NASA SP-4017 

ASTRONAUTICS AND 

AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Chronology of Science, Technology, and Policy 

Text by 

Science and Technology Division 

Library of Congress 

Sponsored by 

NASA Historical Office 

Scientific and Technical Information Ofice 1974 

- NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

Wmhington, D.C. 
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, 

U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402 .I , 

Price (paper cover) $4.83 

Stock Number 3300-00538 

Library of Congress Catalog Card Nsmber 63-60308 
Foreword 

NASA’s twelfth annual chronology of events in astronautics and aeronautics 

reflects a US. space program redefined to be less costly and perhaps less 

spectacular in the 1970s than in the previous decade-yet this volume 

records a continued and indeed matured response to the challenges of space, 

both in scientific exploration and in practical uses. 

The year 1972 closed with the triumphant end of the Apollo program. 

The mass of data from the manned explorations of the moon and data still 

being collected by instruments left on the moon’s surface combined with 

events on earth to intensify awareness of our planet, especially the fragility 

of its environment and the preciousness of its resources. In addition to 

bringing insights into how the earth evolved and into the history and nature 

of the moon, the flights-culminating in the new space records and investigations of ApoUo 16 and Apollo 17 during 1972-let us see our planet “as it 

really is,” influencing long-range planning for future activities in space, 

as well as in many other areas of life. The assimilation and interpretation 

of lunar data will occupy many scientists around the world for at least a 

decade to come. 

Several major events underscored the shift in emphasis from lunar 

exploration toward study of our planet. President Nixon announced that the 

United States would proceed to develop the reusable space shuttle, to reduce 

the cost and risk of using space. NASA selected a configuration with reusable 

boosters and orbiter and let the initial contracts to develop a practical and 

economical system for both manned and unmanned missions in the 1980s. 

Meanwhile, all Skylab components were delivered and flight crews were 

readying for the 1973 missions that would feature prolonged research in 

astronomy, earth resources, materials processing, and life processes, all 

under the weightless conditions of earth orbit. 

A major step forward in space applications, turning space knowledge and 

technology into practical benefits, was the launch of Erts 1 to begin global 

observation of the earth’s resources and environmental factors. Data from 

Erts 1, from Skylab, and from remote-sensing aircraft were to be available 

to users worldwide. Weather and communications satellites-including 

Nimbus 5, Nom 2, Anik 1 for Canada, and two Intelsats-were orbited to 

continue almost routine service to man from space. NASA’s technology 

utilization program expanded the nation’s technology base and attacked 

problems in health and medical care, air and water pollution, transportation, 

urban construction, and fire safety. 

Although a stretched-out space program reduced plans for a future Grand 

Tour of all the outer planets to a focus on Jupiter and Saturn, and the 

NERVA nuclear rocket program was reoriented toward a small, high-energy, 

nuclear propulsion system for planetary missions, 1972 produced significant 

firsts in space science. Pioneer 10 made the first probe of the Asteroid Belt 

and flew on toward its December 1973 rendezvous with Jupiter and eventual 

escape from the solar system. Pioneer 11 was to follow in 1973 for a meeting 

with Jupiter in 1974. Mariner 9, launched in 1971, completed its mission 

iii 
iv FOREWORD 

during 1972, photographically mapping the entire globe of Mars and 

sending back information that revised our understanding of that planet. 

We now know that Mars is geologically active; free-flowing water may have 

existed in its ancient past. Mariner 9 data laid the groundwork for 1975- 

1976 Viking missions to softland on Mars and search for evidence of life. 

Mariner 10, to be launched in late 1973, would make the first explorations 

of Mercury, flying by Venus on its way. 

Om 3 (Copernicm) opened new channels of information into the distant 

reaches of the universe. The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory made the 

first ultraviolet observations of Uranus, observed a supernova, and, at this 

writing, has returned compelling evidence of the existence of black holes 

in space. Explorer 47 and 48 joined satellites launched in previous years 

to extend our knowledge of physics and astronomy. 

International cooperation took unprecedented steps in 1972. A USU.S.S.R. agreement on cooperative use of outer space included plans for 

an Apollo-Soyuz docking mission in 1975; another provided for cooperation in science and technology. The European Space Research Organization 

worked on plans to develop a space laboratory to be flown on NASA’s 

shuttle. NASA launched four satellites for other nations and four cooperative 

spacecraft, and the President announced a US. policy of launch assistance 

to other countries and international organizations. 

NASA’s major efforts in aeronautics were directed chiefly toward quieter 

engines; efficient, short-haul air transportation; and reduction of exhaust 

emissions. The supercritical wing was flight-tested on the Navy T-2C trainer 

and the Air Force TF-8A jet aircraft in joint advanced transport technology projects to permit savings in structural weight and increases in 

cruise speed without increasing power. In the NASA-USAF proqram to develop 

technology for landing manned space vehicles horizontally, the M2-F3 

lifting body completed its 27th and final flight, having reached a speed of 

1718 kilometers (1066 miles) per hour and a 21 800 meter (71 500 foot) 

altitude. The program was to continue in 1973 with flights of the X-24B 

in a new configuration. 

Thus, designed for realistic progress at a constant budget level of $3.4 

billion, NASA’s 1972 program in space and in the air was nonetheless marked 

by the excitement of new tasks, new achievements, and the continued 

increase in man’s knowledge in many fields. 

Willis H. Shapley 

Associate Deputy Administrator 

February 11, 1974 
Contents 

Foreword _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _____ ____ _ _ __ ____________ _ __ ___ ______ 

Illustrations _ _ __ _ ___ _ - ___________ _ ____ __ __________ _ _______ Preface ___________________________________________-______ 

January _ _ __ _ __ _ ________ ______ - __ _ ________ _______________ February _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ___ ______ __ - ___ _______ __ _____ March ______________________-___-________________-__-__

April ____________________________________________-____-_ 

May __ _ __ - __ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ ______ __ _ _____ June __________________________________-_______________-_ 

Associate Deputy Administrator Willis H. Shapley 

August - _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ____ _____ _ __ ___ __ ____-__ _-__-_ 

September - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ __ ______ - _ __ ______ ______ -_ 

October ________________________________________________- 

November ____ _ _____ ___ _ __ ___ __ ____ _ _________ __ _-____-_- 

December _____________________-___-____________-____---- 

Summary ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ ______ ____ __ __-_ - 

Appendix A: Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights, 

a Chronicle for 1972 __________________________________-- 

Appendix B: Chronology of Major NASA Launches, 1972 ______- 

Appendix e: Chronology of Manned Space Flight, 1972 ______-- 

Appendix D : Abbreviations of References ______-_____________ 

Index and List of Abbreviations and Acronyms _____________-- 

PAGE 

iii 

vii 

ix 

1 

41 

77 

127 

169 

213 

247 

279 

305 

335 

371 

403 

a7 

457 

485 

489 

493 

497 

V 

Illustrations 

President Nixon and NASA Administrator Fletcher examine a model 

of the space shuttle ______________________________________ 

An instrumented B-57 aircraft tests methods to detect clear-air 

turbulence _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ 

A manned helicopter lands automatically ...................... 

Pioneer 10 in preparation for launch toward Jupiter, with the 

plaque to be carried for readers in space ______________________ 

A hospital surgery team applies spacecraft sterilization techniques __ 

Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Low, and Dale Myers explain the space shuttle 

configuration _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ - _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ ___ _ _ __ 

Apob 16 EVA routes at the Descartes lunar landing site ___________ 

Astronaut Young works on the lunar surface ___________________ 

Stars in the Milky Way photographed from the moon ____________ Dr. Kvenvolden displays a rock thought to hold evidence of the 

beginning of photosynthesis on earth ........................ 

Dr. Jones with a wind-tunnel model of the pivot-wing aircraft _____ 

Signing of the US-U.S.S.R. space cooperation agreement ________ Docked Apollo-Soyuz Test Project spacecraft models ____________ 

A mobile medical gas analyzer and an ultrathin, low-volt switching 

circuit, from space technology _____________________________ 

Erts 1 in preparation for launch _____________________________ 

First Erts 1 photos are examined by Dr. Clark, Dr. Fletcher, and 

Charles Mathews ......................................... 

Atlas-Centaur stages arrive at Cape Kennedy for the Om 3 launch __ 

Flight Research Center marks its 25th anniversary ______________ Astronauts Thornton, Bobko, and Crippen emerge from the Skylab 

medical experiments altitude test ___________________________ 

The Skylab airlock module in the clean room ___________________ The Bell X-1 breaks the sound barrier-Oct. 14, 1947 ___________ The X-24B lifting body arrives at Flight Research Center _________ Potential Mars landing sites for 1976 Viking spacecraft __________ 

vii 

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147 

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192 

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249 

268 

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324 

351 

351 

376 
Viii ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

A laser instrument detects sulfur-dioxide air pollution ____________ ApolEo 17 lift08 lights the night sky __________________________ 

Astronaut Cernan checks out the Rover ________________________ 

Geologist-Astronaut Schmitt works beside a boulder on the moon --- 

The crescent earth rises over the moon, seen from Apollo 17 -__--- 

Evans retrieves film cassettes during space walk ____-_______---- 

Picture of a manned spacecraft,” cartoon by Scott Long -__----- 

391 

412 

414 

415 

417 

418 

450 (6 
Preface 

Astronautics and Aeronautics for 1972, twelfth in this series of annual 

chronologies, gives a brief day-by-day account of key events of the year in 

space and in the air. It pinpoints dates, actors, new technology, decisions, 

programs, achievements, and early evaluations of results, with notations to 

sources. Some of the indirectly related technological and scientific events, 

some indications of the impact on society and national and international 

concerns, and a sampling of public and official reaction also are noted. 

Not intended to develop a full picture, the brief references, when used with 

the index and cross-references, can nevertheless outline the progress of a 

given subject during the year and point to origins in previous years. 

Designed primarily for reference use within the Federal Government, the 

volume is also offered to the public. The principal sources are those immediately available in NASA, other Federal agencies, Congress, the professional 

societies, as well as the journals and the press, with verification from participants. Often details that could be lost with time can be captured and 

questions clarified while the participants are still at hand. 

General editor of this volume was the Deputy Director of the NASA 

Historical Office, Frank W. Anderson, Jr., and the technical editor was 

Mrs. Carrie E. Karegeannes. The entire Historical Office participated in 

source selection, review, and publication. Archivist Lee D. Saegesser collected 

current documentation. The Science and Technology Division of the Library 

of Congress, under an Exchange of Funds agreement, drafted monthly 

sezments in comment edition form; which were circulated for corrections, 

additions, and use. At the end of the year, the entire manuscript was 

reworked to include comments received and additional information that 

was not available when the monthly segments were prepared. At the Library 

Mrs. Patricia D. Davis, Mrs. Carmen Brock-Smith until October and Mrs. 

Nancy L. Brun from December, and Mrs. Shirley M. Singleton carried 

principal responsibility. Arthur G. Renstrom of the Library prepared the 

monthly indexes and Informatics TISCO, Inc., prepared the detailed index 

for the annual volume. The index, indispensable to the usefulness of a 

chronology, also serves as a glossary of abbreviations and acronyms. 

Appendix A. “Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights, 1972,” 

Appendix B, “Chronology of Major NASA I aunches, 1972,” and Appendix C, 

“Chronology of Manned Space Flight, 1972,” were prepared by Leonard C. 

Bruno of the Library of Congress. Appendix D, “Abbreviations of References,,’ was prepared by Mrs. Davis. 

Without the assistance of many individuals throughout NASA and other 

Federal agencies, the content of this volume would be less reliable and 

complete. Comments, additions, and criticisms are always welcomed by the 

NASA Historical Office. 

Monte D. Wricht 

Director, NASA Historical Ofice 

ix 
January 1972 

January I: ApoZZo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and 

Alfred M. Worden participated in pregame pageant at 1972 Orange 

Bowl Classic football game in Miami, Pageant, “The First Decade,” 

was dedicated to US. space program. (NASA Activities, 2/15/72,35) 

Research in’U.S. was shifting from pure to practical, Thomas 

O’Toole wrote in Washington Post. “Changes that stress practicality 

have already been made to parts of U.S. science, but they’re scarcely 

detectable against the $16 billion the federal government spends every 

year to support US. science and technology. One of the few programs 

of any size begun by the Nixon administration is a $49 million project 

at the National Science Foundation code-named RANN-for Research 

Applied to National Needs. RANN supports a host of small programs 

aimed at improving things like subways, cancer treatment, earthquake 

forecasts and sewers.” 

Changes within NASA required “little new money, but they serve to 

spotlight the emphasis the Nixon administration places on the practical 

goals of science. In the last six months NASA has taken on study projects 

from the Departments of Commerce, Interior, and Transportationnone of which involves space exploration. The space agency also has a 

contract from the National Science Foundation to investigate the use 

of solar cells (used on most unmanned spacecraft) to electrify homes 

and buildings. It has another contract from the Department of Housing 

and Urban Development to look into ways an apartment complex might 

recycle its sewage and water the way future astronauts will do inside 

their spacecraft.’’ (W Post, 1/3/72, Al) 

NASA’s Mariner 9 Mars probe (launched May 30, 1971, and 

inserted in Mars orbit Nov. 13,1971) began systematic mapping of Mars. 

Full 360” of longitude for band of latitudes would be mapped every 

20 days. Mapping had been delayed because major dust storm on planet 

had obscured visibility. By Jan. 7, after 55 days in Mars orbit, 

Mariner 9 had responded to 20000 ground commands and had taken 

3500 pictures. Dust was clearing and mission plan had been revised 

to meet mission objectives to greatest possible extent. (NASA proj off) 

National Science Teachers Assn. had received more than 15 000 

applications for participation in NASA Skylab Student Project, NASA 

announced. NSTA was managing project to stimulate interest in science 

and technology by promoting participation of U.S. students in grades 

9-12 in experiments, demonstrations, or activities to be performed by 

astronauts during 1973 Skylab missions. NASA would select 25 proposals on basis of compatibility with Skylab requirements. Selectees 

and their teachers would attend Skylab Educational Conference and 

award presentation at Kennedy Space Center at Skylab launch time. 

NASA would build required hardware in consultation with students. 

Regional and national selectees would be announced in April. (NASA 

Release 72-1) 

January 2: 

January 3-7: 

January 3: 

1 
January 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

NASA announced issuance of requests for proposals (RFPS) for six-month 

studies to evaluate new propulsion systems for ensuring quiet and clean 

operation of short takeoff and landing ( STOL) aircraft. Evaluation 

would include system noise and emission levels, thrust performance, 

size, and weight. Systems would be investigated for use with propulsivelift concepts in which jet engines helped produce lift for takeoff and 

landing on short runways. Proposals were due Jan. 31. At least two 

companies would be selected. NASA planned to issue RFPS for quiet, 

clean STOL experimental engine in late 1972. (NASA Release 72-2) 

Aerospace industry outlook for 1972 was described in Aviation Week & 

Space Technology editorial: “Much of the political miasma and public 

criticism . . . appears to be dissipating. The cruel bite of unemployment 

. . . has made it politically less attractive to attack technology. The 

legislators who were glad to equate their anti-technology votes with a 

blast at skin cancer now find these votes equated with stimulating 

unemployment. The industry will continue to be under vigorous public 

and legislative scrutiny and deserves it. But it has shown the first signs 

of fighting back and beginning to state its own very valid case. 

Hopefully, this will continue during the election year in an effort to 

force politicians to assess technology more accurately in their appeals 

to the electorate.” (Hotz, Av Wk, 1/3/72, 7) 

* Science and Technology Div. of New York Public Library was closed 

after failing to meet $86000 budget deficit by $9000. Library officials 

had said previously they expected to raise required funds and reopen 

by mid-January. (Andelman, NYT, 1/1/72,18; NYPL PIO) 

In interview published in Time magazine President Nixon discussed 

impact of his impending visit to People’s Republic of China: “. . . what really matters here is not the fact that the trip to China is 

announced” but results of trip. “Our people have become accustomed 

to the spectaculars. It is exciting. A trip to China is like going to the 

moon.” (Time, 1/3/72, 14-51 

Apollo 16 lunar module (LM) pilot Charles M. Duke, Jr., was 

admitted to Patrick Air Force Base Hospital for treatment of bacterial 

pneumonia. Duke’s illness was not expected to have serious impact on 

training preparations for Apollo 16 launch, scheduled for March 17. 

(MSC Release 72-02) 

* Dr. Hannes 0. Alfven, professor of applied physics at Univ. of California 

at San Diem0 and winner of 1970 Nobel Prize in physics, was named to 

receive U.S.S.R.’s 1971 Lomonsov Gold Medal for “outstandinq achievements in plasma physics and astrophysics.” Award was highest granted 

by Soviet Academv of Sciences. (UPI, LA Times, 1/5/72) 

Completion by U.S.S.R. of world’s first fast-breeder nuclear reactor for 

commercial purposes was announced by Zzvestict. Reactor, at 

Shevchenko on Caspian Sea, would produce 250000 kw of nuclear 

power to convert salt water from Caspian Sea into fresh water. (Shabad, 

NYT, 1/15/72, 11) 

January 5: President Nixon announced decision US. should develop 

space shuttle system. In statement released from San Clemente. Calif., 

following 45-min meetinq with Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and Dr. George M. Low, Deputv Administrator, President said: 

“I have decided today that the United States should proceed at once 

with the development of an entirely new type of space transportation 

January 4: 

2 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 5 

system designed to help transform the space frontier of the 1970’s into 

familiar territory, easily accessible for human endeavor in the 1980’s 

and 1990’s. 

“This system will center on a space vehicle that can shuttle repeatedly 

from earth to orbit and back. It will revolutionize transportation into 

near space, by routinizing it. It will take the astronomical costs out of 

astronautics. In short, it will go a long way toward delivering the rich 

benefits of practical space utilization and the valuable spinoffs from 

space efforts into the daily lives of Americans and all people. 

“The new year 1972 is a year of conclusion for America’s current 

series of manned flights to the moon. Much is expected from the two 

remaining Apollo missions-in fact, their scientific results should 

exceed the return from all the earlier flights together. Thus they will 

place a fitting capstone on this vastly successful undertaking. But they 

also bring us to an important decision point-a point of assessing what 

our space horizons are as Apollo ends, and of determining where we 

go from here. 

“In the scientific arena, the past decade of experience has taught US 

that spacecraft are an irreplaceable tool for learning about our near 

earth space environment, the moon, and the planets, besides being an 

important aid to our studies of the sun and stars. In utilizing space to 

meet needs on earth, we have seen the tremendous potential of satellites 

for intercontinental communications and worldwide weather forecasting. We are gaining the capability to use satellites as tools in global 

monitoring and management of natural /resources, in agricultural 

January 5: President Nixon and NASA Administrator James C. Fletcher examined a 

model of the reusable space shuttle at Sun Clemente, Calif., following the President’s 

announcement that the United States would proceed with shuttle development. 

3 
January 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

applications, and in pollution control. We can foresee their use in 

guiding airliners across the oceans and in bringing televised education 

to wide areas of the world. 

“However, all these possibilities, and countless others with direct and 

dramatic bearing on human betterment, can never be more than fractionally realized so long as every single trip from earth to orbit remains 

a matter of special effort and staggering expense. This is why commitment to the space shuttle program is the right next step for America 

to take, in moving out from our present beachhead in the sky to 

achieve a real working presence in space-because the space shuttle 

will give us routine access to space by sharply reducing costs in dollars 

and preparation time.” 

It was significant, President said, “that this major new national 

enterprise will engage the best efforts of thousands of highly skilled 

workers and hundreds of contractor firms over the next several years. 

The amazing ‘technology explosion’ that has swept this country in the 

years since we ventured into space should remind us that robust activity 

in the aerospace industry is healthy for every one-not just in jobs and 

income, but in the extension of our capabilities in every direction. The 

continued pre-eminence of America and American industry in the aerospace field will be an important part of the shuttle’s ‘payload.’ ,’ 

Shuttle program would “give more people access to the liberating 

perspectives of space, even as it extends our ability to cope with 

physical challenges of earth and broadens our opportunities for international cooperation in low-cost, multi-purpose space missions.” 

President quoted Oliver Wendell Holmes : “We must sail sometimes 

with the wind and sometimes against it, but we must sail, and not 

drift, nor lie at anchor.” President concluded, “So with man’s epic 

voyage into space-a voyaqe the United States of America has led and 

still shall lead.” (PD, 1/10/72, 27-8; Transcript of Fletcher, Low 

press conference, 1/5/72) 

* Dr. James C. Fletcher, NAS.4 Administrator, released statement from San 

Clemente, Calif., following President’s announcement of decision to 

proceed with development of space shuttle. Decision was consistent 

with NASA FY 1972 budget and was “a most historic step in the nation’s 

space program-it will change the nature of what man can do in space. 

By the end of this decade the nation will have the means of getting 

men and equipment to and from space routinely, on a moment’s notice 

if necessary, and at a small fraction of today’s cost. This will be done 

within the framework of a useful total space program of science, 

exploration, and applications at approximately the present overall level 

of the space budget.” 

Dr. Fletcher described shuttle as “airplane-like orbiter, about the 

size of a DC-9 . . . capable of carrying into orbit and back again to 

earth useful payloads up to 15 feet [4.6 meters1 in diameter by 

60 feet [18 meters] long, and weighing up to 65,000 lbs [29 500 kg;]. 

Fuel for the orbiter’s liquid-hydrogen liquid-oxygen engines will be 

carried in an external tank that will be jettisoned in orbit.” Orbiter 

would be launched by unmanned booster and would operate in space 

for one week, during which crew could launch, service, or recover 

unmanned spacecraft; would perform experiments; and, in future, 

would resupply and restaff space modules brought to space by shuttle. 

4 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 5 

He cited reasons “space shuttle is important and is the right step in 

manned space flight and the US. space program.” First, “the shuttle 

is the only meaningful new manned space program which can be 

accomplished on a modest budget. Second, the space shuttle is needed 

to make space operations less complex and less costly. Third, the space 

shuttle is needed to do useful things. Fourth, the shuttle will encourage 

greater international participation in space flight.” 

Dr. Fletcher said NASA and contractors would focus until late 

February on technical areas, including comparisons of pressure-fed 

liquid- and solid-fuel rocket-motor options for shuttle’s booster stage, 

before NASA issued requests for proposals in the spring. “This summer 

we will place the space shuttle under contract and development work 

will start.” 

At press conference in San Clemente following release of shuttle 

statements, Dr. Fletcher and Dr. Low discussed President’s decision. 

Dr. Fletcher said President was “particularly anxious that I stress the 

international aspects of this. This program will be open to all nations 

of the world, and it is his hope some day that foreign visitors from all 

over the world will be able to participate by moving to and from space 

in the space shuttle.” 

NASA anticipated that “at its peak. the direct employment on the 

space shuttle will be of the order of 50,000 individuals. Of course, a 

great many of those will be employed in this area.” 

Responding to question, Dr. Fletcher said decision on shuttle launch 

site, “which will be the same as the landing site,’’ depended on 

recommendation of launch site selection group. “It is not necessarily 

Cape Kennedv or any other site at this time.” (Text: Transcript) 

* Ames Research Center. Langlev Research Center, and Manned Spacecraft 

Center had received over 250 proposals for using space-related technology to solve problems of air pollution, water pollution, solid waste 

management, and clinical medicine, NASA announced. Proposals were 

in response to rerruest for ideas to demonstrate possible applications 

of NASA-developed technology to public problems. They would be 

reviewed by experts and one or more projects in each cateaory might 

be selected for maximum $75 000 contract. (NASA Release 72-3) 

* Results of computer study made by Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

for International Club of Rome, orqanization of distinguished world 

social scientists, were described in WashinFton Post. Study, made with 

dynamic worldwide model, traced effects of population, capital investment, geographical space, natural resources, food production, and 

pollution upon each other. Findings had shown “crisis level” 40 or 

50 years away with few remaining options. Current age might be 

golden age, with higher life quality than in future. Next century might 

find four-sided dilemma-suppression of industry by shortage of natural 

resources, decline of population because of pollution, limits on population by food shortage. or population collapse from war, disease, and 

stresses of overcrowding. Birth control might be self-defeating by 

bringing improved food supply and living standards, causinq resurgence of population growth; poor countries might have no “realistic 

hope” of reaching living standards of rich countries. Disparity between 

developed and underdeveloped nations might be equalized as much by 

decline in developed nations as by improvement in underdeveloped 
January 5 -4STRONAUTIC.S AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

nations; rich industrial societies might be “self-extinguishing” ; and 

poor countries might be unwise to persist in industrialization. “They 

may be closer to an ultimate equilibrium with the environment than 

industrialized nations.” (Sterling, W Post, 1/5/72, A16) 

Federal Pay Board rejected contract settlements that would have provided 

first-year increase of 12% to more than 100000 aerospace industry 

workers in 1973. (Shabecoff, NYT, 1/6/72, 1) 

* Erhard Milch, pioneer of German civil aviation who had been in charge 

of supply and development for wartime Luftwaffe, died of liver ailment 

at age 79. (AP, W Star, 1/30/72, B10) 

Apollo 16 command module (CM) pilot Thomas K. Mattingly 

I1 described some of Apollo 16 experiments at Manned Spacecraft 

Center press conference. ALFMED ( Apollo light-flash moving-emulsion 

detector) experiment would test hypothesis that light flashes seen by 

astronauts on previous Apollo missions were “high energy particles, 

nuclei of heavy particles coming from the sun with a great deal of 

energy penetrating and causing some response . . . in the eyeball by 

perhaps triggering one of the photocells in your eye. It may . . . be 

hitting the . . . optic nerve, or it may be going into the head or some 

other location and creating a stimulus which appears to be a visual 

clue.” 

MEED (microbial ecological evaluation device) , a package containing organisms, would be carried to determine effect of ultraviolet (w) 

radiation, solar radiations, and zero g. MEED would be opened during 

extravehicular activity (EVA) and exposed to sun; parts of experiment 

would be exposed to uv radiation and parts to different bands of solar 

spectrum. Organisms would be covered by superimposed filters ; colony 

of one material could be exposed to different wavelengths by using 

different filters. Biostack, West German-made package of organisms in 

silicon biological material, would be carried to investigate effects of 

high-energy particles on the organisms. 

Photographic tasks would include photography of solar corona and 

two new areas at galactic poles, Gegenschein experiment, and uv 

photography of earth. (Transcript) 0 NASA’s Mariner 9 Mars probe photographed area of Mars 800 km (500 

mi) from south pole from 3335-km (2072-mi) altitude. Photos, released 

to press Jan. 11, showed pits and hollows-including two large closed 

basins 16 km (10 mi) wide-with more detail than seen before. 

According to Dr. Carl E. Sagan of Cornel1 Univ., spots occurred in 

sizes from more than 160 km (100 mi) to size of Yankee Stadium in 

New York. Many blotches seemed to be associated with craters, indicating that they might be wind shadows where hill or other feature had 

protected downwind area from dust deposition. (Sullivan, NYT, 

1/12/72, 1) 

NASA announced establishment of joint Civil Aeronautical Research and 

Development (CARD) Review Group by National Aeronautics and Space 

Council, Dept. of Transportation, and NASA to help maintain close 

relationships among agencies with interests and responsibilities in 

aeronautics. (NMI 1052.160) 

Sen. Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.) in press release called for “full and 

open debate” on space shuttle development issue, “leading to the 

rejection of this wasteful program.” It was “typicaly7 that Nixon 

January 6: 

6 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 6 

Adininistration ‘<can squander $6.5 billion to fly four people into orbit 

when it refuses to invest less than one-third that amount to provide 

desperately needed day care and development programs for millions 

of children.” Space shuttle was “many timks worse than SST” in 

L6 magnitude of its cost, in the folly of its concept and in its damage 

to the country.” (Text) 

0 President Nixon’s decision to support development of spkce shuttle was 

expected to stir %ome loud opposition in Congress,” New York Times 

said, “bht probably not enough to sidetrack initial funding. . . . Opposition was expected “from those who question the President’s 

decision to back an expensive new space effort at a time when so 

many down-to-earth social programs have to wait in line for a share 

of the Federal dollar.” NASA officials had expressed “confidence that 

they have sufficient Congressional support for an initial shuttle appropriation.” (Wilford, NYT, 1/6/72, 14) 

Soviet Space Programs, 1966-70 (Senate Document 92-51) was released 

by Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. The 670- 

page report-prepared by Library of Congress under direction of 

Dr. Charles S. Sheldon 11, Chief of Science Policy Research Div.- 

noted that Soviet space program remained “a strong and growing 

enterprise” unhindered by budgetary strain and undimmed by deaths 

of three Soyuz cosmonauts in 1971. Current level of Soviet space 

activity exceeded that of US. at its peak in 1966, with perhaps 2% 

of Soviet gross national product devoted to space (US. spent about 

1% of its GNP at peak). Although U.S. launch record had been 

declining steadily since 1966, Soviet launches had continued to climb, 

at least until 1970. Contrary to assertion that it was concentrating its 

efforts on unmanned program rather than manned program, U.S.S.R. 

apparently was still planning manned lunar landing and might spend 

$49 million on both advanced unmanned and manned lunar programs. 

US. would have committed $35 billion to total Apollo program when 

complete. 

In unmanned research satellite program “the level of activity 

currently runs ahead of the corresponding level of work at NASA.” 

Compendium of every known Soviet launch that had achieved orbit 

showed that, along with scientific satellites, Cosmos program consisted 

of unmanned tests of spacecraft designed to carry cosmonauts, lunar 

and planetary probes that failed to leave earth orbit, unsuccessful Mars 

probes, and military research and development and observation satellites that accounted for 80% of Cosmos payloads. According to study, 

Cosmos series through April 1971 had included at least 16 tests of 

fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS) and 22 tests of experimental spacecraft designed to inspect and destroy other nations’ 

observation and navigation satellites. 

Soviet achievements in near future were dependent on success or 

failure of G booster (in Saturn V class) or similar booster. Studies 

of moon with Luna series spacecraft would continue, perhaps with 

spacecraft launched by advanced booster carrying both rovers and 

sample returners. Planetary program would continue, probably with 

flyby mission to Jupiter and landing mission to Mars. Dr. Sheldon 

stressed that “the Soviet program is not a sham. It may be exploited 

for political purposes, but it is real and it is pursued in earnest.” (Text) 

39 

7 
January 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* Super Arcas sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Wallops Station, 

carried Pennsylvania State Univ. experiment to 66.8-km (41.5-mi) 

altitude to measure electrical conductivity in upper atmosphere with 

parachute-borne payload and to flight-certify payload and vehicle for 

later launches. Although some data were missed because of lower 

apogee than planned, flight was judged successful. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* National Science Foundation released Scientists, Engineers, and Physicians from Abroad: Trends Through Fiscal Year 1970. Immigrant 

scientists and engineers admitted to US. in FY 1970 totaled 13 300- 

one third more than in 1969 and two and one half times 1965 number. 

Increases over 1965 level had occurred under October 1965 amendments to immigration law. More than 50% of immigrant scientists 

and engineers in 1970 had last lived in Asia. In 1965, only 10% of 

smaller total had been from Asia. Total of 2900 Indian scientists and 

engineers in 1970 had been largest number admitted from any one 

country over last 20 yrs. (Text) 

Launch of Apollo 16 manned lunar landing mission, scheduled 

for March 17, was postponed by NASA because of problems with suit 

fitting, lunar module (LM) battery, and command module (CM) 

docking-ring jettison device. Apollo 16 would be launched April 16- 

with LM landing on moon April 20 and lifting off moon April 23- 

and would return to earth April 28. (NASA Release 72-8; AP, B Sun, 

1/8/72, A5) 

9 Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, issued statement 

in Washington, D.C., on President Nixon’s Jan. 5 decision to proceed 

with development of space shuttle. Decision “initiates a program 

which holds great promise for scientific and technological advances 

in the interests of the nation and all mankind. We are also interested 

in its potential as a means for performing our military mission more 

efficiently and economically. The Air Force role in the program is 

to provide NASA data to help assure that the Shuttle wilI be of maximum 

utility to the DOD and we are pleased that the proposed vehicle is 

configured to meet potential DOD needs. We will continue our close 

coordination with NASA as their development program proceeds.” (Text) 

Space shuttle concept endorsed by President Nixon made it “all but 

certain” that Kennedy Space Center would be selected for shuttle’s 

launch site, New York Times said. Space experts seemed to feel that 

only by “converting the assembly buildings, launching pads and communications center” at KSC “would it be possible to develop a shuttle 

port for $300 million.” (NYT, 1/7/72, 7) 

January 7: 

Newspaper editorials commented on decision to develop space shuttle. 

Kansas City Star: “The next great step in space for the United 

States seems assured. President Nixon has pressed the go-ahead button 

and apparently it will be largely a matter of adequate funding by 

Congress. In view of the record of space accomplishments, there is not 

much doubt that the planned space shuttle program will be fruitful both 

from the standpoint of technological success and long-range scientific 

benefits.” (KC Star, 1/7/72) 

St. Louis Globe-Democrat: “There are so many potentialities for 

the shuttle that it is hard to envision all of them. But there is no doubt 

that if it is completed space travel for the average citizen may become 

a distinct possibility in the 1980s.” (St Louis G-D, 1/7/72) 

8 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 7 

Christian Scknce Monitor said “space discovery versus human needs 

argument should not be seen as an either/or issue. This is so even 

leaving aside the jobs creation or economic return arguments.” 

Monitor believed that “a space shuttle program, because it is so practicalIy linked to fulfilling man’s age-old vision of mastering the heavens, 

will unleash more constructive human energy than it will consume. 

And this excess will make meeting earthside demands the easier.” 

(CSM, 1/7/72) 

“The program . . . has the almost 

immediate benefit of employing some 50,000 highly trained aerospace 

workers who have faced a dismal job picture as the Apollo program 

has phased out. And, again, the proposal demonstrates that imagination 

and vision and a willingness to dare are still part of the American 

way of doing things.” (Atlanta IC, 1/7/72) 

‘‘The shuttle offers the opportunity to make 

space flight fairly routine, of taking large numbers of people and 

supplies in and out of space, of manning earth resource space stations 

continuously, of monitoring and repairing communications and resource satellites. It is a worthwhile program.” (MJ, 1/7/72) 

Los Angeles Times said military aspect of space shuttle needed 

clarification. “Most taxpayers welcomed the decision to end the wasteful competition between NASA and the Air Force on the shuttle and 

orbiting space station.” NASA had not explained how shuttle’s civil and 

military functions would be kept separate. “No American wants the 

Soviet Union to tip the balance of power with its own space program. 

But it might help avert a new confrontation if the military applications 

were enumerated along with a statement of whether the American 

government thinks shuttles are bound by the international agreement 

barring nuclear weapons from outer space.” (LA Times, 1/7/72) 

“The history of warfare shows that victory usually 

goes to the one who occupies the high ground. Near-earth space is the 

‘high ground’ of modern military planning. In approving a full 

go-ahead for . . . space shuttle program, President Nixon this week 

served notice that this nation intends to occupy the ‘high ground.”’ 

(Seattle Times, 1/7/72) 

0 Half-hour documentary film “The Worlds of von Braun” was televised 

by WMAL-TV in Washington, D.C. Documentary, filmed at NASA Wallops 

Station, included footage never before televised, from NASA, U.S.S.R., 

and moon. In film, Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Planning, discussed his careers as World War I1 

rocket expert and with NASA in interview with WMAL-TV Public Affairs 

Director James Clarke. Washington Post TV critic Victor Cohn said 

of film: “Wernher von Braun is a compelling man and a true believer . . . and the joy is that of seeing any man so thoroughly absorbed in a 

discipline that he absorbs you, even at the distant end of a TV tube.” 

(NASA Special Ann, 1/4/72; W Post, 1/7/72, B1) 

U.S.S.R.’s Cosmos 463 (launched Dec. 6, 1971) and Cosmos 464 

(launched Dec. 10, 1971) had been launched “in quick succession” to 

observe India-Pakistan war and had been brought down ahead of 

schedule in Soviet “rush to analyze the pictures,” George C. Wilson 

said in Washington Post. “The rapid-fire space shots are fresh evidence 

that the era of open skies has arrived” even though neither US. nor 

Atlanta Journal Constitution: 

Milwaukee Journal: 

Seattle Times: 

\ 

9 
January 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

U.S.S.R. openly acknowledged it. “Instead, both superpowers look 

down on the other from space, cameras rolling, and mobilize this new 

space tool for special missions in time of crisis. . . . Some. . . specialists 

think that since both superpowers depend heavily on their satellites for 

information, there is now a form of mutual deterrence in space which 

will keep one side from attacking the other’s satellites. However, there 

is widespread agreement that the United States has nothing to compare 

with the Soviets’ satellite inspection ability.” ( W Post, 1/7/72, A16) 

* Lyudmila liquid-hydrogen chamber at joint nuclear research institute 

in Dubna, U.S.S.R., had been completed, Tass reported. Institute 

scientist Aleksander Baldin had said chamber would be used with 

world’s largest nuclear accelerator at Serpukhov to study photo-birth 

of particles-crushing of one proton by high-energy protons. ( FBISSov, 1/10/72, L1) 

* Sun Francisco Examiner editorial praised U.S. Pay Board’s veto of 12% 

wage increase for aerospace workers: “Even in its ailing state the 

aerospace industry has continued as a major American exporter. 

It has thus prevented the serious deficit in this country’s balance of 

trade from becoming truly horrendous. But it holds no monopoly on 

aerospace technology. Unless it can maintain high productivity and 

competitive wage costs, foreign-made planes will become as common 

in our skies as foreign-made cars are on our highways.” (SF Exam, 

1/7/72 1 

Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) said in press release that 

President Nixon’s decision to proceed with space shuttle development 

was “a great mistake, and an outrageous distortion of budgetary 

priorities” and “the last thing we need at this time.” It would keep 

NASA and aerospace industry occupied but “it will also insure a steady 

and very substantial drain on the federal budget. And it will insure 

that other needs will continue to go unmet.” (Text) 

Newspapers continued editorial comment on decision to develop space 

shuttle. 

New York Times: “The space shuttle is far less expensive than the 

Apollo project, and, fortunately, is not being launched in the atmosphere of Cold War hysteria that attended the birth of the lunar landing 

effort. On the contrary, NASA has already stated pubIicly it would 

welcome cooperation on the space shuttle from other industrially 

developed nations, including the Soviet Union. The argument that the 

space shuttle is simply another SST boondoggle has little validity. The 

potential benefits are far greater, and the space shuttle presents none 

of the environmental problems that counted so heavily against the 

supersonic transport.” (NYT, 1/8/72, 28) 

“It is good that the $24 billion outlay on the Apollo 

moon program is not to be wasted by the United States dropping out 

of the space program. Mission Impossible became mission accompIished because there was a national commitment to beat the Russians 

to the moon. The fact that the race has been won, however, should 

not blind Americans that it was only the first, tentative step in unlocking the mysteries of space. If we don’t press on, others will.” (D News, 

1/8/72) 

Pravda article by scientists from Soviet Academy of Sciences 

Institute of Space Studies described preliminary results from U.S.S.R.’s 

J~Ruu~~ 8: 

Detroit News: 

January 9: 

10 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 9 

Mars 2 and‘Mars 3 probes. Spacecraft (launched May 19 and May 28, 

1971) had measured atmospheric humidity and surface temperature, 

photometered atmosphere and surface, and photographed surface. 

Temperature along route from 58” south latitude, 330” longitude to 

30” north latitude, 190” longitude had been determined. Highest 

temperature-recorded near mid-day region-was 253 K (-20°C ; 

-4°F). On night side of planet temperature dropped to 183 K 

Dust storm that had covered Mars since Mars 2 reached planet 

Nov. 27, 1971, was subsiding. “Photometric recordings obtained by 

means of the red filtre show dark areas corresponding to the Martian 

‘seas’ that were previously absolutely undistinguishable. But the 

recordings made with the ultraviolet filter again showed bright 

clouds.” Onboard instruments to record emissions in three spectral 

bands containing lines of hydrogen, oxygen, and argon atoms showed 

that hydrogen emissions stretched to more than 3.POO-km (2100-mi) 

altitude and oxygen atoms concentrated near surface up to 600-800 

km (370-500 mi). (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 1/10/72, L3) 

Space shuttle’s “subtle costs” were discussed in New York Times article 

by John N. Wilford : “Because NASA must initiate shuttle development 

within its current $3.2-billion budget framework, other programs will 

presumably by sacrificed.” Possible “victim” was Grand Tour mission 

planned for late 1970s. “The choice is certain to be unpopular with 

much of the scientific community.” Scientists had criticized NASA’s 

emphasis on “bigmoney manned projects at the expense of the less 

expensive science-oriented unmanned missions.” Shuttle development 

also would “restrict the funds available for other scientific projects in 

NASA and elsewhere in Government.” (NYT, 1/9/72, 6) 0 New York News editorial commented on space shuttle decision: “We 

would like to see the US. taking on, too, some of the more exciting 

space challenges that could be achieved with America’s present knowhow. But at least Mr. Nixon has furnished assurance that he will keep 

the US. in the space business. We can be thankful for that at a time 

when undeserved abuse is being heaped on the whole program by 

people who prefer to shut out the beckoning glitter of the stars so they 

can concentrate on the mud at their feet.” (NY News, 1/9/72) 0 Interview with Mrs. Ruth Bates Harris, NASA Director of Equal Employment Opportunity, was published by Washington Sunday Star. Mrs. 

Harris had adopted as her philosophy phrase, “We are all fellow 

astronauts on Spaceship Earth.” She had said, “My position is to 

make sure the space program is for everybody. We have to get the 

alienated minorities into every NASA level, especially space exploration.” 

(Trescott, W Star, 1/9/72, C1) 

European participation in space shuttle development was 

discussed by NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight 

Dale D. Myers during press briefing at Manned Spacecraft Center. 

European space officials had released to European industry “fairly 

extensive study . . . leading to the definition of the tug that the 

Europeans might build for the shuttle to carry.” Tug was 3rd stage of 

shuttle transportation system. Myers said NASA had examined three 

possible areas for European participation: “One would be in elements, 

physical pieces of the shuttle that would be managed . . . as the prime 

(-90°C; -130°F). 

January 10: 

11 
January 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

contractor manages a subcontractor. We will expect the prime contractors to work directly with the European industries in that case.” 

Europeans would supply money for parts developed by Europe. Second 

area was tug. “If the tug were developed, we would expect it to be 

paid for by the Europeans.” Third area was sortie can, “experimentcarrying device to be carried in the payload compartment,” which 

would give them “an opportunity to enter into the use of the shuttle 

very extensively.” European space officials would meet with NASA 

within two months to respond on interest in participating. 

Timetable called for selection of industrial contractors in summer 

1972, with subsonic and suborbital test flights beginning in 1975, 

manned orbital tests in 1978, and first fully operational mission by 

1980. Site evaluation board would make its next report to NASA within 

few weeks, and site for shuttle launch and recovery would be selected 

by spring. One site would be selected initially, with another or others 

selected later according to program needs. “We don’t see the shuttle 

as a highly limited operation. And, I think that eventually there will 

be more than one site.” Location depended on mission. “Today . . . there is a preponderance of due-east missions out of KSC [Kennedy 

Space Center], and . . . different azimuths out of the West Coast. We 

can’t go due east out of the West Coast very well . . . because of the 

populated areas east . . . and we can’t get as efficient in polar orbits 

out of Kennedy . . . so there is a tendency to . . . go to the two coasts. 

Now whether that really ends up being that way in the shuttle system, 

we don’t know yet.” (Transcript) 

Events leading to President Nixon’s endorsement of space shuttle development were reported by Aviation Week & Space Technology: “The 

struggle between NASA and OMB [Office of Management and Budget] 

&cials reached the point of acrimony when the latter suggested design 

changes and demanded to know from NASA engineers the dollar savings 

that would result. Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, finally 

appealed directly to the office of the President with a complaint that 

OMB was attempting to design the US. space shuttle rather than merely 

budget it.” President Nixon had removed OM3 accountant from conference with NASA and demanded shuttle agreement. “The dispute 

culminated in Fletcher’s triumphal flight to San Clemente . . . to join 

in the announcement that the space shuttle had been approved by the 

Administration.” (Aw Wk, 1/10/72, 15) 

* NASA notified staff of Civil Service Commission directive canceling special 

salary rates for engineers, scientists, accountants, mathematicians, and 

others. Approximately 500 NASA employees affected would be converted 

to General Schedule and placed on saved pay rates or in higher pay 

steps with longer waiting periods for step increments, effective Feb. 6. 

Persons hired to affected positions after Feb. 6 would be paid General 

Schedule rates. (NASA Hq WB, 1/10/72, 2) 

European space leaders were “growing increasingly impatient” over US. 

Government’s failure to resolve controversy over method for participation in international air traffic control satellite program (aerosat) , Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. European Space Research 

Organization official had said European space community was concerned that US. would not honor agreement between Federal Aviation 

Administration and ESRO for joint backing of twin-satellite systems 

12 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1972 January 10 

covering Atlantic ana Pacific Oceans, but would back Communications 

Satellite COT. proposal that aerosat be developed under international 

consortium. Concern had arisen “from the fact that the [US.] executive branch bas not taken a firm stand on what its policy is to be.” 

(Av Wk, 1/10/72, 20) 

* Washingtun Daily News quoted Harvard Univ. nutritionist Dr. Jean 

Mayer, Presidential Adviser on Nutrition, as saying some scientists 

had let their opposition to war, poverty, and pollution lead them into 

unscientific distortions and exaggerations. As result, laymen were 

confused about nuclear testing, defoliation, antiballistic missiles, supersonic transport, and extent of hunger and malnutrition in US. Dr. 

Mayer had said credibility of all scientists would be undermined as 

long as a few insisted on offering opinions “with little basis in fact.” 

(W News, 1/10/72, 16) 

* New York Times editorial praised “encouraging response” of public and 

major corporations that would enable Science and Technology Div. 

of New York Public Library to reopen Jan. 17 after shutdown for 

lack of operating funds [see Jan. 31. “But it is evident that the fate 

of the privately financed research divisions has merely been deferredunless continuous and long-range efforts are made to put this vital 

facility on a sound financial footing.” (NYT, 1/10/72, 32) 

Third Annual Lunar Science Conference held by NASA 

and Lunar Science Institute at Manned Spacecraft Center was attended 

by more than 600 researchers from US. and 16 foreign countries. 

Foreign visitors included Soviet scientists Y. I. Belyayev, M. S. 

Chupakhin, and K. P. Florenskiy, who participated in conference, 

consulted with US. scientists, looked at lunar samples stored at MSC, 

and helped select samples to return to their colleagues in U.S.S.R. 

KASA provided three grams (one tenth ounce) of lunar material 

collected on A~oZZG 14 mission as part of US.-U.S.S.R. agreements 

for exchange of samples. Samples included chip from widely studied 

crystalline rock, small piece of 9-kg (20-lb) boulder, and core samples 

soils, and polished thin sections. 

Conference papers dealt with scientific results of Apollo lunar landing missions, analysis of Soviet Luna 16 samples, and results of 

study of lunar surface by U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1. Ap~l20 15 Astronauts 

David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. Worden discussed their 

observations of lunar surface made from lunar orbit during July 26- 

Aug. 7, 1971, mission. Dr. N. C. Costes, Marshall Space Flight Center 

representative of Apollo Soil Mechanics Investigation Science Team, 

discussed mechanical properties of lunar soil. 

Washington Post later compared conference with First Lunar Science 

Conference in 1970, when “there were few facts available and many 

theories.” At third conference, “situation seemed to have reversed.” 

Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of MSC Planetary and Earth Sciences Div., said, 

“You’re not throwing facts out into a vacuum any more.” 

Among facts stated at conference were: moon once had strong 

magnetic field, of which remnants remained to suggest moon once 

had metallic core up to 280 km (175 mi) thick; lunar crust was 65 km 

(40 mi) deep and layered; existence of extinct plutonium 244 in 

Apolb 14 samples indicated plutonium had been trapped when lunar 

crust solidified shortly after origin of solar system; and Copernicus 

January 10-13: 

13 
January 10-13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Crater had been gouged 850 to 950 million yrs ago, making process 

one of more recent major lunar events. 

Dr. James R. Arnold of Univ. of California at San Diego reported 

that moon’s radioactive elements were concentrated in two broad plains, 

Ocean of Storms and Sea of Rains. “AS we go away from this region . . . we drop to quite low levels of radioactivity.” Scientists agreed that 

these radiation emissions should not prove hazardous to astronauts 

who might visit for short period. 

Dr. Isidore Adler, Goddard Space Flight Center scientist, reported 

that map of lunar surface chemistry produced from ApoZZo 15 x-ray 

data indicated highlands of moon contained more aluminum than did 

plains. Finding supported hypothesis that moon’s early crust was rich 

in feldspar. 

Dr. Gary V. Latham of Columbia Univ., Apollo Program chief 

seismic investigator, debated presence of volcanoes on moon with 

Cornel1 Univ. astronomer Dr. Thomas Gold. Dr. Latham said that 

while main episode of lunar vulcanism seemed to have ceased 3 billion 

yrs ago, “it’s by no means certain that we do not have continuing 

vulcanism on a very minor scale on the moon.” Dr. Gold continued to 

support theory that moon was dead, rigid body with basins of 

compacted dust. 

Dr. Leon T. Silver of California Institute of Technology proposed 

theory of “parentless lead” on moon to explain presence in some lunar 

locations of more lead than could have been produced by decay of 

radioactive uranium. In moon’s extreme vacuum it was possible for 

vaporized lead to travel great distances from its parent, uranium. 

Dr. Silver said other materials could be distributed over lunar surface 

in same way, all of which could confuse analysis of moon’s age. 

Dr. John A. Wood of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory discussed tiny piece of green glass among ApoZZo 14 samples that scientists 

had nick-named “Genesis bean.” Bean and other glass fragments were 

almost identical chemically to rare meteorites, Howardites. Evidence 

suggested green glass had originated on moon and not from meteorite 

impacts on earth and thus might be some of earliest material of solar 

system. 

Consensus of conference on bulk composition of moon was summarized by Dr. Gast : feldspar-rich highland material with anorthosite 

as one prevalant component, basalts (solidified lava, low in radioactive 

elements and relatively young) in plains and basins, and KREEP (highly 

radioactive material rich in potassium, rare earth elements, and 

phosphorus). 

Conference closed with discussion of geologic setting of Apollo 16 

Descartes landing site and plans for mission’s extravehicular activity. 

Soviet scientists returned to U.S.S.R. Jan. 23 with lunar samples for 

Soviet Academy of Sciences. ( MSC Release 72-06; NASA Release 72-18; 

Marshall Star, 1/12/72, 1; Wilford, NYT, 1/14/72, 22; NASA Trans 

Sect) 

Apollo 16 lunar module pilot Charles M. Duke, Jr., was 

released from Patrick Air Force Base Hospital where he had been 

treated for bacterial pneumonia since Jan. 4. (AP, B Sun, 1/11/72) 0 Tass had released first photos of Soviet atomic energy reactor at Atomic 

Energy Institute near MOSCOW, New York Times reported. Tass had 

January 11: 

14 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 11 

said photos had been taken in December 1971 to commemorate 25th 

anniversary of inauguration of graphite and uranium low-power reactor 

on Dec. 25, 1946. (NYT, 1/11/72, 26) 

0 NASA announced issuance by Manned Spacecraft Center of requests for 

proposals to eight aerospace firms for design, development, and testing 

of ground-based test unit of integrated medical and behavioral laboratory measurement system. IMBLMS would obtain basic medical and 

behavioral data in zero g space environment and provide clinical 

support for astronaut crew in long-duration space missions. Cost-plusfixed-fee contract for 48-mo study would include construction in 

remote area of IMBLMS field test unit to evaluate requirements for 

remote health care in space. Unit might also be used to evaluate 

delivery of health services to remote or isolated earth communities. 

(NASA Release 72-7) 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch editorial commented on space shuttle decision: 

“Man’s ability to perform capably in a prolonged state of weightlessness 

has yet to be proven and until it is the arguments for a large shuttle 

program must remain inconclusive. Beyond this, the recent agreements 

between this country and the Soviet Union to exchange biomedical and 

other space data and to work toward compatible docking systems would 

seem to make a full scale shuttle program a prime candidate for a 

co-operative enterprise.” (St Louis P-D, 1/11/72) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 471 from Baykonur into orbit 

with 317-km (197-mi) apogee, 194-km (120.5-mi) perigee, 89.5-min 

period, and 64.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 25 (GSFC SSR, 

1/31/72; SBD, 1/13/72, 51) 

0 NASA’s Mariner 9 Mars probe (launched May 30, 1971) photographed 

vast Mars chasm with branching canyons resembling network of dry 

river beds. Describing photo, which was released to press Jan. 19, 

Harold Masursky, of US. Geological Survey, said in interview that 

chasm probably had been caused by “faulting of the crust,” a cracking 

and sliding process associated with earthquakes. Masursky believed 

line of small craters running parallel to canyon had probably been 

caused by venting volcanic gases and ash. Wind erosion and landslides 

had probably altered canyon, but landscape in photo appeared to be 

geologically young. (Wilford, NYT, 1/20/72, 25) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Andoeya, Norway, 

carried National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration experiment 

to 208-km (129-mi) altitude. Objectives were to obtain information 

on precipitating charged-particle flux associated with quiet auroral 

form and measure electric-field strengths in and near auroral form. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

0 Geraldine Cobb, former NASA employee, had piloted twin engine Islander 

aircraft for average six hours daily during 15-day search for survivors 

of Lockheed Electra airliner that crashed in Peruvian jungle Dec. 24, 

1971, with 92 aboard, Reuters reported. Miss Cobb, who had picked up 

only survivor of crash and had flown her to missionary settlement, had 

passed all NASA tests to become astronaut, Reuters said. She had been 

“No. 1 choice to be the first woman to fly an Apollo mission until the 

space program was cut back and it became clear that no woman 

would be selected by NASA.” (B Sun, 1/12/72, A2) 

January 12: 

15 
January 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

0 Lewis Research Center Deputy Director Eugene J. Manganiello was 

introduced as new President of Society of Automotive Engineers at 

SAE banquet in Detroit. (NASA Activities, 2/15/72, 35) 

Marshall Space Flight Center engineers John R. Rasquin and M. F. Estes 

had received copies of patent issued to NASA for Rasquin-Estes invention-adaptation of magnetomotive hammer to diamond-making process 

-MSFC announced. Hammer, developed for Saturn V program, had 

been used to remove distortions from rocket tank sections misshapen 

by welding. In process developed by Rasquin and Estes, hammer was 

mounted on copper plate atop hardened steel horn. Hammer created 

shock wave in horn with sufficient energy to produce pressure and 

temperature necessary to change graphite to diamonds. ( MSFC Release 

Cost reduction suggestion by Marshall Space Flight Center scientist Dr. 

Thomas A. Parnell had saved NASA $57 000 in development of gamma 

ray telescope for scheduled balloon probe to investigate gamma ray 

sources, MSFC announced. Dr. Parnell had suggested substitution of 

scrap crystal (sodium iodide) for large, expensive crystal used to 

shield gamma-ray detectors from radiation sources other than desired 

target during probes. Scrap crystal material in tank containing oilbased liquid served as effective shield. Balloon probe was to be launched 

in March or April from National Center for Atmospheric Research. 

(MSFC Release 72-2) 

William Hines commented on space shuttle decision in Chicago SunTimes: “What the President offered last week was not a completely 

reusable workhorse aerospace plane at all, but a scaled-down hodgepodge of obsolete, current and avant-garde technology that cannot 

possibly meet the stated goal of $100-a-pound payloads in 1980. The 

sad truth is that the original shuttle couldn’t, either, once it became 

apparent that development costs would approximate $13 billion rather 

than the $5.2 billion estimated in 1969. As backers of the defunct 

supersonic transport finally had to admit, when you markedly alter 

the development cost of a flight system, you alter its economics also.” 

(C Sun-Times, 1/12/72) 

Success of first 27 test flights of new Maverick missile had enabled Air 

Force Systems Command to end demonstration phase of Maverick 

flight testing ahead of schedule, AFSC reported. Maverick Program 

Director Col. James A. Abrahamson ( USAF) had canceled 13 additional 

tests originally scheduled under contract with Hughes Aircraft Co. 

(AFSC Release 256.71) 

Secretariat for Electronic Test Equipment-organization 

funded by NASA, Dept. of Defense, and Federal Aviation Administration to collect and disseminate test equipment information for Government agencies-held electronic test equipment conference at Kennedy 

Space Center. NASA presentations described design, development, procurement, and deployment of automatic test equipment for Apollo 

program. SETE was administered by New York Univ. under direction of 

David M. Goodman of New York Univ. School of Engineering and 

Science. (KSC Release 8-72; KSC PAO) 

Federal Pay Board, by vote of 8 to 2, approved 8.3% firstyear increase in aerospace salaries and increases in second year of 

three-year contracts, to bring total increases to 12%. Board had 

72-1) 

January 12-1 4: 

January 13: 

16 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 13 

rejected 12% first-year increases Jan. 5. Although approved increase 

would be well over 5.5% guideline established by Pay Board, unions 

had indicated dissatisfaction, Washington Post later reported. (Rowe, 

W Post, 1/14/72, Al) 0 NASA launched Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket from Andoeya, Norway, 

carrying Norwegian particles and fields experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

0 Manned Spacecraft Center announced Technicolor Inc. had received oneyear $2 346 800, cost-plus-award-fee contract extension for photographic 

support services. Work would include science photography, still and 

motion picture laboratory, precision laboratory service for earth 

resources and lunar photography, and audiovisual support for Public 

Affairs Office. ( MSC Release 72-10) 

Atomic scientist Dr. Edward Teller urged legislation to make public 

Government’s scientific findings within year after they were classified. 

In speech before Florida Presbyterian College in St. Petersburg he 

said, “I am convinced we must do something about secrecy if democracy can function.” (AP, W Post, 1/15/72, All) 

NASA’s Office of Advanced Research and Technology (OART) 

was renamed Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST). 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said NASA was steadily 

increasing its aeronautical activity and said name change “highlights 

the importance we attach to aeronautics.” (NASA Release 72-10) 

0 Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Manned Spacecraft Center Director, was appointed 

to newly created position of NASA Director of Key Personnel Development. Dr. Gilruth would be responsible for integrating NASA’s management work in planning to fill key positions, identify actual and potential 

candidates, and guide them through appropriate work experience. 

Dr. Gilruth would be succeeded by Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., MSC 

Deputy Director. (NASA Release 72-11) 0 Symposium on significant accomplishments in sciences was held at 

Goddard Space Flight Center. GSFC scientists presented papers covering 

their studies and experiments in astronomy during 1970. Dr. Norman H. 

MacLeod said imagery obtained by high-resolution infrared radiometer 

on Nimbus 3 (launched April 14, 1969) could now be handled quantitatively and might permit estimations of the location, amount, and 

seasonal changes in water available. Data could be used by governments for better management of natural resources. Study of effect on 

earth’s surface temperature and climatology of climatic modification 

by carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and aerosol was discussed by Dr. S. 

Ichtiaque Rasool. Study had indicated that “runaway greenhouse 

effect” from accumulation of man-made carbon dioxide alone probably 

was not possible. But, as aerosol dust in air increased, albedo increased 

very fast, compared to the opacity in the infrared; as the albedo 

increases, the solar radiation decreases, and the surface temperature 

goes down.” Temperature could decrease in next 30 yrs as much as 

about 3 K [5.4OF]. Several climatologists had suggested that “3K 

decrease in global temperature is sufficient to trigger an Ice Age!” 

(Transcript) 

Display of sculpture “Scott and Irwin on the Moon” by Red Grooms 

opened at Guggenheim Museum in New York. Diorama showing 

moon, Apollo 15 lunar roving vehicle Rover and huge figure of astroJanuary 14: 

(6 

17 
January 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

naut had been commissioned as part of NASA-National Gallery of Art 

“Eyewitness to Space” program but Grooms had paid an of his own 

expenses. Washington Post art critic Paul Richard later said work 

managed “to capture something of the scale, something of the heroism 

and the hubris, of man’s exploration of the moon.” It should “move 

to some public place, the National Portrait Gallery, perhaps, after it 

leaves the Guggenheim on Feb. 27.” (W Post, 1/19/72, B1) 

US. planned to build world’s largest and most sensitive radiotelescope, 

Washington Post reported. President Nixon’s FY 1973 budget request 

for National Science Foundation contained $3 million toward construction of $62.5-million array of 27 antennas, 35 km (22 mi) deep, 

that could pick up signals from outer space. Array had been designed 

by National Radio Astronomy Observatory, at Green Bank, W. Va., and 

was expected to take 6 to 10 yrs to build. (Cohn, W Post, 1/14/72, A3) 

Discovery of phenomenon of triplet-triplet transfer of energy between 

organic molecules was recorded by Committee on Inventions and 

Discoveries of U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers in Moscow. Discovery 

by Soviet scientists V. L. Yermolayev and A. N. Terenin was described 

in Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya as “new landmark in the knowledge 

of the laws of the universe” with “great scientific and practical significance” for photophysics, radiation chemistry,. photobiology, and 

photochemistry. “It can be said . . . that the science of the microparticles of matter holds in its hands the entire future of a new 

technology. . . .” ( FBIS-SOV, 1/14/72, L1) 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Apollo 11 astronaut and second man to set foot on the 

moon, announced he was retiring from Air Force in summer. Col. 

Aldrin had been Commandant of Aerospace Research Pilots School 

at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., since he retired from NASA July 1, 

1971. He said he was leaving USAF because his 10 yrs with space 

program had hurt his chances for promotion. (W Post, 1/15/72, A9) 

Appointment of Dr. Eberhardt Rechtin, Principal Deputy Director of 

Defense for Research and Engineering and former Director of Advanced 

Research Projects Agency in Dept. of Defense, to new post of Assistant 

Secretary of Defense for Telecommunications was announced by 

Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird. New office had been established 

by DOD directive Jan. 11. (DOD Release 29-72) 

* Newspaper editorials commented on President Nixon’s decision to develop 

space shuttle. 

Washington Post said arguments for or against shuttle were not 

error free” since “major ones rest on projections into the future 

which are exceedingly difficult to make and others rest on basically 

undemonstrable assumptions about the quest for knowledge. Part of 

the difficulty springs from the fact that no one can know what spacebased research will discover. Is the key to the hydrogen atom and thus 

to unlimited energy out there . . .? Will the world some day need to 

import minerals from space to sustain life here? Will man have to 

be in space to accomplish things such as these or can machines do them 

all? Above all, where does this kind of program fit in a national budget 

that cannot provide for doing all the things at home that ought to be 

done?” Such questions would make debate over space shuttle “different 

in character and significance from last year’s debate over the SST.” 

Standards applied to “project which involves scientific research and 

bb 

18 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 14 

military considerations . . . must be somewhat different from those 

applied to a project, such as the SST, which involved only another way 

to move people from place to place.” (W Post, 1/14/72, A22) 

Houston Post: “With the last Apollo moon flight scheduled later 

this year and the Skylab project to terminate in 1973, the shuttle holds 

the key to an on-going space program. Our failure to build it would 

indicate our lagging interest in space research to the possible detriment of future cooperation with the Russians in this field. It is true that 

we have important social priorities which need attention, but our 

space research posture in relation to the Soviet Union, whether competitive or cooperative, also carries a high priority.” (H Post, 1/14/72) 

L/G August Schomburg (USA, Ret.), former Commandant of Industrial 

College of the Armed Forces and former Commander of Ordnance 

Missile Command at Redstone Arsenal, died at age 63. He had served as 

consultant to NASA Administrator 1967-1970. ( W Post, 1/16/72, D11) 

Pioneer-F spacecraft to probe Jupiter’s environmental and 

atmospheric characteristics arrived at Kennedy Space Center to begin 

final checkout before Feb. 27 launch. Pioneer-F 3rd stage had been 

erected Jan. 7 and overall vehicle interface test had been conducted 

Jan. 10. Pioneer-F would mark first use of Atlas-Centaur booster in 

Pioneer program and first use of Atlas-Centaur with 3rd stageTE-M-3M solid-propellant engine with 66 750-newton ( 15 000-lb) 

thrust. (KSC Release 7-72; NASA Release 72-25) 

* NASA launched two Booster Arcas I sounding rockets from Churchill 

Research Range, Canada, carrying Univ. of Houston experiments to 

investigate auroral zone disturbances and study auroral phenomena 

at altitudes previously unstudied. Data would supplement data from 

three Canadian Black Brant sounding rockets launched by Canadian 

National Research Council during substorm movement. Rockets reached 

53.1- and 60-km (33- and 37.3-mi) altitudes and functioned satisfactorily, with each set of instruments providing data for one hour. 

(NASA Rpts SRL) 

* Pan-Pacific Education and Communications Experiments Using Satellites 

( PEACESAT) program, using NASA’s orbiting Ats 1 satellite for longdistance educational exchange, was described in New York Times. System would be used to convey information instantaneously by voice, 

print, and pictures between classrooms, laboratories, or libraries in 

different countries. Key component was inexpensive, easily operated 

two-way broadcasting and receiving unit. Impulses beamed by transmitter from primary station at Univ. of Hawaii to satellite could be 

received by similar device on ground anywhere in Pacific area. University’s unit had been constructed for $1200, with $130 taxi radio as 

nucleus. Teachers on Honolulu campus had used system to conduct 

orientation classes for students traveling to Hawaii from Japan, Hong 

Kong, and Philippines aboard passenger ship thousands of kilometers 

away and to conduct five-week speech course between Honolulu and 

Hilo campuses. 

Other applications of PEACESAT might include multistation hookups 

for scholarly discussions among teachers and students, long-distance 

collaboration in medical activities, and exchange of library material. 

(Trumbull, NYT, 1/15/72) 

January 15: 

19 
January 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

0 Col. Daniel D. McKee (USAF, Ret.) , manager of Bell Aerosystems in Houston and former Assistant Director of NASA Manned Satellite Programs 

in NASA Hq., died in Houston at age 53 after apparent heart attack. 

( MSC Hist Off) 

Apollo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott and Alfred M. 

Worden, during visit to Poland, discussed Apollo 15 mission with scientists at Univ. of Warsaw’s Institute for Experimental Physics. (FBISPoland, 1/19/72, G5; Reuters, C Trib, 1/18/72) 

Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.), in speech before National Press Club in Washington, D.C., asked, “Shall we spend our 

dollars on a space shuttle and an SST for the few to fly the heavens, when 

many here on earth have simple unmet needs like homes and schools 

and health? ” (Text) 

9 Federal Aviation Administration naticnal plan for development of new 

microwave instrument landing system for common use by civil and 

military aircraft was announced by Secretary of Transportation John A. 

Volpe. System covered broad area, would increase number of flight 

paths and airport acceptance rate, and would ease noise over surrounding communities. It would provide continuous distance information, 

eliminating need for marker beacons that gave limited progress information on final approach. (FAA Release 72-12) 

New satellite Hot Line between White House and Kremlin was targeted to 

begin operation in 1973, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

President Nixon’s approval had been announced Sept. 24, 1971, of 

US.-U.S.S.R. agreement on direct communication link using two satellite circuits, one established by each country. Agreement had been 

signed Sept. 30,1971. (Av Wk, 1/17/72,9; A&A 1971) 

January 17-19: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

(AIAA) held 10th Aerospace Sciences Meeting in San Diego, Calif. 

Apollo 15 Astronaut James B. Irwin and Nobel Prize-winning physicist 

Dr. Harold C. Urey reviewed space activities for local high school students. 

Dr. John C. Houbolt, Executive Vice President of Aeronautical Research Associates, delivered Dryden Research Lecture “Atmospheric 

Turbulence.” Lecture had been named in honor of late Dr. Hugh L. 

Dryden, first NASA Deputy Administrator, in 1967. It succeeded Research Award established by AIAA in 1960. Dryden Lecture award, 

sponsored by General Electric Co., carried $1000 honorarium and 

$1500 travel allowance for repetition of lecture before selected AIAA 

sections. Dr. Houbolt reviewed latest data on atmospheric turbulence 

and its influence on aircraft design and flight. 

Dr. Allen E. Puckett, Executive Vice President and General Manager 

of Hughes Aircraft Co., was installed as 1972 AIAA President at Jan. 19 

Honors Banquet. 

AIAA presented Goddard Award to Gary A. Plourde, project engineer 

at United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div., and Squadron Leader 

Brian Brimelow (RAF) and Howard E. Schumacher, both of Air Force 

Aero Propulsion Laboratory. Trio was honored as team for original 

research leading to first understanding of gas-turbine compressor stalls 

induced by turbulent inlet flow conditions. 

Sylvanus Albert Reed Award was presented to Dr. Max M. Munk, 

January 16-17: 

January 17: 

20 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 17-19 

retired engineer, for “enduring contributions to the science of aerodynamics.,’ 

Robert M. Losey Award was given to Dr. David Q. Wark, Senior 

Scientist with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “in 

recognition of outstanding contributions to the science of meteorology 

as applied to aeronautics.” 

Edward W. Price, Head of Naval Weapons Center Aerothermochemistry Div., received G. Edward Pendray Award for “continued outstanding contributions to the literature of solid rocket internal ballistics and 

combustion, particularly for his contributions on combustion instability 

and ignition.” 

Space Science Award was presented to Dr. Norman F. Ness, Chief of 

Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics, 

for “significant contributions to the description and understanding of 

the interplanetary medium and the interactions of this medium with the 

earth and other large bodies.” (AIAA Releases 1/10/72, 1/13/72; AZAA 

Bull, 1/72, 2/72, 67) 

Fourth Annual Earth Resources Program Review was held 

by NASA at Manned Spacecraft Center. Scientists from foreign nations 

and organizations, Government, universities, and private institutions 

attended. Reports were presented on 1971 research and analysis of aircraft and spacecraft remote sensing data. 

In Jan. 18 press briefing NASA Associate Administrator for Applications Charles W. Mathews said pollution monitoring was natural activity for global surveillance capability because atmospheric pollution was 

potentially global problem. Not well understood were manner in which 

pollutants were dispersed throughout globe or manner in which earth 

corrected itself. “There’s a lot of work to be done in this area.” 

In Jan. 21 briefing Dr. John M. DeNoyer, NASA Director of Earth 

Observations, said program was moving from exploratory to flight 

phase, from learning to applying techniques. Among applications was 

spring Arctic ice survey, in which some 80 scientists would be on ice 

measuring strain rates, meteorological conditions, and ice types, supported by Convair 990 aircraft from Ames Research Center. Also microwave techniques in remote sensing could identify ice-free lanes in Great 

Lakes region, making possible efficient shipping much earlier in spring 

than at present. So0 Canal into Lake Superior, which carried more tons 

of freight than any other canal in world, was now open only one half 

of year. Weather and cloud cover made aircraft surveillance inefficient; 

microwave techniques from satellite altitude was more practical in this 

instance. Another important program would be thermal mapping by 

remote sensing to permit better industrial planning from knowledge of 

how development would actually affect environment. Land-use planning 

also would be greatly aided by remote sensing data processed by computerized inventory system being developed at MSC. ( MSC Release 

72-11; MSC PAO; Transcript) 

Opening hearings on aeronautical research and development, Chairman Ken Hechler (D-W. Va.) of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research and 

Technology announced Subcommittee name had been changed to Subcommittee on Aeronautics and Space Technology. Change followed 

January 17-21 : 

January 18-20: 

21 
January 18-20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

receipt of Jan. 14 letter from Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, announcing change in NASA office name from OART to OAST. 

On first day of hearings Dr. Fletcher testified on “steady increase” in 

NASA funding for aeronautics: Funding had grown from $42 million in 

FY 1966 to $110 million in FY 1972, “a doubling in terms of constant 

dollars. When you add the funding for salaries and other in-house costs 

related to supporting the aeronautics programs, the total . . . has grown 

from 1.6% of the total NASA budget in fiscal year 1966 to 7.1% in fiscal 

year 1972.” Number of NASA personnel members working in aeronautics 

research and technology had grown from 2600 in 1966 to 5300. Increase had occurred while NASA staff had been reduced from 34000 to 

27 500. 

Dr. Fletcher said joint Dept. of Transportation and NASA Study on 

Civil Aviation Research and Development (CARD) had “forced the 

establishment of new and more effective coordination mechanisms between NASA and DOT.” Mechanisms were being used “to develop a formal 

CARD Policy Implementation Plan to specify clear goals, responsibilities, planned achievement milestones, and projected resource requirements for DOT and NASA jointly.” CARD policy study had caused “better 

focus on the priority problem areas of aircraft noise . . . and terminal 

congestion” and directed more specific attention to role R&D might 

play in developing better total operating system for low-density aviation 

market so that civil aviation might be used more economically as tool 

for regional development. Focus did not compromise “ability to continue a comprehensive research and technology program in all the 

aeronautical disciplines to provide a technology base for the future.” 

Deputy Director Clarence A. Syvertson of Ames Research Center outlined general recommendations of CARD study : scope of civil-aviation 

R&D programs should be expanded to emphasize nontechnological factors; economists and social scientists should be assigned to NASA and 

DOT staffs. R&D staffs of Dept. of Defense, NASA, DOT, and Civil Aeronautics Board should be interchanged to provide broad systems background for more effective Government action in civil aviation pro, urams. 

CAB should explore policy of allowing intermodal mergers of airlines for 

expanded use of air cargo to encourage innovative industry RB~D in 

this area. Dept. of Commerce should refine and monitor measurable 

indicators of US. progress in civil aviation industry. National Aeronautics and Space Council should review and recommend national policies guiding civil aviation that embraced several agencies. 

George W. Cherry, Deputy Administrator for Programs in OAST, 

reported “considerable ongoing activity abroad in designing, building 

and selling new, small economical aircraft for the world’s low-density 

short-haul market. This raises the questions: Where will replacement 

aircraft come from? Can the US. industry compete with the foreign 

manufacturers to fill the market? ” Answers required “fundamental 

policy decisions by the United States with regard to the desirability of 

providing continuing or expanded public-need air service, and also . . . to whether Government support can or should be given to the manufacturer.,’ 

US. needed to know more about market and economics of operating 

in low-density area to write specifications for aircraft and operating 

system. “If industry designs fall short of meeting the economic specifi22 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 18-20 

cations, there should be enough information available to determine if 

Government assistance . . . could result in the operator providing viable 

service. If subsidy is necessary, subsidizing the nonrecurring costs of 

manufacture, rather thaa the recurring costs of operation, might make 

good sense.” 

NASA Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and Space Technology 

Roy P. Jackson described QUESTOL project plans for two quiet, experimental, short takeoff and landing ( STOL) transport research aircraft: 

The experimental airplanes will function as a versatile facility for 

NASA flight research programs developed in cooperation with other Government agencies and interested industry groups, including the airlines. 

The information provided will reduce the technical risk associated with 

development, by industry, of both civil and military STOL transports” 

and “provide a comprehensive technical foundation on which Government regulatory agencies can establish realistic criteria for certification 

of commercial subsonic STOL transport aircraft and for en route and 

terminal area operations.” (Transcript) 

NASA announced selection of flight crews for Skylab missions. 

Prime crewmen for first, 28-day flight were Charles Conrad, Jr. (commander), Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin (science pilot), and Paul J. Weitz 

(pilot). Backup crewmen were Russel L. Schweickart, Dr. Story Musgrave, and Bruce McCandless 11. 

Crewmen for second, 56-day mission were Alan L. Bean, Dr. Owen K. 

Garriott, and Jack R. Lousma. Third mission, for 56 days, would be 

flown by Gerald P. Carr, Dr. Edward G. Gibson, and William R. Pogue. 

Backup crew for second and third missions was Vance D. Brand, Dr. 

William B. Lenoir, and Dr. Don L. Lind. (NASA Release 72-12) 

* Skylab crew press conference, with prime and backup crewmen, was held 

at Manned Spacecraft Center. Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., said preparations were on schedule for April 1973 launch. Contractor checkouts 

and tests of hardware were expected to be completed for delivery to 

Kennedy Space Center in July. Skylab would carry some 20 000 pieces 

of stowage equipment on board to provide life support for nine men 

for 140 days. “SO it all goes up at one time, and we’ve got a great deal 

of work to do, not only to learn how to operate this vehicle but also all 

the experiments in it. It became apparent that we could not be 100 percent cross-trained as we had been in Apollo, so we’ve . . . defined some 

areas for each guy to become expert in . . . . That allowed us to balance 

out the training hours. Right now . . . we have some 2000 training hours 

per man defined. We’ve been working on the basic training for the past 

year.” Training hardware would be available about February 1. Commander would have overall responsibility for mission and would be 

command and service module expert. Science pilot would be expert in 

all medical equipment and in Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and its 

associated hardware. Pilot would be expert in Orbital Workshop systems and electrical systems. Remaining experiments would be divided 

among crewmembers according to availability and choice. 

Astronaut Alan L. Bean said photographic data returned from Skylab 

would be “far superior” to previous data because actual film would be 

returned to earth. To return film, crews would conduct two extravehicular activities (EVAS) on first mission, three on second, and two on 

third. “We’re going to be moving . . . 241) pounds [lo9 kg] worth of 

66 

January 19: 

23 
January 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

film, in canisters, magazines, in and out of the cameras. We’ll have to 

remove the used exposed film and replace it with new film. It’s going 

to take about 3 hours.” 

Experiments were described by Astronaut Gerald P. Carr. They included EREP earth resources experiment containing five sensors to calibrate earth’s atmosphere, corollary experiments submitted by high 

school students, engineering experiments to study effects of zero g on 

metal alloys and flammability of certain items, habitability experiments 

to study noise levels and atmospheric composition, and scientific experiments. Scientific experiments would include studies of effect of 

zero g on single human cells, studies of circadian rhythm of pocket 

mice and vinegar gnats, ultraviolet stellar astronomy and x-ray astronomy. Technological experiments would include crew vehicle disturbances, manual navigation sightings, and “a study of the little contamination cloud that we carry around with us . . . kind of like Pigpen in 

Peanuts.” 

In response to question on illness during missions, Astronaut Joseph 

P. Kerwin said NASA would provide equipment and training on board 

to take care of most illnesses and injuries that could be handled in a 

doctor’s office. Science pilot would be able to provide emergency care 

for illnesses “up to and including quite severe. We have quite a package of drugs on board, administrable by all routes; we have tracheotomy equipment and equipment for maintaining an airway for stopping 

bleeding. We are attempting to develop in time for the flight intravenous fluids. We feel that, almost regardless of the severity of the injury, 

we will at least be able to stabilize the patient.” (Transcript) 

NASA Convair 990 aircraft was being used for scientific probe of highaltitude cloud formations up to 14 000 m (45 000 ft) in attempt to 

identify and measure ice and water particles with remote sensing devices, Ames Research Center announced. Goddard Space Flight Center 

scientist Dr. warren A. Hovis and team of scientists from NASA, Univ. 

of Arizona, and Arthur D. Little Co. were conducting experiment to 

improve short-term weather forecasting and to transfer technology to 

weather satellites. (NASA Release 72-14) 

NASA Office of Space Science held semiannual Spacecraft 

Sterilization Seminar at Kennedy Space Center to review progress made 

on research tasks of NASA and academic prime investigators, inform 

American Institute of Biological Sciences’ Planetary Quarantine Advisory Panel of this progress, and to foster interchange of recent developments in spacecraft sterilization concepts. ( KSC Release 9-72; KSC 

PIO) 

January 20: President Nixon delivered State of the Union address before 

joint session of Congress and sent written message to Congress. He said 

in speech: ‘‘In reaching the moon, we demonstrated what miracles 

American technology is capable of achieving. Now the time has come 

to move more deliberately toward making full use of that technology 

here on earth, of harnessing the wonders of science to the service of 

man.” He would propose new “Federal partnership” in technological 

research and development “with Federal incentives to increase private 

research, federally supported research on projects . . . to improve our 

everyday lives.” 

In written message President said dealings with U.S.S.R. had “adJanuary 19-20: 

24 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 20 

vanced the prospects for limiting strategic armaments. We have moved 

toward greater cooperation in space research and toward improving 

our economic relationships.” 

President said he would request Dept. of Defense budget increase “to 

preserve the sufficiency of our strategic nuclear deterrent, including an 

allocation of over $900 million to improve our sea-based deterrent 

force.” He had instructed DOD “to develop a program to build additional missile launching submarines, carrying a new and far more effective missile.” 

Space program had been reoriented to produce increased domestic 

benefits: “In recent years, America has focused a large share of the 

technological energy on projects for defense and for space. These projects have had great value. Defense technology has helped us preserve 

our freedom and protect the peace. Space technology has enabled us to 

share unparalleled adventures and to lift our sights beyond earth’s 

bounds. The daily life of the average man has also been improved by 

much of our defense and space research-for example, by work on 

radar, jet engines, nuclear reactors, communications and weather satellites, and computers. Defense and space projects have also enabled us 

to build and maintain our general technological capacity, which-as a 

result-can now be more readily applied to civilian purposes. 

America must continue with strong and sensible programs of 

research and development for defense and for space. I have felt for 

some time, however, that we should also be doing more to apply our 

scientific and technological genius directly to domestic opportunities. 

Toward this end, I have already increased our civilian research and 

development budget by more than 40 percent since 1969 and have 

directed the National Science Foundation to give more attention to 

this area . . . . ‘“I recently announced support for the development of a new earth 

orbital vehicle that promises to introduce a new era in space research.” 

Reusable space shuttle would lower cost and risk of space operations 

and open new opportunities in weather forecasting, communications, 

monitoring natural resources, and air traffic safety. “The space shuttle 

is a wise national investment.” 

Proposals included increase of $700 million in civilian R&D, 15% 

increase over previous year. And technically oriented agencies like 

NASA and Atomic Energy Commission would work more closely with 

agencies with primary social mission like Dept. of Transportation. (PD, 

1/24/72,74-92) 

Air Force launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg Air Force 

Base by single Titan IIID booster. First satellite entered orbit with 

340-km (211-mi) apogee, 150-km (93-mi) perigee, 89.3-min period, 

and 96.9” inclination and reentered Feb. 29. Second entered orbit with 

550-km (342-mi) apogee, 470-km (292-mi) perigee, 94.8-min period, 

and 96.5” inclination. (Pres Rpt 73; SBD, 1/24/72, 100) 

NASA test pilots Stuart M. Present, age 41, and Mark C. Heath, age 37, 

were killed when their T-38 aircraft crashed on landing at Matagorda 

Island off coast of Texas. Radar contact was lost during third instrument approach to landing strip while fog bank was moving in. Pilots 

were checking out T-38 for use by astronauts to maintain flight proficiency. ( MSC Release 72-20) 

66 

25 
January 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

January 21: Grumman Corp. expected 1971 net loss of between $15.4 

million and $18.2 million because of accounting write-down on Navy 

F-14A fighter jet program, Wall Street Journal reported. Write-down 

on value of inventories and work in progress on F-14A would lead to 

overall profit for 1972 and 1973 but Grumman Aerospace Corp. estimated loss on F-14A contract of about $65 million, before tax adjustments. ( WSJ, 1/21/72,7) 

0 Japanese space budget for FY 1973 was approved. Of 24 080 million yen 

($80 million) , Y19 810 million ($66 million) was for further development of N rocket and satellites by Science and Technology Agency for 

use by National Space Development Agency. FY 1972 space budget had 

been Y8630 ($28 million). (SF, 4/72,121) 

9 New York Times editorial commented on results of Third Lunar Science 

Conference at Manned Spacecraft Center [see Jan. 10-131 : "Science 

fiction writers predicted long ago that the moon would be colonized; 

some even projected a future 'revolution' by lunar settlers against 

domination from the earth. Though such writers could skip over the 

many difficulties and high costs required by any genuine settlement 

attempt, there is now increasing evidence that the moon may not be 

quite so inhospitable as scientists once believed. The possibility that 

on this, too, the science fiction writers may have been prophets no 

longer seems as fantastic as it did before the first men walked on the 

moon." (NYT, 1/21/72, 46) 

0 Col. H. J. Odenthal (USAF, Ret.), pioneer airman who once assisted in 

rescue of Orville Wright after his aircraft had crashed, died at age 84. 

Col. Odenthal had helped organize Signal Corps air photographic and 

mapping division and had been awarded Croix de Guerre for his 

mapping flights in France during World War I. (Barker, W Post, 

1/23/72, B16) 

Zntelsat-ZV F-4 comsat was launched by NASA for Communications Satellite Corp. on behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT) . Launched from Eastern Test 

Range at 7:12 pm EST by Atlas-Centaur booster, satellite entered elliptical transfer orbit with 36 523-km (22 694.3-mi) apogee, 5984-km 

(3718.3-mi) perigee, and 28.2" inclination. Primary objective was to 

place satelIite in transfer orbit accurate enough for onboard propulsion 

systems to transfer it to planned synchronous orbit for commercial 

communications over Pacific. 

Apogee-kick motor was fired at 7:32 pm EST Jan. 24 and Zntelsat-ZV 

F4 entered circular orbit with 35 787-km (22 237-mi) apogee, 25 625- 

km (22 136.4-mi) perigee, 23-hr 52-min period, and 0.7" inclination 

over Pacific at 165" east longitude. It would drift 1.1" per day to reach 

station at 174' east longitude in early February. Satellite's first major 

mission would be coverage of President Nixon's visit to People's Republic of China in February. 

Zntelsat-ZV F4 was third comsat in Intelsat IV series. Satellite was 

238 cm (93.7 in) in diameter and 528 cm (208 in) high and weighed 

1402 kg (3090 lbs) at launch. It had 12 transponders, providing 12 TV 

channels and 3000-9000 telephone circuits, and was capable of multipleaccess and simultaneous transmissions. Expected lifetime was seven 

years. Zntelsat-ZV F-3 had been launched Dec. 19, 1971, and was op- 

. 

January 22-25: 

26 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 22-25 

erating satisfactorily over Atlantic. (NASA proj off; GSFC SSR, 1/31 /72; 

NASA Release 72-16) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, discussed NASA 

plans for continuing fruitful space program in interview published by 

Christian Science Monitor: “For the next few years, we may have fewer 

of the more spectacular explorational missions . . . . We will focus 

more on . . . communications satellites, weather satellites, earth resources survey satellites.” 

Next Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) would demonstrate 

direct TV broadcasting in region of Rockies and Alaska, using large 

satellite with big antenna that could beam programs directly to augmented receivers in individual homes. Demonstration-in cooperation 

with Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare-would work through 

educational network rather than directly to homes, however. 

Comsats were ‘‘not quite so exciting an aspect of space technology” 

in US. but, “worldwide, there has been more interest in this than in 

almost any other aspect of our program.” Interest equaled that of ERT 

satellite. “Countries with vigorous mineral exploitation and agricultural 

development are interested in ERT satellites . . . . Countries with underdeveloped communications and education, such as India, are keenly 

interested in the broadcasting satellites.” 

In weather satellite field, new sophisticated instruments “give hope 

that we can get a really world weather observing network going.” 

Infrared sensors, microwave sensors, and high-resolution optics that 

obtained temperature profiles throughout atmosphere by looking 

“through holes in cloud systems” should help “to get points all over 

the globe where we now get only pieces of the picture.” 

NASA would try processing materials in zero g during Skylab program. 

“If it works with men doing it, there are cheaper ways we could do it 

without men. It may be one of those things that will be worth doing 

when we can get routine access to space with the shuttle.” 

In response to question, Dr. Fletcher said second Skylab would be 

cba very good thing for the country. But I’m not sure the budget needed 

€or both a Skylab and the shuttle would be salable. The shuttle is more 

important in the long run. Not to do more of the Skylab sort of thing 

will be bad for prestige. The Russians will be doing much more than 

we will. I’m sure there will be criticism from Congress and the public.” 

But with shuttle and current budget level, “we could do virtually all 

those things we have talked about doing in this century. We could go 

back to the moon and establish crude bases . . . . We could establish 

a permanent space station. We just might be able to send men to Mars 

and get them safely home.” 

Apollo industrial base had already been destroyed, Dr. Fletcher said. 

“We could assemble a nucleus of people who know these things within 

NASA. But that’s about all.” As NASA turned toward space shuttle, “We 

hope and expect that many of the people who worked on Apollo will be 

in that program, so we won’t lose all the basic space flight know-how.” 

In international cooperation, France had asked to participate in Skylab mission and US-U.S.S.R. meetings to establish compatible space 

docking system had progressed. “It looks as though we can do it technically. With existing hardware, we could do a docking in something 

like 1974 to 1975.” 

January 22: 

27 
January 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Scientific community was “still debating whether it would prefer an 

intensive Jupiter and Saturn explorational program or some form of 

grand tour to other planets as well,” Dr. Fletcher said. There was “no 

slackening of interest in Grand Tour” on NASA’s part. (CSM, 1/22/72) 

First photos of Mars taken by U.S.S.R.’s Mars 2 and Mars 3 spacecraft 

were shown on Moscow TV. One photo showed equatorial zone with sun 

at low angle throwing long shadows over mountainous area. Second 

photo showed sharply defined, ring-shaped formation against lightcolored background. Origin of formation, visible through dust clouds, 

was not established. Third photo showed craters of Syrtis Major. (NYT, 

1/23/72) 

* Library of Congress Congressional Research Service published United 

States and Soviet Progress in Space: Summary Data Through 1971 

and a Forward Look (72-17 SP) . Report-prepared by Dr. Charles S. 

Sheldon 11, Chief of Science Policy Research Div.-updated Senate 

Document 92-51 released Jan. 6 and discussed future directions and 

significant aspects of space programs. Soviet planetary probes Mars 2 

(launched May 19, 1971) and Mars 3 (launched May 28, 1971) were 

studying temperatures, density, and constituents of Martian ionosphere, 

atmosphere, and surface. Joint experiment with France on Mars 3 had 

been studying solar wind. With Soviet start in planetary exploration 

during 1971, US. should continue to feel competition in planetary program until NASA Viking landed on Mars in 1976. NASA future plans 

gave prominent priority to space shuttle. While Soviet plans for reusable 

space vehicle had not been divulged, “it is hard to imagine their attainment of announced goals . . . without use of a shuttle.” U.S.S.R. talked 

of putting up space station in five years. “It may be that the long 

awaited new large launch vehicle will find use in lifting major components for such a station. Using this vehicle, the U.S.S.R. could put 

up its equivalent of the US. Skylab any time from 1972 on.” U.S.S.R. 

had recorded “wide variety of commitments . . . to conduct wideranging program” of solar system exploration and of earth applications. 

They had discussed possibility of Grand Tour flights and of manned 

planetary missions. In space cooperation, “although no firm commitment has been made and no real timetable set, the possibility has been 

opened that some of the surplus Saturn IB and Apollo hardware might 

be used to send an American crew to dock with a future Soviet space 

station. Then perhaps later if a remaining Saturn V is used to put up 

a Skylab 2 . . . a Soviet Soyuz might send a crew to dock with it. More 

joint planning and more funds will be required to accomplish these 

suggestions.” (Text) 

ApoZZcr 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and James B. 

Irwin arrived in Belgrade from Warsaw, Poland, for tour of Yugoslavia. They would meet with Yugoslav scientists to discuss ApolZo 15. 

(AP, W Star, 1/23/72, All) 

RCA Global Communications, Inc., and China National Machinery Import 

and Export Corp. signed $2.9-million contract under which RCA would 

sell People’s Republic of China P.R.C.’s first permanent satellite earth 

station. Station, to be completed in time to cover President Nixon’s 

visit to Shanghai Feb. 28, wouId initially carry TV transmission, 23 

two-way voice bands, and 12 two-way teleprinted channels and would 

28 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 22 

be expanded to 60 voice-grade circuits. (W Post, 2/16/72, A29; 

3/24/72, D10) 

L/G Frank A. Bogart (USAF, Ret.), Manned Spacecraft Center Associate 

Director since November 1969, retired. Gen. Bogart had joined NASA 

in 1964 and had received numerous high awards and honors, including 

1969 NASA Distinguished Service Medal for his contributions to Apollo 

lunar landing program. ( MSC Release 72-18) 

* Council of Europe meeting in Strasbourg, France, called for introduction 

of civil supersonic aircraft to be postponed pending full scientific study 

of effects on people and environment. (Reuters, W Post, 1/23/72, A34) 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics released 

Interm&onal R&D Trends and Policies: An Analysis of Implications 

for the U.S.: “US. leadership in technology and in world trade is being 

chaIlenged and the nation could lose its top ranking in both areas during the seventies” because of “diminishing” Federal support of research 

and development when “other nations are accelerating efforts toward 

specific scientific and technological goals.” U.S.S.R. was challenger in 

defense and space technology. “In world trade, the US. is being challenged by the nations of Western Europe and Japan, who are conducting strong programs, particularly in certain research-intensive industries such as aerospace and electronics.” Report recommended that 

US. adopt “explicit technological strategy with policies which define 

national R&D goals and provide levels of support adequate for their 

attainment.” (Text) 

President Nixon in message transmitting FY 1973 budget to 

Congress said: “We have been reordering our research and development investments in defense and space. We have reassessed the space 

program and placed it on a firm future footing with increased attention 

to practical and economical applications of space and reductions in the 

cost of manned space flight. 

, . . we have strengthened our defense research and development 

capability to insure that the country will not face the possibility of 

technological surprise or lack of the deterrent power necessary to protect our national security.” Therefore budget authority requested for 

Dept. of Defense research, development, technology, and engineering 

(RDT&E) was at all-time high. 

President proposed measures “to emphasize this Administration’s 

strong belief that science and technology can make significant contributions to the quality of American life and to economic growth”; to 

encourage private investment in R&D, including investment by small 

firms with innovative ideas; to use NASA and Atomic Energy Commission talents on clean, economical energy and safe, fast transportation- 

“this year we shall have the agency which sent men to the moon and 

back begin to assist the Department of Transportation in finding better 

ways to send people downtown and back”-and to review economic 

policies which might restrict utilization and development of technical 

advances. 

President also said human resources spending would be 45% of 

FY 1973 budget, while defense programs would total 32%. Outlays 

requested for major environmental programs in 1973 were $2.5 

billion, “more than three times the 1969 level.” (PO, 1/31/72, 104-17) 

January 23: 

January 24: 

6C 

29 
January 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

President Nixon sent $246.3-billion FY 1973 budget request to Congressincrease of $9.6 billion over FY 1972. National total included research 

and development budget of $17.8 billion (increase of $1.4 billion), 

with $3.740 billion requested for civilian and military space R&D. 

Total request for NASA new obligational authority (NOA) of $3.379 

billion (1.3% of total U.S. budget) was $83 million more than FY 

1972 NOA of $3.296 billion. NASA expenditures were budgeted to 

increase by $11 million, against decline of $200.9 million in FY 1972. 

Increase to $3.192 billion reflected funds for design and development 

of space shuttle engine and airframe. Of budget request, $2.6 billion 

would go for R&D, $77.3 million for construction of facilities, and 

$701 million for research and program management. 

Apollo funding decrease of $472.5 million, to $128.7 million, reflected 

completion of Apollo program with Apollo 16 and 17 scheduled for 

launch during calendar year. Manned space flight operations-including $540.5 million for Skylab, $200 million for space shuttle, and $23 

million for orbital systems and experiments-would increase from 

$682.8 million in FY 1972 to $1.094 billion in FY 1973. Space life 

sciences would receive $25.5 million and development, test, and 

mission operations would receive $305.2 million, including funds for 

detailed design and development of shuttle airframe and engine. 

Advanced missions would receive $1.5 million, to bring total for 

manned space flight (including Apollo) to $1.224 billion, down $61 

million from FY 1972. 

Funding for NASA space science and applications programs would 

increase $123.7 million, from $740.4 million in FY 1972 to $864.1 

million in FY 1973. Increases would go to physics and astronomy 

program for High Energy Astronomy Observatory ($59.6 million in 

FY 1973) and orbiting explorers ($32 million) ; to lunar and planetary 

exploration (up $29.7 million, to $321.2 million, with $229.5 million 

for Viking project, $31.6 million for Mariner-Venus/Mercury 1973, 

and $18.7 million for supporting research and technology advanced 

studies) ; and to launch vehicle procurement. Funding for Pioneer 

planetary exploration program would decrease from $12.8 million in 

FY 1972 to $10.2 million. Increase of $7.2 million in applications 

programs, to $194.7 million in FY 1973, included $48.4 million for 

earth resources survey, $61.2 milliofi for ATS, and $28.3 million for 

Nimbus. 

Total requested for NASA aeronautics and space technology programs 

increased from $212.8 million in FY 1972 to $249.3 million. 

Aeronautical research and technology funding would increase from 

$110 million in FY 1972 to $163.4 million, including $27.5 million 

for quiet, experimental, short takeoff and landing ( QUESTOL) aircraft 

and $3 million for vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) research/ 

experimental vehicle programs. Nuclear engine for rocket vehicle 

application ( NERVA) development was terminated in favor of reoriented 

program to define smaller nuclear rocket system. 

Tracking and data acquisition funding would fall $4.9 million, to 

$259.1 million. 

Dept. of Defense FY 1973 budget of $83.5 billion was all-time high, 

$6.3 billion above FY 1972 budget authority, 30% of total Federal 

outlays for N 1972, and 6.4% of Gross National Product-but 

30 
ASTROhAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 24 

percentage of GNP had dropped from FY 1972's 7%. DOD total included 

$8.6 billion for research, development, technology, and engineering, 

$1.1 billion increase over FY 1972. Of requested RDT&E total, military 

astronautics-with major programs including military comsats, first 

spaceborne ballistic missile early warning system, continued flight 

experiment programs, and applied research and technology programswould receive $454 million (up $49.4 million). Military sciences 

would receive $572.7 million (up $34.9 million). Aircraft RDT&E 

would receive $1.948 billion (down $36.8 million) and missiles RDT&E 

$2.383 billion (up $437.8 million). 

Major DOD increases were programmed for undersea long-range 

missile system ( ULMS) to supplement and eventually replace PoseidonPolaris fleet ($942.2 million, up $802 million), B-1 advanced strategic 

bomber ($444 million, up $74 million), F-15 air superiority fighter 

($910 million, up $490 million), airborne defense warning and control 

system (AWACS) ($470 million, up $331 million), and Safeguard 

antiballistic missile program ($1.483 billion, up $366 million). Some 

$299 million was requested for advance procurement of components 

for new nuclear-powered CVAN-70 aircraft carrier. Increases were 

also programmed for prototype development of vertical or short takeoff 

and landing aircraft for Navy, STOL transports for possible C-130 

replacement, Air Force SCAD strategic bomber penetration decoy, and 

engines for future transport and fighter aircraft. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FY 1973 budget 

included $39.9 million for meteorological satellite operations, $6.8 

million more than FY 1971 allocation of $33.1 million. Funding would 

complete financing of fourth satellite in ITOS series, continue financing of 

fifth and sixth ITOS satellites and one Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), and initiate procurement of seventh ITOS. 

Dept. of Transportation budget request of $8.56 billion was decrease 

of $91.5 million over FY 1972. DOT funding would start IO-yr, 

$10-billion program to improve urban mass transportation and reduce 

highway congestion. Federal Aviation Administration would continue 

efforts to reduce aircraft noise, ensure that advanced aircraft enb' wines 

did not adversely affect atmosphere, and design safer and more productive airport system. 

Atomic Energy Commission FY 1973 budget request of $2.56 billion, 

up $247 million over FY 1972, would be used for development of 

liquid-metal fast-breeder power reactor and for controlled thermonuclear fusion research. 

National Science Foundation FY 1973 budget request of $653 

million would cover basic scientific research, experimental program to 

test incentives to stimulate non-Federal R&D investment, program to 

analyze effect of R&D on national economy, continuation of research 

applied to national needs in advanced technology and environmental 

problems, program to improve research management at institutions of 

higher learning, and funding for astronomy to permit development of 

very large array of antennas for radio astronomy. (OMB, Budget of US 

Gout, FY 1973; OMB, US Budget in Brief; OMB, Special Analysis; NASA 

budget briefing transcript; DOD budget briefing transcript; DOT budget 

briefing transcript; AIAA Release 72-3 ; NSF Release 72-106; Kelly, 

W Star, 1/24/72, A14; Av Wk, 2/14/72, 14) 

31 
January 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* NASA released briefing (held Jan. 22) on FY 1973 budget request in 

which Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said budget would 

enable the United States space program to move forward on all fronts, 

on a basis consistent with realistic budgetary constraints both now and 

in the future.” Budget “fully supports President Nixon’s decision to 

proceed with development of the space shuttle, , . . achieves this and 

other basic objectives in science, in applications, and in aeronautics 

within a fiscal ’73 budget approximately equal to that of last year,” 

and “provides programs to do the kind of work this agency should 

be doing.” 

In past NASA had presented programs that required relatively modest 

outlays in first year and subsequent substantial increases. In FY 1973 

budget, “We have a well-balanced program that can be supported at 

an essentially constant budget level over the next several years.” 

“Most important aspects” of NASA’s FY 1973 program were: “The 

decision to proceed with the space shuttle; a strong effort in space 

science and applications; a major increase in aeronautics; a change 

of scope in the outer planet exploration program; and a reorientation 

of our nuclear rocket program.” Significant changes from FY 1972 

plans were in Grand Tour and nuclear engine for rocket vehicle 

application (NERVA) programs. Grand Tour of outer planets would be 

replaced with less complex missions to Jupiter and perhaps Saturn. 

In place of NERVA, NASA would concentrate on defining small, highenergy nuclear propulsion system for missions to explore planets. 

During 1973 and beyond, “NASA will put even greater emphasis on 

turning the knowledge and technology acquired through space research 

to the immediate and lasting benefits of mankind. The recent establishment of the Office of Applications was an important step in that 

direction. 

In aeronautics we will increase our efforts by 50 percent this year, 

directed mainly at the pressing domestic needs for quiet engines and 

quiet short-haul air transportation systems.” 

Dr. Fletcher said NASA FY 1973 budget “maintains our manned 

space flight capability, contributes to national security, increases the 

opportunity for acquiring new scientific knowledge, encourages international cooperation, addresses the problems of society and the 

environment, and helps to assure continued American leadership in 

aeronautics.” 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, discussed space 

shuttle funding: “The shuttle, as we now visualize it”--if it had 

pressure-fed boosters and 4.6- by 18.3-m (15- by 60-ft), 30000-kg 

(65 000-lb) capacity-“will cost $5.5 billion to develop. This includes 

two flight vehicles.” Funding would “spread over more than 6 years, 

but the bulk of the funding will be expended over a six-year time 

period. In addition . . . there will be an investment in facilities of 

about $300 million. And if more orbiters and boosters are needed for 

flight applications, these will cost $250 and $50 million apiece. Our 

current estimates for the cost per flight are $7.7 million. This is less 

than most of the launch vehicles we’re using today.” (Transcript) 

Federal Communications Commission had been asked to decide on feasibility of US. Postal Service using satellites to transmit facsimile mail 

for business items, Newsweek reported. (Newsweek, 1/24/72) 

(6 

66 

32 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 24-25 

January 2425: Federal Aviation Administration held international symposium in Washington, D.C., on area navigation. Talks covered operational experiences of airlines, military, and general aviation ; capabilities 

of specialized area navigation equipment; and R&D for future area 

navigation application. Apollo 9 Astronaut James A. McDivitt, Apollo 

Program Manager, addressed symposium banquet. (FAA Release 72-02; 

FAA PIO) 

Apollo 16 spacecraft had developed fuel leak in reaction 

control system and would be removed from launch pad for replacement 

of fuel tank, NASA announced. Leak had apparently been caused by 

overpressurization of teflon bladder by ground support equipment. 

NASA later said repair was not expected to delay launch, scheduled for 

April 16. (Reuters, NYT, 1/26/72, 27; W Post, 1/28/72, A5) 

Cosmos 472 was launched from Plesetsk by U.S.S.R. Orbital parameters: 

1536-km (954.4-mi) apogee, 193-km (119.9-mi) perigee, 102.2-min 

period, and 82' inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 18. (GSFC SSR, 

1/31/72; 8/31/72; SF, 6/72, 262) 

Subcommittee on NASA Oversight submitted to House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics Space Shuttle-Skylab : Manned Space Flight 

in the 1970's, status report prepared by Committee staff at request of 

Subcommittee Chairman, Rep. Olin E. Teague, from information from 

NASA space flight Centers and key industrial contractors. 

Conclusions on Skylab program were that program was within 

projected costs; bulk of equipment and systems were meeting design 

requirements in performance and reliability; and, despite some problems in procuring and integrating experiments, schedules were being 

met and no flight delays or significant cost increases were anticipated. 

Serious consideration was recommended for several options : possibility 

of flying backup Skylab B in 1974-1976 period; possible revisits to 

Skylab A after first three flights; and use of remaining Saturn IB 

launch vehicles in earth resources and applications flights after 

Skylab A program, during 1974-1978 period. 

Conclusions on space shuttle program were: Sufficient technology 

existed to undertake development of fully reusable, low-operation-cost, 

earth-orbital shuttle. Number of design possibilities had been studied, 

covering range of development costs. Regardless of design chosen, as 

development costs were reduced, system recurring operating costs 

increased. In addition to reducing cost of near-space operations by 

order of magnitude, shuttle offered many opportunities for increased 

flexibility of earth resource surveys and management, space manufacturing, and short-term rapid-response laboratory facilities. And 

shuttle could also be used to improve national security position. (Text) 

e Tenth anniversary of start of Saturn V project at Marshall Space Flight 

Center. Since inauguration of Advanced Saturn development Jan. 25, 

1962, Saturn V launch vehicles had been used successfully to launch 

eight manned space flights. Apollo 16 Saturn V booster would be 

26th Saturn launch vehicle flown from Kennedy Space Center since 

firing of first Saturn I Oct. 27, 1961. (MSFC Release 72-3) 

* Tass said Soviet test of lunar iron samples from Luna 16 and Apollo 11 

had shown lunar iron resisted rust better than iron found on earth. 

(Reuters, C Trib, 1/26/72) 

January 25: 

33 
January 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

9 President Nixon submitted to Senate nominations of Kenneth Rush to 

succeed David Packard as Deputy Secretary of Defense and of 

Eberhardt Rechtin to new post of Assistant Secretary of Defense for 

Telecommunications. Packard’s resignation was effective Dec. 13, 1971. 

9 Manned Spacecraft Center announced award of $407 630 to General 

Electric Space Div. for development of checkout system for space 

shuttle software. GE would develop system specifications, computer 

program compatible with MSC system, procedural documents, and 

demonstration plan; would document results; and would demonstrate 

system. (MSC Release 72-21) 

* “F’olitical advantages and votes” were in the 50 000 jobs of space shuttle 

program, New York Times said, “and in the lift it would give to the 

nation’s ailing aerospace industry.” Shuttle jobs over next four fiscal 

years would offset expected losses in jobs that would occur as Apollo 

and Skylab programs ended. “Thus, if President Nixon’s plan is 

approved, private employment under Government space contracts will 

level out during this period at not much less than its present total of 

111,000 jobs.” Administration’s proposed $5.5-billion shuttle investment was to be augmented by up to $2 billion before program became 

operational in later 1980s. “During that decade, $3-billion to $4-billion 

more will probably be spent on shuttle operations-one-third of them 

for military flights-if the current plan is followed.” Annual shuttle 

spending would double in FY 1973 to $200 million, triple in FY 1974 

to $600 million, and reach $1 billion in FY 1975. (Lyons, NYT, 

1/25/72, 16) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics held 13th 

meeting with Panel on Science and Technology, with theme of remote 

sensing of earth resources. Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, 

said in theme address that key element of long-range earth survey 

program was development of machine capability to accept raw data 

from sensors in air, in space, on ground-infrared, microwave, etc. 

This level of machine capability did not yet exist. “What we will need 

are computers of a different level of sophistication that can adapt from 

their own experience and changing information needs as they digest 

continuing inputs. This work will lead, in turn, to the development of 

models of the natural world.” Earth resources, meteorological, and 

environmental satellite data and data relay capabilities would force 

quantum jumps necessary to create the kinds of interconnected models 

of natural and human action that will be essential in the not too 

distant future.” Ability to observe and measure phenomena affecting 

everyday life was “one of the most important products of our space 

program.” 

Dr. H. Guyford Stever, National Science Foundation Director, said 

in keynote address US. had necessary equipment and techniques for 

remote sensing. “The scientific potential in geology, oceanography, 

hydrology, and a host of other disciplines is well known. . . . mat 

we don’t know very well is the impact of the application of remote 

sensing technology on society and its goals and values.” 

Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., Presidential Science Adviser, said that it 

was easier to acquire data than to interpret it and that “traditionally, 

unfortunately, interpretation is neglected until it is too late.” Automatic 

(PD, 1/31/72, 119-20, 152) 

January 25-27: 

LC 

34 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 25-27 

processing and retrieval of images would be major resource. Machine 

processing of images, still in infancy, would be a most important part 

of earth resources experiment. (Transcript) 

Apollo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and 

James B. Irwin were received by Vice President Boris Bakrac of the 

Assembly of Croatia and met with President of Yugoslav Academy of 

Sciences and Arts, Dr. Grga Novak, during two-day visit to Zagreb, 

Yugoslavia. Astronauts were touring Europe to discuss Apollo 15 

mission with scientists. (FBIS-Yugoslavia, 2/4/72, 112) 

* Requests for participation in Skylab Student Project [see Jan. 31 had 

increased to more than 80000 from some 15000 in early January, 

NASA announced. (NASA Release 72-19) 

Washington Evening Star editorial supported space shuttle development: 

“Congress should go along with this proposed investment, knowing 

that if the country’s highly efficient space organization is killed, it 

will not easily be revived. There is still much work to be done on those 

peaceful cosmic frontiers that can spread many benefits and much 

inspiration on this troubled earth.” (W Star, 1/26/72, A17) 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences favorably reported 

H.R. 11487, bill that would authorize sale of land at Kennedy Space 

Center for Chapel of the Astronauts. (CR, 1/26/72, D28) 

High-speed interferometer (HSI) developed for NASA at Jet 

Propulsion Laboratory would be used by JPL engineers to record 

levels of chemical components of Los Angeles smog, NASA announced. 

California Div. of Highways had requested JPL assistance in monitoring trace constituents of city’s atmosphere to help fight air pollution. 

Data gathered would also be given to Los Angeles Air Pollution Control 

District. HSI, designed for use on future NASA spacecraft, could detect 

five parts of carbon monoxide per billion parts of atmosphere. 

Instrument would monitor Santa Monica Freeway, particularly during 

trafhc peaks. (NASA Release 72-15) 

e Marshall Space Flight Center announced selection of Aerojet-General 

Corp., Lockheed Propulsion Co., Thiokol Chemical Co., and United 

Technology Center to receive separate, two-month, $150 000 study 

contracts to analyze possible use of solid-fuel motors with 305- and 

396-cm (120- and 156-in) diameters to power space shuttle booster. 

(MSFC Release 72-4) 

* Rep. Bob S. Bergland (D-Minn.) was elected member of House Committee on Science and Astronautics. (CR, 1/27/72, H367) 

NASA launched Black Brant VC sounding rocket from Wallops Station 

carrying Goddard Space Flight Center performance test payload. 

Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* Federal Aviation Administration announced award of contracts totaling 

approximately $3 million to six com anies for first phase of five-year 

military use [see Jan. 171. Companies were Airborne Instrument 

Laboratory, Bendix Corp., Texas Instruments Inc., Raytheon Co., 

Hazeltine Corp., and ITT Gilfillan, Inc. (FAA Release 72-18) 

Preliminary description of Apollo 15 lunar samples was 

presented by Apollo 15 Preliminary Examination Team in Science. 

More than 350 individual samples weighing total of 77 kg (170 Ibs) 

had been collected from 10 areas in Hadley region during July 26- 

January 26: 

January 27: 

program to develop microwave lan B ing system (MLS) for civil and 

January 28: 

35 
January 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Aug. 7, 1971, mission. Samples were mare basalts and breccias with 

variety of premare igneous rocks. “The bulk chemical compositions 

and textures of these rocks confirm the previous conclusions that the 

lunar maria consist of a series of extrusive volcanic rocks that are rich 

in iron and poor in sodium. The breccias contain abundant clasts of 

anorthositic fragments along with clasts of basaltic rocks much richer 

in plagioclase than the mare basalts. These two rock types also occur 

as common components in soil samples from this site. The rocks and 

soils from both the front and mare region exhibit a variety of shock 

characteristics that can best be ascribed to ray material from the 

craters Aristillus or Autolycus.” (Science, 1/28/72, 363-74) e Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, in letter to New York Times, 

criticized interpretation of shuttle economics in Jan. 25 Times article : 

“NASA has a good record on cost estimating, as demonstrated by bringing in the Apollo program below the original estimates. Even if a 

contingency amount of $1 billion should be required to overcome 

unforeseen problems beyond those provided in the $5.5 billion estimates, the combined total for development and initial investment will 

be substantially below the $10 billion to $14 billion estimate in the 

Times.” (NYT, 2/7/72) e LeRoy E. Day, NASA Space Shuttle Program Deputy Director, described 

studies of shuttle’s effect on payload development costs during speech 

before American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics Rocky 

Mountain Section in Boulder, Colo.: “A number of . . . payloads 

have been flown and historical design and program cost data were 

available. We have determined by actual preliminary design, preparation of program plans, and detailed costing analyses, that these payloads could have been redesigned to fly on the shuttle with payload 

development cost savings . . . of 50% of the historical baseline. The 

studies conclude that the cost of developing payloads (the major 

portion of space program costs) can be reduced primarily as a result 

of the shuttle’s ability to retrieve payloads for reuse, refurbishment 

and updating.” 

Dichotomy of unmanned and manned space programs should not 

be perpetuated, Day said. US. needed to continue “vigorous and 

meaningful manned space program” that did not “obscure the automated satellite programs.” Shuttle was “the one mechanism that can 

effectively support both goals in an optimum way” within national 

space budget. (Text) 

President Nixon’s “enthusiastic support” of space shuttle had “pumped 

fresh breath of life” into NASA, “buoyed the spirits of a flagging 

aerospace industry and lost no friends in politically vital West Coast 

and southern states,” Robert Gillette said in Science article. Shuttle 

endorsed by President was “considerably less ambitious, and at least 

a billion dollars cheaper, than the shuttle NASA has fought for” but 

in basic outline it remains unchanged. . . .” Shuttle “and its presidential stamp of approval stand as a tribute to NASA’s deft and persistent 

salesmanship, a talent marked by careful acquiescence to political and 

economic realities and by a willingness to bleed other programs, including Apollo, to keep the shuttle alive.” 

While “some budget bureau officials are said to be unhappy with 

the magnitude, the design, and the pace of the shuttle project as it 

(6 

36 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 28 

now stands,” prospects for “scuttling the shuttle are slim.” Shuttle 

possessed few of SST’S intrinsic weaknesses. Central moral issue raised 

by the SST was “the propriety of government subsidy for an essentially 

commercial enterprise.” Shuttle “has no such commercial overtones, 

and, by any measure, it is a more truly national enterprise.” 

Congressional attack on supersonic transport program, while largely 

based on project’s economics, had drawn strength from “vast and 

vocal public constituency aroused by alarms . . . of environmental 

damage.” No such catalytic issue seemed likely to arise in shuttle 

debate. Gdlette quoted unidentified Senate aide as saying, “Unless we 

can pull together the kind of public campaign that brought down the 

SST, the shuttle is going to get by this year without a thorough 

examination and without an adversary hearing in Congress.” (Science, 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from White Sands 

Missile Range carrying Univ. of Minnesota experiment to measure 

composition of neutral atmosphere between 95 and 125 km (59 and 

78 mi), Structural failure of undetermined origin caused vehicle to 

break up three seconds after launch. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Creative science in US. was in transition state, Dr. William D. McElroy, 

National Science Foundation Director, said in Science editorial. “And 

much of the feedback associated with this fermentation is focused on 

NSF, which in this country is often equated with creative science and 

scientists.” Historically, NSF had devoted large portion of its resources 

to “pursuit of disciplinary scienceresearch and science education 

motivated solely by the intrinsic needs of a discipline or the creative 

needs of individual scientists. This kind of programming has been 

highly successful and must continue, for it is the bedrock of all 

scientific enterprise. However, there must also be a heightened awareness of the requirements placed on all science, and for this reason, 

a significant share of the total resources available to NSF in the future 

must be devoted to the social and technological needs of the nation. 

This, however, does not mean that the Foundation should be diverted 

from its earlier and historical purpose; in fact, this diversification 

should be construed as a means of strengthening that purpose.” 

(Science, 1/28/72, 361) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced issuance of two requests for proposals for space shuttle heating contracts. One request was for design 

study of ablative materials with low density to protect space shuttle 

orbiter and one was for design and construction of heating unit to 

produce high temperatures for testing materials used externally on 

shuttle. ( MSC Releases 72-24, 72-25) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew scored Senate critics of 

President Nixon’s decision to proceed with development of space 

shuttle in speech before Florida Jaycees state convention in Daytona 

Beach: “They would, in effect, bring to a virtual halt this country’s 

technological progress in a field which has already proved of enormous 

benefit to mankind and holds even greater promise for the future. 

