA announced June 25. 

Aeronautics, Office of Advanced Ip esearch and Technology, effec173 
May 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Armstrong had served as Naval aviator 1949-1952 and after 1955 

as aeronautical research pilot for NACA and NASA. Flight testing included piloting X-15 and X-1 rocket aircraft, F-100, F-101, F-102, F104, F-5D, and B-47. He became NASA astronaut in 1962, was command pilot for Gemini VI11 mission’s first space docking of two vehicles March 16, 1966, and was first man to step onto moon July 20, 

1969. 

Harper had left ARC in 1964 to become NASA Director of Aeronautical Research and had been appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics in 1967. He had first joined ARC staff in 

Mutual assistance agreement between Army Missile Command and 

MSFC was signed in Huntsville by M/G Edwin I. Donley, Command- ing General of Missile Command, and Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, 

MSFC Director. Agreement on operational and support relationships included provision of facjlities, services, materials, and e uipment 

to carry out reqective missions of the two organizations. &arshall 

Star, 5/20/70, 1) 

DOT economic 

analysis of SST had predicted market for 420 aircraft rather than 500 

required for Government to recoup its investment plus four percent 

interest. Reuss quoted from summary of DOT report: “If the government has as its primary objective recovery of past SST program 

expenditures ($633.4 million by the end of FY 1969) as well as future 

investment, the principal would be recovered plus a small return on 

investment. The profits to industry in excess of the normal industry 

return are not sufficient to cover the federal sunk costs plus future 

planned federal expenditures at either the interest rate specified in 

the present contract or recommended by the Bureau of the Budget.” (CR, 5/18/70, H4480-2) 

L/G John W. O’Neill, AFSC Vice Commander, delivered keynote address at AFSC Air Force Materials Symposium in Miami Beach, 

Fla.: USAF was finding it “essential to push harder against the material and structural limits” of knowledge than at any time in its history. “We are forced to look over and beyond the horizon for new 

materials; new combinations; new structural concepts; and new 

methods of fabricating, testing, inspecting-and predicting.” New 

aircraft had to “fly higher and faster than ever before-. in some cases at the fringes of space-and still be large enough to carry an 

effective combat payload over extended ranges.’’ Missiles had to 

“do incredible things under even worse cocditions, with the added 

proviso that no humans will be aboard to make in-flight corrections. . . With our spacecraft. . .we simply combine the harshest 

requirements imposed on both aircraft and missiles. And the difficulties will be compounded as the Air Force and NASA jointly develop reusable boosters, shuttles and tugs for the space transportation 

system.” (Text) @ “Ailing aerospace industry” was described by Leroy F. Aarons in 

Washington Post: Since early 1968, aerospace employment in California had dropped from high of 616 000 to 525 000 in March 1969. 

“Roughly 30 percent of these were professional and technical per- sonnel.’’ North American Rockwell Corp. had accounted for “nearly a third of the layoffs.’’ Since December 1969, NR had cut Los 

1941. (NASA Releases 70-72,70-105) 

* Rep. Henry S. Reuss (D-Wis.) told House that 

174 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 18 

Angeles Div. to “skeleton force of 4660, half of whom took pay 

cuts.” Spokesman for State Unemployment Office in Van Nuys, Calif., had said desperation had driGen out-of-work professionals into variety of positions at pay cuts of 50% to 60%. Aerospace engineering association official had explained that base technology had 

been developed. “We don’t need propulsion groups of thousands of 

people to figure out how to make a missile fly any lon er. Maybe we 

need 100 to come up with amodification.” (W Post, 5h8/70, Al) 

May 18-20: At annual convention of AviationlSpace Writers Assn. in 

Las Vegas, Nev., LIG James H. Doolittle (USAF, Ret.)-pioneer of 

instrumented flight, holder of aircraft flight records, and winner of 

four major aviation trophies-received FAA’s Extraordinary Service 

Award. Gen. Doolittle was cited for “distinguished contributions to 

virtually every segment of American aviation .” 

Daniel 2. Henkin, Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), disclosed in speech the existence of second “Chinese object” orbiting earth about 3200 km (2000 mi) ahead of active satellite 

launched by Communist Chinese April 24. He said DOD believed 

“that this is part of the final stage of the missile which orbited the 

satellite.” Significance of launch was “that the Communist Chinese 

have the capability to put in orbit a considerable payload,” which 

confirmed technological progress; “prudence requires that we continue to credit them with a near term capability to fire their first 

ICBM.” (FAA Release 70-48; Text) 

May 19: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, commented on May 7 action of House in reducing by $136 million NASA FY 1971 budget 

request, during appropriations hearing before Senate Committee on 

Appropriations’ Subcommittee on Independent Offices: “I cannot 

state specifically now what actions NASA would have to take to meet 

a reduction of this amount, but coming on top of the actions already 

taken to accommodate to the $3.333 billion budget request.. .the 

effect would surely be a major blow to this nation’s efforts to carry 

out a balanced space program, hold our teams together, and move 

out, however slowly, toward the goals of the future. We would have 

to reexamine again all aspects of the program and decide what further delays, terminations, and retrenchments have to be made.” 

In R&D, NASA would have to forego all but two of 11 construction 

projects needed to satisfy requirements of approved projects, reduce hazards, or improve basic operational efficiency in key activities. In research and program management, cut would require reduction-in-force of at least 1300 NASA civil service employees in 

addition to reduction planned in FY 1971 budget. “Based on past experience, a reduction-in-force. . .has an impact on three to five 

employees for every employee reduced. This means that 20 percent 

of the NASA work force would be disrupted, and our already hard-hit plant communities further depressed.” (Testimony) 

May 20: USAF launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg AFB 

by Thor-Agena booster. One entered orbit with 236.6-km (1474) 

apogee, 178.6-km (1 1 l-mi) perigee, 88.6-min period, and 83” inclination and reentered June 17. Second entered orbit with 503.7-km 

(313-mi) apogee, 489.2-km (304-mi) perigee, 94.5-min period, and 

83.1” inclination. (Pres Rpt 71; GSFC SSR, 5/31/70; 6/30/70) 

175 
May 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXLV into orbit with 257-km (159.7- 

mi) apogee, 187-km (116.2-mi) perigee, 88.9-min period, and 51.7” 

inclination. Satellite reentered May 28. (GSFC SSR, 5/3 1/70) 

MIT announced it was divesting itself of Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. Institute would retain Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, 

Mass., which performed $65-milhon, annual, long-range DOD research. Decision culminated year-long debate over appropriateness of academic institution’s sponsoring weapons research. Laboratory 

would convert to private corporation. ( WPost, 5/21/70) 0 Univ. of Chicago scientist Dr. Albert V. Crewe announced his team of 

scientists had obtained images of individual atoms within organic 

compounds in verifiable manner for first time. Images, made with 

microscqpe having 35 000-volt scanning electron beam, showed geometric structure of compounds. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/21/70, 16) 

Pravda editorial had charged Communist China’s first satellite was 

part of warlike anti-Soviet program, UPI reported. Pravda said 

Communist China was building “military psychosis’’ and splitting world Communist movement. (Knoxville News-Sentinel, 5/20/70) 

AP quoted Soviet geophysicist Sergey Timofeyev as saying Europe 

had entered period of colder summers and winters because moon 

was closer to earth than usual. Situation created “atmosphere tide” 

that disturbed normal movements of warm and cool air. (NYT, 5/20/ 

70) May 20-29: Thirteenth annual meeting of Committee on Space Research 

(COSPAR) of International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) was 

held in Leningrad. Soviet Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin sent message: “International coo eration in space exploration and in the use 

ment of mutual understanding and trust among the peoples.” There 

was “growing cooperation on an international scale in space research” and. “further progress in this field can open up still greater prospects for mankind.” 

Among 32 NASA officials and scientists attending meeting were 

Dr. George M. Low, Deputy Administrator; Gerald M. Truszynski, 

Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition; and Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong. 

Arm strong received tumultuous welcome from predominantly Russian audience, AP reported. During question-and-answer period 

before his report, Armstrong said that when he viewed earth from 

moon, “I thought it was impossible that a little island like that in the 

sky could have so many problems on it.” He had found it “more 

pleasant on the moon than on earth as far as gravity is concerned.” 

In report on experiences on moon, Armstrong said, “Since the sky is black the impression is somewhat like being on a sandy athletic 

field at night that is very well illuminated with flood lights.’’ Further 

improvement in mobility of pressure garments would improve ability of astronauts to carry out lunar experiments. At later session when Armstrong attended as observer, guards had difficulty restraining cheers of audience, which included 800 Soviet delegates and 420 representatives of 30 countries. AP said it was “dramatic 

and unusual” tribute to foreign visitors in U.S.S.R. 

Dr. Leonard D. Jaffe, JPL scientist, reported to COSPAR meeting 

on study and comparison of 60 Surveyor photos taken in April 1967 

of outer space for peace P ul purposes must be based on the develop176 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970. May 20-29 

and 20 Apollo 12photos that showed moon’s extreme stillness. Photos indicated only one small pebble had moved during 31 mos at 

Surveyor III site. Rate of meteoroid impact or surface movement 

was low in area of Ocean of Storms where Apollo 12and Surveyor IIIhad landed. Camera and several portions of Surveyor spacecraft had coating of fine dust stirred from lunar surface as Apollo 12 LM 

descended nearby. Only other change observed in Surveyor was 

that its white paint had turned to tan, “partly due to deposition of 

material on the spacecraft.’’ 

NAS-NRC submitted United States Space Science Program, comprehensive summary of scientific research in space science in U.S. 

during 1969: “Popular interest in the space program, which reached 

a high oint with the first successful lunar landing, has diminished 

resulted in reduced financial su port for space research and technolmore limited this year and next. It is our intention, despite these limitations, to try to maintain a reasonably balanced program, with continuing effort in all areas of space research in which we are currently 

engaged and to support mutually advantageous international coop- eration in space research wherever possible.” (Text) 

Soviet academician Anatoly A. Blagonravov told meeting U.S.S.R. would launch two French SRET earth resources satellites 

as part of 1966 French-Soviet agreement on scientific cooperation,. 

French ROSEAU (Radio Observation par Satellite Excentrique a 

Automatisme Unique) program, with multisatellite payload to be 

launched in 1971-1972, had been postponed because of budgetary 

restrictions and SRET (Satellite de Recherches et d’Environment 

Technique) had been retained. Joint French-Soviet space program also included plans for emplacement of French laser reflector on 

lunar surface by Soviet Luna spacecraft; STERO, launching of 

French experiments for measurement of solar radio emission; and 

ARCADE, study of solar energy particles with French and Soviet 

equipment on board Soviet s acecraft. (NASA Release 70-73: UPI. 

NYT, 5/24/70; Reuters, NY &t?ws, 5/24/70; AP, NYT, 5/26/70, 31; 

Reuters, B Sun, 5/26/70; AP, W Star, 5/27/70, All; SBD, 5/27/70, 

125; JPL, Release 554) 

May 21: Operation of electron-bombardment thruster on board NASA’s 

Sert II satellite (launched Feb. 3) was interrupted when excessive 

arcing triggered automatic shutdown. LeRC controllers returned engine to full thrust within 11 hrs. (NASA Release 70-79) A ollo 12 Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., said in Memphis, 

fenn., that U.S. could probably explore Mars or other planets in 13 

to 15 yrs but “it will be terribly expensive.” Following speech at 

annual Navy League convention, he told press: “I don’t believe we 

will ever see one nation do it. I look for a multiple-nation group. . . . Some have as good or better technology and such a combination 

would not impose abnormal costs on any one.” (AP, Knoxville 

News-Sentinel, 5/22/70) 

NASA announced award of $l-million contract to TRW Inc. for initial 

desip of subsatellite to be placed in lunar orbit on Apollo 16 and 18 

missions. Satellite would operate for year, providing information on 

somew rl at. Furthermore, a reassessment of national priorities has 

ogy during the past year, an a the support will probably be even 

177 
May 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

charged particles and earth’s magnetic field in lunar vicinity. (MSC 

Release 70-56) 0 President Nixon signed into law H.R. 14465, to provide for expansion and improvement of U.S. airport and airways s stem and for imposition of airport and airway user charges.(PD, 5i5/70,680) 0 DOT issued statement defending SST: There was “little or no substance 

to the claims of SST critics that harm will result from the plane’s 

development, [and] there are some very real threats to the national 

interest if it is not put into production on schedule.” Planned SST 

flight rules would confine aircraft’s noise to airfield. There was “no 

scientific support” for allegation that supersonic flights at 18 300 m 

(60 000 ft) would pollute upper atmosphere and change world’s 

weather. Overpass of SST at supersonic speeds would not disrupt earth’s natural environment. 

Without SST program, “United States would surely lose its world 

leadership as an aircraft supplier.” Loss of SST sales, “combined 

with the increased purchase by U.S. airlines of foreign-built super- sonics, is estimated to result in an unfavorable swing of some $16 

billion in balance of payments through 1990.” Halt or slowdown in 

SST program “would be equally serious to the domestic economy.” 

(Text) 

May 22: NASA’s M2-F3 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot William H. Dana, successfully completed captive flight from FRC to 

verify compatibility of B-52 aircraft, adapter, and vehicle; check out 

systems; and verify check list. (NASA Proj Off) 

LRL scientist Frederick J. Mitchell reported microorganism-Streptococcus mitis-thought to have been accidentally deposited in Surveyor I11 camera before April 17, 1967, lunar launch had been recovered from inside camera after it was returned to earth by Apollo 12 crew in November 1969. Streptococcus mitis was common 

respiratory organism and had produced no disease on animal innoculation. Mitchell said microorganism was probably deposited on 

camera when camera’s shroud was removed for repairs and then replaced. Procedures and high vacuum of space were thought to 

have been responsible for preservation of organism in lyophilized 

(freeze-dried) state during launch, 3-day moon journey, and 950-day 

stay in hostile lunar environment. Organism had been found after 

laboratory testing of camera parts at MSC. Investigators had predicted possibility of organisms surviving under such circumstances. 

(NASA Release 70-76) 0 NASA announced it had installed remote terminal for high-speed computer service in offices of House Committee on Science and Astronautics. RECON (remote console) system-linked to computer at 

NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility in College Park, 

Md.-would permit Committee members to make literature search 

of NASA’s worldwide collection of scientific and technical documents. Pilot project initiated by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Committee Chairman, would evaluate equipment over several months. Miller said it 

was first time agency of Executive Branch had been tied directly by 

computer to a committee of Congress. (NASA Releases 70-75, 68- 

118) 

178 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 22 

0 MSFC announced selection of Grumman Aerospace Corp. and TRW 

Systems Grou for negotiation of $250 OOO fixed-price contracts for 

(22 OOO-lb) High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO), schCduled 

for launch in 1972. 

MSFC also announced award of three contracts for continuation of 

nuclear shuttle definition studies: $343 000 to McDonnell Douglas 

Astronautics Co. for completely modular concept with earth-to-orbit shuttle to transport modules for in-space assembly; $245 000 to 

NR Space Div. for nuclear stage with 10-m (33-ft) diameter to be 

orbited by Saturn V and refueled by earth-to-orbit shuttle; and 

$282000 to Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. for both types. (MSFC 

Releases 70-97,70-98) 0 Selection of Boeing Co. for final negotiation of $4.Emillion contract 

to modify de Havilland CV-7A Buffalo aircraft so that it could demonstrate augmentor wing, jet-flap concept, was announced by NASA. 

(NASA Release 70-77) 0 Lightning and new-generation aircraft were discussed in Science by Rice Univ. space scientist A. A. Few: “It has been estimated that 

there are approximately 500 lightning strikes per year to commercial 

jet airplanes operating in the United States alone. Most. . .are trig- gered by the aircraft, as was very true of the lightning flashes that 

occurred during the launch of Apollo 12. Because of the larger size 

of the new-generation aircraft. . .this lightning hazard will increase. If the new aircraft are permitted to fly under the same meteorological conditions that are considered allowable for present aircraft, the probability of the aircraft’s being hit by lightning will be 

considerably increased.” New aircraft would not be as safe as conventional aircraft in lightning strikes “because of their extensive use 

of more sophisticated hardware, which is more susceptible to damage from lightning.” (Science, 5/22/70, 101 1-2) ’ 

0 William MI Magruder, Director of DOT’S Supersonic Transport Program, told Washington, D.C., press conference that he was satisfied 

with SST design, which would produce aircraft profitable for airline 

operators and Nation. With sale of 500 SSTS, U.S. Government 

would recover entire cost of its share of development propam. 

Magruder produced letter from NASC Executive Secretary William 

A. Anders saying SST production was sound. (AP, W Star, 5/23/70, 

A21 

May 23: President Nixon issued statement on U.S. oceans policy: 

“I am today proposing that all nations adopt as soon as possible a 

treaty under which they would renounce all national claims over the 

natural resources of the seabed beyond the point where the high 

seas reach a depth of 200 meters [650 ft] and would agree to regard 

these resources as the common heritage of mankind. The treaty should establish an international regime for the exploitation of 

seabed resources beyond this limit. The regime should include the 

collection of substantial mineral royalties to be used for international community purposes, particularly economic assistance to the 

developing countries. The regime should also establish general rules 

to prevent unreasonable interference with other uses of the ocean, 

to protect’the ocean from pollution, to assure the integrity of the 

one-month de 1 nition and preliminary design studies of 10 000-kg 

179 
May 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

investment necessary for such exploitation, and to provide for 

peaceful and compulsory settlement of disputes.” (PD, 5/23/70, 

May 24: Radio interference experiment on board NASA’s Serf I1 

satellite (launched Feb. 3) stopped operating. Experiment had sup- plied more than three months of useful data and indicated oDeration 

677-8) 

Gf electric engine in space was unlikely to interfere with radio communications between ground and spacecraft at jignal. strengths measured. Halt would not affect mission’s primary objective, operation of ion engine in space for six months. (NASA Release 70-79) 

FRC announced NASA had assumed operational control of one of two 

YF-12 aircraft being flown in joint NASA-USAF program to obtain 

information from sustained cruise flight at mach 3 and altitudes in 

23000-m (75000-ft) range for use in development and operation 

of commercial and military supersonic aircraft and proposed space 

shuttle. Two NASA flight crews, each consisting of pilot and flight 

test engineer, had been assigned to program. Pilots, Fitzhugh L. 

Fulton, Jr., and Donald L. Mallick, were former XB-70 pilots for 

NASA. (FRC Release 9/10) 

JPL engineers had completed preliminary design for model of long-life 

unmanned space vehicle for exploring outer planets in late 1970s, 

New York Times reported after interviewing Dr. Frank E. Goddard, 

JPL Assistant Director for Research and Advanced Development. Spacecraft would have dish antenna 4 m (14 ft) wide and 9-m (30-ft) 

handle bar with instrument packages and nuclear power generators 

at either end. Antenna would be mounted on area housing computer 

designed to operate spacecraft, detect its own failures automatically, and repair itself. Dr. Goddard had said that flight model might differ in minor ways, “but what we’re doing should point the ways it 

should be different.” Called TOPS for Thermoelectric Outer Planet 

Spacecraft, craft was designed to draw electricity from four radioisotope thermoelectric generators. (Wilford, NYT, 5/24/70) 

Technical progress made through space program was described by Dale D. Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, in commencement address at Whitworth College in Spokane, Washington: Chrysler Corp. was using computer-controlled equipment derived from Apollo checkout equipment to test distributors in 

its automobile ignition systems. U.S. Bureau of Public Roads had 

found automotive safety device that originated in Apollo spacecraft 

couches was trimming 97-km-per-hr (60-mph) impact to equivalent of 8 km per hr (5 mph) when used in conjunction with special highway guardrails. Nationwide insurance company had announced collision premium reductions of 20% for cars equipped with device. 

(Text) 

May 25: ’ Dedication ceremonies were held at Goddard Park in Auburn, Mass., memorial built by Auburn Rotary Club to honor late 

rocket pioneer Dr. Robert H. Goddard. Park contained replica of 

first liquid-fuel rocket invented by Dr. Goddard and Polaris rocket 

donated by USN. (CR, 6/3/70, E5170) 

House adopted H.J.R. 11 17, to establish Joint Committee on the Environment and Technology. (CR, 5/25/70, H4774-95) 

May 26: Discovery among Apollo 22 lunar samples of 4.6-billion-yr- old radioactive rock from moon’s Ocean of Storms was announced 

180 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 26 

simultaneously by Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of MSC Lunar and Earth 

Sciences Div., at MSC press conference and by Gal Tech scientist 

Dr. Gerald J. Wasserburg at COSPAR meeting in Leningrad. Rockoldest lunar material discovered to date-was first solid evidence 

that solar s stem was 4.6 billion yrs old. Rock was chemically unique and K ad highest concentration of radioactive elements yet 

observed in lunar samples. MSC analysts said 85-g (3-oz) rdck, size 

of lemon, had 20 times as much uranium, thorium, and potassium as 

any other Apollo 11 or Apollo 12 rock. (NASA Release 70-80; Wilford, NYT, 5/27/70,1) 0 Astronaut Donn F. Eisele would leave MSC in midJune to become 

Technical Assistant (Manned Flight) in LIRC’S Space Systems Research Div., NASA announced. Eisele had been astronaut since October 1963 and was CM pilot on Apollo 7 mission Oct. 16-22, 1968. 

,(NASA Release 70-81) 0 MSFC Advanced Systems Analysis Office was investigating possible uses of space tug, multipurpose vehicle to be developed simultaneously with larger space shuttle, MSFC announced. Only space yehicle that would work with and connect all existing and future vehicles 

and systems, tug would first be used as link between space shuttle 

and space station to taxi cargo and passengers in earth orbit. Both 

MSFC and MSC were working to develop space tug plans. (MSFC Release 70-102) 0 MSFC announced selection of McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. 

and TRW Inc. for final negotiations leading to four contracts (two per 

company) totaling $1.2 million for space shuttle auxiliary propulsion 

system definition. (MSFC Release 70-103) * Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by, NASA from Woomera 

Rocket Range, Australia, carrjed MSC FxperimentJo study uv spectra. Mission did not meet minimum scientific requirements. (SR fist) 0 DOD Deputy Secretary for Public Affairs Jerry W. Friedheim said in 

Washington, D.C., that deployment of Minuteman I11 missiles had 

begun in North Dakota on April 18 but their MIRVS would not be installed until June. (Roberts, W Post, 5/27/70,3) 0 In speech before Young Communist League in Moscow, Cosmonaut 

Aleksey Yeliseyev said: “Every country follows its own pgth in 

space exploration. The main trend in Soviet space research is the 

construction of orbital stations that can make long flights. The United States in recent years concentrated its efforts on putting a man on 

the moon. In the future th.=se paths will merge into a wide road of 

mankind far into space.” (UPI, NY News, 5/27/70, 34; UPI NYT, 

513 1/70) 

May 26-27: Critical desi n review of lunar roving vehicle’s mobility 

Santa Barbara, Calif. Meeting and second LRV meeting scheduled 

for June 8 at MSFC were preliminaries to final LRV critical design review scheduled for June 16-17 at MSFC. (Marshall Star, 5/27/70, 1) 

May 27: Special detanking procedure applied to Apollo 13 SM No. 2 

oxygen tank before launch “probably resulted in major damage to 

the wiring insulation in the tank,” Edgar M. Cortright, Apollo 13 

Review Board Chairman, said in Status Report. It appeared that two 

thermal switches designed to protect tank’s heaters from overheatsystem was held at A E Electronics Defense Research Laboratory in 

181 
May 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ing might have failed. Tests had shown heater tube could have 

reached 800 K (1000°F) and that temperature would seriously damage insubtion around heater wires. Cortright said damage could 

have resulted in arcing short circuits that were believed to have initiated combustion of insulation inside tank during flight. Burning, in 

turn, raised pressure of supercritical oxygen and caused tank to rupture. (Status Rpt No 14) 0 One-tenth-size model of MSC 12.5K Space Orbiter Shuttlecraft was 

air-dropped from CH-54 helicopter at low speed from 2400-m (8000- 

ft) altitude at WSMR in series of tests to demonstrate vehicle’s transition from high angle of attack reentry to level cruise attitude and 

May 27: Space Orbiter Shuttlecraft model was air-dropped from helicopter at White 

Sands Missile Range to demonstrate transition from a high angle of attack reentry to cruise 

attitude and stability in stall conditions. For the tests, the nose was made of crushable 

material to attenuate landing shock; the wings were replaceable. 

182 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 21 

stability of vehicle in stall conditions and to obtain free-flight data to 

assist in aerodynamic analytical transition prediction techniques. 

Test vehicle was 4 m (13 ft) long with fuselage 1/2-m (2 ft) in diameter, weighed 270 kg (600 Ibs), and had 2 112-m (8-ft) wing span. Test 

was adjudged “limited success” because vehicle’s entry angle was 

too steep. (MSC Release 70-53; c Trib, 5/28/70; NASA Proj off) 0 House, by voice vote, assed H.R. 17755, $7.052-billion FY 1971 DOT 

which would have deleted $290 million for SST. (CR, 5/27/70, H4870- 

0 Four-engine USAF RB-57F jet aircraft assigned t,o NASA Science and 

Applications Directorate at MSC had conducted surveys at 16-km (10- 

mi) altitude for U.S. Geological Survey over 26 cities, NASA announced. Purpose was to gather standardized data on urban areas 

and to correlate land usage with statirstical data gathered during 1970 

U.S. Census. (NASA Release 70-74) 0 Financial predicament of Lockheed Aircraft Corp. was described by 

Deputy Secretary of Defense David M. Packard in testimony before 

Senate Armed Services Committee: Cash flow analysis had determined Lockheed could pay cost of work it would be doing through 1970. “One uncertainty during the short term is whether the banks 

will honor their $400 million commitment. . . .” Lockheed was so 

badly overextended that it had “essentially no reserve financial resources available.” Most desirable course was for Lockheed “to 

seek additional financial strength through commercial channels. The 

alternatives available would include a merger with a strong partner, substantial additional underwriting of their financial requirements 

by commercial banks or investment bankers.” Packard said Lockheed was exploring alternatives. (Testimony) 0 MSC announced award to North American Rockwell Corp. Space Div. 

of $250 000 contract for lunar orbit station study to define configura- tion, refine functions of station, detail feasible scientific investiga- tions, and develop rescue capabilities. Station would operate in 

zero gravity but would be modifiable to artificial-gravity environment. (MSC Release 70-60) 

May 28: In letter to Rep. Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.), Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, NASA Administrator, replied to inquiries on design, cost, and 

operation of space shuttle: “NASA and DOD have been working for 

more than three years on the preliminary analysis of alternate ap- proaches and concepts, and on the research and technology effort needed to determine whether it is appropriate to develop reusable 

vehicles that will substantially reduce the cost of operating in space. 

We have concluded that this is an achievable objective. We are convinced that availablility of these vehicles will lead to significant 

changes in our concepts of operation in space environment as well 

as reductions in costs. Accordingly, we selected contractors on May 

12 to proceed into the second or definitive phase of detailed study, comparative analysis, and preliminary design directed toward facilitating the choice of a single program approach , . . *. We will decide 

at the conclusion of this phase whether it is appropriate to settle on a 

single design or continue competitive approaches.” (CR, 6/23/70, 

appropriations bill, a P ter rejecting by vote of 176 to 162 amendment 

6; 5/28/70, H4877-902) 

E.5878-80) ’ 

183 
May 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 Dr. Eli L. Whitely, President of U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor 

Society, presented NASA with plaque honoring agency for “making 

America first in space.” Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, 

accepted plaque on behalf of NASA and other organizations that had 

contributed to space program. (NASA Release 70-87; Citation) 

Apollo launch operations contractors at KSC were reducing work 

forces from 17 500 to between 16 500 and 17 000 by July 1, NASA 

announced. NASA and contractors would continue to review future 

manpower requirements and final determination on civilian work 

force would be made by Sept. 1. Factors influencing final determination included consolidation of manned launch operations at Launch 

Complex 39; changes in 1970, 1971, and 1972 Apollo and Skylab 

schedules; and internal cost-reduction effort of Government and 

contractors. Apollo 13 Review Board results might also affect 

planned work schedule. (NASA Release 70-84) 0 African nation of Senegal became 76th member of INTELSAT. (CornSatCorp PIO; SBD, 6/1/70, 147) 0 DOD issued broad policy directive that placed greater emphasis on 

conceptual and development stages of new weapon systems and 

suggested greater flexibility in negotiating ultimate contract prices 

and weapon requirements. (Text) * New York Times editorial commented on 4.6-billion-yr-old rock 

brought from moon by Apollo 12: “Rock 13’s appearance at this 

moment in history is more than a major scientific coup for the Apol- lo program. The recovery of this staggeringly ancient rock strengthens the argument of those who have pressed for extensive exploration of the lunar surface on the ground that the moon will provide the clues needed to understand the origin and development of the 

solar system. Thus rock 13 fortifies the scientific case for going ahead with additional Apollo flights despite the dangers which were 

made so vivid by the hazardous journey of Apollo 13.” (NYT, 5/28/ 

70) Rep. Gillespie V. Montgomery (D-Miss.) entered in Congressional Record article from Oct. 23, 1936, Meridian (Miss.) Star which described unsuccessful efforts of R. G. V. Mytton of Meridian to fly with aid of wing-like machine in 1900. (CR, 5/28/70, E4748) 

May 29: NAS released Infectious Disease in Manned Spaceflight: Probabilities and Countermeasures. Report of NAS-NRC Space Science 

Board recommended biological precautions taken after lunar flights be taken before flights as well. Preflight quarantine period should be 

instituted to permit acute disease to express itself, prevent contact and infection of astronauts by general population, and permit crosscontact of flora and exchange of microorganisms among spacecraft 

crew. During last two weeks before launch, astronauts’ contacts 

should be limited to essential technical crew held under same isolation regulations. 

Report called for extensive and periodic screening of astronauts 

by immunological tests and “microbiological surveillance” of astronauts’ families and close associates before and after missions. Astronauts with even minor respiratory infections should be barred 

from mission because they might “result in greatly accelerated clinical responses under space-cabin conditions if transmitted to other 

astronauts.” (Text) 

184 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 May 29 

Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Woomera 

Rocket Range, Australia, carrying Univ. of Wisconsin experiment 

to conduct x-ray studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 India had successfully completed five flight tests in Rohini multistage- rocket development program at TERLS, including one test of booster 

to be used for Dart payload, Space Business Daily reported. India 

had reportedly completed feasibility study of design and development of carrier rocket that could launch 30-kg (66-lb) satellite into 

near polar orbit and planned to launch first satellite by 1973. (SBD, 5/29/70, 143) 0 President Nixon in San Clemente, Calif., announced intention to nominate Dr. T. Keith Glennan, former NASA Administrator, to be U.S. 

Representative to International Atomic Energy Agency with rank of 

Ambassador. Dr. Glennan would replace Henry DeWolf Smyth, who had resigned. Dr. Glennan had served as member of Atomic 

Energy Commission from 1950 to 1952. Nomination was submitted 

to Senate June 1. (PD, 6/1/70,703; 6/8/70,734) 0 Bell Telephone Laboratories had indicated it would give up missile 

contracting and shift some of 16 000 employees working on ABM into 

civilian areas, Science said. Company spokesman had said rising 

protests against defense contractors had played minor role in decision. (Science, 5/29/70, 1076) 

May 30: AAAS Board of Directors selected William Bevan, Jr., Vice 

President and Provost of Johns Hopkins Univ., to become AAAS 

executive officer Oct. 1. He would succeed Dael Wolfle, who would 

retire June 30 to become professor of public affairs at Univ. of 

Washington in Seattle. During interim, Science editor Dr. Philip H. 

Abelson (named to become President of Carnegie Institution of 

Washington at end of June) would serve as acting AAAS executive 

officer. (Science, 6/26/70, 1555) 

May 30-32: Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong visited U.S.S.R. 

space center near Novosibirsk, Siberia, with Cosmonauts Georgy T. 

Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov following May 20-29 coSPAR Conference in Leningrad. He flew from Siberia to Moscow. 

(UPI, W Star, 6/1/70, Al) 

During May: In Astronautics and Aeronautics, JPL scientists William 

G. Breckenridge and Thomas C. Duxbury discussed applications of 

spacecraft- based navigation data for outer-planet missions and described processing of spacecraft-based science and en ineering data 

from 1969 Mariner Mars missions. They concluded: “8tringent navigation requirements for proposed outer-planet missions make even 

the projected ability of a solely Earthbased system marginal, and so 

have emphasized the need for an onboard system.” (A&A, 5/70,44- 

9) 

JPL Lab-Oratory reproduced crystallotype print from daguerrotype of 

moon made by John A. Whipple in 1851. Accompanying article included description by Whipple of difficulties in obtaining photo. 

Whipple account and daguerrotype had first appeared in July 1853 

issue of Photographic Art-Journal. Daguerrotype was “one of the 

oldest close-ups of the Moon on record,” JPL said. (Lab-Oratory, 5\70, cover, 3) 

185 
During May ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

~AVCO Svstems Div. engineer M. Mitrovich reyiewed in Journal of Aircraft efforts at man-powered flight culminating in Nov. 9, 1961,64-m 

(70-yd) “flight at maximum 2-m (6-ft) altitude by Southampton 

Univ. Man Powered Aircraft GroupT“first~flight with manpower.” Since successful efforts relied “on wings with extraordinary aspect 

ratios,” point might be reached “where the corresponding wing 

spans will become intolerable.” Mitrovich diagrammed and described application of particular wing configuration to alleviate this 

dilemma. (JA, 5-6/70,246-51) 

Space/Aeronautics editorial commented on Apollo 13 accident: “It 

has shown us how vulnerable are the men who go into space in their 

tiny, fragile capsules. It has stunned us into the realization that accidents can and will happen in space, that not every mission will run 

off like clockwork, that manned space flight is, and will always be, 

dangerous. Public awareness, finally, that this is so could immeasurably strengtheh the space program. If so, Apollo 13 may prove to be 

one of the most important missions we have flown to date.” (S/A, 

5/70,21) 

Armed Forces Management editorial by Michael Getler said nuclear 

test ban treaty “came only after the Soviets unilaterally broke a 

testing moratorium to gather what they needed to know in the vital 

area of weapons effects, and the ink was barely dry on the Peaceful 

Uses of Outer Space Treaty when the Pentagon announced the Russians were testing a new Fractional Orbital Bombardment System that was certainly a spiritual, if not technical, violation of that 

pact.” (AFM, 5/70, 13) 0 Medical experience in Apollo 7 through I1 was summarized by Dr. 

Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and Opera- tions, in Aerospace Medicine: “The 3105 hours of exposing man to 

spaceflight during the Apollo program have added reatly to knowledge of man’s response to space travel.” S acecra B t cabin environment had been “suitably maintained”; rafiation environment had 

been “benign,” with no solar flares occurring; crews had adapted 

well to weightlessness; and improvements had been made in inflight 

food. Body-weight losses which continued to occur were not entirely due to body fluid loss. Supplying potable water had been effective and “great strides have been made in removing gas bubbles in 

the water. ’ Work-sleep cycles had been improved and bioinstrumentation had continued to function well. 

“Although a preflight preventative medicine program has been 

difficult to conduct, it has been effective in the later Apollo missions 

in reducing pre-, in-, and postflight illnesses, which had occurred in 

all flight phases and were usually viral upper respiratory and gastrointestinal infeGtions.” Although crews had adapted to motion 

environment, “this .area will require continuing attention.” 

Cardiovascular deconditioning had been identified after Right, along 

with “significant decrement in work capacity in immediate postflight 

period.” Postflight neutrophilia had been observed after crew recovery. Loss of red cell mass observed in Gemini program had reoccurred only during Apollo 9, indicating that hyperoxia was responsi- ble. Even small amount of nitrogen in atmosphere might protect red 

cells from lytic action of oxygen. Microbiological studizs had shown 

that organisms transferred between crewmembers and that organ186 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 During May 

ism’s growth was favored by shifts. EVA on lunar surface during Apollo 11 was conducted within ex ected energy costs, at average 

tended safely. (Aero Med, !# 0,500- 18) * Atlantic magazine article said U.S.S.R. had “used aid and trade, 

backed by its newly acquired sea power, to build a vast arc of influence around the northern rim of the Indian Ocean and up as far as 

the home islands of Japan.” Included were “two large mooring buoys laid near the Seychelles Islands in connection with the Soviet 

space program.” They provided “refueling base for the Soviet flotilla. ’ ’ (Atlantic, 5/70) * NSF published Resources for Scientific Activities at Universities and 

Colleges, f969(NSF 70-16), report of survey of 1969 employment and 

1968 expenditures: In 1969,253 500 full- and part-time scientists and 

engineers were employed in U.S. universities and colleges, increase 

of 8.1% over 217 200 employed in 1967. Yearly increase rate 1958- 

1967 had been 6.9%. Growth rate in teaching had averaged 10.5% 

per year 1967-1969 and 6.7% per year 1958-1967. Growth rate for 

number in R&D was 5.7% per year 1958-1967, but averaged only 2.9% per year 1967-1969, reflecting leveling off of Federal R&D support to universities and colleges in late 1960s. Life scientists made 

up 41% of professional science and engineering staff, social scientists 21%, physical scientists 14%, and engineers 10%. (Text) 9 NSF issued Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Federal Government, 1968 (NSF 70-24). Federal professional scientific and technical 

personnel numbered 207 000 in October 1968, about 1% more than in 

previous year. Engineers, largest of three major groups, numbered 

82 800, scientists 78 100, and health professionals 46 200. Physical scientists accounted for 98% of scientist category. DOD personnel 

total of 79 800 was largest number at any agency. MostT93%-were 

scientists or engineers. About 29% of all Federal scientists and engineers were engaged in R&D. (Text) e NSF issued Research and Development in State Government Agen- cies, Fiscal Years 1967 & 1968 (NSF 70-22). State government agencies spent $131 million in FY 1967 and $155 million in FY 1968 for 

R&D and additional $5.1 million in 1967 and $4.5 million in 1968 for 

supporting R&D plant. Expenditures had grown at 20% annual rate 

since 1964, when expenditures were $77 million. Federal agencies 

provided funds for nearly one half of state agency R&D expenditures 

in both years. Applied research activity represented 50% of state 

agency R&D expenditures; development accounted for 20% of total 

in 1968 and basic research 23%. (Text) 

of 1200 BTU per hour. It a eared P unar surface time could be ex187 

June 1970 

June 1: NSF said high-altitude photos of planet Uranus taken by 91-cm 

(36-in) telescope on Stratoscope I1 balloon March 26-27 might reveal 

whether Uranus had cloud cover. Photos, five times as distinct as 

ones taken from earth’s surface, showed Uranus with none of previously reported surface details, but with darkening at edges that might give clue to whether planet had clear or cloudy atmosphere. (W Star, 6/2/70, A10) 

NASA was relocating several Saturn IB and Saturn V stages and instrument units to avoid possible damage or destruction by hurricanes in 

area of Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, La., M!FC announced. Three Saturn IB boosters would be moved from Michoud 

to MSFC in mid-July; two Saturn V vehicles were stored at MTF; and 

three Saturn instrument units had been moved from IBM plant in 

Huntsville, Ala., to MSFC for storage. (MSFC Release 70-106) 

Dr. Louis Morton, professor of history at Dartmouth College and 

Chairman of American History Assn. Committee on the Historian in 

Federal Government, had been named Chairman of NASA Historical 

Advisory Committee for 1970-71, NASA announced. Dr. Morton 

was formerly with U.S. Army Office of Military History. Other 

members of NASA Historical Advisory Committee were Dr. Daniel 

J. Boorstin, Director, Museum of History and Technology, Smith- sonian Institution; Prof. David Bushnell, Univ, of Florida; Prof. A. 

Hunter Dupree, Brown Univ.; Prof. Melvin Kranzberg, Case Western Reserve Univ.; Prof. Rodman W. Paul, Cal Tech; Robert L. 

Perry, RAND Corp. Economics Div.; and Prof. John B. Rae, Harvey 

Mudd College. Executive Secretary of Committee was Dr. Eugene M. Emme, NASA Historian. (NASA Release 70-78) 

John D. Hodge, Manager of MSC Advanced Missions Program Office, 

left NASA to become Director of Transportation Systems Concepts for DOT’S Transportation Systems Center at Cambridge, Mass. Nodge had received NASA Medal for Exceptional Service twice during IO-yr NASA service. (MSC Release 70-60) 0 Victor C. Clarke, Jr., JPLengineer, received 1970 award from Gravity Research Foundation of New Boston, N.H., tor essay “The Application and Principle of Gravity-Assist Trajectories for Space Flight.” Clarke, mission analysis and engineering manager for 1973 

Mariner Venus-Mercury project, had first demonstrated possibility of bouncing spacecraft from planet to planet in 1961. He had received 1969 NASA Exceptional Service Medal for contribution to 

Mariner Mars 1969 mission design. (NASA Release 70-1 12; JPL PIO) 

June 2-19: U.S.S.R.’s Soyuz IX, carrying Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov, was launched from Baykonur at 

12:09 am Baykonur time into orbit with 249-km (154.7-mi) apogee, 

236-km (146.6-mi) perigee, 89.3-min period, and 51.6” inclination. 

Tass said cosmonauts would conduct extensive program of scientif189 
June 2-19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ic and technical research in “solitary orbital flight,” including medical and biological research on effects of space flight on man, studies 

of earth’s geagraphy and atmosphere, research into “physical processes in near-earth space,” and checkout of spacecraft systems. 

Launch and pictures of crew in spacecraft were televised in Moscow about one hour after liftoff. 

Five hours after liftoff Tass reported cosmonauts were “coping well with conditions of weightlessness and carrying out the flight 

program.” Only anomaly had been dirtying of windows from engine fired for midcourse maneuver after fifth orbit, Tass said. Systems 

were functioning normally and Nikolayev had begun “experiments 

linked with the investigation of human peculiarities as an element of 

the control system in different dynamic operations.” 

Tass issued daily bulletins that described routine of space flight 

chores and experiments: “While one cosmonaut runs a vacuum 

cleaner, the other brews coffee or shaves.” Cosmonauts performed 

strenuous physical exercises each day in special “load suits,’’ prac- ticed manual maneuvers of spacecraft, and photographed earth and 

sun. By June 8 Soyuz IX had completed 100 orbits and 147 hrs of 

flight-record for man-hours in space in Soviet space program- with all systems functioning satisfactorily and with crew demonstrating it could “withstand well the complex impact of the factors 

of space flight and retain high efficiency.” Insomnia, only problem 

reported by crew, had been overcome. 

On June 19 Tass announced Soyuz IX had softlanded 76 km (47 

mi) west of Karaganda, Kazakhstan, after orbiting in space for 17 

days 16 hrs 59 min and setting new world record for manned space flight endurance. Tass said that crew had “fully fulfilled its programs of research” and that preliminary medical examination 

showed cosmonauts “had withstood the prolonged space flight 

well.” Most important part of program, Tass said, was medicalbiological experiments on effects of prolonged fli ht on man. (GSFC 

SSR, 6/30/70; SBD, 6/2/70, 152; Mills, B Sun, 6/g2/70, Al; 6/20/70, 

Al; AP, NYT, 6/3/70, 18; UPI, W Star, 6/74/70; 6/12/70) 

June 2: Apollo If Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, on goodwill trip to 

U.S.S.R., watched TV broadcast of Soyuz IX launch during party in his honor in Moscow and was told by Cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy that mission was “especially in honor of your trip here.” 

Armstrong later presented moon fragment and small Soviet flag 

carried on Apollo I I mission to Soviet Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin. Kosygin said he would “always cherish this gift as a symbol of a 

great achievement.” He told Armstrong, “The Soviet peoples are 

second to none In admiring your courage and knowledge.” (UPI. W 

Star, 6/2/70. Al; AP W Post, 6/3/70, A19) 0 NASA’s M2-F3 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot William 

H. Dana, successfully reached mach 0.7 after air launch from B-52 

aircraft at 13 700-m (45 000-ft) altitude. Objectives of glide flight- first in M2-F3 series-were to check out pilot, evaluate center-fin 

modification, determine aileron characteristics, evaluate stability 

augmentation system modifications, and evaluate speed brakes. 

(NASA Proj Off) 

NASA launched three Aerobee 150 sounding rockets. Two from WSMR 

carried MIT experiment to study stellar spectra and Johns Hopkins 

I90 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 2 

Univ. experiment to study uv spectra. One launched from Woomera Rocket Range, Australia, carried Univ. of Wisconsin experiment to conduct x-ray studies. (SR list) 0 Review of Apollo 13 accident was nearing completion and understanding of accident was good, LaRC Director Edgar M. Cortright, Chairman of Apollo 13 Review Board, told press at MSC. Final report had 

been delayed pending completion of “critical tests being carried out 

which will help pin down some of the details of what took place.” 

One of the key tests at MSC was related to special detanking and 

checkout procedures before launch. Tests had found faulty thermal 

switches and t‘demopstrated that if these thermal switches, had 

failed . . . the tem eratures . . in the heater tube assembly could 

have exceeded ld degrees F. [800 K] in some spots,” hot enough 

to bake teflon-coated wires and destroy insulation. 

Actual flight tank at Beech Aircraft Corp. would be “cycled back through the same series of detanking operations that took place on 

the 02 tank. . . from Apallo 13.” Other tests were being conducted at MSC, ARC, and LeRC on “the ignition and combustion processes 

in the tank.” Preliminary data suggested explosion resulted from 

failure of switches before launch and overheating of heater tube 

during detankjng which destroyed insulation and sparked fire in 

tank. (Transcript) @ MSFC announced negotiation of $1.8-million supplemental agreement with IBM for Saturn-launch-vehicle programming computer requirements and development of computer programs through December 

1972 and $Zrnillion modification to contract with Martin Marietta 

Corp. for Skylab payload integration. Modification was for systems 

integration for multiple docking adapter (MDA). (MSFC Releases 70- 

@ Dr. Alfred J. Eggers, Jr., NASA Assistant Administrator for Policy, delivered Minta Martin Lecture “Interactions of Technology and 

Society” at Stanford Univ. Lecture had also been delivered by Dr. 

Eggers at MIT on May 1 and at Johns Hopkins Univ. on May 21. 

Wendell Willkie’s “One world’’ was rapidly becoming Buckminster 

Fuller’s Spaceship Earth, socially, economically, technically and environmentally, Dr. E4gers said. “It is essential, therefore, that we 

begin to view the earth in all its finite reality and recognize that ‘exponential projections’ of the sac-iety of man and his works on earth 

are not only undesirable (if not impractical), but indeed they become unreal carried into the indefinite future. Accordingly, we do 

better to think in terms of the ultimate equilibrium we would like to 

see man achieve with and on spaceship earth, and from this vantage 

point we are drawn naturally to considerations of how best to ap- proach and find the desired equilibrium .” Population projections 

thus “would be expected to evolve . . .in accordance with satisfying the requirements of dynamic stability of the society of man in 

relation to his environment both natural and artificial. Technology, from earth-based to space-based, must play a massive role in this 

evolution because it will be crucial to effective earth resources management and distribution, and yet it must be compatible with the 

earth’s environment.” (Text; A&A, 10/70,38-50) 0 Discovery that blazing stars collided at rate of one every four months 

in heart of at least-one kind of galaxy was reported from evidence 

109,70-110) 

191 
June 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

obtained by Stratoscope I1 balloon-borne optical telescope March 

26-27. Princeton Univ. physicist Dr. Martin Schwarzchild said collisions might be source of brightness fluctuations in Seyfert galaxies 

-rare heavenly masses with small, dense nuclei that radiated light and radio energy and bright lines produced by hot gases in motion. 

Stratoscope I1 had observed Se fert galaxy at range of 30 light years 

from earth. (Lannan, W Star, 6b/70) 

NASA announced publication of The Moon as Viewed by Lunar Orbiter (NASA SP-200). Book by Leon K. Kosofsky of NASA Apollo 

Lunar Exploration Office and Farouk El-Baz of Bellcomm, Inc., 

contained stereoscopic and other photos of Aristarchus, Schroter’s 

Valley, Rimae Parry, and Tobias Mayer Dome-lunar craters and 

valleys. Photos were taken on five Orbiter missions preparatory to 

Apollo flights. (NASA Release 70-82) 

June3: Apollo 21 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, during U.S.S.R. visit, 

told Soviet Academy of Sciences that he favored increased space 

cooperation and that development of space stations and shuttles 

was “most important” method of practical space usage. “I have 

found in my discussions with my Soviet cosmonaut colleagues that 

their objectives in space are very much the same as ours.” Armstrong said he would be glad to be member of U.S.-U.S.S.R. space 

crew. He felt Soyuz IX experiments in earth measurements would 

be useful to U.S. space program. In answer to question, Armstrong said he would ask “if I could take my family along” in volunteering for three-year Martian mission. (Clarity, NYT, ,6/4/70,27) 0 Edward H. White I1 Memorial Museum was dedicated at Hangar 9 of 

Brooks AFB, Tex., in honor of Astronaut White, who died in Jan. 

27, 1967, Apollo spacecraft fire. Museum, near White’s home town 

of San Antonio, Tex., would be devoted largely to aerospace medicine. 

In dedication address, L/G John W. O’Neill, AFSC Vice Commander, said: “Space is our new world, a final frontier. . . . it is also a 

medium through which attack is possible, which means that we must 

learn everything we can about it for the defense and security of the 

nation.” Space science and technology had spawned “new generations of materials, systems and processes, for both military and 

consumer goods.’’ Of 12 000 new products and techniques developed during last decade, “very large percentage derives directly from space and missile development.” 

Most “satisfying and gratifying” space spinoff s were in health 

and medical field-“new type of wheel chair adapted from the moon 

walker. . .or chemicals used in the treatment of tuberculosis and 

mental illness that were originally derived from missile fuels. Or 

spray-on instrumentation for remotely monitoring the condition of 

heart patients. Or the numerous new materials and techniques being 

applied to. . .health care.” (Text) * Dr. Rafael Caldera, President of Venezuela, addressed joint session 

of U.S. Congress: “I am convinced that the future of the hemisphere depends on the extent to which this great nation reaches a 

decision to become a pioneer in social international justice. The 

measure to which your people. . .become conscious of the fact that 

with the cost of one of its Apollo moon shots it could contribute to 

the prosperity and happiness of nations like ours on whose security 

I92 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 June 3 

its own security depends.” Venezuelans hoped Apollos would continue exploring space, “but the result of these explorations make 

the need for a better life for men on earth more urgent.” (CR. 6/31 

0 Baltimore Sun editorial on Soviet space platform program: “How far 

along towards realization it is and what Soyuz 9 will contribute to it 

can only be matters of conjecture. What is impressive is the 

methodical way the Russian space directors are concentrating their 

efforts and resources. While there has been nothing eyecatchingly novel or adventurous about the progress so far, the program seems 

concerned not with the public response, either in Russia or the rest 

of the world, but with a gradual, systematic achievement of a single. 

selected goal.” (B Sun, 6/3/70) 

June 3-5: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, headed group of 

NASA and industry officials who met in Paris at request of European 

Space Research Organization (ESRO) to brief ESRO representatives 

and European scientific, industrial, and government representatives 

on space station and related systems. Dr. Paine told meeting U.S. 

wished to expand cooperation with European nations. He said space station should grow over next decade into very important interna- tional research facility. (NASA Release 70-83; Av Wk, 6/8/70, 16) 

Arnold W. Frutkin, NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs, said: “Where men are concerned in utilizing the space 

facilities of the future. . .we are prepared to accommodate astronauts of other countries. in these programs.” NASA assumed there 

would be “an interest in training pilot-astronauts in conjunction with some expectation to use them for your own experimental or 

70, H5025-7) 

June 3-5: NASA and industry officials briefed European space Research Organization rep; 

resentatives in Paris on the space station and related systems. Left to right at the speakers 

table were Charles W. Mathews, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight; Prof. Hermacn Bondi, Director General of ESRO; Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator; Prof. Giampietro Puppi, Chairman of the ESRO Committee of Senior officials; 

Jean-Albert Dinkespiler, ESRO Director of Planning and Programs; and Dr. Johannes Ortner, ESRO Director of Space Missions. (ESRO Photo) 

193 
June 3-5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

applications objectives. We would be very happy to cooperate in 

that kind of training, and we would be prepared to see pilot astronauts fly the s ace shuttle after a test period establishes the operaJune 4: Apollo 13 Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., Fred W. Haise, Jr., 

and John L. Swigert, Jr., were honored by City of New York at 

luncheon in Philharmonic Hall. Astronauts were greeted by Mayor John V. Lindsay and serenaded by N.Y. Police Dept. band. (AP, B 

Sun, 6/4/70, A3) 0 MSC announced contract awards: NR Space Div. would receive 

$305 700 000 cost-plus-fixed-feelaward-fee supplemental agreement . to Apollo spacecraft contract for four CSM modules for Skylab program. Agreement definitized March 1969 letter contract and brought 

estimated cost of contract for both Apollo and Skylab to $3 618 006 813. NR Space Div. also would receive $250 000 for preliminary planning study of reusable space tug with multipurpose 

applications. 

ILC Industries would receive $13-million extension to contract for 

Apollo space suits and support through 1971, bringing total contract 

value to $46 543 299. (MSC Releases 70-61,62,63; NASA Release 70- 

88) 0 AFSC announced senior staff changes: Gen. James Ferguson, AFSC 

Commander, would retire Sept. 1. Gen. George S. BBwn, Deputy Commander, Seventh Air Force (PACAF), would succeed Gen. Ferguson. L/G James T. Stewart, AFSC Deputy Chief of Staff for Systems, had been reassigned as Commander, Aeronautical Systems Div. (ASD), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, effective June 1, replacing 

M/G Lee V. Gossick who assumed Gen. Stewart’s previous duties. 

M/G Clifford J. Kronauer, Jr., Commander, Space and Missile Test 

Center, would become AFSC Chief of Staff on Aug. 1. M/G Louis L. 

Wilson, Jr., Vice Commander, Armament Development and Test 

Center, Eglin AFB, Fla., would become Vice Commander, Ninth Air 

Force on Aug. 1. B/G Jack Bollerud, Deputy Chief of Staff, Bioastronautics and Medicine, had announced retirement effective July 

31. (AFSC Release 156.70) 

Robot developed by UCLA engineer Dr. Amos Freedy mimicked human motions, Huntsville Times reported. Autonomous control subsystem (ACS) learned, thought, and made decisions. Consisting of 

manipulator arm and claw in rigging operated by small analog computer connected to IBM 1800 process-control computer several floors 

away, machine might be adapted to use on unmanned space flights, in rehabilitation of handicapped persons, and in housework. (Latty , Hjuntsville Times, 6/4/70) 

NASA and Astronomical Netherlands Satellite Program Authority agreed on cooperative project to launch first Netherlands 

scientific satellite, ANS, on four-stage solid-fueled Scout booster 

from WTR into near sun-synchronous orbit in August 1974. Satellite 

would carry U.S. and Netherlands experiments to study stellar uv 

and x-ray sources. Spacecraft would be designed and developed in 

Holland. NASA would provide one experiment, the booster, launching, tracking, and emergency data.acquisition. (NASA Release 70-91) 0 Team of NASA, Agency for International Development (AID), and university contract personnel left U.S. for 10-day visit to Korea in protional status o P the vehicle.” (Transcript) 

June 5: 

194 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 5 

ject to test feasibility of transferring NASA-sponsored industrial 

technology into developing country. Team-which included Ronald 

J. Philips, Director of NASA Technology Utilization Div.-would 

work out guidelines for Korean team to study way U.S. agencies 

transferred technology to industrial, educational, and medical 

communities. (NASA S ecial Release) 0 Apollo 11 Astronaut &il A. Armstrong’s May 24-June 5 visit to 

U.S.S.R. was reviewed in Christian Science Monitor: “To those 

few Russians who saw him, the first man to walk on the moon was 

unquestionably a big hit. But overall, his 12-day goodwill visit was 

an unobtrusive affair that stayed very much in the realm of Soviet 

officialdom.” 

Armstrong had arrived in Leningrad May 24 to attend May 20-29 

COSPAR Conference. “Although he was in Leningrad for five days, 

only one Leningrad newspaper made any mention of him and Russians for a long time were not aware he was even in the country.” It 

was only after his arrival in Leningrad that Armstrong was invited 

by Soviet government to stay longer in U.S.S.R. He had “no exposure to Soviet public” during Novosibirsk visit. In Moscow, press 

had given more coverage. Armstrong had told press he had been 

“most emotionally moved” by meeting with Mrs. Yuri Gagarin and 

Mrs. Vladimir Komarov, widows of Soviet cosmonauts. (Saikowski, CSM, 6/5/70) 0 Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, spoke at dedication 

ceremony for $2.8-million Life Support Technology Laboratory at 

Lax. He said decade of space exploration had been characterized 

by progress in scientific knowledge and practical benefits to man. 

New laboratory would contribute to future U.S. efforts to learn 

more about universe. Laboratory was dedicated “to the welfare of 

man in space and to the solution of the problems that must be overcome before he can stay there.” (Langley Researcher, 6/12/70,1) 0 Authorization to proceed with B-1 Advanced Strategic Bomber development programs was issued by Deputy Secretary of Defense David 

M. Packard in memo to Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. 

Seamans, Jr. It would be “several years’’ befoxe production decision would be made. “Factors to be considered . . . will include the 

progress and success of the engineering development program, the 

progress of the SALT talks, and the relatlonship of the program to 

these talks.” 

Dr. Seamans announced selection of North American Rockwell 

Corp. and General Electric Co. as airframe and propulsion contractors for engineering development of bomber. Total estimated cost of 

airframe contract was $1 350 814 739 exclusive of avionics. Total 

estimated propulsion cost was $406 654 000. (Text; DOD Release 479- 

70) 0 Discovery that glassy portion of 4.6-billion-yr-old lunar sample 12013 

[see May 261 was chemically more like some tektites from Java than 

like any terrestrial igneous rock was reported in Science by GSFC 

scientist Dr. John A. O’Keefe. Glassy portion of Apollo 12 moon 

rock satisfied all chemical criteria for tektite. “Tektites are relatively recent and acid rocks, whereas the moon is chiefly ancient and 

basaltic; hence, tektites are probably ejected volcanically, rather 

than by impact, from the moon.” (Science, 6/5/70, 1209-10) 

195 
June 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 Selection of General Electric Co. Space Div. and Link Div. of SingerGeneral Precision, Inc., for competitive negotiations leading to 

$3.5-million contract for development of crew training simulator for 

Skylab program at MSC was announced by NASA. Cost-plus-awardfee contract would include design, fabrication, installation, checkout, simulation programs, on-site systems engineering, and support- ing documentation. (NASA Release 70-93) 0 MSC announced award of $210 000 fixed-fee contract to Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for study of safety methods and rescue techniques for 

lunar operations. (MSC Release 70-65) 0 AP said Tass had reported construction of meteorological rocket 

launch complex at Molodezhnaya, Soviet station in Antarctica. 

Powerful radio was being constructed to speed information to Moscow and other world weather centers. (C Trib, 6/6/70) 0 Tass said Cosmonaut Valentina Nikolayeva-Tereshkova, wife of 

Soyuz IX Commander Andrian G. Nikolayev, was candidate for 

U.S.S.R.’s Supreme Soviet. Mrs. Nikolayeva-Tereshkova, who 

orbited earth 48 times aboard Vostok VImission June 16, 1963, had 

been meeting with electorate in preparation for June 14 election. 

(Reuters, B Sun, 6/6/70) 0 Reuters reported Red Star interview during which Soyuz IXs unidentified chief designer said, “The Soyuz series are already working spacecraft. They are not being tested but are a means of ex loraorbiting stations. Designer described Soyuz interior: “Convenient 

sofa stands at one end of the cabin. Opposite is an original ‘working office’ with a table and sideboard. Finished in mahogany, they are 

handsome and harmonious. A shelf with books and microfilms, control desks, portholes and scientific instruments complete the interior.” (B Sun, 6/6/70) 0 Exhibit of 23 paintings of space subjects by Chesley Bonestell opened 

at American Museum-Hayden Planetarium in New York. (Am Museum-Hayden Planetarium Release) 

June 6: Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and wife, Janet, partic- ipated in ceremonies in Rome, Italy, during which Mrs. Armstrong 

christened Alitalia Boeing 747 named for her husband. Later Armstrong and wife flew in 747 Neil A. Armstrong from Rome to New 

York. (C Trib, 6/6/70) 

NASA released Ecological Surveys from space (NASA SP-230). Monograph listed feasible uses of spacecraft in 1970s and described scientific and technical studies of new images and concepts of earth acquired by venture into space. Publication contained photos taken 

from aircraft and from Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. (Text) 0 Alaska Airlines inaugurated “Gold Samovar” service between Anchorage, Alaska, and central U.S.S.R. Series of 10 summer flights 

marked first commercial route and charter authority negotiated by 

private airline company with Soviets, according to Alaska Airlines 

Board Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Charles F. Willis, Jr. 

(Valentine, W Post, 6/16/70, C2) 0 Aegir, 180-metric-ton (200-short-ton) undersea habitat with six-man 

crew, reached surface after more than 120 hrs on ocean floor off 

coast of Oahu, Hawaii. Aegir was to have ascended from 157-m 

(516-ft) depth on June 5 but pressure valve in ballast tank malfunction. . . .” One of Soyuz’s tasks was to work out systems for P uture 

196 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 6 

tioned. Habitat was refloated by rigging bypass into ballast tanks 

and feeding compressed air from surface support ship into tank. (W 

Post, 6/8/70, A4) 

June 7: Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., on behalf of Apollo 12 crew, 

received special Emmy Award from National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences in New York for TV photography during Apollo 12 lunar landing. (AP, W Star, 6/8/70, B9) 

June 7-10: American Astronautical Society held 16th annual meeting in Anaheim, Calif. Francis M. Stewart, MSFC Shuttle Engine Manager, 

and Ryndal L. Wetherington, NASA Hq. Space Shuttle Pro ulsion 

Manager, presented paper on main propulsion requirements P or fully reusable space shuttle engine concept and new approaches to engine development and testing. Throttling to only 50% thrust satisfied 

system’s needs and was baseline requirement. Value of one second 

of specific impulse had been calculated at $25 000 000. Payload sensitivity of space shuttle concepts under study was 6900-8900 newtons (1500-2000 Ibs per sec) of impulse. Minimum impulse per second in basic requirements represented 96% efficiency, “which has 

not been achieved in any rocket engine to date.” 

Reusability requirement might be most difficult of all. “One can 

speculate that if we can do it in aircraft engines, why not rocket engines? But we are talking about heat fluxes and turbomachinery 

characteristics in the shuttle engine that extend well beyond those 

experienced in the engines of the [Boeing] 707,747, or even the military high performance aircraft. It is yet to be shown if we can fly 100 

missions (or even 10 or 20) with this high performance engine, and 

achieve the confidence and maintainability which the airline opera- tions have in hand. . . .reusability adds a new dimension to rocket 

engine development.” (Text) 

Prof. Yu. K. Khodarev, Deputy Director of Institute for Space Research of Soviet Academy of Sciences, and Dr. Valery Yevdokimov, head of Academy’s data processing dept., called for studies of 

what U.S. and U.S.S.R. could do to establish and operate scientific 

base on moon. Prof. Khodarev said: “We would like to see concrete 

lists from American scientists of instruments that we could place on 

the moon for research. Then we can explore further avenues for 

cooperation in space. We can’t decide how to transport things there 

until we first decide what we want to take.” There was general acceptance of U.S.S.R. space efforts among Soviet peo le “but peo- ple are looking for a direct ayoff-the want somet R ing for their 

money.” Khodarev said U.8. and U.S. H .R. could “cooperate in a 

Martian program as well as in intense investigations on the moon.” 

He suggested area for primary investigation from lunar station 

would have to be decided. “Do we want to look at the moon, or do 

we want to look in’to the cosmos from the surface?” During panel 

discussion Robert L. Lohman of NASA ’s Space Station Task Force 

invited Prof. Khodarev to attend NASA meeting on advanced space 

programs at ARC later in year. 

Dr. Takao Ueda of Japan said Japan was working on comsats, TV 

satellites, and geosynchronous weather spacecraft. (AAS Pa er No. 

70-044; Bane, LA Her-Exam, 611 1/70; NASA Sei and Tech In P o Div) 

June 8: First radar receiver developed by Naval Research Laboratory 

scientists was presented to Smithsonian Institution’s Hall of Elec1 97 
June 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

tricity by Capt. James C. Matheson, Director of NRL. Device had 

been successfully tested first on April 28, 1936, when it detected and 

ranged aircraft in flight at 40-km (25-mi) distance. (Naval Research 

Reviews, 7/70,31) 0 Milky Way galaxy was losing gravitational energy at rate equivalent to 

mass of 1000 suns annually, Maryland Univ. physicist Dr. Joseph 

Weber said during third Cambridge Conference on Relativity at Institute for Space Studies in New York. Dr. Weber had measured 

flow of gravitational energy and computed energy being lost from 

source of waves in galaxy’s center. Results indicated that eventually 

a star like the sun, at galaxy’s edges, would break free of weakening 

gravity and fly off into space. One estimate had placed event at 

hundreds of millions of years in future. (AP, B Sun, 6/10/70, A3) 

June 9: NASA successfully conducted second drop test of 12.5K Space Orbiter Shuttlecraft at WSMR. [See May 271. (NASA Proj Off) 

USMC Sikorsky S-65 helicopter set record for intercity travel in 1-hr 

17-min 11-sec flight between Wall Street heliport in New York and 

Washington Hospital Center in Washington, D. C. Flight was organ- ized by Pan American World Airways and Sikorsky Aircraft Gorp. 

to demonstrate feasibility of inter-inner-city helicopter transporta- tion. (Cushing, WPost, 6/10/70, D10) 0 Nomination by President Nixon of Apollo 10 astronauts Cdr. John W. 

Young and Cdr. Eugene A. Cernan, both USN, for permanent promotion to captain was announced by White House. 

President and Mrs. Nixon honored Apollo 13 astronauts and 

wives at White House dinner. (PD, 6/15/70,756) 0 USAF launched experimental reentry vehicle down AFWTR from Vandenberg AFB. Launch was part of Advanced Ballistic Reentry System (ABRES) program. (UPI, NYT, 6/10/70,6) 0 MSC announced selection of United Aircraft Corp’s Pratt & Whitney Div. and General Electric Co.’s Direct Energy Conversion Business 

Section to negotiate parallel cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts for development of fuel-cell technology leading to design, fabrication, and 

testing of engineering-model fuel-cell system. Contracts, which 

would run for 13 mos beginning July 1, were valued at $825 000 

each. MSC program to provide electrical power for space shuttle was 

aimed at development of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with 5000-hr 

lifetime, 5000-w power output, and weight of 333 kg (735 Ibs) or less. 

(MSC Release 70-66) 

June 10: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXLVI from Baykonur into orbit with 351-km (218.1-mi) apogee, 206-km (128.0-mi) perigee, 90.0-min period, and 51.8” inclination. Satellite reentered June 17. 

(GSFC SSR, 6/30/70; SBD, 6/11/70, 196) 0 NATO’s Nato I, launched by NASA March 20, arrived on station over 

Atlantic with all systems operating satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 0 U.S. position in V/STOLdevelopment was described by Calvin B. Hargis, Jr., Deputy for Development, Office of Assistant Secretary of 

the Air Force (R&D), before American Helicopter Society at WrightPatterson AFB, Ohio: “Over the past 20 years, the United States has 

spent between 500 and 750 million dollars on V/STOL programs. . . .” USAF had spent $250 million since 1962. “U.S.-FRG 

[Federal Republic of Germany] fighter program was terminated 

largely due to high cost and direct competition for funds with the F198 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June IO 

15. The LIT received a severe setback this year due to, again, lack of 

priority in the funding arena and lack of support from the using command; and the XC-142, while partially successful, was not approved for production. Only the British Harrier, of all the recent v/ 

STOL programs, is in a production status in the free world.” U.S. 

had “built a large number of test vehicles, evaluated many different 

concepts, established a technology base, and spent hundreds of millions of dollars,” but had “no operational systems in being yet.” 

(Text) 0 New Soviet agency, Institute of the United States of America, created 

by Kremlin mandate as arm of Soviet Academy of Sciences, was 

examining U.S. economic, political, and social matters for edification of Soviet political scientists, economists, and government leaders, Wall Street Journal said. U.S. diplomat in Moscow had said institute “seems to be trying to present a more accurate picture of 

America than people here have been getting. And it doesn’t seem to 

be a spy outfit.” (Vicker, WSJ, 6/10/70) 

June 11: NASA’s HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter A. 

Hoag (USAF), successfully completed 36th flight at FRC, demonstrating and evaluating powered approach to landing for first time. After 

air launch from B-52 aircraft at 13 700-m (45 000-ft) altitude, HL-10 

reached mach 0.07 and fired three hydrogen-peroxide rocket engines 

to approach landing on 6” glide slope instead of usual 18” slope used 

on unpowered flights. (NASA Proj Off) 0 Arrangement for mutual satellite tracking support had been made by 

NASA and French Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), NASA 

announced. Each agency would provide free network support in 

tracking, data acquisition, and command activities of space vehicles 

when workload permitted. For first time, French equipment was compatible with U.S. Arrangment was applicable to French stations 

in Canary Islands, Upper Vplta, Congo, South Africa, French 

Guiana, and France. NASA stations would be in STADAN network in 

Australia, Madagascar, South Africa, Ecuador, Chile, England, and 

U.S. (NASA Release 70-94) 

SAMSO, Aerospace Corp., and NR Space Div. had completed study of 

solution to in-space emergencies involving near-orbiting spacecraft 

and space shuttle vehicles, AFSC announced. Study was based on 

requirements that space escape vehicle (SEV) must perform all functions required for crew safety from decision to abandon spacecraft until successful recovery. In delayed return, ground station would 

supply data to aid selection of recovery site; sufficient oxygen and 

water to last 24 hrs after departure from spacecraft would be available. In “quick return,” life support would be provided for only six 

hours. SEV would become autonomous following issue of “May Day” signal and would splash down without ground-based advice. 

Crew would plot recovery course using wristwatches and information indicating orbital paths for 24 hrs. Study recommended three 

kinds of escape vehicle: spherical heat shield, rigid vehicle thermally protected by ablative heat shield; rib-stiffened expandable vehicle 

which would function like umbrella; and two-man conical reentry vehicle like rubber raft, inflatable and made of double-wall fabric 

connected by woven drop threads. (AFSC Release 137.70) 

I99 
June 1 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 Feasibility of high-speed, efficient, digital message transmission through troposphere had been confirmed by AFSC scientists, AFSC 

announced. Findings were result of research program conducted at 

AFSC Rome Air Development Center near Niagara Falls, N.Y. (AFSC 

Release 151.70) 0 AFSC announced successsful flight festing of night strip photography, 

which produced continuous strip picture rather than individual 

frames. System, designed and fabricated by Linde Div. of Union 

Carbide Corp., used reflector that projected narrow beam to ground 

to illuminate moving strip of terrain and lamp with spiraled-gas- flow-through-arc technique, providing intense “line of light.” System had been tested in B-47E aircraft from May through August 1969. (AFSC Release 13.70) 0 Wallops Station announced award of $450 000, cost-plus-fixed-fee 

contract to Computer Sciences Corp. for engineering support serv- ices at Wallops. Contract covered one year with provisions for two 

one-year extensions. (WS Release 70-8) 0 House passed by vote of 308 to 57, H.R. 17970, FY 1970 DOD military 

construction appropriations bill totaling $637.9 million, after reject- ing amendment to strike out $353.8 million for Safeguard ABM deployment. (CR, 611 1/70, H5437-57) 0 U.S.S.R. had established underwater launching area for submarine 

missiles targeted on U.S. in Atlantic Ocean off Greenland, Washington Post said. Soviet Y class submarines-equivalent of U.S. Polaris missile submarines-had begun to patrol area in last few weeks. 

(Wilson, W Post, 611 1/70, AI). 

NAS and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences announced beginning of twoyear exchange program providing for visits of up to one year by individual scientists to lecture and conduct research. (NAS Release) 

June 12: U.S.S.R. ;aunched Cosmos CCCXLVII into orbit with 2005- 

km (1245.9-mi) apogee, 217-km (134.8-mi) perigee, 107.5-min peri- od, and 48.4” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 6/30/70) 0 Three-sta e ELDO booster built by U.K., France, and West Germany 

success ! ully lifted off launch pad at Adelaide, Australia, but Italianbuilt ,test satellite failed to enter orbit. ELDO spokesman said launch 

would still be considered successful. (Reuters, W Post, 611 3/70, A2) 

FAA announced proposal of new rule requiring all U.S. powered aircraft to be equipped with approved anticollision lights for night op- eration and higher intensity standards for anticollision lights on 

newly certified aircraft. (FAA Release T 70-26) 

Activation of new high-speed telecommunications message switching center-key element in North Atlantic and Caribbean Aeronautical 

Fixed Telecommunications Network (AFTN)-WaS announced by 

FAA. Center eliminated intermediate relay points, stored messages for delivery to users under priority system, and retransmitted urgent 

messages almost instantaneously. (FAA Release T 70-27). 

USAF K-30, one of largest aerial reconnaissance cameras, had been retired to Air Force Museum at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFSC 

announced. Camera, which had more than 20 yrs service, measured 

0.9 by 1.4 by 1.5 m (3 by 4% by 5 ft), weighed 300 kg (665 Ibs), and 

used 254-cm (100-in) focal-length optical system. (AFSC Release 

153.70) 

200 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 13 

June 13: Cosmos CCCXLVIII was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit 

with 540-km (335.5-mi) apogee, 196-km (121.8-mi) perigee, 91.8-min 

period, and 70.9” inclination and reentered July 25. (GSFC SSR, 6/301 

70; 7/31/70) 

In LaRC test to develop regenerative life support systems for advanced 

manned spacecraft, four crewmen were sealed into space station 

simulator at McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. Div. of McDonnell Douglas Corp. in Huntington Beach, Calif. During 90-day experiment, part of NASA OART program, crew would drink reclaimed water and breathe regenerated oxygen. Information obtained would be applied to operation of three-man Skylab workshop scheduled for 1971 launch and to desi n of 12-man space station for 

later in 1970s. (Langley Researcher, 6?26/70,1) @ up1 reported in Washington Post that NASA report not yet made public 

acknowledged General Electric Co. was permitted to submit bid for 

controversial $50-million ATS-F and ATS-G contract one week later 

than the deadline its competitor Fairchild Hiller Corp. was required 

to meet. NASA denied knowledge of any leak to GE of Fairchild Hiller’s design and price. Report said Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, had been told before he announced award of contract to 

GE on April 8 that both companies had submitted bids on same date 

-March 6. Actually, UPI said, Fairchild Hiller proposal had been 

submitted Feb. 27-NASA deadline-and copies were circulated 

among NASA personnel before GE proposal was submitted March 6. 

(Cassels, UPI, WPost, 6/13/70, E8) 

June 14: Success of Oct. 8, 1969, experiments to test validity of Einstein 

theory of relativity with radiotelescopes for first time was reported 

to press by team of Cal Tech astronomers. Einstein equations inferred that light, radio, and other electromagnetic waves were deflected by sun’s gravitational field at rate of l .7 sees of arc. cal Tech 

team, using 64-m-dia (210-ft-dia) dish-shaped radio antennas at two 

observatories near Los Angeles, had obtained figures of 1.82 and 

1.77 secs, which astronomers credited with accuracy within 10%. 

Previous optical measurements had contained only 20% accuracy. 

(AP, WPost, 6/15/70, A8) @ Nationwide TV viewers in U.S.S.R. saw Soyuz IX Cosmonauts 

Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov in s acecraft cast 

ballots in Soviet parliamentary election. (W Post, 6/15bO, A24) a Robert H. Gray, Director, Unmanned Launch Operations at KSC, became Deputy Director of KSC Launch Operations. John J. Neilon, 

Deputy Director, Unmanned Launch Operations, assumed post of 

Acting Director, Unmanned Launch Operations. (KSC Ann) 

June 15: Apollo 13 Review Board accident report was released by 

NASA at Hq. news conference. LaRC Director Edgar M. Cortright, Chairman of Review Board, said accident “was not the result of a 

chance malfunction in astatistical sense but, rather, it was the result 

of an unusual combination of mistakes coupled with a somewhat 

deficient and unforgiving design.” 

After assembly and acceptance testing, oxygen tank No. 2 that 

flew on Apollo 13 had been shipped from Beech Aircraft Corp. to 

NR in apparently satisfactory condition. “It is now known, however, that the’ tank contained two protective thermostatic switches on 

the heater assembly which were inadequate and would subsequently 

20 1 
June 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

fail during round test operations. . . . In addition, it is probable 

was loose when it left the plant. . .[and] was subsequently displaced during handling. . .[and] led to the use of improvised detanking procedures. . .which almost certainly set the stage for the 

accident. ” 

Special detanking rocedures at KSC subjected tank to extended 

the tank had not been qualified by test for the conditions experienced. However the procedures did not violate the specifications which governed the operation of the heaters. . . . In reviewing 

these procedures before the flight, officials. . .did not recognize the 

possibility of damage due to overheating. “The thermostatic switch discrepancy was not detected. . . . Nor did tests identify the incompatibility of the switches with the 

ground support equipment at KSC. . . . As shown by subsequent 

tests, failure of the thermostatic switches probably permitted the 

temperature of the heater tube assembly to reach as much as 1000 

degrees Fahrenheit [810 K] in spots during the continuous eighthour period of heater operation. From that time on the oxygen tank. . .was in a hazardous condition when filled with oxygen and 

electrically powered. “However it was not until nearly 56 hours into the mission that 

the fan motor wiring possibly moved by the fan stirring of the fluid 

contents of the tank short circuited and ignited the wiring insulation 

by means of an electric arc. The resulting combustion in the oxygen 

tank probably overheated and failed the wiring conduit where it enters the tank and possibly a portion of the tank itself. The rapid expulsion of high pressure oxygen which followed possibly augmented 

by combustion of insulation in the space surrounding the tank blew 

off the outer panel. . .of the service module, caused a leak in the 

high pressure system of Oxygen Tank Number 1, damaged the high 

gain antenna, caused other miscellaneous damage and aborted the 

mission.” 

Board recommended that cryogenic oxygen storage system be 

modified to minimize use of combustible materials and remove materials that might short-circuit from contact with potential ignition 

sources and that system be rigorously requalified; onboard warning 

systems be reviewed and modified; consumables and emergency 

equipment be reviewed to determine whether potential for use .in 

“lifeboat” mode should be enhanced; MSC continue special tests 

and analyses under way to understand better the accident details; 

standard procedures require “presentation of all prior anomalies’’ 

whenever significant anomalies occurred in critical subsystems during fina1 preparations for launch; NASA thoroughly reexamine all 

spacecraft, launch vehicles, and ground systems to identify and evaluate potential combustion hazards and conduct additional research on materials compatibility, ignition, and combustion in 

strong oxidizers at various g levels; and MSC reassess all Apollo 

spacecraft subsystems and engineering organizations responsible for them to ensure adequate understanding of subsystems at subcontractor and vendor level. 

that the tan a contained a loosely fitting fill tube assembly. . .which 

heater operation. “T R ese procedures had not been used before and 

202 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 15 

Cortright said thermostatic switch discrepancy and incompatibility of switches with KSC ground support equipment was “a serious 

oversight in which all parties [NASA, NR, and Beech] 

shared. . . . The accident is judged to have been nearly catastroph- ic. Only outstanding performance on the part of the crew, Mission 

Control and other members of the team which supported the opera- tions successfully returned the crew to earth.” (Transcript; text) 

U.S.S.R.’s Soyuz IX (launched June 2) set new manned flight endurance record at 6:35 pm Baykonur time, when it surpassed 13-day 8- 

hr 35-min record set by NASA’s Gemini VII(Dec. 4-18, 1965). 

Apollo Astronauts Frank Borman and James A. Lovell, Jr., sent 

congratulatory telegram to Soyuz IX crew: “Your accomplishments are adding new evidence supporting the capability of men to live and 

work in extended periods in space. We wish you continued success 

in this important mission and a safe return to earth.’’ 

Lovell told press in Houston that mission suggested U.S.S.R. 

would develop permanent earth-orbiting space station: “Soyuz now 

seems to be purely an aeromedical flight, pushing men to their limits 

to see how weightlessness and the pure oxygen environment affects 

their work in space. It all fits very naturally with the space station 

concept.” (Astrachan, W Post, 6/16/70, Al; SBD, 6/16/70,211) 

0 Itos I (Tiros M), Improved Tiros Operational Satellite launched by 

NASA from WTR Jan. 23, 1970, was turned over to ESSA for operational use after five-month engineering checkout by NASA. (NASA 

Release 70-96) 

0 House and Senate conferees on H.R. 16516, FY 1971 NASA authorization, reached agreement and filed conference report H. Rpt. 91- 

1189. Report recommended $3.41 1-billion NASA authorization containing $2.693 billion for R&D, $34.5 million for construction of facilities, and $683.3 million for research and program management, of 

which not more than $506.1 million would be for personnel costs. 

R&D total included $994.5 million for Apollo rogram (increase of 

$38 million over NASA request), $565.2 million P or space-flight oper- ations (increase of $50 million), $1.5 million for advanced missions 

program (decrease of $1 million), and $116 million for physics and 

astronomy program (as requested by NASA), restoring $5.6 million 

which House had deleted for Explorer satellites. 

Conferees approved NASA request of $167 million for Space Ap- plications and agreed to authorize revised plan for construction of 

experimental Earth Resources Technology Laboratory at GSFC at 

$1.9 million cost. (CR, 6/15/70, H5490-3; Text) 

* NASA announced it would negotiate with Grumman Aerospace Corp., Lockheed Aircraft Corp., and Chrysler Corp. for 11-mo Phase A 

(feasibility) contracts to study space shuttle concepts. Boeing Co. 

would be major subcontractor to Grumman on $4-million contract 

for three shuttle concepts: stage-and-a-half shuttle of reusable 

manned spacecraft with onboard propulsion system and droppable tanks for supplementary propellants; reusable orbiter with expendable booster; and reusable 1st stage using existing J-2s engine technology, solid-propellant auxiliary boosters, and reusable 2nd-stage 

orbital shuttle with 5-2 engine. 

203 
June 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Lockheed’s $1-million fixed-pyice contract would define alternate 

staee-and-a-half shuttle system including high and low cross-range designs. Chrysler Corp. would study reusable vehicle capable of placing 

payload into earth orbit with single stage, under $750 000 contract. 

(NASA Release 70-97) * Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, MSFC Director, welcomed 59 science and 

engineering professors from universities and colleges in 26 states 

who would participate in Summer Faculty Fellow ship programs sponsored by NASA and American Society for Engineering Education. Research program from June 15 to Aug. 21 would be followed 

by 11-wk design program, both conducted by Auburn Univ. and 

Univ. of Alabama. Participants would perform individual research 

in MSC laboratories. Work would be documented for NASA use. 

(MSFC Release 70-1 15) 0 Staran IV system to reduce midair collisions-by computer perform- ing more than 40 million mathematical operations per second to predict collision courses and determine evasive maneuvers-was introduced at Washington, D.C., press conference by developer, Goodyear Aerospace Corp. System could single out aircraft on collision 

course and show them to air traffic controllers on viewing screen as 

though they were only aircraft in air. FAA was studying proposal for 

adoption of system. (Goodyear Aerospace Corp Release) 0 Intention to create separate FAA office to deal with total air transportation security problems, including aircraft hijacking, was annpunced by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. (FAA Release 70-57) 

June 16: Edgar M. Cortright, LaRC Director and Chairman of Apollo 13 

Review Board, summarized report of Review Board before House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics and commented: “Total 

Apollo system of ground complexes, launch vehicle, and spacecraft constitutes the most ambitious and demanding .engineering development ever undertaken by man. For these missions to succeed, both 

men and equipment must perform to near perfection. That this system has already resulted in two successful lunar surface explorations is a tribute to those men and women who conceiyed, designed, built, and flew it. Perfection is not only difficult to achieve, but difficult to maintain. The imperfections in A 0110 13 constituted a near 

crew and the ground control team which supported them. The Board 

feels that the Apollo accident holds important lessons which, when 

applied to future missions, will contribute to the safety and effectiveness of manned space Right.” (Testimony) 

Sensor developed primarily for V/STOL aircraft by ERC’S Aircraft Hazard Avoidance Programs Office was being considered by Dept. of 

Interior’s Bureau of Mines for use as mine safety instrument, NASA 

announced. Intended to measure airspeed during hovering, sensor would provide accurate reading of slow air flow within mine. (NASA 

Release 70-90) 

Discovery of hydrogen cyanide in radio emissions from space was 

described by Dr. David Buhl of National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Kitt Peak, Ariz., during interview with New York Times. 

Dr. Buhl, with Dr. Lewis E. Snyder of Univ. of Virginia, had used 

1 1-m-dia (36-ft-dia) dish antenna at Kitt Peak to locate second ordisaster, averted only by outstanding.per P ormance on the part of the 

204 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 16 

June 16: Rep. George P. Miller, Chairman of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, examined an Apollo spacecraft oxygen tank with Dr. Thomas 0. Paine (right), 

NASA Administrator, and Director Edgar M. Cortright (left) of Langley Research Center before the Committee convened to hear a report of the Apollo 13 Review Board. Cortright, Chairman of the Review Board, summarized investigations into the oxygen tank explosion that had aborted the Apollo 13 mission on its way to a lunar landing. 

ganic substance identified in radio emissions. They had discovered 

existence of formaldehyde in same well-defined clouds of dust and 

gas in 1969 and believed both substances might have been key ingredients in early evolution of life. (Sullivan, NYT, 6/17/70,30) 

British geophysicist Dr. Sydney Chapman died in Boulder, Colo., at 

age 82, after heart attack and stroke. Author of classic theory to 

explain how eruptions on sun caused magnetic storms and aurorql dis lays on ear$h, DJ. Chapman had been President of Comitd Speaged International Geophysical Year of 1957-58. (Sullivan, NYT,6/ 

20170,29) 

Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., and Edgar D. Mitchell tested Apollo 

LM in vacuum chamber at KSC in preparation for Apollo 14 lunar 

landing mission. Mission was scheduled for Dec. 3 pending evaluation of Apollo 13 Review Board Report. (UPI, NYT, 6/18/70,9) 

June 16-1 7: Final critical-design review of manned lunar roving vehicle 

was held at MSFC to decide on final design configuration leading to 

hardware manufacture and testing. First of four flight-model lunar rovers was scheduled to fly aboard Apollo 16 LM, set for 1971 

launch. (MSFC Release 70-1 12; MSFC PAO) 

cia P e de 1’Annee Geophysique Internationale (CSAGI) which man205 
June 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

June 16-17: Final critical design review of the manned lunar roving vehicle was held at 

MSFC to decide on a configuration leading tu hardware manufacture and testing. Photographed June 11, Astronauts Charles M. Duke, Jr. (left), and John W. Young ran through practice exercises with a full-scale model in crew station review. 

June 17: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXLI&from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 350-km (217.5-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 89.8-min 

period, and 64.4” inclination. Satellite reentered June 25. (GSFC SSR, 

6/30/70; SBD, 6118170,224) * NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. 

Manke, successfully completed 14th flight from FRC. Vehicle was 

launched from B-52 aircraft at 12 800-m (42 000-ft) altitude and 

reached 19 800 m (65 000 ft) and mach 0.95. Data on lateral directional derivatives at mach 0.9 and longitudinal trim and lift-to-drag 

ratio were obtained. (NASA Proj Off) * USN successfully launched 19th Poseidon missile from ETR toward 

Atlantic Ocean target in preparation for first launch from submarine 

in late July. (UPI, NY News, 6/18/70, 8) * James H. Wyld Propulsion Award was presented to Hans 6. Paul, 

Chief of MSFC Propulsion Div. and Joseph 6. Thibodaux, Jr., Chief 

of MSC Power and Propulsion Div. during AIAA 6th Propulsion Specialist Conference in San Diego, Calif. Paul was cited for “outstanding leadership in research and development of Saturn launch vehicle 

propulsion”; Thibodaux, for “outstanding leadership in research 

and development of Apollo spacecraft propulsion.” (MSFC Release 

70-1 14) 

206 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 17 

NASA announced it would initiate studies and analyses of satellite and 

other data on Gulf Coast area in FY 1971 at MTF. In Washington, D.C., Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said activities 

would use data from Earth Resources Technology Satellites A and 

By Apollo manned flights, and aircraft operations. Study would be 

supported by MTF laboratory and Slidell, La., computer facility in 

line with earlier NASA invitation to other Government agencies to 

collocate study and analysis activities at MTF. (NASA Release 70-98) 0 Maintenance and operation of NASA Deep Space Facility 61, near 

Madrid, had been assumed by Spanish engineers and technicians, 

NASA announced. Similar facility nearby had been consigned to 

Spanish operation in 1969. Both tracking facilities, major units of 

NASA’s Deep Space Network, were oper?ted for NASA in cooperation with Spain’s Instituto Nacional de Technica Aerospacial (INTA) 

under Jan. 29, 1964, agreement. (NASA Release 70-95) 

USAF released summary of findings of C-5 Review Board headed by Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff , Dean of MIT School of Engineering. 

Board concluded: C-5A flight performance met Lockheed Corp. 

contract guarantees at current weight of aircraft; change actions 

applying to contract had not reduced required flight performance; 

landing gear design system was “based on good engineering principles backed by adequate tests and is basically sound”; landing gear problems that had occurred could be related to large number of 

components required to meet aircraft’s landing and ground handling requirements. “It is essential that correct procedures be established, documented, and made available to train crews in proper 

procedures.” Major recommendations on C-5A subsystems were: reconfigure 

triple-redundant pitch, roll, and heading sensor assemblies from two 

attitude heading reference units (AHRUS) and one inertial measurement unit (IMU) to three AHRUS, retaining IMU for navigation only; provide triple redundancy for fail-operational pitch, roll, and heading information fed to cockpit displays; substitute state-of-the-art 

weather and mapping radar for multimode radar (MMR) for transport mission until reliability for other modes had been demonstrated by 

MMR. Board found static tests had demonstrated 80% of design ultimate strength, while full-scale test article had accumulated only 1500 simulated hours of life. It recommended additional modifications to wing structure and program for tracking use of each individual C-5A aircraft by load recorders, to adjust inspection intervals 

and monitor remaining life. It also recommended acceleration of all 

tests, to identify problems in laboratory rather than in service; second wing-fatigue test; and choice by uSAF of one of several proposals to enable wing to meet static strength requirements. (DOD Release 507-70) 0 Physicist Dr. Ralph E. Lapp testified before Subcommittee on Economy in Government of Joint Economic Committee on changing national priorities: “If we eliminate the space shuttle and the space station, then the NASA budget can be trimmed to a level below $3 billion per year throughout the rest of this decade. Such a decision will 

shift NASA’s priorities from sensational manned space ventures to 

space science and its applications. If the U.S. space program is restructured to this new pattern and the Apollo manned lunar program 

207 
June 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

is_allowed to run out, it should be possible to effect further economies in the NASA budget.. .” When NASA shifted to science base “it 

would be desirable that the scientific community gjve some expres- sion of its sense of priorities for space science with respect to the 

rest of science. The quest for new knowledge of the solar system 

must be reckoned as pure or basic or fundamental research. As 

such, it should be related to the federal support of all other basic 

research.” (Testimony) 

MSC announced award of $100000 NASA contract to Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. for study of station operating techniques during space station mission to define crew command structure necessary to ensure successful operations. (MSC Release 70-68) 0 AFSC announced it was testing T-38 aircraft escape system on High Speed Test Track at Holloman AFB, N. Mex., in effort to reduce 

time from starting ejection sequence to parachute inflation. Tests 

changed sequence of events during ejection process and used explo- sive devices to deploy new seat stabilization-retardation parachute 

and speed main parachute inflation. (AFSC Release 161.70) 

Senate confirmed nomination of Adm. Thomas H. Moorer (USN) to be 

Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff for two-year term. (CR, 6/17/70, 

S9235) 0 U.S. Conference of Mayors, meeting in Denver, Colo., called for 

immediate cutbacks in military and space budgets to provide more 

money for beleaguered cities. Conference supported resolution by Milwaukee, Wis., Mayor Henry W. Maier and Cleveland, Ohio, 

Mayor Carl Stokes that money should be taken from “waste” in 

military, space, agricultural, and highway budgets and channeled to 

cities. (Moritz, NY News, 6/18/70,28) 

June 18: MSFC announced award of $320 000 contract to NR Space Div. 

for lunar base synthesis study to define and analyze lunar exploration missions, establish requirements, and develop conceptual descriptions of semipermanent lunar surface bases. Study would ap- praise mobile systems for long traverses of lunar surface, examine 

different surface drills and other tools and equipment, and relate 

capabilities of flying and surface roving vehicles to mission needs. 

Study also would examine operation of semipermanent lunar base 

without lunar orbit space station, operation of base while space base 

was in lunar orbit, missions that could be performed from base, and 

surface missions that could be performed from either lunar orbit or 

surface base. (MSFC Release 70-119) 

Arcas sounding rocket launched by NASA from PMR carried GSFC exeriment to study ozone in atmosphere. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 NASA announced selection of Honeywell, Inc., for $3-million costplus-incentive-fee contract to design, develop, and deliver 10-band 

multispectral scanner for Skylab Workshop experiment to develop techniques and interpretive methods for earth survey from orbital 

vehicles. Scanner would detect and measure radiated and reflected 

solar energy from materials on earth. (NASA Release 70-99) 

Continued problems with Boeing 747 engines were causing postponements and interruptions in service on all U.S. airlines operating 

jumbo jet 747 aircraft, Wall Street Journal said. Main problem had been malfunction in blade-retaining mechanism which had damaged 

208 . 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 18 

some turbine blades. Spokesman for Pratt & Whitney Div. of 

United Aircraft Corp., manufacturer of 747 engines, had said modifications were under way. ( WSJ, 6/18/70,23) @ U.S. exhibit including Apollo IO spacecraft was most popular attraction at Poznan International Fair in Poland, AP quoted U.S. pavilion director Kendall Niglis as saying. He had estimated 6000 visitors an 

hour were filing past capsule. (WPost, 6/19/70, A8) 

AEC announced selection of Dr. Norris E. Bradbury, Director of AEC’S 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, to receive $25 000 Enrico Fermi 

Award for 1970 for outstanding achievement in atomic energy. Dr. 

Bradbury was cited for postwar research leadership which “completely revolutionized nuclear weapon technology” and made U.S. 

nuclear capability “cornerstone of free world’s security.” (AEC 

Release N-103) 

June 19: USAF launched by Atlas-Agena booster from AFETR first in series of satellites equipped with TV cameras and x-ray sensors to 

provide early warning of enemy attack from land or sea bases. Satellite entered orbit with 35 840.1-km (22 270-mi) afogee, 35 791.8-km 

(22 240-mi) perigee, 1426.5-min period, and 0. I inclination. USAF 

did not announce launch, but press reported informed sources said 

satellite would be stationed over Southeast Asia at about 32 000-km 

(20000-mi) altitude. (Pres Rpt 71; GSFC SSR, 6/30/70; AP, NYT, 

6/20/70,8) 0 Largest solar-cell-array system ever devised to power spacecraft had 

been designed by MSFC engineers, NASA announced. Each of arrays, 

to turn sunlight into electric power for Saturn Workshop and Apollo 

Telescope Mount, would provide 10 500 w at 328 K (55°C) during 58- 

to 69-min sunlight portion of each orbit. Skylab power-generation 

systems would produce 21 000 w at peak operation. Number of solar 

cells in workshop array had not been decided; 164 160 cells would be 

used in ATM array. (MSFC Release 70-121) 

NASA announced selection of General Electric Co. for $5-million 

cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to design, develop, and deliver microwave radiometer-scatterometerlaltimeter for Skylab Workshop. Experiment was to evaluate usefulness of passive and active microwave systems.in obtaining data on sea and land conditions, wave 

heights, oceanic wind fields, snow cover, and ground and soil moisture. Data would be correlated at MSC with measurements in visible 

and infrared bands to be made aboard Workshop. (NASA Release, 

61 19/70) 0 LeRc scientists were studying metal shielding to protect reusable 

space vehicle from intense heat as it reentered earth’s atmosphere, 

NASA announced. Shielding would have to withstand temperatures 

to 1900 K (3000°F) as orbiter traveled more than 27000 km per hr 

(17000 mph). Best candidate for heat shield material was disper- sion-strengthened nickel-chromium alloy, according to Charles 

Blankenship, head of LeRC Materials Processing Section. LeRc also 

was conducting research into coatings for refractory metal alloys to 

shield leading edges of orbiters at temperatures above 1500 K 

(2200°F) and act as backup material at 1300-1500 K (1800”-2200°F). 

(NASA Release 70-100) @ First measurements of spectral reflectivity (0.30 to 1. lop) of several 

asteroids using double-beam photometer on 152-cm (60-in) tele209 
June 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

scope of Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Chile, and 152- 

cm 2nd 254-cm (100-in) telescopes of Mount Wilson Observatory, were described in Science by MIT astronomers Thomas B. McCord 

and Torrence V. Johnson and astronomer John B. Adams of Caribbean Research Institute College of the Virgin Islands. Asteroid Vesta’s reflection spectrum contained strong absorption band centered 

near 0.9pand weaker absorption feature between 0.5 and 0.6~. 

Reflectivity decreased strongly in uv. Reflection spectrum for Pallas 

and probably for Ceres asteroids did not contain 0.9~ band. Vesta 

showed “strongest and best defined” absorption bands yet seen in 

reflection spectrum for solid surface of object in solar system. Comparisons with measurements of meteorites and Apollo 11 samples indicated that Vesta surface had composition similar to that of 

certain basaltic achondrites. (Science, 6/19/70, 1445-7) 

June 20: Soyuz IX Cosmonauts Andrian Nikolayev and Vitaly Sevastyanov returned to Moscow and complained of having “heavy bodies” in adjusting to earth gravity after 17-day space flight and 1 day 

on ground. Doctors escorted cosmonauts to hotel for extensive 

physical examinations and start of 10-day debriefing. Later Tass 

said cosmonauts were “quickly adapting. What was heavy an hour 

ago is becoming light.” Initial results of debriefing under precautionary quarantine indicated “condition of health, working efficiency and the general tone of the cosmonauts are much higher than 

medical men expected.” (UPI, C Trib, 6/21/70; W Post, 6/21/70, 

A22) 

June 22: NASA launched two sounding rockets. Nike-Cajun launched from Wallops Station carried GSFC payload to 132-km (82-mi) altitude to obtain data on temperature, pressure, and wind between 35 

and 95 km (22 and 59 mi) by detonating grenades and recording their 

sound arrivals on ground. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily; 18 of 19 grenades exploded as planned. Launch was in 

conjunction with ESSA program to study temperature-sensing meth- ods using balloon sonde, Arcas and Loki-Dart rockets, and Nimbus 

IIIand IVsatellites. 

Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR carried Hawaiian experiment 

to conduct solar studies. (NASA Rmt SRL; SR list) 

Laser ranging retroreflector (LRRR) similar to one placed on lunar surface by Apollo I I crew had been added to ALSEP package for Apollo 14, NASA announced. LRRR would be placed in Fra Mauro region of 

moon to make laser distance measurements from earth to moon with 

15-em (6-in) accuracy. (MSC Release 70-71) 0 House and Senate agreed to conference report on H.R. 16516, $3.411- 

billion FY 1971 NASA authorization bill, thereby clearing bill for 

President. Conference Report total was $190 million less than total 

passed by House and $94.9 million more than total passed by Senate. (CR, 6/22/70, H5856-9.59497-8) 

Aug. 15 closing of Antigua Tracking Station in Caribbean would reduce Manned Space Flight Network to 13 stations, 4 aircraft, and 1 

ship, NASA announced. At peak complement-during July 17-24, 

1969, Apollo 11 mission-network had had 15 stations, 8 instrumented aircraft, and 4 tracking ships. (NASA Release 70-101) 0 President Nixon announced approval of International Air Policy 

Statement by interagency committee appointed to review U.S. in210 
ASTRONALJ’MCS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 22 

ternational air transportation policies. Statement would supersede 1963 statement. 

White House released conclusions, including recommendations 

that system of exchanging air transport rights through bilateral 

agreements should be retained but excessive price should not be 

paid for rights for which there was little near-term need; attempts to 

restrict U.S. carrier operations abroad should be opposed; both 

scheduled and supplemental carriers should be permitted to compete in bulk transportation market; intergovernmental agreements should be sought on charter services; and U.S. should continue to 

accept IATA as machinery for pricing scheduled services. (PD, 61291 

@ American Society of Mechanical Engineers announced selection of 

Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, to receive ASME Medal for “his 

distinguished service in aeronautics and space research and for his 

outstanding engineering leadership by which he inspired and directed.. .manned space flights and successful landings on the moon.” 

Award would be presented during ASME annual meeting Nov. 29- 

Dec. 3. (MSC Roundup, 7/17/70,1; ASME) 

@ Aviation Week & Space Technology editorial by Robert Hotz commented: “Aerospace technology stands on the brink of another multi-faceted explosion that is already producing revolutionary new 

developments.. . . The decade ahead will pose another of those 

challenges that alter the course of history. The opportunity for military technological surprise has never been greater. The need to build 

a revolutionary new economy based on the technology developed in 

aerospace was never more acute. The U.S. policy makers have a 

clear choice. They can seize the opportunity offered by the technical 

revolution of the 1970’s and exploit it fully to provide U.S. security 

and economic and social leadership in this troubled world. Or they 

can economize to the point where the Soviet Union-as it did in the 

1950’s-can gain sufficient technological momentum to open another technological ga that will have dire consequences for the western world.” (Av &, 6/22/70,21) 

June 23: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor V weather satellite into orbit with 

888-km (551.8-mi) apogee, 830-km (515.7-km) perigee, 102.0-min 

period, and 81.2” inclination. Spacecraft would photograph cloud 

and snow cover and collect weather data, Tass announced. (GSFC 

SSR, 6/30/70; AP, C Trib, 6/25/70) 0 Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., one of seven original Mercury astronauts, was resigning effective July 31 to become President of 

National Exhibits, Inc., and member of Board and engineering consultant to Intersales, Inc., in Washington, D.C., NASA announced. 

Cooper had participated in Faith 7 mission launched May 15, 1963, 

and eight-day Gemini V mission launched Aug. 21 , 1965. (NASA Release 70-103) @ Tass said doctor attending Soyuz IX Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov had found “certain instability” in 

their cardiovascular systems, indicating cosmonauts had not yet 

adapted to earth gravity. Soviet medical authorities were speculat- ing that simulated gravity might be necessary in spacecraft. (AP, W 

Post, 6/24/70, A3) 

70,804-5) 

21 1 
June 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 190 

USNS Vanguard, seagoing tracking station of NASA Manned Space Flight Network, joined OSSA-GSFC-Wallops Station mapping expedition to measure cavity in ocean surface over deepest spot in Atlantic 

-five-mile-deep Puerto Rico Trench. Vanguard would sail across 

cavity making precise navigation and gravity measurements while 

its radar tracked NASA’s Geos I1 satellite orbiting overhead. Underwater transponders would provide local geodetic control point for 

referencing ship’s position in support 0% onboard navigation system. 

Purpose of mission was to provide calibration standard for altimeter 

planned for use aboard GEOS satellite scheduled for 1972 launch. 

(NASA Release 70-108) e At Detroit press conference, Apollo 13 Astronaut Fred W. Haise, Jr., 

commenting on Soyuz IXmission, said he was “very happy to see 

the Russians back in space.” He predicted U.S.-U.S.S.R. cooperation in space stations. “In the hostile environment of space it will be 

like the stations in the Antarctic where all nations help each other.” 

Haise was in Detroit to address 55th annual Kiwanis International 

Convention. (AP, B News, 6/25/70) June 24: Tass reported comments by chief designer of Soyuz IX spacecraft at mess conference for Soviet journalists at Zvezdnv Gorodok 

(Star City), U.S.S.R. Designer, - whose name was *withheld, 

said: “The first results of the [June 2-19 Soyuz Ix] flight show that 

man can work in space for a long time, for at least a month. The new 

space experiment was a complete success. The information that was 

obtained will make possible another step towards the construction 

of orbital stations.” (Gwertzman, NYT, 6/25/70) 

MSC announced it had awarded Bendix Corp. $I-million, cost-plus- fixed-fee contract modification for fabrication of fifth Apollo lunar 

surface experiments package (A~SEP) for deployment on moon during Apollo 16 mission. Modification brought total estimated value of 

contract to $76 million. (MSC Release 70-73) 

Senate Committee on Appropriations approved, with amendments, 

H.R. 17548, Independent Offices and HUD appropriations bill containing $3.319-billion NASA appropriation. (CRY 6/24/70, D675) 

U.S. civil aircraft fleet had increased 90% during 1960s, though 5% 

growth rate in 1969 was lowest recorded in recent years, FAA report- ed. At end of 1969,133 814 civil aircraft were eligible to fly; at end of 

1968, 127 164; and at end of 1959, 70 747. General-aviation aircraft 

accounted for more than 97% of total eligible aircraft, with 130 806 

at end of 1969, 124 237 at end of 1968, and 68 727 at end of 1959. Air 

carrier fleet included 3008 eligible aircraft at end of 1969,2927 at end 

of 1968, and 2020 at end of 1959. (FAA Release 70-62) 

Col. Roscoe Turner-winner of Harmon Trophy for aviator in 1932 

and of ThompsonTrophy Race in 1934, 1938, and 1939-died in Indianapolis, Ind., dter long illness. He was 74. Col. Turner had held 

cross-country speed record as winner of Bendix Race, 11 hrs 30 min 

New York to Los Angeles, 1933-1938. He later had been Chairman 

of Board of Roscoe Turner Aeronautical Corp. flight school and 

sales service facility at Indianapolis Weir Cook Airport. (AP, W 

Star. 6/24/70. B5: Who’s Who) 

June 25; USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by Titan IIIB-Agena D booster. Satellite entered orbit with 410.4-km 

(255-mi) apogee, 118.9-km (73.9-mi) perigee, 89.8-min peri21 2 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 25 

od, and 108.8’ inclination and reentered, July 6. (Pres Rpt 71; GSFC 

SSR. 6/30170; 7/31/70) 

Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel submitted report to NASA in form of 

letter to Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, from panel 

chairman, Dr. Charles D. Harrington. Panel found that Apollo 13 

Review Board rocedures and scope of inquiry had “proved effecly competent analysis in the reconstruction of the factors contributing to the Apollo 13 abort.” Panel “found no evidence and no reason to doubt the technical validity of their determination and findings.” (Hearing, Sen Com on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 

Apollo 13 Mission Review, 6/30/70,51,56) * MSC announced NR had been awarded $4 785 130 supplemental agreement for changes in Apollo CM and SM contract. Agreement formally 

incorporated 26 changes previously authorized by NASA for modification to ground support equipment, for test and checkout of CSM, 

modification of flight and ground test hardware, and additional testand-eff ect-analysis changes and brought total value of contract to 

$3.5 billion. (MSC Release 70-73) 9 Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried GSFC experiment to obtain data on atmosphere by detonating grenades and recording their sound arrivals on ground. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Construction began on 64-m (210-ft) tracking antenna near Madrid, 

Spain, final link in worldwide tracking system to triple useful distance of spacecraft in dee space missions, NASA announced. Antenantenna in U.S. at Goldstone, Calif. Another 64-m antenna was 

under construction at Tidbinbilla, Australia. Combined facilities 

would provide continuous tracking of spacecraft carrying experiments several hundred million kilometers into space and might 

reach to edge of solar system. Madrid antenna was being built by 

NASA under agreement with Spain’s Instituto Nacional de Ttchnica 

Aeroespacial (INTA). (NASA Release 70-104) 0 ERS data-handling problem was discussed by Dr. John M. DeNoyer, Director of Earth Observations Programs, NASA OSSA, in testimony 

before House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries’ Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation: “Fact that over 

one million photographic frames are currently on file indicates the 

scope of the developing ERS data handling problem, particularly in 

view of the forthcoming ERTS A&B data.” NASA had established Data 

Management Working Group. At request of oST, NASA had been 

conducting, with user agencies, study of basic approach to be used. 

“The primary initial demand will be for imagery, as few users will 

be equipped for automatic data processing. The basic approach 

agreed u on is one designed to store, retrieve, and disseminate iming standard methods, and a common retrieval system based upon a 

central computer linked to many inplhtloutput remote consoles by 

telephone lines. The retrieval system will be similar to the NASA 

RECON.” (Testimony) @ Post-Apollo.13 poll showed U.S. public was opposed by 64% to 30% 

to major space funding over next decade, Louis Harris reported in 

tive in their tas t: .” Board had “performed a thorough and technicalna, to be operative in 19 .p 3, would duplicate largest fully steerable 

agery. T R e approach is a multi-agency network, all participants us213 
June 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Chicago Tribune. Of 1520 persons polled, 55% said they were very 

worried about fate of Apoflo 13 astronauts following mission abort, 

24% were somewhat worried, 20% were not very worried, and 1% 

were not sure. Total of 71% expected fatal accident would occur on 

future mission, 18% thought it would not occur, and 11% were unsure. (C Trib, 6/25/70, F12) 0 NASA announced award of $9 406 000 cost-plus-incentive-award-fee 

contract to Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. for development and 

construction of improved shroud system for Centaur vehicle. Contract provided for delivery of six shroud systems, one to be tested, 

and others to be flown on Titan IIID-Centaur rockets. (LeRC Release 

0 Senate confirmed nomination of Dr. T. Keith Glennan,first NASA 

Administrator, to be U.S. representative to International Atomic 

Energy Agency with rank of Ambassador. (CR, 6/25/70, S9950) 0 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. announced 13% cutback, amounting to 

13 000 jobs, by end of 1970. Officials blamed uSAF reduction in order 

for C-5 Galaxy transport aircraft from 115 to 81, completion of tooling and development phases, and delay in production go-ahead for 

short-range attack missile (SRAM) propulsion system. (W Post, 6/251 

70, G14) * Dr. Kenneth S. Pitzer resigned as President of Stanford Univ. In letter 

of resignation released by university, he said situation at Stanford 

“represents another manifestation of the destructive nature of the 

current conflict” in U.S. society. “Both on campus and off campus, support for reasoned discourse and nonviolent change has steadily 

diminished.” (Turner, NYT, 6/26/70, 15) 0 NAS announced formation of Committee for International Environmental Programs (IEPC) to facilitate participation of U.S. scientists 

in international environmental activities, advise Federal Government, act as adhering>group in U.S for international ecological programs on nongovernmental level, and develop and maintain clearinghouse for information on nongovernmental ecological activities. 

(NAS Release) 

June 26: U.S.S.R. launched two satellites: Molniya 1-14 comsat entered 

orbit with 39 233-km (24 378.2-mi) apogee, 468-km (290.8-mi) perigee, 704.5-min period, and 65.4” inclination. Cosmos CCCL entered 

orbit with 249-km (154.74) apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee, 

89.0-min period, and 51.7” inclination and reentered July 8. (GSFC 

SSR, 6/30/70; 713 1/70) 0 Aurorae (Esro I) satellite, launched by NASA for ESRO Oct. 3, 1968, 

reentered atmosphere after investigating auroras and related phenomena for 21 mos. Satellite-designed, developed, and constructed by ESRO-was second ESRO spacecraft launched under NASAESRO agreement. (NASA Proj off; GSFC SSR, 6/30/70) 0 NASA-developed fire-proofing materials were “stirring great ~ hopes among professionals in the field of fire prevention and soon may be 

in widespread use,” AP reported. Airline industry was “excited” 

about materials to reduce fire hazards in aircraft cabins. USAF had 

asked NASA for advice in fire-proofing T-39 jet trainers and light 

transports. International Assn. of Firefighters had asked NASA help 

in developing new firefighting apparel. Post Office Dept. was seeking fireproof mailbags. National Assn. of Home Builders, with HUD, 

70-28) 

214 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 26 

was preparing for advance use of new fire-resistant materials in 

home construction. (PInq, 6/27/70) 

Harry H. Gorman had accepted, in permanent capacity, 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned S 

(Management) to which he acceded in October 1969, MSFC announced. Richard W. Cook had been named to fill Gorman’s former 

post as MSFC Deputy Director, Management, pending Hq. approval. 

(MSFC Release 70-129) 0 President Nixon in San Clemente, Calif,, announced intention to nominate Clay T, Whitehead, Special Assistant to the President and 

White House Contact for INTELSAT, as first Director of Office of 

Telecommunications. Nomination was submitted to Senate June 29. 

(PD, 6/29/70,822; 7/6/70,871) 0 NASA announced award by LaRC of $1 077 000 contract to General 

Electric Co. Space Div. for flight experiment to make year-long 

global measurements of carbon monoxide concentrations using advanced spaceborne sensor. By mapping portions of earth’s atmosphere with high, low, and average concentrations of poisonous 

gas, scientists hoped to identify “removal sinks” in which carbon 

monoxide was changed into another compound. By defining removal mechanisms, scientists hoped to be able to predict whether carbon monoxide concentration would increase in future and to what 

degree. (NASA Release 70-102) 

NASA announced it had issued $8 965 000 supplemental agreement to 

$57-million Delta procurement contract with McDonnell Douglas Corp. to incorporate Delta inertial guidance system (DIGS) to replace radio inertial system in Delta rocket. DIGS system would use Apollo 

LM abort sensor package and computer developed for Centaur vehicle and would increase overall vehicle performance by eliminating 

need to select Delta trajectories within sight of ground command stations while radio guidance system was steering rocket. (NASA 

Release 70-106) 

MSFC announced issuance of RFPS for study of inflight venting of 

space shuttle vehicles to identify areas of vehicle requiring venting, establish venting schemes, outline data requirements for venting 

analyses, and develop test program to analyze shuttle vehicles during launch and reentry. Proposals were due July 17. (MSFC Release 

0 Discovery that velocity of sound waves through Apollo 11 and 12 

moon rocks was roughly one third that through earth’s rocks was 

reported in Science by Edward Schreiber of Queens College, City Univ. of New York, and Orson L. Anderson of Lamont-Doherty Observatory. Scientists compared sound velocity in various earth 

materials with that of lunar samples. Materials which exhibited “compressional velocities that are in consonance with those measured for lunar rocks” included provolone, emmenthal, muenster, 

and cheddar cheese-”which leads us to suspect that perhaps old 

hypotheses are best, after all, and should not be lightly discarded.” 

(Science, 6/26/70, 1579-80) 0 Nixon Administration policy toward Federal graduate aid was discussed in Science by John Walsh: There were signs “the Administration is veering away from a policybf changing the primary form 

of direct federal support to graduate education from fellowships and 

70-126) 

215 
June 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

training grants to guaranteed loans. For those who feared that the 

prevailing system of federal grants was to be supplanted there is 

some consolation that the grants are headed down but not out.” 

