REVISED APRIL 9, 2002

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

_______________________

No. 00-31032

_______________________

In Re: In the Matter of GRAHAM OFFSHORE, INC., as owner and

GRAHAM MARINE, INC., as owner pro hac vice of the

vessel M/V Miss Paula, her engines, tackle,

appurtenances, furniture, etc, praying for Exoneration

from or Limitation of Liability.

GRAHAM OFFSHORE, INC.; GRAHAM MARINE, INC.,

 Petitioners-Appellants,

versus

EPOCH WELL LOGGING; INDUSTRIAL INDEMNITY; JAMES ALLAWAY;

JOCELYN BATES,

 Claimants-Appellees,

versus

TEXACO EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION, INC.; TEXACO, INC.;

TRANSOCEAN OFFSHORE INC.; formerly known as Sonat Offshore

Drilling, Inc.,

 Claimants-Appellants.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

JAMES D. ALLAWAY,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

and

EPOCH WELL LOGGING; INDUSTRIAL INDEMNITY,

 Intervenors-Appellees,
2

versus

TEXACO, INC.; ET AL

 Defendants,

TEXACO INC.; TEXACO EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION, INC.,

 Defendants-Appellants,

and

TRANSOCEAN OFFSHORE VENTURES, INC.,

 Defendant-Third Party Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

GRAHAM MARINE, INC.,

 Defendant-Third Party Defendant-Appellant,

and

GRAHAM OFFSHORE, INC.,

 Third Party Defendant-Appellant.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

JOCELYN N. BATES,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

and

EPOCH WELL LOGGING; INDUSTRIAL INDEMNITY,

 Intervenors-Appellees,

versus

TEXACO, INC.; ET AL,

 Defendants,

TEXACO, INC.; TEXACO EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION, INC.,
3

 Defendants-Appellants,

and

TRANSOCEAN OFFSHORE VENTURES, INC.,

 Defendant-Third Party Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

GRAHAM MARINE, INC.,

 Defendant-Third Party Defendant-Appellant,

and

GRAHAM OFFSHORE, INC.,

 Third Party Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

NO. 00-31239

____________________

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of GRAHAM OFFSHORE, INC.,

as owner; GRAHAM MARINE, INC., as owner pro hac vice of the

vessel M/V Miss Paula, her engines, tackle, appurtenances,

furniture, ect, for Exoneration from or Limitation of Liability.

GRAHAM OFFSHORE INC., as owner; GRAHAM MARINE, INC., as owner

pro hac vice of the vessel M/V Miss Paula, her engines,

tackle, appurtenances, furniture, ect, praying for Exoneration

from or Limitation of Liability;

 Petitioners-Appellees-Cross Appellants,

EPOCH WELL LOGGING,

 Intervenor-Appellee,

JAMES ALLAWAY; JOCELYN BATES; INDUSTRIAL INDEMNITY,

 Claimants-Appellees,

versus
4

TEXACO EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION INC.; TEXACO, INC., 

 Claimants-Appellants,

versus

TRANSOCEAN OFFSHORE INC., formerly known as Sonat Offshore

Drilling Incorporated,

 Claimants-Appellant-Cross Appellee.

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

JAMES D. ALLAWAY,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

EPOCH WELL LOGGING; INDUSTRIAL INDEMNITY,

 Intervenors-Appellees,

versus

TEXACO EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION, INC., TEXACO, INC.,

 Defendants-Appellants,

versus

GRAHAM MARINE, INC.,

 Defendant-Third Party Defendant-Appellee-Cross Appellant,

GRAHAM OFFSHORE, INC.,

 Third Party Defendant-Appellee-Cross Appellant,

versus

TRANSOCEAN OFFSHORE VENTURES, INC.; TRANSOCEAN OFFSHORE, INC.,

 Defendants-Third Party Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross Appellees.

- - - - - - - - - - 

JOCELYN N. BATES,
* District Judge of the Western District of Texas, sitting

by designation.

5

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

EPOCH WELL LOGGING,

 Intervenor-Appellee,

versus

TEXACO EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION, INC.; TEXACO, INC.,

 Defendants-Appellants,

GRAHAM MARINE, INC.,

 Defendant-Third Party Defendant-Appellee-Cross Appellant,

GRAHAM OFFSHORE, INC.,

 Third Party Defendant-Appellee-Cross Appellant,

INDUSTRIAL INDEMNITY,

 Claimant-Appellee,

versus

TRANSOCEAN OFFSHORE VENTURES, INC.; TRANSOCEAN OFFSHORE, INC.,

 Defendants-Third Party Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross Appellees.