Worse, they would have us abandon our hard-won leadership in an 

area where United States ingenuity and creativity visibly overcame the 

lead of our principal world competitor and proved the American free 

enterprise system is still Number One when the chips are down.” (Text) 

1/28/72, 392-6) 

Janzmry 29: 

37 
January 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* U.S.S.R.'s Luna 19 (launched Sept. 28, 1971) had orbited moon 1358 

times and was operating satisfactorily, Tass announced. Spacecraft 

had studied moon's gravitational field, measured interplanetary magnetic field and meteor-flow density, studied characteristics of space 

radiation in lunar space for comparison with Mars 2 and Mars 3 data, 

and collected data on dynamics of changes in intensity of space 

radiation corpuscular flows. ( FBIS-SOV, 1/31/72, L1) 

Paralytic patients at Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Tex., 

were using system developed at Langley Research Center to adjust their 

immediate environment, United Press International reported. System 

used paddles and switches activated by patients' eye movements and 

breath to control room lights, radio, TV, and other electronic devices. 

(C Trib, 1/29/72) 

Delivery to Dulles International Airport of ARTS 111-computerized automated radar terminal system to improve air traffic handling in busy 

terminal areas-was announced by Federal Aviation Administration. 

System processed radar beacon signals emitted by airborne transponders giving aircraft identity and altitude and presented information 

on radar displays for air traffic controllers. (FAA Release 72-19) 

January 30: First of four lunar eclipses to occur during 1972 was 

partially visible in portions of North and South America. Smithsonian 

Astrophysical Observatory spokesman said later that 37-min eclipse 

was not seen over Northeastern US. because of cloud cover. (NYT, 

1/29/72,19; 1/31/72, 3) 

January 31-February 23 : European Space Research Organization's 

117-kg (257-lb) Heos 2 Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite was launched 

by NASA from Western Test Range by three-stage thrust-augmented 

Thor-Delta (DSV3L) booster at 9:20 am PST. Orbital parameters: 

244 011-km (151 621.4-mi) apogee, 416-km (258.5-mi) perigee, and 

90.2" inclination. 

AI1 vehicle systems monitored during launch functioned normally. 

Second burn of 2nd stage and ignition and burnout of 3rd stage 

occurred over Indian Ocean south of African continent. By Feb. 6 all 

flight experiments had been turned on and were working properly and 

all spacecraft systems were still functioning normally Feb. 23. On 

Feb. 18 NASA officially judged mission successful. 

Primary NASA objective was to place spacecraft into orbit that would 

permit successful achievement of ESRO scientific objectives and provide 

tracking and telemetry support. Satellite-16-sided cylinder with 70% 

of its outer surface covered with solar cells-carried seven experiments 

to investigate strength and direction of magnetic fields, energy distribution of protons and electrons, and nature of solar winds; make 

very-low-frequency solar observations; and detect micrometeorites. 

Heos 2 was second HEOS mission. Hep 1 had been launched Dec. 5, 

1968, and was still in orbit. After orbital insertion, spacecraft was 

controlled from European Space Operations Center ( ESOC) and tracked 

by European Space Tracking Stations ( ESTRACK) . European Space 

Technology Center ( ESTEC) was responsible for project management 

and would reimburse NASA $6.6 million for booster and prelaunch and 

launch support services. (NASA proj off; NASA Release 72-17; GSFC 

SSR, 1/31/72) 

38 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 January 31 

Jamry 31 : Mathematica, Inc., published Economic Analysis of the Space 

Shuttle System. Report of study directed by Klaus P. Heiss and Oskar 

Morgenstern under NASA contract concluded development of space 

shuttle system was economically feasible assuming level of space 

activity equal to average of U.S. unmanned space program of past 

eight years; thrust-assisted orbiter shuttle ( TAOS) with external hydrogen and oxygen tanks was economically preferred choice among 

current shuttle configurations; and choice of thrust assist for orbiter 

shuttle was still open, with pressure-fed boosters and solid-fuel rocket 

motors, either using parallel burn, as main economic alternatives. Third 

economic choice was use of series-burn boosters. (Text) 

NASA launched two sounding rockets from Wallops Station in support of 

winter anomaly program. Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Illinois experiment to 200-km (124.3-mi) altitude to measure D- and E-region 

ionospheric characteristics during winter anomaly. Super Arcas carried 

Pennsylvania State Univ. experiment to 82.3-km (51.1-mi) altitude to 

measure electron density in upper atmosphere. Rockets and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

New map depicting geologic features of moon’s visible side had been 

published by U.S. Geological Survey, Chicago Tribune reported. Map 

provided “unique picture of the distribution of the various kinds of 

rock materials.” (C Trib, 1/31/72) 

0 Marshall Space Flight Center announced award of $9.8-million contract 

modification to McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. for work on 

backup Skylab Workshop. Modification included production completion and post-manufacturing verification of backup hardware and 

launch site support operations through completion of second manned 

mission. (MSFC Release 72-5) 

Senate received nomination of Apollo IO astronaut Col. Thomas P. 

Stafford (USAF) to be brigadier general. Col. Stafford was Director of 

Flight Crew Operations at Manned Spacecraft Center. (CR, 1/31/72, 

S824; A&A 1971) 

Unidentified senior analysts said in Washington, D.C., that People’s 

Republic of China had deployed “handful” of ballistic missiles with 

estimated 2400- to 4000-km (1500- to 2500-mi) range. Missiles used 

storable liquid propellant that permitted underground installation in 

concrete and steel silos. (Beecher, NYT, 2/1/72, 1) 0 Major thrust of Dept. of Defense FY 1973 expenditures was to improve 

strategic weapon capability, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

editorial said. Budget [see Jan. 241 was “the best news the aerospace 

industry has had in several years . . . a clear signal for action and 

forward thrust. It also imposes an awesome responsibility on the 

aerospace industry. Once again it is being called upon to produce 

new and demonstrably superior hardware on which it is possible to 

base a military power sufficient to deter major war and sufficient to 

win quickly any minor wars. It must produce swiftly and efficiently. 

Neither the aerospace industry nor the country can afford any more of 

the expensive development fiascos of the McNamara era.” (Au Wk, 

1/31/72, 9) 

During January: Space Science Board of National Academy of Sciences 

and National Research Council released Outer Planets Exploration, 

1972-1985. Analysis of new cost and engineering data for unmanned 

39 
During January ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

spacecraft for missions to outer planets had been made for NASA by 

panel chaired by Dr. Francis S. Johnson of Univ. of Texas at Dallas. 

Extensive study of outer solar system was “one of the major objectives 

of space science in this decade.” Panel recommended thermoerectric 

outer planets spacecraft (TOPS) be developed and used in Grand Tour 

missions of late 1970s; Pioneer-level program be maintained for 

exploration of Jupiter and Saturn and their satellites every two years; 

Pioneer-F and -G evaluate radiation environment of Jupiter and 

Pioneer-H be readied for Jupiter magnetosphere mission to further 

evaluate planet’s radiation if necessary ; NASA ground-based research 

on planetary exploration be continued; even-segment Titan booster or 

its equivalent be developed for outer planet exploration; support be 

provided for scientific advisory committees, development of instrumentation, and studies of alternative mission strategies for Jupiter and 

Saturn exploration; and NASA development of methods of solar and 

nuclear electric propulsion be continued. 

Report recommended programs for three funding levels: four TOPS 

Grand Tour missions in 1976-1980 period at $400-million annual 

budget level, compromise between Grand Tour missions and outer 

solar systems programs like modified Pioneer missions at $250-milliona-year level, and varied program of outer solar system exploration 

using modified Pioneer spacecraft at lowest funding level, approximately $400 million over one decade. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 

1/72, 8-9) 

Advanced technology aircraft to evolve from increased NASA, Dept. of 

Transportation, and Dept. of Defense use of research and experimental 

aircraft were described in Astronautics & Aeronautics by Langley 

Research Center Director Edgar M. Cortright. “NASA, in coordination 

with DOD and DOT, plans a program to design and manufacture two 

STOL transports. Although these aircraft probably will be smaller than 

anticipated production models, they will suit the needs of developing 

promising STOL augmented-lift concepts, control systems, and crosswind landing gear. They will be able to operate within acceptable 

noise limits to and from STOL strips about 2000 ft E610 m] long.” 

Joint NASA-Army plan “should lead to advanced helicopter and tiltrotor research vehicles. Although oriented primarily toward military 

applications, the research results will apply to commercial VTOL 

transports.” 

Advanced subsonic transports of the 1980s “will incorporate most 

of the applicable advanced technology . . . with significant gains in 

productivity. A longer range, higher capacity SST [supersonic transport] would fill a need on the transatlantic routes and the longer routes 

across the Pacific. And no forecaster can discount the possibility of a 

hypersonic transport (HST) for the 1990s.’’ (A&& 1/72, 304) 

40 
February 1972 

February 1: NASA released preliminary timeline for Apollo 16 manned 

lunar landing mission. Apollo 16 would be launched from Kennedy 

Space Center at 12:54 pm EST April 16-with lunar module landing 

on moon at 3:41 pm EST April 20 and lifting off moon at 4:39 pm EST 

April 23. Returning command module would splash down at 3:30 pm 

EST April 28. (KSC Release) 

H.R. 12824, $3.379-billion FY 1973 NASA authorization bill, was introduced by Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) , Chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics. (CR, 2/1/72, H556) 

ApoZZo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. 

Worden visited President Nixon at White House to report on their 

16-day goodwill tour to Poland and Yugoslavia. (PD, 2/7/72, 196) 

Development of automated visual sensitivity tester was announced by 

Ames Research Center. Simple, accurate, and easy-to-use device to map 

individual vision patterns was originally developed for use during 

long-term confinement, such as during space flight. It mapped position 

and extent of normal blind spot of each eye and plotted abnormal blind 

spots. Device was expected to be valuable in diagnosis and treatment 

of many disorders, including brain damage caused by tumors or 

injuries, optic track degeneration, glaucoma, and detached retina. It 

could be used in testing visual acuity, color blindness, dynamic ocular 

tracking, form discrimination, Optokinetic Nystagmus Reflex, and color 

sensitivity. (NASA Release 72-21) 

* Research scientists had been invited to submit proposals for Skylab 

experiments studying use of weightlessness, NASA announced. 

Experiments would use weightlessness in space to develop improved 

techniques for preparing biological materials and for studying crystal 

growth, solidification, and other aspects of nonorganic substances. 

One invitation was for electrophoresis-motion of charged particles 

through fluid while under influence of electrical field. Use of technique 

on ground was hampered by effects of heat convection in fluid and 

sedimentation. Second invitation was for investigations of solidification 

effects, crystal growth, and other phenomena in weightless materials, 

using either small multipurpose electric furnace or system for levitating 

small samples of molten materials and closely observing them as they 

cooled and solidified. First experiments could be flown on Skylab 

missions beginning in 1973. (NASA Release 72-22) 

S.R. 193, joint resolution to redesignate Cape Kennedy as Cape Canaveral, 

was introduced by Sen. Edward J. Gurney (R-Fla.) and Sen. Lawton M. 

Childs, Jr. (D-Ha) . Resolution would retain name John F. Kennedy 

Space Center for NASA facilities on Merritt Island. Sen. Gurney said 

it was from KSC, “and not from the Cape itself, that President Kennedy’s 

dream was realized.” Desire of Cape’s residents for restoration of 

400-yr-old name Canaveral and “desire of a lasting memorial to the 
February 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

President” could be accomplished through adoption of resolution. 

“From a historical standpoint, no greater justice could be done.” 

(CR, 2/1/72, S8624) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced contract award and issuance of 

requests for proposals for work on space shuttle. One-year, $99985, 

firm-fixed-price contract went to Lowey/Snaith, Inc., to study methods 

for making space shuttle orbiter interior pleasant environment for 

working and living. RFPS were for design study for orbiter’s orbital 

maneuvering system (OMS). Firm selected would receive one-year, 

$250 000 firm-fixed-price contract. ( MSC Releases 72-29, 72-30) 

* First avionics testbed aircraft for Air Force Airborne Warning and 

Control System (AWACS) -modified Boeing 707-320 topped by 9-m 

(30-ft) rotodome-was rolled out at Boeing Co. facility in Renton, 

Wash. AWACS would detect and track aircraft at high and low altitudes 

over land and water and track low-altitude aircraft over extended 

areas. ( USAF memo for correspondents) 

Highest frequency measurement reported to date was announced by 

National Bureau of Standards scientists in Applied Physics Letters. 

Scientists had measured frequency of infrared light waves generated 

by helium-neon laser to 88 376 245 million cycles-100 times higher 

than any frequency recorded until 1968. (Evenson, Day, et al., Applied 

Physics Letters, 2/1/72, 1334) 

Brazilian Agriculture Minister Cirne Lima inaugurated new meteorological satellite tracking station in Brasilia, Brazil. Station was second 

built in Brazil; first was in Rio de Janeiro. (FBIs-Brazil, 2/3/72, D3) 

Mariner 9 news conference was held at NASA Hq. Spacecraft 

(launched May 31, 1971) was in 81st day in Mars orbit, had accepted 

25000 commands, and had taken about 5000 pictures. Dr. Bradford 

Smith of New Mexico State Univ. said wind-transported dust that had 

obscured early Mariner 9 photography was more widespread and 

occurred more frequently than generally had been supposed ; substantial quantities of surface dust were displaced each Martian year by local 

winds that varied with season and with specific areagraphic location; 

and large-scale atmospheric instabilities occurred, producing hemispheric and global dust storms which were seasonal but apparently did 

not occur every Martian year. Storm observed by Mariner 9 had begun 

in late September 1971, reached its peak in late October, and had 

cleared slowly until mid-December. Planet was quite clear in February. 

Mariner .9 photos included pictures of huge volcano with base 500 

km (300 mi) wide, Harold Masursky of US. Geological Survey told 

press. “. . . as the storm cleared we were able to establish that the dark 

spots that we saw barely sticking up through at first” were “the very 

summit of Nix Olympica. This tall mountain with a complex crater at 

the top and the scalloped edges and the flat, or non-raised rims indicated to us that this was probably a multiple volcanic vent. As the 

storm continued clearing finally we could see all the way down to the 

great plains at the base of the mountain. Now this is a great volcanic 

pile . . . twice as big as the great volcanic pile that forms the Hawaiian 

Islands. The Hawaiian pile is about 225 kilometers [I40 miles] across 

and . . . about 9 kilometers [6 miles] high. It is the largest volcanic 

pile on the earth. It is something like 32,000 feet [9800 meters] from 

the floor of the Pacific to the top of the mountain.” 

February 2: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 2 

” 100 km (60 mi) long with 

ended in featureless areas. 

us eruption formation 

een formed by water 

thousandth of that in 

p suggested that water 

retreated. Absence of 

water vapor there was 

ted by storm or by 

th polar cap. Vapor 

an 20 precipitable 

micrometers. 

Mariner 9 photos of Mars had provided data which conflicted with 

data from 1969 Mariner 7 Mars probe. From 1969 photos of heavily 

cratered planet experimenters had decided that Mars was “a dead 

planet, very primordial . . . the product of the accumulation of the 

cosmic debris that fell in to form the planet.” Mariner 9 photos showed 

something very, very different indeed. . . . we can see the great volcanic 

piles and because of the crispness of the edges and the lack of craters, 

we think these are geologically young . . . [and] we have a geochemically evolved planet.” Comparison of 1969 and 1971 photos 

showed that south polar cap regions completely covered by frost in 

1969 were only partially covered in 1971. During period when photographed by Mariner 9 little separations had widened and solid carbon 

dioxide coverage had broken up until many dark spots showed through 

as the ice sublimated and revealed underlying dark rocks. 

Dr. Charles A. Barth of Univ. of Colorado reported that Mars 

atmosphere was primarily carbon dioxide but also contained atomic 

hydrogen and atomic oxygen. “The atomic oxygen comes presumably 

from the photo-dissociation of carbon dioxide and the atomic hydrogen 

comes most probably from the photo-dissociation of water vapor.” 

Amount of atomic hydrogen varied very little with altitude. Atomic 

hydrogen extended some 20 000 km (12 000 mi) from planet like a 

great big sphere of glowing hydrogen atoms with the spacecraft 

running around through it. Those hydrogen atoms are put there from 

photo-dissociating water vapor and because of the very low gravitational field of Mars, it is relatively easy for these atoms to escape. In 

fact, the picture that we have, is that water comes up out of the surface 

of Mars, goes into the lower atmosphere . . . [and] gets deposited in the 

polar caps; when the polar caps thaw, it is released into the atmosphere.” Atomic hydrogen was escaping into upper atmosphere at rate 

equal to 380 cu m (100 000 gallons) of water per day. (Transcript) 

NASA was working with Dept. of Transportation (DOT) to define characteristics of clear-air turbulence ( CAT) better and to develop methods 

of detecting it in flight, Flight Research Center announced. Instrumented 

B-57 aircraft-equipped with DOT prototype radiometric sensor able to 

detect CAT up to 80 km (50 mi) ahead of aircraft-was being flown 

at altitudes up to 15 000 m (50 000 ft) in areas over western U.S. 

where CAT was expected. Aircraft also carried Univ. of Wyoming 

aerosol and ozone detector to determine relationship between presence 

of aerosols or ozone, or both, and atmospheric conditions that caused 

CAT. Since tests began one year before, B-57 had completed 13 flights. 

66 

LL 

43 
February 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

February 2: Flight Research Center flew a B-57 aircraft equipped with Department 

of Transportation prototype radiometric sensor and Univ. of Wyoming aerosol ozone 

detector in a NASA-DOT program to develop methods of detecting clear-air turbulence. 

When CAT was encountered, 30-min flight pattern was flown to record 

data in turbulent area. (FRC Release 1-72) 

m Kennedy Space Center announced two contract awards. McDonnell 

Douglas Corp. was awarded $15 945 000, one-year contract modification for prelaunch, launch, and postlaunch operations of Skylab airlock module, Orbital Workshop, associated ground support equipment, 

special test devices, and facilities. Modification brought total value 

of contract to $60 599 698. 

Boeing Co. Field Operations and Support Div. was awarded 

$22 904 790, one-year contract extension for base support services at 

KSC and Cape Kennedy Air Force Station. Extension brought total 

value of contract to $42 122 790. (KSC Releases 24-72, 25-72) 

NASA launched Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket from Poker Flat Rocket 

Range, Fairbanks, Alaska, carrying Rice Univ. auroral fields and 

particles experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Cosmos 473 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Baykonur into 

orbit with 356-km (221.2-mi) apogee, 176-km (109.4-mi) perigee, 

89.6-min period, and 65" inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 15. 

(GSFC SSR, 2/29/72; SBD, 2/7/72, 191) 

Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) flight unit was being readied for threemonth, post-manufacturing checkout at Marshall Space Flight Center. 

ATM would be moved in May from Quality and Reliability Assurance 

Laboratory to Astronautics Laboratory for vibration tests and would 

be delivered to Manned Spacecraft Center June 1 for thermal and 

vacuum tests. ATM would be launched on first Skylab mission in 1973. 

Series of preliminary Skylab experiment planning simulations was 

being conducted by flight controllers, flight planners, and other experts 

at MSC. Purpose of simulations was to exercise basic plans and procedures necessary before detailed simulations with Skylab team could 

begin. (MSFC Release 72-8; MSC Release 7232) 

Senate passed and sent to House H.R. 11487, Chapel of the Astronauts 

bill, after amending it to restrict authority to sell land at Kennedy 

44 

February 3: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 3 

Space Center for chapel to two years after act’s enactment date. (CR, 

Award of $185000 grant for joint Dept. of Health, Education, and 

Welfare, NASA, and Corp. for Public Broadcasting project to beam 

educational TV programs to rural residents in eight Rocky Mountain 

states was announced by HEW. Total of $500000 was to be spent on 

early childhood and career education programs to be transmitted via 

ATS-F satellite scheduled for May 1973 launch. (AP, NYT, 2/6/72) 

0 Senate confirmed nominations of Kenneth Rush as Deputy Secretary of 

Defense and of Eberhardt Rechtin as Assistant Secretary of Defense 

(Telecommunications). (CR, 2/3/73 ; DOD Directory, Spring 1973) 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced award of one-month 

$1-million interim contract extension to North American Rockwell 

Corp. Rocketdyne Div. for space shuttle main engine. Contract was 

awarded pending completion of General Accounting Office review of 

original $500-million contract awarded July 13, 1971. Review had 

been requested by competing contractor, United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & 

Whitney Div., on Aug. 3, 1971. (MSFC Release 72-9; A&A 1971) 0 Manned Spacecraft Center announced award of $175 183 cost-plus-fixedfee contract to Cornel1 Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., to conduct 

simulations of space shuttle orbiter approach and landing. Simulations 

would enable engineers to establish more accurately aft location of 

orbiter’s center of gravity and systems for vehicle aerodynamic control. 

Contract would end July 31. (MSC Release 72-31) 

Ultrasonic wrench developed by NASA to connect tubing in Saturn boosters 

was available to private industry for possible commercial use, Marshall 

Space Flight Center announced. Wrench induced flexuous vibrations 

in nut being tightened and guaranteed calibrated tension. It could be 

used by industry on conventional nuts and bolts, which could replace 

expensive lock nuts and bolts that changed color as tension increased. 

Ultrasonic tightening also could remove normal friction forces and 

ensure proper tension by preselected torque dial. ( MSFC Release 72-10) 0 Largest NASA-owned aircraft-Lockheed C-141 StarLifter weighing 147 000 

kg (325 000 lbs) with 49-m (160-ft) wing span and 43-m (la-ft) 

length-was delivered to Ames Research Center. Aircraft, modified to 

accept infrared telescope 91 cm (36 in) in diameter and two computers, 

would be used by NASA as international facility for infrared astronomy. 

Aircraft observatory would be unique when telescope was installed 

later in year. (ARC Astrogram, 3/16/72, 1) 

President Nixon sent message to Congress outlining plan for Federal 

Partnership in District of Columbia’s observance of American Revolution Bicentennial in 1976: “. . . there will be a handsome new building 

for one of the Mall’s oldest tenants, the Smithsonian Institution. This 

structure, which will house the National Air and Space Museum with 

exhlLh ranging from Kitty Hawk to Hadley Rille and with a former 

astronaut [Michael Collins] in charge, can be ready in 1976 if the 

Congress will move now to approve FY 1973 construction funds for it; 

the plans are nearly complete.” (PD, 2/7/72, 184193) 

Fire leveled eight-trailer modular complex being used by 

NASA as temporary office space near Astrionics Laboratory at Marshall 

Space Flight Center. Redstone Arsenal Fire Dept. extinguished blaze 

within one hour but officials said portion of building containing high 

2/3/72, S1097-8) 

February 4: 

February 6: 

45 
February 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

vacuum and thin film research section of hybrid microelectronics 

research laboratory had suffered minor damage. MSFC Director, Dr. 

Eberhard F. M. Rees, later appointed six-member board to investigate 

cause of fire that led to estimated $100000 loss, but no injuries. 

(Huntsville Times, 2/8/72) 

Experiment turn-on and checkout of Heos 2 Highly Eccentric 

Orbit Satellite (launched by NASA for European Space Research Organization Jan. 31) was completed and spacecraft became fully operational. Heos 2 carried seven experiments to study interplanetary physics 

and high-latitude magnetosphere. (NASA Release 72-29) 

U.S.S.R.’s Luna 19 lunar probe (launched Sept. 28, 1971) was still 

relaying high-quality photos of lunar surface. Two photos showed 

region around Eratosfyen Crater and around Godyen and Agrippa 

Craters. (SBD, 2/7/72, 34) 

0 NASA launched Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket from Kiruna, Sweden, 

carrying Swedish auroral aeronomy experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

United Auto Workers filed suit in US. District Court in Washington, 

D.C., in attempt to recoup part of first-year wage increase denied 

30000 aerospace workers by Federal Pay Board Jan. 13. UAW contended portion of wage increase requested represented cost-of-living 

agreement made in 1968. (Rowe, W Post, 2/8/72, A7) 

Apollo 16 spacecraft, returned to Vehicle Assembly Building 

Jan. 27 for replacement of command module fuel tank damaged during 

testing, was rolled out to Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, 

Pad A. Spacecraft would be mated with Saturn V booster Feb. 11 and 

was to begin flight readiness test Feb. 29 in preparation for April 16 

launch toward moon. (KSC Release 26-72) 

0 Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, presented NASA’s FY 1973 

authorization request before House Committee on Science and Astronautics as hearings opened. He emphasized importance of space program to US. national economy : “Scientific knowledge, scientific 

exploration, and the practical applications of aeronautics and space 

are enormously important in their own right. But perhaps most important of all is the need for the United States to have a continuously 

advancing technology. To meet the pressing social problems of our 

times requires above all a sound economy operating at a high level of 

employment to generate the tax revenues required at all levels of 

government. To maintain such an economy in a competitive world, 

we must increase our productivity year after year, decade after decade. 

The only way in the long term to keep increasing our productivity is 

through advancing our technology. 

“I know of no other activity which has done and can do as much to 

keep the United States strong in advanced technology as NASA’s programs in space and aeronautics.’’ Economic necessity for advanced 

technology; “the direct practical benefits of space applications and 

improved aircraft, including their significance for national defense ; 

and . . . the human and future practical values of increased understanding of the earth, sun, moon, planets, and universe-these are the 

basic reasons for maintaining a strong national program in space and 

aeronautics.” 

February 7: 

February 8: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 8 

Dr. Fletcher said that NASA’s FY 1973 program “moves forward in 

that it fully supports President Nixon’s decision to proceed with the 

development of the Space Shuttle, the keystone to the Nation’s future 

in space; it continues our .major ongoing space programs; and it 

provides a 50 percent step-up in our work in aeronautics. It is realistic 

in that it supports these objectives within a fiscal year 1973 budget 

approximately equal to that of last year, and under a plan that does 

not commit the Nation to higher total NASA budget levels in future .+ 

years.” (Transcript) 

0 Intelsat-ZV F&launched by NASA Jan. 22 for Communications Satellite 

Corp. on behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium-was adjudged successful by NASA. Satellite had been launched 

into satisfactory transfer orbit and subsequently placed into synchronous orbit at 165” east longitude, from which it was drifting to 

station over Pacific at 174’ east longitude. (NASA proj off) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced issuance of requests for proposals 

for development of concepts, construction of hardware, and testing of 

thrust chamber for space shuttle orbit maneuver engine (OME). Two 

firms would be selected, each to receive one-year, $275 000, firm-fixedprice parallel contract. ( MSC Release 72-33) 

President Nixon, in message to Congress outlining 1972 environmental 

program, said: “The time has come to increase the technological resources allocated to the challenges of meeting high-priority domestic 

needs.” Temptation “to cast technology in the role of ecological villain 

must be resisted-for to do so is to deprive ourselves of a vital tool 

available for enhancing environmental quality. . . . The difficulties 

which some applications of technology have engendered might indeed 

be rectified by turning our backs on the 20th century, but only at a 

price in privation which we do not want to pay and do not have to pay.’’ 

Technology “must be wisely applied so that it becomes environmentally 

self-corrective. This is the standard for which we must aim.” 

President said he had requested in budget $23-million increase in 

research and development funds for reducing aircraft noise and additional $88 million for development of “broad spectrum of new technologies for producing clean energy.” These would include “new or 

increased efforts on fusion power, solar energy, magnetohydrodynamics, industrial gas from coal, dry cooling towers for power plant waste 

heat, large energy storage batteries and advanced underground electric 

transmission lines.” He also proposed establishment of $100-million 

Voluntary Fund for Environment by United Nations to which US. 

would contribute “fair share . . . on a matching basis over the first 5 

years” to improve global environment. “We are now growing accustomed to the view of our planet as seen from space-a blue and 

brown disk shrouded in white patches of clouds. But we do not ponder 

often enough the striking lesson it teaches us about the global reach of 

environmental imperatives. No matter what else divides men and 

nations, this perspective should unite them.” (PD, 2/14/72, 218-27) 

Adapted, ultrasensitive, fast-scanning, infrared optical equipment developed by NASA to test miniaturized electronics circuits was being used by 

B. F. Goodrich Co. to test automobile and aircraft tires. Goodrich 

equipment permitted, for first time, effective nondestructive tire testing, 

much less expensive than destructive testing. Real-time cathode-ray-tube 

47 
February 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

picture of heat in tires was produced as tires spun in testing device. 

Hot spots, indicating design or construction flaws, appeared as bright 

areas. Sensitive IR camera read heat from 600 000 points on each tire 

every second, presenting view as if tire were not spinning. Equipment 

could be used in testing other products and in quality control for 

electronic circuitry, carbon dioxide gas-laser research, and void detection in honeycomb structures. (NASA Release 72-24) 

House passed H.R. 10243 to establish O5ce of Technology Assessment for 

Congress by vote of 256 to 118. OfEice would identify and consider impacts of technological application. (CR, 2/8/72, H865-7) 

NASA and European Space Conference (ESC) Joint Experts 

Group met in Neuilly, France, to identify potential areas for European 

participation in US. post-Apollo space program. In statement issued 

Feb. 11 Group said NASA, “noting President Nixon’s approval on Jan. 

5, 1972, to proceed with development of the space shuttle,” had encouraged European participation in shuttle development. NASA expected 

that European participation would be “within the context of a broader 

program which included multilateral European responsibility for development of a major element such as reusable space tugs to provide 

access to geosynchronous and other orbits” beyond shuttle’s capability 

or “shuttle-borne orbital laboratories” for research by US. and European scientists. Group recommended calendar for actions to permit 

governmental decisions consistent with July 1 NASA commencement of 

shuttle development. (NASA Note to Editors, 2/11/72) 

President Nixon sent United States Foreign Policy for the 

1970’s: The Emerging Structure for Peace to Congress. Third annual 

report on US. foreign policy analyzed world situation. Of space, President said: “AS our astronauts have seen, the unity of the Earth is 

experienced most vividly from outer space. And conversely, seen from 

our planet, space itself is a frontier to mankind as a whole, not merely 

to individual nations. Space is, therefore, an unparalleled field for 

cooperation among nations. 

“As we move into the second decade of space exploration, the US. 

is committed to work with others in space for the benefit of all mankind. We are taking whatever steps can reasonably and properly be 

taken to work with other countries in the development of their space 

skills. 

“Specifically, we have assured the European Space Conference that 

its member countries may obtain our assistance in launching satellites 

which are for peaceful purposes and which are consistent with international obligations embodied in such agreements as the Outer Space 

Treaty and the arrangements for the International Telecommunications 

Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT) . We are prepared to consider such 

assistance to other interested countries. In addition, we are working 

closely with the Europeans on the concepts and design of a reusable 

space transportation system. 

“Over the past year, NASA has agreed with the Soviet Academy of 

Sciences to significant cooperation in specific space tasks, and in the 

exchange of information and plans concerning our respective space 

programs. We have exchanged samples of lunar soil. We are examining 

together the means to enable Soviet manned spacecraft and our own to 

rendezvous and dock in space. Joint expert groups have been meeting 

February 8-11 : 

February 9: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 9 

\_ 

to arrange details of further collaboration in space meteorology, biology, and medicine, in the study of the natural environment, and in 

exploration of the moon and planets. 

“In 1971, after years of negotiation in which the United States has 

played a leading role, the United Nations General Assembly approved 

an Outer Space Liability Convention. . . . “Last year also brought a new definitive charter for the operation 

President said NASA-Soviet Academy of Sciences space cooperation 

had been among series of US.-Soviet agrements, “striking both in 

their diversity and in their promise of mutual advantage.” 

But in “changed world” conditioning US. foreign policy, President 

noted “the end of an indisputable US. superiority in strategic 

strength,” and its replacement by a strategic balance in which the US. 

and Soviet nuclear forces were comparable. U.S.S.R. had continued to 

improve its capability in “virtually every category of strategic offensive 

and defensive weapons. . . . Soviet strategic forces, even at current 

levels, have the potential of threatening our land-based ICBMS if the 

Soviets choose to make certain qualitative improvements. They have 

the necessary technological base.” People’s Republic of China was 

“continuing to develbp a strategic offensive capability. The possibility 

of accidental attacks remains.” President said it was wise for US. to 

begin Safeguard ABM deployment, but “we may soon complete a SALT 

agreement with the USSR which will limit ABM deployment.” 

President commended 1970 Hague and Montreal International Civil 

Aviation Organization conventions to deter aircraft hijacking and 

sabotage : “These two conventions will increase the likelihood that 

hijackers, saboteurs, and persons committing other attacks against 

civil aircraft will be punished. . . . Universal ratification would ensure 

that air pirates could find no place to hide. 

We intend to press for wide adherence to these agreements and for 

continued international cooperation, including exchanges of information on security measures. We will also continue to urge international 

agreement to suspend air service to countries which refuse to cooperate 

in the release of hijacked aircraft and in the punishment of hijackers.” 

(PD, 2/14/72, 235411) 0 Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, warned of challenges to 

US. leadership in technology if US. did not proceed in space shuttle 

development. In speech before Advertising Club of Baltimore he said: 

“The problem is very real. Last year, the United States for the first time 

had an annual trade deficit, a negative balance of trade, of over $2 

binion. But this deficit would have been three times that amoun-$6 

billion-had it not been for a favorable balance of almost $4 billion 

achieved in the aerospace field.” Decision to proceed with space shuttle 

provides a needed tool for the space program, and it will keep the 

United States strong in advanced technology.” (Text) 0 President Nixon’s decision that proposed joint Federal Aviation Administration and European Space Research Organization aeronautical 

satellite program should be “substantially redirected” was conveyed to 

Secretary of State William P. Rogers and Secretary of Transportation 

John A. Volpe in memo from Presidential Assistant, Dr. Henry A. 

Kissinger. Memo said joint program was “not in accord with AdminOf INTELSAT. . . .” 

bb 

(6 

49 
February 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

istration policy.” Every effort would be made to reassure ESRO governments that US. “fully supports international cooperation in space even 

though it cannot accept the specific proposals contained in the current 

draft FAA/ESRO Memorandum of Understanding.” (Av Wk, 2/21/72, 

17; Aug, W Star, 2/11/72) . Edgar M. Cortright, Langley Research Center Director, advocated development of supersonic transport in speech before National Security 

Industrial Assn. in Washington, D.C.: “The day will come when virtually all intercontinental and some transcontinental air traffic will be 

supersonic-or faster.” US. “must develop a supersonic transport or 

abdicate its enviable position as master builder of the world’s commercial aircraft.” If US. reentered SST competition, next SST “must be better 

than the one we canceled. It must be quieter, have a greater payload 

fraction, and have longer range-transpacific if possible.” Because of 

lost time, competition “will not be the Concorde, but a follow-up superConcorde of unknown characteristics.” 

US. should “proceed with a sense of urgency” in developing necessary technology to produce a superior aircraft. “I believe that there is 

a remarkable unanimity in the aircraft and air transport industries that 

a good SST would be a winner for the United States-creating jobs and 

National income.” (Text) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced appointment of Richard S. Johnston, Deputy Director for Biomedical Engineering, as Acting Director 

of Medical Research and Operations. Johnston would assume responsibilities formerly held by Dr. Charles A. Berry, who became NASA 

Director of Life Sciences Sept. 1, 1971. (MSC Release 72-36) 

* Pupils from seven suburban schools in Cleveland, Ohio, area visited Lewis 

Research Center to discuss participation in joint LeRC and Cleveland 

Div. of Air Pollution Control project to measure trace elements in air. 

NASA would supply equipment to schools for sampling outside air. Samples would be analyzed at LeRc and compared with Cleveland air. 

(Cleveland PD, 2/10/72) 

Apparent failure of electronic component had caused loss of 

major portions of data from two of three scientific experiments on 

board particles and fields Subsatellite placed in lunar orbit by Apollo 

15 Aug. 4, 1971, NASA announced. Affected experiments-magnetometer 

and particles experiment-appeared to be functioning normally, but not 

all data could be received from them. Data controlled by 2 of 12 gates 

which released data in proper sequence were lost Feb. 3 and engineers 

had been unable to restore the data paths that handled orientation for 

analyzing magnetometer results, synchronizing pulses that allowed 

ground-based computers to decipher telemetry data, and portions of 

data collected by experiments. Manned Spacecraft Center personnel had 

been manually analyzing thousands of bits of data to determine extent 

of problem and to work out alternate procedures for obtaining the 

missing data. Analysis showed that failure was probably due to breakdown of some electronic part. (MSC Release 7237) 

0 Flight Research Center received F-111 aircraft from Air Force for joint 

NASA-USAF supercritical flight program. Aircraft, 13th F-111 built, 

would be flown by FRC project pilot Einar Enevoldson to check out 

systems before NASA F-111 went off flight status until mid-June for instrumentation. It would then be flown with conventional wing to collect 

February 10: 

50 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 10 

baseline flight data for comparison with future supercritical wing data. 

(FRC X-Press, 2/18/72,2; FRC PAO) 

Four-stage Javelin sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Wallops Station, carried 59-kg (130-lb) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Goddard Space Flight Center payload to 852-km (529.4- 

mi) altitude to study upper atmosphere. Onboard instruments measured 

ion composition and concentration and solar-wind neutral hydrogen 

atoms during 16:h-min flight. Data would be correlated with ground 

observations. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (WS 

Release 72-1 ) 

Air Force Systems Command announced award of $142000 to North 

American Rockwell Corp. and $53 000 to Sperry Univac Systems Div. 

for study of man-machine relationships in remotely piloted vehicles 

( RPV) designed for air-to-ground missions. Study would define advantages and disadvantages of man’s presence in RPV concept. (AFSC Release 252.72) 

National Science Foundation submitted to President annual report Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Selected Nonprofit Institutions, Fiscal Year 1970. Between FY 1969 and FY 1970, Federal funds 

to universities and colleges declined by $227 million, or nearly 7% to 

$3.227 million-lowest level since 1966 and first decline in actual dollars in direct Federal support since 1963. NSF attributed much of decline 

to “recent shift in Government policy away from direct Federal grants 

for facilities construction to subsidized interest charges on loans from 

non-Government sources.” Of 13 agencies included in study, 6 had 

allocated 97% of all Federal obligations to universities and colleges in 

1970. Health, Education, and Welfare continued as principal source of 

Federal agency funds-@%. NSF and Dept. of Defense together accounted for about 20% of Federal total; fluctuations in funding levels 

of NSF, DOD, Dept. of Agriculture, NASA, and Atomic Energy Commission were small. (Text) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, refuted economics of space shuttle opponents in speech before Commonwealth Club of 

San Francisco: “First, they inflate development costs; second, they say 

that the number of launches per year must be greatly increased before 

there are savings, which is not true; third, they incorrectly include the 

cost of payloads as part of the cost of the Shuttle. In this way, they 

reach the totally false conclusion that the Shuttle program will cost $30 

or $40 billion over the next two decades. 

“Their figures are wrong, and their logic is wrong. It is against 

common sense to add the operational costs of the Shuttle to the development costs . . . . The cost of using the Shuttle to carry out a space mission should be added to the cost of the mission. Actually we will be 

saving money, not spending money, every time we use the Shuttle for 

a space mission.” 

Shuttle development cost would be “about $6 billion to be spent over 

the next six or seven years” not $30 or $40 billion “as some Shuttle 

critics say.” (Text) 

a Mariner Mars ’71 primary mission-to explore Mars from Martian orbit 

for period sufficient to observe planet’s surface and view selected areas 

during dynamic changes, photograph planet, and obtain infrared and 

ultraviolet data on atmosphere and surface characteristics-was adFebruary I1 .- 

51. 
February 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

judged successful by NASA. Mariner 8 launch May 8, 1971, was not successful because of malfunction of Atlas-Centaur booster. Mariner 9 was 

successfully launched May 30, 1971, and reached Mars Nov. 13, 1971. 

All Mariner 9 instruments operated successfully and were continuing 

to transmit data. When Mariner 8 was lost, mission plan for Mariner 9 

had been altered to meet primary mission objectives in best way. Plan 

had been altered second time when dust storm on Mars delayed 

systematic mapping of planet. (NASA proj off) 

NASA announced new assignments in Office of Public Affairs. Alfred P. 

Alibrando, Director of Public Information, was named Deputy Assistant Administrator of Public Affairs. He would be succeeded by Richard 

T. Mittauer, Public Affairs Officer for Space Science and Applications. 

Robert J. Shafer, Assistant to Assistant Administrator for Industry 

Affairs and Technology Utilization, was named Deputy Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs (Television). (NASA Release 72-28) 

* Dept. of Transportation announced award to Rohr Industries, Inc., of 

$5-million contract to construct 60-passenger prototype of tracked aircushion vehicle (TACV) . Vehicle was part of $ll5-million urban transportation research and development program sent to Congress by President Nixon. (DOT Release 12-72) 

Naval Research Laboratory announced its analyses had indicated that lunar soil “had been oxidized to some extent in the nearly 

nonexistent lunar atmosphere.” All lunar soil returned by Apollo astronauts had displayed a characteristic resonance when examined by 

electron-spin-resonance spectrometry. Source of resonance had been 

thought to be iron metal. By oxidizing powder of simulated lunar glass, 

NRL scientists had produced for first time in the laboratory a resonance 

resembling characteristic resonance of lunar soils. Findings showed 

conclusively that the ‘characteristic’ resonance arises from chemical 

compounds involving titanium dioxide and ferric oxide produced by 

oxidation of fine soils in the lunar environment.” (NRL Release 9-72-2) 

* Dr. John Teegan, Chief of Launch Site Medical Operations at Kennedy 

Space Center, announced his resignation to press at Cape Kennedy. 

Dr. Teegan, who would return to private practice, said he had resigned 

because his patients-astronauts-were too healthy. Astronauts were 

unusually healthy because they were in excellent physical condition 

when they were chosen and made it a point to stay that way. “I was 

educated to care for people who were ill and I want to get my feet wet 

again in clinical medicine. This chapter in space history was a very 

valuable experience that few people have had the opportunity to experience.” (Reuters, B sun, 2/13/72; KSC PAO) 

U.S.S.R. launched Luna 20 unmanned lunar probe from 

Baykonur at 8:28 am local time (10:28 pm EST Feb. 13). Tass said 

objective of mission was “further exploration of the moon and near 

lunar space.” 

On Feb. 18 Luna 20 entered near-circular lunar orbit with 100-km 

(62-mi) altitude, 1-hr 58-min period, and 65” inclination. Engine firing 

on Feb. 19 placed spacecraft in elliptical orbit with 100-km (62-mi) 

apolune and 21-km (13-mi) perilune. Main retroengine burn for 267 

sec on Feb. 21 thrust spacecraft toward moon and Lum 20 free-fell to 

760-m (2490-ft) altitude. Spacecraft was then guided by braking rocket 

February 12: 

66 

February 14-25: 

52 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 14-25 

to softlanding northeast of moon’s Sea of Fertility at 12:19 am Baykonur time Feb. 22 (2:19 pm EST Feb. 21). Landing coordinates were 

3’32‘ north latitude and 56”33’ east longitude. Spacecraft began transmitting radio signals and conducting experiments. 

After drilling lunar rock, collecting lunar samples, photographing 

lunar surface, and performing other undisclosed experiments, Luna 20 

lifted off moon at 3:58 am Baykonur time Feb. 23 (5:58 pm EST 

Feb. 22), after 27 hrs 39 min on lunar surface. Tass said samples had 

been obtained with earth-operated, percussion-rotary drill designed to 

handle hard and loose rock samples simultaneously. 

Luna 20 reentered atmosphere Feb. 25 and parachuted to landing at 

12:12 am Feb. 25 Baykonur time (2:12 pm EST Feb. 24) 40 km (24 mi) 

northwest of Djezkazgan, Kazakhstan, after 11-day 16-hr mission. Capsule containing lunar samples was recovered despite ccextremely unfavorable weather conditions-strong wind, blizzard, and low clouds.” 

Luna 20 was second unmanned spacecraft to land on moon and return 

to earth with lunar samples. First had been U.S.S.R.’s Luna 16 (Sept. 

12-24, 1970). Luna I7 had landed on moon Nov. 17, 1970, and had 

released Lunokhod 1 lunar rover. Luna 18 (launched Sept. 2, 1971) 

had crashlanded on moon Sept. 11, 1971, and Luna 19 (launched 

Sept. 28, 1971) was still in lunar orbit on photography and mapping 

mission. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 2/14/72, L1; 2/22-24/72, L1; 2/28/72, L1; 

SBD, 2/15/72,226) 

Intelsat-IV F-4 comsat (launched Jan. 22) began full-time 

commercial service over Pacific with acceptance of 850 circuits between 

15 earth stations. (ComSatCorp Release 72-10) 

Aerospace contractor representatives were scheduled to testify in person 

before House Committee on Science and Astronautics Subcommittee on 

Manned Space Flight, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

Unique move aimed at speeding the legislative process this election 

year” supplanted system in which committee members visited major 

contractors’ plants for briefings and reviews of facilities. (Av Wk, 

2/14/72, 13) 

* Use of laser holography as nondestructive test technique for inspecting 

case-bonded solid-propellant rocket engines would be evaluated for 

NASA in program under negotiation with Lockheed Space & Missiles Co., 

Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Technique consisted of 

viewing stressed test article through hologram produced when article 

was in unstressed condition. (Av Wk, 2/14/72, 11) 

* Atomic Energy Commission was ‘cencouragingy’ NASA to examine cost of 

permanent removal from environment of wastes from atomic plants by 

shooting these high-level radioactive wastes into the sun-taking them 

right out of the world,” Dr. James R. Schlesinger, AEC Chairman, said 

in interview published by US. News & World Report. Method would 

depend on development of the space shuttle . . . a decade away.” 

(US News, 2/14/72,46-51) 

NASA launched Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket from Andoeya, Norway, 

carrying Norwegian auroral energy experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Medium short-takeoff-and-landing-transport development program, included in N 1973 Dept. of Defense budget, was among programs developed by Nixon Administration’s Domestic Council to meet threat of 

February 14: 

LC 

cc 

cc 

53 
February 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, I972 

erosion of US. technology by foreign competition and lack of domestic 

market, Aviation Week & Space Technology said. Program was aimed 

“at direct competition with the Boeing-Italian agreement in which 

Boeing is selling its technology in this area for a STOL transport to be 

built in Italy” by an Italian consortium. (Hotz, Av Wk, 2/14/72, 9) 

Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, testifying before Senate Committee on Armed Services, said Communist China ‘‘could begin 

deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles with a range of 3,000 

nautical miles E5600 kilometers] or more, capable of striking all or 

most of the U.S.S.R. by 1975.” Chinese satellites Chicom 1 and 2 

(launched April 24, 1970, and March 3, 1971) and 12 nuclear tests 

since 1964 indicated “fairly high degree of sophistication in both missile and warhead development.” (C Sun Times, 2/16/72, 18) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Churchill Research 

Range, carried Univ. of Pittsburgh experiment to 141-km (87.6-mi) 

altitude. Primary objective was to confirm initial observation of nitric 

oxide in auroral zone and collect additional information on processes 

that produced nitric oxide in an auroral arc. Secondary objective was 

to measure density of major atmospheric constituents in D and E 

regions. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt 

SRL) 

* NASA issued technical memorandum “Description, Dissection and Subsampling of Apollo 14 Core Sample 14230,” describing techniques used 

to preserve lunar sample intact. Techniques-developed originally by 

Dr. Roald Fryxell of Washington State Univ. to preserve sediments 

surrounding bones of “Marmes Man,” oldest well-documented human 

remains in Western Hemisphere-had produced first permanent record 

of layering in dust that covered lunar surface. Scientists first removed 

55 tiny subsamples from core length, working through rubber gloves in 

sealed nitrogen cabinets to protect samples from earth atmosphere. 

They then impregnated with resin three successive thin strips of lunar 

core with all layers intact and grains undisturbed. Stabilized deposits 

were then mounted on plexiglass as first permanent record of deposits 

beneath moon’s surface. (NASA Release 72-30; NASA PAO) 

NASA announced selection of moon’s Taurus-Littrow region 

as site for Apollo 17 manned lunar landing in December. Region, 

named for Taurus Mountains and Littrow Crater and located just beyond southeast edge of Mare Serenitatis (one of largest mascons) , had 

been selected to help fill in major gaps in development model of moon 

based on data from previous Apollo missions. Lunar Module landing 

point 20” north‘ and 30” east of moon’s center as viewed from earth 

would be one prime sampling objective. It contained very dark nonmare material believed to have eroded off mountains and volcaniclooking cinder cones which suggested material was explosively produced 

volcanic ash. One sampling site would be rock slide containing debris 

that had fallen into valley from high up on 2000-m (7000-ft) mountain. 

Astronauts would travel over surface on foot and on lunar roving 

vehicle (LRV) Rover. They would deploy advanced Apollo lunar surface 

experiments package ( ALSEP) , containing heat flow experiment similar 

to that on Apollo 14 and four new experiments, and two new surface 

traverse experiments not powered by ALSEP central station. Experiments 

were traverse gravimeter to measure vibrations in and provide data on 

February 15: 

February 16: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 16 

subsurface, seismic profiling and surface electrical properties investigations to measure physical properties of lunar interior down to depth of 

one kilometer (six tenths mile) and indicate subsurface electrical and 

mechanical properties, tidal gravimeter to study response of moon to 

earth’s tidal pull and its response to gravity waves, mass spectrometer 

to measure constituents of lunar atmosphere, and lunar ejecta and 

meteorite experiment to determine frequency and energy of small 

meteorites impacting moon. 

Orbital science payload would include three new experiments : laser 

lunar sounder would identify electrical properties and layering of lunar 

crust overflown by spacecraft, infrared scanning radiometer would provide high-resolution thermal map of portions of moon for first time, 

and far-ultraviolet spectrometer would measure compositional and 

density variation of lunar atmosphere. (NASA Release 72-33) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 474 into orbit with 365-km (226.8-mi) apogee, 

179-km (111.2-mi) perigee, 90-min period, and 65” inclination. Satellite 

reentered Feb. 29. (GSFC SSR, 2/29/72) 

* President Nixon signed H.R. 11487, Chapel of the Astronauts bill, which 

authorized sale of land near Kennedy Space Center Visitor Bureau to 

private corporation for construction of chapel. Bill became P.L. 92-227. 

(PD, 2/21/72,48) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced issuance of requests for proposals 

to 13 aerospace firms to study, design, and test polymer seal materials 

for storing space shuttle propellants. Firm selected would receive 

$100 000, firm-fixed-price contract. ( MSC Release 7243) 

* Former scientist-astronaut Brian T. O’Leary, associate professor of 

astronomy at San Francisco State College, questioned compatibility of 

space shuttle with national goals and priorities in New York Times 

article : “. . . balanced presentation to decision-makers of technical 

information bearing on the costs and benefits of the shuttle cannot be 

accomplished without some degree of effort outside the perimeter of 

NASA and its contractors. Such effort is now almost entirely missing and 

is badly needed before a national decision can be made.” NASA needed 

to answer questions: “What is the shuttle and what will it do? What 

precisely are NASA’s goals for shuttle use? Will the shuttle be primarily 

a workhorse for the Department of Defense?” Dr. O’Leary asked, 

“Wouldn’t this be an auspicious time for the Administration to set a 

goal more in tune with human values, which would make good use of . . . aerospace workers?” (NYT, 2/16/72, 37) 

World’s record for accelerating atomic particles was claimed by officials 

at world’s largest atom smasher-200-bev facility at Batavio, Ill. US. 

atom smasher had accelerated beam of protons to 100 bevy topping 

76-bev record established by Soviet accelerator at Serpukhov. ( AP, 

NYT, 2/20/72,2) 

Adm. Thomas H. Moorer (USN), Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, 

warned of possible U.S.S.R. nuclear superiority in testimony before 

closed session of Senate Committee on Armed Services considering 

FY 1973 military authorization bill: “The mere appearance of Soviet 

strategic superiority could have a debilitating effect on our foreign 

policy and our negotiating posture. It could erode the confidence of 

our friends and allies in the deterrent power of our strategic forces, 

55 
February 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

upon which the entire structure of free world defense essentially rests.” 

(Corddry, B Sun, 2/17/72, A4) 

First fully automatic landings by full-scale manned helicopter at predetermined spot had been made by team of Langley Research Center engineers and pilots at Wallops Station, NASA announced. 

Accomplishment was milestone in research program aimed at permitting helicopters and future vertical takeoff and landing aircraft to 

fly routine missions under poor visibility. Landing approaches were 

fully automatic from 3 to 5 km (2 to 3 mi) from intended landing spot. 

Automatic system was engaged in level flight at 96.5 km per hr (60 

mph) at 244-m (800-ft 1 altitude. When helicopter intercepted landing 

guidance path, system automatically locked on to start landing approach. At predetermined range hexicopter began automatic deceleration to zero ground speed, came to hover 15 m (50 ft) above landing 

spot, and descended vertically to touchdown. (NASA Release 72-34) 

* Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science, 

testified on planetary exploration program at opening session of FY 

1973 NASA authorizatization hearings before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications. Dr. Naugle presented plan under study for “much more modest 

outer planets exploration program” instead of originally proposed twomission, four-spacecraft Grand Tour of all outer planets, canceled because of budgetary restrictions. Jupiter exploration would continue. 

We are studying a mission for the initial exploration of Saturn. We 

would take advantage of the rare alinement of the planets to launch 

two Mariner-class spacecraft in 1977 on a trajectory which would carry 

them first past Jupiter and on to Saturn to investigate that strange 

planet. . . . At present, this program appears to be an excellent outer 

planets mission within the current constraints. However, we are studying other options with our science advisory groups to determine the set 

of outer planets missions which provide the most significant scientific 

information.” Viking project to softland spacecraft on Mars in 1976 

remained “most significant element of the ongoing planetary exploration program.” 

Mariner 9’s orbiting of Mars had been major highlight in 1971 

planetary program. To date, “Mariner 9 . . . has been in orbit 96 days, 

is still healthy and operating nominally. . . . it has transmitted back 

to Earth over 5700 pictures of Mars, a number of closeups of its two 

moons, and measurements of surface features and atmospheric properties by ultraviolet and infrared spectrometers.” NASA had mapped 

approximately 66% of Martian surface at resolution of 1 km (0.6 mi) 

or better. 

“To date we have visited Venus and Mars, and will soon reach Jupiter and Mercury. Within the next year we shall have studied Mars in 

detail from orbit and within 5 years shall have begun an intensive automated exploration of its surface. By the end of the decade we expect to 

know whether life exists, has existed, or could exist on Mars.” 

Three spacecraft to be launched in 1972 would open “brand new 

areas of research or application.” Pioneer-F would be launched in 

March to begin study of Jupiter. Next, Earth Resources Technology 

Satellite would open new field of earth study. In fall, astronomy Explorer satellite would begin to study gamma rays from stars. Major 

February 17: 

66 

56 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 17 

February 17: The first fully automatic landings by a manned helicopter at a predetermined spot were announced by NASA. A Langley Research Center team had made 

the landings at Wallops Station the second week in Februury in a research program to 

permit helicopters and future VTOL aircraft to fly under conditions of poor visibility. 

highlight in 1971 astronomy program had been observations made by 

x-ray astronomy satellite Uhuru (Explorer 42), which was making map 

of universe in x-ray wavelengths. One hundred sixteen x-ray sources 

had been studied. 

“Space” science, Dr. Naugle said, was no different from research man 

had been doing on earth . . . since he became man: “Man does love to 

wonder-to explore and understand his environment. The ability to 

wonder-the desire to extend one’s horizon-is a measure of the mental 

health and vigor of an individual or a society. The ability of a nation 

to educate its youth and provide them with the necessary tools to expkore our environment, whether it be the innermost secrets of the 

nucleon or the outermost regions of the universe, is one measure of 

that Nation’s vigor and its capability to better understand, and in turn 

guide and control, its destiny.” (Transcript) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Manned 

Space Flight began hearings on H.R. 12824, N 1973 NASA authorization bill. 

Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, 

described ApoZZo 15 mission (July 26-Aug. 7, 1971) as “most rewarding mission so far.” Mission “demonstrated the operational maturity 

of the [Apollo] program . . . . Because of its greatly increased capability for astronaut mobility, surface exploration, sample return, and 

57 
February 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

orbital science, Apollo 15 added as much new data as that gathered by 

the three previous missions combined.” Mission had marked first use 

of Lunar Rover and of orbital science experiments to collect lunar-wide 

information. L‘The scientific returns from lunar orbit and surface have 

significantly increased our accumulated knowledge of the moon and by 

extrapolation of the data from this vacuum-packed laboratory, knowledge of the solar system, including our earth.” 

Upon completion of Apollo program with Apollo 17 in December, Cb we will have accumulated a vast treasure of lunar data. Many exciting 

scientific results have already been published; however, an adequate 

assessment of the total body of data will require scientific effort for 

years to come. 

“As Apollo draws to a close, we are concentrating our activities in 

earth orbit-the primary field of manned space flight during this 

decade.” Skylab was “first step in this direction” and “one of the 

most significant benefit-oriented programs of the space age.” Skylab 

was four times larger than Soviet Salyut spacecraft and weighed 

77 180 kg (170 000 lbs) with total 344 cu m (12 150 cu ft) pressurlzed 

volume. Skylab typified variety of activities that could be accomplished 

in space. “Several years ago we began to look at this total space 

arena in a different way. . . . While we were driving toward our goal 

of a manned lunar landing . . . a distinction was made . . . between 

manned and unmanned flight programs.” Distinction “really does not 

exist” in NASA’S program for 1970s. “The transition is already underway in Skylab.” 

Survey of total space activity had also led to shuttle concept. “We 

started with a fully reusable system . . . using winged flyback booster 

and orbiter stages with all fuel carried in internal tanks.” Studies 

confirmed feasibility. Estimated development costs were close to $10 

billion, but cost per flight, at $4-1 million, “made it extremely 

attractive.” Problem was lack of funds. NASA LLlearned that there were 

cost advantages in using an expendable liquid hydrogen tank for the 

orbiter.” This became baseline with booster configuration unchanged 

except for modification. While process reduced development costs, 

expendability of tanks increased flight costs. NASA found “additional 

savings could be made if we placed both the hydrogen and the oxygen 

tanks outside the orbiter.” In efforts to economize on booster development, NASA first considered “flyback booster incorporating F-1 engines 

and phasing orbiter systems” and later “unmanned ballistic boosters.” 

Leading candidates were recoverable and reusable pressure-fed liquidpropellant booster and booster with solid-fueled rocket motors. 

Contractors were completing studies, and decision would be made 

shortly. 

Mathematica report of study for NASA in May 1971 had shown 

shuttle with flyback manned booster was cost-effective when averaging 

39 flights a year. Myers submitted new edition of report, incorporating 

refined data and changes in shuttle configuration, which showed 

shuttle cost effective with traffic as low as 30 flights per year. 

“I believe that practically all of this country’s future earth-orbital 

space activities will use the Shuttle’s capability in exploiting the 

potential benefits of space and providing the taxpayer as large a 

return of his space investment as possible.” (Transcript) 

58 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 17 

* Roy P. Jackson, NASA Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and Space 

Technology, during hearings by House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Aeronautics and Space Technology on 

FY 1973 NASA authorization, testified that recently developed NASA 

technology could have increased supersonic transport’s investment 

return rate. Calculations had been made showing that “incorporation 

of now emerging technology for static stability augmentation and 

active flutter control could have allowed a weight savings, and thus a 

payload increase, of better than 16,000 pounds, or an additional return 

on investment of about 7.576.” 

NASA research and technology in aerodynamics, configurations, 

materials, structures, propulsion, and avionics applicable to advanced 

long-haul transport aircraft design showed “real promise.” Application 

of automated active control concepts “could result in considerable 

weight savings by eliminating the need for inherent aerodynamic 

stability and thereby reducing the size of control surfaces. It could also 

result in reduced structural fatigue for longer life, lower structural loads 

for lighter structures, and ride quality control and active damping of 

aircraft flutter for a more comfortable ride.” (Transcript) * Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, said “real increase in 

productivity in space” would come with shuttle, in speech before 

National Space Club in Washington, D.C. “. . . we have built more 

than 80 launch stands in this country, 50 of which are still either 

active or on standby . . . [and] we are using 17 different combinations 

of boosters and upper stages . . . today. The shuttle will allow us to 

consolidate most of these. . . .” Shuttle, “major investment in a new 

tool for space exploration,” had been designed for productivity “in 

terms of launch services, . . . access it will provide to space, . . . [and] 

the way it will let us operate in space.” (Text) 

* President Nixon spoke at White House ceremony before his departure for 

state visit to People’s Republic of China: LL. . . if there is a postscript 

that I hope might be written with regard to this trip, it would be the 

words on the plaque which was left on the moon by our first astronauts when they landed there. ‘We came in peace for all mankind.’” 

(I’D, 2/21/72, 4434) 

European Launcher Development Organization deferred firing of Europa 

I1 (F.12) launcher to first half of 1973, to allow more time for 

investigation of June 17, 1970, Europa I (F.ll) failure and remedial 

action. (SF, 4/72, 161) 

Notices to terminate work on NERVA (nuclear engine for 

rocket vehicle application) program by June 30 were issued by 

AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Systems Office to major NERVA contractor 

Aerojet Nuclear Systems Co. and major subcontractor Westinghouse 

Astronuclear Laboratory. Active development of flight-model 333 600- 

newton (75 000-lb) -thrust nuclear rocket engine for future space 

missions had been suspended in 1971 because of funding limitations 

and space program stretchouts. Work on long-lead-time components 

had continued. NERVA cancellation would affect about 300 Aero ject 

employees in California and 330 Westinghouse employees in Pennsylvania. Employees at Space Nuclear Rocket Development Station in 

Nevada would continue reactor testing and nonnuclear component 

testing. (NASA Release 72-36) 

February 18: 

59 
February 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Heus 2 Highly Eccentric 0 atellite, launched Jan. 31, was adjudged , successful by NA had entered planned orbit and all 

experiments were functioning satisfactorily. (NASA proj off) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Mars 2 (launched May 19, 1971) had completed 111 revolutions of Mars and Mars 3 (launched May 28, 1971) had completed 

6 revolutions, Tass announced. Radio contact with spacecraft remained 

stable and onboard instruments were continuing to function satisfactorily. ( FBIS-SOV, 2/22/72, L2) 

Portable, high-intensity light to illuminate Skylab workshop interior for 

motion picture photography during long space missions was being 

tested at Marshall Space Flight Center. Developed by IOTA Engineering, 

8-kg (17-lb) light produced concentrated illumination of proper color 

balance for use with fast daylight film scheduled for Skylab. (MSFC 

Release 72-15) 

NASA announced award of 150-day, $199000 contract under Minority 

Business Enterprise Program to RO&AS Joint Venture of Houston for 

construction of trainer hardware support facilities building. RO&AS 

was partnership formed by Roy Owens Interests, Inc., a Black-owned 

construction firm, and Advance Systems Construction, Inc., a MexicanAmerican-owned company. Manned Spacecraft Center’s Contractor 

Equality Opportunity Programs Office had played key role in bringing 

the two firms together for joint venture, which marked first time in 

NASA history that two minority businesses had pooled resources for a 

joint contract effort. (MSC Release 7245) 

Senate confirmed nomination of ApoZZo 10 Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford 

as US. Air Force brigadier general. (CRY 2/18/72, 52125) 

Administration had summoned 400 leading US. scientists and engineers 

to series of White House meetings on nation’s domestic and economic 

problems, Washington Post reported. Presidential Science Adviser, 

Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., had exchanged ideas with physicists, engineers, chemists, and aerospace officials on urgent situations in meetings 

intended “to rally the country’s science-engineering community behind 

other goals than weapon-making.” (Cohn, W Post, 2/l8/72, Al) 

* Group of 49 industrialists and educators from England, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, Italy, Holland, and Belgium visited Kennedy 

Space Center during week-long orientation arranged by London 

Fimneiul Times. Group also visited NASA Hq., Goddard Space Flight 

Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, and Manned Spacecraft Center. 

(KSC Release 40-72) 

Fact that all spacecraft orbiting earth or moon traveled “oval shaped 

path called Keplerian elipse” testified to “durability” of Johannes 

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, New York Times said. In article on 

1971 celebration of 400th anniversary of mathematician-astronomer’s 

birth, Dec. 27, 1571, Times noted, “Whether it is the space program 

or a new fashion in historical research, the life and works of the sickly 

son of a mercenary soldier who rose to be Imperial Mathematician of 

the Holy Roman Empire are undergoing a kind of rehabilitation at the 

hands of scholars.” (Reinhold, NYT, 2/18/72) 

February 19: IMeEsat-IV F-3 comsat, launched by NASA for Communications Satellite Corp. on behalf of International Telecommunications 

Satellite Consortium Dec. 19, 1971, began full-time commercial service 

over Atlantic with acceptance of 700 circuits between 8 earth stations. 

60 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 19 

Satellite had been held in orbital position between Atlantic and Pacific 

pending successful launch and checkout of Intelsat-IV F-4 (launched 

Jan. 22). (ComSatCorp Release 72-12; ComSatCorp PIO) 

0 NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range carrying Univ. of Wisconsin x-ray astronomy experiment. 

Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

NASA had spent $800 000 on North American Rockwell Corp. Space Div. 

study and design of system to permit rendezvous and docking of US. 

and Soviet spacecraft in orbit, Associated Press reported. Study 

envisioned 14-day mission with Apollo command and service module 

linking special docking module with Salyut orbiting laboratory and 

Soyuz command spacecraft. NR had received $300000 for method 

study and $500000 for hardware design. No contract had been issued 

for hardware. (CSM, 2/19/72) 

February 20: Tenth anniversary of Friendship 7 mission, first US. 

manned orbital space flight. Piloted by Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., 

Friendship 7 had circled earth three times during 4-hr 55-min mission. 

Since Glenn’s flight-which was third US. manned space flight and 

sixth flight in Project Mercury-30 US. astronauts had flown in space 

total of 7700 hrs, 51 min-nearly 46 wks. 

Anniversary was observed at Kennedy Space Center Feb. 22, with 

3000 guests and dignitaries invited to attend ceremony at Launch 

Complex 14, where commemorative plaque was unveiled. Glenn said 

space flight was “not a pleasure cruise for an individual. It’s research 

at the highest level and it Is difficult to tell where it will go from here.” 

(KSC Release 37-72; B Sun, 2/23/72) 

Proposals for Skylab experiments and demonstrations had been submitted by 3409 US. secondary school students to date, NASA announced. 

Response to Skylab student project had been among largest encountered 

by National Science Teachers’ Assn. in 20 yrs of sponsoring student 

science projects. (NASA Release 72-35) 

Air Force HC-13OH piloted by L/C Ed Allison established world record 

for nonstop, unrefueled flight by turboprop aircraft of 14 052.94 km 

(8732.09 mi) in flight from Ching Chuan Kang Air Base on Taiwan to 

Scott Air Force Base, Ill. (Airman, 7/72, 2-8) 

* Dr. Maria 6. Mayer-professor of physics at Univ. of California at 

San Diego, originator of “shell model” of atom nucleus, and winner 

of 1963 Nobel Prize in physics-died of heart failure at age 65. 

(AP, B Sun, 2/22/72, A8) 

Classified advertising for aerospace engineers had shown 

“consistent week-to-week increase” during January and February over 

same 1971 period in Southern California, Aviation Week & Space 

Technology reported. Trend indicated upturn in “Nation’s largest 

aerospace manufacturing complex.” (Av Why 2/21/72, 11) 

0 Apollo 15 Astronaut Alfred M. Worden-who had orbited moon alone 

in command module while Astronauts David R. Scott and James B. 

Irwin explored lunar surface during July 26-Aug. 7, 1971, missionread number of his space poems before meeting of Poetry Society of 

Texas. ( W News, 2/18/72; Worden) 

0 Aviation Week & Space Technology editorial described “tremendous 

new thrust of avionics into electronic countermeasures” (devices and 

systems for countering enemy electronic defenses) as “most dynamic 

Februury 21 : 

61 
February 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

element of modern warfare.” ECM had “expanded its sphere from 

ground operations to the sea, air and even the space environment” 

of satellites and ICBMS. There was “half-billion-dollar market for 

hardware with over another billion dollars expended on operational 

use of ECM equipment.” There was “ample evidence . . . that the Soviet 

Union has also embarked on a major ECM effort.” There were still 

elements of “legitimate military secrecy” in ECM design and operation 

“but most of its functions are now well known to both sides.” Electronic 

operations had expanded to “full range of a finite definable spectrum 

that both sides can scan fully and detect what is being done.” (Hotz, 

Av Wk, 2/21/72,9) 

Twenty-First Annual Report of the Activities of the Joint Committee on 

Defense Production, Congress of the United States was transmitted to 

Congress. Report said US. might soon be entirely dependent upon 

U.S.S.R. and Japan for titanium used in jet aircraft construction. Last 

titanium plant in US.-Reactive Metals, Inc., in Niles, Ohio-had 

closed Dec. 13. It was third plant to go out of business in 1971 because 

of lack of titanium market, oversupply of titanium sponge, increased 

foreign competition, and critical financial losses. U.S. Bureau of Mines 

later reported that two U.S. titanium plants reopened during February 

1972. (Text; Bureau of Mines PIO) 

Apollo 16 press conference was held at NASA Hq. Dr. 

Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Manager, said Apollo 16 lunar 

landing site would consist of volcanic highland material. “The highlands which we are landing on . . . are composed of two types of units. 

One type is material formed early in lunar history and subsequently 

fragmented and redistributed by the numerous meteorite impacts which 

have scarred the lunar highlands. These units are predominantly ejecta 

deposits now. And on Apollo 15 with the genesis rock we hopefully have 

sampled some of these early deposits. The second major unit . . . is 

materials which have modified these early deposits by flooding them 

or building up on top of them predominantly by volcanic processes. 

The primary objective of Apollo 16 is the exploration and sampling of 

this lighter type of highland terrain with hopefully a fragment or two 

of the old original stuff brought in by impact from . . . the old original 

crust which is probably still exposed down in the lower southern 

hemisphere.” 

Dr. M. E. Langseth of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory 

explained changes in drill design, with joints to permit core samples 

to be brought out more readily. 

Dr. H. J. Moore of US. Geological Survey described orbital science 

experiments, including photographic system to determine moon’s 

geometric shape. Apollo 16 CM would also photograph floor of 

Alphonsus Crater-where Ranger 9 impacted March 24, 1965-to 

provide positive identification of Ranger 9’s impact. 

Apollo 16 lunar module pilot Charles M. Duke, Jr., said astronauts 

would begin lunar surface extravehicular activity (EVA) as soon after 

landing on moon as they could complete postlanding checkout. They 

would conduct 7-hr EVA, and reenter LM about 17 hrs after previous 

sleep period. Crew would conduct three EVAS On first, primary objective was to deploy Apollo lunar surface experiments package; on 

62 

February 22: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 22 

second, to sample as high on Descartes and Stone Mountains as 

possible; and, on third, to reach North Ray Crater. (Transcript) 

* Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director, appraised scientific 

contributions of Apollo program in testimony during House Committee 

on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight 

hearings on NASA FY 1973 authorization bill. “. . . Apollo 11 crew crossed over four hundred thousand kilometers 

(250,000 miles) of space to touch another planetary body. Four teams 

of astronauts, from Apollos 11, 12, 14 and 15 . . . have now made the 

epic journey and walked the lunar surface. They have returned some 

176 kg (388 lbs.) of lunar rocks and soils for analysis in earth-based 

laboratories and have established scientific stations on the moon that 

are continuously transmitting scientific and engineering data back to 

earth.” Apollo data, with information expected from continued sample 

analysis and lunar data analysis in the post-Apollo period, “surely 

will be of practical value to man, even helping him to cope with 

current environmental problems on earth.” 

NASA sample analysis program had “required unprecedented advancement in instrumentation and techniques to perform multiple element 

and isotope analyses with extreme precision on minute amounts of 

sample.’’ Improved high-resolution instruments made “detailed investigations of surface features and internal structure of materials.” 

Other related important breakthroughs had been computer hardware 

and software for processing and reducing large amounts of analytical 

data in a very short time. “These advances, in large part stimulated 

by NASA-funded meteorite studies, were absolutely essential, because of 

the scientifically unique, but limited, lunar materials. . . . these high 

precision research methods can now or will soon be routinely utilized 

in industrial processes and laboratories.” They could also “be immediately applied to a variety of environmental and biomedical problems 

by providing the capability to check and monitor levels of pollutants and 

toxic elements in our atmosphere, water, and foods.” 

Skylab Program Director William C. Schneider outlined program’s 

progress: “During the coming fiscal year testing and checkout will be 

completed and operation of Skylab will have started. Within 2 years, 

the first Skylab . . . will have become part of history, having contributed new knowledge in many fields.” 

Skylab offered “an earth observation capability never before available’, to US. manned spacecraft. During eight-month mission, Skylab 

would fly over entire US. except Alaska, over much of Europe, all of 

Africa, Australia, China, and almost all of South America-covering 

75% of earth‘s surface and passing over each point every five days. 

By end of 1971, 288 investigations requiring Skylab data had been 

submitted, 249 US. and 39 foreign. Of these, 164! had been identified 

for further study. Skylab was “first manned space flight program 

designed specifically to carry activities and equipment explicitly aimed 

at improving man’s life on earth. It will contribute significantly to the 

increase of knowledge of pure science and is also an experimental 

space station; a forerunner of permanent space stations of the future.” 

Earth-oriented sensors would test technology for synoptic surveys of 

many environmental and ecological systems. Solar and astronomical 

63 
February 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

observations and other science experiments would expand knowledge 

of solar system, universe, and near-earth space. Biomedical experiments would inform how man’s well-being and ability to function were 

affected by living in space. 

Harry H. Gorman, Deputy Associate Administrator for Management 

in Office of Manned Space Flight, testified on $305-million FY 1973 

budget request for development, test, and mission operations in manned 

space flight research and development program: “This is the first 

year in which this activity is presented as a separate item. . . .” With 

near-completion of Apollo program, “we believe it ihportant to separately identify and control this basic capability which has been built 

up. . . . This work is essential to the support of the Nation’s space 

programs for the 1970’s and beyond.” Requested funding would provide for contractor support of in-house capabilities for Apollo and 

Skylab programs ; for definition, design, development, and subsystem 

testing activities in shuttle program; and for pre-definition and definition of future programs, including High Energy Astronomy Observatory, Stratoscope 1 and 2, and Earth Observation Satellites. (Transcript) 

* National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council Space 

Science Board “unanimously and warmly” endorsed proposed NASA 

program to explore Jupiter and Saturn in late 1970s as “strong and 

flexible program which is a reasonable next step in planetary exploration.’, Endorsement was expressed in letter from Chairman, 

Dr. Charles H. Townes, to Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator. 

Program had been presented by NASA to Space Science Board meeting 

Feb. 8-9 as possible alternative to canceled Grand Tour missions. 

(Text) 

NASA announced selection of 13 scientists, including two from Europe, 

to participate in definition phase of proposed missions to Venus with 

Pioneer-class spacecraft beginning in late 1976. Scientists, selected 

from 109 scientists who had submitted proposals in response to NASA 

invitation in July 1971, would work closely with mission engineering 

team to define typical scientific payload and design features for initial 

missions and to make recommendations for subsequent missions. NASA 

planned to initiate funds for spacecraft development in FY 1974. 

(NASA Release 72-37) 

* Annual Dept. of Defense report to Congress, National Security Strcctegy 

of Realistic Deterrence, was presented by Secretary of Defense 

Melvin R. Laird to House Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee on Dept. of Defense Appropriations during hearings on FY 1973 DOD 

budget and FY 1973-1977 program. U.S.S.R. had reached position 

“where-unless we take appropriate action-there could be new 

surprises and new ‘sputniks.’ But they are less likely to be in areas 

such as the peaceful exploration of space; rather they are more 

likely to be a part of a major new Soviet military capability.” (Text) 

National Science Foundation published Federd Scientific, Technical, 

and Health Personnel in 1970 (NSF 7147). Federal scientists, engineers, and related nonprofessional personnel numbered 271 000 in 

October 1970, 1% below 274100 employed in October 1969. Figure 

for 1970 included 79 300 scientists and 83 000 engineers-about 10% 

of total scientists and engineers in national economy. Decline of professional and nonprofessional personnel in Federal Government in 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 22 

1970 followed several years of relative stability. Decrease in Federal 

scientists and engineers between 1969 and 1970 centered in Dept. of 

Defense, largest employer of such personnel. In 1970 DOD employed 

74400 scientists and engineers, 3% below 76000 in 1969. NASA 

decline was from 13 900 in 1969 to 13 400 in 1970. Engineers accounted 

for almost all of 1% decrease in Federal scientists and engineers from 

1969 to 1970. Figures for engineers were 84100 in 2969 and 83000 

in 1970. DOD engineers declined 3%-from 53 800 to 52 300. Largest 

decline among other agencies was at NASA and Dept. of Interior. DOD 

scientists declined from 22 200 in 1969 to 21 200 in 1970. NASA 

scientists declined from 5100 to 4800 (NSF Highlights, 2/22/72, 1) 

Dept. of Defense was trying to develop nuclear warhead that could evade 

Soviet missile defenses, Wdl Street Journal reported. DOD spokesman 

had said USAF had been working on “evasion technology” for several 

years but program-budgeted for $42.1 million over past two yearswas in early R&D stages. ( WSJ, 2/22/72, 7) 

Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator 

for Space Science, continued testimony on FY 1973 authorization 

before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications. He announced Feb. 24 NASA’s 

decision to substitute two flybys of Jupiter and Saturn for Grand Tour 

of all five outer planets. 

New plan-necessitated by budgetary restrictions and congressional 

recommendation, and endorsed by National Academy of SciencesNational Research Council’s Space Science Board-would launch two 

spacecraft in 1977 on trajectory that would carry them by Jupiter 

and then Saturn during rare alignment of planets. Spacecraft for 

mission would be based on Mariners developed to explore inner planets 

Mars, Venus, and Mercury. They would have large antennas for longdistance communication, be powered by radioisotope thermoelectric 

generators, carry more than 68 kg (153 lbs) of instrumentation including TV cameras, and be launched by Titan-Centaur-Burner 111 boosters 

and accelerated by Jupiter’s gravity and orbital velocity for flight to 

Saturn. Possible Saturn encounters included flying close to planet’s 

satellite Titan-larger than planet Mercury and only satellite known 

to have atmosphere. Spacecraft would encounter Jupiter in about 1% 

yrs and Saturn about 334 yrs after launch. Mission plan flexibility 

would permit selection of different flyby trajectory at Saturn for 

second spacecraft based on data from first. Plan would maintain option 

to use Pioneer-class spacecraft for Jupiter and Saturn orbiters in late 

1970s. Project responsibility had been assigned to Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory. 

In other testimony, Dr. Naugle said NASA had developed heat sterilization techniques for Viking lander and new thermoradiation techniques expected to have future space and industrial applications. 

Program initiated measures to ensure that all planetary missions had 

acceptably low probability of impacting or contaminating the target 

planets.” (Transcript; NASA Release 7242) 

February 23: Two vorunteers began pilot investigation at US. Public 

Health Service Hospital in San Francisco to retrace ApoWo 15 mission 

profile and determine cause of astronauts’ slower-than-usual return to 

physiologic norm. Program, conducted for Manned Spacecraft Center, 

February 22-24, 29: 

U 

65 
February 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

included set periods of vigorous physical exercise, bed rest, and posttest analysis. Bed rest portion was considered analogue of weightlessness. Potassium intake would be closely controlled because NASA doctors 

postulated Apollo 15 crew had not consumed enough potassium for 

their workload and adjustment to weightlessness. Program consisted of 

9-day equilibration, 7-day control phase, 12-day bed rest, and 14-day 

recovery period. (MSC Release 72-39; MSC PAO) 

0 Lewis Research Center issued requests for proposals for first phase of 

three-phase effort to demonstrate that lower aircraft engine emissions 

could be reached without sacrificing combustion efficiency or combustor’s ability to reignite in flight. Firm selected would receive 15-mo 

contract to conduct screening tests of various combustor designs and 

modifications. Contractor would consider LeRc-developed “swirl can” 

design, which provided many fuel-injection points and premixed some 

fuel and air and could be operated to temperatures twice as hot as 

standard combustors with significant reductions in pollutants. Second 

phase of project would test best designs from phase one. Third phase 

would test best design as part of a complete engine. (NASA Release 

Marsall Space Flight Center issued requests for proposals for development of visible laser communications experiment for ATS-G Applications 

Technology Satellite mission in 1974. Contractor selected would begin 

designing experiment in July and would build and test experiment and 

provide ground support through experiment’s two-year lifetime. ( MSFC 

Release 72-17) 

Senate approved S.R. 261, making minority changes in committee 

assignments. Sen. James L. Buckley (R-N.Y.) was removed from 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences and Sen. Karl E. Mundt 

(R3.D.) was added. (CR, 2/23/72, 52379-80) 

NASA officials continued testimony before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Aeronautics and 

Space Technology during FY 1973 authorization hearings. 

Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and Space Technology 

Roy P. Jackson reported “excellent results” in first acoustic tests, 

completed in November 1971, of experimental quiet engine for conventional takeoff and landing ( CTOL) aircraft. “In an unsuppressed 

baseline configuration . . . the noise levels were the equivalent of at 

least 3 EPNdB [epndb, effective perceived noise in decibels] lower than 

the original targets. In a first cut simulation of an acoustically suppressed nacelle which was not an optimum design, the noise levels 

were from 7 to 9 EPNdB lower yet, with aerodynamic performance 

losses no greater than expected.” It appeared possible to design an 

advanced version of CTOL engine “which will incorporate all the 

advances in technology and will have a more nearly optimum trade-off 

between noise reduction and installed weight penalty.” 

In FY 1973, $2.5 million was requested for program to reduce noise 

of short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft to 95 epndb at 500 ft 

(150 m) . Tests at Flight Research Center of quieted T-34 high-bypassratio engine operating with simulated wing-flap system would develop 

design data for both quiet, experimental STOL (QUESTOL) aircraft 

program and quiet, clean, STOL experimental engine program. Vertical 

takeoff and landing aircraft (VTOL) noise reduction program, with 

72-38) 

February 23-24: 

66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 23-24 

budget request of $2.5 million, focused on lift fans with additional 

work on helicopter rotor noise. Acoustic and aerodynamic data would 

continue to be developed in tests at Langley, Ames, and Lewis Research 

Centers. 

George W. Cherry, Deputy Associate Administrator for Programs 

in Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST), described 

NASA role in Joint NASA, Federal Aviation Administration, and Dept. 

of Defense microwave landing system (MLS) development plan to 

provide landing system for civil and military use to replace current 

very-high-frequency ( VHF) landing system. NASA would provide personnel in FAA MLS Project Office, chairmanship of the MLS Interagency 

Advisory Group, flight-test validation of the MLS for STOL operations, 

and extension of our work in FY 1973 to include CTOL and VTOL 

aircraft. “We are convinced the national microwave landing system 

program will make significant contributions toward noise abatement, 

airport congestion relief, and, especially, safety enhancement in the 

airport area.” 

Gerald G. Kayten, Director of Transport Experimental Program 

Office in OAST, said on Feb. 23 that NASA programs would “provide a 

foundation upon which industry can base the design and development 

of the new STOL systems in the late 1970’~~ and upon which the 

Government can establish criteria for certification and regulation of 

such systems.” Programs also would enable Government to make 1976 

decision on vertical short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) incorporation 

recommended in Dept. of Transportation Northeast Corridor Report. 

NASA’s main focus is on propulsive-lift technology for effective and 

economical STOL capability, engine technology for development of 

quiet and clean STOL propulsion systems, and airborne STOL avionics 

and system technology.” Technology represented “totally new capability based on major advances in each of several technical disciplines.” 

Albert J. Evans, Director of Military Aircraft Programs Office in 

OAST, on Feb. 24 described support of military aircraft development 

programs. NASA had assigned research engineers to F-15 and B-1 

aircraft and Air Force prototype systems program offices. “This has 

put NASA ‘on the scene’ as technical problems become recognized and 

defined, and brings NASA’s technical capabilities . . . to bear on the 

problems at an early date.” F-15 would make first flight early in 

FY 1973 “with about 12,000 NASA wind tunnel hours behind it, and 

much technical consultation by NASA staff members with the Air Force 

and the industry that is developing the F-15.” F-15 operational engine 

would be installed at Lewis Research Center to analyze air flow through 

engine components, combustion efficiency, and performance characteristics. NASA would analyze F-15 engine and airframe performance and 

flight-test aircraft at LeRC, where similar tests would be run on Air 

Force AX aircraft in cooperation with USAF. In EL1 program, four 

FRC engineers would be assigned to USAF Systems Program Office and 

contractor to assist in establishing flight-test requirements and instrumentation to verify analytical design techniques and ground-test data 

obtained at small scale in wind tunnels and information from simulator 

studies. (Transcript) 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director for Life Sciences, 

discussed spinoff of NASA biomedical research in testimony before House 

\ 

‘6 

February 24: 

67 
February 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Manned 

Space Flight during FY 1973 authorization hearings. Ames Research 

Center (ARC) was evaluating changes in lung tissue of coal miners in 

collaboration with Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare to pinpoint 

possible damage to astronauts’ lungs from particulate contaminants in 

atmosphere. Study results suggested “cell destruction can be induced 

by release of intracellular digestive enzymes into the cell cytoplasm 

following penetration of the cells by particles, in the case of coal 

miners, silicates.” Joint NASA and US. Bureau of Mines program 

would develop carbon monoxide detecting system. ARC and U.S. Dept. 

of Agriculture would develop hydroponic system for spacecraft to 

accelerate plant growth under space flight conditions. 

“The medical information needed to assure man’s safe journey into 

and return from space has led to the development of many items of 

information and equipment of great value to terrestrial medicine.” 

NASA life sciences program “exemplifies the success which can be 

achieved by combining the special talents of Government, industry, 

and university scientists.” 

Dr. Berry also reported there had been ‘‘no findings in the manned 

space flights to date by the United States or U.S.S.R. that would 

preclude the commitment of man to longer duration missions. Therefore . . . we feel confident in committing man to a 28-day mission.” Apollo 

16 and 17 and Skylab experiments would study physiological response 

of body before commitment to 56-day Skylab mission. 

Philip E. Culbertson, Director of Advanced Missions in OMSF, testified on space shuttle orbital systems and advanced missions definition 

and planning: In areas of payloads, research and applications modules 

(RAM), advanced missions, and advanced development, “principal 

effort is directed toward developing . . . understanding and planning 

the use of the shuttle.” In RAM program, “we will be continuing the 

study of concepts of a family of payload carrier modules suitable for 

transport in the Shuttle Orbiter cargo bay.” Modules would range 

from “austere shuttle ‘Sortie Can’ with relatively simple laboratory 

equipment . . . through more sophisticated, dedicated laboratory and 

observation facilities, including automated free-flyers serviced by the 

Shuttle.” 

Sortie mission using orbiter as platform for short-duration experiments was among most promising shuttle operating modes. Mission 

would use advantages of shuttle in payload design, development, and 

operation, and, “for the first time, permit the investigator to accompany his experiment into space.” Sortie missions would be modeled 

after ARC Airborne Research Program in which Convair 990 aircraft 

was used as airborne laboratory. “The goal in developing procedures 

for managing the Space Shuttle Sortie Missions will be to retain the 

relatively simple, flexible and highly responsive aspects of the ‘990’ 

program.” (Transcript) 

Deployment tests of Skylab Workshop meteoroid shield were under way 

at Astronautics Laboratory, Marshall Space Flight Center announced. 

Shield, thin sheet of aluminum wrapped around outer wall, would 

protect Skylab crewmen from micrometeoroids and ensure comfortable 

temperature in space. ( MSFC Release 72-19) 

68 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 25 

February 25: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 475 from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 1003-km (623.2-mi) apogee, 967-km (600.9-mi) perigee, 104.8- 

min period, and 74.1O inclination. (GSFC SSR, 2/29/72; SBD, 2/29/72, 

295) 

Reporting on Jan. 10-13 Third Lunar Science Conference results, Science 

said “far more comprehensive picture of the moon but far fewer claims 

to understand how the moon evolved were evident.” Conflict in geochemical evidence suggested “an initially cold moon in which partial 

melting of its outer layers took place and magnetic evidence that 

suggests an initially hot moon with a molten core during the early 

part of its history.” Other puzzles were indication that radioactive 

materials on moon’s surface were concentrated in one area and evidence of unexpectedly high heat flux from moon’s interior at Apollo 15 

site. Seismic evidence that moon had layered crust 65 km (40 mi) 

thick had been unexpected. More details on lunar chronology had been 

determined, “such as the date of formation of the Imbrium basin 

about 4.0 billion years ago and of the Copernicus Crater only 900 

million years ago.” It also appeared that, “because of the initially 

high rate of meteoroid impacts on the moon, very little if any of the 

original crustal rocks have survived.” Lunar-sample chemistry was 

proving far from easy-the possibility that volatile elements have 

migrated on the lunar surface . . . is complicating the analysis of 

trace constituents.” Despite complications, “scientific understanding 

of the moon is much further advanced than . . . even a year ago. The 

systematic coverage of the moon’s surface provided by the orbital 

experiments on Apollo 15, in combination with the lunar samples, 

laboratory work, and the experiments on the lunar surface have provided new data to replace what sometimes proved to be unfounded 

speculations.” (Hammond, Science, 2/25/72, 868-70) 

Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, Director of Marshall Space Flight Center, 

received Hermanri Oberth Award of Huntsville, Ala., Chapter of 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics for outstanding 

scientific achievement in aeronautics and astronautics. He was cited 

at awards banquet in Huntsville, for his “many valuable contributions 

to lunar science, planetary formation, and better understanding of the 

origin of the solar system through the Apollo program; high resolution 

astronomy through the Stratoscope and LST (large space telescope) 

programs; the science of our sun through the ATM . . . program; 

stellar astronomy, earth resources, and life sciences through the Skylab 

program; the future of high energy astronomy through HEAO . . . and the promising possibilities for scientific payloads through the 

Shuttle program.” ( MSFC Release 72-14) 

* Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering 

in Dept. of Defense, testified on early warning satellite system before 

Senate Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee on Defense during 

hearings on FY 1973 DOD appropriations: “We now have a satellite that 

is capable of immediately reporting ICBM launches from the SinoSoviet area. Additional satellites will be deployed to give us effective 

warning. This year, our early warning system will provide coverage 

of the entire threat area by at least two unique types of sensor.” 

(Testimony) 

&< 

69 
February 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* Senate Committee on Armed Services rejected Administration request 

for immediate $35-million appropriation in supplementary funds to 

accelerate development of undersea long-range missile system ( ULMS) . Committee decided to consider ULMS program as part of FY 1973 

Dept. of Defense budget and to hold further hearings on project. 

(Middleton, NYT, 3/4/72, 11) 

NASA announced selection of 10 scientists and their proposals for Skylab 

ground-based astronomy program to acquire corollary solar data from 

ground simultaneously with Skylab observations from earth orbit. 

In related program, ApoIIo Telescope Mount principal investigators 

had offered guest investigator opportunities to all interested astronomers worldwide. Principal investigator and guest investigator would 

arrange for access to selected ATM data of mutual interest, and guest 

investigator would publish scientific paper on analysis of ATM data 

he received. Guest investigators would be approved by NASA but would 

have no automatic claim on NASA funding. Some astronomers interested 

in program had proposed that rocket and balloon flights be conducted 

in addition to ground-based observations. Acquisition of simultaneous 

solar data from many of these observations, with Skylab data, was 

expected to greatly enhance development of models of solar atmosphere. 

(NASA Release 72-39) 

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. scientists had reported development of 

uniquely simple” power cell to produce more electricity per pound 

and up to 100 times more energy than lead-acid storage battery, Associated Press said. Device could operate without releasing harmful 

pollutants and was fueled with water and alkali metals like sodium or 

lithium. Scientists said they could control usual violent reaction of 

lithium and sodium to contact with water. (W Star, 2/25/72, ClO) * NASA launched Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket from Poker Flat Rocket 

Range, Fairbanks, Alaska, carrying Rice Univ. auroral particles experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

France’s Eole satellite (launched by NASA Aug. 16, 1971) 

would be used by Australian marine biologists to track ocean movements of crayfish larvae, Reuters reported. Biologists would attempt 

with tracking buoy to solve mystery of crayfish cycle in which crayfish 

drifted during its plankton stage. Minute crayfish larvae in free-floating 

stage had been found up to 1100 km (700 mi) from their hatching 

grounds outside coastal reefs, but there was little information on currents that carried them there. (CSM, 2/26/72; French Embassy) 

Nom I Improved Tiros Operational Satellite (launched by NASA for 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Dec. 11, 1970) 

was adjudged successful by NASA. Mission objectives of placing spacecraft in desired sun-synchronous orbit and collecting daytime and 

nighttime cloud-cover data had been achieved and spacecraft had been 

officially deactivated Aug. 19, 1971, when attitude control could no 

longer be exercised. (NASA proj off) 

* ITOS-B Improved Tiros Operational Satellite (launched by NASA for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Oct. 21, 1971) was 

adjudged unsuccessful by NASA. Satellite had failed to reach orbit when 

pitch-and-yaw attitude control jets began pulsating to counteract 

tumbling force from leak in 2nd-stage oxidizer system. Jets kept 

spacecraft in proper attitude until control gas was expended and vehicle 

(6 

February 26: 

70 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 26 

tumbled out of control and impacted above Arctic Circle. ITOS-B was 

to have been.placed in sun-synchronous orbit to observe daytime and 

nighttime cloud cover. (NASA proj off) 

Launch of NASA’s Pioneer-F Jupiter probe was postponed 

because of momentary power shutdown at Eastern Test Range launch 

pad. (NYT, 3/1/72, 4) . 

Lunar samples returned to earth by U.S.S.R.’s unmanned Luna 20 

(launched Feb. 14) were removed from core tube and examined by 

scientists at Soviet Academy of Sciences. Tass said lunar material 

consisted of small round anorthosite stones in ash-colored dust significantly lighter than slate-colored dust recovered by Luna 16 (Sept. 

12-24, 1970). Core material in drill tube was placed in huge cylindrical 

chamber. After chamber had been sealed, pumps produced vacuum 

and then introduced an unidentified sterilizing gas which was later 

replaced with helium gas. After 14-hr procedure, samples were removed 

from tube and placed on steel tray for examination. (Shabad, NYT, 

2/28/72, 17) 

More than 70 industrial firms, universities, laboratories, and government 

agencies were using NASTKAN ( NASA’s structural analysis computer program) to solve their structural engineering problems, NASA announced. 

NASTRAN was general-purpose program originally designed to analyze 

behavior of elastic structures in space program. One major use had 

been in design of space shuttle. More than 600 engineers had been 

made familiar with NASTRAN since it was made available to public in 

November 1970 and program was being used in more than 185 different 

applications, with at least 55 more planned. Firms using NASTRAN 

predicted many improvements in product safety, reliability, and quality 

as direct benefit to their customers. (NASA Release 7240) 

ApoZZo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., blamed pressures of public 

life following participation in first lunar landing July 20, 1969, for 

mental condition that had forced him to seek psychiatric help. In 

interview published by Los Angeles Times, Aldrin-who had announced retirement as Commandant of Aerospace Research Pilot 

School at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., effective March 1-said he 

was writing book about “personal experiences.” (LA Times, 2/27/72, 

All 

U.S.S.R. had tested new SS-NX-8 underwater ballistic missile with 

5600-km (3000-nm) range, according to sources quoted by New York 

Times. Adm. Thomas H. Moorer, Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, 

had said weapon “might soon be ready for operational deployment” if 

tests were successful. (NYT, 2/27/72, 10) 

Launch of NASA’s Pioneer-F Jupiter probe from Eastern Test 

Range, originally scheduled for Feb. 27, was postponed for second time 

because of severe high-altitude wind conditions. Launch was rescheduled for March 1. (UPI, W Post, 2/29/72, A3) 

0 On the Moon with ApoUo 16 by Dr. Gene M. Simmons, former Manned 

Spacecraft Center Chief Scientist, was available for sale from Government Printing Office, NASA announced. Book described landing site and 

scientific aspects of mission scheduled for launch to moon’s Descartes 

region April 16. (NASA Special Release) 

0 Declining costs of food for space flights was cited by Manned Spacecraft 

Center Chief of Food and Nutrition, Dr. Malcolm C. Smith, in interview 

February 27: 

February 28: 

71 
February 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

published by Los Angeles Times. Daily rations for each pre-Apollo 

astronaut in space cost about $300; first Apollo rations, $190; Apollo 

15, $142; and Apollo 16, $75. Costs for packaging, inspection, and 

preparation accounted for major share of expense. Food itself was 

donated by manufacturers and producers. About 100 companies participated. (Voltz, LA Times, 2/28/72) 

Results of survey of Boeing 747 in third year of operation were reported 

by Aviation Week & Space Technology: Passenger appeal had fluctuated but was on upturn. Aircraft was expected to have long life with 

unquestioned airworthiness and performance.” Introduction of huge 

aircraft during declining traffic growth had caused order cancellations, 

groundings, and delays in delivery acceptance. Size and flexibility had 

enhanced profit potential. Criticism of mechanical reliability had 

focused on JT9D engine but complaints had dropped with introduction 

of improved versions of engine and airframe; ground handling problems were less severe than had been predicted. (Av Wk, 2/28/72, 35-9, 

42-3) 

White House Office of Telecommunications Policy would review all major 

Government communications satellite programs to avoid duplication 

and to influence preparation of FY 1974 budget, Aviation Week & 

Space Technology reported. (Av Wk, 2/28/72, 11) 

Army selected McDonnell Douglas Corp. to receive five-year $382-million 

contract to develop and demonstrate site defense of Minuteman, missiledefense system to supplement Safeguard antiballistic missile system. 

McDonnell Douglas received initial $10 million for first five months. 

(AP, W Post, 2/29/72, A2) 

0 One consequence of President Nixon’s Feb. 17-28 state visit to People’s 

Republic of China could be indefinite ban on overflights of mainland 

China by reconnaissance drones and high-altitude U-2 aircraft engaged 

in intelligence-collecting missions, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

article said. “If the anticipated decision is made, it presumably would 

end any consideration of flying Boeing’s upcoming long-endurance 

Compass Cope drone on proposed 24-hr missions over Communist 

China.” (Av Wk, 2/28/72, 11) 

City of Memphis and Shelby County, Tenn., conducted “Space and Science Awareness Month” to inform citizens about 

national space program. Project--sponsored by greater Memphis area 

school systems and supported by NASA Hq. and Marshall Space Flight 

Center-was opened by Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart and NASA 

Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs John P. Donnelly. Program 

exhibited space-related displayeincluding moon rock, lunar roving 

vehicle mockup, and models and displays on several NASA programs-at 

Pink Palace Museum. Also included were displays of educational literature on space technology in 250 school libraries; lectures at 65 schools 

and at various club meetings by NASA officials; 14 seminars and workshops for teachers; showing of 25 films at elementary schools, on Memphis educational TV station, and to adult groups; and presentation of 

series of programs on ETV station. Memphis awareness month was 

largest space information program ever held by US. city. ( MSFC Release 

Symposium “A Progress Report on Flight Investigations of 

Supercritical Wing Technology” was held at Flight Research Center for 

u 

February 28-March 24: 

72-16) 

February 29: 

72 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 February 29 

engineers and scientists from Government, industry, and airlines. Meeting included interim report of NASA supercritical wing flight-test program and report on evolution of F-8 supercritical wing configuration. 

Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb, head of %Foot Tunnels Branch at Langley 

Research Center and developer of supercritical wing concept, commented on cortelation of wind-tunnel and flight-test results. 

Flight tests of NASA supercritical wing on TF-8A aircraft had demonstrated that new airfoil shape increased flight efficiency at speeds 

near mach 1. Since its first flight March 9, 1971, TF-8A had carried 

supercritical wing on 27 flights and had reached mach 1.2 (1274 km 

per hr; 792 mph) and 15 500-km (51 000-ft) altitude. NASA test pilot 

Thomas C. McMurtry said flight-test program had indicated that piloting procedures and tasks at near-sonic cruise speeds should be as 

routine as present jet transport operations and that introduction of 

supercritical wing was not expected to cause any serious problems. 

Future plans for supercritical wing included addition of side fairings 

for increased area ruling, determination by simulation of effects of wing 

roughness from manufacturing imperfections, and development of plans 

for follow-on flight program3 to further the readiness of new technology 

for industry applications. (FRC Release 2-72; FRC X-Press, 2/18/72,2) 

* Large storage battery at Manned Spacecraft Center exploded, killing one 

man and seriously injuring another. Battery was near underwater tank 

where astronauts trained in simulated weightlessness. Training Supervisor Kirby C. Dupree, who was killed, and James E. Scott-both employed by Brown & Root-Northrop-apparently had been performing 

routine maintenance on the 240-cu-m (64 000-gal) tank. No astronauts 

were in the building. ( W Post, 3/1/72, A4; Reuters, NYT, 3/1/72, 24) 

Single-stage Nike rocket, carrying 47.2-kg (104-lb) payload, was launched 

by NASA from Wallops Station to 11 600-m (38 OOO-ft) altitude to obtain 

precise records of vibrations and accelerations caused by small variations in burning process of solid-fueled rocket motor. Flight data would 

be compared with similar measurements made in ground vibration tests 

and captive firings and was expected to provide improved knowledge of 

effects of rocket-motor burning on payload dynamics for more efficient 

payload design. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and 

payload was recovered as planned. (WS Release 72-2; WS PAO) 

Gerald M. Truszynski, NASA Associate Administrator for Tracking and 

Data Acquisition, described telemetry on-line processing system 

(TELOPS) -NASA% planned “new approach to data processing”-in 

testimony during House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Aeronautics and Space Technology hearings on NASA 

N 1973 authorization. TELOPS, planned to replace NASA data processing system that took “considerable number of weeks between the acquisition of data . . . and the actual delivery of that data to the experimenter,’, would increase processing speed and efficiency so that 

“both the greater real-time requirements and the greater volume can be 

accommodated.” With TELOPS “scientific and tracking data will be sent 

via the communications lines in near real-time where it will be prepared 

for entry into a large mass storage device” with “capacity of storing 

online all telemetry data acquired over a 6- to 12-month period. Existing computer would separate data and merge orbit and attitude. “The 

output product of this processing will be a combination of real - t’ ime 

73 
February 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

data sent via communications terminals to the experimenters as necessary, and the generation of data tapes which can be forwarded to the 

experimenters and used for permanent record.” Advantages would be 

elimination of many tape-handling procedures, processing of more data 

on demand basis, and processing of data in near real-time to increase 

interaction of experimenters with flight experiments. 

Daniel J. Harnett, NASA Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs 

and Technology Utilization, reported that program included “cooperative efforts with over 150 public sector agencies, groups, and institutions, which have derived over 300 public sector problems currently 

under consideration ; over 130 technology applications projects are 

underway, with projects at nine NASA Field Centers and activity supported by nine major contractors.” Interagency cooperative efforts included work with Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare; Dept. of 

Housing and Urban Development; Dept. of Interior; Dept. of Justice; 

Dept. of Transportation; Environmental Protection Agency; National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; US. Postal Service ; Veterans Administration; more than 77 medical schools and health care 

institutions; some 25 criminalistics laboratories; and 6 state highway 

departments. Efforts included projects in air pollution control, biomedicine, law enforcement, mine safety, postal services, urban construction, 

water pollution control, and transportation. (Transcript) 

0 House by vote of 356 to 32 passed H.R. 11021, to control emission of 

noise detrimental to human environment. House rejected amendmentafter consultation with NASA Administrator, Secretary of Transportation, and Federal Aviation Administration-that would have authorized 

Environmental Protection Agency to provide for control and abatement 

of aircraft noise and sonic boom. (CRY 2/29/72, H1508-39) 

About 150 engineering students from universities in Alabama, Georgia, 

Tennessee, and Mississippi attended special Fluid and Thermal Engineering Seminar at Marshall Space Flight Center, held to acquaint them 

with hardware and system developments in fluid and thermal engineering related to their studies. Group included 22 foreign students representing 6 foreign countries, who were students at Univ. of Tennessee 

Space Institute. ( MSFC Release 72-21) 

Smithsonian Institution opened exhibit “Ballooning : 1782-1972” at Arts 

and Industries Building in Washington, D.C. Exhibit, depicting ballooning and brave aeronauts, was described by New York Times as prototype show for National Air and Space Museum, “appropriately headed 

by Michael Collins, the ‘anchor astronaut’ for man’s first landing on the 

moon in 1969.” (Robertson, NYT, 2/29/72,14) 

NASA selected three life scientists to receive first grants 

under NASA life scientist program. Dr. Roger P. Maickel, professor of 

pharmacology at Indiana Univ., would study effects of stressful or 

otherwise abnormal environment, such as space travel, on action of 

selected therapeutic drugs. Dr. Walther Stoeckenius of San Francisco 

Medical Center Cardiovascular Research Institute would conduct exobiology research to determine physiologic role of bacterial membrane 

dependent on high salt concentration. Dr. William A. Bonner, professor 

of chemistry at Stanford Univ., would conduct exobiology research to 

develop means for detecting measurable, optically active molecules in 

remote regions of space. Program had been established in July 1971 to 

During February: 

744 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During February 

increase cooperation among university and NASA life scientists in contributing to advancement of life sciences disciplines related to NASA 

mission. Scientists and their graduate students would spend one third 

of their time at a NASA center. (NASA Release 72-41) 

* First European Conference on Space and Youth was sponsored in Paris 

by National Assn. of Aerospace Clubs of France and International 

Coordinating Committee ( CIC) for out of school scientific activity. 

Delegates from aerospace groups in 23 European nations were invited 

to conference to plan first program of intra-European cooperation for 

youth in aerospace field. Meeting established conference as annual 

event and approved resolutions on future cooperation in technical meetings, exchange of materials, establishment of secretariat, and origination of joint youth rocket projects. (Government Executive, 4/72,28-9) 

Office of Management and Budget issued charter establishing Interagency 

Coordination Committee for Earth Resources Survey Program 

( ICC :ERSP) to coordinate and integrate Federal plans, policies, and 

programs of remote sensing of earth‘s resources. (Fed Rpt on ERSP, 

8/30/72,5) 

Chairman M. G. K. Menon of Indian Space Research Organization ( ISRO) 

laid foundation stone for propellant and fuel complex to produce polymeric binders at Thumba, India, and discussed extended India-U.S.S.R. 

space cooperation with delegation from Soviet Academy of Sciences 

visiting Thumba. (SF, 7/72, 261) 

* George Washington Univ. released Applications of Aerospace Technology 

in the Public Sector (GW BSCP 72-02R). Semiannual review of Biomedical and Public Sector Technology Application Team Program, 

published for NASA, summarized projects of NASA technology utilization 

program active from June 1, 1971, through November’ 30, 1971. Biomedical applications of NASA technology included treatment and research in cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney function disorders, and 

rehabilitation medicine. Public sector applications included housing and 

urban construction, fire safety, law enforcement and criminalistics, 

transportation, marine science and engineering, air and water pollution, and mine safety. (Text) 

* Spaceflight magazine reviewed Vanguard-A History, by Constance M. 

Green and Milton Lomask. Book presented “fine coverage of the project [first US. satellite program] which should be of interest at all levels. 

The subject is still controversial and though the present treatment will 

not meet with full approval everywhere, they have shown that without 

Vanguard a manned landing on the Moon in 1969 would have been 

highly unlikely.” (SF, 2/72,77) 

75 

AGE BLANK NOT FILMED 

March 1972 

March 1 : Air Force launched unidentified reconnaissance satellite from 

Air Force Eastern Test Range by Titan IIIC booster at 4:39 am EST. 

Satellite entered orbit with 35 964-km (22 347-mi) apogee, 35 418.5-km 

(22 008-mi) perigee, 1429.9-min period, and 0.2’ inclination. (Pres 

Rpt 73; SBD, 3/2/72, 15) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 476 from Plesetsk into orbit with 634-km 

(394-mi) apogee, 615-km (382.1-mi) perigee, 97.1-min period, and 

81.2” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/72; SBD, 3/2/72,16) 

NASA announced initiation of cooperative program with Air Force to 

establish technology base needed by USAF and industry for development 

of military and civil short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft. Memorandum of Understanding signed by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, 

called for close coordination of USAF advanced, medium STOL transport 

(AMST) program and NASA quiet, experimental STOL ( QUESTOL) program to ensure that “the STOL technology developed will . . . serve both 

areas of interest without undue compromise to either.” Program would 

be managed by new Air Force/NASA sTOL Coordinating Council, cochaired by Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Research and Development Grant L. Hansen and NASA Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and Space Technology Roy P. Jackson. ( NASA Release 72-44) 

* Nimbus 4 meteorological satellite (launched by NASA April 8, 1970) was 

continuing to gather data, working with ground IRLS (interrogation, 

recording, and location system) . Satellite earlier had tracked weather 

balloons floating around world, floating ocean buoys, wild animals, and 

British Aviatrix Sheila Scott, who set several aviation records while 

circling globe in 1971. In October 1971 IRLS platform had been placed 

in buoy off Arctic ice island T3 to measure atmospheric pressure, surface and water temperatures, and, in tandem with Nimbus 4, platform 

position. In April six more buoys would be installed on ice floes in 

Arctic Ocean north of Alaska to obtain basic weather information during summer. Data had never before been obtained because ice islands 

melted into brackish ponds and streams covered by fog and rain and 

were impossible to reach. 

Monitoring platform in Ohio was transmitting water-quality data 

from Great Miami River near Cincinnati. IRLS platforms would also be 

attached to fixed stations in Lake Erie to monitor water oxygen content, electrical conductivity, alkaline and acid content, and temperatures and to test efficiency of collecting water data quickly and repetitively from many different areas simultaneously. Drifting platform in 

Lake Ontario would collect water data and information on currents. 

About 15 sensors on Mt. Kilauea, Hawaii, volcano would monitor temperatures to determine relationship between temperature rise and volcano eruption. (NASA Special Release) 

77 
March 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* Atomic Energy Commission’s new particle accelerator near Batavia, Ill., 

reached design energy of 200 bev on schedule and within $250 million 

cost estimate. (AEC Release P-52) 

* Lewis Research Center engineers were running first pure jet engine designed and assembled at LeRC to power single- and twin-engine light 

aircraft, Cleveland Press reported. Prototype of engine-expected to 

usher in generation of safe, easy-to-fly aircraft that could cruise at 644 

km per hr (400 mph) and costing less to produce than current pistonengined aircraft-was about 31 cm (12 in) in diameter and 122 cm 

(48 in) long. (CZ Press, 3/1/72) 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science Vincent L. Johnson testified before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications during hearings on NASA 

FY 1973 authorization. Johnson reported that in 1971 Thor-Delta 

launch vehicle had had five launches with four successes. One failure, 

on ITOS-B mission Oct. 21, had been caused by leak in 2nd-stage oxidizer system. Review board recommendations had been carried out and 

Jan. 31 launch of Heos 2 had been successful. Thorough design review 

and certification was in process for launch by new-configuration ThorDelta of ITOS-c in April. All critical components of old and new configurations had been completely and intensively reviewed by independent group and most previous qualifications had been verified. Estimated 

cost of responding to review board recommendations was $2 million 

for FY 1972, $3 million for FY 1973, and $5 million per year thereafter. (Transcript) 

* Harry H. Gorman, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Management, Manned Space Flight, testified on in-house portion of manned 

space flight R&D budget, during FY 1973 authorization hearings before 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on 

Manned Space Flight: In FY 1973 Manned Spacecraft Center, Marshall 

Space Flight Center, and Kennedy Space Center capabilities specializing in project management would be “in the midst of a changeover as 

current programs are phasing down and the Shuttle program and related activities are getting underway. Our laboratory and technical 

facilities will be dedicated to developing the technology for on-going 

programs and to payload planning.” 

In FY 1973, manned space flight’s civil service strength at the three 

Centers would be 11 350, bba continuing reduction from previous years. 

This level is the minimum necessary for carrying out our responsibilities for Apollo, Skylab, and Space Shuttle, while still providing support 

to new technology development and planning for future missions.” On 

top of planned reduction of 619 positions in FY 1972 budget, Centers 

were further cut by 636 positions under Federal employment control in 

FY 1972 and 1973, or 10% loss in those two years. Added reduction 

of 361 positions in FY 1972 and 275 more positions in FY 1973 would 

require further reduction-in-force procedures and continue to contribute to aging of overall personnel complement. 

Of civil service total, 5% were in program planning and definition, 

15% in program management, 30% in engineering and development, 

5% in science and medicine, 20% conducting flight and launch operations, with rest in general management and administration. (Transcript) 

78 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 1 

Adelbert 0. Tischler, Director of Shuttle Technologies Office in NASA Office 

of Aeronautics and Space Technology ( OAST) , testified on progress of 

shuttle transportation system before House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Aeronautics and Space Technology during NASA FY 1973 authorization hearings: “Methods for rapidly assessing the aero-heating and flight handling characteristics of the shuttle 

are being developed. A base for applying new design methods and for 

use of new materials in the sensitive problem of structural mass has 

been laid. Thermal protection systems, some comprising materials 

which were virtually unknown at the start of the program, will be 

brought to . . . technological readiness. The questions of long-lived 

propulsive and power equipment, suitable for repeated re-use, will be 

answered.” Computerized index and search procedure for access to all 

published shuttle technology was nearing completion. “While technology issues remain, the continuing progress of the technology program 

conducted by . . . NASA centers and industrial contractors is building a 

technological base that is far deeper and stronger than that which has 

heretofore underlain new development programs. This base . . . will 

assure successful Shuttle development.” 

David S. Gabriel, Manager of AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Systems 

Office, described NASA-funded electrophysics research program conducted by Ames, Langley, and Lewis Research Centers and Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Program was concerned “with understanding and, 

ultimately, using electrons, nuclei, atoms and molecules. Such work is 

of central importance to future sciences, for example, to laser beam 

generation, transmission and conversion ; superconductivity ; or plasma 

power devices.” In FY 1972, research had been completed on continuous-flow plasma accelerator to simulate spacecraft reentry conditions 

accurately, new contributions to understanding plasma turbulence had 

been made, knowledge of uranium plasma properties had been improved, and carbon monoxide lasers had been demonstrated to be 

highly efficient. New superconductor made up of thin films of vanadium 

and silicon had been discovered. For FY 1973 $3.4 million had been 

requested for programs in plasma dynamics, lasers, superconductivity, 

and nuclear physics. 

Roy P. Jackson, Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and Space 

Technology, testified that “clearly the space shuttle orbiter, a rather 

sophisticated piece of machinery, is not only a launch vehicle and a 

spacecraft but also a high speed airplane, with all the attendant considerations of aircraft-type control and landing. It offers NASA an opportunity to apply aerodynamic, structural, and materials technology 

that has been developing over the past 10 or 15 years for high performance aircraft. Reciprocally the shuttle work offers much to benefit 

aircraft in the next 10 to 15 years.” NASA had also capitalized on early 

Air Force technology oriented toward manned high-speed flight in the 

atmosphere as well as reentry into the atmosphere, such as Dyna-Soar 

and X-15 projects. 

Francis J. Sullivan-Director of Guidance, Control, and Information 

Systems in olls’b-testified on nuclear electric power system research for 

spacecraft: Nuclear electric power systems offered “attractive alternatives” to batteries for long-life orbiting systems, “in terms of minimizing structural constraints and the economic considerations of supplying 

79 
March 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

several kilowatts of power. Current research is directed primarily 

toward two types of nuclear systems, isotope systems for low power 

levels of about 1 kilowatt, and the intermediate reactor power systems 

for levels in the range of several kilowatts up to 10-20 kilowatts.” 

Isotope systems were radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( RTGS) . Intermediate reactor power system consisted of zirconium hydride 

reactor to generate heat and thermoelectric power-conversion components to convert this heat into electricity. Program was directed toward 

reactor test in 1976-1977 period to demonstrate long-life capability. 