While NASA had liquidated sustaining university programs, agency would still provide indirect support of graduate students through 

research assistantships financed under $75 million in research grants 

to universities approved in past budgets. (Science, 6/26/70, 1559-61) 0 Possible pollution of stratosphere by SST was discussed in Science: 

“An environment issue that has been intensifying in recent weeks is 

the question of whether exhaust products added to the stratosphere by the SST could produce significant environmental changes.” Most 

meteorologists agreed gaseous exhaust products other than water 

would present no special problems. Water was “moie likely to be a 

problem because stratospheric water concentrations are generally low as the result of condensation in the troposphere.’’ Water accumulated in troposphere could change radiation balance of earth; initiate cloud formation, thus increasing amount of solar energy reflected into space; or lead to decrease in o.zone concentration of 

stratosphere, “thereby allowing more ultraviolet radiation to reach 

the earth’s surface.” However, there was not enough information available to predict whether persistent clouds would form, since no 

research flights had been made in cold areas of tropical tropopause and above Arctic and Antarctic, which were believed to be saturated. (Nuessle, Holcomb, Science, 6/26/70, 1562) 0 Molecular oxygen supply in atmosphere and o en ocean were not 

Univ. geologist Dr. Wallace S. Broecker said in Science. “Molecular oxygen is one resource that is virtually unlimited .*. . . We are 

faced with so many real environmental crises that there is no need to 

increase the public concern by bringing out bogeymen.” (Science, 

Pravda said new 34-11 (lo-ft) wide telescopic mirror being installed at 

Zelenchuk Observatory in northern Caucasus could pick up glimmer of candle 24 900 km (15 500 mi) from earth and enable astronomers 

to see parts of universe never before viewed by man. Largest of its 

kind, mirror was cut from 64-metric-ton (70-short-ton) mass of glass 

and was cooled in furnace from 518 K (472°F) to room temperature during 18-mo casting period. (Reuters,_B Sun, 6/27/70) 0 MIT oceanographer Dr. Henry Stommel commented in Science, on 

prospects for physical oceanography: “Is the dynamics of the 

ocean similar to or fundamentally different from that of the atmosphere? Only measurement will tell, and it will have to be measurement at a level of technological sophistication quite beyond the present level and beyond that proposed for routine monitoring. Access 

to somebody’s monitoring system, or to a few years of ship time, 

will not suffice to obtain the kind of information the scientist needs 

about the oceanic velocity field. Some carefully designed measurement programs are going to be needed-on a scale larger than an 

oceanographic institution can manage but smaller than .the space 

program. To be useful scientifically, these programs will have to 

give first priority to questions of hydrodynamics. To date there is little indication they will do so.” (Science, 6/26/70, 1531-6) 

threatened by man’s activities in foreseeab P e future, Columbia 

6/26/70, 1537-8) 

216 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 June 27 

June 27: Cosmos CCCLI was launched b U.S.S.R. into orbit with 464- 

and 70.9” inclinati llite reentered dct. 13. (GSFC SSP, 6/30/ 

70; 10/31/70) * Tenth anniversary of MSFC, NASA’s largest installation. MSFC facilities 

consisted of 700 hectares (1800 acres) with 370 structures and buildings totaling about 370000 sq m (4 million sq ft). During decade, 

MSFC scientists and engineers had designed Saturn I, Saturn IB, and 

Saturn V boosters. (Marshall Star, 6/24/10; NASA PAO) 

0 Actions in response to Apollo 13 Review Board Report [see June 151 

were recommended by Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director, in memo to Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator. 

They included oxygen tank modifications, addition of third oxygen 

tank on Apollo 14 and 15, modification of fuel-cell oxygen reactant 

valve to separate Teflon-coated wires from oxygen environment, 

caution and warning system modifications, addition of second-level 

limits sensing in Mission Control Center, comprehensive review of 

consumables and emergency equipment in LM and CM, and tests and 

analysis recommended by Review Board. (Hearing, Sen Corn on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Apollo 13 Mission Review, 6/301 

70,52,57) 0 NASA launched two sounding rockets from WSMR. Aerobee 170 carried 

American Science and Engineering, Inc., payload to 175.2-km 

(108.9-mi) altitude to collect data from cosmic x-ray sources to determine location of sources and flux levels in range 0.2-1 kev. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. Nike-Apache carried Cal Tech experiment to conduct x-ray studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt 

SRL: SR list) 

June 29: Sen. Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.), for himself, Sen. Clifford 

P. Case (R-N.J.), Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.), and Sen. Jacob 

K. Javits (R-N.Y.), submitted amendment to H.R. 17548, FY 1971 

Independent Offices and HUD appropriations bill which would reduce NASA R&D appropriation by $1 10 million-amount requested 

by NASA for design and definition of space shuttle and station. Sen. 

Mondale said: “This project represents NASA’S next major effort in 

manned space flight. The $110 million. . .is only the beginning of the 

story. NASA’s preliminary cost estimates for development of the 

space shuttlelstation total almost $14 billion, and the ultimate cost 

may run much higher. Furthermore, the shuttle and station are the 

first essential steps toward a manned Mars landing. . .which could 

cost anywhere between $50 to $100 billion. I have seen no per- suasive justification for embarking upon a project of such staggering 

costs at a time when many of our citizens are malnourished, when 

our rivers and lakes are polluted, and when our cities and rural areas 

are decaying.” (CR, 6/29/70, S10057-8) 0 Ninth anniversary of launch of SNAP-3A, first atomic battery in 

space. Generator launched by USN on Transit IV-A June 29, 1961, 

had already o erated four years beyond its five-year design life. 

(AEC Release #-108; Aeronaufical and Astronautical Events of 1961) 0 MSFC announced award of $143987 contract to McDonnell Dou la$ 

km (288.3-mi) ap O-km (167. tT -mi) erigee, 91.8-min eriod, 

Astronautics Co. to establish requirements and procedures for a eld 

217 
June 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

repair of thermal protection panels for reusable space transportation 

system. (MSFC Release 70-130) 0 USN F-14A jet fighter, in developmental stage, had encountered prob- lem with movable wing, same design feature that had plagued USAF 

F-111, Wall Street Journal said. F-14, being built by Grumman Aircraft Corp., would substitute for USN’S canceled version of F-1 1 1 . ( WS3,6/29/70, 1) * FAA announced publication of R&D Plan To Increase Airport and 

Airway System Capacity, to meet future demands of air transportation. Plan assumed new approach and !anding system was necessary 

to achieve accurate guidance and minimize site sensitivity problem 

at high-density airports; reduction in collision potential must be 

provided as capacity increased; many manual air traffic control 

functions must be automated; design and configuration of system must reduce vulnerability to subsystem or component failures; increase in IFR capacity required higher precision and greater reliability of navaids; expanded airport accommodations required investigation of new concepts like satellite terminal facilities and all cargo 

airports; use of more flexible navi ation and ATC systems was necescrease aircraft handling capacity, close-spaced, dependent and independent parallel runways were necessary. (FAA Release T 70-29) 0 President Nixon in San Clemente, Calif., issued E.O. 11538 delegating 

to Secretary of Transportation authority to establish and conduct 

international aeronautical exposition. (PD, 7/6/70,840) 

June 29-30: NASA held “Skylab and Beyond” press briefing and tour of 

production facilities at MSFC. William C. Schneider, Skylab Program 

Director, said project was “in the very critical phase of firming up 

our designs” and predicted 1972 launch date would be met. Three 

missions were planned for eight-month lifetime of 14.6-m (48-ft) 

Workshop. Primary task of first mission would’be to study physiological and psychological aspects of space flight for 28 days. Second 

mission, for 56 days, would operate telescopes. Third mission, for 

56 days, would survey earth resources with highly sensitive cameras. (NASA Note to Editors, 6/8/70; Wilford, NYT, 7/1/70, 1) 

June 30: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, reviewed results of 

Apollo 13 accident investigations and announced postponement of 

Apollo 14 mission to Jan. 31, in testimony before Senate Committee 

on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. Law Director Edgar M. Cortright, Chairman of Apollo 13 Review Board, summarized repared 

view Board [see June 151 would be implemented before Apollo 14 

was approved for launch, Dr. Paine said. CSM systems’ would be 

modified to eliminate potential combustion hazards in high-pressure oxygen. Unsealed fan motors would be removed from oxygen tanks 

and additional oxygen tank would be added to Apollo 14 CSM. 

Electrical wiring within high-pressure oxygen systems would be limited to stainless-steel-sheathed wires, and Teflon, aluminum, and 

other potentially reactive materials would be used as little as ossiMission Control warning systems would be modified to provide 

more immediate and visible warnings of system anomalies. MSC was 

sary to reduce noise pollution e 8 ects around airport; and, to instatement before Committee. Recommendations of Apol P o 13 Reble and kept away from possible ignition sources. Spacecra P t and 

218 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 June 30 

reviewing spacecraft emergency equipment and procedures and use 

of CSMS and LMS in “lifeboat” modes. 

OSSA, OMSF, and OART had been directed to apply Review Board 

recommendations throughout NASA and submit report on assessment and actions taken or proposed by Aug. 25. 

Lessons of Apollo 13 would be disseminated throughout industry and technical community. Dr. Paine had forwarded copy of Review 

Board report to Soviet Academician Mstislav V. Keldysh “so that 

lessons which might be learned from our accident can be applied to 

prevent a similar hazard to Soviet Cosmonauts.” 

Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute at LeRC would 

conduct additional research on materials compatibility, ignition, and 

combustion at various g levels and on characteristics of supercritical fluids, expanding its review of oxygen handling in aerospace programs. Research would “be of direct long-term benefit to NASA 

in. . .future programs, and will help other sectors of the economy.’’ Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel would review NASA management processes in implementing Review Board recommendations 

and Apollo 13 Review Board would reconvene later in year. 

Postponement of Apollo 14 mission would move Apollo 15 launch 

date to July or August 1971, Dr. Paine testified. It was too early to 

detail costs and budgetary impact of modifications and program 

changes necessitated by Apollo 13 accident but best current estimate would be “in the range of $10 to $15 million of increased costs, 

which we plan to handle within our total Apollo budget.” 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale D. 

Myers presented specific plans for reassessing all Apollo spacecraft 

subsystems. Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director, outlined actions planned to carry out Review Board recommendations. 

(Transcript) 0 Electronics Research Center, Cambridge, Mass., was officially closed 

as NASA installation. Transfer to DOT as Transportation Systems Center, announced by President Nixon March 25, would be 

completed July 1. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, had 

announced decision Dec. 29, 1969, to close ERC because “NASA 

could not afford to continue to invest broadly in electronics research” in face of budget reductions. Center had opened Sept. 1, 

1964. In December 1969 it had 850 employees engaged in advanced 

research in electronics for aeronautics and space, under Director 

James C. Elms. Six buildings were in final phases of construction. 

(NASA Steering Group, Rpt on Closing of NASA ERC, 10/1/70; PD, 

3/30/70,446; NASA Release 69-171) 0 Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for 

Planning, received 1970 “World Citizen” Award of Civitan International at organization’s 50th annual convention in Atlanta, Ga. Citation was for “accomplishments as leading pioneer scientist and en- gineer’’ in space program “which has already resulted in successful 

flights to the moon and untold scientific advances for the benefit of 

mankind.” Only previous recipients of award were Sir Winston 

Churchill and President Dwight D. Eisenhower. (Thompson, Atlanta Constitution, 7/1/70) * During FRC Space Shuttlecraft Symposium, Milton 0. Thompson, FRC 

Director of Research Projects and NASA test pilot, proposed con219 
June 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

struction and flight-testing of subscale version of selected space 

shuttlecraft configuration before construction of actual spacecraft. 

Test could provide confidence in configuration to fly at low super- sonic and subsonic speeds and to land successfully and could discover and solve unpredicted problems. Proposed manned tests 

would be similar to X-15 and lifting-body flights. They would be 

launched from B-52 aircraft, use propulsion system to climb to higher speeds and altitudes, and glide to landing pattern. (FRC Release 

0 NASA announced appointment, effective Oct. 1, of Richard C. McCurdy, consultant and member of NASA Management Advisory Panel, to post of Associate Administrator for Organization and 

Management. He would have responsibility for evaluation and 

strengthening of organization and management policies and practices. McCurdy retired as President and Chief Executive Officer of 

Shell Oil Co. in December 1969. (NASA Release 70-110) * NASA announced award of $856 000 contract to Cutler-Hammer, Inc., 

for design of L-band microwave radiometer for use in Skylab pro- gram. Experiment would measure brightness temperature of terrestrial surface of Skylab ground track in L-band portion of spectrum. (MSC Release 70-86) * USAF contract awards: Aerojet-General Corp. was being issued 

$12 100 000 initial increment to $33 409 607 fixed-price-incentive 

contract for procurement of Titan IIIB, C, and D stage I and 2 liq- uid-rocket engine systems. TRW Inc. was being issued $351 000 initial increment to $4 669 800 contract for advanced development of 

electronic propulsion system for space satellites. General Dynamics Corp. was receiving $250 000 initial increment to $2 585 000 contract 

for development, assembly, test, and launch support of integrated 

unmanned spacecraft for space flight-testing of DOD experiments. 

(DOD Release 544-70) 

During June: Hypersonic aircraft technology and applications were discussed in Astronautics & Aeronautics by Dr. Alfred J. Eggers, Jr., 

NASA Assistant Administrator for Policy; Richard H. Petersen, Senior Research Scientist in ARC Mission Analysis Div.; and Nathaniel B. 

Cohen, special assistant in NASA policy research program. Because of long-life requirements of its structure, I! was unlikely that hypersonic transport would be developed unt!l operational experience 

was available on some other hypersonic aircraft. Therefore, hyper- sonic transport would benefit not only from technology developed for space-shuttle vehicle, but very probably from exper!ence gained 

during shuttle operation. Operating experience with high-temperature structures would help immensely in developing longer life 

structures for hypersonic transport. and gain considerable. new 

knowledge of hypersonic aerodynamics. In contrast to situation in 

aerodynamics and structures, technology program being planned by 

NASA to support development of rocket propulsion for shuttle would 

not contribute significantly to hypersonic airbreathing-propulsion- system technology. Current generalized scram jet research program 

had amply demonstrated feasibility of such engines. Developing 

airbreathing propulsion for either hypersonic transport or second13-70) 

220 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 During June 

generation airbreathing 1st stage for space shuttle would require 

applied program focused specifically on scram jet. (A&A, 6/70, 

0 Aerospace said USAF’s Vela nuclear test satellite program had been 

credited with longest continually operating spacecraft, saving Government $26 million and achieving 100% of its objectiyes. April 8 

launch of two Vela satellites had been final launch in program. 

(Aerospace, 6/7/70) 0 North American Rockwell Corp. received applications from more 

than 1000 unemployed aerospace workers durin week following June 5 announcement that NR had been awarded fl.35-billion USAF 

B-1 bomber contract. (Wright, NYT, 6/10/70,63) @ Two NAE reports to NSF had proposed that NSF’s authority to support applied research not be used to assume burdens of Federal agencies, 

NAS-NRC-NAE News Report said. Federal Support of Applied Research by task force headed by Cal Tech President Harold Brown 

and Priorities in Applied Research: An Initial Appraisal by NAE 

Committee on Public Engineering Policy had urged that NSF support 

stop short of developmental work. Support should be directed toward projects for which there was widespread need but little or no 

other support. Highest priorities were recommended for research 

“intended to deepen our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the biosphere,” with emphasis on atmospheric and hydrological rocesses and perturbed ecosystems. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 6-7h; NAE Release, 7/1/70) * Potential for spotting pollution from space was discussed in Space/ 

Aeronautics by Kurt R. Stehling, author and former NASA Office of 

Program Planning and Evaluation scientist: Full-scale program . would require development of new and improved sensors and establishment of highly efficient data-management system. “The answer lies either in larger aircraft, capable of flying at higher altitudes, 

or. . .in spacecraft complemented by aircraft.” (S/A, 6/70; 47-9) 0 George Washington Univ. published International Aspects of Earth 

Resources Survey Satellite Programs by John Hanessian, Jr., reprint of article published in Journal of the British Interplanetary Society: International participation in experimental earth resources 

survey satellite program was possible in several forms, each both 

advantageous and disadvantageous for U.S. and participating country. “The technical constraints and realistic expectations need to be 

carefully considered in any feasibility evaluation that may be carried out. . . .” Technical assistance from industrialized countries or 

regional or international multilateral agencies would be necessary for developing countries. “It is also quite possible that private industry could play a leading role in such efforts.” Potential participation of U.S.S.R. “must be viewed not only with the optimism engendered by recent statements, but also by reflection on the experience of a decade of space history.” Survey satellite concept “could 

provide an ideal opportunity for the technologically advanced nations of the world to converge their interests with the aspirations of 

the many developing countries in their effort to build a just, peaceful, and economically progressive world community.” (Text) 

30-41) 

22 1 

July 1970 

July I: Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong was sworn in as Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Aeronautics, NASA OART, at Hq. ceremony attended by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and NASA 

officials. (Daily Appointments Calendar) 

Loss of 0.56-g (0.02-02) fragment of 0.45-kg (l-lb) Apollo 11 lunar 

rock from GSFC was reported by NASA. Sample, one of several used 

by GSFC scientists to study effect of shock waves in lunar material, 

had been reported missing by GSFC scientist Dr. Nicholas M. Short. 

NASA was investigating. (NASA Release 70-1 13) 0 NASA announced award of $43-million cost-plus-award-fee contract to 

General Electric Co. for development of Nimbus E and F space- craft, including responsibility as prime contractor for associated 

systems, integration, and testing. Nimbus E and F would be similar 

in structural design to previous Nimbus spacecraft and would each 

carry 10 experiments, with launch scheduled for 1972 and 1973. 

(NASA Release 70-1 11) 

MSC announced NASA contract awards: Grumman Aerospace Corp. received $3 248 000 supplemental agreement for changes in Apollo 

LM contract. Agreement formally incorporated 18 changes previously authorized by NASA for modification of vehicle readiness review 

procedures, vibrational testing, rendezvous radar, quality assurance 

and reliability procedures, and descent engine updating. Agreement brought total estimated value of contract to $1 673 119 200. Federal 

Electric Corp. received 10-mo, $3.29-million, cost-plus-award-fee 

contract extension for support services at MSC. Extension brought 

total value of contract to $7.394 million since June 1, 1969. (MSC 

Releases 70-75,70-76) 

MSFC announced NR Rocketdyne Div. had received $22 841 941 contract for Saturn engine support work between July 1, 1970, and June 

30,1971. (MSFC Release 70-134) 

Senate passed and returned to House H.R. 16595, $550-million FY 

1971 NSF authorization bill. (CR, 7/1/70, S10389-93) * ComSatCorp announced Bartlett earth station for comsats at Talkeetna, Alaska, had been placed in commercial operation, with 80 circuits for telephone and record service between Alaska and lower 48 

states. Service would also be available between Alaska and Hawaii. 

Circuits to Japan were expected to be established later in year. (ComSatCorp Release 70-38) 

Blue Ribbon Defense Panel, with Gilbert W. Fitzhugh as Chairman, 

submitted to President Nixon Report to the President and the Secretary of Defense on the Department of Defense. Report offered 113 

recommendations, including top-to-bottom DOD reorganization, removing Joint Chiefs of Staff from involvement with day-to-day problems of war, streamlining military staffs, reorganizing all U.S. 

223 
July 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

combat forces under three main operating commands, and abandoning contracting policies that led to cost overruns and weapons that 

didn’t work. Panel had been appointed by President and Secretary of Defense in 1969 to study DOD problems. (Text) 

Nomination of Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman, to serve additional five-year term as member of AEC was submitted to Senate. 

President Nixon asked that Dr. Seaborg continue as AEC Chairman. 

(PD, 6/6/70,871; AEC PiO) 

0 Merger of USAF Office of Aerospace Research and AFSC placed responsibility for all USAF R&D in AFSC. OAR field installations were 

kept intact but OAR Hq. in Arlington, Va., was absorbed into AFSC 

Hq. at Andrews AFB, Md. (AFSC Release 209.70) 

July 2: In letter to Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, Elmer B. 

Staats, U.S. Comptroller General, recommended that award of ATSF and ATS-G contract to General Electric Co. be reconsidered because of ambiguity in NASA’s instruction to competitors and one- week extension granted GE to submit its revised proposal. “It is our 

[GAO’S] opinion that the established award selection procedures 

were not followed and that the procedures which were followed 

were defective.” 

Within two hours of receipt of GAO recommendation, Dr. Paine 

issued statement: “On April 9 I requested the GAO to conduct a review of the events leading to the selection of the General Electric 

Co. rather than the Fairchild Hiller Corp. to build two Applications 

Technology Satellites. 

“The General Accounting Office has reported to me that the Fairchild Hiller Corp. may not have been accorded an equal opportunity 

to submit a winning bid because of a one-week extension granted to 

General Electric who turned in the lower bid. 

“At the time the award was made, this time disparity was not 

known to the selecting officials. 

“NASA will therefore reopen the bidding to Fairchild Hiller and 

General Electric in strict accordance with our procurement regulations.” (CR, 7/9/70,510975-7; NASA Release 70-1 19; Text) 

Daniel J. Fink, Vice President and General Manager of General 

Electric Co. Space Div., issued statement in Washington, D.C., and 

Philadelphia, Pa. Conclusion of GAO report “seems to rest on the 

single detail that Fairchild’s pioposal was submitted one week earlier than ours. . . .both parties had the opportunity to inform NASA 

when they could submit their proposal and both parties responded accordingly. The Fairchild implication that this difference in time 

could have been used unfairly by General Electric by our learning 

our competitor’s price and changing ours is a shocking allegation. 

No such ‘leak’ occurred, and the GAO report specifically states that 

there is no evidence to support that allegation.” Fink said facts were 

“that both parties competed hard for this important space program 

which has the potential of contributing greatly to our well being in 

this country and in several foreign countries where this communications satellite will be used.” (Text) 0 President Nixon approved H. R. 16516, $3.411-billion N 1971 NASA 

Authorization Act. Bill became P.L. 91-303. (PD, 7/13/70,931) 0 Aerobee 15OMII sounding rocket, launched by NASA from WSMR by VAM-20 booster, carried Univ. of Wisconsin payload to 168.3-km 

224 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 2 -. 

to measure uv flux from three stars in constellas, and Ursa Major to rovide check on relaunch 

ere not acquired and experiment collect600 000, fixed-price contract to Sperry 

Rand Corp. Univac Div. for lease and maintenance of four Univac 

1108 computer systems used in management, administration, analy- sis of test data, mission support, and trajectory analysis. Contract 

covered April 1 through June 30, with two one-year options. (MSC 

Release 70-78) 

0 UCLA nuclear physicist Dr. Darrell J. Dickey said the four members of 

his team for scientific exchange program with U.S.S.R. to study 

peaceful uses of atom had been tentatively selected. Under USU.S.S.R. agreement, Dr. Dicke and team would be based at Serpucelerator with 78-bev power rating. Two Soviet physicists already 

were studying at Batavia, Ill., where U.S. was building even‘lafger 

nuclear accelerator. (AP, W Post, 7/3/70, A6) July 3: Soyuz IX Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov emerged from 13-day postflight quarantine and were honored at special reception in Moscow. (AP, Minneapolis Trib, 

7/4/70) 0 USAF C-5 Galaxy, world’s largest aircraft, flew from Charleston AFB, 

S.C., in first of series of flights to airlift cargo between U.S. and 

U.S. overseas military bases ‘to demonstrate aircraft’s operational capability. Aircraft was to stop at U.S. and Pacific bases to provide 

orientation and training for enroute command and support person- nel and route familiarization for Military Airlift Command crews 

before beginning regular cargo flights. (DOD Release 552-70; USAF 

PIO) 

0 New York Times editorial hailed decision by U.S. and U.S.S.R. to 

permit exchange of scientists between world’s largest nuclear accelerators at Serpukhov in U.S.S.R. and at Batavia, Ill. [see July 

21: “This increased cooperation in particle physics contrasts sharp- ly with the continued-and even rising-Soviet-American competi- tion in space.” NASA’S Skylab project was case in point. “The semipermanent manned space station.. .is precisely the same goal toward which the Soviet So uz experiments are directed. The expenceded the Apollo 11 flight is being repeated in the effort to create 

manned orbiting vehicles for earth reconnaissance and scientific 

experiments in space.” (NYT, 7/3/70,24) July 4: LeRC announced F-102 supersonic all-weather fighter-interceptor 

obtained from Bradley Air National Guard Base at Windsor Locks, 

Conn., would be used as chase aircraft to observe research flights by LeRC’S F-106 modified USAF jet. Flights would test advanced 

exhaust nozzles in under-wing nacelles. (LeRC Release 70-30) 0 New York State Attorney-General Louis J. Lefkowitz had filed suit 

against 58 domestic and foreign airlines using John F. Kennedy International and LaGuardia Airports to require improved noise 

abatement devices on jet aircraft, Washington Post said. (W Post, 

714/10, A4) 

o payload. PR ocket functione 8 satisfackhov, south of Moscow, site o Y world’s largest nuclear particle acsive and wasteful rivalry r or priority in reaching the moon that pre225 
July 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 Tass reported 15-kg (33-lb) meteorite had crashed into street in 

Ukranian city of Yagotin. Kiev Univ. meteorologists had determined object was comet. (UPI, W Star, 7/5/70) 

Otto Hirschler, last U.S. Army employee among 118 German V-2 

rocket experts brought to U.S. by Dr. Wernher von Braun, had lost 

his $25000-a-year job as electronics expert with Army Missile Command in USA personnel cutback, Reuters reported. Most of 

other German rocket experts had transferred to NASA. (NYT, 7/5/ 

70,2) July 5: Chicago Tribune published interview with Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

NASA Administrator, in which he said average age of space employees had risen rapidly as result of cutbacks in aerospace employment. “We’re going from a bunch of rather swinging young engineers doing things in the forefront of science and technology back to 

an older, more conservative group, because young people get laid 

off first.” Continued cutbacks in technology and research could cost 

U.S. leadership in these fields. “Russia is coming on strong and is 

spending a greater percentage of her GNP on space defense and technology than the U.S. is.” (C Trib, 7/5/70) 

July 6: Senate, debating H.R. 17548, FY 1971 Independent Offices and 

HUD appropriations bill, rejected by vote of 32 to 28 June 29 Mondale amendment to eliminate $1 10 million for space shuttle and station from $3.319-billion NASA appropriation. (CR, 510604-24) 

U.K. Minister of Technology Geoffrey Rippon told Parliament that 

British Concorde supersonic transport prototype was expected to 

fly at month’s end, with flight tests at cruising speeds scheduled for 

later in year. French rototype would resume test flights in September. (UPI, W Post, 7/7r70) 

General Dynamics Corp. test pilots had successfully flown three USAF 

F-111 aircraft from Fort Worth, Tex., USAF said. Aircraft had been 

grounded since fatal Dec. 23, 1969, crash and had undergone wingstructure tests. (W Star, 6/6/70, A7) 0 World’s first team of female aquanauts-Peggy Lucas, Alina Szmant, 

Dr. Ranate True, Ann Hartline, and Dr. Sylvia E. Mead-descended to project Tektite I1 habitat 15 m (50 ft) beneath surface of Great 

Lameshur Bay, V.I., for two-week study of fish and plant life. (AP, 

W Post, 7/7/70, A9) 

July 7: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLII from Baykonur into orbit 

with 292-km (181.4-mi) apogee, 205-km (127.4-mi) perigee, 89.4-min 

period, and 51.7” inclination. Satellite reentered July 15. (GSFC SSR, 

7/31/70; SBD, 7/10/70,41) 0 Senate, by vote of 58 to 4, passed H.R. 17548, FY 1971 Independent Offices and HUD appropriations bill containing $3.3 19-billion NASA 

appropriation. Bill was approved by Senate following Senate rejection of three amendments: one by Sen. Barry M. Goldwater (RAriz.) to increase research and program management funds by $4.575 million, one by Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) to reduce 

NASA R&D funds from $2.606 billion to $2.5 billion and construction 

of facilities funds from $34.4 million to $18.2 million, and one by Sen. J. W. Fulbright (D-Ark.) to reduce NASA funds by $300 million. 

0 Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administratox for 

Planning, and eight other NASA Hq. officials began attending series 

(CR, 7/7/70, S10681-713) 

226 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 7 

of meetings at MSFC to discuss Skylab, HEAO, and future scientific 

space projects. (MSFC Release 70-135) 0 MSFC announced award of $369 478 NASA contract to General Electric 

Co. Space Div. for 12-mo space-base nuclear-systems safety study 

to identify potential and inherent radiological hazards of space-base 

program and recommend approaches for eliminating hazards or 

reducing them to acceptable risk level. Space base would be exposed to radiation from radioactive materials and,systems on board 

plus natural radiation from outer space. Major source of electrical 

power would be output from nuclear-electric-reactor power systems 

with up to 100-kw capacity. Several small isotope power sources 

might be carried for use in experiments and equipment. (MSFC Release 70-136) 0 DOD announced General Dynamics Corp. was being awarded 

$1 098 000, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for operation, maintenance, 

and improvement of radar-target-scatter facility to obtain characteristic radar data of signal return from various aerospace vehicles. 

Work would be managed by Air Force Missile Development Center 

and would be conducted at WSMR. (DOD Release 561-70) 0 AFSC announced reassignment of MIG Edmund F. O’Connor, Vice 

Commander of Aeronautical Systems Div., Wright-Patterson AFB, 

Ohio, to become Deputy Chief of Staff for procurement and production at AFSC Hq. Aug. 1. He would be succeeded at Wright-Patterson by M/G John B. Hudson. (ASFC Release 180.70) 0 Peter Ross Murray, AFSC Deputy Director of Laboratories, received 

DOD Distinguished Civilian Service Award from Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird at DOD. Citation was for “exceptionally meritorious devotion to duty and his significant accomplishments during 

a career of over 34 years with the Air Force.” His “outstanding career has been characterized. . .by major technical contributions in 

the field of avionics as well as by superior management achievements as Director of the Air Force Avionics Laboratory and Deputy 

Director of Laboratories for the Air Force.” (DOD Release 559-70) 

July 7-8: NASA delegation attended European Space Conference in 

Bonn, West Germany, to brief members on propulsion for reusable 

space shuttle. Delegation headed by Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA 

Associate Administrator, included Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, and Arnold W. Frutkm, Assistant Administrator for International Affairs. NASC Executive Secretary William A. Anders also attended. At press Conference fo!lowing meeting, Frutkin said time for European decision to participate 

in $6-billion rogram was growin short. (NASA Release 70-1 15; AP, 

NYT, 7/12/78,4; Marshall Star, 7$15/70, 1) 

July 8: Apollo 11 commander Neil A. Armstrong held press conference 

on his reactions to first anniversary of manned lunar landing July 20, 

1969: “I really had hoped, I think, that the impact [of lunar landing] would be more far-reaching than it has [been]. I had hoped that it 

might take our minds away from some of the more mundane and 

temporal problems that we as a society face.. . . I think if we 

could. . .direct our attention a little farther into the future, to try to 

foresee problems that are going to occur in the next years and decades, then perhaps we could be attacking these solutions from the 

227 
July 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

front side when it’s. . more easy to provide a viable solution and a 

meaningful one.” 

While scientific discoveries resulting from Apollo 11 had been 

numerous and were still continuing, Armstrong felt “actual discovery, or revelation, was that man could in fact live on the moon in a 

rather normal fashion.” This was “necessary key to all future plans for the use of our natural satellite, whatever they may be and however they might develop.” 

Armstrong described his feelings in looking at moon from 

earth: “I see the moon from the back yard as a friendly place. And I 

see a lot of landmarks. I can no longer look at it just as a spot in the 

sky; but, rather, I actually pick out, of course, the Sea of Tranqnility, Clavius, Aristarchus, and places I know and have flown by.” Asked if he expected to fly in space again, Armstrong said, “I’d 

be surprised if I don’t have the option of buying a ticket.” (Transcript) 

Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Director of OST and Presidential Science Adviser, testified before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ 

Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development on need for 

adequate Federal science policy: “Science and technology policy. . must be formulated on an evolutionary basis, continuously 

under review and subject to change with changing conditions. It 

must be a policy that can be implemented both by the Aministration 

and by Congress and one which will be supported by the public.” Policy should provide “strong base of science” and “mechanisms 

for using science and technology to meet changing problems of national concern.” It should “recognize that policies and events wholly outside the field of science and technology may strongly influence 

our R&D expenditure level.” 

Dr. DuBridge told Subcommittee some of nation’s “most valuable and productive research projects” had been lost because of FY 

1970 amendment to DOD appropriation bill which banned defensefinanced studies unless they had direct relation to military missions. (Testimony; Cohn, WPost, 7/9/70, A7) 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the-Air Force, announced 

selection of Boeing Co. as prime contractor for Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS). Boeing was issued $16 500 000 initial 

increment of $169 982 522 cost-plus-incentive-fee contract for Phase 

I, which required modification of Boeing 707 aircraft to accommodate 30-ft-wide, mushroom-shaped radome on top of fuselage aft of 

wings. (DOD Release 564-70) 0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of 

$97 880 cost-sharing contract to Northern Research and Engineer- ing Corp. to establish design criteria for control and reduction of 

oxides of nitrogen emitted from jet aircraft engines. (FAA Release 

* Undersea nuclear probe to detect valuable minerals on ocean floor had 

been successfully tested at AEC’S Pacific Northwest Laboratory in 

Richland, Wash., AEC announced. Device, designed to operate from 

surface ship or submersible vehicle, could identify 20 to 30 elements 

in mineral deposits in three to five minutes using ultra-low-level and 

rapid neutron-activation analysis as opposed to laboratory analysis. 

(AEC Release N-119) 

70-65) 

228 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 9 

July 9: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLIII from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 304-km (188.9-mi) apogee, 205-km (127.4-mi) perigee, 89.6-min 

period, and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered July 21. (GSFC SSR, 

7/3 1 /70; SBD, 7/10/70,41) * Agreement under which U.S. Coast Guard would conduct National 

Data Buoy Development Project at MTF had been signed by Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and Adm. T. R. Sargent, Acting Commandant of USCG, NASA announced. Agreement established basic operational support and reimbursement relations between NASA and USCG. Slidell, La., NASA computer facility also would be available to project. (NASA Release 70-1 14) * Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, received President’s Safety Award on behalf of NASA in ‘White House ceremony. Award recognized Federal Executive departments and agencies which best 

safeguarded lives and health of dmployees. Other 1970 winners 

were uSAF and Civil Service Commission. (NASA Hq WB, 7/13/70, 

2) * Thomas O’Toole reported in Washington Post that NASA was considering canceling three of six remaining Apollo lunar landing mis- sions so it could use Saturn V boosters to orbit Skylab space station. 

Although firm decision had not yet been made, NASA had “undertaken a top priority study to see if it might be feasible to cancel . . .the landings to divert funds into. . .an ‘intermediate’ space station that could be launched in 1976.” (W Post, 7/9/70, A12) 

Sen. John L. McClellan (D-Ark.) on Senate floor accused NASA of 

secretly altering low bid of Fairchild Hiller in competition for $50- 

million contract for ATS-F and G spacecraft and of permitting General Electric Co. to reduce overhead costs in its final offer so that total 

was below that of Fairchild Hiller Corp. He compared procurement project with DOD TFX competition and contract awards. “I believe 

that a thorough review of the phased procurement source selection 

system should be undertaken. . .in order to determine whether the 

system should be modified, changed, or eliminated .” (CR, 7/9/70, 

* Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, said 

at Moscow press conference that U.S.S.R. had not received propos- al for general cooperation in space research and in docking systems 

from NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine. “But in the event 

that we do, we will treat them with maximum attention.” 

Keldysh said Soyuz IX had provided foundation for new missions 

of more than 30 days, “quite long enough for a long-term orbital 

mission, because such stations presuppose crew changes.” Earlier Soyuz missions devoted to rendezvous, maneuvering, docking, and 

transfer had been programmed to provide essential crew change knowledge. U.S.S.R.’s main task now was “orbital stations 

and. . .the study of the solar system and the earth by unmanned 

vehicles.” (Clarity, NYT, 7/10/70; SBD, 7/10/70,40) * President Nixon sent to Congress Reorganization Plan No. 3 to establish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Reorganization Plan No. 4 to establish National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) within Department of Commerce. Plans would be 

effective in 60 days unless Senate or House disapproved. 

S 10974-5) 

229 
July 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

NOAA would bring together functions of ESSA and its major ele- ments-Weather Bureau, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Environmen- tal Data Service, National Environmental Satellite Center, and Research Laboratories-with Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Marine Game Fish Research Program, and Marine Minerals Technology 

Center (formerly of Dept. of Interior); National Oceanographic Data Center and National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center (formerly under uSN); National Data Buoy Development Project (formerly of Coast Guard and DOT); National Sea Grant Program 

(formerly of NSF); and elements of U.S. Lake Survey (formerly of 

Army Corp of Engineers). New agency was to provide unified approach to problems of oceans and atmosphere; better understand- ing, development, and conservation of marine resources; consolidated efforts towards greater knowledge of oceanic and atmospheric 

phenomena and those of solid earth; and balanced Federal program toward more effective environmental monitoring control. Environmentally related functions of other Federal agencies 

would be moved to new EPA to establish and enforce protection standards, study pollution effects and control, assist others in arresting pollution, and assist Council on Environmental Quality in 

recommending policies to President. (PD, 7/13/70, 908-21; Dept. of 

Commerce Release G 70-122; Text) 0 Melvin R. Laird, Secretary of Defense, said at DOD press conference that U.S.S.R. had “gone forward with new starts” in build-up of 

ICBM force after opening of SALT in Helsinki in November 1969 and 

after transfer of talks to Vienna in April. Increase had included deployment of more SS-9 missiles and smaller SS-ll and SS-13 missiles. (Sheehan, NYT, 7/10/70,1) 

July 9-11: NASA and Univ. of California at Berkeley scientists successfully launched 300 000-cu-m (10.6-million-cu7ft) balloon carrying 

1400-kg (3000-lb) scientific payload from National Center for Atmospheric Research at Palestine, Tex. Balloon, part of High Altitude 

Particle Physics Experiment (HAPPE) project to study cosmic rays in 

upper atmosphere, reached 341 000-m (104 000-ft) altitude and drifted westward to Odessa, Tex., where it was brought down and recovered July 11. (MSC Roundup, 7/17/70,1) 

July 10: Appointment of ATS Procurement Review Committee headed 

by LeRc Director Bruce T. Lundin to reconsider April 7 selection 

[announced April 81 of General Electric Co. for ATS-F and G contract 

was announced by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator. 

Committee would make recommendation to new Selection Panel of 

senior NASA officials. Panel would reaffirm original selection or reverse it. Work dane by GE or competitor, Fairchild Hiller Corp., 

since April 7 would not be considered relevant by Committee. NASA 

had discontinued funding of Fairchild work April 16 and would stop GE-funding on July 15. Dr. Paine said NASA, Fairchild Hiller, and 

GE had agreed that reconsideration of selection was preferable to 

recompetition. (NASA Release 70-1 19) 0 NASA announced publication of Research and Technology: Objective and Plan (N-7029204). It described new NASA method of summarizing research projects within agency to facilitate idea exchange among researchers and project managers and included research in 

progress to support NASA planning for next several years. RTOP 

230 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July IO 

Summary replaced NASA Flash Index published in previous years and was designed to improve communications and coordination 

among technical personnel in government, industry, and universities. (NASA Release 70-1 16) 

AFSC announced award by SAMSO of $9 228 319 contract to Lockheed 

Aircraft Corp. for space experiments support program (SESP) launch 

scheduled for late 1971 from Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Contract called 

for integration of several satellites onto spacecraft that would be 

orbited by Thor-Agena booster. Largest experiment was 113-kg (250-lb) flexible solar array designed to test deployment of flexible 

panels in zero-genvironment and verify long-term power-generation characteristics of new solar cell. (AFSC Release 132.70) 0 Postage stamp commemorating record-breaking flight of Soyuz IX 

(June 2-19) had been issued by U.S.S.R., AP reported. (CSM, 7/10/ 

70) 

Apollo 14 Commander Alan B. Shepard, Jr., said in Houston that he 

was concerned that cutbacks in space program, with ensuing lay- offs, might lead to poor workmanship at KSC. “I think we would be 

naive if we didn’t assume that people are unhappy.” (W Post, 71121 

70, A5) 0 In Science editorial, Brown Univ. scientist Dr. A. Hunter Dupree outlined changes that would shape new U.S. science policy: DOD had 

lost ability to justify support for basic research and to attract many scientists. “If the scientists knowledgeable in military research, 

who provide one of the groups with the best chance to change the 

course of events with competent criticism, lose touch with the Department of Defense completely, an unparalleled disaster could 

ensue. Yet, a reordering of the relation of the scientific community to the Department of Defense cannot be postponed.’’ Scientific community needed to pay more attention to environmental problems. Space program “must find a role for itself with predominantly scientific objectives and a steady state of funding.’’ Social sciences 

must receive greater emphasis. Justification of Federal support for research in universities must emphasize goal of building healthy institutions in national interest. And supporl for education “must contemplate a national research program with a radically different mix 

of disciplines from that recently prevailin .” (Science, 7/10/70, 131) 

WSMR target, veered off course and apparently landed 290 km (180 

mi) southeast of Chihuahua City, Mexico. Objective of test was to 

evaluate atmospheric reentry capabilities. ( WPost, 711 1/70, As) 

July 12: NASA Lockheed Electra remote-sensing aircraft equipped to 

acquire black-and-white, color, and color-infrared photos and thermal infrared imagery, arrived in Lima, Peru, to help assess damage from severe earthquake. Mission data would be processed at MSC 

and transmitted to Peruvian government for analysis. Data also 

would contribute to application of remote-sensing science to natural 

disasters. (NASA Release 70-122) 

Four crewmen sealed into space station simulator at McDonnell 

Douglas Astronautics Co. [see June 121 successfully completed first 

30 days of scheduled 90-day confinement. (Langley Researcher, 7/24/70, 1) 

July 11: USAF Athena missile launched from 8 reen River, Utah, toward 

23 1 
July 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 William Hines in Washington Sunday Star praised NASA handling of 

Apollo 13 investigation: Handling “contrasted sharply’’ with that 

following Jan. 27, 1967, Apollo spacecraft fire. “Administrator 

Thomas 0. Paine is undoubtedly directly and personally responsible 

for the change. Paine seems to be one of the few high officjals in 

Washington with a decent respect for the o imons-and the intelhgence-of the tax a ing public.”( W Star, 7b2/70, B4) 0 Egyptian 13.7-m (&-rt) papyrus boat, Ra 11, piloted by Norwegian anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl and seven-man crew arrived at 

Bridgetown, Barbados, after successfully completing 5100-km 

(3200-mi), 57-day journey from Safi, Morocco, to prove Egyptians 

could have crossed Atlantic 3000 yrs before Columbus. (W Post, 

7/13/70, Al) 0 Installation of Soviet antiaircraft missiles-SAM-2s and 3s-near 

Suez was threatening Israel’s command of air, New York Times 

reported. While SAM-2s did not become operative until reaching 900-m (3000-ft) altitude, SAM-3s could knock down aircraft flying as 

low as 90 m (300 ft) and reached top speed of mach 3.5 much more 

quickly. SAM-3s also had better radar and guidance systems, which 

allowed faster reactions necessary to hit low-flying aircraft. (NYT, 

711 2/70) July 13: Survey of U.S. news coverage in five most important Soviet 

newspapers Jan. 1 to June 30, 1970, was published by Washington Post. U.S. space program, including Apollo 13, had been mentioned 

30 times. U.S. economic problems had received 89 mentions and 

reports of U.S. “sick society,” including crime, had appeared 82 

times. (Astrachan, WPost, 7/13/70, AI) 0 L/G Leslie R. Groves (USA, Ret.), former member of Army Corps of 

Engineers and head of Manhattan Project that developed atomic 

bomb, died of heart attack at age 73. Gen. Groves, who had described first atomic test in his 1962 book Now It Can Be Told, had 

been awarded USA’S Distinguished Service medal for his contributions to the project and to shortening World War 11. He had also 

supervised construction of numerous DOD facilities-including Pentagon and laboratories at Oak Ridge, Tenn.; Hanford, Wash.; and 

Los Alamos, N. Mex.-before his retirement from USA in 1948. 

(Ward, WPost, 7/15/70, C8) July 14: NASA announced it had issued RFPs to potential experimenters for scientific investigations based on data acquired during ERTS missions A and B, scheduled for 1972 and 1973 launch. Missions would 

be first in U.S. space program devoted exclusively to study of 

earth’s environmental resources from space. They were designed to 

improve methods for managing resources. ERTS A and B sensors 

would obtain image data in visible and infrared spectrum using spectral ranges previously studied by instrumented aircraft and verified 

by Apollo Bexperiment in March 1969. Proposals were due April 15, 

1971. (NASA Release 70-117) 

MSFC engineer Hans F. Wuenscher was awarded U.S. patent 3 520 496 

for Serpentuator-snake-like instrument to move men and tools 

under weightless conditions around space station. Series of metal 

tubes with motors at joints to control angles could be regulated from 

control panel inside or outside space station. (Jones, NYT, 7/18/70, 

29; Patent Off) 

232 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 14 

0 U.K. IaunchedSkylark SL-971 sounding rocket from Woomera Rocket Range, Australia, carryin rotation collimator x-ray telesco e to 

12/12/70,484) 0 Selection of Harrison A. Storms, NR Aerospace Div. Vice President, 

as recipient of 1970 Aircraft Design Award was announced by AIAA. 

He would receive $500 honorarium sponsored by Northrop Corp. 

for “direction of the engineering effort that led to the design and 

development of the XB-70 aircraft” at July 21 AIAA meeting in Los 

Angeles. (AIAA Release) 0 Siegfried H. Reiger, ComSatCorp Vice President-Technical, died at 

age 50. Reiger had joined ComSatCorp in 1963 and had been directly responsible for technical activities, including launching of comsats 

for global comsat system. (ComSatCorp Release 70-41) July 14-28: First meetings of joint working group established under Sept. 

18, 1969, U.S.-India agreement on instructional television (ITV) satellite experiment project were held. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and NASA personnel visited Bombay, New Delhi, and 

facilities in project. One-year experiment would provide first com- munity broadcasting of TV by NASA ATS-F satellite to small village receivers.without use of large ground relay stations. (NASA Release 

July 15: NASA announced it would reduce civil service employment by 

about 900 persons by Oct. 1. Reduction included 200 planned in FY 

1971 Budget and 700 required by FY 1971 Authorization Act limitations [see July 21. Reduction.would bring total NASA civil service 

reductions in last three years to above 5200 and give NASA 29 850- 

member staff-lowest since 1963. (NASA Release 70-124) 0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said at Univ. of Colorado 

press conference in Denver that Apollo 14 could have been pushed 

through for 1970 launch. “But we’re still doing the undone, the untried, every time we venture into space-and we’re not prisoners of 

a time program.” NASA had decided to take extra month with less 

strain on all concerned. “There is much to be changed because of 

the lessons learned from Apollo 13.” (Lindberg, D Post, 7/16/70) 0 NASA announced selection of General Electric Co. for negotiation of 

$50-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract for hardware development of Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) system. Work 

-to be directed by GSFC-would include development of two flight spacecraft, equipment and services for ground data-handling sys- tem, spacecraft receiver, and six ground platforms for remote-site 

data-collection-system experiment. (NASA Release 70-123) 

Meteorological rockets were being launched from EC-121 “Super Constellation” aitcraft at PMR for first time to test new sounding rocket system, PMR announced. EC-121 carried line of six rockets 

that were launched at 45” angle to rear of aircraft, curved to 91 000 

m (300 000 ft) above fliGht level, and transmitted atmospheric data to 

aircraft while parachuting to ground. (PMR Release 1084-70) 

Joint ROD-DOT test program to determine value of helicopters in pro- viding medical assistance to automobile accident victims and others 

requiring emergency medical care was apnounced by Secretary of 

Defense Melvin R. Laird and Secretary of Transportation John A. 

Volpe. Program would use UH-I helicopters of Army’s 507th Air 

detect x-ray stars in region o t Scorpius and Sagittarius. (Space&&, 

70-121) 

233 
July 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Ambulance Corps at Fort Sam Houston, Tex., in San Antonio area 

July 15 through Dec. 31. (DOD Release 577-70) * Sen. Gordon L. Allott (R-Colo.) introduced, for himself and cosponsors, S. 4085, Technology Assessment Act of 1970, to establish 

Office of Technology Assessment for Congress as aid in identification and consideration of existing and probable impact of technological application. (CR, 7/15/70, S11336-40) * House Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development submitted to Committee on Science and Astronautics Technology Assessment: Annotated Bibliography and Inventory of Congressional Organization for Science and Technology. Bibliography was designed to identify selected items on technology assessment as part 

of public policy. Citations dealt with concept of technology assessment, proposals made for organization of technology assessment 

mechanisms in Government, and examples of technology assessments completed or in progress. (Text) July 15-17: Conference on Space Shuttle Technology at LeRC was attended by more than 600 representatives of industry, universities, 

and foreign countries. (NASA Release 70-107; NASA PAO) 

July 16: Nike-Cajun sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Wallops 

Station, carried GCA Corp. and Univ. of Illinois payload to 142.8-km 

(88.7-mi) altitude to measure electron concentration, electron collision frequency, electron temperature, and electric field intensity 

during daytime intense-blanketing sporadic E at altitudes of 100-1 10 

km (62-67 mi). Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and 

usable data were obtained. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, testified before 

House Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Aerospace Museum Study on 

H.R. 10771, introduced April 30, 1969, to authorize NASA study of 

advisability of establishing permanent NASA Aerospace Museum in 

western U.S.: “It is our view that a study for a Western Aerospace 

Museum should be the responsibility of the Smithsonian Institution, and not of NASA.” NASA would support study. Dr. Low submitted copy of 1967 NASA-Smithsonian agreement on custody and 

management of NASA historical artifacts. NASA felt arrangement 

was “working well” and believed construction of National Air and 

Space Museum in Washington, D.C., “should proceed as expeditiously as possible when funding can be made available. NASA recommended existing museums, such as Goddard Rocket and Space 

Museum in New Mexico, be considered in study and that existing legislation for museum be taken into account so that legislation establishing second museum would provide for administration of both 

by Smithsonian. Study was expected to cost $50 000 to $75 000 and 

take slightly more ‘than one year. (Testimony) 

New mineral found ih Apollo 11 samples had been named “armalcolite,” incorporating letters of Apollo 11 astronauts’ names, Neil A. 

Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins, MSC announced. Name had been included in Proceedings of Apollo 11 

Lunar Science Conference of Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 

(cq.), dedicated to Apollo 11 crew, and had been approved by No- menclature Committee of International Mineralogical Assn. (MSC 

Release 70-82) 

234 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 16 

@ Sen. William B. Spong, Jr. (D-Va.), introduced S.J.R. 221, providing 

for construction of monument in Washington, D.C., commemorat- ing Apollo 11 lunar landing. Resolution was referred to Senate 

Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. (CR, 7/16/70,511535) @ Twenty-fifth anniversary of first atomic bomb explosion near Alamogordo, N. Mex. New York Times commented: “The destructive 

power that thundered at Alamogordo, was almost trivial in compari- 

.son with that which exists in any one of thousands of atomic and 

hydrogen bombs now in the arsenals of five nuclear powers. But the 

ingenuity and industry which have added so much to the effectiveness of the military atom have not yet been matched by correspond- ing political accomplishment aimed at protecting all mankind, at 

guaranteeing there will be no successors to Hiroshima and Naga- saki. Today’s reality among the major powers is a peace based on 

mutual terror. . . .” (NYT, 7/16/70,32) 0 For first time in 25 yrs of nuclear age, “powerful and once-unques- tioned interests that have grown up around this nation’s atomic 

technology are being forced onto the defensive by a rising public clamor for reform,” Anthony Ripley said in New York Times. “Bitter, often emotional accusations of carelessness, duplicity and indifference are being sounded over a broad range of subjects by scientists, politicians, peace groups, environmentalists and laymen concerned about health and safety.” Government and industry had established more than 100 atomic-electric plants in 31 states during last few years. AEC had been “gearing up its weapons plants to increase Defense Department’s supply of strategic nuclear warheads” 

by almost 300%. 

Public knowledge about atomic energy was focused on weapons, 

power plants, and Project Plowshare to find peaceful uses for atomic explosions but much of AEC’S funding went for projects like atom 

smashers, including 200-bev accelerator under constrdction at Batavia, Ill., for $250 million. U.S. had spent about $49 billion on atomic 

energy since 1940, with about two thirds for weapon development. 

While five-man AEC watched over “massive operation,” real power was wielded by Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 

President Nixon had proposed that AEC Div. of Radiation Protection 

Standards be shifted to new Environmental Protection Agency. Plan 

was expected to meet strong opposition in Joint Committee as was 

Administration plan for remaking AEC into agency dealing with all 

forms of energy. (NYT, 7/16/70,1) @ In letter to President Nixon, Walter Binaghi, President of ICAO Council, conveyed declaration made by ICAO Assembly during June 16-30 

extraordinary session to consider unlawful interference with international civil aviation and its facilities. Declaration condemned all 

acts of violence directed against aircraft, crews, passengers, and civil aviation personnel; recognized need for international cooperation‘ for civil aviation safety; requested action toward suppressing 

acts that jeopardized safety and development of international civil 

air transport; and requested application of Assembly recommendations to prevent and deter such acts. (PD, 8/17/70, 1063-3) @ Washington Post editorial commented on July 13 death of Manhattan 

Project head, UG Leslie R. Groves: “The ultimate appraisal of Les235 
July 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

lie Groves’ contribution to his country and to mankind must await a 

future judgment-perhaps a Judgment Day. He was a superb soldier. The talents for organization and administration, the daring and 

imagination he brought to his mammoth assignment were peculiarly 

American, reflective in a sense of the genius of America. Their imprint on the world is, in any event, indelible.” (W Post, 7/16/70, 

A22) 

July 17: NASA’s HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter C. 

Hoag (USAF), successfully com.pleted 37th flight from FRC. Objectives-evaluation and documentation of powered approach, evaluation of straight-in GCA approach, and acquisition of longitudinal stability and control data in subsonic configuration-were met. (NASA 

Proj Off) 0 NASA announced it was seeking proposals for use of six orbiting satellites which had fulfilled their original scientific objectives but were 

still operational. Satellites-Ogo I (launched Sept. 4, 1964), Ogo 111 

(launched June 6, 1966), Explorer XXXI (launched Nov. 28, 1965), Explorer XXXIII (launched July 1, 1966), Os0 III (launched March 

8, 1967), and Os0 IV(launched Oct. 18, 1967)-had exceeded oneyear design lifetimes with most of onboard experiments still functional and were available for new or expanded experimentation. 

(NASA Release 70-120) 0 House Committee on Science and Astronautics had tentatively ap- proved funding of $6.5-million project to convert antenna 300-m 

(1000-ft) wide at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico to radar 2000 

times more sensitive than any .in existence, New York Times report- ed. Modification of world’s largest radiotelescope would enable telescope to map features on Venus down to mile in width. (Sullivan, 

NYT, 7/17/70) 0 Situation at KSC and in area on first anniversary of Apollo 11 launch 

‘was described by John N. Wilford in New York Times. Since July 1969, employment at KSC had dropped from 23 500 to 16 500 with 

major Apollo contractors hardest hit. At least 750 workers would be 

laid off as result of $12.2-million cut in Patrick AFB contract with 

Pan American World Airways, Inc., for operation of tracking stations. ‘“For the entire Cape Kennedy area, it has been a year of economic woe, frustrated growth plans, for-sale signs and broken per- sonal dreams. This is no ghost town, but the space-rush boomwhich in a decade doubled the Brevard County population to 

230 0004s definitely over.” Dr. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, had 

said, “We are on a downward trend but this should reach a level as 

of September.” (NYT, 7/17/70, M27) 0 Senate passed with amendment S. 209, Smithsonian Institution facilities construction bill, which authorized sum not to exceed $500 000 

for preliminary planning and design of museum support and depository facilities to be constructed on Federally owned land within District of Columbia. (CR, 7/17/70,S11613) 0 ComSatCorp reported increase in 1970 second-quarter net income to 

$3 974 000 (40 cents per share), up from $1 976 000 (20 cents per 

share) for second quarter of 1969. Earnings for first six months of 

1970 totaled $7 319 000 (73 cents per share), increase from $3 501 000 

(35 cents per share) for first six months of 1969. (ComSatCorp Release 70-42) 

236 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 18 

July 18: President Nixon issued statement on Congressional action and - Government spending: There was “persistent and growing tendency” in Congress to approve increase in expenditures “without pro; 

viding the revenue to pay the costs.” It had become “almost a cliche 

to say that all we need do to resolve this dilemma with regard to our 

Federal budget is to cut space and defense outlays and ‘change our 

national priorities.’ Let’s set the record straight. We have changed 

our national priorities. ” 

In proposed FY 1971 budget, spending for human resources (45%) 

exceeded defense spending (32%) for “the first time in 20 years.” 

To accomplish “this massive change in emphasis, military and 

space expenditures were cut by some $6 billion.” But continuation 

of pattern of Congressional action would substantiall increase expenditures. President asked Congress to establish “&m ceiling on 

total expenditures,’’ within which he could determine priorities. 

White House released summary of Toward Balanced Growth: Quantity with Quality. Report to President by National Goals Research 

Staff said basic scientists were being asked to shift their work “from 

the development of knowledge for its own sake to working on basic 

problems which have relevance for today’s issues.” U.S. needed 

“forum in which the partially conflicting needs for maintaining the 

integrity of the core of basic research and the practical needs of the 

society are resolved.” In technology assessment, “we may have to 

accelerate our efforts to detect new benign technological opportunities and facilitate their rapid introduction to off set the impact of inhibiting the introduction and use of harmful technology.” (PD, 7/20/ 

Two-year battle for multibillion-dollar “air bus” market would enter 

new phase with July 23 roll-out of McDonnell Douglas Aircraft 

Co.’s three-engine DC-10, Robert A. Wright said in New York 

Times. First of wide-bodied trijets was appearing “at a time when 

orders from the depressed, money-short airlines have almost dried 

up. But the competition between Douglas and the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, which is producing the rival L-1011 TriStar is 

heating up.” Douglas had “decided lead” over Lockheed in produc- tion schedules and orders for “generation of aircraft that is expect- ed to be a workhorse of the airlines in the 1970’s.” Lockheed, which 

would roll out L-1011 in September, was sensitive about “growing 

public speculation” that its financial distress stemming from four 

defense contracts might impair L-1011 program. Bankruptcy or 

merger had been suggested as solutions to Lockheed’s financial 

(PD, 7/20/70,940-1) 

70,941-7) 

proglems. “But if Loiicheed is bloodied its L-1011 team. . .is talkin and acting aggressive! ” (NYT, 7/18/70,29) 

60 000 visitors since March 17 opening, New Haven Registerreported. ,Averaging 770 visitors per day, Center had registered visitors from 49 states and 35 foreign countries. (New Haven Register, 7/19/ 

70) * Tass announced U.S.S.R. would conduct carrier rocket tests in Pacific from July 25 to Aug. 25 and warned ships and aircraft to avoid 

area 966 km (520 nm) northwest of Midway Island with 74-km (40- 

July 1 5 : Alabama Space and gocket Center in Huntsville had attracted 

237 
July 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

nm) radius between noon and midnight local time. (UPI, W Star, 

7/20/70, Al) Widespread hostility to science was evident in broad sectors of public, particularly the young, and “reflected in the attitudes of legislators wlio control funds for university and laboratory research,” Walter 

Sullivan said in New York Times. While public disaffection was 

partly to blame, “this drop in research support is also attributable to 

the Vietnam war and other budget demands.” There was “growing 

feeling in Washington and on the campuses that efforts to explain science to the young, as well as to the adults, have failedrthat new 

ways must be found to do so and that the old cliches are not 

enough.’’ (NYT, 7/19/70,5,7) 

July 20: President Nixon issued statement on anniversary of first 

manned lunar landing: “This triumph of unique achievement. . .brought. . .a moment of greatness in which we all shared, a 

priceless moment when the people of this Earth became truly one in 

the joy and wonder of a dream realized.” 

Later, at White House press conference, President said he had 

not figured out any travel plans that would “top” July 20,1969, trip 

to greet Apollo 11 astronauts in mid-Pacific. (PD, 7/27/70,962,969) 

On first anniversary of Apollo 11’s first manned lunar landing, Apollo 

11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. 

Aldrin, Jr., with NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, visited 

Apollo 11 spacecraft exhibit at state capitol in Jefferson City, Mo., 

and received plaque from Missouri Gov. Warren E. Hearnes. Later 

they flew to New York, where they presented 113 g (4 oz) lunar 

sample to U.N. Secretary General U Thant. Sample would remain 

on exhibit at U.N. 

Presenting sample, Dr. Paine said: “What the full significance of 

Apollo will be to the world of the future, no one can yet predict. We 

must await the verdict of history. But as we continue to learn and to 

explore, I am inclined to think that our first moon landing may some 

day be thought of as the turning point when man first demonstrated 

that he can open new worlds, where eventually exciting new extraterrestrial societies will be founded. Mankind will move onward to 

settle and colonize other worlds, and the United Nations will encompass new territories, if not new dimensions.” 

NASA centers and tracking stations around world celebrated anniversary throughout week. (NASA Release 70-125; UPI, NYT, 7/21/70; 

Text) 

New York Times: “. . .the Eagle’s landing was one of mankind’s 

finest hours. The scientific dividends from the new era of lunar exploration have already been very rich, and they will be even more 

abundant in the future when numerous astronauts from many nations will work on the lunar surface. Men now inhabit the earthmoon system, not earth alone, and much in tomorrow’s history will 

be shaped by the developments that will follow the Eagle’s 

triumph.” (NYT, 7/20/70,26) Washington Post: “The basic issue involved in NASA’s appropria- tions tbis year, as it will be in the next year and for many years to 

come, is whether this country should give up something it has done 

and which is going well, something that has brought it great interna0 Newspaper editorials marked lunar landing anniversary: 

238 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 20 

tional prestige and internal pride, and something that we believe 

may well hold the key to man’s future.” ( WPost, 7/20/70) 0 India announced plans to launch first satellite within 3% yrs. Vikram 

Sarabhai, Secretary of Indian Atomic Energy Dept., said satellite 

would weigh 29.9 kg (66 Ibs), be football size, and be launched by four-stage booster. (Reuters. W Post, 7/21/70, A9) 0 Formation of Environmental Advisory Council to ensure environmental acceptability of SST operations was announced by William M. 

Magruder, DOT Director of SST Development, in speech before National Press Club in .Washington, D.C. Council-chaired by Dr. 

Myron Tribus, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology, 

Dept. of Commerce-would “suggest or plan research in any areas 

where doubts or uncertainties exist. Where further research is necessary it will be conducted, so that the definitive data and unequivo- cal answers on which the environmental acceptability of the SST can 

be determined will be in hand before a decision is made on the pro- duction program.” (Text) 

Coalition Against the SST-23 groups including Sierra Club, Friends of 

the Earth, and United Auto Workers Union-urged Federal law 

banning SST sonic booms over U.S. Coalition spokesman, Dr. Karl 

M. Ruppenthal of Stanford Univ., told Washington, D.C., news 

conference Government officials “state that no annoying overland flights are contemplated, but they refuse to cooperate when meaningful noise legislation is proposed.” (Cohn, W Post, 7/21/70, A2) 

World’s first team of female aquanauts surfaced after two weeks of 

research in Project Tektite habitat and entered decompression 

chamber for 21-hr stay [see June 61. (AP, WPost, 7/21/70, A6) 

July 21: Nimbus IVmeterorological satellite, launched April 8, was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft had acquired sufficient number of global. samples of atmospheric radiation measureqents to 

compare vertical temperature, water vapor, and ozone profiles, and 

to compare merits of several instrument approaches. (NASA Proj 

Off) Examination of Federal science policy was essential, Dr. Philip Handler, NAS President, said in testimony before House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Science, Research, and 

Development. “Substantial changes are being made in the organiza- tion of some arms of the executive branch of government that deal 

with science; the Mansfield Amendment which limits the manner in 

which research-supporting funds may be utilized by the Department of Defense has begun to influence. . .behavior of other agencies of 

the government as well; federal funding for fundamental studies has 

remained essentially plateaued in absolute dollars for four consecutive fiscal years while, in constant dollars, such funding has declined 

by perhaps 25%.”. NASA appropriation “has been reduced gignificant17 and one frequently hears that federal military and space ex- penditures for R&D are to be reduced for some years to come; the 

nation seems determined to mitigate the damage which has been done to our natural environment, but flounders in the attempt; our 

nation is engaged in the painful exercise of assessing and reassembling our priorities; and our country now seems uncertain in what 

light, and with what resolution, it should view the pace of future scientific progress. Our national apparatus for the conduct of research 

239 
July 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

and scholarship is not yet dismantled, but it is falling into shambles. 

Morale of the scientific community is lower than at any time since 

World War 11. Yet, new fields of scientific exploration and applica- tion clamor for attention and funding.” U.S. lead in science “is in 

jeopardy.” Loss of lead “bodes ill for our future national security and for the vigor of our economy.” (Testimony) * Louisville, Ky., architect Carl D. Russell received patent for emergency warning system that would permit President of U.S. to reach 

95% of U.S. public within 60 secs. System would automatically turn 

on radios at full volume and would activate broadcasting stations 

that were off the air. System could be activated in individual sections of country in local emergencies and could be installed within 

year for $1 billion. (AP, B SUR, 8/17/70, A4) 

0 President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Rudolph A. Peterson, Chairman of Executive Committee of Bank of America, to 

succeed William A. Hagerty as member of ComSatCorp Board of 

Directors until 1973. (PD, 7/27/70,969,986) 0 Legacy of Apollo 11 was described by Walter Sullivan in New York 

Times: Collection and analysis of lunar samples had “not only reinforced the earlier deductions. . .but also made possible basic new 

discoveries.” Many “fruits of Project Apollo” were “yet to be harvested.” Records of earth-moon distances furnished by laser reflector left on moon by Apollo 11 might eventually reveal whether or 

not gravity was weakening and moon was increasing its distance 

from earth. “Examination of lunar material that was subjected to 

bombardment by gas from the’sun during various periods of the past 

should also help outline the history of the earth’s parent star.” 

Apollo findings “obtained at high cost and high risk” had not thus 

far led to “revolutionary discoveries.” They had produced one 

suggestion that would be revolutionary if confirmed-proposal by Cornell Univ. astronomer Dr. Thomas Gold that tektites on lunar 

samples had been formed when sun flared to 100 times its normal 

brilliancy every few thousand years. (NYT, 7/21/70, 18) * Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Vice President F. A. Cleveland received 

$1000 honorarium and $1500 travel allowance for 1970 AIAA Wright 

Brothers Lecture at AIAA Aircraft Design and Operations Meeting in 

Los Angeles. He delivered lecture, “Size Effects in Conventional 

Aircraft Design,” durin meeting. (AIAA Release; AIAA PIO) 

est light source commercially produced was announced by LeRC. 

Operating at 400 kw , 76-mm (3-in) electric arc radiated through 125 

lenses and lit 47-sq-m (500-sq-ft) area. It had been installed in Space Power Facility vacuum chamber at Plum Brook Station, Ohio, to 

simulate deep space environment for testing power-generation systems on communications satellites or manned orbiting laboratories. 

(LeRC Release 70-36) * National Air and Space Museum was victim of “shocking lack of attention” by Smithsonian Institution management, Sen. Barry M. 

Goldwater (R-Ariz.) said on Senate floor. He said that museum received “extremely meager share,” about 1.7% of $40-million-plus annual Smithsonian appropriation, and was undermanned, with 

“only 31 people on board.” Museum attracted at least one third of 

visitors to Smithsonian Park. It had no director “even though it has 

July 22: Development of lig f t source 20 times more powerful than larg240 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 22 

been 24 months since the last Director gave notice of his planned retirement”; museum had been put into arts and humanities wing of 

Smithsonian for years rather than being considered science and 

technology component; in 1969, Smithsonian management had 

threatened to expel museum from Mall. Most museum exhibitions 

were .badly housed and deteriorating rapidly, and program for construction of permanent Air and Space building was “at dead center.” In words of “Paul Johnston, the last Director of the museum, 

the project ‘may never get off the ground.’ ” (CR, 7/22/70,511911- 

6) 0 Outline of financing plan to keep Lockheed. Aircraft Corp. in business 

in “substantially its present form’’ had been agreed on by 24 of 

major U.S. banks, New York Times reported. But bulk of funds 

Lockheed was thought to require-$300 million out of total $430 

million-would have to be provided either by Government directly 

or as Government-guaranteed loan. (Heinemann, NYT, 7/22/70, 1) 0 Anglo-West German agreement to develop combat aircraft for service 

in late 1970s was announced in House of Lords in London by U.K. 

Minister of Defence, Lord Carrington. Aircraft would replace U.S. 

F-104s of West German Air Force and U.S. Phantoms in service 

with RAF. (Middleton, NYT, 7/23/70,13) 

July 22-24: European Space Conference held fourth meeting in Brussels. 

Conference decided to continue ELDO programs with Europa I and 

I1 boosters and.preliminary work on Europa IIIB and endorsed ESRO 

scientific satellite programs and preliminary study of large meteorological satellite. It approved new ESRO programs on ap lications satellites toward development by 1975 of 200-kg (440-pb) Europa I1 

comsat and by 1980 of advanced 500-kg (1100-lb) satellite to be 

launched b Europa IIIB and agreed to develop, with NASA, satellite 

of ELDO, ESRO, and CETS into new European Space Organization 

(ESO) and decided to continue negotiations with NASA on European 

participation in post-Apollo programs. Conference endorsed ELDO’S 

space tug studies as form of participation in post-Apollo program and approved measures for consolidating European position in negotiations for permanent INTELSAT constitution. (Cleaver, A&A, 

July 23-24: Intelsat-111 F-8 was successfully iaunched from ETR by NASA 

for ComSatCorp on behalf of International Telecommunications 

Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT). Three-stage, long-tank, thrustaugmented Thor-Delta launch vehicle boosted satellite into planned elliptical transfer orbit with 36 245.1-km (22 526.5-mi) apogee, 260.3- 

km (161.8-mi) perigee, 641-min period, and 27.8” inclination. Apogee motor began scheduled 27-sec burn at 27:OO GET to place Intelsat-Ill F-8 into planned synchronous orbit over Pacific, but motor 

cut off after burning for 14.5 secs and contact with satellite was lost 

abruptly. Repeated efforts to command or locate satellite were unsuccessful and ComSatCorp appointed committee to investigate failure. 

Intelsat-111 F-8, planned as spare for Pacific and Indian Ocean 

areas, was final launch in Intelsat I11 series. Of seven Intelsat 111 

satellites launched from Sept. 18, 1968, to April 22, 1970, four were 

for air-tra !?! c control and navaid. Conference also approved merger 

10/70,70-2) 

24 1 
July 23-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

operational with 1200 voice circuits each. (ComSatCorp PIO; GSFC 

July 23: USAF launched unidentified satellite on Titan IIIB-Agena booster from Vandenberg AFB into orbit with 404-km (251-mi) apogee, 

118.9-km (73.9-mi) perigee, 90.1-min period, and 59.9” inclination. 

Satellite reentered Aug. 19. (GSFC SSR, 7/31/70; 8/31/70; Pres Rpt 

71) 0 ESSA announced two-year program to complete U.S.-Canadian satellite triangulation program-highly accurate geodetic-survey network with stations 1000 to 1300 km (600 to 800 mi) apart linking 

Canada with Alaska and lower 48 states. Program had been initiated 

in 1964 with Echo I and II balloon satellites and suspended when 

June 23, 1966, launch of Pageos I signaled start of worldwide program in which simultaneous observations from 41 portable camera 

stations would be used to construct three-dimensional geodetic reference system. System would measure distance between two surface points on earth 4800 km (3000 mi) apart with 9.8-m (32-ft) accuracy. Pageos Iwould be photographed from U.S. and Canadian sites 

in new program to enable land surveyors and engineers to start their 

surveys from geodetic control points with greater accuracy. Completion of North American network could give measurements with 

accuracy of 1:lOOO 000, comparable to error of 305 mm (12 in) in 

approximately 322 km (200 mi). (ESSA Release 70-46) 

McDonnell Douglas DC-IO, first of wide-bodied trijet transport aircraft, was rolled out in ceremonies at Long Beach, Calif. Aircraft 

was 55 m (180 ft) long, with 5,2-m-dia (17-ft-dia) fuselage. Tail was 

17.7 m (58 ft) from ground. (McDonnell Douglas Release 70-1 11) 0 Apollo 15 prime and backup crews were among 14 astronauts who 

observed explosion by Canadian Defence Research Establishment 

of 453500 kg (500 tons) of TNT in international test near Suffield, 

Alberta. Blast produced 70-m-dia (230-ft-dia) crater 4.6 m (15 ft) 

deep, with central uplift similar to that observed in many lunar craters. Astronauts had been invited to view processes in crater formation. Explosion was second 453 500-kg detonation in series to determine effects on military equipment and civilian shelters of blast 

forces and ground shock equivalent to those from small tactical nuclear weapon. (MSC Roundup, 7/31/70, l) 

9 USAF science policy was outlined by Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, in testimony before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Science, Research, and 

Development: “Air Force will still support long-range, fundamental 

research, but in fewer areas than previously.” Research “in aerodynamics, aeropropulsion, and structures will always be directly related to the Air Force missions.” Research “in solid state physics 

and chemistry will be directly related to the Air Force mission as 

long as we need new electronic systems and lighter, higher temperature materials. But research in fields such as astrophysics (other 

than solar phenomena that do affect our operations) is probably permanently removed from the Air Force program .” (Testimony) 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory scientists Dr. John W. Gofman and 

Dr. Arthur Tamplin were engaged in “bitter, name-calling battle” 

with AEC while nuclear power industry “watched uneasily,” Donald 

Rothberg said in Washington Post. Dr. Gofman and Dr. Tamplin 

SSR, 7/31/70; NASA PrOj Off) 

242 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 23 

claimed Federal standards allowed too much exposure to radiation 

and that if every American had maximum permissible dose of radiation, cancer deaths would increase by 32000 per year. AEC said 

claim was unfounded and incorrect. Watching debate was power industry, “with its 17 nuclear plants now generating electricity, 47 

under construction and 48 more proposed.” ( W Post, 7/23/70, Al) 

July 23-24: No. 1 thruster on board NASA’s orbiting Sert II(Space Electric Rocket Test) satellite failed after 3785 hrs operation-about one 

month short of design goal-causing early shutdown of one ion engine. Seven attempts to restart it were unsuccessful. No. 2 thruster, 

turned on July 24, would be turned off in late August during solar 

eclipse. If attempts to restart No. 1 were unsuccessful after eclipse, 

No. 2 would be turned on again to complete six-month test. (NASA 

Special Release) 

July 24: President Nixon spoke at Pioneer Day ceremonies in Salt Lake 

City, Utah: “Just a year ago. . .I welcomed back from the moon 

three men who had been pioneers in landing on the moon. . . . I 

can only say that the spirit that took those three men to the 

moon. . .has built the greatest country on earth.” (PD, 8/3/70,995) 0 USAF C-5A Galaxy, world’s largest aircraft, flew first cargo flight between U.S. and Europe-from Charleston AFB, S. C., to Dover AFB, 

Del.; Rhein Main Air Base, Germany; Lakenheath RAF Station, 

England; and Torrejon Air Base, Spain. Regular U.S.-Europe C-5 

cargo flights would begin in August. (DOD Release 594-70; USAF PIO) 

Western Europe wanted full partnership in U.S. post-Apollo space 

program and access to any inventions that emerged from it, The0 

Lefevre, President of European Space Conference, said at Brussels 

meeting. Conference of 13 nations asked Lefevre to visit Washington, D.C., in September to examine financial and political conditions of European participation. Conference agreed to establish new 

space agency to replace ELDO, ESRO, and CETS and develop program 

to give Western Europe operational systems of telecommunication 

satellites, 1978-1980; begin joint program with U.S. for air traffic 

control satellites; finance studies for weather satellites; and proceed 

with construction of Europa 1 and 2 rockets and development of 

Europa 3. (AP, NYT, 7/25/70) 0 International cooperation in space was described in Science by Arnold W. Frutkin, NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs: 

NASA had developed extensive program which “opens the entire 

range of its space activities to foreign participation and benefit.” 

Limitations in program lay in areas of manned space flight, largebooster development, and cooperation with U.S.S.R. Low level of 

European space budgeting accounted for gaps in manned space 

flight and booster development. Lack of Soviet cooperation “seems 

to rest with Soviet political views rather than with technical prob- lems or any lack of interest by the United States.” Despite restricting factors abroad, there was “every reason to persevere with existing and improved programs for international cooperation.” (Science, 7/24/70,333-8) 0 NASA announced selection of Philco-Ford Corp. for negotiation of 

$12 500 000, cost-plus-award-fee contract to develop Synchronous 

Meteorological Satellite (SMS) system that would become part of 

243 
July 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

National Operational Meteorological Satellite System (NOMSS), 

managed and operated by ESSA. (NASA ReIease 70-127) 

Public exhibit of lunar samples by NASA was described by George M . Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, in letter to Rep. Olin E. Teague 

(D-Tex.), Chairman of Special Ad Hoc Subcommittee of House 

Committee on Science. and Astronautics: “Even with a reasonable 

allowance for overlap in our attendance figures for individuals who 

may have seen exhibits more than once, these figures indicate that 

over six and a half million people in the United States have seen a 

lunar sample.” Public displays had been accompanied by exhibit 

and supporting material so that ;viewers “come away. . .with some 

appreciation of its broader meaning.” NASA believed “exhibits at 15 

major science museums to date,with 41 more planned for the coming year, in addition to the exhibit accompanying the Apollo 11 capsule to all 50 state ca itals and the Smithsonian exhibit are especially effective.’’ (CR, 8)/70, E7445-6) 0 President Nixon approved H.R. 16595, $550-million NSF Authorization Act of 1971, which became P.L. 91-356. (PD, 8/3/70,1007) 

Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, said in Science 

editorial: “Granted that many of our current problems must be 

cured more by social, politica!, and economic instruments than by science and technology, yet science and technology must still be the 

tools to make further advances in such things as clean air, clean 

water, better trans ortation, better housing, better medical care, 

sources, and many other areas..The discovery and use of knowledge 

has always been relevant to a humane future. They are equally rele- vant today.” (Science, 7/24/70,331) 

July 25: Delivery of FB-111 bomber to Carswell AFB, Tex., marked return of first aircraft of F-111 designation to operational flying status 

since Dec. 22, 1969, grounding of all F-111 aircraft-more than 230 

-following fatal crash. (AP, W Post, 7/28/70, A6) 0 Japan’s Institute of Aeronautical Science had announced that Japan 

on Aug. 19 would launch 61.7-kg (136-lb) satellite equipped with 

four telemetric antennas, two solar-electric-wave antennas, and solar batteries, UPI reported. (NYT, 7/26/70) 0 New York Times said U.S. had formally presented package proposal for strategic arms agreement to U.S.S.R. Terms included overall 

numerical limitation on strategic launching systems, limitation within quota on numbers of giant missiles develo ed by either side, and 

ers. (Smith, NYT, 7/25/70, 1) 

USN announced first launch of Poseidon missile from nuclear submarine, scheduled for July 27, would be postponed pending additional preflight tests. (AP, B Sun, 7/28/70, AI) 

July 26: Apollo seismic experiment scientists, after comparing thou- sands of signals received by radio fvm sensitive seismometer left 

on moon by Apollo 12 astronauts,.determined that one or more 

moon quakes were occurring every 28.4 days, each time moon came 

closest to earth. Quakes were centered in Fra Mauro highland crater 

80 km (50 mi) south of scheduled Apollo 14 landing site. Chief lunar 

seismologist Dr. Gary V. Latham later said quakes might be source 

of escaping gases that produced red or orange flashes often seen by 

more adequate we1 F are programs, purer foods, conservation of relimitation of antimissile defense systems to P ewer than 100 launch244 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 July 26 

astronomers. He intended to ask astronomers to concentrate on Fra 

Mauro area in future search for flashes. Dr. Latham reported in interview with Washington Post that “seismic record since November 

now produces strong evidence that the moon has at least some internal heat and seismic activity, (ALSEP Status Rpt; Cohn, W Post, 

7/28/70, A 1) 

0 “Potentially fatal financial crisis” facing Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 

“nation’s top defense contractor” with total sales in 1969 of $2.07 

billion, was described in Washington Post by Michael Getler. “As 

Lockheed’s problem unfolds, it sends new shudders through an 

aerospace industry already shaken by a $3-billion dip in sales last 

year and the loss of more than 200,000 jobs.” DOD officials believed 

Lockheed’s fate depended upon Senate authorization of $200 million in contingency funds for C-5A in military spending bill and 

Lockheed’s raising estimated $250 million from private sources 

without Government guarantees, to see it through first deliveries of 

L-1011 airbus in autumn 1971. (W Post, 7/26/70, Al) 

July 27: NASA-Indian Space Research Organization project to broadcast 

TV from satellite to 5000 small Indian villages had been postponed from 1972 to 1974 because of NASA budget cuts, New York Times 

reported. Postponement, which also meant year’s delay in launch of 

India’s first comsat, had been announced in New Delhi by five-man 

NASA team headed by Dr. Richard B. Marsten, NASA Director of 

Communications Programs. Team was visiting India for consultations. Launch of Indian comsat depended on data gathered from 

educational TV experiment. (Schanberg, NYT, 7/27/70,7) 

NASA published Apollo 22 Preliminary Science Report (NASA SP-235): 

Nov. 14-24, 1969, mission had accomplished “wide variety of preplanned tasks and paved the way for planning future missions to 

smaller, more selected landing areas with the possibility of significant scientific returns.” By changing CSM orbital plane twice, crew 

had demonstrated capability to explore new lunar areas during orbital operations. “Future flights will take advantage of this capability 

to photograph additional potential landing sites and to make scientific observations of the surface, both visually and photographically .” 

Apollo 12 success in lunar orbit had allowed increase in planned orbital activities for Apollo 13, Large quantity of lunar soil and rocks 

from Apollo 22 mission would add to scientific information obtained 

from Apollo 22 samples. (Text) 0 Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR 

carrying GSFC payload to conduct stellar studies. Mission did not 

meet minimum scientific requirements. (SR list) 

World’s first female aquanaut team received special awards from Walter J. Hickel, Secretary of the Interior, during Washington, D.C., 

ceremony. Later Richard H. Sprince of NASA, who was project 

manager for team, said test of women’s ability to function in hostile 

environment was one reason NASA had joined Tektite program. 

Asked if NASA would consider bringing women into astronaut program, Sprince said, “We’ve got to start looking in that direction.” 

(AP, B Sun, 7/28/70, A3) 0 First launch of Poseidon missile from submarine had been postponed 

by USN [see July 251 because of proximity of heavily instrumented .Soviet trawler to U.S. nuclear submarine James Madison, AP re-- 

245 
July 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ported. Informed source had said there was nothing wrong with 

Poseidon or support systems and that DOD officials “became a little 

apprehensive after the Russian trawler. . .moved in so close 

[within 183 m (200 yds)]” during test July 24. (B Sun, 7/28/70, Al) 0 Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird and Deputy Secretary of Defense David Packard met with President Nixon in San Clemente, 

Calif., to discuss report of Blue Ribbon Defense Panel on DOD reorganization [see July 11. Later, Secretary Laird told press U.S. was 

instituting new practice of “fly before we buy” to prevent costly defense overruns. Single package contract used to purchase C-5A 

and TFX was bad, Laird said, because it provided no protection to 

taxpayer against huge.overcosts. Under new plan, DOD would let 

contracts for individual components of new weapon systems, which 

would permit cancellation of any one if component proved not feasible. (PD, 8/3/70, 1005; Beckman, C Trib, 7/28/70,2) 

William J. Normyle commented on July 15-17 Conference on Space 

Shuttle Technology at LeRC in Aviation Week & Space Technology: “Problems facing the development of the system were far more evident than solutions.” Lack of resolution had led to decision to hold 

another conference in nine months, by which time NASA “will have 

produced some key solutions.” It was clear at meeting “that experts 

in a number of fields differ with their colleagues on selection of such 

basics as thermal protection, design configuration, materials, integrated avionics, operations and crew systems.” (Av Wk, 7/27/70, 

17) July 27-31: Crew station review of Skylab airlock and multiple docking 

adapter was held at McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. in St. 

Louis, Mo. McDonnell. Douglas was developing airlock; MSFC was 

building multiple-docking-adapter . structure: and Martin Marietta 

Denver Div. was integrating equipment and experiments. (MSFC 

Release 70-146) 

July 28: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, submitted his resignation, effective Sept. 15. In letter to President Nixon at Western 

White House, Dr. Paine said: “Now is an appropriate time for a 

change of command at NASA, and this coincides with my wish to 

return to private life. During my direction Americans orbited the 

moon and walked on its surface, achieving our boldest national goal 

on time and within budget. We have made the transition to the postApollo internationally oriented space program of the 1970’s, and the 

Congress has approved the new direction and pace in the 1971 budget. We will shortly publish a prospectus for man’s conquest of space 

through the year 2000 which charts a long-range plan for future 

progress. . . . It has been a privilege and honor to have led the nation’s space program through critical times. . . . I am most grateful 

to you for having given me this unique opportunity to serve my 

country during mankind’s first journey to another world.” 

Dr. Paine later told press in San Clemente, Calif., he had accepted challenging position with former employer, General Electric Co., 

involving “important national problems and technical opportunities 

outside aerospace and defense” fields and assured them that resig- nation had “absolutely nothing” to do with budget cuts. 

President accepted resignation with deep regret and expressed gratitude for Dr. Paine’s “outstanding leadership” of U.S. space 

246 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 28 

program: “Your contribution to man’s knowledge of the Earth as 

well as the heavens has been major, and the course you have done 

so much to set will help guide our efforts for years to come. . . . You have earned a unique and permanent place of honor in the history of man’s exploration.” (PD, 813170,997; Lyons, NYT, 7/29/70) 

X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry (USAF), 

successfully completed 15th flight from FRC. Objectives were to 

obtain lateral directional derivatives at mach 0.85 to 0.9 and longitudinal trim and lift-to-drag data with 40” upper flap. (NASA Proj Off) 0 Rep. Joe L. Evins (D-Tenn.) submitted to House conference report on 

H.R. 17548, FY 1971 Independent Offices and HUD appropriations bill including $3.269-billion NASA appropriation. Report appropriat- ed $2.565 billion to NASA for R&D instead of $2.500 billion proposed 

by House and $2.606 billion proposed by Senate. NASA appropriation for construction of facilities was $24.9 million instead of $18.2 

million as proposed by House and $34.4 million as proposed by Senate. Research and program management remained at $678.7 million. 

Report also authorized $20.5 million for NSF program development and management as proposed by Senate instead of $19.5 million as proposed by House, in total $513 million NSF appropriation. (CR, 7/28/70, H7326-8; House Rpt 91-1345) 0 NASA announced selection of seven scientific investigations for Mariner-Venus-Mercury 1973 (MVM-73) mission to photograph the planets, measure particles and fields surrounding them, and study their 

atmospheres and ionospheres. Experiment package would weigh 51 

kg (113 Ibs) and would include imaging science, radio science, plas-* 

ma science, magnetometer, uv spectrometer, infrared radiometer, 

and energetic particles experiments. The 400-kg (900-lb) spacecraft 

would be launched in fall 1973 and would make gravity-assist swing within 5300 km (3300 mi) of Venus in February 1974 and fly within 

1000 km (625 mi) of Mercury in March 1974. (NASA Release 70-126) 0 Canada’s plans to launch first comsat by end of 1972 had been set back 

because of controversy over who should build it, Peter Dempson reported in Christian Science Monitor. Hughes Aircraft Co. of California had bid $30 million for 12-channel comsat with 12% Canadian 

components. RCA Canada Ltd. of Montreal had bid $35 million for 8- 

channel comsat with 65% Canadian components and insisted on 

cost-plus contract that could raise cost to $100 million. 

Telesat, government agency formed in 1969 to develop Canada’s 

comsat program, preferred Hughes because of lower bid and because Hughes was pioneer in spacecraft construction. RCA supporters argued that selection of RCA would enable Canada to build up 

competent scientific team, thus adding substantially to space knowhow that constructed AIouette land Alouette 11, with extra cost well 

worth it. If kept in Canada, they argued, project would provide employment for up to 1200 skilled and semiskilled workers in Quebec, 

where unemployment was high. (CSM, 7/28/70) 

Point-to-point second-generation space shuttle was possibility and 

could be “transportation system of the future as opposed to the 

hypersonic aircraft,” Dale D. Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, said in speech before Aero Club in 

Washington, D.C. (Text) 

241 
July 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 uSAF-uSN feasibility studies had proved that land-based ICBMs could 

easily be deployed on surface ships, Chlcago Sun Times quoted DOD 

sources as sa ing. Sources said studies were basis of decision to 

propose missi Y e and bomber freeze at Vlenna SALT meetlngs. (Ross, 

C Sun Times, 7/28/70) 0 MSFC announced it had awarded $38 979 000 contract modification to 

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. for additional work on Skylab 

airlock. (MSFC Release 70-147) 

July 29: Cosmos CCCLIV was launched by U.S.S.R. from Baykonur into orbit with 208-km (129.3-mi) apogee, 144-km (89.5-mi) peri ee, 

and 50” inclination. Satellite reentered same day. (GSFC SSR, 77311 

70; SBD, 7/30/70, 128; Spacewarn, 8/11/70,1) 0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, held press conference at 

NASA Hq. to comment on his resignation, submitted July 28: “When 

I faced up to the job in the Space Agency. . .there were two major responsibilities. . . . One. . .was the meeting of the 

commitment. . .[to] land on the Moon within the decade. . .and 

the second was to lay out the post-Apollo program which would fql- low. . . . The action that was taken yesterday by the Congress in 

conference, which essentially gave us more than ninety-eight percent of the monies that the President had approved for the 1971 

budget, but more importantly followed a very intensive review by 

Congress of the proposals we had made for the new space program 

of the seventies, in many ways represents a major step forward in 

the second concern which I had, which was to lay out the post- Apollo program and secure initial approval for it in the Administration and the Congress.” 

NASA “had reached the point where the person who heads up the 

space program should be prepared now to devote very many months 

to the prosecution of this new program. . .and it was my conclusion 

that this was an excellent time for a change of command at NASA, 

since, for personal reasons, I could not give it the many months of 

continuing activity which would be required.” 

Questioned about future space projects, Dr. Paine said he had 

found “great depth of support” for space program in U.S. and in 

foreign countries. Space program was valuable to Nation and world, 

was on solid foundation, and would probably be funded by Government on its present level or a little higher. He identified key issues 

facing NASA in FY 1972 budget as future of Apollo program, particu- larly with suspension of Saturn V production and continuing need.to 

reassess best use of each booster, and question of relative priority 

within limited resources of space shuttle, space station, space tug, scientific missions, application of satellite programs, and increased 

aeronautical R&D. :‘It’s very important. . .that we take a very longrange view because. the direction that the s ace program takes in the 

century. ” (Transcript) 0 House adopted conference report on H.R. 17548, FY 1971 Independent Offices and HUD appropriations bill, which contained $3.269-billion NASA appropriation and $513-million NSF appropriation after 

defeating motion to reconsider by vote of 227 to 156. (CR, 7/29/70, 

1970’s is indeed going to cast a shadow t x rough to the end of the 

H7368-82) . 

248 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 29 

0 Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., Apollo 13 commander, received insignia of Chevalier of Erench Legion of Honor from French Ambassador Charles Lucet durin ceremonies at French Embass in Washington, D.C. (CRY 7/31/78,512536-7; Dixon, W Star, 7/3OhO, C1) 0 Western Union Telegraph Co. announced it had filed proposal with 

FCC to build domestic satellite system to serve all 50 states. Applica- tion called for launching of three comsats, initial construction of six 

earth stations, and construction of 3 1 terrestrial microwave stations. 

First comsat would be launched two years after FCC approval. 

(Western Union Release) 

North American Rockwell Corp. received $92 449 970 for changes in Apollo CSM contract. Agreement formally incorporated changes 

to increase mission duration, add scientific instrument module (SIM), 

and provide experiment integration and brought total value of costplus-fixed-feelaward-fee contract since August 1963 to $3.724 bib 

lion. 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. received $7 974 400 for changes in 

Apollo LM contract. Agreement formally incorporated changes previously authorized by NASA for modification to contractor’s maintenance and repair program. Modifications brought total value of costplus-incentive-fee contract since January 1963 to $1.681 billion. (MSC 

Releases 70-83,70-84) 0 Dr. W. D. McElroy, NSF Director, called for reevaluation of U.S. science and technology policies in testimony before House Committee 

on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Science, Research, 

and Development. He proposed smooth transition between science 

and its applications by ensuring continued support of basic science 

by mission-oriented agencies; raising level of support for academic 

science from 18% to 35% or 40% of total Federal expenditure; elimination of conflict between “big science” (high-energy physics, etc.) 

and “little science” rojects of equal importance but smaller 

downs; Government sponsoring and funding of research on national 

problems to avoid competition with “normal” flow of research; and 

system of priorities with built-in “safeguards to hedge against imprudent judgments.” (Testimony) 

AP quoted anti-Communist Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pa0 as reporting Communist China would test her first ICBM before Oct. 1. 

Chinese army officer in Peking had said missile had sufficient range 

to reach North America. (AP, W Star, 7/29/70, A1 1) 0 USN had identified Soviet trawler cruising off ETR as electronic spy ship Laptev, UPI reported. Vessel’s presence reportedly would not 

affect launch of ‘Poseidon missile from U.S. nuclear submarine 

James Madison, which had been rescheduled €or as early as Aug. 3, 

( W Post, 7/30/70, A4) 0 Mexican Foreign Relations Secretar Antonio Carrillo Flores said he 

had received assurances from U. H . State Dept. that test-firing of 

Athena missiles from Green River, Utah, would be suspended until 

correction of mechanical failure that had caused Athena to veer off 

course and crashland in Mexico July 11. Search for missile was continuing. (UPI, WPost, 7/30/70, A14) 

0 MSC announced award of contract supplements: 

scale); long-term, level ‘p unding for science to avoid periodic ups and 

249 
July 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

July 30: Finance was one of main reasons for resignation of Dr. Thomas 

0. Paine as NASA Administrator, Thomas O’Toole said in Washington Post. At 48, Paine had four children in college and private school. His NASA salary was $42500 per year “which after taxes 

barely pays for his children’s schooling, his housing and his every- day expenses.” While “nobody at GE will discuss it,” Dr. Paine 

apparently would move into “executive suite” at General Electric 

Co. “whose chairman (Fred Borch) makes $275,000 a year and 

whose four top executives under Borch all make more than $200,000 

a year.” (W Post, 7/30/70, A2) 

Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops Station carrying Univ. of New Hampshire payload to study 

energetic particles. Mission did not meet minimum scientific requirements. (SR list) 0 DOD Deputy Secretary for Public Affairs Jerry W. Friedheim confirmed that U.S.S.R. had resumed flight-testing of Fractional Orbital 

Bombardment System (FOBS) after nine-month hiatus. Most recent 

mission had been Cosmos CCCLlV which reentered 90 min after 

launch July 29. Friedheim told press mission was “evidence of the 

continuing momentum of the Soviet development and test program 

for strategic weapons.” ( WPost, 7/31/70, A22; DODPIO) 

0 Completion of “Compass Link” reconnaissance photo-relay system 

and its turnover to Air Force Communications Service was announced by AFSC. System, developed by AFSC Electronic System Div., used three ground stations and two satellites. Laser beam 

scanned picture for light variations and converted image to electronic signals for transmission through satellite to ground station. Laser 

beam also was used for reconstruction of picture at destination. 

(AFSC Release 98.70) 

General Dynamics Corp. announced Convair Div. had received 

$2 585 000 USAF contract for OV 1-20 and OV 1-21 Orbiting Vehicle 

research satellites, scheduled for launch in 1971. Contract was managed by SAMSO. (General Dynamics Release 1529) 

ESSA scientist Elmer Schuman was using computer to determine ’exact 

limits of safe flight through electrically charged clouds, in study to 

help avert lightning strikes such as occurred during Nov. 14, 1969, 

launch of ApoJlo 12, ESSA reported. (ESSA Release) 

President Nixon in San Clemente, CaIif., announced appointment of 

Rolf Eliassen, and reappointment of Howard G. Vesper and William 

Webster, as members of. General Advisory Committee to AEC for 

terms expiring Aug. 1, 1976. (PD, 8/3/70,998) July 31: DOT announced reassignment of management responsibilities of 

joint DOT-NASA civil aviation R&D study to ensure its maximum impact on Federal aviation planning. Study was started in 1969 to develop single national policy for aer‘onautical R&D . Lawrence P. 

Greene, organizer and original Executive Director of study, would 

work fulltime with aviation planners in DOT, NASA, other Federal 

agencies, and aviation community. Clarence A. Syvertson, ARC 

Deputy Director, had joined DOT to direct study’s final phase. (DOT 

Release 16370) 0 No harmful effects had been found in lower animals exposed to lunar 

material, LRL Lower Animal Test Team of 14 investigators reported in Science. Selected species of fish and invertebrates had been ex250 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 July 31 

posed to Apollo 11 lunar samples for 38 days in tests to detect extraterrestrial replicating agents possibly harmful to life on earth. No 

pathological effects or evidence of replicating organisms were detected. (Science, 713 1170,470-2) 0 Next to last Saturn V 2nd stage (S-11-14) was ground-tested by NR 

engineers for 374 secs at MTF and developed thrust equivalent to 4.9 

million newtons (1.1 million lbs) in space. All test objectives were 

met. (Marshall Star, 8/5/70, 1) * Discovery (through infrared radiometric observations) of local temperature in Jupiter’s North Equatorial Belt far in excess of those at 

level of solid ammonia clouds and (through visual observations) of 

orange-brown coloration within belt were described in Science by 

MIT astronomers John S. Lewis and Ronald G. Prinn. Astronomers 

concluded that high-resolution spectroscopic examination of spots 

might result in detection of water vapor in Jupiter’s atmosphere. “In the design of Jupiter flyby and orbiter missions for the 1970’~~ the 

possibility of conducting related experiments in the immediate vicinity of the planet should be considered.” Data could reduce uncertainties in design parameters of entry probes. Astronomers also 

suggested that, in multilayer cloud model, solar uv photolysis of 

hydrogen sulfide in regions where ammonia clouds were sparse or 

absent should lead to production of inorganic chromophores-mo- lecular coloring agents. (Science, 7/3 1170,472-3) Atlanta Constitution editorial commented on resignation of Dr. Thomas 0. Paine as NASA Administrator: “Dr. Thomas 0. Paine didn’t 

ride the Apollo spaceships. But he will be remembered in the history of Space exploration as the man who guided America’s space agency through its great adventure that ended in a moon landing.” Dr. 

Paine had “served his country well and deserves its thanks.” (AtIan ta Constitution , 7/3 1 /70) 0 New York Airways’ helicopter passengers between Kennedy International, La Guardia, and Newark Airports during 1970 to date totaled 

134 600 for monthly average of more than 19 228. (VertiFlite, 9/70, 

2) During July: Use of infrared telescopes lifted by balloons and NASA’s 

high-flying jet aircraft to penetrate “last portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to remain unexplored by astronomers” was described by Rice Univ. scientists in Astronautics & Aeronautics. In 

last 10 yrs, astronomers had built “super-cooled scanning telescopes that peered through atmospheric windows letting in infrared wavelengths between 1 P and 25 P .” But water vapor had blocked wave- lengths from 25-100 p from reaching ground. Now jet aircraft and 

balloons lifted telescopes above vapor to “bridge gap between 

ground-based infrared and radio observations” and find “most 

powerful radiators in the universe.” (Low, Aumann, Gillespie, 

0 U.S. space program was “in a kind of limbo, waiting, really, to be 

reborn and reconstituted,” William Leavitt said in Air Force and , Space Digest. As Apollo stretched out, “NASA space planners are 

already working toward thf: first launch in 1972 of Skylab, which is 

really the unheralded beginning of the long-awaited US manned 

space-station program .” (AF/SD, 7/70,60-4) 

A&A, 7/70,26-30) 

251 
During July ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 Experimental InterAmerican Meteorological Rocket Network (EXAMETNET)-joint project of U.S., Argentina, and Brazil-released 

Annual Report, 1968 (NASA SP-23 l), describing 1968 activities with 

summary of meteorological rockets and data and list of publications, reports, and related handbooks. EXAMETNET provided scien- tific measurements of upper atmosphere to facilitate research into 

structure and circulation of atmosphere in Northern and Southern 

hemispheres. (Text) 

“Development of Airplane Stability and Control Technology,” 1970 

von Khrmhn Lecture by Courtland D. Perkins, Associate Dean of 

Princeton Univ. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, was 

published by Journal of Aircraft: “As the airplane becomes larger, faster, and as a result, more complex, the balance between inherent 

aerodynamic stability and stability provided through automatic systems must be made on an overall aircraft performance judgment. There is much yet to be done with the technology. . . .” (JA, 7-8/70, 

Sen. Mike Gravel (D-Alaska) writing in Aerospace dismissed ecologi- cal arguments against SST program: Greatest single consideration 

“in America’s Supersonic Transport program is technological: Whether the United States will continue to maintain its dominant 

position in the development and production of commercial transport 

aircraft for the world-with all that this means to the health of the 

domestic economy and U.S. position in international.markets.” In 

next two decades, level of the world’s commercial airline traffic was 

expected to rise to six times as high. SST was “logical. and inevitable 

step forward to meet the demands of this new volume of air travelregardless of who builds it.” (Aerospace, 7/70,3-5) * Interview with Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., DOD Director of Defense Research and Engineering, was reported by Air Force and Space Digest. Dr. Foster believed U.S. held considerable lead over U.S.S>R. 

in basic space technology and application of that technology to military requirements. U.S. programs in communications, mapping, warning, surveillance, weather, and other activities related to military had been extremely rewarding. In manned military space opera- tions, “we will come to realize that there are military needs in space that cannot be accomplished without placing much larger payloads in orbit.” (AFISD, 7/70,31-6) 

European space accomplishments were reviewed in Science Journal: 

ESRO was evolving as center for scientific and applications satellites and was interested in developing satellites for meteorology, naviga- tion, and air traffic control. Less successful had been European efforts to obtain independence in satellite launching through ELDO. 

U.S. had introduced new element into European deliberations by inviting collaboration in post-Apollo program. “So far the U.S. 

State Department has ruled against the purchase of American 

launch vehicles for European commercial ventures, such as the regional communications satellite. This could be changed by coopera- tion in the post-Apollo programme. Europe could reserve the right 

to buy boosters for any non-military application.” Cost might be 

problem since “second league nations together spend approximate- ly $300 million a year on space-an order of magnitude less than the 

290-301) 

252 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 During July 

United States and robably the Soviet Union.” (Gatland, Science 

Journal, 7170,77-805) 

NSF Released Research and Development in lndustr , 1968: Funds, 

industrial scientists and engineers in R&D activities in January 1969, 

about two-fifths worked on .Federally financed R&D projects. For 

first time since 1956, companies financed over half of their R&D work 

with their own funds, spending $8.9 billion in 1968. Company funds 

increased 23% between 1966 and 1968, while Federal spending re- mained nearly level. Pattern was expected to continue from 1968 to 

1970, with company R&D financing ex ected to rise about 20% and 

In 1968, 90% of $8.6 billion in R&D funds furnished to industries 

by Federal agencies came from DOD and NASA. DOD funded 104 600 

R&D scientists and engineers in 1968, at an average cost of $51 800 

per R&D professional. NASA projects averaged $66 000 per R&D rofessional and included 35 000 persons. Industrial firms spent f3.7 

billion on research, both basic and applied. Federal Government 

furnished 32% of these funds. In 1968, 72% of applied R&D funds 

was devoted to five product fields-guided missiles and spacecraft, electrical equipment and communication, aircraft and parts, machinery, and chemicals (not including drugs and medicine). (Text) 

1968; Scientists & Engineers, January 1969 (NSF 7 B -29). of 36% of 

Federal support possibly declining slig K tly. 

253 

August 1970 

August 1: The Economist commented on resignation of Dr. Thomas 0. 

Paine, NASA Administrator, “just at a time when the governments of 

western Europe are considering whether to throw what passes for 

their space. programmes in with Nasa’s.” European governments “scare easily and do not co-operate easily with each other, let alone 

with the Americans, whom they subconsciously suspect of always 

having the technical emasculation of Europe in mind. Dr. Paine, 

placid, patient and unusually sensitive-for a Washington man-to 

other people’s susceptibilities, handled them as gently as nervous 

horses. A successor who is less imaginative, or more inclined to 

wear his emotions on his sleeve, will undo much of this work. This 

will not do much harm to the American space programme, but for 

Europe to miss this chance would be tragic.” (Economist, 8/1/70, 

43-4) 0 MIT-sponsored group of U.S. and European scientists concluded 

month-long environmental study at Williams College to advise 1972 

U.N. Conference on Human Environment and other national and 

international conferences. In preliminary report, Study of Critical 

Environmental Problems, group recommended that large-scale op- eration of supersonic transport aircraft be delayed until serious 

questions about potential for environmental contamination could be - answered. Study had indicated increase of water vapor induced into 

stratosphere by supersonic aircraft favored formation of clouds and 

that fine particles from jet engine exhaust would double global averages of particles, with unknown effects. Particles reflected sunlight 

back into stratosphere and tended to warm it. Report recommended 

program to measure lower stratosphere for water vapor quantities 

and sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons-fine particle 

matter. 

Study also found increasing carbon dioxide in atmosphere had 

caused little climate change. Earth’s oxygen supply remained fairly 

constant. (Webster, NYT, 8/2/70, 1) 

Operation of NASA Motion Picture Film Depository and Film Loan 

Library was transferred by formal agreement to National Audiovisual Center of National Archives and Records Service of General 

Services Administration. (NASA Hq WB, 8/24/70, 1) 

August 2: An 85-g (3-0.z) palladium generator-separator developed for 

use in space could be used for air- ollution detection on earth, JPL 

by NASA and JPL for use by Viking Molecular Analysis Science 

Team in analyzing Martian soil and atmosphere in mid-1970s It was 

particularly sensitive to major U.S. air pollutants like sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. (JPL Release 558) 0 European role in future NASA plans was discussed by London Sunday Telegraph: “White House officials appear to share the belief that 

announced. Unit was heart of gas c R romatograph system developed 

255 
August 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Congress will react more favorably to post-Apollo if it can be 

launched internationally, on the grounds that it would increase stability between nations, and in the !ong term cut the cost of major 

space programmes. For N.A.S.A. it would have the added advantage that such a programme, once begun, would be difficult for a 

new American administration to halt or cut back dramatically.” 

Europe held “high card” in negotiations toward international space 

program. “N.A.S.A. needs a decision early next year so that the 

post-Apollo programme can be placed before Congress as an international venture.’’ Europe would lnmt on conventional U .S. launch 

vehicles for commercial and scientific satellites in decade it took to 

make space shuttle operational. “Then the European Space 

Launcher Development can be scrapped and the money invested in 

post-Apollo.” If Europe and U.S. “start the ball rolling in space cooperation, there are still more exciting projects.” (London Sunday Telegraph, 8/2/70) 0 Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., was named “SwedishAmerican of the Year” and presented Vasa Medal during SwedishAmerican Day ceremony in Stockholm. Aldrin and his family were , beginning 10-day visit to Sweden. (UPI, PInq, 8/3/70; AP, W Star, 

8/3/70] Papers of Robert H. Goddard, edited by Esther C. Goddard and G. 

Edward Pendray, were reviewed in New York Times Book Review 

by I. Bernard Cohen: “Goddard was not universally appreciated 

during his lifetime; few dreamers are. He was often ridiculed as ‘the 

moon man.’ Today his name is commemorated in laboratories and 

professorships, but his greatest lasting memorial does not carry his 

name. It is the background of theoretical principles, engineering 

devices and practical experience, in the decades between World 

War I and 11, that are embodied in every rocket that flies-today. . . . These splendid volumes, handsomely rinted ‘and well illustrated, 

of our times.” (NYTBook Review, 8/2/70) 0 Officials of Environmental Defense Fund-gmup of scientists, lawyers, and conservationists incorporated in New York State-had 

decided to ask Federal court to order FAA to set noise and environmental standards for SST before certifying its airworthiness, New 

York Times reported. Fund had already obtained court orders 

blocking immediate construction of haul road for Alaska pi e line 

cide DDT should not be sus ended. (Kenworthy, NYT, 8/2/70,25) 

August 3: Nike-Apache soun8ing rocket was launched by NASA from 

Wallops Station carrying Univ. of Michigan payload to study atmospheric structure. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

(SR list) 0 USN successfully conducted fil‘st underwater launch of two-stage, solid-propellant Poseidon C-3 missile from nuclear subm?rine submerged off Florida coast. New, 30 000-k (65 000-lb) missile was 

watched launch closely and tried to pick up debris. (DOD ress Release; W Post, 8/4/70,1) 0 U.S. Athena’missile that veered off course after launch from Green 

River, Utah, July 11 had been found 320 km (200 mi) from U.S. borshould 80 a long way to making known t ‘E, e personality of this shaper 

and requiring Dept. of Agriculture to give reasons why use o P pestii: expected to become operational January f 971. Soviet shi Laptev 

256 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 3 

der near Carrillo, Mexico, Mexican Foreign Ministry said. Missile 

had gouged out trench 15 m (50 ft) long, 5 m (17 ft) wide, and 3 m (10 

ft) deep. Mexican troops cordoned off site while scientists waited 

for e ui ment to recover radioactive pieces of missile. (AP, NYT, 

0 Pan Am Boeing 747 en route from New York to San Juan, Puerto 

Rico, was hijacked to Havana, Cuba, with 378 persons aboard. Aircraft was met in Havana by Cuban Premier Fidel Castro who inspected it before helping Capt. Augustine Watkins take off within 53 

min. Aircraft arrived safe1 in San Juan. (Suarez, NYT, 8/3/70,1) 0 MSFC announced award of 5 13 460 726 contract modification to Martin-Marietta Corp. for continuing work on Skylab multiple docking 

adapter. (MSFC Release 70-152) 0 Aviation Week & Space Technology editorial on recommendations of 

Blue Ribbon Defense Panel [see July I]: “We think the Fitzhugh 

panel deserves an accolade from its fellow citizens for providing a 

shrewd and modern insight into problems of o erating the national 

defense system and a series of specific points t R at require improvement. This is a process that should be repeated at regular intervals 

to insure that the national defense keeps pace with the constantly changing challenges of technology and the international chess 

board.” (Av Wk, 8/3/70) 

August 3-21: Joint NASA and Univ. of Virginia Bio-Space Technology 

Training Program was held at Wallops Station to give 46 life scientists information on engineering and operational procedures in plan- ning and conducting biological experiments in space. Scientists 

were selected by NASA from more than 150 applicants representing 

universities, Government, and. industry. Laboratory phase of program included launching five modified Arcas sounding rockets, 

carrying live animal and plant payloads, on 20-min flights. All pay- loads were recovered. (WS Release 70-10) 

August 4: Senate ado ted, by vote of 70 to 8, conference report on H.R. 

containing $3.269-bilhon NASA appropriation and $513-million NSF 

appropriation. Bill would go to President for approval. (CR, 8/4170, 

0 Edwin C. Kilgore, Deputy Chief of LaRC Office of Engineering and 

Technical Services, was appointed to new position of Deputy Associate Administrator (Management) in OART at NASA Hq. (NASA Release 70- 130) 0 NASA announced award of $1 366 400 contract to General Electric Co. 

for construction of fuel systems for research into operation of turbojet engines with liquid-methane and liquid-oxygen fuels. Contract 

would be managed by LeRC. (NASA Release 70-129) 0 Christian Science Monitor editorial discussed future TV projection 

from foreign countries by comsat: “Do people want such invasions? 

Suppose the Russians or the Chinese loft communications satellites 

overhead which could beam propagandist television programs directly into American receivers?” Direct foreign-initiated TV broadcasts “could allow the viewer to see many more of the world’s 

events directly as they are happening. The United States could par- ticipate in a worldwide agreement on the interchange of import pro8/4/7fj, E?) 

17548, FY 1971 f ndependent Offices and HUD appropriations bill, 

S 1274 1-8) 

257 
August 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

gramming via zatellite. But this electronic proliferation has its complications, of which we should be early aware.” (CSM, 8/4/70) 

U.S. and U.S.S.R. were nearing agreement to curb quantitative part of nuclear arms race, but Aug. 3 successful test of Poseidon missile 

“is a vivid reminder that the qualitative aspect of that race goes on 

unimpeded,” Chalmers M. Roberts said in Washington Post. Unless 

SALT in later phase could curb such qualitative improvements as 

Poseidon, “a host of new ideas now under research and engineering 

or simply in men’s minds will come into being in future decades.” 

(W Post, 8/4/70, A121 0 uSAF Museum at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, was described in Christian Science Monitor article: “Oldest and largest military aviation 

museum in the world, the display. . .portrays the history of the United States Air Force in such a way as to interest all ages. Nearly half 

of the aircraft and missiles have to be exhibited outdoors, so construction is under way on a new $6 million facility. . .to contain the 

collection of 8,000 planes and other items.” (CSM, 8/4/70) 

August 5: President Nixon submitted to Congress NASA’s Twenty-first 

Semiannual Report to Congress, January l-June 30, 1969. (PD, 8/lO/ 

70,1032) 

Discovery by ARC biochemist Dr. J. Ken McDonald that enzyme DAPI 

(dipetidyi aminopeptidase) could be used to determine primary 

structure of many proteins was announced by NASA. Discovery could be used to determine amino acid sequence of immunoglobulins, body’s main defense against disease. DAP ‘I was enzyme with 

unique ability to take protein.molecules apart one piece at a time. 

Order in which amino acid pairs, called dipeptides, were released 

revealed their sequence in original protein molecules. (NASA Release 70-128) 

FAA announced formation of interagency committee including representatives of NASA, DOD, and DOT to prepare five-year national plan for development and implementation of new microwave-scanningbeam instrument landing s stem for civil-military use. System was 

Committee in March 5 report to Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. (FAA Release T 70-32) 0 NASA announced selection of RCA Cor . Astro-Electronics Div. to 

mand TV system for last four Apollo lunar exploration missions. 

System, which would permit color cameras to be operated either 

manually by astronauts on moon or remotely from earth, would be 

used with portable lunar communications relay unit (LCRU) being developed under separate RCA contract. (NASA Release 70-131) 0 MSFC Technology Utilization Office had studied 1200 items of new 

technology from private contractors and MSFC R&D activities during 

past year, MSFC announced. NASA Hq. had published 165 MSFC items 

as NASA Tech Briefs, mailed to more than 8000 companies and individuals throughout U.S. Almost 5500 requests for technical information or advice had been received from U.S. and abroad. (MSFC 

Release 70-155) 

New York Times quoted French military sources as saying France’s 

nuclear production team would be able to provide hydrogen bombs 

for French forces by 1972. Paper said move would place France 

major recommendation o fy DOT’S Air Traffic Control Advisory 

receive $1 .62-rnilliony cost-plus-fixed- P ee contract for ground-com258 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 5 

ahead of U.K., with only U.S. and U.S.S.R. deploying greater nuclear strength. (Middleton, NYT, 8/5/70,2) 0 Air Line Pilots Assn. had asked U.S. District Court of Appeals for 

District of Columbia to stop simultaneous landings on intersecting 

runways at National Air ort in Washington, D.C., Friendship Airning Star reported. ALPA said procedures authorized by FAA in April lowered safety standards. (Kadis, W Star, 8/5/70, F9) 0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced that Dulles 

International Airport in Chantilly, Va., would be site of June 1972 

U.S. International Aeronautical Exposition. One million visitors 

were expected to view more than 500 exhibits. (DOT Release 16670) 

August 6: Photographs of area of Peru damaged by May 31 earthquake, 

taken by instrumented NASA Electra aircraft, were turned over to 

Peruvian Government in Lima. Data had been processed at MSC and 

were given to Peruvian authorities for possible use in restoration of 

area. (NASA Release 70-134) 

Expansion of Project MAST (military assistance for safety in traffic), 

joint test program to determine value of helicopters in pro- viding medical assistance in emergencies [see July 151, was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird and Secretary of 

Transportation John A. Volpe. Program would be expanded to area 

surrounding Colorado Springs, Colo., and Seattle, Wash. (DOD Release 634-70) 0 Twenty-fifth anniversary of world's first atomic bomb explosion by U.S. in Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima marked event by tolling solitary bell and stopping all activities for moment of silence and prayport in Baltimore, and ot R er airports around U.S., Washington Eveer. Prime Minister Eisaku Sat0 said in message that 

nation to suffer nuclear attack, now aspired to 

world peace to protect mankind from nuclear 

70, A3) 

August 7: U.S.S.R. launched two satellites. Infercosmos 111, launched 

from Kapustin Yar, carried Soviet and Czechoslovak experiments 

into orbit with 1192-km (740.7-mi) apogee, 200-km (124.3-min) erigee, 98.7-min period, and 48.4" inclination. Satellite reentered 6 ec. 