_________________________________________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Louisiana

_________________________________________________________

March 28, 2002

Before DAVIS and JONES, Circuit Judges, and PRADO*, District Judge.

EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge:
6

Two former employees of Epoch Well Logging seek

compensation for injuries sustained while they were evacuating a

drilling rig during Hurricane Danny in July 1997. The dispute

centers around the rough voyage of the Miss Paula, a crew boat that

ferried personnel from the drilling rig to shore. The injured

employees filed claims against the owner of the vessel (Graham

Offshore); the vessel’s time-charterer (Texaco); and the owner of

the drilling rig (Transocean). Graham Offshore filed a maritime

limitation action, and Texaco and Transocean filed claims against

Graham Offshore.

While all three defendants appealed from a substantial

judgment that apportioned damages among them, the Graham Offshore

and Texaco appellants settled with appellees while this appeal was

pending. In the only remaining portion of the appeal, we conclude

that the trial court erred in holding Transocean, the rig owner,

liable for errors that were the responsibility of the vessel and,

to a lesser extent, the time-charterer. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In mid-1997, Texaco Exploration and Production, Inc.

(“Texaco”) chartered the DF-97, a mobile offshore drilling unit

owned by Transocean Offshore Venture, Inc. (“Transocean”), to

conduct drilling operations on the Outer Continental Shelf in the

Gulf of Mexico. The drilling site was located on the Vioska Knoll,

approximately 80 miles south of Mobile, Alabama.
2 The United States Coast Guard required Texaco to submit

an Emergency Evacuation Plan (“EEP”), which will be discussed in

more detail below. 

7

As part of this drilling project, Texaco contracted with

Epoch Well Logging, Inc. (“Epoch Well”) to perform mud logging

services on the well. Texaco also chartered a 120-foot crew boat,

the Miss Paula, to provide transportation for personnel and

equipment to and from the DF-97. The Miss Paula was owned by

Graham Offshore, Inc. (“Graham Offshore”) and was docked at Venice,

Louisiana, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.

Tropical Storm Danny formed in the Gulf of Mexico on July

16, 1997, and was eventually upgraded to a category one hurricane.

On July 17, Texaco and Transocean decided that 25 non-essential

workers on the DF-97 should be evacuated.2 Weather reports

available on the 17th indicated that Danny was moving in a

northeasterly direction and would make landfall the following

morning near Houma, Louisiana. 

Texaco then contacted Graham Offshore to determine

whether the Miss Paula could be dispatched to the DF-97. At

approximately 4:00 p.m., the captain of the Miss Paula replied that

he could make the voyage, and Texaco ordered him to proceed. After

re-fueling, the Miss Paula departed Venice at 5:45 p.m. 

Inexplicably, the captain of the Miss Paula did not

monitor the path of Hurricane Danny. Although the vessel was

equipped with radio and other equipment, the captain relied solely
8

on a television news broadcast he had seen at 5:00. Consequently,

the captain was not aware that the National Weather Service began

reporting around 10:00 p.m. that Hurricane Danny had turned sharply

to the east and was projected to make landfall near Venice. 

The Miss Paula arrived at the DF-97 at 11:00 p.m. and

boarded the 25 oil rig workers into the crew boat. Although the

Miss Paula was alongside the DF-97 for approximately 30 minutes,

the representatives of Texaco and Transocean – who had obtained

updated weather information -- did not discuss the hurricane’s

path with the captain or crew of the Miss Paula. 

The Miss Paula began its return trip to Venice around

11:30 and soon encountered heavy rain, strong winds, and rough

seas. The vessel was blown off course and ran aground on a sand

bar; the captain freed the boat by reversing the engines, thereby

causing the boat to lurch violently. The captain then took the

Miss Paula to deeper water in the Breton Sound and waited out the

storm. The voyage was unpleasant, but the captain and crew

reported that the boat never took on water or lost power and that

the vessel was not in danger of capsizing or sinking. Miss Paula

returned to port in Venice on the afternoon of July 18, after a 15-

hour voyage that would have taken no more than 6 hours under normal

conditions.

Two employees of Epoch Well -- James Allaway and Jocelyn

Bates -- claimed that they were injured during this voyage of the
9

Miss Paula. In March 1998, Graham Offshore filed a liability

limitation action under 46 U.S.C. § 181. Allaway and Bates filed

actions (which were subsequently consolidated) against Graham

Offshore, Texaco, and Transocean. Texaco and Transocean then

sought indemnification from Graham Offshore, asserting that Graham

Offshore had acted negligently. Epoch Well and Industrial

Indemnity intervened to recoup compensation paid to Allaway and

Bates pursuant to the Longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act

(“LHWCA”).