Stable performance had been achieved on thermoelectric converter test 

modules. Effort in FY 1973 would concentrate on verifying this performance. Conversion system would be developed for testing with the 

reactor to verify the integrated system performance. (Transcript) 

Appointment of Kenneth B. Gilbreath, Manager of White Sands Test 

Facility, as Deputy Director of Center Operations at Manned Spacecraft 

Center was announced by MSC. He would be succeeded at White Sands 

by Chief Jesse C. Jones of MSC’S Engineering and Development Directorate’s Laboratory Operations. Appointments would be effective 

April 1. (MSC Release 72-50) 

Atomic Energy Commission published Global Inventory and Distribution 

of Pu-238 from SNAP-gA, report on study of plutonium accidently 

injected into stratosphere when US. Navy Transit satellite failed to 

reach orbit after launch from Vandenberg AFB April 21, 19a. Accident 

had caused threefold increase in global fallout of plutonium isotope 

over that usually injected into atmosphere by atmospheric nuclear 

weapon tests. SNAP-9A nuclear generator, designed to convert heat 

from Pu-238 into electrical energy, had burned up during reentry and 

had ablated into small particles at 46-km (28.6-mi) altitude. Concentrations of Pu-238 in stratosphere had been measured through end of 

1970 and soil samples had been collected at more than 60 sites to estimate global distribution of fallout from the accident. Of the 17 kilocuries of Pu-238 originally in the generator, 13.4 plus or minus 2.2 

kilocuries had been deposited, with 3.1 plus or minus 0.8 in northern 

hemisphere and 10.3 plus or minus 2.1 in southern hemisphere. Although prutonium was one of most enduring and deadly radioactive 

poisons known, amounts inhaled when Pu-238 settled to earth were so 

small they were not considered hazardous. (Text) 

Los Angeles Times editorial said, despite insistence of military authorities 

that regulations restricted supersonic flights to isolated areas, sonic 

booms were menacing Death Valley National Monument in California. 

It was “continuing sport for military pilots” to “make low level supersonic assaults on the peace and tranquility of that remarkable recreation and sightseeing area. Rangers counted 35 booms in January, three 

times the number [of] the preceding January.” (LA Times, 3/1/72, 8) 

Fourteenth Israel Annual Conference on Aviation and Astronautics was held in Tel Aviv and Haifa. Fifth Theodore von KBrmin 

Memorial Lecture, “Perspectives in Aeroelasticity,” was delivered by 

Langley Research Center scientist I. Edward Garrick. (Off Naval Research London, European Scientific Notes, ESN-26-4, 4/28/72, 91) 

NASA-wide conference on equal employment opportunity was 

herd at Kennedy Space Center at request of Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA 

Administrator. During conference chaired by Dr. George M. Low, NASA 

March 1-2: 

March 1-3 : 

80 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 1-3 

Deputy Administrator, Dr. Fletcher said: “Our successes in space exploration have been outstanding . . . . However, in spite of the efforts 

of many and a number of significant accomplishments, our achievements in equal employment in NASA, here on earth, do not match what 

we have done beyond our planet.” 

Dr. Fletcher said he would insist “that as fast as humanly possible, 

by transfer, training, promotion, and whatever other means are available, and appropriate, our offices move toward the goal of the balanced 

staffing that will achieve true equal employment opportunities.” 

NASA was planning to get members of minority groups into space. 

Space shuttle would be important factor in accomplishing this goal. 

NASA also would consider establishing annual awards for outstanding 

performance in Office of Equal Opportunity and would insist that “spirit 

as well as the letter” of contractors’ equal employment obligations be 

fulfilled. (Text) 

NASA’s Pioneer lo (Pioneer-F) Jupiter probe was launched 

from Eastern Test Range at 8:49 pm EST by three-stage Atlas-CentaurTLM-3644 booster, used for first time. Spacecraft reached highest 

launch velocity ever attained, 51 500 km per hr (32 000 mph) relative 

to earth. Primary objective was to obtain precursory scientific information beyond Mars orbit with emphasis on investigation of interplanetary medium, asteroid belt, and Jupiter and its environment. Secondary 

objective was to advance technology for long flights to outer planets. 

The 258-kg (569-1b) , spin-stabilized spacecraft carried 11 scientific 

experiments to provide new knowledge about Jupiter, solar system, and 

Milky Way galaxy. It would return first closeup images of Jupiter and 

make first measurements of Jupiter’s twilight side, never seen from 

earth. Two additional experiments-celestial mechanics and S-band 

occultation-would use communication signal and earth-based equipment. Pioneer 10 would be first spacecraft to observe Asteroid Belt between orbits of Mars and Jupiter, first man-made object to escape solar 

system, first spacecraft to use orbital velocity and gravity of Jupiter for 

escape, and first NASA spacecraft powered entirely by nuclear energyfour radioisotope thermoelectric generators developed by Atomic 

Energy Commission. Pioneer 10 would make 20 kinds of measurements 

of Jupiter’s atmosphere, radiation belts, heat balance, magnetic field, 

moons, and other phenomena. It would also characterize solar atmosphere, interstellar gas, cosmic rays, asteroids, and meteoroids. 

Spacecraft also carried pictorial plaque designed to show scientifically 

educated inhabitants of another star system-who might intercept it 

millions of years later-the time spacecraft was launched, from where, 

and by whom. Plaque design was etched into gold-anodized aluminum 

plate 15 by 23 cm (6 by 9 in) and 1.27 mm (0.05 in) thick attached 

to spacecraft’s antenna support struts. Radiating lines on left of plaque 

represented positions of 14 pulsars, with mathematical binary code “1-” 

symbols representing pulsars’ frequencies relative to hydrogen atom, 

which was used as “universal clock.” Hydrogen atom was also used as 

universal yardstick” for sizing human figures and outline of spacecraft on right of plaque. Man’s hand was raised in good-will gesture. 

Across bottom of plaque were planets ranging outward from sun, with 

spacecraft’s trajectory arching away from earth, passing. Mars. and 

swinging past Jupiter. 

March 2-24: 

(6 

81 
March 2-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

March 2-24: NASA’s Pioneer 10 was launched with the highest velocity 

yet attained and began its journey 

toward the Asteroid Belt, the planet 

Jupiter, and eventual escape from 

the solar system. By March 24 all 

instruments had been turned on and were returning data. The probe car- ried a plaque to show any inhabitants of another star system-who 

might intercept it millions of years 

in the future-where Pioneer 10 

had been launched, when, and by 

what kind of beings. In the photo 

above, technicians adjusted the 

spacecraft at TRW, Redondo Beach, 

Calif., facilities. 

Initial orientation of Pioneer 10 was achieved six hours after launch 

so that communications high-gain antenna was directed toward earth. 

By March 3, four scientific instruments-magnetometer, charged particles experiment, geiger tube telescope, and meteoroid detector-had 

been turned on. First midcourse maneuver, March 7, increased velocity 

by 14 m per sec (45.9 fps), adjusted trajectory, and shortened flight 

time to Jupiter by nine hours. At 3:OO pm EST March 8, Pioneer 10 was 

4 570 000 km (2 840 000 mi) from earth traveling at 32 800 km per 

hr (20 400 mph) . Round-trip radio communication time was 31 sec. 

By March 10 trapped radiation detector and ultraviolet photometer 

had been turned on and meteoroid detector had recorded several hits. 

Second midcourse maneuver, with two brief thruster firings March 23 

82 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 2-24 

and 24, delayed arrival time by 2Yz hrs and moved arrival point at 

Jupiter about 6400 km (4000 mi) closer to planet. Maneuver was also 

attempt to fly Pioneer 10 behind Jupiter’s moon Io. Whether flight path 

behind Io had been achieved would not be known until spacecraft 

neared Jupiter. To go behind Io, spacecraft had to arrive within period 

of less then eight minutes. By March 24 remaining instruments-plasma 

analyzer, cosmic ray telescope, imaging photopolarimeter, infrared 

radiometer, and asteroid/meteoroid detector-had been turned on and 

all experiments were recording good data. Meteoroid detector had 

recorded 10 impacts, and asteroid/meteoroid telescope had seen one 

meteoroid. Spacecraft was expected to enter Asteroid Belt in early July 

and to reach Jupiter Dec. 3, 1973. 

Pioneer 10 was first spacecraft to attempt Jupiter probe. Pioneer 5 

was launched March 11, 1960, to study heliocentric space environment 

inward toward sun. Pioneer 6 (launched Dec. 16,1965) and Pioneer 7 

(launched Aug. 17, 1966) were studying heliocentric space environment. Pioneer 8 (launched Dec. 13, 1967) and Pioneer 9 (launched 

Nov. 8, 1968) were studying interplanetary phenomena. Last four were 

still operating satisfactorily. (NASA proj off; NASA Releases 72-25, 

Isis 2 International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies (launched 

by NASA March 31, 1971, in joint U.S. and Canadian program) was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft had exceeded mission objectives. 

All 12 scientific instruments were operational and were still acquiring 

detailed information on latitudinal and diurnal variations of ionosphere. 

Spacecraft was obtaining radio-sounder and correlative direct measurements to allow continuation and extension of ionospheric studies during period of declining solar activity, and long lifetime was anticipated. 

Isis 2 was fourth and final mission in US.-Canadian program to study 

ionosphere that began with launch of Alouette 1 Sept. 28, 1962. All 

four spacecraft were operational and were providing useful data. ISIS 

program had acquired wealth of knowledge on worldwide morphology 

of topside ionosphere, virtually unknown region before Alouette-IsIs 

program, and in discoveries in plasma physics and radio-wave propagation. (NASA proj off) 

0 Bellcomm, Inc., scientist Dr. Farouk El-Baz had suggested that water 

vapor detected on moon March 7, 1971, could have come from water 

and urine dumped into lunar orbit from Apollo 14 spacecraft, Reuters 

reported. He had shown particles of waste water could have combined, 

orbited moon for several weeks at gradually decreasing altitudes, and 

finally descended to lunar surface, where they were detected as water 

vapor. Bellcomm’s findings were rejected by Dr. H. Kent Hills of Rice 

Univ., who said waste discharge would have spread out in orbit and 

would not have produced as high a reading on two suprathermal ion 

detectors as he and codiscoverer Dr. John W. Freeman had found. Discovery of water vapor had been announced Oct. 15, 1971 [see also 

March 31. (NYT, 3/3/72, 22; Bellcomm PIO; NASA proj off) 

Roy P. Jackson, NASA Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and Space 

Technology, discussed role of aircraft technology in alleviating airport 

terminal congestion in speech before American Institute of Aeronautics 

and Astronautics’ National Capital Section in Washington, D.C. : Total 

number of civil air operations was expected to double approximately 

72-32,72-50, 72-68) 

March 2: 

83 
March 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

every decade throughout the rest of this century. “The busiest airports 

will have to handle twice to three times their present operations. Since 

most jetports are too noisy today, the capacity increase must be accomplished with an actual integrated decrease in noise. Steeper operational 

procedures, retrofitted engines, and quieter engines in new terminalconfigured aircraft must all be considered as companions to dual runways, improved automation, and success in the Discrete Addressable 

Beacon and Microwave Landing Systems Programs. 

“TO design the next generation of civil aircraft as terminal-configured 

vehicles, the designer will need technology advancements that will permit steep and curved vertical profiles for noise abatement, curved 

ground tracks for noise abatement and airspace efficiency, and an 

ability to satisfy a specified time-of-arrival at the runway threshold to 

maximize runway capacity.” NASA had ILa new start in FY ’73 to lead 

the way in technology, . . . the Terminal Configured Vehicles and 

Avionics Operating Experiments Program, for which funding of $4.2 

million will be programmed.” (Text) 

NASA applications program was reviewed by Associate Administrator for 

Applications Charles W. Mathews in testimony before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and 

Applications during FY 1973 NASA authorization hearings. Objectives 

of program were “to establish useful applications of space and space 

know-how through the development of user relationships, through the 

development of requisite technology, and through the conduct of appropriate ground, airborne and space flight investigations.” 

Space was “a magnificent vantage point to survey the surface of the 

earth and to expedite and enhance the flow of information around the 

globe.” Core of program was new applications of earth observations 

and communications, but “other areas associated with the unique environment of space, particularly weightlessness, show promises which 

must be explored, developed and exploited.” Space manufacturing 

processes offered good example. “Space applications, however, should 

not be envisioned just as activities that lead to satellites or laboratories 

in space, for . . . applications relate to contributions to men and women 

who . . . reside right here on the ground. Know-how provided by experience with the development of space systems can be applied to . . . areas involving housing, transportation, health care and many others.” 

NASA participation in Global Atmospheric Research Program ( GARP) 

would increase significantly in FY 1973 as transition occurred from 

planning to carryinq out Tropical Experiment and Data Systems Test, 

both planned for CY 1974. Planning would be accelerated for Global 

Experiment during 1976-1977. GARP was being conducted by World 

Meteorological Organization and International Council of Scientific 

Unions to increase understanding of circulation of atmosphere and provide mathematical and physical basis for long-range weather prediction, determination of feasibility of large-scale climatic modification, 

and assessment of consequences of man’s pollution of atmosphere. 

(Transcript) 

Officials of NASA Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST) 

testified during House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Aeronautics and Space Technology’s final hearings on 

NASA FY 1973 authorization. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 2 

William H. Woodward, Director of Space Propulsion and Power, 

cited importance of isotope power systems to NASA planetary program: 

“The ability of nuclear electric power systems to operate for long 

periods . . . without consideration to distance from the sun is the primary feature which makes nuclear systems mandatory for outer planet 

missions. This self-contained energy input characteristic also provides 

a relative insensitivity to the operating environments encountered and 

this capability may be important on many missions, e.g., lander missions 

on planetary surfaces or missions which encounter high natural radiation fields.” Power requirements of most missions could be satisfied 

with low-level isotope power systems using radioisotope thermoelectric 

generators (RTGS) . “Currently, RTG’S are scheduled for flight on 

the Pioneer Jupiter Flyby and the Mars Viking Lander missions and 

in addition, are p!anned for use in future outer planet programs.” 

Associate Administrator for OAST Roy P. Jackson testified that solar 

energy could prove important energy resource. National Science Foundation’s RANN (Research Applicable to National Needs) program had 

budgeted $4 million for solar energy investigations in FY 1973. Atomic 

Energy Commission, Dept. of Interior, and NASA were conducting inhouse studies. Solar Energy Subcommittee had been established by Federal Council on Science and Technology Committee on Energy Research 

and Development Goals to assess benefits to recommend R&D funds and 

programs. Subcommittee was first time solar energy had been considered at this level of national planning. NASA was evaluating concept 

for generating electric power from solar cells in space and transmitting 

power to earth via microwave beam, which would deliver more concentrated solar energy than naturally received on earth’s surface. 

Collecting in space also could be continuous, rather than having to stop 

at night or in cloudy weather. 

Edwin C. Kilgore, Deputy Associate Administrator for Management, 

described OAST manpower problems and methods to alleviate them. 

Though OAST manpower applied to aeronautics had increased 90% 

since 1966, manpower for all other efforts had decreased by 56%. 

Growth in aeronautics could not be provided continuously by transferring personnel from space projects. “In the short term we will continue to meet the increased need for aeronautics manpower by retraining and reassignment of personnel at the Research Centers. For the 

Ions term we have initiated a program to encourage the training of 

students interested in aeronautical sciences. . . . we are continuing the 

cooperative NASA/university graduate research and study program 

begun in FY 1971 where faculty and students are working with the 

Research Centers.” 

R. D. Ginter, Director of Technology Applications, testified on NASA 

and National Science Foundation cooperation in applications: NSF’S 

RANN program contained “two broad areas of mutual interest: Advanced 

Technolog Applications and Environmental Systems Resources. One 

of our senior people has been assigned to focus this effort, coordinate 

task selection, and provide program management. During the next 

year we intend to expand our problem definition activity and prepare 

specific proposals for NSF consideration.” (Transcript) 

Report of Soviet progress in space presented at annual meeting of Soviet 

Academy of Sciences appeared in So~ialisticheskaya Indmtriya. 

85 
March 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Academician M. D. Millionschikov said 1971 had been year of achievement in space. Creation of “the world‘s first manned orbital scientific 

station, Salyut, was a major event. . . . Exploration of the moon and the 

planets with the help of automatic space vehicles has continued. 

Recently, a magnificent space experiment was completed-the Luna-20 

automatic station’s delivery to earth of soil samples from the almost 

inaccessible’ lunar mountain region. Two automatic ‘Mars’ stations 

were created. . . . Separating from the Mars-2 station, a capsule landed 

a pennant. . . and the Mars-3 descent vehicle made the first soft landing 

on the surface of Mars. In addition to the scientific exploration of space, 

broad plans were elaborated for utilizing satellites for extra-atmosphere 

astronomy. Work began on the utilization of satellites for exploring 

natural resources in the interests of the national economy including 

geological survey work, agriculture, forestry, water economy, fishing, 

the hydro-meteorological service, and geodesy.” (FBIS-SOV, 3/13/72, 

Cutbacks in NASA budget would necessitate dismissal of some 40 civil 

service employees at Kennedy Space Center during March, KSC Director, 

Dr. Kurt H. Debus, announced. Cutback was part of NASA-wide work 

force reduction. Similar reduction might be required in 1973. (Today, 

3/2/72 1 0 World’s first nuclear-powered artificial heart was exhibited for first time 

by National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md. Dr. Theodore Cooper, 

Director of National Heart and Lung Institute in NIH, said heart might 

be perfected for human use toward end of decade. Electrically powered 

version and atom-powered heart-helper had already been implanted in 

calves. System was expected to operate for 10 yrs. (Asher, W Post, 

3/3/72, Al) 

US. had obtained clearance from Coordinating Committee on 

Trade in Strategic Materials ( COCOM) , whose members represented 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries and Japan, for sale of 

satellite ground station to Colhmunist China, New York Times reported. 

Japan and other allies had interpreted sale as political act and “made 

it clear that they intend to use the same criterion. Japan . . . was 

reported to have insisted that the political aspect of the deal be entered 

into the record,” and had accused U.S. of “selling equipment of 

advanced technology because it was politically advantageous but restraining others from doing the same thing.” Station had been installed 

at Shanghai Airport to cover President Nixon’s visit to Communist 

China [see March 131. (Giniger, NYT, 3/4/72, 2) 

* Robert Stern of Bellcomm, Inc., said in Washington, D.C., that his 

studies “tended to agree” with those of Rice Univ. scientists who had 

reported on Oct. 15, 1971, detection of possible water vapor being 

vented from lunar surface. Reuters had reported release March 2 of 

Bellcomm computer analysis suggesting vapors could have come from 

urine dumped .into lunar orbit by Apollo 14 astronauts. (NYT, 

3/4/72 1 

* Physicist Dr. Ralph E. Lapp discussed space shuttle economics in letter 

published in Science. Cost and purpose of shuttle’s projected 900- 

metric-ton (1000-short-ton) payload over 10 yrs needed careful evaluation “before the nation plunges ahead on a space project whose cost 

may well eclipse that of the Apollo program.” Assuming NASA could 

L2) 

March 3: 

86 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 3 

slash payload costs to $2000 per 0.5 kg (1 lb) , “then 20 million pounds 

[9 million kg] in orbit represent a national investment of $40 billion.” 

Shuttle development cost of $5.5 billion plus deployment and operation 

of shuttle system would cost from $11 to $16 billion. NASA estimate of 

less than $100 for lifting 0.5 kg (1 lb) of payload from earth to 

orbit was “easily disputed.” Estimate of $11 billion for shuttle cost 

divided by 9 million kg amounted to $550 per 0.5 kg and not much less 

than the $700 per 0.5 kg that existing NASA launch vehicles had cost. 

Only “if orbital payloads can be reduced so they cost only several 

times more per pound than gold, is it meaningful to seek cheaper 

space transportation. Even then the nation ought to be asking what kind 

of space program is the space shuttle designed to support.” (Science, 

3/3/72, 944) 

0 Manned Spacecraft Center would have reduction in force of 75 to 100 

civil Service positions by June 30, MSC announced. RIF was part of 

NASA-wide personnel reduction and would reduce MSC complement 

from 3944 to 3817 Civil Service positions. (MSC Release 72-52) 

U.S.S.R. had dismantled about 100 of its older SS-4 and SS-5 mediumand intermediate-range migsiles that could strike China and Europe, 

Dept. of Defense announced. Newer SS-11 ICBMS that could reach 

US. were replacing older missiles and were being stored in underground silos. DOD spokesman Jerry W. Friedheim said dismantling 

and storing appeared to be “a force modernization on their part” that 

had been going on for about five years at the rate of about 20 missiles 

per year. (W Post, 3/4/72) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 477 from Plesetsk. Satellite entered 

orbit with 309-km (192-mi) apogee, 214-km (133-mi) perigee, 89.5- 

min period, and 72.8” inclination and reentered March 16. (GSFC 

SSR, 3/31/72; SBD, 3/7/72, 36) 

U.S.S.R.’s meteorological satellite system was described by Tass as “a 

turning point in the history of Soviet meteorology.” Three operating 

Meteor spacecraft transmitted data on area from pole to pole every 1% 

hrs in band up to 1500 km (900 mi) wide-covering over two thirds 

of globe daily-to network of ground stations covering about one fourth 

of earth. Meteor system had helped accumulate valuable data for 

further perfection of onboard equipment and ground reception, registration, and processing of information. “The operation of sputniks 

outside the boundaries of the atmosphere enabled a new approach to 

the study of the air ocean of the planet [and] led to interesting discoveries in the sphere. The sputniks . . . made it possible for the 

first time ‘to cast a glance’ on strong currents in the upper layers of 

the atmosphere.” ( FBIS-SOV, 3/7/72, L2) 

New York Times editorial commented on plaque launched on Pioneer 10 

Jupiter probe March 2: “Despite the uncanny ,mastery of celestial 

laws that permits man to shoot his artifacts at the stars, we find ourselves still depressingly inept at ordering our own systems here on 

earth. Even as we try to find a way to insure that sapient man will 

not consume his planet in nuclear fires, a rising chorus warns us that 

man may very well exhaust his earth either by overbreeding or by inordinate demands on its resources, or both. “So the marker launched into 

space is at the same time a gauntlet thrown down to earth: that the 

March 4: 

87 
March 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

gold-plated plaque convey in its time the message that man is still 

here-not that he has been there.” (NYT, 3/4/72, 26) 

March 5: Apollo Program Director Rocco A. Petrone, in interview 

published by Washington Post, described Apollo 16 experiment to 

determine whether moon had its own magnetic field. Apollo 16 astronauts would carry to moon a magnetic rock collected by previous 

Apollo landing to see if it changed when returned to moon. “We want 

to see if the magnetism that we have found in moon rocks was not somehow picked up on the voyage back to earth. The whole purpose of 

this exercise is to prove the existence of a magnetic field on the moon, 

which in effect proves that the moon was once hot like the earth. Mast 

scientists believe there will be no change, that the magnetism was 

locked forever into these racks when they solidified in the moon’s 

magnetic field.” 

Astronauts would also set up magnetometer on moon and place a 

moon rock on head of instrument for instant reading of its magnetism. 

When rock was brought to earth, it would be read again for comparison 

with reading on moon. (O’Toole, W Post, 3/5/72, A3) 

9 Columnist Hank Burchard criticized message on plaque launched on 

Pioneer 10 Jupiter probe March 2, in Washington Post: “The supplying of the map implies the invitation for a visit.” Invitation was 

being made “on behalf of all men who may ever live, by a few men 

who happen to be living now and who happen to be Americans. 

Nobody asked the Russians or the Chinese or the Masai, or me, whether 

we wanted anybody from outer space dropping in for dinner.” (W 

Post, 3/5/72) 

0 New York Times editorial praised accomplishments of Atomic Energy 

Commission’s new nuclear accelerator at Batavia, Ill. [see March 11: 

It was at accelerator “that some of the most illuminating experiments 

of the next decade are likely to be carried out. For this powerful instrument may have the resources-the penetrating power of its 

incredible proton beam-to answer some of the ultimate questions about 

the structure of nuclear particles. If so, man’s understanding of the 

material universe and his powers over it may well be revolutionalized 

in the years immediately ahead.” (NYT, 3/5/72, 4:12) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said in letter to 

NASA staff that Pioneer 10 (launched March 2) if successful would be 

technological and scientific achievement of the first magnitude.” 

During launch it had set spacecraft speed record of some 51 500 km 

per hr (32 000 mph). “One small detail that impressed me was . . . Pioneer 10 passed the Moon only 11 hours after launch. It makes the 

Moon seem very close at hand. So we have a new measure for the 

nearness of what we used to call ‘outer space.’ It brings home, even 

as we begin the great adventure of exploring the outer planets, the 

primary importance of moving forward with our preparations for 

the routine exploitation of inner space.” (NASA Activities, 3/15/72, 

* NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and Management Richard 

C. McCurdy, on behalf of NASA, received award from Small Business 

Administration ( SBA) for NASA% efforts in assisting minority business 

development. Award was presented by Marshall Parker, Associate 

March 6: 

6.L 

44) 

88 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 6 

Administrator for Procurement and Development at SBA. (NASA Hq 

WB, 3/20/72; Release 72-46) 

Chicago Daily News editorial on Pioneer 10 said: “After several moon 

landings and all the fuss over spending on space ventures, the public 

is probably a bit jaded by now with outbound rockets. Yet there is 

something special, and more than a little bit eerie, about this one.” 

Only “scientists whose minds can absorb the concept of infinity can 

really appreciate the possibilities wrapped up in the voyage of Pioneer 

10. But the rest of us can share a sense of awe as the spacecraft 

plunges into eternity, and think a bit about the specks called Man, 

lost in the vastness of the Universe.” (C Daily News, 3/6/72) 0 Former NASA Administrator James E. Webb was appointed by Speaker of 

House to succeed Joseph M. Barr on Commission on Government 

Procurement. Barr had resigned. (CR, 3/6/72, H1752) 

U.S.S.R. was deploying multiple warheads on its intercontinental ballistic 

missiles, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird said in speech before 

Veterans of Foreign Wars in Washington, D.C. (Text) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, compared NASA FY 

1973 budget program with FY 1972 plans in testimony before opening 

session of House Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee on 

Department of Housing and Urban Development-Space-Science-Veterans 

hearings on FY 1973 budget: “We have reconfigured our plans so that 

a substantially higher level of appropriations will not be required in 

future years to complete the programs in our FY 1973 budget” and 

to continue “useful and significant . . . new projects in space science, 

exploration, and practical applications, in advanced technology, and 

in aeronautics.” FY 1972 program would have required NASA appropriations in future years to approach $4 billion per year. Run-out 

costs to complete program as planned would have risen to $3.7 billion 

in FY 1973 and $3.95 billion in FY 1974. Revised program estimated 

run-out costs at $3.37 billion in FY 1974, $3.3 billion in FY 1975, $3.2 

billion in FY 1976, and $3.1 billion in FY 1977. NASA could “by properly phasing-in the start of needed future new programs . . . hold NASA 

appropriations in future years to approximately the current total appropriations level in current dollars.” 

Previous program would have committed US. to “higher NASA 

budget in future years, or to the waste from termination of programs 

in midstream,” but revised plan would “give the Nation a good, viable, 

and balanced program in aeronautics and space at a cost it can afford.” 

Dr. Fletcher believed “realistic long-term plan in which the Nation’s 

commitment is limited to budgets of approximately the current size is 

the proper posture for NASA from the standpoint of responsible management,’ and “should go far in alleviating the concerns that have been 

expressed that in embarking on the new space programs of the 1970’s 

we are committing the Nation to a program that it cannot afford. 

“TO achieve this posture, we have had to make some basic changes 

in our planning and accept yet another stretch-out of the period over 

which our continuing and long-term objectives in space exploration 

and space science will be achieved.” Principal change has been in 

space shuttle program. Shuttle now planned would cost $5.5 billion, 

about half what configuration envisaged year before would have cost. 

Second significant change was cutback in planned program for exploraMarch 7: 

89 
March 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, I972 

tion of outer planets, reducing plans to explore all five outer planets 

on Grand Tour missions in late 1970s to new focus on Jupiter and 

perhaps Saturn, with less expensive spacecraft. Third significant change 

was termination of nuclear engine for rocket vehicle application 

(NERYA) program, now including in budget request $8.5 million for 

defining with Atomic Energy Commission smaller nuclear rocket engine 

and making trade-off studies of preferred propulsion system for 

missions to distant pIanets some time in 1980s. 

Final major change was increased emphasis on aeronautics, in response to strong urgings of committees of Congress. (Transcript) 

Tenth anniversary of Os0 1 Orbiting Solar Observatory, first US. satellite devoted entirely to studying sun. Satellite had carried 13 experiments to collect data on solar radiation in ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma 

ray regions. After one year of operation it had provided more data on 

behavior and composition of sun than any singIe ground-based 

observatory and all previous rocket, balloon, and satellite flights 

combined and had measured 75 solar flares and subflares. Os0 1 had 

stopped operating Aug. 6, 1963, exceeding 6-mo design lifetime by 

almost 11 mos. (GSFC PAO; A&A 1963) 

MSFC announced it had extended interim contract with North American 

Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. for space shuttle main engine design. 

One-month, $1-million extension was awarded pending completion of 

review by General Accounting Office of original $SOO-million contract 

awarded July 13, 1971. Review had been requested Aug. 3, 1971, by 

competing contractor United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div. 

(MSFC Release 72-23; A&A 1971) 

NASA launched two Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets from Poker Flat 

Rocket Range, Fairbanks, Alaska, carrying Goddard Space Flight 

Center fields and neutral winds experiments. Rockets and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Photographic equipment carried by U.S.S.R.’s Mars 2 and Mars 3 

spacecraft in Mars orbit were described by Tass: “Automatic devices 

take pictures on the film which is automatically processed after photographing and then, on command from earth, the pictures are sent by 

television channels to the flight control centre.” Each spacecraft carried 

two “photo-television devices with wide-angle and long-focus objectives. . . . all units and elements are placed together in one rigid body 

with the objective fixed outside and in the wide-angle camera-together 

with the objective and a device for changing colour filters.” Pictures 

were taken synchronously and transmitted with “an optico-mechanical 

television device.” ( FBIS-SOV, 3/8/72, L1) 

Progress made in 1971 strategic nuclear arms talks with U.S.S.R., and 

on many subjects from scientific cooperation to trade, indicated that 

1972 will be a year of substantial developments in bilateral cooperation,” Secretary of State William P. Rogers said in Washington, D.C., 

news conference. (Marder, W Post, 3/8/72, A2) 

Mariner 9 probe (launched by NASA May 30, 1971) completed 

232 orbits of Mars. Primary mission objective of photographing Mars 

from south pole to northern hood had been completed. Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory was preparing to assemble map of Mars, using more than 

100 overlapping pictures taken by Mariner 9 and data from on‘oard 

<L 

March 8: 

90 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 8 

instruments for corresponding surface and atmospheric characteristics. 

(NASA Release 72-48) 

NASA Associate Administrator for Applications Charles W. Mathews 

testified on earth resources program during FY 1973 authorization 

hearings before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications : Program was probably 

most significant present element of earth observations program, using 

advanced satellite and ground-based techniques. FY 1973 funding of 

$48.4 million would go for procurement (including spacecraft development) and flight operations, data-handling system development, and 

aircraft program already underway. Queried on pace of program, 

Mathews said NASA had “good basic program” that would merit 

expansion. Results from ERTS-A satellite-to be flown with high degree 

of participation by users from Government, industry, and universitiesshould show program merited extension and how it should be done. 

Mathews also cited need for regulation and control of information as 

it was gathered more nearly completely and accurately. Gathering 

information was “less of a problem and less of a challenge than the 

proper use of this information.” (Transcript) * Manned Spacecraft Center announced award of $299 250 contract to 

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. to study and develop program for 

weld-bonding materials for space shuttle. ( MSC Release 72-55) 0 Attorney for widow of Astronaut Virgil I. Grissom, killed in Jan. 27, 

1967, Apollo spacecraft fire, said Mrs. Betty Grissom had agreed to 

$350 000 out-of-court settlement of her $2O-miIlion suit against North 

American Rockwell Corp. and three subsidiaries for negligence in 

construction of spacecraft. (AI?, W Post, 3/9/72, A17) 

NASA launched two sounding rockets. Nike-Tomahawk was launched from 

Poker Flat Rocket Range, Fairbanks, Alaska, carrying Goddard Space 

Flight Center fields and neutral winds experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. 

Nike-Tomahawk was launched from Wallops Station, carrying Univ. 

of New Hampshire energetic particle experiment. Rocket performed 

satisfactorily. Scientific requirements were not satisfied. (SR list) 0 President Lyndon B. Johnson had made “impulsive decision’’ in “intensity 

of emotion” when he changed name of Cape Canaveral to Cape Kennedy, Circuit Judge James R. Knott of West Palm Beach, Fla., said 

in testimony before Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 

Committee began hearings on S.R. 193, to redesignate Cape Kennedy 

as Cape Canaveral. Judge Knott testified that President Johnson had 

acted on request by widow of President John F. Kennedy following 

Kennedy assassination and said original name should be restored. 

( W Post, 3/9/72, A25; CR, 3/8/72, D224) 

Completion of satellite communications station at Emeq Haela, Israel, 

was announced by Jerusalem Domestic Service. Station would become 

operational in about three months. Israeli Post Office Director General 

Simha Sorokov said opening of station “will speed up the possibility 

that every resident in the state will be able to dial directly from his 

house to anyone abroad without . . . an operator. When the system 

goes into operation, Israeli residents will be able to watch a man 

walking on the moon at the exact moment he is doing it.” (FBISIsrael, 3/9/72, H3) 
March 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* Canadian-built Black Brant VC rocket was launched from Natal, Brazil, 

carrying West German and Brazilian payload. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (Reuters, W Post, 3/10/72, F3) 

Germ-control and dust-purging technique developed by NASA and aerospace industry was being used by St. Luke’s Hospital in Denver, Colo., 

to lower infection risk in surgical procedures. Concept, based on 

technique to sterilize spacecraft assembly and self-contained life support systems, used portable equipment to remove dust and germs 

continually from surgical area. Equipment included helmets like those 

worn by astronauts and specially treated surgical garments that bacteria 

could not penetrate, collapsible plexiglass and aluminum enclosure, 

and air-circulating units that forced air through filters before air 

flowed from rear of enclosure to front. Enclosure fitted inside conventional surgical room. (NASA Release 7247) 

Federal Aviation Administration announced award of five-month $414 226 

contract to Xonics, Inc., for additional wake-turbulence studies leading 

to design of ground-based acoustic wake-turbulence detection system. 

Xonics would analyze results of previous studies and recommend design 

of system capable of providing wake-vortex surveillance along airport 

instrument-landing-sytem approach path. (FAA Release 7237) 

President Nixon issued Executive Order 11652 establishing new classification system for Government documents related to national security. 

March 8: Germ-control and dust-purging techniques developed for spacecraft sterilization were being used in St. Luke’s Hospital in Denver, Colo. Below, a surgery team 

performed a hip-joint replacement in a new clenn-room facility that could be folded 

for storage when not in use. Air was forced in a gentle breeze from the rear of the room to the open front. Team members “upwind” of the patient wore astronaut 

helmets and garments impermeable by bacteria, while air around the downwind team 

members was carried away from the patient. Application of the technique was developed 

for NASA by the Martin Marietta Corporation’s Denver Division. 

92 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 8 

System ordered materials classified Top Secret, Secret, or Confidential 

only if their unauthorized disclosure “could reasonably be expected” 

to cause exceptionally grave damage, serious damage, or damage to 

national security. NASA, Atomic Energy Commission, Dept. of Defense, 

and United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency were among 

Government departments whose heads and their senior deputies were 

empowered by order to classify material or information as Top Secret. 

American Society for Testing and Materials-non-profit organization 

that developed standards for more than 4700 materials, products, 

systems, and services-urged adoption by US. of metric system during 

Washington, D.C., workshop. In interview Society’s President Erle I. 

Shobert I1 said: “Basically, the reason for changing . . . to the metric 

system is to enhance our ability to communicate with others, but that 

ability . . . is reflected in hard dollars and cents.” Failure of U.S. to 

convert had been large factor in US. trade deficit, he said. (Kadis, 

W Star, 3/9/72, CS) 

President Nixon ordered immediate implementation of new 

Federal Aviation Administration regulations to prevent carrying of 

weapons or explosives aboard civil aircraft and unauthorized access 

to aircraft, tighten baggage check-in procedure, and improve cargo 

and baggage loading security. Dept. of Transportation would expedite 

rule-making for new regulations governing airport operators to complement measures required of airlines. Action had been prompted by 

discovery of bombs aboard aircraft at New York, Las Vegas, and 

Seattle during 48 hrs. (PD, 3/13/72, 553) 

9 Use of remote TV to monitor weather conditions in mountain pass used by 

general-aviation pilots operating under visual flight rules (VFR) would 

be evaluated by Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Director John 

H. Shaffer announced. Program would be conducted for FAA by 

National Weather Service of National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration under $108 000 interagency agreement. (FAA Release 

0 Financial problems affecting development of new civil aircraft in U.S. 

were described by William M. Magruder, adviser to President Nixon 

on technology, in speech before National Security Industrial Assn. in 

Washington, D.C.: “Nature of the development base applicability of 

military programs to civil transports has been altered drastically 

since the propeller transports and early jets. Those civil transports 

enjoyed literally ‘off -the-shelf‘ engines, tires, brakes, instruments, hydraulic, electrical and air conditioning systems and nearly exact 

aerodynamics and controls. The cost of a civil transport development 

project under those conditions was about one time the manufacturers’ 

net worth, or about $300 million. During this period, it was not 

unusual for the military to be developing as many as one or two dozen 

related bombers and transports of equal size and technology. Today, 

a single civil air transport development program, such as the l3-7’47, 

DC-10 or L-1011, will cost about five times the net worth of the 

manufacturers, or nearly $1.5 billion. At the same time, the Defense 

Department has only the C-5A, F-14, F-15 and B-1A in development, 

with little direct . . . fallout into the civil programs. 

(PD, 3/13/72, 542-50) 

March 9: 

72-38) 

93 
March 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

“Simultaneously with the skyrocketing of civil transport development costs, foreign nations have noticed that it takes a family of 

transports to dominate the marketplace. Where the U.S. offered 

twenty or thirty different models and captured 85% of the civil transport market, we now are isolated to the trijets and the B-747, while 

Europe offers Concordes, A-300 airbuses, Mercures for short range; 

VFW-6lds and Falcon 2OTs for commuter traffic; and have started 

their STOL projects for urban traffic. To do this, they have used multinational treasuries for subsidized financing.” (Text) 

Arrival of seven Soviet scientists at National Accelerator Laboratory 

near Batavia, Ill., was announced by Atomic Energy Commission. 

Team would join US. scientists in probing fundamental nature of 

matter. (AEC Release P-66) 

* Washington Evening Star editorial commented on plaque launched on 

Pioneer 10 Jupiter probe March 2: “Like a note in a bottle cast on an 

outgoing tide, or a relic in a cornerstone, or a time capsule, this 

message to whom it may concern affirms mankind’s insistence on its 

precious and distinctive identity. It is behind the concept of pyramids, 

eternal vigil flames, and ancient cathedrals. More than an instinct to 

survive, it includes a demand that its existence be known and acknowledged.” Pioneer 10 launch “serves to transmit an ancient challenge : 

Vho’s there?’ Any authenticated reply would be the biggest news in 

quite a spell.” (W Star, 3/10/72) 

Apollo 16 Flight Readiness Review was conducted at Kennedy 

Space Center to gather status reports on preparation for lunar landing 

mission scheduled for launch April 16. (KSC Release 55-72) 

* NASA TF4A aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing and piloted by 

Thomas C. McMurtry, resumed flight program at Flight Research 

Center after three-week haIt for improvement of fuselage area distribution and installation of pressure survey rakes. Purpose of flight28th in series-was to check out new instrumentation and angle-ofattack and airspeed calibrations. Aircraft reached 10 700-m (35 000-ft) 

altitude, instrumentation was activated, and calibrations were made 

at mach 0.90, 0.95, 0.97, 0.99, and 1.2. (NASA proj off) 

U.S.S.R.’s Luna 19 lunar probe completed 1810 orbits of moon and was 

operating satisfactorily. Spacecraft had conducted 516 radio communications sessions since launch Sept. 28, 1971, and had collected data 

on moon’s gravitational field. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 3/13/72, L1) * Lewis Research Center’s 60-megawatt reactor, used to study radiation 

effects on materials and components for future space nuclear systems, 

was also being used to solve local environmental problems. Reactor 

was analyzing trace elements in air, coal and other fuel samples, and 

corn damaged by birds. URC scientists at Plum Brook Station, Ohio, 

were making analyses for LeRC Environmental Research Office to 

identify and cqtalog trace elements in air. Other government agencies 

and universities had requested irradiation of samples for environmental studies. (NASA Release 7249) 

NASA announced issuance by Ames Research Center of request for proposals for studies on four proposed Pioneer-class missions to Venus 

in late 1970s. Proposals would cover design studies for entry probes 

and orbiting spacecraft. Two contractors would be selected to perform 

parallel, $500 000 design studies. (NASA Release 72-53) 

94 

March 10: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 10 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced award of $26923 contract to 

Huntsville (Ala.) Hospital to equip room with NASA-developed devices 

to test applications in aiding quadriplegics. When room was completed, 

immobile patient would be able to open and close doors and windows, 

control room temperature, change channels and control volume on TV 

set, dial telephone, adjust bed position, signal nurse at remote station, 

and turn pages in a book. Devices provided by MSFC included sight 

switch operated by looking into sensor on eyeglass frame, panel switch 

operated by touching panel with head, foot switch, breath switch 

operated by blowing against small paddle, and pneumatic switch 

operated, by rolling head against pillow to depress airbag behind ear. 

Contract expenses would be shared, with MSFC contributing $15 450 

and hospital and Univ. of Alabama at Huntsville contributing balance. 

( MSFC Release 72-25) 

Progress in nuclear explosion seismology was reported in Science: 

“Some experts now believe that explosions in hard rock with yields 

as small as 2 kilotons could be identified on a global scale with no 

more than a dozen high-quality seismograph stations.” In 1958 “there 

seemed to be little prospect . . . of identifying shots with yields 

smaller than 50 kilotons” at distances greater than 2500 kilometers 

(1553 miles) from the center of the blast. (Wick, Science, 3/10/72, 

1095-7) 

Membership in National Academy of Sciences ranked “second only to 

the Nobel Prize as recognition of achievement in American science,” 

Univ. of Oklahoma political scientist Dr. Don E. Kash and team said 

in Science article. Striking aspect of composite picture of NAS membership was “extent to which members are educated in, elected from, 

and employed by a relatively small number of universities.” Academicians from top 10 universities made up 54.8% of NAS membership, 

averaged 48 yrs at election time, and were nearly 3 yrs younger on 

election to NAS than those with degrees from other universities. (Kash 

et al., Science, 3/10/72, 1076-83) 

CathoEic Review article by Frank Moriss criticized lack of religious 

reference on Pioneer 10 plaque: Plaque summarized “our place in the 

universe, the ingenuity of our escape from our own planet’s gravity, 

the physical nature of man and woman.” Unrevealed was “that people 

sending that probe for the most part acknowledge a Divinity. . . . It 

includes everything but God, which is to say it includes only that 

which is irrelevant in the long run.” (Catholic Review, 3/10/72) 

March 11-24: NASA launched European Space Research Organization’s 

TD-1 A (Thor-Delta 1A) astronomical observatory satellite from 

Western Test Range at 5:55 pm PST (8~55 pm EST) by long-tank, 

thrust-augmented Thor-Delta booster. TD-1 A entered sun-synchronous 

orbit with 539-km (334.9-mi) apogee, 531-km (329.9-mi) perigee, 

95.3-min period, and 97.6’ inclination. NASA objective was to place 

spacecraft in earth orbit that would permit successful achievement of 

scientific objectives and to provide tracking and telemetry support. 

By March 24 all experiments had been turned on and mission was 

adjudged successful by NASA. 

Box-shaped, 472-kg (1038-lb 1 spacecraft carried seven experiments 

from six European universities and research organizations to study 

high-energy emissions from stellar and galactic sources and sun that 

95 
March 11-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

were not visible to ground-based observatories. TD-1A was first 

European-built spacecraft with three-axis stabilization system, which 

would permit directional viewing by experiments and permit solar 

panels to point at sun for electrical power to operate spacecraft. TD-1 A 

was sixth scientific spacecraft launched by NASA for ESRO in program 

that began with orbiting of Iris 1 May 16, 1968. Most recent launch 

in program had been Heos 2 launched Jan. 31. ESRO would reimburse 

NASA for Thor-Delta booster, launch, and launch-support services. 

Spacecraft would be controlled from European Space Operations Center 

( ESOC) and tracked by European Space Tracking ( ESTRAK) stations 

with NASA support. (NASA proj off; NASA Release 72-60; ESRO PIO) 

Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, first man to walk on moon, was 

made honorary Freeman in Langholm, Scotland, ancestral home of 

Armstrong family. Armstrong, now professor of aerospace engineering 

at Univ. of Cincinnati, had been invited to Langholm by town council 

after July 20, 1969, moonwalk. (AP, W Star, 3/13/72, A3) 

March 12: Philippines successfully launched Bong Bong 11, its first 

liquid-propellant rocket. Rocket was successfully retrieved from South 

China Sea. (SBD, 3/22/72, 121) 

* U.S.S.R. hoped to land robot life-detection laboratory on Mars within 

few years, according to Leninskoye Znamya (Lenin’s Banner) newspaper article by Soviet space experts. Automatic Microbiological 

Laboratory would scoop up sample of Martian soil and examine it for 

microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that might be able 

to survive in thin Martian atmosphere. Laboratory would also draw 

Martian air through filter to trap and analyze microorganisms and 

would detect emission of heat and carbon dioxide. (Wilford, NYT, 

3/27/72, 7; UPI, W News, 3/13/72, 5) 

* Bridgeport (Conn.) Post commented on March 1 launch of Air Force 

reconnaissance satellite. Satellite “is intended to monitor rocket tests 

of the Soviet Union and Communist China. And it is to remind us all 

not to get so carried away in the new approaches to the two Communist 

giants that we will let down our guard against them. . . . informed 

guesses are that the new spy satellite’s major job is to monitor submarine launching missiles. In its high position, the sensors would be 

able to observe one third of the globe. Another outpost would complete surveillance of the whole globe.” Despite President Nixon’s 

visit to China and prospective visit to Soviet Union “spy satellites are 

needed precautions.” (Bridgeport Post, 3/12/72, 23) 

Two press briefings were held at NASA Hq., Apollo 16 Mission 

Director’s press briefing and press conference on medical aspects of 

Apollo 15 and 16. 

In first, press was told hypergolic loading of propellants had begun 

and countdown demonstration test with fueled spacecraft would begin 

March 29. MSC was continuing simulations, and prime recovery ship 

would leave San Diego March 23 and Pearl Harbor April 8 to take 

position. Launch preparations were proceeding on schedule toward 

liftoff at 12:& pm EST April 16. 

Apollo Mission Director Chester M. Lee said one purpose of 

microbial ecology evaluation device (MEED; experiment to cany fungi 

and bacteria) on Apollo 16 was to prepare for future Skylab missions. 

In Skylab “we are going to have some EVAS and some of these bacteria, 

March 13: 

96 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 13 

fungi, are on the suit before they go out. So the idea is to find out is 

there anything when we bring those suits back in and stow them for 

long periods of time like we are going to have on Skylab, do we have 

anything that we should be considering or concerned about as far as 

mutants and so forth.” 

Lunar roving vehicle (LRV) Rover had been improved with new 

seatbelts that could be hung up out of way when not in use and with 

extra circuit breaker to permit deployment of TV after third extravehicular activity eriod. LRV would not cover as much distance on 

miles] . . . because that gets us to our primary objectives,” not including 10% wander factor for missing craters. (Transcript) 

In second briefing, Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director of Life 

&iences, explained medical problems and procedures on Apollo 15 

and changes for Apollo 16. Major concerns on Apollo 15 were cardiac 

arrhythmia-irregular heart rhythm-and fluid-electrolyte imbalance, with severe loss of potassium. Cardiac arrhythmia occurred 

occasionally in normal persons and frequently in college students, 

apparently as a result of fatigue from all-night studying, adrenalin 

increase from apprehension about grades, drug effect from drinking 

coffee to stay awake, and heavy workload. Fatigue, adrenalin increase, 

drug effect, and heavy workload also acted on astronauts. Fluidelectrolyte imbalance was dependent upon intake in food and drink and 

output in breath, sweat, and body wastes. In space, balance was affected by weightlessness, acceleration, 100%-oxygen atmosphere, abnormal work-rest cycle, and sustained work loads. Countermeasures 

that could be taken were better control of intake, supplementing electrolytes with intravenous fluids, coordinating exercise, providing lower 

body negative pressure, and optimizing work-rest cycles. 

Medical objectives €or Apollo 16 were essentially same as for 

ApoZZo 15: to ensure crew safety medically, to improve probability 

of mission success by providing necessary medical information, and to 

detect and understand changes incident to space flight and learn more 

about effects of space flight on man. To improve medical wellbeing of 

Apollo 16 astronauts, 72-hr preflight controlled-diet period would 

determine amount of potassium needed by each crew member. Since 

potassium could not be preloaded, small amounts of extra potassium 

would be given in daily diet in flight to ensure adequacy. In addition 

to regular preflight cardiovascular examination, x-rays of astronauts’ 

hearts would be taken before and after mission to determine whether 

heart size decreased during flight. Skylab equipment would be used in 

flight for electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and electro-oculogram. Other inflight medical changes were daily sample of improved 

electrocardiogram data, option to alter bioharness wearing schedule, 

expansion of crew status report, high-potassium diets with potassiumenriched beverages and snack supplements, measurement of food and 

fluid intake and urine and fecal output, return to earth of urine and 

fecal samples for analysis, and provision of anti-arrhythmic drugs 

lidocaine, procainamide, and atropine. 

Dr. Berry also announced that Astronaut Donald K. Slayton, who 

had been removed from Aurora 7 mission (May 24, 1962) and NASA 

flight status 10 yrs ago because of possible heart malfunction, had been 

Apollo 16 as on 1p pollo 15. “We are planning 25.2 kilometers [15.7 

97 
March 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

returned to NASA and Federal Aviation Administration flight status. 

Evidence of atrial fibrillation found in 1959 and treated until 1969 had 

disappeared and tests completed recently had shown “perfectly normal 

cardiac function and cardiac anatomy.” First space flight for which 

Slayton could be eligible would be proposed joint mission with 

U.S.S.R. (Transcript) 

U.S. Dept.’of Commerce issued permanent export license to RCA Global 

Communications, Inc., authorizing sale of earth station installed at 

Shanghai Airport in People’s Republic of China to cover President 

Nixon’s February visit. Transaction was first direct export sale from 

U.S. to PRC since trade relations were liberalized. (RCA Release 

3/15/72) 

* Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D-Minn.) , campaigning for Presidential nomination, told street crowd in Titusville, Fla., that U.S. should be first 

in space and science. “We can’t afford to have the Soviet Union first 

in space.” Later, rival Democratic candidate Sen. Henry M. Jackson 

(D-Wash.) told Orlando, Fla., crowd that Humphrey had never been 

recorded on space shuttle issue “until he entered the Florida primary.” 

(C Trib, 3/14/72) 

March 13-14: American Astronautical Society ( AAS) sponsored 1972 

Goddard Symposium, “Transfer of Space Technology to Community 

and Industrial Activities,” in Washington, D.C. Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, in keynote 

address stressed importance of high technology development to US. 

standard of living. He compared favorable balance of trade in hightechnology aerospace products with unfavorable balance in low-technology products. Annual U.S. exports in aerospace products were 

valued at $3.6 billion over imports; computers, $1.1 billion; and 

machinery, $1 billion. Motor vehicle imports were $3.3 billion over 

exports, clothing and textiles, $1.9 billion, and iron and steel, $1.9 

billion. (NASA Release 72-56) 

National Space Club awards were presented at Goddard Memorial 

Dinner at Space Club on evening of March 14. 

Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy, NSC’S highest award, was 

presented to Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman of 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, by former 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb. Citation read: “His deep knowledge of the space program and his effective leadership in the Senate 

and the Nation have been invaluable in fostering Congressional understanding of and support for this program. The benefits to mankind 

from the U.S. space program flow in large measure from the dedicated 

efforts of this great American.” 

Astronautics Engineer Award was presented to Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineer Dan Schneiderman. Citation read: “For his management of the Mariner Venus ’67 and Mariner Mars ’71 missions. His 

perception, decisiveness, and inspiration have made it possible for man 

to place a measuring device in orbit around another planet for the 

first time in the history of the world.” Hugh L. Dryden Memorial 

Fellowship was presented to C. Thomas Snyder of Ames Research 

Center “so that he may continue to seek and maintain pre-eminence in 

outer space for the United States.” 

Robert H. Goddard Historical Essay Award for 1971 competition 

98 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 13-14 

was given Albert B. Christman of Naval Weapons Center for “Robert 

H. Goddard and the Military.” National Space Club Press Award was 

presented to Howard Benedict of Associated Press for “giving the public authoritative yet highly readable chronicles of the unfolding Space 

Age.” 

Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award was presented to Boeing Co. 

by Apollo 15 Astronaut David R. Scott. Citation read: “In recognition 

of great mobility provided by the ingenious Lunar Roving Vehicle. 

. . . Exploration of the moon by the Apollo 15 crew, its cameras, and 

its equipment, covering 28 kilometers [17.3 miles] over the rough 

terrain, was made possible by this masterful 500-pound [227-kilogram] 

stowable vehicle.” (Program) 

President Nixon transmitted to Congress Aeronautics and 

Space Report of the President: 1971 Activities. In transmission message President said: “Aided by the improvements we have made in 

mobility, our explorers on the moon last summer produced new, exciting and useful evidence on the structure and origin of the moon. 

Several phenomena which they uncovered are now under study. Our 

unmanned nearby observation of Mars is similarly valuable and significant for the advancement of science. During 1971, we gave added 

emphasis to aeronautics activities which contribute substantially to 

improved travel conditions, safety and security, and we gained increasing recognition that space and aeronautical research serves in many 

ways to keep us in the forefront of man’s technological achievements. 

There can be little doubt that the investments we are now making in 

exploration of the unknown are but a prelude to the accomplishments 

of mankind in future generations.” 

Report said U.S. was “proceeding into this decade with clearly 

defined goals and objectives for its civilian space program.’’ U.S. 

continued to invest “substantial resources’’ in space activities because 

of “national thrust to explore the unknown, the desire to acquire new 

knowledge, and the realization that space activity has practical and 

widely beneficial applications. Space is increasingly coming to be seen 

as an arena of human activity, rather than national activity, and therefore a particularly congenial focus for cooperative undertakings that 

bring the people of the world together.” (CR, 3/14/72, 53885; Text) 

0 Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and other officials testified 

before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences during 

FY 1972 NASA authorization hearings. Dr. Fletcher said: “I regard the 

fiscal year 1973 budget . . . as marking the end of a difEcult transition 

period for NASA. For the past 2 or 3 years, NASA, the executive branch, 

and the Congress have been grappling with questions on the course the 

Nation’s space program should take in the 1970’s and beyond. The 

main goals in science, exploration, and applications, and the advanced 

system and technology required to achieve these goals, have been 

identified . . . and generally approved . . . . But there has remained 

a basic uncertainty . . the question of cost. Can the Nation afford the 

space program of the 1970’s? Will the approval of the Space Shuttle 

and the other programs . . . commit the Nation to a large increase in 

future spending levels? 

This year we can give clear answers to these questions. We can 

assure the committee, the Congress, and the public that the program 

March 14: 

(a 

99 
March 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

we are proposing does not commit the country to higher budget levels 

in future years, at least measured in current dollars . . . . The revised 

plan is, I believe, more realistic and will give the Nation a good, 

viable, and balanced program in aeronautics and space at a cost it 

can afford.” 

Dr. George M. Low, Deputy Administrator, reported substantial 

progress in two basic cooperative activities with U.S.S.R.-joint work 

on compatible docking systems and exchanges in scientific areas, including lunar sample exchanges. In response to question, Dr. Low said 

he thought it likely U.S.S.R. would continue lunar program after U.S. 

completed Apollo program. “They may even try to land men on the 

moon in the latter part of this decade. That will be a catching-up 

process.” 

To further question, Dr. Fletcher said that in late 1970s U.S.S.R. 

would be “doing things in the manned space program that are beyond 

what we would be able to do.” From end of Skylab in 1973 until 1978, 

“it is likely that they will be carrying on some important activity and 

we will have no opportunity to respond until 1978” [with space shuttle]. 

Richard C. McCurdy, Associate Administrator for Organization and 

Management, submitted statement on NASA’s work force : “When several 

reductions are made serially, as they have been in NASA over the past 

several years, the effects compound, and the healing processes, such 

as the resumption of hiring of younger people, the filling of vacancies 

via merit promotion . . . do not have an opportunity to function.” 

NASA was “feeling these disadvantageous effects severely.” Most worrying was “dwindling of the supply of new blood.” It was obvious “trend 

cannot continue without the health and vigor of the organization being 

undermined.” NASA needed “to embark upon a period of stability” in 

work force to “return to normal personnel development practices, heal 

the damage of the past several years, and be prepared to meet the challenges of the 70’s.” With the “prospect of a period of relative stability 

in the general level of spending” and “clearer view of the NASA forward 

mission,” such a policy was indicated. 

Statement submitted by Daniel J. Harnett, Assistant Administrator 

for Industry Affairs and Technology Utilization, described NASA 

Regional Dissemination Centers’ assistance to users “ranging from 

small businesses to the largest companies in our Nation’s economyacross a broad spectrum of business sectors including manufacturing 

services, transportation and communications. The Centers also serve 

university faculty and students ; varied national, state, and local organizations; and governmental entities at all levels.” NASA RDCS had 

served more than 2000 organizations in 1971, of which over 48% of 

industrial users were small businesses. 

M/G Robert H. Curtin (USAF, Ret.) , NASA Director of Facilities, submitted statement on facilities. In $77.3-million FY 1973 request for 

construction of facilities, $27.9 million was for modifications and 

additions to facilities for space shuttle, $11.2 million for facilities 

supporting scientific investigations in space, $12.9 million for facilities 

supporting aeronautical research and technology, and $25.3 million for 

smaller supporting activities and planning and design. (Transcript) 

100 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 14 

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, Vice President and Group Executive of General 

Electric Co. and former NASA Administrator, delivered 1972 Tizard 

Memorial Lecture at Westminster School in London. Discussing man’s 

future in space, Dr. F’aine evaluated role of applications satellites: 

Their “great economic and social value” was apparent “although their 

full potential is not yet appreciated. Men on every continent regularly 

use these services today; shares can be bought in the enterprises that 

provide them. We must not, however, overlook the equal value of the 

new information about the earth‘s origin, history, environment, and 

destiny that our more basic lunar and planetary scientific programs 

are providing. Already studies of radiative energy transport in the 

atmosphere of Mars have contributed to terrestrial meteorology ; lunar 

geological surveys have provided new clues to the early formation and 

structure of earth. The line between science and application in this 

rapidly advancing area is continually shifting and new scientific understanding of such questions as the origin of the Ice Ages might be of 

incalculable human importance.” (Text) 

NASA released findings of U.S. authorities who met at Langley Research 

Center Aug. 16-20, 1971, to discuss detection of air and water pollution 

by remote sensing, especially from aircraft or satellites. Group had 

reported that remote sensing produced essential information unobtainable by other means. Measurements could be obtained by aircraft? 

high-flying balloons, and satellites and from ground, to provide picture 

of global or regional pollution problems. Group had recommended 

that new techniques and instrumentation be used as fully as possible 

with special emphasis on remote sensing potential of space technology. 

(NASA Release 72-58) 

* California Lt. Gov. Ed Reinecke in press release announced progress in 

application of NASA-developed technology to management of California’s 

environment. Reinecke, chief aide to Gov. Ronald Reagan in developing 

use of new technology for solution of state problems, said Gov. Reagan 

had pronounced NASA technology vital to resource management. Series 

of symposia held in cooperative effort by State of California, Ames 

Research Center, and Univ. of California at Berkeley was examining 

environmental problems, including smog. (ARC Release 72-16) 

* Development by Ames Research Center scientists of simple aperture 

method that made microscopic details of atomic dimensions clearly 

visible under transmission electron microscopy was announced by 

~ASA. Method permitted perception of distances of one angstrom instead of resolutions of three angstroms normally obtained with standard electron microscopes. Cancer researchers had obtained best results 

using NASA technique. (NASA Release 12-59) 

US. patent No. 3649921 was issued to Langley Research Center technician David F. Thomas for backpack harness that future astronauts 

could fasten with one hand, leaving other hand free for stabilization 

purposes in zero-g environment. Harness was pressure plate device 

with reinforced straps that encircled user’s body automatically when 

his back was pressed against plate. Commercial applications might 

include use as safety belt in automobiles and aircraft and use by handicapped persons. (Biggins, Newport News, Va, Times-Herald? 4/6/72 ; 

Pat Off PIO) 

101 
March 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Murch 15: Cosmos 478 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk. Orbital 

parameters: 282-km (175.2-mi) apogee, 176-km (109.4-mi) perigee, 

89-min period, and 65’ inclination. Satellite reentered March 28. 

(GSFC SSR, 3/31/72; SBD, 3/17/72, 98) 

0 Decision that space shuttle booster stage would be powered by recoverable, reusable, solid-fueled rocket motors in parallel burn configuration, 

rather than by pressure-fed liquid-fueled rocket motor, was announced 

by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, to Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences during N 1973 authorization hearings. Announcement was also released to press during morning and 

Dr. Fletcher held press conference in afternoon. Dr. Fletcher said both 

solid- and liquid-fueled boosters had been found technically feasible 

but “choice was made in favor of the solid parallel burn because of 

the Iower development cost and the lower technical risks. Cost estimate 

for shuttle development was now $5.15 billion instead of earlier $5.5- 

billion estimate. Request for proposals would be issued about March 17. 

NASA expected to select shuttle launch and landing site shortly. At press 

conference he said: “I think we have made the right decision at the 

right time. And I think it is the right price.” Dr. Fletcher said it was 

likely NASA would want to launch and land at same coastal site and 

possibly from sites on both coasts. Inland sites were unlikely because 

of requirement for booster recoverability. 

Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, 

said at conference there would be eight-week response time to request 

for proposals to become prime contractor for shuttle development. 

NASA would evaluate proposals in another eight weeks and would be 

ready for choice of contractor in early July. Requirements had been 

developed jointly with Air Force and “we have a shuttle that meets the 

user’s requirements, both in NASA and in the Air Force.” 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, estimated breakdown of 580 shuttle flights projected over 12-yr period for newsmen. 

Out of 100% of missions, 26% would be manned or man-tended, 

74% unmanned. Of that 7493, 27% would be €or applications (including NASA and other agencies or commercial applications), 25% for 

science, and 22% for Dept. of Defense missions. (Hearings transcript; 

Press conference transcript) 

NASA Associate Administrator Dale D. Myers-following detailed presentation on space shuttle decision announced by Administrator James 

C. Fletcher [see above]-moved to testimony on Apollo program, 

during Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences hearings 

on NASA N 1973 authorization. In new Apollo 16 lunar surface experiments, far-ultraviolet camera/spectograph would photograph celestial 

objects or areas emitting or absorbing energy from atomic hydrogen. 

Data would provide information on “composition, density, distribution, 

and motion of interplanetary, interstellar, and intergalactic gas clouds 

which will . . . enhance our understanding of the structure and evolution of the galaxy.” Data, recorded on film and returned from lunar 

surface by astronauts, would be “first attempt to evaluate the Moon as 

a platform from which to make future celestial observations.” Second 

new experiment, cosmic ray detector, would acquire data on origin and 

source mechanism of high-velocity cosmic rays and solar particles 

beyond effects of earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field. (Transcript) 

102 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 15 

March 15: NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale D. Myers, 

Administrator James C. Fletcher, and Deputy Administrator George M. Low (left to 

right) explained space shuttle plans at a press conference following the announcement 

that the shuttle booster stage would be powered by recoverable, reusable, solid-fueled 

rockets. In the artist’s drawing, the rockets are dropping away for recovery. 

103 
March 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

NASA TF-8A aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing and piloted by 

Thomas C. McMurtry, completed 29th flight from Flight Research 

Center. Purpose of flight was to check out new instrumentation and 

angle-of-attack and airspeed calibrations. Fixed rakes and rotating 

survey probes were checked out and angle-of-attack calibrations were 

obtained at 13 700-m (45 000-ft) altitude from mach 0.9 to 1.1. (NASA 

proj off) 

Federal Communications Commission made public recommendations by 

its staff for domestic communications satellite system. Recommendations were for “policy of limited open entry permitting all qualified 

applicants to own and operate domestic satellite systems.” Applicants 

for related uses of satellite systems would be expected to join forces. 

FCC spokesman said proposals for satellite use might ultimately be 

grouped into as many as four independent systems, each requiring its 

own satellite. Cost of complete system was estimated at $60 million to 

$100 million. Satellites would cost between $11 million and $26 million. 

Cost-sharing plan among applicants was recommended. Hearings on 

FCC staff report were scheduled to start May 1. (Schmeck, NYT, 

3/16/72, 1) 

Communications Satellite Corp. and Cunard Line, Ltd., jointly announced 

beginning of two-month test to demonstrate hiph-auality, reliable communications between Queen Elizabeth 2 at sea and ComSatCorp Laboratories in Clarksburg, Md., via Intelsat-ZV F-2 over Atlantic. Test was 

first transmission of voice and data communications via satellite with 

commercial passenger liner at sea. Ship carried 2.4-m (8-ft) parabolic 

antenna, antenna control and stabilization system, and digital communications terminal for communications in C-band frequencies (400- 

600 mhz) . When satellite communications became operationally available for use with ships at sea, service would be provided in L-band 

frequencies (1500-1600 mhz) . (ComSatCorp Release 72-16; ComSatCorp PIO) 

0 National Science Foundation announced selection of 121-hectare (300- 

acre) desert site west of Socorro, N. Mex., as site for $76-million verylarge-array ( VLA radiotelescope-most sensitive and accurate such 

instrument in world. VLA-which would consist of 27 dish-shaped 

radiotelescopes, each 25 m (82 ft) in diameter and movable along 

three 20.9-km (13-mi) Y-shaped tracks-would pick up naturally 

produced radio signals from objects within and outside Milky Way 

galaxy. NSF had included $3 million in FY 1973 budget request for 

initial phases of project. Subject to successful negotiations for land 

use and availability of funds, work on facility would begin during 

1972. (NSF Release 72-127) 

House Committee on Government Operations in 10th report, Aircraft 

Collision Avoidance Systems, criticized Federal Aviation Administration’s failure to develop “vigorous and meaningful program for preventing mid-air collisions.” Committee recommended FAA research 

and development program to provide “unified, coordinated approach 

encompassing all elements of air traffic control, including groundbased air traffic control, airborne collision avoidance, the structure of 

the Nation’s airspace.” Committee gave FAA Administrator until June 

30 to report development by FAA, NASA, and aviation community of 

1M 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 15 

program to provide US. with “acceptable level of collision avoidance 

capability at the earliest possible date.” (Text) 

NASA launched 29 sounding rockets from Wallops Station 

in cooperative international program to test weather data systems for 

France, Japan, and US. Project was sponsored by United Nations 

World Meteorological Organization’s Commission for Instruments and 

Methods of Observation. Objective was to compare data for better 

understanding of upper-air temperature and wind measurements and 

to encourage international cooperation in exchanging data obtained 

from meteorological rockets. Rockets-which carried radiosonde payloads ejected at apogee and descending on parachutes-included 12 

US. Loki-Datasondes carrying NASA payloads, 10 Japanese MT-135s 

carrying Japan Meteorological Agency payloads, and 7 US. Super 

Arcas rockets carrying French National Meteorological Agency payloads. Twenty-four flights were successful, three were failures, and two 

were partially successful. Second series of launches was planned for 

late 1973 with US., U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, Brazil, France, and 

India. (ws Release 72-3; Ws PAO) 

President Nixon praised ability of Americans to L‘harness the 

discoveries of science in the service of man” in message to Congress 

on science and technology: “They have found a way of preventing 

polio, placed men on the moon, and sent television pictures across the 

oceans.” But, “when other countries are rapidly moving upward on 

the scientific and technological ladder, challenging us both in intellectual and in economic terms,” US. position in aircraft, steel, automobile, and shipbuilding industries “is not as strong as it once was. A 

better performance is essential to both the health of our domestic 

economy and our leadership position abroad.” US. should “combine 

the genius of invention with the skills of entrepreneurship, management, marketing and finance;” ensure favorable environment for 

technological innovation ; realize “that mere development of a new 

idea does not necessarily mean that it can or should be put into immediate use; ” encourage young people to become “dedicated scientists 

and engineers;” continue priority assigned to basic research and to 

“exploratory experiments which provide the new ideas on which our 

edifice of technological accomplishment rests ; ” and L‘appreciate that 

the progress we seek requires a new partnership in science and technology-one which brings together the Federal Government, private 

enterprise, State and local governments, and our universities and research centers in a coordinated, cooperative effort to serve the national 

interest.” 

President had increased FY 1973 Dept. of Defense budget to “ensure 

our strategic deterrent capability, continue the modernization of our 

Armed Forces, and strengthen the overall technological base that underlies future military systems.” 

To “apply our scientific resources in meeting civilian needs,” President had developed “overall strategic approach in the allocation of 

Federal scientific and technological resources.” He urged Congress to 

support new strategy that included reorientation of space program “to 

focus on domestic needs-such as communications, weather forecasting and natural resource exploration. One important way . . . is by 

designing and developing a reusable space shuttle, a step which would 

March 15-21 : 

March 16: 

105 
March 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

allow us to seize new opportunities in space with higher reliability at 

lower COS~S.” 

President also advocated “providing new sources of energy without 

pollution;” developing “fast, safe, pyllution-free transportation;” reducing losses from natural disasters; mproving programs to curb drug 

abuse ; increasing biomedical research; providing better health care ; 

and drawing more directly on “capabilities of our high technology 

agencies”-NASA, Atomic Energy Commission, and National Bureau 

of Standards-in applying R&D to domestic problems. 

To improve “climate for innovation’’ President had proposed National Science Foundation support of “assessments and studies focused 

. . . on barriers to technological innovation and on the consequences of 

adopting alternative Federal policies which would reduce or eliminate 

these barriers.” Additionally he would “submit legislation to encourage 

the development of the small, high technology firms” and “provide 

additional means for the Small Business Investment Companies 

(SBICS) to improve the availability of venture capital to such firms.” 

Among “cooperative international efforts” in science and technology 

President cited exchange of lunar samples with U.S.S.R. and exploration of “prospects for closer cooperation in satellite meteorology, in 

remote sensing of the environment, and in space medicine. Beyond 

this, joint working groups have verified the technical feasibility of a 

docking mission between a SALYUT Station and an Apollo spacecraft.” 

NASA officials testified before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences during FY 1973 NASA authorization hearings. 

Roy P. Jackson, NASA Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and 

Space Technology, presented program request with increased emphasis 

on technology for “solving urgent domestic civil air transportation 

problems of noise and congestion,” continuing concern for “rapidly 

growing foreign competition’’ to US. leadership in world aircraft 

markets, greater attention to “countering the erosion of this Nation’s 

preeminence in military aeronautics,” phase-over in space shuttle 

technology from exploratory activities to development support, continuing focus on space technology for advanced earth-orbit systems and 

outer planet exploration, change in emphasis from development of 

large nuclear rocket to continuing the technology base for nuclear 

propulsion, with focus on small high-energy system. Budget also included continuing reduction of research staff and emphasis on upgrading existing facilities, with no new facilities requested. 

In aeronautics, advanced system studies in FY 1971 and FY 1972 

had examined application to new subsonic and sonic aircraft designs 

of projected advances in aerodynamics, structures, propulsion, controls, and avionics ; identified technology advances offering greatest 

economic and competitive position benefits; and defined actions to 

“bring the advanced technologies to a state of readiness for industry 

utilization by the late 1970s.” Follow-on studies would be conducted in 

FY 1973 on “additional noise alleviation possibilities and on terminal 

compatibility.” Application of supercritical aerodynamics and configuration treatment, engine noise and emission suppression techniques, 

composite structures, and use of active control systems “were shown 

to result in a quieter, safer, more economical subsonic/sonic transport 

(PD, 3/20/72, 581-90) 

106 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 16 

having greater productivity than the current wide-body jet transports.” 

In N 1973 “aerodynamics effort will concentrate on refinements of 

supercritical wing and related configuration treatment for transport 

concepts capable of increased flight efficiency.” 

David S. Gabriel, Manager of AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Systems Office, testified on office’s on-going work after termination of nuclear 

engine for rocket vehicle application (NERVA) program June 30, 1972: 

“TO reach the outer planets in reasonably short trip times during the 

1980’s requires more advanced propulsion systems than are currently 

available. Among the candidate propulsion systems for these missions 

is a small, approximately 15,000-pound-thrust [ 66 720-newton-thrust] 

nuclear rocket engine, more suited to these unmanned outer planet 

missions than the large NERVA engine. Other candidates include highperformance chemical rockets and solar-and-nuclear-electric propulsion. 

“For the balance of this fiscal year and during the next, we will 

compare . . . candidate propulsion systems for a variety of future potential missions of the 1980’s and 1990’s including the outer planet 

exploration missions.” (Transcript) 

Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Sciences, 

reviewed space science program before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences during FY 1973 authorization hearings : 

Major accomplishment in astronomy in 1971 had been mapping of 

universe at x-ray wavelengths with first x-ray astronomy satellite, 

Explorer 42 (Uhuru, launched Dee. 12, 1970). Two dozen scientific 

articles had been published on observations by satellite; 116 objects 

emitting x-rays had been studied and positions accurately determined. 

Analysis of rocket data on one object indicated diameter was less than 

20 km (13 mi), yet it emitted much larger amount of x-radiation than 

did sun. “The discovery of such X-ray sources is of fundamental importance because matter in ordinary states . . . cannot account for such 

intense radiation.” 

In 1971 NASA had launched eight missions in physics and astronomy 

program. Most important was Orbiting Solar Observatory Us0 7 

(launched Sept. 29, 1971), “which carried into orbit a set of solar 

telescopes more powerful than any launched before. One instrumenta coronagraph-revealed visible evidence of three luminous jets of 

intensely hot solar plasma being hurled out into space at a speed of 

more than two million miles per hour [some 3 million km per hr]. 

These luminous jets were 20 times the size of the earth, and represented 

the energy of 100 million atomic bombs. A peak temperature of 30 

million degrees must have been attained in this event. Again . . . matter 

must have been produced on a scale man cannot produce on earth.” 

International cooperation continued major role in space science 

program; five of eight 1971 missions had had significant international 

participation. 

During year experiments and prime contractor, TRW Inc., had been 

selected for “newest and most significant program in astronomy”-High 

Energy Astronomy Observatory, designed to “unlock some of the most 

profound and puzzling secrets of modern physics.” Pulsars and quasars 

had given evidence of new concept of energy generation that produced 

power at levels unexplainable by modern nuclear physics. (Transcript) 

107 
March 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

a Tenth anniversar; of U.S.S.R.’s first Cosmos satellite, Cosmos I, launched 

March 16,’ 1962. 

Cosmos satellites’ wide variety of functions were described in Trud 

by Soviet engineer T. Borisov.. Primary objectives of Cosmos program 

-which had included almost 500 spacecraft-were “profound and 

comprehensive scientific investigations of circumterrestrial space” and 

earth, improvement of space vehicles, and application of experiments 

“connected with the extensive use of space for national economic and 

cultural purposes. Very appreciable results have been achieved in . . . the historically short span of 10 years.” Cosmos satellites had studied 

circumterrestrial plasma and its interconnection with earth‘s magnetic 

field, previously unknown dynamics of processes in upper atmosphere 

and space, and relationship between sun and earth. “Cosmos-261 and 

Cosmos-348 explored the plasma ocean. Cosmos-166, which spent a 

long time patrolling the sun, made a careful survey of the solar disc. 

Cosmos-92 and Cosmos-149 could be described as modern geophysical 

laboratories. The astronomers’ automatic laboratory Cosmos-215 had 

eight telescopes on board to observe hot stars in visible and ultraviolet rays. It also had an X-ray telescope and two photometers to 

record solar radiation dispersed by the earth‘s upper atmosphere.” 

Series had also contributed to “the further improvement of space 

technology” and led to creation of first orbital station. “It was only 

after testing all the complex mechanical, electrical, and radio engineering systems and installations, and after two Cosmos satellite automatic 

dockings that the way was opened to Soyuz . . . and Salyut. The Cosmos 

satellites have tested many systems, units and assemblies of lunar and 

interplanetary automatic apparatuses. . . . the thermoregulating system 

assemblies, the solar batteries, means of communication, and many 

scientific instruments for the Luna, Venera, Zond, and Mars apparatuses were created on the basis of or having regard to experience 

gained in the operation of similar installations in Cosmos satellites.” 

( FBIS-SOV, 3/30/72, L1) 

European Launcher Development Organization ( ELDO) Council announced decision to begin development of Europa I11 launch vehicle 

Oct. 1, subject to approval by European Space Conference meeting in 

Brussels in October. (SF, 7/72, 241) 

* Sprint antiballistic missile launched by Dept. of Defense from Kwajalein 

Atoll and guided by missile site radar on Meck Island successfully intercepted Minuteman warhead over Pacific. Test was 24th in series to 

check out Safeguard antiballistic missile components. (UPI, NYT, 

3/19/72, 15) 

March 17: Air Force launched unidentified reconnaissance satellite on 

Titan IIIB-Agena booster from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 9:OO 

am PST. Orbital parameters: 396-km (246-mi) apogee, 141-km (88-mi) 

perigee, 89.8-min period, and 110.9” inclination. Satellite reentered 

April 11. (Pres Rpt 73; Sou Aero, 3/27/72, 91; Av Wk, 3/27/72, 17) 

NASA issued requests for proposals to industry for development of orbiter 

vehicle and systems integration for space shuttle orbiter’s external 

propellant tank, solid-fueled rocket booster, orbiter main engine, and 

orbiter air-breathing engine [see March 151. (NASA Space Shuttle 

Fact Sheet, 5/72) 

108 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 17 

Apollo 16 astronauts John W. Young, Charles M. Duke, Jr., and Thomas 

K. Mattingly I1 announced code names for Apollo 16 lunar module and 

command module at Manned Spacecraft Center press conference. LM 

would be called “Orion” for constellation-also known as the Hunterwhich would be visible to crew throughout mission. CM would be called 

“Casper” after cartoon character Casper the Friendly Ghost. In response to press comment that crew members were all from the South 

and that exploration site terrain had been designated with Southern 

names, Duke said only other Southern thing planned would be “a new 

first . . . to take along some grits for breakfast.” (Transcript; NYT, 

3/18/72, 21) 

NASA TF-SA aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing and piloted by 

Thomas C. McMurtry, completed 30th flight from FRC. Purpose of 

flight was to check out new instrumentation and angle-of-attack and 

airspeed calibrations. Fixed rakes and rotating survey probes were 

checked out and angle-of-attack calibrations were obtained at 13 700-m 

(45 000-ft) altitude from mach 0.9 to 1.1. (NASA proj off) 

Vanguard 1, second US. satellite, began 15th year in orbit. When 

launched March 17, 1958, satellite’s lifetime was estimated at 5-10 

yrs; current estimate was 200 to 2000 yrs. Vanguard 1 was one of 

5865 man-made space objects cataloged by North American Air Defense Command Space Defense Center. Of these, 2659-including 504 

payloads and 2155 pieces of debris-were still orbiting earth. (Miles, 

LA Times, 3/13/72; GSFC PAO) 

* Cameras on board NASA’s Mariner 9 Mars probe (launched May 30, 

1971) were turned off to check out malfunction in onboard computer. 

(NASA Release 72-67) 

* NASA launched Aerobee 150 sounding rocket from Churchill Research 

Range, Canada, carrying Johns Hopkins Univ. auroral studies experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

0 NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and Management Richard 

C. McCurdy testified on decrease in research and program management 

(R&PM) budget in House Committee on Science and Astronautics 

hearings on FY 1973 NASA authorization: Requested $700.8 million was 

decrease of $26.5 million from FY 1972. Ceiling of 26850 was proposed for Civil Service component of NASA in-house work force, 1500 

lower than original 1972 ceiling-bringing total reduction since 1968 

peak to 8300 positions, or 25%. 

NASA had planned to achieve 1973 ceiling by normal attrition, but 

rate of attrition was running 22% lower than required and Center 

directors had been instructed to use reduction-in-force procedures as 

necessary to reach ceilings. 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Organization and Management 

Bernard Moritz testified that under FY 1973 authorization bill all 

NASA facility projects would be presented for approval and funding 

under full disclosure concept. 

M/G Robert H. Curtin (USAF, Ret.), Director of Facilities in Office 

of Administration, entered prepared statement detailing $77.3-million 

FY 1973 request for construction of facilities and explained $8 million 

request for facility planning and design within that total. First $3.5 

million was for “regular recurrent” requirements and $4.5 million for 

“special” requirements. Of the $4.5, $3.75 million was for space shuttle 

109 
March 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

facilities, including preliminary engineering reports for larger 1974 

and 1975 programs. Second portion was for large aeronautical facility 

-$750000 for design of full-scale subsonic wind tunnel that would 

ultimately cost $150 million to $200 million if approved, with total 

design cost of $7 million to $10 million. Requested FY 1973 funds 

would complete design on drive section of tunnel. 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and Space Technology George W. Cherry described FY 1973 disbursements for aeronautics: 

Important part dealt with reduction of jet aircraft noise, with $28.5 

million requested for research and technology to continue this work. 

Roughly one half was for research and technology attacking noise 

generation and noise propagation; $12.4 million. was for programs for 

near-term relief from jet aircraft noise. Of the $12.4 million, $9 million 

was requested for engine-modification development program and $3.4 

million for development of operational procedures for noise abatement. 

Cherry presented audiovisual demonstration of effectiveness of 

engine modifications and operational procedures. (Transcript) 

Philadelphia Inquirer quoted Lockheed spokesman as saying last C-5 

Galaxy military transport aircraft to be built under Government contract was on assembly line and was expected to be completed in mid1973. Lockheed was selling 81 C-5s to Air Force for $4.9 billion. 

(P Znq, 3/17/72, 89) 

Assignment by President Nixon of Gen. Horace M. Wade, Chief of Staff, 

Supreme Hq. Allied Powers Europe, as Vice Chief of Staff, United 

States Air Force, was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin R. 

Laird. ( DOD Release 195-72) 

* President Nixon signed S. 3244, bill increasing funds for international 

aeronautical exposition from $3 million to $5 million. Bill became 

NASA was being embarrassed by management, planning, and 

production problems incurred by Fairchild Industries (formerly Fairchild Hiller Corp. ) in implementation of disputed Applications Technology Satellite F ( ATS-F) contract, Business Week reported. Contract 

had been awarded originally to General Electric Co. in 1970. Protest 

by Fairchild Hiller that its proposal was superior to GE’s had led to 

full-scale review of award by General Accounting Office. NASA had reawarded contract to Fairchild Hiller. Now, 18 mos after re-award, 

NASA had noted that cost of ATS-F had increased from $50 million to 

$65 million “and is still climbing.” Satellite’s spring 1973 launch date 

was said to be slipping badly and NASA had moved new manager, John 

M. Thole, into program “to see if he can get things back into line.” 

(Bus Wk, 3/18/72) 

Shuttle Program Office, managed by Roy E. Godfrey, was 

formed at Marshall Space Flight Center. Office would be staffed by 

Shuttle Task Team until July 1, when team would be abolished and 

some members assigned permanently to office. (Marshall Star, 5/17/72, 

* New York Times science reporter John Nobel Wilford toured Zvezdny 

Gorodok (Star City), near MOSCOW, asfirst Western correspondent to be 

invited to center of U.S.S.R. cosmonaut activities. Guide for visit 

arranged by Soviet Novosti News Agency was Soyuz Cosmonaut Vladimir A. Shatalov, chief of cosmonaut training. Shatalov said U.S.S.R. 

P.L. 92-251. (CR, 3/21/72, D293) 

March 18: 

March 19: 

1; MSFC PAO) 

110 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 19 

did not announce space mission dates “because we don’t want to bind 

the people who are preparing the flight.” Cosmonaut flight training 

areas were closed to most visitors “because we just don’t want journalists to interfere with the working atmosphere of the cosmonauts.” Area 

contained medical center with centrifuge that cosmonauts called 

“Devil’s merry-go-round.” 

From size and number of apartment buildings, Wilford estimated 

Star City population at 1500 to 2000. City was “smaller than Houston 

space center because it does not also serve as the mission control complex and apparently has no primary responsibility for the management 

of spacecraft design and development.” Like NASA Manned Spacecraft 

Center at Houston, Star City contained facilities for premission training 

of cosmonauts and postmission physical examinations and recreation. 

Like US. astronauts, Soviet cosmonauts were trained in aircraft “that 

make deep dives to simulate weightlessness.” Parachuting tested ability 

to handle high-stress situations. First simulator for Salyut orbiting 

laboratory was being installed in new building to be completed at 

year’s end. Wilford said that “this could mean that no major advance 

beyond the present version of Salyut should be expected until well after 

the simulator is ready.” 

Of about 50 cosmonauts in Soviet space program, one third were 

civil engineers living in Moscow, Shatalov said; remainder were Soviet 

air force pilots who lived in Star City. No women were preparing for 

space missions but U.S.S.R. had “many women who specialize in 

meteorology and medicine, which are professions necessary on the 

orbital stations.” 

From descriptions by Shatalov and Cosmonaut-engineer Aleksey S. 

Yeliseyev, Wilford had constructed outline of preparations for Soviet 

space mission: Cosmonauts were assigned to mission one year in advance of launch date by commission of medical and engineering experts 

and Shatalov. There were two backup crews. After learning spacecraft 

mechanics and electronics and practicing in spacecraft simulator at 

Star City, crew went to Baykonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan three 

weeks before launch. There they completed training in actual spacecraft, checked instruments, stocked food, adjusted couches, and recommended minor changes in housekeeping. “Unlike Cape Kennedy,” 

Baykonur had no simulators for last-minute practice. For two days 

before launch, “after the state commission approves the spaceship’s 

readiness,” crew relaxed. On launch morning cosmonauts were examined physically and biomedical sensors were attached to their bodies 

before they donned spacesuits. Traditionally, cosmonauts then gathered 

in quarters for few moments of silence broken by shouts of “off we 

go!” They signed their names on door before leaving for launch pad. 

Between missions, cosmonauts were expected to devote time each month 

to “social work”-visits to schools, collective farms, and factories. 

Shatalov had suggested that new Soviet manned missions were possible within months and that U.S.S.R. was studying mission longevity 

in preparation for earth-orbiting laboratories. Of next Salyut mission, 

Shatalov said: “We are going to make it better . . . . We will prolong 

the visits of men, and the number of expeditions will grow. This is the 

difference now between our program and yours.” Yeliseyev had said 

his countrymen would “probably” be on the moon by 1975. 

111 
March 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

At tour’s completion, Shatalov had offered toast: “To cooperation 

between our peoples, to working together in space, which is our future 

and the future of the world.” (Wilford, NYT, 3/22/72, 30; 3/26/72, 

7; Huntsville Times, 4/2/72, 17) 

Engineers at Kennedy Space Center pumped 805 cu m (212 000 

gals) of kerosene into 1st stage of Apollo 16’s Saturn V booster in 

preparation for scheduled April 16 launch toward moon. Countdown 

demonstration test would begin March 22, with crew completing simulated liftoff at 12:54 pm EST March 29. (UPI, NY News, 3/21/72) 

National Science Foundation issued Manpower and Financial Resources 

Allocated to Academic Science and Engineering Activities, 1965-71 

(NSF 72-302). Universities and colleges employed 273 800 full- and 

part-time scientists and engineers in January 1971, 6% per year increase from January 1969. Annual increase rate had been 8% 1965- 

1969. Current and capital expenditures for science and engineering 

totaled $7.9 billion in 1970, 6% increase per year over 1968. Annual 

increase rate had been 15% 1964-1968. In constant dollar terms based 

on Gross National Product, 1968-1970 increase averaged only 1% per 

year, while 1964-1968 rate of growth averaged 12% per year. Annual 

growth rate of 6% in expenditures for scientific and engineering 

activities in current dollars during 1968-1970 was considerably lower 

than the 16% “nonscientific” activities in universities and colleges 

1968-1970. (NSF Highlights, 3/20/72, 1) 

New uses of electrical energy developed from NASA research 

were exhibited at Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 

convention in New York. Exhibit included patient-assist devices for 

human rehabilitation, “life signs” monitoring systems for hospitals 

and nursing homes, p.owered prosthetic hand replacement, portable 

light indicator for blind persons, sight-switch-operated wheelchair, 

system for recording school attendance, private alarm systems, gas 

analysis system for checking room or container atmospheres, system 

of easily concealed circuitry for controlling lights and appliances, 

bacteria detection equipment, and long-range laser surveying system. 

(NASA Release 72-57) 

American Astronomical Society Planetary Sciences Div., 

meeting in Hawaii, heard report of oxygen discovery on Mars and 

discussed 1971 Mariner Mars mission. Univ. of Texas astronomer 

Dr. Ed Barker described finding, by examining Martian light through 

272-cm ( 107-in) telescope at MacDonald Observatory, of average of 

one tenth of one percent oxygen in Martian atmosphere. Since earth 

atmosphere contained about 10000 times that amount, Dr. Barker 

concluded that “there is not enough oxygen in the Martian atmosphere 

to sustain human life, but I can’t rule out a bacterial type of life.” 

Mariner Mars mission was expected to return data through November 

1972. (H Chron, 4/2/72; JPL Release 611) 

President Nixon sent letter to Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo 

Program Director: “As we approach the final countdown for Apollo 

16, I want you and all the men and women of Apollo to know how 

much this nation values your splendid efforts. The moon flight program 

has captured the imagination of our times as has no other human 

endeavor. You and your team have, in fact, written the first chapter 

in the history of man’s exploration of space, and all future achieveMarch 20: 

March 20-23: 

March 20-24: 

March 21: 

112 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 21 

ments must credit all of ‘you for having blazed the path. Countless 

people throughout the world will soon be sharing with you the excitement of Apollo 16’s voyage, and I know I speak for all of them in 

conveying to you my warmest best wishes for a safe and successful 

flight. Good luck!” 

Dr. Petrone later sent copy of President’s letter to Apollo team. 

(Petrone letter) 

* Soviet scientists V. Moroz and L. Ksanfomaliti described in Zzvestia 

findings on Mars atmosphere from Mars 2 and 3 spacecraft. Difference 

in contrast on two wavelengths between continents and seas during 

dust storm and change in contrast in same field had permitted evaluation of dust particle size and cloud thickness. Average radius of particles over Iapigya region Dee. 15, 1971, was estimated to be less than 

one micrometer and density of particles to be 100 million per sq cm 

(645 million per sq in). “If clouds of such density uniformly envelop 

the entire planet, its atmosphere must have contained several thousand 

million tons of dust.” Estimates suggested that particles have mostly 

silicate composition, “which agrees with the infra-red spectra obtained 

by Mariner 9. Particles of such a tiny size . . . fall very slowly-for 

about a month even in the absence of supporting vertical currents in 

the atmosphere. Hence the conclusion that no prolonged storm in the 

true sense of the word, i.e. constant winds in the period of investigation, occurred.” Unlike Venus, where cloud layer and atmosphere were 

more pervious and created “hothouse effect,” surface of Mars “gets 

cool rather than heated, giving rise to what may be described as an 

‘anti-hothouse effect.’ When the storm ended, the temperature rose.” 

Water vapor content of atmosphere was low during and after the dust 

storm (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 3/22/72, L1) 0 Jet Propulsion Laboratory had issued report calling for analysis of 

potential hazards of 64-m (210-ft) dish antenna at Goldstone Tracking 

Station near Barstow, Calif., Los Angeles Times reported. Beam could 

pose electromagnetic threat to electronics components in aircraft and 

to passengers on board who had cardiac pacemakers. Preliminary 

estimates indicated high potential hazard within tubular, 400 000-w 

invisible beam out to 16.9-km (10.5-mi) altitude, where its power 

diminished to safe levels. (Miles, LA Times, 3/21/72) 

Air Force announced award of $1 353 205 firm-fixed-price contract to 

Space Data Corp. for production of meteorological probes and launch 

support equipment. ( DOD Release 204-72) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 479 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

541-km (336.2-mi) apogee, 514-km (319.4-mi) perigee, 95.1-min 

period, and 74” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/72; SBD, 3/24/72, 138) 

* Apollo 16 countdown demonstration test ( CDDT) without propellants 

began at Kennedy Space Center in preparation for launch toward 

moon April 16. (KSC Release 55-72) 

* NASA TF-SA aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing and piloted by 

Thomas C. McMurtry, completed 31st flight from Flight Research 

Center. Primary objective was to evaluate aircraft’s longitudinal stability with augmentation off at altitudes from ll 300 to 13 700 m 

(37 000 to 45 OOO ft) and mach 0.8 to 1.0. Survey equipment was removed. Angles of attack up to 17” and normal accelerations as high as 

3.7 g were covered. (NASA proj off) 

March 22: 

113 
March 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Ap& 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. 

Worden and Manned Spacecraft Center Director, Dr. Robert R Gilruth, 

were named by National Aeronautic Assn. to receive 1972 Robert J. 

Collier Trophy May 31. (AP, W Star, 3/22/72, A25) 

Charles W. Mathews, NASA Associate Administrator for Applications, 

testified on future applications of NASA research in domestic communications before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences 

during NASA FY 1973 authorization hearings : “Domestic communications systems . . . will make available many television-bandwidth 

channels, for both public and commercial use, to all the population . . . including remote and sparsely populated regions. Several . . . channels 

could be available for educational and instructional use. There are 

likely to be universities of the air which will permit many students . . . to achieve college degrees while spending only a small . . . time in 

academic residence.” Improved systems would “permit an increase in 

the number of people who could receive actual pre-school training and 

training in early-childhood education and health-care practices.” 

Health care could be improved and costs reduced through broad 

public access to health-care services and information, while centralized 

health-record-keeping could aid hospital personnel, administrators, and 

private physicians. Two-way television teleconferences between health 

professionals could become possible. In law enforcement, “fingerprints 

and other criminal records and data could be almost instantaneously 

available anywhere in the country, and television conferencing could 

make possible the remote taking of testimony as well as remote identification procedures.” Postal service would improve “with the advent 

of electronic mail handling. Satellite links may be expected to carry a 

majority of the long distance letter mail, making inexpensive overnight 

delivery possible to all but the most remote locations. New satellite 

systems for aviation and maritime tr&c management will reduce the 

accident rate and increase the efficiency of transoceanic and coastal 

transportation of goods and people. 

NASA Deep Space Network support of Mariner 9 mission (launched 

May 30, 1970) was described by Gerald M. Truszynski, Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition: “From lift-off on May 

30 to insertion into its egg-shaped orbit around Mars on November 13 

and continuing during orbital operations around Mars, Mariner 9 has 

been monitored and controlled by the deep space network. The navigational accuracy required to insert Mariner 9 into Martian orbit was 

unprecedented in prior flights into deep space. The aiming point . . . after a flight of about 380 million kilometers (240 million miles) was 

an area only 160 kilometers (100 miles) square. This re resents an 

Mariner 2 flight to Venus in 1962. Since the network issued the commands for retroengine firing and Mariner 9 was injected into orbit. . . the spacecraft has been completing two orbits of Mars each earth 

day and recording some 30 television pictures of the Martian surface 

on each orbit. After each orbit, when the spacecraft can be ‘seen’ by 

the Goldstone @-meter [7O-yard] antenna, Mariner 9 transmits back 

the tape recorded pictures upon command from the network.” (Transcript) 

aiming area some 100,000 times smaller than was attaina \ le for the 

114 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 22 

Langley Research Center awarded 31-mo, $4 128 860 contract to Univ. 

of Iowa for design, construction, integration, test, and launch support 

for Injun-F spacecraft and onboard experiments. Injun-F would be 

launched from Western Test Range by Scout booster in 1974 to study 

interaction of solar winds with geomagnetosphere at large radial distances over earth’s north polar cap. Orbit would be highly elliptical 

and would traverse an area of space not previously surveyed. Spacecraft would weigh 27 kg (60 lbs) and would carry three principal 

experiments : magnetometer to map geomagnetic field over polar caps, 

low-energy proton electron differential energy analyzer to provide 

data on population density of charged particles, and extremely-lowfrequency and very-low-frequency ( ELF-VLF) experiment to determine 

nature of electrostatic and electromagnetic fields. Experiments might 

lead to understanding of way in which natural radiation belts surrounding earth maintained their supply of charged particles. Principal 

investigator would be Dr. James A. Van Allen, discoverer of Van Allen 

belts. (NASA Release 72-65) 

Director Bruce T. Lundin of Lewis Research Center announced major 

organizational changes to strengthen and streamline LeRC for its 

assumption of greater leadership in aeronautics, space communications, 

and electrical power field. Changes-which had yet to be formally 

approved by NASA-included creation of new position of Deputy 

Director, Management, filled by Henry C. Barnett, and creation of two 

new directorates : Space Communications, headed by J. Howard Childs, 

and Launch Vehicles, headed by Edmund R. Jonash. Dr. John C. Evvard 

was named Chief Scientist to provide “greater organizational visibility’’ 

in basic research. Laser power group and applications group were 

established, strengthening of computer management was begun, several 

divisions were restructured, and new offices were established. Lundin 

said changes would strengthen URC coordination and parallel research 

organization at NASA Hq. (Lewis News, 3/24/72, 1; Lundin Off) 

* ApoUo 10 command module and mock-up of Apollo lunar roving 

vehicle were part of exhibition “Research and Development in the 

U.S.A.” that opened in Moscow. Exhibit had been in Ibilisi, capital of 

Soviet Georgia, earlier, in scheduled tour of six Soviet cities. (Reuters, 

NYT, 3/23/72, 6) 

Soviet tests of three-part warhead for giant SS-9 intercontinental ballistic 

missiles had failed to demonstrate sufficient accuracy to seek out and 

destroy three separate US. Minuteman missiles in their steel and 

concrete silos, Dr. John S. Foster, Director of Defense Research and 

Engineering in Dept. of Defense, said in testimony before Senate 

Committee on Armed Services. U.S. intelligence had concluded that 

U.S.S.R.’s projected ability to destroy large part of US. Minuteman 

force by mid-1970s might not materialize until 1980s. (Beecher, NYT, 

3/22/72, 1) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics unanimously 

approved H.R. 14070, $3.429-billion FY 1973 NASA authorization 

bill, $50 million above NASA budget request of $3.379 billion. Bill, 

reported to House April 11, allocated $2.651 billion for research and 

development ( R&D), $77.3 million for construction of facilities, and 

$700.8 million for research and program management. 

March 23: 

115 
March 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

NASA budget request of $163.4 million for aeronautical research 

and technology was increased $48.5 million to $211.9 million. In 

House report, Committee scored previous cut in funding for aeronautics 

and recommended increase to support 1971 Civil Aviation Research 

and Development (CARD) Policy Study of NASA and Dept. of Transportation by expediting solution of “major problems in aviation today: 

noise pollution and safety.” Bill allocated $41 million of the increase 

(for $50-million total) toward R&D to retrofit civil aviation fleet with 

noise reduction modifications and $7.5-million increase (for $24.7- 

million total) for aviation safety. Of safety funds, $3.8 million was for 

technology to modify civil aircraft to use Federal Aviation Administration’s new microwave landing system by 1978, $700000 for turbulence research, and $3 million for research on aircraft collision 

avoidance. 

Bill increased NASA budget request for technology utilization from 

$4 million to $5.5 million. Of increase, $1.2 million was to be spent 

in applying NASA technology to problems in urban structures, fire 

safety, transportation systems, and energy conversion and $300 000 

for applications engineering products and patent licensing. 

Committee deleted $4 million from $59.6-million NASA request for 

High Energy Astronomy Observatory ( HEAO) and restored $4 million 

deleted by Office of Management and Budget for Earth Observation 

Satellite ( EOS) , follow-on development to Earth Resources Technology 

Satellite (ERTS). Committee said it was expressing concern that NASA 

placed “higher priority upon certain expensive scientific projects . . . than it does upon space applications project which Congress considers 

most important.” Committee considered level of funding for space 

applications “inadequate” and urged “a substantial increase in the 

budget for fiscal year 1974.” (H Rpt 92-926; Com Off) 

Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering 

in Dept. of Defense, testified before Senate Committee on Aeronautical 

and Space Sciences on DOD coordination with NASA on space shuttle 

development during hearings on NASA FY 1973 authorization: “I 

firmly believe that the US. must retain a strong national commitment 

to scientific and technological progress. The NASA space program is a 

vital element of this overall effort.” 

In space area, DOD was “becoming increasingly dependent on space 

systems, particularly in . . . communications. Other agencies and the 

public are becoming increasingly dependent on the use of space for 

communications, weather forecasting, and natural resource exploration. 

The Department of Defense supports the NASA space shuttle as an 

important part of the President’s program, which will lead to a greater 

and more effective use of the space environment in the future.” 

Dr. Foster discussed Defense Satellite Communications System 

(DSCS) for military needs not satisfied economically and reliably by 

more traditional communications systems. First DSCS, currently operational, employed “simple, low-power satellites and ground terminals 

originally designed for experimental and test programs. To replace 

the existing satellites . . . we are deploying new DSCS satellites that 

have roughly 10 times the communications capability. . . . We are 

also developing improved terminals which will supplement the existing 

DSCS terminal complex.” (Transcript) 

116 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 23 

0 Collection of sketches and notes on rockets and spacecraft and original 

manuscript on astronomy by Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy 

Associate Administrator for Planning, were placed on permanent 

exhibition at Alabama Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville. Display 

opening coincided with rocket pioneer’s 60th birthday. (Birmingham 

Post-Herald, 3/24/72) 

0 New Yorlc Times editorial commented on March 19 visit of its science 

writer John N. Wilford to U.S.S.R.’s Star City, home of cosmonauts. 

Visit “implied a major change in Soviet policy toward space cooperation. No Western journalist had previously been permitted inside this 

key center of Soviet manned space activities.” Wilford’s report had 

suggested U.S.S.R. might be willing to explore moon jointly with 

US. “If so, the idea catches the United States at an embarrassing 

point in development of its space program. After the scheduled flights 

of Apollos 16 and 17 . . . this country plans to focus most of its future 

activity in space on earth-orbiting space stations and development of 

a space shuttle.” (NYT, 3/23/72) 

Air Force launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg 

Air Force Base at 12:45 pm PST by Thor-Burner I1 booster. Orbital 

parameters: 884-km (549-mi) apogee, 802-km (498-mi) perigee, 101.7- 

min period, and 98.7O inclination. (Pres Rpt 73; SBD, 3/29/72, 156) 

NASA’s Mariner 9 Mars probe-orbiting Mars since Nov. 13, 1971-had 

resumed its scientific examination of Mars following engineering 

analysis of onboard computer, NASA announced. Cameras had been 

turned off March 17 while trouble-shooting procedures were conducted. 

Cause of problem had not been determined, but systems were working 

properly and problem had not recurred. 

Mariner 9 was 288 million km (179 million mi) from earth and 

had returned 7000 pictures of Mars and mapped 85% of Mars since 

launch May 30, 1971. Last pictures to be taken by Mariner 9 until 

first week in June had been recorded March 22 and 23 and science 

instruments would be turned off March 30. From April 2 to June 4 

Mariner 9 would pass through Mars shadow once during each orbit 

for periods of up to 100 sec, during which spacecraft would operate on 

battery power. Limited science operations would resume after June 4, 

with spacecraft recording data and taking pictures about once a week 

until mission ended in November. Primary objectives of mission had 

been completed Feb. 11. (NASA Release 72-67) 

0 Future need for public administrators who understpod science and 

technology was forecast by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, 

in speech before American Society of Public Administrators in New 

York. Sociological and technological components of world problems 

raised problems to “new level of complexity.” 

Management and public administration teams were examining “successful conduct of the Apollo program-the most complicated and 

difficult technical task ever undertaken by man.” However, “in Apollo 

we were carrying out a highly complex, but basically technical program. 

Essentially we were dealing with machines, not people.” 

Asked if US. should use Apollo program approach to solve environmental problems, ApoZZo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman had told 

interviewer: “I don’t think that I would care to live in a country that 

March 24: 

117 
March 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

solved its social problems in the same way we solved the Apollo 

problems.” 

Dr. Fletcher agreed “our Science-Administrator needs for the future 

should not be equated with needs for better technical program managers, although this too will become increasingly important. In developing and formulating wise and sound policies and programs to tackle 

our emerging problems, it will be essential to have individuals within 

all governmental levels who are capable of understanding the potentials 

of science and technology . . . and who are alert to their ultimate 

purposes and consequences. . . . It is in this role that I conceive of the 

new Science-Administrator. (Text) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Cosmos 476 (launched March 1) was believed by US. military 

and space experts to be a new-generation electronic-intelligence satellite, Associated Press reported. Cosmos 476 payload was estimated at 

between 4500 and 5400 kg (10 000 and 12 000 lbs) , about 10 times 

heavier than earlier generation ferrets designed to eavesdrop on other 

nations’ radio traffic and to monitor radar. Heavier weight suggested 

Cosmos 476 incorporated much more equipment that was probably 

more technically sophisticated. (W Star, 3/24/72, A5) 

NASA announced issuance of Monitoring Earth Resources from Aircraft 

and Spacecraft (NASA SP-275). Illustrated technical report had been 

prepared by Univ. of California at Berkeley conservationist Dr. Robert 

N. Colwell and team to describe potential uses for photos of earth 

from satellites. Text stressed need for reliable current inventories of 

agricultural and vegetational resources. Illustrations compared views 

of sections of US. photographed from Gemini spacecraft, from aircraft, and on the ground. (NASA Release 72-70) 

National Science Foundation and National Center for Atmospheric Research planned to launch small rockets carrying silver iodide into 

thunderstorms suspected of being potential hail producers to see if 

seedin could cut hail formation, Associated Press reported. Rockets 

would % e launched from aircraft flying through hailstorms to measure 

wind patterns and other atmospheric conditions. Researchers hoped 

seeding would disrupt hail growth so that moisture would fall as rain 

or small ice pellets. Experiment was part of $2.5-million-per-year Joint 

Hail Research Experiment conducted by NSF, NCAR, National Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Administration, Colorado Air National Guard, and 

seven universities. (W Star, 3/24/72) 

* Short-haul transportation was “essential to a complete national transportation system,” Aerospace Industries Assn. executive Jean ROSS 

Howard said in speech before STOL [short takeoff and landing aircraft] Seminar sponsored by Aviation Committee of St. Louis, Mo., 

Chamber of Commerce and St. Louis Research Council. Although 70% 

of US. travel market was composed of distances up to 800 km (500 

mi) , air transportation system as yet was not oriented in this direction. 

Survey had shown that 30% of US. air passengers traveled less than 

500 km (300 mi). Air congestion delays, caused by lack of airport 

capacity, cost airlines $180 million each year and figure would increase 

to $1 billion by 1981. NASA’s $lOO-million program to develop shorthaul, short takeoff and landing airliner was “welcome recognition 

of the urgent requirement for more efficient and convenient short-haul 

air service.” (Text) 

118 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 25 

March 25: U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk. Cosmos 

480 entered orbit with 1202-km (746.9-mi) apogee, 1174-km (729.5- 

mi) perigee, 109.1-min period, and 82.9” inclination. Cosmos 481 

entered orbit with 511-km (317.5-mi) apogee, 269-km (167.2-mi) 

perigee, 92.3-min period, and 71° inclination and reentered Sept. 2. 

(GSFC SSR, 3/31/72; 12/31/72; SBD, 3/28/72, 149) 

* NASA launched first in series of five Nike-Javelin I11 sounding rockets 

carrying Naval Research Laboratory cesium cloud experiments from 

Wallops Station at 5:15 am EST. Payloads in series would be released 

at 97-km (60-mi) altitude, producing yellowish clouds visible for 

several hundred kilometers along East Coast. NRL scientists would make 

radio propagation, photographic, and geomagnetic observations to 

determine role of wind motions, magnetohydrodynamic effects, and 

chemical-thermal processes governing atmosphere. Second launch would 

be conducted March 27. (WS PAO; WS Release 72-4) 

NASA-AEC Nuclear Rocket Development Station at Jackass 

Flats, Nev., was “first ghost town of the space age,” New York Times 

reported. Since announcement (in Administration’s FY 1973 budget 

request on Jan. 24) of termination of nuclear engine for rocket vehicle 

application (NERVA) project, 259-sq-km (100-sq-mi) area had been 

littered with “$200-million worth of deserted engine test stands, 

enormous assembly bays with birds nesting in the rafters, empty administration buildings, and aluminum and steel chards of pumps, turbines and motors.” Only 200 employees made 290-km (180-mi) round 

trip between station and Las Vegas each day. “Eight years ago 56 

buses provided commuting service for the station’s 3,000 workers ; 

today there are only three.” (Lyons, NYT, 3/26/72, 57) 

Parade magazine printed letter to Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, from Chairman Raymond L. Bisplinghoff of Aeronautics and 

Space Engineering Board, National Academy of Engineering : “The 

board members would like to reaffirm their continuing belief that a 

shuttle-like vehicle is the key to a forward moving and economical 

space program beyond 1980.” (Parade, 3/26/72) 

National Book Committee included Norman Mailer’s Of a Fire on the 

Moon, account of Apollo I1 lunar landing mission, among 102 books 

it announced as nominees for National Book Awards. Final choice of 

10 winners for $lOOO-prizes would be announced April 11. (Raymont, 

NYT, 3/27/72, 42) 

March 27: U.S.S.R. launched 1180-kg (2600-lb) Venus 8 unmanned 

probe into earth orbit from Baykonur at 9:15 am local time (11:15 

pm EST March 26). At 10:42 am Baykonur time (12:42 am EST) 

243-sec burn placed spacecraft on trajectory to Venus, where spacecraft would study physical characteristics of interplanetary space and 

continue research of Venus. Spacecraft would reach Venus in July 

after traveling 312 million km (194 million mi). Five hours after 

launch Venus 8 was 65 000 km (40 000 mi) from earth and all systems 

were operating satisfactorily. 

Venus 8 was eighth spacecraft in Venus series. Venus 4 (launched 

June 12, 1967), Venus 5 (launched Jan. 5, 1969), Venus 6 (launched 

Jan. 10, 1969) had ejected capsules onto surface of Venus. Venus 7 

(launched Aug. 17, 1970) had ejected capsule which transmitted 

data for few second affer reaching surface. Orbit decayed July 22. 

March 26: 

119 
March 27 ASTRONA4UTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

(FBIS-SOV, 3/27/72, L1; SBD, 3/28/72, 147; A&A 1970; GSFC SSR, 

3/31/72, 12/31/72) 

Apollo 16 astronauts John W. Young, Charles M. Duke, Jr., and Thomas 

K. Mattingly I1 began three-week preflight quarantine at Kennedy 

Space .Center to minimize exposure to disease or illness that could 

delay launch toward moon, scheduled for April 16. (AP, B Sun, 

3/28/72, A6) 

First launch of British Skylark sounding rocket to test techniques for 

high-altitude photography of earth resources was made from Woomera, 

Australia. Primary objectives were to test stabilization control system 

and remote sensing hardware. 

Advantages over conventional methods of high-altitude photography 

were that single frame was equivalent to 650 frames photographed 

from 15 000 m (50 000 ft) , making assembly of photographic mosaics 

easier and more accurate, and that entire area could be photographed 

under identical conditions. Project was developed by United Kingdom’s 

Dept. of Trade and Industry to assess mineral, agricultural, and other 

resources inexpensively. (SF, 8/72, 282-286) 

* Nike-Javelin I11 sounding rocket, carrying Naval Research Laboratory 

cesium cloud experiment, was launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

at 5:08 am EST. Launch was second in series of five to collect atmospheric data; first launch had been conducted March 25. (WS PAO; 

WS Release 724) 

Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) released statement saying he would ask 

Dept. of Justice to investigate alleged overpayment for building 

Lockheed C-5 military transport aircraft. GAO study made at his 

request had found that Air Force paid some $440 million in excess 

progress payments to Lockheed because Lockheed overstated value 

of work in progress. (Text) 

St. Louis Globe-Democrat editorial commented on high level of Soviet 

space activity: “It is fine to talk about devoting activities in space to 

peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind, as the United States 

has done. But the talk is hollow when the space scorecard shows the 

Soviets at an all-time high in military launches, and the United States 

at a low point, with the trend still further downward.” There was 

urgent need for US. “to develop military space weapons capable of 

neutralizing Soviet supremacy.” (St Louis G-D, 3/27/72) 

Working Group of NASA and Soviet engineers met at 

Manned Spacecraft Center to discuss technical details of docking 

mechanisms. Talks continued US.-U.S.S.R. study of compatible rendezvous and docking systems for spacecraft. (NASA Release 72-69; 

Space leaders endorsed shuttle in supplement published by 

Washington Daily News: 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said shuttle would 

“produce substantial flight economies, ease strictures on spacecraft 

design, lower manufacturin cost, remedy malfunctions in orbit, and 

and operations in major ways.” Editorial writer had described shuttle’s 

impact on space program as transition from dramatics of a countdown 

to an airport routine, Dr. Fletcher said. “The dramatics will be fondly 

remembered by many of us, but nostalgia will not obscure the hard 

March27-April 3: 

MSC PAO) 

March 28: 

afford a built-in versatility t a at will alter the nature of space planning 

120 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 28 

fact that the routine and economic access to space, of which the shuttle 

is the hinge pin, is the practical and commonsense means by which we 

shall reap the great harvest of benefits that space holds for mankind.” 

Supplement interview quoted Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy 

Associate Administrator for Planning, as eagerly looking forward to 

shuttle flight. “By the time the first passenger shuttle flies I’ll be 68. I 

think flying into space in a shuttle will be just like being a passenger 

in an airliner, only smoother.” Dr. von Braun foresaw use of shuttle 

for travel to Mars “probably around 1990, or at least before the end 

of the 20th Century.” Flight probably would begin with Mars spacecraft being hauled, piece by piece, in space shuttle cargo bays, to be 

assembled in orbit. “I think the only way to fly to Mars is with nuclear 

power, and because we would never want to ignite a nuclear rock on 

earth, we’ll have to begin the journey from orbit.” Dr. von Braun saw 

shuttle preparing way for manned exploration by ferrying small, unmanned spacecraft into orbit and launching them toward Mars in 

late 1970s and 1980s. 

Article by Rep. James W. Symington (D-Mo.), member of House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics, said shuttle offered opportunity “not only to the United States to advance its own aerospace 

science and technology, but also to countries which could not finance 

a complete shuttle system. The advantages will be mutual and conducive 

to needed international scientific cooperation.” Proper use of shuttle 

can help us in our efforts toward the resources management necessary 

to make this planet fit to house future generations of man.” 

James J. Harford, Executive Secretary of American Institute of 

Aeronautics and Astronautics, said in article that guessing shuttle’s 

significance was “like trying to predict what the DC-3 would lead to 

in air transportation six years before its first flight. The space shuttle 

could be that powerful and more.” If shuttle performed the way NASA 

intended it to-“and NASA’s Apollo track record has to impress even 

the cynical”-shuttle would “help to create entire new industries and . . . hundreds of thousands of new jobs.” (W News, 3/28/72, 27, 29) 

* New York Times published response by Univ. of Michigan astronomer 

James A. Loudon to Jan. 16 letter in which former scientist-astronaut 

Dr. Brian T. O’Leary questioned compatibility of space shuttle with 

national goals. O’Leary letter had been “strange document from a 

man who wrote a whole book to complain that scientists don’t have 

access to space.” Shuttle’s most important aspect, “aside from its 

economy,” was its ability to carry passengers. “For the first time, 

scientists will be able to perform experiments in space without spending 

years in irrelevant pilot training first.” Shuttle’s effect would be “to 

make space very much more available, with results for a dozen 

different branches of science that are now incalculable.” (NYT, 

3/28/72 ) 

* US. and U.S.S.R. began seventh round of Strategic Arms Limitation 

Talks in Helsinki, Finland. (Hamilton, NYT, 3/29/72, 3) 

March 29: Apollo 16 spacecraft, loaded with propellants, completed 

countdown demonstration test at Kennedy Space Center. ( KSC Release 

Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects was signed simultaneously in Washington, Moscow, and London. 

66 

55-72) 

121 
March 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

In statement following signing, Secretary of State William P. Rogers 

said convention had been formulated to compensate, fairly and promptly, 

if space object of one party caused injury or damage to citizen of 

another party. “I believe that the convention which we have signed 

today will accomplish that purpose. I concur in Admiral Alan Shepard’s 

statement in the U.N. General Assembly last year that it is a ‘sound 

treaty based on realistic perceptions of mutual interest and mutual 

benefit.’ Lik: its predecessor, this treaty is the result of intensive work 

in the United Nations Outer Space Committee and represents both a 

practical and an imaginative step in developing just international rules 

governing man’s activities in space. Many countries have had an 

active part in its formulation during years of intensive negotiations. 