6. Cosmos CCCLV entered orbit with 321-km (199.5-mi) apogee, 

198-km (123-km) perigee, 89.6-min eriod, and 65.3" inclination and 

reentered Aug. 15. (GSFC SSR, 8/3&0,12/31/70; SBD, 8/10/70,173) 0 U.S. Geological Survey announced it was photographhe 26 cities in 

U.S. and Puerto Rico from aircraft at altitudes exceeding 15 200 m 

(50 000 ft) to test feasibility of detecting urban changes from earthorbiting satellites in 1972. Study to develop ERTS-A techniques to 

provide data for urban planning organizations and other potential clients was being conducted with NASA cooperation. RB-57F aircraft on loan from USAF Weather Service were based at MSC and 

operated by NAsApersonnel. Project, part of De t. of Interior's 

Earth Resources Observation Systems program, E ad been under 

way since April and was scheduled for completion in fall. (Interior 

Dept Release 27013-70 0 FAA announced it wouI propose rule to encourage publicpartici ation in establishing engine noise standards for SST. (FAA Release 0-' 

75) 

s (t 

259 
August 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 President Nixon appointed Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman his 

Special Representative *on PFisoners of War. Borman would immediately undertake specialemission to seek help of third parties in 

countries around world in “securing the humane treatment and 

earliest possible release of all Americans held by the enemy forces in Southeast Asia.” Borman would be on leave of absence from his 

executive position with Eastern Air Lines. (PD, 8/10/70, 1031) 

President Nlxon submitted to Congress nomination of Adm. Willard J. 

Smith (USCG, Ret.) to be Assistant Secretary of Transportation, replacing Walter L. Mazan, who had resigned. Secretary of Transpor- tation John A. Volpe established Office of Assistant Secretary of 

Transportation for Safety and Consumer Affairs and announced 

nomination of Adm. Smith to new post. (PD, 8/10/70, 1033; DOT 

Release 17070) 

More foreign-born and U.S. scientists. were going abroad from U.S. 

to work, while changes in immigration laws had stemmed flow of 

foreign scientists to U.S., Thomas P. Southwick said in Science. 

Result was “drastic slackening of the brain drain” from Europe to 

U.S. NSF had reported 12 523 scientists and engineers were ranted 

134% over 1965. In 1968 number of immigrants rose only 4% over 

1967 figure and in 1969 number dropped by 21%, to 10 300. (Science, 

August 8: Four Nike-Apache sounding rockets were launched by NASA 

from Kiruna, Sweden, carrying AFCRL and Dudley Observatory 

payloads to study noctilucent clouds. Rockets and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Washington Evening Star editorial on 25th anniversaries of U.S. drop- ping of atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki: “We can never 

know what might have happened if the terrible reality of the death 

of two Japanese cities had not branded itself on the collective consciousness of man. We know only that since August 9,1945, the two 

greatest powers of the world have repeatedly confronted one another with mutual suspicion and distrust. And we know that, regardless of conflicting ideologies and interests, the superpowers have both 

been guided by one overriding principle: Nuclear war is not acceptable.” (W Star, 8/8/70, A4) August 9: LeRC was studying substitqtion of thermal reactor for standard exhaust manifold to reduce pollution of air from automobile 

exhaust, NASA announced. National Air Pollution Control Administration had asked LeRC to study reactor use to correct incomplete 

fuel combustion that led to emission of one quarter to one half ton 

of carbon-monoxide and hydrocarbons annually by each car. Industry tests had shown that thermal reactor, which also acted as afterburner, could reduce pollutants to within predicted 1980 Federal 

requirements. LeRc had been asked to develop technology for long- life; inexpensive reactor. (NAS,A Release 70-133) 

Next three months would be critical for Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport, Don Cook said in Washington Post. Two prototypes would begin advance tests to determine whether aircraft could 

carry 11 300 k (25 OOO lbb-125 passengers and baggage-from Parful, airlines with options on 76 aircraft would be asked to supply 

immigrant status in U.S. in 1967-increase of 74% over 1 8 66 and 

8/7/70,565-6) 

is to New Yor a at 2250 km per hr (1400 mph). If tests were success260 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 9 

August 9: NASA announced that Lewis Research Center was studying substitution of a thermal reactor for the standard manifold on an automobile engine, to reduce pollution from exhaust. In the photo technician Warren A. Moore connected a temperature sensor 

to an experimental reactor during testing on a V-8 engine at LeRC. The reactor burned up the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons formed during com bustivn. 

funds for firm orders. British and French governments had put $1.5 

billion into project in seven years and were “increasingly reluctant” 

to see Concorde spending spiral. Result might be “that everybody 

concerned (except the French and British manufacturers) will be 

content to see the program slow down.” 

British prototype 002 had been fitted with more powerful Olympus 593 engines and was undergoing runway testing. French prototype 001 was undergoing engine refitting and was scheduled to fly 

a ain in September. Together, two prototypes had lo4ged 225 hrs in 

l!O test flights. French model had logged 170 hrs in air, 30 at supersonic speeds. Neither had flown at mach 2 but this would become 

possible with engines now being fitted. Testing would be over 1290- 

km (800-mi) “boom corridor” from Northwest Scotland to tip of 

Cornwall over Irish Sea. Flight plan called for 25 runs at mach 2 

easurements would be taken of sonic boom, noise 

level at takeoff, and smoke emission. ( WPost, 8/9/70, El) 

August 10: Cosmos CCCLVI was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 

502-km (31 I.9-mi) apogee, 224-km (139.2-mi) perigee, 91.7-min period, and 81.9” inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 2. (GSFC SSR, 

8/31/70, 10/31/70) 

261 
August 10 ASTRONAUTICS AhJD AERONAUTICS, 1970 

* Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal seismic investigator for Apollo program, asked astronomers worldwide to study moon each month at 

its closest approach to earth to determine whether surface cracks 

were ope.ning and closing under gravitational attraction. Request 

was made through Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s Center 

for Study of Short-Lived Phenomena, which mailed “alert” cards 

to subscribers. Dr. Latham and NASA team at MSC had determined 

from lunar seismograph left on moon’s surface by Apollo 12 crew 

that moon‘s surface might show 7.6-cm (3041) bulge earthward during these periods. It was also during these periods that astronomers 

studyin moon with ground-based telescopes had reported sudden flares o P color. If optical observations from telescopes of opening and closing of lunar surface cracks could be correlated with detection of moonquakes [see July 261, Dr. Latham said, “it would be 

strong evidence that the glows are produced by the escape of gases from the lunar interior through cracks which open and close each 

month.” (SAO-PAO; Alert card; W Star, 8/9/70, A19) 0 Space researchers at Bad Godesberg Institute for Aeronautical Medicine in West Germany had reported tests showed athletic achievement was no guarantee against physical hazards in space, Baltimore 

Sun said. Two groups of 12 persons each had been subjected to simulated space conditions including oxygen shortage, low air pressure, centrifugal force, and constantly shifting positions. Group of highly 

trained athletes had done no better than group of healthy but untrained students. Tests contradicted Soviet findings in same field 

and additional experiments would be necessary to verify German 

results. Institute would conduct similar tests to determine body re- action to weightlessness and to determine whether body adaptation 

at 4000-m (13 000-ft) altitude would increase physical resistance to 

space conditions. (B Sun, 8/10/70) 0 Use of radiotelescopes to identify pollutants in atmosphere had been 

advocated by astronomers Dr. David Buhl of National Radio Astronomy Observatory and Dr. Lewis E. Snyder of Univ. of Virginia, 

Washington Evening Star reported. Astronomers believed pollutants from oxides of nitrogen to sulfur dioxide and small particles 

could be measured day and night in all weather at low cost, but radioastronomers did not have background “to do the chemistry.” They recommended modific5tion of equipment to survey regional 

atmosphere or known polluting sources unattended, by use of receivers feeding into computerized data banks via microwave links. 

Identification and quantification of pollutants could be instantaneous and single-dish antenna could be electronically controlled to 

“swee ” wide range of pollutants at regular intervals. (Lannan, W 

Star, 8710/70, A4)‘ * President Nixon tran’smitted to Congress Environmental Quality: The 

First Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. In 

message published in report, he said: “Our environmental problems 

are very serious, indeed urgent, but they do not justify either panic 

or hysteria. The problems are highly complex, and their resolution 

will require rational, s stematic approaches, hard work and patience.” (PD, S/IO/TO, A;) Australia had sent RAAF contingent to MacDill AFB, Fla., to learn to fly 

F-4E Phantom aircraft, George C. Wilson reported in Washington 

262 
ASTRONAIJTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 10 

Post. It was “fresh evidence,” he said, “that Australia is backing 

away from buying the controversial F-111 fighter-bomber from the 

United States.” ( WPost, 8/10/70, A7) 0 U.S. and U.S.S.R. had reached tentative agreement to expand com- mercial airline service between New York and Moscow to permit 

, Pan Am and Aeroflot to land at Leningrad and Washington, D.C., AP reported. Agreement also would increase flights from two to six 

weekly. Diplomatic sources had reported U.S. rejection of Soviet 

bid to permit transcontinental flights over both nations. (NYT, Sllll 

70,55) 

August 10-14: International Atomic Energ Agency and AEC held Sym- posium on Environmental Aspects o Y NucIear Power Stations at 

U.N. in New York. In opening address Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC 

Chairman, said: “Tremendous worldwide concerns about environmental matters are certain to cause significant changes in our technical approaches to energy problems. Looking well into the future one 

can imagine world-wide power transmission networks which will 

take full advantage of time zone differences and seasonal diversities 

to equalize the overall global daily demand for electricity. Transmission of large power over such distances may be brought about by cryogenic superconducting cables which are presently under development. Also, power may in the future be transmitted by microwaves or by light.” It might be possible “to convert large amounts 

of electrical power into lights with a laser beam, transmit this light between continents by satellite and then reconvert the energy to 

electricity.” (Text) 

August 11: NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. Manke, reached mach 0.98 at 20 000-m (66 000-ft) altitude 

after air launch from B-52 aircraft from FRC. Objectives of powered 

flight, 16th mission in X-24A series, were to evaluate handling quali- ties at 5” angle of attack at mach 0.95, determine lateral directional 

derivatives at mach 0.94 with 40” upper-flap deflection, and determine longitudinal trim and lift-to-drag data with 40” upper flap. 

(NASA Proj Off) 0 President Nixon vetoed and returned to Congress H.R. 17548, FY 

1971 Independent Offices and HUD appropriations bill, which contained $3.269-billion NASA appropriation. President said in message 

to House that he was vetoing bill because HUD portion would “help drive up the cost of living, harming the people it is most designed to 

help. This kind of excessive spending would also help cause the kind 

of huge deficits that drive up interest rates, which would make it 

impossible to speed the recovery of the housing industry.”’ (PD, 

8/17/70,1056-7; House Doc 91-377) 

USAF Aerospace Defense Command reported that 141 satellites were 

orbited and 142 decayed during first six months of 1970. ADC had 

cataloged 4428 objects between Oct. 4, 1957, and June 29, 1970. 

(AP, W Star, 8/11/70) 0 Two alternative plans for future Apollo lunar exploration were being 

developed by OMSF for NASA Lunar and Planetary Missions Board and NAS-NRC Space Science Board evaluation, NASA announced. 

First plan was to fly remaining six Apollo missions as planned; second was to delete two missions, thus freeing two Saturn Vs and 

263 
August 1 I ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

spacecraft for pos.ible future use such as in space station mission. 

(NASA Release 70-135)- 0 Apollo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, and Edgar D. Mitchell visited Noerdlingen Crater near Tuebingen, West 

Germany, during field trip to familiarize themselves with kinds of 

rock they expected to find on moon. (AP, WPost, 8/12/70, A7) 

August 12: Development by MSFC scientists John W. Kaufman, Dennis 

W. Camp, and Robert E. Turner of “maxometer” that could record 

eak hurricane velocities of more than320 km per hr (200 mph), was 

Sescribed in Marshall Star. one version of ?axometer was antispark severe-environment sensor that could withstand extreme temeratures of Saturn rocket engine exhausts and acquire peak exlaust-gas-flow speeds during launch. Other version was ambient 

environment sensor for recording peak wind speeds in thunderstorms, squall line activity, tornadoes, and .hurricanes.. Lockheed 

Missiles & Space Co. had turned concept into dynamic pressure disc-spring device to measure 555-km-per-hr (345-mph) speeds to 

study air flow from launch of Saturn vehicles. ESSA had installed 

maxometer at National Hurricane Center at Miami and at Boothville, La., to gather hurricane data. (Marshall Star, 8/12/70, 1) 0 Rep. Charles H. Wilson (D-Calif.) introduced in House H.C.R. 710, 

“to utilize more effectively the expertise and abilities” of NASA 

scientists and engineers in “fight against environmental pollution.” (CR, 8/12/70, H8191) 

NASA announced award of $1 S-million contract extensions to McDonne11 Douglas Corp. and NR Space Div. to continue parallel 

space station program-definition studies through Feb. 1, 1971. 

(NASA Release 70-136) 0 USAF had dropped plans for advanced aerial tanker capable of high 

speeds, for accompanying bomber formations, in favor of modified 

large aircraft of Lockheed C-5 or Boeing 747 class, Aerospace Daily 

said. In meantime, USAF would attempt to modernize equipment 

aboard Boeing KC-135A. (Aero Daily, 8/12/70) 

August 13: House, by vote of 203 to 196, sustained President Nixon’s 

veto of H.R. 17548, FY 1971 Independent Offices and HUD appropria- tions bill containing $3.269-billion NASA appropriation. (CR, 8/13/70, 

NASA launched two Aerobee sounding rockets. Aerobee 350 launched 

from Wallops Station carried Univ. of Michigan experiment to conduct radiation belt studies. Rocket and instrument functioned satisfactorily. Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR carried NRL experiment to 

185.6-km (1 15.3-mi) altitude to study extreme uv spectra. Experiment, model of solar experiment scheduled to fly on NASA’s Apollo 

Telescope Mount, successfully photographed sun for 300 secs and 

recorded excellent scientific data. (SR list; MSFC Release 70-213) 0 In letter to NASA, TRW Inc. asked review of July 15 award of $50-million contract for hardware development of Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) system to General Electric Co. TRW, losing bidder, said there had been “significant information available to our 

competitor and not available to TRW during the period of competition.” TRW said it had not received Bendix Corp. study of computer 

H8238-55) 

264 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 13 

and ground components of system until 10 days before preliminary 

bid was due. (Nossiter, W Post, 8/29/70, Al) 0 President Nixon submitted to Congress nomination of Dr. Raymond 

L. Bisplinghoff, Dean of MIT School of Engineering, as NSF Deputy Director. Dr. Bisplhghoff had been NASA Associate Administrator 

for Advanced Research and Technology, 1963-1965, and Special 

Assistant to NASA Administrator, 1965-1966. (PD, 8/17/70, 1068) 

0 AEC announced selection of Gulf General Atomic to receive 

$2 000 000, one-year contract to begin development of technology for thermionic-reactor power system for use in space. Reactor could 

be used in manned orbiting space station, lunar base, manned or 

unmanned electric-propulsion probe to explore solar system, and 

advanced communications satellites. Program was expected to take 

8 to 10 yrs. (AEC Release N-155). * President Nixon replied to July 16 letter of ICAO Council President 

Walter Binaghi that had conveyed ICAO Assembly Declaration on 

unlawful interference with international civil aviation: “You may be 

sure that my Government, in its effort to stop hijacking of aircraft 

and other acts of violence against international air transport, will 

give serious consideration to both technical and legal measures recommended by the Assembly.” (PD, 8/17/70,1061) August 13-23: Apollo 11 CM Columbia, lunar samples, and spacesuits 

worn by Apollo 11 crew were exhibited at Illinois State Fair in 

Springfield. (c Trib, 8/9/70; NASA PAO) 

August 14: Election of Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, as a 

Vice President and his appointment as Group Executive, Power 

Generation Group, were announced by General Electric Co. Both 

positions were effective Sept. 15, date on which Dr. Paine’s resigna- tion from NASA would become effective. (GE Release) 

Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) introduced S. 4241 to authorize 

NSF “to conduct research and educational programs to prepare the 

country for conversion from defense to civilian, socially-oi-iented 

research and development activities.” NASA was named, with AEC 

and DOD, to participate in conversion efforts. (CR, 8/14/70, S13457- 

66) Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, MSFC Director, told MSFC employees that 

number of center staff members to be released in NASA-wide manpower reduction had been cut from 190 to 121 by voluntary retirement of 69 employees. MSFC had been directed to reduce employ- ment by 190 positions, to leave 5804 permanent positions. (MSFC 

Release 70-160) 

.NASA announced selection of Philco-Ford Corp. to receive $26-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract for operation and maintenance of 

Deep Space Network (DSN). Contract would cover 33 mos with two 

one-year options. (NASA Release 70-138) * Proportion of national R&D total supported with Federal funds had 

dropped from almost 66% in 1964 to 55% in 1970, NSF said. In 1970 

Federal Government was scheduled to finance 62% of basic research effort, 51% of applied research, and 55% of development. 

Federal obligations for R&D (plant excluded) totaled $15.6 billion 

in FY 1969 and were expected to total $15.7 billion in FY 1970 and 

$15.6 billion in FY 1971. (NSF Science Resources Studies Higbligbts, 8/14/70, 1) 

265 
August 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

* U.S. and U.S.S.R. completed second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and a reed to begin third round in Helsinki, Finland, 

Nov. 2. (AP, W S! ar, 8/14/70, A5) 

U.S. had offered to give up its ABM defense system entirely if 

U.S.S.R. would agree to limit production of its SS-9 offensive missiles and abandon its own missile defenses, Nixon Administration 

spokesman said at background briefing by White House for news 

editors in New Orleans, La. (Smith, NYT, 8/17/70, 1) 

August 15: North American Rockwell Corp. had begun testing world’s 

largest known rotational machine under NASA contract to evaluate 

human performance in rotating environment, New York Times reported. Four-man crew would live in machine for one week and per- form mechanical chores and decision-reaction tests in LaRC study, 

to approximate conditions in space stations of late 1970s. Bulletshaped crew module 12 m (40 ft) long rotated at 4 rpm, which was 

best approximation of space station obtainable, according to NR 

Program Manager, Dr. James A. Green. (Wilford, NYT, 8/15/70) 

August 16: Full-scale mockup of General Electric Co. GE4 engine for 

SST had taken position beside full-scale mockup of aircraft at Boeing plant near Seattle, Wash., New York Times said. Largest and most 

powerful jet aircraft engine in world, according to Boeing, GE4 

measured 7.9 m (26 ft) overall with 2.3-m (7.5-ft) diameter. It 

weighed 5 metric tons (5 1/2 short tons) and would develop estimated 30 400-kg (67 000-lb) takeoff thrust. GE had already logged more 

than 1000 hrs of testing on GE4 prototypes. SST would be equipped with four GE4s. 

Timetable for SST called for shipment of first flight engines to 

Rohr Corp. in Chula Vista, Calif., for pod buildup early in 1972. 

Final assembly of SST would begin about same time. Roll-out would 

follow in summer 1972 and first flight test would be in late 1972 or 

early 1973. (NYT, 8/16/70,78) * Washington Post quoted German police as saying Astronaut Joseph 

H. Engle had escaped uninjured from head-on automobile collision 

in Southern Bavaria. Engle was in Germany to visit Noerdlingen Crater with Apollo 14 crew on mission to familiarize crew with 

rocks similar to moon rocks expected to be encountered. (W Post, 

81 16/70, A30) 

August 17: U.S.S.R. launched 1178-kg (2596-Ib) Venus VI1 probe into 

heliocentric orbit from Baykonur at 10:38 am local time. Tass said 

244-sec burn 81 min after launch placed spacecraft on trajectory to 

Venus where it would “continue exploration of the planet. . .which 

was earlier carried out by Soviet automatic stations.” Spacecraft 

was on trajectory “close to the preset one” with all systems functioning normally and would reach vicinity of Venus around midDecember [see Dec. 151. 

Venus VI1 was seventh spacecraft in Venus series. Venus 1V 

(launched Oct. 18, 1967), Venus V (launched Jan. 5, 1969), and 

Venus VI(1aunched Jan. 10, 1969) had transmitted data about planet and landed on surface. (AP, W Post, 8/18/70, A12; SBD, 8/18/70, 

* Manufacture of 15th and final Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC-15) had been 

completed. by Boeing Co., prime contractor, and stage was being shipped to MTF, MSFC announced. Stage, scheduled to boost Apollo 

208; GSFC SSR, 8/31/70) 

266 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 17 

19 toward moon in 1974, would be static-fired in late Se tember. 

S-IC rogram had begun in cember 1961. Eight of 15 S-fC stages , 6 manned and 2 unmanned. (MSFC 

Release 70-162) * Dr. Lee A. DuBridge tendered resignation as Presidential Science 

Adviser and OST Director. In letter to President Nixon he said, “I 

have always been convinced I should retire well in advance of my 

70th birthday in 1971 .” (PD, 8/24/70, 1084) * Senate rejected, by vote of 43 to 22, amendment to H.R. 17123, $19.3- 

billion FY 1971 military procurement authorization, to ensure that 

weapon Systems and subsystems were thoroughly tested before 

production was begun. Amendment, proposed by Sen. William 

Proxmire (D-Wis.), had been called “fly-before-you-buy.” (CR, 

August 17-20: Space Flight Orientation Course at MSFC was attended by 

60 Civil Air Patrol cadets from 45 states, District of Columbia, and 

Puerto Rico. (MSFC Release 70-158; NASA PAO) 

August 18: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Titan IIIB-Agena booster into orbit with 395.9-km (246-mi) apogee, 151.3-km (94-mi) perigee, 89.9-min period, and 110.9’ inclination. 

Satellite reentered Sept. 3. (Pres Rpt 71; GSFC SSR, 8/31/70; 9/30/ 

70) 

NASA announced it was inviting 450 scientific and technical leaders to 

Space Station Utilization Conference to be held at ARC Sept. 9-11. 

Invitees would participate in planning of manned earth orbital space station scheduled for 1976-1978 launch. Laboratory was to be operated in space for 10 yrs. At conference, panels would be formed to 

screen potential space station uses and panel recommendations 

would provide material for related study in summer 1971. (NASA 

Release 70-137) 

August 18-27: International astronomers attending triennial assembly of 

International Astronomical Union in Brighton, England, named lunar craters after 513 persons-including crews of Apollo 8 and 11; 

astronauts who died in Jan. 27, 1967, Apollo fire; six living Soviet 

cosmonauts; and late Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin, who became first 

man in space on April 12, 1961. One crater was named Apollo to 

commemorate U.S. space program. All craters named were on 

moon’s far side except three near Sea of Tranquility-ApoJlo 11 

landing site-named for mission’s crew Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin 

E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins. 

Among those honored were ApolJo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, 

James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders; Astronauts Virgil I. 

Grissom, Roger B. Chafee, and Edward H. White 11, killed in Apollo fire; Cosmonauts Andrian 6. Nikolayev and wife Valentina V. 

Nikolayeva-Tereshkova, Gherman S. Titov, Aleksey A. Leonov, 

Vladimir A. Shatalov, and Konstantin P. Feoktistov; and late Cosmonauts Vladimir M. Komarov and Pave1 I. Belyayev. 

Others honored included Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, former NASA Deputy Administrator; N. E. Golovin, White Sands rocket scientist; 

Willy Ley, rocket scientist and author; Dr. W. R. Lovelace, former 

NASA Director of Space Medicine for Manned Space Flight; Theodore T. von Karman, aerodynamics expert; Joseph A. Walker, 

had tf own on Apollo missi 

8/17/70,513529-44; SBD, 8/17/70,202) 

267 
August 18-27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

August 18-27: The International Astronomical Union's triennial assembly named lunar 

craters after 513 persons, including crews of Apollo 8 and 11; astronauts who died in the 

Jan. 27, 1967, Apollo fire; Soviet cosmonauts; Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA's first Deputy Administrator; and other pionCers. This photograph of the moon's far side was taken by 

NASA's Lunar Orbiter V, which was launched Aug. 1, 1967. 

NASA X-15 test pilot; and Alan T. 

first NSF Director. 

aterman, NASA consultant and 

268 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 18-27 

8/15/70, AI; AP, W Star, 8/22/70, A2; SAO PIO; Sky and Telescope, 

August 19-21: U.K.’s Skynet B military comsat was successfully launched by NASA from ETR for USAF and U.K. by long-tank, thrustaugmented Thor-Delta (DSV-3M) booster. Spacecraft entered transfer orbit with 37 426.5-km (23 260.7-mi) apogee, 264.9-km 

(164.6-mi) perigee, and 26.02’ inclination. Primary NASA objective 

was to place spacecraft in transfer orbit accurate enough for apogee 

motor to place it in satisfactory synchronous equatorial orbit over 

Kenya. Communications with Skynet B were lost suddenly during apogee 

motor firing Aug. 22. Search for spacecraft was being conducted by 

Skynet B was second of two U.K. military comsats launched in 

IDCSP-A program under DOD-U.K. agreement. USAF managed project 

for DOD and would reimburse NASA for launch services. U.K. would 

reimburse USAF. Skynet A, launched Nov. 21, 1969, was operating 

satisfactorily over Indian Ocean. (NASA Proj Off; B Sun, 8/20/70, 

August 19: U.S.S.R.. launched Cosmos CCCLVII into orbit with 466- 

km (289.6-mi) apogee, 271-km (168.4-mi) perigee, 91.9411 period, 

and 70.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 24. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/ 

70; 1 1 /30/70) e Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, sent memorandum to 

NASA officials on NASA’s receipt of President’s Safety‘ Award for 

reduction of injuries to NASA employees for past three years: “NASA 

has earned this award in the face of the ever present and peculiar 

hazards that are associated with the pioneer research operations of 

our aeronautical and space programs. . . . Safety is reflected in the 

successes that we. . .have realized in our ventures in space. It is gra- tifying to realize that this award was based on achievements during 

the period of preparation for and completion of our first moon landings.” (NASA Hq WB, 8/31/70) 

President Nixon accepted resignation of Dr. Lee A. DuBridge as OST 

Director and Science Adviser with “deep regret”: “The skill, the 

wisdom and the seasoned judgment you have brought to your responsibilities here deserve a speciat accolade. . .and I trust that you 

will take pride in the outstanding contribution you have made to the 

welfare of all of your fellow citizens.” 

President announced intention to nominate Dr. Edward E. David, 

Jr., Executive Director of Communications Systems Research at 

Bell Laboratories, as successor. Dr. David had been with Bell Laboratories since 1950. Previously he had been on MIT research staff. 

Nomination was submitted to Senate Aug. 20. (PD, 8/24/70, 1083-4, 

1097) 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator €or 

Planning, urged strong role for a centralized science and technology 

agency but also continued strong mission agency roles in support of 

basic research-in statement to Subcommittee on .Science, Research, and Development of House Committee on Science and Astronautics: “. . .in‘the formulation of a national science policy-or 

perhaps more appropriately. . .of guidelines in this area-I would 

1 1 /70,262-6) 

NORAD. 

A3) 

269 
August 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

recommend a strengthened role for a centralized agency, with 

larger responsibility for the development of academic science, and, 

concurrently, a continuation of the role of mission agency support of basic research deemed important to their missions. Increased 

responsibility must also be borne by the central agency to help coordinate the efforts of the mission agencies in their dealings with the 

academic community, a coordination which opens up new oppor- tunities for academic science, and the various agencies, rather than 

inhibits new approaches. The coordination must not become simply 

another means of attempting to eliminate duplication, but a mechanism to spotlight areas of opportunity and need where new research, 

new technology, and new applications can be initiated.” (NASA 

Activities, 9/15/70) 0 U.S.S.R. was spending two percent of GNP on space and U.S. one half 

of one percent, Dr. Charles S. Sheldon 11, Chief of Science Policy 

Div. of Library of Congress, said in speech before National Space Club in Washington, D.C. U.S.S.R. GNP in 1969 was estimated at 

$420 billion; U.S. total was $93 1 billion. Successful Soviet launches 

had totaled 44 in 1966,74 in 1968,70 in 1969, and 40 thus far in 1970. 

Largest element in Soviet space program had been photo-reconnaissance. U.S.S.R.. had led U.S. in payload launch weight every 

year since launch of 83.5-kg (184-lb) Sputnik in 1957 except 1969. 

Total payload weight for U.S.S.R. was 2 million kg (4.5 million Ibs); 

for U.S. total was 1.9 million kg (4.25 million Ibs). (B Sun, 8/20/70. 

A3) August 20: Cosmos CCCLVIII was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit 

with 538-km (334.3-mi) apogee, 515-km (320.0-mi) perigee, 95. I-min 

period, and 74.0” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/70) 0 Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of Natural History opened exhibition of photographic enlargements of moon particles, including Apollo 11 nickel-iron pellet with 4-mm (0.15-in) diameter discovered 

by Smithsonian scientists while sifting through moon rock samples. 

Pellet, called “mini-moon” because of its resemblance to miniature 

moon in enlarged photo, was magnetic and was believed by Smithsonian scientist Dr. Brian H. Mason to have been formed eons earlier when meteoric fragment crashed on lunar surface. (Schaden, W 

Star, 8/20/70, B4) 

FAA study had shown that if rush-hour commuters traveled from suburban areas to downtown business sections by aiFcraft, they would 

generate one eighth of air pollution emitted by private automobiles, 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe said. Study completed by Center of Transportation at Rutgers Univ. had found from research in Connecticut-New York-New Jersey area that 36 metric 

tons (40 short tons) of pollutants emitted in morning and evening by 

commuter automobiles could be reduced to 4.5 metric tons (5 short 

tons) if aircraft were used instead. Number of commuters who 

would voluntarily change to aircraft, if available, had been determined at approximately 30%. (FAA Release 70-78) 0 Documents had shown USAF had amended 1965 contract with Lockheed Aircraft Corp. on Jan. 17, 1969, to give Lockheed additional 

$200 million for C-5A, Washington Post said. Lockheed had denied 

revision htid increased payment. Later USAF said contract wording 

change did not alter amount to which Lockheed would be entitled 

270 
ASTRON 4UTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 20 

under repricing formula. It merely “changed the timing of repricing 

and it has allowed the ayment of interim repricing adjustments.” (Nossiter, W Post, 8/20f70, A 1; IJSAF statement for correspondents) * Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe appointed Herbert W. 

Richardson, professor of mechanical engineering at MIT, as DOT 

Chief Scientist. (DOT Release 17670) 

August 22: Results of Apollo 12 experiment to measure permanent and 

induced magnetic fields on lunar surface with magnetometer deployed on eastern edge of Ocean of Storms during EVA were report- ed in Science by ARC scientists Palmer Dyal, Curtis W. Parkin, and 

Charles P. Sonett. Magnetometer had measured steady magnetic 

field of 36i-5 gammas on lunar surface. Surface gradient measurements and data from lunar orbiting satellite Explorer XXXV 

(launched July 19, 1967) indicated field was localized rather than 

global. Data suggested source of field was large magnetized body 

that had acquired field during epoch in which inducing field was 

much stronger than any now on moon. (Science, 8/21/70,762-4) * International Academy of Astronautics announced selection of Soviet 

Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov to receive Daniel and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics 

Award for 1970. Award and $1000 stipend, presented annually for 

outstanding contribution to space research and exploration, would 

be presented to cosmonauts at Oct. 4-10 IAA Congress, for 18-day Soyuz IXmission (June 2-19). (IAA Release 38) 

Scripps Howard newspaper survey had shown NASA’s rocket building 

program “all but grounded” because of budget cuts, Washington 

Daily News reported. With last rocket of $9.3-billion Saturn project nearing completion, layoffs of scientific and technical personnel had 

reached 80% in some areas. At peak of 1 l-yr Saturn project, NASA 

had employed more than 125 000 engineers, scientists, and technicians to build 37 Saturns including 15 Saturn Vs. “Today only 

10 000. . .are still with the space program. And the boom towns that 

built, tested and launched the rockets. . .are starting to deflate.” At 

Seal Beach, Calif., NR had said only 1743 out of 10 800 engineers and technicians who built Saturn V 2nd stage were still employed, 

an 84% decline. At New Orleans, Boeing Co. and NASA had laid off 

all but 1800 of 11 994 Saturn V 1st-stage builders. NASA was constructing only 21, smaller and less expensive, rockets for planetary 

exploration. Two of five kinds of rockets used to explore space and launch satellites were out of production and no new rockets were 

being developed. (Kirkman, W News, 8/21/70) * New York Times editorial commented on appointment of Dr. Edward 

E. David, Jr., to succeed Dr. Lee A. DuBridge as President’s Science Adviser: “Not surprisingly for one who has been engaged in 

industrial research,for many years, Dr. David has indicated he is 

most concerned with applied areas such as health-care delivery, transportation, housing and defense. But he is certainly aware that 

the long-term scientific and technological health of the nation depends on the vitality of its basic research enterprise. Even the best 

medical organization in the world will be able to do little to conquer 

cancer. . .until molecular biologists and other basic scientists understand why cells grow out of control and how to prevent them 

from doing so. As science adviser, Dr. David will have to help as27 1 
August 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

sure that basic research is not sacrificed to the urgent demands for 

solving society’s immediate problems.” (NYT, 8/21/70) 

AT&T had urged FCC to adopt overseas communications policy that 

would permit building of 10 additional undersea cables by end of 

1979, Wall Street Journal reported. Company had told FCC it did not 

object to FCC approval of pending applications for four additional 

satellites beyond four new ones already approved for launching, but 

asked that FCC also approve new cable projects “to avoid a serious 

imbalance between cable and satellite facilities in the future.” 

( WSJ, 8/2 1 /70) 0 Washington Evening Star editorial on SST: “Backers of the SST program say it is necessary for maintenance of technological primacy 

and a favorable world trade position, and that, besides. this bird is 

another of those inevitabilities. But certainly the nation that placed the first men on the moon isn’t hurting for technological status. As 

to the other arguments, the United States is capable of putting the 

kibosh on everybody’s SST ambitions, through denial of U.S. landing rights, if the environmental sacrifices appear too forbidding.”(W Star, 8/2 1 /70) * U.S. District Court Judge John H. Pratt, in Washington, D.C., refused 

to order release of top-secret report prepared by team headed by 

physicist Richard L. Garwin at request of President Nixon and said 

to be critical of SST. Judge Pratt dismissed suit brought by Sierra 

Club, Friends of Earth, and cities of New York and Boston to compel release of report. (Ungar, WPost, 8/22/70, A3) 0 Dr. Theodore P. Wright, Civil Aeronautics Administrator from 1944 

to 1948 and former Vice President and Director of Engineering with 

Curtiss-Wright Corp., died in Ithaca, N.Y., at age 75. (Bachinski, W 

Post, 8/24/70, C4) 

August 22: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLIX into orbit with 853-km 

(530.0-mi) apogee, 205-km (127.4-mi) perigee, 95.2-min period, and 

51.1 .’ inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 6. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/70; 

I 1 /30/70) 0 Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR 

carrying NRL experiment to study stellar uv. Mission did not meet 

minimum scientific requirements. (SR list) 0 Concorde 002, British prototype of Anglo-French supersonic transport aircraft, reached its fastest speed-1600 km per hr (1000 mph) during test flight. French Concorde 001 had already reached 1600 

km per hr. (Reuters, NYT, 8/24/70,6) 0 U.S.S.R. announced completion of Pacific carrier rocket tests begun 

July 25. Tass said area was “free for sea navigation and air traffic as 

of August 23.” (AP, NYT, 8/24/70,5) 

August 23: Canadian Ministry of Transport had reported almost flawless 

operation during 1970 of radar system linking balloons 30500 m 

(100000 ft) above Pacific with spherical tracker on weather ship 

Vancouver, New York Times said. Since 1967 Vancouver and sister 

ship Quadra had alternated seven-week patrols at Ocean Station 

Papa, 1545 (960 mi) west of Vancouver, B.C., to collect data on 

upper-air conditions and provide meteorological, navigational, and 

oceanographic information for jet aircraft and surface vessels. System, developed by Sperry Rand Corp.’ s Sperry GyrGcope Div., was 

shipborne version of that used by USN at PMR. (NY”, 8/23/70,74) 

272 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 23 

0 Harry Schwartz commented in New York Times on Aug. 17 launch of 

Venus VII by U.S.S.R.: “Some of the space age’s riche 

dividends have been the surprising findings of Soviet and American 

instrument-carrying rockets sent to Venus in the past decade. The 

excitement generated by this new information explains the widespread approval from the world’s scientific community of the news 

last week that Moscow had launched still another unmanned space- ship toward Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor.” (NYT, 8/23/70, 

4: 5) 

August 24: Two USAF HH-53 rescue helicopters successfully completed pioneer 14 500-km (9000-mi) ferry flight from Eglin AFB, Fla., to Da 

Nan$, South Vietnam. Flight took nine days and included six stops. Mission fell two da s behind when aircraft were grounded by bad 

tween Sheyma Island in Aleutians and Misawa Air Base in northern 

Japan, distance of 2700 km (1700 mi). USAF announcement had said 

crossing demonstrated capability of Military Airlift Command’s 

aerospace rescue service to deploy rescue aircraft with inflight refueling “to meet any contingency worldwide.” (USAF News Service 

Release 517; AP, Plnq, 8/25/70,2) 0 South Korea inaugurated world’s 45th earth station for comsats at 

Kumsan, south of Seoul. Station, costing $6 million, was partly financed by U.S. Export-Import Bank loan. (AP, C Trib, 8/25/70) 

August 24-28: Critical design review of Skylab’s multiple docking adapter was held at Martin-Marietta facility in Denver, Colo. (MSFC Release 70-168; MSFC PIO) 

August 25: DOD announced General Dynamics Corp. was receiving $191 297 000 as final payment for cost overruns on production models of F-111 aircraft. Original contract, managed by Aeronautical 

Systems Div., had been for $3 251 947 744. (DOD Release 693-70; 

WSJ, 8/26/70,4) 

Nomination of Thomas W. Moore as member of Board of Directors of 

Corp. for Public Broadcasting for term expiring March 26, 1976, 

was submitted to Senate. Term of John D. Rockefeller 111 had expired. (PD, 8/31/70,1116) 

August 26: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by Thor-Agena booster into orbit with 503.7-km (3 13-mi) apogee, 484.4-km (301-mi) perigee, 94.4-min period, and 74.9” inclination. 

(Pres Rpt 71; GSFC SSR, 8/31/70) 0 NASA’s X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry 

(USAF), completed 17th flight, reaching 13 700-m (45 000-ft) altitude 

and mach 0.75 after air launch from B-52 aircraft. Objectives of 

flight from FRC-tO expand flight envelope to mach 1.1 and obtain 

additional stability and control data-were not realized because of 

igniter failure. Two unsuccessful postlaunch attempts were made to 

start four igniters; on third attempt, two igniters were started and 

pilot followed alternate flight lan’based on two-chamber operation. 

base of vehicle. Investigation would be conducted to determine 

source. (NASA Proj Off) 0 ATS Procurement Review Committee released report on selection of 

contractor. for ATS-F and ATS-G, unanimously recommending that 

April 7 award to General Electric Co. be reversed in favor of Fairweather in Alaska r or 48 hrs. Longest nonstop leg was flown bePostlanding inspection revea P ed fire had caused minor damage to 

273 
August 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

child Hiller Corp. PRC did not believe that the difference in time that 

contracts had been submitted was significant or that a leak on cost 

figures had occurred from GSFC. It found “that Fairchild was superior in nearly all aspects of project organization and overall manage- ment. Their more highly projectized organization, the existence of a 

top-level steering committee, the experience of their key personnel, the proposed method of liaison and control of subcontractors, and 

their lower composite overhead rates were notable features. . . .” 

PRC said Fairchild was “superior in the important areas of systems 

engineering and in several features of their subsystem designs” and 

demonstrated “a skillfull integration of the several subsystems into 

an effective spacecraft design. . . . While GE was found to be superior in the areas of the electric power system and in antenna feed 

designs, several features of the Fairchild. design. . .were considered to provide a greater assurance of mission success. . . .Taken 

altogether, the margin of superiority in both management and technical areas was in Fairchild’s favor.” (Text) 0 NASA announced it has reached agreement with Dept. of Interior’s 

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries under which Bureau would conduct Marine Resources Assessment and Harvesting Program at MTF. 

NASA would provide technical and support services. (NASA Release 

0 Moon once had magnetic field six percent as strong as earth’s, according to studies of Apollo moon rocks by Colorado Univ. geologist Dr. Edwin E. Larson and Univ. of Toronto scientists William Pierce 

and David Strangway, Denver Post reported. Studies had revealed 

moon rocks had stable magnetization, Apollo 11 dust samples were 4% billion yrs old, and solidified crystalline rocks were 3% billion 

yrs. Presence of nickel-iron in Apollo JJ rocks indicated that frequent meteoroid activity had fragmented them. Little or no free 

water or oxygen existed on moon. (D Post, 8/26/70) 0 Local 9 of American Federation of Technical Engineers, AFL-CIO affiliate, had filed suit in District Court in Washington, D.C., against 

NASA to compel space agency to fire contract employees before it 

fired civil service employees, Washington Post reported. Union attorney William Peer had said NASA fired civil service employees and 

then hired other workers through private contractors. NASA had denied that it had added private contract employees to payroll follow- ing Aug. 17 notice of dismissal issued to 51 civil service employees. (Latham, W Post, 8/26/70) 

MSFC announced award of $7 932 440 contract modification to IBM for 

changes in ATM digital computers. (MSFC Release 70-166) 0 Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Michael Collins attended 

unveiling of painting “Crew of Apollo 11” by Ronald Anderson of 

Dallas, Tex., at National Portrait Galley in Washington, D.C. Oil 

paintin would be presented to Smithsonian Institution. (AP, W 

Star, 7/$7/70, B4) 0 U.S.S.R. had made first tests of warheads on SS-11 ICBM, Secretary of 

Defense Melvin R. Laird reported at Washington, D.C., press con- ference. Laird also announced decision to establish all-service Blue 

Ribbon Action Commission to assist in implementing DOD decisions 

in response to recommendations of Blue Ribbon Defense Panel [see 

July 13. (Transcript) 

70- 14 1) 

274 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 26 

0 NASA announced selection of General Dynamics Gorp. Conyair Div. 

for negotiations leading to eight-month, $250 000, fixed-price contract for design study for “versatile upper stage” (vus), high-energy 

stage that would increase orbital capacity of current launch vehicles 

and could be used as expendable upper stage with space shuttle. 

(NASA Release 70-140) 

August 27: USAF launched uSN’S Oscar XIX navigation satellite from 

WTR at 6:23 am PDT by Scout booster. Orbital parameters: a ogee, 

1218.3 km (757 mi); eri ee, 957.6 km (595 mi); period, 106. 8 min; 

and inclination, 90”. latebe, which could locate objects in ocean to 

91-m (300 ft) accurac , was part ,of Nav Navigation Satellite Sysriers, and ocean0 a hic and miscellaneous vessels. Oscar XVIII 

had been launchefdrch 1, 1968. (Pres Rpt 71; GSFC SSR, 8/31/70; 

0 Paul A. Volcker, Acting Secretary of the Treasury, clarified stand of 

Treasury Dept. on SST development in letter to Sen. John C. Stennis 

(D-Miss .), Chairman of Senate Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Transportation: “When members of the [Treasury] 

Department first commented on this issue better than a year ago, the 

prevailing opinion was that the overall balance-of-payment effect would probabl be negative, in the absence of a viable foreign comquite successful, and it appears likely that the British-French SST 

will be in commercial service by 1974. On this basis. . .balance-ofPayments argument. . .loses force.” Potential balance-of-payments impact “supports the advisability of going forward with the U.S. 

SST.” (Text) * ATA President Stuart G. Tipton testified on attitude of U.S. airlines 

toward SST development before Senate Appropriations Committee’s 

Subcommittee on Transportation: “Airline support of the SST research program is bottomed on the belief that in the course of the 

prototype program, solutions to [SST’s] problems will be found. The 

airlines have supported this belief in American ingenuity with over 

$50 million in risk capital. . . .” Airlines “will insist that these 

problems be solved before they will be ready to operate SST’S.” 

(Test i rn o n y ) 

August 28: NASA announced it had signed- agreement with Italy under 

which Italy would launch three NASA satellites-one Small Scientific 

Satellite (sss) and two Small Astronomy Satellites (sAS)-from San 

Marco platform in Indian Ocean off coast of Kenya. Use of Italy’s equatorial launch facility would enable NASA to orbit satellites with 

Scout booster rather than with larger boosters required for launches 

from KSC. 

Contract, signed by NASA and University of Rome’s Centro Ricerche Aerospaziali (CRA), implemented Memorandum of Understanding signed by U.S. and Italy in February 1969. NASA would 

supply satellite and Scout booster. NASA-trained CRA team would 

assemble, check out, and launch satellite and firovide some tracking and data acquisition and would be reimbursed by NASA. (NASA Release 70-139) 0 Group of MSFC engineers successfully completed week-long testing of Skylab program hardware in simulated weightlessness aboard USAF 

tem for positioning d eet, ballistic-missi r e submarines, attack carUSN CNO PAO) 

petitive aircra r t. Now. . Koncorde flight tests reportedly have been 

275 
August 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

KC-135 four-engine-jet research aircraft. Tests included operation of flight-configuration doors for film cassette compartments, retrieval and replacement of film cassettes, and evaluation of handrails and 

foot restraints. Lunar soil penetration experiment aboard aircraft 

studied load-bearing characteristics of lunar soil and how LRV 

wheels would erform on moon. KC-135 was flown in parabolas, 

nique which most clearly duplicated zero g. (MSFC Release 70-169; 

0 Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried 

Cal Tech experiment to conduct x-ray studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 First inflight interception of ICBM by ABM was successfully conducted 

by DOD, demonstrating use of Safeguard ABM system to defend U.S. 

offensive missile sites. Minuteman I test vehicle, launched from 

Vandenberg AFB, was detected by prototype missile site radar at 

Kwajalein Atoll in Pacific, which controlled launch of Spartan missile and flight of Spartan to intercept point outside atmosphere. 

Range instrumentation, which determined successful intercept, indicated Spartan's final stage (which in operational situation would 

carry nuclear warhead) had flown close enough to nosecone to have 

caused its destruction. (DODPIO; NYT, 9/1/70, 18) 0 White-hot metal slabs, each weighing approximately 45 kg (100 Ibs), 

fell from sky and landed on Adrian, Tex., farm; near farmer at Beaver, Okla.; and near oil crew at Pratt, Kansas. AP later said Government team would investigate. . On Aug. 31 USAF announced that chunks were probably part of 

U.S.S.R.'s reentering Cosmos CCCXVI (launched Dec. 23, 1969). 

Decay of satellite along path where pieces were found had been 

predicted by NORAD. Parts were being analyzed by USAF and would 

be returned to U.S.S.R. if positively identified. (W Post, 8/31/70, 

A8; UPI, NYT, 9/1/70,59; AP, CSM, 9/2/70,3) 0 Experiment to interpret seismic record produced by impact of Apollo 12 LM on lunar surface was described in Science by Univ. of Dayton, MIT, and USAF Institute of Technology scientists. In laboratory simulation, plastic pellets were fired into sand targets at 4" launch 

angle and 1.68-km-per-sec (1 .OQrnps) velocity. Shallow elliptical 

craters were formed, similar to certain lunar craters. Analysis of 

ejecta suggested LM debris skipped and, with some crater ejecta, reimpacted far downrange but ballistic rain did not account for unusual seismic signal. Experimenters had concluded that deliberate 

low-angle impact of spacecraft on lunar surface might create serious 

hazard to men and instruments on and near lunar surface in downrange direction. (Swift, Preonas, et al.,. Science, 8/28/70,851-4) 0 Observation of nighttime lightning activity from Os0 II orbiting solar observatory (launched Feb. 3, 1965) by monitoring light in 10" field 

of view of four telescopes was described in Science by Univ. of California at Berkeley physicists. Positions of nighttime thunderstorms 

determined from detection of optical radiations by Os0 II had revealed that 10 times as many lightning storms occurred over land 

areas as over sea. (Vorpahl, Sparrow, Ney, Science, 8/28/70,860-2) 

Accomplishments of Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, retiring Presidential Science Adviser and OST Director, were described in Science. Dr. 

with 30 secs o P weightlessness achieved on each parabola in techMSFC PIO) 

276 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 28 

DuBridge was credited with influencing Nixon Administration to 

moderate space program, initiating steps to meet electric-power 

generating-capacity crisis, contnbuting to President’s renunciation 

of biological warfare, and assisting “modest recovery in the 

fortunes” of NSF. (Walsh, Science, 8/28/70,843-3) 0 Apollo 22 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Dr. Thomas D. Barrow, President of Humble Oil & Refining Co., had been named cochairmen of Goals for Texas in the Coastal Zone Conference to be 

held in Houston, Sept. 10-11, Houston Cbroicle said. (H Chron, 

8/28/70) 0 One hundred twenty-fifth anniversary of Scientific American. Maga- zine had been founded in New York by Rufus Porter, Mew England 

electroplater, who had invested $100 in venture. It now had circulation of 450 000-90 000 of it overseas, including Italian language edition. Soviet Academy of Sciences distributed facsimile. Magazine had published works of 45 Nobel Prize winners, 25 of them before 

they became laureates. (Lipman, WPost, 8/30/70, C5) 0 U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed adjourned after 

four weeks of meetings in Geneva with no concrete results. (Hamilton, NYT, 8/30/70) 

August 29: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLX into orbit with 286-km 

(177.7-mi) apogee, 207-km (128.6-mi) perigee, 89.4-min period, and 

64.9” inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 8 . (GSFC SSR, 8/31/70; 

9/30/70) 0 Concorde 002, British prototype of Anglo-French supersonic transport, reached mach 1.54 speed in test flight over North Sea. Concorde 002 flew for two hours at 12 500-m (41 000-ft) altitude in seventh flight of series to prove aircraft could fly at up to 2250 km per hr 

(1400 mph). (AP, B Sun, 8/30/70) 0 McDonnell Douglas Corp.’s DC-10 trijet airbus made first flight, from Long Beach, Calif., Municipal Airport to Edwards AFB for 

further testing.DC-IO, 55.5 m (182 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) wide, 

could seat 345 passengers. It was designed for shorter flights than 

Boeing 747. (NYT, 8/31/70, 54; McDonnell Douglas Release, 8/29/ 

70) 0 Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman, presented $25 000 Enrico Fermi 

Award to Dr. Norris E. Bradbury, who was retiring after 25 yrs as 

director of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Citation, presented in 

ceremony in Los Alamos, N. Mex., was for “great contribution to 

the national security and peacetime applications of atomic energy.” 

Dr. Seaborg said laboratory had made “and will continue to make, 

significant contributions to what will be the next great ste in nuclear power-controlled thermonuclear fusion.” He said P aboratory also was develo ing nuclear rocket engine for service within 10 yrs. 

(UPI, P Inq, 8/30770; 4) 

August 30: Rep. James G. Fulton (R-Pa.), ranking minority member of 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics, confirmed to press 

in Washington, D.C., that he had proposed George M. Low, NASA 

Deputy Administrator, for post of NASA Administrator being vacated by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine on Sept. 15. Rep. Fulton said he had 

made recommendation in telegram to President Nixon July 31. (Lannan, W Star, 8/31/70, Al) 

277 
August 3 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

August 31: USAF launched unidentified satellite from ETR by Atlas-Agena 

booster into orbit with 39 831.3-km (24 750-mi) apogee, 31 913.3-km 

(19 830-mr) perigee, 1441 .Pmin period, and 10.3” inclination. (Pres 

Rpt 71; AP, WPost, 9/2/70; GSFC Proj Ops Support Div) 0 USAF satellite launched July 23 “was placed in an unusual orbit which 

is especially suited to taking photos which could be used to police 

the ceasefire in the Middle East,” Aviation Week and Space Technology editorial noted. “The orbit was an inclination of only 60 

deg., in contrast to most reconnaissance satellites. . . . Since the 

satellite went into its unusual orbit two weeks prior to the 

[Middle East] cease-fire, it should have been possible to obtain photos of Soviet missile deployment prior to the truce, if that is its intended function. If the U.S. has obtained such photos by satellite, this fact as well as the pictures themselves would be closely guarded. . . . Reconnaisance satellite pictures are among this nation’s 

most closely guarded secrets.” (Av Wk, 8/31/70) 0 FAA had ordered airlines operating Boeing 747s to inspect some of 

their newer engines, AP reported. Order followed request by National Transportation Safety Board prompted by explosion of highpressure turbine section of Air France 747 engine after takeoff from 

Montreal Aug. 17. Aircraft had landed safely after being diverted to 

New York. AP quoted spokesman for Pratt & Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp. as saying inspections had been ordered for all 

JT9D3 and JT9D3A engines that had operated for less than 100 

complete trips. Air France engine failure had been caused by improper installation of part of turbine wheel. (B SUR, 9/1/70. A5) 0 Apollo CSMS would be modified to enhance potential use in emergency 

mode, NASA announced. Modifications included addition of 400- 

amp-hour battery in SM as alternative power source, provision of 

storage space for additional 9 kg (20 Ibs) of potable water, and addition of third oxygen tank for SM. (NASA Release 70-144) 

MSFC announced NR had been awarded two modifications to contract 

for Saturn V 2nd stage (S-11): $1 768 228 for changes to original contract awarded in 1962 for manufacture and test of 15 S-I1 flight versions and $2 429 005 to identify S-11’s capabilities for launching 

space stations and determine what production impacts would result 

from MSFC space station studies. (MSFC Release 70-172) 0 Development of inexpensive, pocket-size laser for possible use in 

communications systems was announced at Bell Telephone Laboratories news conference at its Murray Hill, N.J., facility. Laser was 

semiconductor device that operated continuously at room temperature and could be powered by flashlight batteries. Single high-frequency light beam could carry thousands of TV signals, telephone 

calls, or other messages and might find greatest application when 

picture phones, high-speed computer conversations, and general 

communications needs expanded beyond existing carrying capacity. Bell scientists predicted laser ultimately would be pen-light size, 

cost a few dollars, and last a human lifetime. Laser included crystal 

semiconductor smaller than grain of sand, which operated on small 

currrent, eliminating need for extreme cooling. (Brody, NYT, 9/1! 

70) * NSF transmitted to President Nixon Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Selected Nonprofit Institutions, Fiscal Year 1969 (NSF 

278 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 August 3 1 

70-27). Federal obligations to universities and colleges totaled $3453 

million in FY 1969, second consecutive year in which Federal support increased by 2%. Federal obligations for academic science pro- grams including R&D increased by 0.05%, from 2350 million in 1968 

to $2361 million in 1969. R&D amounted to $1495 million in Federal 

obligations durin FY 1969, 5% increase over 1968. Increase was 

accompanied by f47-million drop (45%) in Federal R&D plant investment, to $57 million, lowest level in 1963-1969 reporting period. 

(Text) 0 Time commented on resignation of Dr. Lee A. DuBridge as OST 

Director and President’s Science Adviser: “Although he had initially warned the Administration that [budget] economies could turn the 

U.S. into a second-rate scientific power in some areas, he later 

seemed too willing to accept the cuts. Still, DuBridge could be an 

effective behind-the-scenes advocate.” He had helped persuade President Nixon to curtail use of defoliants in Vietnam, played key 

role in decision to ban germ warfare, and helped focus attention on 

environmental problems. “But in the face of the Administration’s 

tightfisted mood, it is doubtful whether he could have staved off the 

research cutbacks even if he had protested more vigorously.” 

(Time, 8/3 1/70,48) 

During August: Boeing Co. announced it had built operational prototype 

of noise-suppressing SST engine inlet for testing with GE4 turbojet 

engine. Tests, to be completed by end of November, were to demonstrate compatibility and installed performance characteristics of 

propulsion system components. Inlet included movable centerbody that, when moved to aft position, created sonic wave in throat region, preventing emanation of most high-frequency sound from engine compressor components during landing approach. Boeing said 

movable centerbody feature, combined with SST’S rapid takeoff 

climb, would result in better takeoff and landing characteristics than 

those of Boeing 707 subsonic aircraft. (Boeing Release 5-0683) 

Mariner-Mars missions in 1971 were described by team of JPL scientists headed by Dan Schneiderman in Astronautics & Aeronautics: 

“The first of these voyages of exploration begins. . .when, between 

May 6 and June 3, two Mariner-type spacecraft will rise from launch 

pads at Cape Kennedy on the.way to Mars to become the first spacecraft to orbit that planet.” To obtain maximum scientific information, two identical spacecraft would perform separate missions, A 

and B. Each spacecraft would orbit Mars for 90 days in differing inclinations and periods. “Together they will cover 70% of the surface, permitting the study of seasonal effects. The information 

gained will help in selecting suitable landing zones for the unmanned 

Vikingproject which will land an instrument package on Mars.” 

Missions would carry six science experiments including TV 

experiment. TV pictures would enlarge understanding of dynamic 

characteristics, history, environment, and surface physiography of 

Mars and improve maps of surface. They were not ex ected to 

provide direct evjdence of possibility of life, but to furnis R indirect 

evidence of Mars’ suitability as habitat for life. (A&A, 8/70,64-77) 0 Lawrence Lessing said in Fortune that satellites were “only hope in sight” for comprehensive air traffic control: “Growing congestion 

and delays are seriously impairing U.S. and international airline 

279 
During August ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

operations, and air-traffic control is at the nerve center of the 

congestive problem. For nearly a decade leading scientists have 

urged the development of an advanced space-satellite system for 

navigation and traffic control. Indeed,. such a system is the only hope in sight if air traffic is to grow to its full potential through the 

rest of this century. Only now, under the pressure of events, is this 

proposal reaching a critical point of decision.” (Fortune, 8/70, 115- 

86) International participation in ERTS program was discussed in Asrronautics & Aeronautics by John Hanessian, Jr., and John M. Logsdon, of George Washington Univ.: “Broad participation in 

ERTS. . .makes sense only if a global operational Earth-resourcessurvey system follows. The design and institutionalization of such a 

system will test the ingenuity of national and international policy 

makers, and any steps which may make their task less complex are 

desirable. Widespread international involvement in the ERTS program would be such a step. And it would. . .serve [both] the needs . of many nations of the world and the national interest of the U.S. 

Many constraints on broad participation in ERTS stem from the level 

of funding and the pace now planned for the program. Thus it falls 

within the power of the U.S, to eliminate them. This we should do.” 

Significance of Soyuz IX in Soviet efforts toward permanent space station was discussed in Science Journal: Although engineering tests 

and scientific observations had been made during June 2-19 mission, 

“major emphasis was on bio-medical problems of weightlessness and post-flight adaptation to normal terrestrial conditions.” Indications that cosmonauts’ systems were slow in readapting to normal 

gravity had prompted Soviet doctors to suggest it might be necessary to create artificial gravity in permanent space stations and in 

spacecraft on protracted journeys to planets. Soyuz had been described as “prototype space bus able to accommodate three cosmonauts in comfort and to commute with ease to orbital stations disembarking and taking on passengers through a forward hatch.” How 

rapidly U.S.S.R. advanced to this goal depended on many factors, 

“not the least the erfection of the new launch vehicle.” (Gatland, Science Journal, 8b0,5,7) 

Use of aerospace management to solve social problems was advocated by Albert J. Kelley, Dean of Boston College School of Management, in Astronautics & Aeronautics. “In the quest for application 

of technology to domestic and other internal problems, aerospace 

management with its ability to marshal resources to solve complex 

problems may well be the greatest [space program] spinoff. In. addressing current and emerging problems, the most urgent tasks will 

be to identify the parts of theproblem that can be solved by existing 

technology, to recognize the parts of the problem that need more 

RBD, to identify the resources needed to solve all elements of the 

problem, and to organize the resources and efforts and get the job done.” (ALA. 8170.46-521 

(A&A, 8/70,56-63) 

0 Afi Force and Space Digest editorial by John L. Frisbee advocated 

“show and tell” method of alerting U.S. public to Soviet nuclear 

threat: “Today’s public skepticism about the realities of Soviet 

nuclear power, and its intended uses, is somewhat reminiscent of 

280 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 During August 

the skepticism that existed in the fall of 1962, concerning allegations of Soviet missile-site‘construction in Cuba. That earlier skepticism 

disappeared when photos of the Cuban missde sites, taken from 

high-flying U-2 aircraft, were made public.” One way to awaken 

U.S. public to current Sovief threat “might be to release some of the 

satellite photography on which US analysis of the threat is based.” 

(AFISD, 8/70,8) 

281 

Sep tern ber 1970 

September 1: Concorde 002, British prototype of Anglo-French supersonic transport, reached mach 1.68 (1770 km per hr; 1100 mph) and 

created double sonic boom in test flight over Oban, Scotland. It was 

first time British Concorde had broken sound barrier in current test 

series. No sonic boom damage was reported. (AP, W Post, 9/2/70, 

A19) 

Apollo 14 flight crew completed mock flight to 60 900-m (200 000-ft) 

simulated altitude in altitude chamber at MSC, in preparation for Jan. 

31, 1971, launch to moon. (AP, NYT, 9/2/70,9) 0 Moon watchers in California and Oregon had reported splotches on 

moon’s surface during its closest approach to earth in August, Dr. Gary V. Latham, Apollo program chief seismic investigator, said in 

telephone interview with Washington Evening Star. Reports were in 

response to Dr. Latham’s Aug. 10 alert to astronomers. Observations, coupled with recent series of simultaneous moonquakes, 

“may indicate the moon is not as cold and dead as we thought.” Dr. Latham said current sightings had not yet been verified, but he and 

colleagues at MSC and at Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory at 

Columbia Univ. had detected 160 moonquakes, 27 at time of moon’s 

closest approach to earth, in analysis of seven months’ data. Quakes 

had been mild, “about 1.4 on the Richter Scale.” (Lannan, W Star, 

9/1/70, A4) 0 Javelin sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Island carried experiment to study helium geocorona. Mission did not meet 

minimum scientific requirements. (SR list) 0 NASA announced increase from $312.2 million to $359.8 million in contract with Martin-Marietta Corp. to build Viking lander spacecraft 

and integrate entire system. Revision reflected delay of scheduled 

launch date from 1973 to 1975. (NASA Release 70-145) 0 AIAA announced selection of 29 new fellows who would be honored at 

annual meeting in Houston Oct. 19-22. Fellows included Astronaut 

Nail A. Armstrong, cited for Apollo 11 mission; M/G Lee V. Gossick, USAF Aeronautical Systems Div. Commander, for military- aeronautical leadership; and I. Irving Pinkel, LeRC, for design and 

implementation of aircraft safety systems. (AIAA Release) 0 USAF helicopters of Military Airlift Command at Mountain Home AFB, 

Idaho, and at Luke AFB, Ark, began flying MAST missions in joint 

DOT-DOD project announced July 15. (DOD Release 708-70) 

Gen. George S. Brown-former Commander of Seventh Air Force 

and Deputy Commander for Air Operations, U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MAcv)--assumed command of AFSC. He 

succeeded Gen. James Ferguson, who retired Aug. 31. (AFSC Release 246.70) 

U.S. and U.S.S.R., preparing draft treaty to prohibit emplacement of 

nuclear weapons on seabed, had agreed in Geneva that signature 

283 
September 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

nations should be allowed to ask U.N. help in policing violations, 

New York Times said. (Hamilton, NYT, 9/1/70,9) September 2: NASA FY 1971 interim operating plan news conference 

was held in Washington, D.C. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said principal decision was “how best to carry out the Apollo 

and other existing programs to realize maximum benefits from them 

while preserving adequate resources for the future. . . . In our discussions, it became clear that the vitality of our national space program depends on a determined and vigorous continuation of plans for a reusable space shuttle followed by a space station in the 

manned flight program”; early development of ERTS, ATS, and 

HEAO; Grand Tour unmanned flights to distant planets; unmanned 

Viking Mars landers; Pioneer flights to Venus, Mercury, and Jupiter; and “a healthy aeronautical research program .” 

“With all of these considerations in mind. . .actions have been 

taken that will effectively reduce NASA’S FY 1971 budget request of 

$3.333 billion to an interim operating plan of $3.2687 billion. . .and 

to minimize NASA’s budgetary requirements for future years.” Budget request for Apollo was being reduced by $42.1 million to 

$914.4 million by canceling Apollo 15 and 19 lunar missions and by 

phasing down manpower levels at major Apollo facilities more rapidly. Although Lunar and Planetary Missions Board and NAS-NRC 

Space Science Board had strongly recommended, after special review, that NASA carry out all six remaining lunar landing missions, 

NASA had “most reluctantly concluded that a reduction. . .should be 

made.” Remaining Apollo missions would be redesignated 14 

through 17 and would be flown before start of Skylab operations in 

November 1972. Schedule would allow additional flexibility by providing Apollo hardware for possible use in Skylab, space station, 

or other programs where manned operations or heavy boost capability would be required. Advanced mission studies would be reduced 

by $1 million. 

Tracking and data acquisition network operations would be reduced $8 million by reducing number of manned flights and by more 

rapid phasedown in operating levels. Construction of facilities 

would be reduced to $25 million by deferring Polymer Research 

Laboratory at ARC, Calibration Laboratory at MSC, and Multispec- tral Photo Laboratory at MSFC and by rehabilitation and modification effort and facility planning and design. Research and program 

management minimum operating budget would be established at 

$678.7 million, amount included in previous appropriations bill and 

$13.6 million below NASA’s FY 1971 request. 

Dr. Paine said NASA had concluded “that it is prudent and realistic. . .to make these decisions now. . .to avoid more drastic and disruptive actions which would result if the decisions were postponed until later in the fiscal year. We also no longer have the capability to 

prepare in parallel two Apollo spacecraft, as would be required to 

maintain an option to reach a later decision on the number of Apollo 

missions.” 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale D. Myers explained Apollo schedule changes: Apollo 14 would be launched 

as planned Jan. 31, 1971, followed at six-month intervals by Apollo 16 (renamed Apollo 15) with advanced capability for greater exploi284 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 2 

tation of lunar exploration, Apollo 17 (renamed Apollo 16), and 

A 0110 18 (renamed 17), last launch in series. Beginning with Apollo 

and man-hours per mission, from 18 hrs to 40 hrs. Weight of I 

scientific payload would be doubled, from 227 kg to 454 kg (500 Ibs 

to 1000 Ibs); SM experiment package would be added; and range and efficiency of surface operations would be increased by improved 

suit mobility, improved life support system, and addition of lunar 

roving vehicle. Crew for new Apollo 15 would be same as previous- ly planned-Astronauts David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and 

James B. Irwin. 

Skylab core module would be launched by Saturn V in November 

1972, as scheduled, and would be revisited by Saturn IBs and CSMS 

up through June 1973. Beyond that, activities would be “at a standstill as far as orbital operations are concerned until the shuttle 

comes on line, hopefully in the 1976-77 time period.” (Text; Transcript) 0 U.K.’s first attempt to launch satellite with own booster failed when 

pressurization system in three-stage Black Arrow booster malfunctioned. Booster was to have orbited 82-kg (180-lb) satellite to study 

upper atmosphere. Previous U.K. satellites had been orbited by 

NASA boosters. (Berger, B Sun, 9/3/70) 

Recommendations on conduct of “comprehensive review and analy- sis of the complete NASA acquisition process from determination of 

requirements through final contract award” were requested by Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, in memo to Daniel J. Harnett, Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs. NASA procurement policies were “sound ones which have in general fairly treated 

our contractors while giving NASA excellent value for its money,” 

Dr. Paine said. But NASA was now planning programs in “changed economic environment with more limited resources.” (NASA Release 70-146) 0 Ion engine on board orbiting Sert II(1aunched Feb. 3) was returned to 

full thrust after two-day interruption and was operating satisfactorily. Engine had been turned off Aug. 31 about one hour before space- craft passed through solar eclipse shadow over South Pacific. Four 

attempts during shutdown to restart ion engine No. 1, which had 

failed July 23, were unsuccessful. (NASA Release 70-149) 0 MSFC announced McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. had received 

$60 918 000 modification to $97 340 000 NASA contract for conversion of original orbital workshop to be launched by Saturn IB booster to completely outfitted workshop for launch by Saturn V. (MSFC 

Release 70-178) 0 MSC awarded LTV Aerospace Corp. Missiles and Space Div. and 

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. $215 000, fixed-price contracts to conduct six-month parallel development studies of radiative nonmetallics for high-temperature heat protection on space shuttle. (MSC Release 70-95) 

NASA said it had confirmed Aug. 12 observation by astronomer V. E. 

Bell at Lodi (Calif.) Observatory of bright blue-white flare on lunar 

surface near Fra Mauro highland area, when moon was closest to 

earth. International astronomical group Astronet had reported similar sighting in crater Lassell K Sept. 1. Observation reports were in 

1 ! launchin July, EVA would be increased from two periods to three 

285 
September 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

response to Aug. 10 alert by Dr. Gary V. Latham, Apollo program’s principal seismic investigator, made through Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory. (W Star, 9/2/70, A6) 

September 3: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB 

by Thor-Burner I1 booster into orbit with 872.3-km (542-mi) apogee, 

764.4-km (475-mi) perigee, 101.2-min period, and 98.7” inclination. 

(Pres Rpt 71 ; GSFC SSR, 9/30/70) 0 AIAA announced selection of MSC Deputy Director Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., to receive Louis W. Hill Space Transportation Award for 

1970. Certificate and $5000 honorarium for “outstanding management and leadership in directing the planning and operational control of all United States manned space flight missions from the first 

Mercury suborbital mission through the first Apollo lunar landing” would be presented Oct. 22. 

AIAA also named three honorary fellows who would receive certificates Oct. 21: Dr. Grover Loening, retired aircraft inventor: Dr. 

Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for 

Planning; and Dr. Stanley G. Hooker, Technical Director of RollsRoyce Bristol Engine Div. in England. (AIAA Releases) 

Dozen veterans of 118-member German V-2 rocket team of Dr. Wernher von Braun had received notice of demotion or layoff from NASA 

at MSFC, New York Times reported. At least seven would lose their 

jobs altogether before Oct. 1 because of manpower reductions. Notices had come as team was planning October reunion to mark 25th 

anniversary of its arrival in U.S. (Wilford, NYT, 9/3/70, 1) 

0 Federal financing of SST would be “complete misplacement of national priorities,” Mayor John V. Lindsay of New York said in letter to 

Sen. John C. Stennis (D-Miss.), Chairman of Senate Appropriations 

Committee’s Subcommittee on Transportation. “I am prepared to 

do all in my power to prevent any SST from landing at New York’s 

airports until it is proven safe both to our environment and to the 

health of our citizens.” (UPI, W Star, 9/4/70, A5) September 4: MSC’s cosmic ray emulsion plastic experiment-balloon 

182.9 m (600 ft) long with 544.3-kg (1200-lb) instrument packagewas launched from Minneapolis, Minn., by Winzen Research Corp. in cooperation with National Center for Atmospheric Research. 

Payload of 6.1- by 3.7-m (20- by 12-ft) package housing 22.3 sq m 

(240 sq ft) of detectors would record intensity and direction of 

transiron [of particles heavier than iron] primary cosmic rays in 

upper atmosphere during 48-hr flight. (NASA Release 70-154) 0 Map of portion of Venus larger than Asiatic continent made by using 64.0-m (210-ft) dish antenna at Goldstone Tracking Station was de- scribed in Science by JPL astronomers Dr. Richard M. Goldstein and 

H. Rumsey, Jr.: Map covered planet from 90” west longitude to 30” 

east longitude and from 45” south latitude to 35” north latitude. Area 

extended 13 700 km (8500 mi) at Venus equator and was up to 7400 

km (4600 mi) wide. Resolution was “about two times as good as the 

moon can be seen with the naked eye” and was “best definition of 

Venus yet obtained.” (Science, 9/4/70,975-7; JPL Release 561) 

Venus radius controversy was discussed in Science by MIT scientist 

W. B. Smith: Scientists had finally arrived at a consensus in interpreting certain data from Mariner V and Venus IV after “ebb and 

flood of recent opinion about Venus’s lower atmosphere as seen 

286 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 September 4 

from a moderately invariant (and d) point of view-that of the 

‘radar radius.’ ” Smith and assoc had reported accurate determination of Venus’s radius in mid-1966. Value, derived from earthbased radar observations, was 6055.8 km (3762.9 mi). “In early 1967, two Mariner 5 experimenters visited us to ascertain our very 

latest value and our confidence in it, stressing the importance of the 

radius for the forthcoming Mariner 5 flyby.” Earliest Mariner V 

reports had shown Venus IVdata inconsistent by about 24 km (14.9 

mi) and asymmetry between night and day refractivity profiles of 

Venus. “The central question was: are the surface pressure Ps and 

Temperature Ts 19 atm and 553 K [536”F] as derived from Venera 4 

data, or about 100 atm and 700 K [800”F] as derived from Mariner 5 

data plus the radar radius?” Soviet scientist V. R. Eshleman had 

suggested that 2:l ambiguity had occurred in altimeter. After reexamination of time systems used by Mariner V experimenters, Venus-centered distance of ray path had been decreased by 8.85 km 

(5.49 mi), “confirming our independent estimate of 10 km [6.21 mi] 

for this displacement. As a result, the refractivity profiles became 

nearly symmetric.” (Science, 9/4/70, 1001-2) 

U.S.S.R. announced it had found Apollo experimental capsule (used 

for training and experiment) and would turn it over to USCG cutter 

Southwind at port of Murmansk. Cutter was on oceanographic ex- pedition in area. U.S. Embassy sources in Moscow had said Soviet 

government had informed Embassy three weeks before that capsule 

had been found in Bay of Biscay, off France, by Murmansk fisher- 

* New York Times published comments of three lunar scientists on 

NASA% cancellation of Apollo 15 and 19: Dr. Thomas Gold, Cornel1 

Univ. astronomer and member of President’s Science Advisory Committee, had said, “It’s like buying a Rolls-Royce and then not 

using it because you claim you can’t afford the gas.” Dr. Harold C. Urey, lunar expert and Nobel Prize winner, had 

said, “I think the American people and Congress should realize that 

the moon is an extremely old object. . .this gives scientists a way of studying an object that goes back to the very beginning of the solar system.” Saving of $40 million by cancellation was “chicken 

feed” in view of $25 billion already spent on Apollo program. 

Former scientist-astronaut Dr. Brian T. O’Leary said, “The scientific community has become disenchanted with NASA. The present decision seems ridiculous.” (NYT, 9/4/70,9) 

New York Times: “Throughout the last decade this newspaper 

opposed the top priority then accorded Project Apollo on the ground that too much money was being diverted from urgent social needs. 

But now that these huge sums have been spent the need is to obtain 

the maximum yield, scientifically and otherwise, from that investment. Surely, NASA, which has been able to reach the moon, can find 

a better solution than the one now offered for adjusting to austerity in space research. One desirable alternative would be LO enlist foreign resources in the exploitation of Apollo technology, perhaps by 

offering to send teams of British, French or Soviet astronauts on the 

journey pioneered by Apollo 11 .” (NYT, 9/4/70) 

men. (NYT, 9/5/70,5; NASA OMSF PIO) 

0 Editorials on Apollo program cutback: 

287 
September 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

September 4,6, to 9: Scientists and the press reacted to NASA’s cancellation of two lunar 

landing missions, announced Sept. 2. The Los Angeles Times published the cartoon by Paul Conrad Sept. 8. (Courtesy of Register and Tribune Syndicate) 

Baltimore SUR: “. . .the thrust into space is the most open-ended 

of all human enterprises and there is no cause for desperate hurry. So far as science goes, time is not a major factor. 

when it comes to spending many billions consider 

given to other needs, many of them much more immediately urgent 

than any extraterrestrial venture. We have gone far and shall certainly go farther-more surely, in the long run, if we keep a sense of 

proportion and a wise balance among our choices.” (B SUR, 9/4/70, 

A10) 

President Nixon at San Clemente, Calif., signed E.O. 11556 establishing responsibilities and authority of new Office of Telecommunications Policy and announced intention to nominate Dr. George F. 

Mansur, Jr., as Deputy Director. Nomination was submitted to 

Senate Sept. 10. Dr. Clay T. Whitehead, whose nomination had 

288 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 4 

been confirmed by Senate, would be sworn in after President returned from San Clemente. (PD, 9/7/70,1147; 9/14/70, 1197) 9 Institute for Strategic Studies in London had released annual report, The Military Balance, 1970-71, Reuters said. July survey had shown 

U.S.S.R. could deploy 1300 ICBMs-246 more than U.S. But U.S. 

“promises to increase its warhead lead” with three-warhead system 

on Minuteman 111 rocket with 12 900-km (8000-mi) range. U.S. also 

was converting submarines to take 10-warhead Poseidon missile. 

U.S.S.R. had been testing three-warhead system. Report estimated 

that U.S. had more than 6000 nuclear warheads fitted to missiles 

capable in theory of reaching Soviet territory, while some 2000 Soviet warheads were fitted to missiles with range to hit continental 

U.S. U.S. had 656 submarine-launched ballistic missiles; U.S.S.R., 

280. (Maynes, W Post, 9/4/70, A18) 

September 5: NASA announced it had reversed April 8 decision to award 

$50-million ATS-F and ATS-G contract to General Electric Co. and 

would award contract toFairchildHiller Gorp. instead. Decision was 

based on Aug. 26 report of ATS Procurement Review Committee 

(PRC) and recommendations of Selection Panel appointed by Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, July 16. Panel concurred 

with PRC finding that procedural discrepancies had not affected outcome of competition and that cost difference between final proposals was not significant as basis for selection, but that important tech- nical differences existed in which Fairchild Hiller was superior. It 

did not concur with PRC conclusion that Fairchild was superior in 

nearly all aspects of organization and management. (NASA Special Release; Memo of Decision) 

Name “tranquilite” had been given to new mineral discovered in 

Apollo 11 moon rock by scientists Paul Ramdohr and Josef 

Zaehringer of Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics at Heidelberg, West Germany, Baltimore Sun said. Tranquilite-named for 

moon’s Sea of Tranquility, Apoilo 1 I landing site-was compound of titanium, iron, and magnesium related to earth mineral titaniferous magnetite. International Nomenclature Commission would review designation of new mineral before name became permanent. 

German team also had confirmed theory that lunar rocks had lain on 

moon’s surface for 500 million yrs and had never penetrated deeper 

than 0.9 m (3 ft). (B Sun, 9/5/70, A10) 

Venus VII, unmanned U.S.S.R. interplanetary probe launched Aug. 17, was on course 4 990 000 kh (3 100 000 mi) from earth with all 

equipment functioning normally, official Soviet progress report 

announced. (AP, Plnq, 9/6/70) 

September 6: Arab extremists of Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked Swissair DC-8, TWA Boeing 707, and Pan Am 

Boeing 747 with passengers and crews. Attempted seizure of fourth 

aircraft, El A1 Israeli Airlines plane, was prevented; security guards 

on plane shot and killed one hijacker and wounded other. Swissair 

and TWA aircraft were flown to desert airport at Zerqua, Jordan. PanAm 747 was flown to Beirut, refueled, and then flown to Cairo 

where it was blown up on runway after evacuation of passengers 

and crew. Passengers were later flown to Rome on another aircraft. 

PFLP held occupants of the two aircraft in Jordan as hostages for 

imprisoned commandos in Israel, U.K., Switzerland, and West 

289 
September 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Germany. PFLP spokesman in Beirut said TWA and Pan Am aircraft 

had been seized “to give the Americans a lesson” for supporting Israel. (FonF, 9/3-9/70,637-8) e First data from three-week NASA-Purdue Univ. study to detect corn 

blight infestation usin sensing devices aboard aircraft had shown 

blight could be identi a ed from aircraft in both severe and earlier 

stages, NASA announced. Color photos and multispectral scanner 

pictures and data had shown signature keys to crop disease, southern leaf blight. MSC’S RB-57F aircraft was providing coverage, from 

18 300-m (60 000-ft) altitude, of area from Michigan City, Ind., to 

Evansville, Ind. Purdue, Univ. of Michigan, and uSAF aircraft covered area at lower altitudes. Successful identification by remote 

sensing could warn farmers of approaching b!ight or of presence of 

blight in crops before they would be otherwise aware of it. (NASA 

Release 70-148) Work of Grover Moreland, “Neil Armstrong of the rockcutters, the 

man entrusted with. . .stretching the first precious lumps of moon 

matter into as many research laboratories as. . .possible. . .without 

losing a particle,” was described in Washington Sunday Star maga- zine Sunday. Moreland had prepared 60 or 70 thin sections from 

Apollo 11 samples and 15 or 20 from Apollo 12. They were studied 

under petrographic microscope for mineral content and origin and 

under electron probe for detailed chemical analysis. He shaved sections as thin as 0.15 mm (0.006 in) and had perfected method of impregnating porous matter with plastic to prevent crumbling. (Schaden, Sunday, 9/6/70, 14-5) 

Battle over choice of undersea cables and comsats had begun at FCC, 

Washington Evening Star said. AT&T was urging quick decision authorizing sixth Atlantic cable. ComSatCorp’s satellite facilities in 

Atlantic area were operating at 50% of capacity and company could 

benefit from more volume if existing five undersea cables became 

overcrowded. (Aug, W Star, 9/6/70, C5) 

Press comment on Apollo program cutback: 

Washington Post editorial: “There has rarely been a major program that has gone up the hill and down again as fast as has the 

manned space program. Just a year ago NASA was riding high on the 

success of Apollo 11. Now it is scratching operations and scrambling for money to keep even a portion of the original program and 

its progeny in business. This, in our view, is bad because if it is carried too far it threatens to turn the entire manned space effort into 

the most spectacular (and most expensive) stunt in history instead 

of the first step in a genuine effort to learn a little more about some 

of the secrets of the universe. NASA’s decision to focus on the future 

rather than on a full study of the moon will help at least to keep the 

option of a worthwhile space program open.” ( W Post, 9/6/70, B6) 

Richard D. Lyons in New York Times: When U.S. politicians first 

proclaimed national effort to land men on moon influential scientific 

leaders had scoffed. “A decade later the scythe of discontent with 

Apollo has swung full circle. Now it is the politicians who are attacking the program while the scientists wring their hands over lack 

of support.” Nixon Administration had “not been kind to the space 

program, although the President repeatedly stated that he supports 

290 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 6 

it enthusiastically. The main reason is money, or the lack of it, 

which was almost no object when Apollo was born.” (NYT, 9/6/70, 

4:7) e End of “galloping science” was predicted by Kenneth W. Boulding of 

Univ. of Colorado in Washington Post: “The scientific revolution 

and science-based technology represent a kind of takeoff from the 

old world of classical civilization. The ‘flight’ of development cannot go on forever. At some point there must be a re-entry into 

Spaceship Earth. This re-entry will present acute difficulties. If, 

however, we have a clear view of the nature of the problem, a certain optimism about our power to solve it IS entirely reasonable. The 

one great cause for optimism indeed is the clear fact that the evolutionary potential of the human nervous system isevery far from having been exhausted and that there is no nonexistence theorem at 

present about continued human learning.” (W Post, 9/6/70, B1) 

September 7: Second volume of third edition of new Soviet encyclope- dia Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsklopediya-to go on sale in Octoberdisplayed “factual approach” to U.S. space program, AP said. Apollo 11 Commander Neil A. Armstrong received half-column 

biography and small photo as first man to walk on moon. Apollo missions were given nearly two pages,. including two-column photo 

of Apollo 1 1 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., on moon and diagram 

of lunar landing. (AP, LA Times, 9/7/70) 0 If Anglo-French supersonic transport Concorde emerged from test 

series with reputation intact, it would “in its builders’ eyes confirm 

its image as the spearhead of European technology, and the last defense against American domination of the aviation industry,” Ste- phen V. Armstrong said in Washington Post. Public attention was 

focused on aircraft’s sonic boom. West Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, and Holland had said they were likely to ban supersonic flight over their territories because of boom. Instruments in 

Oban Cathedral in Scotland during recent Concorde 002 tests had 

shown boom produced between 10 300 and 20 700 newtons of pressure per sq m (1.5 and 3 psf)-equivalent of thunder. BAC officials 

had predicted Concorde would produce no more noise than this in 

commercial service. Concorde opponents were concerned about 

U.S. reports that supersonic airliners could change weather patterns by condensing water vapor in atmosphere. Airlines had options on 

only 74 Concordes but BAC was saying it could sell minimum of 200 

by mid-1970s for $24 million each and was considering construction 

of larger model, which would hold 200 rather than 150 passengers. 

Concorde had already cost more than $1 billion and was expected to 

cost $650 million more by 1973. No one expected it to make enough 

to cover this ex enditure. (W Post, 9/7/70, A13) 

hijackings with representatives of Israel, U.K., West Germany, and 

Switzerland in Washington, D.C., and met with President Nixon. 

(FonF, 9/3-9/70,638) 0 RIA Donald B. MacMillan (uSN, Ret.), last survivor of 1909 Peary expedition that discovered North Pole, died at age 95. (NYT, 9/9/70, 

48) September 8: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXI from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 338-km (210.0-mi) apogee, 195-km (121.2-mi) perigee, 

U.S. Secretary o f State William P. Rogers discussed Sept. 6 aircraft 

29 1 
September 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

89.8-min period, and 72.8” inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 21. 

MSC and NR Space Div. announced selection of Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm of Munich, West Germany, and BAC of Bristol, Eng- land, to conduct subsystems. studies for NASA’s space shuttle. In 

major step toward international cooperation in space. Messerschmitt would study attitude-control system and BAC. would study structures, aerodynamics and flight-test instrumentation, and data 

handling under contracts financed .by their governments. Work 

would be performed in Downey, Calif. (MSC Release 70-98; NR Release NS-59) 

NASA study of advanced exhaust nozzles for jet aircraft had shown 

“surprising potential ability” of plug nozzle to reduce noise without 

affecting aircraft performance, NASA reported. Experimental inlets and nozzles had been ground-tested and then flight-tested on modified supersonic jet F-106 aircraft operated by LeRC at Selfridge AFB, 

Mich. Aircraft was flown as low as about 90 m (300 ft) to obtain 

good noise signals at microphone-tape-recorder ground station. 

(NASA Special Release) 

Series of reviews to select flight design of Saturn Workshop, part of 

Skylab program, was announced by MSFC. Government engineers, 

astronauts, and industry representatives would determine any 

changes necessary before final approval of Workshop scheduled for 

1972 launch into earth orbit. In Sept. 9-10 review at MSFC, astronauts 

would study Workshop procedures in mockup. Sept. 14-18 critical 

design review at McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. Huntington 

Beach, Calif., facility would be attended by more than 200. At 

Workshop crew station review Sept. 21-24 at MSFC, astronaut crewmen would “walk through” Skylab tests. Results of reviews would 

be considered during preliminary review at Huntington Beach Sept. 28-29 and at Workshop Critical Review Board meeting at Huntington Beach Oct. 2. (MSFC Release 70-181) 

U.S., U.K., Switzerland, and West Germany began efforts through International Red Cross toward release of passengers held hostage 

in Jordan after Sept. 6 multiple aircraft hijacking. U.S. Secretary of 

State William P. Rogers met in Washington, D.C., with representa- tives of 10 Arab countries. International Federation of Airline Pilots 

met in London on Israeli proposal of aviation boycott of Arab countries in reprisal. U.N. Secretary General U Thant urged international community “to adopt prompt and effective measures to put a stop 

to this return to the law of the jungle.’’ (FonF, 9/3-9/70,638) 

MSFC announced McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. had received 

$97 057 455 supplement to $1 026 393 830 NASA contract for S-IVB 

program realignment caused by schedule stretchouts. Contract covered storage and maintenance through July 31, 1972. (MSFC Release 

Apollo 13 Astronaut John L. Swigert, Jr., told news conference at 

Coast Guard Academy in New London, Conn.: “In the past it has 

taken a war to force technology to advance at an abnormal rate. The 

space program did it in peacetime, and to me this makes much more 

sense.” Swigert defended proposals for Mars exploration: “If we 

can learn more about our solar system and have those benefits ac- 

(GSFC SSR, 9/30/70; SBD, 9/9/70,38) 

70- 182) 

292 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 8 

crue to the economy, I would say it is worthwhile.” (AP, W Post, 

91 10/70) 0 Electrical engineer J. Dominguez Rego received U.S. patent No. 3527 

for Electrojet engine that produced electricity by magnetoplasmadynamics-generating electricity directly from fuel burning at high 

temperature. Some particles of combustion became ionized, or 

electrically charged, and current could be drawn off. Engine eliminated gas turbine, thus removing limitations on heat and quality of 

exhaust gases and increasin efficiency while permitting use of 

cheaper fuels. (Jones, NYT, 9$12/70,35; Pat Off PIO) 

Establishment of FAA Office of Air Transportation Security to cope 

with criminal acts against aircraft and airports was announced by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. Office would replace 

FAA Office of Investigations and Security and would emphasize deterrence of aircraft hijacking. Carl F. Maisch, Director of Office of 

Investigations and Security and former FBI agent, had been named 

director of new office. (FAA Release 70-81) September 9: Arab PFLP guerrillas hijacked BOAC VC-10 jet with 105 

passengers and crew of 10. Aircraft was ordered to land at Beirut to 

pick up commando and then was flown to desert airstrip where two 

other hijacked aircraft were being held [see Sept. 61. U.N. Security 

Council asked immediate release of all hostages held. 

U.S. sent six USAF transports with medical teams to base at Incirlik, Turkey, for possible use in evacuation of hostages. (FonF, 9/10- 

0 NASA announced it was establishing Earth Resources program regional activity at MTF to complement and supplement automated and 

manned Earth Resources programs at GSFC and MSC. Robert 0. Piland, Deputy Director for Science and Applications at MSC, would 

direct new activity stressing research in applications of remote-sensing techniques and using data from earth resources experiments on 

aircraft flying out of Houston, ERTS planned for 1972 launch, and 

manned orbiting Skylab spacecraft scheduled for 1972 launch. Estimated 75 Government and contract personnel would be employed at 

MTF center by July 1, 1971, with planned grow6h to 185 over next 

two years. (NASA Release 70-147) 0 Cancellation of Apollo 15 and 19 had eliminated six more astronauts 

from chance at moon trip, NASA Director of Flight Crew Operations 

Donald K. Slayton said in MSC interview. Of 49 astronauts on flight 

status, 39 had not yet flown in space. Many would not have opportunity for at least five-years because of NASA budget cutbacks. Five 

astronauts had resigned since Apollo 1 I lunar landing and further 

resignations were “very possible.” Slayton said he would not deter 

astronauts from resigning. “The facts of life are, we don’t need 

them.” (UPI, NYT, 9/10/70,54) @ FAA and Eastern Air Lines demonstrated “smokeless jet” at National 

Airport in Washington, D.C. Boeing 727 with JT8d engines modified to reduce carbon particulates by 75% took off with thin trail of 

smoke. Pratt & Whitney engineer Gerald R. Daly, who designed 

pollution-fighting equipment, explained that modified en ines reduced smoke but did not eliminate it. (Latham, WPost,9/1Of70, A27) 

USN had “taken the wraps off” highly sophisticated $12-million control center being constructed for NATO comsats at Naval Radio Re16/70,653-5) 

293 
September 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ceiving Station near Chesapeake, Va., New York News reported. 

“The site joins a widespread network controlled from Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers, Europe, in Casteau, Belgium.” (NY 

News, 9/9/70) 0 UPI said it had learned U.S. had agreed to sell 16-18 new F-4 Phantom 

jet fighter-bombers to Israel “in apparent response to the Sovietsupported buildup of Egyptian anti-aircraft missile defenses along the Suez Canal.” Sale, with 6 Phantoms already purchased by Israel 

earlier in year, would come close to filling Israel’s request for 25 

supersonic jets. (P Inq, 9/10/70,3) 

* Wall Street Journal editorial on Apollo program cutback: “Although the Soviet Union has never said so, it appears that its officials decided some time ago that their [space] program was too much of a drain 

on resources and had to be slowed. At a time when the U.S. Government’s budget is sinking deeper into the red, it’s certainly rea- sonable that this nation too should start getting a grip on its priorities.” (WSJ, 9/9/70) 

Aircraft hijacking was discussed by David Hoffman in Washington 

Post: “That hijacking entails much more today than the Havana 

detour, a sidetrip costing passengers frayed nerves and the airline 

$3000, has begun to sink home in official Washington. It has now 

become an instrument of international policy, a play within a play about the cold war. Quite apart from whether a treaty might help, 

there exists no treaty. That testifies to the concern of governments, this one included.” ( WPost, 9/9/70, A15) 

September 9-11: Lunar Science Institute in Houston, Tex., sponsored 

seminar on moon findings. 

At meeting on future of Apollo, scientists proposed crater Tycho 

near moon’s south pole and Descartes, hilly region near Ocean of 

Storms, as sites for two of remaining four Apollo program lunar 

landings. Cal Tech geologist Dr. Leon T. Silver said, “If you had only two missions left to make, you’d send one of them to Tycho.” 

Tycho offered samples from area of one of last collisions of large 

meteor with lunar surface, samples from moon’s original southern 

hills, and samples from deep within moon that had come to surface 

after impact that had created Tycho. Flight path to and from Tycho 

would enable astronauts to photograph and examine almost half visible face of moon from lunar orbit. Astronauts could leave scientific 

instruments less than 1609 km (1000 mi) from moon’s.south pole, to 

give earth-bound scientists listening post on lunar region that would 

otherwise go unexplored. Surveyor VII photos had shown Tycho 

landing to be strewn with many varieties of rocks. Difficulty with 

Tycho landing was that Apollo crew might have to use so much fuel 

getting to it that they would not have enough to return if they encountered difficulty on approach, Astronaut Charles M. Duke, Jr., 

said. Donald K. Slayton, MSC Chief of Flight Crew Operations, said 

NASA was studying possibility of Tycho landing: “Our position so 

far is that Tycho is a bad place. . . . But, if we can figure the reasonable way to do it.. .and decide it’s a reasonable place to go, then 

Tycho becomes a candidate for landing.” 

Descartes, second site favored by scientists, contained relatively 

young volcanic material and also crust on surface away from volcanic highlands that might be as old as moon itself. It was thought to 

294 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 9-1 1 

be one of two A 0110 sites where moonquakes might be occurring; 

Dr. Alfred E. Ringwood of Australian National Univ. told seminar 

he had concluded from study of Apollo 11 and 12 lunar samples that 

moon once had heat source 160-480 km (100-300 mi) beneath surface 

that was emitting 1500 K (2200°F) temperatures. Heat had emanated 

from abundance of radioactive minerals in moon’s depths, he proposed, and partially melted moon’s inner rock, which then flowed to 

lunar surface through pores or forced its way upward as it expand- ed where pores did not exist. Upswelling rock, Dr. Ringwood said, 

caused lunar features visible on moon’s face. He speculated that 

moon had lost most of its radioactivity and heat 2 billion yrs earlier. Dr. Charles P. Sonnett, ARC scientist, said he had found “little 

bumps” of magnetism along lunar surface when studying signals from instruments left on moon. Bumps suggested that radioactive 

heat was coming to surface and causing parts of moon to behave as 

if they had magnetic field. Moon was “strong and rigid to depth of 

200 mi (322 km],” Dr. Sonnett said, “but I believe that all you need is 

a porosity of about 10 per cent in that crust to have a warmer and 

more plastic material leak to the top.” 

Dr. Rolf Meisner of Univ. of Hawaii said analysis of data from 

Apollo 12 lunar seismometer led him to believe that moonquakes 

could not be caused by breaks in moon’s crust but were caused by 

warm gases escaping from beneath lunar surface in response to 

earth’s increased gravitational pull. He had recorded 14 moonquakes, all of which seemed to come from about 240 km (150 mi) 

east-southeast of seismometer in Fra Mauro hills, where Apollo 14 

was to land in February 1971. 

Dr. Thomas Gold, Cornel1 Univ. astronomer, argued that lunar 

maria contained dust and not lava. Lack of electrical activity of surface material and the way Apollo moonquake detectors had reacted 

to tremors and impacts could mean there was deep deposit of pow- der. Acoustical signal from Apollo 12 lunar seismometer was “compatible with a deep layer of a very homogenous nature in which the 

speed of sound is uniform.” (O’Toole, W Post, 9/12/70, A3; 9/13/70, 

A27; Hill, H Chron, 9/13/70) September 9-10: Space Station Utilization Conference was held by NASA 

at ARC. Some 450 scientists invited to plan potential functions of 

manned orbital research station had included 60 representatives of 

foreign universities and industrial firms. (ARC Astrogram, 8/27/70, 1; 

ARC PAO; KC Star, 8/19/70) September IO: Construction and launch of orbiting sun reflector with 

diameter of 914 m (3000 ft), to light entire metropolitan areas of 

large cities with five times the brightness of full moon was technologically feasible, NR Space Div. scientific adviser Dr. Krafft A. Ericke said during NASA conference on space application technology at 

Mountain View, Calif. Reflector could be important crime deterrent. (AP, Glendale News-Press, 911 1/70) * Misgivings about NASA’s cancellation of Apollo 15 and 19 missions 

were expressed by 39 leading lunar scientists in letter to Rep, 

George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics: “The NASA policy leading to the cancellation 

appears to be one favoring the early construction of large manned 

other was hills o P Fra Mauro, Apollo 14 landing site. 

295 
September 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

earth orbital systems following after Skylab A, and the effort and 

funds saved by the curtailmen! will probab!y go towards these. The 

merit of these programs for science or applications should be investigated, and the very important decision regarding their funding 

should in our view be made a separate step. At present, it appears that the approved and scientifically most fruitful lunar program will 

suffer in favor of an as yet unapproved program for whose scientific 

value there is no consensus, and whose purpose is unclear.” (Text) a MSFC announced award of six-month, $195 OOO contract to Ball Brothers Research Corp. to define requirements for 66-cm (26-in) solar 

telescope to be used in new ATM experiment on Skylab missions. 

(MSFC Release 70-183) 

City of Boston, Mass., had filed $10.2-million noise pollution suit in 

U.S. District Court against 19 airlines and Massachusetts Port Authority, Washington Post reported. Boston Mayor Kevin H. White 

had said suit was to pay city $4.5-million cost of soundproofing 15 

East Boston schools near Logan International Airport. Remainder 

would reimburse city for usurping air rights over city property without compensation, depreciating land values, and making land unfit 

for educational purposes. (W Post, 9/10/70, A24) 

First charting of exact locations of six continental land masses as they 

drifted across globe for millions of years at rate of about 10 cm (4 in) 

annually was reported by ESSA marine geologists Dr. Robert S. 

Diett and John C. Holden in Journal of Geophysical Research. Calculations, made by using geological landmarks to plot maps, showed 

that original “supercontinent” of Pangaea had split midway through 

Triassic geological period, about 200 million yrs ago, into land masses of Laurasia (now North America, Europe, and Asia) and Gondwana (now Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, and India) 

through sea floor’s spreading, welling up of molten material called 

magma from earth’s mantle through rift in ocean bed. Subsequent spreading had separated continents. (Journ of Geophysical Research, 9/10/70,4939-55) 

London Times report that British historian Charles H. Gibbs-Smith 

had discovered drawing of toy helicopter that predated design of 

helicopter by Leonard0 da Vinci by 150 yrs was published by New 

York Times. Drawing had been discovered in Flemish manuscript 

dated about 1325 in Royal Library in Copenhagen. Gibbs-Smith had 

said it was “earliest known illustration in history of-a powered air- craft. The fact that a fairly sophisticated drawing of it appeared in a 

manuscript of this date suggests that this toy was in use before 

1300.” (NYT, 9/10/70,30) 0 Invention of hovercraft in 1950s by British boat builder Sir Christopher Cockerell had been described by In Britain, publication of British Tourist Authority, New York Times said. Sir Christopher had 

eliminated problem of “drag” on boat hull from friction of water by interposing air cushion as lubricant between hull and water. In 1956 

he had demonstrated invention at British Ministry of Supply in 

London. First public demonstration in 1958 had led to purchase by 

British government of experimental manned model from SaundersRoe, Ltd. Launched on July 25, 1959, the 3175-kg (3.5 ton), 19-m 

(30-ft) SRN 1 became first hovercraft to cross English Channel. 

(NYT, 9/10/70,29) 

296 
0 Four-man LaRC team emerged from space station simulator at McDonne11 Douglas Astronautics Co., Huntington Beach, Calif., after 

successful completion of 90-day test to develop regenerative life 

support systems for advanced manned spacecraft [see June 131. 

Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong greeted crewmen John H. 

Hall, Terry Donlon, Stephen G. Dennis, and Wilson Wong. Project 

chief engineer Karl Houghton said test could have continued beyond scheduled 90 days. (AP, NYT, 9/12/70, 8; Langley Researcher, 9/18/70, 1) 0 President Nixon announced program to deal with air piracy by placing armed Government personnel on U.S. commercial airliners, extending use of electronic surveillance equipment to all gateway airports in U.S. and in other countries where possible, developing new security measures for detecting weapons and explosive devices, studyicg antihijacking techniques of foreign airlines, and supporting multilateral convention to extradite or unish hijackers (to be confor prompt return of hijacked aircraft, passengers, and crew. President called for suspension of airline services to countries refusing to 

extradite or punish international hijackers. (PD, 9/14/71, 1193-4) * Twenty-five USAF Phantom jet fighters and four additional transport planes [see Sept. 91 arrived at Incirlik, Turkey. White House Press 

Secretary Ronald L. Ziegler said aircraft were “routine precaution” in connection with multiple hijacking by PFLP. (FonF, 9/10-16/70, 

655) 

Number of unidentified space objects had reentered atmosphere and 

landed in U.S., U.S. Ambassador to U.N. Charles W. Yo$ said-in 

letter to U.N. Secretar General U Thant. Three objects-including one 90.7 kg (200 $s) in weight, 76 cm (30 in) long, 25 cm (10 

in) wide, and 13 cm (5 in) thick-had been recovered and reports of 

other si htings were bein investigated. It had not yet been estabnt of Dr. James W. Mar, professor of aeroat MIT, as USAF Chief Scientist, effective 

succeed John J. Welch, Jr., who would reeration” in message to Condegree arise from the failure 

sidered at International Conference o P ICAO) and Tokyo convention 

lished w a ether fragments fi ad caused any damage. (AP, NYT, 9/12/ 

297 
September 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

to anticipate the consequences of our past successes. It is the fundamental thrust of technological change to change society as well. . . . The task of government in the future will be to anticipate change; to 

prevent it where clearly nothing is to be gained; to prepare for it 

when on balance the effects are to be desired; and above all to build 

into the technology an increasing degree of understanding of its 

impact on human society. With this in mind, the National Commission on Productivity [appointed by Nixon Jul 101 will be evaluating the impact of technology and other factors re Y ated to achieving higher levels of roductivity vital to the healthy growth of our economy.” (PD, 9h4/70,1172-90) 

President Nixon submitted nominations to Senate: Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman, as U.S. Representative to 14th Session of 

General Conference of International Atomic Energy Agency; Dwight J. Porter as Deputy U.S. Representative to IAEA; and Dr. T. 

Keith Glennan, first NASA Administrator, as alternate representa- tive. President announced appointment of George M. Wolfe as an 

alternate U.S. representative on ICAO Council and accepted resigna- tion of J.D. Braman as Assistant Secretary of Transportation for 

Environment and Urban Systems, effective Oct. 1 (PD, 9/14/70, 

1196, 1197) 0 Management of U.S. and Soviet space programs were compared in 

Science by Dr. Foy D. Kohler, former U.S. Ambassador to 

U.S.S.R., and Dr. Dodd L. Harvey, both of Univ. of Miami: Programs had been roughly equal in complexity and in input of resources. “If, as has been asserted, the U.S. moon undertaking represented a task equal in technological complexity to the total of all 

the great tasks performed by man from the building of the pyramids 

through explosion of the atom bomb, hardly less can be said of Soviet space enterprise.” Soviet investment in space program had been 

comparable to that of US., “if not substantially greater.” Both 

programs had depended for success on effective organization and 

use of existing organizations and expertise and both had required 

extensive organizational and administrative innovations and new 

management techniques.In both programs most of basic scientific 

knowledge and technology already existed. Organization and management had been complicated by necessity of serving both military 

and nonmilitary objectives and by pressures of diverging national 

interests. Both programs represented “organizational triumphs of a 

high order.” Aspect of US. moon landing now generally forgotten 

was “that a number of knowledgeable people were convinced it 

could not be done.” 

Programs differed in that “to the Soviet regime. . .the name of the 

game in space has been ‘the system,’ not scientific and technological excellence as such.” In U.S., National Aeronautics and Space Act 

“reflected the operation of the representative process at what could 

be called its best.” Its provisions “subjected space activities to continuing congressional control in accord with long-established proc- esses.” U.S. space effort represented “new sort of partnership between government, industry, and universities. . . a partnership 

that has benefited and strengthened each of the participants without impinging on their interests and integrity.” 

298 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 September I1 

Soviet space effort had had less impact on national economy than had U.S. effort. Soviet sources had revealed continuing shortcomings in computer technology and hardware upon which space program was dependent. Soviet scientists and technologists not directly 

engaged in space program did not receive direct knowledge of space program’s technical discoveries and innovations and were denied 

use of research tools and techniques employed. “The Soviets themselves are evidencing increasing agitation over their inability to 

match the United States in transferring ‘great prestige’ and ‘great 

accomplishments’ in science and technology to meet the general needs of society.” Authoritative statement indicated U.S.S.R. intended to triple space expenditures in next few years, while in U.S. 

“prevailing national mood seems to be moving strongly against investments for the future in favor of maximum utilization of resources for the immediate betterment of conditions of life.” 

This raised question, “Has the whole operation represented but 

another highly successful one-shot exercise in crisis management, 

or has it represented incorporation into American society of a new 

way to organize, systematically and purposefully, the development and use of scientific and technological resources to the furtherance 

of national goals?” (Science, 9/11/70, 1049-56) 

September 12-24: U.S.S.R. launched Luna XVIunmanned lunar probe from Baykonur at 6:26 pm local time (9:26 am EDT). Tass said purpose of mission was to explore moon and near-moon space and re- ported all systems were functioning normally. 

On Sept. 17 LunaXVZentered near-circular lunar orbit with 110.1- 

km (68.4-1119 altitude. Tass said ground controllers put spacecraft 

into elliptical orbit with 104.6-km (65-mi) apolune and 14.5-km (9- 

mi) perilune. Rocket firing thrust spacecraft toward moon and braking rockets were fired 295 m (968 ft) from lunar surface. Main braking rockets were shut down 19.8 m (65 ft) above surface and Luna 

XVI softlanded on moon’s Sea of Fertility at 10:18 am Baykonur 

time (1:18 am EDT ) Sept. 20. Scientists at Bochum Observatory in 

West Germany monitored spacecraft’s signals and reported TV pictures transmitted during and after landing were of excellent quality. After collecting lunar samples and performing other undisclosed 

experiments, Luna XVIlifted off from moon. It had spent 26 hrs 25 

min on lunar surface. Tass announced that spacecraft’s mission 

was the “solution of a radically new task-automatic unmanned delivery of lunar ground to earth.’’ Samples, Tass said, were obtained 

with earth-operated electric drill that penetrated to 350 mm (13.7 in) 

and were placed in container by a “manipulator” and hermetically 

sealed in. Spacecraft’s landing stage was used as launch pad for liftoff from moon on command from earth. After liftoff spacecraft entered “ballistic trajectory of flight to the earth close to the predeter- mined one.” 

Luna XVI entered earth atmosphere at 1O:OO am Baykonur time 

(1:OO am EDT) Sept. 24 and parachuted onto steppes of Kazakhstan 

26 min later, after 11-day 16-hr mission. Capsule containing lunar 

samples was recovered by helicopter for delivery to Soviet Academy of Sciences. 

Luna XVI was first unmanned spacecraft to land on moon and 

return to earth with lunar samples. In last mission in series Luna XV 

299 
September 12-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

had landed on moon July 21, 1969, but had not returned to earth. 

(NYT, 9113-25/70; B Sun, 9/22/70, AI; SBD, 9/18/70, 78; 9/25/70, 

102) 

September 12: Arab PFLP commandos blew up TWA Boeing 707 and 

Swissair DC-8 hijacked to desert airport in Jordan Sept. 6 and 

BOAC VC-10 aircraft hijacked to same airport Sept. 9. Majority of 

more than 300 passengers and crewmen was permitted to leave Jordan soon after destruction of aircraft but at least 54 were kept as 

hostages to demands for release of imprisoned commandos. (FonF, 

0 Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, discussed further opportunities for U.S.-U.S.S.R. cooperation in space with Soviet academician Dr. M. D. Millionshchikov during luncheon given by Dr. 

Edward E. David, Jr., nominee for posts of OST Director and Science Adviser to President Nixon, at Cosmos Club in Washington, 

D.C. (NASAO~~ of Admin; Paine speech text, 9/14/70) 0 Two USAF F-ll1E tactical jet fighters completed nonstop transatlantic 

flight from Langley AFB, Va., to join NATO aircraft team at RAF 

base at Upper Heyford, England. Aircraft were part of conversion 

program during which 20th Tactical Fighter Wing would be 

equipped with 72 new F-1 11E aircraft. (DOD Release 738-70) 0 Despite “seeming disenchantment among the young with the so-called 

‘military-industrial complex,’ ” DOD was attracting younger and 

better qualified civilian scientists and engineers than ever before, 

New York Times said. Federal surveys had indicated “competence 

of new technical talent is steadily improving.” Among reasons cited 

were reduction in demand by private industry because of economic 

slowdown, recent pay raises for Federal technical personnel, Feder- ally supported programs that allowed graduate study by DOD civilian scientists and engineers, faster promotions for younger men, 

and intellectual attraction of working for Government. (Lyons, NYT, 9/13/70,74) 0 Washington Post editorial on President’s Sept. 11 statement on air piracy: “It is articularly important that Mr. Nixon recognizes the 

scandals of international diplomacy is that the proposed treaty to 

require all countries either to extradite or punish hijackers did not 

go into effect long ago. It would be unwise, however, to await ratification of this treaty by all the countries concerned: airline security is too important to wait on national politics. What is required is suspension of airline services to countries that cannot or will not crack 

down on hijackers. Mr. Nixon calls upon the international community to take ‘joint action’ to this end. This. . .does not go far enough. 

The United States should unilaterally suspend air services to offending countries. By its example and influence, it should constrain 

other governments to follow suit.” ( WPost, 9/12/70, A18) 

September 13: Concorde 002, British prototype of Anglo-French supersonic transport, piloted by BAC chief test pilot Brian Trubshaw, 

made unscheduled landing at Heathrow Airport in London during flight from Bristol, England, to demonstrate aircraft over Farnborough Air Dis lay grounds. Bad weather on return sector of flight 

pearance at major international airport. (AP, B Sun, 9/14/70, A2) 

9/ 10-16/70,653-4) 

cardinal nee bl to deprive hijackers of a safe haven. One of the 

forced aircra P t to make low approach with high power in first ap300 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 14 

September 14: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine addressed Economic Club of Detroit in last public appearance as NASA Administrator. He summarized NASA projections of potential space advances to year 2000- 

advances U.S., U.S.S.R., Western Europe, and Japan, alone or in 

concert, would have industrial and economic resources to realize. 

For both America and other countries, response to challenge 

would “determine their futures.” 

New space transportation system-with reusable space shuttle to 

make return trips to orbit with passengers and cargo, permanent 

orbitin8 space station, and automated and manned space tugs for 

emplacing and recovering satellites and for transportation between 

orbits-was “bridge to our future in space.” Space shuttle would be 

“NASA’s major single effort during the next ten years.” 

New approach to large payloads based on shuttle booster stage 

would off set termination of Saturn V after completion of Apollo lunar landings by 1972. Skylab program scheduled to start during 

1973 would provide basis for final design of space station. Integrated lunar exploration in early 1980s could use station in lunar orbit as 

platform for descent to any portion of moon’s surface for up to 14 

days. Broad, vigorous, unmanned program to explore planets in 

1970s would be start of orderly program to visit every planet in solar system, blazing trail for manned trips to Mars and Venus before 

end of century. “The space in orbit two hundred miles [320 km] above the earth 

can be thought of as a vast new continent, equal in area to the surface of the entire globe.’’ Discovered only a dozen years ago, new 

continent would “become increasingly important as the leading 

world source of global information and communication services and 

then, inevitably, as a new home of men from earth.” Beyond solar 

system, automated and manned astronomical probes would “extend 

our understanding of the universe through more intensive investiga- tions in optical and radio astronomy and space physics.” Before 

century’s end, man might find answers to “the overwhelming ques- tions of man’s origin, his destiny, and of his uniqueness as the bearer of intelligence in the universe.” Man “may indeed be uniquebut the odds against it approach a thousand billion billion to 

one. . . . Every experiment so far has been negative, but the search 

will continue. . . We do not know what may exist, but we are upon 

the verge of knowing.” 

Of Apollo program Dr. Paine said, “History may record that the 

substitution of major international technical competition, in place of 

war, was the great and unprecedented peacekeeping breakthrough of our era.” Benefit on international social and technical change was 

“evident to all.” (Text) 

Three of nine USAF volunteers began test at MSC to determine man’s 

physiological tolerance to reentry loads expected on space shuttle missions. Subjects, whose reactions to shuttle reentry profile had 

been measured after 24 hrs rest Sept. 9-11 would rest in bed seven 

days before riding centrifuge in “eye balls down” reentry configurations at 2.5-g to 4.5-g levels for up to 6 min 10 secs to petermine what effect prolonged “eye balls down” reentry acceleration would 

have on space shuttle crew members and passengers after long peri- ods of weightlessness. Normal space shuttle reentry mode of MSC 

30 1 
September 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

straightwing shuttle produced downward through-the-head acceleration as opposed to “eye ballsin” acceleration through the chest. 

(MSC Release 70-94) 0 Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., was sworn in as di director and Science 

Adviser to President Nixon in Washington, D.C., ceremony. President Nixon said, “This nation needs to strengthen its support of 

basic,science so that the practical a plications which will benefit 

us all can be forthcoming.” (PD, 7/2110, 1213-4) 

President Nixon sent formal request to Congress for $28 million tO 

recruit and train 2500 security guards to ride commercial aircraft. 

Funds also would go to other measures for ensuring “aircraft security on United States flag carriers.” President said DOT was transmitting bid for required legislative authority. (AP, NYT, 9/15/70,28) 0 International tribune to prosecute aircraft hijackers was advocated by U.N. Secretary General U Thant in New York speech on eve of 

opening of 25th General Assembly: “The world has no other choice 

but to surrender some national sovereignty. Nations and people 

must have the courage to resort to adequate new methods of international law and order.” (Sherman, W Star, 9/15/70, Al) 0 House Committee on Science and Astronautics published For the 

Benefit of All Mankind: A Survey of the Practical Returns from Space Investment (H. Rpt. 91-1446): Space Research “already has 

produced an extremely broad range of concrete benefits, not only to 

the American citizenry but to the people of many nations. The flow 

of ‘hard benefits’ has grown from a trickle to a stream, and it is 

widening to a river, as expanding technology uncovers more and 

more ways of improving man’s mode of existence.” Report cited 

tangible benefits in business, medicine, transportation, construction, new fabrics, and new materials. Future benefits “of even 

greater impact” included use of satellites for more efficient management of earth’s natural resources, use of satellites in crime detection, and possible development of hospitals in space “which would 

offer gravity-free treatment to patients with heart ailments.” Illustrations, based on existing or impending technology, were the “extra dividends which are a fallout of ingenious application of space experience by business, industry, commerce, Government, the 

medical profession, and the academic community. Those dividends 

already paid, coupled with those in sight for the near-term future, 

affect practically every facet of human convenience and concern. 

They promise continuing and increasing return on the space investment for the benefit of mankind on earth today.” (Text) 0 House concurred in S.C.R. 49, providing for congressional recognition of Goddard Rocket and Space Museum. Action cleared measure for President’s approval. (CR, 9/14/70, H8620) 0 NASA issued policy announcement directing that “measurement values” used in NASA scientific and technical publications be expressed 

in International System of Units. (NASA Release 70-157) Lockheed Aircraft Gorp. had announced private financing plan that 

would provide immediate $30-million loan and $250 million in additional funds, Wall Street Journal reported. Additional financing was 

contingent on settlement of firm’s-contractual disputes with-DOD. 