The trial was set for December 13, 1999. On December 10,

however, the parties agreed to continue the trial and to try the

issue of damages before determining liability. As part of this

agreement, the defendants pledged to “fund any final judgment [on

damages] . . . on the basis of a one-third contribution each” and

then to try the issue of liability among themselves in order to

determine the ultimate allocation of responsibility for any award

for damages. With the consent of all parties, the district court

entered an order bifurcating the trial.

In March 2000, the district court conducted a non-jury

trial on the issue of damages. The court credited Allaway’s

testimony that the return trip to Venice was “a voyage from hell”

and that Allaway was terrified as he “bounced around” the ship.

The court found that Allaway suffered permanent but relatively

minor injuries to his right knee, his right shoulder, and back.
10

The court added, though, that the most significant injury suffered

by Allaway was psychological. The court found that Allaway, though

he had been an offshore oil worker for twenty-five years, suffered

from “severe post-traumatic stress disorder” as a result of “the

extreme fear and fright he experienced during the fifteen hour

voyage aboard the Miss Paula.”

The court found that Jocelyn Bates suffered minor

injuries to her shoulder, arm, and wrist. The court noted that

Bates’s traumatic experience prevented her from taking assignments

that required her to travel offshore by boat. Otherwise, she

suffered from no serious psychological conditions that interfered

with her daily life. 

The district court entered judgment on damages, awarding

$765,217 to Allaway and $81,068 to Bates. The court also entered

judgments for the intervenors, Epoch Well and Industrial Indemnity,

in the amounts of $85,897 (against Allaway) and $2,790 (against

Bates) for compensation paid to the claimants under the LHWCA.

Limitation of liability became a moot point, inasmuch as the vessel

is worth more than the combined judgments. 

In its order awarding damages, the district court

announced that Graham Offshore, Texaco, and Transocean would be the

only participants in the liability phase of the trial. The court

concluded that the defendants’ December 10th agreement had relieved
11

Allaway and Bates of their burden of proving negligence on the part

of the defendants. 

In September 2000, the district court conducted a trial

to apportion liability. Counsel for appellees were not present.

The court found that Graham Offshore breached its duty of

reasonable care to the passengers onboard the Miss Paula.

Specifically, the court found that the captain of the vessel did

not even attempt to obtain updated weather information and that he

negligently failed to realize he was heading directly into the

storm. As to the other defendants, the district court concluded

that Texaco and Transocean had a legal duty to transport the rig

workers safely to shore pursuant to the Emergency Evacuation Plan,

a plan that Coast Guard regulations required Texaco to prepare and

disseminate. According to the district court, Texaco and

Transocean breached this duty by failing to share weather

information with the vessel. The district court also noted that

Texaco owed a legal duty to the passengers because Texaco was the

time-charterer of the Miss Paula and exercised at least partial

control over the timing, mission, and route of the vessel. Having

concluded that all three parties were liable, the district court

then apportioned liability as follows: 60% to Graham Offshore, 20%

to Texaco, and 20% to Transocean. 
3 The district court rejected Transocean’s contention that

its liability to Allaway and Bates, employees covered by the LHWCA,

arises only from its status under 33 U.S.C. § 905(b) as a vessel

owner (of a mobile drilling rig). We agree with the district court

that appellees’ claim against Transocean did not rest on vesselbased negligence, but only upon duties allegedly created by

Texaco’s EEP. We have no occasion to consider the applicability of

§ 905(b) to these facts.

12

II. DISCUSSION

Among several issues raised by Transocean, the question

of Transocean’s legal duties to appellees overarches other issues

in this case and requires our primary attention. 

During the liability phase of the trial, the district

court concluded that Transocean had assumed responsibility for the

passengers of the Miss Paula because Transocean had designated its

rig superintendent as the person in charge of implementing the

Emergency Evacuation Plan (EEP). In addition, the district court

may have held that Transocean, like Texaco, shared in a hybrid duty

with Graham for the safe transportation of Allaway and Bates, to

the extent that elements of their transportation fell within

Transocean’s “sphere of control.”3 We review de novo these grounds

for the district court’s conclusion that Transocean owed a legal

duty to Allaway and Bates. Canal Barge Co., Inc. v. Torco Oil Co.,

220 F.3d 370, 376 (5th Cir. 2000). 

United States Coast Guard regulations require the

operator of each manned facility on the Outer Continental Shelf to
13

submit an Emergency Evacuation Plan, or EEP. 33 C.F.R. §§ 146.140,

146.210. Texaco duly submitted its evacuation plan for the DF-97.

This case involves a “Level I” evacuation of non-essential

personnel to shoreside facilities. The EEP states that evacuation

could be by helicopter or by boat, and it includes an estimate of

the total evacuation time for each method. The EEP also identifies

the sources of weather information to be relied upon in determining

whether to abandon the rig. Significantly, the EEP designates

Transocean’s rig superintendent as the “Person-in-Charge” of

implementing the EEP (except in cases of “well-control

situations”). As the “Person-in-Charge,” the Transocean

representative had the duty to advise Texaco “of any situations

warranting implementation of the EEP.” The contract between Texaco

and Transocean was to the same effect, adding only that Transocean

would consult with Texaco in deciding whether to institute

precautionary measures to safeguard the rig. 