The conclusion of the agreement has again demonstrated what noteworthy results a cooperative approach to international negotiations 

can achieve.” (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 3/29/72, A1 ; Rogers Text) 

Dept. of Justice charged 20 major U.S. aircraft companies and Manufacturers Aircraft Assn., Inc., with violating Sherman Antitrust Act 

by agreeing to suppress competition in research and development of 

aircraft and patentable components. Alleged agreement “hindering 

and delaying” development of new inventions dated back to 1928, 

Justice Dept. charged. Civil suit filed in U.S. District Court in Manhattan, N.Y., asked dissolution of manufacturers’ association and 

injunction against aircraft companies entering into future agreements 

to restrict research or reduce competition in R&D by patent policies. 

Suit said U.S. manufactured nearly $8 billion worth of aircraft in 

1967, more than half of which was military, and that four largest 

companies accounted for 60% of work, and eight largest for 88%. 

Manufacturers Aircraft Assn., Inc., and Boeing Co. later said charges 

were “completely unfounded in fact and law.” (Shanahan, NYT, 

3/30/72, 1) 

* Nike-Javelin I11 sounding rocket, carrying Naval Research Laboratory 

cesium cloud experiment, was launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

at 5:07 am EST. Huge yellowish clouds formed were visible along East 

Coast. Lauch was third in series of five to collect atmospheric data; 

previous launches had been conducted March 25 and 27. (WS PAO; 

WS Release 724) 

* President Nixon sent message to Congress urging Executive reorganization: “The product would be four entirely new, goal-oriented departments concerned with our communities, our earth, our economy, and 

our potential as individuals-plus a revitalized fifth department concerned with keeping America in food and fiber.” New Departments 

of Community Development, Natural Resources, Economic Affairs, 

and Human Resources would replace Departments of Interior, Commerce, Labor, Health, Education, and Welfare, Housing and Urban 

Development, and Transportation. Dept. of Agriculture would be 

“streamlined.” Several independent Federal agencies “would be drawn 

into the consolidation process as appropriate.” (PD, 4/3/72, 708-14) 

* Award of $361 494 contract to EGNG Inc. Bedford (Mass.) Div. for production and testing of prototype cold fog dissipation (CFD) system 

was announced by Air Force Systems Command. CFD system, designed 

by Air Force Air Weather Service for global use, would be deployed 

122 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 29 

to U.S.-operated bases in United Kingdom, Germany, Alaska, and 

Netherlands. CFD system used liquid-propane spray vaporized from 

tanks at preselected sites upwind of runway complex to disperse fog 

affecting aircraft at airports. (AFSC Release 023.72) 

* Dr. Donald Blessing Rice. Assistant Director of White House Office of 

Management and%udget, was named President of RAND Corp. (Belair, 

NYT, 3/30/72, 17) 

March 30: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor 11 meteorological satellite into orbit 

with 890-km (553.0-mi) apogee, 867-km (538.7-mi) perigee, 102.5- 

min period, and 81.2’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/72) 

* Apollo 16 Astronauts John W. Young, Thomas K. Mattingly II, and 

Charles M. Duke, Jr., successfully completed countdown demonstration 

test at KSC on board unfueled spacecraft. Final countdown would begin 

April 10 in preparation for April 16 launch to moon. (KSC Release 

0 NASA’s TF4A aircraft, piloted by Thomas C. McMurtry and equipped 

with supercritical wing, completed 33rd and 34th flights from Flight 

Research Center. Unaugmented stability and control data were obtained 

from mach 0.8 to 0.99 at dynamic pressure of 19 152 newtons per 

sq m (400 lbs per sq ft). Wing loads were measured from mach 0.5 

to 0.99 at 9576 newtons per sq m (200 lbs per sq ft). Targets placed 

along 35% chord line and at wing tip were photographed to determine 

wing deflections. (NASA proj off) 

Soviet scientists at Krym Astrophysical Observatory had discovered unidentified astronomical objects, Tass announced. Using radiotelescope 

with 200-mm (8-in) mirror, scientists had located radio emitters 

emitting 31/-cm signals that “do not belong to the category of pulsating stars (pulsars), which emit short impulses only in a meter-long 

(three-feet-long ) wavelength. For their properties the new astronomical 

objects are closer to the class of quasi-stellar radioemitters-quasars 

which are 1,500 million light-years from the earth.” (FBIS-SOV, 

Arthur D. Little, Inc., had announced signing of agreement with Raytheon 

Co., Grumman Corp., and Textron, Inc., to study feasibility of largescale satellite system to harness solar energy for earth use, Wall Street 

Journal reported. (WSI, 3/30/72) 

0 Aerosonic Corp. President Herbert J. Frank, testifying before Subcommittee on Priorities and Economy of Joint Economic committee of 

Congress, said Navy had paid $1700 each for altimeters for 300 aircraft without competitive bidding. Almost identical instruments had 

cost Air Force $565 each after competitive bidding. (Witkin, NYT, 

3/30/72, 12) 

March 31: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 482 into orbit with 9798-km 

(6088.2-mi) apogee, 208-km (129.3-mi) perigee, 201.4-min period, 

and 52.1” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/72) 

US. Comptroller General Elmer B. Staats said in letter to NASA Administrator, Dr. James C. Fletcher, that General Accounting Office had 

determined July 13, 1971, NASA award of $500-million space shuttle 

engine contract to North American Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. had 

been fair. “We believe the procurement was conducted in a manner 

which was consistent with applicable law and regulations and was fair 

55-72) 

4/3/72, L4) 

123 
March 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

to all proposers.” Award had been challenged by competing firm, 

United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div. (Text) 

Progress in NASA development of technology to alleviate aircraft noise 

pollution and ensure quieter aircraft operation was described by 

Walter A. Pennino, Public Affairs Officer in Office of Aeronautics and 

Space Technology (OAST) , at NASA Hq. press briefing. Research had 

shown aircraft noise could be reduced if pilot flew aircraft “so that 

it climbs quickly” to be “as far from a ground observer as possible.” 

When wing flaps were retracted as aircraft accelerated, aircraft required “less thrust to climb. When a safe altitude is reached, the pilot 

can reduce the engine thrust from that required for takeoff to the lower 

thrust required for climb.” NASA and Federal Aviation Administration 

were encouraging airlines to adopt two-segment approach to reduce 

landing noise. Pilot would adjust controls to descent first at 6” glide 

slope. About one mile from the runway he would change path to slope. 

In final stages there would be no difference in the landing procedure. 

Aircraft would approach with engine power somewhat reduced and 

would be at higher altitude. Noise reduction would be three to five 

effective perceived noise in decibels (epndb) one nautical mile from 

the end of the runway and even greater reduction farther out from 

the runway. Ames and Langley Research Centers were studying requirements to make two-segment approach safe standard procedure. 

In Lewis Research Center Quiet Engine Program, experimental engines 

suitable for conventional takeoff and landing aircraft were being built. 

Test had shown reduction of noise by using quiet engine with and 

without acoustically treated nacelle. Goal chosen for short takeoff 

and landing (STOL) aircraft was 95 epndb at 152 m (500 ft). “We 

don’t have an engine that can do that job right now, but NASA is 

working on it.” 

Follow-on programs for new family of aircraft were described by 

James 0. Kramer, Chief of Noise and Pollution Reduction Branch 

in OAST Aeronautical Propulsion Div. “Preliminary design study contracts will be let in the next month or two to study a low-noise, lowpollution engine . . . suitable for STOL. In addition, we have been 

carrying on design study for an advanced technology transport . . . appropriate for the 1980-timeframe as a replacement for 707 or for 

the DC-8. We are . . . planning to initiate in FY 73 preliminary 

design studies of a Quiet Engine . . . appropriate for such an advanced 

technology airplane.” (Transcript) 

Analysis of “exceptional” satellite picture of Alaskan topography obtained by image dissector camera system (IDS) aboard Nimbus 4 

(launched April 8, 1970) was described by US. Geological Survey 

scientist Ernest H. Lathram in Science. Major structural features 

had been identified despite relatively low degree of ground resolution 

of image, which had been exposed at altitude of 1100 km (680 mi). 

Regional lines not yet recognized in surface mapping had been perceived. Synoptic view provided by image showed orthogonal fractures 

not heretofore apparent in regional maps of Alaska that might reflect 

“conjugate set of fractures within the crust which has exerted significant 

control over the geological history of the state.” Scientists had concluded increased resolution in other images from space platforms, like 

resolution of 60 to 200 m (200 to 650 ft) planned for Earth Resources 

124 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 March 31 

Technology Satellite program TV cameras, “will permit the discernment of finer detail and a greater accuracy in identifying and locating 

geologic features.” (Science, 3/31/72, 1423-7) 

NASA launched Aerobee 150 sounding rocket from Churchill Research 

Range, Canada, carrying Univ. of Michigan auroral aeronomy experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* Expansion of environmental and resource base beyond earth was urged 

by North American Rockwell Corp. scientist Dr. Krafft A. mricke in 

New York Times article. Great crisis of the time was fact “man’s nature 

is attuned to an-infinite, indestructible world” but earth had ceased 

to be indestructible. Global development, therefore, “must be based 

on an open-world concept and include both the development of extraterrestrial resources and the wiser management of our terrestrial 

resources.” Extraterrestrial imperative was “indivisibility of Earth 

and space.” (NYT, 3/31/72) 

* Sophisticated TV systems were being used by some of world’s largest 

telescopes to record planetary atmospheres, faint galaxies, and quasistellar objects, Science reported. Astronomers had been criticized for 

being less receptive to new technologies than other physical scientists. 

At a time when automation of many stages of data-taking is standard 

procedure . . . automation of large telescopes is just becoming fashionable.” (Metz, Science, 3/31/72, 1448-9) 

NASA released Funds for Research, Development, R&D 

Plant and Scientific Technical Information, Fiscal Years 1971-1973: 

Annual Report to the National Science Foundation. Report, for inclusion in government-wide survey published by NSF for Congress, White 

House, Government agencies, and scientific community, showed distribution of NASA funds based on FY 1973 budget estimates. It reflected 

NASA’s total direct obligations incurred in FY 1971 and budget estimates for FY 1972 and FY 1973. In FY 1973 NASA would fund approximately 19% of Federal Government’s total research and development 

effort and provide 23% of funds for research, alone. When Dept. of 

Defense was excluded from computation, NASA was expected to conduct 

36% of total civilian R&D effort. Total research in FY 1973 was 

expected to show 4% increase over FY 1971. 

For first time since FY 1962 research would represent over 50% 

of NASA funding for Research and Development. Increase in research 

resulted in decreased funding for development, with impending completion of Apollo and Skylab development; decrease was offset to a 

degree by funds applied to begin space shuttle development. Analysis 

of funding showed decline in engineering funds of about 7% of total, 

with increases in physical and life sciences. Reduction in engineering 

reflected anticipated completion of Apollo. High Energy Astronomy 

Observatory ( HEAO) program effected increase in astronomy, and 

Viking program, increase in chemistry and biology. (Text) 

Scope of United Kingdom participation in space was described by A. V. 

Cleaver in Spaceflight article. British annual space budget was $70 

million, “little more than half of the French or German,” and “about 

an eighth of the American” on gross national product (GNP) basis. 

“While the effort on space is markedly increasing in France, Germany 

and Japan, is decreasing in the USA only from an initially very high 

level, and is beginning to be significant even in India and China, for 

bC 

During March: 

125 
During March ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

the UK there is a decrease in real terms.” U.K. had canceled Black 

Arrow launch vehicle program and ceased participation in main programs of European Launcher Development Organization ( ELDO). 

Geostationary Test Satellite project to replace Black Arrow “has not 

yet been firmly initiated-though . . . official intention to do so has 

at least been indicated.” U.K. space policy had “moved in recent years 

from a modest interest in all aspects of the subject to an almost complete concentration on satellites or spacecraft, to the exclusion of launch 

vehicles.” Policy was based on assumptions that satellite was most 

technically interesting and commercially profitable aspect of space 

activities; that U.K. was “not too far behind to catch up in this field, 

whereas we are on launchers”; and that there was no need to duplicate 

U.S. rocket achievements because US. would sell Europe necessary 

launch vehicles. (SF, 3/72, 99-102) 

First successful transmission of fingerprint records via satellite, using 

Ats 1 (launched Dec. 6, 1966) was reported by Government Photography. Fingerprints and photos filed by Videofilm system equipment 

in Sacramento, Calif., were transmitted as video signals to Videofile 

system in Tallahassee, Fla.; converted to video recordings; and retrieved by “instant replay” as TV pictures and printed copies in 

experiment to demonstrate possible state-to-Federal Government fingerprint transmission under permanent satellite system. Experiment had 

been conducted in December 1971 by Project Search (System for 

Electronic Analysis and Retrieval of Criminal Histories) funded by 

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and administered by 

California Crime Technological Research Foundation. (Gowt Photo, 

3/72, 24-5) 

Development of small-scale water-reclamation units for home use from 

NASA-developed technology was forecast by Langley Research Center 

scientist Richard H. Weinstein in Astronautics & Aeronautics. NASA 

had begun in late 1950s to develop regenerative systems for purifying 

and recycling water for long-term space missions. “Research programs 

have been concentrated on . . . physio-chemical systems. . . . Using 

largely existing water-processing concepts, the development has gone 

toward making the concepts efficient on a small scale and adapting 

them, where necessary, to zero gravity.” NASA systems were “far cry 

from the integrated, simplified systems needed for domestic water 

reclamation of the future” but provided “base from which to work.” 

(A&A, 3/72, 45-51) 

126 
April 1972 

April 1 : Soviet news agency Tass reported Washington, D.C., interview 

with Dr. Philip Handler, President of US. National Academy of 

Sciences. Dr. Handler had praised scientific cooperation between 

US. and USSR: “Collaboration with their Soviet colleagues in so 

many fields-high energy physics, space research, and medical sciences, 

among others-promises markedly to benefit the work of US. scientists. . . . We are pleased that new opportunities are being arranged for 

joint enterprises . . . in space exploration, cardiovascular and cancer 

research, environmental monitoring, while we continue to explore the 

unique opportunities for mutual benefit in the broader enterprises 

in the international scientific unions.’’ ( FBIS-SOV, 4/1/72, L1) 

NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., carrying American Science and Engineering, Inc., 

x-ray astronomy experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed 

satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Interview of Boris N. Petrov, Chairman of Soviet Academy of 

Sciences’ Council for International Cooperation in Investigation and 

Utilization of Outer Space, on US.-U.S.S.R. joint space mission was 

published in New York Times. Interview, described as “first full 

public discussion of the negotiations from the Soviet point of view,” 

had been obtained in Moscow by Times science writer John N. Wilford. 

Petrov had emphasized that “tangible progress” had been achieved 

and he was “optimistic” about prospects of joint space flight, technically feasible in “the middle of the nineteen-seventies.” Government 

approval would “depend much” on April meetings in Moscow between 

NASA and Soviet Academy officials and May meeting in Moscow of 

Working Groups on rendezvous and docking. Petrov said compatible 

docking system would allow “docking of spaceships of our countries 

with the humane aim of rendering help to crews of spaceships and 

space stations in distress. These systems would also allow joint 

experiments during the flights in space.” Petrov said negotiations 

had occurred in “atmosphere of mutual understanding and businesslike discussion” that “gives us the hope that all the difficulties connected 

with . . . such a sophisticated scientific and technological undertaking 

could be overcome.” (NYT, 4/2/72) 

Cosmos 483 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 290-km (180.2-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 89.5-min 

period, and 72.8’ inclination. Satellite reentered April 15. ( GSFC 

SSR, 4/20/72; Sou Aero, 5/1/72, 9) 

* NASA launched two Nike-Javelin I11 sounding rockets carrying Naval 

Research Laboratory cesium cloud experiments from Wallops Station 

at 5:04 am and 5:06 am EST. Huge pinkish-white clouds were formed 

and were visible along East Coast. Launches were last in series of five 

that began March 25 to study atmosphere in 97-km (60-mi) region. 

(WS Release 72-4; WS PAO) 

April 2: 

April 3: 

127 
April 3-20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

April 3-20: Ames Research Center’s Convair 990 flying laboratory participated in Arctic Ice Dynamic Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) , international cooperative research program to obtain quantitative data on 

interactions of pack ice and ocean currents. AIDJEX team of scientists 

from US., Canada, and Japan made studies from test site in Beaufort 

Sea north of Point Barrow, Alaska. Convair 990 carried microwave 

radiometers, infrared imager, infrared radiometers, and laser geodolite 

above site in precise pattern to obtain remotely sensed data for correlation with measurements on ground. Data would help solve problems 

related to Arctic ice cover, its influence on global ocean circulation, 

and ship passage through ice-covered seas. (ARC Astrogram, 3/30/72, 

1; ~RC Release 72-22) 

U.S.S.R. launched Molniya I-20 comsat and France’s Sret 1 

(Satellite de RBcherches et #Environment Technique; Satellite for 

Environmental and Technical Research) from Baykonur on one RD107B booster. 

Molniyu 1-20 entered orbit with 39 911-km (24 799.6-mi) apogee, 

442-km (274.7-mi) perigee, 717.7-min period, and 65.5” inclination. 

Satellite would ensure “operation of a remote telephone-telegraph 

radio-communication system, as well as . . . the transmission of Soviet 

central television programs to stations of the Orbita network.” 

Sret 1 entered orbit with 39 250-km (24 388.8-mi) apogee, 458-km 

(284.6-mi) perigee, 704.6-min period, and 65.6” inclination. The 

small, 15-kg (33-lb), autonomous satellite would study characteristics 

of solar batteries for space operations and degeneration of solar cells 

from cosmic ray exposure in Van Allen Belts. It was first of three 

SRET satellites planned for launch in French-Soviet cooperative program. 

SRET 2 would be launched in late 1974 or early 1975 and SRET 3 one 

year later. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/72; Sov Aero, 4/10/72, 108; FBIS-SOV, 

4/5/72, L1) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, told press in Washington, D.C., 

he believed US. and U.S.S.R. would sign agreement during 1972 for 

joint mission in which Apollo spacecraft would dock with Soviet 

Salyut orbiting laboratory in 1975. At dinner party for seven newsmen 

Dr. Fletcher said: “We certainly don’t believe that the first mission of 

American and Soviet astronauts together will be the last.” Mission 

would “take a lot of planning and some hardware changes. . . . I also 

think the crews will need time to train together for the first flight.” 

Crews would be bilingual and familiar with each other’s spacecraft. 

Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, John L. Swigert, Jr., and Donald K. 

Slayton were already studying Russian. First joint docking mission 

would cost US. as much as $300 million, most of it to keep manned 

flight facilities intact after conclusion of 1973 Skylab mission. Dr. 

Fletcher foresaw series of joint US. and U.S.S.R. missions, each 

longer and more ambitious. U.S.S.R. was emphasizing space station 

while US. emphasized shuttle. “I think it only logical that the two 

hook up together, especially since the shuttle will have rescue capability.” U.S.S.R. was expected to continue Lunokhod lunar rover and 

lunar sample return programs and “probably marry the two some time 

in the next two years. I also think they will attempt a manned lunar 

landing, but not until late in the ,709, perhaps 1977.” (O’Toole, 

W Post, 4/6/72, A2) 

April 4: 

128 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 4 

Chances of joint US. and U.S.S.R. space mission, “probably in 1975,” 

were “7540-25,” Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Manned Spacecraft 

Center Director, said in press interview. NASA had spent about $700 000 

on technical study for flight. Additional hardware would cost between 

$100 million and $200 million. (W Post, 4/5/72, A16) 

0 NASA announced award of 90-day, $9800000 letter contract to North 

American Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. to begin work on development and production of engine for space shuttle orbiter stage. Rocketdyne would begin work immediately, while negotiating $450 000 000, 

cost-plus-award-fee contract with NASA for engine. (NASA Release 72-73) 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced establishment of Sortie Can 

Task Team to plan project definition phase for sortie can-low-cost, 

space shuttle payload carrier for manned research and applications 

studies in earth orbit. Team would be managed by Fred E. Vreuls, with 

Hans R. Palaora as chief engineer. (MSFC Release 7241) 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced request for proposals for ninemonth space tug operations and payload support study. Contractor 

selected would define flight operations to be conducted by tug after 

deployment from space shuttle and define interface between tug and 

automated payload or satellite that tug was delivering or returning. 

Proposals were due by April 10. (MSFC Release 72-39) 

National Academy of Sciences published Human Factors in Long-Duration 

Spacepight. Report of study made for NASA by Space Science Board 

of NAS and National Research Council analyzed behavioral, psychological, and medical factors of manned space flights lasting up to two 

years. Object was to assess “whether man’s participation is possible 

and feasible and to identify major obstacles and unknowns that must 

be resolved.” Common problems were life support in space environment, 

confinement of crew in spacecraft and isolation from outside world 

except for communication with ground, maintenance of health without 

access to elaborate medical facilities, provision of crew training facilities, and crew selection with regard to ability to tolerate long-term 

isolation psychologically. Unknown factors included possible hazardous 

effects of prolonged weightlessness and of high-energy cosmic ray 

particles (high Zs) in deep space. Major recommendations were: 

research to determine course of physical deconditioning over two 

years of weightless and restricted activity; study of effects of radiation 

from highZ particles; research program on effects of confinement to 

emphasize cognitive functioning; measurement and test of crew’s 

physiological, psychological, and performance status in flight ; incorporation of life-support and safety requirements, including medical 

and dental facilities, into spacecraft engineering and emphasis on 

habitability of spacecraft ; adoption of systems analysis approach to 

mission to provide common frame of reference for interdisciplinary 

planning and implementation; and priority study of crew composition 

and criteria. (Text) 

* Marshall Space Flight Center began crafts apprentice program in which 

20 persons would work at MSFC and study at Calhoun Technical College 

in Decatur, Ala., during alternate periods. MSFC would pay for books 

and tuition during college period and would pay wages for work done 

at Center. Participants in program would be predominantly veterans, 

with many from minority groups. They would be trained to become 

129 
April 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

machinists, sheet metal workers, or electrical technicians. (Marshall 

Star, 3/29/72, 1; MSFC PAO) 

President Nixon accepted resignation of John H. Chafee as Secretary of 

the Navy, effective at undetermined date. President also submitted to 

Congress nomination of R/A Allen L. Powell to succeed R/A Don A. 

Jones as Director of National Ocean Survey in National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration in Dept. of Commerce. R/A Jones was 

retiring effective April 30. Senate confirmed nomination of Powell 

May 3. (PD, 4/10/72, 722, 725, 737; CR, 5/3/72, DM) 

Moscow meeting of NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences 

delegations confirmed desirability of joint US.-U.S.S.R. rendezvous 

and docking test mission and established understanding on management and operation of mission to be conducted in 1975, subject to 

government approval. Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, 

led US. delegation. Soviet delegation was headed by Vladimir A. 

Kotelnikov, Acting President of Soviet Academy. Parties agreed to 

use of US. Apollo spacecraft and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft with systems 

developed by both sides, to specific documents for development of 

joint documentation, and to principles for preparatory and operational 

phases of mission. (Summary of results; NASA Release 5/24/72) 

April 5: Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences continued hearings on NASA FY 1972 authorization. Roy P. Jackson, 

NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, 

testified that LeRC quiet engine program was proceeding on schedule: 

Tests of full-scale fans for the engine have revealed much new information on the interrelationships among noise, aerodynamic performance, and structural integrity. The complete experimental engine will 

be operated in about 6 months. Results . . . indicate that we may expect 

to better the original noise abatement goals. Program results are 

given to industry on a continuing basis. . . . We can expect some of 

our improvements to be adopted by industry in new engine designs 

before completion of our program.” 

NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Systems Office Manager Milton Klein testified: “Reactor power sources will be required to provide power in 

amounts greater than a few kilowatts for many of the missions of the 

future. For unmanned military satellites, radiation hardening-mandatory for certain military missions-and low recurring costs for 

multiple missions are important advantages of small reactor systems. 

For unmanned NASA earth orbit missions, reactors become cost effective 

above a few kilowatts, a power range needed for such applications 

missions as communications satellites. In manned missions . . . overriding advantage of reactor systems is their ability to accommodate 

unforeseen large increases in power demand.” Advanced reactor systems were needed for electric propulsion systems capable of high 

energy missions to far planets. 

Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition Gerald 

M. Truszynski reported that satellite network included 10 electronic 

ground stations operated by NASA, supplemented by optical tracking 

network operated by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Electronic stations provided worldwide system that tracked each satellite, 

determined status of onboard systems, commanded satellite functions, 

and acquired data. Optical stations, which included laser capabilities 

April 4-6: 

CG 

130 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 5 

at selected sites, provided specialized services in precision orbital 

tracking. (Transcript) 

Ats 1 applications techno!ogy satellite (launched by NASA Dec. 6, 1966) 

had again helped save lives of two Alaskans, NASA reported. Satellite 

had been used in 1971 to summon medical aid for two stricken residents of remote sections of state. Recently, satellite had been used to 

alert Public Health physicians to plights of 11-yr-old girl with appendicitis and man severely injured in snowmobile accident. (NASA 

Release 72-74) 

Finding by California Institute of Technology astronomers of waves 

1000 km (600 mi) from crest to crest undulating outward from center 

of sunspots at speeds to 40 000 km per hr (25 000 mph) was reported 

at meeting of American Astronomical Society in College Park, Md. 

Astronomers believed waves-named Stein waves after Alan Stein, 

Cal Tech student who discovered them by accident in motion pictures 

taken through telescope-were sound waves caused by thunder on sun. 

(AP, B Sun, 4/6/72, A3) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 484 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

236-km (146.6-mi) apogee, 177-km (110-mi) perigee, 88.6-min period, 

and 81.5’ inclination. Satellite reentered April 18. (GFSC SSR, 4/20/72; 

Sou Aero, 5/1/72, 9) 

* Establishment of Urban Systems Project Office was announced by Manned 

Spacecraft Center. Office would apply space technology and techniques 

to urban problems and systems in effort by NASA, Dept. of Housing 

and Urban Development, and Atomic Energy Commission to develop 

new methods of servicing urban areas. Modular-sized integrated utility 

system ( MIUS) would investigate and demonstrate feasibility of servicing limited-size communities with complete line of utilities generated 

by single processing plant. (MSC Release 72-75) 

* US. planned to commemorate 200th anniversary of Nation’s birth by 

attempting to land unmanned spacecraft on planet Mars July 4, 1976, 

according to NASA spokesman quoted in Washington Post. Attempt 

would be made by Viking spacecraft scheduled to enter Mars orbit 

about July 1, 1976. (W Post, 4/6/72, A2) 

NASA and National Science Teachers Assn. announced selection of 25 

finalists in Skylab Student Project to propose flight experiments and 

demonstrations for performance aboard Skylab in 1973. Finalists’ 

proposals had been selected from 3409 entries from students throughout 

US. and overseas. Selection of limited number of these proposals for 

actual inclusion on Skylab would be completed by June 1. (NASA 

Release 72-71 ) 

Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) conveyed to Senate report by General 

Accounting Office on C-5A aircraft program that showed Air Force was 

continuing to accept delivery of defective C-5A aircraft. From February 

through September 1971 Air Force had accepted 15 C-5As with average of 251 deficiencies per aircraft. Most serious defects were in 

wings, landing gear, and radar. (CR, 4/6/72, S5510-7) 

April 6-7: Outstanding Handicapped Federal Employee of the Year 

Award-given annually by Civil Service Commission-was presented 

in Washington, D.C., to Shirley Price, armless 1.2-m-tall (4-ft-tall) 

administrative aid at Manned Spacecraft Center. Miss Price had graduated from Texas Southern Univ. with honors and had attended graduate 

April 6: 

131 
April 6-7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

school at Univ. of Wisconsin. At MSC she controlled 10 000-event data 

library, used and interpreted UNIVAC 1108 computer runs, filed, answered telephones, and typed 45 to 50 words per minute. Her hobbies 

included drawing, embroidering, crocheting, and knitting, all of 

which she did with her toes. Mayor Walter E. Washington presented 

keys to city of Washington, D.C., to Miss Price on April 7. (W Star, 

4/8/72; NASA Activities, 5/15/72, 95-6) 

U.S.S.R. launched Intercosmos 6 from Baykonur Cosmodrome 

into orbit with 334-km (207.5-mi) apogee, 197-km (122.4-mi) erigee, 

ticles of primary radiation with an energy range of lox2 to loz3 electron 

volts; the chemical composition and energy spectrum of space beams 

in the high energy sphere; [and] meteoric particles in inner space.” 

Instruments-including 1070-kg (2359-133) photo-emulsionary block 

and ionization calorimeter-had been designed by U.S.S.R., Hungary, 

Mongolia, Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. Satellite reentered 

April 11. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/72; SBD, 4/25/72, 301; Tass, FBIS-SOV, 

4/7/72, L1) 

NASA’s Mariner 9 completed 146th day in Mars orbit. Since launch May 

30,1971, Mariner 9 had responded to 37 764 commands and had taken 

6876 pictures. Spacecraft was undergoing solar occultation (passing 

into shadow of Mars) and would resume acquisition of data in early 

June when occultation ceased. Spacecraft resources were being budgeted to keep Mariner 9 active through superior conjunction of Mars 

and sun in September when spacecraft signals would be deflected by 

solar gravity. Analysis of deflection could provide accurate check on 

theory of relativity. (NASA proj off) 

* Manned Spacecraft Center announced redesignation of Medical Research 

and Operations Directorate as Life Sciences Directorate. Reorganized 

directorate would consolidate all biomedical research into Biomedical 

Research Div. ; all medical, operational, and environmental health 

activities into Health Services Div. ; and all equipment development, 

testing, and integration into Bioengineering Systems Div. Acting 

Director Richard S. Johnston of MR&OD would be Director of Life 

Sciences, Dr. Lawrence F. Detlein Deputy Director, and Dr. Willard R. 

Hawkins Deputy Director of Medical Operations. ( MSC Release 72-76) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced it was negotiating parallel contracts 

for space-walk studies with LTV Aerospace Corp. and Hamilton Standard 

Div. of United Aircraft Corp. Contracts were to investigate emergency, 

contingency, and normal extravehicular and intravehicular activities 

by astronauts and protective equipment required. Firm-fixed-fee con- 

‘ tracts would amount to $126 000 for LTV and $98 511 for Hamilton 

Standard. (MSC ReIease 73-78) 

NASA launched Nike-Apache sounding rocket from Thumba, India, 

carrying Indian langmuir probe experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Atomic Energy Commission named its Los Alamos, N. Mex., 

Meson Physics Facility for Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), 

member of Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, and celebrated “Clinton 

P. Anderson Day” with ceremonies in Los Alamos. History of space 

and nuclear rocket programs was recounted by AEC Commissioner 

James T. Ramey in welcoming speech: “Senator Anderson with some 

April 7: 

90-min period, 51.8” inclination. Purpose of mission was to stu B y “parApril 8: 

132 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 8 

help from the Chairman of the AEC almost had the Joint Committee 

and AEC responsible for the emerging space program after Sputnik.” 

Joint Committee “held one of the first series of hearings on the development of rocket technology for outer space. These hearings represented one of the times . . . that Senator Anderson . . . and Admiral 

[Lewis L.] Strauss of the AEC were in entire public agreement on a 

project. Senator Anderson was thinking of putting space under the 

Joint Committee and Admiral Strauss was interested in the space 

development program being under AEC. Their mutual interest was 

short-lived, however, since the then Senate Majority Leader Lyndon 

[B.] Johnson apparently had different ideas on this subject!” (AEC 

Release P-95; Text) 

Americans were wondering why US. spent “$44 billion” to land 

on moon rather than on programs for social action, Jeffrey St. John 

commented in Los Angeles Times article. “The fact remains, however, 

that long before the landing of Apollo 11 public funds for social 

problems on earth had risen far beyond the annual space budgets. In 

1972, the federal government has earmarked $100 billion for social 

action programs, as opposed to $3.2 billion for space. The ratio of 

expenditures for space and social action programs during the 15 years 

of the space effort has been roughly 11 to 1 in favor of social action.” 

Lunar landing had been “triumph of 400,000 scientists, engineers, and 

technologists and the sophisticated expertise of 20,000 private companies, large and small.” Apollo had been LLclear-cut example of a 

successful government venture” but on earth Government had “made 

a mess of the social landscape.” Compounding irrationality was refusal 

of liberals to understand why “space program succeeded, largely as a 

private endeavor coordinated by government, and why social problems 

grow worse under government’s guidance.” 

To accomplish lunar mission, space program participants had needed 

two crucial elements: “intellectual freedom” to analyze a problem 

correctly and %trict observance of natural laws.” In social problemsolving, intellectual freedom was abandoned for political expediency 

that played one pressure group against another and “there is a continual violation of certain immutable natural laws. Namely, the refusal 

of the social planners to believe the slums and poverty can be the 

products of an absence of individual initiative and enterprise.” (LA 

Times, 4/9/72 ) 

The Kremlin & The Cosmos by Nicholas Daniloff was reviewed in New 

Haven Register. Book by UPI correspondent who worked in Moscow 

from 1961 through 1966 detailed Soviet space achievements and 

forecast US-U.S.S.R. cooperation in space through which “new side 

to the many facets of Soviet-American understanding will develop.” 

Author had drawn information from public and private sources 

including “defectors to the West.” Chapter was devoted to “intriguing 

subject of the Soviet press’ handling of Russian ventures into space.” 

(Desruisseaux, N Hav Reg, 4/9/72) 

Congressional restraints on sale of military aircraft and equipment to 

developing nations were “not working,” and had cost U.S. aerospace 

industry “more than $800 million and 70,000 to 90,000 jobs in the last 

two years,” Copley News Service reported. Denied credit purchases 

of jets and other modern aeronautical equipment, nations once deApril 9: 

133 
April 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

pendent on US. had turned to United Kingdom, France, Italy, Scandinavian countries, and Japan. U.S.S.R. was “trying to push its way into 

the market, particularly in Latin America.” (Sun Diego Union, 

4/9/72, 20) 

Six-day countdown for Apollo 16 began at 8:30 am EST at 

Kennedy Space Center. Spacecraft was scheduled for launch at 12:45 

pm EST April 16. (AP, NYT, 4/11/72, 15) 

* Legal Subcommittee of United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses 

of Outer Space began four-week session in Geneva to study Soviet 

draft treaty for cooperation in exploration and use of moon. Draft 

treaty had been submitted to U.N. in June 1971. At opening session 

US. representative Herbert K. Reis proposed that nations planning 

manned or unmanned lunar missions be required to notify U.N. in 

advance and that Soviet draft treaty be amended to permit use of 

military personnel or facilities on moon for peaceful purposes. (NYT, 

4/11/72, 10) 

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and 

Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on 

Their Destruction was signed simultaneously in Washington, London, 

and Moscow. In Washington, D.C., ceremony President Nixon said 

Convention meant “that all the scientists of the world, certainly a 

universal community, whatever their language, whatever their race, 

whatever their background, instead of working to develop biological 

weapons which one nation might use against another nation, now may 

devote their entire energy toward working against the enemy of all 

mankind-disease.” (PD, 4/17/72, 744-5) 

* Tenth anniversary of Navy Astronautics Group at Point Mugu, Calif. 

Group operated Navy Navigation Satellite System, by which Navy 

ships at sea pinpointed their positions. Group had five navigation 

satellites in orbit. (PMR Missile, 4/21/72, 1) 

National Science Foundation released National Patterns of R&D Resources: Funds and Manpower in the United States 1953-1972 (NSF 

72-300). Research and development expenditures were expected to 

reach $28.0 billion in 1972, up from $26.8 billion in 1971, increase 

of 4.3%; 1970 to 1971 increase had been 2.1%. R&D was expected 

to account for 2.5% of estimated 1972 US. gross national product 

(GNP), down from 2.6% in 1971. In 19@, R&D and GNP ratio reached 

3.0%. Approximately 54% of national R&D effort was supported by 

Federal funds, primarily from Dept. of Defense and NASA. Industrial 

sector was second largest source. Companies were expected to provide 

two fifths of total US. R&D funds in 1972, up steadily from 31% in 

1964. 

Estimated 519 000 scientists and engineers in U.S.-more than one 

third-were employed in R&D during 1971, 5% fewer than in 1970. 

Nearly 70% of these professionals worked for industrial firms. Basic 

research expenditures for 1972 were projected at $4.1 billion, with 

applied research at $6.4 billion. In 1971, $4.0 billion and $6.1 billion 

had been spent on these activities. Universities and colleges were 

expected to perform more than 55% of national basic research effort 

during 1972, up slightly from 1971. (Text) 

* “Space in the Age of Aquarius,” hour-long special on space program, was 

shown on nationwide Columbia Broadcasting System TV. Program, 

April 10: 

134 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 10 

produced and emceed by actor Hugh O’Brian, included interviews 

with NASA scientists on benefits of space exploration. Comedian Jonathan Winters played part of numerous skeptics opposed to space program and new technology. 

In Baltimore Sun Judy Bachrach later commented that “gist of 

program could be found in Mr. O’Brian’s very last rhetorical question, 

‘Do we go or do we stop?’ We go on, we go on.” By end of program 

“you could have just about died of shame for ever having dared to 

think anything perverse about our space program. NASA couldn’t have 

got better propaganda if it had produced the show itself.” (UPI, C Trib, 

4/10/72; B Sun, 4/14/72) 

NASA Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel reviewed all aspects 

of Skylab program during meeting at Marshall Space Flight Center. 

Skylab program managers and key personnel briefed panel. Panel 

would later advise NASA Administrator on any hazards in program’s 

operation or facilities. (MSFC Release 7240; MSFC PAO) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 485 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

462-km (287.1-mi) apogee, 267-km (165.9-mi) perigee, 91.8-min 

period, and 70.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 30. ( GSFC 

SSR, 4/30/72; 8/31/72; Sou Aero, 5/17/72, 120) 0 Apollo 16 astronauts John W. Young, Thomas K. Mattingly 11, and 

Charles M. Duke, Jr., passed final physical examination at Kennedy 

Space Center. Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director of Life Sciences, 

said results showed astronauts “in good shape and ready to fly.” 

(AP, W Star, 4/11/72, A3) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics favorably reported, without amendment, H.R. 14070, $3.429-billion FY 1973 NASA authorization 

bill [see March 231. (H Rpt 92-976) 

* Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, discussed relevancy of space 

program to communications field and scored antitechnologists as “misguided,” in speech before National Assn. of Broadcasters engineers’ 

luncheon in Chicago: “Our success in gathering information from space 

is forcing a revamping of surface communications as they relate to 

data transmission, and a substantial upgrading of the capacity of the 

system’s components. The echoes of our revolutions will be heard in 

many sectors. . . . They will be as beneficial as they will be farreaching.” 

Disputing anti-technologists, Dr. Fletcher said that “they argue that, 

if the space program is done away with, the problems that are rooted 

in technological advance will disappear as well . . . and . . . funds 

now allocated to space can be applied to poverty, aid to the inner city 

and to other national needs.” This was nonsense. “In so arguing, the 

base for planned error has been laid. A fundamentally irrational position has been taken. Critics of this stripe are unable or unwilling 

to recognize that technology is a tool-and nothing more.” As space 

program progressed, Dr. Fletcher said, “I am confident that . . . we 

will be able to confront the anti-technologist with a sequence of results 

from our space work . . . that have a direct impact on the solving of 

some of the social problems that concern him-and the rest of us. 

“While this erosion of the position of the anti-technologist is in 

process, it is important that we take every precaution that his campaign 

does not impede the formation of the wise policies of federal support. 

April 10-11 : 

April 11: 

135 
April 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Our immediate future depends on it, our long range future will be 

determined by it.” (NASA Activities, 5/15/71, 92-4) 

* U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Soviet Academy of Sciences 

signed agreement providing for exchange of 216 man-months of visits 

by scientists between US. and U.S.S.R., or 180 man-months in each 

direction, over two-year period retroactive to Jan. 1, 1972. Agreement 

renewed and expanded interacademy exchange program that began 

in 1959. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 4/72, 1; NAS Off of Foreign Sec) 

Airborne laser system developed by NASA’s Wallops Station and Langley 

Research Center was being used to measure presence of drifting 

plankton in offshore areas of Chesapeake Bay, Md., and Chincoteague 

Bay, Va. System, mounted on helicopter, used orange light flash from 

laser to induce fluorescence in plankton. Fluorescence then was measured and recorded through telescope on helicopter. Test results had 

confirmed feasibility of using laser system on low-flying aircraft or 

surface vessel for observation of chlorophyll-bearing marine microorganisms. (Wallops Release 72-6) 

Tracked air cushion research vehicle (TACRV) constructed for Dept. of 

Transportation by Grumman Aerospace Corp. was officially displayed 

for first time at Grumman facility in Bethpage, N.Y. Vehicle 15.5 m 

(51 ft) long could achieve speeds to 480 km per hr (300 mph). (DOT 

Release 34-73) 

NASA and Federal Aviation Administration announced they would jointly 

sponsor major aeronautics exhibit at world’s first international transportation exhibition, TRANSPO ’72, to be held at Dulles International 

Airport in Chantilly, Va., May 27 to June 4. Exhibit would illustrate 

how two agencies were working with aviation community to overcome problems of congestion, noise, pollution, and inadequate airport 

facilities. (FAA Release 72-57) 

Leesburg, Fla., high school students Dale Delpit and Mike Holloway 

emerged after 6 days and 16 hrs in capsule built by their science 

class to simulate spacecraft. They had walked and slept on waterbed 

to simulate weightlessness and had eaten pre-prepared foods. Both 

boys, aged 14, emerged with wobbly knees and with charcoal on faces 

to look like astronauts’ beards. (W Star, 6/12/72, 20) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and other NAS-4 

officials testified before Senate Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee on HUD-Space-Science-Veterans Appropriations during hearings 

on NASA FY 1973 appropriation. Dr. Fletcher and Dr. George M. Low, 

Deputy Administrator, demonstrated model of space shuttle and explained configuration and costs. Dr. Fletcher said that in halving cost 

of original plans main sacrifice was that “we are not reusing all the 

parts. We use this expendable gas tank to supply the orbiter. . . . That, however, had an enormous effect on the size. We were able 

to bring the size of the orbiter down so that we were able to use solid 

fuel rockets.” Dr. Low added, “We sacrificed nothing in terms of 

what kinds of satellites, what kinds of payloads we can put into orbit.” 

Estimates of larger costs by shuttle opponents had been derived by 

adding in cost of “all the satellites it will carry, the weather satellites, 

the communications satellites, and all of those things that would be 

carried anyway, whether there is a Shuttle or not,” Dr. Low said. 

April 12: 

136 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 12 

“And this could be likened to charging to the cost of a freight train 

the cost also of all of the freight that it is going to carry.” 

In reply to question on cooperation with U.S.S.R., Dr. Low cited 

decision to build docking and rendezvous systems compatible between 

US. and U.S.S.R. manned spacecraft. Shuttle “will have a system 

on it so it can attach to another satellite and we will make that system 

so it is the same as the Russians will use on their satellites, so that 

if we need to rescue each other . . . or if we want to conduct joint 

experiments in space, we can do that.” 

Queried on comparison of US. and U.S.S.R. space programs, Dr. 

Fletcher said, “It is quite apparent that over the last 3 or 4 years, the 

Soviet space effort has grown in dollar volume and in number of 

launches per year, during the period that ours has declined. So that 

. . . they are spending quite a bit more in space than we are. It is 

estimated that perhaps 2 percent of their gross national product is spent 

for space, whereas a half of a percent of our GNP is spent on space. . . . Our number of launches per year has steadily declined from a peak of 

something [like] almost 80 in 1966, down to . . . the order of 30 or 

35 in 1970 and 1971; whereas, the number of their launches has 

steadily climbed . . . and is now higher than even our peak. In 1971, 

they launched over 80 spacecraft, whereas our launches were down 

to less than half that.” (Transcript) 

Physicist Dr. Ralph E. Lapp testified on space shuttle economics before 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences during FY 1973 

NASA authorization hearings. Following testimony by Dr. Oskar Morgenstern, Chairman of Board of Mathematica, Inc., and Dr. Klaus P. 

Heiss of Mathematica, on corporation’s study of space shuttle economics 

[see Jan. 311, Dr. Lapp criticized calculations and said entire issue 

of launch vehicle choices for future should be restudied. He said 

shuttle payloads would average “10 times more expensive than their 

weight in solid Cost would be $5100 per 0.5 kg (1 lb) for 

launches 1979-1990. Cost projection prepared for NASA had indicated 

$7-billion saving for shuttle launches in program that would cost $42 

billion using current methods, Dr. Lapp said. He added that no such 

$42-billion program had been authorized for the 1980s. U.S. taxpayers could save $19 billion by not building space shuttle and by 

using existing rockets for space program. (Transcript) 0 NASA Space Shuttle Technology Conference was held in San Antonio, 

Tex., in conjunction with 13th Structures, Structural Dynamics and 

Materials Conference of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and Society of 

Automotive Engineers. Topics discussed included aeroelasticity and 

loads, structure and liquid interactions, vehicle dynamics test and 

analysis, thermal protection systems, and structural design. ApoZZo 8 

Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., was member of panel for high school 

students that discussed benefits to be derived in space shuttle use. 

( AIAA Release) 

US.-U.S.S.R. talks on space cooperation were progressing successfully 

and internationally manned space laboratories might be launched in 

nearest future years,” Soviet space expert Leonid I. Sedov said in 

article published in Soviet defense ministry newspaper Krasnuyu 

Zvezda (Red Star). (AP, W Post, 4/13/72, All) 

<c 

137 
April 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* U.S.S.R. celebrated Cosmonauts Day with annual memorial meeting on 

11th anniversary of Vostok 1, first manned space flight, piloted by 

Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin. Soviet Academy of Sciences president 

Mstislav V. Keldysh summarized Soviet space achievements and described Soviet space programs. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 4/18/72, L1) 

India’s Minister of State for Home Affairs K. C. Pant, told Indian 

Parliament, Lok Sabha, that India had developed large number of 

high-precision and sophisticated components and assemblies needed 

for control and guidance system of satellite launch vehicle and had 

flight-tested some components. Sriharikota launch site had become 

operational, but use of facilities at Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS) would continue. ( FBIS-India, 4/14/72, P2 ; 

State Dept PIO) 

* Kennedy Space Center announced award of grants to Florida Technical 

Univ (FTU) in Orlando and Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) 

in Melbourne for ecological studies of spaceport area, much of which 

was a wildlife refuge. Grants, each totaling $90000, were for one 

year. FIT would study living processes in ecosystem which could be 

used as indicators of significant changes in environment. FTU would 

divide land areas and associated waters at KSC into geographical zones 

that would be intensively sampled for life forms for comparative academic studies. (KSC Release 80-72) 

National Science Foundation announced issuance of Solar Energy in 

Developing Countries: Perspectives and Prospects. Report of NAS 

Board on Science and Technology for International Development said 

solar energy had “capability to meet energy needs substantially beyond 

the applications now being made.” But best course was to study 

general energy needs of developing nations and methods of satisfying 

these needs without placing excessive hope in promising but unproved 

applications of sun’s energy. Report recommended establishment of 

regional centers in developing nations to evaluate supplies and uses 

of all kinds of energy and to begin research and development efforts 

on applications suitable to local conditions. ( NAS Release) 

Soviet and NASA scientists exchanged lunar soil samples in 

ceremony at Soviet Academy of Sciences in Moscow. NASA representatives Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of Manned Spacecraft Center Planetary 

and Earth Sciences Div., and Dr. Michael B. Duke, Lunar Sample 

Curator at MSC, presented Soviet scientists with 1 g (0.04 oz) of soil 

brought to earth by Apollo 15 astronauts. Exchange brought total 

weight of Apollo 15 lunar material given to Soviet scientists to 3 g. 

Soviet scientists gave NASA representatives 2 g (0.07 oz) of soil 

brought to earth by Luna 20, several photos of Luna 20 landing 

site, and pictures of separate rock fragments. (NASA Release 72-77; 

FBIS-SOV, 4/13/72, L4; NASA OMSF) 

NASA announced selection of RCA Aerospace Systems Div. for negotiation 

on $175 000 fixed-price contract to produce long-range laser traversing 

system. Nicknamed “Smokey,” system had been developed at Goddard 

Space Flight Center for US. Forest Service. Two back-packable, 18-kg 

(40-lb) units contained vertical-firing laser and telescope receiver that 

viewed laser pulse above all obstructions, permitting surveyors to lay 

out property lines over terrain obstacles faster and cheaper than by 

previous methods. (NASA Release 72-79) 

April 13: 

138 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 13 

* Delaware Valley Council presented its 1972 Aviation Award to NASA 

in ceremony in Philadelphia. Award, for outstanding achievements in 

aviation and aerospace, was accepted by Richard C. McCurdy, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Organization and Management. (P Bull, 

4/14/72, 8) 

Transmitting to Congress fourth annual report of National Science 

Foundation [see Feb. 101 President Nixon said: “I have great hope 

that we can realize the full potential of American technology for 

serving our national purposes. The commitment of this Administration 

to continue progress toward that goal is clearly reflected in the array 

of programs which I have detailed in my latest Budget Message.” 

(SPD, 4/17/72, 750) 

April 14: U.S.S.R. launched two satellites. 

Prognoz 1 (Forecast) , launched from Baykonur Cosmodrome, entered orbit with 199 667-km (124 067.3-mi) apogee, 1005-km (624.5- 

mi) perigee, 5782.1-min period, and 65.0’ inclination. Primary objective was “to study processes of solar activity, their influence upon 

inter-planetary medium and the earth’s magnetosphere.” Prognoz 1 

weighed 845 kg (1863 lbs) and carried instruments to study corpuscular, gamma ray, and x-ray solar radiation; solar plasma flows 

and their interaction with magnetosphere; and magnetic fields in nearearth space. 

Cosmos 486, launched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 253-km 

(157.2-mi) apogee, 218-km (135.5-mi) perigee, 89.1-min period, and 

81.3 O inclination. Satellite reentered April 27. ( CSFC SSR, 4/30/72; 

Tass, FBIS-SOV, 4/17/72, L1; Sou Aero, 5/1/72,9; SBD, 4/17/72,120) 

Selection of Kennedy Space Center in Florida and Vandenberg Air 

Force Base in California as launch and landing sites for space shuttle 

was announced by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, in 

Washington, D.C. KSC site would be used for research and development 

launches, to begin in 1978, and for all operational flights into easterly 

orbits. NASA would provide facilities for shuttle users at KSC by modification of existing facilities. Vandenberg AFB site would be phased in 

toward end of decade for shuttle flights requiring high-inclination 

orbits. Dept. of Defense would provide basic shuttle facilities. NASA 

Site Review Board studies had shown Kennedy-Vandenberg combination had cost, operational, and safety advantages over all other 

US. sites. Cost of establishing facilities at KSC was estimated at $150 

million; at Vandenberg, $500 million. 

Decision to use KSC was “most gratifying to NASA’s launch organization” and ensured “continued utilization of this base and the supporting Eastern Test Range,” Dr. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, said 

in statement read at ‘KSC press briefing following announcement of 

shuttle site selection. 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, explained at KSC 

briefing why site construction at Vandenberg AFB would cost more 

than at KSC: “At Kennedv we can make full use of the Saturn V launch 

complex-Complex 39. The Shuttle will be brought back in there after 

flight, . . . refurbished there, . . . mated with its booster . . . in the 

VAB [Vehicle Assembly Building] , taken on the trawler transporter 

to the existing launch pad and launched.,’ KSC modifications would be 

minor but at Vandenberg “launch facilities . . . are not yet as well 

139 
April 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

suited to the shuttle.” Larger modifications would be required, “and this 

is where the cost is.” 

Selection between KSC and Vandenberg for a particular launch 

would depend on required launch azimuth, Dr. Low said. “If we 

launched something toward the east . . . then it makes sense to launch 

it from the east coast, whether it is for the Department of Defense 

or for NASA or for civilian users. When you launch into a polar orbit, 

or a high-inclination orbit, then it makes more sense to launch from 

the west coast so you don’t overfly land.” 

In response to question, Dr. Low said NASA did not plan to mate 

Air Force-supplied booster with shuttle. “NASA will develop, or have 

developed under NASA contract by industry, the full shuttle including 

the orbiter, its large tanks, and the solid rocket motor.” NASA did 

have “clear understanding” with DOD that it would use shuttle when it 

became available and if it met requirements. (NASA Release 72-81; 

Transcript) Final Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences hearing on 

NASA FY 1973 authorization bill heard teshmony on space shittle 

by Dr. Brian O’Brien, physicist and Chairman of NASA Space Program Advisory Council and of National Academy of Sciences’ Advisory Committee to Air Force Systems Command. Committee also 

heard shuttle testimony from Dr. Courtland D. Perkins, Chairman of 

Princeton Univ. of Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences and 

Chairman of NASA Space Systems Committee. 

Dr. O’Brien said he believed shuttle would provide “space transportation system which can be available on short notice to meet unforeseen conditions which may result from world events, and . . . great 

flexibility in our space operations, whether civil or military.” It “should 

make possible a drastic reduction in cost of launches and in cost 

of payloads destined for earth orbit; while providing the opportunity 

for refurbishing or repairing satellites in orbit, or returning them to 

earth. In short, it should prove an invaluable tool in keeping us at the 

forefront in our operations in space.” 

Dr. Perkins said nothing NASA could do ‘‘could have a more profound 

effect on the total space program in the years ahead.” Shuttle would 

provide launch capability for nearly all programs, manned and unmanned, permitting elimination of large stable of rocket boosters and 

large complex of launch sites. Program provided strong signal to young 

scientists and engineers that US. wasn’t “about to throw away our 

carefully developed competence in space” and it was one of only few 

new national programs continuing “growth and stretch” in high technology. (Transcript) 

John N. Wilford contrasted US. and U.S.S.R. space programs in New 

York Times article: “As American astronauts prepare for another 

Apollo voyage to the moon . . . their counterparts in the Soviet Union 

are training for long-duration flights in earth-orbiting laboratories, 

leaving their own lunar exploration to automatic probes. As the American Pioneer 10 heads for Jupiter, a Soviet spacecraft, Venus 8 is 

traveling toward a planned softlanding on Venus. As American engineers design a reusable shuttle for ferrying men and satellites into 

space, the Russians apparently are still trying to develop a giant rocket 

to give them lifting power as great or greater than the Saturn V. As 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 14 

American launchings run about 30 a year and the space budget is under 

public attack, the Russians are launching nearly three times as many 

spacecraft and, if anything, are expanding their space program.” Contrasts had been highlighted in interviews with space officials during 

Wilford’s month-long visit to U.S.S.R. during March. According to Dr. 

Boris N. Petrov, director of Soviet Academy of Sciences Intercosmos 

Branch, “the priorities of the Soviet space program will remain the 

systematic research of near-earth space with the help of automatic 

stations, manned spaceships and orbital stations. For the moon and 

the nearest planets, the priority will continue to be research with the 

help of automated means.” (NYT, 4/14/72, 10) * Appointment of Dr. Noel W. Hinners as Deputy Director and Chief 

Scientist, Apollo Lunar Exploration, in Office of Manned Space Flight 

was announced by Manned Spacecraft Center. Dr. Hinners had headed 

lunar exploration department of Bellcomm, Inc. ( MSC Release 72-82) 

* Use of energy in cosmic plasma to launch spacecraft inexpensively was 

discussed in Science by Dr. Hannes 0. Alfven, Univ. of California at 

San Diego physicist. Energy for space propulsion was being used in 

extremely inefficient” way because of low exhaust velocity of rocket 

gases. Total start weight of spacecraft “must be two or three orders of 

magnitude larger than the payload.” By plasma ejection, “one can 

easily reach exhaust velocities of several tens of kilometers per second” so that “the ejected mass may be of the same order of magnitude as 

the payload and the efficiency very high.” Energy for launch could be 

supplied from solar wind, tapping voltage of 1000 v if transfer resistance between ends of conductors and solar wind could be “made 

small.” Or energy could be supplied by transfer from ground through 

plasma channel in atmosphere. “When Apollo 12 was launched, there 

were low clouds but no thunderstorm. When the spacecraft had disappeared in the clouds, lightning was observed . . . where the spacecraft had last been seen. This effect was interpreted as due to the 

exhaust gases which facilitated a discharge of electrostatic charges 

in the clouds down to the ground. One cannot avoid thinking that it 

would be preferable to transfer power up to the Spacecraft in this way.” 

If spacecraft at launch was “accelerated by two plasma guns at a large 

distance from each other, and electric arcs are produced between 

each . . . and the corresponding electrodes on the ground, it is possible 

that these arcs can be maintained during the launch through the atmosphere.” (Science, 4/14/72, 167-8) 0 Federal Aviation Administration announced publication of 1972 edition 

of National Aviation System (NAS) Ten Year Plan and Policy Summary. Summary detailed FAA’s long-range program for development 

of balanced airport-airways system to meet projected demand for air 

transportation through 1982. Plan objectives included : completion of 

semiautomation of en route air-traffic control facilities ; provision of 

basic automation equipment for radar-equipped terminal facilities and 

automatic metering and spacing of approaches in medium- and highdensity terminal areas ; increase in instrument-landing-system ( ILS) - 

equipped runways and installation of improved ILS at high-density 

airports; introduction of microwave ILS; investigation of use of satellite technology for air-traffic control communications, navigation, and 

surveillance and implementation of satellite communications in oceanic 

<L 

141 
April 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

areas ; expansion of designated area navigation routes to shorten en 

route and terminal flight paths; and plans for landing facilities and 

systems for vertical or short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft. 

(FAA Release 72-63) 

Apollo 16 preflight briefing was held at Kennedy Space Center. 

Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager James A. McDivitt said Apollo 16 

countdown was “probably the smoothest” to date. McDivitt announced 

that Apollo 16 would be last flight with which he would be associated: 

“I really don’t have any plans for the future because I’ve really been 

concentrating on Apollo 16, and while I made the decision that it 

would probably be a good time for me to leave the program, I have 

not had time to really sit down . . . [and] think through what my future 

would be.” Primary reason for leaving program after Apollo 16, 

rather than after Apollo 17, was so that if change meant move to new 

location McDivitt’s children could enter new schools at beginning of 

new school year. McDivitt was Air Force brigadier general and had 

been commander of Apollo 9 mission (March 3-13, 1969) and command pilot of Gemini 4 (June 3-7, 1965) during seven years as NASA 

astronaut. (Transcript) 

0 Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Apollo 16: While 

space program had been “worth the money,” it was “just a well that 

this is the next to last manned mission; the most promise henceforth 

will be in earth-orbital projects. The Soviets appear to be investing 

much more heavily in those than the United States.” (W Star, 4/15/72, 

A4) 

April 15-16: Wallops Station held open house as part of joint program of 

Federal activities. Displays included moon rock and Apollo spacesuit. 

Television set was available for visitors to watch Apollo 16 launch on 

April 16. (Wallops Release 72-5) 

NASA’s Apollo 16 (AS-511) carried three-man crew on fifth 

successful lunar landing mission. Lunar module (LM-11) Orion 

landed in moon’s Descartes region and two astronauts conducted experiments, rode lunar roving vehicle (LRV), and explored lunar surface. After 71 hrs 14 min on lunar surface Orion rejoined orbiting 

command and service module (CSM-113) Casper and astronauts 

transferred for safe return to earth with lunar samples. 

Spacecraft-carrying Astronauts John W. Young 

(commander) , Thomas K. Mattingly I1 (command module pilot) , and 

Charles M. Duke, Jr. (lunar module pilot)-was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, Pad A, on time at 12:54 pm 

EST April 16 by Saturn V booster. Launch was watched by group of 

invited guests-including Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, Soviet poet 

Yevgeny Yevtushenko, King Hussein of Jordan, and President Jose 

Figueres Ferrer of Costa Rica-and estimated half million other 

viewers near KSC and 38 million TV viewers. 

Spacecraft and S-IVB combination entered parking orbit with 175.9- 

km (109.3-mi) apogee and 166.7-km (103.6-mi) perigee. Insertion into 

trajectory toward moon was achieved at 2:34 GET in spite of minor 

anomalies-leak in instrument unit ( IU) temperature control system’s 

gaseous nitrogen bottle pressure and malfunction of S-IVB auxiliary 

propulsion system ( APS) helium regulators, which caused continuous 

April 15: 

April 16-27: 

April 16-18: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 16-27 

April 16-27: Apollo 16 carried a three-man crew on the fifth successful mission to 

explore the surface of the moon. The traverse routes planned for Astronauts John W. 

Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., were outlined on photograph of the Descartes landing site obtained by Apollo 14, with geographical names to be used by the astronauts. 

, 

\ 

venting. CSM separation from LM/S-IVB/IU at 3:05 GET and docking 

with LM was shown on color TV for 18 min. 

First S-IVB APS burn was near nominal, but because of helium 

depletion and potential trajectory disturbances, second burn was not 

made and S-IVB lunar impact operations were terminated. Tracking 

of stage ended at 27:09 GET when IU signal was lost. S-IVB impacted 

lunar surface at 75:08 GET (4:02 pm EST April 19) at point estimated 

143 
April 16-27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

to be 1.8’ north latitude and 23.3’ west longitude. Impact was detected 

by seismometers at Apollo 12, 14, and 15 sites. 

Unexplained light-colored particles streaming from LM close-out 

panel during docking were reported by crew at 7:18 GET. Young and 

Duke entered LM, powered up, and found all systems normal. Grasslike particles, shown on CM TV, were later identified as shredded 

thermal paint, but degraded thermal protection was not expected to 

affect LM operations. First midcourse correction (MCC-1) was canceled because spacecraft trajectory was near nominal. 

Electrophoresis demonstration began on schedule at 25 :05 GET and 

appeared to be successful, from crew’s description of reaction of 

charged particles in liquid. Ultraviolet ( W) photographs of earth 

from 107 300 km (66 700 mi) and 216 600 km (134 600 mi) were 

taken as planned. Duke reported “spectacular” view of half earth from 

201 000-km (125 000-mi) altitude when he could see sun shining on 

only half of planet. During MCC-2, made at 30:39 GET, services propulsion system ( SPS) tank pressure anomaly that had occurred earlier 

in mission was tracked and minor leak in transducer reference cavity 

was located. Procedures were sent to crew to account for transducer 

reading. Visual light flash experiment was started about two hours 

late, at 49:lO GET, because of problem in aligning spacecraft. Duke 

counted 70 white, instantaneous light flashes that left no after-glow. 

uv photography of earth at 327 800 km (203 700 mi) was completed 

as planned. 

Young and Duke entered LM at 53:50 GET for two-hour checkout 

of LM systems. All system checks were nominal. Scientific instrument 

module (SIM) door jettisoned at 69:59 GET. 

Apollo 16 entered lunar orbit with 314-km (195.9- 

mi) apolune and 107.7-km (66.9-mi) perilune after lunar orbit insertion (LOI) burn at 74:28 GET (3:22 pm EST April 19). Young, who 

had orbited moon in Apollo 10 (May 18-26, 1969), said moon was 

just as fantastic as it ever was.” He described black mounds like volcanic craters with white central peaks and said central peak of Tsiolkovsky Crater looked like “a white marshmallow in a sea of hot 

chocolate.” Astronauts also described whitish fracture patterns that 

looked like chalk scribbling and surface markings like chicken tracks. 

Mattinglv said Humboldt Crater had “every contrast in color on the 

moon.” Material overflowing from Descartes crater looked like cinder 

fields and submerged craters looked like coral atolls of South Pacific. 

Young and Duke reentered LM, powered up LM systems, and noted 

pressure rise in reaction control system ( RCS) helium pressure regulator. About 25 kg (54 lbs) of fuel and oxidizer were transferred to 

LM APS tank in attempt to prevent rupture of burst disc, but disc 

ruptured at 95 :03 GET, decreasing helium source pressure. 

CSM-LM undocking and separation maneuver was conducted on 

schedule at 96:14 GET. When Young and Duke came from behind 

moon in LM, Duke told Mission Control his helmet was full of oranqe 

juice. Duke’s microDhone apparently had become entangled with tube 

through which he drank juice stored in his spacesuit. “Every time I 

turn my head I get orange juice. It’s delicious . . . but it’s better in 

your mouth than floating around the cockpit. I’ve already had an 

orange shampoo.” 

April 19-24: 

<< 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 16-27 

April 16-27: Astronaut John W. Young (above) walked away from the deployment 

site of the lunar surface experiments package during Apollo 16’s first EVA April 21. 

Components in the background are central station, radioisotope thermoelectric generator, heat flow experiment, and lunar surface magnetometer. The lunar surface drill 

is at right center and its stems at left center. Below, Young-photographed by 

Charles M. Duke, Jr., while Thomas K. Mattingly 11 took lunar and astronomic photos 

from the command module in lunar orbit-replaced tools in the lunar roving vehicle 

besideBStone Mountain during EVA-2 April 22. Smoker .Mountain is in the background. 

145 
April 16-27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

When Mattingly came from behind moon in CSM he reported he 

had not conducted circularization burn because of malfunction in SPS 

yaw gimbal servo loop. While flight controllers evaluated problem, 

LM-powered descent-initiate maneuver was delayed, and LM and cSM 

maneuvered into station-keeping mode prepared to dock or continue 

landing procedures. Analysis of problem identified malfunction in 

secondary circujt that would not preclude lunar landing. Second separation maneuver by CSM with RCS burn was performed and LM began 

descent to moon on 16th revolution. 

LM Orion touched down in moon’s Descartes region 230 m (755 ft) 

northwest of planned target point at 104:30 GET (9:23 pm EST April 

20). “Wow, down. Old Orion is finally here, Houston. Fantastic,” 

Duke exclaimed. “All we’ve got to do is jump out the hatch and we’ve 

got plenty of rocks.” Duke and Young said site was rolling country 

surrounded by mountains and covered with big boulders. Sunlight was 

so bright it washed out moon’s colors and made lunar surface appear 

white. Since LM had stayed in lunar orbit six hours longer than planned 

it was powered down to conserve electrical power and first extravehicular activity (EVA-1) was rescheduled to follow sleep period. 

EVA-1 began at 119:05 GET (11:59 am EST April 21). Young 

climbed down ladder and stepped onto lunar surface. “Okay, Cayley 

Plains,” he said, “Apollo 16 is gonna change your image.” Duke 

followed and astronauts began deploying experiments. Because of 

problems with LM antenna astronauts’ first steps on moon-for first 

time-were not beamed back to earth. Once Young and Duke set up 

portable antenna, TV signal and communication with ground controllers were received clearly on earth. TV pictures showed bleak, pale 

surface resembling Apollo 15 site, with flat-topped Smoky Momtain 

to north and Stone Mountain to south. Astronauts said site was rockier, 

more hilly, and more cratered than previous landing sites. Soil was 

firm, with rocks scattered over 30% of the surface and small craters 

covering 70%. During deployment of Apollo lunar surface experiments 

package (ALSEP) Young tripped over heat flow experiment (HFE) 

cable, pulling it from connector after Duke had drilled first bore hole. 

Mission Control later developed way to repair $1.2-million experiment, 

but procedure was not used because it would have been too complex 

and too time consuming and included some risk to other ALSEP components. US. flag and remaining ALSEP components were deployed 

successfully and functioned nominally. 

Crew deployed LRV and found ampere readings for battery No. 2 

off-scale low and rear steering inoperable. About 40 min later, after 

loading, all meters and rear steering operated properly and LRV 

performed nominally throughout remainder of EVA. 

Young and Duke explored Flag, Spook, Plum, and Buster Craters 

and collected 20 kg (44 lbs) of samples, including number of white 

rocks. One crystalline rock coated with bluish glass appeared to have 

same texture as anorthosite “Genesis rock’’ collected on Apollo 15 

mission; another was pure white. Some were flecked with green and 

black glass, some were black and gray, and one wei hed about 6% kg 

After resting inside LM and reviewing plans for second EVA, astronauts left LM at 142:51 GET (11 :33 am EST April 22). They explored 

(14 lbs). EVA-1 terminated at 126:16 GET after 7 a rs 11 min 11 sec. 

146 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 16-27 

April 16-27: Stars near the center of the Milky Way galaxy were photographed 

from the surface of the moon during Apollo 16. An ultraviolet cameralspectrograph, 

designed and built by the Naval Research Laboratory, made photos in far ultraviolet 

light with hydrogen light filtered out, recording only the very hot, blue stars 

(streaked in the photo because of the moon’s rotation during the 30-minute exposure). 

Survey Ridge and Stone Mountain and said ridge was pockmarked 

with small, subdued craters, most about one meter (three feet) wide 

and some containing smaller craters within main crater. Area around 

South Ray Crater was strewn with sharp boulders and resembled crater 

in Nevada where astronauts had trained. Young and Duke turned on 

LRV TV so viewers could watch them walking and collecting samples 

high up on slope of Stone Mountain. They reported seeing more of 

previously discovered white soil under gray surface layers and said 

soil was very loosely consolidated. 

While ascending ridge and traversing very rocky terrain, LRV rear 

wheels failed to respond at full throttle. LRV continued to move, but 

front wheels were digging in. Troubleshooting procedures identified 

mismatch of power mode switching. After change in switch configuration LRV worked properly. Astronauts took core samples and collected 

rocks that appeared to be volcanic, a greenish rock shaped like a 

snake’s head, and pure crystalline rocks. EVA was televised in color 

147 
April 16-27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

with LRV camera and was extended 20 min. During crew’s return to 

LM, 5-cm (%in) portion of Young’s portable life support system 

(PLSS) antenna broke off, causing 15- to 18-db drop in signal strength. 

EVA-2 ended at 150:14 GET after 7 hrs 23 min 26 sec. 

Third EVA began 30 min early at 165:45 GET (10:27 am EST April 

23) to allow additional time near North Ray Crater and two other 

stations. Astronauts chipped off samples from enormous basalt rock the 

size of a house. All planned activities were accomplished, but astronauts had trouble configuring cosmic ray detector for stowage and 

return to earth. LRV covered 9% km (6 mi) and reached 17 km per 

hr (11 mph) going down 15’ slope. TV coverage was excellent 

throughout EVA. Total EVA-3 time was 5 hrs 40 min 14 sec-bringing 

total EVA time to 20 hrs 14 min 54 sec and total distance traversed to 

27.1 km (16.8 mi). 

While LM was on moon, Mattingly, orbiting moon in Casper, completed lunar and astronomic photography and prepared for rendezvous. 

He radioed information to geologists at Mission Control to help them 

plan EVA-3 exploration of Stone Mountain and determine best way 

to approach North Ray Crater. He located radioactive hot spot on 

eastern edge of Ocean of Storms south of Apollo 14 landing site and 

gamma spectrometer identified thorium, potassium, and uranium. 

Mattingly also discovered, on far side of moon, volcanic lava flows 

that resembled maria flows and spilled out over northeast rim of crater 

high in mountains near lunar equator. Two areas resembled volcanic 

flows around Flagstaff, Ariz., where crew had trained. Many large 

basins on moon’s far side appeared to be covered with same kind of 

material that covered area around Apollo 16 site. 

Young and Duke depressurized LM, discarded excess equipment, 

repressurized LM, and lifted off lunar surface with 96.6 kg (213 lbs) 

of lunar samples at 175:44 GET (8:26 pm EST April 24). Liftoff was 

photographed in color by camera on LRV left on moon and was seen 

by millions of TV viewers. Spacecraft docked successfully and LM 

crew transferred samples, film, and equipment to CSM. For first time 

docking was not seen on TV, because LM steerable antenna was inoperable. LM jettison was delayed one day so that astronauts could rest. 

After LM jettison at 195:12 GET, LM lost altitude and began tumbling, 

apparently because circuit breaker in attitude-and-translation-controller 

assembly’s primary guidance and navigation system had accidentally 

been left open. LM ascent stage remained in lunar orbit and was 

expected to impact lunar surface in about one year. Boom that carried 

instrument to measure atmosphere of moon was jettisoned because it 

would not retract and might have broken off. Orbit-shaping maneuvers 

were canceled to avoid firing of SPS because of degraded backup SPS 

thrust vector control. 

Scientific Subsatellite was launched at 196:14 GET (4:56 EST April 

24) into lunar orbit with 123.3-km (76.6-mi) apolune and 97.9-km 

(60.8-mi) perilune. Hexagonal, 40-kg (90-lb) satellite 77 cm long and 

36 cm in diameter (30 x 14 in) carried three experiments. Subsatellite 

extended three 1Yz-m (5-ft ) booms, two with magnetometer sensors 

to measure interplanetary and earth magnetic fields near moon and 

third for stabilization. Spacecraft also carried particle shadows and 

boundary layer experiment to collect data on plasmas and solar flares 

148 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 16-27 

and S-band transponder to detect variations in lunar gravity caused 

by mascons. Expected lifetime was 6 to 9 mos-shorter than 12 mos 

planned because shaping burn to optimize orbit had not been performed-but Subsatellite crashed into moon May 29. 

Transearth injection maneuver at 200:33 GET put CSM on trajectory 

for earth after 114 hrs 5 min (65 revolutions) in lunar orbit. 

April 25-27: Good-quality TV pictures of receding moon from 

inside CM and of lunar surface from LRV on moon were transmitted 

between 227 and 229 GET. At 243:35 GET (3:43 pm EST April 25) 

Mattingly left CSM for inflight EVA to retrieve panoramic and mapping 

camera fiIm cassettes from SIM on SM. Mattingly made two trips, 

during which he observed condition of instruments, reported that 

insulation paint near rocket nozzle was blistered, and deployed and 

exposed microbial ecological evaluation device (MEED) experiment 

for 10 min. He reentered CSM after 1 hr 24 min. Scheduled TV press 

conference began at 268:13 GET and ended at 268:32 GET. Astronauts 

briefly described moon’s far side, including crater Guyot, which seemed 

to be so full of material that it overflowed and spilled down side of 

the crater. 

CM separated from SM at 290:08 GET, 15 min before entry interface 

at 121 900-m (400 000-ft) altitude. Drogue and main parachutes 

deployed normally and CM splashed down and flipped upside-down in 

mid-Pacific about 5 km (3 mi) from recovery ship U.S.S. Ticonderoga 

at 2:44 pm EST April 27, after 11-day 2-hr (265-hr 51-min) mission. 

After flipping spacecraft upright by inflating air bags, astronauts, 

wearing fresh flight suits, left CM and were carried by helicopter to 

biomed area on recovery ship for postflight examinations. After being 

declared in excellent condition, astronauts were flown on following 

day to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, and to Ellington AFB, Tex. 

Young had lost 3% kg (7% lbs) ; Mattingly, 3 kg (6% lbs); and 

Duke, 2% kg (59” lbs) , but all were “euphoric, hungry and thirsty, 

and walking well.” CM was retrieved and placed in dolly on board 

recovery ship. Lunar samples, data, and equipment were flown to 

Ellington AFB and CM was off-loaded at San Diego. 

Mission achieved primary ApoZZo 16 objectives: to make selenological survey and sampling of materials in preselected area of Descartes 

region ; emplace and activate surface experiments ; evaluate capability 

of Apollo equipment to provide extended lunar surface stay time, 

increased EVA operations, and surface mobility; and conduct inflight 

experiments and photographic tasks from lunar orbit. Launch vehicle 

and spacecraft systems performance were near nominal except for 

lack of rate feedback in thrust vector control and yaw oscillations that 

delayed lunar landing, caused revision of lunar surface activities, and 

necessitated end of mission one day earlier than planned. All anomalies 

were quickly analyzed and resolved or compensated for by workaround procedures developed to permit mission to continue. Flight 

crew performance was excellent. Minor errors made by crew were 

attributed to fatigue and did not preclude mission success. Mission 

was officially judged a success. 

Accomplishments included largest payload (34 518 kg; 76 100 lbs) 

placed in lunar orbit, first cosmic ray detector deployed on lunar 

surface, first use of far-uv camera on lunar surface, longest lunar 

149 
April 16-27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

surface stay time (71 hrs 14 rnin), longest lunar surface EVA (20 hrs 

15 min) , and largest amount of lunar samples brought to earth (96.6 

kg; 213 lbs). In addition, astronauts returned 3793.5 m (12446 ft) 

of exposed film used on lunar surface and in lunar orbit. 

ApoZZo 16 was 13th Apollo mission to date, loth manned Apollo 

mission, and 5th successful manned lunar landing mission. ApoZZo 15 

had been conducted July 26-Aug. 7, 1971. Apollo program was directed by NASA Office of Manned Space Flight. Manned Spacecraft 

Center was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, Marshall 

Space Flight Center for Saturn V launch vehicle, and Kennedy Space 

Center for launch operations. Tracking and data acquisition was 

managed by Goddard Space Flight Center under overall direction of 

Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA proj off; NASA Release 

72-64K; NYT, 4/1630/72; W Post, 4/16-28/72; W Star, 4/16 

28/72; B Sun, 4/18/72, Al; AP, New Haven Register, 4/21/72) 

Soviet poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko-first Soviet dignitary to 

accept invitation to watch Apollo launch-described his reaction to 

launch to press at Kennedy Space Center. “It was beautiful, it was 

poetry. It was a great impression.’’ Yevtushenko said he had been even 

more impressed on his midnight visit to the floodlit launch pad with 

astronaut David R. Scott, “It’s really a beautiful show, this white 

tender body of a rocket, supported by the clumsy but sometimes tender 

hands of the red gantry tower. I absolutely had the feeling of one big 

brother embracing his sister before a long way, a long road. It was 

wonderful. Silence, not people. No press. Nothing. The sky, the ground, 

the rocket. It was so beautiful.” (Witkin, NYT, 4/17/72, 24) 

0 Astronaut John W. Young had not had “command pilot syndrome”- 

fastest peak heart rate of crew at launching-when Apollo 16 was 

launched, Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director of Life Sciences, said 

in interview. “The commander has the greatest responsibility and . . . usually has the fastest rate.” During Apollo 16 launch lunar module 

pilot Charles M. Duke, Jr., had fastest peak rate, 130 beats per min. 

Command module pilot Thomas K. Mattingly I1 registered 115 beats 

per min, and Young-who was making fourth space flight and second 

trip to moon-registered 108 beats per min. Record had been set by 

Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., whose rate had reached 166 beats per 

min just before launch of Gemini 11 Sept. 12, 1966. (Altman, NYT, 

4/17/72, 24) 

0 Tass announced ApolZo 16 launch 22 min after US. news agencies reported blastoff and issued brief report when spacecraft entered orbit. 

UPI said coverage was quick by Soviet standards and was part of 

gradual expanding coverage the Russians have been giving to US. 

space shots which were all but ignored ten years ago.” (W Star, 

4/17/72, A6) 

0 Jan. 25 fuel leak in ApoZZo 16 spacecraft had added extra 99200000 to 

cost of mission, Washington Post reported. Most of money went to 

pay overtime to technicians who had worked two weekends bringing 

vehicle with CSM/LM from launch pad to Vehicle Assembly Building 

(VAB), where command module had been partly disassembled, and 

returning spacecraft to pad after repair work on launch vehicle and 

command module had been completed. (W Post, 4/16/72, A3) 

150 

April 16: 

cc 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 16 

* NASA had invited 63 ambassadors to Apollo 16 launch but had canceled 

flight scheduled to carry them to Cape Kennedy because only 10 had 

accepted, Washington Post reported. (W Post, 4/16/72) 

* US. was “running out of blank spaces on the map” and needed last 

frontier of space “to keep the human spirit up,” Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, said in 

interview published by National Enquirer. “Huge tasks” set for computer industry by Apollo program had boosted that industry from $1- 

billion-per-year earnings in 1969 to $8 billion in 1972. “The aerospace 

industry itself is a $27 billion business. These and associated industries which the space program stimulates . . . produce the base for 

the taxes to support all programs. Let the tax base erode and you will 

very soon see that we won’t be able to afford the social programs.” 

( Adler, National Enquirer, 4/16/72 1 0 New York Times editorial commented on space cooperation: “These 

past few years astronomy has probably advanced further than in any 

previous century since the invention of the telescope. Fantastic progress 

has been made through American and Soviet exploration of the moon, 

Mars and Venus.” Need was “to build on this new base of knowledge 

with a program of further manned and unmanned space exploration 

conducted under a system of international cooperation which combines 

the resources, manpower and knowledge of many nations. No generation has ever faced a nobler challenge than space now poses before 

all humanity.” (NYT, 4/16/72, 5:12) 

Newspaper editorials commented on Apollo 16 mission as 

astronauts headed toward moon from April 16 launch. 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin: “The Apollo missions are still high 

adventure. And if the firing sequence is now familiar, there was still 

suspense yesterday as the huge Saturn V rocket engines lifted another 

brave crew of American astronauts . . . . But as the thunder faded 

away . . . there was the same old question every recent space probe 

has inspired: What is to be the future of US. space research when the 

Apollo missions are completed?” (P Bull, 4/17/72) 

New York Times: “The Apollo effort began in 1961 in an aura of 

cold war Soviet-American rivalry. But yesterday the Moscow television 

news gave the Apollo 16 launch equal time with events in Vietnam. 

Soviet-American space cooperation-perhaps a prelude to truly international team-work-could help greatly in easing world tensions. It 

would be an unexpected but welcome by-product of the Apollo program.” (NYT, 4/17/72, 33) 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch editorial commented on Soviet announcement of 

plans for Soviet-American space mission: “If successful, the way 

would be opened for further joint exploratory missions, and for emergency rescues. Hopefully, the experiment would provide a stimulus for 

further combining . . . space efforts. This would provide a valuable 

interchange of scientific data and a saving in money. The goal should 

be co-operation in spacefaring by all the nations of the earth.” (St 

Louis P-D, 4/17/72} 

Senate Committee on Armed Services’ Ad Hoc Subcommittee 

on Tactical Air Power held hearings on F-14 naval aircraft program. 

Grumman Corp. Chairman E. Clinton Tow1 in April 17 testimony said 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. was “financially unable” to build 48 more 

April 17: 

April 17-19: 

151 
April 17-19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

F-14 jet fighter aircraft to complete Navy’s order for 134 unless Government restructured contract. Grumman would require at least $2.2 

million more per aircraft to compensate for expected losses, plus additional amount to provide profit. Navy was seeking $734 million in 

FY 1973 for 48 F-14s at current unit cost of $16.8 million. Adm. 

Elmo R. Zumwalt, Chief of Naval Operations, testified April 19 that 

Government should “stick to the contract.” F-14 was “real winner, 

one the country really needs,” but aircraft could be produced profitably under current contract terms. (CR, 4/17/72, 4/19/72; Madden, 

NYT, 4/18/72, 1; Vasquez, NYT, 4/20/72, 5) 

Science briefing on magnetic enigmas of moon was held at 

Manned Spacecraft Center. Finding that rock samples of different 

kinds collected at all four Apollo landing sites were imprinted with 

magnetic field from 3 billion to 4 billion yrs ago was reported by Dr. 

David W. Strangway, Chief of MSC Geophysics Div. Laboratory tests 

had shown 400 to 500 gammas of local magnetic field would have been 

needed to leave magnetism observed in lunar rocks-%o to l/loo as 

strong as magnetism on earth’s surface. Earth’s magnetism was believed to be caused by earth‘s rapid spin and molten core but moon 

spun only once a month and had been assumed to be solid throughout. 

Analysis had determined that lunar rocks cooled from molten state 

between 3.6 billion and 4 billion yrs ago and it was “almost certain” 

that rocks had acquired their magnetism at that time. 

Dr. Paul J. Coleman of Univ. of California at Los Angeles reported 

that findings obtained with Subsatellite launched from Apollo 15 Aug. 

4, 1971, had shown marked variations in lunar magnetism on moon’s 

far side, with sharp, even peak near crater Van de Graaf close to center 

of moon’s far side. 

Dr. Palmer Dyal, Ames Research Center physicist, said ApoZZo 16 

efforts to find explanation for observed lunar magnetism would include 

survey of Palmetto Crater north of landing site to assess possibility 

that impacts of large meteorites could leave residue of local magnetism. 

Equipment included magnetometers left on moon by previous missions 

and lunar subsatellite to be ejected from ApoZZo 16 command module. 

(Transcript) 

* ApoZZo 16 astronauts’ electrocardiograms would be transmitted from space 

to heart specialists at Stanford Univ. and Univ. of Wisconsin if astronauts experienced irregular heartbeats and potassium loss during 

mission, Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Chief of Life Sciences, said in 

interview. Dr. Berry said he would stop extravehicular activity if 

ApoZZo 16 astronauts developed symptoms experienced by ApoZZo 15 

crew. (Altman, NYT, 4/19/72, 1) 

New York Times, in editorial on Apollo 16’s technical problems, praised 

entire Apollo effort: “Whatever the outcome of the present Apollo 

expedition . . . enough has already been accomplished by these vehicles 

to assure them an imperishable place in the history of technology and 

science. Each Apollo rocket . . . has been the most complex and complicated machine ever made by man. Each has been composed of 

millions of parts, all or almost all of which have had to work perfectly for the voyage to succeed.” Apollo was “most impressive example 

of what American engineering can do at its best, and an implicit 

April 18: 

152 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 18 

rebuke to the more routine areas of technology where far lower 

standards are too frequently the rule.” (NYT, 4/18/72) 

* Langley Research Center was making major effort to formulate advanced 

supersonic technology program “to help get the United States back 

into the competition,” LaRC Director Edgar M. Cortright said in speech 

before National Space Club in Washington, D.C. Center was “one of the 

last remaining strongholds of hypersonic research” in US., with broadbased program that represented “national trends in aerospace research 

and development.” LaRC goals were to help solve critical transportation 

problems, retain US. leadership in civil aviation, improve US. military 

aircraft, develop space shuttle technology, successfully complete Viking 

project, assist other agencies on civil sector problems in expanding 

program of space applications, and maintain strong foundation of research in basic disciplines of aerospace sciences. LaRC advanced 

supersonic technology program envisioned US. supersonic transport 

for 1980s that was one third faster than Concorde, carried three 

times more passengers and twice Concorde payload, had 50% longer 

range, and was quieter and 30% cheaper to operate. In hypersonic 

field, Cortright envisioned aircraft that could fly to Australia in 2% 

hrs carrying 300 passengers. (Text) 

* Kennedy Space Center announced award of nine-month $140 090 contract 

to Martin Marietta Corp. to study operational processing of space 

shuttle payload carriers at KSC space shuttle launch site. Study would 

develop objectives, technical information, and recommendations for 

flexible, cost-effective procedures for shuttle processing. ( KSC Release 

86-72) 

* Washington Evening Star article cited results of “intolerable pressure” 

on astronauts’ domestic life. Of 73 original astronauts, 2 had remained 

bachelors and 6 had received divorces. Astronauts were away from 

families on average three out of four weeks. As mission time approached 

they were away continuously. Danger in training and “almost constant 

cross-country flying” added to pressures ; 8 married astronauts had 

died in accidents. (Recer, W Star, 4/18/72, C1) 

* Belgian artist Paul Van Hoeydonck had sculpted small statue “Fallen 

Astronaut” that was left on moon by Apollo 15 astronauts during 

July 26-Aug. 7, 1971, mission, New York Times reported. Name of 

artist had not previously been disclosed, but Smithsonian Institution 

recently had asked Van Hoeydonck for replica. (NYT, 4/18/72, 51; 

Smithsonian NASM) 

* Christian Science Monitor editorial commented on National Academy of 

Sciences-National Research Council Space Science Board’s report, 

Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight [see April 41 : “What 

intrigues us most is that the board insists on the need for mental selfknowledge and control. To successfully undertake long space missions, 

men must make togetherness work in confined quarters.” Board had 

noted significantly that “men must learn to recognize when their 

thinking is manipulated by the fantasies of a brain challenged by 

feelings of isolation and boredom.” Requirements sounded like “basis 

for more harmonious living on Space Ship Earth. Perhaps this is 

space flight’s larger challenge: to expand our range even a little way 

into the cosmos requires us to transcend human shortcomings through 

deeper self-knowledge.” (CSM, 4/18/72) 

153 
April 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

April 19: Air Force launched unidentified reconnaissance satellite from 

Vandenberg Air Force Base by Thorad-Agena booster. Satellite entered orbit with 247-km (153-mi) apogee, 155-km (96-mi) perigee, 

88.4-min period, and 81.4’ inclination and reentered May 12. (Pres 

Rpt 73 ; SBD, 4/28/72, 325) 

* Chicago Tribune editorial commented on Apollo 16: ‘‘Obviously so high 

a number as 16 accounts for our headline Monday: ‘Blastoff Fails To 

Excite City.’ Human nature is so constructed that novelty stimulates 

interest, but interest diminishes quickly with repetition.” But “however commonplace the recently incredible has become . . . some part 

of every American is with our latest flying astronauts. We all identify 

with them as they attempt the successful accomplishment of their 

exacting undertaking.” (C Trib, 4/19/72) 

* NASA and Air Force had initiated program and developed contract with 

Lockheed-Georgia Co. to design and install composite-reinforced center 

wing boxes in two USAF C-130E aircraft, NASA announced. Objective of 

program was to evaluate concept of selective composite reinforcement 

of primary aircraft structures. Concept would increase strength and 

stiff ness of metal structures by bonding composite materials to metal. 

(NASA Release 72-84) 

* Filter cassette-filter-paper holder developed by Lewis Research Center 

and Cleveland (Ohio) Air Pollution Control Div. and used in highvolume air samplers-was being used to simplify and improve collection of air samples over Cleveland area. Cassette had been developed 

to avoid contamination of filter papers used to collect trace materials. 

They were being used in 16 Cleveland air samplers as parallel network 

to city monitoring stations and in 7 L~RC samplers in Cleveland suburbs. (NASA Release 72-82) 

Role of satellite in weather forecasting was described by Howard W. 

Pollock, Deputy Administrator of National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, in speech before Ninth Space Congress at Cocoa Beach, 

Fla. Invention of earth satellites “might well be called the greatest 

single technological advance in meteorology since the invention of 

the balloon.” Geostationary and orbiting satellites had provided National Weather Service with “fantastic tools, immense amounts of 

information, and far greater capabilities than it has ever had before.” 

With orbiting satellites “we now have the potential for vertical temperature profiles at a theoretically infinite number of points around the 

world.” With satellite data “we foresee the day when we will . . . determine . . . the initial state of the world atmosphere in all essential 

details.” 

NOAA was studying disaster warning satellite able to reach every 

home in every part of US. Every home could have a small inexpensive 

receiver. When natural disaster was forecast, satellite would be instructed to turn on receivers in area to be affected and broadcast 

appropriate warning with instructions about actions people should 

take. Fundamental technology for disaster warning satellite in coming 

decade was ‘largely available now” and planning was under way. (Text) 

Youth Science Congress at Lewis Research Center was 

sponsored by NASA and National Science Teachers Assn. to stimulate 

interest in science at high school level. Panel of LeRC scientists and 

engineers and science teachers from Cleveland, Ohio, schools evaluated 

April 19-21: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 19-21 

papers of 20 students selected from 69 who applied. (L~RC Release 

NASA TF-8A aircraft, piloted by Thomas C. McMurtry and 

equipped with supercritical wing, completed three performance evaluation flights from Flight Research Center. Aircraft flew at speeds ranging 

from mach 0.60 to 1.10 at 10 700-m (35 000-ft) altitude on one flight. 

On another it tested performance from mach 0.70 to 0.99 at 7300-m 

(24 000-ft) altitude and from mach 0.90 to 0.99 at 11 000 m (36 000 

ft) . On third flight, aircraft flew at mach 0.96 and 0.98 at both 7600 m 

(25000 ft) and 10700 m (35000 ft) and mach 0.95 to 1.18 at 

13 700 m (45 000 ft) . Aircraft; with experimental wing designed to decrease buffeting at 

high subsonic speeds, would continue test flights through May 19 and 

would have new side fairings installed beginning May 22. (NASA 

proj off) 

* House approved H.R. 14070, $3,429-billion FY 1973 NASA authorization 

bill [see March 231 by vote of 277 to 60 after defeating amendment 

by Rep. Les Aspin (D-Wis.) to defer shuttle development until completion of study by National Academy of Sciences. House also defeated 

amendment by Rep. Charles D. Range1 (D-N.Y.) to delete $3 million 

for support of NASA tracking station in South Africa. (CR, 4/20/72, 

H3353-89) 

* NASA’s Pioneer 10 Jupiter probe, launched March 2, was continuing 

toward encounter with Jupiter planned for 9:35 pm EST Dec. 3, 1973. 

Spacecraft was 36.6 million km (22.7 million mi) from earth and 

691.4 million km (429.6 million mi) from Jupiter and was traveling 

at 10 km per see (6 mps) relative to earth. Meteoroid detector had 

recorded 22 hits and asteroid/meteoroid detector had observed 14 

objects. Data from other eight instruments were being furnished to 

investigators. Infrared radiometer would be turned on for checkout 

April 21 and then turned off until encounter with Jupiter. (NASA 

proj off) 

Goddard Space Flight Center was awarding $100000 contract to RAND 

Corp. to plan and coordinate study for Broadcasting Satellite System. 

RAND would provide improved analytical tools for technical guidance 

and support of broadcasting satellite services development. ( GSFC PAO ; 

SBD, 4/20/72, 273) 

Dept. of Transportation award of $1.3-million grant to Atomic Energy 

Commission’s Lawrence Livermore Laboratory to assess effects of proposed 1985-1990 high-altitude aircraft on environment was announced 

by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. Project was part of 

DOT’S Climatic Impact Assessment Program ( CIAP) . Laboratory would 

construct sophisticated computer models to predict effect of subsonic 

and supersonic aircraft on temperature, cloud formation, and stratospheric shielding of potentially hazardous ultraviolet radiation from 

sun. (DOT Release 38-72) 

Cosmos 487 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 504-km (313.2-mi) apogee, 267-km (165.9-mi) perigee, 92.2-min 

period, and 70.9O inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 24. (GSFC SSR, 

4/30/72; 9/30/72; SBD, 4/25/72, 301) 

Plaque placed in auditorium of National Academy of Sciences bore 

inscription : “The National Academy of Sciences Auditorium is dedi72-26; LeRC PAO) 

April 20: 

April 21 : 

155 
April 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

cated to all individuals who through the Academy have devoted their 

talents and knowledge to the service of the Nation and mankind. It 

perpetuates the memory of Hugh L. Dryden whose friends, by establishing the Dry den Memorial Fund, helped to make this auditorium 

possible.” Dr. Dry den was NASA Deputy Administrator 1958-1965, 

former Director of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 

(NACA), and former Associate Director of National Bureau of Standards. (NAS Pres Off; NASA Hist Off) 

Washington Daily News editorial urged space shuttle funding by Congress: Shuttle was “gamble worth taking-not just because it will 

provide 50,000 new jobs in the depressed aerospace industry, but because 

it offers a window on the universe at a relatively modest cost.” To 

retreat from space “after so many billions have been spent and so 

many men have risked their lives” would be “small credit to a nation 

that prides itself on perseverance, a pioneering spirit and common 

sense.” (W News, 4/21/72) 

Continuation of space program was urged by Edwin McDowell in Wall 

Street Journal editorial: “For our periodic thrusts aimed at solving 

the age-old mysteries of the cosmos are not just an expensive plaything 

of the Silent Majority, but a quest whose revelations probably will 

benefit all mankind.” Perhaps “temporary moratorium the administration has placed on space flights is advisable, even though each 

moon mission is far more productive and scientifically rewarding 

than each of its predecessors. But abandonment of America’s space 

venture . . . would be disastrous.” (WSJ, 4/21/72, 8) 

* NASA launched Aerobee 150 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., carrying National Center for Atmospheric Research 

aeronomy experiment. Rocket performed satisfactorily. Scientific objectives were not satisfied. (SR list) 

Richard Witkin commented on clarity of Apollo 16 TV pictures in New York Times article: “The space agency has a $46,008 

contract with a three-month-old California company to process signals from the moon and improve the quality of Apollo television 

reception. The verdict so far from Apollo 16 scientists, the primary 

beneficiaries, is that the money is being well spent. And there appears 

to be no quarrel from the viewing public.” What company, Image 

Transforms, Inc., had been doing to signals from Apollo 16 was being 

kept confidential-even from NASA-to protect seven existing and two 

pending patents. Signals were sent from Apollo 16 to Houston and 

were immediately sent to Image Transform’s North Hollywood, Calif., 

plant and back before being displayed on NASA screens and being 

sent to networks. Extra delay was only one fifth second. NASA had 

arranged image processing so geologists could give astronauts better 

input on which rocks to collect on moon. Better reception for home 

TV viewers was side benefit. Process had been developed by Canadian 

John Lowry, coowner of company. (NYT, 4/22/72, 16; LA Times, 

4/23/72) 0 Change in Apollo 16 schedule necessitated by command module problem 

had at least tripled cost of beaming TV coverage of mission to Europe, 

Washington Post reported. European Broadcasting Union had planned 

to record coverage in New York and beam pictures to viewers via 

satellite. When CM problem developed, TV officials had decided situaApril 22: 

156 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 22 

tion warranted immediate “live” coverage. Later network decided to 

beam moonwalks live, as well. (W Post, 4/22/72, A10) 

* Newspaper editorials commented on ApoZZo 16 mission as astronauts 

conducted second extravehicular activity (EVA) on lunar surface. 

New York Times commented on April 20 decision to continue 

ApoZZo 16 mission despite technical problems : “Thursday’s dilemma 

and its solution were particularly useful in reminding all concerned 

that there are two kinds of errors that can be made in situations of 

this type.” There was possibility of mission directors “deciding to 

continue the journey in the face of a danger that brings disaster. 

Against that is the alternate risk of being overly cautious and aborting 

a mission unnecessarily, at huge financial and scientific loss.” It was 

“delicate dilemma” and “tribute to the Project Apollo leadership 

and organization that to date these voyages have foundered on neither 

rock.” (NYT, 4/22/72, 30) 

Cleveland Plain Dealer: “Science has been well served. Mankind 

has made its iant steps. The pure, fresh enthusiasm of Astronaut 

Charles M. Dufe, Jr., with his ‘Yahoo!’ and his ‘Fantastic!’ is infectious, but it cannot waken again the public’s wonder over the first 

moonwalk.” Everyone wished Apollo 16 well but “they have seen 

this show before. What refinements have been added in this latest 

version are obscurely technical. The Apollo program is aging, and 

the American public . . . is quite willing to see it come to a close.” 

(C1 PD, 4/22/72) 

* Montana State Low Income Organization, activist group, had sent box 

of rocks to President Nixon to protest ApoZlo 16 mission, UPI reported. 

Group had said purpose of mission appeared to be merely collection 

of rocks; Montana rocks were free and represented areas in state where 

social problems needed Government attention. (NYT, 4/23/72, 60) 

Among strongest arguments for funding space shuttle was its great 

military usefulness, D. J. R. Bruckner said in Wushington Post 

column. Argument might persuade Congress, “but do they really need 

another weapon?” Shuttle’s greatest use would be “as a tool supporting 

research, including the construction and maintenance . . . of a research 

station on the moon’s surface.” But that was insufficient reason for 

Congress. “If they cannot convince themselves that it will help 

destroy something, they won’t put up the money for it.” Apollo program had destroyed nothing. “It only added a cubit to the stature of 

every American in the eyes of mankind, . . . benefited the understanding, the imagination and the spirit of humanity . . . [and] 

opened up enormously fruitful areas of knowledge about how the 

world we live in was formed and how it works.” (W Post, 4/22/72, 

A14) 

Belgium released annual Postage Day stamp, depicting ApoZZo 15 Astronaut David R. Scott postmarking U.S. lunar rover stamp on moon 

Aug. 2, 1971. (AP, P Bull, 4/23/72) 

Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner and Soviet Tu144 supersonic transport were displayed at Hannover Air Show in West 

Germany. Reportedly they would not appear at US. TRANSPO ’72 

exposition scheduled to be held at Dulles Airport in Virginia in May. 

(W Star, 4/30/72, C12) 

April 23-29: 

157 
April 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

April 24: Second set of reports by NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences 

Working Groups which met in Moscow Nov. 29 to Dec. 6, 1971, had 

been approved by NASA and Soviet Academy, NASA announced. Meetings, to define technical requirements for rendezvous and docking 

of U.S. and U.S.S.R. spacecraft, had not resulted in definite decision 

to commit either U.S. or U.S.S.R to joint manned space mission. 

Reports icdicated Working Group 1 had completed general documentation on life support systems, coordinate systems, and constraints 

on spacecraft configuration and had agreed on objectives and preliminary documentation for possible test mission, exchanges on test 

windows, program elements, and required communications channels. 

Working Group 2 had listed guidance and control systems and onboard 

spacecraft equipment to be compatible and had nearly completed 

documentation on lights, dor;king targets and contact conditions, control systems, and radio tracking. Working Group 3 had agreed on basic 

values for compatible docking system, including diameter of tunnel, 

and to create scale model of docking system that would verify parameters and ensure compatibility in early development stage. (NASA 

Release 72-88) 

0 Possible discovery of historical point of origin of life from study of 

rocks believed to be 3.4 billion yrs old was announced by Ames 

Research Center scientist Dr. Keith A. Kvenvolden. Dr. Kvenvolden 

had conducted research with Dr. J. William Schopf and Dorothy 

Oehler of Univ. of California at Los Angeles on rocks Dr. Kvenvolden 

brought back in 1968 from Onverwacht Strata in Barberton Mountain 

Land near South Africa’s border with Swaziland. Rocks showed fossil 

evidence of beginnings of photosynthesis-life process of plants. Ancient carbon found in rocks which could predate photosynthesis was 

similar to organic carbon in meteorites believed to have come from 

asteroid belt. Immediately above was layer of identical pre-Cambrian 

rock with evidence of carbon produced by early photosynthetic 

organisms. Lack of photosynthesis in lowest layers of rock fitted theory 

of chemical evolution of origin of life. (UPI, W News, 4/25/72, 10; 

Time, 6/19/72) 

NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., carrying Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. solar physics 

experiment. Docket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. 

(SR list) 

0 New York: Times editorial commented on Apollo 16 mission now in 

progress: “It will take many months and even years before the full 

harvest of Apollo 16’s scientific contribution is in. But even now there 

is much material for scientists to analyze. It is information made 

available by the superb television pictures received here on earth, 

by the verbal descriptions of the astronauts and by the data radioed 

back to this planet from the various automatic sensors . . . on the 

lunar surface.” Preliminary conclusion was “that in some important 

ways the moon is now even more mysterious, even harder to understand, than it was before Apollo 16 took off. The additional knowledge 

of lunar conditions available from last weekend’s exploration indicates 

that the reality of the moon’s origin and history is even more complex 

than previous theories had assumed.” (NYT, 4/%/72, 34) 

158 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 24 

April 24: Dr. Keith A. Kvenvolden, organic geochemist at Ames Research Center, 

displayed a 3.4-billion-year-old sedimentary rock thought to contain evidence of the 

beginning of photosynthesis on earth-the historical point of the origin of life. 

Edward P. Andrews, Manager of Skylab Spacecraft and Skylab Launch 

Vehicles at NASA Hq., became Director of Systems Operation in Space 

Shuttle Program. (NASA Activities, 5/15/72, 105) 0 West German government was preparing blueprint for aerospace development for remainder of decade, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. Basic document for government financing and support would 

establish priorities in military and civil aerospace development and 

provide government and industry with “idea of how much room 

remains for maneuver in regard to implementing new projects.” Theme 

would be “multi-national cooperation.” (Av Wk, 4/24/72, 3241) 

American Physical Society held annual spring meeting in 

New York. Team of Columbia Univ. scientists reported observations 

made with 1971 rocket experiment to study x-rays from Crab Nebula 

had supported view that pulsars were hurling high-energy particles, 

or cosmic rays, into space constantly at close to speed of sound. Experiment had shown that rays were polarized. X-rays from space could 

not penetrate atmosphere. (Sullivan, NYT, 4/26/72, 11) 

At annual meeting of National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 

in Washington, D.C., members voted to reorganize National Research 

Council (NRC) to deal more effectively with major problems of US. 

society. Members also adopted resolution that NAS projects and studies 

should be unclassified. If leadership approved contract for classified 

April 24-25: 

April 24-26: 

159 
April 24-26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

project, membership would receive unclassified rCsumi5 explaining 

proposed study. If 10 or more members from at least 2 scientific 

institutions considered project inappropriate, they could present case 

to NAS’s governing body. Resolution on foreign policy asked President 

Nixon and Congress to develop and apply science and technology in 

industry, agriculture, and health for furtherance of human welfare 

and called for de-emphasis on reliance on military force, direct or 

indirect. 

NAS James Craig Watson Medal of Science was presented to Dr. 

Andr6 Deprit, NRC postdoctoral resident research associate at NASA 

Goddard Space Flight Center. Citation was for “adaptation of modern 

computing machinery to algebraic rather than arithmetical operations.” 

Award consisted of gold medal and $2000 honorarium. (Program; 

Schmeck, NYT, 4/27/72, 27; W Star, 4/23/72, D3) 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences approved 

H.R. 14070, $3.420-billion FY 1973 NASA authorization bill after 

inserting amendment that decreased by $9 million authorization of 

$3.429 billion passed by House April 20. As approved by Senate 

Committee, authorization was $41 million above original NASA budget 

request of $3.379 billion and $12.5 million above amended budget 

request of $3.420 billion. Bill, reported to Senate May 3, allocated 

$2.613 billion for research and development (R&D), $77.3 million for 

construction of facilities, and $729.5 million for research and program management. 

House recommendation of $211.9 million for aeronautical research 

and technology was reduced to NASA request level of $163.4 million. 

In Senate report, Committee praised increase in aeronautical R&D motivated by 1971 Civil Aviation Research and Development (CARD) 

Policy Study of NASA and Dept. of Transportation, but said it doubted 

additional funding of $48.5 million approved by House could profitably 

be spent during FY 1973. 

Committee disapproved cancellation of development of 333 600- 

newton (75 000-lb) -thrust rocket engine in Nuclear Engine for Rocket 

Vehicle Application (NERVA) program and recommended new authorization of $8.5 million as requested by NASA, plus allocation of $16.5 

million in unused FY 1972 funds, for engine’s development in FY 1973. 

Senate bill restored $4 million deleted by House from funds for High 

Energy Astronomy Observatory ( HEAO) and allocated total of $156.6 

million-NASA-requested level-for Physics and Astronomy program. 

Bill added $12.5 million to NASA request of $194.7 million for space 

applications and stipulated $5 million out of total of $207.2 million 

be used for small applications technology satellite project. But it 

disapproved $4 million House had added for Earth Observatory 

Satellite project. Committee recommended that NASA present space 

shuttle as separate program item on FY 1973 budget request, restructure manned space flight budget for “better visibility of total effort,” 

and formulate vigorous program to study development of terrestrial 

uses of solar energy. (S Rpt 92-779; Com Off) 0 Newspaper editorials continued comment on Apollo 16 mission, as 

astronauts headed back to earth from lunar surface. 

Christian Science Monitor commented on efficiency with which 

emergencies had been handled: “We very much appreciate the fine 

April 25: 

160 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 25 

job the Apollo 16 crew has done. Nevertheless, for us, the star of the 

mission has been the impersonal intelligence expressed throughout 

the Apollo program. This is what underlies Apollo 16’s success and 

has added another important reference point to our growing knowledge 

of the moon.” (CSM, 4/25/72) 

Chicago Daily News: “This expedition, the fifth and next to last 

of the moon landings, revealed growing confidence and ability to improvise, and an increasing breadth of engineering genius that will 

carry over into many Earthbound projects. The advance in ‘pure 

science’-mainly in knowledge as to how the universe is put togetheris impossible to estimate. Somewhere down the line, whatever is 

learned on the moon trips should add to man’s ability to cope with 

his environment. Once more, gratitude is due to the courageous astronauts . . . who carried out their assignment so superbly.” (C Daily 

News, 4/25/72) 

West German pilot Hans-Werner Grosse set new world record in longdistance straight-line glider flying with 12-hr, 1450-km (900-mi) 

flight from Luebeck Airport, West Germany, to Biarritz on Spanish 

border. Flight, in ASW-12 all-plastic glider, was 273.5 km (170 mi) 

longer than previous record set by US. pilot Wallace Scott. Grosse 

cruised at altitudes to 2300 m (7500 ft) pushed by 56-km-per-hr (35- 

mph) winds. (Stueck, NYT, 5/28/72, 42) 

House passed by vote of 329 to 16 H.R. 14108, $673.8-million National 

Science Foundation FY 1973 authorization. Bill included additional 

$7 million in foreign currencies for expenses incurred outside US. 

(CRY 4/25/72, H3494-3508) 

0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of two 

Federal Aviation Administration contracts for development of plans 

for quiet, short-haul air transportation system. Battelle Memorial 

Institute was awarded $243 600 for structured program planning based 

on wide range of viewpoints within public and private sectors. Urban 

Systems Research and Engineering, Inc., was awarded $202 400 to 

analyze strategies for development of vertical or short takeoff and 

landing (V/STOL) aircraft system in terms of decision making under 

uncertain conditions. (FAA Release 72-71) 0 Federal Aviation Administration released aviation forecasts for FY 1972 

through FY 1983 : US. passenger emplanements would increase from 

170 million in FY 1971 to 174.9 million in FY 1972 and 189.7 million 

in FY 1973-gain of about 3% in FY 1972 and almost 9% in FY 1973. 

By end of 1983, emplanements were expected to reach 475.5 millionalmost three times FY 1971 level. Revenue passenger-miles recorded 

by US. airlines were expected to grow at annual rate of about l0.5%, 

to reach 45 billion in FY 1983, more than three times total of 132.4 

billion in N 1971. Total hours flown by general-aviation aircraft 

was expected to increase almost 4% in FY 1972 and 5% in FY 1973, 

to 28.8 million. By 1983, total hours were expected to reach 46.2 

million. General-aviation fleet was expected to grow from 131 407 

aircraft in January 1971 to 212000 in January 1983. (FAA Release 

72-67) 

National Science Foundation reported rise in share of Federal research 

and development (R&D) expenditures on functions other than space 

and defense. During 1963-1973, 10 other budget functions shifted 

161 
April 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

upward in R&D program emphasis. Until 1966 space research and 

national defense spent 90% of Federal R&D total. Joint share of these 

two functions was expected to be 7770 in FY 1973. Share of other 10 

functions had risen 5% between 1970 and 1973 alone. (NSF Highlights, 4/25/72, 1) 

Importance of high technology to U.S. future was discussed by Dr. Karl 

G. Harr, Jr., President of Aerospace Industries Assn. of America, 

Inc., in speech before Aero Club of Washington, D.C.: “If we as a 

nation are to continue to base our national security on modern 

forces-in-being, relying on qualitatively superior weaponry, then we 

must adequately fund both research & development and procurement.” 

In space exploration “our national willingness or unwillingness to 

proceed with this effort so rich in demonstrated benefits of all kinds, 

will foretell our spiritual strength to face the future.” (Text) 

* Environmental Action, group of 31 scientists and professionals, issued 

statement in Washington, D.C., urging Congress to deny Administration’s request for $500 million to build demonstration model of nuclear 

breeder reactor to generate electricity. Group, which included Nobel 

Prize winners Dr. Harold C. Urey (physicist) and Dr. Linus C. Pauling 

(chemist), questioned safety of nuclear reactors and favored concentration of coal to generate power. (Cowan, NYT, 4/26/72, 7) 

Air Force SR-71 reconnaissance jet aircraft set record for 

sustained speed at high altitudes in lO+&hr flight from Beale Air 

Force Base, Calif. Aircraft, piloted by L/C Thomas B. Estes (USAF), 

flew 24 100 km (15 000 mi) at speeds over mach 3 and altitudes above 

24 400 m (80 000 ft). Flight plan included two round trips across 

northern and central U.S. and complete circle of western states, 

equivalent to nonstop flight from San Francisco to Paris and return. 

(Haughland, AP, W Post, 7/17/72, A3) 

* Lockheed L-1011 TriStar wide-body jet transport flew first passengers 

on Eastern Airlines flight between Miami and New York, via Atlanta, 

ea. (Witkin, NYT, 4/27/72, 85) 

* Apollo 16 astronauts were “klutzes on the moon,” unable to repair damage 

done to their equipment through “clumsiness,” controversial columnist 

Nicholas von Hoffman said criticizing Apollo program in Vushington 

Post. “AS more and more people come down with raging cases of dull 

skull from watching this repetitious ennui they become converts to 

the no longer very heretical proposition that this money might be 

better spent on schools or sewers. An alluring but flawed idea. The 

dough would be shifted into bomb procurement.” ( W Post, 4/26/72, 

Sun Jose [Calif.] Mercury editorial, commenting that Apollo 16 astronauts were safely on their way home “after a hugely successful 

exploration of the highlands of the moon,” said: “Space exploration 

should continue to command a relatively high place in the nation’s 

list of priorities; five trips to the moon have only served to whet the 

appetite for more and better knowledge of the earth’s nearest neighbor.” 

(Sun Jose Mercury, 4/26/72) 

President Nixon telephoned Apollo 16 astronauts aboard U.S.S. 

Ticonderogu following splashdown, to offer congratulations on successful completion of mission. He invited astronauts to be special 

guests at state dinner for Mexican President Luis Echeverria Alvarez 

April 26: 

B1) 

April 27: 

162 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 27 

in June and said he would nominate L/Cdr Thomas K. Mattingly I1 

( USN) for rank of commander and L/C Charles M. Duke, Jr. (USAF) , for rank of colonel. President then issued statement from Key Biscayne, 

Fla.: “The journey of Apollo 16 has ended, but the contributions of 

this mission to scientific progress have only begun. Rarely if ever 

has so much new information been made available to science in such 

a brief period. As the work of evaluation and analysis goes forward, 

the impact of Apollo 16 will be felt for many years to come. 

“On behalf of all Americans, I am pleased to welcome Astronauts 

Young, Duke, and Mattingly back to earth and to salute them for a job 

well done. Their skill, their courage, and their enthusiasm have written 

another proud chapter in the stirring story of mankind’s struggle to 

unlock the mysteries of the unknown.” White House press officer later 

said President had asked possibility of promoting Capt. John W. 

Young to admiral. He was told Capt. Young had received two recent 

promotions and Navy would not permit third at this time. (PD, 

5/1/72, 796; NYT, 4/28/72, 22) 

0 NASA’s TF-8A aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing, completed two 

flights from Flight Research Center. Objective was to check repeatability with two different pilots-Thomas C. McMurtry and Gary 

Krier. Wake surveys and pressure distributions were run at constant 

dynamic pressure of 9600 newtons per sq m (200 psf) and mach 

0.90, 0.95, 0.97, and 0.99. (NASA proj off) 

0 Low-altitude qualification test of Viking parachute-decelerator system 

to slow Viking spacecraft for softlanding on Mars 1976-was conducted 

by NASA at Dept. of Defense Joint Parachute Test Facility in El Centro, 

Calif. Parachute, 16-m (53-ft) in diameter and deployed by mortar, 

was dropped from B-57 aircraft. It opened on schedule, but dropped 

payload. Test was first of two low-altitude tests planned for 1972 

and followed series of six development tests. High-altitude tests with 

balloon-launched parachute would be conducted during summer. Investigation was under way to determine cause of failure. (FRC Release 

6-72; W News, 4/28/72, 45) 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced selection of Ball Brothers 

Research Corp. for negotiation of contract to develop heavy nuclei 

experiment for High Energy Astronomy Observatory ( HEAO-A) , scheduled for launch in 1975. Experiment would measure charge-to-mass 

ratio, abundance, and energy of cosmic ray particles. (MSFC Release 

0 Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced appointment of L/G 

Samuel C. Phillips (USAF) as Director of National Security Agency, 

effective Aug. 1. Gen. Phillips, assigned to NASA in 1964, had been 

Apollo Program Director at NASA Hq. until Sept. 1, 1969, when he 

became Commander of Air Force Space and Missile Systems Organization. He would replace Adm. Noel A. M. Gayler (USN) , who would 

become US. commander in chief in Pacific area. (W Star, 4/27/72, 

A2 1 

Soviet President Nikolay V. Podgorny sent message congratulating President Nixon on successful completion of ApoZZo 16 mission 

and safe return of astronauts. He asked President to convey “best 

of wishes to the members of the spaceship crew, courageous cosmonauts 

72-53) 

April 28: 

163 
April 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

John Young, Charles Duke and Thomas Mattingly.” (FBIS-SOV, 

4/28/72, G2) 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director of Life Sciences, told press at 

Manned Spacecraft Center briefing Apollo 16 astronauts had returned 

from mission in excellent condition. “They could walk well. And 

there wasn’t any obvious effect . . . on the ability to stand up well 

without having blood pressure drop. And . . . there was no motion 

sickness” even though astronauts had spent about 30 min in spacecraft 

in fairly rough sea after splashdown. All three astronauts had minor 

irritation around sensor attachments on the skin. All three had normal 

white blood cell counts rather than increased counts usually seen on 

previous missions. Their response to postflight tests showed they were 

in “better shape” than Apollo 15 crew had been. Cardiac silhouette 

size appeared to have decreased; only astronaut to have cardiac arrythmic contractions was Charles M. Duke, Jr., who had three. Data on 

potassium levels was not yet available. Astronauts would be on rigid 

diet and undergo extensive tests for three days so doctors could compare postflight medical measurements with those taken during threeday preflight controlled diet period. (Transcript) 

US. press commented on safe April 27 return of Apollo 16 astronauts. 