(WSJ, 9/14/70,5) 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 15 

September 15: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine’s resignation as NASA Administrator became effective. He was honored at Bolling AFB reception and testimonial dinner given by Dr. George M. Low, who would be Acting Administrator until appointment of successor. 

Dr. Paine told guests he believed requirements of U.S. space program “are not understood at the highest level of our official life” 

and said he was confident NASA budget would be a proved despite 

President’s Aug. 11 veto of Independent 0 P ces and HUD 

appropriations bill. U.S., he said, “must be the first nation to put in 

the first skylab and space stations. We must look to the post-dogsled era of lunar exploration and develop a more permanent type of 

lunar exploration.” Dr. Paine warned that NASA must “face the reality that m the 70s the Soviet Union will attempt to overtake us. . , . We will be tested against a strong and vigorous Soviet program.’’ U.S. had “held out the olive branch. . .but if the cold war is extended into space, then NASA will be ready to meet any threat that may 

develop in space.” According to Washington Evening Star, it was 

first time Dr. Paine had publicly cited threat of Soviet military supremacy in space. Later, in interview following dinner, Dr. Paine 

said he meant NASA’s charge was to keep U.S. in forefront of space 

technology and to be ready to hand that technology to DOD if required. He believed defense against ICBM might yet be space- based. If so, NASA should be in technologically superior position because of space station, shuttle, and other concepts. (W Star, 91161 

70, B8, C7) e In profile of Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., new OST Director and Science 

Adviser to President, New York Times said Dr. David’s goal was 

“to combine science and technology with the human factor in society.” Associate had said Dr. David was skeptical of value of 

manned space program and felt s ace program should be pushed in 

“very studied fashion.” (NYT, 9{5/70,26) * Boeing Co. would begin flight testing of Boeing 747B-upgraded version of 747-on Oct. 1, AP reported. Aircraft, already rolled out, 

had more powerful engines and enlarged center-wing tank. Changes 

had been made to improve strength of wing, fuselage, and landing gear. Alterations had increased aircraft’s weight from 322 000 kg to 

351 500 kg (from 710 000 Ibs to 775 000 lbs) and range from 9000 km 

to 10 600 km (from 6000 mi to 6600 mi). New version would cost $1 

million more than standard 747, which cost $23 million. (NYT, 9/15/ 

70,39) 

MSC announced selection of Singer-General Precision, Inc.,. Link Div. 

to receive $4-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract to design, develop, install, and support Skylab simulator for astronaut and ground 

crew training at MSC. (MsC Release 70-101) 0 Rep. Robert N. Giaimo (D-Conn.) introduced for himself and cosponsors bill to authorize NSF to conduct research and educational programs to prepare U.S. for conversion from defense to civilian, socially oriented, R&D activities. NASA, DOD, and AEC were cited as 

agencies that should participate. (CR, 9/15/70, H8735) 0 Sen. J. W. Fulbright (D-Ark.) on Senate floor summarized views of 17 

economists polled earlier in year by members of his staff in cooperation with conservationist Sierra Club on subject of SST. There was 

303 
September 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

“near-unanimous belief that proceeding with the SST would be unwise and is not justified on economic grounds.” (CR, 9/15/70, 

0 New York Times editorial on air piracy: “Is it conceivable that the 

aerial hijackings by the Palestinian terrorists could have one enduring positive result? Could they provoke or inspire the 126 member 

governments of the United Nations to concur on a modest advance 

of the rule of law in international affairs to deal effectively with this 

crime?” Secretary General U Thant had warned that U.N. had per- haps only another decade in which to become effective or perish. 

U.N. pioneer Lester Pearson had predicted it would not survive 50 

yrs unless it could strengthen machinery to maintain peace and security. “An effective move to restore peace and tranquility to international air travel could be a modest first response to those warnings -if member governments, including the United States, are ready.” (NYT, 9/15/70,44) 0 George A. Derbyshire, Executive Secretary of NAS-NRC Space Science Board, died in Bethesda, Md., at age 52. He had been responsi- ble for more than 20 scientific reports on lunar programs, space 

goals, and physics goals, and had directed scientific conferences on 

space program and planetary exploration. ( WPost, 9/18/70, C10) 

September 16: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXII from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 817-km (507.7-mi) apogee, 269-km (167.2-mi) perigee, 

95.4-min period, and 70.9” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/70; SBD, 

91 17/70,77) 

Summary of confidential DOT report on SST to President’s Council on 

Environmental Quality was released to press by “qualified sources.” Report recommended that SST development proceed 

pending study of possible minor harmful effects on environment. 

More research was needed on temperature increases that would be 

caused by water vapor and exhaust from SST; airport noise from SST 

would be higher than desired; and occupants of SST would receive 

radiation doses higher than occupants of subsonic jets flying at lower altitudes. However, SST’s steep angle of climb should make overall community noise no higher than noise from existing jets. Exposure of SST passengers and crews to high-altitude radiation would be 

lessened by SST’S greater speed, which would shorten transit time. 

SST might increase uv radiation reaching earth’s surface and decrease ozone in upper atmosphere, but these effects were “insignifi- cant” and within present-day variations. Possible effect on temperature from increased water vapor should be of no practical significance in temperate and tropical zones, but could be of significance 

in some isolated polar areas. (Thelen, W Post, 9/17/70, A3) 0 President Nixon in Alfred M. Landon Lecture on Public Issues at 

Kansas State Univ. noted: “When Palestinian guerrillas hijacked 

four airliners in flight, they brought to 250 the number of aircraft 

seized since the skyjacking era began in 1961. And as they held their 

hundreds of passengers hostage under threat of murder, they sent 

shock waves of alarm around the world to the spreading disease of 

violence and terror and its use as a political tactic.” (PD, 9/21/70, 

* Jordanian King Hussein announced formation of military cabinet to 

meet mounting civil strife. Government of Premier Abdel Moneim 

S15397-405) 

1227-33) 

304 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 16 

al-Rdai had ’been dismissed in midst of unrest over Arab commandos’ hijackin and destruction of four Western airliners and their 

23/70, &91 

* USAF launched Minuteman’III missile from Cape Kennedy to Atlantic 

target 8047 km (5000 mi) away. (UPI, NYT, 9/18/70,2) 0 LeRc was honored with IR-100 award in Chicago for “development of 

one of the 100 most significant technical products of the year.” Sponsored by Industrial Research Inc. of Beverly Shores, Ind., 

award cited LeRC development of electron-bombardment ion thruster. Award was fourth won by Lex since it entered IR-100 competi- tion in 1966. (Lex Release 70-47) 

NAA President Frederick B. Lee announced selection of’C. R. Smith, 

former Secretary of Commerce and President of American Airlines, 

to receive Wright Brothers Memorial Tro hy. Smith would be 

honored at annual memorial dinner Dec. 17 P or outstanding contributions to aviation over four decades. (W Star, 9/16/70, A2) 

NASA announced publication of Apollo 12: Preliminary Science Report 

(NASA SP-235), 227-page book containing extensive black-and-white 

photos, charts, and initial scientific findings of Apollo 12 mission. 

(NASA Special Release) September 16-1 7: European and U.S. representatives met on 

cooperation in post-Apollo space program, at Dept. of State in 

Washington, D.C. Participating were The0 Lefevre, President of 

European Space Conference; Lord Bessborough, U.K. Minister of 

State; J. F. Denisse, representing French Minister for Scientific 

Research; U. Alexis Johnson, Under Secretary of State for Political 

Affairs; Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., Presidential Science Adviser; Dr. 

George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator; and William A. Anders, NASC Executive Secretary. Meetings explored development 

and use of advanced space transportation system and space station and continued use by European Space Conference members of existing U.S. launch vehicles for their own space programs. (State 

Dept. Release 272) 

September 17: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXIIIfrom Baykonur 

into orbit with 288-km (179.0-mi) apogee, 201-km (124.9-mi) perigee, 89.3-min eriod, and 65.0” inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 29. 

(GSFC SS8,9/30/70; SBD, 9/21/70,88) 0 NASA launched series of six sounding rockets from Wallops Stationtwo Arcas, Nike-Cajun, Nike-Apache, Viper Dart, and Loki Dartto obtain data on atmosphere. Data would be compared with that 

from orbiting Nimbus IIIand IVsatellites to improve understanding of relations between various data. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

Univ. of California physicist and lunar expert Dr. Harold C. Urey 

pleaded for reinstatement of Apollo missions canceled by NASA 

because of lack of funds in letter to Washington Post: “We scientific people in great numbers are working on many aspects of this problem. We wish that we could talk more about our conclusions. A bag of rocks requires much. study and much other evidence must be 

carefully considered. The remaining Apoilo missions are needed to 

secure an understanding of the moon which may be the only planetary object with the very ancient history recorded in its surface 

rocks.” (W Post, 9/17/70, A23) 

challen e to B usseids authority. Civil War followed. (FonF, 9117- . 

305 
September 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

0 Christian Science Monitor editorial: “Mankind must add one more 

category to its pollution roster: outer space pollution. Which means 

all those left-over, burned-out, still-extant bits and pieces and whole 

units of spacecraft now circling the earth. There’s more of this 

space junk than we might imagine. Something should be done about 

it, preferrably by a treaty at the United Nations.” (CSM, 9/17/70) 0 Preliminary results of uncompleted proof-test program had shown “F11 1 fleet will be structurally sound, and that it will indeed perform its intended mission,” Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the 

Air Force, said in letter to Sen. John C. Stennis (D-Miss.), Chairman 

of Senate Armed Services Committee. (Text) September 18: Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., and Edgar D. Mitchell 

completed testing of Apollo 14 LM in vacuum chamber at KSC, in 

preparation for launch to moon Jan. 31, 1971. (W Post, 9/19/70, A7; 

SBD, 9/2 1 /70,85) 0 NASA announced formation of steering group, headed by NASA 

Associate Administrator for Organization and Management Richard 

C. McCurdy, for comprehensive study of “the complete NASA acquisition process.” Study would include the “definition of requirements; the review and approval process; the source evaluation and 

selection process; contracting methods and governing policies; and 

management of the acquisition process by project, program, and 

functional organizations.” (NASA Release 70-152) 0 Science editorial by Dr. Preston E. Cloud, Jr., geologist of Univ. of 

California at Santa Barbara, scored cancellation of Apollo 15 and 

19: “The moon is the only other planet we can hope to study in sufficient detail for close comparison with our own. We have just begun that study. It is as if we were trying to understand North America by examining Plymouth Rock.” Billions had been spent to get within reach of primary scientific goals on moon. “Only a small 

fraction of the investment already made would see the job to a fruitful conclusion. To stop short for reasons within our control would, 

in retrospect, be seen as one of history’s most irresponsible follies. Nothing less than the early institution of a comprehensive automated program to get similar information and sample return could begin 

to ameliorate such a failure.” (Science, 9/18/70, 1159) 0 After Sept. 17 and 18 press reports of hints from President Nixon that 

U.S. would be prepared to intervene in Jordan if Syria and Iraq en- tered civil war, Washington Post reported from Beirut warning by 

PFLP that U.S. hijack hostages could be killed if U.S. entered conflict. (FonF, 9/17-23/70,670) 0 Introduction to the Solar Wind by John C. Brandt was reviewed in 

Science by Roger A. Kopp of National Center for Atmospheric Research. In 1958 it had been argued that sun’s 995800 K 

(1 000 OOO°F) corona must expand continuously into space with supersonic velocities near earth’s orbit. Subject had remained in controversy until 1962 observations from Mariner II indicated plasma 

outflow from sun with 400-km-per-sec (249-mps) velocities and 

mean particle density of about 10 per cc (0.06 cu in) at orbit of earth. 

“The obvious place to begin a discussion of the solar .w,ind is at the 

sun, and the author sets the stage by summarizing current 

knowledge of classical solar physics.” (Science, 9/18/70, 1195-6) 

306 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 18 

e Twenty-third anniversary. of USAF. Official anniversary was established Sept. 18, 1947, with swearing-in of first secretary of the Air 

Force W. Stuart Symington. Gen. Carl Spaatz was sworn in as first 

USAF Chief of Staff on Sept. 26, 1947). (Airman, 9/70, 15) 

Communist China was producing medium-range, twin-engine jet bomber that could carry nuclear weapons to targets 2400 km (1500 

mi) beyond its borders, Washington Post reported U.S. sources had 

said. Aircraft was copy of Soviet Tu-16 Badger in service with Soviet air force since 1955. Production versions of first jet bomber manufactured inside mainland China had been spotted by high-flying U.S. reconnaissance craft, “either satellites or U2s.” (Getler, W 

Post, 9/18/70, Al) 

September 19: Instrument package from MSC’s cosmic ray emulsion 

plastic experiment, launched Sept. 4, crashlanded in flax field 32 km 

(20 mi) west of Regina, Saskatchewan, after its 183-m (600-ft-long) 

balloon crashed into power lines. Balloon, still containing portion of 

588990 cu m (20.8 million cu ft) of helium, drifted eastward and 

descended near Fork River, Ontario. Payload was recovered “miraculously. . .in excellent condition” by NASA, Nationa! Center for 

Atmospheric Research, and Winzen Research Corp, scientists and 

taken to Univ. of California at Berkeley for examination and prelim- inary analysis. 

Balloon and payload had drifted west for several days after launch from Minneapolis, crossed over coastline, drifted westward 

1207 km (750 mi), returned over U.S., and then drifted over Canada. 

(NASA Release 70-154) 

Complex space tug NASA was planning as part of integrated space transportation system was described in Washington Evening Star by 

John Lannan. Tug would be assembled like “astronaut’s erector 

set.” It would consist of propulsion, living, cargo, and electronic 

control modules and could be “put together or broken down to meet 

any immediate need.” Tug would be used to land men on moon for 

long-term stays, to push and pull large pieces of space hardware to 

assemble them into space stations or interplanetary vehicles, and 

for astronaut rescue. Tug, launched into orbit aboard shuttle, would 

never return to earth. It was designed for 3-yr, 10-mission lifetime and would be chemically re-refueled with oxygen and hydrogen replenished by tanker shuttle. NASA expected tug to deliver 27 200- 

31 750 kg (60 000-70 000 Ibs) of gear to lunar surface during 28-day lunar surface mission. NASA wanted vehicle to be capable of 90” orbit change and of servicing geosynchronous satellites at 35 900-km 

(22 300-mi) altitude. (W Star, 9/19/870, Al) 0 Dr. W. Ross Adey, head of UCLA Brain Research Laboratory and 

principal investigator for NASA Biosatellite Ifl primate experiment 

launched June 28, 1969, had filed $2-million defamation of character 

suit against United Action for Animals, Inc. (antivivisectionist 

group), Washington Post reported. Group had accused Dr. Adey of 

“savagery” in death of Bonny, pigtailed monkey used in experiment. Suit had been prompted by feeling among researchers that attacks on scientists by antivivisection movement should be discouraged. (Auerbach, W Post, 9\39/70) 0 Five U.S. nuclear scientists were enroute to Moscow for six months 

research in peaceful uses of atomic energy, AEC announced. Sixth 

307 
September 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

scientist would begin assignment in October. Reciprocal opportunities would be provided for Soviet scientists in U.S. laboratories at 

later date in exchange program between AEC and U.S.S.R. State 

Committee on Atomic Energy. (AEC Release N-169) 0 Dr. James G. Allen, professor of history at Univ. of Colorado, authority on history of space, and NASA consultant, died of heart ailment at 

age 69. He had authored several books and articles on space history 

and had received special citation from American Astronautical Society for work on historical and philosophical background of space 

age. (Boulder Daily Camera, 9/19/70) 

September 20: Apollo 14 lunar landing crew would conduct active 

seismic experiment during first EVA period, NASA announced. Crew 

would set off 21 small explosions while on lunar surface and would 

arm mortar to rocket-launch 4 grenades by ground command after 

crew left moon. Explosions would create seismic waves for detection by geophones ernplanted in surface to provide data on structure 

of moon. (NASA Release 70-150) 0 Attempt at first free balloon crossing of Atlantic Ocean was initiated 

by New York broker Rodney Anderson, his wife Pamela Brown, 

and British aeronautical engineer Malcolm Brighton with takeoff 

from East Hampton, N.Y., in balloon Free Life, 24 m (80 ft) high, 15 m (50 ft) wide. If planned 4800-km (3000-mi) journey was successful, it would break existing balloon distance record of 3050.8 km 

(1896 mi) set by eight-man German team in 1914. (Horseley, NYT, 

9/21/70,39; AP, B Sun, 9/21/70, A3) 

Visit to Project Tektite I1 undersea habitat was described in Washington Sunday Star magazine Sunday. NASA had found “perfect 

place to see if man can put up with his fellow men on the long trip to 

Mars-at the bottom of the Caribbean.’’ Aquanauts’ home, built by General Electric Co., consisted of two steel cylinders, each 5.5 m 

(18 ft) high and 3.8 m (12% ft) wide, connected by tunnel of 1.4 m 

(4% ft) dia. Cables and tubes provided communications with surface, electricit , and nitrogen-oxygen breathing gases. (Berry, Sunday, W Star, 9h0/70,11-6) 

At time when nation’s big cities were often choked by too much air 

traffic, scores of small U.S. towns had lost their only airline service, New York Times reported. Over past five years, airlines had 

stopped serving 66 communities. In last year, 22 small towns had 

lost air service. CAB was considering airline applications to suspend 

flights at 8 more towns and industry experts estimated that the nine 

subsidized regional airlines would drop 100 additional communities 

if CAB would allow them to. Airlines contended $36-million subsidy 

in 1969 was insufficient to off set rising operational costs and passenger demand was too weak in many areas. (Lindsey, NYT, 9/20/70, 

1) 0 The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh were reviewed by Eric 

F. Goldman in New York Times Book Review: Journals covered 

1937-1945, “when the celebrated flyer was in Europe surveying military aviation; the battle between President Franklin Roosevelt and 

the isolationists, during which Lindbergh stumped the United States 

as the star speaker of the anti-interventionists. . .;.wa.r years when, denied an Air Corps commission, he served as a civilian aeronautical expert in private industry and in the Pacific, also managing to 

308 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 20 

work in 50 combat missions; and the weeks just after the Nazi surrender, which found him again in Europe, attached to a Naval Mission stud in wartime-develo ments in plane des-ign and missiles.” 

informed yet retained certain key areas of naivete, an instinctive 

tinkerer with a passion for science as an idea and a gifted scientist 

who worried over the ‘narrow-mindedness’ of the pursuit, a man 

who read Plato the night before inspecting aviation factories and 

Dostoevsky in between speeches before roaring crowds, a hard-hitting bombadier screeching down over Japanese installations while 

he contem lated the beauty of God’s nature and the dignity of 

man.” (NhBook Review, 9/20/70, 1,42) Septem ber 20-25: Fifth Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference was held in Las Vegas, Nev, JPL engineers Dr. David G. 

Elliott and Jack F. Mondt reported that spacecraft of 1980s and 

1990s could employ multikilowatt power plants linking wastebasketsized nuclear reactor and cluster of ion-thruster engines to reach 

beyond solar system. Nuclear electric rocket represented “most advanced form of space propulsion likely to be available in this century,” Dr. Elliott said. Two systems under development and study 

at JPL were liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) system for 

nuclear power conversion and thermionic reactors system. Owen S. Merrill of JPL Nuclear Power Sources Group outlined 

progress of radioisotopic thermoelectric generator (RTG) being developed by AEC for NASA and JPL, RTG was only known source considered capable of producing 500 w of power over 9- to 12-yr period 

required for NASA Grand Tour missions to outer planets. Melvin Swerdling, JPL spacecraft power systems specialist, de- scribed improved nickel-cadmium batteries with increased discharge-charge cycle capability, designed by JPL for NASA Mariner 

Mars 1971 spacecraft. (JPL Release 563) September 21: NASA launched series of four sounding rockets from 

Wallops Station-one Loki Dart, one Nike-Cajun, one Viper Dart, 

and one Arcas-to obtain atmospheric data for comparison with data 

from orbiting Nimbus III and IV satellites. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

0 Achievements of U.S.S.R. Luna XVI mission were praised in Washington, D.C., by Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administiator: 

“The Soviet Union’s reported success in obtainin lunar material, 

depositing it in a sealed container and launching it ! rom the moon’s 

surface on a return trip to earth with fhe Luna 16 unmanned spacecraft is a major engineering and scientific achievement. We wish the 

Soviet Union and its scientists success in completing this exciting 

mission.” NASA would “look forward to sharing in the information 

which will be developed by an analysis of the samples.” (Schmeck, 

NYT, 9/22/70, 11) 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Chairman of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics, replied to Sept. 10 letter by 39 lunar 

scientists protesting NASA’s cancellation of Apollo 15 and 19: 

“Forced into the development of an interim operating plan occasioned by the Presidential veto of the Independent Offices Appropri- ations Bill and reduced funding levels, the NASA management had to 

determine how best to carry out the Apollo and other ongoing proJourna rll s s owed Lindberg Yl as “a first-rate mind who was widely 

309 
September 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

grams to realize maximum benefits from them while preserving adequate resources for the future programs. Had your views on the 

Apollo program been as forcefully expressed to NASA and the Congress a year or more ago, this situation might have been prevented.” 

(Text) 

Balloon 24 m (80 ft) high, carrying crew attempting first transatlantic 

balloon crossing [see Sept. 201, fell into Atlantic 965 km (600 mi) 

southeast of Newfoundland in rain and rough weather after cold air 

had made helium in balloon contract. USCG instituted search. (NYT, 

9/22/70, 15) * Nine astronauts, headed by Richard H. Truly, began walk-through of 

Skylab Workshop tasks in week-long Saturn Workshop crew-station review at MSFC. (MSFC Release 70-189) 0 DOD announced approval of development of heavy-lift helicopter 

(HLH), first new U.S. military helicopter development approved in 

last five years. HLH would have 22680-kg (25-ton) maximum lift 

capacity-more than twice capacity of existing US. helicoptersand would be used by uSN and USA. (DOD Release 767-70) 0 Potential hazards from funnel-shaped winds spinning off wings of 

jumbo jet aircraft had been revealed by series of FAA flight tests, 

Washington Evening Star said. Tests had shown that swirling winds 

trailed behind huge aircraft for many miles and did not readily dissipate at high altitudes. Invisible turbulence could endanger passenger 

transports as well as small aircraft. Small aircraft which penetrated turbulence within 4.8 km (3 mi) of giant aircraft could be forced into 

sudden 75” roll. (Lang, W Star, 9/21/70, A9) 0 Presidential Management Improvement Award was presented to Van 

A. Wente of NASA Information Systems and Development Branch 

for conception, planning, design, and implementation of NASA RECON computer system for on-line retrieval of scientific, technical, 

and management information. Presentation was made at Presidential Awards Dinner in Washington, D.C. (NASA Org 8c Mgmt Off) 0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe testified on DOT action in 

President Nixon’s program against air piracy, before House Committee on Ways and Means. As first step, DOT had urged ICAO to establish basic principles for effective sanctions: State in which hijacked aircraft landed was obligated to permit passengers and crew 

to continue journey and to return aircraft and cargo to owners. State 

to which hijacker fled was obligated to extradite-or prosecute hijacker. Multilateral sanctions should be taken against states that 

failed to fulfill obligations. U.S. had urged ICAO to draft international convention providing legal basis for effective sanctions. 

To finance program of placing armed Government employees on U.S. carriers and extension of surveillance equipment at airports, 

DOT had submitted $28-million FY 1971 budget amendment to Senate Appropriations Committee. Agency proposed costs of program be borne by 0.5% increase in 8% ticket tax on domestic airfares and 

increase of $2 in $3 head tax paid by passengers on international 

flights. (Text) * Appointment of L/G Benjamin 0. Davis, Jr. {USAF, Ret.), as Director 

of Civil Aviation Security for DOT was announced by Secretary of 

Transportation John A. Volpe. (DOT Release 20370) 

3 10 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 2 I 

* Since July 15, 106 patients had been airlifted by helicopter to civilian 

hospitals in 68 missions flown under DOD-DOT project MAST (military assistance for safety in traffic). Project in Texas, Colorado, Washington, Idaho, and Arizona was testing use of helicopters to aid accident victims. (DOD Release 776-70) 0 Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service released The 

SST: The Issues of Environmentd Compatibility. Report, pre- pared at request of Sen. Mike Gravel (D-Alaska), said SST, with 

acoustical correction equipment system, “will emit about one half 

the noise of the subsonic Boeing 707.” Without acoustical correction aircraft would produce “excessive noise during the run-up and 

take-off phase.” SST afterburners would require further work to 

diminish noise. Weather would not be significantly affected by SST 

(Text) * Discovery of 2500-yr-old solar observatory at ancient ceremonial center of Monte Alto near Escuintla, Guatemala, was reported in London Times dispatch printed in New York Times. Harvard Univ. 

anthropologist Edward M . Shook had dated observatory provision- ally to 500 B.C. (NYT, 9/21/70) 

September 21-23: Air Force Assn. held 1970 National Convention in 

Washington, D.C. 

During seminar on threat to U.S. security, Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., 

DOD Director of Defense Research and Engineering, said U.S.S.R. 

had “more than 300 large SS-9 ICBMS operational or under construction.” 

Dr. Robert C. Searnans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, said in 

speech that USAF must modernize its strategic offensive and defensive forces to remain creditable deterrent to aggression. He was 

concerned over increased numbers and total payload of Soviet 

ICBM$ and Soviet deployment of initial ABM systems and extensive 

ABM research. 

Apollo 11 Astronauts Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins 

received H. H. Arnold Trophy, Air Force Assn.’s highest award, on 

behalf of Apollo team “responsible for achieving man’s first landing 

on the moon-the flight crew, industry and government.” L/G Samuel C. Phillips, SAMSO Commander and former Apollo Program 

Director, accepted award on behalf of Federal Government and J. 

L. Atwood. former NR Dresident and chief executive officer. accepted on behalf of indusby. (SBD, 911 1/70, 52; W Star, 9/9/70; A2; 

Getler, W Post, 9/24/70’ A27; P Inq, 9/24/70,2) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXIV from Plesetsk 

into orbit with 294-km (182.7-mi) apogee, 201-km (124.9-mi) perigee, 89.4-min Deriod. and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 2. 

September 22: 

(GSFC SSR, 9/30/70; SSP, 9/28/70,118) 0 NASA launched two sounding rockets from WSMR. Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Colorado experiment to study airglow, but mission did 

not meet minimum scientific requirements. Aerobee 170 carried 

GSFC experiment to study x-ray spectra. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 Soviet press and radio underlined importance of Luna XVI mission. 

Tass carried interview with unidentified deputy chief designer of 

spacecraft, who demonstrated prototype of drill used to obtain lunar 

31 1 
September 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

samples and said similar device “will bring one day rock samples 

from Venus, Mars, and other planets of our solar system to eaith. 

Man will go to other planets sometime in the future, but before this 

is possible, these planets will have to be explored for a long time by 

automatic stations. At present, an apparatus of a radically new type has been designed in principle. In the long run it will be modified to 

suit specific tasks. . . .A flight to Mars will require somewhat different technical solutions than a flight to the moon. But the main complex elements of Luna 16-its ability to take off in the directon of a 

desired celestial body, make a soft-landing on the surface of the 

planet, operate on it and then start off in the direction of the earth or 

the planet from which it started-will remain unshakable.” 

In Izvestia Georgy I. Petrov, head of Soviet Institute for Space Research, said man would still play a role in lunar research, but only 

in limited way. He said short visits by man appeared useful but he 

proposed manned orbiting moon stations equipped with automatic 

spacecraft capable of descending to moon, moving over surface, 

conducting scientific research, and returning to orbiting station. 

(Gwertzman, NYT, 9/23/70, 11) 

Search by USCG aircraft and cutters of 12.5-million-hectare area 

(50000 sq mi) of Newfoundland failed to produce trace of missing balloon or crew attempting first transatlantic balloon crossing in 24- 

m (80-ft) balloon. (W Post, 9/25/70, AS) 

House Ways and Means Committee in Executive session agreed basically with revenue aspects of President Nixon’s antihijacking proposal and agreed to creation of special force of 2500 air marshals 

through June 30,1972. (CR, 9/22/70,01040) 

0 Washington Airways, Inc., had told CAB it was abandoning its application for helicopter route approval between downtown Washington, 

D.C., and Washington’s three major airports, Washington Post 

reported. District zoning commission had refused to act on request 

by consortium of nine airlines to amend zoning law to permit rooftop helipads. ( WPost, 9/22/70, Cl) 

Formation of Convair Aerospace Div. and Electro Dynamic Div. was 

announced by Roger Lewis, General Dynamics Corp. President. 

Both new divisions would report to Dr. George E. Mueller, former 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight who had 

joined General Dynamics as Senior Vice President in December 

1969. (General Dynamics Release 1537) 

* Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman, addressed Fourteenth General 

IAEA Conference in Vienna: “The industrial and technological advances being made in the world are creating increasing demands for 

electric power that is cheap, abundant, safe, reliable and clean. In 

my country, the estimated total electrical generating capacity for 

1970 is about 300 000 megawatts. I believe that a realistic estimate of 

the projected growth of our electrical generating capacity by the 

year 2000 is about 2 100000 megawatts, which will require adding 

the equivalent of a total of 1800 power plants of 1000 megawatts 

capacity each.” On global scale, “some 5000 new electric generat- ing plants of 1000 megawatts capacity each would be needed over 

the next 30 years.” (Text) 

312 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 22-23 

September 22-23: Meetings were held at MSFC to select requirements 

for main engine design of proposed space shuttle. Dr. Karl Reinhold 

of ELDO attended. (MSFC Release 70-193) 

September 22-25: Eurospace, organization of European industries 

concerned with space, sponsored conference on cooperation in 

space in Venice, Italy. The0 Lefevre, Belgian Minister for Scientific 

Policy and Planning and head of European Space Conference, reported on his Sept. 16-17 negotiations with U.S. Government. He 

confirmed that, in return for European commitment to participate in 

development of space shuttle and related hardware, U.S. would 

launch European spacecraft until shuttle was available. Charge for 

each launch would not exceed cost of rocket and its firing. Predominant theme of conference, was that reusable shuttles 

would substantially lessen cost of practical uses of space. There was 

little talk of manned space stations or exploration of other planets. Discussions centered on use of satellites for communications, air 

traffic control, and weather forecasting. European public had become “cool to manned space flight,” New York Times said. ESRO 

head, Dr. Herman Bondi, said at conference, “We have grown up with the impression that everything in space is devilishly expensive.” Belgian aerospace executive Maurice Desirant said European 

efforts at joint space programs had been handicapped by pressures 

to perform national feats. Now, however, European countries had 

become “more and more aware of the dangers.” They had seen 

money wasted on duplicated efforts which had achieved limited results. 

Lefevre said that, to be effective, European contribution to major 

space effort must be under leadership strong enough to override any 

differences arising from “divergent technical points of view, reasons of industrial competition, economic whims for national politics 

or finances.” 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale 

D. Myers outlined shuttle plans. Payload of 22 680 k (50 000 Ib) had 

been halved. (Sullivan, NYT, 9/23-24/70; NYT, 9/26f70, 11) 

September 23: Roy P. Jackson, Vice. President and Assistant General 

Manager of Northrop Corp. Aircraft Div., was named NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, effec- tive Nov. 2. 

Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, also announced 

appointment of Oran W. Nicks, who had been Acting Associate 

Administrator of OART, as Deputy Director of Langley Research 

Center, effective Nov. 2. 

Vincent L. Johnson was named Deputy Associate Administrator 

for Space Science and Applications, effective immediately. (NASA 

Release 70-155) * Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, accepted Franklin 

Institute’s William M. Vermiyle Medal on behalf of NASA at Philadelphia ceremony. Award cited NASA for “a decade of unprecedented managerial, scientific and technological achievement culminating in the incredible triumph of landing men on the Moon and returning 

them safely to earth.” NASA was first organization to receive medal; 

previous awards for outstanding contributions in industrial manage313 
September 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ment had been made only to individuals. (Franklin Institute Release) 

Convair engineers presented results of “Phase A” experiment module 

concepts study during meeting at MSFC of NASA representatives and 

Convair Aerospace Div. of General Dynamics Corp. Meeting was also attended by French representatives of ESRO. Module would be 

extension of space station that could be outfitted on ground and 

transported into space by shuttle vehicle. Program technical director Max E. Nein said module was attractive to European scientific 

commmunity because country desiring to participate could either 

build module complete with experiment package or build experi- ment package for integration into U.S. module. (MSFC Release 70- 

196) 0 President Nixon approved H.R. 16539, amending National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 to provide that Secretary of Transporta- tion shall be member of NASC. (PD, 9/28/70,1273) 0 White House announced that President Nixon had asked Apoh 13 

astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., John L. Swigert, Jr., and Fred W. 

Haise, Jr., to visit Iceland, Switzerland, Greece, Malta, and Ireland 

as his personal representatives. Mission would include visit to 21st 

International Astronautical Congress in Constance, Germany, where astronauts would address session in October. They would be 

accompanied on tour by Mrs. Lovell and Mrs. Haise; Swigert was 

bachelor. Group would depart Oct. 1 and return Oct. 15. (PD, 9/28/ 

70,1258) 

Agreement under which 50 astronauts and wives would :hare $100 000 

for each program in series of TV documentaries on U.S. space program had been announced by David L. Wolper, President of Wolper 

Productions Inc., and Louis Nizer, New York attorney for astronauts, AP reported. (W Post, 9/23/70, B4) * Baltimore Sun editorial on Luna XVI: “No machine yet within our 

conceiving, no matter how many tasks it can perform with high pre- cision, can replace direct human observation. Nor can it reproduce 

the actual human experience, in all its variety, of conditions on 

remote objects and the effects of those conditions on body and mind. It cannot equal man’s power to see for himself, let alone end 

the instinctive desire to do so. Luna 16, however, promises to pro- vide an immensely useful tool for the ever deeper study of the planetary system, and one which may ultimately reduce the great dangers of man’s own exploratory travels.” (B Sun, 9/23/70) 

September 23-25: “Fort Bliss O1dtimers”-group of rocket pioneers 

which included many of 118 former Germans who came to U.S. 

with Dr. Wernher von Braun after World War I1 to continue rocketry development-held reunion in Huntsville, Ala., and visited 

MSFC. (MSFC Release 70-191; MSFC PAO) 

Septern ber 24: NASA’s congratulations on Luna XVI achievement 

were telegraphed by Dr. George M. Low, Acting Administrator, to 

Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences: 

“This impressive technical achievement promises to add significantly to man’s knowledge of the Moon. Along with scientists 

throughout the world, we look forward to the first reports on analyses of these samples.” (NASA Release 70-156) 

3 14 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 September 24 

0 DOD and AEC conducted nonnuclear, high-altitude test with Thor 

booster at Johnston Island in Pacific. Test vehicle carried test simulator and stellar x-ray package to locate and identify stellar x-ray 

sources and transmit data to earth. Purpose of launch was to ensure 

that delivery system could transport test device for detonation at 

predetermined time and point in space. Test was part of DOD-AEC 

readiness tests conducted since limited test-ban treaty became 

effective in 1963. (AEC-DOD Release N-66; DASA Release) 

sc announced RCA had received $3-million, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract modification for final development and production of lunar 

communications relay units (LCRU), bringing total contract to $10 

million. LCRU would be carried on Apollo missions beginning with Apollo 15 to transmit astronaut voice, TV, and telemetry communi- cations directly from moon to earth. On earlier Apollo lunar landing missions astronauts communicated with earth via LM on moon. (MSC 

Release 70-106) 

John Leyton, President of Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization, said in Washington, D.C., that addition of SST to existing mix 

of aircraft would necessitate creation of entire new traffic control 

system in U.S. To enable SST to respond to traffic control instructions would require 320 km (200 mi) of maneuver space. (W Star, 

9/25/10, A4) September 25: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXV into orbit from 

Baykonur with 210-km (130.5-mi) apogee, 144-km (89.5-mi) perigee, and 49.5" inclination. Satellite reentered same day. (Spacewarn, 

10/20/70,2; GSFC SSR, 9/30/70; Spaceflight, 3/11,94) 

Black Brant IV sounding rocket was iaunched by Brazilian space team 

for NASA from Natal, Brazil, carrying MSC experiment to study ener- getic particles in South Atlantic Anomaly region. Rocket and instruments-including positive ion telescope, integral flux spectrometer, and two magnetometers-functioned satisfactorily. Launch was 

first of two in series; second would be launched Sept. 29. (SR list; 

MsC Release 70-105) 0 Cause of July 23 failure of ion engine on board orbiting Sert II had 

been identified and could be prevented in future, LeRc announced. 

Project Manager Raymond J. RuliS said beam from neutralizer had 

eroded and broken off small piece of metal from one of two grids at 

back of engine. Metal, attracted by forces of electric field between 

screen grid and accelerator grid, had been welded between grids by high voltages and had caused short circuit that shut down grid power 

lines. Although damaged thruster on Sert II could not be repaired, erosion problem could be prevented in future by relocating neutral- izer and redirecting its beam to eliminate localized wear on grid. 

Second ion engine on board Sert II was operating satisfactorily 

after more than 1300 hrs. Engine would be shut down in late November for three months while spacecraft was in earth's shadow 

and then restarted to complete six-month test. (LeRc Release 70-49) * Japan's attempt to launch second satellite, 61.8-kg (136.4-Ib) MS-F1 

solar monitor, failed when Mu 4S1 4th stage malfunctioned after 

launch from Uchinora Space Center. Instrument package went dead 

16 min 10 secs after launch. Mission had been postponed seven 

times since original Aug. 19 launch date because of inclement 

315 
September 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

weather and technical problems. First satellite, Ohsumi, had been 

launched Feb. 11. (SBD, 9/28/70, 119; AP, W Star, 9/25/70) * President Nixon announced reorganization of Council on Physical 

Fitness and appointment of members. Apollo 13 Astronaut James 

A. Lovell, Jr., President’s Consultant on Physical Fitness, would 

serve as Council Chairman. (PD, 9/28/70, 1264) 

Science editoria1,by Philip H. Abelson discussed U.S. energy Shortage: “The longer-term solutions to our energy problems involve becoming more prudent in the use of energy. The solutions also 

demand the skillful employment of coal and atomic energy. In prin- ciple, all our energy needs could be met for a long time with coal, 

This raw material could be processed to yield sulfur-free fuel, liquid 

hydrocarbons, and methane. In practice, however, the development 

of the use of coal is limping along and is underfinanced. A few 

hundred million dollars a year devoted to research, development, and demonstration plants could be the most valuable expenditure the government could make.” (Science, 9/25/70,1267) 

September 25-29: Remaining airline hijack hostages in Jordan [see 

Sept. 121 were freed by Arab PFLP terrorists as part of deal for release of Arab terrorists held in Europe. (FonF, 9124-30/70,691) 

September 26: First published eyewitness account of lunar samples brought from Sea of Fertility by Soviet Luna XVZ was given 

in lzvestia by B. Konovalov: Lunar dust turned greenish and sometimes reddish under direct light but in general looked like “dry mud.” Later New York Times said lzvestia correspondent KonovaIov had been permitted to observe lunar material at special Soviet 

Academy of Sciences laboratory in Moscow, where initial examination was taking place. Exact location of laboratory and names of top 

officals in Luna XVIprogram were being kept secret. 

Konovalov had reported container of samples had been placed in 

cylindrical stainless steel chamber with portholes. Pumps had 

sucked oxygen from chamber and sterilizing gas had been injected. Chamber had been filled with helium gas to prevent reaction with 

moon samples. Then container, which included moon rock and its 

electrical drill, had been opened for observation. Rock had been 

placed on steel trough containing scale divisions. Some material 

would be taken in special bags to other laboratories for examination. 

Konovalov’s reference to lunar “dust” had been first use of term by Soviet journalist, New York Times said. Previous references had 

been to “lunar surface,” “lunar ground,” or “lunar rock.” 

Soviet scientist Aleksey Turgarinov said on Moscow TV that lunar 

samples were blue and had been removed from hermetically sealed container in low vacuum and sterile conditions. Tass said rocks 

would be kept in quarantine and would be given to Soviet Academy 

of Sciences for special research program. Research results would 

be published. ( WPost, 9/26/70, A7; Gwertzman, NYT, 9/27/70, 12) 

September 27: U.S. space program problems were described in Washington Post by Thomas O’Toole: U.S. needed to begin development 

of space shuttle “now, which in a way is the worst possible time for 

it.” Country was “weary of big new space projects, particularly 

while the spectacular A~oIIo project is .stlll unfolding. . . . Also, 

the space agency is without an .appointed administrator, which 

means that NASA cannot exercise its full role with Congress or the 

316 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 September 27 

White House.” NASA managers “go on sailing a skipperless ship. 

But what they find more disturbing is the feeling that nobody at 

headquarters cares whether the ship gets a captain or not.” It was 

no secret that “men who run the space program are deeply disap- pointed in the Nixon Administration.” They felt “that the White 

House neither understands nor cares to understand what the space 

program means or what it can do for the country.” There was feeling Congress had ceased to care, too. House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on NASA Oversight had canceled 

hearings on Apollo future because, “outside of Rep. Oh Teague (D-Tex.), chairman of the Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight, 

none of the subcommittee members was concerned enough. . . .to 

agree to the urgency of the hearings.” ( W Post, 9/27/70, B1) 

Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA 

from WSMR carrying American Science & Engineering, Inc., experiment to study x-ray spectra. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 President Gama1 Abdel Nasser of United Arab Republic died after 

heart attack in Cairo, following Sept. 27 Arab summit meeting that 

ended civil war in Jordan. Fighting that had followed Arab commandos’ hijacking and destruction of four Western airliners appeared 

about to be ended and last hostages from aircraft were being freed. 

0 House rejected H.R. 1210, resolution against accepting Reorganiza- tion Plan No. 4 of 1970. Plan, transmitted to Congress by President 

Nixon July 9, called for establishment of National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration. (CR, 9/28/70, H9281-92) 0 LeRc Director Bruce T. Lundin announced appointment of G. Mervin 

Aulr as Assistant Director of Power and Materials Directorate, Dr. 

Bernard Lubarsky as Assistant Director for Aeronautics, and Edward F. Baehr as Technical Consultant to the Director. (LeRC Release 70-51) 0 U.S.S.R. and West Germany signed agreement in Moscow calling for 

exchange of scientists and direct contacts between institutes and 

laboratories. At news conference after signing, Chairman Vladimir 

A. Kirillin of Soviet State Committee for Science and Technology 

said countries planned to cooperate in physics, physical chemistry, 

astronomy, biology, medicine, oceanography, computin techniques, problems of information, and education. (NYT, 9/29hO, 3) 0 F-I11 horizontal tail had broken when load applied to it had reached 

191% of critical-design load limit during tests at General Dynamics 

Corp’s Convair Aerospace Div., General Dynamics announced. 

WAF required that F-I11 structure withstand loads of up to 150% of 

critical design load. (General Dynamics Release 1538) 0 House and Senate conferees submitted conference report on H.R. 

17123, FY 1971 DOD military procurement authorization bill. Report 

set authorization total at $19.929 billion, $642.4 million lower than 

House total, $686.2 million more than Senate total, and $676.4 million’fess than Administration request of $20.605 billion. Report limited Safeguard ABM expansion to one additional site at Whiteman 

AFB, Mo., and preparation of additional: site at Warren AFB, Wyo. 

September 28: 

(FoIIF, 9/24-30/70,689) 

(CR, 9/28/70, H9320-8) 

3 17 
September 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

September 29: U.S.S.R. launched Molniya 1-15 comsat into orbit with 

39 300-km (24 420-mi) apogee, 480-km (298-mi) perigee, 1 I-hr 46-min 

period, and 65.5” inclination. Tass said objective of mission was 

continued operation of long-range telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of Soviet Central Television 

programs to stations in Orbita network. (Spacewarn, 10/20/70, 2; 

GSFC SSR ,9/30/70; UN Gen Assembly Release 70-291 13) 0 Black Brant IV sounding rocket launched by Brazilian space team for 

NASA from Natal, Brazil, carried MSC experiment to study energetic 

particles in South Atlantic Anomaly region. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. Launch was second in two-rocket series; 

first had been launched Sept. 25. (SR list; MSC Release 70-105) 

General Electric Go. said it would not challenge NASA decision to reverse award of $50-million contract for ATS-F and ATS-G [see Sept. 51. In statement to press, Leon L. Farnham, General Manager of 

Spacecraft Programs at GE Valley Forge Space Technology Center, 

said GE still thought NASA decision was wrong but that the “further 

delay [of a court challenge] would be injurious to NASA and the total 

space program.” (Jones, W Post, 9/30/70, D9) 

Washington Post editorial on Luna XVI: “. . .the flight of Luna 16 is 

a major achievement for the Soviet Union. Its scientists have concentrated in recent years on a system of landing and retrieving unmanned spacecraft, an activity that the United 

States had not emphasized, and Luna 16 shows that the system works.” In long-term space exploitation “it seems to us that the 

manned approach will be most useful. Men will be out there some 

day, following the trail marked by the Apollo craft, and in the meantime the American effort can properly be devoted to finding a way to 

get them out of the earth’s atmosphere more cheaply and to making 

the best possible uses of earth-orbiting space stations and laboratories.” (W Post, 9/29/70, A18) 

September 30: NASA successfully launched 134.7-kg (296-lb) RAM c-I11 

(RAM c-c) spacecraft from Wallops Station at 4:06 pm EDT by fourstage Scout booster. Spacecraft reached 209.2-km (130-mi) altitude, 

reentered atmosphere at 7.6 km per sec (25 000 fps), and splashed down in Atlantic 277.8 km (172.6 mi) northeast of Bermuda after 

eight-minlite flight. Primary objective was to determine relative 

effectiveness of water and freon in restoring communications during 

reentry blackout period. Preliminary data, obtained by Langmuir 

probes on board, indicated all downrange telemetry stations received signals before and after blackout and intermittent signals 

during blackout. 

RAM c-111, was third and last mission in NASA’S RAM (Radio Attenuation Measurement) program to study problems of communicating 

through plasma sheath around reentering spacecraft. Results could 

be applied to advanced lifting-body vehicles, space shuttle, and other reentering spacecraft. RAM c-I had been launched Oct. 19, 1967, 

and-RAMC-I1 Aug. 22,1968. (NASA Proj Off; WS Release 70-13) 

Last in series of 15 Saturn V 1st stages (%IC-15) was successfully captive-fired for 2 min 15 Secs at MTF. Captive testing of s-IC stages had 

begun at MTF May 16,1967, to check out and-flight-certify stages for 

manned lunar missions. (MTF Release 70-35) 

318 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 September 30 

September 30 The f5th and last Saturn V 1st stye . (S-IC-Is) was successfully captive-fired for 2 minutes 55 seconds at NASA% Mississippi Test Facility. 

At right, the 14th S-IC stage was photographed on 

the test stand earlier. The captive tests began May 

16, J%7. to Aight-certify stages for lunar missions. 

Flight Crew Health Stabilization program to minimize possible exposure of Apollo flight crews to diseake or illness would be introduced 

before Jan. 31, 1971, Apollo 14 mission, NASA announced. Program provided that crew health be stabilized through epidemiology, clincia1 medicine, and immunology programs and limitation of outside 

contacts with flight crews; prime and backup crew members reside 

solely in KSC crew quarters for 21 days before launch; access to 

primary training areas used by crew members be controlled; access 

to areas during crew occupancy be limited; crew activities be limited 

to primary areas of Manned Space Operations Building and Flight 

Crew Training Building, flight line at Patrick AFB, Ha., and launch 

pad white room during 21-day prelaunch period; and crew members 

use personal vehicles when traveling between primary areas. If 

crew members were required to go to MSC for training, they would 

live in crew reception area of LRL or in their own residences, where 

they would be excluded from contact with everyone but their wives. 

During 60 days before launch, all illnesses in family members of 

prime, backup, and support crews and close contacts of these families would be reported to medical officials. (NASA Release 70-159) 

3 19 
September 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

ESSA announced it had assumed control of Solar Particle Alert Network (SPAN) from NASA. Network, which originated in 1966 in support of NASA space flight programs, included observatories in Canary Islands and Carnarvon, Australia, and at ESSA’S Space Disturbance Laboratory in Boulder, (2010. Under ESSA management, 

principal observatories would have identical o tical and radio solar 

were connected by voice-quality communications links to allow 

real-time transmission of data and observations, and all stations were 

equipped to photograph sun in hydrogen (H-alpha) light. Stations 

could be supplemented by standby observatory at MSC. ESSA also 

had accepted responsibility for processing, storing, and distributing 

photographic data and radio data from SPAN observations. (ESSA 

Release 70-74-238) 0 Space Business Daily reported DOD had confirmed that U.S.S.R.’s 

Cosmos CCCLXV (launched Sept. 25) had been FOBS test launched 

by modified SS-9 booster. (SBD, 9/30/70, 129) * NASA announced selection of Bendix Field Engineering Corp. to receive $85-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract for operation of 10 

stations of NASA’s Manned Space Flight Network. Contract covered 

three years with two one-year options. (NASA Release.70-161) * Soviet and West German talks on future cooperation in science and 

technology would begin in Moscow in November, Hans Leussink, 

Minister of Science and Education in Bonn, West Germany, said at 

news conference. (NYT, 10/1/70,6) 

Scientists at FRC, LaRC, ARC, and MSFC were conducting flight-test programs and studies into ways to alleviate trailing vortex hazards from large transport aircraft, NASA reported. 

Research was concentrating on understanding trailing-vortex-system movement and attenuation for different aircraft, operation modes, and meteorological conditions; developing remote monitoring technique for trailing-vortex position and wind intensity; and 

discouraging formation of high-density vortices by aircraft design or 

artificially induced impedances. 

Theoretical descriptions of trailing-vortex-system behavior would 

be developed from flight-test. programs at FRC and LaRC. ARC was 

experimenting with wing design to reduce trailing-vortex intensity and with effects of induced impedances near aircraft path. MSFC was 

attempting to adapt laser Doppler technology to flight research programs and to development of remote monitor for trailing vortices in 

airport areas. (NASA Aviation Fact Sheet, 9/70) 

9 Twenty-fifth anniversary of AFCRL was noted in AFSC Newsreview 

with historical summary. Formed after World War I1 to retain research teams employed at MIT Radiation Laboratory, AFCRL had 

amassed “a record of contributions that few research institutions. . .can equal” and had become leading us~qcenter for research in environmental and physical sciences. “With a budget of 

$55 million in FY70 AFCRL continued to conduct experiments and research through. . .flying laboratories, rocket launches, and balloon programs,” with 140 balloons launched annually from, permanent launch sites at Holloman AFB, N. Mex., and Chico, Calif. Basic 

components of space. environmental forecasting system had been 

put into operation during June to enable USAF to predict more accurtelescopes to provide continuous coverage .o P sun. Three stations 

During September: 

320 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 During September 

ately the anticipated degradations in performance of electronic s stems and to provide knowledge about effects of sun on earth. iesearch was also being conducted on air pollution in connection with 

SST rogram to discover specific dan ers, effect on solar radiation 

would alsp provide valuable information on ecology of earth. (AFSC Newsreview, 9/70,6) 

0 Transition of World War I1 aircraft industry into 1970 aerospace industry was traced in Air Force magazine by Karl G. Harr, Jr., AIA 

President. Increased performance had increased complexity. Average 1944 combat aircraft had carried 454 kg (% ton) of avionic gear; 

1948-1950 counterpart needed three to five times as much. 

Weapon revolution did not signify end of manned aircraft era; it 

brought forth “new family of aircraft of substantially improved capability.” First operational “barely supersonic” 1954 fighter had 

been followed by succession of more advanced fighters. “The complexity curve took a sharp upward turn, taking the cost curve with 

it,” with corollary decline in numbers of aircraft roduced. Fewer 

formance. 

With advent of supersonic aircraft production, guided missile 

output became significant portion of industry workload. Big push had come in 1954 when missile procurement topped billion-dollar 

level for first time. 

“Undoubtedly, the space program was the dominant influence in 

history’s most explosive decade of technological advance. There 

were two rimary contributing factors: breadth and acceleration.” 

Breadth or program required continual probing of new research 

frontiers across spectrum of almost every scientific and technological discipline. “The acceleration of effort imposed by the lunarlanding timetable necessitated a forcing of technology, compressing into one decade the normal advance of several.” (AF, 9/70,84-8) 0 VTOL aircraft linking new Tokyo International Airport at Narita, Japan, with downtown Tokyo were scheduled for 1975 service and 

would make 59.6 km (37-mi) flight in 20 min, Air Force and Space Digest said. Aircraft, seating 150 passengers, would also link Tokyo’s old and new airports. Aeronautical and Space Technological Research Institute of Japanese Science and Technology Agency was 

testing to develop domestic VTOL. Experimental aircraft was powered by two JR IOOF lift-jet engines with 1243-kg (1.4-ton) thrust 

each. (Golden, AFISD, 9/70,31) 0 Boeing Magazine suspended publication with September issue after 40 

yrs of covering Boeing Co. products, people, skills, and history. (Boeing, 9/70) 0 Naval Air Development Center (NADC) had refined laser beam so that 

contents of large city library could be inscribed on salt crystal, Ordnance reported. Center had also developed system by which pilot 

could eject from crippled aircraft in seat capable of carrying him 80 

km (50 mi) and had developed system analysis for complicated 

weapons that could be adapted to provide complete traffic control 

system for highway. Center, near Philadelphia, was developing 

more than 800 projects to keep “Navy’s air arm abreast of the latest 

technological innovations.” (Clark, Ordnance, 9- 10/70, 181-3) 

reac R ing earth, and general make-up o f “atmospheric aerosols” that 

aircraft were needed because of individual aircra r? t’s superior per32 1 
During September ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

* Sales of military and civilian aircraft in 1970 would drop to $14 billion, 

down $3‘4 billion from 1968 peak, Dan Cordtz wrote in Fortune. 

Employment was off 15% from 1969, “with further Substantial lay- off s already announced.” Evidence was mounting “that future volume simply will not support the present number of competitors.” Outlook was “ruinous scramble for a permanantly shrunken market, with some com anies squeezed out of aircraft production and 

ago, a dozen airframe manufacturers were able to thrive; a few 

years hence, its is difficult to see profitable business for more than 

three or four.” (Fortune, 9/70,114-7, 199-201) 

NSF published Federal Funds for Research, Development, and Other 

Scientific Activities, Fiscal Years 1969, 1970, and 1971 (NSF 70-36). 

Federal funds for R&D reached peak $16.5 billion in 1967, $15.6 billion in 1969, and were expected to remain same in 1970 and 1971. In 

terms of constant dollars, 1970 estimate was 17% decrease from 

1967. Of Federal total, $1.4 billion was provided to universities and 

colleges in 1969 for support of academic research, with $1.5 billion 

expected in 1971. Basic research obligations had leveled off since 

1967, remaining at $2.1 billion to $2.2 billion. NASA was leading basic research supporter, accounting for 35% of 1970 total. 

Applied research obligations remained at about $3.3-billion funding level from 1967 through 1970, with rise to $3.7 billion projected for 1971 subject to congressional actions. In constant dollars, funding decreased 11% from 1967 to 1970. DOD, HEW, and NASA accounted for 79% of Federal agency total in 1970. From 1964 to 1970 

only HEW among these agencies showed growth. (Text) 

NSF released Graduate Student Su port and Manpower Resources in 

ment in 2894 science doctorate departments of 224 reporting universities and colleges in fall 1969 totaled 184 845, with 28% in engineer- ing. Enrollment was 2.8% higher than in fall 1968. (Text) 

even the survivors P orced to subsist on meager rations. A decade 

Graduate Science Education, Fa P I 1969 (NSF 70-40): Graduate enroll322 
October 1970 

October 1: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXVIfrom Baykonur into orbit with 288-km (179-mi) apogee, 202-km (125.5-mi) perigee, 89.4- 

min period, and 64.9”inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 13. (GSFC 

SSR, 10131170; SF, 4/71,138) 0 At NASA Hq. press briefing, NASA Associate Administrator for 

Manned Space Flight Dale D. Myers and program officers gave status of programs, plans for 1970s, and studies leadinginto 1980s. 

Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director, announced 

selection of Hadley-Apennine site for lunar landing of Apollo 15, 

scheduled for launch July 25, 1971. Site, cut by large gorge along base of mountains, was 3” east of moon’s center and 25” north of 

lunar equator on edge of Sea of Rains. Apollo 15 crew would collect 

material from base of Apennine Mountains, examine Hadley Rille 

area, sample fresh-looking mare and volcanic-like features, and deploy ALSEP. Apollo 16 would be launched in January 1972 and Apol- lo 17, in June 1972. High-priority landing sites were Copernicus, 

Davy, Descartes, and Marius Hills. 

To improve CSM return capability in emergencies after landing on 

moon, an LM descent battery and third tank would be added to A ollo 14 SM. Additional potable water would be generated and store B on 

way to moon. 

Douglas R. Lord, Deputy Director of Space Station Task Force, 

described plans for 12-man space station weighing 49 985-54 400 kg (110 000-120 000 Ibs) that could remain in earth orbit for up to 10 yrs. 

Richard J. Allen of Space Shuttle Task Force said NASA was developing plans for shuttle with 100-mission reusable capability. 

Myers said DOD was “very much involved” with shuttle activities. 

“We have a joint committee operating with the Air Force. . .for 

continuous communication and review of requirements.” He saw 

“possibility of international cooperation on certain flights and 

[U.S.] military use of the vehicle on others.” Myers said he had discussed with European officials possibility of participation in space 

shuttle program on three levels: orbit-to-orbit space tug, “cleanly 

separable and easily interfaced piece of equipment” that would 

probably be managed by European consortium and financed with 

European dollars; subcontracts from American companies to European contractors without transfer of American money; and use of 

technological contributions from European national space activities 

and national aircraft establishments. (Transcript; NASA Release 70- 

162) 0 Twelfth anniversary of NASA, established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958. (Space Act) 0 Report on the Closing of the NASA Electronics Research Center was 

released by Planning Steering Group for ERC closing. Report was 

prepared by Deputy Administrator for Administration Boyd C. 

323 
October I ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Myers 11, Steering Group Chairman, and members of group; ERC 

Task force; and DOT. Following ERC closing on June 30, 1970, new 

DOT center functioned “reasonably well.” All but 85 former ERC 

employees had jobs; NASA had programs and equipment it needed. 

DOT had ample equipment for new center and 27 universities were 

pursuing new work relevant to NASA interest. “Most important, the 

government and the nation were !n a. position to fully utilize a national capability of nearly $60 million in facilities and equipment and 

over 740 highly capable people on new programs. NASA had retained 

the highest priority work and related equipment.” Move was almost 

completed in six months but personal equipment packing and shipping and disposition of leased space would take about 60 days. 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator at time of ERC closing, 

had directed disposition priorities: people first, program second, and 

physical facilities third, with every employee placed in appropriate 

job at higher salary. “While these objectives could not be entirely achieved sequentially, there was no question about the prime importance Dr. Paine placed on the actions affecting each individual 

employee. ” (Text) 

Fire protection system for large passenger aircraft had been tested by 

ARC scientists, ARC reported. System, using ARC-developed fire-retardant paints and foams, was believed capable of protecting air- craft during 10 min of maximum-intensity fuel fire on ground, permitting firemen to subdue fire and remove passengers and crew. 

(ARC Release 70-1 1) 

MSC announced it was negotiating with Lockheed Missiles & Space 

Co. on $699000 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for 18-mo study of 

space shuttle cryogenic systems. (MSC Release 70-1 10) 0 ICAO Council approved U.S. proposal for multilateral agreement on 

sanctions against countries that failed to extradite or prosecute air- craft hijackers or to permit passengers and crew of hijacked aircraft 

to continue their journey or to return aircraft and cargo to their 

owners [see Sept. 211. Vote was 14 to 3, with 10 countries abstaining. Minimum sugport of 14 countries was needed for approval. 

(AP, W Post, 10/2/70, A2) 

Senate voted 47 to 5 against S.R. 433; which would disapprove Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, calling for establishment of National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (CR, 10/1/70, S16943-64) 

National Transportation Safety Board released contents of its letter to 

FAA recommending safety measures to protect Boeing 747 passengers. And Reuben B. Robertson 111 ot Ralph Nader’s Center for 

Study of Responsive Law, in letter to Secretary of Transportation 

John A. Volpe, charged FAA with suppressing news of “near trage- dies” aboard 747s. Later Washington Post said both actions 

stemmed from Sept. 17 and 18 incidents in which 747 en ines had 

Post, 10/2/70, A?) 

USCG called off search for three balloonists downed Sept. 21 in storm 

south of Newfoundland after attempting to make first transatlantic 

balloon crossing. (AP, W Post, 10/2/70, A3) 

October 2: Launch of Orbiting Frog Otolitli (OFO) satellite, originally scheduled for Aug. 19 and postponed because of booster malfunction and countdown discrepancies, had been postponed until at least 

disintegrated in flight. There had been no injuries. (No P man, W 

324 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 2 

Oct. 19, NASA announced. Bullfrogs being trained for mission had 

been killed or disabled by redleg, virus infection common to water 

life, and new set of frogs was being trained. OFO, with Radiation 

Meteoroid (RM) spacecraft as secondary payload, would carry two 

bullfrogs into orbit for five-day mission to study adaptability of vestibule in inner ear to sustained weightlessness and to acceleration. 

(NASA Release 70-160) 0 Julian M. West, former MSC Special Assistant for Long Range Planning, was sworn in as consultant to Acting NASA Administrator, br. 

George M. Low. West would advise on potential space and aeronautics development programs. ( NASA Release 70-164) 

Sen. George S. McGovern (D-S.D.) introduced S. 4430, “Economic 

Conversion Act” to create Economic Conversion Commission 

composed of government and industry representatives including 

NASA Administrator. Measure would require that 12M% of each 

contractor’s profits from space and defense work be held in trust by 

commission to finance implementation of conversion plans developed by contractor and to pay benefits to workers who might suffer 

during transfer to civilian production. (CR, 10/2/70, S16995-7003) 

NASA announced award of $380 000 contract to Ralph M. Parsons Co. 

for engineering services in development of overall plan for space shuttle ground facilities. (NASA Release 70-165) 

October 3: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXVII from Baykonut into 

orbit with 1026-km (637.5-mi) apogee, 919-km (571-mi) erigee, 104.5-min period, and 65.2” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 10/31f;O; SF; 

4/71, 138) a U.S.S.R. published report on initial examination of lunar samples brought to earth by Luna XVISept. 25. Material consisted primarily 

of gray, loosely structured, “fine-granular mineral particles” with 

of gamma radiation was “not considerably grea,ter than that Intensix of eart 

“appreciable forces of cohesion between the particles.” 

rock, with a small content of natural radioactive elements.” (AP, 

NYT, 10/5/70,6) 0 Discovery of cyano-acetylene molecules in gas cloud Sagittarius B2 

near center of Milky Way was announced by Dr. Barry E. Turner of 

National Radioastronomy Observatory in Green Bank, W. Va. Discovery, made through radiotelescopes on earth, suggested that planets and life were being created in Milky Way galaxy and brou ht to 

seven the number of chemical radicals (incomplete molecule8 and 

chemical molecules found in deep space. Dr. Turner said radio 

emissions from cyanoacetylenes, most complex chemicals found in space, were stronger than background radiation filling al of 

space. He thought they were remnants of radiation from fireball that 

created the universe billions of years ago. (O’Toole, W Post, 10141 

70, A5) 0 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration came into being as 

result of Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970 proposed by President 

Nixon July 9. [See also Sept. 28 and Oct. I.] (Dept of Commerce 

Release G 70-122) October 4: Four major research directorates were established at Law: 

Aeronautics, directed by Laurence K. Eoftin, Jr.; Space, directed 

by Clifford H. Nelson; Electronics, directed by George B. Groves, 

Jr.; and Structures, directed by Dr. George W. Brooks. Supporting 

rt 

325 
October 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Centerwide directorates were established in Systems Engineering 

and Operation, directed by Percy J. Crain; Administration, directed 

by T. Melvin Butler.; and Center Development, directed by Eugene 

C. Draley. Reorganization was to implement goals outlined in staff 

meeting by LaRc Director Edgar M. Cortright: expanded aeronautics program with increased emphasis on civil aircraft, riew era of 

manned space flight with permanent space stations supplied by reusable space shuttles, planetary exploration, and maintenance of 

NASA’s basic research skills. (Langley Researcher, 10/2/70, 1) 0 U.S. and France had agreed on program to launch series of 18 NikeCajun sounding rockets from France’s space center in French 

Guiana, French National Space Study Center announced. Launches 

would begin in February or March 1971. (UPI, WPost, 10/5/70) 

Washington Sunday Star editorial commented on SST: “What the SST 

adds up to is a large question mark, a gamble with public funds and 

the environment that comes at time of crisis in both areas. We 

should improve the odds for survival by pulling out of the SST race 

until the facts-not the suppositions-are in. We should gamble not 

on a questionable investment, but on the ability of our economy and 

our prestige to withstand the impact of losing one part of one industry’s market if the Concorde lives up to its sponsors’ expectations. 

The SsTprogram should be shelved.” (W Star, 10/4/70, B1) 

October 4-10: Twerlty-first International Astronautical Federation Congress was held at Constance, West Germany. During opening session Klaus von Dohnanyi, Parliamentary Secretary to West German 

Minister of Education and Science, a pealed to nearly 1000 particispace technology from producing “fresh weapons escalation.” Apo/lo 13Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., John L. Swigert, Jr., and 

Fred W. Haise, Jr., and Apo//o 9Astronaut (now MSC Apollo Space- craft Program Manager) James A. McDivitt attended Congress. 

Soviet scientist Dr. K. Y. Kondratyev described October 1969 

experiment in which Soyuz VI and VI1 spacecraft had been observed simultaneously from ont? aircraft at 7900-m (26 000-ft) altitude, from one at much lower altitude, and from ground, to determine atmospheric distortion of observations of earth surface from 

space. Additional Observations from Soyuz IX in June 1970 and automated measurements from unmanned Cosmos CCXLIIf launched 

Sept. 23, 1968, had combined to show fully equipped space station 

could clearly identify forms and densities of vegetation; chart geologic formations in inaccessible regions; identify soil suitable for 

agriculture,; trace origin of fungus blights; sight outbreaks of blight 

and pinpoint forest fires; chart ground temperatures, identifying trends in volcanic activity and mountain building; detect erosion 

patterns invisible from ground; record seasonal flow patterns in 

watershed; monitor spread of pollutants; monitor seas for fish 

movement and evidence of pollution; and transmit photos indicating 

safe shipping lanes in Arctic ice pack areas. Dr. Kondratyev said 

orbital space station could be developed within next 5 to 10 yrs and 

be equipped with sensor system to scan earth at wide range of wavelengths for remote sensing of envirorrment. (Congress Bu//etin, 

10/6/70,1; NYT, 10/6/70,21; NASAPAO) 

pants to preserve peaceful nature o F space research and prevent 

326 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 4-10 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Operations, and Prof. Oleg G. Gazenko, Director of Soviet Institute of Biomedical 

Problems, said selection of crews for longer space missions would 

require special personality testing to identify persons of more dominant type for assignment of roles compatible with that trait. Dr. Berry said he thought use of multinational flight crews was good idea 

but chances for Orbiting International Laboratory (OIL) in near future seemed slim because of problems of language, attitudes, and 

prejudices such as food preferences. “We can’t have a restaurant 

with a very large menu.” In interview, Dr. Berry and Prof. Gazenko 

discussed flashes of light experienced by astronauts in space with 

eyes closed or in darkened spacecraft. Dr. Berry believed flashes 

might be produced by heavy cosmic ray particles-atomic nuclei of 

intermediate weight-that produced ionization in eye retina, affected nervous system, or caused light flashes within eye fluid. Dr. Gazenko said heavy cosmic rays were insufficiently frequent to account for flashes. Soviet cosmonauts had not experienced phenome- non. (Sullivan, NYT, 10/12/70, 19) 

Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov 

said muscles of Soyuz IX crew were so atrophied after June 2-19 

mission that they stood up with difficulty and walked with peculiar 

stamping steps. On landing they were so weak that ground crew had 

to assist them from hatch. Sensation of heaviness lasted 10 to 11 

days. Crew had performed antiatrophy exercises during mission but 

more intensive exercise program might be needed for flights to other 

planets, with simulation of gravity included. Cosmonauts felt effects 

of weightlessness were not dangerous unless experienced for more 

than one month. Soyuz IX cosmonauts displayed photos of June 2 

launch and colored films taken inside spacecraft during 18-day orbit. 

Nikolayev said cosmonauts had slept with head down before 

launch, to become accustomed to rush of blood to head that had 

bothered previous cosmonauts and astronauts on early part of 

flights. Soyuz spacecraft had three sections: orbital module in which 

cosmonauts slept, exercised, and played chess; central module with 

three windows and couches for use in liftoff and reentry; and third 

module containing service equipment. Both orbital and service 

modules were jettisoned before reentry. (Sullivan, NYT, 10/10/70) 

Indian government scientists H. G. S. Murthy, E. V. Chirnis, 

and K. S. Karnik urged U.S. and U.S.S.R. to share economic 

benefits of space exploration with developing nations. “International cooperation in global planning of assistance for the operation of 

meteorological communications and navigation satellites will go a 

long way in helping developing countries. National space programs in developing countries are not a luxury, but a necessity.” (Benedict, AP, Huntsville Times, 10/7/70) 

Third International Symposium on Space Rescue was held as 

part of IAF congress. Cochairman P. A. Campbell said letter from 

Soviet Academy of Sciences had nominated for first time four Soviet engineers to serve on IAF’S 1 l-nation committee studying *space 

rescue. Later AP quoted IAF Congress sources as saying Soviet engineers might meet with U.S. experts &t MSC in November. 

327 
October 4- IO ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Herbert Schaefer and Dr. Jack W. Wild of NASA Advanced 

Manned Missions program said space rescue vehicles would have to 

be versatile, with several payloads kept at hand to deal with variety of emergencies. Standardized docking system would be needed on 

all future manned spacecraft to permit rescue by any nation. NASA 

Assistant Safety Director Philip H. Bolger said, “The rescue of 

stranded astronauts is a concern recognized by all nations and therefore provides a common base for establishing international cooperation.” It was too late to develop rescue system for four remaining 

Apollo flights, but reliability of Apollo spacecraft was being improved. Bolger said Skylab three-man space station scheduled for 

1972 launch might have double rotection-spacecraft that could be 

(AP, W Star, 10/8/70, A4; Sullivan, NYT, 10/8/70,4) 

LeRoy E. Day, Manager of NASA Space Shuttle Task Group, described system characteristics of space shuttle: “It should be a fully 

reusable two-stage vertical take-off and horizontal landing space vehicle” that could transport 11 340 kg (25 000 Ibs) to the design reference orbit of 500 km (310 mi) at 55” orbital inclination. Shuttle 

“must have a large internal cargo bay which will give it the capability of carrying a variety of manned and unmanned payloads to low 

earth orbit. The large internal payload compartment will allow the 

shuttle to deliver to low earth orbit both a satellite and a high energy 

stage for a synchronus orbit or a planetary mission. We expect the 

gross lift-otf weight. . .to be approximately 1.6 million kilograms 

[3.5 million Ibs] fully fueled and with the payload on-board.” Rocket engines would be one of most critical subsystems “For both the 

booster and the orbiter we will use high pressure hydrogenloxygen 

rocket engines which can be throttled to keep the acceleration during ascent to less than 3 g’s.” (Text) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, General Dynamics Corp. Vice President 

and former NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, said U.S. space shuttle could be “golden transport” to carry passengers between any two cities on earth in an hour in 1980s. Shuttle 

could be converted easily to transport flying to 130-km (80-mi) altitude and plunging back to target city at approximately 18 500 km per 

hr (11 500 mph). Rocket-boosted aircraft would take off vertically, 

eliminating noise problem. Other nations might purchase U.S. shuttle for $50 million. (AP, B Sun, 10/10/70, A3) 

Fourth International History of Astronautics Symposium was held, with Dr. Eugene M. Emme, NASA Historian, as Cha-irman. 

Papers were presented by I. Saenger-Bredt of Stuttgart, Oleg G. 

Gazenko of Soviet Academy of Sciences, and R. Cargill Hall, JPL 

Historian. Papers were submitted by J. Kaplan of UCLA, G. H. 

Osborn and R. Gordon of Aerojet Liquid Rocket Go. (Program; 

NASA Hist off) 

IAF officials elected during Congress were: President, Prof. A. 

Jaumotte of Belgium; Vice Presidents, Dr. George E. Mueller of 

U.S., H. G. S. Murthy of India, Prof. L. G. Napolitano of Italy, and 

Prof. L. I. Sedov of U.S.S.R. (IAFReleaSe 20) October 5: Javelin sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Wallops Station, ejected barium cloud at 900-km (560-mi) altitude in cooperative experiment with Max Planck Institute of Munich, Germany, to 

separated and returned to eart K and standby rescue rocket at KSC. 

328 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 5 

study earth’s electric and magnetic fields. Red-tinged green cloud 

was visible for hundreds of kilometers along East Coast. Similar 

launches would be conduced Oct. 7 and in spring 1971. (WS Release 

Impending consolidation of launch support functions was announced 

by AFETR and KSC. Consolidations, resulting from joint studies in 

cost reduction, were expected to save more than $1 million annually. Included would be KSC medical services, life support services, 

nondestruct testing, frequency control, and electromagnetic compatibility and precision cleaning; also ETR timing, meteorological 

support, and ordnance storage. (NASA Release 70-167) 0 Space applications of plutonium 238 were discussed b Dr. Glenn T. 

tonium and Other Actinides in Santa Fe, N. Mex. Most noteworthy 

use of plutonium-238-powered, radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) had been as SNAP-27, power source for Apoilo 12 

experimental package left on moon. RTG’s were “of particular interest 

as space electric power sources for missions requiring a long life and 

high reliability, where there are long periods of darkness or great distance from the sun, or where orientation or other problems tend 

to reduce the effectiveness of solar cells as an energy source.” Significant number of future space missions might require plutonium 238 power source. 

Element “finds another extremely important use in space as the 

power source for waste disposal.” Heat from plutonium 238 decay 

would both produce bacteria-free drinking water from waste prod- ucts and incinerate waste itself. After Apollo, exploration of moon 

might continue with robot vehicles. “The maintenance and servicing of space stations and NERVA engines in space may be done more 

easily and safely by robots than by man. . . . Nuclear power would 

be an obvious candidate power system.’’ (Text) 0 American Institute of Physics held meeting at Rockefeller Univ. in 

New York. Dr. Frederick Seitz, President of Rockefeller Univ., 

received Karl Taylor Compton Award for distinguished statesmanship in science. 

During interview following meeting Dr. William D. McElroy , NSF 

Director, said NSF had begun testing use of large teams of scientists 

from different disciplines under Federal funding as new approach to 

basic scientific research. .NSF had allocated $70 million in 1970 for 

studies of pressing national and social matters. 

Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner, MIT Provost and science adviser to President Kennedy, said prioritites had been misplaced. He advocated a 

national science policy. “If I invented a new military system to stop 

tanks, I could get $100 million at the snap of my fingers. But if I say 

we want to develop a new method of medical care, I don’t know if I 

could raise $10 million.” 

Dr. Harvey Brooks, Harvard Univ. Dean of Engineering, said: 

“The central problem is how science can be reasonably responsive 

to social problems without destroying itself as science. The health 

of science depends on its capacity to develop its own intellectual 

laws. If it attempts to become too responsive, it loses its integrity, 

and I see a danger of that happening now.” (Reinhold, NYT, 10/6/ 

70,u 

70- 14) 

Seaborg, AEC Chairman, at Fourth International Con r erence on Plu329 
October 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

October 6: Termination of manned space flight within three years 

was urged at Washington, D.C., press conference by four Senators 

and space scientists Dr. James A. Van Allen of Univ. of Iowa and 

Dr. Thomas Gold of Cornell Univ. Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) 

said, “I want to shift spending from space extravaganzas to needy 

programs.” Sen. Clifford P. Case (R-N.J.) said, “The space shuttle. , .should not be allowed to go forward until the proper role of 

manned versus. unmanned exploration has received a fuller examination than it has to date.” Both Senators, with Sen. Jacob K. Javits 

(R-N.Y .) and Sen. Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.), favored continuation of four remaining Apollo flights and three-mission Skylab program but called for ending manned flight on their completion. Dr. 

Van Allen advocated unmanned space program after Skylab that would devote two thirds of its funds to direct applications of space 

with remainder devoted to “scientific experiments to examine the 

solar system.” Dr. Gold said, “If we fritter awa our limited re- 

[U.S.S.R.] may, with much smaller means, get way ahead in all the 

areas that really count.” He predicted that, if space station was 

built, it would be “focal point of anfi-science and anti-intellectualism which is very much in predominance today.’’ (Lyons, NYT, 

10/7/70,21) 

Mark IV eddy current proximity gauge developed by MSFC engineers for space use was being used by Pennsylvania Highway Dept. in 

experiment to measure new highway thicknesses, MSFC reported. 

Instrument, designed to measure paint thickness on launch vehicles 

and foam insulation thickness on Saturn V 2nd stage, was placed 

atop wet concrete and over embedded metal target strips to measure 

distance of strips from top surface. Other potential application for 

device was to detect firearms or grenades in airline passenger luggage to prevent hijacking of aircraft, (MSFC Release 70-206) 

President Nixon signed E.O. 11564, implementing Reorganization 

Plan No. 4 of 1970 that established National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Dept. of Commerce [see Oct. 31. Order 

transferred to Secretary of Commerce functions of DOD’S Oceanographic Instrumentation Center, Ocean Station Vessel Meteorologi- cal Program, Trust Territories Upper Air Observation Program, and 

DOT’S National Data Buoy Development Project.- (PD, 10/12/70, 

0 Afghanistan was allowing New Mexico State Univ. team to trakk 

satellites from mobile tracking station in area near Kabul that bordered on U.S.S.R. and Communist China, AP said. Project, sup- ported by AID, had begun after U.S. closed base in Peshawar on 

orders from Pakistan government in November 1969. Embassy 

spokesman had said project was directed by Afghan Cartographic 

Institute and data collected was “probably available to the Russians.” (AP, C Trib, 10/7/70) 0 Pravda said Soviet test pilot Lt. Valentin I. Danilovich had been killed 

after ejection from supersonic aircraft at high altitude while testing 

new supersonic catapault system. Danilovich *had helped develop techniques for world’s first space walk, by Soviet Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov during Voskhod IImission, March 18-19,1965. (UPI, 

WPost, 10/7/70) 

sources on unwanted further demonstrations o [ manned flights 

1344-5) 

330 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 7 

October 7: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket, launched by NASA from 

Wallops Station, ejected barium cloud at 257.5-km (160-mi) altitude 

to provide data on electric and magnetic fields in geomagnetosphere. 

Barium-release payload was first to use liquid fluorine. Fuel tank 

contained hydrazine mixed with barium salts. Fluorine oxidizer, 

carried in separate tank under cryogenic conditions, reacted hyperolically with fuel via valve, manifold, and burner system. Resulting 

%arium cloud was photographed and tracked from several sites 

along East Coast. Similar launch had been conducted Oct. 5. (WS 

Release 70- 15) 

NASA released preliminary time line for Apollo 14 manned lunar landing mission. Spacecraft would lift off from KSC at 3:23 pm EST Jan. 

31, 1971; land LM north of moon's Fra Mauro crater at 4:14 am EST 

Feb. 5 for 34-hr stay; and splash down in Pacific at 4:Ol pm EST Feb. 

9. NASA Release 70-166) 

John L. Swigert, Jr.-in Lucerne, Switzerland, on European good- will tour-visited Swiss Transport Museum and Longines Planetar- ium. They were shown representation of view of earth from Mars. 

(NASA Hist Off) 

USAF F-111 crashed at Carswell AFB, Tex., killing pilot and copilot. 

October 8: U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites. Cosmos 

CCCLXVIII, launched from Baykonur, entered orbit with 383-km 

(238-mi) apogee, 202-km (125.5-mi) perigee, 90.4-min period, and 

65" inclination. Satellite, whose objective was to conduct biological 

investigations and study physical characteristics of outer space, reentered Oct. 14. Cosmos CCCLXIX, launched from Plesetsk to 

investigate upper atmosphere and outer space, entered orbit with 

467-km (290.2-mi) apogee, 261-km (162.2-mi) perigee, 91.8-min eri10/31/70; 1/31/71; SBD, 10/9/70, 169; UN Gen Assembly Release 

House, by vote of 274 to 31, passed H,R. 19590, $66.8-billion FY 1971 

DOD appropriations bill, after rejecting amendments to cut $651 million for ABM deployment, delete $389.4 million in F-14 aircraft procurement funds, cut $200 million from C-5A aircraft program, and 

cut $548 million from F-1IIA program. Bill was approximately $2 

million less than requested and $6 million less than FY 1970 appropriation. (CR, 10/8/70, H9823-87) * USAF was modifying more than 8000 in-service aircraft in retrofit program to ensure that all aircraft were equipped with AIMS (air traffic 

control radar system, identification friend or foe, military identification system) by Jan. 1, 1973, AFSC announced. System would meet 

FAA requirement for automatic altitude reporting on all aircraft by that date. (AFSC Release 252.70) 

Employee Assistance Center at NASA Hq. had mailed resum& of 

available former NASA employees to 600 prospective employers in 

effort to place about 200 personnel affected by budget cutbacks, 

NASA reported. Engineering was largest single cafe&ory of jobs eliminated by reduction in force. Administrative positions made up second largest category. (NASA Release 70-168) 

* Apo / fo 23 Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., Fred W. Haise, Jr., and 

( WSJ, 10/28-70.25) 

od, and 70.9" inclination. It reentered Jan. 22, 1971. (GSFC H SR, 

70-29 1 13) 

33 1 
October 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

October 9: Supersonic Planetary Entry Decelerator (SPED) experiment, hunched from Wallops Station, simulated Mars reentry spacecraft speeding through thin atmosphere. A 

June photograph shows the parasol for SPED deployed masystems check-out before mating 

to a single-stage Castor rocket motor. The Bight experiment aided study of deployment characteristics required for a parachute to land instruments on Mars. 

October 9: Cosmos CCCLXX was launched by U.S.S.R. from Baykonur into orbit with 264-km (164.0-mi) apogee, 185-km (1 15.0-mi) perigee, 88.9-min period, and 64.9" inclination. Satellite reentered 

Oct. 22. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/70; SF,4/71, 138) 

NASA launched 1384.4-kg (3052-1b) SPED (Supersonic Planetary Entry 

Decelerator) experiment from Wallops Station at 157 pm EDT. by 

one-stage Castor booster with two Recruij rockets strapped on. Pay- load separated from booster at 72.4-km (45-mi) altitude and coasted 

to 91.7-km (57-mi) altitude before descending. At 70.8-km (44-mi) 

altitude the conical aeroshell, 4.6-m (15-ft) in diameter, popped open 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 9 

like a parasol to simulate Mars entry spacecraft speeding through 

thin atmosphere. Aeroshelt splashed down in Atlantic and was recovered by USNS Range Recoverer. Onboard cameras and test 

equipment parachuted toward earth 112.7 km (70 mi) from Wallops 

and were recovered in midair by helicopter. (NASA Release 70-171) 0 Discovery of tektite glass in Apollo 12 sample 12013, reported June 

5th by GSFC scientist Dr. John A. O’Keefe, was debated in Science 

by Dr. O’Keefe, Univ. of Houston geologist Elbert A. King, Jr., 

and LRL scientists R. Martin and Weldon B. Nance. 

Analyses of sample by King, Martin, and Nance had led them to 

conclude that “there is no existing chemical or mineralogical observation or data that uniquely support the idea that tektites originate from the moon. There are abundant chemical data that support 

a close genetic relationship between tektites and terrestrial rock 

materials. These data have been presented or summarized by numerous authors. Tektite glass has not been found in samples from 

Apollo 12 (or Apollo 1 I).” 

Dr. O’Keefe responded: “They find that the material is crystalline 

rather than glassy. The crystals are, however, evidently rather fine; 

from statistical considerations it can be judged that the agreement of 

the two major-element analyses given for samples of only a few tens 

of millograms is likely only if the crystals are of the order of 1OOp m 

[0.04 in] or smaller in diameter. This raises the question whether 

they are the products of devitrefication. In any case, the former existence of a liquid of this composition seems to be implied. Evidence 

of somewhat similar liquids was found in the Apollo 11 sample.” 

(Science, 10/9/70, 199-200) 0 Analyses of argon in Apollo 11 crystalline rocksat LRL were reported 

in Science by MSC scientist Dr. Donald D. Bogard, State Univ. of 

New York scientists Dr. Oliver A. Schaeffer and Dr. John G. 

Funkhouser, and Max Planck scientist Dr. Josef Zaehringer. Crys- talline rocks from Sea of Tranquility had yielded potassium-argon 

dates as old as 3.8 billion yrs. Crystalline rocks from Ocean of 

Storms gave potassium-argon ages as old as 2.8 billion yrs. Scientists concluded that maria were ancient lunar features. Potassiumargon ages of rocks from Ocean of Storms showed more argon loss 

than rocks from Sea of Tranquility, indicating Ocean of Storms 

rocks had experienced more severe shock effects or longer cooling 

rates. (Science, 10/9/70, 161-2) 0 Thermal properties of lunar magnetic rocks at high temperatures were 

evaluated in Science by Univ. of .Oregon volcanologists Tsutomu 

Murase and Alexander R. McBirney: “Thermal conductivity of a 

synthetic lunar rock in its melting range is about half that of a terrestrial basalt. The low conductivity and increased efficiency of insulating crusts on lunar lavas will enable flows to cover great distances without being quenched by high radiant heat losses from the 

surface. For a given rate of heat production, the thermal gradient of 

the moon would be significantly steeper than that of earth.” (Science, 10/9/70, 165-7) 0 Implications of failure of Mariner VI and VI1 uv experiments to detect emissions associated with nitrogen in Martian atmosphere were 

discussed in Science by Harvard College Observatory and SAO astronomer A. Dalgarno and M. B. McElroy of Kitt Peak National 

333 
October 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

Observatory. Examination of physical and chemical processes causing nitrogen emission in Martian airglow had shown that if atmosphere was uniformly mixed, mixing ratio of nitrogen to carbon dioxide of 5% was consistent with observational data on uv dayglow of 

Mars. If magnitude of the eddy coefficient in atmosphere was similar to that for earth, this limit was reduced to less than 0.5%. (Science, 10/9/70, 167-8) 

October 20: Arcas sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Cold Lake 

Range, Primrose Lake, Canada, carried GSFC payload to 67.5-km 

(41.9-mi) altitude to obtain ozone measurements in conjunction with 

Nimbus IVsatellite overpass. Rocket performed satisfactorily. Pay- load transmitter stopped transmitting 40 secs after ejection, but pre- failure data were of good quality. Launch was first in two-rocket 

series; second would be conducted Oct. 17. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

October 22: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXI from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 757-km (470.4-mi) apogee, 750-km (466.0-mi) perigee, 99.8-min period, and 74.0" inclination. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/70; SF, 41 

71, 138) 0 NASA officials would meet with Soviet counterparts to discuss possible 

compatible space docking arrangements in Moscow Oct. 26-27, 

NASA announced. Discussions were outgrowth of correspondence during year between NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences. Academy President Mstislav V. Keldysh had proposed Moscow meeting in Sept. 11 letter to NASA and had invited NASA to select dates. Dr. 

George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, had accepted invitation and proposed dates in Sept. 25 letter. Keldysh had confirmed 

acceptability of dates. NASA officials attending meeting would be: 

Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director; Arnold W. Frutkin, Assistant 

Administrator for International Affairs; George B. Hardy, Chief of 

MSFC Program Engineering and Integration Project; Caldwell C. 

Johnson, Chief of MSC Spacecraft Design Office; and Glynn S. Lunney, Chief of MSC Flight Director's Office. (NASA Release 70-173) 

FRC announced tests had demonstrated that unpowered approaches 

and landing maneuvers of space shuttle could be made safely and 

readily by qualified professional pilots and did not require highly 

trained test pilots. United Air Lines captains Donald C. McBain and 

James V. Mitchell had flown landing approaches of four-engine jet 

transport configured to simulate space shuttle during NASA study of 

energy-management techniques for proposed shuttle orbiter. (FRC 

Release 18-70) * NASA announced selection of Brayton power conversion system for 

development of long-life space power source independent of sunlight and more compact than large solar-cell arrays. Two powerconversion systems had been under study by OART, Brayton cycle and SNAP-8 mercury Rankine system, both of which provided closed-loop system without bringing in new fuel or emitting exhaust. 

Working fluid was circulated through heat exchanger (in Brayton cycle) or boiler (in Rankine cycle), turbo-alternator, condenser, 

pumps, back to heat, and on around. Although Rankine cycle could be developed for space use, Brayton equipment had inherent flexibility and potentially longer life capability for high-powered applica- tions. (NASA Release 70-172) 

334 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 12 

0 Sen. Joseph M. Montoya (D-N. Mex.) introduced S. 4453, ‘“to establish a Department of Science and Technology, and to transfer certain agencies and functions to such Department.” Bill provided that 

NASA, NSF, and AEC be transferred to new department. (CR, 101121 

FAA announced it had adopted three-bar VASI (visual approach-slope glide indicator) to keep pilots of long-body jet aircraft on proper 

guide slope during approach for landing. Bicolor VAS1 system alongside touchdown or aiming point of runway would indicate by bars of 

light whether pilot was on proper slope. System would be installed 

primarily for runways not equipped with instrument landing system. 

(FAA Release T 70-36) 

President Nixon in Stamford, Conn., announced decision to continue 

Turbotrain demonstration experiment between New York and Bos- ton beyond scheduled Oct. 22 termination date: “This administration has been trying to apply some of the space age technology and 

ex ertise to practical problems such as rail transportation.” (PD, 

lOfi9170, 1366-7) 

With business getting more scarce, Government contractors were 

“fighting harder for the business, squeezing harder for more bucks, 

and contesting bidding procedures,” Purchasing Week magazine 

said. In 1969 claims before Armed Services Board of Contract AQ- peals had jumped from 900 to 1100. Protests filed through GAO had 

increased from 554 to 583 despite downward trend in contract letting. (Purchasing Week, 10/12/70) 

October 13: NASA Hq. press briefing cited background events leading to 

scheduled US.-U.S.S.R. Moscow meeting on compatible space 

docking procedures and hardware [see Oct. 121. Arnold W. Frutkin, 

Assistant Administrator for International Affairs, said government- to-government discussions with U.S.S.R. had begun in 1962 “when 

some substantive possibilities were explored and, . .first agreements 

were reached.” These had included coordinated meteorological satellite projects, joint mapping of earth’s magnetic field in space for 

joint use of Echo satellites, and joint approach to publication of 

U.S. and U.S.S.R. achievements,in space medicine and biology. 

There had been “continuing overtures” since 1962, which “moved 

to a more accelerated pace beginning in.. .April 1970, when Dr. 

Paine took a personal interest in the problem and addressed a number of letters. . .to academician Keldysh. . .President of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.’’ 

Compatible docking procedures had been discussed for first time 

by Dr. Paine and Soviet academician Dr. Anatoly A. Blagonravov in 

New York in April 1970. Subject had been discussed on subsequent 

Moscow visits by Dr. Philip Handler, NAS President; Dr. George M. 

Low, NASA Deputy Administrator; and Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank 

Borman. First formal proposal for exploration of subject had been 

made by Dr. Paine in letter to Keldysh July 31, 1970. 

Frutkin said U.S.S.R. had chosen compatible docking for discussion out of “long list of initiatives from the U.S. side.” Space rescue and joint experiments had not been discussed. Release of news 

of impending US.-U.S.S.R. discussions [at future IAF space rescue committee meeting] from IAF conference in Constance, Germany, 

70, S17689-95) 

335 
October 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

Oct. 8 had been coincidence; NASA overtures had been direct, not 

through IAF. (Transcript) 

NASA announced it was conducting experiments with NCAR to locate 

high-flying balloons and measure atmospheric pressure and temperature via IRLS (interrogation, recording, and location system) on 

board orbiting Nimbus IV satellite. Thirteen ballons, carrying 4.5-kg (10-lb) balloon interrogation packages (BIP), had been launched May 

27 through July 8 from Ascension Island and had been floating 

around earth at altitudes of 20 700-24 000 m (68 000-79 000 ft). Seven 

were still flying and four were still transmitting to Nimbus IV. 

Fifteen more balloons were being. readied for mid-October launeh. 

Experiment was expected to provide extensive data on global wind 

circulation for research to improve worldwide weather forecasting. 

(NASA Release 70-169) 

President Nixon praised ICAO’S action calling on member states to 

take strong measures against international aircraft hijacking, in letter to ICAO Council President Walter Binaghi: “I have instructed my 

representatives to put before the Organization’s Legal Committee a 

draft convention which would implement these principles.” (PD, 

Apollo 13 astronauts, on European goodwill tour, arrived in Dublin 

for three-day visit that would include meeting with clergyman who 

had held all-night vigil for them during Apollo 13 mission abort. 

(Reuters, NYT, 10/14/70) 

NASA sources quoted by New York Times said Soyuz IXCosmonauts 

Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov-due in Washington, D.C., Oct. 18 for IO-day NASA tour-had not yet acce ted 

NASA invitation to visit KSC. Acceptance would signify thaw in 8s.- 

U.S.S.R. space relations, since there was tacit understanding that 

U.S.S.R. would have to reci rocate with invitation to tour Soviet 

launch facilities. (NYT, 10/14770) 

10/19/70,1372-3) 

October 23-1 5: Technical symposium on blackout of radio communications with spacecraft and missiles during atmosphere entry was held 

at LaRC. (Langley Researcher, 10/16/70, 1) October 14: U.S.S.R. launched Intercosmos IVfrom Kapustin Yar into 

orbit with 602-km (374.1-mi) apogee, 255-km (158.5-mi) perigee, 93.1-min period, and 48.4” inclination. Purpose of launch was investigation of uv and x-radiation of sun and its effect on structure of 

earth’s upper atmosphere, U.S.S.R. said. Satellite reentered Jan. 

17, 1971. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/70; 1/31/71; UN Gen Assembly Release 

* uSAF X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. 

Manke in joint program, successfully completed 18th flight, reaching mach 1.15 after air launch from B-52 aircraft at 13 700-m (45 000- 

ft) altitude from FRC. Objectives of powered flight-first at supersonic speed-were to expand flight envelope to mach 1.1, obtain lateral directional derivatives at mach numbers greater than 1.0, obtain 

longitudinal-trim and lift-to-drag-ratio data with 40” upper flap, obtain longitudinal derivatives, and make 270 knots-indicated-airspeed approach. (NASA Proj Off; UPI, W Post, 10/15/70, A4) 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Wallops Station, 

carried NOAA and Univ. of Michigan payload to 115.7-km (71.9-mi) 

altitude to measure ambient atomic oxygen between altitudes of 80 

70-29113; SF,4/71, 138) 

336 
ASTRON A UTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 October 14 

and 110 km (50 and 68 mi). Payload-including four silver probes calibrated to measure atomic oxygen, lateral magnetometer, solar-aspect sensor, and photocell to monitor nosecone ejection-was being flown for first time. Apogee and impact were less than predicted; instrumentation performance was satisfactory. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

October 15: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor VI meteorological satellite from 

Plesetsk into orbit with 647-km (402.0-mi) apogee, 627-km (389.6- 

mi) perigee, 97.4-min eriod, and 81.2” inclination. Satellite would 

19/78,209) * House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on 

Science, Research, and Development published Toward a Science 

Policy for the United States. Report summarized hearings held during July, August, and September and recommended that Federal 

Government establish national policy for support and furtherance of 

science and technology. Report further recommended that OST be 

separated from direct administrative connections with President’s 

Science Adviser or President’s Science Advisory Committee; OST 

submit annual report to President and Congress reviewing status of 

R&D in U.S. and recommending R&D program for following year; 

National Institutes of Research and Advanced Studies (NIRAS) be 

inaugurated; and Congress seek centralized Senate jurisdiction over 

science and technology and establish Office of Technology Assessment. Report also recommended, pending establishment of NIRAS, 

responsibility for basic research be centered in NSF, which should 

provide one third of all Federal support; OST develop criteria for 

support of basic research by mission-oriented agencies; Office of 

Management and Budget develop “stable funding” procedure for 

basic research; and NIRAS, when established, emphasize science education. Smithsonian Institution should have responsibility for 

science-information system, with backup from OST’S Committee on 

Scientific and Technical Information. NAS and NAE should assist in 

explaining to public science and technology’s role in solving major 

problems (Text) 0 NSF released Impact of Changes in Federal Funding Patterns on Academic Institutions (NSF 70-39). Total expenditures for academic science increased 7% in FY 1969 and 8.5% in FY 1970 but effective 

support had declined 5% to 10% since FY 1968 because of inflation 

and undergraduate enrollment increases. Public institutions were 

faring better than private ones because of expansion of Federal 

support. Federal funds increased annually about 2.5%, with public institutions’ receipt increasing 5%, while those of private institu- tions declined 1.5% in each year. (Greenberg, Science, 11/6/70,609- 

12) 0 Dr. Charles H. Townes of Univ. of California was awarded $5000 

Michelson-Morley science award by Case Western Reserve Univ. in 

Cleveland, Ohio, for his work in creating laser and maser. (AP, W 

Star, 10/16/70, A2; JPL Hist Off) 

October 16: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXII from Plesetsk into 

stud clouds and weat R er changes. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/70; SBD, lo/ 

orbit with 806-km (500.8-mi) apoeee, 785-km 

lW.7-min period, and 74.0” inclinauon. (GSFC 

71, 138) 

337 
October 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell-described lanned EV-A and equipment for Apollo 14 mission at Washington, D.Z., press briefing. After landing 

LM on moon’s Fra Mauro, Mitchell and Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, 

Jr., would leave LM and explore lunar surface with equipment stored on 9-kg (20-lb) mobile equipment transporter (MET). On previous lunar landing missions astronauts had ended up with more equipment than they could carry. MET would carry cameras, special sample containers, work table, lunar portable magnetometer, trenching 

tools, hand tool carrier, extension handles, tether, and other tools, 

thus freeing astronauts’ hands. MET would be pulled over lunar surface by special handle that could be held with pressurized glove without being gripped. (Transcript; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 10/17/70, A5) * Decline to 2.3%-lowest point in several years-of U.S. aerospace 

industry profits in first quarter of 1970 was reported by SpaceBusiness Daily. Net income of entire manufacturing industry had declined, but profits remained at 4.0%. Aerospace backlo at first 

ing quarter, and down $4.3 billion from end of first quarter of 1969. 

(SBD, 10/16/70,199) 

October 17: No. 2 electron bombardment ion engine on board Sert II 

(launched Feb. 3) shut down unexpectedly at 7:30 pm EDT after op- erating successfully for 201 1 hrs since it was turned on July 24, with 

one brief interruption for eclipse of sun. LaRc engineers were attempting to restart engine. Primary goal of Sert I1 mission was to 

accumulate six months of engine operation. No. 1 engine had operated for a little more than five months before shutting down July 23. 

(NASA Release 70-177) * Arcas sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Cold Lake Range, Primrose Lake, Canada, carried GSFC payload to 62-km (38.5-mi) 

altitude to measure ozone in conjunction with overpass of Nimbus 

IV satellite. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and good data were obtained. Launch was second in two-rocket series; 

first had been lanched Oct. 10. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

October 17-18: Apollo lunar samples were exhibited at PMR Space Fair in 

Point Mugu, Calif. Fair attracted more than 200000 visitors. (PMR 

Missile, 10/9/70, 1; 10/23/70, 1) 

October 18: C-5A Galaxy, first of world’s largest aircraft built by Lockheed-Georgia Co., was destroyed on ground at Marietta, Ga., by series of explosions followed by fire. Maintenance man was killed 

and another seriously injured while preparing to empty fuel tanks in 

right wing to search for suspected fuel leak. Lockheed spokesman said probable cause of fire was spark which ignited fuel tank fumes. 

Aircraft, valued at $20 million, had been rolled out March 2, 1968. 

(Reuters, WPost, 10/18/70, Al) 0 Soyuz IXCosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov arrived in Washington, D.C., to begin 10-day goodwill tour in 

October 19: Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, addressed 

Inland Daily Press Assn. in Chicago on U.S. achievement and lead- ‘ 

ership in science and technology and “danger that exists today that we will soon lose the capability that gave us this achievement and 

leadership.” Capability built by NASA in 1960s was rapidly diminishing. Recent study had shown 35 000 aerospace scientists and enquarter’s end was $27.1 billion, off $1.2 billion from end o ! precedU.S. as NASA guests. ( WPOSt, 10/19/70; NASA Release 70-170) 

338 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 19 

October 18: Soviet Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev (right) and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov 

(center right), who established a manned-flight endurance record in their 18-day Soyuz IX 

mission June 2-19, were welcomed at Washington National Airport by Astronauts Edwin 

E. Aldrin, Jr. (left), and Neil A. Armstrong. Cosmonauts would tour U.S. 

gineers unemployed “and this number could easily double next 

year.” Major concern was “that in the future a new shortage of scientists and engineers will arise, based on the growing disenchantment with the unstable labor market for such skills.” Implications 

were clear: “We are losing the capability to react to a national crisis, 

should the need arise; we are losing the capability to undertake an 

Apollo-like adventure, should we in the future desire to do so; and 

we are losing a capability that today provides an inflow of dollars 

that exceeds the net positive balance of payments.” 

Cost of U.S. space program in 1970 was $3.4 billion-decrease of 

$2.5 billion since 1966. In terms of Federal budget, $3.4 billion represented 1.7% or $17 for every person in U.S. “At the same time we 

are spending $400 per person for our domestic programs. . . . In 

fact, this year’s increase in our expenditures for domestic programs 

was more than twice the NASA budget.” Cancellation of entire space 

program would not significantly affect Federal spending on domestic 

programs. “But without the space program, without the capabilities 

it represents, what would become of the ‘scientific and technologi- cal lead’ this generation of Americans gave so much of themselves 

and their resources to achieve?” (Text) 

AT&T and ComSatCorp formal1 announced details of proposed satel- lite system under which Com 5 atCorp would furnish two 10 800-circuit satellites that would be leased entirely to AT&T for $205 million 

over seven years. 

ComSatCorp filed with FCC application to provide advanced high- capacity satellites for domestic communications that would double 

capacity by doubling use of limited frequency spectrum. Com339 
October 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

SatCorp said it would file in near future for separate multiservice 

system to provide services to other customers. (AT&T Release; 

ComSatCorp Release 70-54) 0 Soyuz IXCosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov, on 10-day U.S. visit, toured Washington, D.C., and placed 

wreaths on graves of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and Roger B. 

Chaffee in Arlington National Cemetry. At NASA Hq. press conference they said U.S.S.R. did not plan to put man on moon and had 

disbanded training program for female cosmonauts. (Valentine, W 

Post, 10/20/70, A2) 

MSFC engineer Hans F. Wuenscher was awarded U.S. patent 3 534 926 

for machine to manufacture materials and articles in space. Cylindrical tank would be used in space station to produce new metal alloys and glasses, metal membranes, metal foam, high-precision ball bearings of hollow steel, and optical components in zero-g condition, where heavy materials did not settle out because of lack of buoyancy. Astronaut outside tank would control admission of liquid metal, 

gases, and other materials, and regulate heat, ventilation pressure, spinning, and agitation. (Jones, NYT, 10/23/70,43) 0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced appointment of 

William M. Huey, special consultant to FAA Administrator and 

Deputy Administrator, to fill new position of FAA Deputy Assistant 

Administrator for General Aviation Affairs. (FAA Release 70-89) October 19-22: AIAA Seventh Annual Meeting and Technical Display 

was held in Houston, Tex., under theme “Aerospace for Man’s 

Needs.” Display included space shuttle and Skylab mockup. Soyuz 

ZX Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly 1. Sevastyanov toured exhibits as AIAA guests and delivered same paper they had 

presented at Oct. 4-10 IAF Congress in Constance, Germany. Cosmonauts said in Houston that U.S.S.R. would attempt longer missions in space before beginning to build orbiting space station. Soyuz ZX mission had ended after completion of scheduled experiments but spacecraft was capable of flight longer than 18 days. Both 

cosmonauts said they had been ill for days after return to earth. 

U.S. scientists said later that Astronauts Frank Borman and James 

A. Lovell, Jr., had suffered similar disorientation after 14-day Gemini VII mission Dec. 4-18, 1965. (AIAA Release; AP, W Star, 10/23/ 

70, A7; Reuters, B Sun, 10/23/70, AS) 

Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, said in speech at meeting: “NASA and the aerospace industry are not uniquely qualified to solve our domestic problems. The domestic problems, including those of the physical environment, are largely social, economical, and political. The need for new technology, for research 

and development, does exist in some areas, but certainly is not the 

driving force in obtaining solutions.” Solutions “must come from 

sociologists, economists, and politicians-not engineers and scientists. We in aerospace should. . .assist wherever and whenever we 

can: We have developed techniques of management that may apply; 

there are technological problems that we are qualified to tackle; and 

there are areas where space technology, and the applications of 

space technology, apply directly. We should assist, but we should 

not think or encourage others to believe that we can solve all of our 

domestic problems.” 

340 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 19-22 

Space rogram had “one major deficiency-a gap in manned 

American will be in earth orbit, or anywhere in space.” Gap had to 

be accepted because of lack of funding. Decision to cancel Viking or 

delay space shuttle would be wrong. “Viking is the major scientific 

experiment of the decade, and a delay in starting the shuttle would 

only delay the hiatus, not eliminate it.” If shuttle development was 

advancing when gap occurred, Dr. Low believed gap would not be 

“unacceptable.” NASA was building “the next generation of space vehicles, a generation that will far surpass existing capabilities to 

explore space, to use space, to live and work in space.” (Text) 

Sen. Mike Gravel (D-Alaska) told meeting: “Our space program 

is being viewed with increasing skepticism. Future historians will 

smile at the irony of our situation. Immediately following the fantastic feat of sending men to the surface of the Moon and back in safety, our national resolve in expanding this effort faced a mounting wave of domestic criticism. The irony of homo sapiens for the first 

time standing upright on his planet and not availing himself of his 

full ability to explore and experiment in the universe. The irony of 

not moving forward as aggressively as possible from a new beginning almost as fundamental as the beginning of life itself.” (SBD, 10/23/70,23) 

Work of DOT Transportation Systems Center, formerly NASA ERC, 

was described by Secretary of Transportation John A. 

Volpe: Center was “already working on harbor advisory radars 

for the Coast Guard, phased array radars for the FAA, crash sensors 

for the Federal Highway Administration, and alcohol detectors for 

the National Highway Safety Bureau. In communications we are 

studying wayside systems for tracked air-cushion vehicles and data 

links from ground controllers to cockpit displays. Computer systems are being adapted to automated scanning of highway traffic 

films and simulation of ground and air traffic patterns controllers 

must learn. The architecture of large, real-time computers for air 

traffic control systems is also under study.” (Text) 

JPL engineers Ronald F. Draper.and Thomas R. Gavin’said technology for long-lived, unmanned spacecraft for Grand Tour flybys 

and separate orbiting missions to Jupiter and outer planets was well 

advanced for 1977 and 1979 missions. Thermoelectric outer planet 

spacecraft (TOPS) under development at JPL would use radioisotope thermoelectric generators, with nuclear energy supplying power 

beyond range where solar panels and batteries were effective. Scientific experiments and spacecraft control problems would be handled by self-test and repair (STAR) computer with sufficient backup units for 10 to 15 yrs operation. (JPL Release 564) 

Richard S. Johnston, MSC Deputy Director for Biomedical Engineering, announced that final two Apollo missions would land at 

Descartes, upland valley surrounded by craters, and Marius Hills, 

near Imbrium Basin. Sites had been selected because material there 

would furnish new data on age and origin of moon. (AP, W Star, lo/ 

20170, A4) 

Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., MSC Deputy Director, received $5000 

AIAA Louis W. Hill Space Transportation Award for “outstanding management and leadership in directing the planning and operationspace flig f: t after Skylab, a hiatus of four years or more when no 

34 1 
October 19-22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

a1 control of all United States manned space flight missions from the 

first Mercury suborbital mission through the first Apollo lunar landing.” Dr. Maxime A. Faget, MSC Director of Engineering and Development, received $500 Spacecraft Design award for “outstanding leadership and technical ability which resulted in the conception and 

design of this nation’s first manned spacecraft, the Mercury capsule 

system.” Giynn S. Lunney, Chief of MSC Flight Director’s Office, 

received $500 Lawrence Sperry Award for “outstanding performance as a flight director during the Gemini and Apollo manned space 

flight missions; for exceptional leadership, professional skill and 

personal dedication which contributed to the success of this Nation’s first manned lunar mission, and particularly during the flight of Apollo 13.” Dr. Walton L. Jones, Director of Biotechnology and 

Human Research Div. of NASA OART, received John Jefferies Award 

of $500 and certificate for “outstanding contributiqns ,to the advancement of aerospace medical research.” Von Karman Lecture 

award of $1000 and travel allowance of $1500 was awarded to Dr. 

Erik L. Mollo-Christensen, MIT meteorologist. (AIAA Release; MSC 

Roundup, 9/25/70, 1) 

NASA and DOT sponsored session on national aeronautical programs, with Charles J. Donlan of NASA OMSF as theme chairman. 

Exhibit was prepared by ~aRc, LeRC, and ARC. Dr. Alfred J. Eggers, Jr., NASA Assistant Administrator for Policy, chaired panel discussion on problems facing aeronautics in U.S., including vehicles, airport systems, and airway systems. 

Historical session, “American Advancement into Space,” was 

chaired by Royal D. Frey of uSAF Museum at Wright-Patterson AFB 

and Dr. Loyd Swenson of Univ. of Houston. Organized by Dr. 

Eugene M. Emme, NASA Historian, session heard description by 

Col. John A. MacReady (USAF, Ret.) and Sally MacReady Liston 

ot early experiments to combat known and unknown hazards of first 

attempts to climb into space, narrative by L/G William E. Kempner 

(USAF, Ret.) of flight of Explorer I into stratosphere, description by Cdr. George W. Hoover (usN, Ret.) of USN developments leading to 

space, and story by Col. Joseph F. Cotton (USAF, Ret.) of XB-70. 

(Program; NASA Hist Off) 

October 20-27: Zond VIII automatic space station was launched by 

U.S.S.R. from Baykonur and placed on lunar trajectory. Tass, 

breaking traditional secrecy surrounding Soviet space missions, 

announced launch and said purpose was “to carry out physical re- search along the flight path and the near-moon space, take pictures 

of the lunar surface, of the earth and the moon at different distances, check on improved on-board systems, units and the con-, 

struction of the spacecraft. Under the flight program Zond 8 will 

round the moon on Oct. 24, then change to an eastward path and 

return to earth on Oct. 27.” 

On Oct. 24 Tass announced that Zond VIII had circled within 

1120 km (696 mi) of moon, studied space, photographed moon, and 

was returning to earth. Spacecraft splashed down in Indian Ocean 

Oct. 27 and was recovered by Soviet vessel Tam. Tass said spacecraft brought back “extremely important photographs needed for 

studies of the geological and morphological qualities of the moon.” 

342 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 20-27 

Zond VIIIwas eighth spacecraft in Zond series and second space- craft to land in water; first had been Zond V (Sept. 15-22, 1968). 

Zond VI(Nov. 10-17, 1968) and Zond VII(Aug. 8-14, 1969) had circled moon and returned to earth with data and photos. (GSFC SSR, 

1013 1/70; Gwertzman, NYT, 10/22/70, 1; SBD, 10/28170, 249; 101291 

70,256; B Sun, 10/28/70, AS; SF, 4/71, 138-9) 

October 20: U.S.S.R.. launched Cosmos CCCLXXIII from Baykonur 

into orbit with 562-km (349.24) apogee, 459-km (285.24) perigee, 94.8-min period, and 62.9” inclination. Spaceflight magazine later 

reported that satellite made close approach to two other Cosmos 

satellites on days they were launched: Cosmos CCCLXXIV Oct. 23 

and Cosmos CCCLXXV Oct. 30. Fragments of the other satellites 

were cataloged. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/70; SF, 4/71, 138-9) * Orbiting Nimbus IV satellite (launched April 8) was relaying temperature of steam emitted from 4392.2-111 (14 410-ft) Mt. Ranier rnountain on command eight times weekly, NASA and Dept. of Interior 

announced. Satellite received radio signals from special temperature-monitoring station on mountain’s peak and relayed them to 

ground station at Fairbanks, Alaska, for transmission to GSFC. Temperature had varied only few degrees from 343.2 K (158°F) recorded 

at time of installation. Experiment marked first time volcanic temperatures had been relayed through satellite. (DOI Release) * Full-scale hypersonic research engine (HRE) under development by 

NASA was tested for first time in 8-Foot High-Temperature Structures Tunnel at LaRC. Mach-7.4 speed was reached at temperature of 

1800 K (2000°F) and pressure of 6.2 meganewtons per sq m (900 psi). 

NASA project would demonstrate technology needed for engines to 

propel future aircraft at hypersonic speeds-more than five times 

speed of sound. (Pres Rpt 71; NASA Photo Release 70-H-1362) * NASA announced it had issued “Invitation for Participation in Mission 

Definition for Grand Tour Missions to the Outer Solar System’’ in 

late 1970s to U.S. and foreign scientists. Purpose was to obtain intensive participation of experimental and theoretical scientists with 

mission engineering team in missions’ definition stages, not propos- als for flight missions. Missions included series of three-planet 

swingbys, which would result in flybys of all five outer planets. Sci- entific objectives for planets were to study physical properties and 

atmospheric composition; geological features; thermal regimes and 

energy balances; charged particles and electromagnetic environments; periods of rotation, radii, and other body properties; and 

gravitational fields. Scientific objectives in interplanetary space included studies of solar wind plasma and magnetic field, solar energetic particles, galactic cosmic rays, interplanetary dust, and theorized boundary between solar wind and interstellar medium. Proposals from scientists were due Jan. 18, 1971. NASA would select 

participatin scientists by March 15, 1971. (NASA Release 70-175; 

Text, lOll5hO) * New Haven Register editorial commented on U.S.-U.S.S.R. space 

talks: “Those who despair about relations between the two powers have at least a straw to grasp at. While they may be miles apart in 

some areas, which, because of their nature, make the headlines, 

Washington and Moscow are quietly working together in less spec343 
October 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

October 20: Full-scale hypersonic research engine (HRE) was tested for the first time in 

Langley Research Center’s 8-Foot High-Temperature Structures Tunnel, which produced 

a stream of hot gases moving faster than seven times the speed of sound. NASA project would demonstrate technology needed for future hypersonic aircraft. The test engine in- corporated advanced technology in structure and materials and a cooling system that circulated liquid hydrogen through engine parts to protect them from the intense heat of hy- personic flight. Coolant was then burned as fuel. 

tacular areas. And while politicians may glare at each other, the 

technologists are finding common interests.” (NHav Reg, 10/20/70) 

October 21: Two solid fuel rockets, carrying cloud-measuring payload 

triggering device, were launched. from KSC in 1ightn.ing studi, but 

electrical field was too low for triggering payload to ignite lig tning 

discharge. Launches were first in NASA Mighty Mouse program being conducted by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency to 

study feasibility of discharging lightning potential from clouds before lightning could damage vulnerable areas, such as launch pads. 