Through the EEP and the contract with Texaco, Transocean

was involved in the evacuation of rig workers. The EEP indicates

that Texaco and Transocean would monitor the weather for the

purpose of deciding whether to evacuate the rig, by what means to

evacuate the non-essential personnel, and how to transfer personnel

safely from the rig to the evacuation craft. The plaintiffs do not

contend, nor did the district court find, that Texaco or Transocean

performed these specific duties in a negligent manner.
14

Instead, Allaway and Bates contend that Transocean had a

more general duty imposed by the EEP to ensure that the employees

were transported safely to shore and that Transocean breached this

duty by not transmitting weather information to the vessel. Viewed

in retrospect, Transocean’s failure to discuss weather developments

with the crew of the Miss Paula may have been imprudent. However,

the narrow question before us is whether the EEP imposes a legal

duty on Transocean to oversee the operations of the boat or

helicopter that is used to evacuate personnel from the rig.

Although Transocean’s rig superintendent was the “person in charge”

of implementing the evacuation plan, it does not follow that

Transocean assumed responsibility for every act done in furtherance

of the evacuation. Nothing in Texaco’s evacuation plan for the DF97 imposed a duty on Transocean to monitor weather conditions for

the purpose of assisting the Miss Paula in navigation. The general

mission, route, cargo and timing of a chartered vessel’s voyage are

traditionally within the control of the vessel operator and the

time-charterer, see Hodgen v. Forest Oil Corp., 87 F.3d 1512, 1520

(5th Cir. 1996), and the EEP does not alter that arrangement. 

In fact, apart from identifying a few specific tasks, the

balance of the EEP regulation requires only an index of resources

and tentative plans for addressing various types of emergencies.

It is by no means clear that the EEP should of its own force create

legal duties. Instead, its purpose appears to be that of requiring
15

offshore operators to foresee and document possible emergency

evacuation scenarios, without any assurance that the planned

remedies are the only feasible plans or even the best plans when an

actual emergency erupts. See 54 Fed. Reg. 21566 (May 18, 1989). 

The EEP regulation imposes a duty of documentation, not execution.

Given the limited, though useful, purpose of the EEP, it

makes no sense to hold that its barebones allocation of tasks

affixes legal responsibility on any party to offshore drilling

operations beyond that which is undertaken by contract or imposed

by extrinsic law. The district court thus erred in concluding that

Transocean could be held liable on the basis of a specific duty to

transmit weather information to the Miss Paula that does not exist

in the EEP or of some more general but wholly unarticulated duty of

Transocean’s supervisor as the EEP person-in-charge to guarantee

the flawless execution of the Miss Paula’s task. 

Transocean also takes issue with the district court’s

apparent imposition of a hybrid duty upon it to assure Appellees’

safe transportation within the sphere of activity in which

Transocean “exercised at least partial control” with Graham. Since

the court gleaned the duty of an “exercise of partial control” only

from the EEP, a holding we have found erroneous, the hybrid duty

theory fails on that basis alone. More generally, however, the

court’s attribution of any hybrid duty upon Transocean in these

circumstances represents an unwarranted extension of Hodgen. The
16

Hodgen decision synthesizes this court’s caselaw describing the

duties of a vessel’s time-charterer to passengers on the vessel.

Texaco was the Miss Paula’s time charterer, not Transocean.

Transocean had no direct contractual relation with Graham and,

according to the record, it never had any direct contact with

Graham concerning routine transportation to and from its rig, much

less the evacuation in the face of Hurricane Danny. Texaco

contracted with Transocean to operate Transocean’s mobile rig, and

Texaco contracted with Graham to supply transportation services to

the rig at Texaco’s instruction. The parties’ practices followed

their contracts. Thus, Texaco as time charterer potentially bore

a hybrid duty to passengers carried by Graham, but neither the

factual nor legal predicate for creating such a duty existed in

Transocean’s fortuitous connection to Graham. Hodgen is

inapplicable. 

For these reasons, the judgment against Transocean cannot

stand. Accordingly, the judgment of liability against Transocean

is REVERSED.