New York Times: Mission had “reminded us once again that man’s 

study of the moon is but in its infancy, and that the great bulk of the 

moon’s territory is still completely unexplored.” Yet, “only one more 

manned lunar mission is now scheduled.” As Apollo program ended, 

“its enormous successes underline the opportunities on the moon and 

compel all men to lift their eyes to the heavens if they would understand whence and how our species, our world and our solar system 

came into being.” (NYT, 4/28/72) 

Atlanta Journal Constitution: “These three strong young men are 

heros in the truest sense of the term. They have pitted their courage, 

their physical strength and their minds against a multiplicity of awesome forces which singularly or collectively could totally obliterate 

them. And they did it for the noblest of reasons-the pursuit of 

knowledge. If mankind has any claim to greatness, surely it is men 

like this that give it credence.’’ Editorial also approved space funding: 

“It is appropriate to note, just when the next-to-Iast planned Apollo 

spacecraft is safely home from the moon, that a few days ago the 

US. House voted approval of a $3.4 billion space agency budget bill. 

Part of the money will go for the development of a space shuttle, the 

next logical step in the great adventure of exploring space. The technological advances that are part of the space program have already 

proven themselves of value here on earth. It’s likely that this kind 

of extra technical dividend will continue to lead to break-through 

areas not even related to space.” (Atlanta JC, 4/28/72) 

Sun Francisco Examiner: “. . . Apollo 16 may well turn out to be 

the most rewarding of all our moon expeditions. All Americans can 

take pride in a feat so remarkably compounded of scientific precision 

and human courage.” (SI: Exam, 4/28/72) 

Chicago Daily News: “With experience, the crews and the thousands 

of technical experts supporting them from the Earth have learned to 

correct the minor flaws and juggle the entire intricate timetable when 

necessary. It seems a pity that much of the experience so dearly gained 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 April 28 

is soon to be put on the shelf. . . . But the lessons of Apollo can be 

applied at least in part to the portions of the space program that will 

remain. . . . And if the pioneering aspects of the space program are 

about over, its benefits will continue-most spectacularly in the 

weather and communication satellites, but extending also into more 

mundane improvements in daily living.” (C Daily News, 4/28/72) 

Proposed general reorganization of Flight Research Center wag approved 

by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator. Under new organization FRC would be divided into four directorates and subdivided into 

divisions and branches. (FRC X-Press, 5/12/72, 2) 

0 Existence of 10th planet in solar system, three times as large as Saturn 

and twice as far as Neptune from sun, was suggested by scientists from 

Univ. of California’s Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Mathematician 

Joseph L. Brady told press team had used computer to process mathematical observations on deviations in orbit of Halley’s Comet. Presence 

of 10th planet, far beyond Pluto, had been predicted from mathematical computations. (UPI, W Post, 4/29/72, A3; Publications of the 

Astronautical Society of the Pacific, 5/72) 

Apollo 16 astronauts John W. Young, Charles M. Duke, Jr., 

and Thomas K. Mattingly I1 were greeted by crowd of 2500 persons 

at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, and presented copper plaques 

bearing etching of Hawaii’s state capitol. Young said mission’s success 

“shows the real teamwork that’s going to keep this country great. We 

really enjoyed the trip . . . but we sure are glad to be back.” (AP, 

W Star, 4/30/72, A3) 

Washington Post editorial commented on Apollo 16: “. . . what has 

struck us about the moon flights is that so little has gone wrong and 

how much of what has gone wrong has been correctable. It is a sad 

commentary about the quality of life on earth when it takes days to 

fix a television set or a refrigerator while it takes only hours to 

analyze and overcome an electronic flaw in a craft that is circling 

the moon.” (W Post, 4/29/72, A18) 

Apollo 16 discoveries were described in New York Times 

article. Mission had been “longest, most ambitious and, in many 

respects, most productive” in Apollo series. Discoveries included fact 

that Descartes region of lunar highlands contained almost no specimens of unaltered volcanic rock despite region’s age, “older than the 

seas and the more prominent craters.” Region had been found to 

contain breccia rock that had been “fragmented, jumbled, and cemented 

together again.” High magnetism observed at sites visited by Apollo 16 

astronauts might provide clue to moon’s early history, since analysis 

of lava rocks on earth had indicated earth’s magnetic field flipped over 

at intervals of thousands or millions of years, with shi€t requiring 

centuries. Reverse polarity discovered in rocks near Apollo 16 landing 

site might mean moon had done magnetic flip at some time in its 

early history. Among experiments whose outcome was still uncertain 

was attempt to photograph and analyze ultraviolet light from hydrogen 

clouds thought by some scientists to exist and to be “missing mass’’ 

that would explain gravity assumed to be keeping clusters of galaxies 

from flying apart. (Sullivan, NYT, 4:/30/72, 3) 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced it had designed and built 

compact shower assembly for use on Skylab earth-orbital missions 

April 29: 

April 30: 

165 
April 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

beginning in 1973. Astronauts would step inside ring on floor and 

raise fireproof beta cloth curtain on hoop and attach it to ceiling. 

Flexible hose with push-button shower nozzle could spray 2.8 liters 

(3 quarts) of water from personal hygiene tank during each bath. 

Used water would be vacuumed from shower enclosure into disposable 

bag and deposited in waste tank. (MSFC Release 72-38) 

0 Full-scale model of Boeing supersonic transport costing $10 million 

would be stored at Boeing facility near Seattle, Wash., another year 

for further “technical evaluation,” Washington Evening Star reported. 

Federal Aviation Administration had said technical benefits to be 

gained by retaining mockup would outweigh proceeds from its sale. 

(W Star, 4/30/72, 612) 

0 Apollo 16 astronauts John W. Young, Charles M. Duke, Jr., and Thomas 

K. Mattingly I1 underwent detailed medical examination and began 

technical debriefing at Manned Spacecraft Center. Dr. Willard Hawkins 

of MSC said astronauts looked good, were “in good physical shape,” 

and had normal responses. (AP, B Sun, 5/1/72, A3) 

Soviet Space Program, 1971 was released by Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences as supplement to Senate 

Document 92-51 [see Jan. 6 and 221. Report-prepared by Library 

of Congress under direction of Dr. Charles S. Sheldon 11, Chief of 

Science Policy Research Div.-said 1971 had been peak year in Soviet 

space activity, with 83 successful launches against 31 for US. Soviet 

successes had included “remarkable performance of the roving lunar 

vehicle, Lunokhod 1, the versatile manned space station Salyut in 

which a manned world duration record was set, the arrival in Mars 

orbit of two very heavy payloads, Mars 2 and 3, and the placing in 

lunar orbit of the heavy automated laboratory Luna 19.” On negative 

side had been inability to develop large G booster, death of Soyuz 

cosmonauts, crash of Luna 28 on moon, failure of first Mars probe, and 

failure of Mars 2 and 3 landers to carry out planned experiments. 

U.S.S.R. in 1971 had flown manned-precursor spacecraft “with greater 

maneuverability than’ the present ones, quite possibly testing the advanced propulsion needed for manned lunar flight.” Soviet spokesmen 

had reiterated commitment to manned space stations, applications satellites, and unmanned planetary exploration throughout solar system. 

Manned lunar and planetary flights “continued to get mention as a later 

goal.” U.S.S.R. was expected to launch another Salyut to be visited by 

Soyuz 12 and 13 for long stay. Thus far U.S.S.R. had given space 

program “continued verbal support” and had demonstrated “commitment of hardware which has been rising for the 15 years flights have 

been undertaken.” (Committee Print) 

0 Space shuttle was “investment in the future,” Rep. Olin E. Teague 

(D-Tex.) , Chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ 

Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight, said in Aerospace article. 

Controversy over manned versus unmanned space flight had been 

66 negated” by advancing technology that provided “entirely new approach to space operations.” Shuttle combined “advantages of man 

in the cycle with a degree of economy hitherto unobtainable.” Fundamental reason for shuttle program was “to make available a means of 

routine access to space, to remove the constraints imposed by an earlier 

During April: 

166 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During April 

level of technology, to progress from space adolescence to full maturity.” 

(Aerospace, 4/72, 3-9) 

* Relation of US. space program to national interest was discussed in 

Foreign Afairs article by Dr. Robert Jastrow, Director of NASA’s 

Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA 

Associate Administrator: “To some, space is, or should be, pure 

science; to others, it is prestige and the American image; to still 

others, space means national security.” Some space program students 

had said “its impact will be felt in other respects than the costaccounting of economic productivity versus technological investment. 

There has been much discussion of the influence of space exploration 

on the mind and spirit of man, as an extension of the revolution in 

thought that was initiated by Copernicus and continued by Newton and 

Darwin. A study of the history and pre-history of man suggests that 

the human drive is expressed through just such tentative movements 

out of the world of tried experience into a new world of untested 

promise. 

“Sputnik and the moon landing signaled the opening of a new 

frontier across which man can now travel into the endless reaches of 

outer space. The new frontier of space will not be closed quickly, 

for astronomical knowledge shows that billions of stars, some undoubtedly accompanied by earthlike planets, surround us in the galaxy. 

Space exploration has brought home to more people than ever before 

the reality of this vast complex of stars and planets. ‘Out there’ is 

really there, a place that one can get to. Never again can we make 

the mistake of identifying our speck of planetary matter as the universe.” (Foreign Aflairs, 4/72, 532-44) 

* British press correspondent Arthur Smith presented British view of US. 

and U.S.S.R. space programs since Apollo 11 (July 16-24, 1969) in 

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: “Two major events in space marked 

1971-both of them signs that America’s formidable lead in space 

exploration is being whittled away by the incredibly dynamic program” 

of U.S.S.R.: launch of Soyut 11, which put U.S.S.R. ahead of US. in 

total launches for first time since 1958, and U.S.S.R.’s landing of 

Mars 3 capsule on Mars-“relatively unproductive from the scientific 

point of view,” but impressive. “These two events demonstrate that 

the Soviet space program is now making great strides after many years 

of relatively minor achievement in both manned and unmanned exploration and application. The characteristic pattern was a Soviet achievement announced to a surprised world, followed some months later 

by a more sophisticated and more useful US. version of the same 

mission, yielding far more scientific data, but little prestige.” 

U.S.S.R. program was characterized by excessive secrecy because, 

according to Soviet officials, rockets used in space program were 

similar to those used in military program. Smith said genuine reason 

for secrecy “is the desire to guard against a failure in the full blaze 

of world publicity.” U.S.S.R. “guards against ever having to admit 

failure by announcing launches only post facto. If there is a launch 

pad failure there is no announcement at all. If orbit is reached by 

the spacecraft, but it does not function as planned, no mention is 

made of this in the curt bulletin.” If lunar or planetary probe failed 

to enter planned trajectory, mission objective “is not mentioned, and 

167 
During April ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

the spacecraft is merely allocated a number in the catch-all Cosmos 

series. . . . It is impossible to be absolutely certain how many of these 

escape stage failures there have been, but there may have been as 

many as 10 or 15 aimed at Venus and Mars alone.” 

Soviet program had “little . . . of the technical virtuosity of the 

American approach,” but had more impetus and would “obviously 

continue on a growing scale. Apart from the progress in individual projects, the ever increasing number of Soviet launches demonstrates that 

the Russian equivalent of NASA is financially more secure. And the speed 

with which the Soviet space establishment can respond to a failure is 

also a pointer to the massive scale of the back-up precautions which 

are taken.” Soviet progrcm, by its nature, was ensured greater financial 

security. “By their very success in being able to reach an unparalleled 

level of technology in their spacecraft, the American engineers have 

been working against their own best interests.” (Bull Atom Sci, 4/72, 

18-24.> 0 NASA published Apollo 15 Preliminary Science Report (NASA SP-289) 

containing mission description, summary of scientific results, photographic summary, crew observations, findings from geologic investigation of landing site, findings from lunar sample examination, and 

results of specific experiments on July 26-Aug. 7, 1971, mission. (Text) 

0 Finance magazine devoted entire issue to “Corporate Continuity in Space: 

The Case for NASA’s Future.” Preface noted that in 1960s, NASA had 

“achieved its mandate to the moon and back with time to spare. For 

the Seventies and beyond, its new goals are a balanced mix of manned 

aeronautical work in near-earth orbit and unmanned research Bights 

into deep space. While NASA administrator James C. Fletcher works 

with Congress to implement more stable funding concepts, the agency 

and its industrial contractors continue to provide security and scientific 

benefits for an earth-bound society while pushing forward the frontiers 

of aerospace technology.” (Finance, 4/72) 

Lunar Nomenclature Committee of International Astronomical Union, 

meeting in Paris, decided to name lunar crater after internationally 

known astrophysicist Dr. Charles G. Abbot to honor Abbot’s 100th 

birthday May 31. Abbot became 13th exception to rule that lunar sites 

must be named only for persons deceased. Other 12 exceptions were 

astronauts and cosmonauts. Soviet members of Committee had proposed Abbot’s name in 1967 under mistaken impression he had died. 

(Casey, W Post, 5/11/72, C1) 

168 
May 1972 

May 1 : Ames Research Center C-8A Buffalo augmentor-wing research 

aircraft completed first flight from Boeing Co. Seattle, Wash., plant. 

Aircraft, piloted by Boeing test pilot Thomas E. Edmonds and equipped 

with wing planned for use on short takeoff and landing aircraft, reached 

1980-m (6500-ft) altitude during 51-min flight. Primary objectivesto functional checkout and evaluate systems operation, aircraft’s 

structural integrity, and flight characteristics-were achieved. Aircraft 

would be used in cooperative project between NASA and Canadian 

Dept. of Industry, Trade and Commerce. (ARC Astrogrum, 5/11/72, 

1; AF Mag, 8/72, 46) 

* Marshall Space Flight Center announced completion of largest solar-cellarray system for electric power ever devised for spacecraft. Two arrays, 

with almost 236 sq m (2540 sq ft) of surface area, would use sunlight 

to power electrical systems of Orbital Workshop, Apollo Telescope 

Mount (ATM) , and other major components of Skylab cluster scheduled 

for launch in 1973. Each array could provide 10500 w of powermore than twice average level needed for three-bedroom houscat 

328 K (130°F) during 58- to 69-min portion of each 94-min orbit. 

( MSFC Release 72-54) 

* NASA released photos of Apollo 16 astronauts on lunar surface during 

April 16-27 mission. One was of Astronaut John W. Young holding 

hammer as he searched for samples along edge of crater, with lunar 

roving vehicle ( LRV) visible in background. Another showed Charles 

M. Duke, Jr., carrying sample scooper near huge crater. (NYT, 

5/2/72, 1, 28) 

Dismantling of Saturn Launch Complexes 34 and 37, sites of Saturn I and 

IB launches at start of Apollo program, was begun at Kennedy Space 

Center by Southern Contractors Service. Firm had bid $15051 for 

structures built at cost of $147990581. Dismantling would be completed within seven months. NASA spokesman had said total of 

$53 856 403 had been saved in equipment and structures from complexes, “one of the highest returns ever’’ for such a program. NASA 

Centers would receive salvaged equipment for active programs. Equipment valued at $5891 866 would be given to Atomic Energy Commission; Depts. of Commerce, Interior, and Agriculture; Dept. of 

Health, Education, and Welfare; and universities with Government 

research grants. 

Launch control rooms in Launch Complex 34 and 37 blockhouses 

would be retained in launch configuratioc for historical and public 

information purposes. Historical marker outside would inform visitors 

of past events. Seven Saturn I and IB vehicles had been launched 

from Complex 34 culminating in ApoZZo 7, first manned command and 

service module launch, Oct. 11, 1968. Complex also had been scene 

of tragic Jan. 27, 1967, fire that took lives of three astronauts. Eight 

Saturn I and IB vehicles had been launched from Pad 37B, terminating 

169 
May 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

with Apollo 5, first Apollo lunar module launch, Jan. 22, 1968. 

(M Her, 4/29/72; KSC Release 88-72; KSC Hist off; KSC memo to 

NASA Hist Off) 

* Appointment of Owen G. Morris as Manager, Apollo Spacecraft Program, 

was announced by Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Manned Spacecraft 

Center Director. Morris, former manager for lunar module in program 

office, succeeded B/G James A. McDivitt (USAF), who became Special 

Assistant to the Center Director for Organizational Affairs. Appointments were effective immediately. (MSC Release 72-85) 0 NASA announced publication of The Experiments of Biosatellite ZI (NASA 

SP-204), edited by Joseph F. Sanders. Book described first successfully 

completed Biosatellite mission, which carried plants, frog eggs, amoeba, 

and seeds on earth orbital mission Sept. 7-9, 1967, to determine effect 

of space flight on living organisms. (NASA WR, 5/1/72, 5; A&A 1967) 

Fourth meeting of Joint US.-U.S.S.R. Editorial Board for 

preparation and publication of space biology and medicine review 

convened in Washington, D.C. Cochairmen were Dr. Melvin Calvin of 

Univ. of California at Berkeley and Prof. Oleg G. Gazenko, Director 

of Soviet Ministry of Health. Under Oct. 8, 1965, Memorandum of 

Understanding between NASA and U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 

Board reviewed research from the two countries for publication. (NASA 

Release 72-89) 

ApoUo 16 rock and photography briefing was held at Manned 

Spacecraft Center. Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of MSC Planetary and 

Earth Sciences Div., said first few weeks of preliminary examination 

of Apollo 16 samples would be occupied with opening bags and 

weighing, dusting, photographing, and examining socks. Catalog, 

including photos, of all samples should be completed by end of May. 

Rocks examined to date appeared to be breccias. One rock-collected 

during third extravehicular activity and described on moon by Astronaut Charles M. Duke, Jr., as “an honest to goodness igneous 

rock”-was different in texture and appearance from other typical 

breccias, but had not yet been precisely classified. “Zap pits” on the 

surface indicated rock had been lying on one side. It was flattish with 

very fine, silverish crystals in finer grain matrix with no vesicules. Dr. 

Gast said rock could be rapidly crystallized igneous rock, veryhigh-grade metamorphic rock, or metamorphic rock that had been at 

temperatures of 1000°C (1300 K) long enough to be completely recrystallized. 

Dr. William R. Muehlberger of Univ. of Texas and US. Geological 

Survey expressed surprise at “the tremendous number of clasts [rock 

fragments] ” within rocks. Clasts represented “crustal material hauled 

in from somewhere and that’s a tremendous plus beyond what we had 

originally conceived of as getting. . . So whether it’s volcanic in 

origin and therefore . . . this is crust from straight under somewhere 

or whether it’s impact origin and therefore crustal material thrown 

in from some distance doesn’t matter.” By selecting Descartes as 

landing site, NAsA’had obtained extra sampling, “maybe even a better 

sampling,” than in other highlands missions. “And we may even have 

sampled another quadrant of the Moon that we wouldn’t have gotten 

in any other way. . . . we may have a good deal more than the 15 

percent or so of the highlands represented in these rocks and we may 

May 1-4: 

May 2: 

170 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 2 

have a much older segment of the time scale represented.” (Transcript) 

NASA Associate Administrator for Applications Charles W. Mathews 

briefed House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee 

on Space Science and Applications on Applications Technology Satellites F and G and Synchronous Meteorological Satellite. Projects had 

been reported to be experiencing technical and cost problems. NASA 

review had found in ATS project “considerable progress has been made 

in . . . completion of . . . thermal structural model. Other elements, 

such as the integrated communications transponder, were not keeping 

pace . . . significant imbalance had developed in the total project. It 

has been necessary then to reschedule and reestablish the proper 

phasing between project elements.” Manpower and expenditure rates 

had been reduced, management changes had been made, and reporting 

arrangements had been strengthened. Reduced project content would 

provide for protoflight ATS-F and required integration and testing. 

“These actions are expected to be completed this summer. Our 

appraisal . . . is that the ATS-F launch will occur in the early spring 

of 1974 with ATS-G to follow in a year to eighteen months.” Costs 

were expected to remain within FY 1973 estimate of $180 million to 

$215 million exclusive of $48.4-million vehicle costs. 

Review of SMS had confirmed need for correction in funding and 

scheduling because of introduction of advanced design features not 

adequately assessed in program definition. “Primary emphasis is now 

being placed on completing engineering model verification tests during . . . this year to insure an orderly initiation of the production phase 

in early FY 1973.” NASA had established and was monitoring milestone 

schedules, had strengthened contractor’s project management organization-including change in project manager and transfer of key 

NASA personnel to organization-and had improved flow of information 

between NASA and contractor to improve project visibility. Parts procurement was proceeding satisfactorily after “special remedial attention.” 

SMS development schedule would be 33 mos, placing launch of SMS-A 

in early fall of 1973. Second spacecraft, SMS-B, was scheduled to be 

launched five months later. SMS-B total runout cost was estimated at 

maximum $50 million exclusive of $8.4-million vehicle cost, reflecting 

FY 1973 reprogramming requirement of $4.5 million. “I believe that 

this project is now proceeding on a sound basis and will prove to 

be a very significant addition to NOAA’s [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s] weather satellite system.” (Testimony) 

* Discovery that calcium chloride concentration in brackish waters of ponds 

in Victorialand region of Antarctica-most Mars-like area on earthprevented growth of microorganisms was announced by NASA. Jet 

Propulsion Laboratory scientists Dr. Roy E. Cameron and Frank A. 

Morelli had concluded that any water found on Mars might be as salty 

and sterile. They had successfully grown microorganisms in Antarctic 

soil samples, but no form survived when kept in pond water. “In 

this environment,” Dr. Cameron said, “the capacity of life to adapt and 

survive is pushed to its limit and beyond. The concentration of living 

things around water sources in the dry valleys and their thinning out 

and final disappearance on the cold, dry slopes may provide the 

model for the distribution of life we may . . . someday find on Mars.” 

(NASA Release 72-90) 

171 
May 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced Deputy Director of Flight Operations Howard W. Tindall, Jr., had been named Director of Flight 

Operations effective April 30. He succeeded Sigurd A. Sjoberg, who 

had been acting Director of Flight Operations and Deputy MSC 

Director. ( MSC Release 72-88) 

* NASA announced award of two cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts for six-month 

studies of advanced propulsion systems for short takeoff and landing 

aircraft. General Motors Corp. Diesel-Allison Div. would receive 

$574 000 and General Electric Co. Aircraft Engine Group, $567 000 

to evaluate and submit designs on different propulsion systemsincluding augmentor wing, internally blown flap, and externally blown 

flap. (NASA Release 72-92) 

Senate received President Nixon’s nominations of Apollo 16 Astronaut 

Charles M. Duke, Jr., for promotion from lieutenant colonel to full 

colonel in Air Force and of Apollo 16 Astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly 

I1 for promotion from lieutenant commander in Navy to permanent 

grade of commander. Senate confirmed both nominations May 16. (CR, 

5/2/72, S7135 ; 5/16/72, S7969) 

Apollo 16 Astronauts John W. Young, Thomas K. Mattingly 11, 

and Charles M. Duke, Jr., held press conference at Manned Spacecraft 

Center and showed films and still photos taken during April 16-27 

mission. Crew’s physical condition was already back to normal. Mattingly’s exercise-response tests had been normal one day after landing, 

and Young’s and Duke’s had been normal two days after landing. 

Tests to determine potassium levels were still under way. 

Young said engine problem that had delayed lunar landing six hours 

had made ApoZZo 16 “a cliff-hanger of a mission from where we were 

sitting in the cockpit; but the ground came through . . . with a couple 

of clutch hits and put us right back in the ball game. I know there was 

a lot of work being done on the ground and, speaking for the flight 

crew, we certainly appreciate it.” Young also praised lunar roving 

vehicle which carried him and Duke over lunar surface. “The suspension system on the Rover is absolutely remarkable. We never had the 

feeling of spinning out or anything, but sometimes we went in some 

deep holes and sometimes the vehicle bounced up in the air and came 

down on a rock. . . [but] it didn’t seem to affect the performance of 

the machine.” 

Duke said lunar surface was so clear that “features look almost 

like you’re right next door to them,” like a clear day in western U.S. 

desert. “Some mountains you think are right next to you and [they] 

end up 20 miles [32 km] away. You have the same feeling on the lunar 

surface. Looking out the window from the lunar module . . . South Ray 

Crater . . . looks like it’s just right next to you, but it was 6 kilometers 

[3l,4 miles] away.” (Transcript) 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences reported to Senate 

H.R. 14070, t3.420-billion FY 1973 NASA authorization bill [see April 

251. (S Rpt 92-779) 

President Nixon sent message to Congress transmitting World Weather 

Program, Plan for Fiscal Year 1973, report of U.S. participation in 

program. He said : “Through new satellites, telecommunications, and 

computer technology, global information for early predictions and 

hazardous weather warnings is being acquired, processed, and then 

May 3: 

172 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 3 

distributed in increased volume and detail.” Program was “essential 

to a total environmental monitoring system for our planet” and could 

“serve as a model. . . for other environmental systems.” Other environmental data could be “collected and exchanged through a vehicle like 

the World Weather Program.” (PD, 5/8/72, 819) a Two-month program to demonstrate feasibility of transmitting TV and 

voice communications direct via satellite to six Alaskan communities 

began at Juneau, Alaska. ComSatCorp would install small transportable 

ground station at six locations-Juneau (May 3-5), Kodiak (May 

16-18), Bethel (May 29-31), Nome (June 7-9), Barrow (June 

20-22), and Ft. Yukon (July 3-7). TV programming by Alaskan 

Educational Broadcasting Commission would be transmitted from 

ComSatCorp’s Bartlett ground station in Talkeetna, Alaska, via ZntetatIV F4 over Pacific, to transportable station. (ComSatCorp info sheet, 

5/1/72; ComSatCorp PIO) 

0 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Chairman Daniel J. Haughton told annual 

meeting of shareholders in Van Nuys, Calif., that he expected higher 

net earnings on lower sales volume in 1972. He predicted that Lockheed would receive substantial orders for L-1011 TriStar transport in 

coming years. (Pearlstine, PSI, 5/2/72, 17 ; Lockheed PIO) 

May 3-11 : Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of United Nations 

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space met to plan program 

for parent Committee. Italian space expert Franco Fiorio asked 28 

members present if scientists from smaller countries would be allowed 

to stand in line and buy tickets to board Soviet or US. manned space 

laboratory. Dr. Fernando Mendonca of Brazil said advances in space 

technology were providing data that could help speed economic development in poorer countries but U.N. itself had neither technical 

manpower nor finances to assist these countries in using data. During 

debate over remote sensing by satellite, Sweden tried to open discussion 

of what U.N. could do to protect economic interests of small nonspace 

power from possible commercial exploitation by countries collecting 

data from satellites. Only Argentina supported Swedish view ; majority, 

including US. and U.S.S.R., said such discussions were premature. 

Arnold W. Frutkin, NASA Assistant Administrator for International 

Affairs, renewed US. pledge that data from satellites would be shared 

with other countries without discrimination. All members of Subcommittee were invited by NASA to inspect data processing center at 

Goddard Space Flight Center but only six countries accepted. (Teltsch, 

NYT, 5/14/72, 15) 

Arcas ozone sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops 

Station carried Goddard Space Flight Center payload to 60-km 

(37.3-mi) altitude to measure performance of new parachute deployment technique and measure payload pendulation below parachute. 

Technique provided greater parachute opening shock and was expected 

to reduce parachute fouling experienced with older techniques. Parachute and payload performed nominally and experimental objectives 

were met. (NASA proj off) 

Appointment of Clifford E. Charlesworth, Deputy Manager of Manned 

Spacecraft Center Skylab Program Office, as Manager of newly created 

Earth Resources Program Office was announced by MSC. (MSC Release 72-94) 

May 4: 

173 
May 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Muy 5: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 488 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

317-km (197-mi) apogee, 185-km (115-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, 

and 65.2' inclination. Satellite reentered May 18. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/72; 

SBD, 5/9/72, 48) 0 United Nations Legal Subcommittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 

ended four-week session in Geneva with agreement on some articles 

in Soviet draft treaty to ensure free access to moon. Subcommittee had 

agreed to uphold right to explore and use moon and right of lunar 

explorers to use facilities placed on moon by another country in 

distress situations. U.S.S.R. had refused to accept US. proposals 

that treaty apply to other celestial bodies and that every country give 

60-day notice before launching space mission. US. and U.S.S.R. had 

expressed reservations on draft convention introduced by France and 

Canada that would compel publication of launch information. (NYT, 

5/6/72, 3:9) 

Plans for Upper Atmosphere Observatory for U.S. and Canadian scientists were described in Science by Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

scientist J. V. Evans. Ground-based observatory would be close to US.- 

Canadian border, near magnetic 60" latitude. It would provide first 

opportunity to measure all parameters important in upper atmospherealtitude to 1000 km (620 mi) over north-south expanse of 1000 km. 

Users could observe two distinct parts of upper atmosphere and transition between them, one part coupled to earth by magnetic field and 

second part loosely held and subject to particle bombardment from 

outside earth. Observatory's applications would include long-distance 

radio communications, long-range weather prediction, and international cooperation in research and education. Facility, costing $14 

million, would complement Global Atmospheric Research Program 

( GARP) . (Science, 5/19/72, 463-72) 

* Radar-guided USAF Sprint missile launched from Kwajalein Atoll intercepted multiple-warhead missile launched from Vandenberg Air Force 

Base over Pacific in second successful test of antiballistic missile against 

multiple targets. (UPI, NYT, 5/9/72, 33) 

* Award of $112 000 contract to McDonnell Douglas Corp. for visual system 

definition study leading to development of space shuttle mission simulator was announced by Manned Spacecraft Center. (MSC Release 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 489 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

1004-km (623.9-mi.) apogee, 967-km (600.9-mi) perigee, 104.7-min 

period, and 74" inclination. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/72; SBD, 5/9/72, 48) 

Tank cart defueling recovered Apollo 16 command module for 

storage at San Diego Naval Air Station exploded because of overpressurization. Forty-six persons were hospitalized. All were suspected 

of having inhaled toxic fumes, but examination revealed no symptoms 

of inhalation. One suffered broken kneecap and two broken toes. Six 

were treated for lacerations and bruises. (UPI, W Post, 5/8/72, A2; 

AP, B Sun, 5/8/72, Al; MSC PAO) 

* NASA had definite plans for international rendezvous and docking mission 

to link three Soviet cosmonauts with three US. astronauts in 1975, 

Pmhington Post reported. Tentative date was June 14, four days after 

U.S.S.R. orbited Salyut station and three days after cosmonauts docked 

Soyuz spacecraft at one end of Salyut 15 m (50 ft) long. Apollo 

72-92) 

May 6: 

May 7: 

174 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 7 

spacecraft would dock with orbiting Salyut on 15th Apollo orbit of 

earth, day following Apollo launch. For 56 hrs astronauts and cosmonauts would work and live together under guidance of mission control 

centers in Houston and in Baykonur. There were “no longer any 

technical doubts that the feat of flying an American and a Russian 

spacecraft together can be accomplished.” Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, 

Jr., Director of Manned Spacecraft Center, had said, “We haven’t seen 

anything in a technical sense that says we should stop.” (O’Toole, 

W Post, 5/7/72, B2) 

* Soviet scientists were studying “collective effect” accelerators with highcurrent electrons to achieve very high energies needed to split atoms at 

lower cost and effort than by larger traditional accelerators. Traditional 

circular accelerators raised energy of electrons 50 mev per m. Collectiveeffect principle increased energy gain to 1000 mev per m. Very-highcurrent electron accelerators had been developed in US. and U.S.S.R. 

to generate beams of relativistic electrons with speeds close to velocity 

of light. (Shabad, NYT, 5/7/72, 64) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, discussed space prospects in interview published in US. News & World Report: Chances 

of joint US. and U.S.S.R. mission were “quite good.” It hadn’t been 

decided “exactly how it would work, but there might be two or three 

astronauts and the same number of cosmonauts.” U.S.S.R. probably 

would be “very active” in manned space flight until US. space shuttle 

was flying in 1978. “So it may appear that we have lost our leadership 

during that period.” U.S.S.R. would “try to be first in somethingprobably with manned and unmanned missions” during 1974 to 1978. 

“If and when they land men on the moon-even if they land on the 

same side . . . where we landed-that would attract a lot of public 

attention. . . . If they were to land on the far side of the moon, that 

would be even more spectacular.” It would also be spectacular, Dr. 

Fletcher said, if U.S.S.R. announced it was “putting up a space station 

as the first step in a program to get to Mars.” 

Gap in US. space proqram had been caused by “series of things” 

including cancellation of two Apollos. “We probably should have 

worked it so that the shuttle would be operating earlier, but we spent a lot of time studying the shuttle-and that was good. . . .” Only 

possible fill-in was to “fly more Apollo components, and we are looking 

at that possibility. We have leftover Saturn rockets and leftover eommand-and-gervice modules. and we’re looking to see if they can be 

used between 1974 and 1978.” It would take another Sputnik to 

accelerate US. space program to peak force, “but I don’t see that it’s 

necessary. . . . I honestly think that we could do a reasonably good 

job on the budget that we’ve programmed for the ’70s. I think the 

main problem with the five-year gap is going to be loss of national 

prestige during the period.” Space program critics and decreasing 

space budget “may have a negative impact on people wanting to stay 

with the space program.” If there were no gap-filling missions, “we 

may have to phase part of the astronaut group into some other kinds 

of work while we wait for the shuttle.” When shuttle was operational 

it would “enable us to make space flight a routine event. Maybe we’ll 

have an every Monday-morning flight out to space. This will change 

the nature of what we do in space completely. When we can get into 

May 8: 

175 
May 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

space cheaply, easily, quickly and routinely, this will open up space 

for new ventures at present not predictable.” (US News, 5/8/72) 

Decision to plan large multipurpose optical telescope to be launched and 

serviced by space shuttle in 1980s was announced by NASA. Large 

Space Telescope ( LST) to study energy processes in galactic nuclei, 

early stages of stellar and solar system formation, supernova remnants 

and white dwarfs, and other phenomena relevant to origin of universe 

would also provide long-term monitoring of atmospheric phenomena on 

Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Telescope, able to observe galaxies 

100 times fainter than those seen by most powerful ground-based optic 

telescope, would weigh between 9000 and 11 000 kg (20 000 and 

25 000 lbs) and have length of 12 to 16 m (40 to 52 ft) and diameter 

of 3.6 to 4 m (12 to 13 ft) . It would include diffraction-limited mirror 

with 3-m (lo-ft) diameter. LST project management had been assigned 

to Marshall Space Flight Center. (NASA Release 72-98) 

0 NASA announced formation of JT3D/JT8D Refan Program Office in Office 

of Aeronautics and Space Technology. New Office-to be managed and 

directed by James J. Kramer, Chief of Noise Pollution Reduction 

Branch in Aeronautical Propulsion Div.-would direct program to 

develop and demonstrate modifications to JT3D and JT8D engines 

produced by United Aircraft Corp.’s Pratt & Whitney Div. Larger 

diameter, quieter, single-stage fans, together with suitable acoustic 

nacelles, would seek maximum practicable quieting at takeoff and 

landing approach. Refan program was part of joint effort by NASA, 

Dept. of Transportation, and Federal Aviation Administration to define 

retrofit changes that would produce significant aircraft noise reduction. 

(NASA Release 72-96) 

* Scientists at Soviet Academy of Sciences’ Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute had reported detecting seven cosmic ray events involving particles 

identified as antiprotons, New York Times reported. Experimentin which balloon-borne detecting devices had drifted at 32-km (20-mi) 

altitude for 20 hrs before being recovered-appeared to strengthen 

hypothesis that universe was composed symmetrically of ordinary matter 

and antimatter. According to Izvestia description, scientists had devised cosmic ray counter sensitive only to positively charged protons 

and negatively charged antiprotons. (Shabad, NYT, 5/9/72, 33) 

Aviation Week & Space Technology editorial adapted from paper by 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator, presented views 

on future trends in space: Decade of 1970s would see emphasis on 

“beneficial returns from our investments in the first decade of the 

space age. It will also be a decade in which we will consciously seek 

to avoid the large funding peaks that characterized the Apollo era.” 

Number of achievements possible within limited budgeting would 

be limited. “In the science arena, and in particular in the exploration 

of the solar system, this will mean some effort on extending our exploration of earth-like planets. And that will be about it, unless some 

circumstances again change our emphasis on space science.” In 1980s 

NASA would “be getting to those very special, very important missions 

to the smaller bodies of the solar system . . . which will give us probably our best look at the very earliest days of the solar system. Then, in 

addition, we should during the 1970s look to the best husbanding and 

application of our space sciences resources to see if we can’t get in 

176 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 8 

one or two early missions of this type.” At any progress rate, “the 

nation, and indeed the world, is not going to run out of important and 

exciting and inspiring things to do in exploring and seeking to understand this wonderful universe.” (Au Wk, 5/8/72, 7) 

Swiss federal aircraft factory in hen had developed hot-water rocket 

for assisted aircraft takeoffs, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. Pohwaro (pulsated, overheated, water rocket) had been tested 

on Swiss air force Dassault-Breguet Mirage 3 and Pilatus Porter 

aircraft. (Au Wk, 5/8/72, 9) 

US.-U.S.S.R. Joint Working Group on the Natural Environment met at NASA Hq. to carry out recommendations of Joint Working 

Group which met in Moscow Aug. 2-6, 1971. The 1971 meeting had 

recommended experiments in remote sensing of environment at analogous and complementary sites in US. and U.S.S.R., with each country 

carrying out research at its own sites, and joint efforts in remote 

sensing of ocean to relate satellite measurements to sea-surface measurements. Cochairmen of Group were Leonard Jaffe, NASA Deputy 

Associate Administrator in Office of Applications, and Yu. K. Khodarev, 

Deputy Director of Soviet Institute of Outer Space Research. (NASA 

Release 72-97) 

First US.-U.S.S.R. meeting on lunar cartography was held 

in Washington, D.C., to implement recommendations of Joint Working 

Group on Exploration of Near-Earth Space, the Moon and the Planets. 

Group at Aug. 2-6, 1971, meeting in Moscow had recommended 

exchange of lunar maps and meetings of US. and Soviet experts to 

discuss lunar map preparation using common lunar coordinate system. 

(NASA Release 72-93; NASA PAO) 

* NASA officials met with 25 national winners in Skylab student project 

competition at Marshall Space Flight Center to discuss design of 

students’ space experiments and demonstrations. During visit students 

toured MSFC laboratories and Alabama Space and Rocket Center. 

(NASA Release 72-94; MSFC PAO) 

Sen. Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.) said in Washington, D.C., 

that arguments for space shuttle development had become “classic 

case of bureaucratic deception and waste.” He would offer amendment 

to cut off all shuttle funds. (NYT, 5/11/72) 

* U.S.S.R. announced appointment of Gen. Vladimir F. Tolubko, rocket 

specialist serving near Chinese border, as commander of Soviet 

strategic missile forces. (Shabad, NYT, 5/10/72) 

NASA and European Space Research Organization (ESRO) were 

jointly soliciting proposals from scientists for planning experiments 

that could be carried on Explorer-class spacecraft in late 1970s. Scientists whose proposals were chosen would work in teams to aid in 

planning mission and help NASA and ESRO decide whether to conduct 

missions. Current plans called for one Explorer spacecraft to fly in 

circular, solar orbit with 2-million-km (1.2-million-mi) radius while 

dual mother-daughter spacecraft flew close together in elliptical earth 

orbit. Three spacecraft would be launched by Thor-Delta booster from 

Kennedy Space Center between 1976 and 1978. Mother-daughter spacecraft would make repeated passes through earth’s magnetic field to 

measure fine-scale space and time variations while interplanetary 

Muy 8-10: 

May 8-12: 

Muy 9: 

Muy 10: 

177 
May 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

spacecraft recorded simultaneous variations of incoming solar wind. 

(NASA Release 72-100) 

Apollo 12 commander Charles Conrad, Jr., parachuted safely from NASA 

T-38 jet aircraft just before it crashed near Bergstrom Air Force 

Base, Tex. Cause of crash was being investigated. Conrad was on 

routine flight from Dobbins AFB, Ga., to Ellington AFB, Tex. (UPI, 

W News, 5/11/72, 20) 

Dr. William W. Duke, twin brother of Apollo 16 Astronaut Charles M. 

Duke, Jr., replied in letter published by Washington Post to April 26 

article by Post columnist Nicholas von Hoffman that criticized astronauts and ApoZZo 16 mission. “My brother stated publicly that he would 

go to the moon anonymously. He sought no personal gain. No one will 

recall the names of these space explorers, but each time one mission 

is completed, the next is easier. I am sure the second, third, or one 

hundredth man to sail around the world found it easier than the one 

preceding. Who is to judge what is to be gained now or one hundred 

years hence in and from space?” (W Post, 5/10/72, A15) 

US.-U.S.S.R. Working Group I1 met in Moscow to discuss 

compatible rendezvous and docking of spacecraft in space. (NASA 

Off Int Aff) 

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) held 15th meeting 

in Madrid. First firm indication of water ice on Mars from photos 

returned by Mariner 9 (launched by NASA May 30, 1971) was announced by Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist Dr. James A. Cutts. 

He and team had noted that residual south polar cap 320 km (200 mi) 

wide was unchanged throughout southern summer but was hidden by 

thin carbon dioxide frost that covered region 3200 km (2000 mi) in 

diameter during winter. In spring, it appeared that dry ice again 

evaporated and cap shrank to 320-km zone of water ice. 

Working sessions on terrestrial planets and outer planets were held 

by NASA and Soviet scientists to discuss programs for exploration of 

Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter. Discussions fulfilled recommendation of August 1971 NASA-U.S.S.R. Working Group that planetary 

exploration be discussed jointly at international colloquia. 

Space Science Board of National Academy of Sciences and National 

Research Council submitted United States Space Science Program: 

Report to COSPAR. Report, covering 1971, summarized analyses and 

observations from experiments on board spacecraft, sounding rockets, 

balloons, and aircraft. (Miles, LA Times, 5/11/72; Text; NASA Int Aff; 

NASA Release 72-106; w Post, 5/23/72, A10) 

Senate passed H.R. 14070, $3.4+44-billion NASA FY 1973 authorization bill, after adopting amendment by Sen. Howard W. Cannon 

(D-Nev.) that increased allocation for aeronautical research and development by $24 million. Increase included $21 million for program to 

design and demonstrate certifiable modifications to retrofit existing civil 

aircraft for quieter performance and $3 million for aircraft collision 

avoidance. Senate rejected, by vote of 61 to 21, amendment by Sen. 

Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.) to delete $228 million requested for 

space shuttle development. (CR, 5/11/72, 57698-7763) 

* NASA-developed battery technology had been used by McCulloch Electronics Corp. to design high-energy-output batteries for sure, fast 

starts for power tools and sports equipment. Medical and photographic 

May 10-17: 

May 10-24: 

Muy 11 .- 

178 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 11 

applications were also being developed. New batteries could be recharged 90 to 100 times faster than existing batteries-15 to 20 min 

instead of 14 to 16 hrs. (NASA Release 72-95) 

Sen. William Proxmire (I)-Wis.) sent letter to NASA Hq. requesting NASA 

comments on General Accounting Office report that recommended 

Manned Spacecraft Center contracting officer “devote more attention” 

to performance of NASA contractor Service Technology Corp. Firm, 

subsidiary of Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., had received average annual 

income of $12 million from extensions to tl6-million contract signed 

with NASA in 1967. STC work included building and ground maintenance, engineering design and construction of hardware, technical 

writing and editing, and publications distribution service. GAO had 

found STC practices “doubtful.” (H Post, 5/14/72) 

Dr. Aleksander P. Vinogradov, Vice President of Soviet Academy of 

Sciences, presented report on Luna 20 samples to Academy. He had 

earlier, on May 4, published data on soil sample in Prawda. Luna 20 

had landed near moon’s Apollonius Crater in mountainous area between 

Sea of Crises and Sea of Fertility and returned to earth with lunar 

samples. Luna 20 soil was light grey, porous consertal (of texture 

in which irregular crystals interlocked) material containing fewer 

glassy, fused particles than Luna 16 samples from Sea of Fertility. 

Average particle size was 70-80 millimicrometers with largest particle 

in excess of one millimeter. Albedo value was higher than for samples 

returned by Luna 16, Apollo 11, or Apollo 12. 

Basic mass of particles were anorthositic rock containing large 

amount of feldspar, metallic iron, and olivine. “The lunar samples’ 

surprise proved to be the presence of pulverized metallic iron, which 

. . . does not oxidize, as distinct from terrestrial iron. This discovery 

may be of great practical significance. We have shown experimentally 

that under certain conditions it is possible to obtain such iron in the 

laboratory from basalts. If we succeeded in developing cheap technology for the industrial production of inoxidizable iron, this would 

give technology a magnificient construction material.” Understanding 

nature of formation of anorthosites would be of even greater significance. “Perhaps it will even elucidate the most ancient history of our 

planet. A popular hypothesis once existed among geologists that the 

earth’s crust originally consisted of anorthosite rocks. NOW it has 

unexpectedly received strong ‘corroboration’ from the moon. 

“After study of the lunar rock the nocturnal luminary appears before 

us as a ‘twofaced Janus.’ On the moon’s visible side vast territories 

are occupied by basaltic seas, while the entire far side is practically 

a solid continent, apparently formed from anorthositic rocks. Such a 

sharp difference is one of the moon’s most exciting secrets.” (Zzwestiya, 

FBIS-SOV, 5/17/72, L1; Sow Rpt, 5/19/72, 1) 

* Astronaut Stuart A. Roosa was named chairman of Manned Spacecraft 

Center board to investigate cause of May 10 T-38 aircraft accident in 

which Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., parachuted to safety at Bergstrom Air Force Base, Tex. (MSC Release 72-100) 

Dr. Thornton Page of Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) showed 

photos and described results of Apollo 16 far-ultraviolet camera 

and spectrograph experiments at Manned Spacecraft Center press 

conference. Photos had revealed presence of three atmospheric rings 

May 12: 

179 
May 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

around earth, rather than two as previously believed. Newly discovered 

ring was probably composed of oxygen or emissions from molecular 

nitrogen. Photo also showed shape of geocorona. “The geocorona is 

well known, and , . . measurements had Been made from below. But 

. . this is the first time, except for the work on OGO-v results, where 

the geocorona has been viewed from outside. From these photographs, 

we’ll be able . . . to give the amount of Lyman-Alpha light emitted 

by each cubic mile at each distance away from the earth on all sides.. . and get a three dimensional model of the geocorona.” (Transcript) 

* Four companies submitted technical proposals to Manned Spacecraft 

Center for NASA space shuttle contract: Grumman Aerospace Corp., 

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., North American Rockwell Corp. Space 

Div., and McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. (NASA Release 72-103; 

Marshall Star, 5/17/72, 1) 

Extension of McDonnell Douglas Corp. contract for design study of space 

shuttle orbiter auxiliary propulsion systems to include study of earthstorable propellants was announced by Manned Spacecraft Center. 

Extension increased contract value to $576 000 and carried it through 

Oct. 15, 1972. (MSC Release 72-101) 

Apollo 16 Astronauts John W. Young, Thomas K. Mattingly 11, and 

Charles M. Duke, Jr., completed 13 days of postflight debriefing at 

Manned Spacecraft Center and prepared to spend first weekend in 

seven weeks with their families. (Reuters, NYT, 5/13/72, 33) 

NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., carrying Naval Research Laboratory astronomy 

experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR 

list) 

* Impact of computers on society was discussed in Science by Massachusetts Institute of Technology computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum. 

Computer had “very considerably less societal impact than the mass 

media would lead us to believe.” Space travel could not have been 

undertaken without computers; computer and computer education 

industries had “grown to enormous proportions.” But “much of the 

industry is self-serving . . . like an island economy in which the 

natives make a living by taking in each other’s laundry.” Part that 

was not self-serving was supported largely by Government agencies 

and other gigantic enterprises that knew “short-range utility of computer systems but have no idea of their ultimate social cost.” Airline 

reservation systems and computerized hospitals “serve only a tiny, 

largely the most affluent, fraction of society. Such things cannot be 

said to have an impact on society generally.” (Science, 5/12/72, 

US-U.S.S.R. Joint Working Group on Space Biology and 

Medicine met for second time at Manned Spacecraft Center. Meeting 

discussed data from Soviet Soyuz 11-Salyut I mission (June 6-30, 

1971), preliminary data from Apollo 16 (April 16-27, 1972), pFeand postflight examination procedures, and methods of predicting inflight status of crew members. Previous meeting was held in Moscow 

Oct. 9-13, 1971. (NASA Release 72-101; W Post, 5/14/72, A28) 

Meteorite crashed into moon near Apollo 14 Fra Mauro landing 

site with force estimated to be equivalent to 8900 kilonewtons (1000 

tons of TNT)-~OO times larger than impact of Saturn V S-IVB stage, 

609-14) 

May 12-19: 

May 13: 

180 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 13 

larger than any previous seismic event recorded on moon, and large 

enough to record reflections from lunar core if it existed. Dr. Gary V. 

Latham, principal investigator for Apollo passive seismic experiments, 

said meteorite must have been about 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and 

probably created new crater as large as a football field. Signal recorded 

by four Apollo seismometers on moon was so strong that Apllo 14 

seismometers were knocked completely off-scale for 16 min. Total 

signal lasted more than three hours and signals that might correspond 

to rain of debris thrown out by impact were recorded for about 

one minute. (MSC Release 72-105) 

* Supernova, or exploding star, 97 billion billion km (60 billion billion mi) 

from earth was discovered by Hale Observatories astronomer Charles 

Kowal. Kowal, who confirmed discovery on May 15, said supernova, 

brightest discovered in 35 yrs, could become “one of the most studied 

objects in astronomy.” Marshall Space Flight Center astronomers Dr. 

Thomas Wdowiak and Joseph Michlovic used 1.5-m (5.6-ft) telescope 

at Univ. of Arizona’s Catalina Mountain Observatory to observe supernova in infrared, optical, and near-ultraviolet wavelengths immediately 

following first sighting and distributed findings. MSFC astronomer 

Dr. Thomas Parnell and Dr. G. J. Fishman of Brown Engineering Co. 

launched balloon over Lubbock, Tex., to make gamma ray observations 

of supernova for six hours. (AP, NYT, 5/26/72, 9; MSFC Release 

72-83; Marshall Star, 6/28/72, 1) 

AP quoted scientists as saying new mirror being installed in Boyden 

Observatory at Mazelspoort, South Africa, would provide most powerful 

telescope in Southern Hemisphere. Scientists planned to use telescope 

to flash laser beam to moon. (V‘ Post, 5/14/72, D5) 

* Delegation from Federation of American Scientists (FAS) , nongovernment organization, left for People’s Republic of China to explore means 

of improving contacts between Chinese and American scientists. (Science, 5/19/72, 783) 

Physicist Dr. Ralph E. Lapp said in Washington Post article 

that NASA followed “cart-before-the-horse” or “rocket-before-payload 

policy” in figuring shuttle costs. Question to be debated was not shuttle 

transportation “but the basic purpose and worth of payloads.” NASA 

was “sorely perplexed as a federal agency whose basic mission was 

accomplished when men landed on the moon.” Skylab mission in 1973, 

when a temporary, makeshift station is placed in orbit,” would end 

NASA manned space flight “unless the shuttle project goes ahead. In a 

sense, it’s a shuttle to nowhere unless a permanent space station is 

also approved. This project, last costed at $10 billion, was once the 

basic rationale of the shuttle, but its price tag scared off congressmen. 

Now NASA downplays the space station, but the Jan. 31, 1972, Mathematica study includes 62 shuttle trips to space stations in one scenario.” 

(W Post, 5/14/72, B3) 

* Role of Vandenberg Air Force Base in space shuttle program was doubtful, 

Frank Macomber said in Sun Diego Union. California politicians 

were claiming “partial victory” in NASA’s selection of West Coast site 

for second shuttle launch and landing site. But “clear-cut win went 

to Florida’s Cape Kennedy.” Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, 

had “made it clear it will be another eight years before space shuttle 

launch base work would begin at Vandenberg.” In eight years “entire 

May 14: 

C6 

181 
May 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

US. space picture will have changed. There will be a whole new set of 

American leaders, and a Congress which today would approve a space 

shuttle program for the West Coast might be so changed by 1980 that 

it would be voted down.” (Copley News Service, SD Union, 5/14/72, 

23 1 

* U.S. was moving towards conversion to metric system despite opposition 

from some industries concerned about resultant confusion and cost, 

New York Times reported. American chemical and pharmaceutical 

industries were now largely on metric system, as were NASA and 

important parts” of weapon and aircraft industries. General Electric 

Co., whose products for foreign consumption were already made to 

metric dimensions, had come out for conversion. In “carefully timed 

manner,” each industry was following pace suited to its needs. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/14/72, 4:6) 

May 15: NASA Flight Research Center was testing new curved, steep, 

instrument landing approach for short takeoff and landing ( STOL) 

aircraft to reduce noise discomfort and airport congestion. Approach 

could begin at various locations close to airport and would provide 

better aircraft separation, more landings per given time, less en route 

time, and lower airline operating costs by shortening terminal-toterminal times. Approaches began at altitudes between 1200 and 

1500 m (4000 and 5000 ft) and were flown to approximately 15 m 

(50 ft) above ground. (FRC Release 7-72) 

* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOM) had indefinitely postponed launch of ITOS-c meteorological satellite, originally 

scheduled for last February, because of NASA’S delay in updating 

Thor-Delta launch vehicle with onboard computer for inertial guidance, 

Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Spacecraft would be 

retrofitted with improved instrumentation and launched after ITOS-D, 

scheduled for launch in fall’ with improved Thor-Delta. (Av Wk, 

5/15/72, 11) 

Two proposed flight plans, both with nighttime launch, for December 

Apollo 17 mission were being studied by Manned Spacecraft Center, 

Houston Post reported. Proposed Iaunch times-selected for optimum 

sun angle during lunar landing and surface activities-were 8:39 pm 

EST Dec. 6, with lunar landing at 1:47 am EST Dec. 11, and 8:48 pm 

EST Dec 6, with lunar landing at 1:47 pm EST Dec. 11. Nighttime 

liftoff would be first in US. manned program. (Maloney, H Post, 

5/15/72) 

* Termination notices effective June 29 were sent to 198 employees at 

Marshall Space Flight Center; 115 were downgraded or reassigned in 

manpower reduction that would bring MsFC employment level to 5317 

by June 30. Further reduction of 103 was planned for June 1973. 

(Huntsville Times, 5/11/72) 

“Rendock” was new word “trying to enter space lexicon,” Aviation Week 

& Space Technolpgy reported. Engineers studying proposed US.- 

U.S.S.R. joint rendezvous and docking mission had tired of repeating 

phrase in its entirety and had coined “what they hope will become the 

standard, short version.” (Av Wk, 5/15/72, 13) 

Physicists were studying possibility that magnetic substorm was created 

by experiment conducted by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and 

Univ. of Alaska Geophysical Institute. Experiment attempted to trace 

66 

182 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 15 

line in earth’s magnetic field from pole to pole by injecting barium 

ions into upper atmosphere by rocket. Launch of Sandhawk Tomahawk 

sounding rocket from Poker Flat near Fairbanks, Alaska, March 6 

had caused unusual one-hour auroral display, accompanied by sudden 

appearance of very-low-frequency ( VLF) radio signals, 17 min after 

barium injection. (Av Wk, 5/15/72, 11; Los Alamos PIO) 

Sole reason for nonappearance of Soviet supersonic transport Tu-144 

at Dept. of Transportation’s TRANSPO ’72 exhibition at Dulles International Airport May 27-June 4 was fact that pre-production prototype, 

only version cleared for flights outside U.S.S.R., had range of less 

than 6000 km (40000 mi), Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

(Av Wk, 5/15/72,13) 

National Academy of Sciences was seeking Congressional approval of 

project to provide funds to Poland for construction of $1-million 

astronomical research center as gift to mark 500th anniversary of 

birth of Copernicus in 1973, New York Times reported. Additional 

funds for equipment would be sought in US. from Polish-American 

community. Facility would be in Warsaw. (Feron, NYT, 5/15/72, 81) 

Press briefing on Apollo 16 preliminary science results was 

held at Manned Spacecraft Center. Dr. David W. Strangway, Chief of 

MSC Geophysics Branch, said magnetic sample returned to moon on 

Apollo 16 “did pick up fairly strong component of soft magnetization 

as the result of exposure to the spacecraft systems. On return to the 

earth, however, we were able to clean that out and to recover the 

original hard component of magnetization which is what . . . we were 

hoping to do.” Experiment had worked out “quite successfully and 

suggests that the soft components that we’re seeing in the rocks is 

indeed of spacecraft origin and is not an artifact of some kind that 

came from the lunar surface. . . . if it did come from the lunar surface 

we’ve contaminated it so much that we can’t sort it out afterwards. 

But the hard component then, we believe, is real and it came back 

through - - ___ the whole journey and . . . is essentially unchanged and unMay 16: 

modified.” 

Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of MSC Planetary and Earth Sciences Div., 

said qualitative conclusion from chemicaf analysis of few samples 

examined to date was “that the soil is certainly quite homogeneous 

from point to point.” Homogeneity suggested that rock at Cayley 

Plains might not be different from rock in Descartes and that neither 

formation might have been formed from volcanic lava. Samples had 

very high concentrations of aluminum and calcium-26~~o/o aluminum 

oxide and 15% calcium-“very different from what we see everywhere 

on the surface of the earth.” 

X-rays of core tubes showed dispersion throughout soil of metal 

particles-probably metallic iron-up to 0.5 cm (0.2 in) in diameter. 

Tentative conclusion was “that metallic iron, both in the soil and 

the rocks, is very much more abundant at this site than it’s been at any 

other site on the moon and this may be a qualitative Characteristic 

of the Apollo 16 site and perhaps a qualitative characteristic of the 

highlands is that rocks there contain bits of metallic iron. It is 

tempting to speculate that this has something to do with the high 

magnetic field at this region.’’ Although scientists couldn’t tell just 

from looking at rocks whether any were volcanic, “the opinion is 

183 
May 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

evolving that they are not.” Rocks appeared, to naked eye, to be impact 

breccias. (Transcript; O’Toole, I7 Post, 5/17/72) 

Congress received Apollo 16 Astronauts John W. Young, Charles M. 

Duke, Jr., and Thomas Mattingly 11. In welcoming speech Sen. Strom 

Thurmond (R3.C.) said, “The trail they took into space has further 

inspired all of us to reach for greater accomplishments.” Astronauts 

urged continued support of space program. 

Astronauts earlier in morning reported preliminary results from 

April 16-27 lunar landing mission to House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics. Slides shown included first photo showing intensity 

of ultraviolet light around earth and also aurora belts, including mag 

netosphere on equator never seen before [see May 121. They also 

showed photo of geocorona protecting earth from uv rays from sun. 

Mattingly said of lunar exploration. “I think as we go further . . . into our exploration of the moon, we’ll find it more and more complex 

than we suspected it would ever be. In our fondest dreams, I believe 

we never suspected the hidden treasures that are buried underneath the 

lunar soil.” (CR, 5/16/72, S783940; W Post, 5/17/72, A1 ; Hearing 

transcript) 

0 NASA’s TF-8A aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing and piloted 

by Thomas C. McMurtry, completed one of two flights scheduled from 

Flight Research Center. Pressure distributions were measured from 

mach 0.90 to 0.99 at altitudes from 12800 to 13960 m (42000 to 

45 800 ft) with flaps closed and at 5” and 10”. Second flight, an 

excess-energy maneuver, was canceled because DC generator light 

came on at end of first flight. Problem was later corrected and second 

flight was rescheduled. (NASA proj off) 

Arcas sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Antigua, West Indies, 

to 52.3-km (32.5-mi) altitude. Primary obiective was to obtain ozone ,“ 

measurements in upper atmosphere in conjunction with overpass of 

Nimbus 4 satellite and with Nike-Cajun ozone launch (May 17). 

Secondary objective was to validate further performance of new parachute deployment system tested May 4. Payload was ejected near apogee 

and descended successfully by parachute; good ozone data were 

acquired. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced agreement with US. Army 

Corps of Engineers Huntsville Div. to provide facility design and construction support as needed by MSFC for space shuttle program. (MSFC 

Release 72-61) 

Canadian government purchase of video equipment valued at $500 000 to 

receive direct TV transmissions from NASA’s Earth Resources Technology Satellites ( ERTS) was announced by RCA. First data-acquisition 

facilities installed outside US., equipment would be at central receiver 

site in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and Canadian Centre for Remote 

Sensing in Ottawa. Facilities would go into full-scale operation when 

first experimental ERTS was launched from Western Test Range. 

( RCA Release) 

US. patent No. 3 662 744 was awarded to General Electric Co. scientists 

Robert W. Richardson and David B. Wright for esthesiometer invented 

under NASA contract. Instrument, for possible use on Skylab, could 

also help physicians test patients’ skin perception. User touched skin 

184 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 16 

with flexible nylon wire projecting from instrument to measure degree 

of sensitivity. (NYT, 5/20/72; Pat Off PIO) 

0 U.S. and U.S.S.R. were nearing “historic agreement to begin joint 

ventures in space,” Wall Street Journal reported. “For the first time, 

the Soviets are dropping their secrecy curtain enough to provide 

detailed engineering data on their spacecraft-a sign that Brezhnev, 

Kosygin & Co. really want to go ahead.” U.S. officials-including 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and Dr. Edward E. David, 

Jr., Presidential Science Adviser-“are eagerly committing themselves 

to cooperation; American spacemen, feeling pinched for funds, now 

count on accord to keep them flying in the future.” Political decision 

on joint space mission “is in the hands of the Kremlin and the White 

House.” Some officials believed “announcement of this Soviet-American 

engagement could come before June-perhaps in Moscow if President 

Nixon goes ahead with his scheduled trip there this month.” (Spivak, 

WSJ, 5/16/72, 1) 0 Former scientist-astronaut Dr. Brian T. O’Leary continued dialogue with 

Univ. of Michigan astronomer James A. Loudon [see Jan. 16 and 

March 281 in letter published by New York Times. “I basically agree 

with Mr. Loudon’s defense of the human value of communications 

and other applications satellites, but we do not need enormous shuttles 

to transport such minuscule payloads. In addition, the shuttle juggernaut is forcing NASA to cancel, postpone or trim much of its space 

science and applications activity. This is regrettable. We need to take 

a very careful look at the space shuttle before Congress appropriates 

billions of dollars and we are irrevocably committed to an apparent 

boondoggle.” (NYT, 5/16/72, 40) 

Collection of 28 paintings by artist-architect-astronomer Chesley Bonestell and 3 original drawings by Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy 

Associate Administrator for Planning, were placed on exhibition at 

American Museum-Hayden Planetarium in New York for indefinite 

period. Bonestell paintings of early 1950s depicted future space explorations. Von Braun paintings suggested suit for astronaut extravehicular activity on moon. (Am Mus Release) 

Redesignation of undersea long-range missile system ( ULMS) as “Trident“ 

was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird during Washington, D.C., press conference. (UPI, W Star, 5/17/72, A6) 

Conference on Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction was held at 

Lewis Research Center to present latest results of NASA Quiet Engine 

Program and efforts to reduce noise of future short takeoff and landing 

( STOL) aircraft to airline industry representatives. Roy P. Jackson, 

NASA Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and Space Technology, 

said future of civil aviation depended on “making the airplane acceptable to the community . . . in noise level and . . . engine emissions.” 

NASA’s goal was to provide technology to make aircraft L‘unobtrusive 

in its environment. Noise levels beyond the airport boundaries should 

one day be indistinguishable in the ambient level.” Primary work in 

propulsion-source noise reduction was “technology to modify existing 

engines and . . . to design new propulsion systems . . . that operate 

at significantly lower noise levels.” NASA also was working on steep 

approaches in landing to reduce ground noise and studying community 

response to noise. 

May 16-17: 

185 
May 16-17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Flight tests in 1971 with modified American Airlines Boeing 720 

aircraft from Stockton (Calif.) Metropolitan Airport in clear weather 

had shown “cockpit modifications made procedure of reducing ground 

noise by effecting steeper approaches in terminal area safe, repeatable, 

and reasonable under clear-weather conditions.” 

Carl C. Ciepluch, Deputy Manager of L~RC Quiet Engine Project 

Office, discussed first tests, in May, of experimental engine A with 

acoustic nacelle and 97 900-newton (22 000-lb) thrust. LeRC had tested 

engine A at takeoff and landing speeds when noise was most noticeable. 

Tests had shown that if four such engines were installed on DC-8 or 

Boeing 707 aircraft takeoff noise would be 90 effective perceived noise 

in decibels (epndb) instead of 116 on takeoff and 118 on approach 

with current DC-8 and Boeing 707 engines. Although not suitable for 

wide-bodied jets, quiet engine and nacelle was 8 to 13 epndb quieter 

than engine used on Boeing 747s and DC-10s. Testing of engine with 

nacelles would continue through fall to measure more precisely effectiveness of noise suppression techniques and measure engine’s internal 

noise sources other than the fan. Late in year, engine would be tested 

in a new altitude chamber at Lewis. Second quiet engine was undergoing aerodynamic tests by manufacturer General Electric Co. at 

Peebles, Ohio, before being delivered to LeRC at end of year for acoustic 

tests. NASA would use evaluation of both engines in designing quiet 

experimental engine Mark I1 for “optimum trade-off period noise 

reduction and installed weight penalty for aircraft application.” 

Newell D. Sanders, Chief of LeRC V/STOL and Noise Div., chaired 

conference and discussed noise levels, methods for noise reduction, 

and quiet engine principles. (LeRC Release 72-29; Text; Lewis News, 

5/5/72, 1; 5/19/72, 1; NASA SP-311) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 490 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

339-km (210.6-mi) apogee, 202-km ( 125.5-mi) perigee, 89.9-min 

period, and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered May 29. ( GSFC SSR, 

5/31/72; Sou Aero, 5/22/72, 32) 

NASA’s TF-8A aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing and piloted by 

Thomas C. McMurtry, completed flight from Flight Research Center. 

Performance data were obtained at 10 700-m (35 000-ft) altitude and 

mach 0.95-0.99. Wing pressure distributions were recorded at altitudes 

from 8800 to 9100 m (29 000 to 30 000 ft) at mach 0.95-0.99. (NASA 

proj off) 

* NASA launched four Nike-Cajun sounding rockets from Point Barrow, 

Alaska. First rocket carried Goddard Space Flight Center grenade payload to 110.2-km (68.5-mi) altitude to provide temperature, pressure, 

density, and wind data in support of closely coordinated ozone and 

atomic oxygen flights. All 31 grenades were ejected and detonated as 

planned and sound arrivals were recorded on ground. 

Second rocket carried GSFC payload to 84.6-km (52.6-mi) altitude 

to measure ozone distribution in mesosphere and stratosphere in Arctic 

after spring wind reversal and in conjunction with overpass of Nimbus 

4 satellite. Payload deployed properly and on time and descended by 

parachute. Excellent ozone data were acquired. 

Third rocket carried experiment developed by Univ. of Michigan 

and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to 127-km 

(78.9-mi) altitude. Objective was to measure atomic oxygen distribuMay 17: 

186 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 17 

on ground. (NASA proj off) 

Apollo 16 Astronauts John W. Young, Thomas K. Mattingly 11, and 

Charles M. Duke, Jr., were honored during Astronaut Day celebration 

hospital they met Dr. Samuel Natelson 

who had invented instruments and techniques by which astronauts’ 

body fluids were monitored by Manned Spacecraft Center Mission 

Control. (C Daily News, 5/17/72) 

U.S. and Soviet scientists were designing interferometer-system comprising two radiotelescopes-with one radiotelescope that could be 

emplaced in outer space, Soviet astrophysicist Josif Shklovskiy reported in Zzvestiya. Instrument would be used to examine quasars and 

formation regions of stars and planetary systems. ( FBIS-SOV, 5/18/72, 

L3 1 

President Nixon announced appointment of John S. D. Eisenhower as 

Chairman of new Classification Review Committee to implement 

security classification system established March 8. President also 

released text of National Security Council directive governing classification, downgrading, declassification, and safeguarding of national 

security information. Government departments were requested to 

establish computerized data index system for classified material. 

President said : “This application of computer technology across the 

board should lead to a much more manageable classification system 

and areatlv enhance the flow of information to the Dublic.” Executive 

OrdG 11652 of March 8 included NASA among agkncies originating 

classified material. (PD, 5/22/72, 870-1) 

American Helicopter Society held 28th Annual National 

V/STOL Forum in Washington, D.C. Society’s Dr. Alexander Klemin 

Award was presented to Bell Helicopter Chairman Edwin J. Ducayet 

for “notable achievement in the advancement of rotary wing aeronautics.’’ (NASA Activities, 5/15/72, 104; Av Wk, 5/22/72, 9) 

House Committee on Appropriations favorably reported H.R. 

15093, FY 1973 Dept. of Housing and Urban Development-spacescience-veterans appropriations bill that included $3.349-bilIion NASA 

appropriation. Appropriation-$58 million less than budget estimate 

of $3.407 billion, but $39 million above FY 1972 appropriation of 

$3.310 billion-allocated $2.55 billion for research and development 

May 17-19: 

May 18: 

and noise reduction program; and deferred request of $5.54 million for 

187 
May 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

construction of facilities for manufacturing and final assembly of space 

shuttle at “various locations” until “such sites are decided upon and 

plans are developed.” (H Rpt 92-1071) 

* Canada and European Space Research Organization ( ESRO) signed space 

cooperation agreement under which ESRO would fly equipment on 

board Canada’s Communications Technology Satellite, scheduled for 

launch by NASA in 1975. Equipment to be supplied by ESRO included 

traveling-wave tube, parametric amplifier, and solar cells. (SBD, 

5/30/72, 150; Canadian Embassy PIO) 

* NASA Equal Opportunity Council to review, advise, and recommend on 

implementation of NASA Equal Employment Opportunity Program was 

established by Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator. Membership of full-time NASA employees from key staff and program 

offices would serve two-year terms. Chairman, Bernard Moritz, would 

serve one-year term. (NASA Activities, 6/15/72, 119) 

* Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, discussed cost of doing 

business in space in speech before Aerospace Industries Assn.’s 26th 

Williamsburg Conference at Williamsburg, Va. NASA was developing 

“steady flow of products in the space business.” With shuttle “we will 

have a real opportunity to do something about the high cost of doing 

business in space.” Formula was to identify areas with greatest potential payoff for cost improvement, determine standard requirements 

for systems with highest potential payoff for future spacecraft, develop 

these standard items with low cost and high reliability, and ensure 

that items were used. “Our work to improve the costs of the things 

we will do in space is an essential adjunct to the ShuttIe-not only 

for our own projects, but to help pave the way for many more commercial uses of space.” (Text) 

International treaty banning emplacement of nuclear and other weapons 

of mass destruction on seabed came into force with signing of articles 

of ratification in Washington, London, and Moscow. ( W Post, 5/17/72, 

A20; Tass, FBIS-SOV, 5/19/72, A7) 

e Apollo 14 Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell described tests of extrasensory 

perception (ESP) he made during Jan. 31-Feb. 9,1971, mission at 15th 

annual conference of Spiritual Frontiers Fellowship in Chicago. Mitchell 

had attempted to send messages from spacecraft to four ‘creceiversy’ 

on earth and had reported later that some “exchanges” had been made. 

(C Daily News, 5/13/72; A&A 1971; MSC PAO) 

General Electric Co. and Esso Research & Engineering Co. would support $3-million research project by Univ. of Rochester to explore 

possible use of laser beams to ignite hydrogen fusion fire for electric 

power production, Wall Street Journal reported. ( WSJ, 5/18/72) 

May 19: U.S.S.R. launched Molniya 11-2 comsat from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 39 295-km (24 416.8-mi) apogee, 433-km (269.1-mi) perigee, 

705.1-min period, and 65.3” inclination. Objective was to maintain “a 

system of long-distance telephone and telegraph radio-communications” 

in U.S.S.R., relay programs of Central Television Service to stations of 

Orbita network, and further international cooperation. Satellite operated in centimeter wave band. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/72; SBD, 5/23/72, 

123; Tass, FBIS-SOV, 3/22/72, L1) 

188 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 19 

President Nixon signed H.R. 14070, Ifk3.444-billion FY 1973 NASA authorization bill. Bill, approved by Senate May 11, became Public Law 

92-304. (PD, 5/29/72, 900; NASA Off Admin) 

President Nixon briefed press on forthcoming state visit to Austria, 

U.S.S.R., Iran, and Poland and outlined three areas on agenda “in 

which there is a possibility . . . of agreement” with U.S.S.R., “provided we can break some bottlenecks which still exist.” Areas were arms 

limitation, trade, and cooperation in space. President recalled his TV 

speech to Soviet people during 1959 visit to U.S.S.R.: “I said at that 

time . . . let us go to the moon together.” While he would not suggest 

that joint missions to moon or to Mars would be discussed during 

forthcoming visit, he said, “I do know that considerable progress has 

been made over the past several months with regard to cooperation 

in . . . exploration of space. We are going to try to see a culmination 

of that progress in this area.” President said “NASA people” had been 

among those working “toward the time when this meeting would take 

place.” (PD, 5/22/72, 876-9) 

0 NASA announced appointment of Robin K. Ransone as Director of Aeronautical Operating Systems Office in Office of Aeronautics and Space 

Technology. Ransone-American Airlines Development Engineer, 

V/STOL Technology-would replace Deputy Associate Administrator 

(Programs) George W. Cherry, who had been Acting Director of office. 

(NASA Release 72-107) 

Skylab statistics were released by NASA. Spacecraft, to be launched by 

two-stage Saturn V rocket in spring 1973, would contain 370 cu m 

(13 000 cu ft) of working and living space. More than 13 000 individual items weighing total of 5000 kg (11 000 lbs) for long-duration 

space mission would be stowed, including 910 kg (2000 lbs) of food, 

more than 2700 kg (6000 lbs) of water, 60 changes of astronaut jackets 

and shirts and trousers, 210 pairs of shorts, 30 constant-wear garments, 

15 pairs of boots and gloves, 55 bars of soap, 96 kg (210 Ibs) of 

towels, 1800 urine and fecal bags, 156 rolls of teleprint paper, 104 

film magazines, medical kit, 108 pens and pencils, and vacuum cleaner. 

(NASA Special Release) 

NASA launched two Aerobee 170 sounding rockets from White Sands 

Missile Range, N. Mex. One carried Massachusetts Institute of Technology x-ray astronomy experiment. Second carried Goddard Space 

Flight Center cosmic ray experiment. Rockets and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 0 President Nixon had approved assignment of M/G Kenneth W. Schultz 

(USAF) as commander of Space and Missile Systems Organization 

(SAMSO) effective Aug. 1, Dept. of Defense announced. Gen. Schultz, 

Deputy Chief of Staff for Air Force Systems Command, was nominated 

for promotion to lieutenant general. (Reuters, NYT, 5/20/72, 8) 

Muy 19-20: Working session of US. and U.S.S.R. scientists met in Madrid 

to discuss scientific results, objectives, and strategy for planetary exploration. Meeting fulfilled August 1971 recommendations by joint 

US. and U.S.S.R. working group for discussions to propose complementary activity by one party during planetary investigations conducted by the other and for exchange of information from planetary 

experiments. Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for 

Space Science, headed US. group; G. I. Petrov, Director of U.S.S.R. 

189 
May 19-20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Science Institute of Space Research, headed Soviet group. (NASA 

Release 72-106) 

May 20: Unidentified satellite launched by Air Force from Vandenberg Air 

Force Base at 8:30 am PDT by Titan IIIB-Agena booster failed to 

achieve orbit. (Av Wk, 6/5/72, 14) 

President Nixon and party left Andrews Air Force Base, Md., for Salzburg, Austria, first stop on scheduled 13-day visit to Austria, U.S.S.R., 

Iran, and Poland. Visit would include summit meetings with Soviet 

officials in Moscow to discuss possible cooperation in joint manned 

space flight mission, strategic arms limitation, environmental and 

health problems, reducing risk of incidents at sea, international trade, 

and other ventures in “peaceful coexistence.” (PD, 6/5/72, 912; 

Marder, W Post, 5/21/72, Al) 0 Administration sources quoted in New York Times said US. and U.S.S.R. 

would pledge not to interfere with each other’s reconnaissance satellites 

as part of agreement to limit strategic weapons that President Nixon 

expected to initial on forthcoming Moscow visit. US. had insisted on 

<L open skies” arrangement because, with U.S.S.R. ban on inspection, 

spy satellites were primary means of checking on compliance with terms 

of arms control agreements. (Beecher, NYT, 5/20/72, 1) 0 Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of $12.1- 

million contract to Boeing Co. to secure benefits from vaIuabIe work 

done in supersonic transport ( SST) development program. Contract 

called for completion of seven advanced technological projects to 

enhance flight safety and efficiency and make aircraft more compatible 

with environment. Volpe said, by completing projects already begun, 

“funds already spent on them will not be wasted and the resulting 

technology will be available for advancement of aircraft design.” Congress had voted against further funding of SST program during 1971. 

(FAA Release 72-88) 

May 21 .- Proposal for domestic communications satellite system was reviewed by John J. .O’Connor in New York Times. Federal Communications Commission was considering several possible structures for 

system : completely open entry for applicants, with restrictions limited 

to antitrust considerations ; approval of one applicant or consortium 

of applicants, subject to restrictions; or plan between these two. Spokesman for one independent group, Network Project, had testified in May 

congressional hearings protesting that ownership and management by 

private industry would make granting access for either educational 

institution or individual “the prerogative of a specialized interest which 

has historically subordinated public service to private gain.” Network 

Project viewed “public access to, and control of, satellite facilities as a 

fundamental right,” particularly since “American people have already 

invested more than $2O-billion in the space program through their 

taxes.” Question should be opened to debate, including public. 

O’Connor asked: “DO we need a domestic satellite system? Do we 

want a ‘wired nation’? Who precisely is articulating these needs? 

And why?” Satellite research “dominated by the Defense Department” 

had “involved lasers, computers, sensors and a wide variety of surveillance technology. Cameras on helicopters have already been used 

to record unaware citizens. Will these techniques become a standard 

element in a domestic satellite system? And, if so, will the public have 

190 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 21 

access similar to that of a local government or police department?” 

Questions accumulated. “The answers are, or should be, of public 

interest.” (O’Connor, NYT, 5/21/72, 21) 

* White House announced plans for new series of awards, Presidential 

Prizes for Innovation. Prizes, to be distributed Sept. 15, would consist 

of medal and $50000. Money would come from National Science 

Foundation budget for Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) . Recipients would be chosen by Prizes Staff of White House Office of 

Science and Technology, headed by National Bureau of Standards 

physicist Carl M. Muelhause. Prizes would honor technological advances dealing with “significant problem” in domestic area. (Sci & 

Gov Rpt, 6/15/72, 2) 

President Nixon and party flew from Salzburg, Austria, to 

Moscow for first official visit of US. President to U.S.S.R. He met for 

two hours with Communist Party leader Leonid I. Brezhnev and later 

attended Kremlin dinner given by Presidium of U.S.S.R. 

During toast, Soviet President Nikolay V. Podgorny said: “. . . great 

importance is attached in the Soviet Union to Soviet-American talks 

which should cover a wide range of questions. We approach these talks 

from realistic positions and will make every effort in accordance with 

the principles of our policy to achieve positive results and try to justify 

the hopes placed in our countries and beyond them.” 

President Nixon responded: “Because we are both prepared to 

proceed on the basis of equality and mutual respect, we meet at a 

moment when we can make peaceful cooperation a reality.” Summarizing objectives of summit talks, President Nixon said: “First, we 

want to complete work on matters that years of patient negotiations have 

brought to the decision point: Bilateral matters will serve as our point 

of departure: Our two nations can work together in the exploration of 

space, the conquest of disease, the improvement of our environment.” 

(PD, 6/5/72, 915-7) 

Award of $400 000 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to Bell Aerospace Corp. 

for space shuttle orbiter reaction control system (RCS) was announced 

by Manned Spacecraft Center. Bell would supply Air Force Minuteman 111 post-boost propuIsion system technology to RCS requirements. 

( MSC Release 72-109) 

0 Ames Research Center scientist Dr. Robert T. Jones was testing theory 

that antisymmetrical wing pivoting on center point might convert 

aircraft to supersonic transport without high fuel consumption and 

noise of conventional SST, NASA announced. Aircraft would have conventional straight wing at right angles to fuselage during takeoff on 

medium-length runways and would require about one fourth the takeoff 

energy needed by comparable delta-wing jet transports with similar 

payloads. As aircraft reached speed and altitude where swept wings 

were efficient, entire wing would rotate about 45” so that wing on one 

side would point in direction of flight and wing on other side would 

trail. Studies had indicated that cruising in this configuration at supersonic speeds to mach 1.2 would not produce sonic boom and could 

be accomplished with fuel economy similar to that of current jet 

aircraft at subsonic speeds. Conceptual aircraft could cruise up to 

mach 1.5 over ocean where sonic effects were not detrimental. ARC 

Muy 22: 

191 
May 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

\ 

May 22: Dr. Robert T. Jones of Ames Research Center stood by the wind-tunnel 

model of a conceptual aircraft being developed in computer and wind-tunnel studies. 

The fan jet transport’s wing would rotate 45” or more above a center pivot as the 

speed increased, in attempt to achieve supersonic speed without high fuel comsumption 

and noise. By taking off with the wing perpendicular to the fuselage, the aircraft 

would require one fourth the takeof energy of comparable delta-wing transports. 

would continue theoretical computer and wind-tunnel studies using 

models “flown” at speeds to mach 1.4. (NASA Release 72-104) 0 Navy was seeking approval from Dept. of Defense to develop advanced 

Transit navigation satellite to meet USN operational needs during 

last half of 1970s and early 1980s, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. Spacecraft would be made less vulnerable to nuclear weapon 

radiation and to Soviet “killer-satellites.” Navy also hoped to maintain 

more operational satellites in space to provide more frequent navigation fixes. (Aw Wk, 5/22/72,20) 

* Apollo 7 Astronaut Donn F. Eisele was sworn in as a Peace Corps 

director. He would supervise 315 volunteers and 14 paid staff members 

in Bangkok, Thailand, beginning assignment in mid-June while on 

terminal leave from Air Force. His retirement from Air Force, after 

20 yrs service, would be effective July 1. (W News, 5/23/72; NYT, 

5/23/72, 27) 

Aviation/Space Writers Assn. held annual convention in 

New York. Remarks of Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, 

on significance of first decade in space were read May 24 by Dr. 

Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator: “Our first manned 

lunar landing was . . . realization of ‘the impossible dream.”’ With 

Apollo 11, “man on Earth was forced to reassess his potential for 

achievement-including the dream of universal peace, of brotherhood.” 

Joint US-U.S.S.R. rendezvous and docking agreement under discussion in Moscow “may be another small but significant step in this 

direction.” Dr. Fletcher recalled December 1969 Life magazine article 

May 22-25: 

192 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 22-25 

had said that “decade ended with an adventure so fantastic as almost 

to overshadow and redeem all the turmoil that had scarred it.’, Redeeming adventure had been Apollo 11 moon landing, which Dr. 

Fletcher called “the one great event of the decade that gave the 

American people renewed faith in their destiny.” 

William M. Magruder, special consultant on technology to President 

Nixon, said U.S. had lost any chance of competing for first airline 

supersonic transport orders. He predicted US. would produce “second 

generation” SST that would begin carrying passengers in a decade. 

L/G Otto J. Glasser (USAF), Deputy Chief of Staff, Research and 

Development, said in speech that US. aerospace industry had become 

overbuilt, overmanned, and overmanaged. Not only are there too 

many companies, but collectively they have more production capacity 

than we have any conceivable future need for. The passing of relatively 

ineffective . . . DC-3s and P-51s has gradually rendered obsolete and 

archaic our production oriented industry.” Gen. Glasser recommended 

that US. firms follow European approach of “very small, tightly 

integrated design teams manned by top-of-their-graduating-class engineers.” (Texts; NYT, 5/23/72) 

May 23: Scientists at Manned Spacecraft Center detonated by radio 

command three of four explosive mortar charges left on moon by 

Apollo 16 astronauts. Fourth grenade was not detonated because 

data indicated attitude sensor might have been knocked out of position 

by previous firings. Analysis of data on pitch sensor was under way 

to determine if sensor had failed or if mortar package had shifted its 

position. First grenade contained 270 g (0.6 lb) of explosive with 

predicted range of 910 m (3000 ft). Second had 45 g (0.1 lb) and 

150-m (500-ft) predicted range. Third had 140-g (0.3-lb) charge 

and 300-m (1000-ft) predicted range. Signals from three explosions, 

recorded by geophones left on lunar surface, indicated that moon’s 

surface layer was at least 50 m (164 ft) thick. (MSC Release 72-112; 

O’Toole, W Post, 5/24/72, A3; UPI, C Trib, 5/24/72) 

* NASA’s TF-SA aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing and piloted 

by Thomas C. McMurtry, completed flight from Flight Research Center. 

Flight was made with wing vortex generators off at constant g of 

200 from mach 0.50 to 0.99 and altitudes of 4800 to 14 000 m (16 000 

to 46 000 ft). Windup turns and a few stick pulses with augmentation 

system off were performed. Pilot reported no significant differences 

in handling qualities and buffeting between flight with vortex generators on and off but said pitch seemed softer with generator off. (NASA 

proj off) 

House by vote of 367 to 10 passed H.R. 15093, FY 1973 Dept. of Housing 

and Urban Development-space-science-veterans appropriations bill that 

included $3.349-billion NASA appropriation [see May 181. House 

rejected amendment by Rep. Bella S. Abzug (D-N.Y.) to delete $200 

million for space shuttle. (CR, 5/23/72, H4896-924) 

* US. and U.S.S.R. signed two agreements during Moscow summit meetings. Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection, signed by President Nixon and Soviet President Nikolay V. 

Podgorny, called for cooperation to prevent pollution, to study pollution 

and its effect on environment, and to develop basis for controlling 

“impact of human activities on nature.”’ Agreement established Joint 

(6 

193 
May 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Committee on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection to 

meet each year alternately in Washington and Moscow. 

Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Medical Science and 

Public Health was signed by Secretary of State William P. Rogers and 

Soviet Minister of Health Boris V. Petrovsky. Parties agreed on 

joint efforth to combat most widespread and serious diseases, solve 

problems of effect of environment on man’s health, and resolve other 

important health problems. Agreement would be implemented by 

coordinated research, exchange of specialists and delegations, organization of colloquia, scientific conferences and lectures, exchange of 

information, and familiarization with technical aids and equipment. 

(PD, 6/5/72, 97-20) 

* NASA announced start of development of space experiment to test equivalence principle of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Principle 

asserted that pull of gravity and oppositely directed mechanical 

acceleration could not be distinguished in small region of space. Thus, 

when two identical clocks were in areas with different gravitational 

pull, clock rates would appear to be different, although rates themselves would not change. Gravitational Redshift Space Probe Equipment 

would be launched from Wallops Station on Scout-D rocket in late 

1974. “Gravitational redshift” was term for decrease or shift toward 

red spectrum as a light wave escaped from strong gravitational field 

of sun or other massive body toward weaker gravitational field. 

Clock in experiment would follow 31/-hr elliptical flight trajectory 

over Atlantic and would always be in weaker gravitational field than 

identical clock at Bermuda ground station. Frequency of clock in probe, 

as observed by telemetry, should appear greater than frequency of 

clock on ground and rate should appear to increase as strength of 

gravitational field decreaged up to 18 000-km (11 000-mi) altitude 

and decrease as it returned to stronger field at lower altitudes. Difference between experimental and ground-based clock rates would be 

compared with shifts predicted by Einstein’s theory. Hydrogen maser 

clocks for experiment would be developed by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under direction of Marshall Space Flight Center. 

(NASA Release 72-105) 

* Astronauts Edgar D. Mitchell and James B. Irwin announced plans to 

resign from NASA and military. Mitchell, Navy captain, had been 

lunar module (LM) pilot on ApoZZo 14 (Jan. 31-Feb. 9, 1971). Irwin, 

Air Force colonel, had been LM pilot on Apollo 15 (July 26-Aug. 7, 

1971) and was backup pilot for Apollo 17, scheduled for launch in 

December. Because of Irwin’s plans to retire, new backup crew for 

Apollo 17 had been named, effective July 1: John W. Young, Stuart 

A. Roosa, and Charles M. Duke, Jr. Original Apollo 17 backup crew 

was David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and Irwin. Scott, Worden, 

and Thomas K. .Mattingly I1 had been assigned to Space Shuttle Program in Manned Spacecraft Center Astronaut Office. MattingIy, who 

recently had become a father, had requested’ assignment which would 

allow him more time with his family during next six months. (NASA 

Release 72-110) 

Nuclear system for recycling all human wastes into potable water and 

converting spacecraft cabin wastes to easily stored ash during extended 

missions was ready for laboratory testing, NASA and Atomic Energy 

194 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 23 

Commission announced. Water-recovery and waste-incinerator system 

fueled by plutonium 238 had been developed by NASA, AEC, and Dept. 

of Defense. Flight-model system built by General Electric Co. under 

AEC contract would be tested for 108 days, beginning in June, at GE 

Space Div. Manned tests in space simulator would be held later. 

System collected and recycled wash water, cabin condensate, human 

waste, cabin trash, and foods, along with containers, clothing items 

and other nonmetallic scrap. At least 98% of all liquid waste processed by system was recoverable as sterile water. Solid waste was 

incinerated into ash with volume 100 times less than original product. 

(NASA Release 72-108; AEC Release P-153) 0 Arcas sounding rocket launched by NASA from Antigua, West Indies, 

carried Goddard Space Flight Center payload to 55.8-km (34.6-mi) 

altitude to measure ozone in upper atmosphere in conjunction with 

overpass of Nimbus 4 satellite and to validate new parachute deployment system further [see May 41. Payload was ejected successfully, 

parachute inflated properly, and good ozone data were acquired. (NASA 

Rpt SRL) 

Muy 24: President Nixon and U.S.S.R. Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin 

in Moscow signed Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes. Agreement read: 

“The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist 

Republics; Considering the role which the USA. and the U.S.S.R. 

play in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes; 

Striving for a further expansion of cooperation between the U.S.A. 

and the U.S.S.R. in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful 

purposes; Noting the positive cooperation which the parties have 

already experienced in this area; Desiring to make the results of 

scientific research gained from the exploration and use of outer space 

for peaceful purposes available for the benefit of the peoples of the 

two countries and of all peoples of the world; Taking into consideration 

the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of 

States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon 

and Other Celestial Bodies, as well as the Agreement on the Rescue of 

Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts, and the Return of Objects 

Launched into Outer Space; In accordance with the Agreement between 

the United States of America and the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics on Exchanges and Cooperation in Scientific, Technical, Educational, Cultural, and Other Fields, signed April 11, 1972, and in 

order to develop further principles of mutually beneficial cooperation 

between the two countries: Have agreed as follows: 

“Article 1. The parties will develop cooperation in the fields of 

space meteorology; study of the natural environment; exploration 

of near earth space, the moon and the planets; and space biology and 

medicine; and, in particular, will cooperate to take all appropriate 

measures to encourage and achieve the fulfillment of the Summary 

of Results of Discussion on Space Cooperation Between the US. 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of 

Sciences of the U.S.S.R. dated January 21, 1971. 

“Article 2. The parties will carry out such cooperation by means 

of mutual exchanges of scientific information and delegations, through 

meetings of scientists and specialists of both countries, and also in 

195 
May 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

May 24: President Richard Nixon 

and Premier Alexsey N. Kosygin in 

Moscow signed the U.S.-U.S.S.R. 

Agreement Concerning Cooperation 

in the Exploration and Use of 

Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes. 

The agreement included a project 

to rendezvous and dock an Ameri- can and a Soviet spacecraft in earth 

orbit and exchange astronaut and 

cosmonaut visits in each other’s 

spacecraft during 1975. In the 

photo of the docked model, the first 

two segments at lower left are the 

Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, the cylindrical structure in the center is the 

docking module, and the Apollo 

command and service module is at 

the upper right. 

such other ways as may be mutually agreed. Joint working groups may 

be created for the development and implementation of appropriate 

programs of cooperation. 

“Article 3. The Parties have agreed to carry out projects for developing compatible rendezvous and docking systems of United States 

and Soviet manned spacecraft and stations in order to enhance the 

safety of manned flights in space and to provide the opportunity for 

conducting joint scientific experiments in the future. It is planned 

that the first experimental flight to test these systems be conducted 

during 1975, envisaging the docking of the United States Apollo-type 

spacecraft and a Soviet Soyuz-type spacecraft with visits of Astronauts in each other’s spacecraft. The implementation of these projects 

will be carried out on the basis of principles and procedures which 

will be developed in accordance with the Summary of Results of the 

Meeting Between Representatives of the US. National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration and the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences on Question of Developing Compatible Systems for Rendezvous and Docking of 

Manned Spacecraft and Space Stations of the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. 

dated April 6, 1972. 

196 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 24 

“Article 4. The Parties will encourage international efforts to resolve problems of international law in the exploration and use of 

outer space for peaceful purposes with the aim of strengthening the 

legal order in space and further developing international space law 

and will cooperate in this field. 

“Article 5. The Parties may by mutual agreement determine other 

areas of cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for 

peaceful purposes. 

“Article 6. This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature 

and shall remain in force for five years. It may be modified or extended by mutual agreement of the Parties.” 

Plans for joint US-U.S.S.R. rendezvous and docking mission were 

outlined in Fact Sheet issued by White House Press Secretary in 

Moscow: “Under today’s agreement both sides commit to the development of a complete project schedule, and to meeting that schedule. 

Arrangements will be made for the necessary contact and understanding 

between specialists. . . . Training exercises will be conducted in [each] 

country for the other country’s flight crew and ground operations 

personnel.” Working groups would meet in July to plan engineering 

aspects of mission. Persons directly participating in flight operations 

of test mission would be included in working groups two years before 

mission. During mission each country’s control center would be expected to control its own craft, but on decisions affecting joint elements 

of program-including countdown coordination-consultations would 

occur with other country. “There will be preplanned contingency 

courses of action. Television down-link will be transmitted to the 

other country’s control center, and voice communications between 

vehicle and ground will be available to the other country’s control 

center on a pre-planned basis.” Flight crews would be trained in other 

country’s language at least well enough to understand it and act in 

response during normal and contingency courses of action. Apollo 

command and service module (CSM) and Saturn IB booster would 

be used. Additional cost of mission to US. would be about $250 million. 

Project Directors would be Glynn S. Lunney, Assistant to Apollo 

Program Manager for Operations, Experiments, and Government Furnished Equipment at Manned Spacecraft Center, and Soviet Academician K. D. Bushuyev. (Texts) 

* Signin? of space cooperation agreement in Moscow was announced 

by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew at Washington, D.C., press briefiG 

attended by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator; Dr. Edward E. 

David, Jr., Presidential Science Adviser; Glynn S. Lunney, Assistant 

to Apollo Program Manager for Operations, Experiments, and Government Furnished Equipment at Manned Spacecraft Center; and Apollo 

9 Astronaut James A. McDivitt, Special Assistant for Organizational 

Affairs to MSC Director. Dr. Fletcher said: “We . . . are very pleased 

that the President has been able to meet with the officials of the Soviet 

Union and to provide what we think is by far the most meaningful 

cooperation in space achieved ever by these two nations.” 

Dr. Fletcher described rendezvous and docking of Apollo space 

craft and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft as “perhaps the most dramatic” 

commitment under cooperation agreement. Spacecraft were at present 

incompatible “because they have different atmospheres. Theirs is a 

197 
May 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

normal atmosphere, ours is a low pressure oxygen . . . atmosphere 

and there are certain communications and electronics incompatibilities.” Spacecraft would be made compatible by docking module, new 

device constructed by NASA to link spacecraft. Apollo spacecraft would 

be launched on Saturn IB rocket. “Then we will make a maneuver at 

100 miles [160 kilometers] or so altitude, . . . go in and pick out 

the docking adaptor from the Saturn and then continue on in orbit. 

Meanwhile the Soviets will launch their Soyuz . . . [and] rendezvous 

or at least move their altitude to something like 150 miles [240 

kilometers]. We won’t be at the same altitude, but hopefully we will 

be far enough north so too much maneuvering will not be required.” 

Rendezvous would be performed primarily with US.-developed 

guidance and instrumentation. Then spacecraft would dock with “new 

kind of . . . mechanism we call androgynous, because it doesn’t 

consist of a prop and a drogue. . . . It is an inverse docking mechanism 

s9 they can dock with us or we can dock with them either way.” System 

“will apply not only to this . . . mission, but all succeeding spacecraft 

. . . so that we do have the capability, over a long period, of rendezvousing and docking with each other’s spacecraft.” 

Dr. Fletcher said original plan to attempt rendezvous and docking 

with Soviet Salyut space station had been canceled when U.S.S.R. 

“found that was a very complicated mission because it involved not 

just two launches, their Soyuz and our APOLLO, but a third of their 

Salyut.” Universal docking system using docking adaptor between 

Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft had been selected because “there has 

been concern for many years that we did not have a rescue capability 

. . . in space [so] that we each would have the option of rescuing 

the other. Future spacecraft beyond 1975, which is the planned date 

for this mission, will all have the capability.” 

Total cost of project was estimated at $250 million. Fringe benefits 

from US.-U.S.S.R. joint program were: “It does have the impact of 

requiring 4,400 people to be employed . . . primarily from the aerospace industry, partly to prepare the command service model and the 

Saturn 1B launch device, but also to construct the new docking 

adaptor,” and “it will keep the APOLLO team together . . . through 

1975 in preparation for the first launch of the shuttle . . . in 1978.” 

NASA was optimistic that cooperative space effort “may lead to greatly 

increased cooperation on still other programs.” Joint mission would 

be “most visible” US.-U.S.S.R. cooperative effort in history, “since 

it will involve cosmonauts and astronauts working together on a very 

complex mission in space while the whole world is watching, presumably on television via satellite relay.” (Transcript) 

0 Second press briefing on US.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation agreement 

was held at NASA Hq., following White House briefing. Dr. James C. 

Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said: “This is not the culmination but 

a very major milestone in the long period of negotiations with the 

Soviet Union on space cooperation. And in my judgment this is at 

least one of the most important missions that NASA has and that is to 

promote international cooperation.” Mission was, as well, “an important part of the new program of NASA for the 70)s.” Rendezvous 

and docking mission could be accomplished in context of constant 

NASA budget. “This constant budget . . . and the programs . . . now 

198 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 24 

planned, the Skylab, the shuttle and now the international rendezvous 

and docking mission show I think the kind of program that we envision 

for the rest of this decade.” Program had congressional support “at 

least partially because of the strong international flavor that NASA 

‘ias in manned space.” Dr. Fletcher said crew for joint mission had 

not yet been selected. Assistant Administrator for Manned Space Flight 

Dale Myers and Glynn S. Lunney, Assistant to Apollo Program Manager, explained details of plans in response to press questions. 

(Transcript) 

Agreement on Cooperation in the Fields of Science and Technology was 

signed in Moscow by US. Secretary of State William P. Rogers and 

U.S.S.R. State Committee for Science and Technology Chairman 

Vladimir A. Kirillin. Main objective was to “provide broad opportnnities for both Parties to combine the efforts of their scientists and 

specialists in working on major problems, whose solution will promote 

the progress of science and technology for the benefit of both countries 

and of mankind.” Cooperation might include exchange of scientists 

and specialists; exchange of scientific and technical information ; joint 

development and implementation of programs and projects in basic 

and applied sciences; joint research, development, and testing, and 

exchange of research results and experience between scientific research 

institutions and organizations ; organization of joint courses, conferences, and symposia; and help in establishing contacts and arrangements between U.S. firms and Soviet enterprises. Agreement would 

establish US.-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission on Scientific and Technical 

Cooperation to meet at least annually, in Washington and Moscow 

alternately. 

Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., Presidential Science Adviser, said at 

Washington, D.C., press conference following Moscow signing that 

Agreement would “enable Soviet and American specialists to solve 

some major common problems.” Cooperation would produce “more 

vigorous activities here . . . on research, management and systems 

science, wide use of natural resources, weather modification, superconductivity, high energy physics and basic science.” US. and U.S.S.R. 

had already derived major benefits from cooperation in fusion technology and “in the magneto hydrodynamic area, the breeder reactor 

area and in the solar energy area, we are doing things . . . that are 

of interest to the Soviet Union.” (PD, 6/5/72, 921-2; Transcript) 

0 Vladimir A. Kirillin, Chairman of U.S.S.R. State Committee for Science 

and Technology, and Soviet space expert Academician Boris Petrov, 

held Moscow press conference following signing of US.-U.S.S.R. 

space and science and technology agreements. Petrov said: “It is 

difficult to overestimate the importance of these works, this research, 

which has pursued humane goals of ensuring the safety of space flights. 

The concluded agreements give ground for the belief that these directions in Soviet-American cooperation in outer space will develop 

successfully in the future.” Kirillin said of science and technology 

agreement: “I think that if we get down to the realization, to the 

implementation of this agreement, it will definitely yield positive 

results.” (Transcript) 

NASA’s Mariner 9 spacecraft, in its seventh month in Mars orbit, 

was in period of both sun occultation (April 2-June 4) and earth 

May 25: 

199 
May 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

occultation (May &June 24) for short periods of each orbit. Sun 

occultations-when spacecraft passed into shadow of Mars and was 

powered by onboard battery-were declining from peak total time 

of 97 min. Only data from celestial mechanics and earth occultation 

experiments and engineering telemetry were being received. Battery 

was recharging satisfactorily twice daily and spacecraft was in good 

condition. 

Earth occultation-when Mars was between spacecraft and earthvaried from 43 to 90 min orbit. Resumption of limited data acquisition 

from scientific instruments would begin in June to conserve attitude 

control gas. (NASA Special Release) 

NASA’s Pioneer 10 spacecraft, en route to Jupiter, crossed orbit of Mars 

and entered space never before visited by spacecraft. Pioneer 10 

had safely crossed region of “Great Galactic Ghoul” 209 million km 

(130 million mi) from sun where two Mars-bound spacecraft had been 

lost and third had stopped transmitting for seven hours, apparently 

because of impact of high-velocity meteoroids. Since Iaunch March 2 

Pioneer 10 had traveled 249 million km (155 million mi) on its 

998-million-km (620-million-mi) flight path to Jupiter and was 75 

million km (47 million mi) straight-line distance from earth. It would 

enter Asteroid Belt in early July, reach Jupiter in December 1973, and 

cross orbit of Pluto in about 15 yrs. (NASA Release 72-111) 

0 Air Force launched unidentified reconnaissance satellite from Vandenberg 

Air Force Base at 11:41 am PDT by Thorad-Agena booster. Satellite 

entered orbit with 259-km (161-mi) apogee, 154-km (96-mi) perigee, 

89.2-min period, and 96.4” inclination. Satellite reentered June 4. 

(Pres Rpt 73; Av Wk, 6/5/72,14) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 491 from Baykonur into orbit with 369-km 

(229.3-mi) apogee, 173-km (107.5-mi) perigee, 89.9-min period, and 

a.9” inclination. Satellite reentered June 8. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/72 ; 

6/30/72; SBD, 5/30/72, 153) 

* NASA test pilot Gary E. Krier flew modified F-8 jet fighter equipped 

with digital-fly-by-wire control system from Flight Research Center 

in first flight test of aircraft that was completely dependent on electronic control system. Aircraft had no mechanical backup control 

system. Purpose of flight, limited to maximum speed of 680 km per 

hr (425 mph) and maximum altitude of 6000 m (20 000 ft), was to 

check out aircraft’s primary and secondary flight control system. 

Fly-by-wire system with digital computer and inertial measuring 

unit had been developed originally for Apollo lunar module and was 

designated for future use in space shuttle to ensure smoother flight. 

(NASA Release 72-112) 

* Apollo I6 astronauts were honored with luncheon and hour-long ceremony 

at Kennedy Space Center. Astronauts greeted KSC employees who had 

worked to make mission successful. (0 sen, 5/18/72; KSC PAO) 

British Overseas Airways Corp. placed first firm order for Anglo-French 

Concorde supersonic transport. British national airline would take delivery of first of five Concordes early in 1975. Total cost would be 

$299 million. (W Post, 5/26/72, A21) 

Sen. George S. McGovern (D-S. Dak.) addressed aerospace workers in 

presidential campaign speech at Redondo Beach, Calif. He felt “American people are getting sour” on science. “They’re weary of watching 

200 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 25 

billions of dollars going into what they see as exotic projects, when 

their basic needs and concerns are still not being met. They’re tired 

of hearing about ‘spin-offs.’ And they’re wondering why we can’t go 

after some of these problems directly instead of just hoping for beneficial effects from other projects to do the job.” (McGovern Release) 0 Symposium on use of electronic computing machines in production 

management was held in Moscow by Soviet specialists and US. 

engineers from Digital Equipment Corp. Digital Equipment Corp. 

Vice President Theodore Johnson later told Tass correspondent that 

agreements signed between US. and U.S.S.R. in science and technology May 24 would widen firm’s contacts in U.S.S.R. (FBIS-SOV, 

5/26/72, L1) 0 First-year, full-time graduate science enrollment in doctorate-granting 

institutions had decreased 5% between 1970 and 1971 after decrease 

of 2% in 1969, National Science Foundation reported. First-year, 

full-time enrollment at “top 20” graduate institutions had decreased 

at greatest rate--8%. Reductions had been experienced in all areas 

of science and number of full-time graduate students supported primarily by fellowships and traineeships had declined nearly 10% 

from 1970 to 1971. Proportion receiving primary support from Federal 

Government had declined from 37% in 1969 to 32% in 1971. (NSF 

Highlights, 5/25/72, 1) 

Newspaper editorials commented on U.S.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation 

agreement. 

New York Times: “In effect it announces to the world that the 

leaders of the two nations expect their relations to be sufficiently 

amicable that each is prepared to open its space installations to the 

other and let Soviet cosmonauts be trained in this country and their 

American opposite numbers in the Soviet Union.” Corollary was 

“growing likelihood that the chief dividends from space programs will 

be political gains here on earth. Born in the mad competition for status 

characteristic of the cold war, manned and unmanned space research 

has taught both sides how puny are man’s resources in facin the 

mystery and challenge of the universe. As that lesson has sun1 in, 

both sides have come to understand the advantages of cooperation as 

against useless and wasteful rivalry.” (NYT, 5/25/72, 42) 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch: “Cooperation in solving medical and 

environmental problems and the exchange of personnel and information in space research should stand as predecessors for other joint 

efforts at solving problems faced by both nations. And it should go 

without saying that the more both countries pursue common objectives 

together, the more they ought to trust each other and the less likely 

they should be to resort to rash belligerency.” (St Louis P-D, 5/25/72) 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile 

Systems and Interim Agreement With Respect to the Limitation of 

Strategic Offensive Arms were signed in Moscow by President Nixon 

and Communist Party Leader Leonid I. Brezhnev. ABM treatyrequiring Senate ratification-limited each country to two ABM deployment areas with radius of 150 krn (93 mi) each and with no more 

than 100 ABMS in each. One area would be centered on national 

capital and one would protect field of intercontinental ballistic 

missiles (ICBMS) . Each country was permitted six modern ABM radar 

May 26: 

201 
May 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

complexes within capital area. Interim agreement froze production of 

ICBMS for five years or until full treaty was negotiated, if earlier. 

Possession of ICBMS was limited to those already deployed or under 

construction-1054 for US. and 1618 for U.S.S.R. Agreement also 

froze construction of submarine-launched ballistic missiles for nuclear 

submarines beyond those already begun. New construction of IcBMs, 

submarine missiles, or modern ballistic missile submarines would 

require dismantling equal number of older ones. 

Agreements left both nations with near-parity in nuclear weapon 

strength. US. would lead in strategic bombers with 460, with 140 for 

U.S.S.R.; both countries would have 2500 delivery vehicles; and Soviet 

megatonnage would be triple that of US. but US. would have some 

advantage in warheads. Each country would use “national technical 

means of verification,” rather than on-site means, to monitor compliance with treaty terms. Baltimore Sun said later that means intended 

were “obviously spy satellites that use photographic and other means 

to check on developments in each country.” 

Statement released by White House Press Secretary in Moscow 

following signing of agreements said President Nixon was “deeply 

gratified that now, for first time since the advent of nuclear weapons a 

generation ago, the two most powerful nations . . . have taken the 

lead in a direction away from wasteful, dangerous, and self-perpetuating 

competition in armaments and toward a mutual restraint on weapons 

systems.” President intended “to press ahead . . . in building on that 

foundation laid down by this initial SALT [Strategic Arms Limitation 

Talks] accord, and to seek both further progress in the limitation of 

offensive weapons, and more comprehensive agreements across the 

whole range of issues confronting our two countries.’’ (PD, 6/5/72, 

925-37; Kumpa, B Sun, 5/27/72, Al) 

0 NASA anounced retirement of Dr. Wernher von Braun, Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Planning, effective July 1 when he would become 

Corporate Vice President for Engineering and Development at Fairchild Industries. Dr. v0.n Braun had joined NASA in 1960 when Army 

Ballistic Missile Agency development team which he headed was transferred to NASA and formed nucleus of Marshall Space Flight Center. 

Born in Germany, Dr. von Braun became director of German army 

portion of Peenemuende Rocket Center. Near end of World War I1 he 

led group of scientists to West, surrendering to allies. In 1945 he went 

to US. under contract to US. Army to direct high-altitude firings of 

V-2 long-range ballistic missile at White Sands Missile Range. As 

Director of Development Operations Div. of ABMA, Dr. von Braun led 

development of Pershing Army missile and Jupiter intermediate-range 

ballistic missile, whose nosecone reentry test vehicle Jupiter-C was 

used to launch first US. satellite, Explorer I (Jan. 31, 1958). Dr. 

von Braun was MSFC Director from July 1960 to February 1970, when 

he assumed his current position. He had received numerous awards 

and honors, including Dept. of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service 

Award, Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy, British Interplanetary Society Gold Medal, Herman Oberth Award, NASA Medal for 

Outstanding Leadership, Galabert International Astronautical Prize, 

NASA Distinguished Service Medal, American Society of Mechanical 

202 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 26 

Engineers Man of the Year Award, and Associated Press Man of the 

Year in Science Award. 

Dr. von Braun said he would leave NASA “with a deep feeling of 

gratitude for the wonderful and unique opportunities the agency has 

given me during the last 12 years . . . [and] with the knowledge that 

NASA has enough well thought out plans to keep it moving ahead for 

many years to come.” 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said Dr. von Braun’s 

retirement was “a source of regret to all of us. . . . For more than 

a quarter of a century, he has served the United States as a leader 

in space rocket development. His efforts first put the United States in 

space” with Explorer 1 and as director of MSFC “he directed the 

development of the world’s most powerful rocket, the Saturn V. All 

of us at NASA will miss the daily stimulation of his presence, but we 

are confident that we will continue to have the benefit of his inspiration 

and counsel in the continuing exploration and use of space.” (NASA 

Release 72-113 ; NASA biographical data) 

* Soviet Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin said in toast to President Nixon at 

Moscow dinner party given by President: “A number of SovietAmerican agreements, bound to serve peaceful aims, have been signed. . . . We have agreed . . . on pooling the efforts of our countries in 

environmental protection, in peaceful exploration and mastering of 

outer space, in cooperation in the fields of science and technology, 

medicine and public health.” Strategic arms agreement was “great 

victory’’ in “easing international tension . . . , victory for all peaceloving peoples, because security and peace is their common goal.” 

(PD, 6/5/72,924-5) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on International Cooperation in Science and Space announced it would hold 

hearings in July on U.S.-U.S.S.R. agreements for cooperation in space, 

medicine, science, and environment. (Reuters, W Post, 5/27/72, A23) 

Tracks attributed to spontaneous fission of plutonium 224 and uranium 

238 had been detected in large whitlockite crystal in lunar breccia 

No. 14321 from Fra Mauro formation brought to earth by ApoZZo 18 

astronauts, Univ. of California at Berkeley physicists reported in Science. 

It was first time evidence for decay products of plutonium 244 had 

been detected in objects other than meteorites and indicated age of 

rock could be 3.95 billion yrs. No positive evidence of terrestrial or 

lunar rocks with antiquity comparable to that of meteorites had yet 

been found. (Hutcheon, Price, Science, 5/26/72, 909-11) 

* Award of $168 OOO cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to General Dynamics 

Corp. for design study of low-density ablative materials was announced 

by Manned Spacecraft Center. Materials could be used to protect 

space shuttle orbiter from heat. ( MSC Release 72-117) 

Dept. of Transportation said it was contributing $250000 toward l6-mo 

joint study by NASA, Dept. of Transportation, and National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration of effect on climate of water vapor pumped 

into stratosphere by high-altitude jet aircraft. NASA was contributing 

$100000 and NOAA $50000. (DOT Release 48-72) 

Dept. of Transportation would begin priority program to establish quiet, 

short-haul air transportation system to relieve airport congestion and 

noise, Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe said in speech before 

203 
May 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Air Line Pilots Assn. in Washington, D.C. Federal Aviation Administration would designate certain existing US. airports as short-haul 

airports and develop strict standards on noise and pollution compatible 

with the community. (DOT Release 49-72) 

Aerospace Industries Assn. of America, Inc. (AIA) , announced formation 

of International Coordinating Council of Aerospace Industries Associations ( ICCAIA) to pursue “development and advancement of international civil aeronautical and astronautical arts and industries.“ 

ICCAIA would also petition for observer status for its members in 

proceedings of International civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO) . ICCAIA 

members-representing manufacturers of 12 countries-were AIA, Air 

Industries Assn. of Canada, Society of Japanese Aircraft Constructors, 

and Association Internationale des Constructeurs de Materid ABrospatial (AICMA) . AIA President Karl G. Harr, Jr., was elected Chairman 

and AICMA President R. J. L. Diepen was elected Vice Chairman. 

(AIA Release 72-11) 

* Harrison H. Huntoon of Manned Spacecraft Center Management Analysis 

Office had received first NASA assignment under Intergovernmental 

Personnel Act of 1970, MSC announced. He would serve one to two 

years as chief of planning and evaluation for Galveston, Tex., County 

Health District under law to facilitate mobility of trained personnel 

between national, state, and local governmental agencies. ( MSC Release 72-116) 

0 Formation of General Aviation Accident Prevention Industry Advisory 

Committee to work with Federal Aviation Administration in developing 

techniques for preventing general-aviation accidents was announced 

by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. (FAA Release 72-96) 

Newspapers commented on U.S.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation agreement. 

Wall Street Journal: “Whereas past space efforts have been an 

extension and symbol of Soviet-American competition, the proposed 

new effort will attempt to extend and symbolize cooperation.” Question 

was “whether this change is contrived and doomed to fail as an 

expression of national needs and attitudes or whether it signifies the 

dawning of a new era in the progress of man. A case may be made 

either way. . . .” (WSJ, 5/26/72) 

Christian Science Monitor saw agreement as “commitment to peace, 

to friendly relations in the years ahead on the part of the world’s 

two superpowers.” Agreement meant extension of Apollo program to 

bridge gap between last Skylab mission in 1973 and 1978 space shuttle 

flights. “It will mean an estimated 4,400 more jobs in the aerospace 

industry. It will mean that Soviet space crews will come to the United 

States for training and vice versa. And once the rendezvous is made 

televiewers in both countries will be able to watch their astronauts 

moving from one spacecraft to another and conducting joint scientific 

experiments.” (CSM, 5/25/72) 

Miami Herald: “Both sides may learn a bit from each other . . . . What most people will learn is likely to be more meaningful because 

emotions are the mainspring of human attitudes and actions. National 

prestige has been a foremost consideration in space for more than 

15 years. Preparation for the joint flight promises to remold the effort 

into a symbol of international cooperation.” (M Her, 5/26/72) 

204 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 26 

Washington Post: “The promise is that this first docking and the 

steps that lead to it may be the key to a new coordinated joint effort 

to explore and exploit those parts of the universe within man’s reach.” 

If mission was successful, ‘5t ought to be possible for [US. and 

U.S.S.R.] to cooperate on most other aspects of space operations. The 

benefits to each country from such an arrangement would be great. 