(KSC Releases 354-70,337-70) 

October 21-22: Soyuz IXCosmonauts Andrian 6. Nikolayev and Vitaly 

I. Sevastyanov toured MSFC and Alabama Space and Rocket Center 

during two-day visit to Huntsville, Ala. (Huntsville Times, 10/22/70) 

October 22: New comet-13th observed in 1970-had been sighted by three amateur Japanese astronomers in western Japan and north of 

Tokyo on Oct. 19 and in western Japan on Oct. 20, Tokyo Observatory said. (AP, W Post, 10/23/70, AS) 

0 Environment Defense Fund, Inc., New York-based organization with 

environment lawsuits pending throughout U.S., petitioned airport 

authorities at seven major U.S. airports to bar SST if it could not 

344 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 22 

meet noise standards applicable to subsonic aircraft. (Hornig, W 

Star, 10/22/70, Al) 

October 23: USAF launched unidentified satellite by Titan IIIB-Agena booster into orbit with 399.1-km (248-mi) apogee, 130.4-km (81-mi) 

perigee, 89.8-min period, and 11 1” inclination. Satellite reentered 

Nov. 11. (Pres Rpt 71;GSFC SSR, 10/31/70; 11/30/70) * U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXIV from Baykonur into orbit 

with 2140-km (1329.7-mi) apogee, 521-km (323.7-mi) perigee, 112.2- 

min period, and 62.9” inclination. Close approach was made same 

day to Cosmos CCCLXXIII (launched Oct. 20), Spaceflight magazine reported, and 15 fra ments were cataloged to Dec. 11. (GSFC 

SSR, 10/31/70; 12/31/70; jF,4/71; 138-9) 

Twenty-fifth Anniversary Session of U.N. General Assembly. Presi- dent Nixon paid tribute to U.S. founders and called on all nations to 

strive for peace: “Across this planet let us attack the ills that threaten peace. In the untapped oceans of water and space, let us harvest 

in peace.” (PD, 10/26/70, 1434-40) 

Moon had been formed as separate planet outside earth orbit and was 

later captured by earth according to calculations published by Interior Dept. scientist S. Fred Singer and Univ. of Hawaii astronomer L. 

W. Bandermann in Science. Depletion of volatile substances, which 

were of lower abundance in lunar surface rocks than in terrestrial 

rocks, had been explained by late accretion of volatile materials 

from solar nebula with falling temperature. Scientists had concluded 

moon had accumulated not in earth orbit but as separate planet. 

(Science, 10/23/70,438-9) * FAA extended until Oct. 25,1971, flight quota rule at four Washington, Chicago, and New York high-density airports and suspended quota 

for Newark Airport, N.J. Helicopters, previously included in quotas, were exempted, since their operation had had insignificant impact on operation of fixed-wing aircraft. Rule, in effect since June 1, 

1969, would have expired Oct. 25. (FAA Release 70-92) * U.S. had already trained 1000 sky marshals to apprehend would-be 

hijackers.on domestic and international flights and expected to have 

300 more by Oct. 31, Baltimore Sun said. DOT s okesman had said 

Dix, N.J. Eventually, Government hoped to establish 2500-man 

force hired from outside Government agencies and armed forces. 

(Sehlstedt, B Sun, 10/23/70, A7) 0 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. had settled dispute with DOD over SRAM 

(short-range attack missile) motor subcontract for $20 million, Wall 

Street Journal reported. In one.of four disputes with DOD, Lockheed 

had originally asked $54.3 million. Settlement resolved legal issues 

on SRAM subcontract held by Lockheed Propulsion Co. with Boeing Co. Still to be settled were Lockheed disputes with DOD over C-5A 

transport, AH-56A Cheyenne helicopter, and USN ship-building contracts. (WSJ, 10/23/70,5) * Appointment of Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., as OST Director and presidential science adviser had evoked surprise, D. S. Greenberg said in 

Science, because “unlike his five predecessors” he was not “member or protege of the fairly small group that had dominated the upper levels of government science since Sputnik.” Dr. David had been 

“picked by members of President Nixon’s personal staff without 

about 54 marshals a day were being turned out a P ter training at Fort 

345 
October 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

consultation with the then-incumbent, Lee A. DuBridge.” There 

had been “no inclination to ask the White House science advisory 

apparatus to assist in finding a successor when it was time for Dr. 

DuBridge to go.” (Science, 10/23/70,417-19) 

October 24: NASA delegation to 1J.S.-U.S.S.R. space talks-headed by 

Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director-arrived in Moscow for Oct. 

26-27 meetings to discuss cooperation in developing manned space stations and linking spacecraft in orbit. (Clarity, NYT, 10/25/70,24) * Soyuz IXCosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov arrived in Los Angeles with Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., to 

tour Cal Tech and visit Disneyland. They would leave for San Francisco Oct. 26, after touring ARC. (LA Times, 10/25/70; ARC Astrogram, 10/22/70, 1) 

October 25: Record distance for photographing a spacecraft was 

claimed by U.S.S.R. Tass announced that scientists at Sternberg 

Astronomical Institute in Alma, U.S.S.R., had photographed Zond 

VIII (launched Oct. 20) in space 267 000 km (166000 mi) away. 

“This is a record distance for optical instruments in photographing artificial space bodies.”(uPr, W Star, 10/26/70, Al) * Communications system on board NATO’s Nato I (launched by NASA 

March 20) failed. Satellite was switched to redundant communications repeater system and was operating satisfactorily. (NASA Proj 

Off) 0 NASA team in Moscow for Oct. 26-27 U.S.-U.S.S.R. space talks visited Zvezdny Gorodok (Star City), home of Soviet cosmonauts, as 

guests of Soviet team including Cosmonaut Konstantin P. Feoktistov, Deputy Director of Soviet manned flight program. NASA team 

was taken into Soviet spacecraft, where systems were explained to 

establish information base for space talks. (Transcript, NASA background press briefing, 10/29/70) 

Data from millimeter-wave experiment on board Ats V (launched 

Aug. 12, 1969) had indicated scientists might be able to “open up” 

extremely overcrowded microwave band to frequencies above 

10 000 mhz for communications, NASA announced. Millimeter-wave 

frequencies, which operated in range above 10 ghz, offered better 

gain-to-antenna characteristics and extremely wide bandwidths, allowed reduction of component size and weight, and could offer 

more than 10 times the frequency spectrum currently available. 

Experiment was providing amplitude and phase measurements on 

two independent test links at 15.3 ghz (satellite-to-earth) and at 

3 1.65 ghz (earth-to-satellite) during measured and defined meteorological conditions. Results showed that only very heavy rainfall 

would affect reliable communications and that frequency band 

“windows” existed where water vapor and oxygen absorption were low. (NASA Release 70/178) 

NASA officials attended opening of art exhibit by Robert Rauschenberg 

at Fendrick Gallery in Washington, D.C. Exhibit included 25 lithographs from “Stoned Moon” series. Rauschenberg had been one of 

artists invited by NASA to witness Apollo 22 launch and convey impressions of first lunar landing mission. (Richard, W Post, 11/30/70, 

D 1 ; Fendrick Gallery 0 Fortieth anniversary o all-air transcontinental service in U.S. TWA 

flew first all-air coast-to-coast flight Oct. 25, 1930, from New York )f 

346 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 25 

with 13-passenger Ford trimotor aircraft, which stopped at Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, Columbus, Indianapolis, St. Louis, 

Kansas City, Wichita, Amarillo, Albuquerque, and Winslow, Ariz. 

Total elapsed time for east-west service was 36 hrs including 10%-hr overnight in Kansas City. (TWA Today, 11/2/70, 1) 0 AP quoted uSAF as saying 89 officers and airmen conducting upperatmosphere research would be withdrawn from Chile by year’s end 

because “requirement no longer exists.” (C Trib, 10/27/70, 14) 

October 26: White House announced appointment of R/A Don A. Jones 

as Acting Director of National Ocean Survey and of Dr. John W. 

Townsend as Acting Associate Administrator of National Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) until offices were filled 

under provisions of NOAA reorganization plan. Adm. Jones was 

member of ESSA Commissioned Officers Corps and had been Director of Coast and Geodetic Survey since 1965. Dr. Townsend had 

been ESSA Deputy Administrator since 1968, Chief of NASA Space Sciences Div. 1958-1959, and GsFC Assistant Director and Deputy 

Director 1959-1968. (PD, 11/2/70,1457) 0 Federation of American Scientists held Washington, D.C., news conference to protest extensive advertising campaign by American 

Security Council asserting U.S.S.R. had taken lead in strategic nuclear weaponry. Dr. Herbert Scoville, Jr., head of FAS Strategic 

Weapons Committee presented chart showing U.S. had 1710 longrange missiles and 550 strategic bombers, for total of 2260 delivery 

vehicles. Soviet force had 1518 missiles and 150 bombers, or 1668 

delivery vehicle total, and was building 390 additional vehicles. 

(Beecher, NYT, 10/27/70,13) 

October 26-27: U.S.-U.S.S.R. talks on possibilties for compatible rendezvous and docking arrangements in space were held in Moscow 

between NASA delegation headed by MSC Director, Dr. Robert R. 

Gilruth, and Soviet Academy of Sciences team headed by Academician Georgy I. Petrov. 

In exchange of basic information on docking systems NASA officials described Gemini and Apollo techniques, procedures, and 

docking adapters and Skylab project. Soviet team described plans for future system similar to Apollo’s, with tunnel between spacecraft to accommodate docking apparatus. Agreement was reached 

that 12 specific technical elements required further joint study, including guidance systems for rendezvous, docking hardware, coordinate systems, and reference markings. Teams agreed on November exchange by mail of supplementary technical information and subsequent meeting in March or April to organize three joint work- ing groups, to meet alternately in U.S. and U.S.S.R. to develop compatible hardware and procedures. (Transcript, NASA background press briefing, 10/29/70) 

October 27: USAF X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot 

John A. Manke, successfully completed 19th flight in joint NASAuSAF research program from FRC. Purposes of flight were to expand flight envelope to mach 1.25, obtain lateral directional derivatives at 

mach numbers greater than 1.15, obtain longitudinal trim and lift-todrag ratio data with 30” upper flap, and determine effect of upper flap on approach and landing. (NASA Proj Off) 

347 
October 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

NASA announced reorganization of OART to improve aeronautical research and give more support of space activities. Effective immediately, reorganization created new aeronautical research units: Short 

Landing and Take-Off (STOL) Program Office, Advanced Technology Experimental Transport (ATET) Program Office, Lifting Body 

Program Office, Aeronautical Operating System Div., Aeronautical 

Research Div., and Aeronautical Propulsion Div. New units to sup- port technology in space or atmosphere were: Shuttle Technologies 

Office, Technology Applications Office, Nuclear Systems Office, 

Space Propulsion and Power Div., Environmental Systems and 

Effects Div., Guidance, Control and Information Systems Div., and 

Materials and Structures Div. Remaining units were: Resources and 

Institutional Management Div., Advanced Concepts and Mission 

Div., Safety and Operating Systems Office, and Research Council 

for planning future research efforts. Council members wou!d include directors of LaRC, LeRc, ARC, and FRC. OART would retain its 

name and additional staffing would not be required. (NASA Release 

Brain sensor and radio transmitter system developed for space medical research was being used by scientists at ARC and Agnews State 

Hospital in San Jose, Calif., in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenics, NASA announced. System, developed by ARC, employed 

wire clip headset with two small electrodes that sensed brain waves 

through hair with no scalp preparation. Tiny battery-powered radio 

transmitter broadcast brain signals to computer for analysis. Light weight and simplicity of system eliminated disquieting procedures 

required by past diagnostic methods. (NASA Release 70-179) 

Apollo 12 seismometer had detected moonquakes at least twice when 

moon was at apogee, 405 555 km (252 000 mi) from earth, Washington Post reported. Univ. of Hawaii seismologist Dr. Rolf Meissner 

had said quakes, which had occurred during seven months ending in 

August, might be caused by sudden venting of trapped gas when tidal stresses from earth’s pull were suddenly relaxed. Finding fol- lowed Aug. 10 finding by Dr. Gary V. Latham and NASA team at MSC 

that moon quaked at perigee. Stress pattern was reversed during 

apogee, Dr. Meissner had said. “What might be happening is the 

lunar surface layer is pushing down, pulling the interior apart and 

unblocking gas chambers at some depths in the moon.” While apogee quakes did not appear to emanate from same place producing perigee quakes, they did emanate from same general location-in 

Fra Mauro hills, where Apollo 14 astronauts were scheduled to land. 

(O’Toole, W Post, 10/27/70, A3) 0 Nobel Prize for physics for 1970 was awarded jointly to Hannes 0. 

Alfven of Univ. of California at San Diego and Louis E. Neel of 

Grenoble Univ. in France. They would share $78 000 cash award. 

Alfven was cited for “fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics, with fruitful applications in different parts of 

plasma physics.” Neel was cited for “fundamental work and discoveries concerning ferromagnetism, which have led to important 

applications in solid-state physics.” 

Dr. Luis F. Leloir of Argentine Institute of Biochemical Research 

received Nobel Prize in chemistry for study of how sugars were metabolized and stored in the body and for work that had provided 

70- 183) 

348 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 27 

“real knowledge in wide fields of biochemistry, where earlier we 

had to resort to vague hypothesis.” (O’Toole, W Post, 10/28/70, 

A13) 

NASA announced award of $4 660 000, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to 

RCA for flight-model videotape recorders and associated equipment 

for ERTS program. Recorder system would be used to record output of return-beam videcon high-resolution TV system and multispectral scanner system when ERTS was not in contact with a ground station and to relay data to earth on command. (NASA Release 70-184) 

Oral history of space flight on 647 reels of tape assembled over six 

years had been presented to Smithsonian Institution’s Air and Space 

Museum, Washington Daily News reported. Assembled by Michael 

Kapp, Vice President of Capitol Records Co., tapes began with reminiscences of Mrs. Esther Goddard, widow of rocket pioneer 

Dr. Robert H. Goddard, and went through Apollo 11 mission. Sixrecord LP album had been excerpted from tapes. (W News, 10/27/ 

70) 0 Visiting Soviet Soyuz IX Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly 1. Sevastyanov took turns with Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., 

flying Boeing 747. They were accompanied bv Boeing test pilot during flight from Boeing facility near Seattle, Wash. (AP, B Sun, 

10/28/70) 0 Pan Am Boeing 747 engine caught fire minutes after landing at London 

after flight from Los Angeles. Several of 89 passengers aboard were injured slightly in evacuating aircraft via escape chutes. FAA spokesman later said fire was not related to conditions cited by National 

Transportation Safety Board on Oct. 1 (W Post, 10/28/70, A18) 0 U.S.S.R. announced it would conduct month-long series of missile 

firing tests in Pacific Oct. 28 to Nov. 30. Target area would be circle 257.5 km (160 mi) in diameter about 482.8 km (300 mi) from 

Midway Islands. (AP, W Post, 10/28/70, A14) 

“OUT World in Space-Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow,” illustrated 

lecture by artist Robert McCall, was presented by Smithsonian Associates in Washington, D.C. (Program) October 28: NASA delegation to Oct. 26-27 U.S.-U.S.S.R. space talks 

was taken by Soviet Academy of Sciences hosts to see Luna XVI 

lunar samples at Moscow geochemical institute before delegation 

departed for U.S. Academy President Mstislav V. Keldysh later said it was first time foreigners had seen samples of 100 grams (3.5 

oz) of lunar soil picked up by unmanned Luna XVIduring Sept. 12- 

24 mission. 

At Moscow press conference on Luna XVl Academician Keldysh 

said Soviet scientists would continue to emphasize unmanned missions “in the near future.” He said fact that US.-U.S.S.R. space 

talks took place “means that both sides think it advisable to make 

the docking units of manned spacecraft compatible,” but problem 

was “complex.” It would require more research before countries 

could decide even to what degree they could cooperate. 

U.S. Embassy in Moscow issued statement describing space talks 

as “preliminary exchange of views and information.’’ Both sides 

had agreedto continue discussions. (Mills, B Sun, 10/29/70, A4) 0 Edgar M. Cortright, LaRc Director, addressed National Space Club in 

Washington, D.C., on NASA’s time for decision: “We in NASA rec349 
October 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ognize that our program no longer enjoys the number one priority 

but is now but one of a number of priority areas competing for 

scarce funds. But we also recognize that our program, in addition to 

its intrinsic value, sets the pace for much of the technological development of this country and promises to do so for the foreseeable 

future. . . . We do not believe that we could long survive and pros- per without this preeminent technological position. Therefore, we 

have to stand and fight off the stampede by other groups to acquire 

funds now being channeled into our national technology through 

NASA and the Department of Defense. It is a veritable ‘run on the 

bank.’ The withdrawal slips carry such catch terms as relevancy, 

poverty, pollution, and housing, and are designed to shame us into 

sacrificing our space program and national technology in the name 

of ‘humanity.’ I would reverse the logic and say-in the name of 

humanity we should maintain our national technology.” 

Cortright also described NASA-DOT-DOD experimental program to 

introduce V/STOL aircraft into commercial use: “We have chosen 

the externally blown flap and augmentor wing jet STOL airplanes for 

initial attention. Jet VTOL aircraft will come later. . . . We envision a 

combination of V/STOL and high-speed ground transportation as 

offering the best hope for continued mobility as the megalopolis continues to spreadh We are also preparing a program to develop an Advanced Technology Experimental Transport using Whitcomb’s 

[Dr. Richar,d T. Whitcomb, Jr., Head of LaRC’s 8-Foot Tunnels 

Branch] supercritical aerodynamic concepts to explore the prob- lems of efficient cruise at Mach numbers approaching one.” (Text) 0 Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR 

carrying NCAR experiment to collect air samples. Mission did not 

meet minimum scientific requirements. (SR list) 

Motorized wheelchair controlled by sight-switch perfected by space engineers was delivered to Texas Medical Center in Houston by 

MSFC for evaluation. Second wheelchair would be delivered to Roncho Los Amigos Hospital in Downey, Calif., in November. Switch, 

worn on head, enabled user to open and close circuit controlling 

chair’s wheel movement with his eyes and move easily without assistance. Switch had been developed to help astronauts in training 

operate essential equipment under extreme flight conditions. Manufacturer, Hayes International Corp., was extending application of 

switch as control device for handicapped. (MSFC Release 70-218) 

Agreement under which NASA would provide FAA with bibliographies in aeronautical engineering and make searches for scientific technical reports required by FAA was announced by NASA. FAA-developed scientific and technical information would be processed into 

NASA’s scientific and technical facility at College Park, Md., and be 

available to other users of NASA’s retrieval services. Joint use of 

NASA information facility would save FAA expense of developing and operating retrieval system. (NASA Release 70-180) 

U.K. Minister of Aviation Supply Frederick V. Corfield announced in 

House of Commons that Anglo-French supersonic transport Concorde would cost $1.98 billionto develop. Latest estimate increased 

cost by $280 million over previous $1.7 billion. Original estimate in 

1962 had been $420 million. (AP, W Post, 10/29/70) 

350 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 28 

* USAF investigating board had found that F-111 crash Oct. 7 at Carswell AFB, Tex., had not been caused by inflight structural failure, 

Wall Street Journal, reported. No malfunction was found that would 

require further inspection of F-I11 fleet. USAF declined to disclose 

cause. ( WSJ, 10/28/70,25) * Ecuador became 77th member of INTELSAT, formed in 1964 with 11 

member countries. (INTELSAT PIO; SBD, 11/5/70,22) October 29: NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences reached agreement 

in Moscow for joint efforts to design compatible space docking and 

rendezvous arrangements. Agreement called for exchange of technical materials by correspondence during November 1970, exchange 

of technical requirements for systems to ensure compatibility in 

January and February 1971 for familiarization, and meetings of 

working groups in March and April 1971 to refine lists of systems to 

provide compatibility and discuss common requirements. Working group meetings would be held alternately in U.S. and U.S.S.R. After agreements on technical requirements, each side would independently prepare preliminary system designs to be considered by 

NASA and Soviet Academy. (NASA Release 70-210) 

At NASA Hq. press briefing Arnold W. Frutkin, Assistant Administrator for International Affairs, reported on Oct. 26-27 U.S.-U.S.S.R. 

talks on compatible rendezvous and docking: “We would hope that 

the next year would show very substantial progress toward the definition of possible compatible systems; the implementation of those 

systems is another matter which rests entirely on the pace of our 

respective programs.” Space shuttle would be more plausible craft 

for compatible docking than Skylab because of timing. (Transcript) * Dr. Donald J. Williams, Director of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Disturbances Laboratory in Boulder, 

Colo., revealed plans to study space weather by squirting small 

blobs of electrically charged gas out of earth-orbiting satellite. He 

told 1970 Meeting of Interagency Conference on Weather Modification at Virginia Beach, Va., NOAA would fly simple experiment on 

small geophysical monitoring satellite. “When activated 22 300 

miles [35 900 km] above the nighttim? earth, the device will trigger a 

self-quenching flow of electrons into the upper atmosphere. Our 

proposed experiment in modifying space weather requires interacting with our environment in a scientifically significant yet totally 

non-destructive way .” If initial release of plasma from satellite 

caused artificial aurora scientists would “be able to deduce the exact shape of the magnetic field line that passes through the satellite’s 

position. In addition, the. . .experiment should provide information 

on diffusion of plasma along field lines, diffusion across field lines, 

and electric fields deep in the magnetosphere.” Naturally occurring electron-precipitation events were accompanied by many terrestrial effects, including auroral displays, radiopropagation disturbances, and intense, short-lived fluctuations of 

earth’s magnetic field. If NOAA experiment enhanced precipitation from magnetosphere into ionosphere scientists “would then be 

more certain of the natural processes that cause storms and should 

be able to improve our predictions of radar clutter and the quality of 

polar radio communications in future, naturally occurring storms. 

Once we know more about the magnetosphere, the triggering mech35 1 
October 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

anism of electron precipitation events and their enhancement into 

geomagnetic storms, we can then consider ways to modify or control such storms when they occur naturally. Thus, the small NOAA 

experiment riding piggyback on a geophysical satellite may be our 

first step toward ultimate control of our space environment.” (NOAA 

Release 70-85-285) 

Heart-rate tachometer invented by MSFC engineers James R. Currie 

and Ralph R. Kissel to monitor astronauts’ heart beat in space might have medical application on earth, MSFC said. Device, which could 

measure heart rates between 40 and 200 beats per minute and furnish almost instantaneous rate after measuring only two heart beats, 

might be used to monitor heart rates of cardiac patients. (MSFC Release 70-226) * MSC had accepted delivery of three of eight new supersonic Northrop T-38 trainers for astronauts, purchased at $800 000 each, Washington Post reported. Two-engine aircraft would .replace 10 Lockheed 

subsonic, single-engine T-33s in NASA service for past 10 yrs. 

(O’Toole, W Post, 10/29/70) * Early Birds of Aviation held annual convention in Washington, D.C. 

Group, organized in 1928, consisted of aviators who flew solo before Dec. 17, 1916-13 yrs after Wright brothers first flight, but before U.S. entry into World War I. Convention participants included 

Georgia (Tiny) Broadwick, 77, who parachuted from aircraft in 

1913; Walter Waterman, 76, who made his first solo flight July 1, 

1909, in glider he built from plans published in Popular Mechanics; 

Roy Waite, 86, who made one of world’s first aerial bomb runs in 

1912, when he dropped 20 bags of flour onto two battleships in Boston Harbor; and William Diehl, 79, who claimed to have carried first 

regular passengers. (Weil, W Post, 10/30/70, A22) 

October 30: U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites. Cosmos 

CCCLXXV, launched from Ba konur, entered orbit with 2098-km 

(1303.6-mi) apogee, 525-km (3 6.2-mi) peri ee, 11 1.8-min period, and 62.8” inclination. It made close appjoac same day to Cosmos 

GCCLXXZIZ(1aunched Oct. 20), Spaceflight magazine reported, and 

25 fragments were catalo ed to Dec. 11. 

Cosmos CCCLXXVI, faunched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 

286-km (177.74) apogee, 206-km (128-mi) perigee, 89.4-min period, and 65.3” inclination. It reentered Nov. 12. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/70; 

NASA combined Office of Industry Affairs with Office of Technology Utilization to form new Office of Industry Affairs and Technology 

Utilization. Daniel J. Harnett, former Assistant Administrator for 

Industry Affairs, was named Assistant Administrator for Industry 

Affairs and Technology Utilization. George J. Vecchietti continued 

as Deputy Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs and Melvin 

S. Day, former Acting Assistant Administrator for Technology 

Utilization, became Deputy Assistant Administrator for Technology Utilization. (NASA Ann) * LeRc scientists had perfected production of .isotope iodine 123, diag- nostic aid, in form 100 times less radioactive than commonly used 

iodine 13 1, NASA announced. In cooperative program with HEW’S 

U.S. Public Health Service in Cincinnati, Ohio, technique for pro- ducing very pure iodine 123 with LeRC cyclotron had been pioneered 

a f 

11/30/70; 12/31/70; SF,4/71, 138-9) 

352 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 October 30 

by LeRC scientist James W. Blue. AEC was building two linear accelerators that could produce enough iodine 123 to supply entire U.S. 

(NASA Release 70-185) 

0 Study of Apollo 12 lunar samples had confirmed earlier conclusion 

from Apollo 11 sample study that lunar soil contained 1.9% meteoric 

material of similar composition to carbonaeceous chondrites and 

that moon had formed in earth’s neighborhood, Enrico Fermi Institute and Univ. of Chicago chemists reported in Science. Four Apollo 12 core and soil samples were “enriched in a number of trace elements of meteoric origin to virtually the same degree as Apollo 11 

soil.” Meteoritic average influx rate of 4 billionths g per sq cm (1.4 

billionths oz per sq in) seemed valid for entire moon. (Ganapathy, 

Keays, Anders, Science, 10/30/70,533-5) 0 Dr. George N. Constan, former manager of Michoud Assembly Facility, had returned from private industry to MSFC as Special Assistant 

to the Director of Program Management, MSFC announced. (MSFC 

Release 70-227) 

NASA announced selection of Computer Sciences Corp. for $5 million, 

cost-plus-award-fee contract to provide programming and computer 

support services for Manned S ace Flight Network (MSFN) Central 

Computing System at GSFC. Eontract covered two-year period, preceded by six-month phase-in, with option for one-year extension. (NASA Release 70-187) 

October 31: Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from 

WSMR carrying GSFC experiment to study stellar Uv. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 FAA air traffic controllers would delay final descent for landing of turbojet aircraft until close to their destination airport and climb aircraft out as rapidly as possible after takeoff, in program announced 

by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe to increase safety and 

reduce noise at U.S. airports. (FAA Release 70-94) 0 Christian Science Monitor editorial on US.-U.S.S.R. space discussions: “While not wishing to minimize the long road which still lies 

ahead before America and Russia have peacefully resolved all 

their major disagreements, we see the new space pact as an extraordinarily heartening development. It has created a new bond, a new 

mutual interest, a new feeling of joint participation. It is from the 

multiplication of such ties that international peace and friendship 

grow. And from such a vjsion of space togetherness there can come 

a stronger desire for greater brotherliness on earth.” (CSM, 10/31/ 

70) During October: Scientists at Boeing Space Center in Kent, Wash., 

were studying piece of Surveyor UI,5 cm (2 in) long, returned from 

moon by Apo//o 12 astronauts, to determine why original white paint had discolored, Boeing Co. said. White paint reflected intense solar 

rays in space and helped prevent heat buildup inside spacecraft. Boeing researchers thought paint degraded in space because of contaminating film from rocket exhaust, constanf proton bombardment, or other radiation from sun. If discoloring came from contamination, paint could be restored to whiteness through oxygen plasma 

process. If paint had changed through radiation damage, Boeing could replenish depleted atoms. Results of study would enable 

353 
During October ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Boeing to renew reflective paint of future spacecraft which might need to function for 10 to 20 yrs. (Boeing Release S-0788) * Time was ripe for U.S.-European space partnership, William Leavitt 

said in Air Force and Space Digest. “Europe. . seems to be working, at long last, toward the creation of a European ‘NASA’ that 

would bring together the expertise, and create a focus for energies and resources, of the principal European countries.” In U.S., 

“prestige-fired fiscal support of multibillion-dollar space projects is 

rapidly shrinking.” There was opportunity for real partnership. “More cooks in today’s kitchen would enrich the broth. To such a 

combination, the U.S. could bring its vast experience of the past 

decade and certainly some significant funding, even in a tightened 

money situation. The Europeans could bring fresh enthusiasm, a 

good deal of skill, financial support, and developmental philosophies that might be a good deal more frugal, since they have been 

accustomed to small budgets. Money and time could be saved all 

round.” (AFISD, 10/70,66-7) 

NAS announced appointment of special committee for celebration of 

Copernicus Quinquecentennial in 1973 to “facilitate participation of 

U.S. science in national and international observations. . .and to 

propose and implement plans. . .to explain. . .the significance of the 

work of Copernicus in the history of science.” (NAS-NRC-NAE 

News Rpt, 10/70, 1) 

Progress of Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) was described in Astronautics & Aeronautics by ESSA scientist David s. 

Johnson. NASA’s Itos I, launched Jan. 23, was in sun-synchronous orbit. Operational sounding capability would be added to system in 

1972. Third-generation operational satellite was planned for 1975 

launch. Synchronous Meteorological Satellite scheduled for 1972 

launch would be operational prototype of Geostationary Operation- al Environmental Satellite that would complement Itos I. Initially, U.S. would keep one geostationary spacecraft operating continu- ously. It was hoped second would be launched before first GARP 

global experiment scheduled for one-year period about 1976. 

France and Japan were considering synchronous satellites for first 

GARP global experiment. ESRO and U.K. might build polar-orbit 

meteorological satellites for experiment. U.S.S.R. was operating 

meteorological satellites in quasi-polar orbit and was developing 

sounding instruments. Space-based observing system apparently 

would furnish major portion of data for GARP global experiment, by which time “U.S. operational meteorological satellite system will 

approach the coverage needed, except for the four synchronous satellites. Promising signs of significant contributions towards these 

have come from other countries.” (A&A, 10/70,28-32) 

Work of NASA ’s six regional Dissemination Centers was described in 

Mechanical Engineering. Part of NASA’s specialized information 

services, centers had been established at universities and nonprofit 

research institutes “to help potential users of new technology obtain 

it in packages appropriate to their needs.” Cost of individual 

retrospective searches of full NASA file averaged $200, charged 

against minimum annual client fee commitment. Client could be 

kept current in particular subject for about $80 per month. Computer tapes bearing 6000 or more new monthly citations of scientific and 

354 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 During October 

technical reports were. searched each month by machine matching 

“interest profile” of client’s objectives against indexed descrlptions of aerospace researchers’ findings. (Kotel, Mechanical Engineering, 

First Doctor of Civil Law degree in field of air and space law was 

awarded by McGill Univ. in Montreal to George S. Robinson, Jr., of 

Alexandria, Va. (Vienna [Va.] Globe, 1/7/71,1) 

Stages in deve!opment of Soviet s ace stations were described by 

mii Nauk SSSR: “First.. .small stations. . .with three to twelve 

men, with a period of existence of from one month to a year or 

slightly longer, will be put into circumterrestrial orbit. . . . Well elaborated and tested compartments of space vehicles and individual 

stages of carrier rockets will be used as the main units of those stations.” Orbital stations could be orbited in assembled state by car- rier rockets or in parts, with one or two dockings. Station crew 

could be delivered by transport space vehicle and crews exchanged. One of main tasks of stations would be medical and biological expe- riments. Orbital stations would be created “of block design. assembled in circumterrestrial orbit in parts,” with maximum IO-yr life 

and 12- to 20-member crew. Petrov saw advisability “of very large multipurpose orbital base stations” for crews of 50 to 70 and, ultimately 100 to 120. U.S.S.R. had in view not simply space station 

but system of space stations. (AF Mag, 6/71,54-9) 

10/70,16-23) 

Boris Petrov in Soviet Academy o P Sciences journal Vestnik Akade355 

November 1970 

November 1: Nixon Administration was “moving to make the hydraheaded Federal science and technology apparatus more responsive 

to the nation’s needs,” New York Times reported. New effort, to be 

tested in early 1971, would identify priorities in science and technology and weigh them to determine “where they will rank in the strug- gle for Federal dollars.” OST and NSF officials had said in interviews 

that they were determined to bring better order into system of Federal research agencies. Reorganization efforts would focus on $14- 

billion-a-year R&D programs to translate scientific knowledge into 

better housing, mass transportation, cleaner air, and “healthier 

people.” Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., Presidential Science Adviser, 

had emphasized that pure and basic research, currently allotted $2 

billion per year, would be specifically exempted from reorganization. Current R&D budget was lowest in five fiscal years and smallest 

in decade in terms of constant dollars. (Lyons, NYT, 11/1/70, 1) November 2: NASA% M2-F3 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test 

pilot William H. Dana, successfully completed third flight from FRC. 

Captive portion-usually conducted on separate flight-was completed at 9100-km (30 000-ft) altitude to verify B-52ladapterlheav.yweight M2-F3 compatibility, check out propellant system, and 

check out jettison system. Flight portion followed air launch from 

B-52 aircraft at 13 700-111 (45 000-ft) altitude to expand launch envelope, study transonic configuration, investigate lateral phugoid present on M2-F2, check out reaction control system, and evaluate 

nose window requirements. (NASA Proj Off) * NASA and U.K. Science Research Council (SRC) signed agreement for 

NASA to launch fifth U.K. satellite in 1973. UK-5, carrying six scientific experiments, would be launched by NASA Scout booster into 

orbit with 555-km (435-mi) altitude, where it would study cosmic xray sources. Satellite would be U.K.’s first employing magneticcore data storage, pulse-code-modulation telemetry, and gas-jet atti- tude-control system that could be programmed by ground command. U.K.’s Ariel I (launched April 26, 1962), Ariel I1 (launched 

March 27, 1964), and Ariel III(1aunched May 5, 1967), had been 

launched by NASA under cooperative agreements. Fourth satellite, 

UK-4, would be launched into near-polar orbit in 1971. (NASA Re: 

lease 70-195) * Kenneth W. Gatland, Vice President of British Interplanetary Society, told press in London that U.S.S.R. had been testing satellite designed to destroy U.S. military satellites. Claim, he said, was substantiated by studies from Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough. Cosmos CCCLXXIIII (launched Oct. 20) had been a target; Cosmos CCCLXXIV(1aunched Oct. 23) had been orbited to Same 

altitude as Cosmos CCCLXXIIIand then exploded, a parently on 

ground command. Six large fragments had been identi R ed. Gatland 

357 
November 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

said objective could have been to destroy Cosmos CCCLXXZZZwith 

the fragments or to use radiation from a nuclear explosion to make it 

inoperable. Cosmos CCCLXXV(1aunched Oct. 30) had been test of 

same system. (AP, B Sun, 11/3/70, A2; W Star, 11/3/70) 0 Battelle-Northwest Laboratories team under Dr. Franklin E. Roach 

was investigating “diffuse galactic light” to measure material between stars, UPI reported. Dr. Roach hoped to determine where dust 

was clum ing and coalescing in early stages of star formation. 

(NYT, 1 1 b/70) 0 Report to NATO by Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird placed num- ber of Soviet land-based ICBMS ready for use or under construction 

at about 1400, AP said. Figure-increase of about 100 ICBMS over 

Laird’s estimate given to Congress earlier in year-put U.S.S.R. 

about 350 ICBMS ahead of U.S. Laird had also reported that 

U.S.S.R. had about 30 missile-launching nuclear submarines of Polaris class operational or under construction and warned that 

U.S.S.R. could overtake U.S. in production by 1974. (W Post, 11/21 

70, A1 1) 

New York Times: “The first concrete steps toward arranging direct Soviet-American cooperation in space would be important under any circumstances. But the timing of last week’s [Oct. 26-27] 

agreement aimed at standardizing both nations’ space 

ships. . .makes that development doubly welcome. The talks SUCceeded when most aspects of Washington-Moscow relations are 

roiled by tensions ranging from the Middle East to the continued 

imprisonment in Russia of two American generals whose plane 

strayed across the Turkish border.” (NYT, 11/2/70) 

Christian Science Monitor: “While not wishing to minimize the 

long road which still lies ahead before America and Russia have 

peacefully resolved all their major disagreements, we see the new 

space pact as an extraordinary heartening development. It has created a new bond, a new mutual interest, a new feeling of joint partici- pation. It is from the muliplication of such ties that international 

peace and friendship grow. And from such a vision of space togetherness there can come a stronger desire for greater brotherliness on 

earth.” (CSM, 11/2/70) 

Milwaukee Journal: “The economic benefits and Savings of international co-operation are obvious. The intangible benefits, however, 

are just as great, particularly defusing space of the rivalries and antagonisms that have been so destructive on earth. NASA must be 

commended for its efforts so far, and urged to press on in this important business.” (Milwaukee Journal, 11/2/70) November 3: Lunar samples returned by U.S.S.R.’s Luna XVI 

(launched Sept. 12) contained less titanium and zirconium oxide and 

more ferric oxide than Apollo 11 samples, Soviet Academy of Sciences Vice President Aleksander Vinogradov was quoted as say- ing. Luna and Apollo samples “have an equally high content of 

space originated inert gases” but in overall composition the Luna 

XVI samples more closely resembed those from Apollo 12. Luna 

XVI material was fragmented basaltic type containing 70 chemical 

elements; granularity of soil increased with depth. Spherical, glazed formations of congealed droplets similar to those found by Apollo 

Editorials commented on U.S.-U.S.S.R. space talks. 

358 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 3 

crews were present. Specific heat of lunar soil did not de end on 

restrial rocks, while heat conductivity is characterized by extremely 

low values, considerably below those of the best heat-insulating materials on Earth. . . . It may be assumed that the general course of 

differentiation of the substance of the Earth and of the Moon and 

probably of other planets of the terrestrial ty e proceeded by similar 

Supercritical wing developed by Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb, Jr., head 

of 8-Foot Tunnels Branch at LaRC, to increase speeds of U.S. 

transport aircraft by more than 160 km per hr (100 mph) without 

causing sonic booms was delivered to FRC for testing. Wing, which would be flown on modified F-8 jet fighter aircraft in spring 1971, 

was built by NR Los Angeles Div. at $1.8-million cost. (Miles, LA 

Times, 11/2/70) 

Chemist Dr. Gustaf 0. S. Arrhenius of Univ. of California at San Diego said in interview that he was working with NASA on plans to expand U.S. space program by sending unmanned spacecraft on “mission to an asteroid.” He said idea had been presented to NASA in 

1969 by Dr. Hannes 0. Alfven, 1970 Nobel Prize winner in physics. 

(UPI, NYT, 11/4/70) * U.S. and U.S.S.R. resumed SALT in Helsinki after adjournment of 

nearly three months. (Gwertzman, NYT, 11/4/70,11) 

November 4: Sud-Aviation test pilot Andre‘ Turcat flew Concorde 001, 

French prototype of Anglo-French supersonic transport to mach 2 

(2125 km per hr; 1320 mph) for first time during 90-min, 102nd test 

flight from Toulouse-Blagnac Aerodrome. Soviet supersonic transport Tu-144 had flown at 2150 km per hr (1336 mph) May 26. (Farnsworth, NYT, 11/5/70,94) 

U.S.S.R.’s Zond VllIspacecraft was flown to Moscow from Bombay, 

India, where it had been taken by ship after splashdown in Indian 

Ocean Oct. 27. (Reuters, WPost, 11!5/70, A6) 0 AP interview of Dr. Charles H. Townes, Univ. of California at Berkeley physicist and Nobel laureate, on possibility of life in outer space 

was published in Washington Evening Star: “It is clear that we already have found most of the molecules that biologists have postulated are necessary for the beginning of life.” Scientists were also 

finding particles of dust in “interstellar smog” that were sjmilar to 

earth rocks. ‘‘. . .we can see in space many of the materials from 

which planets are made and which life needs to begin.” (W Star, 1 I/ 

4/30, A2) November 4-5: European Space Conference in Brussels discussed European participation in $13-billion, IO-yr U.S. post-Apollo program. 

At Nov. 4 session, U.K. delegation rejected U.S. proposal to join program, because program’s costs and timing were too imprecise 

and program had not yet been approved by U.S. Congress. French, 

West German, and Belgian delegations declared they would accept U.S. invitation. At close of Nov. 5 session, Conference President 

The0 Lefevre, Belgian Minister for Scientific Policy and Planning, 

announced 12 countries participating had set up committee to examine U.S. proposals with view to accepting it on suitable financial and 

density, Vinogradov said, and, “on the average, correspon s s to terroutes, although reached different stages o P development.” (SBD, 11/3/70,8-9) 

359 
November 4-5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

political terms. Delegation would visit Washington, D.C., at undecided date for further talks. (Reuters, NYT, 11/6/70,C9) November 5: Success of NASA-Purdue Univ. studv to detect corn 

blight infestation with sensing devices [see Sept. 61 was announced 

by NASA. . Most precise data had come from multispectral scanner 

flown at 900 m (3000 ft) by Univ. of Michigan’s C-47 aircraft. Combined with ground computer readouts, scanner data classified corn 

as healthy or as suffering very mild blight, mild blight, moderately 

severe blight, or severe blight. While infrared photos showed little 

difference, scanner data could make distinction. (NASA Release 70- 

188) 

Nato I, satellite, launched by NASA March 20 for NATO, had met mission objectives and was operating satisfactorily, NASA announced. 

(NASA Proj Off) 

Four-man crew successfully completed 159-day, 11 000-km (7000-mi) 

journey from Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Mooloolaba, Australia, in 7.9- 

m (26-ft) raft to prove South American Indians could have saiied to 

Australia centuries ago. Expedition was headed by Prof. Vital Alzar 

of Spain, who was making second attempt to cross Pacific on raft. 

Others were Marco Modena of France, Norman Terenault of Canada, and Gabriel Salas of Chile. (UPI. WPost, 11/6/70, A18) 

Dr. James A. Van Allen, Univ. of Iowa physicist and discoverer of 

radiation belts encircling earth, said in Durham, N.H., that U.S. 

should phase out manned space programs. Maintenance of men in 

spacecraft “increases the cost of a given miss.ion enormously and risks human life unnecessarily, and in a conspicuous and dramatic 

way.” Dr. Van Allen was in Durham to deliver first Spaulding Distin uished Series lecture at Univ. of New Hampshire. (AP, WPost, 

1 lh70, A7) 

N.Y. State Supreme Court Appellate Div. ruled unanimously that 

Cornell Univ. had right to sell Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory to private, profit-making company, EDP Technology, Inc. Decision 

upset 1969 State Supreme Court ruling that laboratory had been created as Dublic trust and therefore could not be sold to Drivate company. Appellate Div. held that laboratory had been tiansferred to 

Cornell as gift without any restrictions. (AP, NYT, 11/6/70) 

November 6: USAF launched 500th successful U.S. satellite into orbit 

from ETR by Titan IIIC booster. Orbital parameters: apogee, 

35 886.8 km (22 299 mi); perigee, 26048.8 km (16 186 mi); period, 

1197.1 min; and inclination, 7.8”. 

U.S. press reported that satellite, carrying several new sensors, 

was part of early warning system to provide 30-min warning of 

ICBMS fired from U.S.S.R. or Communist China. (Pres Rpt 71; GSFC 

SSR, 11/30/70; Beecher, NYT, 11/7/70, 1) Arcas sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Ft. Sherman Canal 

Zone, Panama, carried GSFC payload to 59.5-km (37-mi) altitude to 

obtain ozone measurements in conjunction with Nimbus IV satellite 

overpass. Rocket was first of two-rocket series; second would be 

launched Nov. 13. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and good quality data were obtained. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 Seismic data from impacts of Apollo 12 LM and 3rd stage of Apollo 13 

booster (S-IVB), relayed by seismic station installed on lunar surface by Apollo 12 astronauts, were described in Science. Team of 

360 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 6 

lunar scientists headed by Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal seismic 

investigator for Apollo program, made report. Unusually long reverberations suggested “that the lunar mare in the region of the Apo!lo 

12 landing site consists of material with ver low selsmlc velocities 

ters per second [3.1-3.7 mps] (for com ression waves) at a depth of 

ture is extremely low relative to typical continental crustal materials 

on earth. It is unlikely that a major boundary similar to the crustmantle interface on earth exists in the outer 20 kilometers E12.4 mi] 

of the moon. A combination of dispersion and scattering of surface 

waves iplplies the presence of heterogeneity within the outer zone 

of the mare on a scale of from several hundred meters (or less) to 

several kilometers. Seismic signals from 160 events of natural origin have been recorded during the first 7 months of operation of the 

Apollo 12 seismic station. At least 26. . .are small, moonquakes. 

Many. . .are thought to be meteroid impacts.” (Science, 11/6/70, 

MSC Roundup described Skylab food system being developed “to 

compensate partially for astronauts’ long absence from the usual 

fare of Earthlings and the warmth and delight of home-cooked 

meals. . . .” Skyiab food system would maintain caloric level between 2000 and 2800 calories per day and provide at least minimum’ 

dietary allowances recommended by NAS. Meals would be selected 

from a variety of foods and cooked by each crewman on special food tray. Four kinds of food would be prepared: dehydrated, including scrambled eggs, bevera es, and desserts; intermediate moisgravy and meatballs with sauce; and frozen, including fdet mignon 

and lobster Newburg. (MSC Roundup, 11/6/70, 1) 0 President Nixon announced intention to nominate William D. Ruckelshaus as Administrator of Environmental Protection Agency. Agency would bring together major Federal pollution control programs, 

effective Dec. 2. Nomination was submitted to Senate Nov. 16. (PD, 

November 7: U.S.S.R. celebrated 53rd anniversary of Bolshevik Revolution with display of military equipment including four SAM-3 

missiles. Western observers said they noticed no new equipment in 

parade. (Clarity, NYT, 11/8/70, 1) 0 New European satellite consortium was pooling talents to strengthen 

chances for large share of European space business, including possible work on U.S. shuttle program, Nature reported. Seven-member group with D. W. Malim of Marconi Space and Defence Systems of U.K. as Chairman of Managing Bo rd, included French 

Constructions Aerospiatales of Belgium, Socidt6 Anonyme de TeIecommunications of France, Messeschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm and 

Siemens of West Germany, and Selenia of Italy. (Nature, 11/7/70, 

494) 

November 8: NASA announced selection of two 5400-kg (12000-lb) prime candidate payloads for HEAO-A and HEAO-B High Energy Astrcnomy. Observatories. HEAO-A payload to observe x-rays over 

wide variety of wavelengths at same time would include x-ray study, 

near the surface with velocity increasing wit. K depth to 5 to 6 kilome20 kilometers [12.4 mi]. Absorption o P seismic waves in this struc620-6) 

ture, including peanuts-and coo a ies; wetpack,.lncluding turkey with 

11/9/70, 1545-6; 11/23/70, 1583) 

Socie‘te’ Nationale Industrielle Adrospatiale, 2 tudes Techniques et 

361 
November 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

low-energy x-ray study with modulation collimators, high-energy 

x-ray study with modulation collimators, long-wavelength cosmic 

x-ray study, low-energy gamma-ray sky survey, extremely heavy nuclei in cosmic rays study, and composition and spectra of highenergy cosmic ray study. 

HEAO-B would carry new instruments of better spectral resolution 

and would observe higher energy gamma rays up to 20 mev and the 

diffuse background of radiation at x-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths. Experiments included high-resolution x-ray Bragg crystal 

spectroscopy, spatial and spectral structure of x-ray sky study, high-energy gamma-ray astronomy study, superconducting magnetic spectrometer for primary cosmic rays, and flux and spectrum of 

primary cosmic ray electrons study. (NASA Release 70-191) 0 Cuts in Federal R&D programs had “pole-axed the employment rolls 

of scientists and engineers and brought the nationwide demand for 

their professional services to the lowest point in at least a decade,” 

Richard Lyons said in New York Times. “Grist coming from Washington rumor mills” indicated R&D “crunch” would worsen, with 

further layoffs expected in projects of DOD, NASA. AEC, and other 

agencies. Latest statistics of Deutch, Shea & Evans’ Engineer Scientist Demand Index, “barometer of the need for professional technical talent,” showed demand during September was lowest in 10-yr 

histwy of index. (NYT, 11/8/70) November 9: Ofo Orbiting Frog Otolith and secondary payload, RM 

Radiation/Meteoroid satellite, were successfullv launched by NASA 

from Wallops Station at 1:OO am EST by four-stage Scout booster. 

Two spacecraft separated 9 min after launch and entered orbit with 

528-km (328-mi) apogee, 299.7-km (186.4-mi) perigee, 92.8-min period, and 37.4” inclination. Countdown had been aborted five times 

since original August launch date because of bad weather, instrument malfunctions, and death of frogs. Primary objective of 132.5-kg (292-1b) Ofo was to obtain information on functioning and adaptability in weightlessness of vestibule, 

portion of inner ear which controlled balance, by studying two male 

bullfrogs (Ram castebianca) on board. Through microelectrodes surgically implanted in vestibular nerves leading from sensor cells in 

frogs’ otholiths, scientists would be able to study for the first time 

electrical response of otolith sensors under weightlessness and simulated gravity provided by centrifuge for at least three days, Frogs 

had been chosen for flight because their inner ear mechanism functiwed similarly to man’s and because they were small and amphi- bious. Onboard spacecraft they were submerged in water with oxygen composition controlled by instruments. After several hours In 

orbit frogs were in good condition and spacecraft was transmitting data satisfactorily. 

Primary objective of 21-kg (46-lb) RMsatellite was to demonstrate 

feasibility and accuracy of advanced radiation dosimeter concept in 

space and to verify, in flight, operation of instruments to be used on 

long-duration flights to study meteoroids for at least three months. 

Satellite reentered Feb. 7. 1971. 

Ofo experiment was managed by ARC and RM by MSC. OFO 

project was managed by WS. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 70-132; 

WS Release 70-18) 

362 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 9 

November 9: NASA Orbiting Frog OCOlitb was launched into orbit. Above, 

principal. investigator Dr. Torquato 

Gualr'tierotri of the University of Milan 

stands by part of the spacecraft. Experiment package is at nght. 
November 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

0 NASA’s Apollo 14 spacecraft was moved from assembly building to 

launch pad at KSC in preparation for launch toward moon Jan. 31. 

Astronaut Stuart A. Roosa told press at briefing that launch preparations had “gone quite smoothly” so far. Apollo 14 crew, he said, 

was “the only crew that’s been six months from launch four times. I 

personally will have close to 1000 hours in the command module 

simulator by the 31st of January.” In response to press query Roosa 

said he would attempt to photograph evidence of moonquakes detected by seismometers: “. . .the current consensus is that these 

quakes are coining from around the Rima Parry Five Rille and the 

southern edge of crater Fra Mauro. So this will be a specific photo 

target. Both with the Hy-con and with the Hasselblad to see if we 

can see anything new.’’ (Transcript; UPI, NYT, 11/10/70,33) 0 Awards ceremony to observe successful completion of more than four 

years of Saturn V launch vehicle test firings was held at MTF. MTF 

employees, contractors, and groups of Government workers received special plaques and awards. Guests included local, state government, and NASA officials. Apollo 13 Astronaut Fred W. Haise, 

Jr., presented flag flown around moon on board Apollo 10 to MTF 

employees to express Apollo astronauts’ gratitude, as facility 

marked last day of space operations. (MSFC Release 70-229) 

During individual trips to Europe in past two weeks, Pan Am President Najeeb E. Halaby and TWA President F. C. Wiser had not departed from Aviation industry’s support for a supersonic transport, Washington Post reported. “Nevertheless, their reservations on 

Concorde could have implications for. . .SST program.” Halaby had 

made “straight-forward appeal” for delay of Concorde develop- ment and pro osed mass production of aircraft be postponed until 

tensive checks by flying it on commercial routes. Wiser, in Geneva, 

had said Concorde would be money loser unless travelers were willing to pay ticket surcharge of 30%-40% above current fares. (Samuelson, WPost, 11/9/70, Al) 0 L/C Joe Klass and Maj. Joseph Gervais, both former USAF officers, 

said in New York that 10-yr investigation indicated Aviatrix Amelia 

Earhart, who had disappeared over Pacific in 1937, was alive and 

living in U.S. They believed woman called Mrs. Guy Bolam, who 

claimed to have flown with Earhart, was Earhart herself and that 

Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan had been intercepted In 1937 

mission for U.S. Government by aircraft from Japanese carrier, 

held captive throughout World War I1 in Imperial Palace in Tokyo, and released when Emperor Hirohito bartered her life for his exemption from trial as war criminal. Col. Klass had written book 

Amelia Earhart Lives: A Trip Through lntrigue To Find America’s 

First Lady of Mystery, published by McGraw-Hill. Mrs. Bolam later held press conference to issue denial, calling book “poorly documented hoax” and “utter nonsense.” (AP, W Post, 11/10/70, D2: 

AP, W Star, 11/11/70, A2) 

November 10-22: U.S.S.R. launched Luna XVll unmanned lunar 

probe from Baykonur at 7:44 pm local time (9:44 am EsT).Tass said 

purpose of mission was to explore moon and near-moon. space and check new systems and reported all systems were functioning normally. During flight to moon 36 communications sessions were held 

consortium o P international airlines had subjected Concorde to ex364 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 10-22 

with spacecraft and data on parameters and systems were transmitted. Midcourse maneuvers were conducted Nov. 12 and 14 and on 

Nov. 15 Luna XVIIentered lunar orbit with 85-km (53-mi) altitude, 

1-hr 56-min period, and 141” inclination. 

Luna XVII softlanded in moon’s Sea of Rains Nov . 17 at 8:47 am 

Baykonur time (10:47 pm EST Nov. 16). Spacecraft released Lunokhod I, self-propelled vehicle placed on moon to conduct scientific 

investigations. According to drawing and models shown on Moscow 

TV, Lunokhod I looked like large silver ot-bellied tub about the 

size of small automobile with eight spoke f wheels apparently powered by solar energy and batteries. Tass said Lunokhod I carried 

flags and pennants with Soviet coat of arms and Lenin’s bas relief 

and was equipped with scientific apparatus, instruments and control 

systems, and radio and TV devices. Lunokhod f left Luna XVII 

descent stage at 11:28 am Baykonur time (1:28 am EST) Nov. 17 by special gangway and traveled 20 m (66 ft) from spacecraft to begin experiments. Tass said vehicle’s movement could be controlled automatically or by ground controllers following televised information 

on position and character of surrounding lunar surface. 

Between Nov. 17 and Nov. 22, 10 radio and TV sessions were 

held and large amount of data was transmitted. Chemical composi- tion of surface layer of lunar soil was analyzed with x-ray spectrometer and mechanical properties of lunar soil and transportability of 

vehicle were investigated. .In addition, Tass said, “an instrument 

was used which has a punch for soil intrusion, and a system of sensors for measuring forces acting on the wheels.” Panoramic pictures of lunar landscape were taken, in which tracks made by Lunokhod I, details of lunar surface, and parts of vehicle were clearly visible. Tass said TV cameras, “designed for surveying and evaluating the route traveled, provided the necessary information for travel 

in the conditions of uneven, broken terrain. At some points. . .the 

incline reached 14 deg. Along the path, Lunokhod encountered. . .deep craters the detours to which were ensured byithe operators (on Earth).” 

On Nov. 22, after five days on lunar surface, Lunokhod I was 

commanded to terminate operations in preparation for lunar night. 

Tass said vehicle had competed “a complex of tests. . .and a wide 

program of tests of its mobility” and had traveled 197 m (646 ft). 

Vehicle was moved to an “assigned position” where it would remain stationary during lunar night and solar panels were closed. 

Luna XVIl was first unmanned spacecraft to land on moon and 

deploy automatic lunar explorer. Last mission in series, unmanned 

Luna XVIGept. 12-24), had landed on moon and returned to earth 

with lunar samples. (Sov Rpt, 12/4/70; GSFC SSR, 11/30/70; SBD, 

11/20/70,81-2; Clarity, NYT, 11/18/70,1) 

November 10: Nimbus IVmeteorological satellite, launched April 8 to 

acquire samples of atmospheric radiation measurements, was adjudged successful by NASA. Primary and secondary objectives had 

been achie-ved. Except for filter-wedge spectrometer, which had 

failed June 7, instruments were functioning satisfactorily and pro- viding good data. (NASA Proj Off) 0 Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Fairbanks, Alaska, carrying Univ. of Minnesota experiment to conduct 

365 
November10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

auroral studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

(SR list) 0 Automated instrument that detected bacteria in urine hundreds of 

times faster than standard culture method had been developed by 

GSFC scientists in cooperation with Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, NASA announced. Technique was derived from GSFC 

study to detect life on other planets with chemicals from firefly. Photoelectric devices would measure adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 

high-energy biochemical found in all living organisms, using luciferase and luciferin, chemicals in firefly tails that flashed on contact 

with ATP. It would then differentiate between bacterial ATP and that 

from other SOUrCeS.(NASA Release 70-190) Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, NASA Director of Aeronautical Research, described Soviet Tu-144 as “striking” supersonic aircraft “every bit as attractive’’ as Anglo-French Concorde, during luncheon meeting of Aero Club of Washington and Aviation-Space 

Writers Assn. in Washington, D.C. Armstrong said visit to Tu-144 

hangar had been highlight of Moscow visit. He said Tu-144’s four 

engines were similar to those on U.S. B-70 bomber and interior resembled McDonnell Douglas DC-9. Tu-144 pilots had told him aircraft had flown at twice speed of sound and handled well at all 

speeds. (Sehlstedt, B Sun, 1111 1/70, A3) 

Pros and cons of SST debate were cited by David Hoffman in Washington Post: “SST advocates blend airline economics with international 

balances of trade and payments. They mix Atlantic alliance politics with trans-Siberian flight routes, and they link the SST to the health 

of the American economy.” Environmentalists agreed aircraft 

might generate 50 000 jobs, improve balance of trade, and guarantee U.S. leadership in commercial aviation, but said nothing would justify “additional noise irritation and risk to man’s surroundings.” SST 

files contained ammunition to support any conclusion. “If indeed an 

American SST goes into airline service in 1978, the files started at the 

plane’s birth will be at least 20 years old.” (W Post, 11/10/70, A3) 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced appointment of 

Robert H. Binder, Director of Office of International Transporta- tion Policy and Programs, to succeed Hugh J. Gownley as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Transportation for International Affairs. 

Gownley had retired July 3 1. (DOT Release 23870) 

November ll:U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXVIIfrom Baykon- ur into orbit with 286-km (177.7-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 89.3-min period, and 65.0” inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 

23. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/70; SBD, 11/13/70,53) 

Semiannual AIA employment analysis said aerospace industry payrolls 

would drop by 374 000 persons to 1 044 000 by March 1971. Industry would remain largest manufacturing employer in U.S. despite drop 

from 1968 peak of 1 418 000 employees. (Corddry, B Sun, 11/12/70, 

A71 November 12: Delays caused by sun’s gravity in return of radio signals 

by Mariner spacecraft had verified Einstein theory of relativity, JPL 

astronomer Dr. John D. Anderson said in report to Conference on 

Experimental Tests of Gravitational Theories at Cal Tech. In tests 

begun April 30, Anderson and team including Dr. Duane 0. Muhleman of Cal Tech and Dr. Pasquale B. Esposito and Warren L. Mar366 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 November 12 

tin of JPL had taken several hundred radio measurements of Mariner 

VI and VII in wide-range solar orbit using precise distance-measuring system and 64-m (210-ft) Goldstone antenna. Experiments tested 

validity of theory that velocity of light was slower in gravitational field near sun than in interplanetary space where gravitational fields 

were weaker. “Our experiments to date show that Einstein’s predictions are right, to within 2 to 4 per cent. The best measurements we 

have thus far indicate a maximum delay of about 204 microseconds 

for Mariner VI, as compared with an expected 200 microseconds 

using Einstein’s theory.” Findings cast doubt on more recent theories of Dr. Charles Brans and Dr. Robert H. Dicke that Einstein’s 

formulations could be incorrect by 7% “If the Brans-Dicke theory 

were correct, the time delay would be much less.. .perhaps about 

186 microseconds. . . .if the much older Newtonian theory were 

correct, there would have been no time delay at all.” (NASA Release 

0 Advanced version of Boeing 747 transport set world heavyweight record at Edwards AFB , Calif., with takeoff at 372 400-kg (820 700-Ib) 

gross weight. Weight exceeded unofficial record of 362 000 k 

(398 000 Ibs) set by Lockheed C-5A Galaxy Oct. 14, 1969. (AP, !f 

Sun, 11/13/70, A6) * Ofo Orbiting Frog Otolith experiment, launched by NASA Nov. 9, was 

reported successful by NASA. Frogs had completed 72 hrs of flight, during which primary and secondary objectives had been met. Since 

mission was so successful experiments would be continued few 

days past originally planned three to five days. (NASA Release 70- 

199) * Soviet supersonic transport Tu-144 was tested for first time near its 

2400-km-per-hr (1500-mph) maximum rated speed. Aircraft had 

reached 2330 km per hr (1448 mph) at 15 500-m (51 000-ft) altitude. 

(UPI, NYT, 11/17/70) 0 NASA announced selection of experiments for ATS-F Applications 

Technology Satellite, scheduled for launch in 1973: very-high-reso- lution radiometric experiment; position-location and aircraft communications experiment (PLACE ); television relay using small terminals (TRUST); radio-frequency-interference measurement experiment; 10.6~ laser experiment; millimeter-wave-propagation/com- munication experiment; data-relay experiment (Nimbus); radio beacon experiment; low-energy electron-proton experiment; measurement of low-energy protons; solar cosmic rays and geomagnetically 

trapped radiation; particle-acceleration mechanisms and dynamics 

of outer trapping region; magnetometer experiment; auroral-particle experiment; solar-cell-radiation flight experiment; flight demonstration of self-adaptive precision-pointing spacecraft attitude-control 

systems; and cesium bombardment ion engine experiment. (NASA 

Release 70-194) 0 Proposal for space station to be assembled in orbit one module at a 

time was being studied at MSFC and MSC, NASA announced. Station, 

to provide centralized facility for research, applications, and opera- tions for 6 to 12 men over 10 yrs, would be composed of cylindrical 

modules 4.3 m (14 ft) in diameter and 17.7 m (58 ft) long, joined to 

form variety of shapes. Individual modules would be carried into 

orbit on reusable shuttle vehicle. Station could be assembled within 

70-200) 

367 
November 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

months in circular orbit 320-480 km (200-300 mi) high with 55” inclination. (NASA Release 70-192) 0 Achievement described as “first artificial synthesis of a living cell” 

was reported by State Univ. of New York at Buffalo in letter to 

press signed by Dr. Raymond H. Ewell, Vice President for Research, and Dr. James F. Danielli, Director of Center for Theoretical Biology, who had led experimenters. Amoebas had been partly 

dismembered and then reassembled, using components from other 

amoebas. Reconstituted amoebas had reproduced themselves and 

were indistinguishable from normal amoebas. Work opened “new 

era for artificial life synthesis, now being explored” and helped 

clear way for “synthesis of new micro-organisms, new egg cells and 

an organism capable of living on Mars.” New York Times said officials at NASA, which was supporting the work, had described experiment as “exciting” and “a big step.’’ (Sullivan, NYT, 11/13/70, 1) 

Space Development Committee of Japan had requested equivalent of 

$67 918 900 in space appropriations for FY 1971, Space Business 

Daily reported. Increase was 63% over FY 1970 budget. (SBD, 

11/12/70,43) 

November 13: NASA held 12th Annual Honor Awards Ceremony in 

Washington, D.C., with Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, as keynote speaker. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew presented NASA Distinguished Service Medal to Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, former NASA Administrator; Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, 

Michael Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.; Apollo 12 Astronauts 

Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, and Alan L. Bean; and 

Apollo 13 Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., John L. Swigert, Jr., and 

Fred W. Haise, Jr. 

Vice President said award ceremony was “perhaps the most sig- nificpnt since NASA was founded. Those individuals we honor have 

accomplished goals that required over a decade of vision, hard 

work, determination and courage by thousands in the NASA, 

industry, and university research and development team. . . . NASA 

has had an outstanding beginning, successfully meeting its challenging mission and goals. . . . Though some reordering of national prior- ities and some fiscal constraints will not permit us to do all the things 

we would like to do in the immediate future, the future still holds 

many challenges and wonderful opportunities.. . . I am proud of 

you, the President is proud of you. We salute you.” 

Dr. Low said NASA could look forward to new achievements in 

program designed “to maintain that hard-earned lead, but one that 

also recognizes the many other problems that we as a nation must 

face. Today,Ge are moving forward on all. . . fronts-we have accepted the challenge of the future-a challenge in aeronautics, a 

challenge in science, a challenge in applications, and above all, a 

challenge in the exploration of the unknown.” 

Presidential Medal of Freedom was presented to Apollo 11 and 

Apoflo 13 astronauts and to ApoIIo 13 Mission Operations Team. 

Herbert W. Grandy, Stationary Engineer at GSFC, received Exceptional Bravery Medal for responding quickly and “without regard for personal safety” to smoke alarm in GSFC building housing satellites, computers, and clean rooms-preventing loss of thousands of dollars and sustaining serious injuries. 

-. ~ 

368 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 13 

Group Achievement Award was presented .to. LeRC Dynamic 

Power Systems Group; FRC, ARC, and LaRC Lifting-Body Team; 

Wallops Station Solar Eclipse Sounding Rocket Project; and USN 

Solar Eclipse Underwater Salvage Team Associated with Recovery 

of Payload. 

Outstanding Leadership Medal was presented to Robert L. Krieger of Wallops Station and to former ERC Director James C. Elms. 

Other awards included Exceptional Service Medal to 18 persons 

and Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal to 17. (Program; 

NASA Release’ 70-196; NASA Activities, 12/15/70) * NASA launched two sounding rockets. Arcas launched from Ft. Sherman, Canal Zone, Panama, carried GSFC payload to 60-km (37.3-mi) 

altitude to obtain ozone measurements in conjunction with Nimbus 

Wsatellite overpass. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. Launch was second in two-rocket series; first had been 

launched Nov. 6. 

Nike-Tomahawk was launched from Andoeya, Norway, carrying 

Norwegian experiment to conduct auroral studies. Rocket and in: 

struments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL; SR list) 

Influence of high-altitude aircraft on stratospheric ozone by adding 

water vapor from exhausts was predicted in Science by Boeing Co. 

scientist Halstead Harrison: “Simple, steady-state models for 

ozone photochemistry, radiative heat balance, and eddy-diffusive ~ mass transport can be combined to estimate water-induced changes 

in the stratospheric ozone concentrations and temperatures, the integrated ozone column, the solar power transmitted to the earth’s 

surface, and the surface temperature.” He found: “With added 

water from the exhausts of projected fleets of stratospheric aircraft, 

the ozone column may diminish by 3.8 per cent, the transmitted solar power increase by 0.07 per cent, and the surface temperature rise 

by 0.04 K [0.072”F] in the Northern Hemisphere.” Temperatures in 

lower stratosphere would remain essentially unchanged. (Science, 

November 15: Comment of Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of MSC Lunar and 

Earth Sciences Div., on learning of chemical composition of lunar 

samples brought from Sea of Fertility by Soviet Luna XVI 

spacecraft was quoted by New York Times. Dr. Gast had said Soviet analysis of material, reported at Oct. 28 Moscow news conference, indicated same relative abundances of some 11 major elements as found by U.S. scientists in Apollo 12 lunar samples from 

Ocean of Storms. Both differed significantly from relative abund- . ances found in Sea of Tranquility rocks and soil returned by Apollo 

11. Most striking difference in Sea of Fertility and Ocean of Storms 

material was titanium content. Sea of Tranquility material contained 

10% titanium dioxide; all soil and rocks from Ocean of Storms and 

Sea of Fertility contained under 5%. Dr. Gast said Sea of Fertility 

sample provided 50% additional data to that known previously on 

chemical composition of lunar surface. It was important and remarkable that analyses of Ocean of Storms and Sea of Tranquility data were so similar though sites were more than 1600 km (1000 mi) 

apart. (Schwartz, NYT, 11/15/70) * Document circulated in Moscow announced formation of Committee 

for Human Rights by Soviet scientists Andrey D. Sakharov, V. N. 

11/13/70,734-6) 

369 
November I5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Chalidze, and A. N. Tverdokhlebov. Purposes were “to help the 

organs of state power create and apply guarantees of human 

rights”; assist persons who “want to conduct constructive research 

into the theoretical aspects of the problem of human rights and the 

study of the specifics of the problem in a socialist society”; and 

provide legal instruction, “specifically propaganda” for documents 

of international and Soviet law on problem of human rights. Committee would offer “constructive criticism of. . . system of legal 

guarantees for the freedom of the personality in Soviet law.” (Astrachan, WPost 11/16/70, Al) 

Nation’s “real brain drain” was described in New York Times editorial: “Large numbers of scientists, engineers and educators 

are being shaken out of their jobs in an upheaval that must be 

viewed as something far more serious than a temporary dislocation 

in employment,born of the business slowdonwn. . . .The deeply troubling fundamental question is whether a nation can allow itself 

to be the pawn rather than the master of its destiny. . . . The inevitable conclusion, if the downgrading and disuse of highly educated 

manpower gathers force, will be that advanced skills are relevant 

only to competition for hegemony in arm or space. Such a concept 

is absurd when there is such apparent need for the application of 

scientific, technological and philosophical brain power in the pursuit of peace and dignified living conditions.” (NYT, 11/15/70,4:10) 

November 15-17: ARC meeting on planet habitability and cell synthesis 

was attended by 20 scientists, including Dr. James F. Danielli, 

whose team at State Univ. of New York at Buffalo had reported first 

artificial synthesis of living cell [see Nov. 121. In statement to press 

NASA said agency was considering “planetary engineering,” creation of new life forms to be placed on Mars and other planets. (UPI, 

LA Times, 11/15/70; ARC pro) 

November 16: Lockheed L-1011 trijet airbus made maiden flight from 

Lockheed-California Co. facility at Palmdale, Calif. Large-capacity 

jet designed for medium- and long-haul operations attained planned speed of.478 km per hr (297 mph) at 6100-m (20 000-ft) altitude during 2-hr 25-min flight. (Av Wk, 11/23/70, 16-8; AP, NYT, 11/17/70, 

77; Pres Rpt 71) 9 FAA announced publication of new taxiway system design standards 

to increase airport capacity by speeding ground movements of large 

aircraft, including Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-IO, and 

Lockheed L-1011. (FAA Release 70-100) 

November 16-19: AIAA and AAS held related conferences on solar phys- ics in Huntsville, Ala., and participants toured MSFC. (MSFC Release 

November 16-20; EVA critical design review was held at Skylab mockup area and Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS) at MSFC. Astronaut 

Russell L. Schweickart headed 10-astronaut team performing under 

normal earth gravity in Saturn Workshop mockup and NBS. (MSFC 

Release 70-235) 

November 17: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXVIIIfrom Plesetsk 

into orbit with 1723-km (1070.6-mi) apogee, 234-km (145.4-mi) perigee, 104.6-min period, and 74.0” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/70; 

SBD, 1 1 /20/70,86) 

70-233) 

370 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 17 

0 Lunar roving vehicle training model, 1-G trainer, was delivered by Boeing Co. to MSFC representatives at Santa Barbara, Calif., marking major milestone in manned LRV program. Two-man trainer was 

3.2 m (10 ft 7 in) long and 1.8 m (6 ft) wide with 2.3-m (7.5-ft) wheelbase. It looked like flight version scheduled for use on Apollo 15, 16, 

and 17 missions, but weighed twice as much and was equipped with 

both automobile-type and wire mesh tires. Extra weight came from 

additional strength in frame, wheels, drive motors, and suspension 

system, which permitted it to carry 362.9 kg (800 Ibs), including two 

men, equipment, and samples. Battery-operated trainer was driven 

with an aircraft-like stick hand controller and could stop, turn, move 

forward, and reverse at variable speeds. Top speed was 14.5 km per hr (9 mph) on smooth surface. Trainer would be shipped to MSC in 

about one week. (NASA Release 70-201) 0 Fire in KSC rocket gantry extensively damaged “clean room” under 

reconstruction at Launch Complex 17, Pad B, one of two pads used 

to launch unmanned s acecraft by Delta boosters. There were no 

injuries. ( WPost, 1111 l /70, A8) 

U.N. General Assembly approved, by vote of 91 to 2, treaty to pro- hibit placement of nuclear weapons on seabed outside any nation’s 

19.3-km (12-mi) limit. Treaty, which required ratification by 22 governments, was outcome of U.S.-U.S.S.R. agreement. New York 

Times later reported diplomats had likened treaty to 1967 pact barring nuclear weapons from space or celestial bodies. (Teltsch, NYT, 

11/18/70, 1) 

U.S. and Soviet delegates to SALT observed first anniversary of meetings in Helsinki, Finland. ( WPost, 11/18/70, A27) 

Newly elected Sen. Adlai E. Stevenson I11 (D-Ill.) was assigned to 

serve on Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences in 

seat left vacant by retiring Sen. Ralph T. Smith (R-Ill.). (NASA LAR, 

1x1121; Stevenson Off) 

November 17-19: Skylab Subsystems Review Team meeting warhem 

at MSFC. Team-chaired by Charles W. Mathews, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight and Acting Space 

Station Task Force Director-inspected Skylab mockup area, 

toured simulation facilities, and viewed assemblage of ATM 

hardware. (MSFC Release 70-235) 

November 18: USAF launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg AFB on one Thor-Agena D booster. First entered orbit with 

225.9-km (140.4-mi) apogee, 177-km (1 IO-mi) perigee, 88.5-min period, and 82.9” inclination and reentered Dec. l l. Second entered orbit with 51 1-km (317.5-mi) apogee, 486-km (302-mi) perigee, 94.5- 

min period, and 83.1” inclination. (Pres Rpt 71; GSFC SSR, 11/30/70; 

12/31/70; Baltimore News-American, 11119/70)’. 

News conference on results of Apollo 12 lunar surface experiments was held at NASA Hq. Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director, said first anniversary of ALSEP was “scientific and technological 

triumph. The design specification was for one lunar day and night. 

Our design goal was for one calendar year.” Year after deployment 

ALSEP had received and processed over 6500 commands, had undergone 2600 533-K (500°F) swings of temperature, and was still being operated remotely 24 hrs a day, 7 days a week. 

37 1 
November 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

Astronaut Alan L. Bean said unmanned vehicle, such as 

U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod I, could not explore surfack as well as men 

could because men could deploy more equipment more effectively, pprform more experiments, and collect more samples. He noted that 

Apollo 11 had collected 22.7 kg (50 Ibs) of samples; Apollo 12, 34 kg (75 Ibs); and Luna XVI, 90 g (0.2 Ib). 

Dr. Gary V. Latham of Columbia Univ.’s Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory said seismic events were being recorded at rate 

of about one per day; some were impacts from grapefruit-size meteoroids and some appeared to be small moonquakes. In region of 

Apollo 12 station there were at least nine places at which moonquakes occurred “every month at or near the time when the moon 

comes closest to earth in its monthly orbital cycle.” Most active 

zone for moonquakes was about 193 km (120 mi) southeast of ALSEP, near rilles in Fra Mauro crater, Apollo 14 landing site. 

Dr. Charles P. Sonett of ARC said data indicated moon’s temperature increased very slowly with depth below surface, probably rising no higher than 1273 K (1332”F)-too cool for molten core characteristic of volcanic body. 

Dr. Conway M. Snyder of JPL described behavior of thin cloud of 

ionized gas detected after ascent stage was crashed into moon. Solar 

wind of ionized particles should have blown the gas downwind; it 

traveled upwind and was detected by ALSEP instruments. Cause of 

acceleration of the particles was unknown. (Transcript; Schmeck, 

NYT, 11/19/70,32: O’Toole, WPost, 11/19/70, A14) 0 Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Fairbanks, Alaska, carrying Univ. of Minnesota experiment to conduct 

auroral studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Flight model of Skylab multiple docking adapter was flown from MSFC 

to Martin Marietta Corp. Space Center in Denver, Colo., aboard 

Super Guppy aircraft. It would be outfitted with controls and display panels for solar astronomy and earth resource experiments, 

storage vaults for experiment film, and thrust-attitude control system. When completely equipped, adapter would be mated with Sky- lab airlock flight version at McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. in 

St. Louis, Mo., and unit would perform simulated mission in altitude chamber. (MSFC Release 70-237; MSFC PIO) 

Apollo 12 Astronaut Alan L. Bean received special citation from AEC, 

commemorating first anniversary of deployment of nuclear-powered generator on moon Nov. 19, 1969, during Apollo 12 mission. 

Bean accepted similar citations for fellow Apollo 12 crewmen 

Charles Conrad, Jr., and Richard F. Gordon, Jr., during ceremonies 

at AEC Hq. in Germantown, Md. (AEC Release N-203) 

Apollo 1 I Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong received award for first lunar 

landing at second international congress of World Wildlife Fund in 

London. He said earth was oasis of life that must be protected “from its own population.” Wielders of modern technology were 

not deliberately destructive of earthly environment, but they were 

as apathetic as most humans about consequences of thei! actions. 

Time had come for them to be concerned. (Lewis, NYT, 

11/19/70,4) 

372 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 18 

* NASA announced that Charles J. Donlan, Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight (Technical), would also become Acting Director of Space Shuttle Task Force, replacing Dale D. Myers, 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight. Appointment 

was effective immediately. (NASA Ann, 1 l/i8/70) 0 Wall Street Journal uoted USAF as saying Lockheed Aircraft Corp.’s 

tions costing approximately $28 million over three years, “to comply with the intent” of recommendations of C-5 Review Board released June 17. Work included $1 5 .9-million fatigue-test program on wing and engineering study of alternate measurement device in nav- 

@ation system. (WSJ, 11/18/70) 

New York Times: “In a rational world, this task of lunar explora- tion would be taken on by an international agency using the resources and capabilities of all nations. But so far, unfortunately, the 

grandeur of the challenge has not elicited any far-sighted statesmanlike response from the community of nations. Man is still a petty, 

earthbound creature with narrow, nationalistic horizons.” (NYT, 

11 I1 8/70) 

Baltimore Sun: “Such information as Luna 17 gathers will, in the 

long run, be less important to the future than its demonstration of 

the feasibility of sending out a space ship that can release a component which moves, works and returns, all on man’s orders but without a crew.” (B Sun, 11/18/70) 

November 18-19: Advances in propulsion were discussed at LeRC 

conference by 420 representatives of U.S. and foreign aircraft 

engine industry: NASA fan and compressor technology program was 

providing machines and tests to demonstrate high efficiency, light 

weight, appropriately wide operating limits, low noise, and high tolerance to flow distortions in fans and compressors for wide range of 

airbreathing propulsion applications. LeRC program encompassed 

studies with experimental rotors and their applications to fans and 

multistage compressors. Program objective was high pressure ratio 

per stage to produce lighter, more compact engines. (Lewis News, 

12/4/70, 1) 

November 19: House Appropriations Committee favorably reported 

H.R. 19830, FY 1971 Independent Offices and HUD appropriations 

bill containing $3.269-billion NASA appropriation. Bill provided $2.565 billion for R&D, $25 million for construction of facilities, and 

$679 million for research and program management. It replaced 

H.R. 17548, vetoed by President Nixon Aug. 11. NASA appropriation 

was unchanged. (CR, 11/19/70, D1194; H Rpt 91-1616) * George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, addressed Eighth Annual Briefing on New Horizons in Science of Council for Advancement of Science Writing in Raleigh, N.C.: “While many of today’s 

ills can be attributed to our use of modern technology, the long cure 

-and more important, the prevention of future ills-can only be 

based upon facts not now well established, and in many cases even 

unknown. That requires a search for knowledge. That is science, 

and the application of science, on earth and in space. That was 

NASA’s mission before men began to state their ecological concerns 

in social, political, and economic terms. And it will be NASA’s misC-5A cargo aircra 4 t was undergoing additional tests and modificaEditorials commented on U.S.S.R.’s Luna XVII. 

373 
November 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

sion long after the air is clear again, and the lakes and rivers pure 

again, and the balance of man and nature restored more nearly to 

the conditions man’s sense of values deems necessary.” (Text) 

SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator carried to moon on 

board Apollo 12 (Nov. 14-24, 1969) completed one year of operation 

on lunar surface. SNAP-27 weighed 19.5 kg (43 Ibs) and was designed to provide 63.5 w electrical power for one year. Scientists 

now expected lifetime to be five or six years. (SBD, 11/18/70,68) 

U.S. laser reflector placed in moon’s Sea of Tranquility by Apollo I1 

crew was measuring variations in distance between site and McDonald Observatory in Texas with accuracy within less than 0.3 m 

(1 ft), New York Times quoted Univ. of Maryland scientist Dr. Carroll 0. Alley as reporting. Accuracy was determined by shortness of 

pulses and accuracy with which travel time of pulses to moon and 

back could be measured. New lasers being developed might cut 

accuracy margin to less than 25 mm (1 in) and could produce reflections bright enough to be observed in telescopes of small observatories. Dr. Alley was chairman of committee of international specialists seeking to encourage widespread ranging of lunar reflectors 

such as French laser reflector landed on moon by Soviet Luna XVII. 

(Sullivan, NYT, 11/19/70) 

MSFC announced that Dr. Leslie W. Ball, formerly Director of Reliability and Director of Product Assurance for Boeing Co.’s Aerospace Group, had been appointed Assistant to MSFC Deputy Director, Technical. (MSFC Release 70-238) 0 MSFC awarded McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. $2-million, oneyear modification to space shuttle study contract. Under new agreement McDonnell Douglas would recommend program to test all 

structural components of proposed space shuttle’s booster and orbiter craft, including verification of design and advanced state-of-theart testing of materials, wing leading edges, and propellant tanks. 

MSC, which had companion space shuttle study under way, was 

negotiating similar amendment with NR. (MSFC Release 70-239) 0 Some 750 scientists-including six Nobel Prize winners-from 138 

universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutes in 35 

states and District of Columbia had signed petition against threat to 

their laboratory work in House-passed defense and industry security bill, Washington Post reported. Bill, which cleared House in January by 274-to-65 vote, would empower President to institute per- sonnel security screening program to determine individual’s eligibility for access to sensitive information. ( WPost, 11/19/70, A27) 

Philadelphia Inquirer editorial commented on Luna XVII: “It is a time 

for congratulations to the Soviet effort this time. . .and perhaps time 

to take a lesson. For future probable explorations to lethal Mars, 

Venus and other planets almost certainly cannot employ manned 

landings. All the same, there is no reason to abandon plans NASA has 

made to land men and a wheeled Rover vehicle they can drive on the 

moon. There is always the possibility that the man on the scene can 

pick up more than back-seat drivers 240,000 miles [386000 km] 

away.” (PInq, 11/19/70) 0 Marshal Nikolay Krylov, Commander of U.S.S.R.’s strategic 

rocket forces, said in Pravda that forces had carried out “exceptionally important” military construction “in the last few years .” 

374 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 19 

Equipment in all branches of service was being continuously improved for “final victory in contemporary war.” Strategic rocket 

troops would become “main shock force” in nuclear war. (Starr, C 

Trib, 11/20/70, 12) 

November Z~:USAF’S X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry (USAF) in joint NASA-USAF program, successfully completed 20th flight at FRC. X-24A reached 21 300-111 (70 000-ft) altitude and mach 1.33 in powered flight after launch from B-52 aircraft 

at 13 700-m (45 000-ft) altitude. Objectives were to obtain lateral 

directional derivatives, obtain longitudinal trim and lift-to-drag data 

with 40” upper flap, and determine effect of upper flap on approach 

and landing. (NASA Proj Off) 

NASA launched two Nike-Apache sounding rockets. Rocket launched 

from WSMR carried Univ. of Pittsburgh experiment to study atmos- , 

pheric composition. Mission did not meet minimum scientific requirements. Rocket launched from Eglin AFB, Fla., carried Univ. of 

Michigan experiment to study atmospheric structure. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 Ten MSC employees had applied for joint patent on device and process 

for recovering water and its constitutent elements from lunar soil, 

NASA announced. Chemical process used hydrogen and solar energy 

to reduce iron oxides and produce water vapor, which could be electrolyzed to yield oxygen and hydrogen. Calculations showed process could produce 0.5 kg (1 lb) of water from 45.4 kg (100 Ibs) of lunar soil; if iron oxides were first concentrated magnetically, yield 

increased to nearly 6.4 kg (14 Ibs) of water from 45.4 kg (100 lbs) of 

lunar material. (NASA Release 70-202) 

Washington Post editorial commented on Soviet Lunokhod I: “The 

appearance of this vehicle, as well as the landing on the moon and 

return to earth of Luna 16, makes it clear that the Russians hope to 

regain some of the prestige they lost in the race to land men on the 

moon. ... In terms of the American space prcgram, this new success of the Russians should have little impact other than to persuade 

the administration and Congress not to cut back its funds any further. There is no logical reason for NASA to go like gang-busters in 

an effort to match the Russians in unmanned space exploration since the decision has already been made to proceed with a scaled down 

and more rational space program. The first big trophy in space activ- ities went to the Russians, the most recent big one to the Americans, 

and it is reasonable to suspect that future ones will be divided between the two nations.” ( W Post, 11/20/70, A261 

Science editorial commented on comsats: The communications satellites have a variety of applications. . . . One application that will 

probably be implemented fairly soon is aeronautical and shjg commun-ication. Radio works well on line of sight but 1s undependable 

at distances greater than 300 miles [483 km]. Many ships have been lost while radio operators were trying in vain to communicate their 

peril. Midocean aeronautical navigation represents another growing 

need which could also be filled. Satellite enthusiasts point to other 

potential uses. One of these is Picturephone, which now requires 

about 100 telephone circuits for a single two-way conversation. 

High-capacity; low-cost satellite circuits would help to make feasible large-scale use of this device. Perhaps more distant but of great 

375 
November 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

consequence would be exploitation of future inexpensive communications for use in educational television. Constructive applications of satellites are now a reality, and extension of technological 

potentials will have profound and global consequences.” (Science, 

11/20/70) 

November 22: Initial plans for international docking system that would 

eliminate current “key-in-lock” approach of U.S. and Soviet space 

programs had been presented by NASA representatives at Oct. 26-27 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation meetings in Moscow, Walter Sullivan said in New York Times. U.S.S.R. had reciprocated with detailed plans of docking system similar to Apollo’s. “While the proposed American scheme is a long-term project,” NASA engineers believed “the Apollo system and the new Soviet one are enough 

alike to be modified for compatibility.” (NYT, 11/21/70) 

November 22: Apollo 12 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and Apollo 22 

Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., received gold medal from Fe’d6ration Ae‘ronautique Internationale in New Delhi for promoting peaceful space exploration. (AP, HPost, 11/22/70) 0 Pioneering efforts by Univ. of Rochester and other U.S., Soviet, and 

French laboratories to use lasers to control thermonuclear fusion 

were described in New York Times by Harry Schwartz. Experiments to tame hydrogen bomb’s thermonuclear reaction to provide 

limitless, cheap, and pollution-free electricity had begun about 1950 

before laser was invented. “But two decades of hard work have 

shown that had been anticipated. Now the laser is providing an alternative.” (NYT, 11/22/70,4:8) November 23: USAF satellite launched from ETR Nov. 6 “did not 

achieve the desired orbit and for all accounts and purposes is of no 

practical use,” Aerospace Daily reported. “Reliable sources said 

the Transtage. . .did not achieve the second burn which would circularize the transfer elipse at synchronous altitude-2 1,OOO miles 

[33800 km]. . .where it would trace a figure eight attern over a 

specific portion of the earth. Instead. . .the spacecra P t is in a highly elliptical orbit” in which ground stations “could do little more than 

check out a few on-board housekeeping systems.” (Aero Daily, 

1 1 /23/70) 

NSF released figures on slackening growth rate of R&D activities in independent nonprofit institutions during 1966-1969. Intramural R&D 

expenditures totaled $845 million in 1969, increase of 6% per year 

over 1966 figure; annual rate of increase during 1953-1966 had been 

16.3%. Major factor accounting for R&D growth during 1953-1966 

and slackening of rowth since 1966 was Federal R&D financing. 

(NSF Highrights, 1 lh3/70, 1) 

November 24: U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites. Cosmos 

CCCLXXIX, from Baykonur, entered orbit with 14 026-km (8715.4- 

mi) apogee, 176-km (109.4-mi) perigee, 259.5-min period, and 51.6” 

inclination. 

Cosmos CCCLXXX, launched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 

1491-km (926.5-mi) apogee, 198-km (123.0-mi) perigee, 101.7-min 

period, and 81.9” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/70; SBD, 11/25/70, 

106; 11/30/70,114) 0 NASA launched two rockets from Wallops Station. Four-stage Trailblazer I1 launched at 656 pm EST carried 34-kg (75-lb) AFCRL 

376 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 24 

payload to 321.9-km (200-mi) altitude to measure plasma effects 

upon microwave systems during reentry. Launch supported USAF 

program to study techniques for improving transmission of radio 

signals from aerospace vehicles during reentry. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and payload reentered at 5.5 km per 

sec (18 000 fps). 

Three-stage, solid-propellant rocket, launched at 10: 17 pm EST, 

carried 103.4-kg (228-lb NRL payload to 1600-km (1000-mi) altitude 

was to measure, over wide range of wavelengths, the intensity, spatial distribution, and altitude variation of the diffuse far-uv radiation 

of the night sky and thereby determine its source. Secondary objective was to measure, over a wide range of wavelengths, the far-uv 

radiation from stars and other discrete sources. (WS Releases 70-21, 

0 Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried 

American Science and Engineering, Inc., experiment to conduct 

solar x-ray studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

NASA’s thick supercritical test wing, mounted on USN T2-C Buckeye 

aircraft, was flight-tested €or first time on flight from NR plant at 

Columbus, Ohio. New airfoil was test version of model that might 

permit structural weight savings on moderate-speed aircraft. Thin 

version of airfoil, aimed at maximum-speed performance objectives, was being fitted to modified F-8 jet for spring 1971 tests at FRC 

[see Nov. 31. (NASA Release 70-204) 

House passed, by vote of 375 to 10, H.R. 19830, $17.7-billion Indeendent Offices and HUD FY 1971 appropriations bill that contained ! 3.269 billion NASA appropriation. NASA appropriation was $64.3 

million below Administration’s request of $3.333 billion. (CR, 11/24/ 

Senate Committee on Appropriations approved H.R. 17755, $2.7-billion DOT FY 1971 appropriation bill after incorporating into bill $290 

million €or further construction of two sST prototypes. (CR, 12/24/ 

70, D1189; NYT, 11/24/70,65; Text) 0 SAMSO had proposed development of uSAF System 621B, navigation system employing several clusters of satellites and system of ground 

stations, ASFC announced. System would provide three-dimensional position and velocity information for users, reduce equi ment 

weight problem, and solve military logistics problem throug x uniformity. SAMSO had awarded eight contracts totaling more than $1.5 

million for additional verification of system design concepts and for 

mathematical model of ionosphere. (AFSC Release 263.70) 0 LeRc and Northern Ohio section of American Nuclear Society held 

combined meeting at LeRC. Dr. Abe Silverstein, Director of Environmental Planning for Republic Steel Corp. and of Lake Erie International Jetport Project, discussed technology and society. Dr. Silverstein had retired as LeRC Director in 1969. (LeRC Release 70-69) 0 Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Nov. 12 confirmation by JPL radioastronomers of Einstein theory of relativity: “NASA 

scientists who have confirmed the general relativity theory as well 

as the critical scientists who have thought it to be in error, have alike 

based their calculations on the most sophisticated and expensive 

before it impacted in At 1 antic 25 min after launch. Primary objective 

70-22) 

70, H10711-24) 

377 
November 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

November 24: NASA's thick supercritical test wing was flight-tested on a uSN T2-Caircraft 

for the first time. in flight from the North American plant in Columbus, Ohio. Joint NASAUSN program was testing the new airfoil that might save structural weight on moderatespeed aircraft. Thin version of the airfoil for maximum-speed performance, fitted to a 

modified F-8 jet fighter (below), was delivered to the Flight Research Center Nov. 3 for 

test flights beginning in the spring of 1971. 

378 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 24 

pieces of modern equipment, from computers to the Mariner vehicles themselves. And they were operating in the light of the theory itself. Einstein, drastically revising received thought, created the 

theory with a blackboard and a piece of chalk and a mind able to talk 

to Isaac Newton and correct him.” (W Star, 11/24/70) 

November 25: NASA’s M2-F3 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test 

pilot William H. Dana, completed fourth flight-and first powered 

flight-from FRC. Objectives were to expand flight envelope to mach 

0.8, check out engine operation, obtain stability and control data at 

mach 0.8, investigate lateral phugoid present on second flight but 

not on third, check reaction control operation, and investigate landing visibility. Engine shut down prematurely, after launch from B-52 

aircraft, precluding completion of all planned maneuvers. Investigation was under way. (NASA Proj Off) 

Significance of Soviet flights to moon was discussed by Dr. George M. 

Low, Acting NASA Administrator, in letter to Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman of Senate Committee on Aeronautical 

and Space Sciences. Luna XVI and XVII, launched Sept. 12 and 

Nov. 10, had been “technically impressive; but as isolated events, 

their importance to science and technology is relatively minor.” 

U.S. still held technological leadership with Apollo 11. U.S. had had 

four men on moon and U.S.S.R. none. U.S. had returned 56 kg (123 

lb) of lunar material and U.S.S.R. had returned 85-113 g (3-4 oz). 

U.S. had placed automated station on moon that had functioned for 

more than year. U.S. had gained “enormous amount” of lunar information; U.S.S.R. had added very little. 

In overall trends, however, U.S. launch rate was decreasing while 

Soviet rate was increasing. In 1970 to date, U.S.S.R. had placed 74 

payloads in space, to 31 by U.S. “They have seldom missed a 

launch window in the exploration of Venus and Mars; our planetary program has many gaps.” U.S.S.R. had continuing manned space 

program and capability, with Zond spacecraft, for manned circumlunar flight. Soviets had stated intention to orbit space station before 

U.S. and reportedly were developing booster of Saturn V class 

while U.S. had suspended Saturn V production. U.S.S.R. was 

spending more money on space annually than U.S. “. . .when we 

view Luna 16 and 17 in the context of trends in our program and 

theirs, then we must be concerned about our future in aeronautics 

and space-about our position of leadership that we have worked so 

hard to achieve.” (CR, 11/30/70, S19002) 0 Dr. Theos J. Thompson, member of AEC and professor of nuclear engineering at MIT, was killed in aircraft near Las Vegas. Dr. Thomp- son has received AEC’S Ernest 0. Lawrence Memorial Award for 

outstanding contributions to nuclear research in 1964. (NYT, 111261 

Broken section of propeller spinner from Spirit of St. 

Louis- aircraft in which Charles A. Lindbergh made first solo 

crossing of Atlantic May 20, 1927- was donated to Smithsonian 

Institution by Stanley I. Vaughn of Columbus, Ohio. Truncated 

metal cone 508 mm (20 in) in diameter and weighing 1.5 kg (3% lb) 

had been replaced just before takeoff of transatlantic flight after 

separating from spinner during preliminary flight from San Diego, 

Calif., to Roosevelt Field, N.Y. Vaughn, then factory manager for 

70,78; Who’s Who, 1970-1971) November 26: 

379 
November 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Co. plant in Garden City, N.Y., had 

furnished new s inner for Lindbergh aircraft and kept broken one 

43 yrs. (AP, N&, 12/9/70,46) November 27: U.S.S.R. launched Molniva 1-16 communications satellite into orbit with 39 359-km (24 456.hi) apogee, 467-km (290.2- 

mi) perigee, 707-min period, and 65.4” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/ 

70) Tass reported U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod Z unmanned lunar explorer had 

been transmitting satisfactorily during lunar night from its position 

on Sea of Rains at 38” 17’ north latitude and 35” west longitude. Vehicle was positioned with reflector cover open to ensure reflector’s 

operation for laser studies. Laser reflector had been built by France 

under cooperative agreement. (Sov Rpt, 1?/4/70,7) 

Work of scientists using NASA’s Oao 11 (launched Dec. 7, 1968) and 

GSFC team to investigate uv radiation from stars was described in 

Science. They had mapped large areas of sky in uv, discovered larger amounts of uv radiation than previously expected, and derived 

detailed information that would lead to “better understanding of 

stellar genesis, evolution, and decay.” (Hammond, Science, 11/27/ 

70.960-1) 

November 28: Vertikal I high-altitude geophysical probe launched by U.S.S.R. carried recoverable payload containing experiments from 

six Communist countries to 487.6-km (303-mi) altitude. Equipment 

included x-ray cameras and x-ray spectrogeography experiment designed and built in Poland; x-ray spectrometers designed and made 

in U.S.S.R.; meteor particle experiment designed and fabricated by 

Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and U.S.S.R.; altophotometer and radiofrequency pulse probe designed and fabricated in East Germany; 

and solar radiation instruments provided by Bul aria, East Germany, U.S.S.R., and Czechoslovakia. (SBD, 12/3hO/, 131; Sov Rpt, 12/4/70,5) November 29; Observations of more than 100 000 photos of 21 satellites made from 19 cameras and tracking stations of Smithsonian 

Astrophysical Observatory had shown that satellites bobbed and 

dipped slightly in earth orbit, New York Times reported. Erratic 

motions were caused by variations in earth’s gravitational field. Satellites were attracted and pulled downward more as they passed 

over high areas and attracted less over low areas. Scientists had 

concluded that if earth were round orbits would be perfectly elliptical. Instead, bulges and depressions covered earth in two bandshigh band with neck across North Pole and ends stretching over 

Europe and West Africa on one side and Pacific Ocean on other; low 

band over South Pole with ends over North America and Asia. 

(NYT, 1 1 /29/70,24) 

November 30: NASA’s OAO-B Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 

failed to reach orbit after launch from ETR by Atlas-Centaur launch 

vehicle at 5:40 pm EST, apparently because nose-fairing failed to 

separate from vehicle. Additional weight of nose fairing prevented Centaur from reaching necessary orbital velocity and satellite impacted shortly after completion of Centaur burn. Failure investigation board would be established by Lax. 

Primary objective of OAO-B was to obtain moderate resolu ion 

spectrophotometric data in uv bands between 1100 and 4000 A to 

380 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 November 30 

investigate photometry of peculiar stars, law of interstellar reddening, magnitude and intensity of Lyman-alpha red shift for nearby 

galaxies, spectra of emission and reflection nebulas, and spectral energy distribution of normal stars, galaxies, and intergalactic media. OAO-B at 2123 kg (4680 lbs) was largest U.S. satellite to date and 

carried world’s lareest telescope-9 14-mm (36411) Goddard ex eriment package-which could make detailed measurements an a observations previously unobtainable in space astronomy. OAO-B was 

third in series of four observatories planned by NASA. Oao II, 

launched Dee. 7, 1968, was still operating satisfactorily. (NASA Release 70-174; NASA Proi Off) 

RAM C-111 launched by NASA Sept. 30 was adjudged successful 

by NASA. Vehicle had achieved planned trajectory, velocity, and 

data return and had imp?cted within planned target area. During normally blacked-out period of reentry both VHF and X-band telemetry signals were improved by injection of fluid. Highly satisfactory data covering blackout period were transmitted after RAM C-111 

emerged from blackout. (NASA Proj Off) @ NASA discontinued use of Guaymas-Empalme station in Mexico for 

space observations because of changes in Apollo mission. profile. 

Station would be operated by Mexican government for Mexican scientific programs. NASA and Mexican National Commjssion for Outer S ace (CNEE), which had cooperated in operation of station, 

weather data from U.S. weather satellites acquired by automatic 

picture transmission (APT) cameras. They also would develop capabilities and applications for earth observations using advanced, airborne, remote-sensing instrumentation. Plans were being completed. 

for new cooperative project for synoptic meteorological sounding 

rocket launchings. With release of Guaymas-em palme station, built 

in 1961, NASA had closed three ground stations in tracking and data 

acquisition network, as well as retiring three tracking ships and four 

aircraft, in past year. (NASA Release 70-198) 

NAS panel headed by physicist Dr. Thomas F. Malone of Univ. of 

Connecticut warned that large-scale deployment of SST might increase incidence of skin cancer if exhaust from aircraft thinned 

protective layer that separated earth’s atmosphere from solar rays. Warning was issued during meeting with DOT’S Office of SST 

Development in Washington, D.C. (Randal, W Star, 12/1/70, All) 0 USAF announced award of additional $78 million to General Dynamics 

Corp. to cover cost of overruns on F-Ill aircraft and said further 

overrun payments were forthcoming. USAF had announced award of 

$191.3 million to General Dynamics Corp. Aug. 25 as final payment for cost ovgrruns on production models of F-111. ( WSJ, 12/1/70) 

USAF total-force concept for 1970s was described 

in Air Force and Space Digest by Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force: Increased numbers and total payload of 

Soviet ICBMs and Soviet deployment of ABM system could reduce 

effectiveness of U.S. land- and sea-based missiles. “We are deploy- ing ABM protection for our missile fields and strengthening the peoetration capability of our missiles with the.deployment of MIRV. But . . .effectiveness of our missile forces will tend to vary, depending 

upon the length of time it takes us to respond to new Soviet capabiliwou P d continue cooperation in developing system approach to use of 

During November: 

38 1 
During November ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ties.” Dispersed manned bomber force with quick reaction would 

provide stability. “It might be possible to undermine the effectiveness of either missiles or bombers alone, but to counter both at the 

same time would be a vastly more difficult problem.” B-1 bomber 

represented most economically feasible means to retain stabilizing capability. “Given the decade of leadtime involved, we must expedite the development of this aircraft.” With Soviet fighters “becoming superior to our own,” air-to-air combat was “primary concern in 

our development of the F-15, which will have superior capability for 

close-in, highly maneuverable combat” and “provide the effective 

weapon system necessary to defeat any enemy fighter. . . .we are 

convinced that effective close air support will continue to be a vital 

mission. . .and that an aircraft especially tailored for that role is 

required. . . .we are proceeding with the development of the A-X. 

To modernize our airlift capability, we are relying heavily on the C5, which will produce a revolution in air mobility.” In 1973, “with 

the C-5 in the inventory, pro’ections indicate that we will be able to 

with support units to Europe in less than one week.” (AF/SD, 

Atlas of the Universe by Patrick Moore was published by Rand McNally & Co. Volume contained almost 1500 maps, drawings, and 

charts, many provided through cooperation of NASA and U.S. Geological Survey. Book had foreword by Sir Bernard Lovell, Director 

of U.K.’s Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, and epilogue by Dr. 

Thomas 0. Paine, former NASA Administrator. (Gordon, W News, 

1 1 / 16/70) 0 Three engine control assemblies were removed from XB-70 research 

aircraft on exhibition at Air Force Museum at Wright-Patterson AFB, 

Ohio, to be used for F-15 engineblet compatibility tests in 5-m 

(16-ft) wind tunnels at Arnold Engineering Development Center at 

Tullahoma, Tenn. Equipment would be on loan through June 1972. 

(AFSC Release 333.70) 

move an Army division wit A equipment and six fighter squadrons 

11/70,68-71) 

382 
December 1970 

December I: Francis B. Smith, NASA Assistant Administrator for University Affairs, began working with Commission on Government 

Procurement as Vice Chairman of Study Group on Major Systems 

Acquisition. During six months that Smith worked with group, Dr. 

Frank D. Hansing would be Actin Assistant Administrator for 

University Affairs. (NASA Ann, 12/17 7 70) 

James J. Harford, AIAA Executive Secretary, defended SST in New 

York Times article and urged Federal funding for its 

development: “...if I were a Senator or an editor I might think 

hard about approving the $290 million appropriation if I thought the 

money and the 20 000 engineers and technicians were transferable to 

1971 technological programs in pollution control, mass transit, housing, or another neglected problem. To our disgrace, there are no 

programs which have advanced to the point at which they can use 

those funds and engineers in 1971. If the $290 million is voted down, 

no one benefits.” (NYT, 12/1/70,47) 

U.S. was continuing to survey Suez Canal area periodically by earthorbiting satellites, New York Times sources said. Meanwhile U.S. 

was keeping two U-2 high-level reconnaissance aircraft at British 

base of Akrotiri in Cyprus after stopping their flights over Suez 

area. Sources thought flights had been ended because U.S. believed 

that Egypt had completed buildup of antiaircraft missiles and likelihood of renewed fighting between Israel and Egypt was diminishing. 

(Welles, NYT, 12/2/70,7) * Aviatrix Ruth Law Oliver, exhibition flyer who set speed record in 

1916 by flying Curtiss biplane 1094 km (680 mi) from Chicago to 

Binghamton, N.Y., in 6 hrs 7 min, died at age 85. Mrs. Oliver had 

been co-owner of Ruth Law’s Flying Circus and had become known 

for being first woman to loop-the-loop and fly at night and for piloting aircraft over Washington, D.C., in 1917 as part df Liberty Loan 

campaign during World War I. (Hoffman, WPost, 12/4/70, B18) 

Principal investigators of candidate experiments for High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO) met with NASA 

officials and study contractors at MSFC. Meetings were part of preliminary design and definition study phase of program to prepare scientific carrier for astronomy experiments that would study universe from earth orbit after 1974 launch. (MSFC Release 70-248) 

Third annual Earth Resources Survey Program Review 

was held at MSC. A.M. Woll of Bureau of Indian Affairs said Indians looked to NASA for help in management of their natural resources. He described project in which geologists had located possible water or mineral source by examining feature 6.4 km (4 mi) in 

diameter on photo taken by Apollo 9 astronauts to assist Indians at 

San Carlos Reservation in eastern Arizona to plan water and mineral 

December 1-2: 

December 1-3: 

383 
December 1-3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

resources. Photo had shown strange circular formation. Indians also 

hoped to locate minerals from photos taken from NASA aircraft. 

NRL scientist N.W. Guinard described use of radar to detect 

and map oil spills. Tests could be accurate in seas experiencing high 

winds in which photos would not show oil traces. Radar also was 

more effective than photography at higher altitudes and could be 

used in all weather. 

During meeting LaRC scientists proposed that Army Corps of Engineers, Federal Water Quality Administration, and NASA combine 

forces in technological assault on pollution in James River in Virginia. Wallops officials described plans for regional worksho in March 

with Smithsonian Institution and states of Maryland and birginia to 

discuss need for regionalized environmental information system. (H 

Chron, 12/3/70; H Post, 12/4/70; Lannan, W Star, 12/20/70, 2; MSC 

December 1-11: Meetings at MSFC reviewed design approaches to 

space shuttle main engines taken by contractors, discussed potential problems in designs, and reviewed efforts to see that they were proceeding satisfactorily under same basic design requirements. (MSFC 

Release 70-249; MSFC PIO) 

December 2: U.S.SR. launched two Cosmos satellites. Cosmos 

CCCLXXXI, launched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 1013-km 

(629.54) apogee, 967-km (600.9-mi) perigee, 104.8-min period, and 74" inclination. 

Cosmos CCCLXXXII, launched from Baykonur, entered orbit 

with 5040-km (3 132-mi) apogee, 320-km (199-mi) perigee, 143-min 

period, and 51.5" inclination. By Dec. 7 spacecraft had changed orbit to 5072-km (3152-mi) apogee, 1615-km (1004-mi) perigee, 158.9- 

min period, and 51.5" inclination. Orbit changed again Dec. 8. By 

Dec. 31 it had stabilized at 5071-km (3151-mi) apogee, 2584-km 

(1605.6-mi) erigee, 171-min period, and 55.8" inclination. (Spacewarn, 1211510; SF, 6/71,213-4; GSFC SSR, 12/31/70; SBD, 12/17/70, 

* Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR 

carrying Princeton Univ. experiment to study stellar uv. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 LeRC Director Bruce T. Lundin established review board to investigate failure of Atlas-Centaur booster during launch of OAO-B Nov. 

30. H. Warren Plohr, Chief of LeRc Advanced Systems Div., was 

named chairman. (NASA Release 70-208) 

Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy was presented to Smithsonian Institution for permanent retention at National Space Club 

Christmas reception in Washington, D.C. Frederick C. Durant 111, 

Assistant Director of Smithsonian's Air and Space Museum, received award from donor, Mrs. Esther Goddard, widow of rocket 

pioneer. (NSC News Letter, 1/8/71) 

NASA announced selection of LTV'S Service Technology Corp. for 

award of $14-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract to provide maiiitenance and operations, engineering and construction, technical 

information, and supply and public affairs support services at MSC. 

One-year contract with provisions for two one-year extensions was 

effective April 1, 1971. (MSC Release 70-124) 

PAO) 

190-1; 12/18/70,203) 

384 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 2 

0 Aircraft arresting system of barrier net linked to energy absorbers to 

prevent transport aircraft from taxiing off runway was undergoing finpl tests at Edwards AFB, Calif., AP reported. Net developed by Aerazur Constructions Ae’ronautique of Paris and energy absorbers developed by All American Engineering Co. could be available 

to airports in one year. Installation sufficient to stop aircraft of DC-8 

size would cost $500 000 to $600 000; tandem system durable enough 

to stop Boeing 747 at end of runway would cost about $800000. 

Major airports coufd require 10 such devices-one at each end of 

runway. (Huntsville News, 12/2/70) 0 U.K. Aviation Supply Minister Frederick Corfield said in House of 

Commons that U.K. would not join other European countries in 

producing airbus for short-range flights. European airbus program 

had been offered at $72-miIIion cost. (Reuters, W Post, 12/3/70, 

A23) 0 Urban Coalition draft study report on SST was quoted in Wall Street 

Journal by Albert R. Karr as saying SST was “environmental danger 

of unknown but enormous proportions.” As Senate vote neared, 

Karr said, “whether those hazards are ‘enormous’ remains hotly at 

issue. The great SST debate hasn’t answered this question. In fact, it 

hasn’t even decided how the answers ought to be found.” (WSJ, 

12/2/70, 16) * Senate approved nomination of William D. Ruckelshaus to head Environmental Protection Agency. (CR, 12/2/70, S19272) 

December 2-3: NASA manned earth-orbital experiment program for 

next decade was discussed during meeting of more than 150 Government and industry scientists and engineers at MSFC. Purpose of conference was to discuss changes to planning document Reference 

Earth Orbital Research and Applications Investigations. NASA used 

book as primary source of experiment program data for continuing 

space station studies, research and applications module studies, and 

other manned space flight planning activities. General Dynamics Corp. had NASA contract to update book. (MSFC Release 70-252) 

December 3: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXXZIZ from Plesetsk 

into orbit with 323-km (200.7-mi) apogee, 180-km (1 11.9-mi) perigee, 

89.5-min period, and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 16. 

(GSFC SSR, 12/31/70; SF, 6/71,213) 0 NASA announced consolidation of ail NASA life science activities under 

new position of Director of Life Sciences in OMSF and named MIG 

James W. Humphreys, Jr. (USAF, Ret.),Director of Space Medicine, 

to post. (NASA Release 70-206) 0 Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for 

Planning, spoke on future of national space program before AIAA in 

Washington, D.C. He said he thought if U.S. “can still afford foreign travel, still afford Scotch whiskey, can still afford to buy our wives Italian shoes, it is mainly due to the space program .” Unprecedented growth in U.S. economy during first decade of space could 

have been accomplished only “by such programs as demanding as 

the landing of men on the Moon.” Endeavor focused science and 

technology “into a direction that raises the entire plateau of 

knowledge and the plateau of engineering to enable you to do better 

things.” (Program; SBD, 12/4/70,133) 

385 
December 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

* MSFC announced award of $21 029 756 modification to Boeing Co. contract for work on Saturn V 1st stages and extension of contract performance period through March 3 1,1973. 

MSFC also issued RFP on preliminary design of Research and Ap- plications Module (RAM) that could be used with space station and 

space shuttle. Proposals were due Jan. 8, 1971. (MSFC releases 70- 

* NASA decision to search nationwide for suitable site for launching $6- 

billion space shuttle had stirred “anguished complaints from Florida 

politicians and other proponents of Cape Kennedy,” Wall Street 

Journal said. But NASA experts had insisted shuttle’s unique characteristics and estimated $200-million to $400-million cost of complex 

ground equipment made search essential. While Cape Kennedy was 

“leading launch-site candidate,” other possibilities included FRC, 

WSMR, and Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. Essential requirement 

was flat area for landing shuttle, with several alternate landing locations in case of emergency. Cape Kennedy was not equipped for 

shuttle landings and lacked facilities to support plane-like flight 

through atmosphere. (Spivak, WSJ, 12/3/70,36) 

Senate, by voice vote, passed H.R. 17755, $2.7-billion FY 1971 DOT 

appropriations bill, after voting 52 to 41 to strike $290 million for SST 

development. (CR, 12/3/70, S19327-95) 0 President Nixon announced establishment of Aviation Advisory Commission and designation of Crocker Snow, Director of Aeronautics for Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as Chairman. Commission would make recommendations on long-term aviation requirements, including airport plans and use of surrounding lands, 

ground access, airways, air service, and aircraft compatible with 

plan to be prepared by Secretary of Transportation. Commission 

would report to President and Congress on or before Jan. 1, 1972. 

0 H. W. Withington, director of ss~developrnent for Boeing Co., said in 

Seattle that total rejection of SST program could cost Seattle area 

about 4800 Boeing jobs. Washington state had 1.2 million persons 

working and 96 700 seeking unemployment benefits. Jobless figure in Seattle area was 12.1% of insured workers. Boeing’s earnings had 

fallen from peak $83.9 million in 1967 to operating loss in 1969, although other factors had off set deficit. (AP, B Sun, 12/5/70) * NAS published The Life Sciences, report of four-year study by Committee on Research in the Life Sciences: “From the best estimates 

we can make, in the current year (fiscal year 1970) appropriations 

for research, per se, are approximate1 20 percent less than required 

usefully engaged.” (NAS Release) 

December 4: NASA announced modifications to 2nd stage (S-11-9) of Saturn V launch vehicle scheduled to boost Apollo 14 toward moon. 

Accumulator, compartment to suppress pogo-eff ect oscillations felt 

on previous Apollo flights, had been installed in liquid-oxygen line 

feeding the center engine and filled with helium gas to cushion pressures of fluid flowing through line. Three -acceleration-actuated 

modules would be installed on center cross-beam structure as backup to initiate cutoff of center engine if oscillations were excessive. J2 engine propellant-utilization valve had been redesigned from mo250,70-251) 

(PD, 12/7/70, 1619-20) 

to ensure that the nation’s truly quali i! ed life scientists are fully and 

386 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERQNAUTICS, 1970 December 4 

tor driven to pneumatically actuated, to bypass much onboard stage electronic circuitry, simplify propellant utilization, and enhance 

stage’s reliability. (NASA Release 70-207) 

Ground-test version of Saturn Workshop for Skylab program was 

shipped to Michoud Assembly Facility from McDonnell Douglas 

Astronautics Co. Huntington Beach, Calif. Workshop would arrive 

at Michoud Dec. 17 and undergo testing until Dec. 30, when it would 

be shipped by barge to MSC for further tests. (MSFC Release 70-246) 0 Buddy secondary life support system (BSLSS) to be carried by Apollo 14 astronauts during surface EVA was described by MSC Roundup. If 

water cooling system in one of backpacks failed, astronauts could 

retrieve BSLSS from MET cart and attach the 2%-m (8%-ft) hoses tQ 

their portable life support systems (PLSS). Tether snapped to waist 

restraint straps of astronauts’ spacesuits would prevent damage to 

hoses or spacesuits during return to LM. By sharing water supply 

between two crewmen, BLSS stretched time that emer encv oxygen would last from 30 min to 60 min. (Msc ~oundup, 12h70, I; NASA 

Release, 12/13/70) 

New York Times editorial said Senate vote to delete SST funding from 

DOT appropriations bill was “major event in the new environmental 

politics. Citizens’ organizations and individual conservationists collided head on with an entrenched economic interest group, strongly 

backed by the political and the propaganda resources of the Nixon 

Administration-and the conservationists triumphed.” Public 

would be watching “to see that this useless,-wasteful\and potentially 

dangerous project is not artific%lly resuscitated with a tranfusion of 

tax money behind closed doors of a conference codmittee.” (NYT, 

12/4/70,46) * Senate vote to deny Federal funds for SST development [see Dec. 31 

dealt “severe b]o#’’ to Fairchild Hiller Corp.’s growth plans over 

next decade, Washington Post said. Company was largest subcontractor to Boeing Co. for building SST prototypes and had projected 

revenues of more than $2.5 billion For next decade for building sections of 500 aircraft. (W Post, 12/4/70, C9) 

December 5: First positive identification of amino acids of extraterrestrial origin was reported in Nature by ARC scientific team headed by Dr. Cyril A. Ponnamperuma. Dr. Ponnamperuma said discovery of 

abundance of amino acids in meteorite that fell near Murchison, 

Australia, Sept. 28, 1969, was probably fipt conclusive proof of extraterrestrial chemical evolution-chemical processes which preceded origin of life. Discovery was strong new evidence for theory of chemical evolution, suggested possible existence of life elsewhere in universe, and might provide new time sequence for origin 

of life on earth and elsewhere in universe. Important contributions 

to find had also been made by UCLA scientist Dr. Ian R. Kaplan and 

Univ. of Arizona scientist Dr. Carleton Moore. (Nature, 12/5/70, 

923-6; NASA Release 70-205) 

President Nixon issued statement urgingreversal of Senate disapprov- al of SST funding [see Dec. 31: “I am well aware of the many concerns that have been voiced about the possible effects supersonic 

transports might have on the environment. I want to reassure the 

Congress that the two prototype aircraft will in no way affect the 

environment. As for possible later effects, we have an extensive 

3 87 
December 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

December 5: Dr. Cyril A. Ponnamperuma, heading a team of Ames Research Center Scientists, reported the first positive identification of amino acids formed outside the earth’s 

environment. A mefeorite thatfell near Murchison, Australia, Sept. 28, 1969, was found to 

contain these constituents of living cells and was probable proof of extraterrestrial chemical evolution-chemical processes preceding the origin of life. 

research project under way to insure against damage. Further prog- ress on the part of the United States in the SST field will give this 

country a much stronger voice with regard to any long range effects 

on the environment than if we permit other nations to fake over the 

entire field. . . .The SST~ an airplane that will be built and flown. 