By curtailing both competition and duplication in space activities, 

scientists on both sides would be able to do in good time the things 

that ought to be done without straining the financial resources of their 

governments nearly as much in the process.” (W Post, 5/26/72) 

May 27: Donald K. Slayton, Director of Flight Crew Operations at 

Manned Spacecraft Center, said in telephone interview with New 

York Times that NASA astronaut corps would be cut because it had 

three times as many people as are needed.” If all astronauts had 

stayed in program, many “would just be on dead-end streets. There 

have been retirements right along, and there will be further reductions. . . . It’s just a fact of life that we have only one Apollo, three 

Skylab and one ‘ren-dock‘ flights ahead of us, and our manpower is 

over our known requirements by a factor of three.” 

Of 27 astronauts who had flown on Apollo missions, 12 had already 

left flying status. As many as 10 astronauts reportedly already had 

been asked to find other employment as soon as possible, Washington 

Post said astronaut corps had confirmed. Two had recently resignedEdgar A. Mitchell and James B. Irwin-and many more of the 43 

astronauts remaining were planning resignations. Philip K. Chapman 

would join staff of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Anthony 

W. England would join Science and Applications Directorate at MSC. 

Donald L. Holmquest and John S. Bull, both on temporary leave to 

universities for past year, were also expected to resign. According to 

one unidentified astronaut, “Slayton really feels that he doesn’t need 

any more than 15 men” for shuttle and joint Soviet missions. In 1967 

and 1968, astronaut total had reached peak of 63 men. (Lyons, NYT, 

5/28/72, 1; O’Toole, W Post, 5/28/72, A14) 

Dr. Wernher von Braun’s resignation from NASA May 26 was “reminder 

of how many others who forged the American space effort in the last 

15 years have left the scene,” New York Times commented. Mercury 

Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., was “Ohio businessman with political 

ambitions”; Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman was Eastern Airlines 

Vice President; Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong was Univ. of 

Cincinnatti professor ; former NASA Administrator James E. Webb, 

“who built the Apollo team,” was lawyer-consultant in Washington, 

D.C.; Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, “administrator in charge at the time of 

the moon landing,” was General Electric Co. Vice President. Dr. 

Robert R. Gilruth, “who gathered the manned space flight team while 

Dr. von Braun was building the rockets,” had “recently stepped down 

as director of the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston.” Others 

of “space’s first generation have scattered to industry or are close 

to retirement.” Of original 118 German-born engineers who came to 

US. with Dr. von Braun, only 35 remained at Marshall’ Space Flight 

Center. Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, “another of the Peenemuende V-2 

rocket Germans,” was MSFC director. Six of original team-including 

Dr. Kurt H. Debus, director of Kennedy Space Center-were still 

<L 

205 
May 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

with NASA at other Centers. Of others of team, 22 were in industry, 12 

were deceased, 16 had returned to Europe, and 26 had retired. 

(Wilford, NYT, 5/27/72) 

Apollo 15 Astronaut James B. Irwin received honorary Doctor of Science 

degree from Samford Univ. in Birmingham, Ala. (Birmingham News, 

5/14/72) 

US. International Transportation Exposition TWSPO 

’72 was sponsored by Dept. of Transportation at Dulles International 

Airport in Chantilly, Va. More than 400 exhibitions from 10 countries 

included military and civil aircraft and aerial demonstrations, experimental safety vehicles developed by automobile industry, ApoZZo 12 

command module with Apollo 12 moon rocks, and four working 

models of independently powered 6- and 12-passenger “people movers” 

operated by pushbutton for urban mass transportation. NASA theme, 

“Aviation Serves the Community and the Nation,” was illustrated 

with exhibits on aviation passenger growth, airport planning, aircraft 

noise reduction, pollution control, aircraft safety, long-haul aircraft 

for 19809, new vehicle technology, general aviation, nagivation and 

communications, and equation of ecology with technology. 

Exhibition was marred by three accidental deaths during aerobatic 

and precision flying demonstrations. (Langley Researcher, 5/12/72, 1 ; 

Grubisch, W Post, 5/4/72, HI; Transpo 72 News) 

President Nixon discussed Moscow summit meetings and resultant agreements in radio and TV address to Soviet people from 

Kremlin in Moscow. He said: “We have agreed on joint ventures in 

space. We have agreed on ways of working together to protect the 

environment, to advance health, to cooperate in science and technology.” 

Most important agreement was “historic first step in the limitation of 

nuclear strategic arms.” By settling arms limitation, “people of both 

of our nations, and of all nations, can be winners. If we continue in 

the spirit of serious purpose that has marked our discussions this 

week, these agreements can start us on a new road of cooperation for 

the benefit of . . . all peoples.’’ (PD, 6/5/72, 93941) 

May 27-June 4: 

May 28: 

Press commented on U.S.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation agreement. 

U.S. would “be doing virtually all of the cooperating” in joint 

space mission called for under new U.S.-U.S.S.R. space agreement, 

William Hines said in Washington Sunday Star. “While negotiations 

were underway . . . it was assumed that the 1975 joint manned space 

flight envisioned . . . would be a 50-50 proposition. The Americans 

would build the hardware . . . and the Russians would provide a 

small space station in which experiments could be carried out.” Instead, U.S.S.R. had “pulled back their item-the Salyut stationand changed the nature of the mission.” This had relieved U.S.S.R. 

of considerable expense and “left Uncle Sam holding a $250 million 

bag, this sum being the estimated cost of the hardware our side will 

have to build anyway.” (W Star, 5/28/72, A6) 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch: “An agreement between the U.S. and the 

U.S.S.R. . . . ought to be just the first step toward full international 

co-operation in space. Countries which lack space programs of their 

own should be encouraged to participate in space ventures as limited 

partners.” Other countries had scientific expertise to contribute. “Beyond this they ought to receive the full benefits of whatever information 

206 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 28 

is gained through space research. Historically, science never has been 

the exclusive domain of a single nation or even a small group of 

nations. It has served all mankind and this is the way it should be in 

space.” (St. Louis P-D, 5/28/72) 

0 Achievements of US-U.S.S.R. summit meetings in Moscow to date were 

summarized in New York Times article by Max Frankel. US. and 

Soviet officials had “duly signed the agreements that had been specially 

packaged for the occasion. Some, on cooperative ventures in health 

research, environmental control, scientific cooperation and a link-up 

of astronauts in space, had been merely rewritten or upgraded from 

earlier agreements, to add to the cumulative sense of achievement. 

One of the accords, to avoid naval harassment and incidents at sea, 

had been negotiated under the deadline of the summit.” Another, on 

trade, had become “too complicated to resolve” and was “earmarked 

for energetic followup this summer.” Agreement to limit construction 

of defensive and offensive nuclear weapons “was finally finished in a 

whirlwind round of all-night sessions.” Main premises behind summit 

meeting were “that the two superpowers are now truly strategic equals, 

that they both have enough invulnerable weapons to deter nuclear 

attack, that they need to stop adding more weapons before they can 

reduce the number of weapons, that they both can use the money they 

might eventually have for better purposes, that they must avert even 

indirect conflicts that might draw them into war, and that they must 

collaborate more broadly in other fields to avoid the intrusions of 

inevitable conflicts of interest and conflicts among smaller nations.” 

(NYT, 5/28/72, 4:l) 

President Nixon signed H.R. 14582, Second Supplemental Appropriations 

Act, 1972. Act, which became Public Law 92-306, contained $12.087- 

million NASA appropriation to cover increased pay costs. (PL 92-306; 

PD, 6/5/72, 938) 

President Nixon and Secretary General Leonid I. Brezhnev of 

Soviet Communist Party’s Central Committee signed “Basic Principles 

of Relations” outlining agreements made between US. and U.S.S.R. 

during May 22-29 summit meetings in Moscow. They then released 

joint communique at conclusion of President’s visit to U.S.S.R. Communique described agreements on cooperation in science and technology and space: “It was recognized that the cooperation now underway in areas such as atomic energy research, space research, health and 

other fields benefits both nations and has contributed positively to their 

over-all relations. It was agreed that increased scientific and technical 

cooperation on the basis of mutual benefit and shared effort for common goals is in the interest of both nations and would contribute to 

a further improvement in their bilateral relations.” In peaceful exploration of space, “both Sides emphasized the importance of further 

bilateral cooperation. . . . In order to increase the safety of man’s flights 

into outer space and the future prospects of joint scientific experiments, 

the two Sides agreed to make suitable arrangements to permit the 

docking of American and Soviet spacecraft and stations. The first joint 

docking experiment of the two countries’ piloted spacecraft, with visits 

by astronauts and cosmonauts to each other’s spacecraft is contemplated 

for 1975.” NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences would plan and 

May 29: 

207 
May 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

implement flight “according to principles and procedures developed 

through mutual consultations.” (PD, 6/5/72, 945-51) 

Apollo 16 Subsatellite for study of particles and fields apparently crashed 

onto lunar surface at about 4:OO pm EST after 425 revolutions of 

moon. Radio contact with satellite, launched from Apollo 16 orbiting 

moon April 24, was not reestablished when it should have reappeared 

on moon’s near side on 426th revolution. Last tracking data, from 

416th revolution, showed Apollo 16 Subsatellite in orbit with 4.8-km 

(3-mi) perilune on moon’s far side near point 10.2’ north latitude 

and 111.9’ east longitude. Subsatellite had been designed for 12-mo 

lifetime, but had been placed in orbit closer to moon than desired 

because of problems with Apollo 16 command module engine. (NASA 

Release 72-115) 

Development Test Satellite (DTS) , full-scale ground-test vehicle characteristic of high-capacity next-generation communications satellites, 

had been built by 15-member international consortium led by Lockheed 

Missiles & Space Co., Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

Privately funded vehicle embodied concepts and technologies that 

Lockheed considered essential for profitable or cost-effective operations 

1976-1985. Features included three-axis spacecraft stabilization; 

electric and hydrazine propulsion; sun-tracking, flexible, solar substrate solar arrays ; multiple narrow antenna beams; onboard transponder/antenna switching; and advanced thermal control. (Av Wk, 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, told meeting of 

White House Council that US.-U.S.S.R. agreement on joint space 

mission would lead to some 4400 new jobs in California’s aerospace 

industry by 1974 and retention of some 1500 jobs at NASA Centers 

in Florida and Alabama. (Gwertzman, NYT, ‘5/31/72, 9) 0 NASA announced issuance to scientists of requests for proposals for 

International Ultraviolet Explorer ( IUE) satellite that would be built 

and operated jointly by NASA, United Kingdom Science Research 

Council, and European Space Research Organization (ESRO) . Plans 

called for launch of 303-kg (669-1b) spacecraft in 1976 to make highand low-resolution ultraviolet observations of stars, planets, and other 

celestial objects. Satellite would transmit to ground stations in US. 

and Europe and make observations 24 hrs daily. Soviet observers 

would be able to direct and monitor own programs. (NASA Release 

72-114) 

Boris Petrov, Chairman of Soviet Council for International Cooperation 

in Investigation and Utilization of Outer Space (Intercosmos), commented on US.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation agreement in Tass interview: Agreement was difficult to overestimate. It would open new 

opportunities for developing further activities for Soviet and U.S. 

scientists in space. Outer space was becoming arena for broad international cooperation and demanded joint efforts of many countries. 

U.S.S.R. had been cooperating with other countries for many years in 

Intercosmos program. Broad program was being implemented under 

Soviet-French agreement. Space relationships were being developed 

between Soviet and Indian scientists. Soviet Academy of Sciences and 

European Space Research Organization (ESRO) had agreement on 

exchange of scientific information. ( FBIS-SOV, 5/31/72, L2-3) 

208 

5/29/72,41-7) 

May 30: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 May 30 

U.S.S.R.’s Special Astrophysical Observatory-world’s largest astronomical observatory-had entered final stage of construction with installation of huge telescopic mirror 600 cm (236 in) in diameter, Pravdu 

reported. The 730-metric-ton (800-U.S.-ton) telescope had been installed in azimuthal position in dome 40 m (130 ft) high. Second 

largest reflecting telescope was U.S. reflecting telescope with 500-cm 

(200-in) diameter at Mt. Palomar, Calif. (Shabad, NYT, 5/31/72, 7) 

0 Federal Grand Jury in Dallas, Texas, indicted General Dynamics Corp. 

and four officials for conspiring to defraud Government by charging 

Air Force for defective parts for F-111 fighter-bomber aircraft. Indictment said defendants had concealed from Air Force unauthorized 

production procedures by subcontractor Selb Manufacturing Co. Dept. 

of Justice said defective parts-carry-through plates for center sectiorr 

of wings and longerons or main fuselage braces-had not been turned 

over to Air Force. (AP, B Sun, 5/31/72, A9) 

NASA announced completion of major preflight verification test 

of Skylab Workshop at McDonnell Douglas Corp. Huntington Beach, 

Calif., plant. Two teams of six astronauts each had performed checkout 

activities in two six-hour shifts daily for three days, activating Workshop to demonstrate that it could support all activities planned for 

missions. Test was one of last two major tests for Workshop, 14.6 m 

(48 ft) long, 6.7 m (22 ft) in diameter, and scheduled for launch in 

early 1973. Flight demonstration would be conducted before spacecraft was shipped to Kennedy Space Center during summer. (NASA 

Release 72-117) 

Senate Committee on Appropriations favorably reported H.R. 15093, 

FY 1973 Dept. of Housing and Urban Development-space-scienceveterans appropriations bill that included $3.432-billion NASA appropriation. Senate appropriation was $24 million above budget request 

of $3.408 billion and increase of $82.4 million over House appropriation of $3.349 billion voted May 23. Senate version raised appropriation 

for research and development (R&D) $74.9 million above House version, to $2.624 billion. Construction of facilities funds were increased 

by $7.5 million, to $77.3 million. Research and program management 

funds remained unchanged. Of R&D appropriation increase, $24 million 

was for aeronautical research in noise abatement and aviation safety 

and $50.9 million to restore funds deleted in House bill from other 

NASA research programs. Construction of facilities increase restored 

funds deleted in House bill-$5.5 million requested by NASA for 

modification of space shuttle manufacturing and final assembly facilities and $2 million for planning and design. Shuttle funds would 

support orbiter assembly and external hydrogen and oxygen tank 

manufacture, baselined “for estimating purposes” at Michoud Assembly 

Facility, one of possible sites for either or both of these functions. 

(S Rpt 92-820) 0 House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Manned 

Space Flight met for briefing by NASA on joint US.-U.S.S.R. rendezvous and docking mission in 1975. Officials-Dale D. Myers, Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight; Arnold Frutkin, Assistant 

Administrator for International Affairs ; and Glynn S? Lunney, Assistant 

to Apollo Program Manager-presented chronology of major events 

leading to mission, preliminary mission description, description of 

May 31: 

209 
May 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

hardware elements, and data on management of engineering phase 

and of real-time operation. (Transcript) 

Two NASA aircraft equipped with camera systems similar to those on 

board Earth Resources Technology Satellite A ( ERTS-A; scheduled for 

June or July launch) were flying from Ames Research Center in 

preparation for ERTS flights. ERTS flights would be first US. attempt 

to monitor earth resources from space. Purpose of NASA aircraft flights 

at 20000-m (65000-ft) altitude was to acquire photographic data in 

color, infrared, and other spectral bands at same time of day as 

ERTS-A would photograph from 885-km (550-mi) altitude. Data from 

50 test sites in continental US. would be processed and distributed by 

ARC to 47 ERTS investigators who required seasonal terrain-change 

data in agriculture, hydrology, and forestry for analysis of early 

growing season. Seasonal change data from aircraft would be correlated with ERTS-A data after launch to monitor healthy crops and forests 

and disease infestation. (NASA Release 72-116) 

* Robert J. Collier Trophy for 1971 was presented by National Aeronautic 

Assn. to Apollo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and 

Alfred M. Worden and former Manned Spacecraft Center Director, 

Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, during Washington, D.C., ceremony. ( Abrams, 

W Post, 6/1/72, D1) 

Two sounding rockets were launched from Andoeya, Norway, carrying 

Univ. of Maryland and Norwegian experiments to measure, in situ, 

electron and proton spectra in relativistic electron precipitation events. 

Launches were part of cooperative effort between NASA and Royal 

Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ( NTNF) . NTNF was responsible for payload construction, integration, and launch. 

Nike-Apache reached 165-km (102.5-mi) altitude and good data were 

received from all experiments. Nike-Cajun reached 110.5-km (68.7-mi) 

altitude, but payload doors failed to eject, causing loss of Univ. of 

Maryland data. Good data were received from NTNF ion mass spectrometer. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

NASA launched Black Brant VC sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., carrying Univ. of Colorado solar ultraviolet spectrometer. Rocket performed satisfactorily. Scientific objectives were not 

satisfied. (SR list) 

* Langley Research Center awarded $9 LE00 000 contract to LTV Aerospace 

Corp. Vought Missiles & Space Go. for 15 Scout launch vehicles, to be 

delivered one per month beginning in November 1973. Rocket motors 

for boosters would be furnished under separate $3 819 000 contract 

with LTV Aerospace Hampton Technical Center. (URC Release 72-7) 

US. sources quoted in Washington Post said U.S.S.R. had begun building 

modified class of missile-firing submarines to carry fewer but longer 

range missiles than current Soviet undersea fleet. New submarines 

would each carry 12 new SSN-8 missiles with estimated range about 

5600 km (3500 mi), or more than twice that of missile currently 

installed on “Y” class Soviet submarines. (Getler, W Post, 5/31/72, 

A12) 

During May: Air Force Materials Laboratory (AFML) was preparing 

experiment to determine stability of thermal-control coatings or paints 

and thin films of polymeric materials in space environment. Samples 

210 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During May 

of materials and films would be carried in trays on discs 25 mm (1 in) 

in diameter on NASA Skylab mission in 1973. After exposure to space, 

samples would be returned. to earth for evaluation of degradation. 

(AFSC Newsreview, 5/72, 14) 

. Smithsonian Institution displayed collection of 60 works by astronomical 

artist Chesley Bonestell in Aerospace Art Hall of Arts and Industries 

Building. Artist had been commissioned by Collier’s magazine in 1952 

to illustrate series of articles by rocket expert Dr. Wernher von Braim, 

later NASA Deputy Associate Administrator, and by rocket historian 

Willy Ley. Articles had resulted in Viking Press books: Conquest of 

Space, Conquest of the Moon, and Exploration of Mars. Smithsonian 

exhibition was coincidental with American Museum showing of Bonestell’s works in New York [see May 161. (Smithsonian Release; 

Smithsonian PIO) 

211 

June 1972 

June 1: President Nixon returned from state visits to Austria, U.S.S.R., 

Iran, and Poland and reported to Congress on trip. Commenting on 

agreements signed with U.S.S.R. during May 22-29 Moscow summit 

meetings, he said: “Recognizing that the quest for useful knowledge 

transcends differences between ideologies and social systems, we have 

agreed to expand United States-Soviet cooperation in many areas of 

science and technology. 

“We have joined in plans for an exciting new adventure . . . in the 

cooperative exploration of space, which will begin-subject to Congressional approval of funding-with a joint orbital mission of an Apollo 

vehicle and a Soviet spacecraft in 1975.” President asked for “fullest 

scrutiny” of antiballistic missile treaty signed May 26, “because we 

can undertake agreements as important as these only on a basis of full 

partnership between the executive and legislative branches of our 

Government.” (PD, 6/5/72, 975-81) 

Astronomy Survey Committee of National Academy of Sciences and 

National Research Council issued Astronomy and Astrophysics for 

the 1970’s, Vol. 1. Committee assessed state of astronomy and astrophysics and recommended priorities for Federal funding in 10-yr, 

$1.2-billion program to study “entirely new class of objects . . . undreamed of ten years ago.” New technologies applied during decade 

had revealed new types of worlds. Previously well organized universe 

had “exploded into a bewildering universe” of objects with “exotic 

new names and marvelous new natures.” Opening of radio sky had 

suggested presence of undiscovered physical laws and requirements 

for new observations and explanations. 

Committee defined four programs of highest priority: (1) very 

large radio array to attain resolution equivalent to that of single radiotelescope 42 km (26 mi) in diameter, plus increased support of smaller 

radio programs at universities or research laboratories; (2) optical 

program to increase efficiency of existing telescopes with electronic 

auxiliaries, while creating new large telescopes to research limits of 

known universe; (3) increased support and development of infrared 

astronomy, including construction of large, ground-based infrared 

telescope, high-altitude balloon surveys, and design studies for very 

large atmospheric telescope; and (4) program for x-ray and gamma 

ray astronomy from High Energy Astronomy Observatories ( HEAOS) 

supported by ground-based optical and infrared telescopes. 

Committee recommended for secondary priority: construction of 

very large millimeter-wavelength antenna to identify and study complex molecules and to study quasars in their most explosive stages; 

doubling of support for astrophysical observations from aircraft, 

balloons, and rockets, at wavelengths from far infrared to gamma 

rays ; continuation of Orbiting Solar Observatories through OSO-L, 

-M, and -N, with updating of ground-based solar facilities; increased 

213 
June 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

support for theoretical investigations; expansion of optical space 

astronomy, including high-resolution imagery and ultraviolet spectroscopy, leading to launch of large space telescope at beginning of 

next decade ; and construction of large, steerable radiotelescope to 

obtain observations with high angular resolution and to record emission from more distant objects than now possible. (NAS-NRC-NAE 

News Rpt, 6/7/72, 1, 6-7) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced renegotiation and extension of 

thermal protection contract with LTV Aerospace Corp. for advanced 

development of reinforced pyrolyzed plastics to protect space shuttle 

orbiter. About $493 500 would be added to previous funding for total 

study cost of $767 500. (MSC Release 72-121) 

NASA board investigating Jan. 20 crash of NASA T-38 aircraft at 

Matagorda Island off Texas coast had found accident was due to 

“inability of the pilot to attain visual flight conditions at sufficient 

altitude to effect a pullout,” NASA announced. Test pilots Stuart M. 

Present and Marck C. Heath had been killed in crash. (MSC Release 

Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) said in letter to Dr. James C. Fletcher, 

NASA Administrator, that NASA should cut costs to take advantage of 

US.-U.S.S.R. space treaty signed May 24. Sen. Proxmire asked for 

estimates of savings possible through space cooperation and suggested 

that proposed joint space mission “would make it possible for us to 

postpone development of certain aspects of our manned space program.” (UPI, NYT, 6/2/72) 

William P. Lear, Sr., pioneering designer of autopilots and executive 

jet aircraft, told press conference at TRANSPO ’72 at Dulles Airport, 

Va., that he hoped to sell aircraft with supercritical wing that would 

increase speed capability from mach 0.80 to 0.92 without increasing 

fuel consumption. NASA engineers at Langley Research Center had developed original supercritical wing. (AP, LA Times, 6/27/72) 

*’ Nixon Administration was reported in press to be considering public 

display of “super-secret satellite spy system” to counter congressional 

criticism of US.-U.S.S.R. strategic arms limitation agreement. (Sloyan, 

Baltimore News-American, 6/1/72, 3) 

* Soviet officials in Washington, D.C., said they would be prepared to 

begin next round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) in 

September to maintain momentum generated by May 22-26 summit 

talks. (Berger, NYT, 6/2/72, AI) 

Science & Government Report said space shuttle was like “goldplated 

limousine to deliver small bundles; once built, its existence becomes 

the justification for delivering lots of bundles.” Analogy explained 

“shuttle passion of the financially depressed civilian space establishment and its parasitic affiliate, the bashful but booming military space 

establishment, which is planning a California shuttle port to complement NASA’s Cape Kennedy selection.” That, and space spending 

“shrewdly dispersed around the country,” explained congressional 

willingness to approve $227 million downpayment on “what NASAfrontman for getting the money-estimated will be a $5.5 billion to 

$6.5 billion system, excluding expenses for launch costs, refurbishment 

of reusable boosters and orbiters, and payloads.” Publication had 

impression that “opponents, though riddling the constantly shifting 

72-120) 

214 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 1 

arguments of NASA and its hired consultants, might just as well have 

spared the effort.” Assistant to shuttle opponent Sen. Walter F. Mondale 

(D-Minn.) had said: “It’s like gun control. Plenty of support but 

no votes.” (Sci & Gov Rpt, 6/1/72, 1) 

* Naval Missile Center at Point Mugu, Calif., held dedication ceremonies 

for versatile avionics shop test (VAST), general-purpose, computercontrolled, automatic test system for checking avionics equipment 

in fleet-operated aircraft. System combined functions of individual 

specialized avionics support equipment into one system compatible 

with all future avionics packages. (PMR Missile, 6/2/72, 1) 

* Boeing Co. Chairman William M. Allen announced his retirement, 

effective in September. He would remain consultant to company. 

(NYT, 6/2/72, 48) 

June 2: General Accounting Office released Cost-Benefit Analysis Used 

in Support of the Space Shuttle Program (B-173677). Review of 

analysis prepared for NASA by Mathematica, Inc., and used by NASA 

to justify shuttle development economics, had been requested by 

shuttle-foe Sen. Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.). GAO said it had 

worked with estimates received from Mathematica for two representative configurations of the space shuttle,” solid-fuel and liquid-fuel 

reusable-booster shuttles; “made computations using NASA’s cost model 

developed by Mathematica to show the effect of increasing or decreasing selected critical areas within their plausible boundaries”; and 

found that the two configurations were economically justified in 

terms of the 10-percent investment criterion proposed by Mathematica 

as the basis for evaluating the Space Shuttle Program.” Investment 

criterion used was “space transportation system having the lowest 

total space program cost, considering the time value of money.” Use 

of criterion required selection of discount rate to consider time value 

of money. Mathematica had proposed 10% discount rate. (Text) 

Lunar Samples Analysis Planning Team, using information imparted 

at Third Lunar Science Conference [see Jan. 10-131, reported in 

Science on advances made and problems still outstanding in lunar 

science. Most important gain had been that “we now know there is a 

lunar crust.” Primal igneous activity in outer layers of moon had 

generated feldspathic crust 40 km (25 mi) thick. ApoZZo 15 core 

samples had shown that material at all levels had resided within few 

centimeters (one inch or so) of lunar surface at some time, but 

gradient in some cosmic ray product allowed tentative conclusion that 

soil in lower half of core had been stratified for 0.5 billion yrs. 

ApoUo 15 mission and Third Lunar Science Conference had answered 

many fundamental questions, but each answer raised new questions. 

“What are the nature and chronolom of rock types in the lunar 

highlands? Answers to date have been indirect or broadbrush. The 

most interesting epoch of lunar history, the first half-billion years, is 

recorded in highland rocks if it is preserved anywhere. Why is the 

occurrence of lunar norite or KREEP PO sharply restricted to the 

northwest quadrant of the moon’s nearside? Is an exceptionally mighty 

impact . . . required to raise noritic rock to the surface? This would 

be inconsistent with the supposedly shallow depth of origin of the Fra 

Mauro Formation cratering debris.” 

u 

CC 

215 
June 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Last two Apollo missions were targeted to regions that offered 

prospect of answering these questions. Most “profound question of 

all” was origin of earth-moon system. Apollo science had eliminated 

once-popular hypothesis that moon had been captured 1 to 2 billion 

yrs ago, “but beyond this the question remains unanswered. If the 

nature of compositional heterogeneities in the moon at the time of its 

accretion can be inferred correctly from chemical and petrologic 

studies . . . this information will go far toward answering the question.” 

Goal of understanding moon would be furthered by international 

cooperation. Third Lunar Science Conference had been “minor landmark‘‘ because of participation of Soviet scientists and exchange of 

samples between U.S. and U.S.S.R. (Science, 6/2/72, 975-81) 

Protocol on US.-U.S.S.R. scientific and technological cooperation in 

meteorology was signed in Moscow by Director Ernest Ambler of US. 

National Bureau of Standards and Chairman Boris Isayev of Soviet 

Standards Committee. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 6/5/72, L1) 0 NASA U-2 reconnaissance aircraft on loan to Virginia Institute of Marine 

Science would begin 45-day study of Chesapeake Bay area within two 

weeks to seek photographic evidence of path of Hurricane Agnes, 

VIMS Director, Dr. William J. Hargis, announced. Aircraft cameras, 

with high-resolution lenses, would photograph bay and adjacent continental shelf from 18000-m (60000-ft) altitude to trace flow of 

fresh water dumped over Chesapeake basin by storm, which Dr. Hargis 

described as “a once-in-200-years phenomenon.” (Nunes, W Post, 

7/6/72, B2) 

0 Air Force Systems Command announced plans for summer launch of 

particle identifier developed by Air Force Cambridge Laboratories to 

measure energetic particles across polar regions and South Atlantic 

Anomaly over Brazil. Measurements would permit more accurate prediction of ionization buildup that interfered with communications 

systems. Experiment would be carried on satellite launched from 

Vandenberg Air Force Base into polar orbit with 740-km (460-mi) 

altitude. It would transmit data twice daily for at least one year. 

( AFSC Release 059.72) 

NASA and Dept. of Interior dedicated Merritt Island National Wildlife 

Refuge at Cape Kennedy. Under agreement signed by NASA Associate 

Deputy Administrator Willis H. Shapley and Assistant Secretary of 

the Interior Nathaniel P. Reed, all land not used for rocket launch and 

launch support at Cape Kennedy would be used for wildlife management. Citrus grove and fish camp leases formerly managed by NASA 

for Army Corps of Engineers would be administered by Interior 

Dept.’s Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Agreement added to 

existing refuge 16 200-hectare (40 000-acre) property at northern tip 

of Kennedy Space Center that included Indian burial ground, 1830 

Army fort, and Civil War sugar mill. (Today, 6/3/72; M Her, 

6/4/72 1 

Sen. John G. Tower (R-Tex.) introduced S. J.R. 238 requesting President 

Nixon to designate July 20, 1972, as “National Moon Walk Day.” 

Resolution was referred to Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (CR, 

6/2/72, 58712) 

Lewis Research Center announced award of four fixed-price 

contracts for four-month studies of methods to measure pollution 

June 3: 

216 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 3 

due to aircraft emissions in upper atmosphere. American Airlines 

would receive $11 6M, Trans World Airlines $14 177, and United Air 

Lines $19 699 to study costs of installing and servicing pollutionmeasuring instruments on . commercial aircraft. Boeing Co. would 

receive $31 350 to determine aircraft modifications needed to install 

instruments, data recorders, and support systems. Studies were in 

support of Global Air Sampling Program (GASP), managed by LRRC. 

(LRRC Release 72-39) 

* Vmhington Post editorial commented on retirement of Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator, announced May 26: “During the closing months of World War 11, when his handiwork was employed on behalf of Nazi Germany, he was our enemy.” Yet, “25 

years later, Mr. von Braun had become something of an American 

hero; the Saturn 5, . . . rocket used to propel the missions, was his 

ultimate contribution to the space program.” Most constructive conclusion to be drawn from record “has to do with the transferability of 

knowledge across international boundaries and between warlike and 

peaceful purposes.” Advantages to mankind were great in breaking 

barriers to flow of knowledge “and focusing that knowledge on its 

peaceful user. That, we trust, is what the agreement on space cooperation . . . is all about. If so, it comes at a particularly appropriate 

time when the era of space competition-the drive to do things bigger 

and faster-is ending and‘the hard work of reaping the benefits of 

space operations is beginning.” ( W Post, 6/3/72, A14) 0 First anniversary of dedication of Visitor Center at Langley Research 

Center. Since June 8, 1971, opening, Center had attracted more than 

175 000 visitors from all 50 states and more than 20 foreign countries. 

(Langley Researcher, 6/23/72, 1) 

New York Times editorial commented on United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, opening in Stockholm June 5: 

Conference would not be “the kind of body that can pass laws to reduce 

the further polluting of air and water, neither is it to be a forum for 

free-flowing discussion. The first would imply a yielding of national 

sovereignty not remotely in sight; the second, a gathering of individuals 

responsible only to themselves, rather than an assembly of 05cial delegations. But their coming together has rightly raised the world’s 

expectations, and there are significant gains that the conference can 

and should deliver.” Conference, without plenary powers, would attempt to “pave the way for a worldwide treaty . . . to arrest the polluting 

of the oceans and to fix criteria for the tolerance of man and his 

world to certain pollutants, leaving governments to apply those criteria 

to their own countries.” Conference would disappoint if it failed to 

set up international machinery, flexible and capable of growth, to 

establish and expand the interest of the entire international community 

in the environmental problems of any part of it.” (NYT, 6/4/72, 

4:ld) 

Number of visitors taking Kennedy Space Center tours had risen from 

47220 in May 1971 to 72890 in May 1972, Today reported. Total 

of 519 000 visitors had taken tour in first five months of 1972; 398 000 

had taken tour in same 1971 period. (Today, 6/4/72) 

President Nixon signed Executive Order 11671, “to establish 

general standards for formation, use, conduct, management and acJune 4: 

LC 

June 5: 

217 
June 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

cessibility to the public’’ of committees appointed to advise or assist 

Federal Government. Order directed Federal agencies to open meetings 

of their advisory boards to public. (PD, 6/12/72, 999-1001) 

New York Times editorial criticized Secretary of Defense Melvin R. 

Laird for insisting that US. press on with large defense budget increases that were requested before conclusion of US.-U.S.S.R. arms 

limitation pacts, including funds for accelerated buildup of strategic 

arms not covered in treaties. “If this were needed to insure Congressional approval of the Moscow agreements-the overriding need at the 

moment-the cost might not be too high. But the real aim seems 

to be to create ‘bargaining chips’ for the next round of negotiations 

to limit strategic arms. And the first round of . . . SALT talks suggests 

that the Soviet Union will insist on matching or exceeding the additional American buildup before further agreement can be reached. 

Both sides already have more than ten times the number of warheads 

they need to deter or destroy each other. Mutual restraint now could 

speed up a SALT 11 agreement and, more important, assure much lower 

limits on offensive strategic forces than would be possible if both 

sides now press ahead to add to overkill as bargaining chips for the 

next negotiating round.” (NYT, 6/5/72, 30) 

* Report by Italian Research Organization SORIS was quoted as saying US. 

and U.S.S.R. were rocketing out of Europe’s reach in technical and 

managerial sense as result of the success of their space technologies. 

Report, prepared for Commission of the European Community, recommended that high priority be given to strengthening and unifying 

European aerospace industry. ( CSM, 6/5/72) 

June 5-16: United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 

meeting in Stockholm, was attended by 1200 delegates from 114 nations, 

including US. U.S.S.R. and its Eastern European allies boycotted 

conference because of exclusion of East Germany. Conference produced 200-point program of international action, with proposed funding 

of $100 million to be used in next five years to stimulate environmental 

preservation efforts. Program included establishment of “Earth-watch” 

global atmospheric monitoring system, to be coordinated by World 

Meteorological Organization, with 10 baseline stations in remote areas 

to detect long-term trends and 100 stations to measure air pollution. 

Conference approved establishment within U.N. of Governing Council 

for Environmental Programmes (GCEP) , as urged by President Nixon 

Feb. 8, and “Declaration on the Human Environment” that embodied 

code of 26 principles. Principles asserted man’s “fundamental right 

to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life,” called for prompt 

agreement on “elimination and complete destruction of nuclear weapons 

and other means of mass destruction,’’ and urged free flow of scientific 

and technical information to solve environmental problems of developing nations. 

World Bank President Robert S. McNamara said during June 9 

session: “Ecological considerations have made us all more aware of 

the interdependencies of our world. We have come to see our planet 

as a ‘spaceship earth.’ But what we must not forget is that one-quarter 

of the passengers . . . have luxurious first-crass accommodations and 

the remaining three-quarters are traveling in steerage. That does not 

make for a happy ship-in space or anywhere else.” 

218 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 5-16, 

Major conflict of Conference was over resolution to halt nuclear 

weapon testing. Resolution was approved by majority but opposed by 

Communist China and France, with 14 nations-including US. and 

United Kingdom-abstaining. Conference recommendations, subject 

to ratification by U.N. General Assembly in September, were not 

legally binding. (NYT, 6/5-17/72; Hawkes, Science, 6/23/72,1308-10) 

Dr.’ James C. Fletcher reviewed space program accomplishments 

durin his first year as NASA Administrator in speech before Salt Lake 

City, btah, Rotary Club. He had been asked at his first NASA Hq. press 

conference if he “did not feel like the captain of the ill-fated ship 

Titanic.” Ten “good reasons” why reporters no longer asked that 

question were: (1) NASA had defined space program for 1970s that 

was “as challenging, as exciting, and as rewarding as our space achievements of the last decade, but less costly.” (2) New program had been 

approved by President and Congress “with a strong bi-partisan 

majority.” (3) Program could be carried out over next six or eight 

years at present $3.4-billion NASA budget level “which calls for steady 

space progress at a cost the country can afford.” (4) Balanced program 

meant increased capability for “useful work in all the major areas of 

space activity.” (5) “We have chosen the re-usable Space Shuttle as 

our major investment in new space technology . . . and . . . have 

succeeded in redesigning the Shuttle to cut estimated development 

costs in half without significant losses in performance.” (6) “We have 

settled the argument over whether to stress manned or unmanned space 

missions in the Seventies. The shuttle will be used for both.” (7) Space 

shuttle in military service “will make an important contribution to our 

national security.” (8) Program was “relevant to the needs of modern 

America.” Information culled from Earth Resources Technology Satellites would “help protect the environment of spaceship Earth.” (9) 

Space shuttle program to develop future uses of space provided “necessary base for increased international cooperation,” adding significance 

to US-U.S.S.R. space cooperation agreement. (10) NASA again had 

national commitment to make space progress a clear expression of 

our national character and a symbol to the world of what America 

stands for and works for.” (Text) 

. Crew compartment fit and function test of Skylab airlock module (AM) 

and multiple docking adaptor (MDA) was completed at McDonnell 

Douglas Astronautics Co. in St. Louis, Mo. Astronauts had activated 

AM and MDA to demonstrate that modules would support all activities 

planned for Skylab mission in 1973. They worked with experiments, 

installed and stowed hardware to verify mechanical and electrical 

functions, and verified on-orbit operations. Skylab crew members paticipating in test included Charles Conrad, Jr., Paul J. Weitz, Dr. 

Joseph P. Kerwin, Russell T,. Schweickart, Dr. Story Musgrave, Bruce 

McCandless 11, and Dr. William B. Lenoir. (MSFC Release 72-72; 

MSFC, Skylub .Chion, 83) 

0 Dr. Gary V. Latham of Columbia Univ. Lamont-Doherty Geological 

Observatory, principal investigator for Apollo seismic experiments, 

said seismic signals from May 13 crash of meteorite onto moon had 

confirmed that moon had crust 61 km (38 mi) thick over a mantle 

and, possibly, a core. Lunar crust measured near Ap0110 14 site in Fra 

Mauro region was about twice as thick as crust on earth. Lunar highJune 6.- 

66 

219 
June 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

lands appeared to have solid rock beneath thick regolith. Change in 

reflected seismic waves below crust to 8.2 km per sec (5.1 mps) showed 

moon had mantle similar to earth’s. Measurement of same layer during 

Apollo 15 mission had been 9 km per see (5.6 mps), but 8.2 km per 

sec was more nearly valid and more consistent with known rock types 

at pressures expected at that depth. Rocks rich in ferromagnesian minerals such as olivine and pyroxene were dominant in earth’s mantle 

and also produced seismic velocities of about 8.2 km per sec. Signals 

also appeared to show change of state in lunar material at depth of 

1000 km (600 mi), suggesting possibility of core. (MSC Release 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Chairman of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics since 1961, was defeated as candidate for 

reelection to Congress during Democratic primary in California. 

(Dem Natl Com; Science, 6/16/72, 1219) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced contract activity : TRW Systems 

Group had received two study contracts totaling $134160, one for 

safety criteria study for space shuttle sortie payload and one for payload systems compatibility criteria study, both to be concluded by May 

18, 1973. Grumman Aerospace Corp. had received $248 500 contract 

to study and develop test samples of closed pore insulation for possible 

thermal use on space shuttle orbiter. (MSC Releases 72-124, 72-125) 

RCA announced it had received $360000 NASA contract to develop system 

to reduce, by 10 times, the size and weight of signal cabling in spacecraft onboard data-management systems. RCA would demonstrate use 

of common data bus to transmit signals to large number of onboard 

systems. Commands and data would be transferred from central computer through a twisted shielded-pair cable instead of bundle of 

cabling. ( RCA Release) 

First fighter squadrons of Navy F-14 jet fighters would be formed 

“sometime this fall,” Grumman Corp. Vice President Michael Pelehach 

said at meeting of Long Island Assn. of Commerce and Industry in 

Woodbury, N.Y. Eleven test F-14 prototypes had logged 400 flights and 

nearly 1000 hrs. (NYT, 6/7/72, 11) 

Patent No. 3 667358 for cold camera for photographing stars was 

awarded to William D. Williams, Jr., 19-yr-old Univ. of Michigan 

student, and Scott Usher, packaging engineer for Lehn & Fink Products 

Co. Camera, mounted on telescope and loaded with film supersensitized 

after chilling with dry ice, permitted deep sky photography in very 

dim light with brief exposure time. Camera was simpler and less expensive than other cold-emulsion cameras and was expected to appeal 

to schools and clubs. (Jones, NYT, 6/10/72, 37; Pat Off PIO) 

Congressional resolutions were introduced to honor Dr. Wernher 

von Braun, Deputy Assistant Administrator for Planning, on his 

retirement from NASA. Sen. Hugh Scott (R-Pa) submitted S.R. 84 

expressing “gratitude and appreciation” to Dr. von Braun for “Outstanding contributions to and achievements in the space program” and “recognition of the benefits which his contributions and achievements have 

conferred and will continue to confer upon mankind.” Rep. J. Irving 

Whalley (R-Pa.) introduced H.R. 628, “expressing the Nation’s gratitude and appreciation.” (CR, 6/7/72, 58885 ; H5391) 

72-126) 

June 7: 

220 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 7 

* Former astronaut James A. McDivitt-Special Assistant to Manned Spacecraft Center Director for Organizational Mairs since May-announced 

his resignation from NASA and Air Force, effective Sept. 1, when he 

would become Senior Vice President of Consumer Power Co. in Jackson, Mich. He would be on terminal leave from July 1 until Sept. 1. 

McDivitt, Air Force brigadier general, had commanded Gemini 4 

(June 3-7, 1965) and ApoZZo 9 (March 3-13, 1969) and had left 

Astronaut Office in June 1969 to become Manager for Lunar Landing 

Operations in Apollo Spacecraft Program Office. (NASA Release 72-131) 

0 Benjamin 0. Davis, Jr., Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Safety 

and Consumer Affairs, met with aviation representatives in Washington, 

D.C., to discuss joint Government and industry action to combat aircraft hijacking and extortion which were threatening civil aviation. 

At press conference following meeting he said: “The success rate for 

the hijacker has been dropping sharply over the past 3-34 years-from 

85 percent in 1969 to 37 percent thus far this year.” Government 

would “continue to press for full compliance with aviation security 

relations . . . , for increased resistance to hijack demands, and for full 

cooperation with the FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation] .” (Text) 

Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, in secret testimony before 

Senate Committee on Armed Services, had disclosed that U.S.S.R. was 

flight-testing multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) . Dept. of Defense spokesman Jerry W. Friedheim later confirmed that 

Laird had made statement. To date, MIRVS had remained a US. 

monopoly. (Gwertzman, NYT, 6/9/72, 1) 0 President Nixon accepted resignation, effective July 15, of Kenneth M. 

Smith as Deputy Administrator of Federal Aviation Administration. 

(PD, 5/12/72, 1008) 

9 Institute of High Energy Physics at Serpukhov, near MOSCOW, inaugurated 

experimental complex which could extract proton cluster with maximum 

energy from 70-bev proton accelerator in millionth fractions of a 

second. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 6/9/72, L1) 

NASA’s Mariner 9 spacecraft-orbiting Mars since Nov. 13, 

1971-began photographing Mars after two-month rest period. Clear 

photos of Mars south and north poles-not clearly visible with 

earth-based telescopes and obscured from spacecraft by clouds in winter 

and spring-were taken June 8 and stored before transmission June 9 

to Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Goldstone Tracking Station. Pictures 

were taken during 418th revolution in orbit with 16 900-km (10 500- 

mi) apogee and 1650-km (1000-mi) perigee. Mariner 9 would take 

about 500 pictures during next nine weeks. It had taken 6876 photos 

covering 85% of planet between Nov. 13, 1971, and April 2, 1972, 

before it entered occultation period. (NASA Release 72-123) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 492 from Baykonur into orbit with 

316-km (196.4-mi) apogee, 202-km (125.5-mi) perigee, 89.7-min 

period, and 65” inclination. Satellite reentered June 22. (GSFC SSR, 

6/30/72; SBD, 6/26/72, 241) 

0 Award of estimated $1.8 million cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to Itek 

Corp. Optical Systems Division for three multispectral camera systems 

was announced by Manned Spacecraft Center. Cameras would be used 

on MSC’S earth resources aircraft in conjunction with Skylab missions. 

Airborne multispectral photographic system would obtain photos from 

June 8: 

June 8-9: 

June 9: 

221 
June 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

altitude of 378 km (235 mi), each showing more than 20 000 sq km 

[SO00 sq mi) of earth’s surface. Photos would be used in assessing 

urban and metropolitan growth and land use patterns and in inventorying crop, range land, and forest resources. Contract called for first 

delivery by Jan. 29, 1973; second by Mar. 26, and third by May 21. 

( MSC Release 72-130) 

* NASA launched two sounding rockets from White Sands Missile Range, 

N. Mex., Black Brant VC carried Univ. of California galactic astronomy 

experiment. Nike-Apache carried California Institute of Technology 

galactic astronomy experiment. Rockets and instrumentation performed 

satisfactorily. (SR list) 

NASA announced that NASA Assistant General Counsel Arthur D. Holzman 

had been detailed to Federal City College in Washington, D.C., to 

develop seminar courses in government. Courses would provide minority 

group students with background in government management and enhance their competitive position in government service. Assignment of 

Holzman was made under Intergovernmental Personnel Act of 1970, 

which provided for temporary exchanges of personnel between Federal 

agencies and state and local governments and institutions of higher 

learning. (NASA Release 72-125) 

Atomic Energy Commission’s Los Alamos, N. Mex., Meson Physics 

Facility linear proton accelerator produced its first beam at full design 

energy of 8000 mev. (AEC Release P-171) 

Science agreements signed during US.-U.S.S.R. summit meetings May 

22-26 were praised in Science article: “Taken together, they represent 

not only a significant expansion of programs already in existence, 

but forays into areas hitherto unexplored.” Agreements were designed 

to “insulate cooperative scientific endeavors from the stresses of international politics by putting authority into the hands of appropriate 

government agencies rather than the foreign ministries.” In space 

agreement, “NASA is operating on the assumption that the joint docking 

is only the first in a series of increasingly ambitious mutual experimenteserving both the causes of economy and international understanding-which could conceivably lead to something as grandiose as 

a joint landing on Mars 20 years hence.” (Holden, Science, 6/9/72, 

1106-8) * Washington Post editorial criticized May 27-June 4 TRANSPO ’72: “On 

three of the nine days of America’s first, federally financed and operated international transportation exhibition, horrified crowds watched 

death in the sky.” Air show-in which aerobatics stunt man, racing 

pilot, and Air Force pilot had been killed-“helped swell Transpo’s 

attendance to an impressive 1.5 million.” But “we hope that neither 

the attendance nor the as yet unspecified saIes figures will mislead 

anyone to believe that Transpo 72 was the kind of hit that calls for 

an instant repeat performance.” That kind of exhibition “should not 

need to be linked to an aerial circus. Nor would there be any reason 

to place it way out at Dulles airport-unless . . . some form of rapid 

transit transportation is first built to get us there.” (W Post, 6/9/72) 

Hugh O’Brian Foundation sponsored annual space seminar at 

Kennedy Space Center for youths from 50 states and several foreign 

countries. Dr. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, discussed Skylab mission 

with honor students selected in competition among 10000 US. high 

June 9-16: 

222 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 9-16 

schools, under program administered by NASA, National Assn. of Student Councils, and National Secondary Principals Assn. Dr. Debus 

said Skylab program would be first space venture “to prove and make 

it very, very clear in people’s minds that space is here to stay and 

that they need space to achieve a tool to help mankind to survive.” 

Sixty-five youths watched June 13 launch of Intelsat-ZV F5. (0 Sen, 

6/11/72, 6/15/72; M Her, 6/18/72) 

Arthur B. Freeman, Director of Administration at Ames Research Center and ARC’S first employee, died at age 62. Freeman had 

begun his Government career with National Advisory Committee for 

Aeronautics (NACA) at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory 

(predecessor of Langley Research Center) in 1935 and had joined ARC 

when it was founded in 1941 as Moffett Field Laboratory. (Murshall 

Star, 6/14/72, 1) 

India would launch satellite on Soviet booster by end of 1974, 

Delhi General Overseas Service reported. Construction of facilities 

to develop and test rockets and satellites was expected to create more 

jobs, help locate natural resources, and strengthen industrial infrastructure. (FBIs-India, 6/12/72, 02) 

0 C. L. Sulzberger commented on shortcomings of United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (June 5-16) in New York Times 

article: ‘There can never be major ecological reform until world 

government limits population and polices the earth’s surface. Nor is 

there any prospect of such world government in time to act.” Day 

approached “when technical accomplishment makes it not only possible 

to export mass quantities of men and women in fleets of immense 

spacecraft but also to seed the distant planets and still more distant 

stars so that they become habitable for human beings.” This was 

“logical, ultimate goal of all ecological crises. Within sensible limitations of cleanliness, the aim must be not to reduce by Gandhian means 

of zero growth but to produce-to mass produce-new Noah’s arks 

and thrust them into the infinity of the universe.” (NYT, 6/11/72, 

4:15) 

Dr. James 6. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, spoke on cooperation between NASA and small research and development businesses 

before Conference on Survival and Growth of Small R&D Firms, in 

Washington, D.C. : “New technology is the area of greatest potential 

growth in U.S. industry and the key to a favorable international 

balance of trade. Small business may be the key element which preserves American free enterprise.” NASA’s “broad and vigorous’’ R&D 

effort generated “literally hundreds of new processes, new products 

and new materials.” Transfer of technology to areas unrelated to space 

meant “profits for private enterprise, jobs for labor, and benefits for 

the consumer.” Transfers benefited small entrepreneur because “he 

is flexible-and can take advantage of the financing specifically made 

available for this kind of enterprise.” NASA maintained contract category especially for small busines-ontracts between $2500 and 

$500000 for construction work. “In 1971, this resulted in 73% of 

NASA’s expenditures for construction.” (Text) 

NASA had asked private industry to help assess space shuttle boosterrecovery system, Marshall Space Flight Center announced. Large 

parachutes would lower 90-metric-ton (lOO-U.S.-ton) spent booster 

June 10: 

June 11 : 

June 12: 

223 
June 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

stages to ocean. Six proposals for study of parachute deceleration 

system had been received. (MSFC Release 72-70) 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced award of $1 323 565 contract 

to Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., to provide liquid hydrogen to East 

Coast space program users from June 1, 1972, through March 31, 

1973. Liquid hydrogen would be distributed to Government agencies 

and contractors in Saturn V booster and space shuttle activities. 

Under interagency agreement, NASA contracted for all liquid hydrogen 

used by NASA and Dept. of Defense in eastern U.S. (MSFC Release 

72-69) 

TRANSPO ’72, held May 27-June 4, had been “surprising success,” Aviation & Space Technology editorial said. It had been “tremendous 

public report” on advanced technology, particularly aerospace, to the 

American public; surprising business stimulant; and “triumph of construction expertise, logistics and short-term management by the team 

brought in at the last possible minute . . . to salvage what was shaping 

into a major disaster.” Exhibition-plagued in beginning by construction holdups due to inclement weather, lack of cooperation from 

exhibitors, and “fuzzy management”-had been “major success against 

formidable odds.” But “to mold its successors into the type of operation 

that will effectively achieve the multiple goals established for it will 

require the organization of a competent, permanent management 

right now that can begin to work on Transpo 74 next week.” (Hotz, 

Av Wk, 6/12/72, 7) 

Zntelsat-IV F-5 comsat was launched by NASA for Communications Satellite Corp. on behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium ( INTELSAT) . Satellite, launched from 

Eastern Test Range at 5:39 pm EDT by Atlas-Centaur booster, entered 

elliptical transfer orbit. Primary NASA objective was to place satellite 

into transfer orbit accurate enough for spacecraft onboard propulsion 

systems to place it in planned synchronous orbit. ComSatCorp objectives were to fire apogee motor, position satellite in its planned 

geostationary orbit, and operate and manage communications system 

for INTELSAT. 

Apogee-kick motor was fired at 9:00 pm EDT June 14 and ZntelsatZV F-5 entered circular orbit with 36 824.2-km (22 882.1-mi) altitude 

at 124” east longitude. It would drift westward 4.4’ per day to reach 

station at 61.4O east longitude over Indian Ocean by end of July. 

Satellite’s first major transmission would be coverage of Olympic 

Games in Munich in August. 

Zntelsat-ZV F-5 was fourth comsat in Intelsat IV series. Satellite 

was 238 cm (93.7 in) in diameter and 528 cm (208 in) high and 

weighed 1387 kg (3058 lbs) at launch. It had 12 transponders, providing 12 TV channels and 3000-9000 telephone circuits, and was capable 

of multiple-access and simultaneous transmissions. Expected lifetime was 

seven years. Zntelsat-ZV F-4 had been launched Jan. 22 and was 

operating satisfactorily over Pacific. (NASA proj off; NASA Release 

President Nixon transmitted to Congress US.-U.S.S.R. Treaty 

on Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems and also Interim 

Agreemo- t on Strategic Offensive Arms, both signed in MOSCOW May 

26. In filmed TV broadcast from White House President said: ‘L. . . 

June 13-14: 

72-119) 

June 13: 

224 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 13 

these agreements are in the security interest of the United States.” They 

would enable US. “to maintain defenses second to none.” In transmission message he said agreements “open the opportunity for a new 

and more constructive US.-Soviet relationship, characterized by negotiated settlements of differences, rather than by the hostility and confrontation of decades past.’’ (PD, 6/19/72, 1026) 

* NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N.Mex., carrying Univ. of Colorado solar physics experiment. 

Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Claire Sterling commented in Washington Post article on progress of 

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment [see June 

5-16]: At halfway point “nobody is signing anything. We may all 

be in favor of what the Chinese speak of here as ‘a beautiful environment for mankind,’ but neither China nor any other state is giving up 

a shred of sovereignty, or binding itself on a single proposition by 

treaty or covenant.” Conference was not discussing some of worst 

environmental problems-“worldwide population explosion, rapid depletion of the planet’s non-renewable resources, and an approaching 

global energy crisis”-except at counterconferences, “where nondelegates are talking their heads off .” Everyone was talking about 

money, “but nobody is . . . coming up with enough of it to matter.” 

(W Post, 6/13/72, A20) 

National Symposium on Technology Transfer was sponsored in Washington, D.C., by American Chemical Society, American 

Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society for Metals, American 

Society for Nondestructive Testing, American Society for Quality 

Control, and American Society for Testing and Materials. NASA officials 

led workshop on design techniques and reliability procedures on June 

15. Cochairmen Howard M. Weiss, Deputy Director of Reliability 

and Quality Assurance Office, and Joseph H. Levine, Chief of Reliability Div. at Manned Spacecraft Center, discussed computer aids 

to structural design, principles of reliable design and systems safety, 

and role of testing in design process. (NASA Release 72-91) 

June 14: Press conference on scientific results of NASA’s Mariner 9 

Mars probe (launched May 30, 1971) was held at Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory. Dr. Robert H. Steinbacher, project scientist, said Mars 

“used to be likened to earth in science fiction, and was compared to 

the moon after the first pictures from Mariner 4 in 1965. Now we are 

seeing that Mars has a character all its own. It is not earth-like 

or moon-like, it is Mars-like.” 

Harold Masursky of US. Geological Survey said Mars could be 

divided into four major geological provinces: Nix Olympica-Tharis 

volcanic province with volcanoes up to 8 km (5 mi) high and 500 km 

(300 mi) in diameter; Ophir-Eos equatorial plateau region with faults 

and rifts 5 km (3 mi) deep; cratered and smooth terrains with large 

circular basins like lunar impact basins; and south polar cratered 

terrain covered with glacial sediment layers up to 100 m (330 ft) 

thick. Convincing evidence that water had played active role in 

evolution of Mars was shown in Mariner 9 photos of deep, winding 

channels that might have once been beds of fast-flowing streams. 

Masursky suggested two explanations for apparent heavy rains and 

floods on Mars in past: volcanic heat might have melted water ice 

June 13-15: 

225 
June 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

stored below surface as permafrost or increased dosages of sunlight 

on polar caps every 50 000 yrs, because of axis wobbling, might have 

melted polar caps completely. 

Dr. Geoffrey A. Biggs of JPL described north polar hood of variable 

clouds that appeared to have general west-to-east flow pattern, with 

some systems resembling small cyclones. Photos also showed “white 

cloud phenomenon”-brilliant white spots, believed to be water ice 

clouds, associated with volcanoes. “The clouds appear mostly in the 

afternoon, when warmer air is moving up the slopes and cooling 

as it goes.” Pictures of north polar area showed wavelike clouds 

formed by a simple, harmonic movement of air, of winds up to 115 

miles per hour [185 kilometers per hour] . . very much like the 

cold fronts shown in earth atmosphere pictures.” (Summary statement 

and abstracts; Wilford, NYT, 6/15/72, 1; Swaim, Pasadena SturNews, 6/15/72) 

NASA’s Pioneer 10 (launched March 2) was continuing on trajectory 

toward planned Dec. 3, 1974, encounter with Jupiter. After 104 days 

in space Pioneer 10 was 113 800 000 km (70 700 000 mi) from earth 

and 554 000 000 km (3U 300 000 mi) from Jupiter, traveling at 23.4 

km per sec (14.5 mps) relative to earth. It was 256 800 000 km (1.7 

astronomical units) from sun, moving through region of space never 

before traversed by man-made object. All science instruments had 

been turned on and checked out and all other instruments were operating satisfactorily. Meteoroid detector had recorded 42 hits to date. 

When Pioneer 10 entered asteroid belt between July 15 and 26, 

frequency of meteoroid encounters was expected to increase. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators were operating at power loss of about 

one watt per month-rate that would leave sufhcient power remaining 

at Jupiter encounter. (NASA proj off) 

Senate by vote of 70 to 2 passed H.R. 15093, FY 1973 Dept. of Housing 

and Urban Development-space-science-veterans appropriations bill that 

contained $3.432-billion NASA appropriation, as approved by Senate 

Committee on Appropriations May 31. (CR, 6/14/72, 89371-97) 

European Space Conference delegation visited US. to complete resolutions 

for July 11 ESC conference in Brussels, which would discuss government action on European participation in US. post-Apollo space 

program. Brussels conference later was postponed. During Washington, D.C., meeting NASA and Dept. of State officials told ESC delegation 

that space tug was no longer being considered as item for European 

development. Possibilities for European participation had been reduced to four structural areas of space shuttle. US. urged ESC to 

undertake development of shuttle sortie laboratory, (NASA OMSF; 

Av Wk, 7/17/72, 19) 

0 Ecological applications of first Earth Resources Technology Satellite 

(ERTS), scheduled for launch July 21, were discussed by NASA Associate Administrator for Applications Charles W. Mathews in speech 

before National Space Club in Washington, D.C.: “This mission is an 

experimental one, but through its operation we expect to develop 

understandable and highly useful applications.” ERTS could “obtain 

images from any area on the globe every eighteen days and . . . provide 

repetitive coverage of every segment of the United States and of many 

selected areas in other parts of the world.” Images obtained by ERTS 

66 

226 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 14 

would be “not just color photographs, but electronically derived, 

multispectral images amenable to many kinds of interpretive techniques developed recently by various agencies, universities and industrial organizations using data from Gemini, Apollo and flights of 

NASA earth resources airplanes.” NASA had received more than 700 

proposals from investigators for applications of ERTS data. From these, 

300 were being selected; 50 investigations would be carried out in 35 

other countries-about one third of the countries represented at United 

Nations Stockholm conference [see June 5-16]. Investigations reAected “an understanding of real needs and are aimed at meeting 

these needs.” (Text) 

Dr. Wilmot N. Hess, Director of National Atmospheric and Oceanic 

Administration’s Environmental Research Laboratories, outlined space 

modification techniques at international meeting of Society of Engineering Science in Tel Aviv, Israel. Techniques would modify nearearth space environment to make it safe for manned space flight. 

“In the last few years experimenters have artificially modified the 

space environment. We can now produce artificial aurorae. We can 

change the population of the Van Allen radiation belt. We can 

artificially modify the ionosphere from the ground and our other ideas 

about artificial experiments for the future stretch as far as trying 

to copy the sweeping action being carried on naturally by Jupiter’s 

moons.” Other possible man-made changes in near-earth space environment included releasing beam of energetic particles from satellite to 

produce electromagnetic waves in space, injecting thermal plasma at 

high altitudes to change radiation population in space, and transmitting 

electromagnetic waves from earth to disturb particles trapped in Van 

Allen belt. Experiments would provide data on natural processes that 

caused geomagnetic storms on earth, permit improved predictions of 

radar clutter and quality of polar radio communications in future 

naturally occurring storms, permit modification or attenuation of 

naturally occurring storms, and enable scientists to make near-earth 

space environment .safe for prolonged manned space flight and study. 

(NOAA Release 72-83) 

* Marshall Space Flight Center had awarded $11 165 375 contract extension to Boeing Co. for design changes on final five Saturn V 1st 

stages (S-IC-11 through S-IC-15), Marshall Star reported. Work 

would be completed by Boeing Aerospace Group at Michoud Assembly 

Facility by Feb. 28, 1973. (Marshall Star, 6/14/72, 4) 

* Dept. of Transportation and Dept. of State said in joint statement on 

growth of air piracy, terrorism, and sabotage in air and on ground: 

“We believe the United States Government can and must take the lead 

in solving these problems in our own country and internationally. We 

are confident that with cooperation from other governments, the airlines and their crews, the airport operators, and other involved 

organizations and citizens, we will win the fight.” U.S. was cabling 

resolution to Council of International Civil Aviation Organization 

(ICAO) directing immediate resumption of work on Convention to 

provide for joint actions against any state refusing to extradite or 

prosecute hijackers Convention had been proposed by US. and 

Canada in April. (Text) 

227 
June 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* Soviet oceanologists had explored underwater volcanoes in Mediterranean 

using mobile Crab submarine apparatus similar to Lunokhod 1 lunar 

rover, Tass announced. Crab had TV system and system for transmitting control commands and was linked to control ship by cable for 

communications. Lowered 2000 m (6600 ft) below water from ship 

Academician Sergei Vavilov, Crab had examined underwater mountain 

north of Lipari Islands in Tyrrhenian Sea and collected samples of 

soil, algae, and marine animals. (FBIS-SOV, 6/15/72, L1) 

Soviet news agency Tass reported completion of Polar Morning-joint 

U.S.S.R. and France experiment at E. T. Krenkel Hydrometeorological 

Observatory in Arctic. During three-month expedition, series of meteorological rockets ’had carried Soviet and French payloads to altitudes 

between 90 and 180 km (56 and 112 mi) during period of transition 

from winter to summer and from polar night to polar day. Data 

were obtained on atmospheric temperature, wind speed and direction, 

cloud formations, corpuscular radiation, and solar activity. ( FBISSov, 6/16/72, L1) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and ApoZZo 16 

Astronauts Charles M. Duke, Jr., John W. Young, and Thomas K. 

Mattingly I1 met with President Nixon at White House to discuss 

April 16-27 ApoZZo 16 mission and joint US.-U.S.S.R. rendezvous 

and docking mission scheduled for 1975. 

Following discussion Dr. Fletcher and astronauts held press conference. Dr. Fletcher said President was “very pleased” with progress 

made toward joint mission. “The President particularly wanted to 

emphasize that . . . this is only the beginning of what he conceives 

as a long association with the Soviet Union in many other areas of 

space cooperation. . . . we are busy working on other kinds of things 

that we can do together . . . perhaps through the turn of the century, 

doing things together for economic reasons and because he feels 

strongly that the international aspect of this is important in improving 

relationships. If we can do this together, we can do other things 

together.” President also emphasized worldwide space cooperation. 

As areas for US-U.S.S.R. cooperation in future, Dr. Fletcher 

thought “the ones we can be sure of” were “the cooperative program 

on Mars [and] a new cooperative program on Venus, where we explore 

the upper atmosphere and the entire atmosphere and they explore 

the surface. We are going to be doing that together.” (Other NASA 

officials explained later these would be coordinated efforts rather than 

joint missions.) 

July meeting of principals at Manned Spacecraft Center would 

“iron out the management” of joint docking mission. Astronaut 

Young said that “real problem” was communication; “once we solve 

that problem we can prove that we can work together in a lot of other 

areas besides.” Dr. Fletcher said plans for joint astronaut and cosmonaut training had not been concluded, “but it is going to be absolutely 

essential that the cosmonauts come over here and train on our equipment and vice versa. That much has been agreed to.” Training program probably would start “within about a year.” Dr. Fletcher summed 

up progress made on joint mission since May 24 signing of cooperation 

agreement: “We have set up the agenda for the meeting which will 

primarily involve the management aspects. . . . We also have, at 

June 15: 

228 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 15 

home, worked out some of the details of the specifications . . . and now 

are waiting approval.” Perhaps most “spectaculary’ progress had been 

great enthusiasm from Congress for the mission, particularly when we 

told them this was not going to cost any more money.” (Transcript; 

WSJ, 6/16/72) 

* Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, testified before House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on International 

Cooperation in Science and Space on US.-U.S.S.R. agreement on 

cooperation in space [May 241. He described events that led to agreement on joint rendezvous and docking mission: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

then NASA Administrator, had suggested to Soviet Academician Anatoly 

A. Blagonravov during April 1970 meeting in New York “possibility 

of cooperation in the area of astronaut safety, including compatible 

docking fixtures for space stations and shuttles.” National Academy of 

Sciences President, Dr. Philip Handler, had conveyed NASA’s interest 

to Soviet Academy President Mstislav V. Keldysh. “In July, Dr. Paine 

suggested directly to President Keldysh that this possibility be considered.’, Dr. Low said if docking mission was successful, “both 

countries will have increased their chances of rescuing astronauts in 

distress without commensurate increase in the costs of a standby rescue 

capability. It is here that the joint test mission is particularly important. It will give us the opportunity to identify and resolve under 

the best possible conditions the problems we can expect to flow from 

differences in language, equipment, and operational procedures.” 

Joint working groups were making significant progress. Space 

meteorology group was organizing experiments to advance temperature sounding from satellites and microwave measurement of precipitation zones, ice conditions, and sea surface roughness and temperature. 

Another joint working group had provided for coordination of 

meridional sounding rocket networks in Eastern and Western Hemispheres and had begun to exchange operational and scientific meteorological data. Working group on natural environment was defining 

coordinated experiments in remote sensing of the environment related 

to vegetation, geology, and the oceans. Oceanographic effort would 

continue satellite and ship measurements over same ocean area. In 

group on scientific investigation of near-earth space, moon, and 

planets, “experts from both sides have been working on a common 

system of lunar coordinates and a propram for compiling a complete map of the moon on the scale of 1:5,000,000.” Group on space 

biology and medicine was “considering certain common standards and 

procedures to increase the comparability of information.” 

If US. and U.S.S.R. could work together to achieve “intimate and 

complex common goal” like joint space mission, “we will have built 

mutual confidence and trust. The symbol of US and Soviet spacemen 

meeting in orbit before the eyes of the entire world cannot help but 

ameliorate attitudes, viewpoints and expectations throughout the world.” 

(Transcript) 

ApoZlo 16 astronauts attended state dinner at White House honoring 

Mexican President Luis Echeverria Alvarez. (PD, 6/19/72, 1060) 0 Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Assistant to the President for National Security 

Affairs, rejected premise of critics that US.-U.S.S.R. arms limitation 

agreements would perpetuate strategic disadvantage to US. During 

LL 

229 
June 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

congressional briefing at White House he said: “Our present strategic 

military situation is sound. Much of the criticism has focused on the 

imbalance in number of missiles.” To assess overall balance “it is 

necessary to consider those forces not in the agreement; our bomber 

force which is substantially larger and more effective than the Soviet 

bomber force, and our forward base system.” US. had “major advantage in nuclear weapons technology and in warhead accuracy.” 

With its multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles ( MIRVS) , US. had two-to-one lead in warheads. Lead would be maintained during 

agreement period, “even if the Soviets develop and deploy MIRV’s of 

their own.” U.S.S.R. had more missile launchers than US., “but 

when other relevant systems such as bombers are counted there are 

roughly the same number of launchers on each side. We have a big 

advantage on warheads. The Soviets have an advantage on megatonnage.” What was disadvantageous to US. was “trend of new weapons 

deployment” by U.S.S.R. and “projected imbalance 5 years hence 

based on that trend.” Relevant question was “what the freeze prevents; 

where would we be by 1977 without a freeze?” Considering current 

Soviet momentum in intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarinelaunched ballistic missiles, “ceiling set in the Interim Agreement can 

only be interpreted as a sound arrangement that makes a major contribution to our national security.” (Text) 

0 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space 

Objects was received by Senate, which removed injunctions of secrecy 

from treaty and referred it to Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. 

(CR, 6/15/72, D681) 

White House announced exchange of diplomatic notes on bilateral agreements between US. and Mexico in scientific and technological fields 

during state visit of Mexican President Luis Echeverria Alvarez to 

Washington, D.C. Remote Sensing Agreement extended until July 1 , 1974, a 1968 agreement covering cooperative research in remote sensing for earth surveys. Agreement also modified 1968 agreement by 

providing that NASA acquire and process Earth Resources Technology 

Satellite data over Mexico and train qualified Mexican technicians in 

sensing techniques. Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation called for commission for formulation, orientation, and 

review of programs to strengthen economic and social development, 

intensify relations between scientists and technicians, and facilitate 

and increase exchange of persons, ideas, skills, experience, and information between US. and Mexico. (PD, 6/19/72, 1054) 

0 Two-man crew of Air Force F-111 fighter-bomber aircraft bailed out 

safely after explosion in aircraft during flight from Mountain Home 

Air Force Base, Idaho. Aircraft crashed in Nevada. Accident was being 

investigated. ( W Post, 6/21/72, A5) 

Federal Communications Commission adopted by 4-tu-3 vote 

policy of “multiple entry” of firms into domestic satellite communications field. Commission rejected proposal by its Broadcast Bureau for 

“limited entry” that would have required applicants with similar 

technology to combine efforts. FCC said that multiple-entry policy 

would require applicants to demonstrate that they were financially and 

technically qualified to provide domestic satellite service in public 

June 16: 

230 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 16 

interest. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and ComSatCorp would 

be subject to certain additional conditions. (B Sun, 6/17/72) 

0 Science commented on June 6 defeat of Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) 

as candidate for reelection to Congress: Since 1961, when Miller 

became Chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 

“Apollo program has reached fruition and starts have been made on 

Skylab and the shuttle. Miller was NASA’s foremost advocate in the 

House and took pride in announcing every latest achievement of the 

space program.” Miller’s committee had been “idluential in having 

NASA expand its investment in . . . scientific satellites.” Science cited 

Miller’s age, 81, as “decisive factor” in his loss of election. (Science, 

6/16/72, 1219) 

* NASA awarded 18-m0, $1 236 500, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to General 

Electric Co. Aircraft Engine Group to test inlet choking-new method 

to quiet short takeoff and landing aircraft. GE would build and test 

two choked inlets with large two-stage fans. Inlet air flow, accelerated 

to nearly mach 1 at inlet throat, would be nearly choked so that noise 

generated by engine fan and compressor could not propagate forward 

through choked region and out inlet. Studies with scale models of 

choked inlets were being made under separate contract with Boeing 

Co. Commercial Airplane Group. (NASA Release 72-126) 

Wall Street Journal article criticized “strange aspects to NASA’s push 

for the shuttle.” Economic estimates of cost were “troublesome.” Some 

critics had charged that development costs might be “two to four 

times the $6 billion estimate of NASA. And the operating cost may not 

be as cheap as NASA says.” “Strangest” aspect of NASA argument 

was “agency’s almost total silence on the one space project for which 

the shuttle makes real sense-the permanent orbiting space station.” 

It had been assumed space station would be “keystone of any longrange space effort involving men” from beginning of space program. 

Project had been “shoved aside” in favor of manned lunar landing but 

the moment that race was won . . . NASA pulled the space station plans 

back out.” It was easier to sell public $6-billion research and development program for “useful” space shuttle than $U-billion program for 

space station. But NASA’s “selling spiel” was “somewhat misleading.” 

Once $6-billion development program was finished shuttle would go into 

routine operation. “Plans call for 30 to 40 flights a year for 10 years. 

At $10.5 million a flight this comes to $30 billion to $41) billionabout the same in time and money as proposed for the space station.” 

Paper later acknowledged its arithmetical miscalculation and corrected 

total to “$3 billion to $4 billion,” but said corrected figure also was 

“misleading.” NASA estimate had projected $35 billion for shuttle 

program through 1990, including $12 billion for shuttle and $23 billion 

for payloads. (WSJ, 6/16/72, 10; 6/20/72) 

0 President Nixon signed S. 3607, $2.6-billion FY 1973 Atomic Energy 

Commission appropriations bill. Bill became Public Law 92-314. (PD, 

6/26/72, 1089) 

Prospects of US. astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts “chummily 

tooling around” in orbit had “hardly raised a ripple when it was 

announced at the Moscow Meetings,” author Robert Sherrod commented 

in New York Times article. But attempts of President John F. Kennedy 

to “cooperate with the Soviets in space nine years ago” had failed. 

CG 

June 17: 

231 
June 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Failure showed “differing methods of Kennedy the idealist and Nixon 

the pragmatist.” President Nixon had “smoothed the way” with seven 

meetings between US. and Soviet engineers, beginning with April 24, 

1970, meeting between then NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

and Soviet Academician Anatoly A. Blagonravov. President Kennedy’s 

attitude toward space program had been “ambivalent” until Sept. 20, 

1963, when he proposed “joint expedition to the moon” in speech 

before United Nations. Proposal had come as surprise and had “staggered,’ anti-Soviet space supporters in Congress, who proceeded to pare 

NASA budget. House had voted 125 to 110 against using NASA funds for 

joint lunar landing with Communist country. Kennedy had “forgotten 

that politics is the art of the possible, forgotten that a leader should 

never surprise his own close support,” Sherrod said. “In the sunnier 

climate of 1972, Richard Nixon duly observed the axiom and the rule.” 

(NYT, 6/17/72) 

June 18: There was “general satisfaction” among ordinary Russians with 

“the improved atmosphere fostered by President Nixon’s visit to MosCOW” in May, New York Times reported. Since visit, Soviet press had 

hailed arms-limitation agreements as triumphs for Soviet foreign policy. 

But privately editors had reported some criticism of government for 

having conducted meetings despite US. escalation in Vietnam war. 

(Smith, NYT, 6/18/72, 1) 

Ending of Moscow summit talks (May 22-26) just as United Nations 

Conference on the Human Environment (June 5-16) opened was 

coincidental,” Stanley Karnow commented in Houston Chronicle 

article. “But historians may one day regard the timing of the two 

meetings as symptomatic of a significant change that is now taking 

place in the world.” Moscow summit “essentially spelled the end of 

an era in which the powers viewed military rivalries as the main 

threat to their security.” Stockholm conference “appears to mark the 

start of an era in which nations will view ecological disequilibrium as 

an increasingly dire menace to their security.” (H Chron, 6/18/72) 

US. Postal Service officials had been “somewhat upset” by reports that 

ApoZZo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. 

Worden had taken 400 unauthorized covers-stamped envelopes with 

postal markings-to moon, Washington Sunday Star reported. German 

philatelic magazines had reported that Herman E. Sieger, German 

stamp dealer, had sold 100 ApoZZo 15 covers at 4850 German marks 

each for total $150350 at official exchange rate. Under NASA regulations, astronauts had been permitted to carry on mission small mementos of flight for friends and relatives but not for sale. Official “moon 

mail” covers were distributed to purchasers by US. Postal Service. 

Specially struck medals had been carried on several Apollo missions 

and later sold to public through Government channels. NASA officials 

had identified unidentified “friend of crew now in Germany” as link 

between ApoZZo 15 astronauts and German dealer. Friend had told 

dealer that 20 covers had gone to astronauts’ friends and relatives; 

remaining covers had been turned over to NASA management. Donald 

K. Slayton, Director of Flight Crew Operations at Manned Spacecraft 

Center, said that no member of crew had profited directly or indirectly 

from covers sold. (Faries, W Star, 6/18/72, 1) 

<< 

232 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 18 

* Thomas O’Toole commented on June 1 report of Astronomy Survey 

Committee of National Academy of Sciences and National Research 

Council in New York Times article: “Through all this discovery runs 

a . . . central theme that points up the countless findings of the last 

decade,” discovery by astronomers “that the universe is more intricate, 

more dynamic and more energetic than even the most fanciful scientists 

dared to dream.” Findings in cosmology were “stunning surprise.” For 

first time “science is able to measure things within the universe that 

had lain hidden from men’s minds, measurements that have brought 

cosmology out of the realm of the unreal.” Findings facilitated by creation of radiotelescope, rockets, and satellites had included discovery of 

pulsars, black holes-“theoretical stars that have gone from the pulsar 

into an even denser state of collapse”-and “eclipsing stars” that 

cohabited with second stars that eclipsed them at regular intervals. 

(NYT, 6/19/72) 

* Air Force F-111 fighter bomber aircraft plunged in Choctawhatchee Bay 

after takeoff from Eglin Air Force Base, Fla., killing both crew members. Cause of accident was being investigated. (AP, W Post, 6/21/72, 

A5 ) 

John Stack, engineer who had helped develop first high-speed wind tunnel 

in 1930s, died at age 65 after fall from horse. Stack had joined 

Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (predecessor of Langley 

Research Center) in 1928 and had been head of high-velocity airflow 

research at Laboratory in 1939, NASA Director of Aeronautical Research 

from 1961 to 1962, and Vice President for Engineering at Fairchild 

Industries until his retirement in 1971. He had received numerous 

awards for his work in supersonic technology, including Robert J. 

Collier trophy in 1947 for work with X-1 rocket aircraft. (AP, NYT, 

6/20/72, 38; FRC X-Press, 7/21/72, 2) 

Exhibit of kinetic art of Dr. Frank J. Malina-artist, 

astronautical engineer, and past Director of Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

(1961946) -was held at Univ. of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures 

in San Antonio. Catalog noted Dr. Malina was “pioneering on the new 

frontier of man’s adjustment to the explosive impact of science, technology and the exploration of space on the world.” Artist believed 

man must understand this world in order to survive in it, and that 

this understanding must be both intellectual and emotional.” Paintings 

included impressions of space phenomena. (Catalog) 

Explorer 45 Small Scientific Satellite (launched Nov. 15, 1971) 

was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft had carried eight experiments into highly elliptical orbit to study dynamic processes in inner 

magnetosphere from two to five earth radii. After six months in orbit 

all experiments and spacecraft systems were operating satisfactorily, 

excellent data had been received, and mission had exceeded its objectives. Scientific results of experiments had been presented at American 

Geophysical Union April 17. (NASA proj o+I) 

* Air Force would develop data-relay satellite to enable early warning 

satellites stationed over Indian Ocean to flash warning of missile 

attack directly to continental US., Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. At present, signals were received by ground stations in 

Guam or Australia and were then relayed by comsat. New data-relay 

satellites also would make possible transmission of search-and-find 

June 18-1uZy 30: 

66 

June 19: 

233 
June 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

reconnaissance-satellite photos directly to U.S. for speedy analysis 

and transmission of commands back to satellite to take close-look pictures of targets of opportunity discovered in earlier photos. Air Force 

had reportedly requested $23 million in FY 1973-up from $17.8 

million in FY 1972 and $13.3 million in FY 1971to continue system’s 

development. “Closely guarded and heavily censored references to 

the . . . system and its intended functions” had appeared in recently 

released congressional testimony in which Air Force official was questioned about $21.7 million requested for continued research and 

development of early warning satellites and $128.9 million estimated 

to be required for them through FY 1978. (Klass, Av Wk, 6/19/72,L2) 

0 Willis H. Shapley, NASA Associate Deputy Administrator, described functions of NASA advisory committees in testimony before House Committee on Government Operations’ Subcommittee on Foreign Operations and Government. Subcommittee was conducting hearings on 

public access to information under Freedom of Information Act, which 

required public accessibility to advisory committees [see June 51. 

NASA Historical Advisory Committee, established in 1964, advised and 

assisted NASA management in implementing NASA historical program. 

Committee met annually to review program and its relation to academic 

and public activities. Research and Technology Advisory Council and 

Related Committees ( RTAC) , established in 1967, provided consultation 

and advice on advanced research and technology goals in aeronautics 

and space and reviewed work in progress. NASA Space Program Advisory Council and Related Committees (SPAC) , established in 1971, 

provided comprehensive space program advisory structure for NAS-4 

management on goals and objectives. 

NASA Tracking and Data Acquisition Panel, established in 1972, 

reviewed and advised on potential application of new technologies in 

carrying out tracking and data acquisition functions. Panel would be 

disbanded following its final report in near future. Aerospace Advisory 

Panel, established by NASA Authorization Act of 1968, reviewed safety 

studies and operation plans and reported on them to NASA Administrator. Membership of NASA advisory committees was drawn largely 

from universities, nonprofit organizations, industry, and other Government agencies. Scientific and technical subjects addressed by committees were open to public access through meetings and public had 

direct access to NASA officials and committee members. (Testimony) 

* Langley Research Center awarded 321/2-mo, $1 717 200 cost-plus-fixedfee contract to United Aircraft Corp. United Technology Center (UTC) 

Div. to demonstrate technology of high-performance hybrid rocket 

system. UTC would build and test-fire seven rockets about 90 cm (36 in) 

in diameter and 2.6 m (101.5 in) long with 48 930-newton (11 000-lb) 

thrust. (NASA Release 72-127) 

* Orlando Sentinel editorial praised NASA Earth Resources Technology 

Satellites ( ERTS) and Earth Resources Observation System ( EROS) 

programs: “Without more comprehensive knowledge we are limited 

in the decisions we must make to exploit or conserve the resources 

upon which our continued existence depends.” ERTS and EROS “working 

together is probably the most far reaching earth-science experiment 

ever undertaken by man.” (0 Sen, 6/19/72) 

234 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 20 

June 20: NASA held press conference on ERTS-A Earth Resources Technology Satellite (to be launched July 23) at Goddard Space Flight 

Center. Dr. Arch B. Park, Chief of NASA Earth Resources Survey 

Program, described experiments that “typify . . . a direct relationship 

between the results of the experiment and the interest . . . of the 

general public.” Most important experiments were in land use and 

understanding geology, soils, vegetation, and engineering aspects of 

man’s mass works. Second was environmental awareness, including 

experiments in biological control of pests, water quality, mine safety, 

forest conservation, and resources management. 

Primary objective of ERTS was described by project manager Wilfred E. Scull as “the acquisition of multi-spectral images” over U.S. 

and rest of world and use of data for various disciplines. Spacecraft, 

scheduled for launch July 21, would weigh 939 kg (2070 lbs) and 

would be launched into sun-synchronous, circular earth orbit at 920- 

km (570-mi) altitude, repeating coverage under same conditions of 

illumination over entire globe every 18 days. Onboard equipment 

included three return-beam-vidicon ( RBV) cameras that would take 

pictures every 25 sec, multispectral scanner subsystem ( MSS) that 

would continually scan ground directly beneath satellite, and two wideband video tape recorders (WBVTR) to record and store images for 

later playback. Data-collection system consisted of remote platforms 

for measuring soil, water, and air quality and other environmental 

data and transmitting data to ERTS as it passed overhead. Data would 

be telemetered to three main stations (Fairbanks, Alaska; Goldstone, 

Calif.; and Greenbelt, Md.) and processed at GSFC. All images received 

by NASA would be sent to Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. of Interior, and 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (Transcript) * Two NASA research aircraft, each equipped with five cameras, were photographing State of Arizona-area of more than 295 000 sq km (114 000 

sq mi) -from 20 000-m (65 000-ft) altitude. NASA, Dept. of Interior, 

and State of Arizona project to develop land use inventory system for 

natural resource management included acquisition of film for development of orthophotoquads-large photographic maps of entire statefor use by Arizona agencies. Arizona Land Use Experiment would make 

comprehensive analysis based on remotely sensed data; document 

social and economic benefits of experiment; prepare manual on application of remote sensing to solving resource management problems ; 

and provide plan for updating information by including data from 

spacecraft, high- and low-flying aircraft, and ground surveys. Arizona 

had appropriated $400000 to project. Film processed by Ames Research Center was sent to U.S. Geological Survey laboratories, where 

orthophotoquads were to be prepared. (NASA Release 72-129) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Zntercosmos 6 (launched April 7) had detected particle in 

space with highest energy yet recorded near earth, U.S.S.R. announced. 

Laboratory analysis of spacecraft’s photoemulsion plates, recovered 

after four-day earth orbital mission, showed track of cosmic ray particle with impulse of 1 million bev-at least 1000 times more than 

maximum anticipated by Soviet scientists. ( FBIS-SOV, 6/21/72, L2; 

Shabad, NYT, 6/21/72, 10) 0 Faulty design of water-tight battery enclosure used in underwater 

astronaut training at Manned Spacecraft Center had been primary 

235 
June 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

contributing factor to February 29 explosion which killed one man 

and injured another, MSC announced. In report to Dr. James C. 

Fletcher, NASA Administrator, accident investigation board said explosive mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in battery was detonated 

when switch was closed. It recommended use of power supplies other 

than batteries. (MSC Release 72-133) 

* Signing of $125 000 firm-fixed-price contract with Florida Operations of 

Honeywell, Inc., St. Petersburg, for study of inertial measurement unit 

program for space shuttle orbiter was announced by Manned Spacecraft Center. Honeywell would develop alternative approaches to allow 

NASA to assess feasibility of adapting existing units for space shuttle. 

(MSC Release 72-132) 

Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, testifying before Senate Committee on Armed Services hearings on military implications of strategic 

arms limitation agreements, said he would recommend disapproval of 

agreements unless Congress increased funding for new weapon projects 

permitted under pacts. (CR, 6/20/72, D703; Getler, W Post, 6/21/72, 

A1 1 

President Nixon said in statement on June 5-16 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment: “I believe that the deepest 

significance of the conference lies in the fact that for the first time . . . the nations of the world sat down together to seek better understanding 

of each other’s environmental problems and to explore opportunities 

for positive action, individually and collectively.” (PD, 6/26/72, 1078) 

Air Force grounded entire fleet of US.-based F-111 fighter-bomber aircraft “as a precautionary measure” until cause of June 15 and 18 

F-111 crashes had been determined. (AP, W Post, 6/21/72, A5) 

* President Nixon nominated Adm. Thomas H. Moorer (USN) for reappointment as Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff for two-year term 

ending July 2, 1974. (PD, 6/19/72, 1087) 

* Atomic Energy Commission designated nearly 81 000 hectares (200 000 

acres) of land in South Carolina as first environmental research park 

in US. Land surrounded AEC facilities near Aiken. (AEC Release P-181) 

Three Federal scientists attended meeting of Project CICAR 

(Cooperative Investigation of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions) in 

Havana, Cuba, on first official US. mission to Cuba since 1959 break 

in US.-Cuban diplomatic relations, State Dept. later said trio, from 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, could attend only 

because meeting was held under aegis of United Nations. (Cohn, 4 

W Post, 7/11/72, A4) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 493 from Baykonur into orbit with 

266-km (165.3-mi) apogee, 201-km (124.9-mi) perigee, 89.1-min 

period, and 69.9” inclination. Satellite reentered July 3. (GSFC SSR, 

6/30/72; 7/31/72; SBD, 6/26/72, 241) 

White House announced that Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., Presidential 

Science Adviser, would lead scientific delegation to Moscow July 12 

for formal discussions on implementation of Moscow summit agreement on cooperation in science and technology [see May 241. Dr. 

David met at White House later with 21 scientific advisers who would 

accompany him to U.S.S.R. He told press following meeting that, instead of previous exchange of small numbers of scientists and engineers, there now would be “joint programs and common operations” 

June 20-23: 

June 21: 

236 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 21 

in US. and U.S.S.R. Specific areas had not yet been selected, but 

Dr. David saw among possibilities joint research on electrical power, 

solar power, and exploitation of geothermal energy (heat inside earth) 

and magnetohydrodynamics ( MHD) . MHD generators burned fuel and 

directed resulting hot gas through magnetic field to produce electricity. 

Other areas of joint research might be crop genetics, atmospheric 

sciences, earthquake prediction, fisheries management and production, 

metallurgy, forestry, urban planning, computer sciences, and weather 

manipulation. (PD, 6/26/72, 1087; Cohn, W Post, 6/22/72, A2) 

NASA launched Aerobee 150 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., carrying Manned Spacecraft Center atmospheric 

composition and photography experiment. Rocket and instrumentation 

performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Press conference on preliminary results of Apollo 16 experiments was held at Manned Spacecraft Center. Dr. Farouk El-Baz of 

photo-geology team described metric camera photo of old, three-ring 

basin about 960 km (600 mi) in diameter on far side of moon. Eastern 

part of ring coincided with “what the Soviets had called some 10 years 

ago right after the Luna 3 photographs . . . the Soviet Mountains.” 

NASA had concluded from Lunar Orbiter and Apollo 8 photos that 

formation was not mountains but “the coincidence of very bright rays 

from two relatively young craters,” and U.S.S.R. had conceded to 

elimination of Soviet Mountains from lunar dictionary. Apollo 16 

photos showed, however, that “what we have here is really the Soviet 

Mountains rediscovered, so to speak, that is part of a middle ring of a 

very old basin.” Dr. El-Baz said that, pending approval of International 

Astronomical Union, large basin would be named Arabia in honor of 

Arab contributions to astronomy, eastern range of middle ring of 

basin would be called Soviet Mountains, and long western range of 

middle ring discovered by Apollo 16 would be called American Mountains. 

Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal investigator for passive seismic experiment, said May 13 meteorite impact on moon “may well turn out 

to be the most important single seismic event the Apollo Network will 

record in its life unless the good fairy sends us another fragment of 

rock. It provided very important confirmation of the structure that 

we have proposed based on the S-IVB impact.” Seismometers had 

also recorded other meteorite impacts and dozens of moonquakes. 

“We’ve been able to establish at least the presence of 20 different 

moonquake source locations. They . . . have the familiar pattern which 

can be correlated with lunar tides and hence are triggered by lunar 

tides.” Most puzzling question was what energy source within moon 

caused moonquakes. “We don’t have the answer to that, We do have the 

puzzling fact that the two source zones we’ve located are nearly 900 

kilometers [560 miles] deep . . . the depth at which our very tentative 

evidence places a reflector. . . . there seems something special about 

that depth. All of the Moon above that depth within our network area, 

at least, must be . . . solid. Very high frequency seismic waves can 

propagate through it. Such high frequencies are eliminated from terrestrial earthquake signals by a partially molten low velocity zone.” 

If part of moon were molten, “it’s either in very, very small isolated 

pockets or at greater depth than 1000 kilometers [620 miles].” 

June 22: 

237 
June 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of MSC Planetary and Earth Sciences Div., 

said about 90% of ApoZZo 16 lunar samples consisted of aluminumand calcium-rich material. “The aluminum and calcium concentration 

. . . approach the composition of pure plagioclase . . . a name component of. . . anorthosite. They are very typical of what one finds in 

the highlands anywhere on the moon where we have any chemical 

data. Now, the negative side of that conclusion is that these rocks are 

not as had been thought prior to the mission, a kind of volcanic rock 

that is rich in silica . . . a viscous volcanic rock. It’s quite definite 

that the so-called Cayley formation . . . is not a volcanic formation 

and I think we can generalize with some confidence that . . . it probably 

is not a volcanic formation in the other places on the moon where 

it has been identified or mapped in, either. There are a few rocks . . . which are distinctly different” from the rest in lower aluminum concentration, 15 to 18 percent, and higher magnesium-iron concentration 

with composition that could be that of volcanic rocks. They were also 

high in potassium and phosphorus. From Apollo data scientists had 

identified four major types of rocks: grey breccias that contained black 

and white clasts (rock fragments) ; black feldspar rock that appeared 

under microscope to be igneous because it was tough and dense; 

very white cataclasites of crushed plagioclase-rich material ; and crystalline rocks. One rock in ApoZZo 16 samples, “rusty rock,” was covered by red, rust-like coating. Identification of rust, so far, was only 

visual; x-ray and mineralogical tests had not yet been made. “It may 

turn out to be . . . a more exotic type of iron compound than simple 

rust. It’s quite definite that this . . . is something that’s rusting; it’s 

something that took place on the Moon . . . not . . . in the spacecraft 

on the way back or from handling the rock. The coatings are dispersed through the inside of the rock and too thick and too diverse 

to have been formed in the spacecraft.” (Transcript) 

US. had withdrawn invitation to 10 European nations to build space tug, 

Today reported. Paper said European Space Research Organization 

( ESRO) and European Launcher Development Organization ( ELDO) 

representatives had been told by US. that US. preferred to build 

tug (reusable propulsion system to be put into low earth orbit by space 

shuttle, to deliver and retrieve payloads) [see June 141. Paper quoted 

NASA sources as saying European firms lacked funds and advanced 

technology to construct tug that could be launched from shuttle to send 

a satellite into synchronous 35 000-km (22 000-mi) -altitude orbit. 

(Today, 6/22/72) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and ApoZZo 16 astronauts 

presented 50 awards at Marshall Space Flight Center to Government 

and industry personnel who assisted successful ApoZlo 16 mission 

(April 16-27). ( MSFC Release 72-75) 

0 U.S.S.R. and India began third phase of cooperative meteorological 

rocket program with launch of 76th M-100 rocket from Thumba 

Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS) Rockets launched 

during third phase would measure atmospheric temperature, density. 

and pressure. (Delhi Domestic Service, FBIs-India, 6/22/72, 01) 

0 Kennedy Space Center announced award of $19.9-million contract extension to ITT Federal Electric Corp. to provide communications and 

238 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 22 

instrumentation services at KSC. Contract would expire June 30, 1973. 

(KSC Release 145-72; DJ, W Star, 6/26/72, A13) 

Was it “reasonable to expect that Europe’s disorganized space effort 

can make a positive contribution to a major American manned space 

programme?” English aerospace expert Kenneth W. Gatland asked 

in New Scientist article. Poor showing of European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO) to date had “done nothing to inspire 

confidence” since its 1962 inception. Despite 11 firings with last 4 

intended to achieve orbit, “we have yet to see an ELDO satellite circling 

the Earth.” In same period US. had “developed Apollo and landed 

10 men on the Moon!” 

European specialists had been working with US. aerospace companies on shuttle components and it would be possible, “depending on 

the financial arrangements,” for Europe to build complete unit like 

sortie can or space tug. “Whatever Europe produced, in effect, would 

be supplied free of cost to NASA. Actually, there should be a bonus 

as labour costs here are about half those in America, which would . . . offset the extra costs involved in collaboration.” In return “Europe 

would gain access to the fully operational system, opening the way for 

our satellites to be launched cheaply and allowing European scientists 

and engineers to conduct their own experiments in space.” Money might 

better be spent by Europeans on commercial satellites but “we might 

then have to pay whatever price is demanded for launching and 

become dependent on America for all advanced commercial services 

in space.’’ Biggest problem was “to assess precisely what importance 

space will have in the last quarter of the 20th Century. We needand have never had-an in-depth assessment of the scientific and 

commercial potential.” Possibly post-Apollo period held “beginnings 

of a new growth industry which . . . will rival commercial air transport. 

If so, America’s offer to internationalise her manned space programme 

provides an excellent opportunity to get in on the ground floor.’’ (New 

Scientist, 6/22/72) 

U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk. Cosmos 

494 entered orbit with 804-km (499.6-mi) apogee, 789-km (490.3-mi) 

perigee, 100.7-min period, and 74.0” inclination. Cosmos 495 entered 

orbit with 320-km (198.8-mi) apogee, 171-km (106.3-mi) perigee, 

89.4-min period, and 65.4” inclination and reentered July 6. (GSFC 

SSR, 6/30/72; 7/31/72; SBD, 6/26/72, 241) 

* Apollo Telescope Mount was shipped from Marshall Space Flight Center 

to Manned Spacecraft Center, where it would undergo alignment tests. 

The 11 800-kg (24 000-lb) spacecraft, housing telescopes and other 

instruments for studying sun, would be launched on Skylab Orbital 

Workshop in April 1973. (MSFC Release 72-77) 

U. Alexis Johnson, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, and 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, testified on space 

agreements with U.S.S.R. signed in May, before Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences’ special hearing. 

Johnson said agreement signed May 24 endorsed at highest level 

understandings reached over past 18 mos between NASA and Soviet 

Academy of Sciences for cooperation in space science and applications 

such as meteorology, study of earth’s environment, further exploration 

of moon and planets, and space biology and medicine. It permitted 

June 23: 

239 
June 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

development of compatible rendezvous and docking systems which 

“should enhance safety and value of space flight” and opened possibility of further areas of cooperation. It demonstrated “in full view 

of the world that the two great space powers have both the will and the 

capability to work together on important and difficult tasks. We have 

high hopes . . . that this agreement will be a milestone in our relationship with the Soviet Union. . . . It serves our broad national purposes, as well as our specific foreign policy objectives.” 

Dr. Low outlined earlier agreements and gave details of joint rendezvous and docking mission agreed on for 1975. During April visit 

to Moscow, rrgreement had been reached that astronauts must understand Russian to extent normally used in both regular and contingency 

operations. Soviet cosmonauts also would need to understand other 

language and be able to respond. Dictionary would be .developed of 

commonly used phrases. Some astronauts, all interested in flying this 

mission, had begun studying Russian on their own. Astronauts selected 

would take formal language training. Others in NASA would also learn 

Russian. (Transcript) 

F-5E international fighter aircraft was unveiled in ceremony at Northrop 

Corp. Aircraft Div. in Hawthorne, Calif. Aircraft, not part of Air 

Force inventory, would be available to US. allies through Military 

Assistance Service funding program. Aircraft was powered by 5-85-21 

engines and had greater maneuverability, speed, payload, and range 

than previous F-5s, with new fire control system that included searchand-track radar. F-5E was scheduled for delivery in 1973. (AFSC 

Newsreview, 8/72, 1) 

Kennedy Space Center announced award of $82000 fixed-fee 

contract to Howard, Needles, Tammen and Bergendo& for preliminary 

survey of Launch Complex 39 as proposed site for Space Shuttle 

Landing Facility. ( KSC Release 150-72) 

Soviet nuclear scientist Andrey D. Sakharov had asked Soviet Communist 

Party Leader Leonid I. Brezhnev and other Soviet leaders to engage 

in dialogue on program to liberalize “every facet of Soviet life,” 

Christian Science Monitor reported. He had urged that U.S.S.R. announce it would never be first to use weapons of mass destruction and 

would permit on-site inspection of armament facilities. He also had 

urged creation of international council to consider questions of peace, 

disarmament, economic aid, human rights, and environment. (Saikowski, CSM, 6/24/72) 

Soviet engineer V. Borisov commented in Sotsialisticheskaya 

Industriya on US. and U.S.S.R. cooperation: “The agreement on 

cooperation in researching and utilizing space for peaceful purposes 

concluded between the governments of the USSR and United States 

opens up broad prospects. . . . Compatible docking systems on all 

spacecraft will not only open up the path to joint space flights. What 

is possible and no less important is the fact that such systems will enable 

the spacecraft of one country to come to the aid of crews of another 

country’s spacecraft should they be in distress. World science will 

be enriched not only by the experiment on the docking . . . but also 

by cooperation in many other fields. This includes joint work in the 

sphere of space biology. Perhaps we shall succeed in solving many 

June 24: 

June 25: 

240 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 25 

problems more rapidly-such as . . . the influence of weightlessness on 

the human organism.” (FBIS-SOV Int Aff, 6/30/72, G3) 

* President Nixon was riding “crest of popularity” following his Moscow 

summit meeting, with 60% of US. public approving his performance 

in office, pollster George H. Gallup reported in Philadelphia Inquirer. 

(P Inq,’ 6/25/72, 14A) 

* Soviet newspaper Sotsiulisticheskaya Zndustriyu had published article 

on “curious stories” from Cape Kennedy, Philadelphia Sunday Bulletin 

reported. Article had said angry alligator had tripped alarm system 

protecting rocket at launch site few seconds before launch; Polaris 

rocket had exploded about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) from launch site causing 

bush fire that frightened poisonous snakes into buildings; and woodpecker near electronic equipment had caused launch delay. (P Bull, 

6/25/72) 

Univ. of Washington architectural student R. Danning Roberts had won 

$3000 first prize in competition for interior design of orbiting space 

station sponsored by NASA and California Council of American 

Institute of Architects, Sun Diego Union reported. (SD Union, 

6/25/72) 

Unidentified flying objects (UFOS) were still being reported despite Air 

Force study that had found in 1968 that further study “could not 

longer be justified,’’ New York Times said. Spokesman for Aerial 

Phenomenon Research Organization-private investigation grouphad said, “We still get about 1,000 reports a year . . . about 60 per 

cent of them lights and others sightings of disks.” (Waldron, NYT, 

6/25/72, 40) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 496 from Baykonur into orbit with 

253-km (157.2-mi) apogee, 176-km (109.4-mi) perigee, 88.8-min 

period, and 51.6’ inclination. Satellite reentered July 2. (GSFC SSR, 

6/30/72; 7/31/72; Sou Aero, 7/3/72, 6) 

President Nixon discussed future meaning of Moscow summit meetings in 

exclusive article published by US. News & World Report: “Our agreements for joint American-Soviet efforts to combat pollution, advance 

medical science and public health, and work together in science and 

technology can be expected to broaden with the passage of time, creating a steadily growing vested interest in peace between our two 

countries. The dramatic space cooperation agreement, including an 

Apollo-Soyuz rendezvous and docking mission in 1975, points in this 

same direction. So does the comprehensive trade agreement which 

should be worked out in a matter of months.” (US News, 6/26/72) 

* Marshall Space Flight Center announced issuance of requests for proposals for design and construction of mobile ground-station receiver 

for visible laser communications experiment, scheduled to fly on 

ATS-G Applications Technology Satellite in mid-1975. Proposals were 

due July 17. (MSFC Release 72-78) 

Air Force unveiled F-15 air superiority fighter aircraft in ceremonies 

at McDonnell Douglas facility in St. Louis, Mo. F-15 was fixed-wing, 

single-place aircraft in 18 000-kg (40 000-lb) class, with maximum 

mach 2 speed. (AFSC Release 080.72) 

Dale D. Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, and NASA Sortie Lab Team held discussions in Noordwijk, Netherlands, with officials of ESTEC, European Space Research 

lune 26: 

lum 26-29: 

241 
June 26-29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Organization’s Research and Technology Center. ESTEC had been asked 

by ESRO to determine resources required by Europe if European Space 

Conference decided to develop space shuttle sortie lab [see June 141. 

NASA told ESTEC officials Europe should view sortie lab as nearly 

uniquely European as possible, with dependence on US. held to 

minimum. If US. agreed to let Europe build system to US. design, 

US. would insist on completely new qualification program to qualify 

source and system. NASA found ESRO and ESTEC representatives “eager” 

to undertake sortie lab program. (NASA OMSF, Memo for Record, 

9/7/72 1 

June 27: Eole transponder-radio receiver/transmitter developed for 

French-built weather satellite Eole (launched by NASA for France 

Aug. l6,1971)-had sailed on American yawl Foolscap during Newport 

Bermuda race, Goddard Space Flight Center announced. Objective was 

to test its potential for locating lifeboats by satellite. Transponder 

had sent position data to Eole as satellite passed 800 km (500 mi) 

over Foolscap. Information, transmitted to tracking station operated by 

French Center for Space Studies (CNES), was processed and teletyped to GSFC. Foolscap’s up-to-date location was then plotted and 

sent on to US. Coast Guard in Miami, Florida, and race committee in 

Bermuda. Test, sponsored by GSFC engineers, had proved highly successful and indicated that small inexpensive transponders might become standard equipment on ship and aircraft lifeboats. (GSFC Release 

6-10-72; GSFC proj off) 

0 NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., carrying Univ. of Colorado solar physics experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Intelsat-ZV F-5 comsat, launched by NASA for Communications 

Satellite Corp. June 13, was adjudged successful by NASA. Satellite 

would reach permanent station over Indian Ocean at 61.4” east 

longitude in late July. (NASA proj off) 

Institute of Navigation presented Thomas L. Thurlow Award to John 

P. Mayer, Chief of Manned Space Center’s Mission Planning and 

Analysis Div., in recognition of his outstanding and continuing efforts 

in all facets of navigation from NASA Mercury missions through Apollo 

manned lunar landings. (Av Wk, 7/10/72, 9; Inst of Nav PIO) 

U.S.S.R. launched Progncuz 2 from Baykonur into highly elliptical orbit to continue research of “processes of solar activity and 

their influence on interplanetary space and the earth’s magnetosphere.” 

Orbital parameters: apogee, 200 000 km (124 000 mi) ; perigee, 550 

km (340 mi) ; period, 97 hrs; and inclination, 65”. Prognoz 2 carried 

Soviet equipment to study corpuscular radiation, gamma ray and x-ray 

solar emissions, and solar plasma fluxes and their interaction with 

earth‘s magnetosphere. Spacecraft also carried French equipment to 

study solar wind, outer regions of magnetosphere, and gamma rays 

from sun and to search for solar neutrons. Prognoz 1 had been 

launched April 14. ( Spacewarn, 7/11/72; Tass, FBIS-SOV, 6/29/72, 

L1; Sou Aero, 7/3/72, 6; GSFC SSR, 6/30/72) 

* Federal District in Washington, D.C., issued temporary order restraining 

NASA from reducing staff at Marshall Space Flight Center on petition 

of American Federation of Government Employees. MSFC reduction 

in force had been scheduled for June 29. Judge Joseph C. Waddy 

June 28: 

June 29: 

242 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 June 29 

scheduled hearing for July 10 to determine if restraining order would 

become permanent injunction. ( MSFC Release 72-80) 

* Cuban Premier Fidel Castro and Soviet Communist Party Leader Leonid 

I. Brezhnev visited Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center near 

Moscow during state visit of Castro to U.S.S.R. Castro placed flowers 

on monument to Gagarin, first man in space (April 12, 1961). Visitors 

were shown automatic linking of model spacecraft, Salyut space station, 

and spacecraft that had returned from space. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 6/30/72, 

GI) 

June 30: U.S.S.R. launched three satellites. Intercosmos 7, launched 

from Kapustin Yar, entered orbit with 550-km (341.8-mi) apogee, 

260-km ( 161.6-mi) perigee, 92.7-min period, and 48.4’ inclination. 

Objective of mission was “to continue joint studies of the sun’s ultraviolet and X-ray radiation and the influence of these radiations on the 

structure of the earth’s upper atmosphere.” Spacecraft carried equipment designed and built by specialists from East Germany, U.S.S.R., 

and Czechoslovakia. It reentered Oct. 5. 

Cosmos 497, launched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 787-km 

(489.0-mi) apogee, 271-km (168.4-mi) perigee, 95.2-min period, and 

71” inclination. 

Meteor 12 weather satellite was launched from Plesetsk to obtain 

meteorological information necessary for swift forecasting.” Orbital 

parameters: 904-km (561.7-mi) apogee, 888-km (551.8-mi) perigee, 

81.2” inclination, and 102.8-min period. ( GSFC SSR, 6/30/72; 7/31/72; 

10/31/72; Tass, FBIS-SOV, 6/30/72, L1; 7/12/72, L1; Sou Aero, 

7/3/72, 7; 7/10/72, 15; SI;, 12/72, 46) 

NASA announced award of $83 645 871 cost-plus-award-fee contract to 

TRW Systems Inc. for development of two automated High Energy 

Astronomy Observatory ( HEAO) satellites to study high-energy radiation from space. First HEAO would be launched in late 1975; second 

would be launched 18 mos later. (NASA Release 72-133) 

0 Clocks were turned back one second at midnight Greenwich Mean Time 

at Royal Greenwich Observatory, England; Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C.; National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, Colo.; and 

NASA tracking stations around the world. Radio time signals worldwide 

inserted extra second. Action was taken to align clocks and signals 

with atomic time scales adopted internationally in 1967 as 05cial time 

measurement. Under atomic scale, 9 billion internal vibrations of 

cesium atom equaled atomic second. Because earth was rotating at 

relatively slow rate, occasional addition of one second to GMT was 

necessary. Adjustment was particularly important to seamen who 

navigated by earth time and position. (AP, W Post, 6/21/72, 2; 

W News, 6/28/72, 7) 

* Marshall Space Flight Center announced plans to implement Center reorganization, pending NASA Hq. concurrence. Reorganization, necessitated by changing M~FC roles and missions, included elimination of 

Program Management (PM) with major program 05ces reporting to 

O5ce of MSFC Director; creation of Space Science Projects Office to 

furnish management and technical direction to High Energy Astronomy 

Observatory and Large Space Telescope projects ; reassignment of 

Michoud Assembly Facility to Saturn Program Office ; redesignation 

of Administration and Technical Services Directorate as Administra- 

(6 

. 

243 
June 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

tion and Program Support; and consolidation of Contracts Office with 

Purchasing Office to become Procurement Office. ( MSFC Release 72-82) 

Soviet scientists writing in magazine Zemlya I Vsellennaya had suggested 

that canals on Mars were optical illusions created by dark features of 

Mars surface relief, Tass reported. Scientists-using data from US. 

Mariner 9 and U.S.S.R. Mars 2 and 3 spacecraft (all three launched 

in May 1971 and still in orbit around Mars)-had said large-scale 

pictures of Mars showed no signs of canals, but showed planet was 

pockmarked with craters. They had concluded Mars surface relief was 

about 300 million yrs old and that craters were destroyed twice as fast 

as those of moon because Mars atmosphere encouraged erosion. (FBI+ 

Sov, 7/5/72, L4) 

Four officials retired from Lewis Research Center: Irving I. Pinkel, 

Director of Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute, who had 

begun working at Langley Memorial Aircraft Laboratory in 1940 and 

transferred to L~RC (then named Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory) 

in 1942; Irving Johnsen, Chief of Chemical Propulsion Div., who had 

transferred to LeRC in 1943 after three years at Langley; Newel1 D. 

Sanders, Chief of V/STOL and Noise Div., who had served at Langley, 

LeRC and NASA Hq. since 1938; and Leslie F. Hinz, Chief of Finance 

Div., who had joined LeRC in 1942. (Lewis News, 6/16/72, 1) 

NASA announced that joint US.-U.S.S.R. rendezvous and docking mission would be designated Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). (PAO 

memo) 

European Sounding Rocket Range (ESRANGE) in Kiruna, Sweden, was 

handed over officially by European Space Research Organization to 

Swedish authorities. Ownership had been transferred to Sweden following December decision by ESRO Council to abandon sounding rocket 

activities. (SR, 9/72) 

Navy F-14 fighter aircraft crashed into Chesapeake Bay during test 

flight from Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Md. Cause was unknown. 

Pilot, listed as missing, was identified by Navy as William H. Miller, 

who had piloted first F-14 to crash, Dec. 30, 1970. (AP, NYT, 

7/2/72, 10) 

Discovery of new energy source from data returned by Office 

of Naval Research‘s ONR-001 ionospheric research experiment 

launched on Air Force Sesp 1971-2 satellite Oct. 17, 1971, was announced by ONR. Experiment’s low-energy energetic-ion spectrometer 

had observed intense fluxes of heavy ions precipitating into atmosphere 

at low-altitude edge of auroral zone during Dec. 17, 1971, magnetic 

storm. Fluxes were observed over entire energy rate of spectrometer 

on 24 satellite passes in two days. New source could aid understanding 

of Van Allen Belts and ionospheric processes affecting radio and radar 

propagation. (Naval Research Reviews, 6-7/72, 32-33) 

Astronautics & Aeronautics editorial by Courtland D. Perkins, Chairman 

of Princeton Univ. Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences, urged 

support of space shuttle program because it was “natural development 

of the NASA mission to advance space technology,” which “takes advantage of the high competence in technical and operational management of large space-oriented systems now fully developed within NASA.” 

Program provided launch capability for nearly all manned and unmanned space programs, would eliminate “patchwork, disparate stable 

During June: 

244 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During June 

of boosters and facilities,” and was “one of only a few national programs that will continue growth in the various fields of high technology.” (A&A, 6/72,20-1) 

Air Force and Dept. of Defense viewed space not as a mission but “as 

a place that offers more effective ways of accomplishing certain defense 

missions,” Grant L. Hansen, Assistant Secretary of Defense for R&D, 

said in published interview. There was no “space program in the sense 

of NASA” within DOD. During first phase of space exploration and use for 

national defense, Air Force has been assigned role as DOD’S executive 

agency for military space efforts, from operation of Joint DOD and 

Atomic Energy Commission Vela space surveillance system to launches 

of payloads for other military services. New instructions from Dr. 

John S. Foster, DOD Director of Defense Research and Engineering, 

in 1971 had encouraged all military services to “look for ways of using 

space systems to perform their jobs better and cheaper.’’ Air Force 

would continue launches but “will no longer operate space systems of 

other services, nor will there be the requirement to develop their 

systems for them. The cooperation among the services on space matters 

is excellent, and, I believe, this change, which recognizes that space as 

a military medium has reached maturity, benefits everybody.” (AF 

Mag, 6/72, 35-40) 

National Science Foundation released Federal Funds for Research, Development, and Other Scientific Activities, Fiscal Years 1970, 1971, 

1972 (NSF 71-35). Federal obligations for research and development 

(R&D) in 1970 totaled $15.3 billion excluding plant; slight rise to 

$15.4 billion was expected for 1971. Figure was decrease of 5% in 

constant dollars. Basic research obligations were expected to rise from 

$2.1 billion in 1970 to $2.2 billion for 1971 and $2.4 billion for 1972. 

Federal support for basic research declined in 1970 but was expected 

to reach new record highs for 1971 and 1972. Bulk of Federal basic 

research, 81%, was funded by NASA; Dept. of Health, Education, and 

Welfare; National Science Foundation ; Atomic Energy Commission; 

and Dept. of Defense. NASA had led in basic research support since 

1961, with 29% of total in 1971. 

Applied research obligations totaled $3.5 billion in 1970 and were 

expected to rise to $3.8 billion for 1971, increase of 8%. Total was 

expected to reach $4.2 billion in 1972-all-time high in current dollars. 

DOD, HEW, and NASA continued to dominate Federal applied research 

effort and would account for 78% in 1971. Obligations for development 

totaled $9.7 billion in 1970 and would decline 376, to $9.4 billion, in 

1971. In 1972, Federal development total was scheduled to rise to 

$10.0 billion, or 1966 level. DOD, NASA, and AEC were most prominent 

in Federal development effort in 1960-1972, accounting for 92% in 

1971. DOD funded 63% ; NASA share had declined since 1965 to expected 

19% for 1971. 

Although total Federal R&D obligations were expected to increase 

9% from 1970 to 1972, NASA and AEC decrease continued. NASA estimate for 1972, however, was smallest reduction since downward trend 

began in 1967. Report noted increases in key programs-Skylab, 

space shuttle, Viking Mars explorations, and unmanned missions to 

outer planets-had almost offset decreases in Apollo program. (Text) 

245 
During June ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* Tenth NASA Summer Seminar on History and Space began, with three 

history professors and four graduate students participating. Each participant would prepare a historical report. (NASA Hist Off) 

NASA released physics of the soh system (NASA SP300), edited by Dr. 

S. Ichtiaque Rasool of Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Book was 

based on lectures given at Fourth Summer Institute for Astronomy and 

Astrophysics at Stony Brook, N.Y., June 17-July 15, 1970. It covered 

broad range of topics in solar physics, planetary structure and atmospheres, and origin and evolution of solar system. (Text) 

246 
f 

July 1972 

July 1 : Proposal to produce rare bloodclot-dissolving enzyme urokinase 

aboard Apollo spacecraft during 1975 joint US-U.S.S.R. rendezvous 

and docking mission would be made to NASA by university-industry 

scientific team, Washington Post reported. Scientists from Abbott 

Laboratories, General Dynamics Corp. Convair Div., and Univ. of 

California at Los Angeles had suggested use of device developed by 

UCLA biophysicist Alexander Kolin that separated the one kidney cell 

out of every 19 that made urokinase. Device had been used successfully 

on earth, but team believed urokinase-producing cells could be isolated 

more effectively in space, where gravity did not hinder separation. 

Cells would be separated aboard spacecraft, ampuled, frozen, and 

brought back to earth, where enzyme would be produced by pharmaceutical plant. If successful, method could reduce high cost of urokinase 

to $50 per dose. National Heart and Lung Institute had treated 236 

victims of pulmonary embolism with enzyme at more than $1000 

per patient. (O’Toole, W Post, 7/1/72, A3) 

Manned Spacecraft Center awarded two parallel, firm-fixed-price contracts 

for study of aircraft that could simulate subsonic flight characteristics 

of space shuttle orbiter. Grumman Aerospace Corp. would receive 

$150 000 and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Georgia Div. would receive 

$149 000 to provide sufficient data to assure NASA that proposed shuttle 

training aircraft was technically feasible and acceptable and that recommended design could meet specified requirements. ( MSC Release 

72-147) 

Swiss Transport Museum inaugurated its Air and Space Wing in Lucerne 

with ceremonies attended by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator; Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong; and Mercury Astronaut 

John H. Glenn. (Swiss Transport Museum) 

Achievement Award of Small Business Assn. was presented to Kennedy 

Space Center for its aid to President Nixon’s Minority Business 

Development Program for FY 1971. (NASA Activities, 8/1/72, 171) 

July 2: US. had been using weather control for military purposes, 

Washington Post reported. Previously ignored passage in Pentagon 

papers Dept. of Defense report on Vietnam war released by press 

had indicated Indochina had been “test battleground, the site of purposeful rain-making along the Ho Chi Minh trails.” Report by 

DOD’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) called Nile Blue 

had been cited as prime evidence of DOD rainmaking. Post said report 

was computer study of how man-made changes might affect world’s 

year-to-year climate. ARPA Director Stephen J. Lukasik had told 

Senate Committee on Appropriations that Nile Blue was established 

in FY 1970 to achieve US. capability to evaluate consequences of 

possible actions to manipulate climate, detect changes in global circulation, and determine means to counter deleterious climatic changes. 

(Cohn, W Post, 7/2/72, C2) 

247 
July 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

July 3: Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, believed U.S.S.R. 

was working toward year-long manned space mission in earth-orbit, 

Aviation Week & Space Technology article reported. Opinion was 

based largely on “intuition,” Dr. Fletcher had said, but long-duration 

flight would be necessary before either U.S. or U.S.S.R. could attempt 

manned planetary mission. “I don’t know what the optimum flight time 

would be before we could be sure man could survive extremely long 

missions.” (Strickland, Av Wk, 7/3/72, 21) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Arenosillo, Spain, 

carried Spanish and Goddard Space Flight Center experiments to 122- 

km (75.7-mi) altitude to study ion composition in D- and E-regions of 

ionosphere. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily and good 

data were obtained. Launch was fifth of six launches to study ionosphere 

under July 30, 1970, Memorandum of Agreement between NASA and 

Comisi6n Nacional de Investigacibn del Espacio (CONIE) . (NASA 

Rpt SRL) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced appointment of Lynwood C. Dunseith as Deputy Director of Flight Operations. Dunseith had joined 

NASA in 1959 as member of Space Task Group at Langley Research 

Center and had been Assistant Director for Computation and Flight 

Support at MSC since 1970. (MSC Release 72-137) 

Firm guarantees of smokeless engines and noise levels equal to Boeing 

707 and McDonnell Douglas DC-8 jet transports were being written 

into sales contracts for Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport, 

Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Sixteen production versions of aircraft were under construction, with deliveries scheduled for 

thirty aircraft to customer airlines by end of 1975. (Av Wk, 7/3/72,31) 

Atomic Energy Commission announced it had issued license to Veterans 

Administration Hospital in Buffalo, N.Y., authorizing implant of 

nuclear-powered cardiac pacemakers for clinical evaluation in patients. 

(AEC Release P-203) 

Federal Electric Corp. had received 1-yr, $19.9-million extension of contract with NASA, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Contract 

was for instrumentation and communications support services to Kennedy Space Center for Apollo and Skylab launches. Extension brought 

total value of contract to $113.9 million. (Av Wk, 7/3/72, 20) 

NASA released mid-year review of items of collateral space technology which had been adapted to improve quality of life on earth. 

Items included compact, automatic gas analyzer that measured air in 

lungs to monitor human pulmonary and cardiovascular activity ; temperature-activated remote thermistor alarm that sounded at nurse’s station when infant’s breathing stopped in hospital room; electroencephalograph helmet to diagnose hearing defects in children; powered prosthetic hand; portable light indicator for blind persons; ear oximeter 

to measure oxygen content of blood by noting red and infrared light 

absorption; analyzer to record intensity of sleep; and computer motion 

pictures that projected three-dimensional image of heart areas for study 

by physicians. Items used in industry included compound to prevent 

fogging of lenses ; low-voltage switching circuits ; fire-retardant or nonflammable foams, paints, fabrics, and glass fiber laminates; rapid-scan 

infrared tire tester ; land-surveying system using laser and telescope that 

viewed laser pulse above obstructions; and management system develJuly 4: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 4 

July 4: NASA’s mid-year review oj collateral space technology benefits on the earth 

described a compact, fully automatic, mobile medical gas analyzer (above). The 

analyzer measured composition of air breathed in and exhaled from the lungs to 

monitor pulmonary and cardiovascular activity in patients. Industrial items included an ultrathin, two-volt switching circuit for buildings. Low-volt circuits were displayed 

at the Second Annual Urban Technology Conference in San Francisco July 24-26. 

249 
July 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

oped by NASA to supply daily updated information in Apollo program. 

(NASA Release 72-132) 

* US. Patent No. 3 675 026 was issued to International Business Machines 

Corp. scientist Jerry M. Woodall for solar cell that turned about 18% 

of sun’s light into power with output one and one half times that of 

commercially available solar cells. New York Times later said NASA 

had expressed great interest in cell, which required less shielding 

against radiation and could operate at higher temperatures than silicon 

cells. (Pat Off PIO; Jones, NYT, 7/8/72,31) 

* New York Times editorial commented on geophysical warfare-“act or 

acts of environmental engineering designed to change the flow of air 

and water in order to damage one side in a conflict and benefit the 

other” : Revelation that US. had used rainmaking techniques for military purposes in Indochina had placed problem on world’s agenda for 

international discussion. “Even those who may feel that dropping rain 

on an enemy is better than dropping bombs must realize that rainmaking is only the first step. Once accepted as a normal military technique, 

geophysical warfare may some day be capable of drowning vast continental coastal areas, turning fruitful areas into deserts and even perhaps ultimately of radically rearranging the entire world climate.” It 

was “imperative that environmental engineering be placed under some 

kind of international control.” (NYT, 7/4/11) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 498 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

469-km (291.4-mi) apogee, 267-km (165.9-mi) perigee, 91.8-min 

period, and 70.9” inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 25. (GSFC SSR, 

7/31/72; 11/31/72; SBD, 7/7/72,30) 

Director Glynn S. Lunney of Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) briefed 

press at Manned Spacecraft Center on plans for joint US.-U.S.S.R. 

mission in 1975 to be finalized at meetings to begin July 6 at MSC. 

Delegation of 25 Soviet engineers would discuss with NASA “precisely 

how we are going to do the mission, when we are going to do things 

and who is going to be doing things.” Groups would exchange documents proposing specific details of mission, including launch time, 

docking schedule, launch sequence, and communications. Spacecraft 

would be docked about 48 hrs and crews would make several exchange 

visits. Docking module would be used to transfer crews and as prebreathing chamber to protect crews from bends while changing from 

lower-pressured Apollo to higher-pressured Soyuz. Lunney said he expected US. crew or pool of crew candidates to be selected “within a 

year or so.” (AP, B Sun, 7/6/72) 

0 France and US. had agreed on threeyear project FAMOUS (FrancoAmerican Midocean Undersea Study) to explore rift valley 2.4 km 

(1.5 mi) beneath Atlantic for volcanic activity that was slowly pushing 

America away from Europe and Africa, New York Times reported. 

Paper compared project, outgrowth of 1970 Franco-American Agreement on Scientific Cooperation, to Apollo program. Training and employment of international crews had anticipated US.-U.S.S.R. space 

cooperation. Similarities to Apollo were “use of special vehicles [deepsubmergence craft] to carry men across otherwise inaccessible terrain, 

the development of special geologic tools and the training of participants in accessible areas thought to bear some resemblance to the forJuly 5: 

250 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 5 

bidding target sites.” Crews would begin training in August in Gulf of 

Maine. (Sullivan, NYT, 7/5/72,12) 

* Award of two research contracts to reduce aircraft noise were announced 

by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. General Electric Co. 

had received $789 000 and LockheedGeorgia Co., $77 042. Contractors would analyze and experiment with core engine noise control for 

propulsion systems of future aircraft. (FAA Release 72-131) 

Dept. of Commerce announced it had granted $lSO-million export license 

. to cover sale of 10 Boeing 707 jet cargo aircraft to Peoof China. (DOT, “Export Licenses Approved,” 6/30/72 ; 

Witkin, NYT, 7/6/72,1) 

* Dr. Reimar Lust had succeeded Dr. Adolf F. J. Butenandt as president of 

Max Planck Society for Advancement of the Sciences in Bremen, West 

Germany, New Yurk Times reported. Society, founded as Kaiser Wilhelm Society in 1911, operated 52 institutes and research centers 

throughout West Germany. They embraced all physical and biological 

sciences, as well as law, teaching, theory, psychology, and guidance of 

technical societies. Society’s annual budget was nearly $160 million, of 

which 85% came from West German government and remainder from 

industry and other private sources. (NYT, 7/5/72, 25) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 499 from Baykonur into orbit with 

284km (176.5-mi) apogee, 205-km (127.4-mi) perigee, 89.4-min 

period, and 51.9” inclination. Satellite reentered July 17. (GSFC SSR, 

7/31/72; SBD, 7/7/72, 30) 

NASA announced award of six-month, $197000 contract to Arthur I). 

Little, 1nc.-acting for four-firm industry team-for feasibility study 

of using large satellites in synchronous orbit to beam down electrical 

energy for power needs on earth. Station would convert solar energy 

to electric power in space and then transmit power via microwave 

beam to earth. NASA was investigating concept for comparison with 

other methods of producing large amounts of power from sun for use 

on earth. Contract would be managed by Lewis Research Center. (NASA 

Release 72-135) 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Arenosillo, Spain, 

carried Spanish and Goddard Space Flight Center experiments 

to 85-km (52.8-mi) altitude to study ion composition of D- and 

E-regions of ionosphere. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily except for short tone-ranging data dropout which was not 

expected to affect scientific results. Good data were obtained. Launch 

was made under April 21, 1972, modification of July 30, 1970, 

Memorandum of Agreement between NASA and Comisi6n Nacional de 

Investigacih del Espacio ( CONIE) for cooperative sounding rocket 

project to study ionosphere. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Apparent US. decision not to seek European participation in shuttle 

development was discussed by Nicholas Valery in British publication 

New Scientist: “By all accounts it seems that just as Britain and her 

continental partners were deciding whether to accept America’s invitation to join the post-Apollo space programme, Washington has 

slammed the door smartly in their face. Having used the idea of 

international participation-ostensibly to ease the burden on the US 

taxpayer-as a means of winning congressional support for its re-usable 

space shuttle, NASA is now quietly letting it be known that it has no 

July 6: 

251 
July 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

intention of letting E.urope get its hands on anything technologically 

important.” (New Scientist [London], 7/6/72) 0 U.S.S.R., “in apparent attempt to display restraint,” had “suspended 

space maneuvers with its fearsome SS,9 Scarp rocket,” Washington 

Post reported. The United Nations “international space log shows that 

the Soviet Union has desisted from the SS-9 maneuvers in space so 

far this year, in contrast to earlier years.” Since US. had not flighttested any space systems comparable to U.S.S.R.’s fractional orbital 

bombardment system (FOBS), “the Russians might have reasoned it 

would have been impolite of them to stage maneuvers this year when 

the SALT [Strategic Arms Limitation Talks] agreement appeared in 

reach.” (Wilson, W Post, 7/6/72, A2) 

JuZy 6-18: Series of meetings on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), 

joint US. and U.S.S.R. rendezvous and docking mission scheduled 

for 1975, were held at Manned Spacecraft Center. Meetings’ objective 

was preliminary definition of all elements of test mission, including 

mission plan and detailed design requirements for compatible systems. 

Group had met at MSC in June 1971 to discuss feasibility of compatible 

systems, US. delegation had visited Moscow twice, and individual 

working groups had exchanged visits during past two years. 

Communique on results of July 6-18 meetings was signed by MsC 

Director, Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., July 17. Agreements had 

been reached on launching Soyuz before Apollo, acceptable launch 

windows, necessary communications equipment, and development of 

technical requirements for compatible docking system. Areas for 

further study included possible emergency extravehicular activity, 

possible adjustment of cabin pressures, use of TV as docking aid, 

attitude control after docking, specific launch date, and development 

of public information plan that considered obligations and practices 

of both countries. [See also press conferences July 13 and 17.1 

Senior members of Soviet delegation were Chairman Boris N. Petrov 

of Soviet Intercosmos Council and Konstantin D. Bushuyev, ASTP 

Director for U.S.S.R. NASA delegation was headed by Dr. Kraft and 

Glynn S. Lunney, ASTP Director. (NASA Release 72-134; Marshall Star, 

7/12/72, 1; Text) 

Air Force launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg 

Air Force Base by single Titan IIID booster. First satellite entered 

orbit with 257-km (160-mi) apogee, 173-km (108-mi) perigee, 88.7-min 

period, and 96.8” inclination and reentered Sept. 13. Second entered 

orbit with 501-km (311-mi) apogee, 499-km (310-mi) perigee, 94.5-min 

period, and 96.1’ inclination. (Pres Rpt 73; SBD, 7/13/72, 57; 

7/18/72, 78) 

Navy’s 90.7-metric-ton (100-short-ton) surface effect testcraft SES-IOOA 

made underway test run on Puget Sound, Wash. Advanced design 

craft was built by Aerojet-General Corp. under direction of Navy’s 

Surface Effect Ships Project Office. Craft was powered by four gas 

turbines and traveled over water on air cushion propelled by highcapacity waterjets. SES-IOOA would be used in designing larger surface 

effect ships capable of high speeds in ocean operations. (SES-100A 

first test run cover; Navy SES Proj Off) 

* Experiment to plot evolution of sun and earth over aeons was described 

in Science by Cornel1 Univ. astronomers Dr. Carl E. Sagan and 

July 7: 

252 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 7 

Dr. George Mullen. Findings had indicated that sun’s energy emission 

had increased 40% over last 4.5 aeons and would continue to increase 

until earth t6mperature reached boiling point, in about 4.5 more aeons. 

Infrared characteristics of atmospheres of other planets would determine whether life on them, if any, would survive. Mars atmosphere 

should be approaching required conditions for emergence of life at 

about same time earth temperature accelerated upward. (Science, 

* Presidential Prizes for Innovation announced by White House May 21 

were similar in objectives to “Olympics of Science” proposed in 1849 

by US. Commissioner of Patents Thomas Ewbank, patent attorney 

Harry Goldsmith said in Science article. Ewbank had asked Congress 

to appropriate $100 000 as permanent “Inventors’ Premium Fund,” 

to be distributed once every four years for outstanding contributions 

by scientists and inventors. Proposal had not been adopted. (Science, 

7/7/72, 35) 

July 9: Article in Soviet space magazine Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika 

(Aviation and Cosmonautics) had indicated US. was not only nation 

investigating space shuttle development, New York Times reported. 

Two Soviet space scientists using pseudonyms V. Vasilyev and L. 

Leonidov had called shuttle “logical continuation of the space exploration effort.” Times said it was “first technical discussion” of the space 

shuttle concept to appear in Soviet press since President Nixon 

approved US. shuttle development in January. (Shabad, NYT, 

7/10/72) * Space stamps were most popular topical issues among collectors in 

America Topical Assn. directory for 1972-73, Book World reported. 

Space issues, collected by 10% of ATA members, had also led in 

popularity in 1970-71 directory. (Book World, W Post, 7/9/82, 12) 

* Llewellen J. Evans, President of Grumman Corp., died at age 49. Evans 

had joined Grumman in 1951 after four years in Navy O5ce of 

General Counsel and had played important role in development of 

Apollo lunar module. ( W Post, 7/17/72, C4; NASA Hist Off) 

NASA’s Mariner 9 Mars probe (launched May 30, 1971) completed photo-mapping of entire Mars surface with acquisition of final 

elements needed in playback of 30 pictures, bringing total photo count 

to more than 7000. Spacecraft-in Mars orbit since Nov. 13, 1971- 

would make 500th revolution around Mars July 20. During next three 

months Mariner 9 would provide precision tracking data to test relativity theory that electromagnetic radiation-spacecraft’s radio signalpassing close to sun would be slowed by sun’s gravitational field. 

Additional pictures would be taken once in August, once in September, 

and twice in October and stored for playback in late October. Lifetime was dependent upon supply of attitude-control gas. (NASA Release 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 500 from Plesetsk into orbit with 545-km 

(338.7-mi) apogee, 508-km (315.7-mi) perigee, 95.1-min period, and 

74O inclination. (GSFC SSR, 7/31/72; SBD, 7/12/72, 49) * NASA’s Pioneer 10 Jupiter probe (launched March 2) was continuing on 

trajectory toward Dec. 3, 1973, encounter with Jupiter. Spacecraft 

performance-except for stellar reference assembly-had been satisfactory and science instruments in operation were providing good data. 

7/7/72, 52-5) 

July 10: 

72-143) 

253 
July 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Some polarization measurements had been lost because of imaging 

photopolarimeter anomalies. Meteoroid detector had recorded 53 hits, 

including four in 15-hr time span. Pioneer 10 would enter as yet 

unexplored Asteroid Belt July 15. (NASA proj off) 

Photos taken by far-ultraviolet camera-spectrograph trained on earth 

from moon during April 16-27 Apoh 16 mission had supported 

theory that photosynthesis by green plants was less important as 

oxygen source than commonly believed, Naval Research Laboratory 

reported. Experiment indicated “that solar effects on the earth’s water 

that evaporates to the high atmosphere may provide our primary 

supply of oxygen.” NRL principal investigator for spectrograph experiment, Dr. George R. Carruthers, said new photos provided much 

greater detail about geocorona than had been inferred from earlier 

measurements. (NRL Release 30-72-7; AP, NYT, 7/12/72, 24) 

0 Total eclipse of sun over northern Canada was studied by Marshall Space 

Flight Center physicists Dr. Robert J. Naumann and K. Stuart Clifton 

and five Johns Hopkins Univ. physicists. Observation period of 90 sec 

marked last opportunity in North America to observe total solar 

eclipse until 1979. Team recorded shadow bands on either side of 

totality in first attempt to use low-light-level TV to obtain actual 

images of bands. Bands were extremely difficult to photograph because 

contrast between bands and surrounding light was faint. MSFC participation had been requested because of Center’s experience with lowlight-level TV observations of transient phenomena during meteoroid 

research and study of barium clouds and aurora. Team made observations from schoolyard near Cape Chat, Quebec. 

In second experiment 24 scientists from Los Alamos (N. Mex.) 

Scientific Laboratory rendezvoused in Air Force cargo aircraft with 

eclipse totality at altitude of 12 000 m (39000 ft) northwest of 

Churchill, Manitoba. Scientists observed solar corona using telescopes, 

cameras, and radiation-measuring devices. Eclipse extended from north 

of Japan, across Siberia and Alaska, eastward through Canada, and 

ended in Atlantic Ocean south of Azores. It was partial throughout 

US. (IVISFC Release 72-84; Rensberger, NYT, 7/10/72, 35; O’Toole, 

w Post, 7/10/72, A3; AP, B Sun, 7/11/72, A3; MSFC PAO) 

NASA announced issuance of invitation to scientists in US. and other 

countries to propose additional uses of data from Oao 2 Orbiting 

Astronomical Observatory (launched Dec. 7, 1968) and OAO-c (Oao 3 

when launched), scheduled for launch in late summer 1972. Data 

would be available from Oao 2 Univ. of Wisconsin experiment (array 

of four photometers and three spectrophotometers to study stars, 

galaxies, and nebulae in ultraviolet portion of spectrum) and OAO-c 

Princeton experiment package (81-cm [32-in] reflecting telescope to 

study effects of interstellar space on w light from stars). (NASA 

Release 72-138) 

0 Manned Spacecraft Center announced three awards for space shuttle 

work. Textron, Inc., Bell Aerospace Div. received $261 500 firm-fixedprice contract and North American Rockwell Corp. Space Div. received 

$258 000 for constructing and testing thrust chambers for space shuttle 

engines for in-space maneuvering. Bell Aerospace also received 15-mo, 

$540 000, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to study and design hypergolic 

2544 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 10 

bipropellant engine for space shuttle orbiter reaction control system. 

( MSC Releases 72-140, 72-142) 

* Tenth anniversary of first transoceanic TV via satellite-Telstar 1 

comsat built by American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and launched 

by NASA from Cape Canaveral (now Cape Kennedy), Fla. Millions of 

TV viewers had watched taped picture of American flag transmitted 

from Andover, Me., via Telstar 1 to Andover and Holmdel, N.J. 

Signals were also picked up by stations at Plemeur-Bodou, Brittany, 

and Goonhilly Downs, Cornwall. Within one week after launch 

Telstar 1 had transmitted first TV pictures from Europe and first 

pictures in color and, within one month, first international exchange 

of live TV. During four months of operation before it was disabled by 

radiation, satellite handled more than 400 transmissions, including 

5Q TV demonstrations, telephone calls and data in both directions, 

and facsimile material. It was revived in January 1963 for communications tests. 

Telstar 1 was followed by Telstar 2 (launched May 7, 1963), 

2 Relays, 3 Syncoms, and 15 Intelsats and commercial traffic grew 

to more than 2500 hrs of TV per year and more than 4000 full-time, 

leased, two-way circuits. (NASA Special Release, 7/4/72) 

NASA launched two Aerobee 170 sounding rockets from ‘White Sands 

Missile Range. First rocket carried American Science and Engineering, 

Inc., solar physics experiment. Rocket performed satisfactorily. Scientific objectives were not met. Second rocket carried Naval Research 

Laboratory solar physics experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C., dissolved temporary restraining 

order it had issued June 29 and refused to grant preliminary injunction against NASA reduction in force of 503 employees at Marshall 

Space Flight Center. Suit brought by American Federation of Government Employees charged NASA with violations of Civil Service Commission rules applicable to reductions in force. (Bell, Birmingham 

[Ala.] Post-Herald, 7/11/72) 

Soviet scientists had obtained spectrograms of stars Vega and Agenaunobservable from earth-using Orion astronomical system on Salyut 

1-Soyuz 11 orbital station, Izvestiya reported. Temperature of Vega 

was reported to be 1000O°C and of Agena, 240OO0C. Terrestrial 

atmosphere nearly totally absorbed their radiation. Orion system, 

controlled both automatically and manually, had been designed to consider “the strong vibration and overloads, the low temperatures and 

vacuum which the equipment would encounter in space. For this 

reason both mirrors of the telescope . . . were made from a strong 

crystallic glass-sital. The telescope itself was made in the form of 

a titanium alloy tube. The cosmonauts’ task was to recognize the 

required celestial target and aim the sighting tube.” (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 

7/13/72, L1) 

Washington Eziening Star editorial commented on use of U-2 aircraft to 

map storm damage in Chesapeake Bay area [see June 21. Soviet Embassy had purchased residence in area and was improving property. 

“We just hope every precaution will be taken with the flood-mapping 

spy plane, so that the new era of sweetness and light between the 

United States and the Soviet Union will not come crashing down in 

255 
July 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

flames just because somebody at the CIA wants an aerial closeup of the 

Russians’ new basketball court.” (W Star, 7/10/72) 

International Atomic Energy Agency and US. Atomic Energy 

Commission held international scientific meeting in Seattle, Wash., 

to exchange research information on radioactivity in the world’s 

oceans and estuaries. Oceanographers and marine scientists from 15 

countries presented technical papers. (AEC Release P-187; AEC PIO) 

Viking parachute system to lower instruments onto Mars surface 

in 1976 was damaged during first in series of three high-altitude tests 

over White Sands Missile Range. Parachute was carried to 5900-m 

(19500-ft) altitude by large balloon and then boosted upward to 

supersonic speed by rocket. Damage had occurred when parachute 

deployed at 43 300-m (142 000-ft) altitude, where dynamic pressure 

reached 689.5 newtons per sq m (14.4 psf), instead of in thinner air 

at 45 300 m (148 500 ft) with 598.5 newtons per sq m (12.5 psf) as 

planned. Objective was to demonstrate capability of parachute system 

at highest speed and most severe loading conditions expected at Mars. 

NASA said parachute would have functioned satisfactorily in actual 

Mars landing. Since launch was only partially successful, it would 

be repeated in August. [See July 26, Aug. 13 and 19, Dec. 14.1 (NASA 

Release 72-118; NASA proj off; Toduy, 7/14/72) 

* NASA announced it would reprimand Apollo 15 crew for carrying 400 

unauthorized postal covers on July 26-Aug. 7, 1971, mission. 

Astronauts’ actions would be considered in future assignments. 

Astronauts David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and James B. Irwin 

had acknowledged giving 100 covers to acquaintance, currently in 

Germany. Covers later were sold to stamp collectors for $1500 each. 

NASA inquiry had shown astronauts had at one time agreed to accept 

“trust fund” for their children in return for the 100 covers but had 

later realized impropriety of transaction and had voluntarily declined 

to accept fund or alternative offer of stamps. Dr. George M. Low, 

NASA Deputy Administrator, said in release to press: “Astronauts are 

under extreme stress in the months preceding a flight to the Moon and 

their poor judgment in carrying the unauthorized covers must be 

considered in this light. Nonetheless, NASA cannot condone these 

actions.” (NASA Release 72-140) 

* Manned Spacecraft Center awarded North American Rockwell Gorp. 

Space Div. $200 000, fixed-price, research and development contract 

to study feasibility of manned and unmanned multipurpose spacecraft 

to provide support for spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit. Spacecraft 

in geosynchronous orbit were stationed at 37 800-km (23 500-mi) 

altitude, where they conducted communications, earth observations, 

and navigation experiments. ( MSC Release 72-141) 

* Vladimir N. Pavlov-director of Soviet exhibit scheduled for Seattle, 

Wash., Fair Aug. 11 to 20-said exhibit would include display of 

special-purpose plastic used in Soviet Lunolchod 1 lunar rover and 

scale model of vehicle. (Shabad, NYT, 7/12/72) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 501 from Kapustin Yar into orbit 

with 2105-km (1308-mi) apogee, 215-km (133.6-mi) perigee, 108.5- 

min period, and 48.4’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 7/31/72; SBD, 

7/14/72, 68) 

July 10-14: 

July 11 : 

July 12: 

256 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 12 

* During five-day visit to Poland Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., Presidential 

Science Adviser, informed Polish government in Warsaw that US. 

would name OAO-c Orbiting Astronomical Observatory for Polish 

astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Launch of OAO-C, scheduled for 

August, would inaugurate US. contribution to worldwide Copernican 

celebration feting 500th anniversary of Feb. 14, 1473, birth of 

Copernicus, OAO-c would carry 81-cm (32-in) reflecting ultraviolet 

telescope developed by Princeton Univ. and battery of smaller x-ray 

telescope developed by Univ. College, Univ. of London, to study uv and 

x-ray emissions of celestial bodies. OAO-c would weigh 2200 kg 

(4900 lbs) and would be launched into earth orbit with 740-km 

(460-mi) altitude by Atlas-Centaur booster. (NASA Release 72-141) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 502 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

248-km (154.1-mi) apogee, 208-km (129.3-mi) perigee, 89.1-min 

period, and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered July 25. (GSFC SSR, 

7/31/72; SBD, 7/20/72, 98) 

* Press conference on overall aspects of May 24 US.-U.S.S.R. space 

cooperation agreement was held at Manned Spacecraft Center during 

meetings of NASA and Soviet working groups [see July 6-18]. 

Participants included Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator; 

Academician Boris N. Petrov, Chairman of Soviet Intercosmos Council; 

Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., MSC Director; and Arnold W. Frutkin, 

NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs. 

Dr. Low said “great deal” had been accomplished in all areas 

covered by cooperation agreement. Working groups were meeting 

almost constantly. Nations had exchanged lunar samples from all 

flights through Apollo 15 and Luna 20 and were about to exchange 

samples on Apollo 16. Area of greatest interest was rendezvous and 

docking mission scheduled for 1975. Talks on joint mission were 

Petrov said Soviet people had been informed of plans for joint space 

flight “at the same time as the American people”-when technical 

discussions were in progress. “Our press, just as your press, carried 

information on the discussions.” Asked if foreign press would be 

permitted to witness launch of Soviet Soyuz during joint mission, 

Petrov said both Apollo spacecraft and Soyuz launch would be conducted “under the same conditions as all previous launches.” Question 

on control of mission was deferred to conference on joint rendezvous 

and docking mission scheduled for July 17, but Dr. Low said “general 

principle” would be that, “while the Soviet cosmonauts are visiting in 

our Apollo command module, we will be in command; when we’re 

visiting in their Soyuz, they will be in command of that ship . . . and 

we will be under their command.” Petrov said he hoped, and was 

certain, “that this first test flight will not be the last one” and that 

thekc xtrould be possibility of space rescue flights if needed, “regardless 

of what country’s spacecraft are involved.” If test flight was successful, 

Dr. LOW said, “our plans are to equip the Space Shuttle with this kind 

of a docking system. We don’t think that we will need a follow-on 

test but instead we will be flying operationally with compatible systems 

beyond that point.” 

Asked to comment on Soviet Venus probe Yen, 8, launched March 

27, Petrov said spacecraft should reach planet at month’s end. “That 

July 13: 

going extremely well.” LC 

257 
July 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

vehicle will release another one which should come down onto the 

surface of Venus.” Soviet scientists had done everything possible to 

guarantee mission’s success, “but what is not excluded is the possibility 

of a landing in such a position . . . or place where transmission of 

information will not last for very long.” Probe was expected to provide 

data to increase understanding of planet’s surface and structure, 

which is not only a question of increasing our knowledge but which 

can . . . clarify the origins and structure of . . . Earth.” Data already 

transmitted for Yen, 8 had been “so new and so unexpected and so 

interesting.” (Transcript) 

NASA announced it was making available to US. industry patent rights 

for commercial production of two scientific devices developed at 

Goddard Space Flight Center. FLASH (fast luciferace automated assay 

of specimens for hospitals) -biochemical machine process for quantitative analysis of bacteria in urine samples-had been developed by 

Emett W. Chapelle and Dr. Grace L: Picciolo from technology to 

detect extraterrestrial life. FLASH process caused urine sample to 

glow if bacteria were present; qualitative readings were made automatically by detecting and recording emitted light. 

Smokey long-range laser traversing system-small back-packable 

surveying system-had been developed from optical system technology 

from spacecraft tracking and communications experiments [see April 

131. (NASA Release 72-139) 0 Apollo 16 Astronaut Charles M. Duke, Jr., received Distinguished Service 

Medal from Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, 

and Command Pilot Astronaut Badge from Gen. John D. Ryan, Air 

Force Chief of Staff, in Washington, D.C., ceremony. DSM was for 

exceptionally meritorious achievement in a duty of great responsibility.” Badge identified Duke, Apollo 16 lunar module pilot, as one 

of 37 Americans who had piloted powered vehicles more than 80 km 

(50 mi) above earth’s surface. Duke gave Dr. Seamans and Gen. Ryan 

lunar sample and silver medallion in recognition of Air Force role in 

space program and as NASA salute to Air Force’s Silver Anniversary. 

(President Truman signed Armed Forces Unification Act creating 

Dept. of Air Force July 26, 1947.) (DOD Release 509-72) 

National Science Foundation released Federal Funds for Academic 

Science, Fiscul Year 1970 (NSF 72-301). In FY 1970 total Federal 

support to universities and colleges declined 7% from FY 1969 funding 

level. Major portion of decrease was in academic science activities, 

which experienced 8% drop in 1970, contrasting with 3% in support 

for nonscience activities. Research and development and manpower 

development support accounted for bulk of total academic science 

funding. Obligations for these activities totaled $1.396 billion and 

$429 million. (Text) 

0 Philadelphia Evening Bdietin editorial commented on Apollo 15 astronauts’ carrying unauthorized postal covers on mission: It was to 

crew’s credit that they withdrew from plan to profit from venture. 

But recognition of their original misjudgment . . . does not completely erase the taint of commercialization in an otherwise heroic 

venture.” (P Bull, 7/13/72) 0 Eugene W. Wasielewski, Associate Director of Goddard Space Flight 

Center, died at age 59 after long illness. Wasielewski had been principal 

6s 

66 

66 

258 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 13 

official for institutional management of GSFC and for operation of 

worldwide tracking and data-acquisition network. He had joined GSFC 

in 1960 after career in private industry. (W Post, 7/19/72, C4) 

Astronauts Philip K. Chapman and Anthony W. England announced their resignations from NASA. Dr. Chapman, Apollo 14 mission 

scientist, had accepted position as Principal Research Scientist for 

Avco Research Laboratories in Everett, Mass., and would also work 

as senior research associate in Measurement Systems Laboratory at 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His resignation was effective 

immediately. 

Dr. England, Apollo 13 and Apollo 16 mission scientist, would 

accept position with US. Geological Survey Regional Geophysics 

Group in Denver, Colo., Aug. 14. He would assist in developing techniques using radar from aircraft and spacecraft to learn about 

surface and subsurface structure of earth and other planets. (NASA 

Release 72-142) 

* NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, carrying Univ. of Colorado astronomy experiment. Rocket 

and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

U.S. delegation headed by Dr. David Ballentine of AEC’S Div. of Appried 

Technology left for Moscow to tour industrial process radiation 

facilities in U.S.S.R. under exchange agreement in peaceful uses of 

atomic energy signed in 1959. (AEC Release P-218) 

* France, in Bastille Day parade, exhibited intermediate-range ballistic 

missile of its second-generation nuclear strike force. Missile was 

followed by capsule designed to contain missile’s 150-kiloton nuclear 

warhead. Three-stage missile had range of 3000 km (1900 mi). 

(Reuters, B Sun, 7/15/72, A4) 

Newspaper editorials commented on Apollo 15 astronauts’ carrying 

unauthorized postal covers on mission. 

Baltimore Sun said their actions in “novel attempt to capitalize” on 

mission could not be excused. “From the start of the nation’s space 

program, astronauts have become instant celebrities and in some cases 

instant millionaires through endorsements, publications and investments. We’re not opposed to a little free enterprise, but the space 

program, as envisioned by the late President Kennedy, was a noble 

exercise in exploration not exploitation.” If space program was to be 

exploited at all, “profits should go back into the national treasury.” 

(B Sun, 7/14/72, A12) 

Chicago Tribune: “It is disappointing to realize that man has 

already tainted the moon with moral pollution, but we are impressed 

less by the gravity of the crime than by the debasement of the stamp 

collection business which it reflects. If stamp collectors were more 

discriminating, and stamp dealers less greedy, the moon might not 

have been contaminated so soon.” (C Trib, 7/14/72) 

NASA’s Pioneer 10 Jupiter probe (launched March, 2) entered 

Asteroid Belt, beginning first reconnaissance of huge region of dust 

and rocks that circled sun between orbits of Mars and Jupiter. 

Doughnut-shaped belt was about 3 billion km (1.8 billion mi) around, 

280 million km (175 million mi) wide, and 80 million km (50 million 

mi) thick. Asteroids in belt ranged in size from dust particles to rock 

chunks as large as Alaska. Passage of Pioneer 10 through belt would 

July 14: 

July 15: 

259 
July 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

permit first measurements of asteroids too small to be seen with earthbased telescopes and of amounts and kinds of asteroidal material. 

During seven-month passage through belt, spacecraft was expected to 

pass within 8.9 million km (5.5 million mi) of asteroid PalomarLayden Aug. 2 and asteroid Nike Dec. 2. Pioneer 10 carried three 

experiments for measurements in Asteroid Belt-asteroid-meteoroid 

detector, gas-cell-array meteoroid detector, and imaging photopolarimeter. (NASA Release 72-136; ARC Astrogrurn, 7/20/72, 1) 

Sprint antiballistic missile successfully selected and intercepted dummy 

warhead from among several warheads over Pacific Ocean. Maneuver 

was 29th test of Safeguard system. Objective was to ensure that Safeguard radar could lock onto one target while disregarding others and 

guide missile to target intercept in space. (DOD press memo, 7/16/72) 

* Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) said Dept. of Defense had suppressed 

secret report showing that cost of Navy F-14 jet fighter aircraft would 

rise to $20.8 million each-$4 million above published estimates. 

In statement to press, Sen. Proxmire said he was “shocked and dismayed” at DOD’S refusal to make report public. (Corddry, B Sun, 

7/16/72,17) 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) press conference was held at 

Manned Spacecraft Center. Participants were Dr. Christopher C. 

Kraft, Jr., MSC Director; Glynn S. Lunney, ASTP Director for US.; 

Academician Boris N. Petrov, Chairman of Intercosmos Council of 

Soviet Academy of Sciences; and Konstantin D. Bushuyev, ASTP 

Director for U.S.S.R. Lunney said that during series of meetings that 

had begun July 6, US. and U.S.S.R. had discussed and agreed on 

“the technical content of three very important project level documents”: 

project technical proposal that described mission and hardware elements, organizational plan that described how countries would work 

together in controlling project before and during flight, and schedule 

of activities. Officials had also concluded “technically detailed documents describing the agreements that we’ve reached on various systems,¶’ such as docking aids, docking targets, control systems, and 

docking mechanism. Further technical discussions would be held in 

U.S.S.R. in fall. 

Preliminary plans called for launch of Apollo spacecraft carrying 

three astronauts 735 hrs after launch of Soyuz with two cosmonauts. 

Second Soyuz would be ready as backup if Apollo could not be 

launched during one of three launch opportunities. On Apollo’s 14th 

revolution spacecraft would rendezvous and dock, using US.-built 

docking mechanism on Apollo. After docking, two astronauts would 

pass through airlock into Soyuz and spend several hours with cosmonauts before returning to Apollo for night. Next day one astronaut 

and one cosmonaut would exchange places for whole day. After returning to own spacecraft, crews would undock vehicles and complete 

separate missions. Apollo would probably remain in orbit nine more 

days and Soyuz about one more day. Docking would be televised. 

Bushuyev praised “friendly atmosphere” and “wonderful conditions” 

of meetings and said friendliness was “the greatest achievement and the 

most important assurance for the success in our future work. The 

difficult tasks that we are called upon to solve . . . would be impossible 

unless these conditions existed. We are on the first stage of a very 

July 17: 

260 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 17 

long and difEcult journey. I believe that the most important thing 

that we succeeded in achieving so far is the following: We succeeded 

in identifying and solving those basic and important problems without 

the solution of which further work . . . would be impossible. These 

various problems which we have now solved will permit us to start the 

planning, design, and actual construction and manufacture of the 

various assemblies . . . necessary for the realization of our project.” 

(Transcript; NYTNS, W Star, 7/18/72, A4) 

Discovery by instruments aboard Uhuru (Explorer 42 Small Astronomy 

Satellite launched Dec. 12, 1970) of regular pulse rhythm in x-ray 

pulsar was reported by Washington Post. Pulsar discovered in constellation Hercules by Uhuru in November 1971 pulsed for 9 days; 

then stopped pulsing for 27 days, in repeated pattern. Cornel1 Univ. 

astronomer Dr. Frank D. Drake had said discovery was “every bit 

as bewildering” as discovery of pulsar itself. “There is no known 

reason why a star should disappear and then reappear at such regular 

and predictable times.” Possibilities advanced by astronomers included 

one that pulsar was orbiting another pulsar whose radio waves were 

unobservable by Uhuru and that second pulsar overwhelmed first for 

27 out of 36 days. Second possibility was that Hercules pulsar was 

outermost of two stars circling third star in egg-shaped orbits and 

that eccentric orbits and eclipsing behavior of second orbiting star 

kept Hercules pulsar hidden from earth three fourths of time. Third 

and most likely possibility was that pulsar wobbled off orbiting path 

around its fellow star so that it cast beam into space, away from 

earth, for 27 out of 36 days. (O’Toole, W Post, 7/17/72, Al) 

0 Manned Spacecraft Center announced contract awards for space shuttle 

work. Three companies had been awarded six-month extensions to 

contracts for continued development of new surface materials for 

shuttle orbiter stage. McDonnell Douglas Corp. received $350 000, 

General Electric Co. Aerospace Group $346 000, and Lockheed Missiles 

& Space Co. $345 000. Companies would deliver to MSC sample tiles 

of rigidized reusable surface insulation for special testing. 

CCI Aerospace Corp. Marquardt Co. had been awarded $181 846, 

cost-plus-fixed-fee, research and development contract to study helium 

regulator systems that could be used by shuttle orbiter. 

Martin Marietta Corp. had received $130 000, firm-fixed-price, R&D 

contract to design, build, and test couch to be used by passengers on 

shuttle. ( MSC Releases 72-145, 72-146, 72-148) 

* Completion of 18-mo Skylab vibration and acoustics test program at 

Manned Spacecraft Center by MSFC-MSC-industry test team was 

announced. Modal (resonance frequencies) survey operations were 

conducted using automatic modal tuning analysis system developed to 

permit control by computer of all modal excitation and data processing 

on payload assembly. Test marked first time such an extensive test 

operation had been conducted with computer-controlled system. Skylab 

hardware cluster would be dismantled and shipped from MSC to MSFC 

on NASA barge Poseidon around Aug. 4. (MSFC Releases 72-87, 72-90) 

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and Communications Satellite Corp. 

asked Federal Communications Commission to reconsider its June 16 

ruling permitting “multiple entry” of firms into communications satellite field but placing major operating restrictions on AT&T and 

261 
July 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

ComSatCorp. AT&T protested FCC’S barring proposed agreement under 

which ComSatCorp would lease satellites from AT&T and protested 

limitations on its initial use of satellites. ComSatCorp asked FCC to 

eliminate what it contended were unjustified restrictive conditions that 

jeopardized “viable, competitive domestic satellite service.” (Shifrin, 

W Post, 7/18/72, D8) 

0 Issuance of requests for proposals for new astronaut space suit was 

announced by Manned Spacecraft Center. Companies were asked to 

develop prototype space suit that would weigh less than 18 kg (40 lbs) , be fully mobile with high degree of hand dexterity while pressurized 

at 55 200 newtons per sq m (8 psi), give trouble-free service in earth 

orbit for up to one year with 50, six-hour extravehicular activity (EVA) 

periods, and be repairable in space. (MSC Release 72-152) 0 West German government would demand that European Launcher Development Organization ( ELDO) be scrapped at international space conference scheduled for September in Brussels, Wall Streec Jourd 

reported. Spokesman for West German Science Minister Klaus von 

Dohnanyi had said West Germany would suggest that US. rockets be 

purchased for launching European spacecraft. ( WSJ, 7/17/72) 

Detroit News editorial commented on Apollo 15 astronauts’ carrying 

unauthorized postal covers on mission: “The trio did not follow 

through with the script but for the men to even contemplate the scheme 

was dead wrong. The nation has expended considerable money on 

them, trained them for national duty and paid them well. No one 

doubts their courage and skill but the spirit of the whole enterprise 

is tainted now the truth is out.” Paper said NASA should cancel astronaut privilege of carrying personal items to moon on condition they 

not be used later for commercial purposes. (D News, 7/17/72) 

First Skylab command and service module (CSM-116), which 

would transport astronauts to and from Skylab orbital workshop in 

1973, was shipped by aircraft from North American Rockwell Corp.’s 

Downey, Calif., plant to Cape Kennedy, ma., for start of prelaunch 

operations. Other Skylab segments-including Orbital Workshop, 

multiple docking adapter, airlock module, and Apollo Telescope Mount 

-were undergoing final checkout at contractor plants and at Manned 

Spacecraft Center. ( MSC Release 72-144) 

* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of Dept. of Commerce released The World Weather Program for Fiscal Year’ 1973. 

Major US. contributions to World Weather Watch in FY 1973 would 

include improvement of existing operational satellite system, development of next-generation system, establishment of expanded atmosphericmonitoring capability, increase in computer-processing capacity, and 

assistance to weather services of developing nations. NoAA-sponsored 

polar-orbiting TIROS satellites would be launched by NASA to provide 

temperature soundings and day and night cloud-cover images. NASA 

would launch Synchronous Meteorological Satellite ( SMS) for 24-hr 

viewing of severe storms and cloud cover by spacecraft that was 

prototype of NOAA’S Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 

(GOES) system. First Arctic baseline station for atmospheric measure 

ment would be established at Barrow, Alaska, by NOAA; National 

Science Foundation would support expansion of Antarctic monitoring 

program ; and Atomic Energy Commission would begin measurement 

July 18: 

262 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 18 

of tropospheric radionuclides on Pacific island. U.S. would provide 

ground-receiving equipment for acquiring weather satellite photos to 

developing nations and establish regional telecommunications networks 

linking several South American cities with Washington, D.C., and 

national networks within six other nations. (NOAA Release 72-94) 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, discussed future 

air superiority aircraft in speech before Aero Club of Washington in 

Washington, D.C. Air Force had not developed new fighter aircraft 

that could maintain air superiority in battle area in 20 yrs, while 

U.S.S.R. had developed ‘‘whole family of sophisticated fighters.” F-15 

program should give US. “what we need for the air superiority 

mission.” For allies, U.S. had developed F-5E international fighter, 

a simple design that cost about half that of our present long-range, 

multipurpose aircraft.” It would “play a particularly vital role in 

improving the self-defense capabilities of our Asian allies. . . . In 

modernizing our forces, we have learned an important lesson in the last 

few years. You cannot build an aircraft with every possible new technological device and expect to buy enough of them to get the job 

done. . . . The unit cost of high performance aircraft has increased 

tenfold every 18 years.” Avionics was factor in driving up cost of 

new aircraft systems. F-111D included Mark I1 avionics system costing over $4 million. To lower unit cost of systems, Air Force was 

tailoring new aircraft for “somewhat narrower purposes.” Through 

specialization “we hope to obtain aircraft that can both survive and 

perform more effectively in their individual mission and . . . we will 

be able to afford many more of these aircraft than we could obtain in 

the case of one super-capable, multipurpose plane.” (Text) 

Mackay Trophy for 1971 was awarded to L/C Thomas B. Estes (USAF) 

and L/C Dewain C. Vick (USAF) by Air Force Chief of Staff, Gen. John 

D. Ryan, in Washington, D.C., ceremony. Award was for April 27,1971, 

24000-km (15000-mi) nonstop flight at speeds over mach 3 in 

Lockheed SR-71 strategic reconnaissance aircraft. (NU News, 8/72, 1) 

General Accounting Office reported increase of $28.7 billion in original 

cost estimates of 77 major US. weapon systems. Report was based on 

latest quarterly figures supplied by Dept. of Defense. GAO said it had 

analyzed 78 major weapon systems but had not included proposed 

Trident long-range missile-firing submarine because project had not 

yet been given final approval. Overrun was 31%, down from 1971 

overrun of 40%. (AP, W Star & News, 7/18/72, A6) 

U.S. Patent No. 3 678 180 was issued to Donald S. Bond of Radio Corp. 

of America (RCA) Electronics Div. for system to deliver third-class 

mail to multiple addresses on mailing lists via radio facsimiles relayed 

by satellite. (NYT, 7/22/72, 37; Pat Off PIO) 

U.S. Patent No. 3 677502 was issued to Soviet aircraft designer 

Aleksey A. Tupolev and seven associates for Tu-lU Soviet supersonic 

aircraft. Tupolev had carried on work of his father Andrey N. Tupolev 

on Tu-14. Earlier applications had been filed for Soviet patents and 

other American patents were pending on specific features of aircraft. 

Patent indicated that aircraft design was intended to revent engine 

33; Pat Off PIO) 

66 

exhaust from contacting tail portion of fuselage. (Jones, fJ YT, 7/22/72, 

263 
July 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

NASA announced appointment of J. Lloyd Jones, Jr., as Director of Aerodynamics and Vehicle Systems Div., Office of Aeronautics and Space 

Technology, effective Aug. 6. Jones had been Research Assistant to 

Director of Ames Research Center since 1970. (NASA Release 72-147) 

* Flight Research Center announced selection of RCA Service Go. for final 

negotiation of contract to support NASA Aerodynamic Test Rangradar/communication sites 550 km (340 mi) apart that provided 

high-speed flight corridor 1850 km (1150 mi) long from midWashington state to Edwards, Calif. Negotiations were for four-year, 

$359 000 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract with four one-year options. ( FRC 

Release 13-72) 

Office of Senate Republican Leader Hugh Scott (R-Pa.) said Sen. Scott 

would nominate President Nixon for Nobel Peace Prize to be awarded 

in winter 1972. Scott aide said Senator was preparing documentation 

citing President’s initiatives in People’s Republic of China visit and 

Soviet summit meetings. (UPI, NYT, 7/19/72, 15) 

Lombard0 Mint’s ApoZZo 16 medal was among “most exciting” commemorative issues on mission offered, Baltimore Sun reported. Obverse 

featured lunar roving vehicle ( LRV) patrolling Descartes region of 

moon, with view of earth on moon’s horizon and portraits of ApoZZo 16 

crew on lower portion. Legend read: “April 16, 1972-The Descartes 

Region Mission-Thomas K. Mattingly, John W. Young, Charles M. 

Duke, Jr.” Reverse pictured official ApoZb 16 shoulder patch superimposed over lunar surface. (Gould, B Sun, 7/18/72) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 503 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

308-km (191.4-mi) apogee, 170-km (105.6-mi) perigee, 89.2-min 

period, and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 1. (GSFC SSR, 

7/31/72; 8/31/72; SBD, 7/21/72, 104) 

* NASA announced Marshall Space Flight Center award of contracts and 

fund transfers totaling more than $49 million for scientific experiments 

for first High Energy Astronomy Observatory ( HEAO) , scheduled for 

launch in 1975. Receiving awards were Columbia Univ., $8 929 059; 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, two awards of $7 821 720 and 

$5 357 245; Univ. of California at San Diego, $5 150 000; California 

Institute of Technology, Washington Univ. of St. Louis, and Univ. of 

Minnesota, $6 198 683 for joint experiment; Naval Research Laboratory, $7 919 000; and Goddard Space Flight Center, $8 250 000. (NASA 

Release 72-145) 

Univ. of Tokyo Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science announced 

plans to launch radio explorer satellite from Kagoshima Prefecture 

Aug. 16. The 75-kg (165-lb) satellite, 68 cm (2 ft) long, would be 

boosted by Mu-4S launch vehicle into elliptical orbit, where it would 

study cosmic radiation. (Kyodo, FBIs-Japan, 7/20/72, C7; SBD, 

7/21/72, 101) 

U.S.S.R. launched eight Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk with 

single booster. 

Cosmos 504 entered orbit with 1497-km (930.2-mi) apogee, 1323-km 

(822.1-mi) perigee, 113.9-min period, and 74” inclination. 

Cosmos 505 entered orbit with 1498-km (930.8-mi) apogee, 1354-km 

(841.4-mi) perigee, 114.3-min period, and 74” inclination. 

Cosmos 506 entered orbit with 1498-km (930.8-mi) apogee, 1384-km 

(860-mi) perigee, 114.6-min period, and 74” inclination. 

July 19: 

July 20: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 20 

Cosmos 507 entered orbit with 1497-km (930.2-mi) apogee, 1414-km 

(878.6-mi) perigee, 114.9-min period, and 74" inclination. 

Cosmos 508 entered orbit with 1497-km (930.2-mi) apogee, 1445-km 

(897.9-mi) perigee, 115.3-min period, and 74' inclination. 

Cosmos 509 entered orbit with 1500-km (932.1-mi) apogee, 1475-km 

(916.5-mi) perigee, 115.6-min period, and 74" inclination. 

Cosmos 510 entered orbit with 1512-km (939.5-mi) apogee, 1496-km 

(929.6-mi) perigee, 116-min period, and 74' inclination. 

Cosmos 511 entered orbit with 1547-km (961.3-mi) apogee, 1496-km 

(929.6-mi) perigee, 116.4-min period, and 74' inclination. ( GSFC SSR, 

7/31/72; Sou Aero, 7/24/72, 30) 

Third anniversary of first manned landing on moon. NASA's Apollo 11 

mission had proved that man could carry out scientific and technological work on another planet and had fulfilled US. goal established 

in 1961 of developing technology to transport man to moon and return 

him safely to earth within 1960s. Since Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong 

and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., spent 2 hrs 31 min on moon's Sea of 

Tranquility July 20, 1969, NASA had launched five more Apollo 

missions. Eight men had explored moon at four different sites for 

55 hrs 34 min. Four geophysical stations placed on moon were transmitting scientific data, 272 kg (600 lbs) of lunar samples had been 

brought to earth, 16 different scientific experiments had been conducted on lunar surface 48 times, and 17 different experiments had 

been conducted in lunar orbit 41 times. Apollo 17, last mission in 

progIam, was scheduled for launch Dec. 6. 

Manned Spacecraft Center expanded regular public open house 

activities with special Mission Control Center program re-creating 

radio transmissions between ApoUo 11 crew and Mission Control 

Center during lunar landing, duplicating flight controller displays, and 

showing motion pictures taken during mission. 

Neil Armstrong Air and Space Museum in Wapakoneta, Ohio, home 

of Apollo 11 astronaut who was first man on moon, held informal 

opening to mark anniversary. President Nixon's daughter, Tricia N. 

Cox, presented moon rocks to museum, which would be formally 

dedicated in early autumn when all exhibits had been completed. 

(NASA Release 72-144; MSC Release 72-151; Wapakoneta Daily News, 

6/16/72; H Post, 7/21/72) 

NASA and National Science Teachers Assn. (NSTA) announced approval 

of experiments proposed by 19 high school students from 16 states for 

Skylab space station. Experimenters were from 25 finalists selected 

from 3409 proposals submitted to NASA by US. secondary school 

students as part of Skylab Student Project. Six other finalists could 

not be accommodated because of Skylab performance requirements and 

schedule constraints. Medallions would be awarded to finalists, sponsors, and schools during Skylab Educational Conference at Kennedy 

Space Center at Skylab launch time. (NASA Release 72-146) 

* Senate Committee on Foreign Relations unanimously approved agreements on strategic arms control concluded by US. and U.S.S.R. in 

Moscow May 26. (CR, 7/20/72, D796; Finney, NYT, 7/21/72, 2) 

* ApoWo 16 Astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly I1 received Distinguished 

Service Medal and astronaut wings from Secretary of the Navy 

265 
July 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

John W. Warner in Washington, D.C., ceremony. Mattingly was Navy 

commander. ( DOD Release 526-72) 

0 Manned Spacecraft Center announced three contract awards. Grumman 

Aerospace Corp. had been awarded ls-mo, $200 000 fixed-price, 

research and development contract to continue to design, build, and 

test space shuttle orbiter heating systems. Singer Co. had been awarded 

$135 530 firm-fixed-price contract to study and define simulator requirements for space shuttle mission simulator. McDonnell Douglas Corp. 

Astronautics Co. had received $181 000 contract for design study of 

orbital maneuvering system (OMS) to maneuver space shuttle orbiter in 

space. ( MSC Releases 72-157, 72-158, 72-159) 

Syndicated columnist William Hines criticized NASA earth resources survey 

program in Chicago Sun-Times. Program’s rationale “leaps from an 

insupportable assumption (namely, that everything can be viewed 

better from space than close up) to an unjustifiable conclusion (that 

even if this is true the multi-purpose, multi-disciplinary satellite is the 

best way to do it).” (C Sun-Times, 7/20/72) 

Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC-513), scheduled to boost Skylab into 

earth orbit in 1973, left Michoud Assembly Facility on board NASA 

barge Orion. It would arrive at Kennedy Space Center July 26. Stage 

had been turned over to NASA by Boeing Co. at Michoud ceremony. 

( MSFC Release 72-91) 

* Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced formation of new flight project 

office for unmanned mission to Jupiter and Saturn in 1977. Mariner 

Jupiter/Saturn 1977 project would be managed by Harris M. 

Schurmeier, with Dr. Edward J. Smith as acting project scientist, 

Raymond L. Heacock as spacecraft system manager, and Dr. Ralph F. 

Mills as mission analysis and engineering manager. ( JPL Release 621) 

Explosion and flash fire at Newhall, Calif., plant of Space Ordnance 

Systems, 1nc.-manufacturers of Apollo spacecraft components-injured six workers. Facility made explosive bolts used to separate Apollo 

lunar module ascent stage from descent stage on liftoff from moon. 

Explosive substance causing fire was identified only as “commercial 

product.” (W Post, 7/22/72, A4; NASA proj off) 

Senate passed and cleared for House S.R. 193 to return Cape Kennedy 

to original name of Cape Canaveral. (CR, 7/21/72, Sll438-40) 

Award of cost-sharing contracts totaling nearly $9 million to Boeing Co. 

and McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Co. to determine feasibility of retrofitting jet aircraft with noise-reduction devices was announced by 

Federal Aviation Administration. Cost of Boeing contract was 

$3 365 000, of which Government would provide $2 771 549. Cost of 

McDonnell Douglas contract was $5 600 000, with Government share 

$2 771 549. (FAA Release 72-141) 

0 Belgian artist Paul Van Hoeydonck, who had sculpted small statue 

“Fallen Astronaut” that was left on moon by Apollo 15 astronauts 

[see April 181, was selling 950 copies of statue at $750 each through 

New York art dealer Waddell Gallery, Washington Evening Star and 

Daily News reported. NASA spokesman had said that astronauts had 

carried statue to moon with agency’s approval and felt they had 

u gentlemen’s agreement” with Van Hoeydonck that precluded any 

commercialization of venture. Spokesman said he knew of no regulaJuly 21: 

266 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July W 

tions violated by astronauts in moon sculpture incident. (Delaney, 

W Star & News, 7/21/72, 1) 

European Launcher Development Organization ( ELDO) si contract 

with Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Ltd. for two additiona rd Blue Streak 

first stages for Europa I1 launch vehicles. (SF, 9/16/72, 361) 0 National Science Foundation published Chunges in Graduate Programs 

in Science aitd Engineering, 1970-1972 and 1972-1974 (NSF 72311). 

Ratio in 1970-1972 of net additions in doctoral programs in science 

and engineering to existing doctoral departments was 1 to 26. Plans 

for 1972-1974 indicated growth rate would be cut to 1 to 66. Top 

20 universities showed no net change in science and engineering doctoral programs in 1970-1972; developing universities showed net 

increase equivalent to about 1 per 2 universities. Planning for 

1972-1974 indicated no change for top 20. During 1970-1972 greatest 

increase in doctoral programs was in computer science and psychology. 

In 1972-1974 plans computer science was field with greatest expected 

relative increase. ( NSF Highlights, 7/21/72) 

July 22: U.S.S.R.’s Venus 8 spacecraft, launched March 27, reached 

atmosphere of Venus after 117-day flight covering 482 million km 

(300 million mi). Tass said descent module separated from spacecraft 

and descended to surface of Venus by parachute, softlanding at 

2:29 pm Baykonur time (5:29 am EDT) . “In the process of aerodynamic 

deceleration its speed dropped from 11.6 kilometers per second [7.2 

miles per second] to 250 metres per second [820 feet per second]. 

Studies of the atmosphere and surface layer of the planet were conducted during the parachute descent for the fifty minutes after landing. 

Carried out for the first time were experiments to determine brightness, 

pressure and temperature in the atmosphere and on the surface of the 

planet on its day side. Data has been obtained on the nature of the 

rocks of the planet’s surface layer.” 

Venus 8 was second Soviet spacecraft to complete softlanding mission 

to Venus successfully. First was Yen, 7, which had landed capsule 

on Venus Dec. 15, 1970, that had transmitted data from surface for 

23 min. (FBIS-SOV, 8/24/72, L1; SBD, 7/25/72, 118; GSFC SSR, 

7/31/72) 

Report under preparation by General Accounting Office would urge 

Dept. of Defense to declassify more of technology developed by DOD 

research, Business Week reported. Report also would recommend that 

Office of Management and Budget establish technology transfer as 

Government-wide POIicy. Magazine said report would be “rousing 

vote of confidence” in and documentation for NASA technology transfer 

program. (Bus Wk, 7/22/72) 

NASA spokesman said agency was tightening flight rules for Apollo 17 

mission scheduled for Dec. 6, following cQmmercialism of souvenir 

articles carried on previous missions. Personal preference kits in which 

astronauts carried articles to distribute to family and friends might be 

eliminated. (AP, W Star & News, 7/22/72) 

Associated Press reported Apollo 15 crew had been favored to receive 

Air Force Gen. Thomas D. White Space Trophy but that trophy would 

be withheld because of unauthorized postal cover incident [see Jury 111. 

Trophy was awarded annually for most outstanding contribution to 

US. aerospace progress. AP said ApolZo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, 

267 
July 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

July 23-25: NASA’s Erts 1 Earth Resources Technology Satellite was launched into 

near-polar earth orbit and began taking multispectral images for studies in agriculture, forestry, mineral, and land resources; land use; water and marine resources; 

mapping and charting; and environment. The flight Configuration above showed the 

solar panels deployed after testing at the GE Valley Forge plant before launch. On 

the opposite page, the first Erts 1 photos were reviewed by Dr. John F. Clark, Goddard 

Space Flight Center Director; Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator; and Charles 

W. Mathews, NASA Associate Administrator for Applications, in Dr. Fletcher’s ofice. 

Alfred M. Worden, and James B. Irwin also had been invited to annual 

meeting of FGderation ABronautique Internationale in Paris in October 

to receive other awards with Soviet cosmonauts and that Dr. James C. 

Fletcher, NASA Administrator, had advised FAI that efforts would be 

made to have astronauts accept invitation. (AP, W Star & News, 

7/23/72, A23) 

* Federal Aviation Administration announced award of $119 249 contract 

to Parsons, Brinckeroff, Quade and Douglas, Inc., for architectural and 

engineering plans for 600-by-90-m (2000-by-300-ft) elevated s~o~p01-t 

for short takeoff and landing aircraft. Exterior design of structure 

268 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 22 

supporting STOL~O~~ would be planned to provide approaching pilot 

with realistic cues resembling those included. in actual landing facility 

on top of a multilevel structure. (FAA Release 72-142) 

Grove Webster, NASA Director of Personnel, died at age 48 after long 

illness. Webster had joined NASA in 1959 after working for Air Force 

and Civil Service Commission. (NASA Special Ann) 

Erts 1 (ERTS-A) Earth Resources Technology Satellite was 

launched by NASA from Western Test Range at 11 :06 am PDT by 2-stage 

Thor-Delta booster with nine strap-on rockets. Satellite entered circular, 

near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit with 906.9-km (563.6-mi) apogee, 

899.7-km (559-mi) perigee, 103.2-min period, and 99.1 O inclination. 

Primary objective was to acquire for three months synoptic, multispectral repetitive images from which useful data would be obtained 

for investigations in agriculture and forestry resources, mineral and 

land resources, land use, water resources, marine resources, mapping 

and charting, and environment. As secondary objectives Erts 1 would 

acquire complete, largely cloud-free coverage of U.S. with multispectral 

scanner ( MSS) or return-beam-vidicon camera ( RBVC) system, or 

both; acquire coverage over major earth land masses with MSS or 

RBVC; and demonstrate relay of data from remote ground-based 

platforms. 

The 941-kg (2075-1b), butterfly-shaped satellite carried RBV camera 

system, MSS subsystem, data-collection system (DCS) , and two wideband video tape recorders ( WBVTR) . Launch was first step in merging 

space and remote sensing technology to manage earth resources more 

efiiciently. Satellite would be able to cover earth with 500 pictures1000 times fewer than 500000 needed to cover earth from highaltitude aircraft. Each picture would cover 34 000 sq km (13 000 

Ju2y 23-25: 

269 
July 23-25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

sq mi). Satellite would view 185-km (115-mi) strip of earth with 

global coverage every 18 days, crossing equator daily at about 

9:30 am local time. 

Solar array lock-on to sun and three-axis stabilization were achieved 

as planned. By July 25 instruments had been turned on and were 

operating satisfactorily. Initial imagery from RBVC system and MSS 

was excellent and showed detail. 

Data were being transmitted to stations at Fairbanks, Alaska; 

Goldstone, Calif.; and Greenbelt, Md.; and would be sent to dataprocessing facility at Goddard Space Flight Center. Ground station 

at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, constructed and operated by Canadian 

government, would also receive data. Data would be distributed in 

form of high-quality film images or digitized data on computer-readable 

magnetic tape. 

Unlike previous unmanned programs where principal investigators 

had own instrumentation on board spacecraft and were responsible for 

own data analysis, all Erts 1 investigators had access to all data from 

onboard instruments. The 300 investigators from 43 states, District of 

Columbia, 31 foreign countries, and two international organizations 

would be assisted by 25 specialists assigned by NASA to analyze results. 

To carry out research required to evaluate satellite techniques, NASA 

was working with user agencies-including Departments of Agriculture, 

Commerce, and Interior, Environmental Protection Agency, and US. 

Corps of Engineers-and state and local organizations. Extensive 

cooperative earth resources projects had been established with Canada, 

Brazil, and Mexico, using Erts 1 and NASA earth observations aircraft. 

ERTS program was managed by GSFC under direction of NASA Office 

of Applications. (NASA proj off; NASA Release 72-137) 

NASA Technology Utilization Office representatives met in San 

Francisco with Public Technology Inc. officials and representatives of 

cities to review two-year joint effort to apply new technology to selected 

city problems. Discussed were improved protective clothing and equipment, improved detection and locating equipment for underground 

piping, equipment to determine presence of illegal drugs in human 

blood, and improved pavement patching materials that used waste 

matter. Meeting also discussed civil cooperation to form mass market 

for goods and services produced by application of new technology. 

Meeting prefaced July 24-26 second annual Urban Technology Conference at which NASA, other Federal agencies, and business and industry exhibited contributions to new technology. (NASA Release 72-154) 

* Apollo 15 Astronaut James B. Irwin said in telephone interview with 

Baptist Press that Apollo 15 crew “thought they were doing the best 

for our families” in carrying unauthorized postal covers to moon. 

Their decision not to accept share of proceeds from sale of covers had 

come about eight months before incident was reported in press [see 

June 181. ‘‘We acted in haste and under the terrific pressures of the 

pre- and post-flight schedule-but that does not excuse it.” NASA had 

had “no choice but to reprimand us.” (AP, B Sun, 7/24/72, A5) 

Dr. George R. Carruthers of Naval Research Laboratory received 

NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal at special NASA Hq. 

ceremony. Dr. Carruthers-outstanding black astrophysicist who had 

developed rocket-borne instrument that detected molecular hydrogen 

July 23: 

July 24: 

270 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 2.e 

in interstellar space for first time in 1970-was cited for development of 

far-ultraviolet camera-spectrograph for ApoZZo 16 mission. Instrument 

had taken nearly 200 pictures of earth, Milky Way, and other galaxies 

in far-w wavelengths not observable from earth and was providing 

new information on structure of universe. (NASA Release 72-149) 

9 People’s Republic of China signed preliminary agreement to buy two 

Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport aircraft. Agreement was 

announced later at Paris press conference by Aerospatiale President 

Henri Ziegler, who said aircraft were for delivery in mid-1977. 

(Samuelson, W Post, 7/25/72, D8) 

* Navy and Dept. of Defense officials were quoted in Wall Street Journal 

as saying preliminary investigation by Navy examining board into 

June 30 crash of F-14 Navy fighter aircraft had indicated accident 

was not caused by “anything wrong” with aircraft. (Levine, WSJ, 

7/27/72,6) 

* Poll of 123 persons in 6 Moroccan villages had shown 63% thought 

US. lunar landings were hoax or had doubts about them, Washington 

Post reported. Of those polled, 88% said they had heard of manned 

lunar missions since 1969. Of 20 persons between ages of 14 and 25, 

55% believed reports of moon landings; only 25% of 20 persons 

between ages of 61 and 90 thought reports were true. Of villagers who 

believed men had gone to moon, 20% thought landings had been 

made by Russians. (Aubin, W Post, 7/24/72, A14) 

Second annual Urban Technology Conference and Technical 

Display was held in San Francisco, NASA exhibited new building trades 

materials, including flat electrical conductor cables and low-voltage 

switching circuits that had been developed for space use, fire resistant 

materials, and earth-resources surveillance display including cameras 

and sensors. Also shown were samples of pavement patching materials, 

medical aids, psychomotor response tester for use by traffic departments 

and educational institutions, and devices for checking blood circulation, electrocardiograph readings, and circulation in humans. Guest 

speakers included William M. Magruder, Special Counsel to President, 

and former astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Chairman of Environmental 

Control Co. Jeffrey T. Hamilton of NASA Office of Technology Utilization presented paper describing mechanisms evolved by NASA to transfer 

aerospace technology to nonaerospace use. Mechanisms ranged from 

specialized dissemination systems of published technologies to attempts 

to solve specific problems ifi public sector areas like biomedicine, 

environmental protection, fire safety, building construction, transportation, and law enforcement. (Program; NASA Release 72-154) 

M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by William H. Dana, completed 14th 

flight from Flight Research Center after air-launch from B-52 aircraft. 

Objective of powered flight was to check out command augmentation 

system and engine accumulator modification. M2-F3 reached 17 300-m 

(57000-ft) altitude and mach 0.86. Flight was first for M2-F3 since 

its removal from flight status in January for installation of command 

augmentation fly-by-wire system. (NASA proj off) 

* Manned Spacecraft Center announced award of lO-mo, $98 000 contract 

extension to Martin Marietta Corp. Denver Div. for continued design 

of crew compartment configured for space shuttle, which would be 

July 24-26: 

July 25: 

271 
July 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

tested in neutral buoyancy ttnk. Extension brought total value of contract to $173 670. (MSC Release 72-161) 

* Federal Aviation Administration had approved airport planning project 

funding of $9061 104 for 181 projects in 39 states under its Planning 

Grant Program for FY 1971, Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe 

announced. FY 1971 funding had been $3 636 035 for 42 projects in 

27 states. (FAA Release 72-147) 

* Los Angeks Times editorial commented on Erts 1 Earth Resources Technology Satellite (launched July 23): “ERTS gives every sign of being 

an achievement of enormous potential. It is a demonstration of the 

value of the US. space program in applying technology both to extending the frontiers of knowledge, and in contributing to the improvement 

of life on earth.” (LA Times, 7/25/72) 

NASA selected North American Rockwell Corp. (NR) Space Div. 

for negotiation of six-year, $2.6-billion cost-plus-fixed-and-award-fee 

contract as prime contractor to begin developing space shuttle orbiter. 

Increment covering first two years was $540 million. NR-selected 

from four firms submitting proposals-would be responsible for design, development, and production of orbiter vehicle and for integration 

of all shuttle elements. Shuttle main engine was being developed by NR 

Rocketdyne Div. under earlier contract. External tank and solid-fueled 

rocket boosters would be procured by NASA after system engineering for 

orbiter had progressed sufficiently. 

Shuttle, first reusable space vehicle, would have delta-winged, airplane-like orbiter able to land on conventional runways. It would have 

cargo compartment 18 m (60 ft) long and 4.5 m (15 ft) in diameter 

and would be able to place 29 500 kg (65 000 lbs) into 185-km (115- 

mi) due-east orbit. Reusable solid-propellant booster rockets and orbiter 

high-pressure, liquid-oxygen and liquid-hydrogen main engines would 

boost orbiter into space and booster rockets would detach at 40-km 

(25-mi) altitude and splash down in ocean for recovery and reuse. 

Orbiter, under own power, would continue into low earth orbit. Shuttle 

would be able to place satellites in orbit, return satellites from orbit, 

permit in-orbit repair and servicing of satellites, deliver propulsive 

stages and satellites to low earth orbit, and make short-duration science 

and applications missions with self-contained experiments in low earth 

orbit. Shuttle development schedule called for horizontal test flights 

beginning in 1976 and manned orbital test flights beginning in 1978, 

with complete system operational by 1980. Employment generated by 

orbiter development and shuttle integration was expected to reach 

15000 by 1975-1976 and then would gradually decrease. (NASA Release 72-153). 

* Second in series of very-high-altitude flight tests of Viking parachute system was conducted over White Sands Missile Range. Helium-filled 

balloon lifted simulated Viking entry vehicle from Roswell, N. Mex., 

to 11 200-m (36 880-ft) altitude where payload was dropped and rocket 

motors ignited, boosting payload to 41 000-m (135 000-ft) altitude. 

Parachute deployed as planned and payload landed at WSMR about 56 

km (35 mi) northwest of Holloman Air Force Base. Objective-to 

check parachute system at transonic conditions and at lowest parachute 

loading conditions expected over Mars-was met. Successful completion of three tests-one supersonic, one transonic, and one subsonicJuly 26: 

272 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 26 

would qualify Viking parachute system for use on Mars mission scheduled for launch in 1975. [See July 11, Aug. 13 and 19, Dec. 14.1 (NASA 

Release 72-118; NASA proj off) 

Skylab medical experiments altitude test (SMEAT) to collect medical data 

and evaluate medical equipment began at Manned Spacecraft Center. 

Astronauts Robert L. Crippen (commander), Karol J. Bobko (pilot), 

and Dr. William E. Thornton (science pilot) entered altitude chamber 

6 m (20 ft) in diameter with atmosphere 70% oxygen and 30% nitrogen at 34 500 newtons per sq m (5 psi), where they would live and 

work for up to 56 days. Skylab, scheduled for launch in April 1973, 

would support three-man crews in earth orbit for total of 130 days. 

(NASA Release 72-131 ; UPI, NYT, 7/27/72,18) 

President Nixon and Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir exchanged remarks in telephone call inaugurating communications satellite TV service for Israel via ground station at Emeq Ha’ela. White House later 

made available text of letter written by President to Prime Minister 

Meir July 20: “As your nation inaugurates its station connecting Israel 

with the Intelsat system, you have the best wishes of the American people. Clear and effective communication is basic to building the generation of peace we so earnestly seek, and to ensure the kind of sound 

relationships among nations which will enable that peace to endure.” 

(PD, 7/31/72,1175-6) 

Intense solar storm in solar region 331 was observed by sensors on NASA’s 

Os0 7 Orbiting Solar Observatory. Warnings were issued July 28. [See 

Aug. 2, 7, 13; and During October.] (NASA Release 72-164) 

* Experiments at U.S.S.R.’s Radio Physics Institute had suggested that 

upper Mars mantle was hard and porous like earth dendrites, Tass reported. Report on study had said small, isolated dust regions were 

source of Mars dust storms and there was no uninterrupted dust mantle. Dust over Martian surface was no more than 1 mm (0.04 in) thick. 

White polar caps were reported to be hard-frozen carbon dioxide. 

(FBIS-SOV, 7/31/72, L1) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced appointment of Astronaut David R. 

Scott as Technical Assistant to Manager of Apollo Spacecraft Program, 

effective immediately. Scott, recently reprimanded for carrying unauthorized postal covers to moon on Apollo 15 mission, succeeded Ronald 

W. Kubicki, who had been named Manager for Command, Service and 

Lunar Modules. ( MSC Release 72-162) 

New York Times editorial praising Venus 8 achievement [see July 221 

said planetary exploration would be “ideal area” for US.-U.S.S.R. 

cooperation, “since it poses none of the political or human problems 

involved in cooperation in manned space ventures such as the docking 

maneuver now scheduled for 1975. Both Soviet and American planetary 

probes would be better if the two nations pooled information and experience on the design and construction of these vehicles. Such pooling 

would seem to be a natural step in the evolution of Moscow-Washington 

space cooperation. The sooner it is realized the more effective and less 

expensive both nations’ space exploratory efforts are likely to be.” 

(NYT, 7/26/72,34) 

House and Senate conferees submitted conference report on 

H.R. 15093, N 1973 Dept. of Housing and Urban Development-spacescience-veterans appropriations bill that contained $3.48-billion NASA 

July 27: 

273 
July 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

appropriation. Conference recommended $2.601-billion appropriation 

for NASA research and development, instead of $2.550 billion proposed 

by House and $2.624 billion proposed by Senate, and included $24 

million for aeronautical research in noise abatement and aviation safety 

as proposed-by Senate. Recommended appropriation for construction of 

facilities was $77.3 million as proposed by Senate, instead of $69.8 million proposed by House-and included $5.5 million for modification of 

manufacturing and final assembly facilities for space shuttle as proposed by Senate and $8 million for facility planning and design as 

proposed by Senate, instead of $6 million proposed by House. Appropriation for research and program management remained unchanged 

at $729.45 million. (H Rpt 92-1261; NASA Off Administration) 

* NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, carrying Harvard College Observatory solar physics experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. President Joseph G. Gavin, Jr., said in interview that 1500 employees might lose jobs because of award of NASA 

space shuttle contract to competitor, North American Rockwell Corp. 

[see July 261. First layoffs at Bethpage, N.Y., plant might come in three 

weeks, with 200 employees affected. Labor officials later noted that 

action could affect as many as 8000 workers, including fringe concerns. 

(Andelman, NYT, 7/28/72) 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced appointment of Dan Schneiderman, 

former manager of Mariner Mars 1971 Project, as manager of Civil 

Systems Program O5ce. He would manage JPL effort to develop applications of laboratory capabilities to problems in medical engineering, 

public safety, urban land use, and transportation. ( JPL Release 622) 

* Charles A. Lindbergh discussed supersonic transport aircraft in New York 

Times article: “For me, aviation has value only to the extent that it 

contributes to the quality of the human life it serves. Research in the 

fields of supersonic flight is, obviously, of great importance and should 

continue, but my personal conclusion is that the regular operation of 

SST’S in their present state of development will be disadvantageous both 

to aviation and to the peoples of the world. I believe we should prohibit 

their scheduled operation on or above United States territory as long 

as their effect on our over-all environment remains unsatisfactory.” 

(NYT, 7/27/72,31) 

* House passed H.R. 1026 requesting President to proclaim Feb. 19, 1973, 

“Nicolaus Copernicus Day,” marking quinquecentennial of birth of 

Polish astronomer Copernicus. (CR, 7/27/72, D833) 

28: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 512 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

273-km (169.6-mi) apogee, 202-km (125.5-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, and 65.3” inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 9. (GSFC SSR, 

7/31/72, 8/31/72; SBD, 8/1/72, 163) 

* NASA’s TF-8A aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing and piloted by 

Thomas C. McMurtry, completed first flight with new fuselage fairings. 

Aircraft reached mach 0.95, 0.97, and 0.99 at altitudes between 13 470 

and 13 960 m (4 200 and 45 800 ft) and constant dynamic pressure 

of 9600 newtons per sq m (200 psf). Pressure distribution data were 

obtained and 2 g wind-up turns to measure stability and control characteristics were made. Acceleration and deceleration runs were made 

at 10 700-m (35 000-ft) altitude from mach 0.86 to 1.10 with maximum 

274 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 28 

dynamic pressure of 20 110 newtons per sq m (420 psf). Aircraft was 

flown with generators off in configuration planned for future flights. 

(NASA proj off) 

* NASA launched four-stage Trailblazer I1 reentry vehicle from Wallops 

Station to test chemical-injection method of eliminating radio blackout 

during reentry. Vehicle, launched for Air Force Cambridge Research 

Laboratories, carried 34-kg (75-lb) payload to 322-km (200-mi) altitude over Atlantic. Payload injected chemical into plasma surrounding 

vehicle during reentry and measured effectiveness of injection in eliminating blackout. Objective of AFCRL Trailblazer I1 program was to study 

techniques for improving transmission and reception of radio signals 

from aerospace vehicles during reentry. (WS Release 728) 0 Preliminary data from U.S.S.R.’s Venus 8 spacecraft, which landed on 

planet Venus July 22, was published in Moscow. Landing site temperature was 738 K (465°C) and pressure was 93 atmospheres. Measurements of substances in clouds during descent suggested Venusian surface was undergoing “stormy volcanic action” and demonstrating same 

evolutionary characteristics as earth had many millions of years ago, 

which could explain high surface temperatures. Yen, 8’s ability to 

transmit from surface 27 min longer than Venus 7 had was attributed 

to freezing of descent module by ground command just before descent. 

Ground controllers had transmitted command to freeze module “from 

inside,” making it “very much like an ice chest” so that outside temperature was felt gradually irrespective of thermal pressure. ( FBIS-SOV, 

7/28/72, L5; SBD, 7/26/72,125; 7/31/72,151) 

NASA annoudFed issuance to scientists around the world of requests for 

proposals for new investigations based on data already acquired by 

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory ( OGO) , Orbiting Solar Observatory 

(oso) , and Explorer satelrites NASA would provide limited support to 

new investigations, possible because of satellites’ extended lifetimes and 

increased volume of available data. Proposals were due by Oct. 31. 

Funding for selected US. proposals would be available April 1, 1973. 

Foreign investigators would make own arrangements without cost to 

NASA. (NASA Release 72-152) 

Protocol on US.-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission on Scientific and Technical 

Cooperation, established under May 26 agreement, was signed by Dr. 

Edward E. David, Jr., Presidential Science Adviser, at White House 

ceremony attended by President Nixon. Protocol was signed simultaneously in Moscow by Vladimir A. Kirillin, Deputy Chairman of 

U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers. (PD, 7/31/72, 1187; Tass, FBIS-SOV, 

7/31/72, G1) 

International Aerospace Hall of Fame announced 1972 selection of members: Gen. Henry H. Arnold, wartime commander of US. Army Air 

Forces; John K. Northrop, president and cofounder of Northrop Aircraft, Inc.; Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, British aircraft designer and 

founder of de Havilland Aircraft Co.; and Otto LiEenthal, German 

glider aircraft pioneer. Investiture ceremony would be held Oct. 14 in 

San Diego. (NASA Hist Off) 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. President Joseph G. Gavin, Jr., said he hoped 

to obtain $1 billion worth of subcontracts in space shuttle program. 

New York Times said later that this was more than three times as much 

as North American Rockwell, winner of $2.6-billion prime contract, 

275 
July 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

had tentatively allocated to all of New York State. (Witkin, NYT, 

7/29/72) 

* Los Angeles Times editorial commented on July 26 award of space shuttle 

contract to North American Rockwell Corp. : Argument over shuttle 

economics continued but “decision has already been made, as a practical matter, in favor of the shuttle. That is good news for the California 

economy in general, and aerospace workers in particular. But, more 

than that, it signals the country’s decision to continue the exploration 

of space.” (LA Times, 7/28/72) 

* Atlanta Journal Constitution editorial lamented assignment of Apollo 15 

Commander David R. Scott to desk job because of carrying postal covers to moon: It was “bitter blow to one who flew so high” but was 

warranted.” Scott was “a brave, tough man who is honest enough to 

know that he did wrong, and moral enough to know that he deserves 

the punishment.” (Atlanta JC, 7/28/72) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, discussed equal employment opportunities in space program before National Technical 

Assn. in Baltimore: “Space is working for all people, and nothing is 

going to change this happy circumstance.” But “there is another side 

of the coin that we should examine: that is, the people who work for 

space.” Matching broad participation of women and of representatives 

of minority groups “is not there.” Percentage of women and minorities 

on NASA payroll reached “presentable figure” but, “if we take the professional staffs alone, the percentage drops sharply.” Some NASA offices 

were almost all white and male; others had overabundance of minorities. “I am less concerned with how this came about than I am with 

applying the corrective. My sincere concern . . . is not only that space 

shall continue to work for all people: but also that all people shall participate in the space effort.” (Text) 

0 NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, carrying Harvard College Observatory solar physics experiment. 

Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* New Orleans Times Picayune editorial commented on US.-U.S.S.R. space 

cooperation: “The US.-Soviet studies . . . have proceeded smoothly 

and professionally for almost two years, apparently signaling a detachment of space affairs from political rivalry. This is a significant and 

welcome advance, long sought by the US., for the promise of space 

could hardly be fulfilled if it only increased the range of surface-style 

aggressiveness.” (T Picayune, 7/29/72) 

Zntelsat-ZV F-5, launched by NASA June 13 for Communications 

Satellite Corp. on behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite 

Consortium ( INTELSAT) , entered commercial service over Indian Ocean. 

(ComSatCorp Operations Off; SBD, 8/2/72,167) 

Intense solar storm observed by NASA’s Os0 7 Orbiting Solar Observatory 

July 26 emerged from behind sun on east limb and was immediately 

studied by scientists at ground-based observatories. Storm had created 

waves in earth‘s magnetic field and had affected power systems around 

world. Os0 7 would be able to follow storm region for several days after 

storm disappeared behind sun and would provide early warning of 

possible new eruptions. (NASA Release 72-1a) 

Volunteers at Lewis Research Center were being trained to recognize odor intensity and character of jet engine exhaust gases. Project- 

(6 

July 29: 

JuZy 30: 

July 31 : 

276 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 July 31 

Jet Combustor Exhaust Study-was part of overall’ program at LeRC to 

determine emissions of pollutants from jet aircraft and was being conducted by URC and Arthur D. Little Co. Findings were expected to help 

in reducing odors around airports caused by jet engine exhaust. Other 

studies were checking possible correlation between combustion efficiency and odor intensity. Project director Helmut F. Butz said best 

instrument “for attacking the odor problem . . . is still the human nose, 

but the nose has to be trained.” Volunteers, on cue, opened sniffing port 

in special odor chamber, took short whiff, and recorded what they 

smelled. Classes of chemical compounds responsible for odor would be 

determined by analytical tests. (LeRC Release 72-78) 

ress in Washington, D.C., 

that Senate Committee on Aeronautical an B Space Sciences would include probe of Apollo 14 crew’s decision to carry 200 privately minted 

silver medals on Jan. 31-Feb. 7, 1971, mission in scheduled Aug. 3 

hearings on commercial exploitation of Apdlo 15. (AP, Pasadena StarNews, 8/1/72) 

Group of 60 Civil Air Patrol cadets from 32 states and Puerto Rico 

arrived at Marshall Space Flight Center for week-long space flight 

orientation course. Cadets would attend lectures on NASA programs, 

tour MSFC laboratories, and visit Alabama Space and Rocket Center. 

( MSFC Release 72-92) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced award of l8-m0, $238 000, costplus-fixed-fee contract to United Aircraft Corp. Hamilton Standard 

Div. to design and build prototype waste collection system-usable by 

both males and females-for space shuttle orbiter. (MSC Release 72- 

168) 

During July: U.S.S.R. launched Salyut spacecraft which failed to achieve 

orbit, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Magazine said 

spacecraft penetrated atmosphere, where it was detected by over-thehorizon radars. One of two 2nd-stage engines stopped firing early; second stopped at end of programmed firing time with fuel remaining. 

(Av Week, 4/9/73,21) 

Use of Federal laboratories for research applied to national problems was 

advocated by electronics executive J. Ross Macdonald in Technology 

Review article: “We should recognize that the frontier, the challenge 

of our times, has moved from the outer space of the external world to 

the vastly more complex inner space of men’s minds and their interaction. Our present federal scientific establishment is ill prepared to meet 

this chalrenge, and here lies the argument for a system of national laboratories better organized to help meet pressing national and worldwide 

needs, especially the greatest need of all: people who understand their 

own natures well enough to control themselves and their technological 

tools, moderate self-interest, fight irrationality, and set human goals 

above all else.” (Tech Rev, 7-8/72,1&1) 

L/G John W. O’Neil, Vice Commander of Air Force Systems Command 

since 1969, would retire from Air Force Sept. 1, AFSC Newsreview reported. President Nixon had nominated as successor to Gen. O’Neil, 

M/G Edmund F. O’Connor, who had also been nominated for promotion 

to grade of lieutenant general. (AFSC Newsreview, 7/72, 1) 

Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.) told 

277 

NOT FE 

August 1972 

AlLgUst 1: Launch of first Earth Resources Technology Satellite, Erts 1, 

and selection of prime contractor-North American Rockwell Corp.- 

for space shuttle system demonstrated “how we have begun to turn the 

space program . . . around, how we are returning to the home seas of 

space after 12 years of strenuous and highly successful effort to explore 

the Moon,” Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said in letter to 

NASA staff. NASA would continue new direction with 1973 Skylab launch, 

joint US-U.S.S.R. mission in 1975, and first orbital flight of space 

shuttle in 1978. Additionally NASA would explore solar system with improved unmanned spacecraft, build and orbit improved unmanned observatories, and accelerate efforts to develop “basic new technology for 

the most promising space missions of the Eighties and Nineties. We will . . . maintain a balanced national space effort with our main area of 

concentration shifted from the Moon to Earth orbit.” (NASA Activities, 

8/25/72,160-1) 

NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences approval of recommendations of 

Joint Working Group on Space Biology and Medicine was announced 

by NASA. Group-headed by Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director of 

Life Sciences, and Soviet Academician Dr. 0. G. Gazenko-had met at 

Manned Spacecraft Center May 12-18 to continue exchange of experiences in manned space flight begun at first meeting in Moscow in October 1971. 

NASA had presented pre- and postflight medical requirements and 

flight crew health stabilization program for ApoZlu 16 (launched April 

16) , mission’s preliminary physiological results, and glossary of space 

medicine for mutual understanding of technical and scientific exchanges. U.S.S.R. had detailed medical findings from June 6-30, 1971, 

Soyuz 11-Sdyut 1 mission, in which three cosmonauts died; pre- and 

postflight clinical-physiological examination procedures for cosmonauts; and theoretical aspects of predicting physiological responses of 

crew during flight. Soyuz-Salyut data had indicated no deterioration of 

crew’s physiological status or performance efficiency before accident. 

Infli ht data were similar to data from previous Soyuz missions and to 

Apo%o data and were consistent with findings by both countries that 

general adaptive process occurred during weightlessness. U.S.S.R. had 

confirmed cosmonauts’ deaths were due to hypoxia and gaseous embolism (dysbarism), caused by rapid decompression of landing capsule 

some half hour before return to earth. Review and evaluation of 24-day 

Soviet mission had indicated no need to modify medical aspects of 

Skylab plans. 

Joint Working Group had agreed to develop common medical examination procedures to compare US. and Soviet pre- and postflight data 

on crew body functions and increase information on physiological responses to space flight. Group would exchange correspondence on orthostatic tolerance (cardiovascular response) , vestibular measurements, 

279 
August 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

exercise-working capacity, and biochemical examination of body fluids 

and would discuss these areas in depth at Moscow meeting early in 

1973, (NASA Release 72-157; Text) 

0 Marshall Space Flight Center announced completion of design certification reviews on Saturn boosters to be used on Skylab missions. DCRS on 

Skylab payload-including Orbital Workshop, airlock module, multiple 

docking adapter, and Apollo Telescope Mount-would be completed 

within three months. ( MSFC Release 72-96) 

Photos from Earth Resources Technology Satellite Erts 1 (launched July 

23) would be available to public through imagery dissemination centers at Depts. of Interior, Commerce, and Agriculture, NASA announced. 

Public and private sector organizations participatirig in NASA Technology Utilization program could obtain photos, analyses, and background 

material from six NASA-sponsored regional dissemination centers. (NASA 

Release 72-158) 

Grumman Corp. officials said layoff of 300 employees, from top engineers 

to maintenance and security personnel, would begin Aug. 4 as direct 

result of NASA’s award of space shuttle contract to North American 

Rockwell Corp. (Andelman, NYT, 8/2/72) 

Apollo 15 astronauts had been “disciplined out of the astronaut corps” for 

ignoring warning by Chief of Flight Crew Operations Donald K. Slayton not to carry items to moon for commercial gain, Washington Post 

said. Slayton’s warnings had been in personal briefings to crew and 

memorandum to all astronauts. Warnings had been inspired by discovery that Franklin Mint had profited from melting down coins taken to 

moon by Apollo 14 astronauts during Jan. 31-Feb. 9, 1971, mission, 

mixing their molten silver with other metals, and producing 130000 

coins for sale. (O’Toole, W Post, 8/1/72, A8) 

Dept. of Transportation announced it had awarded $280000 grant to 

Dr. Harold S. Johnston, Univ. of California at Berkeley chemist, to test 

his theory, propounded in 1971, that exhaust from supersonic transport 

aircraft could break up earth’s ozone shield and let in “blinding and 

even lethal” radiation. Dr. Johnston would make chemical tests two 

years under conditions simulating those of stratosphere. Grant was part 

of DOT Climatic Impact Assessment program to assemble scientific data 

on environmental effects of high-altitude aircraft. (Russell, W Post, 

8/5/72, A3 ; DOT PIO) 

0 President Nixon accepted resignation of James H. Wakelin, Jr., as Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology, effective- Aug. 

1. (PD, 8/7/72,1204) 

Cosmos 513 was launched from Baykonur by U.S.S.R. Satellite 

entered orbit with 322-km (200.1-mi) apogee, 201-km (124.9-mi) 

perigee, 89.7-min period, and 65” inclination and reentered Aug. 15. 

(GSFC SSR, 8/31/72; SED, 8/4/72,182) 

Most intense solar storm in two years, first observed by NASA’s Os0 7 

Orbiting Solar Observatory July 26, produced three major explosions. 

Storm was beine: observed by Os0 7 and 5; Explorer 41, 43, and 45; 

Pioneer 6 and 10; and ground-based observations. [See Aug. 7.1 (NASA 

Release 72-164) 

NASA U-2 reconnaissance aircraft from Ames Research Center, equipped 

with high-resolution cameras using black-and-white and infrared film, 

photographed forest fire raging in Big Sur country of California’s MonAugust 2: 

280 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 2 

terey County. It was first use of U-2 for forest fire reconnaissance. 

Photos made from altitudes of 20 000, 14 000, and 8000 m (65 OOO, 

45 000, and 25 000 ft) were used by forestry officials to make plans for 

fighting fire. Photos and dense fog cover had helped firefighters contain 50% of fire by Aug. 3 and eventually fire was extinguished. (ARC 

Release 72-55; LA Times, 8/4/72, 18; JPL Hist Off) 

* Skylab medical experiments altitude test (SMEAT) , begun July 26, was 

progressing satisfactorily. Richard S. Johnston, Director of Life Sciences at Manned Spacecraft Center, said astronauts Robert L. Crippen, 

Karol J. Bobko, and Dr. William E. Thornton were in good spirits and 

good physical condition after seven days inside MSC chamber 6 m (20 

ft) long. Minor equipment and procedural problems had been solved 

quickly without disrupting test timeline. Astronauts were scheduled to 

remain in chamber for up to 56 days. (MSC Release 72-170) 

* Academician Boris N. Petrov summarized US.-U.S.S.R. meetings on 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) [see July 6-18] and praised efforts 

for joint mission in Pravda: “To prepare for the planned flight both 

sides will have a lot of strenuous work to do and they will have a lot of 

difficulties to overcome. The implementation of this joint plan will be 

a major step forward in the development of international cooperation 

in the research and utilization of outer space for peaceful purposes. 

There is no doubt that cooperation in this field of technical progress 

will be an essential contribution to the conquest of space for peaceful 

purposes, in the interests of science, technology, and all peoples.” 

( FBIS-SOV, 8/4/72, L1) 

* Maritime Administration of Dept. of Commerce announced signing of 

$7.8-million cost-sharing research contract with General Electric Co. 

Space Div. to develop and test integrated vessel-control system using 

shipboard computer linked through orbiting satellites to shore-based 

computer. Maritime Administration would contribute $4.6 million and 

GE would pay balance. Project was part of program to adapt aerospace 

technology to marine operations and to equip fleet of 30-50 ships with 

satellite communications and navigation systems by late 1970s. (Maritime Release 72-32) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced award of $365000 contract supplement to LTV Aerospace Corp. for work on space shuttle orbiter 

thermal-protection system using reinforced pyrolyzed plastic. Supplement brought total funding for work to be done by April 20, 1973, to 

$859 000. (MsC Release 72-171) 

* McDonnell Douglas Corp. announced in St. Louis that it was laying off 

11 000 employees in next 17 mos, largely because of its failure to win 

prime contract for space shuttle. President and Chief Executive Officer 

Sanford N. McDonnell said 260 employees would be laid off immediately and that by year’s end figure would reach 6000. Most of 11 000 

layoff s-perhaps 9800-would be from California divisions of company that employed total of 92 000 persons. (Andelman, NYT, 8/3/72, 

43 ) * President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of members to National 

Science Board: Dr. Wesley 6. Campbell, Director of Hoover Institute 

on War, Revolution and Peace; Dr. T. Marshall Hahn, Jr., President 

of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ.; Dr. Anna J. Harrison, Mt. Holyoke College chemist; Dr. Hubert Heffner, Stanford Univ. 

281 
August 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

physicist ; Dr. William H. Meckling, Univ. of Rochester economist ; 

Dr. William A. Nierenberg, Director of Scripps Institute of Oceanography; Dr. Russell D. O’Neal, Executive Vice President for Aerospace 

with Bendix Corp.; and Dr. Joseph M. Reynolds, Louisiana State Univ. 

physicist (reappointment). Terms would expire May 10, 1978. (PD, 

8/7/72,1198,1205) 

NASA’s Erts I Earth Resources Technology Satellite (launched 

July 23) experienced unexpected power transient during 149th orbit. 

Ground controllers, suspecting problem in No. 2 tape recorder, turned 

off all experiment-associated power systems and placed spacecraft in 

stowed mode until problem was analyzed. Sequential turn-on of payload 

instruments-bypassing tape recorder-would begin Aug. 4 and transmission of photographic imagery would resume Aug. 5. (GSFC Release 

15-72) 

* Air Force F-15 fighter aircraft completed first supersonic flight, reaching 

mach 1.5 during 45-min test at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. Flight 

test program was scheduled to end March 1, 1973, when decision on 

production of first 30 of 729 aircraft would be made. (SBD, 8/7/72, 

188) 

Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Paul J. Weitz, and Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin 

-prime crew for first Skylab mission4hecked out Skylab airlock 

module (AM) and multiple docking adapter ( MDA) in vacuum chamber 

at McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.’s St. Louis, Mo., facility. Crew, 

wearing pressurized spacesuits, entered chamber and took positions in 

AM and MDA. One hour after pumpdown began, chamber pressure was 

less than 138 newtons per sq m (0.02 psi)-equal to that at 45 700-m 

(150 000-ft) altitude. Pressure inside AM and MDA was held at 34 500 

newtons per sq m (5 psi), high enough for crew to remove spacesuits 

and work in constant-wear garments. Crew connected biomedical equipment and sensors for repressurization but did not put on suits. (MSC 

Release 72-176) 

0 NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences had approved recommendations of 

two joint working groups on compatible rendezvous and docking systems for manned spacecraft, NASA announced. Groups were Working 

Group on Guidance and Control Systems, which met in Moscow May 

11-17, and Working Group on Compatibility of Docking Systems and 

Tunnels, which met at Manned Spacecraft Center March 27-April 3. 

Groups had considered lights, docking targets, communications systems, and other requirements of spacecraft control systems and also 

terminology, interface elements and assemblies, and docking system 

scale model. (NASA Release 72-160) 

* Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences met in closed session to hear testimony from Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator; 

Dr. George M. Low, Deputy Administrator; and ApoUo I5 astronauts 

David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and James B. Irwin on Apollo 15 

commercialism. Discussed were selling of stamp covers carried on mission and of replicas of statue “Fallen Astronaut” placed on moon during mission. Following meeting Committee Chairman, Sen. Clinton P. 

Anderson (D-N. Mex.) , issued statement: “The testimony of NASA management and of the astronauts was forthright and complete. There is 

no doubt that certain provisions of NASA’s Standards of Conduct for 

NASA Employees were violated by the astronauts for which they have 

August 3: 

282 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 3 

been punished. The question of whether or not they violated any law 

is being examined. No conclusions were reached by the Committee at 

this meeting and the Committee will decide at a later time what further 

action it will take.” (CRY 8/3/72, D869; Text) 

Senate agreed by vote of 88 to 2 to ratify US-U.S.S.R. treaty on limitation of antiballistic missile systems. (CR, S12598-616, 512619-30, 

S12675-83) 

* NASA announced selection of 106 principal investigators, including 83 

scientists from US. and 23 from other nations, for Skylab earth observation experiments. Investigators would use data from earth resources experiment package ( EREP) , consisting of five sensors developed to observe earth simultaneously in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. ( NASA Release 72-150) 

NASA selected Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc., for negotiation of $1- 

million, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to design health-care delivery system using integrated medical and behavioral laboratory-measurementsystem ( IMBLMS) concept. IMBLMS would provide remote medical care 

by medical instrumentation, computer-based data-management techniques, and advanced communications techniques. NASA would evaluate 

IMBLMS concept for possible use in advanced long-duration manned 

space missions. After 12-mo design phase NASA could exercise option to 

provide additional funds for 12-mo fabrication and checkout phase and 

24-mo operational-testing and system-evaluation phase. (NASA Release 

Fairchild Industries, Inc., and Western Telegraph Co. announced formation of new company, as yet unnamed, to enter domestic satellite field. 

Spokesman for Fairchild and Western (which had no connection with 

Western Union Telegraph Co.) said new company would use Fairchild’s satellite systems and development and manufacturing capabilities. (Smith, NYT, 8/9/72) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Churchill 

Research Range, carried Goddard Space Flight Center payload to 

159-km (98.8-mi) altitude. Objectives were to measure intensity and 

energy spectra of low-energy protons, helium nuclei, and heavier nuclei 

during polar cap absorption event; examine relative abundances of 

charge species; and study changes in intensity with time during event. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily but telemetry signal 

was sporadic after 150 sec. Payload landed on ground and was recovered. Launch was first of two; second would be Aug. 5. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced award of $92 800 firm-fixed-price 

contract to General Dynamics Corp. Convair Aerospace Div. to study 

effect jet thrusters would have on aerodynamics of space shuttle orbiter 

during reentry. Study would help in determining best configuration for 

orbiter’s reaction control system. ( MSC Release 72-173) 

* American Association for the Advancement of Science was beginning 

broad new program under National Science Foundation grant to enhance public understanding of scientific enterprise, Science editorial 

said. Program would include seminars for government officials and 

managers of mass media, new approach to science on television, critical 

journal to examine science and mass media, experimental project to 

interest AAAS members in more collegial activities, and modest re72-159) 

August 4: 

283 
August 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

search program into sources and cures of public misunderstanding of 

science. (Science, 8/4/72,391) 

August 5: Prwda published interview with unidentified designer of 

U.S.S.R.’s Venus 8 Venus probe (launched March 27). “The vehicle 

was designed for prolonged work on the planet’s surface. Everything is 

aimed at delaying the apparatus’ ‘thermal death.’ New devices and 

additional scientific instruments were fitted to the descent apparatus. 

Therefore, the task was to reduce some of the weight and lighten the 

apparatus chiefly at the expense of the body. A new system for releasing the cover from the parachute section and an improved parachute 

system are used on the . . . descent apparatus. The parachutes were 

tested on a special stand . . . like a wind tunnel with a gas current 

heated to 500 degrees [centigrade; 773 kelvins] being blown through 

it. Carbon dioxide-the chief component of the Venusian atmospherewas passed through the tube. With the help of sensors and a movie 

camera the testers thus had the opportunity of observing the behavior 

of the parachute system under near natural conditions.” Spherical capsule had been repeatedly tested in high-pressure chamber that simulated 

physical conditions of Venus landing. ( FBIS-SOV, 8/8/72, L2) 

0 Nike-Apache sounding rocket, carrying Goddard Space Flight Center payload, was launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range. Objectives 

were to measure intensity and energy spectra of low-energy protons, 

helium nuclei, and heavier nuclei during polar cap absorption event; 

examine relative abundances of charge species; and study changes in 

intensity with time during event. Rocket and instrumentation performance was not satisfactory. Radar beam malfunctioned at liftoff, telemetry signal was lost after 128 sec, 2nd stage apparently failed to 

ignite, and payload was not recovered. Launch was second of two; first 

had been Aug. 4. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

August 6: Erts 1 return-beam-vidicon (RBV) camera system was shut 

down after unexpected power surge. RBV system was second experiment to be shut down because of power surge; first had been NO. 2 tape 

recorder Aug. 3. Although both systems could be operated, shutdowns 

were necessary to determine whether operation would damage experiments and to identify exact cause of problem. Erts 1 (launched July 23) 

was providing excellent images from multispectral scanner ( MSS) system and No. 1 tape recorder was being used as required. (GSFC Release 

16-72) 

* Reorganization of Marshall Space Flight Center, announced June 30, was 

implemented. ( MSFC Release 72-98) 

August 7: Intense solar storm detected by NASA’s Os0 7 July 26 produced 

fourth major explosion. First three explosions had been Aug. 2. During 

one hour, storm produced enough energy to meet U.S. demand for 

electrical power for 100 yrs at present rate of consumption. Storm had 

caused blackout of short-wave radio transmissions in polar regions, 

disruptions in long-distance US. telephone communications, and southward extension of aurora borealis. [See also Aug. 2 and 13 and During 

October.] (NASA Release 72-179; Reuters, B Sun, 8/7/72, A6) 

NASA held separate Headquarters debriefing for three losing aerospace 

firms in $2.6-billion space shuttle contract competition. North American 

Rockwell had won contract July 26. Grumman Aerospace Corp. President Joseph G. Gavin, Jr., told press after Grumman debriefing that 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 7 

his firm was unsuccessful largely because its shuttle design was more 

“conservative” than that of NR. Gavin said NASA officials had considered “mission suitability” and not management problems as weakness 

in Grumman bid. Grumman design had more complex swing arms to 

hold shuttle stationary before launch and lacked “background with 

large cryogenic tanking” used in shuttle’s fuel supply. Grumman design 

had also been more expensive than NR version. Spokesmen for other 

losers, Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and McDonnell Douglas Corp., declined 

to comment after debriefings. [See also Oct. 4.1 (Andelman, NYT, 

8/8/72 1 0 President Nixon transmitted to Congress Environmental Quality: The 

Third Annual Report of the Council on Environmental QudityAugust 1972. He said: ‘‘I am pleased that the data presented . . . indicate that the quality of the air in many of our cities is improving. 

Across the nation, emissions from automobiles-a significant portion 

of total emissions-are declining. We can expect these welcome trends 

to accelerate as the new standards and compliance schedules called for 

by the Clean Air Act of 1970 become fully effective.” New legislation 

was “badly needed” in number of areas but international efforts toward 

“cleaner and healthier environment” were “hopeful sign that the productive pursuits of peace are coming gradually to command increasing 

attention in the discourse and competition among nations.” President 

cited as examples of international efforts US.-U.S.S.R. Cooperative 

Agreement on Environmental Protection signed May 23, June 5-16 

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, and proposal 

for World Heritage Trust which he made in 1971. (PD, 8/14/72, 

1216-9) 

Pravda published description by correspondent Pave1 Barashev of his 

flight aboard first serial Tu-144 Soviet supersonic transport aircraft. 

Aircraft had reached speed of nearly 2500 km per hr (1500 mph). 

“When the engine started I expected a roar but even when all four of 

them were working it was unusually quiet in the cabin even for a jet 

plane.” (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 8/7/72, L1) 

Skylab medical experiments altitude test (SMEAT) crew press 

conference was held at Manned Spacecraft Center. Astronauts Robert 

L. Crippen, Dr. William E. Thornton, and Karol J. Bobko answered 

press questions from inside chamber they had entered July 26. Chamber 

had atmosphere of 70% oxygen and 30% nitrogen and pressure of 

34 500 newtons per sq m (5 psi). Astronauts said they missed wives, 

families, and variety of outside life most. They had not experienced 

any stress from close confinement and had no trouble sleeping, but 

had recommended minor changes in food, waste collection system, and 

some medical equipment. 

Dr. Thornton said he was surprised at crew’s physiological condition: L‘There has been literally no change worth mentioning during this 

period, either physiological or psychological.” One OT two items “might 

have even shown a little improvement. There was a sniffle or two when 

we came in, and this atmosphere seems to have . . . cleared it up.” 

Dr. Thornton said $3-million cost of test was justified and was “a 

very, very small part of what could be considered insurance and success of the Skylab program.” Money being spent on Skylab medical 

research could build a number of medical institutions with “a great 

Augmt 8: 

285 
August 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

deal of short-term benefits, properly utilized. But . . . what we’re seeing 

in Skylab, from a medical viewpoint, is the first opportunity to medically study man in space. If the medical scientists that are assigned to 

Skylab obtain the data that they need and do their job properly, this 

is literally a building block for space medicine . . . . Regardless of what 

happens in the short run . . . the human race is going to be in space 

more and more as time goes on.” (Transcript) 

* U.S.S.R. requested that international convention on use of artificial earth 

satellites for direct TV broadcasting be placed on agenda of 27th 

session of United Nations General Assembly in September. Provisions 

of draft convention delivered to U.N. Secretary General Kurt M. Waldheim were: (1) Broadcasts were to be “in the interests of peace, 

progress, development of mutual understanding and stronger friendly 

relations” and to improve educational and cultural levels and effect 

wider international exchanges. (2) All states had equal right to receive 

and disseminate direct TV. (3) Broadcasts to foreign states would be 

made only with “definitely expressed consent” of receiving states. (4) 

Transmission to other states without their consent of programs that 

prejudice the cause of safeguarding international peace and security, 

which represent interference into internal affairs of states, which 

encroach upon basic human rights, which contain propaganda of violence and horrors, which undermine the foundations of local civilization 

and culture and which misinform the population are considered to be 

unlawful and involving international liability.” (5) States could act to 

counteract unlawful direct TV broadcasts beamed at them on their own 

territory, from outer space, and from other places outside national 

jurisdiction of any state. (6) A state was responsible for all national 

activities on its direct TV. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 8/10/72, Al) 

* Western Union Telegraph Co. outlined plans for possible start of domestic 

satellite communications system before mid-1974 at New York press 

briefing. Company said it had signed contract to purchase three satellites from Hughes Aircraft Co. for $20706500, with incentive payments to be made after satellites were orbited. Hughes would supply 

launch support and options for additional satellites and services. 

Western Union was first company to order satellites under waiver 

granted by Federal Communications Commission July 26 that permitted ordering spacecraft in advance of issuance of construction 

permits. (Smith, NYT, 8/9/72) 

* Reception in House Rayburn Building honored retiring Chairman George 

P. Miller of House Committee on Science and Astronautics. Rep. Miller 

(D-Calif.)-defeated June 6 in California primary for nomination for 

reelection to House-had presided over House Committee in overseeing 

and funding US. space rogram since 1961. House Speaker, Rep. Carl 

the national interest in so short a time” as by Committee. Dr. James 

C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. 

Robert C. Seamans, Jr., praised work of Committee in evolution of 

entire US. space effort. Rep. Miller responded that US. space achievements were “a beginning and not an end” of the national enterprise 

required to serve Nation and society in the future. National Space Club 

President Donald R. Rodgers presided over ceremony attended by 300 

66 

Albert (D-Okla.) , said t K at “never had so much been accomplished in 

286 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 8 

guests, including Congressmen, NASA and industry representatives, and 

Senate and House Space Committee staffs. (NASA Hist Off) 

0 High-powered telescopes at Univ. of California at San Diego picked up 

satellite Toros, “earth$ other moon,” at distance of 20 million km 

(12.4 million mi)-closest approach of Toros to earth in centuries. 

(UPI, W Star-News, 8/9/72, A15) 

0 House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on NASA 

Oversight held hearing on policies and procedures governing disposal 

of real property under NASA Administrator’s control. Purpose was to 

determine whether legislation should be enacted to require formal 

reports to Congress on real estate disposal. General Services Administration surveys had determined that certain lands at Wallops Station, 

Langley Research Center, and Lewis Research Center were excess to 

NASA needs. Congress had not previously been apprised of plans for 

property’s disposal by GSA. Subcommittee heard testimony of NASA 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Organization and Management 

Bernard Moritz. GSA was surveying URC’S Plum Brook Station, Wallops 

Station, LaRC, and Marshall Space Flight Center. Final decisions had 

not been made. (Transcript) 

0 National Academy of Sciences released findings of two-year study of 

science and its relation to society, made by Physics Survey Committee 

chaired by Yale Univ. physicist Dr. David A. Bromley. Report, tentatively titled “Physics in Perspective,” was in press at release time. 

It rated 69 program areas in physics in order of priority and emphasized cost to U.S. science and society and to physics if programs were 

not adopted. Most “striking” aspect of survey had been “renewed 

discovery of the over-all power and vitality of U.S. physics,” but “this 

strength is in danger.” Committee found danger most immediate and 

obvious in subfields like elementary particle and nuclear physics where 

major facilities approved in mid-1960s were just becoming operational. 

Report named 15 programs that had growth potentials warranting 

high priority for incremental support: macroscopic quantum phenomena including superfluidity and superconductivity, quantum optics, 

scattering in solids and liquids, heavy-ion interactions, higher-energy 

nuclear physics, national accelerator laboratory, Stanford linear 

accelerator, controlled fusion, turbulence, nonlinear optics, lasers and 

masers, atomic and molecular beams, biophysical acoustics, very large 

radio array, and x-ray and gamma ray astronomy. 

Committee concurred with recommendation of Astronomy Survey 

Committee [see June 11 that High Energy Astronomy Observatory 

(HEAO) should be prominent in national effort in astrophysics and 

astronomy. “Because of the opaqueness of the earth‘s atmosphere to 

both X and gamma radiation, these windows on the universe have only 

recently been opened through rocket and satellite astronomy. Any 

reasonable extrapolation from the preliminary soundings that have 

been possible so far suggests a larger return in fundamental insight 

into the structure and history of the universe. In the total national 

physics program, the estimated cost of this facility-$MO million . . . is extremely high. To be considered in proper perspective it must be 

viewed in the context of the total expenditures of the U.S. space 

program. In anticipated scientific return-both short- and long-range 

287 
August 8 ASTRONAUTICS )AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

it merits high priority in that program.” ( NASA-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 

0 British Airways Board had decided to order six Lockheed GlOll 

TriStar jet airliners and to place options on another six, Wall Street 

Journal reported. British Aerospace Minister Michael Heseltine had 

told House of Commons that British government would aid RollsRoyce (1971) Ltd. to develop more powerful version of aircraft’s 

RB-211 jet engine. Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Chairman Daniel J. 

Haughton had said later that order was “single most significant overseas order in Lockheed’s commercial aircraft programs during the 

past 25 years.” Lockheed estimated value of order at $150 million 

including spares. ( WSJ, 8/8/71, 7) 

President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Dr. James R. 

Schlesinger, Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission, to be US. 

representative at 16th session of General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Among alternates nominated was 

Dr. T. Keith Glennan, first NASA Administrator. (PD, 8/14/72, 1225) 

August 8-9: Skylab program managers reviewed design of mission’s 

experimental hardware with 11 high school student winners of NASA 

and National Science Teachers Assn. competition to propose experiments for 1973 Skylab mission [see July 201. Students attending critical 

design reviews at Marshall Space Flight Center were those whose 

experiments required new scientific equipment. (NASA Release 72-161) 

August 9: Army announced cancellation of controversial Lockheed 

AH-56A Cheyenne helicopter program and plans, subject to congressional approval, to develop new attack helicopter. Production 

contract for Cheyenne had been canceled in May 1969, after Lockheed 

failed to solve rotor problem. Since then firm had claimed progress 

in combating problem, Wall Street Journal later reported. ( WSJ, 

8/10/72, 3; Army PIO) 

0 RCA announced it had received NASA contracts totaling nearly $1.5 

million for four Skylab color tape-recording systems. Recorderssimilar to those on Erts I (launched July 23)-would help provide 

home viewers with color TV coverage of astronauts conducting experiments. Contracts had been awarded to RCA Government Communications Systems by Marshall Space Flight Center. (RCA Release) 

International Institute for Strategic Studies in London released 

Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Arms Control. Study found that 

verification by observation satellites and electronic reconnaissance 

systems of adherence to terms of Strategic Arms Limitation agreements had greatly reduced possibility of one nation’s cheating on 

another. “Therefore the risk of the Soviet Union achieving a strategic 

advantage as a result of a . . . treaty is a very low one.” (UPI, 

NY News, 8/11/72, 6) 

NASA launched two Aerobee 170 sounding rockets from White Sands 

Missile Range, N. Mex. First carried Massachusetts Institute of Technology astronomy and soft x-ray experiment. Rocket performed satisfactorily, but scientific objectives were not met. Second rocket carried 

Univ. of Wisconsin astronomy experiment. Rocket and instrumentation 

performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

President Nixon sent Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, 

Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin 

8-9/72, 1-7) 

August 10: 

288 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 10 

Weapons, and on Their Destruction [see April 101 to Senate for 

advice and consent to ratification. He said: “I believe this Convention 

will enhance the security of the United States and the world community. 

It will help ensure that scientific achievements in . . . biology will be 

devoted not to destruction but to the service of mankind. It represents 

a significant advance in . . . arms control and disarmament. (PD, 

8/14/72, 1220-1) 

0 President Nixon signed H.R. 14108, $696.9-million National Science 

Foundation authorization act for 1973. Act became Public Law 92-372. 