The issue is simply which nation will build them.” (PD, 12/7/70, 

1630) 0 Test flights of Anglo-French supersonic transport Concorde had gone well and protests against its sonic boom had been “less than expected,” AP article reported. Big hurdle would come in spring when 

388 
ASTRONAUTlCS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 December 5 

U.K. and France.would decide whether to go into full production. 

Decision would depend on number of aircraft ordered by then. To 

date, 16 airlines had taken options on 74 Concordes, with first batch 

going to Pan American World Airways, Air France, and British 

Overseas Airways Corp. None had made firm commitment to buy and. U.K. and.France had assured foreign airlines they could revoke 

their options if Air France and BOAC backed out. AP said major airlines doubted Concorde would be profitable. It would carry 130 passengers, against Boeing 747’s 490, and require more fuel than conventional jets. At possibly $52.8 million, its cost would be about five 

times that of conventional airliner. Concorde’s only selling point 

was speed. It would halve flying time across Atlantic to 3% hrs. 

(Pinder, WPost, 12/5/70, A131 

Walker G. Bennett, newly appointed President of Augustana Hospital in Chicago, said at Chicago dinner that he hoped to reduce patient 

costs by 5% to 10% by equipment and techniques for space industry. Bennett was formally introduced by Dr. Wernher von Braun, 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, who later said 

sensors developed to monitor astronauts were being used to monitor 

patients at Augustana and other hospitals. (C Trib, 12/6/70) 

December 5-6: Contact with French laser reflector on board U.S.S.R.’s 

Lunokhod lresting on lunar surface was made by Soviet Academy 

of Sciences’ Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. Ground-based 

equipment sent signals to moon and recorded “clearly reflected signals,” Tass reported. (SBD, 12/11/70,170; Sov Rpt, 12/30/70) 

December 7: Senate passed H.R. 19830, FY 1971 Independent Offices 

and HuD appropriations bill, which contained $3.269-billion NASA 

appropriation. As budgeted by NASA, appropriation allocated $678.7 

million for research and program management, $25 million for construction of facilities, and $2.565 billion for R&D. Amendment proposed by Sen. Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.) to eliminate funds for 

space shuttle and station was rejected. Bill was cleared for President’s signature. (CR, 12/7/70,519521-59; Conf Rpt 91-1345) 

DOT’S SST development environmental impact statements and comments received by DOT on draft statement from other agencies were 

transmitted to Council on Environmental Quality by James M. 

Beggs, DOT Under Secretary of Transportation. Statement, required by National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, said development of 

two prototype SSTS “will not give rise to any long-range environmental problems.” Possible adverse environmental consequences arising from fleet operation of SSTS represented “only possible effects 

on long-term productivity of environment.” Such effects “remain in 

the realm of speculation at this time.” Prototype development “would not inyplve an irreversible commitment of any environmental resources. Prototype would demonstrate performance, economics, safety, and environmental qualities of SST des@ before 

large-scale production of SSTS. Government research application to 

SST environmental factors included: L~RC R&D program to determine feasibility of tubular noise-suppression technique for SST engines, noise reduction and control at source program, system analy- sis of aircraft noise abatement, university research program to develop and expand noise research interest within educational institutions, theoretical and expefimental studies of structure and turbu389 
December 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

lence levels of SSTS to reduce sideline noise and turbomachinery 

noise, LeRC, studies of noise reduction potential of suppreasors and 

engine cycles, and work on control and evaluation of noise on receiving end, including human factors. Other SST environmental programs were: DOT-NASA-USAF high-altitude-radiation research rogram and NOAA air-transportation atmospheric weather-modigca- tion research program. 

NASA and DOD ave unqualified impact statement. 

felt “insufficient information exists now to negate all possible significant adverse environmental effects.’’ Dept. of Commerqe said there were 

still significant questions about SST effects on climate and atmosphere. Dept. of Interior endorsed impact statement after DOT had 

met its previous objections. (Text; DOT Release) 0 Sen. Gaylord Nelson (D-Wis.) introduced S. 4565 to amend FAA Act 

of 1958, to prohibit operation within territorial jurisdiction of U.S. 

of any civil supersonic aircraft until and unless sonic boom and 

Stratospheric pollution had been reduced to zero or effectual equivalent. (CR, 12/7/70, S19494-5) 0 Successful heating of portion of upper atmosphere with high-powered radio beam was reported at American Geophysical Union meeting in 

San Francisco by Dr. William F. Utlaut, Deputy Director of NOAA 

Institute of Telecommunication Sciences at Boulder, Colo. Twomillion-watt beam had raised temperatures by 30% over 4300-km 

(2700-mi) area 298 km (185 mi) above earth. Heated zone had expanded and emitted more infrared light than usual and radio echoes 

became unusually fuzzy. Dr. Utlaut said understanding of these 

phenomena could have bearing on quality of commercial and defense communications. (UPI, NYT, 12/10/70) 0 Rep. Bertram L. Podell (D-N.Y.) announced resignation from House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics. He would take seat on 

House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. (NASA 

0 DOD reported two Soviet long-range reconnaissance aircraft had arrived in Cuba after 17-hr flight from U.S.S.R. Aircraft, modified Tu95 bombers, were identified and shadowed by U.S. interceptors 

near Iceland during mrrb than 11 000-km (7000-mi) flight. ( W Post, 

12/8/70, A6) December 8: House, by vote of 213 to 174, tabled motion to instruct 

House conferees to agree to Senate amendment that would strike 

SST funds from H.R. 17755, FY 1971 DOT appropriations bill [see 

Dec. 31. (CR, 12/8/70, H11306-24) * Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., and Edgar D. Mitchell took fourhour walk-through of planned EVA activity in KSC training area in 

preparation for Apollo 14 lunar landing mission Jan. 31, 1971. (Marshall Star, 12/9/70, l) 

New York Times editorial commented on discovery by ARC scientist 

Dr. Cyril A. Ponnamperuna of amino acids of extraterrestrial origin 

in meteorite [see Dec. 51: Despite progress in discovery, “it should 

not be assumed that the mystery of the origin of life is near solution.” Though it was becoming increasingly clear how cell’s components could come into spontaneous being, “we still do not know 

HUD said it woul dg support 

new airports would not be 

LAR rx/i30) 

390 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 8 

how they were put together to form the first functioning cell, the 

first living organism, the first organized spark of self-reproducing 

life.” (NYT, 12/8/70) 

Wall Street Journal editorial said Congressmen were “squabbling” 

over location of future NASA space shuttle base: “There’s a lot to be 

learned from the space shuttle, we have no doubt. The scientific 

results will be greatest, though, if NASA manages to locate the pro- ject where it can be managed most efficiently-and not merely 

where local Congressmen are most adept at gathering spoils.” 

( WSJ, 12/8/70) 0 U.S. Court of Appeals was studying suit to force disclosure of SST 

report prepared by panel headed by physicist Richard L. Garwin at 

President Nixon’s request, Washington Evening Star said. Suit, 

filed by conservationist Sierra Club and Friends of the Earth, had 

been dismissed Aug. 21 by U.S. District Court Judge John H. Pratt 

on grounds report was covered by doctrine of executive privilege. 

(W Star, 12/8/70, A3) 

Washington Post editorial urged House to follow Senate in denying 

sST funding [see Dec. 31: “For that was no idle expression of narrow 

interests or shallow sentiment on the Senate’s part; it was. . .almost 

an explosion of public concern, as surprising to the backers of the 

move as it was apparently shocking to the supporters of the SST.” 

What Senate vote said “was that somewhere out there, away from 

the corporate boardrooms and the offices of the Federal Aviation 

Administration and the corridors of Congress, a lot of people care 

more about the quality of life and the nation’s urgent economic and 

social needs than they do about breakfasting in London and New 

York at roughly the same time on the same day.” (W Post, 12/8/70, 

A20) 0 U.S.S.R. announced at opening of Supreme Soviet in Moscow that 

Soviet government planned to spend equivalent of $19.9 billion on 

defense in 1971. Amount was similar to that announced for 1970, 

which was highest level in Soviet history. (Gwertzman, NYT, 12/9/ 

70,1> * New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay addressed more than 300 

mayors at National League of Cities Conference in Atlanta, Ga.: 

“The human potential of technology is boundless. We have only 

scratched the surface. For the sake of our cities and for the sake of 

the men and women in our aerospace.industry, we must learn 

more.” Mayor Lindsay said AIAA and city of New York would spon- sor first annual Urban Technology Conference in May 1971. Conference would focus on application of space techniques and talent to 

urban crisis. “From it we hope to learn how to convert the creativity that put a man on the Moon into an ally in the struggle to help men 

live in our cities.” (A&A, 1/71,9) 

December 8-9: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod I, resting on lunar surface, resumed exploration of Sea of Rains after two weeks of inactivity during lunar night. On Dec. 9, one-hour communications session was 

held, solar panels were opened and positioned toward sun, and photos of rising sun and lunar surface were taken. (SBD, 1211 1/70, 170; 

Tass, Sov Rpt, 12/30/70, 1) 

December 9: NASA released text of Oct. 29 agreement with Soviet Academy of Sciences for joint efforts to design compatible space docking 

39 1 
December 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

and rendezvous arrangements. Agreement had been confirmed by 

exchange of notes between Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, and Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy. [See Oct. 29.1 (NASA Release 70-210) 

House-Senate conferees on H.R. 17255, clean air bill, agreed to give Environmental Protection Agency power to limit emissions of pollutants from aircraft and to set standards banning use of aircraft fuels 

dangerous to public health. FAA would enforce standards. (W Post, 

12/10/70, A2) 

In economic presentation to DOT, Air Transport Assn. said 12 major U.S. airlines would lose $123 million in 1970. Estimated loss for 

1971 was $192 million at prevailing fare levels. ATA said at least 5.1% 

upward adjustment in fares would be needed to produce $100-million profit in 1971. (Samuelson, WPost, 1211 1/70, D9) 0 Dr. James F. Danielli, Univ. of Buffalo biologist, in Washington, 

D.C., press conference called for “watchdog agency” to steer scientists clear of experiments in germ warfare or genetic engineering that might change fundamental nature of man for’the worst. Dr. 

Danielli was head of Buffalo Univ. team that synthesized single- celled organisms from component parts of other similar organisms 

[see Nov. 121. (Randal, W Star, 12/9/70, A21) 

M/G Kenneth W. Schultz (USAF), Deputy for Minuteman, received 

USAF’S Zuckert Award for Outstanding Proficiency in Management 

for having “cohesively bound together, effectively motivated and 

skillfully managed a 30,000 member Air-Force-contractor team ,” 

significantly increasing program’s effectiveness, and saving millions 

of program dollars. (AFSC Release 304.70) 0 Artem I. Mikoyan, codesigner of Soviet MiG aircraft, died in Moscow 

at age 65 after long illness. (NYT, 12/10/70, 1) 0 Dr. Abram I. Alikhanov, director of U.S.S.R.’s Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics and designer of first Soviet atomic 

reactor, died in Moscow at age 66. (NYT, 12/10/70,70) 

December 10: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXXIV from Piesetsk 

into orbit with 277-km (172.1-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 

89.2-min period, and 72.8” inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 22. 

(GSFC SSR 12/31/70; SBD, 12/17/70, 191) 0 Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops 

Station carried West German payload to 257.5-km (160-mi) altitude. 

Payload, launched for West German Federal Ministry for Education 

and Science, consisted of leeches in Biosonde. Primary objective 

was to test under weightlessness a newly developed life-support 

system designed for use in satellites. Secondary objective was to 

obtain information on behavior of leeches when subjected to highstress conditions of rocket launch. 

Weightlessness was maintained for 7% min and data were obtained on operation of special oxygen-producing electrolytic cell in 

life-monitoring system. Data were also obtained on leeches’ behavior by monitoring their movement. Payload was recovered by USNS 

Range Recoverer 158 km (85 nm) southeast of launch site. 

Launch, first in series of two, was conducted on cost-reimbursable basis in support of bioinstrumented tests for Univ. of Frankfurt, 

Germany. Second launch would be conducted Dec. 16. (WS Release 

70-24) 

392 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December IO 

* Sert If Space Electric Rocket Test, launched Feb. 3 to accumulate 

4383 hrs of electric ion thruster operation, was adjudged unsuccessful by NASA. Thruster No, 1 had operated 3782 hrs and No. 2, 201 1 

hrs. Both had failed apparently because of electrical shorts in highvoltage system. Although endurance objectives were not met, secondary objectives were met and mission was considered significant 

contribution to advancement of ion system. (NASA Proj Off) 0 House-Senate Conference Committee voted appropriation of $210 

million for development of SST. (Hoffman, WPost, 1211 1/70,1) * President Nixon commented on SST during Washington, D.C., press conference: “I have satisfied myself, after long deliberation. . .that 

the arguments with regard to the environment could be met, that this 

prototype should be built. What is involved here is not just 150,000 

jobs which will be lost if we don’t build it, not just the fact that billions of dollars in foreign exchange will be lost if we do not build it; 

but, what is lost here is the fact that the United States of America 

which has been first in the world in commercial aviation from the 

time of the Wright Brothers decides not just to be second but not 

even to show.” (PD, 12/14/70, 1652) * House Committee on Science and Astronautics published The National Space Program-Present and Future, compilation of papers pre- pared for Subcommittee on NASA Oversight. Papers represented at- titudes of Government, aerospace industry, and academic community on objectives of national space program during next decade and 

funding level needed to support program. Statements had been pre- pared for hearings, originally scheduled for September and October 

1970, that had been canceled because of press of legislative business 

and “uncertain status of the NASA appropriation measure” for FY 

1971 because of Presidential veto. 

Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, had urged that 

“new initiatives proposed for the 1970s represent not only a space 

program that will maintain our Nation’s leadership, but also an op- portunity to utilize resources which will otherwise remain idle or 

grossly underemployed. In this sense the ‘real cost’ to the society of 

NASA’s programs for the 1970s is very low and the cost-benefit of 

these programs correspondingly high.” 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, Vice president and Group Executive of 

General Electric Co. and former NASA Administrator, said in statement that U.S.-U.S.S.R. discussion on common spacecraft docking 

had been “excellent step forward” in space programming. “The 

United States, Western Europe, Australia, Canada, and Japan 

should also work more closely together in the forefront of space science and technology, eliminating duplicative projects and obsolescent developments for purely nationalistic purposes. Space activities are inherently global; they challenge us to develop new international institutions as advanced as our technologies. Attractive new 

international arrangements should also be established for the developing nations to help them take full advantage for new application opportunities.’’ 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator 

for Planning, urged vigorous space program with space shuttle as 

“cornerstone.” Answers to question “Why go to the moon?” 

would not be found in budget books and cost-benefit analyses but 

393 
December 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

“in the hearts and minds of men, who, responding to a mystical, metaphysical imperative, join hands and reach out to the stars.” 

Committee found “clear consensus. . .that a vigorous aeronautics 

and space effort is in the National interest, since it sets the pace for 

the country’s technological advancement. There is also general 

agreement that a revitalized space program, given strong direction 

and adequate funding, is needed for the United States to retain its 

technological preeminence in the decades ahead.” (Text) President Nixon issued Proclamation 4024 to Observe Dec. 17 as 

Wright Brothers Day: “The names of Orville and Wilbur Wright 

symbolize American ingenuity and courage.” Their Dec. 17, 1903, 

flight was “forerunner of the aviation and space technology which 

today strengthens America’s defense and contributes to better understanding throughout the world by promoting commerce and encouraging travel.” (PD, 12/14/70, 1649) 

Findings of international team of scientists aboard NsF-sponsored 

14th voyage of deep-sea drilling ship Glomar Challenger were discussed by Columbia Univ. geologist Dr. Dennis E. Hayes at New 

York press conference. Voyage between Lisbon and Puerto Rico 

had ended Dec. 1. Deep-sea drilling data had shown eastern margin of Atlantic Ocean off northwest African coast appeared to be 

younger than western margin off U.S. Discovery suggested that 

North Africa and North America were not joined millions of years 

ago, but had been drifting apart from what once was probably much 

smaller “proto-Atlantic” ocean. (Wilford, NYT, 1211 1/70) 0 NSF reported local government R&D expenditures had doubled from 

$20 million in 1966 to $40 million in 1969 but constituted less than 

0.1% of total local government expenditures for all purposes during period. In 1968 state governments had overall expenditures of same 

level as local governments but R&D expenditures nearly five times as 

great. (NSF Highlights, 12/10/70, 1) December 10-11: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod I completed nine-hour exploration missiOn, traveling 244 m (800 ft) over lunar surface. Vehicle 

traveled in and out of crater 16 m (52.5 ft) in diameter and 2 m (6.6 

ft) deep, experiencing 27” list and 17” trim, and transmitted TV pictures of landscape and data on soilproperties and operation of Lunokhod systems. (SBD, 12/14/70, 173; 12/15/70, 180; Tass, Sov Rpt, 

12/30/70) December 11: Noaa I (ITOS-A) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration meteorological satellite was successfully launched by 

NASA from WTR at 3:35 am PST by two-stage, long-tank, thrust-augmented Thor-Delta (DSV-3N-6) booster. Orbital parameters: apogee, 1472.2 km (914.8 mi); perigee, 1422.6 km (884 mi); period, 114.8 

min; and inclination, 102”. 

Primary objective was to place 306-kg (675-lb) spacecraft in sunsynchronous orbit with local equator-crossing time between 3:OO 

and 3:20 pm and conduct in-orbit engineering evaluation so that day- time and nighttime cloud-cover observations could be obtained regularly and dependably by both direct readout and onboard storage. 

Equipment included two AvCS, two APT camera systems, and two 

scanning radiometers to measure surface temperature in cloud-free 

areas and provide cloud-cover data in visible and infrared channels. 

394 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 11 

As secondary objective launch vehicle carried 2.3-kg (5-lb) Cepe Cylindrical Electrostatic Probe Experiment permanently attached to 

Delta 2nd stage, to provide information on electron density and 

temperature and on ion current during first two orbits. Cepe entered 

orbit with 1475.1-km (916.6-mi) apogee, 1425.4-km (885.7-mi) perigee, 114.9-min period, and 101.9” inclination. 

Noaa I was first Tiros spacecraft funded by NOAA and second 

spacecraft in ITOS series. First, lrtos I (Tiros-M), had been launched 

Jan. 23. (NASA Proj Off; GSFC SSR, 12/31/70; NOAA Release 70-6; SBD, 12/14/70, 175) * Of0 Orbiting Frog Otolith, launched Nov. 9, was adjudged successful 

by NASA. All mission objectives-including maintenance of bullfrogs in space and collection of scientific and engineering datawere achieved. Mission, originally scheduled to last three to five 

days, had lasted until Nov. 15, when batteries ran down. (NASA Proj 

Off) * NASA and Univ. of Rome’s Aerospace Research Center dedicated 

Explorer XLII satellite, scheduled for launch Dec. 12, to Kenya. Dedication was in honos of Kenya’s independence day Dec. 12 and 

in recognition of Kenya’s cooperation with Italy in establishing San 

Marco launch platform off coast of Kenya. If successfully orbited, 

satellite would be named “Uhuru,” Swahili word for freedom. 

(NASA Release 70-212) * NAS-NRC Space Science Board released Life Sciences in Space, report of study to review NASA life sciences programs. Report recommended functional reorganization along disciplinary lines, central direction of all biological and medical programs, improvements in evaluation of all research and in criteria for selection of flight experiments, and formation of board of extramural scientists to provide continuing advice on overall program. (Text) 

U.N. General Assembly Political Committee voted 85 to 8 in favor of 

proposal urging speedy completion of treaty covering damages 

caused by objects launched into space. Group of Soviet Bloc states 

voted against measure on grounds that provisions for compensa- tion clashed with Soviet law. Next round of meetings on treaty was 

scheduled for June in Geneva. (NYT, 12/12/70, C15) 

December f2: Uhuru (Explorer XLII) (SAS-A) Small Astronomy Satellite 

was launched for NASA by Italy at 1:45 pm local time (5:45 am EST) 

from San Marco launch platform off coast of Kenya. Four-stage Scout launch vehicle boosted 142.9-kg (3 15-Ib) satellite into orbit 

with 572-km (355.4-mi) apogee, 531-km (330.0-mi) perigee, 95.7-min 

period, and 3.04” inclination. Primary objective was to develop catalog of celestial x-ray sources by systematic scanning of sky in 2- to 

20-kev range. 

Satellite-first equippeed with sensitive instruments to detect 

high-energy x-ray sources in space-would pinpoint location of xray sources; transmit data on intensity, frequency, and time variation; and map diffuse x-ray background. NASA controllers would 

maneuver satellite from ground by energizing electromagnet in attitude control system. Electrical energy caused electromagnet to act 

like compass needle, aligning itself to north-south lines of earth’s 

magnetic field and permitting controllers to point spacecraft to any direction. 

395 
December 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

December 12: Uhuru (Explorer XLII) Small Astronomy Satellite was launched into an equatorial orbit by Italy fron the San Marco launch platform off the coast of Kenya, East 

Africa, on Kenya’s Independence Day. “Uhuru” was the Swahili word for “freedom.” 

Boosted by a four-stage Scout vehicle to map x-ray sources both within and beyond the Milky Way Galaxy, the satellite was the first launched for the United States by another 

country. At left Mrs. Marjorie Townsend, project manager, discussed satellite perform- ance with a colleague during preflight tests at Goddard Space Flight Center. 

During first day of operation Uhuru was expected to collect more 

data than had been obtained with sounding rockets in past. eight years. Satellite’s long observing time, rather than the few minutes 

for sounding rockets. would permit observation of x-ray sources 

from 30 to 50 times fainter than those observed thus far, probably 

increasing number of observed x-ray sources from 540 to several 

hundred. 

Uhuru was first in series of three explorers in Small Astronomy Satellite program to survey sky above earth’s atmosphere and identify x-ray, gamma-ray, UV, and infrared sources. It was first U.S. 

satellite launched by another country. Under NASA and Univ. of 

Rome agreement NASA provided booster and satellite; Italian 

team, trained at Wallops Station, conducted assembly, checkout, 

and launch services on cost-reimbursable basis. SAS-B would be 

launched in October 1971 and SAS-c in December 1972. (NASA Proj 

0 France successfully launched Peole (Prelimhaire Eole) experimental meteorological satellite on Diamant-B booster from Kourou, French 

396 

Off; NASA Release 70-203) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 12 

Guiana, into orbit with 749-km (465.44) apogee, 635-km (394.6-mi) 

perigee, 98.6-min period, and 15.0” inclination. Peole-70-kg (1 54- 

Ib) octahedron with 71 l-mm (28411) diameter-was preliminary to 

Eole (IAS-A) International Applications Satellite and carried interrogating system to collect data from balloon system to be utilized by Eole. Launch, originally scheduled for Aug. 24, had been postponed 

because of vibration problem in Diamant-I3 booster. (GSFC SSR, 

12/31/70; SBD, 12/15/70, 181; Spacewarn, 12/29/70, I; SF, 6171,213, 

5) * U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXXV from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 984-km (61 1.4-mi) apogee, 980-km (608.9-mi) perigee, 104.7- 

min period, and 74.0” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/70; SBD, 121151 

70,181) * Nixon Administration was finding “no takers” in its efforts to replace 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine as NASA Administrator, New York Times said. 

Lack of NASA Administrator seemed “as much a reflection of the 

low level of attention that space commands among White House 

priorities as it is an indication of the unavailability of candidates.” 

Since Dr. Paine’s Sept. 15 retirement, U.S.S.R. had successfully 

launched 33 space pa loads. (Lyons, NYT, 12/13/70,50) December 13: Photo o Y chromosomes in human blood could be analyzed in three minutes-one tenth of time required under manual 

system-by using computerized process developed by JPL team 

under Dr. Kenneth R. Castleman and Dr. Robert Nathan, NASA 

announced. System, combining spaceTphoto analyzing techniques 

with automatic chromosome study methods, used closed circuit TV. 

Operator watched as automated microscope searched slide prepared from blood sample. Image of suitable group of chromosomes was 

automaticaljy enlarged, PhoJographed, and-transferred to computer for measuring and classifying and then digital picture was transferred to photographic printer. Manual chromosome analysis, used 

to spot hereditary disorders, was time-consuming and expensive. 

JPL team hoped to develop small computer system facilitating wider 

use of new process. (NASA Release 70-21 1) * DOD and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. were resolving their financial differences at cost to U.S. taxpayer of minimum of $600 million, New 

York Times said. By choosing to rescue Lockheed rather than letting it go bankrupt, DOD was also “setting a precedent for Government behavior toward other major military manufacturers that 

might flounder financially and need help.” Exact portion of total of 

more than billion dollars involved that would be borne by taxpa er 

was unclear. Lockheed’s principal creditors had lent Lockheed $30 

million for its short-term needs and agreed to lend additional $250 

million if Lockheed’s negotiations with DOD ended favorably. Total 

of $280 million would ensure production of L-1011 trijet airbus. 

(Sheehan, NYT, 12/13/70,1) 

December 14: MSFC announced its engineers had used blindfolded jeep 

with TV camera, outsized station wagon, and other vehicles during 

tests on Flagstaff, Ariz., desert to determine accuracy of remote 

operation of LRV with simplest and least amount of equipment. 

Tests, in March and April and during summer, had proved that traverses of 30.5 km (19-mi) could be made with less than two percent 

397 
December 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

overall error by using directional gyroscope, odometer calibration, 

and sun compass alignment and updating. (MSFC Release 70-256) 0 Senate received President Nixon's nomination of Col. James A. McDivitt (USAF), Apollo 9 astronaut and Apollo Spacecraft Program 

Manager at MSC, to be brigadier general. (CR, 12/14/70, S20137) 0 Lidar, new light detection and ranging device to detect air pollutants, 

was described in New York Times interview of meteorologist Ronald Collins of Stanford Research Institute. Device sent energy signal outward to bounce off air particle and return to receiver on 

ground. Returned signal was then translated from energy pulse into 

visual pattern seen on picture tube. Unlike radar, which used longer 

microwave, lidar used wavelengths measuring 0.6943c(, which 

picked up extremely small particles in concentration too thin to be 

seen with naked eye. It was even possible to track some gases in 

atmosphere with lidar. (Blakeslee, NYT, 12/14/70,53) 

AAAS announced election of Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman, as 

President-elect. (AAAS Release) 0 Last test model of USAF Minuteman 111 missile was laufiched from 

underground silo at ETR toward South Atlantic target, ending 28-11-10 

development program. Missile was 17th Minuteman I11 launched 

from ETR since Aug. 16, 1968; 15 had been launched under simulated 

operational conditions at Vandenber AFB, Calif. Tests at Vandenberg would continue. (UPI, W Star, 12$14/70, A6) 

December 14-15: NASA launched series of five Nike-Apache sounding 

rockets from Wallops Station between 10:08 pm and 6:27 am EST 

carrying Geophysical Corp. of America payloads. First four rockets 

carried trimethylaluminum (TMA) experiments which created pale white clouds. Fifth carried sodium vapor experiment which created 

huge reddish-orange cloud visible for hundreds of kilometers along 

East Coast. Rockets reached altitudes between 195 km (121.2 mi) 

and 214.5 km (133.3 mi). Purpose of experiments was to compare 

vapor measurements of atmospheric winds and diffusion with eastwest components of meteor shower winds. Data were obtained by 

photographing motion of vapor trails from five camera sites on 

ground. (WS Release 70-25; NASA Release 70-209; NASA Rpts SRL) 

U.S.S.R.'s Venus VIZ, launched Aug. 17, reached atmosphere of Venus. At 8:02 am Moscow time (12:02 am EST) orbital 

module and descent package separated, Tass announced. After 

aerodynamic braking of descent package, parachute system was deployed, antennas unfolded, and transmission begun. Data was 

transmitted for 35 min during descent. Soviet scientists later reported surface of Venus had been calculated to have temperature of 773 

K (500" C; 932°F) and pressure of 100 atmospheres. On Jan. 26, 

1971, Tass announced Venus VZZ had landed and had continued 

transmitting data from surface for 23 min. Longest survival time of 

three previous Venus landing missions attempted by U.S.S.R. had 

been 94 min, recorded for Venus ZVOct. 18, 1967. (Sov Rpt, 12/20/ 

70; 2/2/71; SBD, 12/21/70; 204; O'Toole, W Post, 12/16/70, A25) U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXXVI from Baykonur into orbit 

with 270-km (167.8-mi) apogee, 215-km (133.6-mi) perigee, 89.3-min 

period, and 64.9" inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 28. (GSFC 

SSR, 12/31/70; SBD, 12/17/70, 191) 

December 15: 

398 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 15 

0 NAS released Venus: Strategy for Exploration, report of NASA-SUPported study by scientific panel chaired by Harvard Univ. agtronomer Dr. Richard M. Goody and Kitt Peak National Observatory 

astronomer Dr. Donald M. Hunten. Report urged unmanned scientific study of Venus with P!anetary Explorer spacecraft, 385-kg 

(850-lb) “universal bus” capable of carrying entry probes, orbiters, 

balloons, and landers. Estimated cost of unmanned Venus probe 

program was $lOO-million total for first three missions and up to $25 

million for each succeeding mission. Program would be undertaken 

in addition to planned NASA program of planetar exploration. 

cover blanketing planet and planet’s carbon dioxide atmosphere 

could contribute to understanding of general atmospheric systems, 

including earth’s, and conflicting theories could be tested with relatively simple measurements. Determination of concentration of 

hydrogen atoms and compounds could reveal whether oceans once 

covered Venus and, if so, what happened to them. Panel urged that 

higher failure risks be accepted for Venus missions to lower equipment costs, that experimental operations be simplified, that landers 

be permitted to impact on Venus, and that NASA cooperate with 

space organizations of other nations in planning and carrying out investigations. (Text) * Meeting at MSFC reviewed parallel studies of proposed chemical interorbital space shuttle by North American Rockwell Corp. and McDonne11 Douglas Astronautics Co. Analyses of modifications required to adapt either 2nd or 3rd stage of Saturn V launch vehicle 

into interorbital shuttle between earth and lunar orbit were to lead to 

preliminary designs, determine orbital launch operations and procedures, and gather data on reliminary costs, logistics, and facilities. 

Discussions included resuyts of analyses to date, definition of systems requirements, necessary system and subsystem trade-offs, and 

selection of preliminary configurations. (MSFC Release 70-262) 

House approved, by vote of 319 to 71, Conference Report on H.R. 

17755, $2.5-billion FY 1971 DOT appropriation bill that included $210 

million for SST development. (CR, 12/15/70, H11700-12) 0 Dynalectron Corp. announced it had been awarded $3 805 000 NASA 

contract for maintaining and servicing lunar landing training vehicles and aircraft used by astronauts and management at MSC. 

Contract was one-year renewal of agreement under which Dynalectron had carried out management, maintenance, engineering, techni- cal, and logistic functions in support of aircraft at MSC. (Dynalectron 

Release) 0 State Dept. spokesman said USN would build $19-million post for satellite communications on British island of Diego-Garcia in Indian 

Ocean. As part of joint U.S.-U.K. project, island would also serve 

as air base for reconnaissance aircraft monitoring increased U.S.S.R,. naval presence in Indian Ocean. (Reuters, B Sun, 121161 

70,6; DOD PIO) 

December 16: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCLXXXVII from Plesetsk into orbit with 538-km (334.3-mi) apogee, 526-km (326.8-mi) 

perigee, 95.2-min period, and 74” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 12/3 1/70; 

SBD, 12/18/70,200) 

Panel urged Venus exploration because in r ormation on cloud 

399 
December 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Fifth anniversary of NASA’s Pioneer VI interplanetary probe. Since launch Dec. 16,1965, Pioneer VIhad orbited Sun six times, covering 

5.3 billion km (3.3 billion mi); passed behind sun’s far side (relative 

to earth) once, providing new data on solar atmosphere and pioneering solar weather reports from far side; made important contributions to defining exact orbits and mass of moon and planets; and 

erformed ex eriment to check theory of relativity. Pioneer VIdata 

Rad filled 11 7gU kin (7300 mi) of analog data tapes, recording 35 billion data bits in 9500 hrs of communications sessions during almost 45000 hrs of flight. Its maximum distance from earth on sun’s far 

side had been 290 million km (180 million mi). 

First of four Pioneer probes now in orbit, Pioneer VI was firmly 

stabilized in plane of earth’s orbit by its 60-rpm spin and would need 

no further orientation maneuvers. Last maneuver had been made in 

1966. One of two radio receivers was operating satisfactorily and 

solar cells, although damaged by massive solar flares, were still 

providing power. All other experiments except magnetometer were 

operating satisfactorily and a number of special experiments based 

on spacecraft’s position in space had been conducted. (ARC Release 

NASA launched Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket from Wallops Station carrying live leeches in Biosonde experiment for West German 

Federal Ministry for Education and Science. Rocket reached 246.2- 

km (153-mi) altitude and good data were obtained. Launch was second in series of two to test new satellite life-support system grid ob: 

tain information on leeches’ behavior during flight. First launch had 

been conducted Dec. 10. (WS Reiease 70-26) * Technology was now available to make SST almost as quiet as subsonic jet, Dr. Leo L. Beranek-world authority on acoustics and head 

of scientific panel appointed to advise DOT’S Dept. of SST 

Development on noise-said in interview with New York Times. 

Engine design for noise level could be perfected by 1973 but whether engineers could cut “sideline” noise to target level of 108 epndb by then was not known. (Witkin, NYT, 12/17/70,26) 0 Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird issued statement saying 

U.S.S.R. might have begun to slow.down SS-9 missile construction. 

Some US. strategic weapon analysts thought SS-9s and SS-11s 

“are approaching what might be called leveling-off phases.” (B Sun, 

12/17/70, Al) 

French aviation pioneer Andrk Laurent-Eynac, France’s first air minister, died in Paris at age 84. He had served as Under Secretary of 

State for Air in French government from 1921-1926 and in 1940. (W 

Post, 12/17/70, D6) 

December 16-17: Progress reports on nuclear shuttle studies were given to MSFC oficials by Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., North 

American Rockwell Corp., and McDonnell Douglas Corp. at MSFC 

meetings. (MSFC Release 70-260) 

December 17: Dept. of Agriculture would start project to determine 

properties in moon dust that led to growth of plants bigger than 

those fertilized by potassium, phosporus, or nitrogen, Washington Post reported. USDA scientist Dr. Charles P. Walkinshaw had said 

moon dust “does something to plants that nothing else can duplicate.” He had observed uninterrupted growth of almost 40 different 

70- 14) 

400 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 17 

species in moon dust soil. Liverworts, tobacco plants, and ferns 

had grown larger and to deeper green in moon dust than in other 

soil. Corn cells buried in moon dust in 1969 were still alive and had 

grown tough, stringy roots. Dr. Walkinshaw believed mOon dust 

mifiht act as supercatalyst, causing soil nutrients to be absorbed 

uickly through walls of plants cells. USDA Forestry Service and E hevron Chemical Co. planned to investigate how moon dust acted. 

(Brett, WPost, 12/17/70, G2) * President Nixon si ned H.R. 19830 as P.L. 91-556, Independent OffAct, 1971, which included NASA appropriation of $3, 69 billion. 

(PD, 12/21/70,1705) 

Sixty-second anniversary of Wright brothers’ first successful flight. At 

ceremonies in Kitty Hawk, N.C.-sponsored by NAA, Air Force 

Assn., and First Flight Society-portraits of aviation pioneers Igar 

I. Sikorsky and Wiley Post were added to Kitty Hawk’s First Flight Shrine. Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio, honored Robert E. 

Gross, founder of Lockheed Aircraft Corp.; L/G Ira C. Eaker, 

Eighth Air Force Commander during World War 11; Alexander P. de 

Seversky, military aviation expert; and Juan T. Trippe, founder of 

Pan American World Airways. At annual Wright Memorial Dinner 

in Washington, D.C., sponsored by Aero Club of Washington, 

Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy was presented to C. R. Smith, 

former President of American Airlines and Secretary of Commerce 

under President Lyndon B. Johnson. (NAA News, 1/71, 1: Varborough, W Star, 12/16/70, A18; Flatley, W Star; 12/18/70, C5) 0 Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR 

carrying Univ. of Minnesota experiment to study atmospheric com- position. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

NASA had applied for patent on magnetic hammer that synthesized 

small quantities of clear and yellow diamonds from graphite, MSFC 

announced. Devised by MSFC engineers John R. Rasquin and Marvin F. Estes, process produced diamond grit of kind used by industry for cutting operations. Hammer, which might be used for making 

other crystals, had been developed for use in Saturn rocket produc- tion. (MSFC Release 70-265) 

December 27-20: Apollo 22 Spacecraft Touring Exhibit visited Washington, D.C., during 50-state tour which began April 17. Apollo 22 

Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Michael Collins attended open- ing day ceremonies, during which Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA 

Administrator, compared Apollo 22 mission with first flight of 

Wright brothers in aircraft Dee. 17, 1903: Wright brothers’ flight had 

lasted 12 secs; Apollo 22,156 hrs. Wright brothers’ aircraft wei hed 

2% kg (605 Ibs); Apollo weighed 3 million kg (6!4 million lbf) at 

liftoff. Wright brothers’ aircraft flew 3 m per sec (10 fps); Apollo 22, 

10 700 m per sec (35 000 fps). Wright brothers flew to 4,6-m (1s-ft) 

altitude; Ap0110 22 reached about 389 000 km. (242 000 mi). Wright 

brothers’ aircraft used 1.5 kg (51 02) of gasoline; Apollo 21 burned 

2.7 million kg (6 million Ibs) of liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, and 

kerosene. Wright brothers’ aircraft flew distance of 36.6 m (120 ft); 

Apollo 22 flew about 1530000 km (950000 mi). Five spectators watched Wright brothers’ flight, while estimated 500 million persons-one sixth of the world’s population-witnessed flight of 

s ices and Dept. o f Housing and Urban Development Ap ropriation 

40 1 
December 17-20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Apollo 11 July 19-20, 1969. (Program; NASA Hist Off; CR, 12/17/70, 

December 18: U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites, from Plesetsk. 

Cosmos CCCLXXXVIII entered orbit with 499-km (310.1-mi) apogee, 269-km (167.24 perigee, 92.2-min period, and 70.9” inclination and reentered May 10, 1971. Cosmos CCCLXXXIX entered 

orbit with 687-km (426.9-mi) apogee, 642-km (398.9-mi) peri ee, 98- 

min period, and 81.1” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/70; 5/31hl; SF, 

6/71,213) 

Senate Committee on Government Operations’ Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations published TFX Contract Investigation (Rpt. 91-1496). Report on history of DOD TFX program concluded: 

Sept. 1, 1961, decision by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara to start program was wrong; November 1962 decision to 

choose second best TFX proposal at higher price was wrong; failure 

to heed warnings in February, July, and October 1964 of technical 

difficulties and to allow redesign of F-ll1B was wrong; order to start 

Project Icarus in October 1966 and to place personal management of 

TFX in Office of Secretary of Defense was poor management deci- sion “made in desperation”; and decision to continue F-ll1A production line April-May 1967 was wrong. 

TFX program had been “failure” on which Federal Government 

would spend more than $7.8 billion to procure 500 aircraft, although 

original production schedule called for more than 1700 aircraft for 

less money. “Of the 500 planes we will have, less than 100 (the F11 IF’S) come reasonably close to meeting the original standards. 

Spending so great a sum for so few aircraft represents a fiscal blunder of the greatest magnitude. It is clear that vital financial resources 

were squandered in the attempt to make the TFX program produce 

satisfactory results.” (Text) 0 USAF awarded $41.2 million to Fairchild Hiller Corp. and $28.9 million 

to Northrop Corp. to construct prototypes of new AX twin-engine 

combat-support aircraft. Fairchild Hiller version would be larger. 

Prototypes would be flown in competitive tests after 26-1110 development phase. Aircraft would have top speed of 640 km per hr (400 

mph); carry up to 7300 kg (16 000 lbs) of arms, rockets, and ammunition; and spend up to four hours in direct support of frontline 

troops. (Beecher, NYT, 12/19/70, 1) 0 Environmental scientist Dr. H. Peter Metzger filed suit in Federal 

Court in Denver, Colo., to block static nuclear rocket test scheduled 

for January in Nevada as experiment for possible future deep space probes. Metzger charged AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion 

Office had failed to comply with National Environmental Policy Act 

requirements that test be fully studied and reported to other agencies for comment. Defendants named were Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, 

AEC Chairman; Milton Klein, Space Nuclear Propulsion Office 

Director; and Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator. 

(NYT, 12/19/70, 14) 0 Third round of SALT ended in Helsinki with joint U.S.4J.S.S.R. statement expressing determination of both delegations to pursue negotiations. Fourth round would open in Vienna March 15. (Roberts, W 

Post, 12/19/70, A15) 

H11884-5) 

402 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 18 

DOT announced selection of Welton Becket and Associates to receive 

three-month $87 000 contract for master plan for U.S. first International Transportation Exposition to be held at Dulles International 

Airport May 27-June 4, 1972. (DOT Release 25370) 

December 18-19: Apollo 14 spacecraft underwent second day of flight- readiness tests after all-night vigil by guards following anonymous 

telephone threat that KSC would be blown up. Deadline of 11:OO pm 

given by caller passed without incident. Tests were interrupted for 

several hours during night to replace faulty computer but engineers expected to complete simulated countdown and liftoff satisfactorily. 

(UPI, W Star, 12/20/70, A2) 

December 19: Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA 

from WSMR carrying Cal Tech experiment to conduct x-ray studies. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Senate voted 48 to 43 against forcing end to debate on SST. Closure 

motion required two-tHirds support to win. (CR, S20753-67, 

December 21: Capt. Chester M. Lee (uSN, Ret.), Apollo Mission Director, described plans and preparations for Xpollo 14 mission at 

Washington, D.C., press briefing: Mission-scheduled for launch 

from KSC Jan. 31, 1971-would be cut from 10 days to 9 days to 

provide extra margin of safety by shortening lunar orbit and lunar 

surface stay time. “On this mission we will have done most of our 

lunar orbit photography and there is really no substantial reason to 

stay there. We would like to get home; there is no need to keep them 

there unless we have to. On Apollo 15. . .we intend to stay around 

because we can get some good data, but on Apollo 14 we don’t have 

the set-up we will have on Apollo 15.” 

New equipment weighing 293 kg (645 1bs)-including 36-kg (79-Ib) 

oxygen tank for 141 kg (310 lbs) of oxygen, 61-kg (135-lb) SM 

battery, and CM storage bags for 18 kg (40 lbs) potable water-had 

been added to supplement regular equipment in case of emergency. 

Apollo 14 crew quarantine procedures were most strict to date to 

prevent possibility of crew illness before fllght. “. . .for example, when they are moving from the crew quarters to the. handball 

court. . .they will clear the hallways while they are going down 

there” by sounding a horn or bell. 

“Kitty Hawk” had been chosen as name for CM to honor birthplace of aviation. LM would be named after Antares, brightest star in 

constellation Scorpio, which would be visible out LM window during descent to lunar surface. (Transcript; O’Toole, W Post, 12/22/70, 

A3) e Grumman Corp. test pilot Robert Smyth flew USN F-14 Tomcat fighter, successor to F-4 Phantom and F-111B, on successful 10-min 

maiden flight from Grumman test facility at Calverton, N.Y. Aircraft, weighing 27 700 kg (61 000 Ib) and capable of mach 2 speeds, 

was limited by bad weather to 460-111 (1500-ft) altitude and low 

speeds. Flight was month ahead of schedule. USN planned to buy 

722 F-14s at $11.5 million each. (Witkin, NYT, 12/22/70,66; Getler, 

W Post, 12/23/70, A4) 0 LeRC’s Plum Brook Station began test’ series to ensure Skylab shroud would separate from Saturn V properly during launch scheduled for late 1972. Shroud, weighing 10900 kg (24000 lbs), was 

520792-9) 

403 
December 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Decembef 21: The US. Navy’s F-14 Tomcat fighter made a successful IO-minute maiden 

flight from the Grumman test flight facility in Calverton, N.Y. Capable of mach 2 speeds, the F-14 would be successor to the F-4 Phantom and the F-ll1B. 

composed of quadrants separated by explosives lining seams. Each 

panel had to be ejected without touching Skylab vehicle in flight. 

Plum Brook vacuum chamber had been selected for shroud test 

because tank, 36.6 m (120 ft) tall and 30.5 m (100 ft) wide, could 

produce hard vacuum equivalent to 483-km (300-mi) altitude and 

easily house shroud 17 m (56 ft) high and 6.7 m (22 ft) wide. (NASA 

Release 70-214) 

NASA announced appointment of George W. Cherry, Deputy Associate Director of MIT’S Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, as Director of Aeronautical Operating Systems Div., OART. Newly created 

division was responsible for research and technology programs contributing to solution of problems in navigation, control, reduction of 

operational hazards, and impacts of aviation on environment. (NASA 

Release 70-216) Intergovernmental group studying DOT-DOD-HEW military .assistance 

for safety in traffic (MAST) program reported at least 61 lives possibly saved by helicopter airlift of accident victims from remote areas 

to hospitals since introduction of program July 15. About 65% of 

emergencies had occurred on highways. About 70% of 60 000 highway fatalities in 1969 had occurred in remote areas. (DOT Release 

25 170) 

Decembe; 22: Boeing Co. announced completion of luna! roving vehicle (LRV) qualification unit, last in series of test units leading to 

manufacture of first LRV flight model. Fabrication of major compo- rients for three flight-model LRVS would begin soon, with first LRV 

delivered to NASA April 1 , 1971, and carried to moon on Apollo 15 in 

July 197 1. (Boeing Release) 0 NASA announced selection of Hughes Aircraft Co. for $22-million, 

cost-plus-award-fee contract for new , more advanced series of Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) spacecraft. Hughes would deliver 

404 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 22 

three flight spacecraft, os0 I, J, and K, for missions in 1973, 1974 and 

1975; provide ground support equipment; and perform launch services. (NASA Release 70-218) 0 General Telephone & Electronics Corp. announced pro osed plan to 

establish satellite communications system within U,!. If Fcc ap- proved, system would be operational within 24 mos. Hughes Aircraft Co. would lease eight radio channels required by General Telephone ik Electronics in one of two 12-channel comsats that Hughes 

Aircraft had proposed for domestic use. Backup channels would be 

provided in second comsat for reliable short-term use during peak 

periods. Gross investment for system was estimated at nearly $27 

million. (GT&E Release; Reuters, €3 Sun, 12/23/70) 0 ComSatCorp reported third quarter net income of $4 271 000 (43 cents 

per share), up from $1 446000 (14 cents per share) for third quarter of 1969. Increase was attributed to increased comsat traffic. (ComSatCorp Rpt to Shareholders) 0 Appointment of Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman as Senior Vice 

President-Operations Group was announced by Eastern Airlines 

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Floyd D. Hall. (EA Release) 

December 23: International Workshop on Earth Resources Survey Systems at Univ. of Michigan May 3-14, 1971, would study use of satellites to survey earth resources and surface features, NASA 

announced. Workshop would be sponsored by NASA, Dept of Agriculture, NOAA, U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of State, AID, and 

Naval Oceanographic Office. Invitations had been sent to administrators and experts from U.N. member states in accordance with 

President Nixon’s Sept. 18 statement before U.N. General Assembly. Workshop would survey data already acquired and methods of 

collecting, processing, and analyzing earth resources data. Potential 

action for countries initiating earth resources programs would be 

discussed, including costs and opportunities for international cooperation and assistance. (NASA Release 70-215) 

uSAF Sprint missile-a key weapon in Safeguard antimissile system- successfully completed first inflight test interception of ICBM Over 

Pacific. Sprint, launched from Kwajalein Missile Range in Pacific, 

came within “kill range” of ICBM target nosecone launched from 

California 6800 km (4200 mi) away. First inflight test ieterce tion by Spartan missile had been made Aug. 28. (AP, WPost, 12131/!0, A3) @ Treasury Dept. graduated first class of 46 customs security oficers to 

replace temporary sky marshals serving aboard U.S. international 

and domestic flights to combat skyjacking. Washington, D.C., ceremony marked transition of sky marshal program from multiagency 

to permanent single-agency status. Treasury Dept. would graduate 

about 50 officers a week until complement of 2100 was qualified for 

dut . (Av Wk, 1/4/71,22) 

Decem :: er 25: U.S.S.R. launched Molniya 1-17 comsat from Plesetsk 

into orbit with 39 569-km (24 587.04) apogee, 493-km (306.34) 

perigee, 71 1 .8-min period, and 64.7” inclination. Tass said satellite 

would transmit telephone, telegraph, radio, and TV communications to remote areas. (GSFC SSR, 12/31j70; AP, W Post, 12/26/70, 

A9; SF, 6/71,213) 0 JPL had announced availability of certain facilities to qualified investigators from academic community, Science reported. Included were 

405 
December 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

microscopes, spectrometers, wind tunnels, vacuum chamber, hy- pervelocity laboratory, and image-processing laboratory. Investigators were expected to help defray expenses. Some limited funding would be furnished by JPL. (Science, 12/25/70,1389) * Experiment to determine if ozone was trapped in solid carbon dioxide 

polar cap of Mars was described in Science by Univ. of Colorado 

and York Univ. of Toronto, Canada, scientists. Experiment showed 

that solid carbon dioxide was effective trap for ozone at tempeyatures as high as 156 K (-179°F ). “Ultraviolet reflection-absorption 

spectra of ozone in solid carbon dioxide at 127°K [-231”FI indicate 

that the ozone observed over the polar cap of Mars may be trap ed 

in solid carbon dioxide.” (Broida, Lundell, et a]., Science, 12/25770, 

1402) 

December 26-31: AAAS held 137th Annual Meeting in Chicago. Thirteenth Annual Meeting of Society for the History of Technology 

(SHOT) was held Dec. 26-30 in conjunction with AAAS meeting. 

Dr. Edward H. Teller, physicist and atomic scientist of Univ. of 

California, advocated abolition of secrecy surrounding U.S. scientific research “so we can clearly understand what we are talking 

about ” in growing debate over impact of science and technology on 

society. “Secrecy in science should be abolished so that the democratic process can be better able to work in making the decisions on 

how science is applied.” (Wilford, NYT, 12/28/70, 1) 

Dr. Bentley Glass, retiring AAAS president and Academic Vice 

President of Univ. of New York at Stoney Brook, said number of 

scientists and technologists in U.S. had doubled in decade to form 

20% of professional labor force. Growth rate was much faster than 

that of population and could not surpass limit of about 25% of professional force. Dr. Glass believed that the greater the volume of 

research, the less likely any one project would produce truly origi- nal results. “It is in fact becoming more and more difficult, as scientific knowledge grows, to make a totally new and unexpected discovery or to break through the dogmas of established scientific 

views .” 

SHOT session on Perspectives of Apollo History, chaired by Dr. 

James Lee Cate of Univ. of Chicago with Dr. John M. Logsdon of 

George Washington Univ. as commentator, presented sample narratives: “Space Science and Automatic Spacecraft Behind Apollo” by R. Cargill Hall, JPL Historian; “The Saturn Family of Rockets” 

by Dr. John S. Beltz of Univ. of Alabama at Huntsville; and “The 

Apollo Command Spaceship” by Dr. Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., of 

Univ. of Houston. Narratives directed attention to problems of contemporary scholarship and to basic elements of Apollo. (Program; 

NASA Hist Off) 

Jeffrey V. Odom, manager of National Bureau of Standards 

metric study, told AAAS seminar that report on metrication would be 

submitted to Congress in August 1971. Report was expected to include recommendations for gradual conversion to metric system in 

US., possibly over 10 yrs. New York Times, noting metric system 

proponents, emphasized that 90% of nations in world already used 

system and that U.K. expected to be almost completely converted 

by 1975, said NASA was first U.S. Government agency to convert to 

406 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 26-3 1 

system in its scientific and technical publications. (Wilford, NYT, 

12/29/70, 17) 

Stewart L. Udall, former Secretary of the Interior, in AAAS 

speech accused science establishment, particularly NAS, of failing to 

exert moral and political leadership on issues of technology impact 

on man. He proposed that consumer advocate Ralph Nader organ- ize team of young scientists to make “dispassionate and intensive 

study of the National Academy and the whole scientific enterprise in 

this country.” (Wilford, NYT, 12/31/70,3:6) 

Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman and AAAS President-elect, 

left AAAS meeting before radical young scientists assumed podium 

to accuse him of “crime of science against the people.” (Auerbach, W Post, 12/3 1 /70, A4) 

December .27: NASA’ .announced Stanford Univ. scientists were 

measuring solar wind in 61-million-km (38-million-mi) space between sun-orbiting Pioneer VI (launched Dec. 16, 1965) and Pioneer 

VIII(launched Dec. 13, 1967). Purpose of experiment was to study 

influence of solar wind on earth’s long-term weather cycles and ob- tain information on solar workings for particle physics. ARC-managed project would continue until May 1971; spacecraft would hold 

almost fixed position 100 million km (62 million mi) from earth until 

that time. Measurements were obtained by determining way radio 

signals between Stanford’s 46-m (150-ft) antenna and Pioneers were 

slowed by interplanetary electrons. Stanford scientist Dr. Thomas 

Croft had said measurements were “probably the most accurate 

ever made of the density of free electrons in the solar wind.” (NASA 

Release 70-217) 

December 28: NASA held press briefing on preliminary results of Uhuru (Explorer XLII) Small Astronomy Satellite (launched Dec. 12). 

Mrs. Marjorie R. Townsend, SAS-A Project Manager at GSFC, said 

launch went smoothly and only few minor anomalies had occurred 

so far: “We are running at higher temperatures than we anticipated seeing at specific angles with respect to the sun. . . .Because of 

this it took us longer to despin than we had anticipated. The despin 

dumps a lot of excess [heat] into the spacecraft so we had to turn it 

on for a while and then turn it off. . .until we did get it into nominal 

operation. As of this morning SAS-A is working perfectly.” (Transcript) 

Crippled flight of Apollo 13 had been chosen top story of 1970 by AP 

member editors, AP announced. (WStar, 12/28/70) 

December 29: European industrial consortium STAR (Satellites for 

Telecommunications. Applications and- Research) was formed to 

compete for future ESRO contracts. Members were British Aircraft 

Corp., Contraves A. G. of Switzerland, CGE Fiar and MontedelMontecatini Edison Electronica S.p.A. of Italy, SABCA of Belgium, L. M. Ericsson AB of Sweden, Fokker FFW of the Netherlands, Dornier-System GmbH of West Germany , and Thomson CSF 

of France. AEG-Telefunken of West Germany would contribute on 

comsat work. (SF, 3/71,81) 0 Dept. of Justice asked for legislation to force AT&T and other major communications firms out of ownership and management of ComSatCorp. It recommended overturn of FCC’S “authorized user” de407 
December 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

cision (under which ComSatCorp could sell its seivices only to other 

communications firms) and earth station ownership decision (under 

which ComSatCorp could own only 50% of each earth station built, 

with communications firms owning other 50%). Recommendations 

were in letters from Assistant Attorney General Richard W. McLaren to Sen. Mike Gravel (D-Alaska), who had asked for investigations of links between ComSatCorp and other communications 

firms. (Aug, W Star, 1/8/71, B.10) Pravda published year-end review of U.S.S.R. space activities by A. 

Dmitriyev. Soviet leadership was swinging full circle back to belief 

that Soviet approach was distinctly superior to that of U.S. Automatic spacecraft were cheaper than manned spacecraft but Soviet 

efforts were encompassing across-the-board capabilities-manned 

as well as unmanned. Main directions were systematic research in 

near-earth space using automa,tic vehicles and manned craft, moon 

and circumlunar space as testing ground for Soviet cosmonautics, 

and research of distant planets, primarily Venus, with aid of automatic devices. Recent Soviet accomplishments had paved way for 

significant breakthroughs in all of these directions. (AFMag, 6/71, 

54-9) * DOT announced award of $1 353 000 grant to JPL for research and design of “people mover” automated transit system. People moverto be constructed around and through Univ. of West Virginia at 

Morgantown-would consist of fully automated cars carrying passengers at up to 40 km per hr (25 mph). ( DOT Release 25970) 

December 30: USN F-14 Tomcat fighter aircraft crashed and burned 

after developing hydraulic problem during second flight from Grumman Corp. test flight facility at Calverton, N.Y. Aircraft had made 

maiden flight Dec. 21. Grumman Corp. officials and engineers said 

aircraft was not downed by major design errors. Both pilots ejected 

at 90 m (300 ft) and parachuted to safety. (Hoffman, W Post, 12/31/ 

70, Al) 0 DOD proposal to save Lockheed Aircraft Corp. from bankruptcy by adding $1.45 billion to Government payments on four Lockheed 

contracts was outlined by David M. Packard, Deputy Secretary of 

Defense, in letter to Sen. John C. Stennis (D-Miss.), Chairman of 

Senate Armed Forces Committee. (DOD Release 1057-70; Text) 0 Dr. Carl McIntire, head of International Council of Christian Churches and Fundamentalist Bible Presybterian Church, had announced 

pvrchase of property in city of Cape Canaveral, Fla., including Cape Kennedy Hilton Hotel, Washington Post reported. Property 

would be used for multimillion-dollar “Reformation Freedom Center and Christian Conference.” Dr. McIntire had said site, 1.6-km 

(1-mi) strip from Banana River to Atlantic Ocean, “is alongside the 

rocket gantries and the moon shots” and would lend to God-inspace-conquest theme. Post said pro erty had been valued specula- tively at $25 million. ( WPost, 12/30/h, A4) 

December 31: NASA announced 1971 flight schedule, highlighted by 

two manned Apollo lunar landing missions-Apollo 14 Jan. 31 and 

Apollo 15 July 25-and by two unmanned Mariner Mars launches in 

May. Other launches tentatively scheduled for 1971 included three 

Intelsat comsats for ComSatCorp. NATO-B comsat for NATO, IMP-I 

Interplanetary Monitoring Platform, SOLRAD scientific satellite for 

408 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 December 3 I 

USN, ISIS-B cooperative U.S.-Canada scientific satellite, PAET 

Planetary Atmosphere Experiments Test, OSO-H Orbiting Solar 

Observatory, SSS-A Small Scientific Satellite, UK-4 cooperative U.S.-U.K. scientific satellite, AFCRL-A magnetic storm satellite for 

AFCRL, OAO-C Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, and CAS-A coop- erative U.S.-France meteorological satellite. 

NASA aeronautical program would include extensive testing of 

supercritical wing. (NASA Release 70-222) * Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, would head six-man 

U.S. team to discuss possibilities for expanded US.-U.S.S.R. cooperation in space research at Moscow meetings during week of 

Jan. 18, 1971, NASA announced. Meetings would consider coopera- tion in scientific research by satellites, space meteorology, and 

space biology and medicine. Other members of team would be Dr. 

John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science 

and Applications; Arnold W. Frutkin, NASA Assistant Adminstrator 

for International Affairs; Arthur W. Johnson, Deputy Director of 

National Environmental Satellite Service; William A. Anders, NASC 

Executive Secretary and Apollo 8 astronaut; and Robert F. Packard , Director of Office of Space-Atmospheric and Marine Science 

Affairs of Dept. of State. (NASA Release 70-223) 

Apollo 14 crew, following splashdown in Pacific Feb. 9, 1971, would 

be flown to MSC from Samoa instead of from Hawaii, reducing return time to MSC by five or six days, NASA announced. Crew would 

arrive in Houston in MQF about Feb. 12 and would remain under LRL 

quarantine until Feb. 26. (NASA Release 70-221) 0 Senate confirmed nomination of Col. James A. McDivitt (WAF), 

Apollo 9 astronaut and Apollo S acecraft Program Manager at MSC, 

to be brigadier general. (CRY 1/2filYS21852) 0 By vote of 180 to 37, House passed H.J.R. 1421 making further continuing appropriations for FY 1971. Resolution would provide additional $51.7 million to DOT for SST develo ment funding through 

March30,1971. (CR, 12/31/70, €112603-6; Nh, 1/1/71,1) 

During December: Discovery of two galaxies possibly only 10 million yrs old-one thousandth the age determined for galaxies under 

“big bang” theory that all material in universe had exploded in one 

place 10 billion yrs ago-was reported in Astrophysical Journal by 

Hale Observatory astronomers Dr. Wallace L. W. Sargent and Dr. 

Leonard Searle. Galaxies, about 100 light years in diameter against 100 000 for larger galaxies, contained only 1000 to 100 OOO stars of 

short-lived blue type. Milky Way galaxy contained 10 billion stars, 

including those capable of living billions of years. If newly discovered galaxies were young, they would provide first evidence that 

galaxies evolved from infancy to old age and that galaxies could be 

created after “big bang.” Dr. Sargent and Dr. Searle tentatively 

concluded that galaxies were “dense intergalactic clouds of neutral 

hydrogen in which the formation of massive stars is proceeding vigorously while the formation of low-mass stars is suppressed.” (As- trophysical Journal, 12/70, L155-9) 0 Results of international deliberations on definitive working arrangements for INTELSAT were described in Astronautics & Aeronautics 

magazine. Australia and Japan had presented Document 39, manage- ment plan detailing proposed functions of board of governors and 

409 
During December ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

assembly. Board would represent investors. Each member of board 

would have vote proportional in weight to his country’s investment. 

System would reduce maximum voting percentage of U.S. from 

52%to 40%’and attempt to avoid veto power for either one nation or 

small group of major users. Assembly of delegates from each member country would decide by simple majority whether to raise subjects for action, which would then take two-thirds majority to pass. 

Permanent agreement proposed six-year transition period during 

which ComSatCorp would remain as systems manager. Three international consulting firms would report best form of management 

organization during transition period. INTELSAT guideline would be 

to contract out as many functions as possible to avoid bureaucracy 

detrimental to efficiency. About 80 nations would sign new agreement at Plenipotentiary Conference in spring 1971. (A&A, 12/70, 

0 NSF published National Patterns of R&D Resources: Funds 

and Manpower in the United States, 1953-71 (NSF 70-46). R&D 

expenditures were estimated at $27.8 billion for 1971, 3.7% increase 

from 1970, but actually no increase in constant dollars. Ratio of total 

R&D expenditure to GNP would drop from 3% in mid-60s to 2.7% in 

1971 as R&D gains failed to keep pace with growth of economy. Federal R&D support rose 1% a year over past five years but in real terms 

support showed 3% annual decline. Over same period, non-Federal 

funding grew 10% annually in current dollars and 5% annually in 

real terms. Space and defense R&D efforts declined as emphasis 

shifted to other programs. DOD’S intramural R&D spending declined, 

as did DOD basic research spending. (Text) 0 NSF problems in3tabilizingU.S. basic science research during FY 1971 

“with budgetary squeezes on mission-oriented agencies such as 

NASA, and AEC, and Mansfield-amendment effects rippling through 

DOD,” were described by NSF Director William D. McElroy in interview published by Astronautics & Aeronautics magazine: “We can 

identify positively right now the order of $70 million [in basic science research1 that has been previously supported by other agen- cies. . . .we don’t have $70 million additional money to pick that 

up, so there is oing to be a squeeze here.” Though NSF FY 1971 

budget would s a ow $73-million increase over FY 1970 amount of 

$438 million, only $10 million could be earmarked for icking up 

programs cut by other Government agencies, (A&A, 12/78,12-14) During 1970: US. orbited 38 spacecraft in 28 launches-including Apollo 13’s CSM Odyssey, LM Aquarius, and S-IVB stage intentionally crashed onto moon. U.S.S.R. orbited 88 pa loads in 81 launehand Communist China, 1. U.S. total included 21 orbited by DOD in 

17 launches and 17 by NASA in 13 launches. NASA’s total included 1 

launched for NATO and 1 for DOD. 

NASA’s manned space flight program continued with launch of 

Apollo 13, but mission was cut short by an oxygen tank rupture. 

Three-man crew, taking emergency measures and using LM as “lifeboat,” returned safely to earth after looping around moon. Analysis 

of Apollo system and modifications necessary to prevent or meet 

future emergencies and reevaluation of Apollo program caused re15-6) 

es; France, 2; Italy, 1 (for NASA on NASA launc i: vehicle); Japan, 1; 

410 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 During 1970 

schedulin of Apollo 14 from 1970 to early 1971 and reduction in 

Unmanned program included orbiting of Zntelsat-ZZZ F-6, IntelsatIII F-7, and Intelsat-111 F-8 comsats for ComSatCorp; Noaa I meteorological satellite for NOAA and prototype meteorological satellite Itos I; NASA’s Nimbus IV in support of world weather program; Uhuru (Explorer XLII) Small Astronomy Satellite (launched for 

NASA by Italy); Sert II Space Electric Rocket Test; and Of0 Orbiting 

Frog Otolith, carrying two bullfrogs. Launched as secondary pay- loads were Oscar V(U.S.-Australia) amateur radio-propagation satellite carried on Itos I; DOD’S Top0 Z geodetic satellite, on Nimbus 

IV; RM RadiationlMeteoroid Satellite, on Ofo; and Cepe Cylindri- cal Electrostatic Probe Experiment, on Noaa 1. 

Almost 100 scientific sounding rockets were launched to altitudes 

between 160 and 1600 km (100 and 1000 mi) to study space physics and astronomy, including 19 during solar eclipse. One of the 19 detected unexpectedly high amount of neutral hydrogen streaming into earth’s atmosphere. Meteorological sounding rockets included 46 

Nike-Cajuns and more than 200 boosted Dart and Arcas rockets. 

About 60 high-altitude balloons-including one carrying Stratoscope I1 optical telescope-were launched to altitudes as high as 

45 700 m (150 000 ft). 

In joint NASA-USAF lifting-body program M2-F3, HL-10, and X24A lifting-body vehicles made 22 flights. HL-10 reached mach 1.86 

(1970 km per hr; 1224 mph), setting new lifting-body speed record. 

M2-F3 made its first glide flight and X-24A made its first supersonic 

flight, reaching 1223 km per hr (760 mph). 

In aeronautics, YF-12A aircraft made 60 flights in joint NASAUSAF research program. Boeing 747 jumbo jet began commercial 

operations, and maiden flights were made by USN F-14A Tomcat air 

superiority fighter, Lockheed L-1011 airbus, and Douglas DC-10 

airbus. C-5A cargo transport was delivered to Charleston AFB for 

operational use. SST development continued-amid much debate 

over costs, sonic boom, and environmental pollution-with Congress approving funding through March 197 1. Full-scale hypersonic 

research engine was tested for first time in LaRC’S 8-Foot High- Temperature Structures Tunnel at mach 7.4, and thick supercritical wing was flown on modified USN T-2-C aircraft. Other aeronautical 

research included studies on runway slipperiness, V/STOL avionics, 

aircraft noise, landing radar, and pilot warning indicators. 

DOD space program included orbiting of last two Vela nuclear detection satellites, Top0 I geodetic satellite (launched by NASA), and 

U.K.’s Skynet B military comsat (launched by NASA). 

In joint NASA-AEC effort, SNAP-19 and SNAP-27 radioisotope 

generators completed one year of continuous operation on lunar 

surface, candidate fuel element for NERVA completed 10 hrs of 

electrical corrosion testing, and Peewee-2 experimental reactor was 

fabricated and delivered for testing in early 1971. 

U.S.S.R.’s 88 payloads included 72 Cosmos satellites, 2 Lunas, 1 

Zond, 1 Soyuz, 1 Venus, 2 Intercosmos, 4 Meteors, and 5 Molniya 

Is. Unmanned Luna XVI landed on moon and returned to earth with 

lunar samples. Luna XVIllanded on moon and released Lunokhodl 

unmanned explorer that traveled across lunar surface and conductnumber o P remaining Apollo missions from six to four. 

41 1 
During 1970 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

ed experiments by ground command. Venus VI1 landed on planet Venus and transmitted data on Venusian surface and atmosphere. 

Only manned mission was Soyiz IX, which carried two cosmonauts on 18-day earth-orbital mission, a new space endurance record. 

Two countries orbited their first satellites: Japan launched Ohsumi and Communist China launched Chicom I. France launched two 

satellites-Dkil, carrying West German WIKA minicapsule, and 

Peole applications satellite. (Pres Rpt 71) 

In 1970 NAsAreviewed’priorities and redirected activities to conform to 

new national goals and budgetary restraints under Nixon Administration, which directed increased funding toward solution of nation’s inflationary and environmental problems. Year was transition 

from dramatic successes of 1960s to new plans for 1970s and beyond, with balanced aeronautical and space program. 

Major administrative event affecting NASA was resignation of 

Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, effective Sept. 15. Dr. Paine, 

who had been nominated NASA Administrator by President Nixon 

March 5, 1969, returned to General Electric Co. as a Vice President. 

Dr. George M. Low became Acting NASA Administrator. In March 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, was sworn in as Deputy 

Associate Administrator for Planning, and in May NASA Planning Board was established under his direction for coordination of NASA 

planning. 

NASA adjusted time-phasing of future programs to avoid commitments to excessive funding, but progress was made toward new 

goals and objectives announced in March. Design, development, 

and testing for Skylab program went forward and fabrication of 

flight hardware was begun. System characteristics for space shuttle, 

key element in program for late 1970s, were established and study 

contracts were let for vehicle and engine. Program definition studies 

for space station neared completion. ERTS spacecraft design was 

completed and aircraft flights tested remot’e-sensing devices for 

gathering earth resources data from space. Two flight spacecraft for Mariner Mars ’71 missions were progressing toward final testing. 

Mission design for Grand Tour of outer planets later in decade was 

completed and conceptual design of key elements of spacecraft established. NASA continued aeronautical and space studies in conjunction with DOD, DOT, NOAA, and other agencies-including 

NAS+-FAA V/STOL avionics program. Scientific analysis of 56 kg (123 Ibs) of lunar material from A 0110 

11 and 12 and data from Apollo experiments contributed signi R cant 

knowledge on moon and possibly universe, including finding that 

moon was formed 4.5 billion yrs ago. GSFC research in optical methods for data processing experimented in applying lasers and coherent optics to analysis of large volumes of data from spacecraft. 

During year NASA’s research centers expanded work on applications of space technology to fields of medicine, engineering, agriculture, manufacturing, safety, and environmental sciences. 

NASA FY 1971 appropriation of $3.269 billion was $64 million below $3.333 billion requested and $428 million below FY 1970 appropriation. Lowest budget since 1962 necessitated cutbacks and deferrals which NASA Administrator termed “austere.” Cost of NASA 

412 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 During 1970 

space program in 1970 was $3.4 billion-l.7% of total Federal funding, or $17 for each person in U.S., against $400 per person for 

domestic pro ram funding. Despite its challenging goals for the decspace superiority. Observers expressed fears that cutbacks in aerospace industry jeopardized U.S. ability to sustain and capitalize on 

previous space successes and to maintain technological superiorit . 

National Space Program-Present and Future, 12/10/70) m In international cooperation program, NASA successfully launched U.K.’s Skynet B military comsat for DOD, Nato i military comsat for 

NATO, and Oscar V radio propagation satellite for U.S. and Australian amateur radio operators. Italian crew, trained by NASA, 

launched NASA’s Uhuru on NASA launch vehicle. 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. agreement was reached on procedure for joint efforts to design compatible rendezvous and docking systems for 

manned spacecraft. Since European Space Conference had indicated that major participation in U.S. space transportation rogram 

ESC was assured U.S. would continue to make reimbursable launch 

service$ available for European ayloads for peaceful purposes. Such participation was understoocfto mean at least 10% of developmental costs of space transportation system, or about $1 billion. 

During year NASA held briefings for U.N. Outer Space Committee 

and invited U.N. and specialized agencies to participate in International Workshop on Earth Resources Survey System in 1971. Discussions were held with Brazil, Canada, and Mexico on agreements 

to. extend cooperation in earth resources area; experimenters from 

28 countries signified intention to submit proposals to analyze data 

acquired by ERTS. 

Joint working group meetings were held in India and U.S. on satellite instructional TV experiment for ATS-F. NASA and AID began 18- 

mo ex erimental project with Korea in application of aerospace 

government signed agreement to study application of augmentorwing concept to V/STOL aircraft. Agreement was concluded with 

U.K. to test-fly NASA’s XH-51 rigid-rotor helicopter in U.K. and to 

share data. 

Agreements for new projects were reached with Netherlands, 

U.K., and Ita1 . Netherlands agreement called for cooperative dewith one U.S. and two Dutch experiments to investigate stellar 

uv and x-ray radiation. U.K. agreement was for 1973 launch of UKR x-ray satellite, fifth in Ariel series. Italian agreement established 

principles for NASA launch on reimbursable basis of Italian Sirio 

satellite to study wave propagation and electron flows in magneto- sphere. NASA accepted experiment from French National Laboratory for Space Astronomy to study stellar uv emissions from Skylab and accepted instrument developed by French National Laboratory 

for Stellar and Planetary Physics for investigating solar chromosphere structure from oso-I, scheduled for 1973 launch. Assistance 

was accepted from U.K.’s Jodrell Bank Observatory in planning activities of radio science team for 1975 Project Viking Mars probe. 

ade, NASA o & cials warned of increasing U.S.S.R. comuetition for 

(A&A 70; Pres Rpt 71; House Com on Sci and Astronautics, T I e 

would probably mean end to Europa I11 launcher program r unding, 

techno F ogy to Korean economic problems. NASA and Canadian 

velopment an dy ‘launch in 1974 of small astronomical satellite (ANS) 

413 
During 1970 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

New sounding rocket agreements were signed with Australia, India, Spain, and Sweden, and negotiations were held with France for 

cooperative upper-atmosphere sounding rocket launchings at Kourou in French Guiana. 

Lunar material returned by Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 was studied 

by 54 foreign principal investigators in 16 countries in addition to 

U.S. scientists. (A&A 70; Pres Rpt 71) 0 Aerospace industry sales continued anticipated decline in 1969, to 

$24.9 billion from $26.1 billion-decrease of 4.6%. Commercial 

aeros ace sales, primarily jet transports, increased 13.7% in 1970 

from p4.342 million in 1969, to $4.910 million. Increase reflected delivery of wide-bodied jet transports. Space sales continued decline, 

to $3.606 million from $4.272 million in 1969, because of completion 

of Apollo program hardware phase and decline in military space expenditures. Aerospace industry remained Nation's largest manufacturing employer during 1970, with more than 1 million workers. 

Employment in aerospace industry declined from average of 

1 347 000 workers in December 1969 to 1 067 000 in December 1970. 

Production workers dropped from 696000 in December 1969 to 

515 000 in December 1970, a 26% decrease. (Aerospace, 12/70,3) 0 Apollo 11 and 12 lunar samples were seen by 41 million persons in 

U.S. and abroad during year. Samples were shown at 128 events 

covering all 50 states, with total attendance of some 12 million. Outside U.S., samples were shown to almost 30 million persons in 110 

countries, including almost 14 million visitors to Expo '70 in Japan. 

NASA facilities across U.S. were inspected by 3 million persons, 

with heaviest influx at MSC (over 1 million) and KSC (1.2 million). 

(NASA Release 71-8) 0 Scheduled domestic airlines experienced no passenger deaths within 

continental limits of U.S. during year. For all scheduled flights, airlines compiled record of 0.001 death per 100 million passenger-miles 

-lowest record in airline history. Aircraft hijacked to Cuba totaled 

13 in 1970,31 in 1969. (DOTRelease 0971) 

Total scheduled airline traffic gained only 1% in 1970. Average growth 

rate in 1960s had been 16.6%. Airline industry incurred largest losses in 1970-$179 million. Losses caused rate of return on investment to fall to lowest level in history-I 5%. Domestic passenger traffic growth slowed almost to halt in 1970. Beginning in August, 

passenger traffic on domestic trunk carriers declined each month 

from level of same month in 1969.(Air Transport 1971, AnnualRpt of 

US scheduled airline industry) Operations at 335 FAA-Staffed control towers in U.S. and possessions 

decreased 2% from level of 56 231 821 in 1969 to 55 280 498 in 1970. 

Operations had increased 2% in 1969 and 11% in 1968. Number of 

aircraft handled by FAA'S air route traffic control centers declined 

1% in 1970. In 1969 centers had recorded 11% increase following 

1968 increase of 17%. (FAA Release 71-85) 

414 
Appendix A 

SATELLITES, SPACE PROBES, AND MANNED 

SPACE FLIGHTS 

A CHRONICLE FOR 1970 

The following tabulation was compiled from open sources by Leonard 

C. Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library of 

Congress. Sources included the United Nations Public Registry; the Satellite Situation Report issued by the Operations Control Center at 

Goddard Space Flight Center; public information releases of the Department of Defense, NASA, ESSA, and other agencies, as well as those of the 

Communications Satellite Corporation. Russian data are from the U.N. 

Public Registry, the Satellite Situation Report, translations from the 

Tass News Agency, statements in the Soviet press, and international 

news services reports. Data on satellites of other foreign nations are from the U.N. Public Registry, the Satellite Situation Report, governmental announcements, and international news services reports. This tabulation lists payloads that have (a) orbited; (b) as probes, ascended to at least the 4000-mile altitude that traditionally has distinguished probes from sounding rockets, etc.; or (c) conveyed one or 

more human beings into space, whether orbit was attained or not. Furthermore, only flights that have succeeded-or at least can be shown by tracking data to have fulfilled our definition of satellite or probe or 

manned flight-are listed. Date of launch is referenced to local time at 

the launch site. An asterisk by the date marks dates that are one day ear- lier in this tabulation than in listings which are referenced to Greenwich 

Mean Time. A double asterisk by the date marks dates of Soviet launches which are a day later in this compilation than in listings which are referenced to Greenwich Mean Time. 

World space activity increased slightly for the first time in four years. 

There was an increase in the total successful launches-114 against 110 

in 1969-and an increase in total payloads orbited-I30 against 124 in 

1969. The difference between launches and payloads is of coursl: accounted for by the multiple-payload launches (DOD, the principal user of 

this system in the past, made only 4 multiple launches in 1970, orbiting a 

total of 8 payloads; NASA also made 4 multiple launches totaling 8 pay- loads; the U.S.S.R., whose previous multiple-payload launch was in 

1965, made one multiple launch orbiting 8 payloads. 

Of the 1970 world total, the United States launched 28 boosters carrying 36 payloads (contrasting with 40 and 54 in 1969). Of these totals, DOD 

was responsible for 17 launches and 21 payloads. The 28 launches made 

the lowest U.S. total since 1960, and the 36 payloads are the fewest 

since 1961. Eight of NASA’s 11 launches were non-NASA missions-Intelsat-lll F-6, Intelsat-111 F-7, Intelsat-111 F-8, Noaa I, Nato I, Skynet B, 

Oscar V, and Top0 I. The Soviet Union again dominated world totals, 

415 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

launching 88 payloads. with a record 81 launches. It had launched 70 

boosters in 1969. 

The year was marked by the Soviet manned accomplishments of Soyuz IX and the unmanned exploits of Luna XVI and Luna XVII. The 

two-man crew of Soyuz IX set a new world endurance record for the 

longest manned space flight-nearly 18 days in orbit. The unmanned 

Luna XVI landed on the moon, mechanically retrieved bits of lunarkoil, 

and returned its lunar payload to earth. Luna XVlI deposited the first 

unmanned lunar rover, Lunokhod I, on the moon; it continued to function and return information nearly a year later. In addition, Venus VI1 

transmitted the first information from that planet’s surface and Zond 

VIIIcircled the moon and returned to earth. 

Apoflo 13 was the major event on the 1970 U.S. space calendar, but 

this third manned lunar landing attempt resulted in a mission failure. 

The lunar mission was aborted following a service, module rupture and 

the three-man crew employed emergency procedures and returned to 

earth as quickly as possible. The U.S. also successfully completed a 

biological mission (Ofo), and initiated a new generation of improved 

meteorological satellites (Itos I and Noaa 0. The NASA satellite Explorer 

XLII, launched by Italy near the end of the year, discovered several 

new extra-galaxy sources of intense energy. Also during 1970, Japan became the fourth nation to orbit a satellite 

(Ohsumi) and the People’s Republic of China became the fifth with its 

launch of Chicom I. France launched a satellite of its own (Peofe) in addition to a French-German cooperative effort to orbit the DiallMikaWika satellites. And Italy launched a NASA satellite from its mobile seaborne facility off the coast of Kenya. 

As we have cautioned in previous years, the “Remarks” column of 

these appendixes is never complete, because of the inescapable lag behind each flight of the analysis and interpretation of the results. 

416 
ASTRONAUTiCS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

3 2 N 

417 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

2 - 

CO d; 

N 

0 

I, 

1 

0 

418 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

-?a 

mo 

-s 

hCI 

419 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

420 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

42 1 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

7 

I. 

0 

s 

0'0 

422 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

P 

R 

a 

c 

f 

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c- n- P-N 

VIN 

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&. I. 

2 Y N 

L 

< 4 4 

423 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

424 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AER 

.- 

8 .- 

8 .- 

8 .- 

8 

B B B B E E E 8 

U 8 

U 

E 

s U 

B 

P2: 

-32 

8 .Y 

425 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

c c 

.o 

426 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

09 2 P N 

t 

v) v, VI 

P P - 01 

P v) 

- t v) v) W 

427 
1 2 .r 3 

p: v! eR F2 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

- EI: a N 3 0 

i ai, ob 

4 i 4 

N ‘0 N P N 

w i ob 

-? i 4 4 

429 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

m m N 

2 I I 

R 

m m 

- m 

e I 

N z I= N 

I I 

e R 

u m e 

m m 

430 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

43 I 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

432 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

s 

I. c) 

m 

R 

ma= 

"0 

NN 

W 01 

B i 

t z 

3 

433 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERON’AUTICS, 1970 

m .n 

.- 

a i 

434 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

v1 

9: m a! 

c 0 v) 

m * 9: 

3 A v) 

> U V 

- N N r.7 0 L 

V 

r- N 

0 " 2 d d B i; i; 

435 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

y1 

t 

I 

a 

Q 

ag 

VI* 

N N 

0 0 d 6 

n 

" 

8 

436 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

437 

Appendix B 

CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES, 1970 

This chronology of major NASA launches in 1970 is intended to provide an accurate and ready historical reference, compiling and verifying 

information previously scattered in several sources. It includes launches 

of all rocket vehicles larger than sounding rockets launched either by 

NASA or under “NASA direction” (e.g., in 1970 NASA provided vehicles and launch facilities and launched ComSatCorp’s three Intelsat I11 satellites, ESSA~S Noaa I, NATO’s Nato I, and U.K.’s Skynet B, as well as 

Australia’s Oscar V and USA’s Top0 I as secondary payloads; also, under a NASA and University of Rome agreement, an Italian team launched 

a NASA satellite, Explorer XLII, from Italy’s San Marco platform off the 

coast of Kenya, on NASA’s Scout booster). NASA sounding rocket 

launches are published annually in Goddard Projects Summary: SateJlites and Sounding Rockets. 

An attempt has been made to classify performance of both the launch 

vehicle and the payload and to summarize total results in terms of primary mission. Three categories have been used for evaluating vehicle per- formance and misston results-successful (S), partially successful (P), 

and unsuccessful (U). A fourth category, unknown (Unk), has been 

added for payloads when vehicle malfunctions did not give the payload a chance to exercise its main experiments. These divisions are necessarily 

arbitrary; many of the results cannot be neatly categorized. Also they 

ignore the fact that a great deal is learned from missions that may have 

been classified as unsuccessful. 

Date of launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. Open 

sources were used, verified when in doubt with the project offices in 

NASA Headquarters and with NASA Centers. For further information on 

each item, see Appendix A of this volume and the entries in the main 

chronology as referenced in the index. The information was compiled in 

May 1971 by Leonard C. Bruno of the Science and Technology Division 

of the Library of Congress. 

439 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

m 

m 

aa n.= -al x= 

8p 

eP 

3v 

.- ZI 

.-.e 

p 

0 N 

i - 

m 

m 

a 

a 

v) 

m 

v1 

v1 

" v1 

v1 v1 

m 

m 

I. 

2 

3 

a 

m 

b 

2 

440 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

e 

-a 0 c 

m 3 3 to m m3 m m 

Y 

3 m m m5 m 

m m m 3 m 

3 

m 

m 

2 R 

d 3 

< - 

.- 

x 

44 1 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

442 
Appendix C 

CHRONOLOGY OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT, 1970 

This chronology contains basic information on all manned space flights during 1970 and, taken with Appendix C to the 1965, 1966, 1968, 

and 1969 editions of this publication, provides a summary record of 

manned exploration of the space environment through 1970. The information was compiled by Leonard C. Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress. The year 1970 marked a sharp downturn in manned space flight. Contrasting with 1969, in which four United States Apollo flights and five 

U.S.S.R. Soyuz flights put a record 23 men in space, 1970 saw only one 

Apollo flight and one Soyuz flight place a total of 5 men in space. The three-man Apollo 13 mission failed in its lunar landing attempt 

when a service module explosion crippled the ship on its way to the 

moon. The lunar mission was aborted and the crew immediately employed emergency procedures to effect a safe return to earth. Using the 

lunar module as a “lifeboat” and conserving all power and life support 

systems, the spacecraft circled the moon and returned safely to earth. 

But the third U.S. lunar landing mission was unsuccessful. 

Soyuz IX, the only Soviet manned flight of the year, was highly successful. The two-man crew orbited the earth for nearly 18 days and set a 

new world record for the longest manned space flight. The crew per- formed biological, geological, and meteorological experiments. The 

previous manned space flight record of nearly 14 days in space was held 

by the U.S. Gemini VZZflight of December 1965. 

By the end of 1970, the United States had totaled 23 manned space flights-2 suborbital, 16 in earth orbit, 3 in lunar orbit, and 2 lunar landings-with a total of 26 different crewmen. Of the 26 American astronauts, 10 had participated in 2 flights each, 4 had flown three times, and 1 

had flown four times. The Soviet Union had conducted 16 manned 

flights, all in earth orbit, with 22 cosmonauts. Four cosmonauts had flown 

twice each. Cumulative totals for manned spacecraft hours in flight had 

reached 2446 hours and 51 minutes for the United States and 1479 hours 

7 minutes for the Soviet Union. Cumulative total man-hours in space 

were 6262 hours 42 minutes for the United States and 2548 hours 45 

minutes for the U.S.S.R. 

Data on U.S. flights are the latest available to date within NASA. AIthough minor details are subject to modification as data are refined, 

major aspects of all U.S. manned flights remain subject to direct observation by interested citizens of the world, with a significant portion of 

recent missions seen live on worldwide television. 

443 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, I970 

444 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

445 

Appendix D 

ABBREVIATION§ OF REFERENCE§ 

Listed here are abbreviations for sources cited in the text. The list 

does not include all sources provided in the chronology, for some of the 

references cited are not abbreviated. Only references that appear in 

abbreviated form are listed below. Abbreviations used in the chronology 

entries themselves are cross-referenced in the Index. 

A&A 

A&A 1970 

ABC 

AEC Release 

Aero Daily Aero Ned 

Aero Tech 

AF Mag AF Mgmt 

AFHF Newsletter 

AFJ 

AFNS Release 

AFOSU Release 

AFRPL Release 

AFSC Newsreview 

AFSC Release 

AF/SD 

AFSSD Release 

AIA Release 

AIAA News 

AIAA Release 

AIP Newsletter 

Amer Av 

AP 

ARC Astrogram 

Atlanta J/C 

Av Daily Av Wk 

B News 

B Sun 

Bus Wk 

C Daily News 

AFFTC Release 

AlAA Facts 

AIAA‘s magazine, Astronautics & Aeronautics 

NASA’s Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1970 [this 

American Broadcasting Company 

Atomic Energy Commission News Release 

Aerospace Daily newsletter 

Aerospace Medicine magazine 

Aerospace Technology magazine (formerly TechnoloAir Force Association’s Air Force Magazine Armed Forces Management magazine Air Force Flight Test Center News Release 

Air Force Historical Foundation Newsletter 

Armed Forces Journal magazine Air Force News Service Release 

Air Force Office of Scientific Research News Release 

Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory News ReAir Force Systems Command’s Newsreview 

Air Force Systems Command News Release Air Force and Space Digest magazine Air Force Space Systems Division News Release 

Aerospace Industries Association News Release 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

American Institute of Physics Newsletter 

American Aviation magazine (formerly Aerospace 

Associated Press news service 

NASA Ames Research Center’s Astrogram Atlanta Journaland Constitution newspaper Aviation Daily newsletter Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine 

Birmingham News newspaper Baltimore Sun newspaper Business Week magazine Chicago Daily News newspaper 

publication] 

gy Week) 

lease 

Facts 

News 

News Release 

Technology) 

447 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

C frib 

Can Press 

CTNS 

DASA Release 

D Post 

DJ 

DOD Release 

DOT Release 

EOP Release 

ERC Release 

ESSA Release 

FAA Release 

FonF 

FRC Release 

FRC X-Press 

GE Forum 

Goddard News 

GSFC Release 

GT&E Release 

H Chon 

H Post 

JA 

JPL Lab-Oratory 

JPL Release 

DOC PI0 

GSFC SSR 

JPRS 

JSR 

KC Star 

KC Times 

KSC Release 

LA Her-Exam 

LA Times 

Langley Researcher 

LaRC Release 

LATNS 

LC Info BU~I 

LeRC Release 

Lewis News 

M Her 

M News 

M Trib 

Marshall Star 

MJ 

MSC Release 

MSC Rouddup 

MSFC Reiease 

N Hav Reg N News 

N Va Sun 

NAA News 

NAC Release 

NAE Release 

NANA 

Chicago Tribune newspaper 

Canadian Press news service 

Columbia Broadcasting System 

Chemical & Engineering News magazine Communications Satellite Corporation News Release 

Congressional Quarterly 

Congressional Record 

Christian Science Monitor newspaper 

Chicago Tribune News Service 

Defense Atomic Support Agency News Release 

Denver Post newspaper 

Dow Jones news service 

Department of Commerce Public Information Office 

Department of Defense News Release 

Department of Transportation News Release 

Executive Office of the President News Release 

NASA Electronics Research Center News Release 

Environmental Science Services Administration News 

Federal Aviation Administration News Release 

Facts on File 

NASA Flight Research Center News Release 

NASA Flight Research Center’s FRC X-Press 

General Electric Forum magazine 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Goddard News 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center News Release 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Satellite SituaGeneral Telephone & Electronics News Release 

Houston Chronicle newspaper 

Houston Post newspaper 

Journal of Aircraft magazine Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Lab-Oratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory News Release Department of Commerce Joint Publications Research 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

Kansas City Star newspaper 

Kansas Ciry Times newspaper 

NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center News Release 

Los Angeles Herald-Examiner newspaper 

Los Angeles Times newspaper 

NASA Langley Research Center’s Langley Researcher 

NASA Langley Research Center News Release 

Los Angeles Times News Service 

Library of Congress Information Bulletin 

NASA Lewis Research Center News Release 

NASA Lewis Research Center’s Lewis News 

Miami Herald newspaper 

Miami News newspaper Minneapolis Tribune newspaper 

NASA George c. Marshall Space Flight Center’s MarMilwaukee Journal newspaper 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center News Release 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center’s space News 

NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center News 

New Haven Register newspaper Newark News newspaper 

Northern Virginia Sun newspaper 

National Aeronautic Association News 

National Aviation Club News Release 

National Academy of Engineering News Release North American Newspaper Alliance 

Release 

tion Report 

Service 

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets magazine 

shall Star 

Roundup 

Release 

448 
Natl Obs 

NOS Release 

NR Release 

NR Skywriter 

NSC Release 

NSF Highlights 

NSF Release 

NY Nqws ms:4 

0 Sen 

Oakland Trib 

Omaha W-H 

OST Release 

P Bull 

P Znq 

NBC 

NMI 

NN 

NYTNS 

PA0 

PD 

PI0 

PUR Missile 

PMR Release 

Pres Rpt 71 

SA 

SBD 

SA0 Release 

Sci Amer 

SciServ 

SD 

SD Union 

SF 

SF Cbron 

sov Rpi 

SP 

Spacewarn 

St Lou~sG-D 

St Louis P-D 

lease 

National Observer newspaper National Broadcasting Company 

National Geographic Society News Release 

NASA Management Instruction 

NASA Notice 

North American Rockwell Corp. News Release North American Rockwell Corp. Skywriter 

National Space Club News Release 

National Science Foundation’s Science Resources 

National Science Foundation News Release 

New York Daily News newspaper New York Times newspaper, section 5 page 4 

New York Times News Service 

Orlando Sentinel newspaper Oakland Tribune newspaper 

Omaha World-Herald newspaper 

Office of Science and Technology News Release Philadelphia Evening and Sunday Bulletin newspaper Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper Public Atfairs Office 

National Archives and Records Service’s Weekly 

Public Information Office 

uSN Pacific Missile Range’s Missile 

USN Pacific Missile Range News Release Aeronautics and Space Report of the President, Transmitted to the Congress January 1971 (report of activities during 1970) 

Space Aeronautics magazine 

Space Business Daily newsletter Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory News ReScientific American magazine 

Science Service news service 

Space Digest magazine San Diego Union newspaper Spaceflight magazine 

San Francisco Chronicle newspaper 

Studies Highlights 

Compilation of Presidential Documents 

lease 

\Technology’s ‘Soviet Report 
70 

450 
INDEX AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 

AND ACRONYMS 

A 

A-7D (Corsair 11) (tactical fighter), 7 

AAAS. See American Assn. for the AdAAP (Apollo Applications Program). See 

Aarons, Leroy F., 174 

AAS. See American Astronautical Society. ABC. See American Broadcasting Co. Abelson, Dr. Philip H., 153, 164, 185,316 

Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 82 

ABM. See Antiballistic missile system. ABMA. See Army Ballistic Missile Agency. ABRES. See Advanced Ballistic Reentry 

AC Electronics Div., General Motors 

Accident 

vancement of Science. 

Skylab. 

System. 

Corp., 7,29 

Defense Research Laboratory, 181 

aircraft, 331,379 

AH-56A (helicopter), 109 

Boeing 747,278,324,349 

C-5A, 338 

F- 14,408 

F-111,74,100,226,244,351 

automobile, 100 

spacecraft, 

Ap0110 1 (AS-204), 232 

Ap0l10 13 (AS-508), 165 

cause, 121, 161 

damage, 125,140,181 

emergency procedures, 119, 121- 

investigation, 125, 137, 142, 144, 

report, 161, 181, 191, 201-203, 204, 

Nixon, President Richard M., 134 

press comment, 131, 138, 140, 150- 

125, 141,143, 147, 148 

155,161,167,184,232 

213,217,218-219 

151. 164. 186.232 

press conference, 127-128, 132-134, 

Acoustic grenade experiment, 14 

ACS. See Attitude control system and Autonomous control subsystem. 

Adams, John B., 210 

Adams, Dr. Mac C., 21 

ADC. See Aerospace Defense Command. 

Adelaide, Australia, 200 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 366 

Adey, Dr. W. Ross, 307 

Advanced Ballistic Reentry System (ABRES), 93,146,198 

143-144,161 

Advanced technology experimental transAdvanced vidicon camera system (AVCS), 

Advisory Council on Management ImAE. See Atmosphere Explorer program. AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. 

AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion office, 116, 144,402 

AEG-Telefunken, 407 

Aegir (undersea habitat), 196-197 

Aero Club of Washington, 247,366,401 

Aerobee (sounding rocket) 

port, 350 

25,394 

provement, 49 

150 

airglow experiment, 127 

solar astronomy, 77,210,377 

stellar data, 91, 190-191,245 

sustainer, 41 

ultraviolet astronomy, 181, 190-191, 

264,384 

upper-atmosphere data, 154, 162, 170, 

350 

x-ray astronomy, 377 

ISOMI, 27,99-100 

1 SOMII ,224-225 

170 

solar astronomy, 77, 102 

stellar data, 272,353 

ultraviolet astronomy, 102,272,353 

water recovery system, 41 

x-ray astronomy, 45, 51, 169, 217, 

311,317 

350, 129,264 

Aeroflot, 263 

Aerojet-General Corp., 33, 42, 51, 55, 58, 

116,220 

Aerojet Liquid Rocket Co., 157,328 

Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications 

Network (AFTN), 200 

Aeronautics (see also Federal Aviation 

aircraft. See Aircraft. 

anniversary, 320,346-347,394,401 

Aviation Advisory Commission, 386 

award, 19, 29-30,92, 233, 240,283,305, 

Administration), 32,39, 169,252,375 

401 

cooperation, 28-29,85-86, 180, 199,259, 

employment, 13, 109,322,366 

349,385,390,411,412,413-414 

exposition, 259 

funds, 35-36,92-93, 161-162 

general aviation. See General aviation. 

history, 13,98, 110,320-321,352 

45 1 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

military (see also U.S. Air Force, aircraft), 198,310,320,321 

NASA program. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration, programs. 

noise abatement. See Noise, aircraft. 

research (see also Aircraft, research; 

Lifting-body vehicle; and X-15, XB70, YF-12, etc.), 28-29, 58, 60-62, 63- 

342,353,359,377,411,412,413 

64, 73-74, 98, 99, 105, 109, 148, 166, 

217, 219-220, 250, 310, 320-321, 340- 

statistics, 86, 167,212,367,414 

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President(to Congress), 39 

Aerospace Corp., 199 

Aerospace Defense Command (AX) 

(USAF), 32,42,263 

Aerospace Industries Assn. (AIA), 106, 

32 1.366 

Aerospace industry, 321,391,412-413,414 

employment, 13, 27, 38, 98, 174-175, 

financial problems, 126-127, 237, 245, 

221,322,325,366,386,414 

322.338 

Aerospace Medical Assn., 152 

Aerospace Research Pilot School, 16 

Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel, 213, 

AFCRL. See Air Force Cambridge Research 

AFCRL-A (magnetic storm satellite), 409 

AFETR. See Eastern Test Range. 

Afghan Cartographic Institute, 330 

Afghanistan, 330 

Africa, 51,68 

AFSC. See Air Force Systems Command. 

AFTN. See Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network. 

AFWTR. See Western Test Range. 

Agency for International Development 

(AID), 98, 194,330,405,.413 

Agnew , Vice Resident Spiro T., 3 

Apollo 13 mission, 119,135 

awards by, 52,88,368 

goodwill tour, 18 

Stafford Field dedication, 151 

Agnews State Hospital, Calif., 348 

Agreement. See International coopera- tion; International cooperation, space; 

219 

Laboratories. 

and Treaty. 

401,405 

345 

Agriculture, Dept. of, 35-36,98,256, 400- 

AH-56A (Cheyenne) (helicopter!, 72, 109, 

AHRu. See Attitude heading reference unit. 

AIA. See Aerospace Industries Assn. 

AIAA. See American Institute of AeronauAID. See Agency for International DevelAIMS. See Ai traffic control radar system. Air cushion vehicle, 94 

AirForceAssn.,29,311,401 

Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratotics and Astronautics. 

opment. 

ries (AFCRL), 82,260,320-321,409 

Air Force Materials Symposium, 174 

Air Force Missile Development Center, 

Air Force Museum, 102-103, 153, 166,258, 

Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 22 

Air Force Satellite Control Facility, 58, 

227 

342,382 

1 . n5 "< 

Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, 

Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, 100 

Air Force Systems Command (AFSC), 46, 

208,224,227,231,283,331,377 

46 

69,87,89,107-108, 142,149, 192,200, 

Aeronautical Systems Div., 173 

Electronic Systems Div., 68, 171 

Air France, 278,388-389 

Air Line Pilots Assn., 259 

Air pollution, 44-45,47,49,264 

aircraft, 21, 27, 28, 49, 102, 178, 228, 

automobile, 22-23,28,47,260,270 

detection and measurement 99, 255, 

262,398 

effects, 74-75 

prevention of, cost, 10,260 

satellite use in monitoring, 72-73, 98, 

22 1 

Air traffic control radar system (AIMS), 33 1 

Air Transport Assn. of America (ATA), 

275,392 

Air transportation. See Air traffic control; 

Aircraft; Airlines; Airports; General aviation; and Supersonic transport. 

Air University, Aerospace Studies lnstitute, 159 

Air Weather Service, 171 

Airborne Warning and Control System 

(AWACS), 228 

Aircraft (see also individual aircraft, such as C-5A, F-Ill, X-15, XB-70), 148- 

149,352,401-402 

accident, 74, 100, 109, 226, 244, 278, 

324,33!, 338,349,351,379,408 

air pollution. See.Air pollution, aircraft. 

arresting system, 385 

award, 233,240 

bomber, 69,93, 195,221,347,381-382 

cargo, 8647,243,381-382 

carrier. 15 

256, 260-261, 270, 286, 291, 293, 320, 

366,381,389-390,392,393 

channel wing, 91-92 

collision study, 28-29,43-44,99,204 

cost, 149,151,179,198-199,350 

exhibit, 258 

fighter, 69, 74, 75-76, 93, 100, 151, 218, 

foreign, 93, 98, 118, 198-199, 226, 260- 

general-aviation ,2 12 

helicopter, 109, 110-111, 136, 198, 233- 

234,283,299,310,311,312 345,413 

hijacking. See Hijacking of ahraft. 

hovercraft, 296 

hypersonic, 220-221,247,411 

industry, 13, 17,32,71-72, 126-127, 169, 

262-263,294,381-382,402,403 

r261,321,347,350,364,381-382,385 

452 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

453 

174-175, 178, 237, 240, 320-321, 322, 

326,366,386,414 

navigation, 44 

noise. See Noise, aircraft. 

private, 17,22 

race, 3 

reconnaissance, 102, 164, 183,231,259, 

290 

record, 7, 175, 198,367,383 

regulations, 133, 144. 172-173, 256,331, 

345,370.392 

research (see also Aeronautics. research; and x-15, X-24, XB-70; YF12, etc.), 35-36,50, 58, 61,63-64,73- 

safetv. 13. 15, 22, 28-29, 214-215, 310. 

74,82,99-100,166, 171,180, 183,200, 

220-221,225,253,320,321,359,411 

324,’353,414 

sonic boom. See Sonic boom. 

statistics, 212,414 

supercritical wing, 58,359,377,408-409, 

STOL, 32,63-64,91-92, 118,179,348 

41 1 

supersonic. See Supersonic transport, Concorde, F-8, F-14A, F-lll,Tu-l44, 

X-15, XB-70, YF-12, etc. 

tanker, 264 

traffic, 414 

traffic control. See Air traffic control. 

training, 352 

transport (see also Supersonic transjet, 13, 21, 62, 73-74, 237, 242, 277, 

port), 69, 110-1 11 

389,411 

303, 310, 324, 349, 370, 385, 387- 

STOL. 32,63-64,91-92, 118,179,349 

V/STOL, 36, 43, 63-64, 85, 166, 198-199, 

204,349-350,411,412,413 

VTOL.63, 148,198-199,321,349-350 

wake turbulence, 9,62,310,389-390 

wind-tunnel testing. 63, 109 

Aircraft arresting system, 385 

Aircraft carrier, 15 

Airesearch Manufacturing Co. Div., Garrettcoro.. 

. - -. - -. 147 

Airglow, fi,’96, 127,311 

Air traffic control (ATC), 92,99, 109, 200, 

1-45 

AGTraffic Control Advisory Committee 

FAA regulation, 172-173,345,353,370 

NASA anticollision program, 28-29 

patent, 47 

radar use in, 68,331 

R&D To Increase Airport and Airway 

satellite use in, 28,47, 77, 85, 171, 241, 

statistics, 162 

supersonic transport (SST), 315 

(DOT), 76,258 

System Capacity(~~~), 218 

243,252-253,279-280 

Airlines (see also Air pollution; Air traffic 

control; Noise, aircraft; and Supersonic transport) 

accident, 278 

aircraft, 13, 15,21,225,237,252,278 

anniversary, 346-347 

cooperation, international, 15,364 

fares, 392 

hijacking. See Hijacking of aircraft. 

statistics, 167,414 

traffic growth, 414 

-209,263,308,312 

Airlock, 103-105,169,246,248,372 

Airports (see also Air pollution; Air traffic 

control; Noise, aircraft; and individual airports such as Washington Na- tional Airport), 386 

award, 113 

facilities, 218,385 

funds for, 22,178 

RBD Plan To Increase Airaort and Air389- 

way System Capacity(&r), 218 

regulation, 259,345,370 

statistics, 162 

supersonic transport (SST), 344-345, 

390 

Airship, 99 

Akrotiri, Cyprus, 383 

Alabama, 40 

Alabama Space and Rocket Center, 102- 

Alabama Space Science Exhibit CommisAlabama, Univ. of, 204,406 

Alamogordo, N. Mex., 235 

Alaska, 38-39,196,223,242,256 

Alaska Airlines, 196 

Alaska Rocket Range, 71,73 

Alaska, Univ. of, 40,48 

Albania, 151 

Albanv. N.Y.. 139 

103,237,344 

sion, 93-94 

Alberfy, Milton W., 109 

Albuquerque, N. Mex., 347 

Aldrin, Col. Edwin E., Jr. (USAF), 277, 

291,346,349 

234,238,256,311,368 

awards and honors, 45,52,94, 155, 166, 

Aleutian Islands, 103 

Alexandria, Va., 355 

Alfve’n, Dr. Hannes O., 8,348,359 

Alitalia, 1% 

All American Engineering Co., 385 

Allen, Dr. James G., 308 

Allen, Joe H., 7 

Allen, William H., 159 

Alley, Dr. Carroll O., 374 

Allnutt, Robert F., 142,144 

Allott, Sen. Gordon L., 234 

Alma, U.S.S.R., 346 

Abuette I (Canadian satellite), 79,247 

Alouette II,79,247 

ALSA. &e Astronaut life support assem- bly. 

ALSEP. See Apollo lunar surface experiments package. Alsop, Stewart, 153 

Atzar, Prof. Vital, 360 

Amarillo, Tex., 346-347 

Amelia Earhart Lives: A Trip Through Intrigue ToFind America’s Fust Lady of 

Mystery, 364 
“American Advancement into Space” 

(AIM meeting), 342 

American Airlines, 305,401 

American Assn. for the Advancement of 

Science (MAS), 185? 398, 

American - Astronautml Society (AAS), 

106,197,308,370 

American Broadcasting Co. (ABC), 137-138 

American Business Press, 41 

American Cancer Society, 97 

American Chemical Society, 59 

American College of Cardiology, 68 

American Council of Learned Societies, 

173 

American Council on Education, 96 

American Federation of Technical EngiAmerican Geographical Society, 162-164 

American Geophysical Union, 142-143, 

neers, 274 

390 

Ameiican-Hayden Planetarium, 196 

American Heart Assn., 68 

American Helicopter Society, 198-199 

American Helium Society, 99 

American Horizons Foundation, 29 

American Institute of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics (AIAA), 240, 283, 340- 

342,370,383,385,391 

Advanced Space Transportation Meeting, 41 

Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 18, 19-20 

Aircraft Design Award, 233 

awards, 19-20,92, 106, 112,233,240 

Committee on International Cooperation in Space Flight, 149 

Conference on Test Effectiveness in the 

70s. 107 

Earthkesources Conference, 72-73 

Launch Operations Meeting, 40 

officers, 21,383 

Space Communications Award, 112 

Space Science Award, 19-20 

Technical Activities Committee, 149 

Technical Committee on Applications of Aerospace Technology to Society, Id9 

Ameii’dan Institute of Physics, 329 

American Meteorological Society, 49 

American Newspaper Publishers Assn., 

American Nuclear Society, 154,377 

American Physical Society, 30,152 

American Rocket Society, 164 

American Samoa, 125,132, 135,409 

American Science and Engineering, Inc., 

American Security Council, 347 

American Society for Engineering Educa146 

217,317,377 

tion. 204 

American Society of Mechanical EngiAmerican Telephone & Telegraph Co. 

Ames Research Center (ARC) (NASA), 61, 

neers (ASME), 21 1 

(AT&T), 28,272,290,339,407-408 

271.295.340-342.348.372 

Apollo 1 I lunar rock analysis, 20 

Apollo I3tank test, 191 

award, 166 

biomedical research, 40-41,68,258,387, 

experiment, 154,162,362,407 

meeting, 197,295,370 

Mission Analysis Div., 220-221 

particles and fields research, 33,407 

personnel, 173-174,250 

Polymer Research Laboratory, 284 

research, aircraft, 109,320,324 

solar eclipse observations, 79-80 

visitors, 346 

, 390-391 

Aminqacids, 311,387,390-391 

Anaheim, Calif ., 197 

Analysis of Apollo 8 Photography and 

Visual Observation (NASA SP-201), 166 

Anchorage. Alaska. 196 

Anders, i/c William A. (USAF, R.), 134, 

305.409 

awards and honors, 88-89 

Bauer, Louis H., Lecture, 152 

Anderson, Sen. Clinton P., 39,379 

Anderson, Dr. John D., 16,157,170 

Anderson, Orson L., 215 

Anderson, Mrs. Pamela Brown, 308 

Anderson, Robert, 57 

Anderson, Rodney, 308 

Anderson, Ronald, 274 

Andoeya, Norway, 38,82 

Andrews AFB. Md.. 224 

Adrian, Tex., 276 

Animal experiments, space, 257,307,324- 

AnnaDolis, Md.. 72 

325,362,367,392,395,411 

tracking, 52,57,58,59,62, 107, 118 

AnniGersary, 49, 82-83,92, 109, 217, 277, 

aeronautics, 320-321,346-347,394,401 

atomic bomb, 235,259,260 

Government, 46,49 

manned space flight, 126, 127, 165, 227- 

345,371,395 

228,236,238-239,243,372-373 

NASA,32, 165, 217, 227, 236, 238-239, 

323.395 ---,- - 

satellite, 32,107,112 

U.S.S.R., 126,127,361 

USAF, 307,320-321 

ANS (Netherlands satellite), 194 

Antarctica, 196,216 

Antares (Apollo 14 LM). See Lunar modAntares (star), 403 

Antenna, 65,92,100,133,180,213 

Antiballistic missile (ABM) system (see also 

Safeguard), 142,154,266,381-382 

congressional consideration, 170-171, 

200,317,331 

funds for. 200.317.331 

ule. 

opposition to,’152,’18~ 

test, 276,405 

U.S.S.R., 146,152,171,266,381-382 

99,204 

Anticollision system, aircraft, 28-29, 44, 

Antigua Tracking Station, 133,210 

Antivivisection, 307 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

454 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Apollo (program), 3,6,32,83-84, 108,301, 

414 

astronaut. See Astronaut. 

award, 155, 159, 166,206,283,286,311, 

341-342,376 

cost, 50 

criticism, 164,290-291,295-296,340-341 

funds, 35-37, 87, 93, 161-162, 203, 284- 

285 

history, 406 

landing site, 294-295,323 

launch, Apollo 13(AS-508), 119 

management, 25 1 

olans. 11-12. 42-44. 53-54. 71. 90-91. 

101; 103, 115, 116; 229, 258,-%31264: 

266-267, 278, 283, 284-285, 315, 323, 

328, 331, 338, 386-387, 391.403.408- 

409,410 

policy, 50, 147-148, 207-208, 211, 248, 

press comment (see also Apollo mis- sions), 3-4,86, 131, 287-288, 290-291, 

294,306 

progress, 186-187,410-411 

tracking, 133,284-285 

Apollo (spacecraft), 50, 65-66, 196, 204, 

command and service module. See 

command module. See Command modcomputer use, 164-165 

debris. 287 

295-296,305,309-310,316-317,330 

218-219,364,410 

Command and service module. 

ule. 

equipment, 18, 29, 115-116, 181-182, 

205,208,210,212,223,258,271,284- 

285,315,338,371,403 

exhibit, 49,209,238,401-402 

heat shield, 209 

landing system, 258 

launch, Apollo 13 (AS-508), 119 

launch vehicle. See Saturn. 

life support system, 7,387 

lunar module. See Lunar module. 

oxygen tank, 119, 121, 137, 140, 141, 

161, 167, 181-182, 191, 201-203, 217, 

safety methods, 196,204 

scientific instrument module, 249 

service module. See Service module. 

test, 403 

Apollo 1 (AS-207) (spacecraft), 232 

Apollo 6 (spacecraft), 28 

Apollo 7mission, 181 

Apollo 8mission, 88-89 

Apollo Bmission, 130, 186 

ADOIIO 10masion. 364 

2 18-2 19 

Apollo 11 (spacecraft), 49 

Apolio 11 mission, I, 65-66, 125-126, 190, 

267,289,291,293,346,349 

anniversary, 227-228.238 

award, 45, 52, 94, 155, 166, 256, 283, 

311.368.376 

commemorative stamp, 14-15 

exhibit, 401-402 

laser ranging retroflector experiment, 26,210 

lunar samples, 4-6,15, 18,20,51,57,59, 

265, 270, 274, 289, 290, 295, 333, 

68-69, 76-77, 85, 103, 139, 142-143, 

223, 234, 240, 244, 245, 250-251, 

353,358-359.369.372,412,414 

photographs, 1 

preparations, 136 

press coverage, 1,112 

results, 227-228,240,412 

Saturn V booster, 40 

significance, 32,105-106,240,379 

Apollo 1 I Spacecraft Touring Exhibit, 

Apollo 12 Lunar Sample Preliminary Examination Team, 76-77 

Apollo 12mission 

Apollo lunar surface experiments package, 329,371-372,374 

Apollo 12 Preliminary Science Report 

(NASA SP-235), 305 

awards and honors,l8, 41, 42, 82, 197, 

401-402 

368.372.376 

exhibit, 139 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., briefing, 

IC 

lighkng hazard, 71,250 

lunar landing, 2 

lunar samples, 7, 15, 51, 76-77, 85, 86, 

91, 103, 125-126, 130, 142-143, 180- 

181, 184, 245, 295, 333, 353, 358-359, 

369,412,414 

photographs, 176-177,305 

press conference, 371-372 

results, 305,371-372 

seismometer experiment, 244-245,297 

suprathermal ion detector experiment 

Surveyor IIZ spacecraft, 2, 7, 16, 54, 

accident, 119, 125, 137-139, 140-141, 

investigation, 125, 137, 140, 144, 155, 

report, 147-148, 161, 181-182, 191, 

(SIDE), 119-121 

Apollo 13mission, 233,336 

176-177, 178,353-354 

143-144, 147-148, 154,155, 165,410 

167,184,232 

astronaut emblem, 25 

award, 133-134, 136-137,249,342,368 

biological aspects, 101,111,115,116 

celebrations, 136, 140, 162, 194 

countdown, 11 1,116 crew replacement, 111, 115, 116, 117- 

118,119 

cuisine. 115 

201-203,204,213,217,218-219 

emergency procedures, 121-125, 127- 

extravehicular activity, 62-63,71 

128,130,134,165 

launch, 119 

launch schedule, 7,71 

lunar landing, 90-91 

lunar sam les, 62-63,71,103,125-I26 

National gay of Prayer, 133,139 

Nixon, President Richard M., 118, 128, 

photographs, 125,140 

preparations, 62-63,71, 101, 115 

130,133-137, 138, 139-140,198 

455 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

press comment, 46, 111, 116, 118, 126, 

press conference, 40, 62-63, 71, 90-91, 

public reaction, 121-122, 127, 128-132, 

auarantine. 51.71 

127, 128-129, 130-131, 136, 138-139, 

140,141,145,150,165,186,232 

144,161 

117-118, 127-128, $32-133, 134, 143- 

135-136,150-151 

splashdown, 119, 125, 

Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team, 136- 

137.368 -- -- -- Apollo I3 Review Board, 125, 137, 141, 

144, 155, 161, 167, 

204,213,217.218-219 

184, 191, 201-203, 

Apollo 14 (spacecraft), 364,403 

Apollo 14 mission, 283 

buddy secondary life support system 

(BSLSS), 387 

camera, 115-1 16 

contract, 115-116 

crew, 167 

laser ranging retroflector, 210 

launch schedule, 7, 219, 233, 331, 403, 

modularized equipment transport syspreparations, 18,205,217,233,266,283, 

press conference, 233,338,403 

camera, 115-1 16 

cancellation of Apollo 15 mission, 284, 

crew, 101,285 

launch schedule, 219,284-285,323,403, 

lunar communications relay units 

preparations, 323,403 

408,410-411 

tem (METS), 18 

306,319,364,386-387,390,403,409 

Apollo 15 (formerly 16) mission 

287,295-296,306,309-310 

408 

(LCRU), 315 

Apollo 16 (formerly 17) mission, 28,4243, 

Apollo 17 (formerly 18) mission, 28,42-43, 

177,205,212,284-285.323 

86.177.284-285.323 

Apoilo 19. mission, 12, 266-267, 284-285, 

Apollo Applications program (AAP). See 

287,295-296,309-310 

Skylab. 

Apollo lunar surface experiment package 

scope Mount (ATM), 104, 169, 

(ALSEP), 25, 37-38, 65-66, 125, 210, 212, 

323.329.371-372 

APS. See auxiliary propulsion system. 

APT. .%e Automatic pi ture transmission. 

Aquanaut, 118-1 19,2g6,239,245,308 

Aquarius (Apollo 13 LM). See Lunar modArava (STOL aircraft), 118 

ARC. See Ames Research Center. 

ule. 

ARCADE (French and U.S.S.R. space study 

of solar energy particles), 177 

Arcas (sounding rocket), 14, 62, 71, 77, 

133,.172, 208, 210, 257, 305, 309, 334, 

338,411 

ARCS (Achievement Rewards for College 

Scientists) Foundation, 164 

Arecibo (Puerto Rico) Ionospheric Observatory, 236 

Arctic, 108, 127,216 

Argentina, 159,252 

Argentine Institute of Biochemical Research. 348 

Argon, 333 

Argonne National Laboratory, 26 

Ariel I(U. K. satellite), 357 

Ariel 11,357 

Ariel Ill. 357 

Argon, 333 

Argonne National Laboratory, 26 

Ariel I(U. K. satellite), 357 

Ariel 11,357 

Ariel Ill. 357 

Aristarchus (lunar crater), 192,228 

Arizona, 311,383 

Arizona, Univ. of, 61,69-70,387 

Arlington National Cemetery, 340 

Arlington, Va., 224 

Armalcolite (lunar material), 234 

Armed Services Board of Contract ApArmenian Academy of Sciences, 97 

Armstrong, Neil A., 1,3, 102-103,196 

peals, 335 

Apollo 11 mission, 227-228, 238, 291, 

Apollo 13 mission, 132-133 

Apollo 13 Review Board, 144, 155 

appointment, 173-174,223 

awards andhonors,23,45,52,57,94,95, 

166,234,267,283,368,372,376 

Museum, 153 

political aspirations, 8 

press conference, 132-133,227-228 

U.S.S.R. visit, 185,190,192,195,366 

40 1-402 

Armstrong, Mrs. Neil A., 196 

Armstrong, Neil A., Museum, 153 

Armstrong, Stephen V., 291 

Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), 103 

Army Corps of Engineers, 230,232,384 

Army Missile Command, 174,226 

Arnold Engineering Development Center, 

Arnold, Henry H., Trophy, 31 1 

Ascension Island, 336 

Asia, 51 

ASME. See American Society of MechaniAssateague National Seashore Park, 11 1 

Associated Aviation Underwriters, 9 

Assessment of Space Communications 

Technology (House report), 39 

Asteroid, 8,209-210,359 

Astronaut (see also Cosmonaut; Extravehiculaf activity; Space biology), 292, 

310,340,349.401 

accident, 266 

Apollo mission. See Apollo missions (7, 

9. IO, If, 12, 13,14). 

appointment, 173-174, 181,223,316,405 

awards and honors, 8,18,41,42,45,52, 

89,142,382 

cal Engineers. 

57, 82, 88-89, 94, 133-134, 137, 155, 

456 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

166, 196, IW, 249,256,267, 283,311, 

368,372,376 

crew assignment, 111,115, 116,117-118, 

167.327 

Expo '70 visit, 99 

former, 6; 152 

goodwill tour, 18, 51, 55,59, 62,68, 94, 

hazards, 15,20,51,54,55, 71, 131, 137, 

memorial. 192 

99,196,314,331,336 

141,191,227,360 

monument (proposed), 235 

physiolog ,46,55-56,57-58,74,90,111. 

115,112 117-118, 184,319,327,387 

political aspirations, 7,8,157 

press comment, 2,46,126, 127,128-129, 

press conference, 40,62-63,90-91, 132- 

prisoner of war mission, 260 

promotion, 198,398 

publication contract, 74,314 

quarantine, 15,55,403 

reception, 157,165,194 

record, 46 

religion, 52-53 

resignation, 21 1,293 

salary, 101 

scientist-astronaut, 287 

training, 20,115,264,266,352,364,371, 

131, 136, 140 

133, 134, 143-144, 212, 227, 292-293, 

371-372 

19n 

U.S.S.R. visit, 177, 185, 190, 192, 195, 

366 women as, 46 

147 

Astronaut life support assembly (ALSA), 

Astronautical Multilingual Dictionary, 158 

Astronautics Engineer Award, 94 

Astronomical Netherlands Satellite ProAstronomy (see also individual observato- ries, planets, probes, sounding rockets, and satellites, such as Asteroid; 

Comet; Extraterrestrial life; Galaxy; Mariner VI, Mariner Vll, Oao I& Pulsar; Quasar, Radioastronomy; Star; 

Telescope), 6, 33, 49, 116, 153, 201, 

gram Authority, 194 

204-205 

gamma ray, 396 

infrared, 251 

meeting, 4-6, 19-20, 267-268, 294-295, 

370 

NASA program, 11-12, 22,26, 27,36,45, 

51, 55, 60-62, 77, 79-82, 84, 101-102, 

285-286, 286-287, 294-295, 297, 301, 

340-342, 359, 361-362, 370, 379. 380- 

139, 159, 194, 203,251,256,279,284, 

381, 383, 399, 400, 407, 410-411, 412- 

414 

nomenclature, 26f-268 

solar, 30, 33, 43, 51-52, 60-62, 79, 84, 

stellar, 21,27,51,55,61-62,91, 190-192, 

101-102, 129, 177, 210, 240, 306, 311, 

320,345,377,400,407 

198, 233, 245, 358, 380-381, 409, 411- 

412 

ultraviolet, See Ultraviolet. 

U.K., 21 

U.S,S.R. program, 55, 266, 311-312, 

358-359,389,399 

x-ray. See X-ray. 

ATA. See Air Transport Assn. of America. 

ATC. See Air traffic control. 

AT&T. See American Telephone & TeleAthena (missile), 146,231,256-257 

Atlanta, Ga., 219,391 

Atlantic City, N.J., 108-109 

Atlantic Ocean, 45, 165, 198, 200, 308, 

310,312,318,379,389 

Atlas (booster) 

E, 93 

F, 93 

Atlas-Agena (booster), 209,278 

Atlas-Centaur (booster), 83,380,384 

Atlas of the Universe, 382 

ATM. See Apollo Telescope Mount. 

Atmosphere stellar, 27 

upper (earth), 12, 16. 11 1, 152, 154, 162, 

graph Co. 

H, 146 

170, 171, 189-190, 213, 216, 256, 305, 

336-337,375,390,399,401,414 

Atmosphere Explorer (AE) program, 63 

Atom, 176 

Atomic bomb, 235,258-259,260 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (see 

also AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propul- sion Office; NERVA; SNAP. and Vela 

programs), 10, 67-68, 162, 235, 329, 

335,372 

Argonne National Laboratory, 26 

award, 94,209,277,372 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 94 

budget, 35-36,235 

camera, atomic, 30 

contract, 12,265 

cooperation, 12, 75, 265, 309, 315, 329, 

A1 1 

crifk-ism, 235,242-243 

Div. of Radiation Protection Standards, 

235 

General Advisory Committee, 67,250 

iodine 123,352-353 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 209, 

meetme. 263 

27? 

nuclearreactor, 10,265,309,411 

nuclear rocket engine, 11,36,44,64,75, 

Pa:$c Northwest Laboratory, 30, 94, 

116,277,329,411 

nuclearreactor, 10,265,309,411 

nuclear rocket engine, 11,36,44,64,75, 

116,277,329,411 

Pa:$c Northwest Laboratory, 30, 94, LLO 

personnel, 17,224,250,277,379,398 

undersea nuclear probe, 228 

Atomic Pioneers Award, 67-68 

R&DfUndS, 71-72,98,362 

ATP. See AdFno?ine triphosphate. * 

Afs I (Applications Technology Satellite), 38-39. 165-166 

Ats 1!1,39,54,-79, 165-166 

457 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Ats V, 108,346 

ATS-F, 8,42-43,61, 115, 145, 146, 148, 156, 

ATS-G, 42-43, 61, 115, 145, 146, 148, 156, 

201,224,230,273,289,318,367,413 

201,224,230,273,289,318 

ATS Procurement Review Committee 

Attitude control system (ACS), 129 

Attitude heading reference unit (AHRU), 

Atwood, J. L., 311 

Auburn, Mass., 180 

Auburn Rotary Club, 180 

Auburn Univ., 204 

Augustana Hospital, Chicago, 389 

Aurora, 12, 16, 38, 48, 56, 69, 71, 73, 82, 

Aurorae (Esro 1) (satellite), 214 

Australia 

aircraft, 129, 157,262-263 

Apollo l2lunar samples, 51 

Apollo 13mission, reaction to, 129 

communication via satellite, 96,409-410 

communications station, 7 

international cooperation, space, 62,77- 

satellite, 24,32, 150,410-41 1,413-414 

sounding rocket, 181, 185, 190-191, 

tracking station, 100, 199,213 

(PRC), 273,289 

207 

99-100, 108, 126,365-366,369,372 

78,100,150,393,413-414 

414 

Australian National Univ., 295 

Australian Overseas Telecommunications 

Australis Oscar V. See Oscar V. 

Autoland automatic landing system, 69 

Automatic picture transmission (AFT), 25, 

Autonomous control subsystem (ACS), 194 

Avco Research Laboratory, 156 

Auxiliary propulsion system (APS), 119 

AVCS. See Advanced vidicon camera sysAviation Advisory Commission, 386 

Aviation Hall of Fame, 401 

AviationlSpace Writers Assn., 15, 175 

AWACS. See Airborne Warning and Control 

Commission, 74 

67,381,394-395 

tem. 

System. 

civic. 57.219 

Awards, 88-89,256,305 

Government, 18, 29, 55, 67, 94, 109, 

NASA. See National Aeronautics and 

113, 136-137, 175, 209, 245, 249, 

269,277,368-369,372,379 

Space Administration. 

institutions, 13,23,29,313-314,337 

military, 42, 109, 155,227,232,392 

society achievement, 95, 126 

aeronautics, 19-20, 29, 92, 233, 

283,305,401 

astronautics, 19-20,29,37,41,45 

164, 166, 184, 206, 227, 271, 

57, 88-89, 94, 106, 112, 155, 

286,311,341-342,376,384 

exploration, 41,52 

science, 329,348-349 

240, 

1-52, 

159, 

283, 

technology, 40,87,106, 197 

AX (close support aircraft), 382,402 

B 

B-1 (advanced strategic bomber), 69, 195, 

221.381-382 

B-52 (Stratofortress), 93, 149 

HI-IO flights, 18,27,55,66, 199 

M2-F3 flights, 178, 190,357,379 

X-24A flights, 94-95, 108, 145, 171-172, 

206,263,273.336.375 

B-58 (bomber), 93 

B-70 (bomber), 366 

BAC. See British Aircraft Corp. Back contamination, 7, 15, 20, 51, 55-56, 

Bad Godesberg Institute for Aeronautical 

Baehr, Edward F., 317 

Baker, Charles D., 28,65, 153 

Baker, Sen. Howard H., 44-45 

Balbo, Gen. Italo (Italy), 110 

Ball Brothers Research Corp., 296 

Ball, Dr. Leslie W., 374 

Balloon 

3 10 

7 1,250-25 1 

Medicine, 262 

Atlantic Ocean crossing attempt, 308, 

record, 308,312,324 

research use, 73,85, 101,210, 230,272, 

286,307,336,411 

tracking of, 85,272 

Balloon interrogation packages (BIP), 336 

Baltimore, Md., 366 

Bandermann, L. W., 345 

Bank of America, 240 

Bar Main, Alaska, 71,75 

Barnard, Dr. Christian N., 58 

Barrett, Dr. Earl W., 74-75 

Barrow, Dr. Thomas D., 277 

Barstow, Calif., 108 

Batavia, Ill., 225,235 

Battelle-Northwest Laboratories, 358 

Bauer, Louis H., Lecture, 152 

Baunsgaard, Hilmar, 128 

Bay of Biscay, 287 

Baykonur, U.S.S.R., 76 

launch 

Cosmos, 8, 198, 226, 248, 305, 315, 

323, 325, 331, 332, 343, 345, 352, 

366,376,384,398 

Luna XVI, 299 

Luna XVll364-365 

Soyuz IX, 189 

Venus VU, 266 

Bayley, William H., 159 

BBC. See British Broadcasting Co. Beall, Rep. J. Glenn, 146 

Bean, Capt. Alan L. (USN), 15, 18, 20,37, 

42,46,51,99,368,372 

Beaver, Okla., 276 

Beech Aircraft Co., 161, 191,201-203 

Beggs, James M., 15,86,389 

Beirut, Lebanon, 289-290,306 

Belfast (military transport aircraft), 69 

458 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

459 

Belgium, 5 1,359 

Bell Aerospace Systems, 55 

Bell Telephone Laboratories, 110, 185, 

Bell, V. E., 285-286 

Bellafore, Vito, 130 

Bellcom, Inc., 1, 192 

Beltz, Dr. John S., 406 

Belyayev, Col. Pave1 I. (U.S.S.R.), 9,267 

Bender, Dr. Peter L., 7 

Bendix Corp., 21 2,264-265 

Bendix Field Engineering Corp., 320 

Bendix Race, 212 

Benn, Minister of Technology Anthony Wedgwood (U. K.), 151 

Bennett (comet), 113, 116 

Bennett, Dr. Ivan L., Jr., 89-90 

Bennett, J. C., 113 

Bennett, Walker G., 389 

Beranek, Dr. Leo L., 400 

Beregovoy, Georgy T., 160,185,190 

Bermuda. 318 

269,278 

Berry, Dr. Charles A., 37, 46, 55-56, 89, 

Bessborough, Lord Frederick E. N. P., 

111,116,152,186,327 

705 

Bethisda, Md., 304 

Bethpage, N.Y., 165 

Bevan, William, Jr., 185 

Beverly Shores, Ind., 305 

Binaghi, Walter, 235,265,336 

Binder, Robert H., 366 

Binghampton, N.Y., 383 

Biological warfare, 276-277 

Biosatellite (program), 36 

Biosatellite IZI, 307 

Biosonde experiment, 392,400 

Bio-Space Technology Training Program, 251 

Biosphere, 221 

Biossat, Bruce, 145 

BIP. See Balloon interrogation packages. Bisplinghoff, Dr. Raymond L., 207,265 

Black Arrow (U.K. booster), 285 

Black Brant IV (Canadian sounding rockBlagonravov, Dr. Anatoly A., 85, 128, 

Blair, Dr. William J., 94 

Blake, Dr. Eugene Parson, 130 

Blankenship, Charles, 209 

Blount, Postmaster General Winton M., 

Blue Book, Project, 3-4 

Blue, James, 352-353 

Blue Ribbon Action Commission (DOD), 

Blue Ribbon Defense Panel, 223-224, 246, 

et), 315,318 

177,335 

14 

274 

251.214 -_ ,_ 

BOAC. See British Overseas Airways Corp. 

Bochum Observatory (West Germany), 151.299 

Boeing 707 (jet passenger transport), 15, 

Boeing 727,21,293 

Boeing737,21 

73,228,279,289,300,31 I 

Boeing747,113,170-171,277,389 

certification, 13,20 

christening, 15,196 

cost, 303 

hijacking, 257,289-290 

operational problems, 208-209,278,324, 349 

pollution control, 21 

record, 367 

regulations, 172-173,370 

test, 13, 15,62,303 

transatlantic crossing, 13,22,411 

Aerospace Group, 374 

Aerospace Systems Div., 54-55 

Airborne *“O Warning and Control System, 

Boeing 747B, 303 

Boeing Co., 369 

LLD 

booster, Saturn V, 23,266-267,271,386 

Commercial Airplane Div., 21 

contract, 7,23, 179,203,228,345,386 

employment, 271,386 

jet passenger transport. See Boeing 707, 

727.731. and 747. 

lunar roving vehicle, 29,371,404 

personnel, 21 

Southeast Div., 154 

space shuttle, 203 

supersonic transport, 279,386,387 

Boeing Magazine, 321 

Boeing Space Center, 353-354 

Bogard, Dr. Donald D., 333 

Bolam, Mrs. Guy, 364 

Bolger, Philip H., 75,328 

Bollerud, B/G Jack (USAF), 194 

Bolling AFB, Md., 303 

Bolshaya Sovefskaya Entsklopediya, 291 

Bombay, India, 233,359 

Bondi, Dr. Herman, 313 

Bonestell, Chesiey, 196 

Bonn, West Germany, 86,227,320 

Bonny (space monkey), 307 

Boorstin, Dr. Daniel J., 145, 189 

Boosted-Arcas (sounding rocket), 102 

Boosted-Dart (sounding rocket), 41 1 

Boothville, La., 264 

Boreas (ESRO satellite), 49-50 

Borman, Col. Frank (uSAF, Ret.) 

Apollo 13mission, 134 

appointment, 154,260,405 

awards and honors, 29,88-89,267 

docking, 335 

Gemini Vllmission, 340 

resignation, 29 

Soyuz IXcrew, message to, 203 

TV appearance, 96 

U. S. prisoners of war in Vietnam mission, 260 

Born, Dr. Max, 4 

Boston College, School of Management, 

2x0 

B&on, Mass., 13,272,296,335 

Boston Museum, 13 

Boulder, Colo., 74-75,205,320,351,390 

Boulding, Kenneth W., 291 

Bourne, Mass., 12 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Boyce, Dr. Peter, 101 

Bradbury, Dr. Noms E., 209,277 

Bradley Air National Guard Base, Conn., 

Braman, James D., 298 

Brand, Vance D., 101 

Brandt, John C.. 306 

225 

Brandt, Chancellor Willy (West GermaBrandt, Mrs. Willy, 118 

Brans, Dr. Charles, 367 

ny), 118,119 

Brayton power conversion system, 334 

Brazil, 85,156,252,315,318,413 

Breckenridge, William G., 185 

Brevard County, Fla., 236 

Brezhnev, Leonid I., 19,127 

Bridgetown, Barbados, 232 

Brjght,Capt. W. J. (U.K.),3 

Bnrzhton. Malcolm. 308 

Briihton; U.K., 267 

Bristol, U.K., 292,300 

British Aircraft Corp. (BAC), 291,292,300, 

4n7 

British Broadcasting Co. (BBC), 129 

British Interplanetary Society, 45,357 

British Overseas Airways Corp. (BOAC), 

British Tourist Authority, 296 

Britten-Norman Islander (light transport), 

Broadwick, Georgia (Tiny), 352 

Broecker, Dr. Wallace S., 216 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 94 

Brooks AFB, Tex., 192 

Brooks, Dr. George W., 325 

Brooks, Dr. Harvey, 153 

Brown, Dr. Allan H., 55 

Brown Engineering Co., 113 

Brown, Gen. George S. (WAF), 194,283 

Brown, Harold, 221 

Brown, Herbert C., 55 

Brown Univ., 90,147, 189,231 

Browne, Secor D.,7,40 

Brussels, Belgium, 241,243,359 

BSLSS. See Buddy secondary life support 

Bucharest, Romania, 68 

Buchsbaum, Dr. Solomon J., 89 

Budapest, Hungary, 129 

Buddy secondary life support system 

Budget, Bureau of, 174 

Buffalo, N.Y.. 368 

293,300,389 

3 

system. 

(BSLSS), 387 

Buffalo, Univ.’of, 392 

Buhl, Dr. David, 204,262 

Bulgaria, 380 

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 200 

Bullfrog experiment, 324-325 

Bullpup-Cajun (sounding rocket), 16 

Burakan Astrophysical Observatory, 97 

Burch, Dean, 25 

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 230 

Bureau of Indian Affairs, 383 

Bureau of Mines, 204 

Bush, Dr. Vannevar, 67 

Bushnell, Prof. David, 189 

Buttenheim, Donald V., 41 

Butler, T. Melvin, 326 

Byrd, Adm. Richard E., 110 

C 

C-5 Review Board, 207,373 

C-5A (Galaxy) (military cargo transport), 

214.382.41 1 

accident, 338 

contract, 9, 169-170, 214, 246, 270-271, 

345 

cost, 149 

funds for, 19,86-87, 129,245,331 

production problems, 16, 17, 19,27,72, 

record, 367 

static test, 16,373 

test flights, 172-173,225,243 

149 

126-127 

C-47 (research aircraft), 360 

C-141 (military transport aircraft), 61,136, 

CAB. See civil Aeronautics Board. 

Cable and Wireless, Ltd., 74 

Cable, undersea, 290 

Caffrey, John, 96 

Cahn, Robert, 30,42 

Cairns, Dr. Theodore L., 89 

Cairo, United Arab Republic, 317 

Caldera, President Rafael (Venezuela), 

192 

California, 39-40, 174-175,283,405 

California Institute of Technology (Cal 

Tech), 17, 29, 30, 59, 68-69,221, 276, 

294,346 

Apollo 12 lunar rock samples, 142-143, 

award, 189 

Mariner VI, 157 

relativity, theory of, 201,366-367 

solar research, 30,101-102,366-367 

Berkeley, 1,94,108,230,307,359 

Los Angeles (UCLA), 77, 194,225, 328, 

San Diego, 19,348,359 

Californium 252,30 

Calverton, N.Y., 403,408 

Cambridge Conference on Relativity, 198 

Cambridge, Mass., 13,21,99, 169, 189 

Cambridge Univ., 6 

Camera, 2,73 

180-181 

California, Univ. of, 276,305,337 

387 

Apollo 13,71 

atomic, 30 

contract, 28, 115-1 16,118 

ItOS I, 24-25 

Nimbus W, 113-1 14 

sounding rocket, 102 

Surveyor 111,178 

Cameron, Dr. A. G. W., 143 

Camp, Dennis W., 264 

Campbell, P. A., 327 

Canada. 118.135.242 

USAF, 200 

Apollo 12 lunar sample study, 51 

460 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

coo ration, 71, 78. 79, 85, 148-149, 

Ministry of Transport, 272 

satellite, 32,79, 150, 242, 247, 408-409, 

lg, 242,393,408409,413 

413 

soundingrocket, 3,12, 16,40,48,56-57, 

62,71,99,108, 126,133,154,162 

Canadian Defence Research Establishment, 242 

Canary Islands, 199,320 

Canberra, Australia, 74,100 

Cancer research, 97 

Cannon, Sen. Howard W., 166 

Cannon, Robert H., Jr., 40 

Cape Canaveral, Ha., 103,107,408 

Cape Kennedy, Ha., 45,386 

Capitol Records Co., 349 

Caracas, Venezuela, 55 

Carbon dioxide, 40,49 

Carbon monoxide, 110,215 

Caribbean, 200,308 

Caribbean Research Institute College, 210 

Garnarvon, Australia, 100,320 

Carnegk Institution of Washington, 17, 

Geophysical Laboratory, 153 

Carrillo, Mexico, 256-257 

Carrington, Minister of Defence, Lord 

(U.K.), 241 

Carswell AFB, Tex., 244,331,351 

Carver, George Washington, 268 

CAS-A (U.S.-France meteorological satelCase, Sen. Clifford P., 217,330 

Case Western Reserve Univ., 189,337 

Casteau, Belgium, 294 

Castleman, Dr. Kenneth R., 397 

Castor (booster), 332 

Castro, Premier Fidel (Cuba), 257 

CAT. See Clear-air turbulence. 

Cate, Dr. James Lee, 406 

Catholic University of America, 94 

CBS. See Columbia Broadcasting Co. 

Centaur (booster), 214 

Center for Study of esponsive Law, 324 

164 

lite), 408-409 

Centre National d' Ep tudes Spatiales (CNES) 

(French National Center for Space 

Studies), 199 

Centro Ricerche Aerospaziali (CRA) (Italian National Committee on Space Research), 275,395 

Cepe. See Cylindrical Electrostatic Probe 

Experiment. 

Ceres (asteroid), 210 

Cernan, Capt. Eugene A. (USN), 18, 125, 

138,198 

Cernan, Mrs. Eugene A., 18 

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Chile, 209-210 

Cessna 310 (light aircraft), 3 

CETS. See Conference Europdenne sur les 

T6le'communications par Satellites. 

CH-54 (helicopter), 182 

Chaffee, Secretary of the Navy John H., 

68 

Chaffee, LlCdr Roger B. (USN), 267,340 

Chalidze, V . N . ,369-370 

Chamberlain, J. W., 33 

Chantilly, Va., 259 

Chapman, Dr. Sydney, 205 

Charleston AFB, S.C., 225,243,411 

Charlesworth, Clifford E., 51 

Charlotte Amalie, V.I., 110 

Charpie, Robert A., 129 

Charyk, Dr. Joseph V., 82 

Chenngton, Paul, 28 

Cherry, George W., 404 

Chesapeake, Va., 293-294 

Chevron Chemical Co., 401 

Chiang, Vice Premier, Ching-kuo (NationChicago, Ill., 30, 162, 305, 338, 345, 383, 

Chicago, Univ. of, 26,59, 176,353,406 

Chico, Calif., 320 

Chicom I (Communist China satellite), 

Chihuahua City, Mexico, 231 

Chile, 199,347 

China, Communist, 136,330 

aircraft, 307 

launch, Chicom I, 147, 150-151, 152-154, 

176,412 

missile program, 150-151, 175,307,360 

space program, 150-151, 152-154, 156, 

alist China), 150 

389,406 

147,150-151,152-153, 154, 156,412 

165, 175,257-258 

China Lake, Calif., 105 

China, Nationalist, 150 

Chincoteague Coast Guard Station, 11 1 

Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, 

Chirnis. E. V..327 

111 

Chou, Premier, En-lai (Communist ChinChrysler Corp., 23,180,203 

Chula Vista, Calif., 266 

Chumifcan (U.S.S.R. fishing vessel), 132 

Churchill Research Range, Canada. 3. 12. 

a), 150-151 

40,48, 56, 62,69,71, 99, _. 

108,126: '154: 

Churchill, Sir Winston, 219 

Cincinnati, Ohio, 352 

City University of New York, 215 

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 7,40, 308, 

312 

C$i<Air Patrol, 267 

civil Aviation R&D Policy Study, 169 

Civil Service Commission. 229 

Civitan International, 219 

Clark, Dr. John F., 128, 144 

Clavius (moon), 228 

Clean Waters Act, 47 

Clear-air turbulence (CAT), 9 

Cleveland, F.A., 240 

Cleveland, Ohio, 27,40,208,337 

Clifton, Dr. H. Edwafd, 169 

Clipper Young America (Boeing 747), 15 

Cloud, 107,116 

Cloud, Dr. Preston E., Jr., 77,306 

CM. See Command module. 

CNEE. See Mexican National Commission 

for Outer Space. 

461 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

CNES. See Centre National d’gtudes Spa- tiaies. 

CNR. See Italian National Research Council. 

Coal, 316 

Coalition Against the SST, 239 

Coast Guard Academy, 292 

Coastal Zone Conference, 277 

Cobble, Dr. James W.,94 

Cochran, Jacqueline, 110 

Cockerell, Sir Christopher, 296 

CocoaBeach,Fla.,40,41,149 

Cohen, I. Bernard, 256 

Cohen, Nathaniel B., 220 

Cohn, Victor, 51, 111 

Cold Lake Range, Canada, 334,338 Coleman, Dr. James S., 89 

College of Environmental Science, 49 

College Park, Md., 178,350 

Collier, Robert J., Trophy, 166 

Collins, Col. Michael (USAF, R.), 152,401 

appointment, 6 

awards and honors, 45,52,94, 155, 166, 

Collins. Ronald. 398 

234,238,267,311,368 

Colorado. 31 1 

Colorado Springs, Colo., 150,259 

Colorado, Univ. of, 79, 100, 116,233,274, 

Columbia (Apollo 11 command module). 

291,308,311,406 

See Command module. 

Columbia Broadcasting Co., 138 

Columbia Radiation Laboratories, 51 

Columbia Univ., 6,143,216,283,372,394 

Columbus, Ohio, 347,377,379 

Comet, 22,27,33, 116,226,344 

Comit6 Spkciale de l’Ann6e Gdophysique 

Internationale (CSAGI) (Special Committee for the International Geophysical 

Year), 205 

Command and service module (CSM), 71, 

108, 119, 121, 123, 194, 213, 218-219, 

245,249,278,285,323 

406 

Apollo 13 (Odyssey), 410-41 1 

Command module (CM), 7, 50, 213, 217, 

Apollo 13 (Odyssey), 90-91,119-125 Aoollo 14 (Kitty Hawk), 403 

ment, 383 

Commerce, Dept. of, 239,330,390 

Commission on Government RocureCommissioned Officers Corps, 347 

Committee for Human Rights (U. S. S. 

Committee for International EnvironmenCommittee on Space Research (COSPAR), 

Communications satellite (see also individual satellites: Echo TI, Intelsat I, 

Intelsat-II F-2, Molniya 1-13, etc.), 

162,197,346 

agreement, 74,95,96,269,409-410 

anniversary, 112 

benefits, 39,65 

conference, 53,96,409-410 

R.), ?69-370 

tal Programs (IEPC), 214 

176-177, 180-181, 185, 195 

contract, 74 

cooperation, international, 16, 43, 53, 

269,327,407,409-410,411,413,414 

earth station, 45,65,82-83,223 

FCC regulation, 26, 28, 45-46, 99, 151, 

launch, 410-413 

65, 82-83, 96, 151, 214, 233, 241- 

242, 243, 245, 252-253, 257-258, 

249,272,290,339-340,405.407-408 

Intelsat-rII F-6, 14 

Intelsat-III F-7, 144-145 

Intelsat-IIl F-8, 24 1-242 

Molniya 1-13,56 

Molniya 1-14,214 

Molniya I..15,318 

Molniya I- 16,380 

Molniya I- 17,405 

Nato [(NATO A), 95 

plans, 408-409 

Skynet B, 269 

military, 16, 43-44, 95, 148-149, 198, 

Nixon, President Richard M., 25,28,78- 

252,269,293-294,346,360,411-413 

79 

use; 28, 43-44, 45, 59, 61, 171, 279-280, 

375.376 

U. S. policy, 25-26, 28,39,99,290,339- 

Communications Satellite Act of 1962,45- 

46,65 

Communications Satellite Corp. (ComAnnual Meeting of Shareholders, 82-83 

contract, 74 

cooperation, 82-83,409-410 

criticism, 151 

Early Bird. See Intelsat I. 

earth station, 45,83,223 

FCC regulation, 26, 28, 45-46, 99, 151, 

Intelsat I (Early Bird), 112 

Inreisat-11 F-2, 162 

Intelsat 111 series, 14, 45, 144-145, 241- 

Intelsat-III F-4, 14 

Intelsat-IIr F-5, 14 

Intelsat-IIIF-6,14,45, 145,411 

1nteisat-111~-7, 144-145, 162,169,411 

rntelsat-rrr F-8,241-242,41 I 

Intelsat IV series, 83 

personnel, 154,233,240 

Report to the President and the Conrevenues, 32,58, 136,151,236,405 

satellite program, 290,339-340,408-409 

services, 26,45, 74, 136, 151, 171, 339- 

Compa’lia Telef6nica Nacional de Espafi- a. 74 

340,405 

SatCorp), 52 

249,272,290,339-340,405,407-408 

INTELSAT, 83,409-410 

242 

gress, 142 

340 

Compton, Karl Taylor, Award, 329 

Computer, 11, 194,250,310,341,397 

Illrac IV, 172 

industry, 165 

NASAuse, 7, ~06,165,178,180,213,310, 

354-355 

462 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

contract, 191,225,274,353 

Computer Program Abstracts, 6 

Computer Sciences Corp., 75,200,353 

Corn utingand Software, Inc., 131-132 

ComSatCorp. See Communications satelConant, Dr. James B., 67 

Concorde (U.K.-France supersonic translite Corp. , 

port), 170-171,226,260-261,275,326, 

366,388-389 

cost, 350,364 

flights, 272,277,283,291,300,359,364 

Condor (missile), 105 

Cone, Clarence D., Jr.,97 

Cone Crater (moon), 62-63 

Confdrence Europe'enne sur les T6lle'communications par Satellites (CETS), 241 

Conference on Experimental Tests of 

Gravitational Theories, 366-367 

Conference on Human Environment, 255 

Conference on international exploration 

of space (proposed), 74 

Conference on Materials for Improved 

Fire Safety, 167 

Conference on Space Shuttle Technology, 

234,246 

Congo, 199 

Congress, 10, 192-193 

Council on Environmental Quality re- port to, 1 

Defense, Dept. of, 150 

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 235 

Joint Committee on the Environment 

and Technology, 180 

Joint Economic Committee, Subcommittee on Economy in Government, 170-171,207-208 

NASA's Twenty-first Semiannual Report 

to, 258 

National Science Foundation report to, 

President's messages Aeronautics and Space Report of the 

President. 39 

aircraft security, 302 

budget, 35,36,237 

Environmental Protection Agency, 

environmental quality program, 47, 

262 

Independent Offices and HUD appro- priations bill (including NASA), veto, 

263 

marine resources and engineering 

development, 127 

National Oceaiic and Atmospheric Administration, 229 

Office of Telecommunications Policy (proposed), 4546 

State of the Union, 22-23 

technological change and its impact, 

Space Science and Technology Panel (Pfesident's Science Advisory Committee) report to, 87-88 

?8 

229-230 

297-298 

space program, 73-74,86,247,248,287, 

3 ... 16-3 17 . 

supersonic transport (SST), 387-388,390, 

41 1 

Congress, House of Representatives, 67, 

141, 146, 161-162, 165, 174, 203, 223, 

247,263,264,317,331,390,392,393 

bills introduced, 29, 41, 42, 92-93, 94, 

2h4 - - . , - 303 _- bills passed, 145-146, 165, 170,183,200, 

210, 248, 302, 331, 374, 377, 399, 

409 

Committee on Appropriations, 373 

Subcommittee on Defense Appropriations, 67 

Subcommittee on DOD Research, 

Development, Test, and Evaluation, 152-153 

Subcommittee on Independent Offices, 167,175 

Committee on Armed Services, 93, 95, 

129 

Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcom- mittee on National Security Policy 

and Scientific Development, 156- 

157 

Committee on Government Operations, 

Subcommittee on Government Activities, 28-29 

Committee on Interstate and Foreign 

Commerce, 390 

Committee on Judiciary, 29 

Committee on Merchant Marine and 

Fisheries, Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation, 213 

Committee on Science and Astronautics, 53-54, 57-58, 60-62, 63-64, 65- 

178,204,277,302., 309,390 

Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Aerospace 

SDecial Ad Hoc Committee, 244 

66,87,95,98,99, 141, 145-146, 157, 

Museum Study, 234 

Sbbcommittee on Advanced Research 

Subcommittee on Manned Space night, and Technology, 64-65 

117 

SubGmmittee on NASA Oversight, 50, 

Subcommittee on Science, Research, 

and Development, 132, 228, 239- 

Research Management Advisory 

Subcommittee on Space Science and 

Committee on Ways and Means, 157, 

72-73,317,393-394 

240,242,249,269-270,337 

Panel, 64-65 

Applications, 39 

- m. . . , 312 - - - 

Congress, Senate. 166-167, 203, 217, 247, 

bills introduced, 39, 44, 74, 117, 234, 

bills passed, 113,152,166,223,226,236, 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Apollo 13mission, 147-148,218-219 

257,267,317,324,392-393 

235,265,325,335,390 

257,386,389 

Sciences, 92,371 

463 
international cooperation, space, 85- 

86 

Low, Dr. George M., letter to, on Luna XVIand XVIImissions, 379 

NASA budget, 58,66-67,73-74,77,111- 112,145,161-162 

Committee on Appropriations, 67, 212, 

3 10.377 

Subcommittee on Independent OffSubcommittee on Transportation, 

committee on Armed Services, 19, 67, 

Committee on Government Operations, 

Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, .100, 113, 148,402 

Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 235 

Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, NSF Subcommittee, 147 

manned space flight, 330,341 

nominations approved and confirmed, 

nominations submitted to, 28, 40, 99, 

129,185,215,240,273,361,398 

nominations withdrawn, 65 

resolution, 117 

supersonic transport (SST), 303-304, 387- 

388,390,393,403 Connecticut, Univ. of, 381 

Conrad, Capt. Charles, Jr. (USN) 

ices, 175 

275,286 

84-85,86-87,93, 171, 183,306 

208,214,288-289,385,409 

Apollo 12 mission 

son, 15 

briefing of President Lyndon B. Johnlunar landing, 2 * 

meGcal aspects, 37,46 

TV account and photography, 197 

Apollo 13 splashdown, 138 

award, 18,41,42,197,368,372,376 

goodwill tour, 51,68,99 

international cooperation, space, 177 

space program, national, 164, 177 

Constan, Dr. George N., 353 

Constance, West Germany, 314, 326,335, 

140 

Contract (see also under agencies, such as 

cost-plus-award-fee, 41, 44, 113, 115, 

149,154, 196, 233,243,265, 303,320, 

349,353,384,404 

cost-plus-fixed fee, 54-55, 75, 116, 131- 

132, 171, 198, 200,212,227, 258,315, 

324,349 

cost-plus-fixed-feelaward-fee, 194 

cost-plus-incentive-award-fee, 49, 87, 

NASA, USAF) 

214 

cost-plus-incentive-fee 56, 58, 68, 208, 

cost-reimbursement, 22, !08 

cost-sharing, 228 , fixed-price, 11, 55, 105, 157, 170, 179, 

fixed-price-incentive-fee, 220 

study, 42, 55, 203, 208, 215, 227, 264, 

209,228 

195,204 

292,374 

Contraves A. G., 407 

Convair 990 (research aircraft), 101 

Convocation on Challenge of Building 

Goby Creek, Australia, 100 

Cook, Richard W., 215 

Cooke, Lloyd M., 129 

Cooper, Col. L. Gordon, Jr. (USAF. Ret.), 

Peace, 156 

21 1 

Cooper, Henry S. F., Jr., 2 

Copernicus (lunar landing site), 323 

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 354 

Copernicus Quinquecentennial, 354 

Cordtz, Dan, 322 

Corfield, Frederick, 385 

Corn blight sensing experiment, 290,360 

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, 75,360 

Cornell Univ., 75, 111, 152,240, 287,295, 

Cornfield, Minister of Aviation Supply 

Corporation for Public Broadcasting 

corngan, Douglas C., 110 

Cortright, Edgar M., Jr., 125, 144, 181- 

Cosmic ray, 146-147, 152,230,286,307 

Cosmonaut, 195,196,330 

anniversary, 126,127 

Apollo 13 mission message, 132 

astronauts, meeting with, 106, 185, 190, 

330,360 

Frederick V., 350 

(CPB), 54,273 

182, 

349-350 

191, 201-203, 204, 218, 325-326, 

192.349 

awaris and honors, 267 

death, 9 

Soyuz IX mission, 189-190, 201, 210, 

225.280.327 

space cooperation, 185,192,346 U.S. visit, 106,336,338,344,346, 

U.S.S.R. space program, 181,340 women as, 110,340 

Cosmos (U.S.S.R. satellite), 41 1 

Cosmos CCXLIII, 326 

Cosmos CCXLVIII, 42 

Cosmos CCXLIX, 42 

Cosmos CCL11,42 

Cosmos CCCXVI, 276 

Cosmos CCCXVIII,8 

Cosmos CCCXIX, 15 

Cosmos CCCXX, 16 

Cosmos CCCXXI, 20 

Cosmos CCCXXII, 21 

Cosmos CCCXMII, 46 

Cosmos CCXXIV, 66 

Cosmos CCCXXV, 73 

Cosmos CCCXXVI, 87 

Cosmos CCCXXVII, 94 

Cosmos CCCXXVIII, 102 

Cosmos CCCXXIX, 109 

Cosmos CCCXXX, 1 13 

Cosmos CCCXXXI, 114 

Cosmos CCCXXXII, 126 

Cosmos CCCXXXIII, 130 

Cosmos CCCXXXIV, 145 

Cosmos CCCXXXV, 147 

Cosmos CCCXXXVI. 149 

349 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

464 
Cosmos cccLxiii, 305 

Cosmos CCCLXIV, 31 1 

Cosmos CCCLXV, 315,320 

Cosmos CCCLXVI, 323 

Cosmos CCCLXVII, 325 

Cosmos CCCLXVIII, 33 1 

Cosmos CCCLXIX, 33 1 

Cosmos CCCLXX, 332 

Cosmos CCCLXXI, 334 

Cosmos CCCLXXII, 337 

Cosmos CCCLXXIII, 343, 345, 352, 357- 

358 

Cosmos CCCLXXIV, 343,345,357 

Cosmos CCCLXXV, 343,352,358 

Cosmos CCCLXXVI, 352 

Cosmos CCCLXXVll, 366 

Cosmos CCCLXXVIII, 310 

Cosmos CCCLXXIX. 376 

Cosmos CCCLXXX, 376 

Cosmos CCCLXXXI, 384 

Cosmos CCCLXXXII, 384 

Cosmos CCCLXXXIII, 385 

Cosmos CCCLXXXIV, 392 

Cosmos CCCLXXXV, 397 

Cosmos CCCLXXXVI, 398 

Cosmos CCCLXXXVll, 399 

Cosmos CCCLXXXVIII, 402 

Cosmos CCCLXXXIX, 402 

COSPAR. See Committee on Space Research. 

Cotton, Cot. Joseph F. (WAF, Ret.), 342 

Council for Advancement of Science 

Writing, 373 

Council on Environmental Quality, 1, 30, 

42,170,262,304,389 

Council on Physical Fitness, 316 

Cour-Palais, Burton G., 54 

CPB. See Corporation for Public Broadcasting. 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

465 

CRA. See Centro Ricerche Aerospaziali. Crab Nebula, 152 

Crain, Percy J., 326 

Creutz, Edward C., 102 

“Crew of Apotlo 11” (painting), 274 

Crewe, Dr. Albert V., 176 

Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, 389 

Croft, Dr. Thomas, 407 

Cronkite, Walter, 13 

Cross, Bert S., 116 

Crossfield, A. Scott, 21 

Cruikshank, Dale P., 69 

CSM. See Command and service module. 

CSAGI. See Comitd Speciale de 1’Anne’e 

Cuba, 15,281,390,414 

Culbertson, Philip E., 8 

Cunningham, R. Walter, 20 

Currie, James R., 352 

Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Co., 380 

Curtiss-Wright Corp., 102,272 

CURV III (cable-controlled underwater recovery vehicle), 102 

Custer Channel Wing Corp., 91-92 

Cutler-Hammer, Inc., 220 

CV-7A (Buffalo) (STOL aircraft), 179 

Cyanoacetylenes, 325 

Cygnus (constellation), 225 

Cylindrical Electrostatic Probe Experiment (Cepe), 395,411 Cyprus, 383 

Czechoslovakia, 51,159,259,380 

Academy of Sciences, 159 

‘ 

G6ophysique Internationale. 

D 

Da Nang, South Vietnam, 273 

Daedalus, 268 

Dalgarno, A., 333 

Dallas, Tex., 48,133 

Daly, Gerald R., 293 

Dana, William H., 27, 66, 178, 190, 357, 

179 

Diniel and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award, 271 

Danielli, Dr. James F., 368,370,392 

Danilovich, Lt. Valentin I. (U.S.S.R.), un 

Dk;(dipetidyl aminopeptidase), 258 

Dart (booster), 185 

David, Dr. Edward E., Jr., 269, 271, 300, 

Davis, UO Benjamin O., Jr. (WAF, Ret.), 

303,305,345,357 

?in 

DaVOs, Switzerland, 89 

Davy (lunar landing site), 323 

Day, LeRoy E., 107,328 

Day, Melvin S., 352 

Dayton, Ohio, 166,401 

Dayton, Univ. of, 276 

DC-6 (research aircraft), 54 

DC-8 (jet transport), 73,289,300 DC-9 (jet transport), 21,366 DC-10 (trijet transport), 237,277,370,411 

Dealy, John F., 145 
Death ray, 27 

Debus, Dr. Kurt H., 100,236 

Dedijer, S., 136 

Deep Space Network (DSN) (NASA)), 16, 

66,207,265 

Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle 

(DSRV), 27 

Defense, Dept. of (DOD) (see also U.S. Air 

Force, U.S. Army, and US. Navy), 139, 150, 152, 154, 167, 175, 223-224, 

232,245-246,330,390 

AdHoc Advisory Group on Special Capabilities, 160 

aircraft. See Aircraft. 

antiwar demonstration against, 152 

budget, 35-36, 169,223-224,228,317 

communications satellite system, 95-96, 

269,413 

computer programs, 6, 172 

contract, 9, 22, 56, 72, 103, 105, 184, 

220, 223-224, 246, 273, 302, 397, 

402.408 

coope&onT 258, 265, 283, 311, 315, 

350,404 

375,410-411,412 

NASA, 41, 53, 88, 172, 183, 265, 323, 

international, 95-96.269.411.413 

employment, 362 

missile program, 35-36,235,276 

personnel, 187,297,300 

reorganization study, 223-224,246, 257, 

R&D, 67, 71-72, 98, 187; 228, 231, 239- 

240,253,362,410 

174 

space’program, 31, 35-36, 41, 53, 252, 

weapon systems, 184,245-246 

303,410-41 1 

DeFlorez Training Award, 92 

Delta (booster) (see also Thor-Delta), 88, 

215.371 

Delta inertial guidance system (DIGS), 215 

Dempson, Peter, 247 

Denisse, Jean-Franqois, 305 

Dennis, Stephen G., 297 

DeNoyer, Dr. John M., 30,213 

Denver, Colo., 149,208,233,274,372,402 

Ilerbyshire, George A., 304 

Descartes (lunar landing site), 294, 323, 

Descent propulsion system (DPS), 122 

Desirant, Maurice, 313 

Detroit, Mich., 126,212,301 

Deutch, Shea & Evans, 362 

Dew Line Station, Alaska, 71,75 

Dial (French-West German satellite), 84, 

34 1 

Al? 

Dzmant-B fFrench booster). 84.396-397 

Dicke, Dr. Robert H., 129,347 ’ 

Dickey, Dr. Darrell J:, 225 

Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 173 -__ 

Diego Garcia Island, 399 

Diehl, William, 352 

Dietz, Dr. Robert S., 296 

DIGS. See Delta inertial guidance system. Diode, 3 

Distin&shed Civilian Service Aw 

Distinguished Flying Cross (USAF), 29 

Distinguished Service Medal (NASA), 

(DOD), 227 

368 

Distin&shed Civilian Service Aw 

Distinguished Flying Cross (USAF), 29 

Distinguished Service Medal (NASA), 

(DOD), 227 

368 

Disarmament, 82, 131, 133, 142, 230, 244, 

Disnevland. Caw.. 346 

rard 

29, 

248,258,266,359,371,402 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

466 

Distinguished Service Medal (USN), 42 

District of Columbia, 51,374 

Djakarta, Indonesia, 94 

Dmitriyev, A., 408 

Dockine 

Gemini VIII, 174 

Skvlab adaoter. 372 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. ’ cooperation, 229, 334, 

335-336, 346, 347, 349, 351, 358, 376, 

391-392,393,409,413 

DOD. See Defense, Dept. of. Donlan, Charles J., 342,373 

Donley, M/G Edwin I. (USA), 174 

Donlan, Terry, 297 

Doolittle, L/G James H. (USAF, Ret.), 175 

Dornier-System GmbH, 407 

Dosimeter, 362 

DOT. See Transportation, Dept. of 

Dover AFB, Del., 243 

Downey, Calif., 292,350 

DPS. See Oescent pro ulsion system. Draley, Eugene C., 3%6 

Draper, Dr. Charles Stark, 8,87 

Draper, Charles Stark, Laboratory, 8, 87, 

Draper, Charles Stark, Research Center 

Draper, Ronald F., 341 

Drell, Dr. Sidney D., 90 

Drummond, Dr. Andrew J., 101 

Dryden, Dr. Hugh L., 267 

DSN. See Deep Space Network. DSRV-I (Deep Submergence Rescue VeDublin, Ireland, 336 

DuBridge, Dr. Lee A., 20, 47, 228, 244, 

resignation, 267,269,271,279 

Dudley Observatory (Albany, N.Y.), 260 

Duffy, Charles W., Jr., 21 

Dugway Proving Gound, Utah, 386 

Duke, UC Charles M., Jr. (USAF), 111,294 

Dulles International Airport, 15,259,403 

du Pont, E. I., de Nemours & Co., 89 

Dupree, Prof. A. Hunter, 189 

Durant, Frederick C., 111,384 

Durham, N.H., 360 

Duxbury, Thomas C., 185 

Dyal , Palmer, 27 1 

Dynalectron Corp., 399 

Dynastat (airship), 99 

125, 176,404 

(Florida Institute of Technology), 8 

hicle), 27 

276-277,346 

E 

Eagle (ApoIIo 11 LM). See Lunar module. 

Eaker, L/G Ira C. (USAF, Ret.), 401 

Earhart, Amelia, 110,364 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Early Bird (communications satellite). See 

Early Blrds of Aviation, Inc., 352 

Earth 

Intelsat I. 

atmosphere. See Atmosphere, upper. 

Council on Environmental Quality, 1, 

Environmental Advisory Council (DOT), 

30,42, 170,262,304,389 

239 

environmental problems (see also Air 

pollution; Noise, aircraft; Pollution), 

106,214,2l5,216,231,256,262,372 

15-16,44-45,47,49,53,77,84,86,90, 

gravity, 380 

land mass, 143,296 

magnetic field, 7,335 

magnetosphere, 20,33,413 

mapping, 215 

mass, 16 

National Environmental Policy Act of 

1969.1.10.75.389.402 oceans. See Oceanography. origin, 143 

photographs, 96, 101, 165, 189-190, 

196,259,290,360,383-384 

resources measurement (see also Earth 

Resources Technology Satellite), 72- 

384,385,405,412 

AIAA conference, 72-73 

international workshop, 405,413 

program review, 383-384 

U.N. committee review, 30 

787-384 

73, 98, 146, 207, 208, 259, 372,383- 

Earth Resources Survey meetings 

Earth Resources Survey Program Review, ___ __ Earth Resources Technology Satellite 

(ERTS), 78,207,284,293,412 

contract. 233,264-265.349 

funds. 36.77. 161-162 

international cooperation, 30, 73, 177, 

221,280,405,413 

East Hampton, N.Y., 308 

Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 21, 154, 260,293, 

An< 

Eastern Test Range (m) (see also Cape 

Kennedy and Kennedy Space Center), launch, 172 

Atlas-Agena, 209,278 

Atlas-Centaur, 380 

failure, 380,384 

lntelsat-111 F-6, 14 

lntefsat-111 F-8,241 

Long-tank Thor-Delta, 241 

Long-tank thrust-augmented Thor-DelMinuteman Ill (missile), 398 

Nato 1 (NATO-A), 95-96 

Poseidon (missile), 206 

Titan IIIC, 114,360 

unidentified satellite, 209,278,360,376 

Vela XI, 114 

Veh XU, I 14 

ta, 14.95 

OAO-B, 380-38 I 

Eastman Kodak Co., 90 

EC-121 (Super Constellation), 233 

Echo I(bal1oon satellite), 242 

Echo 11,242 

Eclipse, solar, 79-82, 102, 173, 243, 338, 

41 1 

Ecological Surveys from Space (NASA SP230), 196 

Economic Club, Detroit, 301 

Economic Conversion Commission (proposed), 325 

Ecuador, 199 

~~~Technology, Inc.,75,360 

Edwards AFB, Calif., 16, 23, 109, 277, 367, 

Edwards Test Station (USAF), Calif., 109 

Efron, Leonard, 16 

Eggers, Dr. Alfred J., Jr., 191,220,342 

Eglin AFB, Fla., 194,273,375 

Egypt. See United Arab Republic. 

Ehricke, Dr. Kraft A., 56 

Einstein, Dr. Albert, 377,379 

Eisele, Col. Donn F. (WAF), 181 

Eisenhower, President Dwight D.. 219 

El AI Airlines, 289 

El-Baz, Farouk, 1, 192 

ELDO. See European Launcher Development Organization. 

Electric propulsion, 38, 76, 173, 180, 243, 

393,411 

Electronic Data SystBms, Inc., 29 

Electronics Research Center (ERC) (NASA), 

108 

aeronautical research, 204,341 

award, 369 

closing, 13,20,21,43,65,219,323-324 

pollution research, 73 

silicon carbide diode, 3 

transfer to DOT, 99, 105, 109, 169 

es Div., I15 

385 

Elgin National Industries, Helbros WatchEliassen. Rolf. 250 

Elizabeth 11, Queen of Great Britain, 135 

Ellington AFB, Tex., 140 

Elliott, Dr. David G., 309 

Elk tracking experiment, 52, 57; 58, 59, 

Elms, James C., 99,369 

Elsztein, Pawel, 76 

Emme, Dr. Eugene M., 189,328,342 

“Emphasis Space” program, 164 

Employment. See Aerospace industry, employment; and National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration, employment. 

Engine (see also individual engines, such as F-I, H-I) 

aircraft, 373 

fire, 349 

jet, 19,73,228,256,293 

noise, 73,279,292,366,389-390,400 

pollution, 102,228,256,270,286,293, 

supersonic transport, 266, 279, 389- 

turbofan, 68, 159 

turbojet, 266,279 

turbulence, 62,389-390 

62, 107, 118 

304,353 

390,400 

467 
rocket (see also NERVA), 25,42, 66,94- 

95,109,156,164,203,217,220,223, 

224-225 

Engineering, 72 

Engineers, 45, 65, 187, 253,260, 331,338- 

339,362,370,383 

Engle, LIC Joseph H. (USAF), 266 

English Channel, 296 

Eniwetok Atoll, 25 

Environmental Advisory Council (wT), 

239 

Environmental Data Serive, 230 

Environmental Defense Fund, Inc., 256, 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 

Environmental quality program, 1, 10,30, 

Environmental Quality: The First Annual 

Report of the Council on Environmental 

Quality, 262 

Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) (see also National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 74-75, 165-166,264 

344 

229-230,235,361,385,392 

42,47,170-171,262,304,389-390 

award, 19-20 

budget, 35 

contract, 54, 155-156 

cooperation, 25.77, 1 11,336 

lightning research, 54,250 

magnetometer, 7 

personnel, 347 

radiometer, 155-156 

Research Flight Facility, 54 

satellite. 2.87.203,210.243-244,354 

launch, 23-25 

35 1 

Solar Particle Alert Network (SPAN), 320 

Space Disburbance Laboratory, 320, 

Eole-(;AS-A) (International Applications 

Eole, Project, 85 

EPA. See Environmental Protection Agenepndb: effective perceived noise in deciEppley Laboratory, 101 

ERC. See Electronics Research Center. 

Ericsson, L. M., AB, 407 

ERTS. See Earth Resources Technology 

Satellite), 396-397 

CY. 

bels. 

Satellite. 

ERTS-A, 207,213,232,259 

ERTS-B. 207,213,232 

ESC. See European Space Conference. 

Escuintla, Guatemala, 31 1 

Eshleman, V. R., 287 

ESO. See European Space Organization. ESRO. See European Space Research OrESSA. See Environmental Science Services ganization. 

Administration. 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

468 

FSSA (satellite program), 107 

Essa ZX(meteorologka1 satellite), 25 

Essen, West Germany, 110 

Estes, Marvin F., 401 

T tudes Techniques et Constructions 

Adrospatiates, 361 

Europa I (booster), 241,243 

Europa 11,241,243 

Europa 111,243,413 

Europa IIIB, 241 

Europe,51,112,176,407 

European Broadcasting Union, 135 

European Launcher Development Organi- zabon (ELDO), 88,200,241,243,252,313 

European Space Conference (ESC), 88, 

European Space Organization (ESO), 241, 

. See Eastern Test Range. 

227.241.243.305,313,359-360.413 

243 

European Space Research Organization 

(ESRO), 32, 43, 77.85, 88, 150, 193,252, 

314,354,407 

Aurorae (Esro 11, 214 

Boreas (Esro IB), 49-50 

European Space Research Organization 

(ESRO), 32, 43, 77.85, 88, 150, 193,252, 

314,354,407 

Aurorae (Esro 11, 214 

Boreas (Esro IB), 49-50 

merger, 24 1 ,243 

EUV. See Ultraviolet, extreme. 

EVA. See Extravehicular activity. Evansville, Ind., 290 

Evendale, Ohio, 142 

Evins, Rep. Joe L., 247 

Ewell, Dr. Raymond H., 368 

EXAMETNET. See InterAmerican MeteorolExceptional Bravery Medal (NASA), 368 

Exceptional Scientific Achievement MedExceptional Service Medal (NASA), 29, 

Executives' Club, Chicago, 43 

Exhibit, 99, 102-103, 111, 196, 209, 238, 

258,342,346,403 

lunarrocksamples,27, 57, 91, 102, 111, 

126, 130, 139,238,244,265,270,414 

spacecraft, 49,99,234,401-402 

ogical Network. 

al (NASA), 369 

189,369 

Explorer (program), 162,203 

Explorer l(satellite), 32, 103, 11 1,342 

Explorer XXXI, 236 

Explorer XXXIll, 236 

Explorer XXXV, 27 1 

Explorer XLlI. See Uhuru (Explorer 

Export-Import Bank, 273 

Expo '70,91,99,414 

Extraterrestrial life, 6,60,71, 88, 110,204- 

205,325,359,366,370,387,390-391 

Extravehicular activity (EVA), 370 

Apollo I I mission, 187 

Apolfo 13mission, 62-63,71 

Apollo 14 mission, 308,338,387,390 

Apollo 15 mission, 285 

Eynac, Andre'Laurent, 400 

XLll). 

F 

F-4 (Phamtom 11) (supersonic fighter and fighter-bomber aircraft), 151,294,403 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

F-4E. 129,157,262 

F-5D (Skylancer) (training aircraft), 153 

F-8 (supersonic carrier fighter), 359.377 

F-14 (lomcat) (supersonic fighter aircraft), 15 1,331,403,408 

F-14A, 218,411 

F-14B.68 

F-15 (supersonic fightei aircraft), 69, 198- 

199.382 

F-102’ (supersonic fighter-interceptor airF-104 (Starfighter) (supersonic fighter airF-106 (research jet aircraft), 225,292 

F-11 I (supersonic fighter), 10-1 1, 50, 56, 

263,273,306,317,331,381,402 

craft), 225 

craft), 173,241 

75-76,s. 103,113, 132,149, 157,244, 

accident, 74,100,226,244,351 

F-102’ (supersonic fighter-interceptor airF-104 (Starfighter) (supersonic fighter airF-106 (research jet aircraft), 225,292 

F-11 I (supersonic fighter), 10-1 1, 50, 56, 

263,273,306,317,331,381,402 

craft), 225 

craft), 173,241 

75-76,s. 103,113, 132,149, 157,244, 

accident, 74,100,226,244,351 

F-111 A, 33 1,402 

F-11 IB, 402.403 

F-11 IC. 129 

F-i I iE; 300 

F-1 1 lF, 402 

FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration. 

Faget, Dr. Maxime A., 342 

FAI. See F6d6ration A6ronautique InternaFairbanks, Alaska, 38, 71, 73, 343, 365, 

Fairbridge, Dr. Rhodes W., 143 

Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., 

Fairchild Hiller Corp., 42, 145, 146, 201, 

Faith 7mission, 21 1 

Fargette, Yves, 130 

Farnborough Air Display, 300 

Farnborough, U.K., 357 

Farnham, Leon L., 318 

Farrell, Richard, 3 

FAS. See Federation of American ScienFB-111 (supersonic bomber), 93,244 

FCC.. See Federal Communications ComFederal-aid Airport Program.22 

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 

tionale. 

372 

16 

224,230,273-274,289,318,387 

tists. 

mission. 

air pollution, 293,392 air traffic control, 28-29, 68, 76, 77, 92, 

171, 172-173,200,218, 258,345, 353, 

370.414 

Air Traffic Control Advisory Commitaircraft certification, 13, 15,20,62, 144, 

tee, 76,258 

200 

airports, 22, 162,218,370 

award, 113,175 

budget, 36 

Collision Prevention Advisory Group, 

cooperation, 28-29,77,350,412 . landing system, 258,335 

noise, aircraft, 133,390 

organization, 107,108-l09,204,293 

personnel, 19.99, 170,293,340 

29 

regulations, 133,200,259,278,324,331. 

statistics, 212,414 

transport, supersonic (see also Superturbulence research, 310 

Federal Communications Commission 

(FCC), 46 

ComSatCorp., 26,290,339-340,407-408 

criticism of, 151 

policy, 99,272,290,407-408 

requests to, 26,28,249,339-340,405 

Federal Economy Act of 1970,65 

Federal Electric Corp.. 223 

Federal Funds for Research, Development, and Other Scientific Activities, 

Fiscal Years 1%9, 1970, and 1971 (NSF 

345 

sonic transport), 107,256,390 

70-36), 322 Federal Highway Administration, 341 

Federal National Accountants Assn., 173 

Federal Support of Applied ._ Research (NAE 

report), 221 

Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, 

and Selected Nonprofit Institutions, Fiscal Year 1969 (NSF 70-27), 278-279 

Federal Water Quality Administration, 

384 

Fe’defation Aetonautique Internationale 

(FAI), 108,376 

Federation of American Scientists (FAS), 

Strategic Weapons Committee, 347 

Feller, William, 55 

Fellgett, Dr. P. N., 21 

Fendrick Gallery, Washington, D.C., 346 

Feoktistov, Konstantin P., 106, 185, 267, 

346 

Ferguson, Gen. James (USAF), 16-17, 69, 

Fermi, Enrico, Award, 209,277 

Fermi, Enrico, Institute, 353 

Ferromagnetism, 348 

Few, A. A., 179 

Fiar , CGE, 407 

Finger, Frederick G., 2 

Fink, Daniel J., 224 

Finland, 51 

Fire protection, aircraft, 324 

First Flight Shrine, 401 

First Flight Society, 401 

Fitch, Dr. Val L.,89 

Flagstaff, Ariz., 54,397 

Flemming, Arthur S., Award, 57 

Flight Research Center (FRC) (NASA), 153, 

149, 194,283 

320,348,386 

award, 369 

contract, 13 1-1 32 

lifting-body vehicle flight HL-10, 18,27,55,66, 199,236 

M2-F3,178,190,357,379 

X-24A, 94-95, 108, 145, 171,206,247, 

263,273,336,347,375 

space shuttle research, 334 

Space Shuttlecraft Symposium, 219-220 

supercritical-wing test, 58,359,377 

Florida, 82 

Florida Institute of Technology, 8 

469 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Florida, Univ. of, 189 

Floyd Bennett Field, N.Y., 110 

Fluorel, 9 

FOBS. See Fractional Orbital Bombardment System. 

Fokker FFW, 407 

For the Benefit of All Mankind: A Survey 

of the Practical Returns from Space 

Investment(H. Rpt. 91-1446), 302 

Ford, Rep. Gerald R., 141 

Ford Trimotor (transport aircraft), 15 

Foreign Service Wives Assn., 152 

Forestry Service, 401 

Fork River, Ontario, 307 

Fort Bliss Oldtimers, 314 

Fort Dix, N.J., 345 

Fort Hood, TeR., 165 

Fort Worth, Tex., 226 

Fort Yukon, Alaska, 38 

Foster, Dr. John S., Jr, 146, 152-153,252, 

?11 

Fri-Mauro (lunar crater), 71, 90-91, 144, 

Fractional Orbital Bombardment System 

France, 51,159,400 

147, 167,210:244-245,295,331,364 

(FOBS), 31,68,93,320 

aircraft. See Concorde. 

astronaut honored by, 249 

communications satellite. 412 

Concorde (U.K.-France supersonic 

transport), 170-171,226,260-261,272, 

275,277,283,291,300,326, 350,359, 

364,366,388-389 

hydrogen bomb, 258 

international cooperation, s ace, 51,84, 

85, 150, 177, 199, 200, 2i7, 326, 354, 

laser reflector, 177,374,389 

launch, satellite, 84,396-397,410,412 

satellite, 32, 85, 150, 177, 354, 396-397, 

space program, 84,85,354,410,413 

359,409,413-414 

409,410,412,413-414 

Frankfurt, Univ. of, 392 

Franklin Institute, 313-314 

Franklin, Kenneth L., 115 

Fraser, Defence Minister Malcolm (AusFRC. See Flight Research Center. 

Fredericton, New Brunswick, 172 

Free Life (balloon), 308 

Freedom 7(spacecraft), 165 

Freedy, Dr. Amos, 194 

French Guiana, 84,199,414 

French Guiana National Space Study CenFrench National Laboratory for Space 

French National Laboratory for Stellar 

tralia), 7,74,129 

ter, 326 

Astronomy, 413 

and Planetarv Phvsics. 413 

Frey, Rep. Lo;, Jr.; 144’ 

Frey, Royal D., 342 

Friedheim, Jerry W., 103,181 

Friedman, Herbert, 159 

Friends of the Earth, 239,272,391 

Friendship Airport, Baltimore, 259 

Frisbee, John L., 280 

Frog experiment, space, 324-325,362,367, 

797.41 - - - , . - ! - Frost, Col. Douglas H. (USAF), 7 

Frutkin, Arnold W., 156, 193, 227, 243, 

334.335.351.409 

FubiG, Dr. Eugene G., 157 

Fuel cell, 198 

Fulbright, Sen. J. W;, 226,303 

Fuller, Buckminster, 191 

Fulton, Fitzhugh L., Jr., 180 

Fulton, Rep. James G., 42,94,277 

Fundamentalist Bible Presbyterian 

Funkhouser, Dr. John G., 333 

Furnas, Dr. Clifford C., 160 

Church, 408 

G 

Gagarln, Col.Yuri A.(U.SSR.),l26,127.267 Gagarin, Mrs. Yuri, 195 

Galaxy, 96-97,110,198,325,381,409 

Ga&xy (star image measuring machine), L1 

Gamma ray, 396 

GAO. See General Accounting Office 

Garden City, N.Y., 380 

Gardner, Hy, 101 

CARP. See Global Atmospheric Research 

Program. 

Co. Div.. 147 

Garrett Corp., Airesearch Manufacturing 

Garwin, Richard L., 272,391 

Cast, Dr. Paul W., 181,369 

Gates, David M., 129 

Gatland, Kenneth W., 357-358 

Gavin, Thomas R., 341 

Gazenko, Dr. Oleg G., 327,328 

GE. See General Electric Co. 

GE4 (turbojet engine), 266,279 Gemini (program), 186,347 

Gemini Vmission, 21 1 

Gemini Vllmission, 340 

Gemini VIII mission, 174 

General Accounting Office (GAO), 224,335 

General aviation, 22,28-29,86,113,212 

General Dynamics Corp., 328 

GCA COrp., 234 

Aeronautical Systems Div., 273 

contract, 56, 103, 220, 227, 250, 273, 

381,384 

Convair Aerospace Div., 312,314,317 

Convair Div., 250 

Electro Dynamics Div . ,312 

F-111, 56, 103, 113, 132, 157, 226, 273, 

38 1 

General Electric Co. (GE), 139, 157, 246, 

393,412 Aircraft Engine Grouu. 19 

awards andxonors, 19,159 

B-1 (advanced strategic bomber], 195 

contract, 23,42,83-84,87, 115, 145, 146, 

148, 195, 196, 201,223,224, 230,257, 

Direct Energy Conversion Business Section, 198 

264-265,273-274,289,3!8 

470 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

laboratory, undersea, 110,169,308 

Power Generation Group, 265 

quiet jet engine, 74-75 

Space Div., 196,215,224,227 

spacecraft, 115, 145, 146, 148, 201,223, 

turbojet engine, 266,279 General Motors Corp., AC Electronics 

Div., 7,29 

General Services Administration, 255 

General Telephone & Electronics Corp., 405 

224,230,273-274,289,318 

Genetic engineering, 392 

Geneva, Switzerland, 277,283,364,395 

Gentry, Maj. Jerauld R. (USAF), 60,88,94, 

145,247,273 375 

Geodetic satellite, 113-114,241,411 

Geomagnetosphere, 33 1 

George Washington Univ., 169, 221, 280, 

406 

Georgetown, Guyana, 128 

Georgia, 82 

Geos II(geodetic satellite), 212 

Geostationary Operational Environmental 

Satellite, 354 

Georgetown, Guyana, 128 

Georgia, 82 

Geos II(geodetic satellite), 212 

Geostationary Operational Environmental 

Satellite, 354 

Germ warfare, 392 

German Federal Medical Council, 89 

German Federal Republic. See Germany, West. 

German measles (rubella), 111, 116, 117, 

118,119 

Germantown, Md., 372 

Germany, West, 15,51,159,264,291,292 

aircraft, 85, 198,241 

Brandt, Chancellor Willy, visit to U.S., 

Chicorn I launch, reaction to, 150 

cooperation, 85,317,320 

cooperation, space, 51, 52, 84, 86, 91, 

200,292,392,400,412 

space program, 32,52,84,91,200, 392, 

400,412 

sounding rockets, 392,400 

118 

Gerry, Dr. Edward T., 156 

Gervais, Maj. Joseph (WAF), 364 

GET: ground elapsed time. 

Getler, Michael, 186 

ghz: gigahertz (one billion cycles per sec- ond). 

Giaimo, Rep. Robert N., 303 

Gibbs-Smith. Charles H.. 296 

Giberson, Walker E., 66 ’ 

Gillilland, Whitney, 7 

Gilruth, Dr. Robert R., 109, 135,211,334, 

Glass, Dr. Alexander J., 156 

Glass, Dr. Bentley, 406 

Glasser, L/G Otto J. (USAF), 93 

Glenn, Col. John H., Jr. (USMC, Ret.), 15 

Glennan, Dr. T. Keith, 157,185,214,298 

Global Atmospheric Research Program 

Gfomar Challenger (deep-sea drilling 

Goddard, Mrs. Esther C., 256,349,384 

Goddard, Dr. Frank E., 180 

346,347 

(GARP). 30,36,77,85,354 

ship), 394 

47 

Goddard, Dr. RobertH.,92, 113,127,180, 

Goddard, Robert H., Award, 19 

256,349 

Goddard, Robert H., Memorial Award, 

Goddard, Robert H., Memorial Trophy, 

164 

94.384 

Goddard Historical Essay Award, 94 

Goddard Rocket and Space Museum, 92, 

113,234,302 

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) 

Advanced Development Div., 112 

Apollo 11 lunar rock sample, loss of, 

Apotlo 12 lunar rock sample, 333 

award, 368 

Central Computing System, 353 

contract, 8,353 

cooperation, 26,212 

Delta (booster), 25 

Earth Resources Technology Laboratory, 203 

Earth Resources Technology Satellite 

(ERTS), 233,293 

mapping, 212,380 

uersonnel. 347 

(NASA), 128,366,412 

223 

ATS-F, 273-274 

ATS-0.273-274 

OAO-B, 380 

Satellite monitoring Nimbus IV, 343 

Oao II, 380 

Sert IItest, 38 

solar research, 101-102 

sounding rocket experiments (see also 

astronomical, 129,245,311 

atmospheric data, 16, 56-57, 69, 84, 

electric fields, 71,73 

ogo rx, 152 

Soundingrockets), 3,9,29 

172,208,210,213,338,360,369 

Uhuru (Explorer XLII) (SAS-A), 407 

Gofman, Dr. John W., 242 

Gold, Dr. Thomas, 240,287,295,330 

Goldman, Eric F., 308 

Goldstein, Dr. Richard M., 139,286 

Goldstone Tracking Station, 139,213,286 

Goldwater, Sen. Barry M., 55, 226, 240- 

24 1 

Golovin, Dr. Nicholas E., 267 

Goody, Dr. Richard M., 399 

Goodyear Aerospace Corp., 99,204 

Gordon, R., 328 

Gordon, Capt. Richard F., Jr. (USN) 

Apolfo 12mission, 15,46 

ApolJo 13 mission, 125 

Apollo 15 mission, 101 

awards and honors, 18,42,372 

goodwill tour, 51,99 

Gorman, Harry H., 215 

Gossick, MI0 Lee V. (USAF), 173, 194,283 

Gould, Jack (John Ludlow), 138 

Gownley, Hugh J., 366 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Graduate Student Support and Manpower 

Resources in Graduate Science EducaGrandy, Herbert W., 368 

Gravel, Sen. Mike, 252,311,341,408 

Gravit 59; 21 1,366-367,370,380 

Gray, kobert H.. 201 

Great Lameshur Bay, V.I., 226 

Greece, 314 

Green Bank. W. Va.. 325 

tion, hf~1%9(NSF7()-40), 322 

- . . . . - - 

Green, ~r. James A.; 266 

Green River, Utah, 146,231,256 

Greenberg, D:S., 345 

Greene, Lawrence P., 250 

Greenland, 200 

Grenoble Univ.. - . . - -. . - 348 

Griffin, Gerald 6,137 

Griffiss AFB, N.Y., 149 

Grissom, L/C Virgil I. (USAF), 267,340 

Gross, Robert E, 401 

Groves, George B., Jr., 325 

Groves, L/G Leslie R. (USA, Ret.), 67, 232, 

Grubb, H. Dale, 142, 162 

Grumman Corp. 403,408 

235-236 

Grumman Aerospace Corp., 94, 130, 

Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., 

165,179,203,223,249 

151,208 

GSFC. See Goddnrd Space Flight Center. 

Guatemala, 31 1 

Guayaquil, Ecuador, 360 

Guaymas-Empalme, Mexico, 381 

Guinard. Norman W.. 384 

Gulf Coast, 207 

Gulf General Atomic, 265 

Gulton Industries, Data Systems Div., 155 

Guyana. 27 

H 

Habib, Edmund J., 112 

Hadley-Apennine (lunar landing site), 323 

Hagerty, William A., 240 

Haglund, Howard H., 103 

Haise, Fred W., Jr., 364 

ApoNo 13 mission, 25, 140-141, 147-148 

celebrations, 137, 140,162,194 

flight, 119-125. 

medical examination, 101,111,115 

Nixon, President Richard M., 128, 

plans,62-63,71,101,115 

press comment, 136 

press conference, 62-63,90-91, 143 

splashdown, 125,137-138 

awards and honors, 133-134, 137, 140, 

368 

European goodwill tour, 314,331 

press conference, 212 

tribute to, 128, 136,137 

Haise, Mrs. Fred W., Jr., 129, 137,314 

Halaby, Najeeb E., 41,364 

Hale, George E., 17 

Hale Observatories, 17,409 

133-134,136-137, 139-140,314 

Hail, Edward N., 21 

Hall, Floyd D., 154,405 

Hall, John H., 297 

Hall, R. Cargill, 328,406 Halpern, Rep. Seymour, 29 

Hamilton Standard Div., United Aircraft 

Hammer, magnetic, 401 

Hammondsport, N. Y., 13 

Handler, Dr. Philip. 239,335 

Hanessian, John, Jr., 221,280 

Hanford Atomic Works, 17 

Hanford, Wash., 232 

Hanscom, L.G., Field, Mass., 171 

Hanzing, Dr. Frank D., 383 

HAPPE. See High Altitude Particle Physics 

Hardy, George B., 334 

Harford, James J., 383 

Hargis, Calvin B., Jr., 198 

Harmon International Aviation and Space 

corp., 7 

Experiment. 

Troohv. . 88 *I-- 

Harmon Trophy, 212 

Harnett, Daniel J., 285,352 

Harper, Charles W., 28.63, 173-174 

HaG, Dr. Karl G., Jr., 106,321 

Harrier (British V/STOL aircraft), 199 

Harrington, Dr. Charles D., 213 

Harris, Louis, 213 

Harrisburg, Pa., 347 

Harrison, Halstead, 369 

Hartline, Ann, 226 

Harvard College Observatory, 333 

Harvard Univ. 147, 153, 154,311,329,399 

Harvey, Dr. Dodd L., 298 

Harvey Mudd College, 189 

Haskins, Dr. Caryl P., 164 

Haughton, Daniel J., 72 

Havana, Cuba, 15 

Hawaii, 133,137, 140,223,409 

Hawaii, Univ. of, 295,345,348 

Haydon, John M., 136 

Hayes, Daniel F., 75 

Hayes, Dr. Dennis E., 394 

Hayes International Corp., 350 

Haynes, Charles G.. 98 

Health, Education, and Welfare, Dept. of 

(HEW), 110,352,404 

Office of Education. 132 

HEAO. See High Energy Astronomy Observatory. 

HEAO-A (High Energy Astronomy Observ- atorv). 361 ----a I7 - -- HEAO-B, 361-362 

Hearnes, Gov. Warren E., 238 

Hearth, Donald P., 60.73 

Heat shield, 209 

Heavy-lift helicopter (HLH), 310 

Hechler, Rep. Ken, 94 

Hedrick, B/O Walter R. (USAF), 144 

Heenan, cardinal John C., 135 

Heflin, Dr. Woodford A., 159 

Heidelberg, West Germany, 86,289 Helgeson, Bob P., 17 

Helicopter, 182.333 

accident, 109 

412 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

astronaut pickup, 125,136 

civil 110-111,312,345 

medical use, 233-234,259,283,311,404 

military, 72, 198,310,345 

record, 198 

U.S.S.R., 299 

NASA, 413 

Helios-A (solar probe), 62 

Helium, 96 

Helsinki, Finland, 230,266,371,402 

Hendne, Dr. Joseph M., 94 

Henize., Dr. Karl G., 101 

Henkin, Daniel Z., 175 

Hercules, Inc., 25 

Herr, Kenneth C., 1 

Hess, Dr. Wilmot N., 20 

HEW. See Health, Education, and Welfare, 

Hewlett, William R., 90 

Heyerdahl, Thor, 232 

HH-53 (helicopter), 273 

Hickel, Secretary of the Interior Walter J., 

245 

High Altitude Particle Physics Experiment 

(HAPPE), 230 

High Energy Astronomy Observatory 

(HEAO), 47, 107, 152, 159, 179, 227, 284, 

Dept. of. 

361-362.383 

Hijackingof aircraft, 304,317,414 

Congress, 310 

cost of, 302,310 

Germany, West, 289,291,292 

hostages, 289-290, 292, 293, 300, 304, 

306,316,317 

ICAO consideration of, 235, 265, 297, 

310.324.336 

265, 

protective measure against, 291, 292, 

statistics. 304.414 

293,. 297,302,3 10,330,345,405 

I-- IIsrael, 289-290,291 

Nixon, President Richard ki., 235, 

291,297,300,302,304,310,336 

Switzerland, ~9,292,300,316,317 

treaty, 297,300,310,324 

United Kingdom, 289, 291, 292, 293, 

United Nations, 292,302,304 

297,300 

U.S.. 257. 289-290. 291, 292. 293, 297. 

300,302,306,3i7,324,345,405,414 

Hill, Louis W., Space Transportation 

Hines, William, 17-18,52,84,232 

Hirohito, Emperor (Japan), 364 

Hiroshima, Japan, 259,260 

Hirschler, Otto, 226 

HL-IO (lifting-body vehicle), 74,411 

award, 88-89 

powered, 18,27,55,66,199,236 

HLH. See Heavy-lift helicopter. Hoag, Maj. Peter C. (USAF), 18, 55, 199, 

Hodge, John D., 189 

Hoffman, David, 366 

Hoffman, Dr. Philip G., 109 

Hoffman, Samuel K., 164 

Award, 286,341 

test flight 

236 

Holden, John C., 2% 

Holland, Brian, 3 

Hollenbaugh, Roger C., 47 

Holloman AFE, N. Mex., 208,320 

Hominy, Okla., 2 

Honeywell, Inc., 208 

Hong Kong, 157 

Honolulu, Hawaii, 137, 139-140 

Kawaiahao Church, 139 

Hooker, Dr. Stanley G., 286 

Hoover, Cdr. George W. (uSN. Ret.), 342 

Hornig, Dr. Donald F., 90,147 

Hotz,Robert B., 11,211 

Houbolt. Dr. John C.. 21 

Houck, Dr. James R.; 152 

Houghton, Karl, 297 

Houphouet-Boigny , President Felix (Ivory Coast),82 - Housing and Urban Development, Dept. 

funding, 167, 170, 212, 226, 247, 248, 

Apollo 13 mission, 127 

astronauts at, 136-137,141,203,231 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory, 51, 85, 

Lunar Science Institute, 2-3,294 

meeting, 2-3,4459, 164,277,283,340- 

National Space Hall of Fame, 6 

Houston, Univ. of, 62, 71, 79, 109, 133, 

333,342,406 

Hovercraft, 296 

Howard, John R., 33 

Hoyle, Dr. Fred, 6 

HST. See Hypersonic transport aircraft. Hubbard Medal, 52 

HuD. See Housing and Urban Develop- ment, Dept. of. 

Hudson, MIG John B. (USAF), 227 

Huey, William M., 340 

Hughes Aircraft Co., 8,26,247,404 

Humble Oil & Refining Co., 277 

Humphreys, M/G James W., Jr. (USAF, 

Ret.), 385 

Humphreys, Lloyd E., 102 

Hungary, 380 

Hunten, Dr. Donald M., 399 

Huntington Beach, Calif., 201, 292, 297, 

387 

Huntsville, Ala., 174, 189 

Alabama Space and Rocket Center, 93- 

meeting, 154,314,370 

of (HUD), 214-215,390 

257,263,264,303,390,401 

Houston, Tex., 350 

178,250-251,319,333,409 

342 

94,237,344 

Hurricane measurement, 264 

Hussein, King (Jordan), 304-305 

Hycon Manufacturing Co., 115 

Hydrogen, liquid, 92 

Hydrogen bomb, 258 

Hypersonic aircraft, 220,247.41 1 

Hypersonic transport aircraft (HST), 17 

UA. See International Academy of Astror 

nautics. 

473 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency. 

IAF. See International Astronautical Federation. 

Iakovos, Archbishop, 139 

IATA. See ‘International Air Transport Assn. 

IBM. See International Business Machines 

Corp. 

ICAO. See International civil Aviation 

Organization. 

Icarus, 268 

ICBM. See Intercontinental ballistic missile. 

Iceland, 314,390 

ICSU. See International Council of Scientific Unions. 

Idaho, 283 

IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and ElecIEPC. See Committee for International 

IFR instrument flight rules. 

IGY. See International Geophysical Year. 

ILC Industries, 194 

Illinois State Fair, 265 

Illinois, Univ. of, 172,234 

ILS. See Instrument landing system. Imbrium Basin (moon), 341 

IMP. See Interplanetary Monitoring Plat- form. 

IMP-I(Interplanetary Monitoring Platform), 408 

Impact of Changes in Federal Funding 

Patterns on Academic lnstitutions (NSF 

report 70-39), 337 

IMU. See Inertial measuring unit. 

Incirlik, Turkey, 297 

India, 51,85, 135 

Atomic Energy Dept., 239 

cooperation, space, 1,85, 102,233, 245, 

327,414 

rocket test, 18, 185 

tronics Engineers. 

Environmental Programs . 

IndianOcean, 83, 122, 187,241, 269, 275, 

342,359,399 

Indian Space Research Organization 

Indianapolis, Ind., 347 

Indians of North America, 383-384 

Industrial Research, Inc., 305 

Inertial measuring unit (IMU), 207 

Infectious Dkease in Manned Spaceflight: 

SobabilIt&s and €amt%rmea;iSures, 184 

Information retneval, 354-355 

Infrared sensor, 231 

Infrared telescope, 251 

Infrared temperature profile radiometer 

(ITPR), 155-156 

Inland Daily Press Assn., 338 

Insomnia, 190 

Institute for Space Studies, 170, 198 

Institute for Strategic Studies, 289 

Institute of Aeronautical Science (Japan), 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics 

(ISRO), 233,245 

244 

Engineers (IEEE), 40,97 

Institute of Telecommunication Sciences. 

Institute of the United States of America, 

390 

199 

Institute of Theoretical and Experimental 

Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aerospacial 

Instructional television (ITV). 233 

Physics, U.S.S.R., 392 

(INTA) (Spain), 207,213 

Instrument landing system (ILS), 258 

Instrument unit (IU), 119 

1NTA.See Instituto Nacional de Tecnica 

Intelsat. See International TelecommuniIntelsat (communications satellite), 409- 

Aerospacial. 

cations Satellite Consortium. 

410 

In telsa t 1 (Early Bird), 1 12 

lntelsat-11 F-2, 162 

Intelsat I11 series, 14,45, 144-145,241 

lntelsat-Ill F-4, 14 

lntelsat-Ill F-514 

lntelsat-Ill F-6,14,45, 145,411 

lntelsat-Ill F-7,144-145, 162,169,411 

lntelsat-Ill F-8,241,411 

Intelsat IV series, 83 

Inter-Academy Exchange program, 47 

“Interactions of Technology and Society” (lecture). 191 

Interagency Committee on Back ContamiInteragency Conference on Weather Mod- nation, 7, 15,51,55 

ification, 351 

InterAmerican Meteorological Rocket Network (EXAMETNET), 252 

Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), 

31,69,93, 150, 151, 230, 248, 266,274, 

Intercosmos (U.S.S.R. comsat), 41 1 

Intercosmos Ill, 259 

Intercosmos IV, 336 

Interior, Dept. of, 35-36,59, 107, 110,169, 

204,230,274,343,345,390,407 

Earth Resources Observation Systems 

program, 259 

International Academy of Astronautics 

(IAA), 159,271 

International Aeronautical Exposition (see also International Transposition Exhibition), 259 

International Air Policy Statement, 210- 

276,289,303,311,358,360,381-382,405 

?I 1 L1 I 

International Air Transport Assn. (IATA), 

lnternational Aspects of Earth Resources 

International Assn. of Firefighters, 214 

International Astronautical Federation 

International Astronautical Federation 

International Astronomical Union, 267 

International Atomic Energy Agency 

Fourteenth General Conference, 298, 

21 1 

Survey Satellite Programs, 221 

(IAF), 328,335-336,340 

Congress, 314,326-328 

(IAEA), 214,263 

312 

474 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

International Business Machines Corp. 

International Civil Aviation Organization 

(IBM), 191, 194,274 

(ICAO), 310,336 

Assembly, 235,265 

Council, 235,265,298,324 

Legal Committee, 336 

International Conference on Plutonium 

and Other Actinides, Fourth, 329 

International cooperation (see also Disarair transportation, 196,210-21 1,235 

aircraft (see also Concorde), 218, 241, 

astronomv. 267-268 

mament and Treaty), 118 

263,385,399 

-Europe, 44, 78, 193-194, 252-253, 

-France, 51,287,413-414 

-Germany, West, 51,52,86,292 

255-256, 305, 313, 323, 354, 359- 

360 

-Italy, 88 

Japan, 51,78 

-U.K.,51,289,292,413 

-U.S.S.R.. 32. 83. 85-86. 117. 156. 

192, 197, 225, 2i9,243,289: 3007 

334, 335-336, 343-344, 346, 347, 

349, 351, 353, 358, 376, 391-392, 

393,409,413 

space shuttle, 52,88,227,292,313,323, 

space station, 43, 56, 88, 193-194, 212, 

351,361 

ecology, 214,255 

meteornloev. . . . . -. . 2 3 14.327.346 

nuclear po%& 225,226,307-308 tracking, I99 

oceanography, 82, 103, 127, 179-180, U.S.-Afghanistan, 330 

277,345 -Australia, 100, 199,213 

science and technology, 47, 106, 200, -France, 199 

307-308,317,320 -1talv. 88 

transportation, 15,28 

International cooperation, space (see also European Launcher Development 

Organization; European Space Research Organization; Global Atmospherics Research Program; International Telecommunications Satellite 

Consortium), 83, 85-86, 156, 258,336, 

354 

military, 7, 95-96, 149, 258, 269, 399, 

411,413 

satellite, 85,221,326-327 

communications. See Communicaearth resources, 30, 72-73, 177, 221, 

Europe, 95-96,200,252-253,413 

France-Germany, West, 84,200 

-Australia, 24, 150,411,414 

-Canada, 79,150,242,247,409 

-Europe, 77,85,88, 150, 193-194 

-France, 85,150,409,413-414 

-Germany, West, 91 

-India, 233,245,414 

-Italy, 88, 150, 275, 395, 407, 410, 

-Netherlands, 194,413 

tions satellite, cooperation. 

DOD-U.K., 16,44,269, 399,411,413 

280,383-384,405,413 

NASA 

413 

-U.K., 16, 150,357,409,411,413 

-NATO. 95-96,408,413 

-U.S.S.R., 212,221 

us. 

Sounding rocket. See Sounding rocket, 

space research, 51, 78-79,83, 85-86,87- international programs. 

88, 112, 149, 176-177,221,243, 262, 

326-328,343 

Europe, 241,354,361,380 

France-U .S. S.R., 177 

U.S. 

-Australia, 51,62,77-78 

-Brazil, 85 

-Canada, 51,78 

-Me&o, 381 

-Spain, 207,213 

International Council of Christian ChurchInternational Council of Scientific Unions 

International Decade of Ocean ExploraInternational Federation of Airline Pilots, 

International Geophysical Year (IGY), 205 

International History of Astronautics 

International Mineralogical Assn., NoInternational Nomenclature Commission, 

International Solar Energy Conference, 

International Symposium on Space ResInternational System of Units, 302 

International Telecommunications Sateles, 408 

(ICSU), 176 

tion, I27 

292 

Symposium, Fourth, 328 

menclature Committee, 234 

289 

74-75 

cue, Third, 327 

lite Consortium (INTELSAT), 215 

conference, 53,96,409-410 

earth stations, 45,65,83,223 

Interim Communications Committee, 

membership, 65,184 

organization, 53,241,409-410 

satellite. See individual Intelsat satellites and series. 

International Telephone & Telegraph World Communications, Inc., (m), 151 

International Transportation Exhibition 

(see also International Aeronautical 

Exposition), 403 

International Workshop on Earth Resources Survey Systems, 405,413 

Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP), 

43.60 

130 

Interrogation, recording, and location system (IRLS), 52,336 

Intersales, Inc., 21 1 

475 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Intersociety Ener Conversion EngineerIntrepid (Apollo 12 LM). See Lunar modIntroduction to the Solar Wind, 306 

Iodine 123,352 

Iodine 131,352 

ing Conference%ifth, 309 

ule. 

Ion, 95 

Ion propulsion, 38,51, 173, 243,285, 

Ionosphere, 1,48,62,71,84,102,108, 

Iowa, Univ. of, 105,330,360 

Iraq, 306 

Ireland, 314 

Irish Sea, 261 

IRLS. See Interrogation, recording, and 

Irwin, LIC James B. (USAF), 101,285 

ISIS (Internabonal Satellite for Ionospheric 

Isis I, 79 

315,338,393 

location system. 

Studies), 43 

ISIS-B, 409 

Israel, 1!8,232,289-290,291,294,383 

Israel Aircraft Industries, 118 

ISRO. See Indian Space Research Organization. 

‘‘Issues and Answers” (TV program), 9) 

Issues and Directions for Aeronautical 

Research and Development (House 

report), 98 

Italian National Research Council (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) (CNR), 

8A 

305, 

133 

IS;, 51, 88, 150,200, 275, 395-396, 407, 

Itek Corp., 28,118 

Ithaca, N.Y.,272 

ITOS (program), 107,394-395 

Itos Z (Tiros-M) (Improved Tiros Opera- tional Satellite), 23-24, 87,203, 354,395, 

41 1 

ITPR. See Infrared temperature profile radiometer. 

ITT. See International Telephone & Telegraph World Communications, Inc. 

ITV. See Instrucbonal televison. 

IU. See Instrument unit. 

Ivory Coast, 82 

410,413 

J 

J-2 (rocket engine), 203,386-387 

Jackass Flats, Nev., 17 

Jackson Hole, Wyo., 52,107 

Jackson, Nelson P., Aerospace Award, 94 

Jackson,RoyP., 313 

Jaffe, Dr. Leonard D., 176 

Jamaica, N.Y., 110 

James Madison (nuclear submarine), 245 

James River, 384 

Jamieson, Minister of Transportation Donald C. (Canada), 28 

Japan, 151,157,187,223,364 

astronomy, 51 

international cooperation, space, 51,78, 

96,354,409-410 

launch, satellite, 48-49,50,412 

lunar samples, 51,414 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 40 

Pacific rocket tests protest, 103, 105 

science, 153 

space program, 59, 150, 197, 301, 354, 

368,410 

Japanese Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, 49 

Jastrow, Dr. Robert, 170 

Jaumotte, Prof. A., 328 

Java, 195 

Javelin (sounding rocket), 77, 108, 283, 

Javits, Sen. Jacob K., 217,330 

Jefferies, John, Award, 342 

Jefferson City, Mo., 238 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (WL) (Cal 

Tech), 39-40,159, 185,328,405-406 

failure, 315-316 

328-329 

anniversary, 109 

award, 126 

Civil Systems Project Office, 103 

Communications Research Section, 139 

computer, 341,397 

Deep Space Network, 16,66,207,265 

Goldstone Tracking Station, 139, 213, 

lunar research, 26, 176-177,372 

Mariner program, 16, 33, 172, 279, 309, 

Mariner Venus-Mercury Office, 66 

Mars (planet) research, 16, 172,279 

Nuclear Power Sources Group, 309 

personnel, 71 

relativity, theory of, test, 157, 366-367, 

377-379 

rocket motor, 25 

Thermoelectric Outer Planet Spacecraft, 180,341 

transit system, 408 

Viking, Project, 255,279 

413 

286 

408,412 

Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, 382, 

Johannesburg, South Africa, 135 

Johns Hopkins Hospital, 366 

Johns Hopkins Univ., 89,99-100,185,190- 

Johnson, Arthur W., 409 

Johnson, Caldwell C., 334 

Johnson, David S., 354 

Johnson, John A., 130 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 15,401 

Johnson, U. Alexis, 53,72,305 

Johnson, Vincent L., 144,313 

Johnston, Richard S., 341 

Johnston, S. Paul, 241 

Johnston Island, 315 

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 208,223 

Joint Institute for Laboratory AstrophysJoint Research and Development Board, 

Jones, WA Don A. (USN), 347- 

Jones, Dr. Walton L., 63,342 

Jordan, 300,304,305,306,316,317 

191,366 

ics, 7 

Committee on Atomic-Energy, 67 

476 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

JR lOOF (Japanese VTOL engine), 321 

J’DD3 (jet engine), 278 

JT9D3A, 278 

Jupiter (planet), 12, 33, 45, 49, 60, 75, 84, 

101,251,*284,341 

Jupiter C (booster), 103 

Justice, Dept. of, 407-408 

K 

Kabul, Afghanistan. 330 

Kagoshima Space Center, 48 

Kaiser Corp., 166 

Kansas City, Mo., 165,347 

Kaplan, Dr. Iap R., 387 

Kaplan, Dr. Joseph, 328 

Kapp, Michael, 349 

Kapustin Yar, U.S.S.R., 16,147,259,336 

Karapnda, Kazakhstan, 190 

Karmk, K. S., 327 

Karr, Albert R., 385 

Karth, Rep. Joseph E., 72 

Kasemir, Dr. Heinz W., 54 

Kaufman, John W., 264 

Kavanagh, Dr. Thomas C., 157 

Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., 299 

Kazaryan, Prof. Raphael A., 97 

KC-135 (jet research aircraft), 82,275-276 

Keldysh, Prof. Mstislav V., 85, 219, 229, 

314,334,335,392 

Kelley, Albert J., 280 

Kelly AFB, Tex., 82 

Kelly, Orr, 27 

Kelly, Thomas J., 130 

Kempner, LIG William E. (USAF, Ret.), 342 

Kennedy, Sen. Edward M., 1, 117,265 

Kennedy, President John F., 164,329 

Kennedy, John F., International Airport, 13,225 

Kennedy Space Center (KSC) (NASA), 12 

accident, 100,371 

ApollolSaturn. See Apollo missions. 

astronauts at, 40, 62-63, 101, 116, 118- 

budget, 231 

employment, 236 

facilities, 329 

launch operations (see also Launch Complex 17, 34, 39, and 40; and 

Apollo missions), 25, 54, 71, 111, 

118,119,125,172,331 

KC-l35A, 264 

119,205,319,390 

lightning study, 344 

personnel, 201,23 1 

pressconference,40,62-63,117-118 

visits to, 414 

cosmonauts, 336 

Phidip, Prince (U.K.), 51 

Kent, Wash., 353 

Kenya, 269,275,395 

Kerwin, Cdr. Joseph P. (USN), 20 

Keuper, Dr. Jerome P., 8 

Key Biscayne, Fla., 51,77 

Khan, President Yahya (Pakistan), 151 

Khodarev, Prof. Yu. K., 197 

KIAS knots indicated au speed. Kiev Univ., 226 

Kilby, Jack S. C., 55 

Kilgore, Edwin C., 257 

Killian, Dr. James R., Jr., 147 

Kiipatrick, James J.. 113 

King, Elbert A., Jr., 333 

King, Ambassador Spencer, 27 

Kirillin, Vladimir A., 317 

Kiruna, Sweden, 260 

Kissel, Ralph R., 352 

Kistiakowsky., Dr. George B., 147 

Kitt Peak National Observatory, Ark., 33, 

110,204,333-334,399 

Kitty Hawk, N.C., 401,403 

Klass, L/C Joe (USAF), 364 

Klein, Milton, 64,75,144,402 

Kleinknecht, Kenneth S., 51 

Knothe, Dr. Adolf H., 40 

Kodiak, Alaska, 38 

Kohler, Dr. Foy D., 298 

Komarov, Col. Vladimir M. (U.S.S.R.), 

Komarov, Mrs. Vladimir, 195 

Kondratyev, Dr. K.Y., 326 

Konovalov, B., 316 

Kopp, Roger A., 306 

Korea,51,194,413 

Kosygin, Premier Aleksey N. (U.S.S.R.), 

130, 132, 176, 190 

Kourou Space Center, French Guiana, 84, 

Kraft, Christopher C., Jr., 1,21,286,341 

Kranz, Eugene F., 57,137 

Kranzberg, Prof. Melvin, 189 

Krieger, Robert L., 369 

Kronauer, MIG Clifford J., Jr. (WAF), 194 

Krupp,Fried.,Co., 110 

Krylov, Marshal Nikolay (U.S.S.R.), 374 

KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. 

Kumsan, South Korea, 273 

Kurzweg, Dr. Hermann H., 64 

Kwajalein Missile Range, 276,405 

31,267 

396-397,414 

L 

L-1011 (Tnstar) (jet transport), 237, 245, 

La Guardia Airport, 225 

Laird, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. 

370,397,411 

award by, 227 

Communist China satellite launch, 150 

defense budget, 67 

DOD procurement policy, 246 

MAST, Project, 259 

nuclear weapons, 142 

press conference, 75-76,274 

U.S.S.R. missile program, 171, 230, 

Lake Erie International Jetport Project, 377 

F-1 1 1,75-76 

F-IllC, 129 

274,358,400 

477 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Lakenheath RAF Station, U.K., 243 

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 

LaMoreaux, Philip E., 40 

Landon, Alfred M., Lecture on Public 

215,283,372 

Issues, 304 

Langley Research Center (LaRC) (NASA), 

97,125.348.350 

award. 19-20 . 

cooperation, 384 

exhbit, 342 

Life Support Technology Laboratory, 195,201 

Lifting Body Team, 369 

OAO-B. 380 

organization, 325-326 

personnel, 325-326 

radio communications symposium, 336 

Sert II, 338 

space station study, 266 

Space Systems Research Div., 181 

telescope, 79 

trailing vortex research, 320 

wind-tunnel research, 19, 113,166,411 

Lannan, John, 307 

Lapp, Dr. Ralph E., 58-59,207 

Laptev(U.S.S.R. ship), 256 

LBRC. See Langley Research Center. 

Larson, Dr. Edwin E., 274 

Las Vegas, Nev., 126,130, 175,309,379 

Laser 

award, 337 

lunar experiments, t77 

Apollo 1 I, 26,210,240,374 

Apollo 14,210 

Lunokhod 1,380,389 

use, 142,278,320,321,376,412 

military, 27,97, 156 

Laser ranging retroreflector (LRRR), 26, Iln LIU 

Latham, Dr. Gary V., 6, 244, 262, 283, 

286,348,361,372 

Latin America, 51, 108 

Laughlin, Charles R., 47 

Launch Complex 17,371 

Launch Complex 34,172 

Launch Complex 39,172,184 

Launch Complex 40,87 

Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, Memorial 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (Univ. of 

Law's, Ruth, Flying Circus, 383 

LCRU. See Lunar communications relay 

Leary, Frank, 69 

Leavltt, William, 251,354 

Lederer, Jerome F., 9 

Lee, Capt. Chester M. (USN, Ret.). 

Lee, Frederick B., 305 

Leech experiment, 392,400 

Lefevre, Theo, 243,305,313,359 

Lefkowitz, Louis J., 225 

Legion of Honor, 249 

Lehrer, Max, 173 

Leloir, Dr. Luis F.. 348 

Award, 94,379 

Calif.), 94,242 

unit. 

,71,403 

Leningrad, U.S.S.R., 176, 181, 185, 195, 

Leninist Subbotnik, 127 

Leonov, LIC Aleksey A. (U.S.S.R.), 267, 

Leonard0 da Vinci. 296 

263 

330 

LeRC. See Lewis Research Center. 

Lerner, Max, 141 

Les VI ( (Lincoln Laboratory Exuerimen- -- tal Satellite), 148 

tion Hans (West Germany), 320 

Lessing, Lawrence P., 279 

Leussink, Minister of Science and EducaLevin, Lewis, 102 

Lewis, John S., 251 

Lewis Research Center (LeRC) (NASA), 

230,348,377 

Aerospace Safety Research and Data 

Institute, 219 

air pollution study, 27,260 

Apollo 13 tank test, 191 

award, 305 

budget, 40 

contract, 257 

exhibit, 342 

noise abatement, 292,390 

personnel, 21,317,377,384 

propulsion conference, 373 

research, 92,225,257,352-353 

sertrr, 38,315 

Space Shuttle Technology Conference, 

Special Products Div., 148 

234 

Lewis, Richard S., 160 

Lexington, Mass., 176 

Ley, Willy, 267 

Leyton, John, 315 

Library of Congress 

31 1 

Legislative Reference Service, 30, 68, 

Science Policy Div., 270 

Lieurance, Newton A., 20 

Life magazine astronaut contract, 74 

Life raft, inflatable,-12-13 

The Life Sciences (NAS study), 386 

Life Sciences in Space (NAS-NRC report), 

395 

Lifting-body vehicle, 219-220,318 

HL-IO, 18, 27, 55, 66. 74, 88-89. 199, 

206, 

Lincoln Laboratorv. 176 

Lincoln, Nebr., ld' 

Lindbergh, B/G Charles A. (USAF, Ret.), 

Lindsay, Mayor John V., 135, 194, 286, 

131 1 308,379-380 

39 1 

Lindstrom, Robert E., 20 

Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., 166,297 

LTV Aerospace Corp., 30 

Missiles and Space Div., 285 

478 
ASTRONA 

479 

Li 

Llovd's of London. 9 

financial problems, 72, 126-127, 169- 

170, 183, 237, 241, 245, 302, 397, 

408 

L-1011 (jet transport), 237, 245, 370, 

397,411 

T-33 (jet trainer), 352 

Lockheed-California Co., 107,370 

Lockheed-Georgia Co., 9, 16, 17,27 

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 102, 

171,179,214,264,324,400 

Lockheed Propulsion Co., 345 

Loening, Dr. Grover, 286 

Loftin, Laurence K., Jr., 325 

Logan International Airport, 296 

Logistics Management Institute, 139, 173 

Logsdon, Dr. John M., 94 

Lohman, Robert L., 197 

LOI: lunar orbit insertion. 

Loki-Dart (sounding rocket), 210,305,309 

London Airport, 13 

London, U.K., 22, 45, 102, 135, 226, 289, 

296.349.357 

London-Sydney Air Race, 3 

Long Beach, Calif., 162,277 

Long-tank Thor-Delta (booster), 23-24, 

1M 

L;ng-tank, thrust-augmented Thor-Delta 

Lop Nor, Communist China, 147 

Lord, Douglas R., 323 

Los Alamos, N. Mex., 232 

Los Alamos (N. Mex.) Scientific LaboraLos Angeles, Calif., 40, 55, 68, 112, 240, 

(booster), 14,95,241,269 

tory, 209,277 

346.359 

Los Aigeles International Airport, 162 

Losey, Robert M., Award, 20 

Lost City, Okla., 2,8, 12, 14,18,146 

Louisville, Ky., 240 

Lovelace, Dr. W. Randolph, 11,267 

Lovell, Sir Bernard, 382 

Lovell, Capt. James A., Jr. (USN), 203, 

Life Support Technology Laboratory 

(LaRc), dedication, 195 

Luna 16 mission, 309,314 

lunar rock sample exhibit, 244 

NASA Aerospace Museum, 234 

National Air and Space Museum, 234 

press conference, 134,161 

space program, 3, 38, 65, 164-165, 195, 

U.S.S.R. space program, 379 

305,340-341,368,393 

Lowell Observatory, 101 

LRL. See Lunar Receiving Laboratory. 

LRRR. See Laser ranging retroreflector. 

LRV. See Lunar roving vehicle. 

L7TAT. See Long-tank thrust-augmented 

LTV, Inc. See Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc. Lubarsky, Dr. Bernard, 317 

Lucerne, Switzerland, 331 

Lucet, Ambassador Charles (France), 249 

Luke AFB, Ariz., 283 

Lumb, Dr. Dale R., 166 

Luna (U.S.S.R. lunar probe), 411 

Luna XV, 299 

Luna SVI, 299, 309, 311-312, 314, 316, 

318, 325, 349, 358, 365, 369, 375, 379, 

41 1 

Thor . 

Luna XVII, 364-365,373,374,379,411 

Lunar communications relay units (LCRU), 

Lunar landing training vehicle (LLTV), 399 

Lunar module (LM), 7, 18,50,94,136,217, 

258,315 

219.315 

Apollo 11 (Eagle), 45 

Apollo 12 (Intrepid), 2,119,297 moon landing, 54, 177,276,360-361 

Apoffo 13 (Aquarius), 71, 91, 119, 125, 

130.143.410 

Apollo 14 (Antares), 18, 205, 331, 387, 

4n1 

contr&, 7,223 

Lunar Orbiter (program), 192 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) (NASA), 

85,178,319 

Apollo 14 astronauts, 409 

Lower Animal Test Team, 250, 

lunar samples 

Apollo 11,333 

Apollo 12,7,51 

Surveyor IIIspacecraft parts, 16 

design, 29,181,205 

test, 276,397,404 

Lunar rovingvehicle (LRV), 43,285,371 

Lunar Science Conference, 2,4-6,20,51 

Lunar Science Institute, 2,294-295 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Lunar time system, 115 

Lund, Univ. of (Sweden), 136 

Lundin, Bruce T., 26,230,317,384 

Lunney, Glynn S., 137,147,148,334,342 

Lunokbod Z (Moonwalker I), 365, 372, 

375,380,389,391,394,411 

Lydda Airport, Israel, 118 

Lyman-alpha experiment, 116 

Lyons, Richard p., 42,290 

Lyra (constellation), 225 

Lysdale, Clarence A., 33 

M 

M2-F3 (lifting-body vehicle), 74, 178, 190, 

MAC. See Military Airlift Command. 

McBain, Donald C., 334 

McBirney, Alexander R., 333 

MCC: midcourse correction. 

McCall, Robert, 349 

McClellan, Sen. John L., 229 

McCormack, James, 82,142,154 

McCormackRep. John W., 141 

McCrosky, Dr. Richard E., 2,8,14 

McCurdy, Richard C., 20,220,306 

MaCDill AFB, Fla., 262 

McDivitt, B/G James A. (USAF), 140, 326, 

357,379,411 

398.409 

MacDonald, Dr. Gordon J. F., 30,42 

McDonald, Dr. J. Ken, 258 

McDonald Observatory, Tex., 26,374 

McDonnell Douglas Corp., 159, 170, 181, 

McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Co., 237, 

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. 

airlock, 246,248,372 

contract, 179,217-218,248,285,374 

Saturn Workshop, 292,387 

space shuttle, 179,285,374,399,400 

space station simulator, 23 1,297 

264,277 

366,370 

McElroy, M.B., 333 

McElroy, Dr. William D., 249,329,410 

McGill Univ., 355 

McGovern, Sen. George S., 325 

McIlwan, Dr. Carl E., 19 

McIntire, Dr. Carl, 408 

McInturff, Raymond M., 2 

McKee, Gen. William F. (IJSAF, Ret.), 19 

McLaren, Richard W., 408 

MacMillan, R/A Donald B. (uSN, Ret.), 291 

McMullen, Col. A. B. (usAF,Ret.), 113 

McNamara, Secretary of Defense Robert 

MacReady, Col. John A. (USAF, Ret.), 342 

Macy, John W., Jr., 54 

Madaeawar. 199 

S., 402 

_-----1 --- - _-_- 

Madrid, Spain, 207,213 

Magnetic field, 7,102.271,274,335 

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) system, 309 

Magnetohydrodynamics, 348 

Magnetometer, 7,271 

Magnetoplasmadynamics, 293 

Magnetosphere, 20,33,413 

Magomezulu (witch doctor), 135 

Magruder, William M., 107, 179 

Mahnken, Conrad V. W., 169 

Mahon, Joseph B., 61 

Maier, Mayor Henry W., 208 

Maisch, Carl F., 293 

Malim, D. W., 361 

Mallick, Donald L., 180 

Malone, Dr. Thomas F., 381 

Malta, 314 

Man-powered flight, 186 

Management, 280 

Manhattan Project, 67,235 Manke, John A., 108, 171, 206, 263, 336, 

Manned Flight Awareness Workshop, 94 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 11,36 

Manned space flight (see also Apollo program, Apollo 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 

14 missions; Gemini program; Astronaut; Cosmonaut; Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory; SOYUZ rv, V, vr, vrr, 

VTII, and IXmissions; Space biology; and Space station), IO, 78, 171 

achievements, 3, 53, 105-106, 11 1-1 12, 

347 

133-134, 136-137, 138-139, 164-165, 

166. 174. 204. 227-228. 238-239. 

245; 301,340-342,368-369,412 ~ ' 

advantages, 106,372 

anniversary, 126, 127, 165, 227, 236, 

238,243,372 

cooperation (see also Docking), 32, 41, 

criticism, 207-208, 217, 295-296, 329- 

EVA. See Extravehicular activity. funding, 3, IO, 35-36, 39, 42-43, 66-67, 

43, 83, 87-88, 156, 192, 225, 229, 

243,287,313,346,349,413 

330,341,360 

86, 92-93, 161-162, 248, 284-285, 

287 

hazards, 15,20,51,54,55,71, 130, 137, 

long-duration, 83,88, 104-105, 192,203, 

142, 191,227,360 

A13 . ." 

lunar landing. See Moon landing, manned. 

military aspects, 1 I, 36,105 

policy and plans U.S., 3,7, IO, 11-12, 19,35-36,41,43- 

44, 50, 66-67, 69, 71, 78-79, 87-88, 

90, 91, 103-105, 147-148, 167, 181, 

207-208, 218-219, 229, 233, 243, 

251,263-264,284-285,290-291,293, 

301, 303, 306, 319, 323, 328, 341- 

342,385,410 

229,326,411-412 

U.S.S.R., 31-32, 68, 181, 192, 225, 

record, 108,190,203,231,401 

210,212,320,353 

(House staff study), 50 

Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN), 66, 

Manned Space Flight: Present and Future 

Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) (NASA), 

480 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

55,88-89, 111,186,262,319,334,347, 

387 

ALSEP, 25,37-38,210,212 

Apollo spacecraft, 137,155,249 

Apollo 11,Lunar Science Conference, 2, 

Apollo 12 Lunar Science Conference, 

Apollo 13 mission, 127, 132-133, 134, 

astronauts at, 20, 118, 141, 143, 283, 

award, 40,57,92,136-137,211 

Calibration Laboratory, 284 

contract, 7, 29-30, 41, 44, 112-1 13, 115- 

116, 118, 147, 149, 170, 171, 183, 196, 

208, 212,223, 249,285,303, 315,324, 

4-6,20 

51 

136,137, 141,143, 161,191,218-219 

303,352,409 

384,399 

384 

earth resources data, 98, 146, 231, 383- 

experiment (see also ALSEP), 318,362 

fire-resistant materials research, 9 

Lunar and Earth Sciences Div., 181, 

lunar communications relay units 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory. See Lunar 

Receiving Laboratory. 

lunar rock sample exhibit, 414 

lunar roving vehicle, 37 1 

meeting, 30,383-384 

personnel, 1-2,109,399 

press conference, 143, 161, 191 

space shuttle, 165, 170, 198, 285, 324, 

348,369 

(LCRU), 3!5 

314 

space station, 147,183,208,368,387 

space tug, 112 

spacecractest, 84,387 

Surveyor IIIspacecraft parts, 16,54 

Mansfield, Sen. Michael J . ,239 

Mansur, Dr. George F., Jr., 288 

Mao Tse-tung, 147,150,156 Mar, Dr. James W., 297 

Marconi Spaceand Defence Systems, 361 

Mare Foecunditatis. See Sea of Fertility (moon). 

Mare Imbrium. See Sea of Rains (moon). 

Mare Tranquillitatatis. See Sea of Tranquility (moon). 

Marietta, Ga., 27,338 

Marietta, Ohio, 139 

Marine Game Fish Research Program, 230 

Marine Minerals Technology Center, 230 

Marine pollution, 22,73,127,179,255 

Mariner IZ(Venus probe), 306 

Mariner IV(Mars probe), 16 

Mariner V(Venus probe), 286-287 

Mariner VZ(Mars probe), 1,16,60,66,79, 

Mariner VZZ (Mars probe), 1, 16, 60, 66, 

Mariner-Mars 1971 (program), 60-61, 66, 

Mariner-Venus-Mercury 1973 (MVM-73) 

Marius Hills (lunar landing site), 323,341 

157,170,333 

170,172,333 

279,408,412 

mission, 66,247 

Mark IV (eddy current proximity gauge), 

Mark. Dr. Hans. 144 

330 

MarquGdt Corp., 55 

Mars (planet) (see also Mariner N, Mari- ner VZ, Mariner VIZ, and Viking 

Project), 49 

atmosphere, 1,101,333-334 

colonization, 170 

ephemeris, 16 

exploration, 146 

benefits, 292-293 

cost, 217 

international cooperation, 177,197 

manned, 10,69,90,192 

plans, 11-12,43,60-61,69,75,84,255, 

spacecraft, 89,279,284 

unmanned, 11-12, 16, 60-61, 75, 185, 

279,370 

284,312,374 

gravity, 16 

life on, 60,279,368,370 

mass, 16 

moon, 172 

photographs, 152 

poles, 406 

surface, 60 

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

(NASA), 334,372 

anniversary, 217 

Apollo Telescope Mount, 169, 209,274, 

296,371,383 

Astronautics Laboratorv. 113 

contract, 29,42, 113, 170, 179, 181,227, 

248,257,274,296 

Saturn, 23,28,87,223,278,285 

cooperation, 174 

employment, 95,265,286 

High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO), 107,179,227 

launch vehicle. See Saturn. 

lunar roving vehicle (LRV), 29, 181, 

205,276,371,397 

Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, 169 

maxometer. 264 

meeting, 94; 107,218,292,313,371,383, 

Multispectral Photo Laboratory, 284 

384,385,399 

patent; 232 

personnel, 88,95,154,353,374 

proximity gauge, 330 

Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory, 113 

Saturn Workshop (see also Skylab), 

209,285,292,310,370 

Space Flight Orientation Course, 267 

space shuttle, 170, 179, 181, 313, 384, 

399 

space station, 218, 246, 248, 257, 367- 

368.37 1-372 

tachometer, 352. 

Technology Uhhzation Office. 258 

trailing vortex research, 320 

turbulence research, 9 

visitors, 58,344.370 

481 
Marsten. Dr. Richard B.. 61 

257, 

,245 

Martin Marietta Corp., 89, 191, 

Denver Div., 246 

Martin, Minta, Lecture, 191 

Martin, R.,’333 

Martin, Warren L., 157 

Maryland, 384 

Maryland, Univ. of, 12, 16, 26, 59, 

275-276,283,372 

374 

273, 

198, 

Maser, 337 

Masling, Jack, 3 

Mason, Dr. Brian H., 270 

Mason-Rust Co., 29 

Massachusetts, 21 

Massachusetts, Institute of Technology 

(ME), 130, 147, 216, 269, 271, 276, 329,379 

award, 342 

contract, 22,47,98 

Draper, Charles Stark, Laboratory, 8, 

experiment, 169, 190 

infrared research, 152,251 

Instrumentation Laboratory, 8,87 

Lincoln Laboratory, 171, 176 

pollution research, 73, 158,255 

Radiation Laboratory, 320 

School of Engineering, 207,265 

Massachusetts Port Authority, 296 

MAST. See Military assistance for safety in 

traffic. 

Materials technology, 3, 9, 33, 64, 142, 

Mathematics, 11 

Matheson, Capt. James c. (USN), 198 

Mathews, Charles W., 371 

Mathias, Sen. Charles McC., 148 

87,125,176 

167,209: 214-215,219,220 

Mattingly, LlCdr Thomas K., I1 (USN), 

25,71,101, 111,115,116,117, 119,126 

Max Planck Institute, 328 

Maxometer, 264 

May, Dr. Michael M., 94 

Mazan, Walter L., 260 

MDA. See Multiple docking adapter. 

Mead, Dr. Margaret, 151-152 

Mead, Dr. Sylvia E., 226 

Medal of Freedom, 133, 136-137, 140 

Meissner, Dr. Rolf, 295,348 

Melbourne, Australia, 74 

Melbourne Univ., 24 

Memphis, Tenn., 177 

Mercury (planet), 12,60, 139,247,284 

Mercury (program), 164-165,341 

Meredith, J.F., 139 

Meridian, Miss., 184 

Merrill, Owen S., 309 

Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm, 292,361 

MET. See Mobile equipment transporter. Meteor (U.S.S.R. meteorological satellite), 41 1 

Meteor Ill, 92 

Meteor IV, 154 

Meteor V, 21 1 

Meteor VI, 337 

Meteorite, 2, 8, 12, 14, 18, 30, 146, 226, 

787 

Meteoroid, 177 

Meteoroid shield, 33 

Meteorological satellite (see also individual satellites, such as Ats 111, Ats V, 

Essa IX, ltos 1, Meteor Ill, Meteor 

lV, Meteor V, Meteor VI, Nimbus 

111, Nimbus lV, Noaa 1) 

anniversary, 107 

benefits, 2,78,107 

contract, 223 

cooperation, 85,243,252,327,407 

Global Atmospheric Research Program, 

ITOS program, 107, 203, 354, 394-395, 

30,36,77,85,354 

41 1 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

482 

N&$s program, 107, 113-114, 155-156, LLJ 

Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, 

43.85.243.354 

Tiros program, 23-24, 107 

U.S.S.R.,92, 154,211,337,354,411 

weather modification experiment, 351- 3 C? JJL 

Meteorology, 49, 165-166, 171, 176, 179, 

255,272,336 

Metric system, 302,406-407 

METS. See Modularized equipment transport system. 

Metzger, Dr. H. Peter, 402 

Mexican National Commission for Outer 

Space (Comision Nacional del Espacio 

Exterior (CNEE), 381 

Mexico, 79,82,85,381,413 

Foreign Ministry, 257 

MHD. See Magnetohydrodynamic system. mhz: megahertz (one million cycles per second). 

Miahuatlan, Mexico, 79 

Miami, Fla., 166,264 

Miami, Univ. of, 298 

Miatech, Gerald J., 33 

Michelson-Morley science award, 337 

Michelwait, Lowell P., 13 

Michjgan City, Ind., 290 

Michigan, Univ. of, 12, 79, 127, 256, 264, 

290,336,360,375,405 

Michoud Assembly Facility (MFSC), 29, 

37,189,353,387 

Midway Islands, 97,237,349 

Mighty Mouse program, 344 

MIKA (French minicapsule), 84 

Mikoyan, Artem I., 392 

Military Airlift Command (MAC) (USAF), 

225,273,283 

Military assistance for safety in traffic 

(MAST), 233-234,259,283,311,404 

The Military Balance, 1970-71,289 

Milky Way (galaxy), 59,110,198,325,409 Miller, Rep. George P., 41, 92, 141, 178, 

Miller, Harold G., 92 

Mjllionshchikov, Dr. M.D., 300 

Milwaukee, Wis., 208 

Minneapolis, Minn., 286,307 

295,309 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing 

Minnesota, Univ. of, 126, 170, 365, 372, 

Co., 9, 116 

401 

Minuteman (missile), 392 

Minuteman I, 276 

Minuteman 111,181,289,305,398 

MIRV. See Multiple independently targetaMisawa Air Base, Japan,273 

Missile, 36,72, 174,192,256-257,258,305, 

air-to-surface, 105 

antiballistic (ABM), 59, 142, 146, 152, 

154, 171, 185, 200, 266, 276, 311, 

317,331,381,405 

contract, 345 

foreign 

xin 

ble reentry vehicle. 

321,383 

Communist China, 150-151, 175, 307, 

U.S.S.R., 31, 67, 93, 103, 132, 146, 

167, 171, 200, 230, 232, 266, 214, 

278, 289, 311, 320, 347, 349, 358, 

360,381,400 

intercontinental ballistic (ICBM), 31, 69, 

93, 150,230,248,266,214,276,289, 

303,31 I, 358,360,381,405 

limitation of. See Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. 

multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV), 84-85, 93, 152, 

181,381 

orbital, 31,68,93,320 

short-range attack, 72,93,345 

submarine-launched, 93, 200, 206, 244, 

289,358,381 

test, 103, 105, 146, 231, 244, 245, 257, 

349,398,405 

tracking, 15,93, 132,245-246,360 

Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) (NASA), 37, 

42, 43, 44, 86, 189, 207, 229, 251, 266, 

274,293,318,364 

Mission Agency Support of Basic Research (House report), 64-65 

MI7 See Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

264.306.390 

Mitchell, Cdr. Edgar D. (USN), 167, 205, 

Mitchell, Frederick J., 178 

Mitchell, Harry, 65 

Mitchell, James V., 334 

Mitchell, Jesse L., 61 

Mitrovich, M., 186 

Mobile equipment transporter (MET) (see 

also Modularized equipment transport 

system, METS), 338,387 

Mobile quarantine facility (MQF), 409 

Modena, Marco, 360 

Modularized equipment transport system 

Mojave Ground Station, Calif., 108 

MOL See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. 

Mol10 Christensen, Dr. Erik L., 342 

Molniya l(U.S.S.R. comsat), 41 1 

Molniya 1-13,56 

(METS) (see also Mobile equipment 

transporter, MET), 18 

Molniya 1-14,214 

Molniya 1-15,318 

Molniya 1-16,380 

Molniya 1- 17,405 

Molodezhnaya, Antarctica, 196 

Mondale, Sen. Robert F., 166, 217, 226, 

330,389 

Mondt, Jack F., 309 

Monique (instrumented elk), 52, 57, 58, 

59,62,107,118 

Monkey experiment, 307 

Montana, 52 

Monte Alto, Guatemala, 31 1 

Montedel-Montecatini Edison Electronica 

S . p . A., 407 

Montgomery, Rep. Gillespie V., 184 

Montoya, Sen. Joseph M., 335 

Montreal, Canada, 278,355 

Mooloolaba, Australia, 360 

Moon (see also Apollo missions, Lunar 

Science Institute, Lunar Receiving Laboratory, Sea of Rains, etc.) 

age, 520,341,414 

Apollo lunar surface experiment package (ALSEP), 25,37-38,66, 210,212, 

329,371 

base, 197,208 

colonization, 10 

communication on, 315 

communication with. 65 

contamination from, 7, 15, 20, 51, 55, 

-crater, 1,59,63,76,90-91,192,244,267- 

7 1,250-25 1 

268,285,294,331,365 

dust. 46,54.295,316.400-401 

exploration, 32, 88, 90, 287-288, 303, 

equipment, 35-37, 112, 258, 275-276, 

338,389,391,394 

international cooperation, 32, 197, 

287 

manned, 293,318,323 

training, 266,283 

305-306,318,342,386 

landine - - -. 

ma&ed, 1, 2, 3, 7, 17, 23,45, 49, 53- 

138. 154, 164, 166. 167. 181. 227- 

54,62-63,68,71, 90-91, 112, 119, 

228, 229, 238, 243, 323, 331, 338, 

340,346,364,372,379,406 

anniversary, 227,238,243,372 

commemorative stamp, 14-15 

implications, 105-106 

plans, 386-387,390,403,410 

U.S.S.R., 32 

unmanned, U.S.S.R., soft, 299-300, 

landing site, 71, 116, 147, 289, 294-295, 

323,341 

laser experiment, 26, 177,210,240,374, 

380,389 

life on, 6,71 

light, 58 

lunar landing training vehicle, 399 

lunar roving vehicle (see also Lunokbod 

0, 29, 43, 181, 205, 276, 371, 397, 

404 

364-365 

483 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Lunar Science Conference, 4-6, 9, 20, 

magnetic field, 271,274,295 

mapping. 115-1 16 

nuclear explosion on, proposed, 6 

origin, 341,345 

photographs, 1, 28, 166, 176-177, 185, 

51 

MET, 18,338,387 

192,294,342,364,365,391 

probe 

Luna XV, 299-300 

Luna XVI, 299, 309, 311, 314, 316, 

318, 325, 349, 358, 365, 369, 379, 

41 1 

Luna xvrr, 364-365, 373, 374, 379, 

394,411 

quake, 244,283,295,348,364,372 

seismic experiment, 5-6, 58, 71, 119, 

244, 262, 276, 295, 297, 308, 348, 

surface, 1, 26, 166, 176-177, 208, 283, 

285 

composition, 59 

cracks. 272 

360-361,364,372 

flare, 285 

sample, 85, 103,338,379 

Apoh 11, 4-6, 15, 18, 20, 51, 57, 

59,68,76, 85, 103, 139, 142-143, 

223,234,240, 244,245,250,265, 

270,274, 289, 290, 295,333, 353, 

358,369,372,412,414 

ApoIIo 12,7, 15, 51, 76,85, 86, 91, 

103. 125-126. 130. 142-143. 180- 

isili84,24S, 295; 333,353,358, 

369,372,412,414 

Apolh 13,62-63,71,103, 125 

Apollo 14, 18 

exhibit. 27, 57, 85, 102, 111, 126, 

130.139.237.244.265.270.414 ,. fraudulentclaim. 15 

Inns. ---I, f37 -- Luna XVI, 299, 309, 311, 314, 316, 

325,349,358,365,369,372,41 I 

temDerature. 58.295.372 

voldanic activity, 1 

water on, 274,375 

The Moon as Viewed by Lunar Orbiter 

(NASA SP-200), 192 

Moore, Dr. Carleton, 387 

Moore, Patrick, 382 

Moore, Thomas W., 273 

Moorer, Adm. Thomas H. (uSN), 42,208 

Moreland, Grover, 290 

Morse, Rep. F. Bradford, 29 

Morton, Dr. Louis, 189 

Moscow, 171, 181,199,287,316,369,391, 

airline service, 263 

Apollo 13 mission reaction, 128 

astronaut visit, 195 

communications, 15,97 

international space cooperation meetings, 117,334,.346,?49,351,376,407 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty ceremonuclear scientists visit, 307-308 

392 

ny, 75 

press conference, 349 

SoyuzIXmission, 189-190,210 

scientists exchange, 317,320 

Mt. Elbrus, Caucasus, U.S.S.R., 55 

Mt . Ranier ,343 

Mount Wilson Observatory, 210 

Mountain Home AFB. Idaho, 283 

Mountain View, Calif., 295 

Mozhaisky, Alexander F., 98 

MPS-16 (radar equipment), 164 

MQF. See Mobile quarantine facility. 

MS-FI (Japanese satellite), 315 

MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. 

MSFC. See Marshall Space Flight Center. 

MSFN. See Manned Space Flight Network. 

MTF. See Mississippi Test Facility. Mu (Japanese booster), 50 

Mu4S1.315 

Mueller, Dr. George E., 7,312,328 

Muhleman, Dr. Duane 0.. 157,170 Mulligan, James H., Jr., 157 

Multiple docking adapter (MDA), 104, 191, 

Multiple independently targetable reentry 

Munich, West Germany, 292 

Murase, Tsutomu, 333 

Murchison, Australia, 387 

Murmansk, U.S.S.R., 287 

Muroc Dry Lake, Calif., 109 

Murray Hill, N.J., 278 

Murray, Peter Ross, 227 

Murthy, H.G.S., 327 

Muskie, Sen. Edmund S., 44 

Mvers. Bovd C.. 11.323-324 

246,257,347,372 

vehicle (MIRV), 84,93, 152, 181,381 

N 

NAA.See National Aeronautic Assn. 

NACA. See National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. 

NADC. See Naval Air Development Center. 

Nader, Ralph, 22,324,407 

NAE. See National Academy of Engineer- - 

ing. 

Nance, Weldon B., 333 

Nantucket Island, Mass., 82 

Napolitana, Prof. Luigi G., 328 

Narita, Japan, 321 

NAS. See National Academy of Sciences. 

NAS-NRC Space Science Board. See National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council. 

NASA Aerospace Museum (proposed), 234 

NASA Apollo Lunar Exploration Office, 

192 

NASA ATS Procurement Review Committee. 230 

NASA' Communications Network (NASNASA Earth Observations Programs, 30 

COM), 162 

484 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Technology (OART), 38, 47, 63-64, 201, 

219,223,257,313,334,342,348,404 

NASA mce of Industry Affairs and Technology Utilization, 352 

NASA OfIice of Manned Space Flight 

(OMSF), 9,47,75,87, 107,219,263 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applica- tions (OSSA), 47, 60-61, 77, 212, 213, 

219 

Science Steering Committee, Planetary 

Biology Subcommittee, 51 

NASA Office of Technology Utilization, 6, 

352 

NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, 65-66 

NASA Planning Board, 162,412 

NASA Research and Technology Advisory 

Committee, Subcommittee on Aircraft 

Operating Problems, 29 

NASA Rocket Engine Test Site, Calif., 42 

NASA Scientific and Technical Information 

Facility, 178 

NASA Space Shuttle Task Group, 328 

NASA Space Station Task Force, 197 

NASC. See National Aeronautics and Space Council. 

NASCOM. See NASA Communications Network. 

Nasser, President Gamai Abdel (United 

Arab Republic), 317 

Natal. Brazil, 315.318 

NASA RECON (Computer System), 310 

Nathan, Dr. Robert, 397 

National Academy of Engineering (NAE), 

48,60,87,157,221 

National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 407 

annual meeting, 153 

Committee for International Environmental Programs (IEPC)? 214 

Committee on Research in the Life Sciences, 386 

contract, 108 

Copernicus Quinquecentennial commit- -- tee, 354 

exchange program, 47-48,69-70 

funds. 147 

NASA Resident Research Associateship 

space program, 51,55,60, 177,239-240, 

Space Science Board, 1, 184, 263, 284, 

supersonic transport (SST), 38 1 

Venus: Strategy for Exploration. 399 

National of Television Arts 

and Sci 

National mmittee for Aeronautics (NACA). 109 

Program, 108 

399 

304,395 

National Aeronautic Assn. (NAA), 166, 

305,401 

National Aeronautics and Space Act of 

National Aeronauhcs and Space Administration (NASA) (see also NASA centers, 

programs, satellites, and related headings, such as Ames Research Center, 

Apollo program, Ztos and Space program, national). accomplishments. See Space program, national. 

agreement. See International coopera- tion, space; and Treaty. anniversary, 32, 165,217,227,236,238- 

239,323,400 

astronaut. See Astronaut. 

awards and honors, 18,19-20,23,37,40, 

41, 42,45, 52, 92, 94, 95, 166, 184, 

256, 269, 286, 305, 310, 311, 313, 

1958,94,298,314,323 

196-197, 206, 211, 219, 229, 249, 

341-342,364,368,372,376 

Distinguished Service Medal, 29,368 

Exceptional Bravery Medal, 368 

Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, 369 

Exceptional Service Medal, 29,369 

GrouD Achievement Award. 369 

Outst'anding Leadership Mehal, 369 

budget, FY 1971,9,11,12,19,35-37,39- 

40, 42-43, 47, 71-72, 91, 167, 207- 

208, 284-285, 303, 339, 350, 393- 

394,412-413 

bills introduced, 39,41,42,92-93 

bills signed, 224,401 

bills vetoed, 263,264,303,309,373 

House consideration, 63-64,65,72-73 

appropriations, 167, 170, 175, 239, 

authorization, 41, 42, 53-54, 57-58, 

247,248,264,373,377 

60-62,63-64,65-66,87,92-93,95, 

99,145-146,203,210 

Senate consideration, 85 

appropriations, 212, 217, 226, 257, 

authorization, 39, 58,66,73-74,75, 

389 

223 

77, 145, 161-162, 166, 203, 210, 

:ontract, 108,273-274,404 

aeronautics, 169,179 

communications system, 8,258,315 

computer services, 7, 75, 191, 200, 

225.353.374 

engine, 42,55,203,223,257 

facilities, 4041,325 

fuel cell, 198 

guidance and navigation, 7,215 

instrumentation, 220 

launch vehicle, 28, 44, 55, 153, 157, 

278,292,386 

life-support system, 7,132, 147 

lunar science, 2-3,28 

nuclear propulsion, 51,116 

space equipment, 28, 115, 116, 118, 

space shuttle, 42, 55, 157, 170, 179, 

181, 203-204, 209, 214, 223, 275, 

194,196,209,212,248,257,349 

181, 198, 203-204, 215, 217, 275, 

485 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

285,292, 324, 325, 374,386, 400, 

412 

space station, 171, 183, 191, 194, 195, 

278,285,303,386 

space tug, 112,194 

spacecraft, 7, 42, 49, 115, 177-178, 

179, 194,223,233,243,283,404 

controversy, 116, 145, 146, 201, 

208, 209, 219-220, 227, 250, 264, 

223,229,230,273-274,289,318 

study, 179, 183, 195, 203-204, 208, 

215,227,275 

support services, 7, 29-30, 41, 54-55, 

75, 83-84, 87, 131-132, 149, 154, 

194, 195,200,213, 223, 264, 384, 

399 

telescooe. 296 

tracking, 265,320,353 

cooperation, 37, 52, 97, 98, 206-207, 

209, 214, 265, 290, 359-360, 366, 

410,412 

AEC, 12.75.265.309.329.41 1 

Agriculture, Dept. of, 405 

AID, 405 

Coast Guard, i 10,229 

DOD, 41, 53, 88, 172, 183, 265, 323, 

ESSA (see also NOAA), 25,77,320 

Geological Survey, 259,382,405 

350,410-412 

FAA, 29,77,350,412 

HEW. 110.352 

HUD, 214’ ~ 

Interior, Dept. of, 36, 59, 107, 110, 

169,259,274,343 

405.41 1,412 

NOAA (see also ESSA), 336, 394-395, 

NSF, 110 

Post OfficeDept., 214 

Smithsonian Institution, 59, 107, 1 IO, 

State, Dept. of, 405 

Transportation, Dept. of, 36, 169, 

USAF (see also X-24AL 16. 61-62. 95. 

234,270 

219,250,350,389,412 

165, 166, 174, 180; 214,225,259; 

290,323,375,382,390,409,411 

USN, 110, 169,212,405,409 

cooperation, international. See International cooperation, space; and 

Sounding rocket, international pro- crams. -4,58,229,287,295-296,306, 

233, 236, 243, 265, 

293,331,362 

exhibit, 27, 49. 57, 99, 102, 111, 126, 

130, 139, 196, 211, 244, 265, 270, 

342,346,401,414 

facilities, 1, 11-12, 20, 21, 29-30, 37, 39- 

40, 43, 62, 65-66, 93, 99, 105, 109, 

133, 145, 161, 169, 171-172, 189, 

195, 203, 207, 219, 227, 284, 323- 

324,354,414 

fire, 37 1 

launch,410-411,413 

cosmic ray experiment, 286,307 

failure, 380,384 

misfire, 9 

postponed, 9,324 

satellite 

Apollo J3(AS-508), 119 

RAM C-I11 (RAM C-C), 318 

Intelsat-rrr F-6,14,41 I 

Intelsat-Ill F-7, 144,411 

Intelsaf-Ill F-8,241,411 

ltos I(Tiros-M), 24-25,411 

Nato ~(NATO-A), 95,413 

Nimbus IV (Nimbus-D), 113-1 14, 

Noaa I(1tos-A), 394-395,411 

Of0 (Orbiting Frog Otolith), 362, 

41 1 

RM (RadiationlMeteoroid Satellite),362,411 

Aerobee 150, 77, 91, 127, 154, 162, 

170, 181, 190, 210, 245,264, 350. 

377.384 

41 1 

sounding rocket, 399,411 

Aerobee 150MI,27,99 

Aerobee ISOMII, 224 

Aerobee 170, 41, 45, 51, 

217,272,311,317,353 

Aerobee 350, 129,264 

Arcas. 14.62.71.77. 133. 

77, 169, 

172, 208. 

305,’309,334,338,360,369 

Arcas, Boosted, 102 

Black Brant IV, 315,318 

Bullpup Cajun, 16 

Javelin, 77, 108,283,328 

Loki-Dart, 305,309 

Nike-Anache. 1. 12. 13-14. 48. 56. 

69,7?, 95,102,133,217,256,260, 

276,305,311,375,398,401 

Nike-Cajun, 3, 9, 12, 13-14, 29, 77, 

96, 102, 210, 213, 234, 305, 309, 

336 

Nike-Iroquois, 77 

Nike-Tomahawk. 12. 16. 38.40.48. 

management, 316-317 

manpower. See Employment. 

meeting, 336, 370, 371, 373, 377, 384, 

399.405 

metric system, 302 

organization, 50-51, 162, 325-326, 335, 

348,352,385,412 

patents, 232,340,375,401 

uersonnel. 45. 65. 152. 165. 170. 173- 

174, 185, 214, 260, 265, 274; 277, 

316,383,397,398,405,409,412 

appointment, 1, 7, 8, 20, 26, 28, 51, 

201, 215, 220, 223, 257, 313, 317, 

325,353,373,374,404 

death, 17,65,308 

resignation, 98, 154, 189, 246, 248, 

251,255,265,303,412 

73,75,77,88,98, 142, 162, 173-174, 

486 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

retirement, 109 

procurement, 285,306 

programs, 161, 295-296, 338-339, 409, 

4 10-4 I4 

aeronautics, 28-29, 36-37, 39, 42-43, 

58,6042,63-64,73-74, 85,93, 148, 

161, 164, 173-174, 180, 204, 220, 

221, 225, 248, 257, 284. 292, 320- 

321, 324-326, 341-342, 348, 350, 

352.359.373.377.389-390.409-413 

astronomy, l2,'22, 26, 27, 36, 45, 51, 

139, 159, 194, 203, 251, 255, 279, 

55, 60-62, 78-79, 84, 101-102, 116, 

284, 285. 286-287, 294-295, 297, 

301, 341, 359, 361-362, 370, 379- 

380, 381, 383, 399, 400, 407, 411, 

412-413 

communications, 39,61,360 

computer, 6, 106, 164-165, 180, 191, 

earth resources, 30,36, 72-73,77, 78, 

225,274,310,353,354-355,397 

161-162, 207, 232, 233, 264, 280, 

284, 293, 349, 383-384, 405, 412, 

413 

manned space flight, 75,410 

achievements, 3, 32,50,53-54, 105- 

106, 111-112, 133-134, 136-137, 

164-165, 166, 204, 227-228, 238, 

245, 301, 340-342, 368-369, 412- 

413 

criticism, 207-208, 217, 295-296, 

funding, 3, 10, 35-36, 39, 42-43, 

international cooperation (see also 

Docking), 32, 41, 44, 83, 88-89, 

4 14 

329-330,340-341,360 

66,67,86-87, 92-93, 161-162, 248, 

284-285,287 

156, 192,225, 243,287,349, 413- 

plans, 3, 7, 10, 11-12, 19, 41,43-44, 

50, 66-67, 69, 71, 78, 87-88, 90, 

91, 101, 103-105, 167, 207-208, 

218-219, 229, 233, 251, 263, 284- 

285.290.293. 301, 303.306. 319. 

323, 321-328, 331, 340-341, 342, 

385,403,409,410,412 

330,412 

policy, 50, 105-106, 207-208, 248, 

284-285, 287-288, 295-296, 329- 

meteorology, 108,365,411 

nuclear propulsion, 64,75,411 

soundingrocket,36,85,233,381,411, 

414 

space biology, 36, 57-58, 63, 74, 88, 

90, 110, 178, 186-187, 257, 266, 

307, 319, 324-325, 328, 361, 366, 

367.385,395.403.411 

space rescue, 327-328 

space science, 32, 35, 36, 295-296, 

space shuttle, 7, 18, 37,43, 50-51,52, 

54, 67, 105, 198, 217, 219, 285, 

412 

306,340-342,- 

301, 323, 367, 372-373, 386, 393, 

criticism, 217,330 

design, 12, 78, 107, 179, 203, 246, 

32R. - - -, - 374.412 . . , . - - engine, 42, 55, 74, 204, 215, 275, 

313,328,384,400 

funds, 35-36, 37, 43-44, 166, 207- 

208.217.340-341.389 

international cooperation, 41, 52, 

88, 227, 292, 313, 323, 328, 351, 

36 l. 

meeting, 89,220,234,246,384,400 

test, 182-183, 197,301 

space station, 10, 11-12, 29, 37, 39, 

181,191,194,196,209,227,232, 

246,251,257,265,285,295,303, 

A12 

50, 52, 55, 62, 87-88, 118, 172, 

307, 310,361, 372-373,385, 386, 

crit&&, 217,295-296,330 

design, 67, 104, 169, 1.83, 208, 218, 

264. 273. 292, 328, 367-368, 370, 

372,412 

229,284,389 

305,327,346,351 

funds, 35-36, 166, 207-208, 217, 

international cooperation, 43, 55, 

meeting, 89,267,295,371,385, 

plans, 10,284-285,293,301,323 

test, 201,231,266,275-276,387 

space tug, 50, 112, 174, 181, 194,248, 

301,307,323 

technology utilization. See Technology utilization, space. tracking and data acauisition (see also 

88, 192-193, 212, 225, 292, 295, 

Trachg), 65-66, Ib2, 199,207,210, 

213,284,381 

test 

aircraft, 58,359,377,411 

ion engine, 38,51, 173,243, 285,315, 

338.393 

launch vehicle, 25, 44, 85, 157, 251, 

318 

lif&-body vehicle, 18,27,55,66,74, 

199. 206. 220. 236, 247. 263. 273, 

88-89, 94, 108, 145, 171, 178, 190, 

336,347,357,375,379,411 

lunar roving vehicle, 276,397,404 

nuclear, 64 

spacecraft, 41, 74, 76, 84, 87-88, 89, 

161, 165, 173, 197, 201, 205, 220, 

276.297.306.334.387.403.404 

X-15. See X-15. 

universities, 36, 47, 66, 79, 108, 112, 

144,204,216,231,234,256,322 

National Aeronautics and Space Council 

(NASC), 94,152,227,305,314,409 

National Air and Space Museum, 55, 94, 

National Air Pollution Control AdminisN?.l Archives and Records Service, 

234,240,349,379-380,384 

tration, 260 

LJ> 

National Assn. of Home Builders, 214 

National Audio-visual Center, 255 

National Aviation Club, 113,166 

National Bison Range, 52 

National Broadcasting Co. (NBC), 137 

487 
National Bureau of Standards, 169,406 

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), 79, 230, 286, 306, 336, m 

Federal Funds for Research, Development, and Other Scientific Activities, 

Fiscal Years 1968, 1969, and 1970,71- 71 

N&nal Civil Service League, 95 

National Commission on Productivity. 298 

National Cosmonauts Day, 126,127 

National Data Buoy Development Project, 

National Day of Prayer, 133,138,139 

National Defense Research Committee, 67 

National Elk Refuge, 52 

National Environmental Policy Act of 

National Environmental Satellite Center, 

229,230,330 

1969, 1,10,75.389,402 

m 

National 

National 

National 

National 

National 

National 

Exhibits, Inc., 21 I 

Geographic Society, 52, 155 

Goals Research Staff, 237 

Highway Safety Bureau, 341 

Hurricane Center, 166,264 

Industrial Pollution Control 

Council, 116 

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 68 

National Institutes of Research and Advanced Studies (NIRAS) (proposed), 132, 

337 

The National Institutes of Research and 

Advanced Studies: A Recommendation 

for Centralization of Federal Science 

Responsibilities, 132 

National Laboratory for Envi~onmental 

Sciences (proposed), 29 

National League of Cities Conference, 391 

National Ocean Survey, 347 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (see also Environmental Science Services Administration), 229, 317, 324, 325, 330, 347, 351, 

354,390,394,405,41 I, 412 

National Oceanographic Data Center, 230 

National Oceanographic Instrumentation 

Center, 230 

National Operational Meteorological Satellite System (NOMSS), 25,244 

National Patterns of R&D Resources: 

Funds and Manpower in the United 

States, 1953-71 (NSF 70-46), 410 

National Portrait Gallery, 274 

National Press Club, 157,239 

National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 

110,204,262,325 

National Research Council (NRC), 177 

Space Science Board, 1, 184, 263, 284, 

304,395 

National Science Board, 57, 129 

National Science Foundation (NSF). 45. 

1 IO, 132, 147, 187,230,260,. 277,.303, 

335,357,376,394,410 

annual report to Congress, 53 

cooperation, 110 

Federal Support for Research and Development at Universities and Colleges and Selected Nonprofit Institu- tions, FY 1968,98 

IL 

funds, 35-36,44, 117, 167,223,244,247, C'I 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

488 

LJ I 

grants, 101,173,221,329,394 

Impact Changes in Federal Funding Patterns on Academic Institutions, 337 

National Patterns of R&D Resources: 

Funds and Manpower in the United 

States, 1953-71,410 

personnel, 67, 102,265,267-268 

Research and Development in Industry, 1968: Funds, 1968; Scientists & Engi- neers, January 1969,253 

National Science Medal, 55 

National Scientific Balloon Flight Station, 

101 

National Sea Grant Program, 230 

National security, 39,240,311 

National Severe Storms Forecast Center, 

National Space Club, 94,270,349,384 

National Space Hall of Fame, 6 

National Space Program-Present and 

Future (House document), 393 

National Telemetry Conference, 166 

National Telemetry Man of the Year 

Award, 166 

National Transportation Safety Board, 

278,324,349 

NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organi- zation. 

Nato I (NATO-A) (military comsat), 95, 198, 

346,360,413 

Naugle, Dr. John E., 60,409 

Naval Air Development Center (NADC), 

165 

NATO-B, 408 

72 1 

Naval Air Reserve, 110 

Naval Oceanographic Office, 405 

Naval Radio Receiving Station, 293-294 

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 91, 

Navigation satellite, 43-44,77,275,327 

Navy League, 177 

NBC. See National Broadcasting co. 

NBS. See Neutral Buoyancy Simulator. 

NCAR. See National Center for AtmospherNebraska Wesleyan Univ., 164 

Neel, Louis E., 348 

Neilon, John J., 201 

Nein, Max E., 314 

Nellis AFB, Nev., 100 

Nelson, Clifford H., 325 

Nelson, Sen. Gaylord, 390 

Neptune (planet), 33,84 

Neptunium, 164 

NERVA. See Nuclear engine for rocket ve- hicle application. Netherlands, 149,194,291,413 

Neumann, Gerhard, 19 

Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS), 370 

Nevada, 402 

102, 197-198,264,272,377 

ic Research. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

New Brunswick, Univ. of, 172 

New Delhi, India, 233,245,376 

Briefing,.373 New London, Conn., 292 

New Mexico State Univ., 172,330 

New Orleans, La., 37,68,189,266,271 

New York, N.Y., 272 

air services and traffic, 13,22, 198,263, 

286,345 

Apollo 13 mission reaction 135 

astronauts in, 196,238 

exhibit, 196 

meeting, 146,162,198,302,329,391 

national day of prayer, 139 

solar eclipse, 82 

train services, 335 

New York State Medal for Valor, 29 

New York State Museum, 139 

New York State Supreme Court Appellate 

New York, Univ. of at Stoney Brook, 406 

Neyark Airport, N.J., 345 

Newell, Dr. Homer E., 227 

Newfoundland, 310,312,324 

Newkirk, Dr. Gordon A., Jr., 79 

Newport News, Va., 108 

Newmann. Gerhard. 159 

Div., 360 

~~ _._ _.-_. Niagara Falls, N.Y., 200 

Nicks, Oran W., 26,63,73,313 

NIH. See National Institutes of Health. 

Nike (booster), 41 

Nike-Apache (sounding rocket) 

airglow experiment, 31 I 

auroral data, 56,69 

cloud study, 260 

electron measurement, 95 

ionospheric experiments, 1,48,95, 102, 

133 

magnetic field measurement, 102 

solar eclipse data, 77 

upper atmosphere data, 12, 13,256,305, 

309,375,398,401 

x-ray astronomy, 217,276 

Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket), 326,411 

grenade experiment, 3, 9, 12, 29, 38, 

102,210,213 

solar eclivse data. 77 

trimethyialuminum experiment, 13-14 

upper-atmosphere data, 96, 210, 213, 

234,305,309,336-337 

Nike-Iroquois (sounding rocket), 77 

Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket) 

auroral data, 12, 16, 38,40,48, 71, 73, 

electric fields measurement, 71, 73, 75, 

energetic particle data, 250 

geomagnetosphere data, 33 1 

instrumentation test, 392,400 

ionospheric experiment, 48,84 

leech experiment, 92,400 

solar eclipse data, 77 

upper-atmosphere data, 77 

75.82,100,126,365-366,372 

33 1 

Nikolayev, Andrian G., 1% 

awards and honors, 267,271 

Soyuz IX mission, 189-190, 201, 211, 

visit to U.S., 336,338,340,344,346,349 

Nikolayeva-Tereshkova, Maj. Valentina 

(U.S.S.R.), 110,196,267 

Nimbus (program), IU7,113-114, 156,223 

Nimbus III (meteorological satellite), 52, 

57,59,62,107, 114,210,305,309 

Nimbus IV, 113-114, 118, 210, 239, 305, 

309,334,338,343,365,369,411 

Nimbus E, 156,223 

Nimbus F, 223 

NIRAS. See National Institutes of Research 

and Advanced Studies. 

Nitrogen, 333-334 

Nixon, President Richard M., 235,277 

Advisory Council on Management ImAeronautics and Space Report, 39 

Apollo 13mission, 136-137 

225,327 

provement, 49 

astronauts . - .. -. . - .- 

awards, 137,140 

communications with, 118, 133-135 

tribute, 133-134, 135.137 

White House dinner, 198 

briefing, 128, 134 

messages regarding, 130,135,137 

National Day of Prayer, 133,138,139 appointments and nominations by, 7, 

185, 198, 215, 240, 250, 260, 265, 

361,386,398 

28, 30, 40, 65, 89-90, 99, 102, 129, 

271, 273, 288, 298, 316, 345-346, 

astronaut goodwill tour, 51 

astronaut promotion, 198,398 

astronauts, visit with, 139-140 

Aviation Advisory Commission, 386 

awards by, 5567, 136-137,229 

bills signed, 75, 116, 178,224, 244, 288, 

budget, 35-36,44,45,53-54,87, 109,237 

communications satellite, 25-26,28,78 

Communications Satellite Act of 1962, 

Defense, Dept. of, 223-224,246 

Electronics Research Center (ERC), 13, 

314,330,401 

report, 65 

QQ __ environmental quality program, 1, 10, 

30.47.262 

Federd Economy Act of 1970,65 

hijacking of aircraft, 235,265, 291,297, 

International Air Policy Statement, 210- 

300,302,304,310,336 

211 

lunar landing anniversary statement, 

marine resources and engineering devel238,243 

opment report, 127 

310,373.401.412-413 

NASA appropriations, 257, 263, 264,309- 

National Environmental Policy Act, 1, 

oceans policy, 179-180 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., resignation, 246 

10 

489 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

The Physical Sciences, National Science Board report, 57 

reorganization plans, 45-46, 229-230, 

235,316,317 

reports transmitted to Congress, 39,57, 

258,262 

resignations accepted by, 246,267,269 

SALT message, 133 

science, 53,57,302,357 

space program, national, 10, 35, 77-78, 

82,83,84,86,90,91, 134, 148, 150, 

237,246-247,248,290-291,316-317, 

397 

State of the Union message, 22-23,27 

supersonic transport, 272,387-388,393 

technology, 297-298,357 

Turbotrain demonstration experiment, 

335 

U.N. anniversary statement, 345 

Vietnam war, 157 

violence, 304 

Wright Brothers Day, 394 

Nixon, Mrs. Richard M., 137, 139, 198 

Nizer, Louis, 314 

NOA. new obligational authority (in budgNOAA. See National Oceanic and AtmosNoaa I (170s-A) (National Oceanic and 

et). 

pheric Administration. 

Atmospheric 'Administration meteorological satellite), 394-395,411 

Nobel, Alfred B., Prize in Chemistry, 348 

Nobel. Alfred B., Prize in Physics, 4,348, 

Noerdlingen Crater, West Germany, 264, 

266 

Niie, aircraft, 29, 73-74, 133, 170-171, 

178, 225, 239, 256, 261, 279, 291, 296, 

304, 311, 344-345, 353, 366, 388, 389, 

400,411 

ological Satellite System. 

Command. 

Nome, Alaska, 38 

NOMSS. See National Operational MeteorNoonan, Fred, 364 

NORAD. See North American Air Defense 

Normyle, William J., 19,246 

North Africa, 394 

North American Air Defense Command 

North American Rockwell Corp (NR) 

(NORAD), 147,150 

Aerospace Div., 233 

aircraft, 195,221,359,377 

Apollo spacecraft, 106, 125, ,137, 201- 

contract, 153, 170, 179, 195, 213, 221, 

cosmonaut visit, 106 

employment, 98, 174-175,221,271 

personnel,7,57,116,311 

polyurethane foam, 27 

Rocketdyne Div., 42,55,157,164,223 

rotational machine, 266 

Saturn V, 153,179,271,278 

Space Div., 56,108,170, 179, 183, 199, 

208,264,292,295 

203,213,249 

249,278,374 

space shuttle, 7,170,179,374,399 

space station, 183,266 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

(NATO), 44, 95, 293, 300, 358, 360, 408, 

410,413 

North Dakota, 181 

North Pole, 291,380 

Northern Research and Engineering 

Corp., 228 

Northrop Corp., 233,352 

Aircraft Div., 313 

Norway, 38,51,82,291 

Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R., 185, 195 

Now It Can Be Told, 232 

NR. See North American Rockwell Corp. 

NRC. See National Research Council. 

NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory. 

NSF. See National Science Foundation. 

Nuclear accelerator, 225,235 

Nuclear detection satellite (see also Vela), 

114 

Nuclear engine for rocket vehicle applica- tion (NERVA), 12,36,43,64,75, 116,277, 

329,41 I 

Nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 40,75 

Nuclear power, 10, 67, 69, 75, 225, 235, 

265.277.309.329.411 

Nuclear propulsion (see also Nuclear engine for rocket vehicle application), 10, 

31,64,75,277,309 

Nuclear reactor, 10,265,309,41 I 

Nuclear rocket test, 402 

Nuclear submarine, 244,245 

Nuclear test ban treaty, 44, 186 

Nuclear weapons, 235,371 

Nufiez, A. Carlos, 130 

0 

Oahu, Hawaii, 1% 

Oak Ridge, Tenn., 232 

OAO. See Orbiting Astronomical ObservaOao II (Orbiting Astronomical Observato- tory. 

ry), 22,380-381 

OAO-B,380-381,384 

OAO-C, 409 

OART. See NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. Oban, Scotland, 283,291 

Oberth, Prof. Hermann, 92 

Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum) 

(moon), 76, 143, 177, 180,271,333,369 

Ocean Station Papa, Canada, 272 

Ocean Station Vessel Meteorological Program, 330 

(DOD), 330 Oceanographic Instrumentation Center 

Oceanography (see also Aegir [underwater 

habitat]; Aquanaut; Marine pollution; 

and Project Tektite I and 11) 

cooperation, 110,179-180 

international asoects, 82, 179-180. 283- 

284,371 

228,239,272,308,394 

research, 99, 110, 118-119, 216, 226, 

490 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

U. S. program, 110, 127, 158, 179,216, 

Oceanus Procellarum. See Ocean of 

229-230,317,324,325,330,347 

Storms (moon). 

OConnor, MIG Edmund F. (USAF), 227 

Odessa, Tex., 230 

Odom , Jeffrey V., 406 

Odyssey (Apollo 13 CM). See Command 

office of Science and Technology (OST) 

(President’s), 20, 87-88, 132,213, 228, 

module. 

276-n7,300,357 

director 

appointment, 302,303,345-346 

resignation, 267,269,279 Office of Scieqific Research and Development. 67 

Office of Technology Assessment (pro- posed), 234 

Office of Telecommunications Policy, 45- 

46,215.288-289 

Of0 (Orbiting Frog Otolith), 324-325, 362, 

Ogo I (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory), 236 

Ogo 11,152 

Oeo 111,236 

367,395,41 I 

Of0 (Orbiting Frog Otolith), 324-325, 362, 

Ogo I (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory), 236 

Ogo 11,152 

Oeo 111,236 

367,395,41 I 

Oio V, 116 

O’Hair, Mrs. Madalyn Murray, 52-53,113 O’Hare International Airport, 162 

Ohio Historical Society, 153 

Ohio State Univ., 131 

Ohsumi (Lambda 45-5) (Japanese satel- lite), 48-49,50,316,412 

OIL. See Orbiting International Laboratory. 

O’Keefe, Dr. John A., 143, 195,333 

OLeary, Dr. BrianT., 287 

Oliver, Ruth Law, 383 

Olsen. John P.. 153 

Olsen; Dr. Walter T., 21 

Omar Khayyam, 268 

OMSF. See NASA Office of Manned Space 

Flight. O’Neill, LIG John W. (WAF), 100, 192 

Operation Overflight, 164 

Oppenheimer, Dr. J. Robert, 268 

Orbital workshop. See Skylab. 

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO), 

Orbiting International Laboratory (OIL), 

77,225,380 

327 

Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO), 43, 77, 

404-405 - Oregon, 283 

Oregon, Univ. of, 333 

Osaka. JaDan. 99 

Osborn, 6. H., 328 

Oscar V (Oscar A) (U.S.-Australia amateur radio-propagation satellite), 24, 

411,413 

Oscar XVlll(navigation satellite), 275 

Oscar XIX, 275 

oSO. See Orbiting Solar Observatory. Os0 Il(0rbiting Solar Observatory), 276 

Os0 Ill, 236 

Os0 lV, 236 

os0 v, 79 

os0 VI, 79 

~~O-H, 409 

OSO-I, 51-52,405,413 

OSO-J. 405 

OSO-K. 405 

OSSA. See NASA Office of Space Science and Applications. 

OST. See Office of Science and Technology (President’s). 

Oswald, Lee Harvey, 164 

OTDA See NASA Office of Tracking and 

Data Acquisition. 

O’Toole, Thomas, 10,94,229,316 

“Our World in Space-Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow” (lecture), 349 

Outstanding Leadership Medal (NASA), 

169 

OVI-20 (Orbiting Vehicle Research Sateilite), 250 

OV 1-2 1,250 

Owen. Thomas B . .lo2 

Oxygen, 119, 121,216,218-219 

Oxygen, liquid, 92, 137 

Ozone, 96,172,208,334,338,369,406 

P 

Pacific Missile Range (PMR), 172,208,233 

Pacific Northwest Laboratory (AEC), 30, Space Fair, 338 

94.228 

Pacificocean, 82,360,380 

Apollo 13, 119, 125, 133 

Apollo 14,33 1 

Ais I, 165 

Inielsat-rII F-8.241 

stellar x-ray test, 315 

U.S. missile test, 276,404 

U.S.S.R. missile and rocket test, 97, 

103, 105,237-238,272,349 

Packard, David M., 72, 183, 195,408 

Packard. Robert F.. 409 

4n5 

U.S.S.R. missile and rocket test, 97, 

103, 105,237-238,272,349 

408 

PAET (Planetary Atmosphere Experiments Test). 409 

Page;; i (Passive Geodetic Earth-Orbiting 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., 55, 98, 117, 150, 

Satellite), 242 

178.223.382 

aeronautics. 58.85 

Apollo 1 I m’issibn, 238 

Apollo 13 mission, 119, 125, 127-128, 

134, 135, 147, 161, 213, 217, 218-219, 

LJL 

Apollo 14 mission, 233,284 

Apollo 15 mission, 284-285 

Apollo 16 mission, 284-285 

Apollo 17 mission, 284-285 

Apollo 18 mission, 285 

Apollo 19 mission, 284 

appointment, 265 

appointments by, 26,28,88,289 

ATS-F and ATSG contract, 201,224,230, 

289 

49 1 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

awards and honors, 45,229,303,368 

budget, 11-12, 36-37, 39-40,47,58, 175, 

Communist China satellite launch, 150 

Electronics Research Center (ERC), 324 

Goddard’Rocket and Space Museum, 92 

international cooperation, space, 62,78- 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 39 

Lewis Research Center (LeRC), 40 

Lunar Science Institute dedication, 2-3 

nuclear propulsion, 154 

resignation, 246,248,251,255,277,303, 

safety, 269 

space program, national, 11-12, 78-79, 

space shuttle, 183,284-285,301,303 

space station, 193,284-285,301,303 

space transportation system (STS), 53, 

U.S.S.R. space program, 226,301,303 

White Sands, N. Mex., Test Facility, 62 

284-285,303 

79,8546, 193-194,300,335,393 

412 

111-112, 164,226,284-285,301,303 

30 1 

Pakistan, 151,330 

Palestine, Tex., 101,230 

Pallas (asteroid), 210 

Palmdale, Calif., 370 

Palo Alto, Calif., 102, 107 

Pan American World Airways, Inc. (Pan 

Am): 13, 15, 22, 41, 198, 236, 257, 263, 

349,364,389 

Panofsky. Wolfgang K. H., 55 

Papanastassiou, Dr. D. A., 143 

Papers of Robert H. Goddard. 256 

Parachute, retrorocket, 103 

Paris, France, 128, 193,400 

Parker, Robert A., 101 

Parkin, Curtis W., 271 

Parsons, Ralph M., Co., 325 

Particles, energetic, 315,318 

Pasadena, Calif., 39 

Patent, 12,47,232,240,293,340,375,401 

Patrick AFB. Fla., 4 1,58, 108,236,3 19 

Paul, Hans C., 206 

Paul VI, Po e, 128 

Paul, Prof. kodman W., 189 

Pearson, Lester, 304 

Peer, William, 274 

Peewee-2 (nuclear reactor), 41 1 

Peking, Communist China, 150 

Pendray, G. Edward, 256 

Pendray, G. Edward, Award, 20 

Pennsylvania, 18 

Pennsylvania Highway Dept., 330 

Pennsylvania, Univ. of, 55 

Pentagon, 42 

Peole (French satellite). 396-397.412 

People mover, 408 

Perchard, Robert J., 12 

Percy, Sen. Charles H., 74 

Perkins, Courtland D., 252 

Perkins, Kendall, 159 

Perry, Robert L., 189 

Perseus (constellation), 21 

Peru, 23 1,259 

Pdsek, Prof. R., 159 

Peshawar, Pakistan, 330 

Petersen, Richard H., 220 

Peterson, Rudolph A., 240 

Petrone, Dr. Rocco A., 147-148,217, 219, 

Petrov, Prof. Boris N., 19,171,355 

Petrov, Georgy I., 312 

Pettis, Rep. Jerry L., 157, 167 

PFLP. See Popular Front for Liberation of 

Philadelphia, Pa., 18, 173, 224, 313, 321, 

Philco-Ford Corp., 105,243,265 

Phjlip, pcince (U.K.), 51 

PhdlDDines. 157 

323,37 1 

Palestine. 

347 

Phiti@, Ronald, 195 

Phillips, L/G Samuel C. (USAF), 43-44,311 

Phobos (Martian moon). 172 

Phoenix, Ariz., 101 

Photography (see also Moon, 

graphs; Earth, photographs), 1 

197,200,346 

Photopolarimeter, 45 

Tbe Physical Sciences (National 

Board report), 57 Pickering, Dr. William H., 66, 103 

Picturephone, 375 

Pierce, William, 274 

Pimentel, Dr. Goerge C., 1 

Pinkel, 1. Irving, 283 

Ptoneer (program), 66,284 

Pioneer VI (interplanetary probe), 407 

photo18, 1%- 

Science 

, 126 

49,400, 

Pioneer VII, 49 

Pioneer VIII, 49,407 

Pioneer IX, 49, 166 

Pioneer F, 45,49,66 

Pioneer G, 45,49,66 

Piper Cub (light aircraft), 17 

Piper Twin Comanche B (light aircraft), 3 

Piper, William T., 17 

Pittsburgh, Pa., 18,347 

Pittsburgh, Univ. of, 100,375 

Pitzer, Dr. Kenneth S., 214 

PLACE. See Position-location and aircraft 

Pleasanton, Kans., 2 

Plesetsk, U.S.S.R. 

communications experiment. 

Cosmos launch, 15,20,21,94, 102, 109, 

113, 126,206, 229,291,304, 311, 331, 

334,337,352, 370,376,384, 385,392, 

397,399,402 

Meteor IV launch, 154 

Meteor VI launch, 337 

Molniya 1-13 launch, 56 

Molniya 1-17 launch, 405 

Plohr, H. Warren, 384 

Plowshare, Project, 235 

PLSS. See Portable life support system. 

Plum Brook Station (LeRC), 240,403 

Pluto (planet), 33,84 

Plutonium, 30, 125.329 

PMR. See Pacific Missile Range. pndb: perceived noise in decibels. Podell, Rep. Bertram L., 390 

Point Barrow, Alaska, 9,29,38 

492 
tions experiment (PLACE), 367 

Post Office Dept., 214 

Post, Wiley, 110,401 

Powers, Francis Gary,. 164 

Prague, Czechoslovakia, 15 

Prairie Network, 2,14 

Pratt & Whitney Div., United Aircraft 

Corp., 42,55,68, 118, 157, 198,278,293 

Pratt, Judge John H., 272,391 

Pratt, Kans., 276 

PRC. See ATS Procurement Review Committee. 

Presidential Awards Dinner, 310 

Presidential Mangement Improvement 

Award, 310 

Presidential Medal of Freedom, 136-137, 

368 

President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, 164 

President's Council of Economic Advisers, 109 

President's Council on Environmental 

Quality. See Council on Environmental 

Quality. 

President's Safety Award, 229,269 

President's S 

787 

236 

hijacking of aircraft, 300,304 

hydrogen bomb, 258 

Illinois, Univ. of, antiwar demonstrainternational cooperation, space, 83, 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 397 

Lovell, Capt. James A., Jr. (USN), 46 

Luna XVI, 314,318,375 

Luna XVII, 373,374 

lunar landing anniversary, 238-239 

lunar rock samples, 184 

Lunar Science Conference, 9 

Mars, manned exploration, 10, 50, 69, 

tion, 172 

255-256,287,343-344,353,358 

89 

metric system, 406-407 

NASA Administrator, 255,397 

1960's decade, 32-33 

nuclear test ban treaty, 186 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., resignation, 251, 

255,397 

relativity theory, 377-379 

solar eclipse, 82 

space program, national, 9, 10, 17, 19, 

R&D, 44,109,157 

50, 69, 82-84, 86, 90-91, 150, 232, 

238-239,251,256-257,271,287-288, 

290,294 

space shuttle, 50,58,91,391 

space station, 10,83,318 

State of the Union message, 27 

supersonic transport (SST), 17-18, 113, 

272,326,387,391 

Tektite IT, 118 

television via satellite, 257-258 

UFOs, 3-4 

USAF satellite, 278 

US., U.S.S.R. exchange of scientists, 1-c 

LLJ 

U.S.S.R. space program, 193 

Venus VU, 273 

Press Conference 

antiballistic missile (ABM) system, 266 

Apollo 12 mission, 371-372 

Apollo 13 mission, 40,62-63,71,90-91, 

Apollo 14 mission, 233,338,403 

F-I11 (supersonic fighter), 75-76 

117-118, 127-128, 132-133, 134, 143, 

161 
germ warfare, 392 

Glomar Challenger voyage, 394 

international cooperation, space, 212, 

715 

Jet-dropulsion Laboratory (JPL), 39-40 

laser, military use, 156 

Lewis Research Center (LeRC), 40 

Lovell, Capt. James A., Jr. (USN), 40 

Luna XVlmission, 349 

manned space flight, 212, 227-228, 238, _"_ 770 

meteorite, 12, 14 moon landing, manned, 227-228,238 

NASA FY 1971 budget, 36-37 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., on resignation, 248 

radiation, infrared, 152 

Skylab, 104-105,218 

SOYUZ (U.S.S.R. soacecraft). 196.212 

Soyuz 1~mission,'212 

space program, national, 11-12, 78-79, 

space shuttle, 228 

SS-11 (U.S.S.R. ICBM), 274 

Staran IV, 204 

supersonic transport (SST). 42. 179, 239, 

88, 103-105,284-285,292,323 

393 

Uhuru (Explorer XLII), 407 

U.S.S.R. missile program 230.275 U.S.S.R. space program, 229. 340, 349, 

357-358 

Press. Frank. 129 

Pretoria, South Africa, 113 

Primrose Lake, Canada, 338 

Princeton Univ., 22, 27, 55, 89, 101, 192, 

7RA 

School of Engineering and Applied SciPrinn, Ronald G., 251 

Priorities in Applied Research: An Initial 

Appraisal (NAE report), 221 

Prisoners of War mission, 260 

Probe (see also individual probes, such as Mariner VI, Mariner VII, Venus IV, 

Venus V, Venus VI, and Venus VI11 

interplanetary, 8, 32, 33, 36, 43, 49, 60, 

78, 84, 85, 180, 284, 301, 341, 343, 

383,412 

Jupiter, 12,45,49,60,75,84,284,341 

lunar. See Luna XV, Luna XVI, Luna 

XVII, Surveyor VI, Zond V, Zond 

VI, Zond Vll, and Zond VIII. 

Mars, 11-12, 16.43.60-61,62,69,75,89, 

172, 185, 247, 284, 301, 370, 377-379, 

ences, 252 

AI? 

Mercury, 12,60,247,284 

Neptune, 84 

Pluto, 84 

Saturn, 84 

sun, 60,361-362 

Uranus, 84 

365,379,398 

Venus, 12, 247, 284, 286-287, 301, 379, 

398 

U.S.S.R., 266, 286-287, 289, 299, 364- 

Professional Air Traffic Controllers OrPropulsion, 373 

Propulsion Specialist Conference, 6th, 206 

Prouty, Sen. Winston L., 44 

Providence, R.I., 90 

Proximity gauge, 330 

Proxmire, Sen. William, 217,226,267,330 

Puerto Rico, 257,259,394 

Puerto RicoTrench, 212 

Pulsar, 159 

Puppi, Prof. Giampietro, 88 

Purdue Univ., 8,55,94,290,360 

Purser, Paul E., 109 

ganization, 315 

Q 

Quadra (weather ship), 272 

Quaide, Dr. William L., 20 

Quarantine. 7, 15, 16,55,71 

Quasar, 96-97 

Quebec, Canada, 247 

R 

RA II(papyrus boat), 232 

Radar 

air traffic control, 28.68, 171,341 

aircraft, 94 

contract, 227 

mapping use, 236 

marine use, 341 

military use, 68,232 

tracking, 42, 133, 139, 197-198 

U.S.S.R., 146, 164,232 

weather use, 171,272 

Radiation (see also Ultraviolet and X-ray) 

contract, 227 

cosmic, 152,227 

effects, 49,227,242-243,304,327,390 

gamma, 325 

infrared, 152,251 

lunar, 325 

measurement, 44,239,362 

protection from, 235 

362.41 1 

RadiatiodMeteoroid Satellite (RIM), 325, 

Radio Amateur Satellite Corp., 24 

Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 116, 

115 749 

As&;:Electronics Div., 258 

Defense Electronics Products Div., 173 

Radio interference, 180 

Radio signal, 170 

Radioastronomy, 251,377-379 

Radioisotope thermoelectric generator 

(RTG), 329-341 

Radioisotopes, 10 

Radiometer, 114,220 

Radiotelescope, 262 

Rae, Prof. John B., 189 

RAF. See Royal Air Force. 

Rakiety Sondujace Atmosfere, 76 

Raleigh, N.C., 373 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

494 
Research and Technology: Objective and 

Resident Research Associateship ProP!an (NASA N-7029204), 230 

gram, 108 

Resources for Scientific Activities al Universities and Colleges, 1969 (NSF 70-16), 

187 

Germany, 243 

Richardson, Herbert W., 271 

Richland, Wash., 18,30,228 

al-Rifai, Premier Abdel Moneim (Jordan), 

304-305 

Rimae Parry (moon), 192 

Ringwood, Dr. Alfred E., 295 

Ripley, Anthony, 235 

Rippon, Minister of Technology Geoffrey 

(U.K.). 226 
Rome Air Development Center, N.Y., 

Rome, Italy, 1% 

Rome, Univ. of, Centro Ricerche 

Roncho Los Amigos Hospital, Downey, 

Roosa, Maj. Stuart A. (USAF), 167, 264, 

148,200 

Aerospaziali, 275,395 

Calif., 350 

364 

Ria-sevelt Field, N.Y., 379 

Roosevelt, President Franklin D., 308 

Rosamond, Calif., 18,27 

ROSEAU (Radio Observation par Satellite Excentrique ?i Automatisme Unique) (French satellite), 177 

Rosenberg, Dr. Paul, 159 

Ross, Dr. Rob& S., 99 

Roswell, N. Mex., 13,92 Rothberg, Donald, 242 

Royal Air Force (RAF), 69 

RoyaLAircraft Establishment, 357 

Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden), 8 

Royal Library, Copenhagen, 296 

RTG. See Radioisotopic thermoelectric 

Rubey, Dr. William W., 3 

Ruckelshaus, William D., 361,385 Rulis, Raymond J., 315 

Rumsey, H., Jr., 286 

RuDDenthal. Dr. Karl M.. 239 

generator. 

Rush, Ambassador Kenneth, 86 

Russell, Carl D., 240 

Rutgers Univ. Center of Transportation, 31h 

Ria;, Gen. John D. (USAF), 50,93 

S 

S-IC. See Saturn V (booster), stage, 1st. 

S-11. See Saturn V, stage, 2nd. 

S-IVB. See Saturn V, stage, 3rd. 

SAC. See Strategic Air Command. 

Saenger-Bredt, Irene, 328. 

Safeguard (antiballistic missile system), 

Safi. Morocco. 232 

SABCA, 407 

59,142,200,276,317,405 

Sagan, Dr. Carl, 11 1 

Sagittarius (constellation), 59,233 

Saint (satellite inspection and interception satellite), 42 

St. Louis. Mo., 246,347,372 

St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, 128 

St. Petersburg, Fla., 139 

St. Severin, France, 30 

Sakharov, Andrey D., 369 

Salas, Gabriel, 360 

SALT. See Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. 

Salt Lake City, Utah, 86,243 

SAM-2 (U.S.S.R. antiaircraft missile), 232 

SAM-3,232 

Samos (satellite), 267 

SAMSO. See Space and Missile Systems Organization. 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

496 

SAMTEC. See Space and Missile Test CenSamuelson, Robert J., 151 

San Antonio, Tex., 46,97,192 

San Carlos Reservation, Ariz., 383 

San Carlos Yautepec, Mexico, 79 

San Clemente, Calif., I, 7, 140, 185, 215, 

San Diego, Calif., 27,206,359,379 

San Francisco, Calif., 96,346,390 

San Jose, Calif., 348 

San Juan, Puerto Rico, 257 

San Marco (Italian launch site), Indian 

Ocean, 275,395 

Sandbridge, Va., 79 

Sandia Corp., 21 

Sandia Laboratories, 89 

Santa Ana, Calif., 162 

Santa Barbara,Calif., 181,371 

Santa Fe, N. Mex., 329 

Santa Ninfa, Sicily, 130 

SAO. See Smithsonian Astrophysical ObSarabhai, Vikram, 239 

Sargent, Gov. Francis W., 13 

Sargent, Dr. Frederick, II,49 

Sargent, Adm. T. R., 111 (USCG), 229 

Sargent, Dr. Wallace L. W., 409 

SAS. See Small Astronomy Satellite. 

Satellite infrared spectrometer (SIRS), 32 

Satellite Photometric Observatory, mobile 

Satellite Tracking and Data Acquisition 

Sato, Prime Minister Eisaku (Japan), 259 

Saturn (planet), 33,84 

Saturn (booster), 406 

Saturn I (booster), 217 

Saturn IB (booster), 37, 50, 172, 189, 217, 

ter. 

246,250,288-289 

servatory. 

(NASA), 79 

Network (STADAN), 199 

285 

Saturn Vtbooster), 100, 169, 189,217 

capability, 31, 103-104 

contract, 28, 108, 153,223,278,386 

launch. AS-508. I19 

program, 3, 11-12,37,43,50,65,88,92, 

107, 172, 229, 248, 266-267, 271, 285,301,318,364,379 

stage 1st (S-IC), 40,266-267,271,386 

test. 44.267.318 

2nd (S-II), 

33( 

test, 86 

3rd (S-I 

Saturn Workshop (spacecraft) (see also 

Skylab), 50, 67, 208-209, 285, 292, 310, 

370.387 

Saunders-Roe, Ltd., 296 

SCAD. See Subsonic Cruise Armed Decoy. Schaefer, Herbert, 328 

Schaeffer, Dr. Oliver A., 333 

Scheer, Julian, 12,68 

Schilling, David C., Flight Trophy, 29 

Schirra, Capt. Walter M., Jr. (USN, Ret.), 

138 

Schmitt, Harrison H., 101 
national policy andgoals, 53,57-58, 153, 

The Physical Sciences, report of NaPresident’s Task Force on Science Poli158, 228, 231, 239-240, 249, 269-270, 

298-299,. 329,338-339,357,406 

tional Science Board, 57 

CY, 158 

Preiident’s Science Advisory CommitU.S.S.R.,27, 153,225,298-299 

tee, 87,89,90,287 

Science and Technology, Dept. of (proScience and Technology: Tools for ProgScience Museum, London, 102 

Science Research Council (SRC) (U.K.), 

posed), 335 

ress (report), 158 

357 

Scientific American, 277 

Scientific and Technical Personnel in the 

Federal Government, 1968(~s~-24), 187 

Scientific instrument module (SIM), 249 

Scientific satellite, 383,409 

Scientist-astronaut, 287 

Scientists, 63-65, 187, 253, 257, 260, 329, 

Scorpius (constellation), 233 

Scott, Mrs. Blanche S., 13 

Scott, Col. DavidR. (USAF~, 101.125.285 

Scout (booster), 107, 194, 275, 295, 318, 

338-339,362,370,395,406-407 

357,362 

Searie-,l)r. Leonard, 409 

Seattle, Wash., 185,259,266,349,386 

SECOR (sequential Collation of Range proSecurities and Exchange Commission 

Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 328 

Seek Storm, Project, 171 

Seismometer experiment, lunar 

gram), 114 

(SEC), 169 

Apollo J2,5-6,58,71, 119,244-245,262, 

276,295,297,348,360-361,372 

Apollo 14,308,364 

Seitz, Dr. Frederick, 329 

Selenia-Industrie Elettroniche Associate, 

S. p. A., 361 

Self-test and repair (STAR) computer, 341 

Selfridge AFB, Mieh., 292 

Senegal, 184 

Serpens (constellation), 51 

Serpukhov, U.S.S.R., 225 

SERTl (Space Electric Rocket Test), 38 

Sert II,38,51,76, 173, 177, 180, 243,285, 

Service module (SM), 50,213,278,285 

Service Technology Corp., 29,44,384 

SESP. See space experiments support proSessler, Dr. Andrew M., 94 

SEV. See Space escape vehicle. 

Sevastyanov, Vitaly I., 189,201, 211,225, 

271,327,336,338,344,346,349 

Seventh Air Force, 283. 

Seventh Day Adventists, Central State 

Conference, 139 

Seversky, Alexander P. de, 401 

Seychelles (islands), 187 

Seyfert galaxies, 192 

Shaffer, John H., 15,113 

Shanghai, CQmmunist China, 165 

Shatalov, Vladimir A., 132,267 

Sheldon, Dr. Charles S., 11, 31,68,270 

Shell Oil Co., 20,220 

She ard, Capt. Alan B., Jr., (USN), 165, 

I&, 205,231,264,306,390 

Sheyma Island, Aleutians, 273 

315,338,393,411, 

Apollo 13,119, 125, 140, 167 

Apollo 14,323,403 

gram. 

Brothers & Harland, Ltd., 69 . Dr. Nicholas M., 223 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Short-range attack missile (SRAM), 72, 93, 

SHOT See Society for the Historv of Tech345 

nology. 

Shuang-ch'eng-tsu, China, 147 

SIDE See Suprathermal ion detector expe- riment. 

Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 361 

Sierra Club, 239,272,303,391 

Sikorsky Aircraft Corp., 198 

Sikorsky, Igor I., 401 

Sikorsky S-65 (helicopter), 198 

Silver, Dr. Leon T., 294 

Silver Quill Award, 41 

Silverstein, Dr. Abe, 377 

SIM See Scientific instrument module. 

Simons, Howard, 129 

Singer, Dr. S. Fred, 143,345 

Singer-General Precision, Inc., Link Div., 

Sinus Medii (Central Bay) (moon), 26 

Sirio (Italian satellite), 88,413 

SIRS See Satellite infrared spectrometer. Sjoberg, Sigurd A,, I, 137 

Skylab (formerly Apollo Applications) 

program, 169, 293, 303, 330, 341, 351, 

413 

196,303 

contract, 7, 83-84, 118, 147, 191, 194, 

design, 218, 246,292, 328,370, 371,372, 

196,208,209,220,257,296,303 

412 

funds, 35 

international cooperation, 225 NASA program, 39, 42-43, 50-51, 57-58, 

62,67, 88, 104-105, 115, 172,218,226- 

227,229,251,284-285,301, 310,361 

press conference, 103-105,218 

test, 157,201,275-276,292,387,412 

Skylark SL-971 (sounding rocket), 233 

Skynet A (IDCSP-A) (U.K. comsat), 16, 43- 

44,269 

Skynet B, 269,4l I, 413 

Slayton, Donald K., 40, 118,293,294 

Slichter, Dr. Charles P., 90 

Slidell, La., 207 

SM See Service module. 

Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS), 60, 275, 

395,407,411,414 

Small Scientific Satellite (SSS), 275 

Smelt, Dr. Ronald, 21 

Smith, Bradford A., 172 

Smith, C. R., 305,401 

Smith, Francis B., 47,383 

Smith, Gerard C., 133 

Smith, Keith M., 3 

Smith, Kenneth M., 99, 170 

Smith, Dr. Lloyd H., 90 

Smith, Dr. Malcom, Jr., 1 15 

Smith, Sen. Margaret Chase, 139 

Smith MK 29 (automatic landing system), 

Smith, Gov. Preston, 98 

Smith, Sen. Ralph T.. 371 

Smith, Ross, 3 

Smith, Adm. Willard J. (USCG, Ret.), 260 

Srnithsonian Associates, 349 

69 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 

(SAO) (Cambridge, Mass.), 2,8, 14, 18, 

59,286,380 

Center for Study of Short-Lived Phenomena, 262 

Smithsonian Institution, 107, 110, 152, 

165,236,274 

aircraft, 103 

lunar rock sample, 244 

spacecraft, 234 

Hall of Electricity, 197-198 

Museum of History and Technology, 

Museum of Natural Hisrory, 270 

NASA historical artifacts agreement, 234 

National Air and Space Museum, 55,94, 

SMS See Synchronous Meteorological 

Smylie, Robert E., 18 

Smyth, Henry DeWolf, 185 

Smyth, Robert, 403 

Astrophysical Laboratory, 146 ex hi bi t 

189 

234,236,240-241,349,379,384 

Satellite. 

Snow, Crocker, 386 

Snyder, Dr. Conway M., 372 

Snydy, Dr. Lewis E., 262 

Societe' Anonyme de Te'l'ecommunicaSociCtC Nationale Industrielle Ae'rosDations, 361 

tiale, 361 

(SHOT). 406-407 Society for the History of Technology 

Society of Manufacturing Engineers, In- terprofessional Cooperation Award, 126 

Sodium experiment, 13,398 Solar cell, 231 

Solar corona, 44,61,79,306 

Solar energy, 44,74-75,101-102, 177 

Polar flare, 77 

Solar Particle Alert Network (SPAN), 320 

Solar physics, 306,370 

Solar wind, 33,306,372,407 

Solid propellant, 31 

Solid Waste Disposal Act, 47 

SOLRAD (solar radiation satellite), 408-409 

Sonar, 68 

Sonett, Dr. Charles P., 295,372 

Sonic boom, 2,29, 133,239,261,283,291, 

359,388,390,41 I 

Soter, Dr. Steven, 297 

Sounding rocket (see also individual 

sounding rockets: Aerobee, Arcas, 

Black Brant IV, Boosted Arcas, 

Boosted Dart, Javelin, Nike-Apache, Nike-Cajun, Nike-Iroquois, NikeTomahawk, Trailblazer, Viper-Dart), 

international programs, 85,381,413-414 

NASA-Australia, 181, 185, 191,414 

36,233,411,413-414 

-Brazil, 252,315,318 

498 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

planetary flights, 379 

space station, 91,225,303,379 Space rescue, 44,327-328 

Space results (see also Earth; Moon; 

Mars; Venus; individual probes, satellites, and sounding rockets), 106, 

146 

agriculture, 326 

aircraft, 17-18,84 

astronomy, 1, 21, 76, 79, 86, 102, 112, 

240,245,361 

communications, 39,65,375-376 

earth sciences, 15-16, 73, 96, 101, 196, 

240,326,391 

economic benefits, 302 . education, 112, 144,375-376 

engineering, 204,302,330 

For the Benefit of All Mankind: A Survey of the Practical Returns from 

Space Investment (€I. Rpt. 91-1446), 

302 

192, 

389 

142, 

,366, 

geology, 326 

international relations, 358 

materials technology, 27, 92, 

302,324 

medicine, 58,92, 152, 192,302 

meteorology, 84,276,327 

military, 192 

navigation, 326,327 

oceanography, 326 

science and technology, 11 1-1 12, 166, 

social science, 11 

transportation, 41,302,326,375 

Space Science Board (NAS-NRC). See National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council. 

Space shuttle (see also Space Transportation system), 7, 106, 174, 180, 192, 

contract,42, 55, 157, 170, 179, 181, 198, 

cost, 217 

criticism, 217, 330 

design, 12, 78, 107, 179, 203-204, 246, 

funds, 31, 36-37, 43, 166, 207-208, 217, 

international cooperation, 41, 52, 88, 

launch site, 386,391 

meeting, 88,219-220,234,246,384,400 

military, 105,323 

393-394 

247,316-317,318,341 

203-204, 215, 217, 275, 285, 292, 324, 

325,374,386,399,400.412 

313,328,374,384,400 

34 1,389 

227,292,313,323,327-328,351,361 

NASA program, 17-18, 36-37, 54, 67, 74, 

78, 88, 165, 181, 198, 207-208, 219- 

220, 248, 284-285, 301-302, 323, 327- 

328,334,393-394,412-413. 

press comment, 50,58-59,91,391 

press conference, 227-228 

reusable, 12, 37,41, 42, 50,55, 84, 88, 

test, 182-183, 197,301-302 

234 

107, 170, 174, 183, 203-204, 217-218, 

227-228,284-285,301,367 

Space Shuttle Technology Conference, 

Space Shuttlecraft Symposium, 219-220 

Space Station (see Manned Orbiting Labo- ratory; Saturn Workshop; Skylab), 181,197,240,307,314,329 

contract, 171, 183, 208, 227, 265, 266, 

386 

cri&m, 217,295-296,330 

design, 67, 104-105, 169, 183, 208, 218- 

219,264,273, “*a 292,328,367, 370,372, 41L 

funds, 35, 166, 207-208, 217, 229, 284, 

3x9 

international cooperation, 43, 56,88-89, 

meeting, 89,267,295,371,385 

militarv. 11.36. 105 

192-193, 212, 225, 292, 295, 305, 327, 

346,35 1 

NASA program, 3, IO, 11-12, 29, 37, 43- 

44,50,52,66-67,78-79,87-88,89, 103- 

105, 197, 232, 248, 251, 263-264, 267, 

284-285, 293, 301, 303, 323, 361, 385, 

412-413 

patent, 232,340 

press comment, 10,83,318 

radiation hazards, 227 

test, 201,231,266,275-276,387 

use, 87-88,267,295 

U.S.S.R., 19, 91, 160, 181, 193, 203, 

Space station simulator, 297 

Space Station Utilization Conference, 

267,295 

Space Task Group, 36-37,43,53 Space transportation system (STS) (see 

also Space shuttle; Space tug), 53, 58- 

59,88,217,305 

Space tug, 50, 112, 174, 182-183, 194, 248, 

301,307,323 

Spacecraft (see also individual spacecraft, 

such as Apollo, Luna, Lunar Orbiter, 

Mariner, Surveyor), 11-12, 52, 88, 

227, 234, 244, 250, 283, 284, 285, 

309,323,410-411 

225,229,280,312,342,355,379 

accident. See Accident, spacecraft. 

airlock, 104-105,169,246,248,372 

command and service module. See 

Command and service module. 

command module. See Command module. -.- 

contract controversy, 115, 145, 146, 

debns, 276,287.297.306.395 

20!, 224,229,230,273-274,289,318 

design, 11-12,38,47;49,67,78,104-105, 112, 170, 177-178, 179, 180, 183, 203- 

204,218-219, 223, 264, 292, 328, 342, 

365,383,399 

electrical systems, 209 

equipment, 25,73-74, 114, 115, 116, 118, 

escape system, 12-13,199 

exhibit, 49,99,234,401 

extravehicular equipment, 18,29,338 

hazards, 54,71, 130-131, 141-142,227 

heating, 209 

instrumentation, 25,73,76,79,114,155. 

169, 185, 218-219, 279, 296, 340, 380- 

38 1,394-395 
e shuttle), 36-37, 

209.217 

sciendfic instrument module, 249 

service module. See Service module. 

stabilization'system, 87 

test.38.74.76.84.87.89. 161.165. 173. 

198, 201; 203, 219-220; 275-276,' 297; 

306,334,387,403-404. 

Spacefraft debris, 40, 42, 175, 276, 287, 

297,306,395 

Spacecraft support unit (SSU), 38 

Spacemedic Award, 37 

Spacesuit, 194 

Spain, 51,207,213,414 

SPAN. See Solar Particle Alert Network. 

Spartan (missile), 276,405 

Spaulding Distinguished Series lecture, 

SPACOInC., 113 

360 

Spectrometer, 114,365,380 

SPED. %e Supersonic Planetary Entry 

Decelerator. 

Sperry, Lawrence, Award, 342 

Sperry Rand Corp. Sperry Gyroscope Div., 272 

Univac Div., 225 

Spirit of St. Louis (aircraft), 379 

Spokane, Wash., 180 

Spong, Sen. William B., 235 

Sprince, Richard H., 245 

Sorindeld. Ill.. 265 

e Satellite Tracking and Data 

1. Thomas P. (uSAF), 18,151 s. Thomas P., 18 

Stanford Research Institute, 398 

Stanford Univ.. 68. 191.214.239.407 

Linear Accelerator Center. 55 ' 

st&, 21, 26, 51, 55,61, si, '191-192, 198, 

233,245,358,380,381,409,414 

STAR (Satellites for Telecommunications, 

ADDlications and Research) (consortiim), 407 

STAR. See Self-test and repair computer. 

Staran IV (anticollision system), 204 

Stardust Hotel, Las Vegas, Nev., 126,130 

Starr, Dr. Chauncey, 157 

State Dept. of, 6, 53, 252, 305, 390, 399, 

405.409 

State Univ. of New York, 333 

STB. See Subsystem test bed. 

Stele, John L., 166 

Stehling, Kurt R., 221 

Stennis, Sen. John C., 275,286,306,408 

Sternberg Astronomical Institute, 346 

STERO (French experiment for measure- ment of solar radio emissions), 177 

Stever, H. Guyford, 129 

Stevenson, Sen. Adlai E., 111,371 

Stewart, Francis M., 197 

Stewart, Prof. Homer J., 84 

Stewart, LIG James T. (USAF), 194 

Stockholm, Sweden, 8 

Stokes, Mayor Carl, 208 

STOL (short takeoff and landing) aircraft, 

Stommel, Dr. Henry, 216 

Stonewall, Tex., 15 

Strangway, David, 274 

Strategic Air Command (SAC) (USAF), 93 

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), 

82, 131, 133, 142, 230, 244, 248, 258, 

266,359,37 1,402 

Stratoscope I1 (balloon-borne telescope), 101, 189, 192,411 

Streptococcus mitis, 178 

SST. See Space transportation system. Study of Critical Environmental ProbBuffalo, 368 

32,63-64,91-92,118,179,347 

lems, 255 

Submarine, missile-carrying, 206, 244, 

Subsonic Cruise Armed Decoy (SCAD), 93 

Subsystem test bed (STB), 84 

Suez Canal, 232,294.383 

245-246,289,358 

Sufiield, Alberta, 242 

Sullivan, Walter S., 30,238,376 

Sun. 30, 33. 43. 52. 61. 79. 83. 101-102. 

177, 210, '240, 306, 311, 320, 345, 372, 

400,407 

critical wing. 58,359,377,409,411 

sonic Planetary Entry Decelerator 

ED), 332 

ersonic transport (SST) (see also Concorde and Tu-144), 17 

Super Guppy (cargo aircraft), 372 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

administration, 107 

cost, 170,174,350,41 I 

criticism, 17-18,113,286,326 

design and development, 180, 266, 279, 

economic aspects, 32, 178, 179, 252, 

foreign, 260-261,275,291,359,364,366 

funds, 36, 113, 183, 377, 383, 386, 391, 

hazards, 42,178,216,239,252,255,256, 

389-390 

275,326,366 

393,399,403,409,411 

272, 286, 291, 303-304, 311, 320-321, 

345, 381, 385, 387-388, 389-390, 400, 

41 1 

navigation, 43-44,41,315 

Nixon. President Richard M., 272, 387- 

388,393 

press comment, 17-18, 113, 272, 326, 

press conference, 42,179,239,393,400 

sonic boom, 2, 239, 261, 283, 291, 388, 

387,390-391 

390.41 1 

388,393 

press comment, 17-18, 113, 272, 326, 

press conference, 42,179,239,393,400 

sonic boom, 2, 239, 261, 283, 291, 388, 

387,390-391 

390.41 1 

weather forecasting for, 2 

gram, 107 

(SIDE), 119 

Supersonic Transport Development ProSuprathermal ion detector experiment 

Surveyor IZI(spacecraft), 2,7,16,54, 177, 

Surveyor VI(lunar probe), 26 

Surveyor VII(lunar probe), 294 

Sweden, 260,291,414 

Swedish-American of the Year, 256 

Swenson: Dr. Loyd S., Jr., 342,406 

Swerdling, Melvin, 309 

Swigert, John L., Jr. 

178,353 

Apollo 13 mission, 147-148 

celebrations for, 136, 140, 162,194 

flight, 119-125 

Nixon, President Richard M., 127, 

press comment, 126, 136 

press conference, 143 

splashdown, 125 

training, 115,116-1 18 

133, 136-137, 139-140,314 

awards and honors, 133-134, 137, 140- 

141,368 

goodwill tour, 314,331 

income tax, 136 

press conference, 292 

space program, national, 292-293 

Swiss Transport Museum, 331 

Swissair, 289,300 

Switzerland, 51,291,292,314 

Sydney, Australia, 92, 129 

Symington, Sen. W. Stuart, 307 

Symposium on Environmental Aspects of 

Nuclear Power Stations, 263 

Synchronous Meteorological Satellite 

(SMS), 43,85,243,354 

Syria, 306 

Syvertson, Clarence A., 250 

Szmant, Alma, 226 

T 

T2-C (jet trainer), 377,411 

T-33 (jet trainer), 352 

T-38 (jet trainer), 20,352 

T-39 (jet trainer), 214 

Tachometer, heart-rate, 352 

TACRV. See Tracked air-cushion research 

vehicle. 

Tacsat I (tactical communications satellite), 148 

Tafunda Airport, American Samoa, 136 

Tago-Sato-Kosaka comet, 22,27 

Taiwan, 157 

Talkeetna, Alaska, 223 

Tama (U .S.S .R. oceanographic vessel), 742 

Tamplin, Dr. Arthur, 242 

Tanzania, 82 

Teague, Rep. Oh E., 244,317 

Technology, 159-160, 191, 211, 226, 228, 

233-234. 237. 244. 249. 292. 298. 338- 

339,357,372,373-374,379 

Technology Assessment: Annotated Bibliography and Inventory of Congressional Organization for Science and TechnologyY234, Technology utilization, space, 106, 11 1- 

agriculture, 106,290,359-360,412 

air transportation, 63-64, 214, 279-280, 

330,341 

award, 106 

communications, 39,78, 106,346 

earth resources, 39, 78, 98, 106, 196, 

economic progress, 87-88, 164 

international aspects, 194-195,327 

materials technology, 167,214,324,330 

medicine, 106, 194-195, 348, 350, 352, 

meteorology, 78,264,343,351-352 

military communications, 43-44 

pollution control, 43-44, 64, 72-73, 98, 

106, 196,221,255,260,412 

science, 51-52, 57-58. 59. 61-62, 87-88, 

social progress, 35, 37, 72-73, 77, 84, 

106,149, 164,280,340,391 

systems engineering, 325,412 

transportation, 106, 180,334 

urban planning, 106, 183,259 

112, 180,258,412-413 

259,280,383-384,412 

366,389,397,412 

11 1-1 12,295 

Tektite (rock), 195,239,333 

Tektite I (underwater research project), 

1 - in. - - , 169 - . . 

Tektite 11, 110, 118,226,239,308 

Tel Aviv, Israel, 118 

Telecommunications, 39, 45-46, 200, 215, 

288 

Telemetry, 164-165, 166 

Telescope infrared, 61,251 

optical, 17,55, 191 

radioastronomy, 1 IO 

reflection, 17, 101 

502 
space, 381 

U.S.S.R., 55,216 

white-light, 79 

color, 258 

educational, 38-39,54,61, 156-157,233, 

243,413 

Luna XVlI, 364-365 

Lunokhod I. 394 

Television 

Ap0lJ0 13.119-121,127,137-138 

Mariner-Mak mission, 279 

via satellite, 14, 32, 38-39, 54, 61, 89, 

Television relay using small terminals 

156-157,233,245,257,414 - (TRUST), 367 

Teller, Dr. Edward H., 406 

Teokaekara, Dr. Matthew P., lo! 

Tereshkova-Nikolayeva, Valentma V. See 

Nikolayev-Tereshkova. 

TERLS. See Thumba Equatorial Rocket 

Launching Station. 

The Terrestrial Environment: Solid-Earth 

and Ocean Physics (NASA CR-1579), 138 

Tetrenault, Norman, 360 

Texas,98,311 

Texas Committee for the Study of Land 

Use and Environmental Control, 146 

Texas Instruments, Inc., 55 

Texas Medical Center, Houston, 350 

Texas, Univ. of, 26,48,133 

TFX. See F-111. 

Thailand, 157 

Thant, U, U.N. Secretary General, 238, 

297,302,304 

Thermal reactor, 260 

Thermoelectric Outer Planet Spacecraft 

Thermonuclear fusion, 277,376 

Thibodaux, Joseph G., Jr., 206 

ThiokolChemical Corp., 24 

Thomas, David D., 19,99 

Thompson, Milton O., 219 

Thompson, Robert F., 51 

Thompson, Dr. Theos J., 379 

Thompson Trophy Race, 212 

Thomson CSF, 407 

Thor (booster first stage), 113-114,315 

Thor-Agena (booster), 175, 231, 273 

Thor-Burner II (booster), 49,286 

Thor-Delta (booster) (see also Delta), 33, 

(TOPS), 180,341 

D, 113-114,371 

394 

long-tank, 23-24,144,241 

long-tank, thrust-augmented, 14,95,269 

Thorad-Agena (booster), 38,73 

Thrust vector control system (TVC), 46 

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), 1,18,84,95, 102, 185 

Tidbinbilla, Australia, 100,213 

Tpofeyev, Sergey, 176 

Tipton, Stuart G., 275 

Tiros I (Television Infrared Observation 

Satellite), 24,107 

Tiros Operational Satellite (TOS), 23-25 

Titan IIIB (booster), 220 

Titan IIIB-Agena, 242,267,345 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

SO3 

Titan IIIB-Agena D, 14,130 

Titan IIIC, 46,58,61-62,114,2uf, 360 

Titan IIID 214,220 

Titov, L/C Gherman S. (u.S.S.R.), 267 

TLI: translunar injection. 

TMA. See Trimethylaluminum. Tobias Mayer Dome (moon), 192 

Tokyo, Japan, 128,321,344,364 

Tokyo Observatory, 344 

Top0 I(geodetic satellite)., 114,411 

TOPS. See Thermoelectric Outer Planet 

Toronto, Univ. of, 274 

Torrejon Air Base, Spain, 243 

70s. See Tiros Operational Satellite. Toulouse-Blagnac Aerodrome, 359 

Toward a Science Policy for the United 

States (House report), 337 

Toward BaJanced Growth: Quantity with 

Quality (National Goals Research Staff 

report), 237 

Townes, Dr. Charles H., 1,90,337 

Townsend, Dr. John W., 347 

Townsend, Mrs. Marjorie R., 407 

Tracked air-cushion research vehicle. 

Trackine 

Spacecraft . 

(TACRV), 94 

aircra'It, 210,381-382 

animal, 52,57,58-59,62,107, 118 

Apollo 1 I mission, 66,210,381 

budget, 66,93 

contract, 105,236 

cooperation, international, 88, 100, 199, 

207,213,381 

deep space (DSN), 16,66, 100, 207,213. 

765 

military, 105 

MSFN,~~, 210,212,320,353 

ship, 210,212,381 

station, 199,210,380 

Afghanistan, 330 

Antigua, 210 

Australia, 100, 199,213 

Chile, 199 

Ecuador, 199 

England, 199 

Madagascar, 199 

Mexico, 381 

South Africa. 199 

NASCOM, 162 

STADAN, 199 

Spain, 207,213 

Trailblazer I1 (sounding rocket), 376 

Trailing vortex, 320 

Train, Russell E., 30,42 

Tranqdite (lunar mineral), 289 

Tranquility Base (moon), 76 

Trans World Airlines, Inc. (T~A), 346,364 

Transit ZV-A (navigation satellite), 217 

Transportation, Dept. of (DOT) (see also 

Federal Aviation Administration), 

314,330 

U.S.S.R., 30-31 

air cushion vehicle, 94 

air traffic control, 36 

Spain, 207,213 

Trailblazer I1 (sounding rocket), 376 

Trailing vortex, 320 

Train, Russell E., 30,42 

Tranqdite (lunar mineral), 289 

Tranquility Base (moon), 76 

Trans World Airlines, Inc. (T~A), 346,364 

Transit ZV-A (navigation satellite), 217 

Transportation, Dept. of (DOT) (see also 

Federal Aviation Administration), 

314,330 

U.S.S.R., 30-31 

air cushion vehicle, 94 

air traffic control, 36 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Air Traffic Control Advisory Commitaircraft security, 302,310,345 

tee, 76,258 

automated transit system, 408 

award, 113 

budget, 183,377,390,399,409 

contract, 94 

cooperation, 15, 36, 169, 219, 283, 350, 

Environmental Advisory Council, 239 

exhibit, 259 

facilities, 99,105,109, 169,323-324 

noise abatement, 353,389-390,400 

personnel, 40, 65, 153, 169, 189, 250, 

R&D, 99,105,109,250,341 

supersonic ttansport, 107,174, 178, 179, 

389-390,404,412 

260,27 1,297,340-366 

183, 239, 303-304. 377. 381. 389-390. 

399.400.409 

Transportation Systems Center, 99,105, 

169,189,219,341 

VTOL aircraft, 350 

Transportation Development Center. See 

Transportation Systems Center (DOT). 

Transportation Systems Center (WT), 99, 

105,169,189,219,341 

Treasury Dept., 275,405 Treaty, 40,44,75, 186,283,294,371,395 

Tribus, Dr. Myron, 239 

Trimethylaluminum (TMA), 398 

Trippe, Juan T., 401 

Trubshaw, Brian, 300 

Trudeau, Prime Minister Pierre E. (Canada), 135 

True, Dr. Ranate, 226 

Truly, Richard H., 310 

TRUST. See Television relay using Small 

da), 135 

True, Dr. Ranate, 226 

Truly, Richard H., 310 

TRUST. See Television relay using - Small 

terminals. 

Trust Territories Upper Air Observation 

Program, 330 

Truszynski, Gerald M., 66,74, 176 

TRW Systems Group, 49 

Tsien Hsueh-shen, 153 

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantine, 92 

Tu-1 6 (Badger) (U .S.S .R. bomber), 307 

Tu-95 (U.S.S.R. bomber), 390 

Tu-I44 (U.S.S.R. supersonic transport), 359,366,367 

Tuebingen, West Germany, 264 

Tullahoma, Tenn., 89, 142,382 

Turbotrain, 335 

Turbulence, 9,62,310,389-390 

Turcat, Andre: 359 

Turgarinov, Aleksey, 316 

Turkevich, Dr. Anthony, 59 

Turkey, 20 

Turner, Dr. Barry E., 325 

Turner, Robert E., 264 

Turner, Col. Roscoe (WAF), 110,212 

Turner, Roscoe, Aeronautical Corp., 212 

TVC. See Thrust vector control system. Tverdokhelebov, A.N., 370 

TWA. See Trans World Airlines, Inc. 

20th Tactical Fighter Wing, 300 

Tyche (lunar crater), 59,294 

TRW InC., 55,181,220,264 

U 

U-2 (reconnaissance aircraft), 164,383 

U.A:R. See United Arab Republic. Uchinora Space Center, Japan, 48,315 

Udall, Stewart L., 407 

Ueda, Dr. Takao, 197 

UFO. See Unidentified flying object. 

UHF: ultrahigh frequency. Uhl, Edward G., 145 

Uhuru (Explorer XLII) (SAS-A) (Small Astronomy Satellite), 395,407,411,413 

U.K. See United Kingdom. UK-4. (U.K. scientific satellite), 357,409 

UK-R (U.K. x-ray satellite), 413 

Ultraviolet (uv), 16,27, 100, 102, 181, 191, 

UK-5,357 

194,225, 251, 272, 304, 333-334, 353, 

377,380-381,384,396,413 

extreme (EUV), 264 

U.N. See United Nations. 

UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, 

Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 

Unidentified flying object (UFO), 3-4 

Unidentified satellite, 14, 49,73, 175,212, 

242,267,278,286,345,360,371,376 

Union Carbide Corp., Linde Div., 200 

United Action for Animals, Inc., 307 

United Air Lines. 334 

United Aircraft Corp. 

157, 198,278 

Hamilton Standard Div., 7 

Pratt & Whitney Div., 42, 55, 68, 118, 

Sikorskv Aircraft Div.. 21 

United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), 317,383 

United Auto Workers Union, 239 

United Kingdom (U.K.), 151 

air traffic control, 62 

aircraft. 241.385.414 

Concorde; 170-171,226, 260-261,272, 

275, 283, 291, 300, 326, 350, 359, 

364,366,388-389 

V/STOL. 85 

booster, 200,285 

cooperation, defense,44, 241, 269, 399, 

41 1 

House of Commons, 350,385 

launch 

satellite, 200,269,285,411,413 

sounding rocket, 233 

lunar sample study, 51 

metric system, 406 

nuclear weapons, 258-259 

satellite, 16, 32, 44, 354, 357, 408-409, 

science and technology, 21,382 

United Nations (U.N.), 2,263,284 

Apollo 11 lunar sample exhibits, 238 

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of 

Outer Space, 30, 128,413 

411,413 

504 
peration, 16, 27,47-48, 

,%, 106,179,221,225, 

peration, space. See 

cooperation, space. 

grants to,47, 131,215-216 

military research, 172, 176,231 

NASA program, 36,47, 66,79, 108, 111- 

orp. for Atmospheric Re112, 144,204, 

Universities Space 

Uranus (planet), 33,84,101, 189 

Urban Coalition, 385 

Urban Technology Conference, 391 

(constellation), 225 

bases, centers, and commands, such as Air Force Systems Command, 

Arnold Engineering Development 

Center, Edwards MB) 

aircraft (see also individual aircraft, 

such as, B-1, C-5A, C-130, F-111, 

helicopter, X-15, XB-70), 7, 9, 16, 

174,208,225,264,300,331,381 

anniversary, 307,320 

award, 175,227,229 

booster (see also names of boosters, 

such as Atlas-Agena, Thor-Agena, Thor-Burner 11, Titan IIIB), 46,58, 

26-27,82,93,95, 129,142, 149, 173, 

61-62 

budget, 93, 95 

camera, 200 

communications satellite, 16, 43-44, 

369 --_, 411 . - -, 412 . -- 

contract, 9,22,56,58,68,72, 103, 105, 

195, 199, 220, 221, 227, 228, 231, 

250.270-271.273.345.377.381.402 

caoperation. 16,434,53;61-62,68,95, 

105, 166, 172, 174, 180, 183, 214, 

225, 259, 283, 290, 323, 329, 375, 

382,390,408-409,411 

launch 

reentrv vehicle. 198 

73, 114, 130, 175,209, , 267, 275, 278, 286, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

lifting-body vehicle, 74, 336, 347, 375, 

41 1 

missile-program, 84, 93, 146, 181, 214, 

231, 248, 256, 276, 289, 305, 311, 

346.381.392.398.405 

MOL, 36 

navigation satellite, 43-44 

personnel, 173, 194,227,283,297 

research, 174,242,301,320 

satellite, 221,278,376 

space program (see also Defense, Dept. 

Vietnam war, 273 

U.S. Army (USA), 73, 114,226,308 

Aeronautical Laboratory, 109 

Meritorious Civilian Service Award for 

of), 174 

Bravery, 109 

U.S. Army Office of Military History, 189 

U.S. Bureau of Public Roads. 180 

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 230 

U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), 110, 229, 287, 

U.S. Comptroller General, 145,224 

U.S. Conference of Mayors, 208 

U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor SoU.S. Court of Appeals, 391 

U.S. Geological Survey, 183,259,382,405 

U.S. Lake Survey, 230 

U.S. Marine Corps (USMC). 198 

U.S. National Committee of International 

312,324 

ciety, 184 

Scientific Radio Union, 139 

aircraft, 58,68, 151,218,377,408,411 U.S. Navy (uSN), 110,230,272,342 

aircraft carrier, I5 

award, 42 

computer, 106 

contract, 68,72,345 

control center, 293-294 

cooperation, 110, 169, 212, 248, 275, 

deep submergence rescue vehicle, 27 

launch, 275 

missile, 105, 180,206, 244,245-246, 248, 

256,258,289 

personnel, 197-198 

Project Tektite, 110, 118-119, 169, 226, 

239,308 

337,408-409 

research, 321 

satellite, 275,408-409 

tracking ship, 212 

U.S. Patent Office, 47 

U.S. Public Health Service, 352 

U.S. Smelting, Refining and Mining Co., 

U.S. Supreme Court, 113 

U.S. Weather Bureau, 2,46,230 

USA. See U.S. Army. 

USAF. &e U.S. Air Force. 

USAF Institute of Technology, 276 

UsAFOffice of Aerospace Research, 224 

uSAF Weather Service, 259 

USCG. See U.S. Coast Guard. 

USMC. See U.S. Marine corps. 

USNS Range Recoverer, 333,392 

USNS Vanguard, 212 

153 

U.I 

U.S 

U.S.S. Hornet, 15 

LS. IwoJima, 125,133,136 

I.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (see also Soviet Academy of 

Sciences, etc.), 165, 176, 245-246, _..,_ 256.291.301.330.392 .~.. ,... ~ 

aircraft, 93, 98, 154, 307, 347, 359, 366, 

367,372,381-382,390 

accident, 330 

airlines, 263 

anniversary, 126, 127,361 

antiballistic missile system, 146, 171, 

266,311,381 

Apollo 13 mission 

reaction to, 126, 128, 130, 132, 137 rescue aid offer, 130, 132 

astronaut visit to, 176, 185, 190, 192, 

195.366 

astronomy, 55,286-287 

award, 267,271 

booster, 31 

budget, 391 

Committee for Human Rights, 369-370 

communications satellite, 15, 56, 214, 

318.380.405.411 

cooperation,’47-48,69-70, 106,225, 263, 

cooperation, space, 32,69-70,83,85-86, 

197, 221, 225, 229, 243, 287, 300, 

283-284,307-308,317,320 

106, 117, 156, 160, 176-177, 192, 

334, 335, 343-344, 346, 347, 349, 

351. 353. 358. 376. 380. 389. 391- 

392,393,409,413 

cosmonaut. See Cosmonaut. 

disarmament (see also U.S.S.R., SALT 

talks), 82, 245, 258, 266, 359, 371, 

402 

Expo ’70 exhibit, 91 

Institute of the United States of America, 199 

laser, 156,380,389 

launch, 410-412 

Luna XVI, 299 

Luna XVII, 364 

Venus vir, 266,398 

Vertikall, 380 

Cosmos, 8, 15, 16, 20, 21, 42, 

46. 66. 73. 87. 94. 102. 109. 113. 

probe 

satellite 

114, 126, 130, 145, 147, 149; 170; 

176, 198, 200, 201, 206,214, 217, 

226, 229, 248, 259, 261,269, 270, 

315,320, 323, 325, 331, 332, 334, 

337. 343. 345. 352. 366. 370. 376. 

212, 277, 291-292, 304, 305, 311, 

384,385,392,397,398,399,402 

Intercosmos Ill, 259 

Intercosmos IV, 336 

Meteor Ill, 92 

Meteor IV, 154 

Meteor V, 21 1 

Meteor VI. 337 

Molniya 1-13,56 

Molniya 1-14.214 

Molniya 1-1.5.318 

506 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Moiniya I-16,380 

Molniya 1-17,405 

SOYUZ IX, 189- 190,20 I, 203 

Zond VIII. 342-343 

launch site. 76 

Lenin centennial, 127 

Lunar XVllunar samples, 299,309,31 I312, 314, 316, 325, 349, 358, 365, 

369,372,411 

394.41 1 

Lunokhod I, 365, 372, 380, 389, 391, 

meteorological satellite, 92, 154, 

337,354,411 

missile and rocket program, 31-32 

68,93, 103, 132, 142, 146, 167, 

200, 230, 232, 266, 274, 278, 

311, 320, 347, 349, 360, 361, 

382,400 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 75, 

nuclear weapons on seabed tieaty, 284.37 1 

211, 

, 67- 

171, 

289, 

381- 

186 

283- 

probe, 266, 286-287, 289, 299, 364-365, 

radar, 146 

rocket test, 97,103,105,272 

SALT talks, 82, 131, 133, 142, 230, 244, 

379,380,398,411-412 

248.258.266,359.371.402 

science and technology, 27, 153, 225- 

226.298-299 .- -- 

space-program, 19, 30-31, 59, 68, 114, 

196, 211, 229, 252, 270, 271, 280, 

126, 153-154, 160, 181, 187, 193, 

294. 298-299. 309. 311-312. 314. 

318, 326-327, 330, 340, 346, 349, 

41 1-412 

355, 358, 359, 379, 397, 408, 410, 

military use, 30-31, 42, 95, 226, 303, 

358 

space station, 19,9l, 160, 181, 193,203, 

225,229,280,312,342,355,379 

spacecraft. See U.S.S.R., launch; and 

individual spacecraft, such as Luna 

XV, Molniya I-13, Soyuz IV, Zond 

VIII. 

spacecraft debris, 287,395 

spacecraft record, 108 

submarine, missile-carrying, 358 

supersonic transport, 359,366-367 

U-2 incident, 164 

weapons, 82,93, 103, 142, 171, 186,259, 

280-281,347,358,361,374-375 

Utah, 386 

Utah Launch Complex, 146 

Utlaut, Dr. William F., 390 

uv See Ultraviolet. 

Q 

Valley Forge Space Technology Center, 

VAM-17 (booster), 99 

VAM-20 (booster), 27,224 

Van Allen, Dr. James A., 105,330,360 

Van Allen radiation belt, 103 

Van Nuys, Calif., 175 

318 

Vance, Dale L., 7 

Vancouver, B.C., 272 

Vancouver (weather ship), 272 

Vandenberg AFB, Calif. (see also Western 

Test Range) 

Advanced Ballistic Reentry System, 198 

contract, 23 I 

Minuteman I, 276 

satellite launch vehicle 

Thor-Agena, 73, 175,273 

Thor-Burner 11.49.286 

Thorad-Agena,’371- 

Titan IIIB-Agena, 242,267 

Titan IIIB-Agena D, 14, 130,212 

Vanderwalker. John G.. 169 

Thorad-Agena,’371- 

Titan IIIB-Agena, 242,267 

Titan IIIB-Agena D, 14, 130.212 

Vanderwalker. J6hn G.. 169 

Vasa Medal, 256 

VAS1 See Visual-approach slope indicator. 

Vaughn, Stanley I., 379-380 

VC-I0 (jet transport), 293, 300 

Vecchietti, George J., 45,352 

Vegesack (German ship), 40 

Vela (nuclear test detection satellite), 44, 

114,221,411 

Venezuela, 192-193 

Venice, Italy, 313 

Venus (planet) atmosohere. 286.393 

exploiation of, 3, 11-12, 247, 284, 311- 

312,374,398,408 

map, 236 

probe, 247,266,273,379,398,412 

radius, 286 

surface, 139,236 

temoerature. 398 

Venus’ IV (U.S.S.R. interplanetary probe), 266,286-287,398 

Venus V, 266 

Venus VI, 266 

Venus VlI,266,273,289,398,412 

Venus: Strategy for Exploration (NAS re- port), 399 

Vermiyle, William V., Medal, 313 

VeronaTest Site, N.Y., 149 

Versatile upper stage tvus) (launch vehicle). 275 

Vesper, Howard G., 250 

Vesta (asteroid), 210 

Vertikal I (U.S.S.R. geophysical probe), 

780 

Vesoer. Howard G.. 250 

Vesia (asteroid), 210 -- 

Vertikal I (U.S.S.R. geophysical probe), 

780 

VFi’iiSual flight rules. 

VHF. very high frequency. 

Vienna, Austria, 68,82, 131, 133,230,248, 

312.402 

Vietnam,North, 151 

Vietnam war, I, 3, 152, 157,238, 260, 273, 

379 I. ~ 

Viking Molecular Analysis Science Team, 

255 

Viking, Project 

contract, 283 

experiments, 255,279,341 

plans, 11-12,43,61,284,413 

test, 89,412 

Vinogradov, Aleksander, 358-359 

Viper Dart (sounding rocket), 305,309 

Virgin Islands, 1 10, 210 

507 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1970 

Virginia, 82,384 

Virginia, Univ. of, 204,257,262 

Virginia Beach, Va., 351 

Visual-approach slope indicator (VASI), 

Vlachi. J., 159 

Vogel, Lawrence W., 98 

Volcker, Paul A., 275 

Volpe, Secretary of Transportation John 

air transport security, 204,293,310,353 

appointments by, 153,260,340,366 

contract award, 94,228 

exhibit, 259 

international cooperation, 15,28 

pollution control, 28,270,353 

SST, 107 

appointment, 28,88,412 

awards and honors. 219.286 

335 

A., 108-109,258,324 

R&D, IS,%, %1 

von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 94, 118, 162, 

226,314,389 

press conference, 103-105 

space program, national, 91, 103-105, 

R&D, 269-270 

146,226,385,393 I 

von Dohnanyi, Klaus, 86,326 von Kirmdn. Dr. Theodore. 159.267 

von Kirma'n Lecture, 252, j42 Voskhod IImission, 9,330 

Vostok I(U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 126 

Vostok Vlmission, 196 

V/STOL (vertical or short takeoff and landing) aircraft, 36,43,63-64,85, 166, 198- 

199,204,350,411-412,413 

VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) aircraft, 63,148,198-199,321,350 

VUS. See Versatile upper stage. 

W 

Wackenhut Services, Inc., 149 

Waetjen, Richard M., 108 

Waite, Roy, 352 

Walker. Eric A.. 87. 159 ,- ,-- 

Walker; Joseph A., 267 

Walkinshaw, Dr. Charles P., 400-401 

Waller, Richard A., 169 

Wallops Island, Va., 102 

Wallops Station (NASA), 212,384,396 

award, 369 

Bio-Space Technology Training Procontract, 200 

exhibit, lunar sample. 11 1 

launch 

gram, 257 

Of0 (Orbiting Frog Otolith), 362 

RM (RadiationlMeteoroid Satellite), 

RAM C-I11 (RAM C-C), 318 

362 

sounding rocket 

Aerobee 150,77,264 

Aerobee 170,41,77,102 

Aerobee 350,264 

Arcas, 77,257,305 

Bullpup-Cajun, 16 

Javelin, 77,283,328 

Loki-Dart, 305 

Nike-Apache, 13,77,256,305,398 

Nike-Cajun, 3, 9, 13, 77,210. 213, 

Nike-Iroquois, 77 

Nike-Tomahawk, 77,250,331,392, 

Trailblazer 11,376-377 

Viper Dart, 305 

lerator), 332 

234,305 

400 

SPED (Supersonic filanetary Entry DeceWalsh, John, 215 

Walton Beckett and Associates, 403 

Wan Hu, 268 

Wapakoneta, Ohio, 153 

Warning system, emergency, 240 

Warren AFB, Wyo., 317 

Warsaw, Poland, 57,76 

Washburn, Bradford, Award, 13 

Washington, 386 

Washington Airways, Inc., 312 

Washington, D.C., 44, 47, 82, 108, 129, 

139, 198,207, 224,232,234,238,259, 

262,272,274, 3 12,3 15,345, 346,349, 

383 

astronauts in, 6,152, 155, 157, 166 

awards presented in, 41, 94, 155, 166, 

249,310,368,384 

cosmonauts in. 336.338 

exhibit, 103,346 ' 

meetings, 15,21,28,37,41,99,134,139, 

152, 157, 166,270,292,300, 309,311, 

349-350.352.360.381 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty signed, 

press conference, 42, 179.239.277.284. 

75 

330,392,403 

Washington Heart Assn., 37 

Washington, Univ. of, 185 

Wasserburg, Dr. Gerald J., 30,59, 181 

Waterman, Dr. Alan T., 268 

Waterman. Walter. 352 

Watkins Capt. Augustine (Pan Am), 257 

Wayne &ate Univ., 156 

WC-130 (weather reconnaissance air- craft), 171 

Weather forecasting, 2,107 

Weather modification, 49,351-352,390 

Weatherford, Okla., 151 

Webb, James E., 152,165,166 

Weber, Dr. Joseph, 59,198 

Webster, William, 250 

Weightlessness, effects, 46, 58, 63, 110, 

190, 203, 210, 262, 275-276, 280, 327, 

362.392 

Weiss, Dr. Harold S., 131 

Welch, John J., Jr., 297 

Wente, Van A., 310 

West, Julian M., 325 

West Virginia, Univ. of. 408 

Western Governor's Conference, 86 

Western Test Range (WTR), 23, 38, 107, 113,194,198,203,275,394 

Western Union Telegraph Co., 249 

Wethenngton, Ryndal L., 197 

508 
7 

contract, 227 

launch 

Aerobee 150,77 

airelow. 127 

atGospheric data, 350 

solar astronomy, 210,376-377 

stellar data, 91,190-191,245,384 

ultraviolet astronomy, 190-191, 

x-ray astronomy, 377 

ultraviolet astronomy, 272,353 

x-ray astronomy, 45,169,311,317 

solar astronomy, 129 

stellar data, 129 

x-ray astronomy, 129 

Athena missile, 146,23 1 

Nike-Apache 

airglow, 31 1 

atmospheric data, 401 

x-ray astronomy, 276 

Nike-Cajun, 96 

165,198 

224,225,384 

Aerobee 15OM1, 27 

Aerobee 170 

Aerobee 350 

Space Orbiter Shuttlecraft drop test, 

White Sands, N. Mex., Test Facility, 41, 

62 

White, Gen. Thomas D., Space Trophy, 155 

Whitehead, Dr. Clay T., 215,288 

Whiteman AFB, Mo., 317 

Whitworth College, 180 

Wichita, Kans., 347 

Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B., 147,329 

WIKA (West German minicapsule), 84,412 

Wild, Dr. Jack W., 328 

Wilford, John N., 74, 137,236 

Williams College, 158,255 Williams, Dr. Donald J., 351 

Willis, Charles F., Jr., 1% 

Willkie, Wendell L., 191 

1970 

Wong, Wilson, 297 

Wood, Carlos C., 21 

Wood, Dr. John A., 59 

Woomera Rocket Range, Australia, 7, 

100,181, 191,233 

Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 40 

Worden, Maj. Alfred M. (USAF), 101,285 

Working Group on Lunar Nomenclature, 

World Academy of Art and Science, 162 

World Citizen Award, 219 

World War 11,320,321 

World Weather Watch, 2 

World Wildlife Fund, 372 

Wright brothers, 98,352 

Wright Brothers Day, 394 

Wright Brothers Lecture, 240 

Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, 305, 

Wright Memorial Dinner, 401 

Wright, Orville, 394 

Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 103, 153, 173, 

Wright, Robert A., 237 

Wright, Dr. Theodore P., 272 

Wright, Wilbur, 394 

WSMR. See White Sands Missile Range. 

WTR. See Western Test Range. Wuenscher, Hans F., 232,340 

Wyatt, Dr. DeMarquis D., 162 

Wyld, James H., Propulsion Award, 206 

268 

40 1 

194,227,258,342,382 

X 

X-15 (rocket research aircraft), 102-103, 

X-24A (lifting-body vehicle), 74,411 

220 

test flight 

509 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1970 

Yarborough, Charles, 62 

Yerevan, Armenia, 97 

Yeshiva Univ., 143 

Yevdokimov, Dr. Valery, 197 

YF-12 (reconnaissance aircraft), 180 

Yost, Ambassador to U.N. Charles W., 

YF-IZA, 411 

297 

Young, Capt. John W. (USN), 198 

Young Communist League, 181 

Z 

Zaehringer, Dr. Josef, 289,333 Zelenchuk Observatory, 216 

Zerqua, Jordan, 289 

Zia Co., 41 

Ziegler , Ronald L., 297 

Zond (spacecraft), 379 

Zond V(U.S.S.R. space probe), 343 

Zond VI, 343 

Zond VII, 343 

Zuckert Award for Outstanding ProficienZvezdny Gorodok (Star City) (U.S.S.R.), 

Zond VIII, 342-343,346,359,411 

cy in Management, 392 

212,346 

5 10 
HISTORIES 

0 Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP4101,1966, GPO, $4.00.* e Lovd S. Swenson. James M. Grimwood. and Charles C. Alexander. This New 

Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-4201,1966, GPO, $5.50. 

4202, 1970; also Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971, $12.50. 

ter, NASA SP-4301, 1968, GPO, $2.50. 

Center, 1940-1965, NASA SP-4302,1970, GPO, $4.75. 

* Constance McL. Green and Milton Lomask, Vanguard-A History, NASA SP0 Alfred Rosenthal, Venture Into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Cen- 

* =win P. Hartman, Adventures in Research: A History of the Ames Research 

HISTORICAL STUDIES 

* Eugene M. Emme (ed.), HiGory of Rocket Technology, Detroit:Wayne State University, 1964, $8.50. Q Mae Mills Link, Space Medicinein Project Mercury, NASA SP-4003, 1965, NTIS, 

$6.00.** * Historical Sketch of NASA, NASA EP-29, 1965 and 1966, NTIS, $6.00. e Katherine M. Dickson (Library of Congress), History of Aeronautics and Astronautics: A Preliminary Bibliography, NASA HHR-29, NTIS, $6.00. e William R. Corliss, NASA Sounding Rockets, 1958-1968. NASA SP-4401. 1971, 

GPO, $1.75. * Eugene M. Emme (ed.), Statements by Presidents of the United States on lnternational Cooperation in Space, Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Sen. Doc. 92-40, 1971, GPO, $0.55. 

CHRONOLOGIES 

* Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technologyin the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960, compiled by E. M. Emme, Washing- ton: NASA, 1961, NTIS, $6.00. @ Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1961, published by the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 1962, NTIS, $6.00. e Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1962, published by the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 1963, NTIS, $6.00. e Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1963, NASA SP-4004, 1964, NTIS, $6.00. 

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1964, NASA SP-4005, 1965, NTIS, $6.00. 

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1965, NASA SP-4006, 1966, NTIS, $6.00. e Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1966, NASA SP-4007,1967, NTIS, $6.00. * Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1967, NASA SP-4008, 1968, GPO, $2.25. * Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1968, NASA SP-4010, 1969, GPO, $2.00 0 Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1969, NASA SP-4014, 1970, GPO, $2.25. e James M. Grimwood, Project Mercury: A Chronology, NASA SP-4001, 1963, 

NTIS, $0.00. * James M. Grimwood and Barton C. Hacker, with Peter J. Vorzimmer, Project Gemini Technology and Operations: A Chronology, NASA SP-4002, 1969, GPO, 

$2.75. 

Ivan D. Ertel and Mary Louise Morse, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Vol. 

I, Through November 7, 1962, NASA SP-4009. 1969, GPO, $2.50. 

11, November& I 

2. 1971. NTIS. $6.00. 

s can be order rintendent of Documents. Government 

Technical Information Service. Springfield, Va. 22151 

*US. GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFICE: 1972 0-456-204 
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