(PD, 8/14/72, 1225) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by William H. Dana, 

completed 15th flight from Flight Research Center. Objective-to 

investigate stability and control at mach 0.95-was achieved. (NASA 

proj off) 

Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.), critic of aerospace spending, was 

named Chairman of Senate Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Development, Space, Science, Veterans. 

Appointment followed death of Subcommittee Chairman, Sen. Allen J. 

Ellender (D-La.). (LA Times, 8/17/72; W Post, 8/18/72, A3) 

First laboratory demonstration of controlled fusion-peaceful use of 

hydrogen-bomb reaction to make electricity--could occur within three 

years, Washington Post reported. Intensely concentrated laser light 

beam would be used to trigger fusing of atoms. Fusion would produce 

energy sufficient for conversion into plentiful electric power with 

potentially unlimited fuel, a form of hydrogen from sea. Physicist 

Edward Teller had said there was “outside chance” that laser-fusion 

would carry men to Mars and back by end of century. U.S.S.R. was 

believed to be two to three years ahead of rest of world in both laserfusion and other fusion research. (Cohn, W Post, 8/11/72, A3) 

President Nixon designated Chairman Russell E. Train of Council on 

Environmental Quality to lead US. participation in US.-U.S.S.R. 

Joint Committee in the Field of Environmental Protection. Train would 

head US. delegation to Moscow later in year. (PD, 8/14/72, 1224) 

0 National Science Foundation published Federal R&D Funding Continues 

To Rise (NSF 72-314): Upward trend since 1970 in Federal research 

and development support was clearly established. Federal R&D obligations, exclusive of plant, were expected to rise from $15.5 billion in 

FY 1971 to $16.8 billion in FY 1972 and to all-time high of $17.8 

billion in FY 1973. Figures showed increase of 8% in FY 1972 and 

6% in FY 1973. Upward trend reversed downward trend from FY 

1967 through 1970. (NSF Highlights, 8/11/72) 

R/A William M. Harnish (USN) assumed command of Pacific Missile 

Range in ceremony at Pt. Mugu, Calif. (PMR Missile, 8/11/72, 1) 

August 12-13: Chicago Daily News editorial said there appeared to be 

conspiracy” to keep details of ApoZZo 15 commercialism from public. 

“Not only were public and press barred from the five-hour committee 

hearing [see Aug. 31; a curtain of silence was imposed after the 

session.” Paper reminded “both NASA and the committee that they 

work for the public. Let’s quit playing cozy and bring the facts into 

the open so the public can make its own judgment.” (C Daily News, 

August 11: 

11 

8/12-13/72) 

289 
August 13-28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

August 13-28: Explorer 46 Meteoroid Technology Satellite ( MTS) was 

launched by NASA from Wallops Station by four-stage Scout booster 

at 11:lO am EDT. Spacecraft and booster, which included new Algol I11 

1st stage, weighed 21 650 kg (23.9 tons) -heaviest vehicle ever launched 

from Wallops. Orbital parameters : 814.5-km (506.1-mi) apogee, 

495.8-km (308.1-mi) perigee, 98-min period, and 37.7” inclination. 

Primary objective was to evaluate effectiveness of bumper-protected 

multisheet spacecraft structure for protection against meteoroid penetration in first inflight test. Data would be compared with data from 

single-sheet structures launched previously. Secondary objectives were 

to obtain data on meteoroid impact velocity and measure impact flux 

of small mass meteoroids. 

Satellite had been designed, fabricated, and tested by Langley 

Research Center. It carried three experiments : bumper penetration 

experiment with 12 panels, each 48 cm wide and 3 m long (19 in x 

lOV2 ft), containing 8 pressurized cells; impact flux experiment containing 65 thin-film capacitance penetration sensors arranged in groups 

of 3 and 5 on various parts of spacecraft; and meteoroid-velocity 

experiment consisting of 2 plates of sensors and timer to measure time 

meteoroid traveled distance between plates. 

By Aug. 22 spacecraft experiments and telemetry systems were 

operating and good data were being obtained, but half of panels in 

bumper experiment apparently had not deployed. Spacecraft was 

spinning at 3 rpm as planned, but because of panel deployment 

anomaly and resulting spin axis 90” to that planned, spacecraft 

battery temperature had risen from 299 K (79°F) past 308 K (95°F) 

design temperature to 337 K (147°F) Aug. 22. Battery was still 

providing voltage and all experiments were functioning satisfactorily. 

During spacecraft’s second pass Aug. 22, telemeter A, powered by 

battery, came on as commanded but telemeter B, backup system 

operated by solar-cell power, went off unexpectedly. Officials decided 

to discontinue interrogation of telemeter A so that data from telemeter 

B would not be jeopardized. As a result, no data were being received 

from secondary experiments and no housekeeping data were received. 

About 2000 impacts by submicrometer particles had been detected 

during telemeter A operation, providing sufficient data for impact 

experiment. No data had been obtained from meteoroid-velocity 

experiment. By Aug. 28, 3 of 48 pressurized detector cells successfully 

deployed had been punctured and primary experiment was continuing 

to provide good data. (NASA proj off) 

Third in series of very-high-altitude flight tests of parachute 

decelerator system for NASA’s Viking Mars lander, scheduled for 1975 

launch, was held over White Sands Missile Range by Martin Marietta 

Corp. under Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories direction. 

In repeat of July 11 test, simulated Viking entry vehicle was lifted by 

helium-filled balloon and then boosted to supersonic speed by rocket to 

check out parachute system at highest speed and most severe loading 

conditions expected on Mars landing. [See July 11 and 26, Aug. 19, 

and Dec. 14.1 (AFSC Release 105.72; Martin Marietta Corp PIO; NASA 

Release 72-118) 

Recent solar flares had reminded scientists of “undependable” behavior 

of sun, Walter Sullivan said in New York Times article. Solar cycle 

August 13: 

290 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 13 

was “only an approximation. Its 11-year periodicity is no more than 

average and some of the biggest eruptions, described as ‘Class 4,’ occur 

when the cycle is not at its peak.” Largest of recent series [see Aug. 71 

had been graded Class 3 “but they were probably the most intense 

ever recorded close to the period when the sun is ‘quietest.’” Sun’s 

undependable behavior could affect safety of astronauts exploring 

Mars. “They are likely to be sent on such a voyage, lasting more than 

a year, at a time of sunspot minimum. But if they were outside their 

craft when a major flare occurred, they might be exposed to a severe 

dose of radiation.” (NYT, 8/13/72, 9) 0 Data from 10-yr US. Supersonic Transport Development Program, 

terminated March 1971, had been cataloged and would be available 

for dissemination by National Technical Information Service of Dept. 

of Commerce, Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced. 

(DOT Release 72-159) 

Smithsonian Institution had recommended California Museum of Science 

and Industry in Los Angeles as National Aerospace Museum of the 

West, San Diego Union reported. If Congress approved, funds from 

Federal agencies would be used for public exhibit of aircraft, rockets, 

spacecraft, and satellites. (Copley News Service, SD Union, 8/13/72) 

President Nixon signed H.R. 15093, FY 1973 Dept. of Housing and Urban Development-space-science-veterans appropriations bill 

that included $3.408-billion NASA appropriation. Bill became Public 

Law 92-383. (PO, 8/21/72,1246; PL 92383) 

Soviet scientists who had examined lunar samples brought to earth by 

Luna 16 and Apollo 11 had reported findings on lunar iron, Tass 

announced. Lunar iron was almost completely void of impurities and 

had not been affected by corrosion, in spite of its long presence on 

earth. Scientists maintained “that lunar vacuum and high temperature 

during the supposed eruptions of volcanoes themselves served as 

reducers of pure iron out of compounds.” (FBIS-SOV, 8/15/72, L2) 0 Space researchers should look for insect life on Jupiter and for seeds and 

pollen on Saturn, Russian-born cosmologist Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky 

said during lecture sponsored by Ames Research Center’s Biotechnology and Planetary Biology Divs. at ARC. He hypothesized that Venus 

and Mars had been in different orbits and had passed close enough 

to earth in centuries before Christ to cause cataclysms described in 

Old Testament. Dr. Velikovsky also suggested that several magnetic 

shells within solar system could return echoes and urged that spacecraft be sent to investigate them. (ARC Astrogrm, 8/3/72, 1; Mead, 

San Jose, Calif, Mercury, 8/15/72) 

0 International Biophysics Conference ended in Moscow. During conference, 

attended by scientists from more than 40 countries, Moscow Univ. 

biophysicist Andrey Rubin reported spectrometry detection of simplest 

organic compounds in stellar dust. Discovery indicated possible existence of carbon-based organic life on other planets. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 

8/15/72, L1) 

Special Achievement Awards to Naval Research Laboratory 

scientists Richard L. Statler and Dr. Bruce J. Faraday for technique 

to prevent solar-cell overheating in satellite power systems were 

announced by NRL. Technique improved satellite efficiency and could 

extend satellite life by fabricating solar panels of unique materials 

August 14: 

August 15: 

291 
August 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

that allowed cooler operation. Technique-already incorporated on 

NRL satellites built by NRL Space Systems Div.-increased available 

power, decreased satellite weight, and promised cost savings for building and operating solar-cell power-supply subsystems. ( NRL Release 

* NASA awarded three letter contracts for design of modifications to quiet 

engines and reduce exhaust emissions of US. commercial jet aircraft. 

United,Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Diy. received $1.2 million to 

modify JT3D and JTSD engines and McDonnell Douglas Corp. and 

Boeing Co. each received $800 000 to propose methods for acoustically 

treating nacelles to absorb fan noise. Work would be noncompetitive. 

(NASA Release 72-166) 

Univ. of California at Los Angeles reported that test conducted with 

3-mev electron microscope in Toulouse, France, had contradicted theory 

that at electron energies high enough to magnify specimens down to 

molecular level specimen would be so severely damaged that results 

would be useless. Test had shown reverse to be true. As energy of 

microscope's electron beam increased, extent of damage had decreased. 

(Sullivan, NYT, 8/16/72, 14) 

* President Nixon informed Congress of plans for six-month International 

Exposition on the Environment to be held in Spokane, Wash., in 1974. 

(PD, 8/21/72, 1237) 

Symposium on composite structural materials for space 

shuttle application, at Marshall Space Flight Center, reviewed progress 

and facilitated exchange of space shuttle composites information 

originated by NASA Centers and contractors. ( MSFC Release 72-107) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 514 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

975-km (605.8-mi) apogee, 957-km (594.7-mi) perigee, 104.3-min 

period, and 82.9" inclination. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/72; Sou Aero, 

8/21/72, a) 

NASA announced signing of definitive contract with North American 

Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. for development and production of 

space shuttle main engine. NASA had announced selection of Rocketdyne 

for negotiation of contract July 13, 1971, but award had been delayed 

pending outcome of protest by United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney 

Div. Initial work had been under way for several months under 

temporary contracts during final negotiations. First increment of costplus-award-fee contract for primary development througk Aug. 31, 

1975, was estimated at $205 766 000. Second increment of $236 709 000 

would be for engine production and remaining development from 

Sept. 1, 1975, to June 30, 1979. (NASA ReIease 72-167) 

NASA conducted successful trial run of airborne visible-laser opticalcommunications ( AVLOC) flight tests to determine effects of atmosphere 

on vertical transmission of laser beams. Two-month series of tests 

using WB-57 aircraft at 18 000 m (60 000 ft) , above 95% of earth's 

atmosphere, would be operated by Manned Spacecraft Center over 

ground station at Redstone Arsenal near Marshall Space Flight Center. 

Tests were part .of overall NASA program to develop optical communications systems for use during 1970s. Similar visible-light experiment 

was planned for Applications Technology Satellite AT-, to be 

launched by NASA in 1975. In trial test, experiments, checking out 

pulsed-laser radar acquisition-and-ranging system, located aircraft 

3672-7) 

August 15-16: 

August 16: 

292 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 16 

flown from Ellington Air Force Base, Tex., and tracked it to 18 000 km 

(58 000 ft) but did not attempt laser communications. (MSFC Release 

72-109) 

NASA announced resignation of Daniel J. Harnett, Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs and Technology Utilization, effective Sept. 1. 

Harnett would join Aeronca, Inc., in major executive capacity. He had 

joined NASA Oct. 1, 1969. (NASA Release 72-165; A&A 1969) 

Bathroom commode system for space shuttle passengers was described 

by Manned Spacecraft Center engineer A. F. Behrend, Jr., and J. E. 

Swider, Jr., of United Aircraft Corp. Hamilton Standard Div. during 

annual Environmental Control and Life Support System Conference in 

San Francisco. In space, high-velocity airstreams would compensate 

for earth’s gravity and would assist water-flush mechanism. Waste 

would be vacuum dried and chemically treated. System, being built 

for further testing and evaluation by Hamilton Standard under 

$238000 NASA contract, was of type being studied by commercial 

airlines to reduce maintenance and operating costs. (NASA Release 

0 Wallops Station announced award of $1 074 000, one-year contract 

renewal to Computer Sciences Corp. for engineering support services 

at Wallops. (WS Release 72-9) 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, spoke 

on NASA’s attack on costs during symposium “Cost-A Principal 

System Design Parameter” in Washington, D.C. Symposium was sponsored by National Security Industrial Assn. and Armed Forces Management Assn. NASA was facing major cost problems. If NASA did not 

do something about the high cost of doing business in space, and 

do it soon, our nation’s space program is in deep trouble. We are on 

the verge of exciting new discoveries in space science, but we cannot 

follow through as rapidly as we should because we can’t afford it. 

We see before us many important space applications, but we cannot 

move out as rapidly as we should because we can’t afford it. Most 

important of all, we may lose our hard-won worldwide leadership in 

space, if we don’t find a way to do more for our money!” NASA 

could do little about budgetary restraints, “but there is a great deal 

we can do about costs. Doing something about the high cost of doing 

business in space is today’s biggest challenge.” 

In past, NASA had been forced to develop expensive equipment for 

one-time use. “Today we have 52 operating civilian spacecraft. By 

the end of next year we will launch 35 more, for a total of 87” 

representing “43 different spacecraft types---on the average each spacecraft [type] is flown only twice!” But payloads had become more 

complex, while launch costs decreased. “We are no longer as limited 

in weight and volume as we were ten years ago; with the shuttle, 

weight and volume constraints will be non-existent for many missions. 

This means that we should now optimize our payloads for low cost and 

high reliability, and not for minimum weight and maximum performance. . . . I am convinced that if we do this, we can drastically reduce 

the cost of doing business in space. And this . . . is as great a 

technological challenge as everything else that we have done in space.” 

72-163) 

August 16-17: 

66 

(Text) 

293 
August 16-17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Air Force initiatives in controlling system cost were summarized 

by Gen. George S. Brown, Commander of Air Force Systems Command: prototyping to avoid high developmental costs, joint operational 

technical’ reviews to identify tradeoffs that would reduce acquisition 

costs, contracting techniques to reduce acquisition costs, full support 

of program managers to reduce acquisition costs, improvement in 

life-cycle costing technique to identify actions that would minimize 

total cost of ownership, and positive actions to achieve reliability and 

maintainability goals for increasing system effectiveness and decreasing cost of ownership. (Text) 

Plans for regional earth resources information system were 

announced at Marshall Space Flight Center by team of MSFC Summer 

Faculty Fellows headed by Dr. Reginald I. Vachon of Auburn Univ. 

and physicist Herman G. Hamby of MSFC Environmental Applications 

Office. System-Earth Resources Information Storage, Transformation, 

Analysis and Retrieval ( ERISTAR) -would gather and correlate data 

from instrumented packages into data cross-sections useful in industrial development, conservation of natural resources, and pollution 

reduction. Information would be made available to Alabama Earth 

Resources Information Committee. Developed by team during 11-week 

stay at MSFC, system would assist in disseminating information from 

Erts I Earth Resources Technology Satellite, launched July 23. (MSFC 

Release 72-105) 

* People’s Republic of China signed $5.7-million contract with RCA Global 

Communications, Inc., to install satellite earth station outside Peking 

and enlarge existing earth stations near Shanghai. (Samuelson, W Post, 

8/18/72, D8) 

* NASA announced award of $445669 contract to Univ. of Minnesota to 

build mass spectrometer measurement instruments. for Dual Air Density 

(DAD) Explorer satellites, scheduled for launch in 1974. (NASA Release 

* Pravda editorial praised U.S.S.R.’s Venus 8 Venus probe: “A striking 

new page has been written in the annals of Soviet and world cosmonautics. After a 4-month flight the Venus-8 automatic interplanetary 

station reached Venus and its descent apparatus made history’s first 

floating descent through the atmosphere on the light side of the 

morning star, making a soft landing on the planet’s surface. This 

remarkable scientific experiment is another vivid demonstration of the 

great potential of unmanned spacecraft in studying space and the 

planets of the solar system. The Venus-8 station has brilliantly continued the impressive sequence of . . . unmanned spacecraft, which 

have provided world natural science with so much valuable information about the universe.” (FBIS-SOV, 8/21/72, L1) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 515 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

286-km (177.7-4 apogee, 179-km (111.2-mi) perigee, 89.1-min 

period, and 73” inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 31. (GSFC SSR, 

8/31/72; Sov Aero, 9/11/72, 70) 

NASA awarded $500000 parallel study contracts to Hughes Aircraft Co. 

Space and Communications Group, TRW Systems Group, and AVCO 

Corp. Systems Div. to design system for series of proposed missions 

to study Venus with Pioneer-class spacecraft. Missions, to begin in 

January 1977, would include entry probes and orbiters. Contractors 

August 17: 

72-168) 

August 18: 

294 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 18 

for final design, development, and manufacture would be selected after 

completion of studies in June 1973. (NASA Release 72-172) 

NASA announced award of $5-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract to 

ITT Gilfillan to develop visible laser communications experiment for 

ATS-G Applications Technology Satellite, scheduled for launch in 1975. 

Contract was for five years, including ground station operational 

support throughout experiment’s two-year lifetime. (NASA Release 

Senate passed S.R. 2483, bill to formulate plans and programs to convert 

US. to metric system of weights and measures within 10 yrs. (CR, 

8/18/72, S1396403) 

0 Los Angeles Times editorial commented on scientific forecasts that earth‘s 

surface would become too hot for habitation in 4 billion yrs: “While 

we work on problems of more immediate concern, let’s not scrimp on 

the space shuttle. Down the line a few billion years, they may think 

well of us for that.” (LA Times, 8/18/72) 

Japan launched Denpa (Radio Wave) Radio Explorer Satellite (REXS) from Kagoshima Space Center by Mu-4S booster at 11:40 

am local time (10:40 pm EDT Aug. 18). Because of unusually strong 

winds, satellite entered highly elliptic orbit with 6302-km (3915.9-mi) 

apogee, 239-km (148.5-mi) perigee, 157.2-min period, and 31” inclination. Denpa carried ionospheric plasma probes, electromagnetic 

and plasma-wave receivers, cyclotron instability experiment, electron 

flux analyzer, and fluxgate magnetometer. 

Instruments functioned satisfactorily immediately after launch, but 

satellite later experienced power failure that prevented transmission 

of data. 

The 75-kg (165-lb) satellite, 68 cm (22.3 ft) long, was fourth 

satellite to be launched by Japan and second to carry scientific payload. 

Shinsei (launched Sept. 28, 1971) had carried instruments to study 

cosmic and electric waves. Tansei (launched Feb. 16, 1971) and 

Ohumi (launched Feb. 11, 1970) test satellites had returned performance data. (GSFC s.%, 8/31/72; FBIs-Japan, 7/20/72, c7; Spacewarn, 

8/8/72, 8; NASA Int Aff; Japanese Embassy PIO) 

* Last in series of very-high-altitude flight tests of parachute decelerator 

system for NASA’S Viking Mars lander, scheduled for 1975 launch, was 

held over White Sands Missile Range by Martin Marietta Corp. under 

Air Force Research Laboratories direction. Decelerator was dropped 

from balloon at altitude of 27 000 m (88 000 ft) to check out parachute 

system at subsonic conditions. In previous tests rocket motors had 

boosted speed after balloon had carried system to desired altitude. [See 

July 11 and 26, Aug. 13, and Dec. 14.1 (AFSC Release 105.72; Martin 

Marietta Corp PIO; NASA Release 72-118) 

August 21-29: Oao 3 ( OAO-C) (Copernicus) Orbiting Astronomical 

Observatory was launched by NASA from Eastern Test Range at 6:28 

am EDT by Atlas-Centaur booster. Orbital parameters: 745-km 

(462.9-mi) apogee, 740-km (459.8-mi) perigee, 99.7-min period, and 

35” inclination. 

Primary objective was to obtain high-resolution spectra of stars in 

ultraviolet range between 1000 and 3000 A to investigate composition, 

density, and physical state of matter in interstellar space and stellar 

sources. Secondary objective was to evaluate onboard computer, light 

72-170) 

August 19: 

295 
August 21-29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

August 21-29: Oao 3 (Copernicus) Orbiting Astronomical Observatory was launched 

into orbit to observe stars, planets, nebulae, galaxies, and interstellar matter in 

the ultraviolet and x-ray regions of their radiation, from above the earth's atmosphere. By Aug. 29, checkout had been completed and Oao 3 was obtaining excellent 

data. In the photo, the spacecraft's Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle stages arrived 

at Cape Kennedy Skid Strip in the cargo hold of an Air Force C5A aircraft June 15. 

Use of the world's largest transport aircraft permitted shipment of both stages in 

one aircraft for the first time. The Atlas 5004 and Centaur 19D stages were later 

mated on the pad at Launch Complex 36, to form the Atlas-Centaur 22 vehicle. 

baffle, inertial reference unit, electronically scanned star tracker, and 

heat pipes. Spacecraft carried two experiments-Princeton experiment 

package (PEP), 80-cm (32-in) Cassegrainian telescope and photoelectric spectrometer; and Univ. College London ( UCL) x-ray experiment containing three telescopes and collimated proportional counter. 

All spacecraft operations were carried out as planned, with spacecraft checkout completed Aug. 24, experiment checkout completed 

Aug. 26, and stabilization and control system checkout completed 

Aug. 28. By 2:OO pm EDT Aug. 29 Oao 3 had completed 120 orbits 

with systems operating almost perfectly. PEP was viewing bright star 

Zeta in constellation Ophiuchus and obtaining excellent data. UCL 

experiment was undergoing calibration and alignment and would 

begin observing x-ray sources in September. 

Fourth OAO launched by NASA, Oao 3 at 2200 kg (4900 lbs), 2 m 

wide and 3 m high (7 x 10 ft) , was heaviest and most complex automated spacecraft developed by U.S. It had new gyro inertial reference 

unit with four star trackers, electrically scanned star tracker, precision 

digital solar-aspect sensor, and onboard computer that could handle 

16000, 18-bit words and store 1024 ground commands. OAO-B had 

crashed Nov. 30, 1970, when shroud failed to separate after launch. 

296 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 21-29 

Oao 2 (launched Dec. 7, 1968) was still returning valuable data. 

Oao 1 (launched April 8, 1966) had failed because of high-voltage 

arcing in star trackers and malfunction in power supply system. OAO 

program was managed by Goddard Space Flight Center under direction 

of NASA Office of Space Science. (NASA proj off; NASA Release 72-156) 

Cosmos 516 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Baykonur. Orbital 

parameters: 264-km (164-mi) apogee, 250-km (155.3-mi) perigee, 

89.6-min period, and 64.9’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/72; Sou Aero, 

9/11/72,70) 

* Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director, had been assigned 

additional responsibilities as Program Director of Apollo Soyuz Test 

Project (ASTP) , NASA announced. Dr. Petrone would have overall 

responsibility for direction and management of U.S. portion of joint 

earth-orbital mission with U.S.S.R. (NASA Release 72-174) 

* First pre-production Anglo-French Concorde 01 supersonic transport had 

completed first stage of performance and handling characteristics tests, 

including 80 flights, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

Aircraft would be grounded for about 20 wks for installation of production Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 Mk 602 engines and production variable-geometry intakes to replace fixed intakes. (Av Wk, 

8/2/72,22) 

President Nixon issued Proclamation 4146 proclaiming Oct. 9 in each 

year as Leif Erikson Day in honor of Norse explorer who crossed 

Atlantic to North America in year 1000. President said: “NOW, more 

than nine hundred years later, we must summon those same qualities 

[of adventure and courage] to aid us in meeting the challenges of this 

world and exploring the unknown of outer space.” (PD, 8/28/72,1260) 

* Chicago Tribune editorial said there was still “a lot of studying to be 

done” on U.S. conversion to metric system [see Aug. 181. Question 

of financing was “sticky” one. “Many of the countries which have 

gone or are going metric have provided some sort of government help 

to finance the changeover.” U.S. estimated conversion cost at between 

$10 billion and $40 billion. “Both labor and industry-especially 

small business-have been leery of undertaking this expense without 

government help. But the government is in no position at the moment 

to give much help; and if it were to convert its purchases to the metric 

system quickly, the result would be favorable to foreign manufacturers already on the metric system and detrimental to our own.” 

(C Trib, 8/21/72) 

NASA announced preliminary timeline for Apollo 17 manned 

lunar landing mission. Spacecraft--carrying Astronauts Eugene A. 

Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, and Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt-would be 

launched from Kennedy Space Center at 9:53 pm EST Dec. 6. Lunar 

module would land on moon’s Taurus-Littrow region at 2:55 pm EST 

Dec. 11 and two crewmen would explore lunar surface for three extravehicular activity periods before LM lifted off moon at 5:56 pm EST 

Dec. 14. Spacecraft would splash down in Pacific at 2:24 pm EST 

Dec. 19, after 304-hr 31-min mission. (NASA Release 72-169) 

* Revision of NASA’s FY 1973 operating plan to adhere to $S.S-billion budget 

limitation would necessitate work reductions in manned space flight, 

NASA announced. Work reductions at Manned Spacecraft Center, 

Marshall Space Flight Center, and Kennedy Space Center would not 

August 21: 

August 22: 

297 
August 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

affect Apollo 17 or Skylab launch schedules or safety and quality 

assurance requirements. Support contractor manpower at MSFC would 

be reduced by 600 to 700 positions. Cost ceilings also would necessitate 

additional reductions in prime contractor personnel. (NASA Release 

72-176; MSFC Releases 72-111, 72-113) 

Saturn IB stage for Skylab 2 arrived at Kennedy Space Center on NASA 

barge Orion. Saturn IB would launch command and service module 

to join orbiting Skylab Workshop day after Workshop launch as 

Skylab 1 in 1973. Stage would be processed in Vehicle Assembly 

Building and would be erected on Mobile Launcher Aug. 31 at KSC. 

Arrival of stage marked first time in nearly four years that a Saturn IB 

had been in processing at KSC and first time vehicle would undergo 

flight preparation in VAB. Last mission for a Saturn IB was Apollo 7 

earth-orbital’ mission Oct. 11, 1968. (KSC Release 246-72) 

NASA announced it would continue Life Scientist Program for 1972 with 

award of up to five three-year institutional grants for research relevant 

to NASA needs. Principal investigators and their designated graduate 

students, selected from proposals due Nov. 20, would devote one third 

of their time to research at Manned Spacecraft Center, Ames Research 

Center, or Langley Research Center. Study areas would include physiological and psychological processes and medical aspects of manned 

space flight, changes in man’s health and safety, design of advanced 

life support systems, man-machine integration, human augmentation 

devices, bioinstrumentation, habitability considerations, and use of 

flight environment to understand living systems better. Other areas 

announced by Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director for Life Sciences, 

were possible existence of life elsewhere in universe, scientific explanation of life’s origin, and detection and characterization from space of 

ecological phenomena on earth or other planets. Step-funded grants 

would not exceed $50000 annually and would support maximum of 

50% of scientist’s salary. (NASA Release 72-175) 

NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences had approved Summary of Results 

of second meeting of Joint Working Group on the Natural Environment, NASA announced. Group had exchanged information in Washington, D.C., May 8-12 and defined further investigations in structural 

geology, surface geology and geomorphology, archeology, hydrology, 

agriculture, soil moisture, and oceanography. Coordinated satellite 

observations in these areas were contemplated. Next meeting of Group, 

established under NASA and Academy of Sciences agreement of January 

1971, would be held in Moscow at year’s end. (NASA Release 72-171) 

President Nixon signed H.R. 15097, $8.393-billion Dept. of Transportation and related agencies appropriations act that contained $1.671- 

billion Federal Aviation Administration appropriation. Act became 

Public Law 92-398. (PD, 8/28/72, 1288; FAA PIO) 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and Japanese government were discussing production in Japan of twin-engine version of Lockheed TriStar transport 

aircraft, Wall Street Journal reported. McDonnell Douglas had proposed production in Japan of smaller-version DC-10. ( WSJ, 

8/22/72,8) 

Republican National Platform for science and technology was 

published by Washington Evening Star and Daily News: “We will 

place special emphasis on fhese areas in which break-throughs are 

August 23: 

298 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 23 

needed: Abundant, clean energy sources; safe, fast and pollution-free 

transportation; improved emergency health care; reduction of loss of 

life, health, and property in natural disasters; rehabilitation of alcoholics and addicts to dangerous drugs. We will press ahead with the 

space shuttle program to replace today’s expendable launch vehicles 

and provide low-cost access to space for a wide variety of missions, 

including those related to earth resources.” (W Star & Netus, 

8/23/72, A10) 

* US.-U.S.S.R. treaty on limitation of antiballistic missile systems was 

ratified at joint meeting of commissions for foreign affairs of U.S.S.R. 

Supreme Soviet. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 8/23/72, H1) 

* Soviet Politburo member Mikhail A. Suslov, in speech before foreign 

affairs commissions of Supreme Soviet, endorsed formal ratification 

of US.-U.S.S.R. antiballistic missile treaty, but warned against US. 

attempts “to distort the spirit and letter of the treaty and interim 

agreement.” He said U.S.S.R. would “take into consideration in its 

policy all changes that may appear in the position of the American 

side.” (NYT, 8/24/72, 6) 

National Academy of Sciences program of postdoctoral staff fellowships 

under $250 000 grant from Alfred P. Sloan Foundation was announced 

by Dr. Philip Handler, NAS President. Some eight scientists would be 

selected annually to study aspects of science and public policy while 

participating in staff work of their own choosing within NAS, National 

Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research 

Council. ( NAS Release) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by William H. Dana, 

completed 16th flight from Flight Research Center. Objectives-to 

expand flight envelope and to obtain stability and control data at 

mach 0.95-were achieved. M2-F3 reached mach 1.3 and 20400-m 

(67 000-ft) altitude. (NASA proj off) 

Tass reported completion of U.S.S.R.’s Mars 2 and Mars 3 missions. 

Spacecraft, launched May 19 and’May 28, 1971, had reached Mars in 

November and December 1971 and had transmitted data on planet and 

atmosphere. Murs 3 instrumented capsule had landed on Mars and 

transmitted data from surface for 20 sec. Preliminary findings were: 

temperature ranged from 163 K (- 166°F) to 286 K (55°F) ; soil 

had low conductivity, with Martian seas warmer than continents; 

surface-level atmospheric pressure was 50-60 newtons per sq m (5.5-6 

millibars), 200 times less than earth’s; carbon dioxide atmosphere 

broke up into carbonic oxide molecule and oxygen atom at 100-km 

(62-mi) altitude; atmosphere was 10 times less dense than earth‘s 

and was closer to surface; and magnetic field charges exceeded interplanetary background level 8 times. ( FBIS-SOY, 8/25/72, L1) 

NASA announced publication of NASA Patent Abstracts Bibliography 

(SP-7039). New semiannual publication contained abstracts for 1892 

NASA-owned inventions available for licensing. Bibliography-first of 

its kind undertaken by Government agency-implkmented Administration’s liberalized Federal patent policy announced in August 1971. 

(NASA Release 72-177) 

Sir James M. Lighthill, Research Professor of Royal Society of London, 

was presented in Moscow with two capsules containing lunar rock 

samples brought from moon by U.S.S.R.’s Luna 16 (launched Sept. 12, 

August 24: 

299 
August 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

1970). In making presentation Vice President Aleksander P. Vinogradov 

of Soviet Academy of Sciences expressed hope that gift would “facilitate 

a further development of contacts between Soviet and British scientists.” 

(SF, 12/72, 459) 

Safeguard antiballistic missile system was successfully tested by Dept. of 

Defense in Pacific in repeat of previously unsuccessful test of missile 

site radar for launching Sprint missile against intercontinental ballistic 

missile. ( W Post, 8/26/72, 7) 0 PhiIadeIphia Evening Bulletin editorial commented on launch of 

Copernicus (Oao 3) Orbiting Astronomical Observatory [see Aug. 

21-29]. “It’s fitting that the satellite should be named for Copernicus 

. . . father of modern astronomy. The new satellite should add appreciably to man’s knowledge of the universe, but sophisticated as it may 

be, it all began with that incomparable genius almost five centuries 

ago.” (P Bull, 8/24/72) 

Observations by Pioneer spacecraft during major explosions 

on sun [see Aug. 2 and 71 had differed from scientists’ expectations 

and had provided new data on solar atmosphere, NASA announced. 

Measurements made by Pioneer 9 and 10, 212 million km (132 

million mi) apart on direct line to sun, had shown that ionized gases 

traveled more slowly and increased in temperature as they moved 

away from sun. Pioneer 9, orbiting sun inside earth’s orbit, had 

observed record solar wind speeds of 3.6 million km per hr (2.2 million 

mph) and had counted particles at levels 40000 times higher than usual. 

By time solar winds reached Pioneer 10, en route to Jupiter and 328 

million km (204 million mi) from sun, winds had slowed to half 

speed measured at Pioneer 9 and temperatures had risen to 2 000 000 K 

(3 600 OOO°F) , far above usual 100 000 K (180 WOOF). Although 

solar region 331 had rotated out of sight of earth, data were still 

being collected by Pioneer 6, 7, and 8. (NASA Release 72-179) 

Dept. of Justice Criminal Div. was studying report submitted to it by 

NASA and transcript of Aug. 3 closed hearing by Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Houston Chronicle reported. Study 

was to determine whether ApoUo 15 astronauts had violated any Federal 

law in carrying unauthorized stamp covers to moon. Senate Committee spokesman had told Chronicle Committee had no plans for open 

hearing on incident. (H Chron, 8/25/72) 

The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry by Northwestern Univ. astrophysicist Dr. J. Allen Hynek was reviewed in Science by Dr. Bruce C. 

Murray of California Institute of Technology Div. of Geological and 

Planetary Sciences: Book was “more than just an attempt to justify 

scientific interest in UFO [unidentified flying object] phenomena.” 

Dr. Hynek had criticized 1968 report of Univ. of Colorado physicist 

Dr. Edward U. Condon and group that said further study of UFOS 

could not be justified “in the expectation that science will be advanced 

thereby.” Air Force, which sponsored Condon study, had terminated 

UFO Project Blue Book investigation following Condon report recommendation. Hynek book was “Hynek’s version of what the Condon 

report should have been.” Book discussed 80 UFO sightings, drawn 

mainly from Project Blue Book files, many unexplained by Condon. 

Book advocated “sufficient scientific respectability for the UFO subject 

to permit modest federal research funds to be awarded to it and new 

August 25: 

300 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 25 

data to be gathered without fear of ridicule.” Dr. Hynek had “won 

reprieve for UFO’s with his . . . provocative unexplained reports and 

his articulate challenge to his colleagues to tolerate the study of something they cannot understand.” (Science, 8/25/72, 688-9) 

Work reductions in manned space flight area announced by 

NASA Aug. 22 would eliminate about 1400 contract support personnel 

positions at Manned Spaceflight Center, Los Angeles Times reported. 

Kennedy Space Center was expected to dismiss about 500 workers 

after December launch of Apollo 17, and another 2000 technicians and 

engineers at end of Skylab program. Reductions necessitated by budget 

restrictions would force closing of KSC flight crew training after 

Apollo 17, reduction in force at White Sands Missile Range, and 

eventual ’closing of Space Environmental Simulation Laboratory, astronauts underwater training facilities, and altitude test chamber at MSC. 

“Even distribution of moon rocks . . . for display purposes” would be 

curtailed. (Chriss, LA Times, 8/26/72) 

Apollo 17 spacecraft atop Saturn V booster, scheduled for 

launch toward moon Dec. 6, was rolled to Launch Complex 39, Pad A, 

at Kennedy Space Center. Roll-out was watched by about 5000 persons, 

including Apollo 17 astronauts. (Benedict, M Her, 8/29/72) 

Manned Spacecraft Center announced award of $226256 contract to 

Martin Marietta Corp. to study system for handling space shuttle cargo 

in space. MSC engineers envisioned manipulators to handle payloads in 

shuttle orbiter as being 9-12 m (3040 ft) long, electrically powered, 

and free-moving like human limbs. (MSC Release 72-189; Av Wk, 

9/18/72, 9) 

* People’s Republic of China signed preliminary purchasing contract with 

British Aircraft Corp. in Peking for third Anglo-French Concorde 

supersonic airliner. PRC had signed similar agreement for two Concordes 

July 24. (BAC Release 14C/72) 

Low-cost navigation aid Transim had been developed by 

Johns Hopkins Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory for Navy Space 

Projects Office, Baltimore Szm reported. Instrument, for shipboard use, 

was no larger than “ham” radio and gathered data from five Navy 

Transit satellites in earth orbit. (B Sun, 8/29/72) 

* Consolidation of all engineering and development functions of Federal 

Aviation Administration into new service, Systems Research and 

Development Service (SRDS) , was announced by FAA. Spencer S. Hunn, 

head of FAA’s National Airspace System Program Office, would head 

new service, which would incorporate NASPO. (FAA Release 72-170) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 517 from Baykonur into orbit with 

285-km (177.1-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 89.3-min 

period, and a.9” inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 11. (GSFC SSR, 

8/31/72; 9/11/72; Sou Aero, 9/11/72, 70) 

* Interagency Coordination Committee for Earth Resources Survey Program (ICC:ERSP) released Annual Federal Report on Earth Resources 

Survey Programs. Committee, established in February, was chaired by 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator. Report described 

activities and future plans of eight Federal agencies participating in 

US. Federal program in remote sensing of earth resources and environment: NASA; Depts. of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Interior, and 

State; Environmental Protection Agency; and Corps of Engineers. 

301 

August 26: 

August 28: 

August 29: 

August 30: 
August 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

NASA was responsible for development of space and aircraft technology for peaceful applications. Work included development of procedures, instruments, subsystems, spacecraft, and interpretive techniques 

for increasing basic knowledge of earth’s atmosphere, land areas, and 

oceans and man’s effect on these resources. 

Corps. of Engineers would evaluate contribution of remote sensing 

to water resources, marine science development, and emergency 

operations. 

Dept. of Agriculture would identify applications where remote 

sensing could benefit agriculture and related natural resources and 

gather remotely sensed data to identify major crops and forest species, 

insect damage, crop disease, soil salinity, and moisture differences. 

Agency would also map surface water, record snowpack and soil 

and water temperatures, and note changes in land use. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Dept. of Commerce was evaluating feasibility and cost-effectiveness of new remote 

sensing techniques. Dept. of Commerce also would operate Earth 

Resources Survey Data Center at Suitland, Md., for secondary users, 

including public. Dept. of Interior’s Earth Resources Observation 

System (EROS) would be enhanced by space-based and aircraft remote 

sensing in achieving its management, conservation, and environmental 

objectives. 

Environmental Protection Agency would use remote sensing for 

identification, quantification, and monitoring of pollutants. Dept. of 

Defense would derive global information on past, current, and future 

states of earth‘s environments. 

Agency for International Development in Dept. of State was exploring remote sensing in international development, clarifying issues 

related to use for development purposes, disseminating information on 

NASA’s ERS program, assisting developing countries to participate in 

ERS programs, and supporting remote sensing training activities. (Text) 

* Marshall Space Flight Center engineers were conducting research on 

laser-doppler clear-air turbulence-detection system. System, groundtested and installed in NASA’s Convair 990 at Ames Research Center 

for flight tests, could detect small-scale atmospheric motions. Laser 

system, which might lead to first commercially available instrument 

for air turbulence measurements, was designed and built by Raytheon 

Co. for NASA Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology and US. 

Air Force’s Cambridge Research Laboratories. (NASA Release 72-182) 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced appointment of Dr. Charles R. 

O’Dell as project scientist for Large Space Telescope (LST) . Dr. O’Dell 

was Chairman of Univ. of Chicago Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics and Director of university’s Yerkes Observatory. ( MSFC 

Release 72-118) 

* Col. Robert R. Wessels (USA) had been assigned to Marshall Space 

Flight Center as Director of Shuttle Construction Office, Marshall Star 

reported. Col. Wessels previously had been Deputy District En,’ uineer 

for NASA Support, responsible for monitoring and coordinating district’s design, engineering, and construction program at MSC and 

Mississippi Test Facility. (Marshall Star, 8/30/72, 1) 

President Nixon, arriving in Hawaii for meeting with Japanese Prime 

Minister Kakuei Tanaka, recalled previous visit “at the time of the 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 August 30 

Apollo 13 flight, when we welcomed back brave men who hadn’t 

succeeded but who came back, and it was one of those epics in 

American bravery which all of us wanted to pay tribute to.” (PD, 

9/4/82, 1314) 

Army Aviation Systems Command awarded research and development, 

cost-plus-incentive-fee contracts to Boeing Co. Vertol Div. and United 

Aircraft Corp. Sikorsky Aircraft Div. for engineering development 

phase of prototype helicopters for Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft 

System ( UTTAS) . Boeing Vertol would receive $91 million and Sikorsky 

Aircraft $61 million. (DOT note to correspondents) 

Reassignment of Apollo 15 Astronaut Alfred M. Worden from 

Astronaut Office at Manned Spacecraft Center to Airborne Science 

Office Space Science Div. at Ames Research Center was announced by 

Manned Spacecraft Center. Worden would use astronaut experience in 

developing and evaluating systems and procedures for ARC airborne 

science and space-shuttle-vehicle simulation studies and in earth resources surveys and high-altitude astronomy using NASA aircraft. ( MSC 

Release 72-197) 

ApoZZo 9 Astronaut James A. McDivitt retired from Air Force and 

received Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster 

during ceremony at Bolling Air Force Base, D.C. McDivitt, who held 

rank of brigadier general, had announced retirement from NASA 

effective Sept. 1 [see June 71. (Boldt, W Post, 9/1/72, C1) 

* Retirement ceremony at Andrews Air Force Base, Md., honored L/G 

John W. O’Neill, Vice Commander of Air Force Systems Command. 

Gen. O’Neill, who was succeeded by L/G Edmund F. O’Connor, received 

Oak Leaf Cluster to Air Force Distinguished Service Medal from 

ARC Commander, Gen. George S. Brown. (AFSC Newsreview, 10/72,4) 

During August: House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on International Cooperation in Science and Space published U.S.-U.S.S.R. Cooperative Agreements. Report of June hearings 

to explore scope of scientific and technical agreements signed during 

May 22-30 summit meeting in Moscow included texts of agreements 

and comments of experts. Dr. Philip Handler, National Academy of 

Sciences President, had said of space cooperation agreement: “The 

symbolism of the proposed link-up in space may prove to be the most 

significant aspect of the venture.” Agreement was “symbolic of a 

mutual awareness that the planet earth is a small and fragile spaceship, 

that all men are its fellow passengers, and that the fate of the people 

of all nations is essentially a common fate.” Subcommittee had concluded: “While a gradual amelioration of fundamental political conflicts and disagreements is the most that can be reasonably hoped for, 

the genuine cooperative spirit that has made these agreements possible 

opens the door to more effective communication and deeper understanding between the world’s two predominant powers that could have 

the most profound effect on the future of mankind.” (Committee Print) 

Flying model of winged shuttle orbiter by ERNO Raumfahrt-technik 

~mb~ of West Germany would be air-launched during year to study 

subsonic dynamic stability, Spaceflight reported. Program, begun in 

mid-1960s by Federal German Ministry for Education and Science, 

had led to development of small pilotless flight model called Bumerang, 

which made first unguided flight off Heligoland Aug, 12,1971. Research 

August 31: 

303 
During August ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

to date by ERNO specialists, participating with space shuttle team led 

by McDonnell Douglas Corp. of US. had been on winged (nonlifting 

body) orbiter models at German Research and Test Establishment for 

Aviation and Spaceflight. (SF, 8/72, 301) 

* Spaceflight reported development of high-pressure topping-cycle, liquidoxygen and liquid-hydrogen rocket engine with thrust of 196 to 245 

kilonewtons (44 000 to 55 000 lbs) by Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm 

in Ottabrunn, West Germany. Engine was planned for second stage of 

European Launcher Development Organization’s Europa I11 launch 

vehicle. (SF, 8/72, 301) 

* Aerospace Employment Project to transfer idled talents from aerospace 

industry to other endeavors in public sector began phase-out. Project 

had started in 1971 under $1.3-million contract from Dept. of Labor, 

Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, National League of Cities, 

and US. Conference of Mayors. Project had found reemployment for 

297 out of 371 candidates-194, or 65%, in city, county, or state 

government work. (NYT, 7/16/72, 15) 
September 1972 

September 1 : Air Force launched unidentified reconnaissance satellite 

from Vandenberg Air Force Base on Titan IIIB-Agena booster into 

orbit with 381-km (237-mi) apogee, 142-km (88-mi) perigee, 89.7-min 

period, and 110.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 30. (Pres 

Rpt 73; SBD, 9/6/72, 3) 

NASA’s Pioneer 10 Jupiter probe (launched March 2) was 320 million 

km (200 million mi) from earth and had traveled 450 million km 

(280 million mi) on 1-billion-km (620-million-mi) flight path to 

Jupiter. Spacecraft was traveling 80 000 km (50 000 mi) per hr and 

round-trip communication time at speed of light was 43 min. All spacecraft systems were functioning satisfactorily and 10 of 11 experiments 

were operating as planned. The 11th-infrared radiometer-would be 

turned on during flyby of Jupiter Dec. 3, 1973. Spacecraft was transmitting data at 2048 bits per sec to Deep Space Network’s 64-m 

(210-ft) dish antenna, and 512-1024 bits per sec to 26-m (85-ft) dish 

antennas. Gas reserves for course changes were about twice the amount 

needed. Pioneer 10 had been traveling in Asteroid Belt since July 15 

and had encountered no problems. (NASA Release 72-184) 

NASA announced that Pioneer 7 flight directors had located and revived 

Pioneer 7 after one month of radio silence. Spacecraft was on far 

side of sun, more than 312 million km (194 million mi) away-so far 

away that round trip time for radio communication to spacecraft and 

back to earth was 35 min at speed of light. Controllers had reacquired 

Pioneer 7 “in the blind’’ without knowing spacecraft’s exact position 

or radio receiver’s exact frequency and had set long-distance record 

for finding and reviving spacecraft that had turned itself off. Scientists 

had theorized that at Pioneer 7’s farthest distance from sun electrical 

power from spacecraft’s solar cells had fallen below level required to 

operate spacecraft and scientific instruments. By leaving instruments 

off temporarily and thus reducing power requirements, turn-on of 

radio transmitter had been possible. (NASA Special Release) 

* Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, in letter to staff congratulated 

NASA, contractor teams, and participating scientists for successful performance of Oao 3 Orbiting Astronomical Observatory launched Aug. 

21, 1972. To date, performance indicated “we have given the world a 

wonderful new window on the universe and a magnificent new tool 

of science worthy of the illustrious name it now bears [Copernkus].” 

Copernicus, father of modern astronomy, had changed world’s thinking 

about nature of solar system and earth’s place in it. “I believe we are 

going to see advances of comparable magnitude in our understanding 

of the universe, thanks to the new technology brought into being in 

our OAO program.” (NASA Activities, 9/15/72, 180-1) 

* Approval by NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences of report of May 8-12, 

1972, joint meeting of experts on lunar cartography in Washington, 

D.C., was announced by NASA. Experts had exchanged documents on 

305 
September 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

lunar coordinating systems and map making and agreed on joint 

development of principles for compiling lunar maps, on joint program 

to compile complete lunar map on scale of 1 to 5000000, and on 

development of common basic system of selendetic coordinates. Experts 

would exchange drafts and proposals for review, then meet to make 

recommendations for submission to cochairmen of Joint Working 

Group on the Exploration of Near-Earth Space, the Moon and the 

Planets. (NASA Release 72-186) 

0 Results of ApoUo 16 far-ultraviolet camera and spectrograph experiment 

on lunar surface were described in Science by Naval Research Laboratory scientists Dr. George R. Carruthers and Dr. Thornton L. Page. 

A major objective of experiment had been to obtain spectra and 

imagery of terrestrial atmosphere and geocorona in 500 to 1600 A 

range. Among data obtained were images and spectra in wavelength 

below 1600 A. These had provided spatial distributions and relative 

intensities of emissions due to atomic hydrogen, atomic oxygen, 

molecular nitrogen, and other species-some observed by spectrograph 

for first time. (Science, 9/1/72, 788-91) 

President Nixon and Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka issued 

joint statement following their meetings in Hawaii. Statement described 

subjects covered in talks. They had “discussed cooperation in space 

exploration including Japan’s goal of launching geo-stationary communications and other applications satellites. The President welcomed 

Japan’s active interest in and study of the launching of a meteorological satellite in support of the global atmospheric research program.” 

(PD, 9/11/72, 13334) 

NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, carrying Johns Hopkins Univ. aeronomy experiment. Rocket 

and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. ’( SR list) 

Wall Street Journal article asked if U.S. supersonic transport revival was 

imminent: “Administration planners insist the US. will eventually 

build a supersonic transport. NASA researchers work up advanced 

%econd generation’ designs, differing from the downed Boeing version. 

Backers claim progress against the sonic boom problem, plus the 

promise of developing a more profitable plane.” ( WSJ, 9/1/72, 1) 

Navy Triad 01-1X Transit satellite was launched by NASA 

for Navy from Vandenberg Air Force Base by four-stage Scout booster. 

Orbital parameters : 838-km (520.7-mi) apogee, 743-km (461.7-mi) 

perigee, 100.6-min period, and 90.1 O inclination. Objective of mission 

was to simplify navigation procedures by correcting long-term drift in 

satellite oscillator, reducing data-gathering time for navigation fix, 

demonstrating capability of experimental disturbance compensation 

system (DISCOS) , obtaining performance data on radioisotope thermoelectric generator ( RTG) , evaluating environmental survey panel and 

thermal coating experiment, and providing operational satellite for 

Navy Navigation Satellite System. 

DISCOS forced satellite to adhere to highly predictable orbit uninfluenced by forces of external atmospheric radiation. System, developed 

by Johns Hopkins Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory and Stanford 

Univ., compensated for external forces by providing equal and opposite 

thrust force. Success of DISCOS might lead to navigation satellites with 

September 2: 

306 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 2 

orbits so precise and unchanging that their paths could be published in 

reference tables that would facilitate calculation of navigational fixes. 

Triad OZ-1X weighed 93.9 kg (207 lbs), was 1.7 m long and 0.8 m 

wide (5.5 x 2.5 ft), and was powered by Atomic Energy Commission 

RTG that would provide 30 w of power for five years. With three components-spacecraft, DISCOS, and RTG-extended separately in orbit, 

overall length was 3.7 m (24 ft). Satellite was transmitting data on 

nominal frequencies of 400 and 150 mhz. After six-month experimental 

phase satellite would be available to all Transit system users. NASA 

would be reimbursed by Dept. of Defense for cost of launch vehicle and 

services. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/72; DOD Release 632-72; NASA Scout Prog 

Off; Pres Rpt 73) 

* Discovery that radio waves in constellation Cygnus had increased in 

energy more than 200 times, to become one of six strongest sources of 

radio waves in sky, was made by Canadian astronomer Dr. Phili C. 

(Explorer 42 launched by Italy for NASA Dec. 12, 1970). Dr. Gregory 

had used National Research Council radiotelescope at Algonquin Park, 

Canada, in first observation of more than two- to fourfold leap in radio 

energy. Astronomers at seven radiotelescopes in US. and Canada began 

to study unprecedented event. Dr. Robert Hjellming of US. National 

Radio Astronomy Observatory at Green Bank, W. Va., had said possible explanations were “some kind of energy event around a black hole” 

where ancient neutron star had collapsed or that energy emanated from 

object that “suddently wants to make itself smaller because gravitation 

is pulling it inward.” (Cohn, W Post, 9/4/72) 

Farnborough (England) Air Show emphasized AngloEuropean aerospace cooperation. For first time aircraft, engines, electronics, and equipment of European manufacturers were displayed at 

formerly predominantly British show. Some 300 companies from U.K., 

Europe, British Commonwealth, and US. were represented. Twenty 

official government missions attended, with 5000 official guests from 

120 countries, including 17 Chinese-interested in Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport-and large group of Soviet observers. On 

Sept. 4, demonstration flight by Lockheed TriStar jet transport with 

British Rolls-Royce engines preceded demonstration flight by Concorde. 

Member of U.K. Environment Ministry said TriStar was “pointing the 

way to a silent future in the sky.” He wished Concorde were “as quiet 

as the TriStar.” Spokesman for British Aircraft Corp. said quieter and 

cleaner engines would be fitted to operational model of Concorde. 

(Cerutti, C Trib, 9/6/72,28; Pinder, AP, P Znq, 9/7/72,27) 

Details of Mariner 10 mission to Venus and Mercury, first 

dual-planet flight, to be launched from Eastern Test Range in October 

or November 1973, were released by NASA. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

would manage Mariner Venus mission project for NASA Office of Space 

Science. Project would include first use of one planet’s gravitational 

field (that of Venus) to propel spacecraft to another and first Mercury 

exploration. Spacecraft’s 500-kg (1100-lb) weight would include 78 kg 

(170 lbs) of scientific equipment-two TV cameras to take at least 

8000 photos of planets and six experiments to return planetary and interplanetary data, with emphasis on Mercury. Objectives of experiments 

would be to provide celestial mechanics information during flight and 

Gregory. Source, Cygnus X-3, had been discovered originally by U K uru 

September 440: 

September 5: 

307 
September 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

physical characteristics of planets and their atmosphere; study structure of solar wind and its interaction with Venus and Mercury; search 

for magnetic field at both planets and measure interplanetary magnetic 

fields between orbits of earth, Venus, and Mercury; search for Mercury 

atmosphere and obtain data on Venusian atmosphere; measure temperature emissions from both planets and their atmospheres and correlate data with visible features; and measure charged particles over wide 

energy range to study solar charged-particle bombardment of Mercury 

and its possible atmosphere. Spacecraft would fly by Venus in February 1974 and by Mercury in March 1974, with closest approach to 

Venus 5300 km (3300 mi) and to Mercury only 1020 km (635 mi). 

(NASA Special Release, 9/5/72) 

0 French scientist Michel Siffre emerged from cave beneath Edwards 

Plateau near Del Rio, Tex., after six-month experiment to determine 

whether human time cycle was product of planetary system or of man’s 

physiology. Results of experiment sponsored by NASA, French Speleological Institute, and French Defense Ministry would be used to serve 

astronauts on long-duration missions, jet pilots crossing time zones, 

and nuclear submarine crews on long cruises. Siffre told news conference that he had achieved 48-hr-day cycle twice, though average daily 

cycle underground had been 25 hrs. (Anderson, W Post, 9/5/72, A3) 

0 North American Rockwell Corp., winner of $2.6-billion NASA space shut$ 

prime contract, might retain up to 70% of contract money for itself 

and four principal subcontractors, New York Times reported. Subcontractors were Honeywell, Inc., International Business Machines Corp., 

General Electric Co., and American Airlines. Acceptance by NASA of 

70% figure could be “major blow” to Grumman Aerospace Corp., 

Times said. Only hope for Grumman, loser in shuttle contract competition, and other aerospace companies to obtain substantial subcontracting on shuttle projec! would be to enter competition with NR subcontractors for whom NR might already have preference. (Andelman, 

NYT, 9/5/72,3) 

Data from geomagnetic sensors near multimegaton nuclear explosion 

Cannikin detonated on Amchitka Island, Alaska, by Atomic Energy 

Commission in November 1971 were reported by National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration. NOAA scientists Dr. W. P. Hasbrouck and 

J. H. Allen had found evidence that changes in underground stresses 

could produce small but measurable changes in earth’s magnetic field. 

Finding should provide key to whether geomagnetic signals could be 

used as eqrthquake predictors. (DOC Release NOAA 72-115) 

* Appointment of Dr. Alan M. Lovelace, Director of Air Force Materials 

Laboratory, as Director of Science and Technology for Air Force Systems Command was announced by Gen. George S. Brown, AFSC Commander. (AFSC Release 104.72) 

Erts 1 Earth Resources Technology Satellite, launched by 

NASA July 23, gathered data over Florida including impact of Disney 

World to aid urban and regional planning. Images would be used to 

observe changes in transportation, motels, and other tourist-related 

activities. Erts 1 data on area’s water resources would enable Brevard 

September 5-7: 

County to inventory water supply, quality, and fluctuation. (Benedict, 

AP, Today, 9/6/72) 

308 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 6 

September 6: Marshall Space Flight Center announced plans for series of 

20 water-entry simulation tests with solid-fueled rocket casing assembly. Tests would provide valuable data for assessment of parachute 

water recovery of space shuttle booster and aid in preliminary solidfueled rocket motor design. Rocket assembly-representing 77% scale 

model of shuttle booster-was 30 m (100 ft) long, weighed 39 000 kg 

(43 tons) , and was from previously fired motor. ( MSFC Release 72-120) 

Plans for jointly owned communications satellite system were announced 

by Communications Satellite Corp. and McI-Lockheed Satellite Corp., 

formed by Microwave Communications, Inc., and Lockheed Aircraft 

Corp. ComSatCorp had conditioned agreement on Federal Communications Commission permission to its entry into long-term contract with 

American Telephone & Telegraph Corp. ComSatCorp would then cancel 

its application for separate, multipurpose satellite system and joint 

McI-Lockheed Corp. Each of the three companies would own part of 

system, with each member having less than 50% ownership. (W Star 

& News, 9/7/72, CS) 

Formation of Hughes Aircraft Corp. and British Aircraft Corp. team to 

study development of new-generation communications satellite had 

been confirmed by Hughes, Wall Street Journal reported. Hughes 

spokesman had said team was being formed because current global 

satellite system was expected to reach capacity by 1975. ComSatCorp, 

acting for International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium, had 

contracted with Hughes to study means of meeting increasing demand. 

BAC, primary contractor to Hughes, had participated in Intelsat IV program. ( WSJ, 9/6/72,3; SI;, 12/72, 458) 

* Artificial (gas-flame) fireplace logs were being produced by Martin 

Stamping and Stove Co. from materials developed for NASA, Marshall 

Space Flight Center announced. Materials-manufactured by Universal 

Atlas Div. of US. Steel Corp., Foote Mineral Co., and Vulcan Materials Co.-were fibrous insulation for Skylab and lightweight, refractory concrete used in Saturn rocket test stands to deflect hot exhaust. 

( MSFC Release 72-119) 

* Grumman Corp. and American Aviation Corp. had agreed in principle to 

merge American Aviation with Grumman’s commercial aircraft programs, Wall .Street Journal reported. American manufactured sport, 

utility, and training aircraft. Grumman manufactured, sold, and serviced Gulfstream I1 corporate jet, and Ag-Cat agricultural aircraft. 

( WSJ, 9/6/72 ) 

Skylab Orbital Workshop was delivered to Marshall Space 

Flight Center Director, Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, by McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. President Walter F. Burke in Huntington Beach, 

Calif., ceremony attended by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator. Workshop would be moved to US. Naval Facility at Seal Beach 

Sept. 8 for transfer to U.S.S. Point Barrow and 14-day voyage to Cape 

Kennedy. Workshop, weighing 25 000 kg (55 000 lb) , was largest section of Skylab experimental space station scheduled for 1973 launch. 

(NASA Off Admin; Miles, LA Times, 9/8/72) 

* NASA released three photos of Mars taken by Mariner 9 Aug. 7. Pictures 

showed that Mars north polar icecap was shrinking and showed sedimentary systems during late spring. Fractured terrains, partially 

September 7: 

309 
September 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

flooded by volcanic extrusions, were visible in center of planet. (LA 

Her-Exam, 9/7/72) 

* Special awards ceremony marking outstanding success of NASA’s Mariner 9 

Mars mission was held at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Dr. James 6. 

Fletcher, NASA Administrator-assisted by Dr. William H. Pickering, 

JPL Director, and Dr. Harold Brown, President of California Institute 

of Technology-presented 32 NASA medals. Dan Schneiderman, Manager of Mariner Project, was awarded NASA Distinguished Service 

Medal for “creative leadership in conception, organizational planning, 

and management of a highly efficient Mariner 9 team which . . . achieved all objectives of the most successfully productive mission to 

Mars.” ( JPL Release 624) 

* Democratic presidential candidate Sen. George S. McGovern (D-S. Dak.) 

said during campaign visit to Manned Spacecraft Center that “future 

American space effort should focus on unmanned exploration.” In 

statement released to press before his MSC tour, Sen. McGovern said he 

favored going ahead with earth resources experiment package (EREP) . He accused Nixon Administration of eliminating some 500 000 aerospace iobs and 1.8 million positions in defense-related industries “withdut evin thinking about ne; jobs to replace the ones destroyed.” (Kneeland, NYT, 9/8/72,20) * Report released bv International Institute for Strategic Studies in London 

;aid full-rang; intercontinental-ballistic-missile test by People’s Republic of China was probable “before long,” since PRC had built instrumentation ship for monitoring ICBM test. Report, Military Balance 

1972-73, said 1972 was turning point in global strategic balance because year had brought codification of nuclear parity between superpowers and shift in Middle East with withdrawal of Soviet military advisers from Egypt. Strategic arms limitation agreement had curbed 

numerically the strategic arms systems of both superpowers, but the 

qualitative arms race continued. (UPI, W Star & News, 9/8/72, A6) 

Seventh Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium at Manned 

Spacecraft Center was sponsored by MSC, California Institute of Technology, and Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc. Symposium documented and discussed operational mechanism problems and experiences from Apollo program and considered unique mechanism areas 

for future programs like Apollo Soyuz Test Project and space shuttle. 

Use of docking-system computer program to analyze dynamic environment produced by two impacting spacecraft and attitude control systems was discussed by MSC engineer John A. Schliesing. Performance 

studies had indicated capture latching was most sensitive to vehicle 

angular-alignment errors and least sensitive to lateral-miss error. Loadsensitivity studies had shown that peak loads acting on Apollo spacecraft were lower than Apollo design-limit loads. Computer simulation 

of docking dynamics had been developed to support design and development of compatible docking system for international rendezvous and 

docking mission ( IRDM) . (NASA Preprint of Papers: MSC-07219; 

September 8: NASA and U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences had approved 

recommendations of joint working session of scientists on planetary 

exploration held in Madrid May 19-20, NASA announced. Session had 

recommended that Mars study try to determine physical and chemical 

September 7-8: 

MSC PAO) 

310 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 8 

properties of planet’s surface, seek evidence of biological activity, 

determine precise composition of Mars atmosphere, and ascertain role 

of water in Mars’ evolution. Venus study should determine how and 

why planet became hotter than earth by determining planet’s atmospheric composition, cloud structure, depth of sunlight penetration in 

Venusian atmosphere, and characteristics of Venusian surface. Outer 

planets study should emphasize exploration of Jupiter and Saturn and 

environments. Session agreed meeting should be held before year’s end 

to define promising Mars landing sites and small group of U.S. and 

Soviet scientists should meet to consider probe of Venusian atmosphere. Madrid session had been held in accordance with recommendation of Joint US.-U.S.S.R. Working Group on Exploration of NearEarth Space, the Moon and the Planets, made Aug. 6,1971. Cochairmen 

of Madrid session were Dr. Georgy I. Petrov of Soviet Academy and 

Dr. S. Ichtiaque Rasool, Deputy Director of Planetary Programs in 

NASA Office of Space Science. (NASA Release 72-187) 

* Publication of A Current Index of Technical Briefs (Cl-1) by NASA and 

Small Business Administration was announced. Brochure contained 

abstracts from NASA’s technical briefs filed during 1971 and 1972. 

NASA had published nearly 5000 technical briefs since 1963. First 

edition of new publication had been mailed to more than 50000 small 

manufacturing and research and development companies. Brochure 

eventually would be published monthly. (NASA Release 72-188; NASA 

* President Nixon transmitted to Congress 26th annual report on U.S. 

participation in work of United Nations. He noted in transmission 

message that 26th U.N. General Assembly had endorsed two treaties 

sponsored by U.S., Convention on the International Liability for 

Damage Caused by Space Objects and Convention on the Prohibition 

of Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological 

(Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. 

International Civil Aviation Organization conference had adopted 

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety 

of Civil Aviation. (PD, 9/11/72, 1351-2) 

Twenty-fifth anniversary of NASA Flight Research Center 

at Edwards, Calif., celebration included open house and Sept. 8 

ceremony honoring original 14 employees who had participated with 

Air Force in successful 1947-1951 X-1 rocket aircraft program to 

exceed speed of sound in level flight. Dr. James c. Fletcher, NASA 

Administrator, presented plaques to seven original employees who 

attended. Since creation in 1947 as Muroc Flight Test Unit of National 

Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, predecessor of NASA, FRC had 

participated in advanced aircraft research programs that had extended 

boundaries of manned aeronautical flight from subsonic speed to 

7200 km (4500 mi) per hr achieved by X-15 aircraft between 1959 

and 1968. Other FRC programs included rocket-powered D-558 11 

Skyrocket, first aircraft to fly twice the speed of sound; X-5, forerunner of F-111, F-14, and B-1 aircraft; lunar landing research 

vehicle, prototype of Apollo lunar landing trainer; and XB-70 aircraft that had takeoff weight of more than 226800 kg (500000 Ibs) 

and mach-3 cruising speed. FRC programs were continuing effort to 

improve safety, utility, and flying qualities of general-aviation airPAO) 

September 8-9: 

311 
September 8-9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

September 8-9: Flight Research Center at Edwards, Calif., celebrated its twentyfifth anniversary by holding open house. Displays included the Hyper-3 (right foreground), flown in 1969 to evaluate remotely piloted research vehicle techniques; 

PA-30 general-aviation aircraft (center) ; 1;-111 supersonic aircraft (right rear), to 

be fitted with NASA’s supercritical wing for testing; wind-tunnel test model of a B-52 aircraft with the Air Force F-15 advanced air-superiority fighter (left foreground); and the Parmev (suspended at upper left), used beginning in 1962 to test 

paraglider concepts for possible recovery of spacecraft and rocket boosters. 

craft; M2, HL10, and X-24A lifting-body flights to validate concepts 

for future manned spacecraft and aircraft; YF-12 program to acquire 

inflight data for future supersonic military and commercial aircraft ; 

supercritical wing program to evaluate new NASA-developed wing’s 

ability to permit modified F-8 aircraft to cruise economically at higher 

speeds; and digital fly-by-wire aircraft program to evaluate use of 

electronic flight control system to control aircraft completely. Fly-bywire system was being considered for space shuttle use. (NASA Release 

72-178; FRC Release 15-72; FRC X-Press, 9/15/72) 

Tass reported results of Venus 8 probe that had landed 

capsule on Venus July 22 after four-month flight. Wind had moved 

descending capsule horizontally in same direction as planet’s rotation 

on its axis. Wind speed had declined from 48 m (160 ft) per sec at 

45-km (28-mi) altitude to 2 m (6 ft) per sec at 11 km (7 mi). Key 

question during landing was whether sunlight reached Venusian surface or was absorbed completely by atmosphere and clouds. Preliminary 

data on changes in illumination at different altitudes showed that 

Venusian atmosphere considerably weakened sunlight but some sunlight did reach surface. Atmosphere consisted of 97% carbon dioxide, 

less than 2% nitrogen, and less than 0.1% oxygen and contained 

O.Ol-O.l% ammonia at altitudes between 33 and 46 km (20 and 30 

mi). Surface in landing area resembled earth granite rock in radioactive composition with 4.0% potassium, 0.0002% uranium, and 

0.00065% thorium. ( FBIS-SOV, 9/13/72, L7) 

Navy’s Manned Spacecraft Recovery Forces in Pacific and 

Atlantic would again cachet and cancel philatelic mail for Apollo 17 

September 9: 

September 10: 

312 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 10 

mission schlduled for Dec. 6 launch, Washington Sunday Star and 

Daily News reported. Covers would be processed in Norfolk, Va., and 

Honolulu; Pacific covers would be postmarked on board prime recovery ship on splashdown date. Atlantic covers would be canceled at 

Norfolk. (W Star & News, 9/10/72, G19) 0 Central Switzerland Cultural Foundation awarded annual cultural prize 

to Alfred Waldis, Director of Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne. 

(Swiss Trans Museum Announcement, 11/72) 

NASA released prints from infrared photos of New York 

area taken by Erts 1 (launched July 23). Black-and-white photo of 

New York City taken from 915-km (569-mi) altitude covering area 

185 km (113 mi) square was covered by clouds, but was valuable 

as a general test of Erts 1 instrumentation. Images of infrared radiation 

from which prints had been made clearly showed distribution of 

vegetation in New Jersey. 

Dr. Paul D. Lowman of Goddard Space Flight Center said in interview that pictures of other areas had been of higher quality. “Our 

first discovery from ERTS is that all our maps, topographic as well as 

geologic, are out of date.” In California’s Monterey Bay area, scientists 

had discovered “a whole series of unsuspected faults” in earth’s crust. 

While major earthquake faults ran northwest and southeast, newly 

discovered faults ran at right angles to mountains, northeast and 

southeast. About 15 faults, each extending about 16 km (10 mi), had 

been discovered in Monterey region and about 12 faults had been 

discovered near Lake Tahoe, Calif. Satellite picture of Dallas-Fort 

Worth area showed many new roads, reservoirs, suburbs, and airports 

that were not on area’s most recent map, made three years before. 

(NASA Photos 72-HC-711, 724-241 ; Wilford, NYT, 9/12/72, 26) 

0 Mission officials for Viking Mars mission were concerned about tenuous 

values of dielectric constant (measure of electrical charge a substance 

could withstand at a given electrical field strength) estimated from 

radar observations of Mars surface, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. Massachusetts Institute of Technology investigators had found 

strong signal in 2-5 dielectric-constant range and weaker signal above 

that. Values suggested Mars had either hard bedrock surface impenetrable by spacecraft sampling equipment or deep dust surface that 

could not support landing vehicle. (Av Wk, 9/11/72, 11) 0 Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., was inducted into Aerospace 

Primus Club of Air Force Systems Command by Gen. George S. 

Brown, AFSC Commander, in ceremony at Andrews Air Force Base, 

Md. Aldrin, retired Air Force colonel, became 28th member of club 

restricted to military and civilian members of Air Force who had 

accomplished significant aerospace firsts. He was recognized for his 

historic flight to moon as pilot of Apollo 11 lunar module Eagle 

JuIy 16-24, 1969. (AFSC Newsreview, 10/72/16) 

Gen. Thomas D. White Space Trophy for 1971 was presented to L/G 

Samuel C. Phillips (USAF) for his achievements as Commander of Air 

Force Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO). Trophy was 

awarded annually by National Geographic Society to Air Force member 

who made most outstanding contribution to U.S. progress in aerospace. 

Gen. Phillips had been Apollo Program Director in NASA and was 

currently Director of National Security Agency. ( MSC Release 72-197) 

September 11: 

313 
September 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

0 Reassignment of Apollo 15 Astronaut Alfred M. Worden from Astronaut 

Office at Manned Spacecraft Center to Airborne Science Office, Space 

Science Div., at Ames Research Center became effective. (MSC Release 

0 Director Robert R. Wilson of National Accelerator Laboratory told 16th 

Rochester. International Conference on High Energy Physics in Batavia, 

Ill., that $250-million accelerator at Batavia had reached 300-bev 

proton energy level during August. Figure was four times the energy 

level of world’s second most powerful atom smasher at Serpukhov in 

U.S.S.R. (Sullivan, NYT, 9/12/72, 23) 

Switzerland had dropped plans to purchase US. or French fighter-bomber 

aircraft, Swiss Defense Minister Rudolf Gnaegi said at Berne press 

conference. Reuters said later that announcement had ended weeks of 

uncertainty over whether Swiss would buy US. A-7G Corsairs or 

French Dassault Milans. (Reuters, NYT, 9/12/72, 4) 

Huntsville (Ala.) Times editorial criticized attitude of Democratic presidential candidate Sen. George S. McGovern (D-S. Dak.) toward US. 

space program: “The McGovern space-budget figure of $2 billion may 

not seem a paltry sum to many taxpayers and voters. But it becomes a 

piddling figure . . . when comparedkith massive governmental outlays 

for farm price-supports and other questionable multibillion-dollar 

expenditures. And even in endorsing this minimal space effort, Senator 

McGovern stresses the negative aspect of not wanting to see additional 

thousands of aerospace employees thrown out of work, rather than 

emphasizing the positive contributions of space to the expansion of 

man’s scientific knowledge, to the strengthening of the technological 

know-how of American industry, and to the enhancement of the 

nation’s image throughout the world.” (Huntsville Times, 9/11/72) 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

and American Astronautical Society sponsored Astrodynamics Conference in Palo Alto, Calif. Langley Research Center scientist David R. 

Brooks said in paper that LaRC was studying precursor flyby mission 

to examine two asteroids and periodic comet Forbes in 1977 to gain 

support for planetary program in 1980s. Since mission would require 

only exceptionally low velocities it could be accomplished at minimum 

cost and risk with modified Pioneer-F and Pioneer-G spacecraft. (Text) 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers held annual 

Aerospace Div. Conference at Anaheim, Calif. Application of aerospace 

technology to societal problems and future of space exploration were 

discussed by officials of NASA; National Science Foundation; Depts. 

of Commerce, Transportation, and Interior; state and local governments; industry; and education. Aviation’s role in earth resources 

surveys was described in paper by Deputy Director Clarence A. 

Syvertson and Airborne Science Office Chief Donald R. Mulholland of 

Ames Research Center: “At the present time, 275 companies are 

engaged in aerial surveysy but less than 50 of these are equipped for 

nonphotographic remote sensing. New sensor technology growing from 

and stimulated by the space program has made it possible to obtain 

vastly improved data.” Federal Aviation Administration data showed 

that in 1971 “some 230 aircraft were used for aerial surveys and 

another 31 for patrolling.” ARC used general-aviation, high-altitude 

research, and four-engme jet transportation craft. Remote sensing 

72-197) 

September 11-12: 

September 11-13: 

314 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 11-13 

from aircraft provided data to improve environment, conserve natural 

resources, and contribute to economic growth. “The sensors required . . . are evolving rapidly, in part from well-established aerial reconnaissance technology, and in part from technology developed for the 

space program.” 

ASME Spirit of St. Louis Award was presented to Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, first man on moon, for “meritorious service 

in the advancement of aeronautics and astronautics.” ( ASME Release 

7/18/72; NASA Activities, 10/15/72, 207-10) 

Series of six stratospheric balloons were launched 

to altitudes from 38 000 to 41 000 m (125 000 to 135 000 ft) from 

Cape Girardeau Municipal Airport, Mo., in project directed by Navy’s 

Office of Naval Research and Raven Industries, Inc., in cooperation 

with four universities and NASA. Balloons, with volumes from 310000 

to 937 000 cu m (11 000 OOO to 33 100 000 cu ft) , achieved all flight 

objectives. 

Sept. 11 flight carried instruments from Univ. of New Hampshire 

to study charge and isotopical composition of cosmic radiation particles 

and two ionization chambers from Atomic Energy Commission and 

Rice Univ. Sept. 14 flight carried Washington Univ., St. Louis, experiments, including one to measure isotopic abundances of silicon, sulfur, 

calcium, and iron nuclei. 

On Sept. 14 and 24, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago Univ., counter 

experiments were launched to measure nuclear composition of veryhigh-energy cosmic rays. Univ. of California, at Riverside experiment 

was launched Sept. 19 to measure albedo neutrons from earth and 

solar neutrons from solar flares and quiet sun. 

Sixth flight, Oct. 1, carried Goddard Space Flight Center experiment 

to measure flux of very-high-energy cosmic rays. (Navy, ONR Field 

Representative [Navy Balloon Proj] ) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by William H. Dana, 

reached 14300-m (47000-ft) altitude and mach 0.8 during 17th flight 

from Flight Research Center. Objectives-to expand flight envelope 

and obtain stability and control data at mach 0.95-were not achieved 

because two of four chambers failed to ignite. (NASA proj off) 

NASA launched Javelin sounding rocket from Churchill Research Range, 

Canada, carrying Goddard Space Flight Center fields and particles 

experiment. Rocket performed satisfactorily but scientific objectives 

were not met. (SR list) 

Office of Management and Budget issued ApportionmentReapportionment Schedule that placed in reserve $44.9 million of 

$50.5-million FY 1973 NASA appropriation for aeronautics. OMB impounded $27.5 minion for quiet, experimental, short takeoff and 

landing aircraft ( QUESTOL) program, $2 million from STOL experimental engine program, and $15.4 from $2l-million engine retrofit 

program. (OMB PIO; CR, 10/14/74, H10111) 

* New York Times editorial commented on data returned by Soviet Yen, 8 

probe, which had landed capsule on Venus July 22: “Since the first 

Sputnik went into orbit a decade and a half ago, the world has seen 

so many major accomplishments in space by both the Soviet Union 

and the United States that the original sense of wonder has been 

largely lost. Yet even in today’s jaded atmosphere, it must be recogSeptember Il-October 1: 

September 12: 

September 13: 

315 
September 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

nized that what the Soviet scientists accomplished with Venus 8 was 

one of the great technological accomplishments of the age. The 

scientists and technicians responsible for this great feat deserve the 

world’s congratulations. It is self-evident that this work needs to be 

continued with respect to other planets . . . and that it can be done 

by international cooperation.” (NYT, 9/13/72, 42) 

First national conference on remotely manned systems 

was held at. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Dr. Stanley Deutsch of NASA 

Office of Life Sciences said in keynote address that usefulness of 

remotely controlled machines was “virtually limitless” both in space 

and on earth. “Using a remote system to scout Mars in advance of 

manned missions will enhance the safety of the man when we do send 

him to Mars.” Remotely controlled systems also could be used in 

future to rescue and return an incapacitated astronaut and provide a 

method for capturing unstable satellites. Remotely controlled systems 

technology developed for space was also being applied to nonspace 

applications such as Navy undersea manipulators, Air Force and 

Army remotely piloted aircraft, handling material in radiation laboratories, industrial safety, mining, medicine and hospitals, police work, 

and fire fighting. 

Dr. Ewald Heer of JPL’s Advanced Technical Studies Div. said 

“intelligenceyy of automated systems would have to be increased 

greatly to ensure success of future earth orbital and planetary satellites. 

“Remotely manned systems are man-machine system that augment 

and extend man’s sensory, manipulative and intellectual capabilities 

to remote places. However while machines may have superior strength 

and endurance and reGstance to hostile environments, they still depend 

on human intelligence for decision-making in the performance of 

complicated tasks. Advanced engineering automation is essential in 

space station and shuttle operations and scientific data gathering must 

be microminiaturized for sustained interplanetary operations of two 

or more years.” (JPL Releases 625, 626; Swain, Pasadena Star-News, 

9/14/72) 

September 14: Senate approved US.-U.S.S.R. Interim Agreement on 

Limitation of Strategic Arms by vote of 88 to 2. Agreement was passed 

after adoption of amendmant proposed by Sen. Henry M. Jackson 

(D-Wash.) that urged President Nixon to seek future treaty which 

would not limit US. to levels of intercontinental strategic forces 

inferior to limits provided to U.S.S.R. (CR, 9/14/72, Sl4859, 514868- 

14913) 

* Senate passed with technical amendment H.R. 10243, bill to establish 

Office of Technology Assessment for Congress and to amend National 

Science Foundation Act of 1950. Bill had been passed by House 

Feb. 8. (CR, 9/14/72, S14915) 

NASA Management Issuance signed by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA 

Administrator, designated members of NASA Historical Advisory Committee: Dr. Louis Morton, Chairman of Dartmouth College Dept. of 

History, Committee Chairman; Dr. A. Hunter Dupree, Professor of 

History, Brown Univ. ; Dr. Melvin Kranzberg, Callaway Professor of 

the History of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology; and 

Dr. Rodman W. Paul, Professor of History, California Institute of 

Technology. Dr. Elting E. Morison, Institute Professor, Massachusetts 

September 13-15: 

316 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 14 

Institute of Technology, was appointed to committee in October. 

(NASA NMI 1156.2D; NASA Hist Off) 

* Decision to place long-range orders for equipment and material to construct six Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transports was announced 

by British and French officials at Paris press conference. Final decision 

on whether to assemble aircraft would be deferred pending negotiations 

with potential buyers. French Transport Minister Robert Galley said 

first 16 Concordes were “practically sold.” Decision “taken today 

should allow us to fix delivery dates in the course of negotiations 

with companies now in progress.” (Agence France-Presse, NYT, 

9/24/72, 14) 

* Use of reconnaissance satellite under control of United Nations to 

spy out opium gardens throughout world was recommended by Gen. 

Lewis W. Walt (USMC, Ret.) in testimony before Senate Judiciary 

Committee’s Subcommittee on Internal Security. Gen. Walt had 

made worldwide study of heroin addiction and smuggling. (UPI, 

D News, 9/15/72) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 518 from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 308-km (191.4-mi) apogee, 205-km (127.4-mi) perigee, 89.6- 

min period, and 72.8’ inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 24. 

(GSFC SSR, 9/30/72; Sou Aero, 9/25/72, 82) 

* Findings to date of investigations into Apollo 15 commercialism were 

released by Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences 

and by NASA. Senate Committee reported on Aug. 3 closed hearing 

that received testimony from NASA management and Apollo 15 astronauts on commercialization of postal covers and replicas of “Fallen 

Astronaut” sculpture that was carried to moon during mission. Hearing 

had revealed “no basic new facts” on incidents. NASA had disciplined 

astronauts for carrying unauthorized covers. There was “no indication 

at this time that the Apollo 15 crew either profited or intended to profit 

from” sales of sculpture. Sale of sculpture by artist Paul Van 

Hoeydonck “appears to be a direct contradiction of the intent of the 

Apollo 15 astronauts.” Committee said Dept. of Justice had requested 

copy of hearing transcript and was reviewing situation for possible 

violation of Federal statutes. 

Committee said its continuing investigation had determined, after 

Aug. 3 hearing, “that several astronauts had accepted payment for 

autographing blocks of stamps. NASA was “continuing its investigation 

of this latest incident and is determining what management actions it 

will take as a result.” Committee expressed concern ‘‘with the adequacy 

of NASA management procedures which would permit such incidents to 

occur or create an atmosphere or an environment which might encourage misconduct.” It also was concerned with “awareness of responsible 

management personnel as to their responsibilities for the recognition 

of and need for initiation of timely and appropriate action on sensitive 

events coming to their attention.” 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, released report on 

Apollo 15 commercialism and disciplinary actions taken by NASA. 

Investigations and reviews had revealed weaknesses in NASA’s administrative procedures, management communication channels, and internal 

operating relationships. Actions were under way to remedy weaknesses, including revision of policy and procedures on articles to be 

September 15: 

317 
September 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

carried on manned flight missions. No more than 12 personal items 

weighing no more than 0.2 kg (0.5 lb) would be carried by each 

flight astronaut. All personal items would be approved by NASA 

Administrator. Items that could be commercially exploited by recipients 

were prohibited. List of items would be publicized no later than 30 days 

after flight’s completion. Future missions would’ carry official flight kit 

containing items appropriate for official presentation by Government. 

Items would be approved by Administrator and announced before 

launch. Commercialism of flight kit was prohibited. 

NASA PAO stated in response to inquiries about sale of autographs 

by astronauts, “NASA has determined . . . autographs were signed by 

the astronauts on their own time while not on duty, that no misuse 

of Government property or personnel was involved, but that a procedural infraction did occur in that no NASA management advice was 

sought prior to these actions.” NASA employees had been “personally 

admonished . . . for this infraction of NASA procedures” and facts had 

been reported to Dept. of Justice. (Texts; NASA PAO) 

* Library of Congress Congressional Research Service published Cape 

Kennedy or Cape Canaveral? A Brief History, a Background, and an 

Analysis uj S.J. Res. 193. Report on Senate bill to return to Cape 

Kennedy, original name of Cape Canaveral, concluded that “relevant 

issues of fact are not in question in this legislative decision.” Historical 

significance of Cape Canaveral was “genuine” and majority of Cape 

residents and Florida State Legislature favored return to old name. 

Nor is the procedural legitimacy of the permanent change of name 

to ‘Cape Kennedy’ seriously questioned. The nature of the official act 

is generally accepted as a national gesture of tribute and respect to a 

martyred President. Evidence from historical precedent is scant ; geographic names have often been applied and altered to honor persons, 

and these have subsequently been changed for a variety of reasons.” 

Question was “whether sufficient cause exists . . . to reverse the act 

of November 27, 1963, changing the name of Cape Canaveral to Cape 

Kennedy.” (Text) 

President Nixon transmitted Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful 

Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation to Senate for advice and 

consent to ratification. Convention had been signed at Montreal conference of International Civil Aviation Organization Sept. 23. 1971. 

In transmission message President said : “The problem of sabotage, 

armed terrorist attacks, and other criminal acts against aircraft and 

air travelers poses an increasingly grave threat to civil aviation around 

the world.” Convention and hijacking convention adopted at The 

Hague in December 1970 were “vitally important to achieve safe and 

orderly air transportation for all the people of the world.” (PD, 

9/18/72,1379) 

* Communications Satellite Gorp. announced new record volume of TV 

via satellite during 17-day coverage of Olympic Games in Munich, 

West Germany. Total of 1005 half-channel hours of satellite timemore than twice TV use of satellites for any event since commercial 

satellite service began in 1965-had been used for 14 different international telecasts via four Intelsat satellites during Olympics. (ComSatCorp Release 72-48) 

(6 

318 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICSy 1972 September 15 

0 Release of first 2d in series of supersonic transport (SST) follow-on 

technology reports was announced by Federal Aviation Administration. 

Reports covered noise reduction, supersonic inlets, flight controls, fuel 

tank sealabts, and titanium structures. (FAA Release 72-179) 

0 Science editorial said great development of generation had been “sharply 

increased realization of our mutual interdependence as citizens of this 

planet. The concept has been dramatized by the phrase ‘spaceship 

earth‘ and given worldwide political recognition in the holding of the 

Stockholm Conference” [see June 5-16]. (Abelson, Science, 9/15/72) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 519 from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 313-km (194.5-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 89.7-min 

period, and 71.2’ inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 26. (GSFC SSR, 

9/30/72; Sou Aero, 10/2/72, 6) 

0 North American Rockwell Corp. released statement that it was awarding 

$8 million in subcontracts to Grumman Corp. for engineering work on 

space shuttle. McDonnell Douglas Corp. would receive subcontracting 

worth $4 million, and $200 million worth of subcontracts would be 

parceled to companies throughout US. early in 1973. Grumman subcontracts would preserve jobs of some 300 top engineers and McDonnell 

Douglas subcontract, 140, New York Times reported. (NR Release; 

Andelman, NYT, 9/17/72,23) 

Air Force succesfully flight-demonstrated powered balloon system ( POBAL) 

that had fly-and-float capability readily adaptable to military use in 

electronic fields. POBAL-Coupling free helium-filled balloon to propulsion system-flew from White Sands Missile Range for three 

hours after reaching altitude, driven by 11.9-m (39-ft) propeller connected to 9-kw (12-hp) electric motor. Steering rudder, connected to 

lengthy tail boom, was 2.7 m (9 ft) high and 0.8 m (2.5 ft) wide. 

System was controlled by radio signals from the ground. POBAL would 

extend station-keeping capabilities by combining free balloon flight 

with propulsion and autopilot control system, with planned 12-hr 

flight under power at speed of 15 knots. It would float powerless 

remainder of time. (AF Release 129.72) 

0 NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., carrying Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

astronomy experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

September 16-1 7: Air Force’s 25th anniversary was celebrated at Andrews 

Air Force Base, Md., with aerial demonstrations of 6-130 low-altitude 

parachute-extraction system ( LAPES) , HC-130 aircraft refueling HH-53 

helicopter of Military Airlift Command, KC-135 aircraft, refueling 

B-52 bomber, and fire-suppression drill by H42 helicopter. Static 

display included full-scale model for NASA launch rover, F-111 jet 

fighter aircraft, FB-111 swing-wing bomber, SR-71 photographic 

reconnaissance aircraft, T-38 supersonic trainer aircraft, and C-5 

Galaxy, world’s largest aircraft. [See Sept. 18.1 (Program) 

Air Force Assn. held 26th annuaI National Convention 

in Washington, D.C. Convention unanimously adopted policy resolutions including endorsement and support of space shuttle program, 

continuation and expansion of ballistic missile and military space 

systems technology, and increase in U.S. defense program research 

September 16: 

September 17-21 : 

319 
September 17-21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

and development effort to level “at least equal to that of the Soviet 

Union.” 

Convention adopted 1972-1973 Statement of Policy Sept. 19. 

Statement said new environment created by Strategic Arms Limitation 

Talks (SALT) “places a high premium on added protection for our 

current strategic bomber force, on improved ballistic missile technology as an antidote to numerical inferiority, on more accurate and 

consistent surveillance capabilities, and on more secure and dependable 

communications.y’ Nothing in SALT agreements impeded size and 

momentum of U.S.S.R.’s research and development effort. Soviet effort 

“for the past several years has surpassed that of the United States 

by a wide margin. Tbe possibility of technological surprise has not 

diminished under SALT, unless the United States undertakes and maintains a military research and development program that is comprehensive, consistent, and competitive.” If US. emphasized efforts on 

qualitative force improvement, enhanced forces survivability, and 

improved conventional weapon delivery, “risks involved in the SALT 

agreements can likely be kept within tolerable limits.” 

AFA awards presented during convention included Theodore von 

Kirmin Award to L/C Donald G. Carpenter, Commander of 18th 

Surveillance Squadron, Air Defense Command, for “advancing the 

nation’s space defense capability.” David C. Schilling Award was 

presented to 1st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, Beale Air Force 

Base, Calif., for “pioneering operational long-range flight while performing vital defense missions with the SR-71 aircraft.” Award was 

accepted by Col. Jerome F. O’Malley, Commander of 9th Strategic 

Reconnaissance Wing. (AI; Mag, 11/72, 809, 54-5, 60-1) 

September 18: New York Times published interview with Harris M. 

Schurmeier, Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s manager of proposed 1977 

Jupiter-Saturn mission. Two 680-kg ( 1500-lb) spacecraft launched by 

Titan IIIE-Centaur boosters would swing past Jupiter in 1979 and, 

gaining velocity from pull of Jupiter’s gravity, speed past Saturn by 

1981. Mission would cost between $250 million and $350 millionless than half cost of Grand Tour mission proposed earlier. Since 

mission would provide first close-up observation of Saturn, some 200 

scientists had already submitted proposals for experiments. Proposals 

were being evaluated and spacecraft design would begin by end of 

1972. (Wilford, NYT, 9/18/72, 15) 

* Twenty-fifth anniversary of US. Air Force. First Secretary of the Air 

Force W. Stuart Symington had been sworn in Sept. 18, 1947, effective 

date of transfer of Army air activities to Dept. of the Air Force established by Armed Forces Unification Act of July 26, 1947. 

Publications during September commemorated Silver Anniversary. 

Airman editorial noted it has been more than 50 yrs since advent of 

military aviation “and it is virtually impossible to divide the technological achievements and amazing advances over that span of 

years into categories like ‘pre-autonomy’ or ‘post-autonomy.’ ” It was 

spirit that counted-“that indomitable, driving, probing, questioning, 

seeking perseverance, and sheer genius that has taken man from 

Kittyhawk to the moon in what is really an incredibly short period 

of time.” 

320 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 18 

Air Force System Command’s Newsreview traced historical highlights of its bases and organizations. Arnold Engineering Development 

Center (AEDC) near Tullahoma, Tenn., had been established in 1953 

at recommendation of aeronautical scientist Dr. Theodore von Kirmin. 

Center currently consisted of 41) test units that provided “simulated 

flight-test capability ranging in speed to more than 20 times the speed 

of sound and to altitudes around 1,000 miles [1600 kilometers].” 

Center’s replacement value was $840 million. Patrick Air Force Base, 

Fla., had grown with space program. Launch of V-2 from Eastern 

Test Range at Patrick in 1950 “was the first step to the moon. That 

goal,,now accomplished five times, leaves the future of space exploration on the threshold of a dream.” 

Future of the Air Force was discussed by Gen. John D. Ryan (USAF) 

in Armed Forces Journal issue dedicated to Air Force Silver Anniversary. “It would be very easy . . . to take off on rhetorical flights of 

overcoming the unlimited challenges of aerospace. The challenges do 

exist; and they could conceivably mean that the future of the Air 

Force will include the use of remotely piloted vehicles, hypersonic aircraft, and the laser. But if these, and anything else man can envision 

and produce, do exist in the future, they will only be the means for 

Air Force people to do their basic job of providing this country with 

the aerospace power required for defense and security. As in the past 

25 years, success in the future depends heavily on the dedication and 

quality of Air Force people.” (Airman, 9/72, 25; AFSC Newsreview, 

9/72, 6, 9; AFJ, 9/72; Dept of AF, A Chronology of American Air 

Space Events, 1/3/61) 

Envelopes carried to moon aboard Apollo 15 and later sold to stamp 

dealers had been ordered by Harold G. Collins, Chief of Kennedy Space 

Center Mission Support Office, Manager John H. Jacobs of Brevard 

Printing Co. told press. Collins had asked that bill be sent to Hughes 

Enterprises in Las Vegas, Nev. Associated Press said Collins and 

NASA officials and astronauts at Manned Spacecraft Center had declined 

to comment on Jacobs’ statement because matter was under investigation by Dept. of Justice. (AP, W Post, 9/19/72, A3) 0 U.S.S.R. had begun staging electronic-intelligence-gathering reconnaissance flights off US. East Coast, with aircraft returning to air base 

near Havana, Cuba, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

Some US. officials believed U.S.S.R. was establishing precedent for 

using Cuba as base from which to launch and recover reconnaissance 

satellites. In first reported incident two naval reconnaissance versions 

of Tu-95 Bear turboprop aircraft made 12-hr flight from Cuba up 

route 80 kin (50 mi) off US. coast to point north of Norfolk, Va. 

Flights had been detected by radar on U.S.S. Forrestd and had been 

monitored by F4 and A-7 aircraft. Although Tu-95s had flown off 

U.S. East Coast for past several years, they had not taken off from 

Cuba, flown mission, and then returned to Cuba before. (Av Wk, 

9/18/72, 11) 

September 18-21 : Twentieth International Congress of Aviation and Space 

Medicine was held in Nice, France. More than 500 scientists from 54 

countries participated. Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director for Life 

Sciences, discussed human problems in long-duration space flights : 

Long-term bedrest data offered some clues to potential effects of weight321 
September 18-21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

lessness on physiological systems. There were indications that some 

zero-g effects were self-limiting. Collection of good inflight data for 

longer periods, coupled with ground-based experiments, was vital in 

planning for longer duration space flight. Vestibular problems had 

not been great enough for US. crews to require preadaptation program. 

Such a program must, however, be considered as the number of 

potential crewmen is increased, particularly as scientists with no test 

pilot experience are added to crews. However, I do not at the present 

time see any physiological requirement for the addition of artificial 

gravity for long duration space flight.’’ 

Soviet delegation was headed by Dr. Oleg G. Gazenko, Director of 

Institute of Space Biology of Soviet Academy of Sciences. (Text; 

FBIS-SOV, 10/3/72, A7) 

Cosmos 520 was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 

39 319-km (24 431.7-mi) apogee, 652-km (405.1-mi) perigee, 710-min 

period, and 62.8’ inclination. Western observers of Soviet space program noted that spacecraft reached orbit similar to that for communications satellites, although perigee was slightly higher and inclination 

slightly different from orbits of past Molniya satellites. U.S.S.R. later 

announced launch under name Cosmos 520. [See also Sept. 28.1 

(spacewarn, 10/3/72; GSFC SSR, 9/30/72; SBD, 9/26/72, 106) 

House Committee on Public Works favorably reported H.R. 16645, bill 

to amend Public Buildings Act of 1959 to provide for construction of 

Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Bicentennial Civic Center in District 

of Columbia. Committee in Report recommended honoring certain 

members of Congress by naming public works buildings for them, 

including renaming Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., 

“H. Allen Smith Jet Propulsion Laboratory.” New name would honor 

Rep. H. Allen Smith (R-Calif.), who would be retiring after 16 yrs 

in House. Laboratory was operated by Cal Tech for NASA. (H Rpt 

NASA and Soviet Acadkmy of Sciences had approved results of fourth 

meeting of joint working groups on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) 

at Manned Spacecraft Center July 6-18, NASA announced. Groups had 

agreed to base future work on three ASTP documents: Project Technical 

Proposal, Organization Plan, and Project Schedules. Number of working groups would be increased to five. Groups had agreed to launch 

Soyuz spacecraft before Apollo spacecraft and had decided that sufficient progress had been made to proceed with system design and 

development for 1975 joint mission. Areas requiring future study 

incIuded possible crew transfer by extravehicular activity (EVA) in 

emergency situation, possibility of changing spacecraft pressure to 

shorten time required for crew transfer, TV system for docking, and 

choice of specific July 1975 date for mission. Next meeting of working 

groups was scheduled for October in Moscow. (NASA Release 72-190) 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. had said it would assume major portion of 

work it had been subcontracting on its F-14A jet fighter aircraft for 

Navy, Wd Street journal reported. Grumman President Joseph G. 

Gavin, Jr., had said plan to reduce subcontracting was necessary to 

increase program efficiency and reduce costs.” First subcontractor to 

feel effect would be Republic Aviation Div. of Fairchild Industries Inc. 

(WSJ, 9/19/72, 13) 

66 

September 19: 

92-1410) 

LC 

322 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 19 

* Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of $498 487 

Federal Aviation Administration contract to Council for Airport Opportunity for training program to assist some 900 minority workers in 

New York area in qualifying for better jobs in aviation. (DOT 

Release 80-72) 

US.-U.S.S.R. Joint Committee on Cooperation in the 

Field of Environmental Protection met in Moscow to discuss joint 

projects to benefit and protect environment of both countries. 

Committee had been established under treaty signed in Moscow by 

President Nixon and Soviet President Nikolay V. Podgorny May 23. 

Memorandum of Implementation of Environmental Agreement, signed 

at meeting, provided for 30 joint environmental projects to protect 

cities, farms, rivers, lakes, and air. Projects would include exchange 

of US. and Soviet scientists and would focus on air and water 

pollution, oil spills, seismic research, urban problems, pest-management 

to reduce use of chemical pesticides, atmospheric pollution by supersonic transports, and permafrost. (Smith, NYT, 9/22/72, 1; Sci Pol 

Rev, Vol 5, No 4) 

Annual conference of Soviet and French scientists and 

specialists on cooperation and research in peaceful uses of space was 

held in Tbilisi, U.S.S.R. Conference examined results of space cooperation in 1971 and plans for joint work in space chemistry, meteorology, 

biology, medicine, and communications and in aeronautics. Also discussed were data on northern lights obtained by French satellite Oreul 

(launched by U.S.S.R. Dec. 27, 1971) and study of low-energy 

particles by PTO~~Z 2 (launched June 29). (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 9/27/72, 

L8; 10/6/72, F5) 

Astronauts Robert L. Crippen, Dr. William E. Thornton, 

and Karol J. Bobko emerged from Skylab simulator at Manned Spacecraft Center, where they had been isolated since July 26. They had 

conducted Skylab medical experiments altitude test ( SMEAT) to gather 

medical data to compare with data from actual missions. Astronauts 

said that, although they were very glad to be out, confinement had not 

been as difficult as expected. Astronauts were slightly weaker and 

their muscles were slightly smaller, but they had experienced no 

changes that would affect Skylab plans. Crew had been on space food 

diet during test and would remain on same diet for two weeks while 

doctors evaluated effects of diet. (AP, B Sun, 9/21/72, A3; AP, 

C Trib, 9/21/72,1) 

* Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, denied reports that he had 

announced he might resign after Apollo 17 mission in December and 

return to Univ. of Utah. Reports had followed Administrator’s dinner 

speech before Knife and Fork Club in Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 19. 

Dr. Fletcher-who had headed NASA since April 27,1971-issued reply 

to queries received at NASA Hq. saying that “he had given no thought 

to resigning from NASA and could not possibly commit [himself] to 

going back to the University of Utah at this time.” (NASA PAO; Off of 

Admin; SBD, 9/21/72, a, 90) 

Industrial Research magazine’s IR-100 award for 1972 had been awarded 

to Lewis Research Center and Arthur D. Little, Inc., for process for 

producing pure, very-high-strength, single-crystal, refractory ceramic 

fibers, L~RC announced. Award, given annually to developers of 100 

September 19-21 : 

September 19-27: 

September 20: 

323 
September 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

September 20: Astronauts Dr. William E. 

Thornton, Karol .I. Bobko, and Robert L. 

Crippen (shown left to right above in the 

altitude test chamber at Manned Spacecraft 

Center), emerged after isolation since July 

26 in the Skylab medical experiments altitude 

test (SMEAT) to gather data for the 1973 

Skylab Orbital Workshop mission. The Workshop had been delivered to Marshall Space 

Flight Center Director Eberhard F. M. Refs 

by McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. zn a Huntington Beach, Calif., ceremony Sept. 

7, for transfer to Cape Kennedy. The last 

components for the space station-the mated 

airlock module and multiple docking adap 

ter-reached Kennedy Space Center Oct. 6. 

The airlock module flight version was photographed in the clean room at McDonnell 

Douglas in St. Louis, Mo., before mating. 

most significant new products selected from some 1000 entries throughout US., had been received by LeRC every year except one since Center 

first entered competition in 1966. (LeRC Release 72-82) 

* First Lady Patricia Nixon visited Ames Research Center. She was received 

by ARC Director, Dr. Hans Mark; witnessed demonstration takeoff and 

landing by ARC augmentor-wing jet, short takeoff and landing ( STOL) , research aircraft; and was taken for “ride” in flight simulator for 

advanced aircraft. (ARC Astrogram, 9/28/72, 1) * Plans for 1976 private space probe “Mankind 1” were described by 

spokesmen of Committee for the Future at Beverly Hills, Calif., press 

conference. Committee of private citizens proposed to buy US. or 

Soviet spacecraft and launch system for one of three proposed 

missions : orbiting laboratory, 14-day mission to place giant illuminator 

3% 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 20 

with one sixth moon’s reflective capacity in orbit 650 km (400 mi) 

above earth, or combination of both missions. Mankind 1 was successor to Project Harvest Moon which Committee had hoped to finance 

by selling moon rocks. Committee Chairman John J. Whiteside said 

first project had been scrapped after July 18 meeting with NASA 

officials who were skeptical about possibility of flying lunar mission 

after Apollo 17. (Sweeney, LA Times, 9/21/72) 9 Tu-144 Soviet supersonic transport on flight from Moscow to Tashkent, 

Uzbekistan, flew 3000-km (1860-mi) distance in 1 hr 57 min, setting 

flight time record. (Tass, FBIS-SOY, 9/20/72, K1) 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced appointment of Dr. George H. Ludwig as Director of System Integration. 

Dr. Ludwig, who had assumed position in early September, had been 

Associate Director for Data Operations at Goddard Space Flight Center 

since 1971. (NOAA Release 72-120) 

North American Rockwell Corp. Downey Div. announced 

receipt of $5 500000 contract from Air Force Systems Command’s 

Space and Missile Organization ( SAMSO) to build one-of-a-kind satellite for late 1973 launch. Spacecraft would be orbiting base from which 

quartet of instruments would gather scientific data for several Government agencies. (NR Release) 

September 22-25: NASA launched Explorer 47 (IMP-H) Tnterplanetary 

Monitoring Platform from Eastern Test Range at 9:20 pm EDT by 

three-stage, long-tank, thrust-augmented Thor-Delta booster. Satellite 

entered transfer orbit with 237 796-km (147 759.6-mi) apogee, 246-km 

(152.9-mi) perigee, 7365-min (5.11-day) period, and 28.6’ inclination. 

Primary objective was to provide more detailed understanding of 

dynamics of regions discovered and broadly surveyed by previous 

earth-orbiting IMPS and lunar IMP by obtaining scientific data during 

period of decreasing solar activity. Explorer 47 would continue studies 

of interplanetary radiation, solar wind and energetic particle emissions, 

and magnetic fieIds in earth’s environment from orbit halfway to moon. 

Apogee kick motor was fired Sept. 25 to place Explorer 47 in 

circular orbit with 235 639-km (146 419.3-mi) apogee, 201 599-km 

(125 267.8-mi) perigee, 12.3-day period, and 17.2’ inclination. By 

Sept. 25, 10 experiments had been commanded on and were operating 

satisfactorily. Three remaining experiments would be turned on about 

Oct. 5. 

Explorer 47 was drum shaped, weighed 378 kg (833 Ibs), and 

carried 13 experiments to measure energetic particles, plasmas, and 

magnetic and electric fields. Experiments were provided universities, 

industry, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atomic 

Energy Commission, and Goddard Space Flight Center. Explorer 47 

was ninth spacecraft in IMP series. First-Explorer 18 (IMP-A) -had 

been launched Nov. 26, 1963, and most recent-Explorer 43 (IMP-I) 

. -had been launched March 13, 1971. Four of the eight previously 

launched spacecraft were still operating. (NASA proj off; NASA Release 

Skylab Orbital Workshop, scheduled to carry three-man 

crews in earth orbit in 1973, arrived at Kennedy Space Center after 

two-week barge trip from McDonnell Douglas CO.’s Huntington Beach, 

Calif., pIant. Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) was flown to KSC from 

September 21 : 

72-185) 

September 22: 

325 
September 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Manned Spacecraft Center, where it had been undergoing thermal testing since mid-July. Airlock module (AM) and multiple docking adapter 

(MDA) were scheduled to arrive at KSC Oct. 9 and instrument unit 

Oct. ‘22. (UPI, NY News, 9/23/72; KSC Releases 268-72, 270-72) 

Soil sample collected by ApaZZo 16 Astronaut Charles M. Duke, Jr., from 

natural hole beneath 3-m (lo-ft)-high “Shadow Rock” on moon had 

been found to have characteristic resonance identical to that of sunlit 

soil near by, Naval Research Laboratory announced. Scientists were 

agreed that sample had not been in direct sunlight since being buried 

by rock propelled by ancient meteorite collision creating North Ray 

Crater on moon. NRL investigators were considering two explanations 

for similarity between soil under rock and exposed soil. Either North 

Ray Crater had been formed relatively recently or tens of millions of 

years of solar heat had not affected characteristic resonance. Either 

way, experiment had revealed that resonance of North Ray Crater soils 

probably contained fossil record of thermal and weathering histories 

of those soils during or immediately after North Ray collision. (NRL 

Release 53-72-9) 

Lewis Research Center scientists Dr. John V. Dugan, Jr., and Dr. Herman 

Mark told meeting of Northeast Ohio Congressional Council in Cleveland that space scientists and engineers dismissed because of aerospace 

recession should be hired for expanded programs to solve environmental and other societal problems. The LeRC scientists were invited 

by Rep. John F. Seiberling, Jr. (D-Ohio), to testify before House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics. (McCann, Q PD, 9/23/72) 0 National Aeronautic Assn. named Federal Aviation Administrator John H. 

Shaffer to receive Wright Brothers Trophy. Shaffer was cited for 

“outstanding leadership of the worldwide operations of the FAA, which 

has greatly enhanced all aspects of US. aviation to the benefit and 

safety of the general public and of all who fly.” (AP, V Post, 

9/23/72, A22) 

0 U.S.S.R. announced selection of Soviet aircraft designer Andrey N. 

Tupolev to receive “Sickle and Hammer,” his third gold medal for 

exceptional service in development of air science and Soviet aircraft 

construction. Tupolev had designed some 150 aircraft, including Tu-1U 

supersonic airliner. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 9/28/72, K8) 

Federal support to universities and colleges had reached $3.5 billion in 

FY 1971, increase of $253 million (SR), National Science Foundation reported. Total academic science activities were up $148 million, 

or 7%, to $2336 minion. Federal funding of academic research and 

development increased by 776, to $1544 million. Support of life sciences 

projects constituted 48% of total Federal obligations for academic 

R&D and 53% of all Federal support for fellowships, traineeships, and 

training grants. Total Federal obligations (exclusive of loans) to 

institutions of higher education increased 2% in constant dollars for 

first time since 1967. (NSF Highlights, 9/22/72) 0 Need for national technology policy was urged in Science article by 

Dr. J. E. Goldman, Senior Vice President for Research and Development of Xerox Corp. As US. began to channel technical efforts toward 

programs of social significance, “we must remember one of the 

important lessons of our recent past; the history of the space program 

. . . is a lesson in the mastery of the institutional technique necessary 

326 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 22 

to bring together the segments of the intellectual, industrial, and technological community needed to fulfill goals in a timely fashion. If we 

choose to ignore this, if we set aside the space program’s experience as 

nothing more than a $20-billion waste, then by our irrationality we 

will endanger the ultimate achievement of such important societal 

objectives as better housing and the renewal of our inner cities.” 

(Science, 9/22/72,1078-80) 

Washington Post reported that US-U.S.S.R. environmental protection committee established by May 23 treaty would permit 

placement by both nations of seismic devices on each other’s territories. 

Purpose would be to predict earthquakes but Post said devices also 

could detect underground nuclear tests and distinguish them from 

earthquakes. If used for test detection, “devices could close the last 

possible gap in an extremely controversial field.” US. had maintained 

that underground tests could not be banned because of inability to 

monitor adherence to ban by both sides. Post said cursory check of 

Dept. of Defense and Arms Control and Disarmament Agency sources 

had yielded “no one who knew that the pact contained this provision.” 

(Berger, W Post, 9/23/72) 

NASA was instrumenting areas in five national parks to 

monitor any adverse effects of sonic boom generated by test flights of 

two YF-12 aircraft being operated by NASA. (FRC, Flight Operations; 

Av Wlc, 9/25/72,11) 

* NASA launched Black Brant VC from Churchill Research Range, Canada, 

carrying Univ. of Minnesota fields and particles experiment. Rocket 

and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

September 26: President Nixon approved H.R. 15495, $20.9-billion 

authorization bill for Dept. of Defense procurement of aircraft, missiles, 

naval vessels, tracked combat vehicles, torpedoes, and other weapons. 

Authorization also covered research, development, test, and evaluation 

for Armed Forces and construction at certain Safeguard antiballistic 

missile system installations. (PD, 10/2/72, 1476; Sen Armed Services 

Com) 

Team of Naval Research Laboratory and Cornel1 Aeronautical Laboratory 

scientists had discovered chemical technique for stabilizing meteorological mists, NRL announced. Discovery had been made during attempts 

to eliminate fog. Release of certain organic compounds into atmosphere 

had been expected to diminish for intensity; instead, chemicals 

reduced fog evaporation rates. Findings might be used to change 

intensity and distribution of rainfall. (NRL Release 48-72-9) 

* SiegfriedO. Auer of West Germany was granted, on behalf of NASA, 

Patent No. 3 694 655 for particle-impact location detector. Detector 

could be carried on spacecraft to identify sources in interstellar space, 

including sun and comets, from which particles came. It could show 

angle, speed, and chemical composition of particles and could telemeter 

data to ground. (Pat Off PIO; Jones, NYT, 9/30/72, 39) 

NASA launched Astrobee F sounding rocket from Wallops Station, carrying Goddard Space Flight Center performance test payload. Rocket 

and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

NASA’s MZF3 lifting body, piloted by William H. Dana, 

completed 18th flight after air-launch from B-52 aircraft over Flight 

Research Center. Objectives-to expand flight envelope, obtain stability 

September 23: 

September 25: 

September 27: 

327 
September 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

and control data at mach 0.95, and check out pitch reaction controlwere achieved. M2-F3 reached 21 000-m (68 000-ft) altitude and 

exceeded planned mach 1.34 speed. (NASA pro j off) 

0 Dept. of Defense announced that two squadrons of F-111A fighterbomber aircraft were being sent to Southeast Asia for first time in 

4% yrs. Aircraft, with low-level terrain-following radars, would 

replace fqur squadrons of F4 Phantom fighter-bombers to increase 

US. all-weather and low-altitude capabilities during monsoon season 

in Vietnam war. (DOD PIO) 

Claims that Government, news media, and public had 

pessimistic view of space program’s future were refuted by Dr. 

George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, in speech before National 

Space Club in Washington, D.C. With decision to build space shuttle, 

President Nixon had “committed his administration and the Nation to 

a continuing viable space program” that “meets the needs of the 

United States’ future.” President had taken another “great initiative 

in space” in signing US.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation agreement. 

Senate had supported space shuttle by vote of 61 to 21. “And for 

the first time in NASA’s history, the Congress appropriated every last 

penny that we asked for.” Editorial comment in US. had run 9 to 1 

in favor of shuttle, 18 to 1 in support of Apollo 16, and “we have yet 

to encounter serious editorial criticism of the Apollo-Soyuz Test 

Project.” While some segments of public were apathetic to space 

program, less than one percent of the 2200 letters NASA received from 

public daily was against space program. Most NASA mail was “in outright support of what we are doing” or sought additional information 

about space. One reason for pessimism “syndrome,” Dr. Low said, 

was that “so many people in Washington . . . tend to equate ‘program’ 

with ‘budget,’ or . . . ‘accomplishment’ with ‘dollars available.’ ” Space 

program challenges existed, “and whether or not we can meet them is 

relatively independent of whether NASA’s budget is $3.4 billion, or 

$3.6 billion.” But it “does depend strongly on the results we continue 

to achieve; . . . on our ability to create and innovate, on our skill and 

our dedication.” (Text) 

Tenth anniversary of Canada’s Alouette 1 satellite launched by NASA from 

Vandenberg Air Force Base by Thor-Agena B booster. Satellite, 

designed and built by Canada to study ionosphere, was still transmitting data from 960-km (600-mi) circular orbit. 

Canada celebrated anniversary with special ceremonies Sept. 29, 

highlighted by official opening of new Spacecraft Assembly and Test 

Facility of Dept. of Communications Research Centre at Shirley Bay 

near Ottawa. Canadian Communications Minister Robert Stanbury 

said AZouette 1, as the “oldest satellite still sending back useful 

information from space, symbolizes the high standards of technology 

which Canada has maintained . . . and . . . has helped to meet two 

important national needsexpertise in space-age technology, and 

improved communications.” (SBD, 9/27/72,118; A&A 1962) 

* U.S.S.R. apparently was testing spaceborne satellite intercept system at 

high altitudes, Aerospace Daily reported. “In five earlier tests of the 

system . . . Russian satellites had shown they could disable target 

satellites flying at relatively low altitudes.” But Cosmos 520, launched 

Sept. 19 “into practically the same inclination as the earlier . . . 

September 28: 

328 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 September 28 

vehicles, has gone into a highly elliptical orbit with an apogee of 

more than 39,000 kilometers [24 000 miles]. This could mean that 

the Russians are showing that their interceptor can reach to synchronous 

orbit . . . where more than half of future US. military satellites will 

orbit.” Orbit of Cosmos 520 was not equatorial-as was that of US. 

vehicles in Air Force and TRW Program a7 ballistic-missile earlywarning satellite system-and its high point was apparently over 

Northern Hemisphere and its intermediate altitude rather more than 

the 32 000-km (20 000-mi) altitude of US. satellites. Military implications of Cosmos 520 mission were strong “since all SS-9 launched 

satellites are military vehicles. 33-9s have launched not only the 

interceptor series but a11 Fractional Orbital Bombardment System 

(FOBS) satellites and another class of satellites . . . strongly related to 

weapons development.” (Aero Daily, 9/28/72) 

* Roll-out ceremony for multinational European airbus and France’s second 

Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport was held in Toulouse, 

France. Aircraft were scheduled for maiden flights in few weeks. 

Concorde 2, similar to three service models entering production, was 

said to have eiiminated smoke and noise that made Concorde 1 

unwelcome in US. Airbus was standard preproduction model of 330- 

passenger, short- to medium-haul transport for 1975 operation. During 

ceremony British Aerospace Minister Michael Heseltine said British 

government was ready to confer with other European governments on 

possibility of integrated European aviation industry. (Lewis, NYT, 

9/29/72, 8) 

* U.S.S.R. was dismantling huge booster rocket at Tyuratam launch site 

[ Baykonur Cosmodrome] near Aral Sea, unidentified US. intelligence 

sources told New York Times. Ground support equipment also had been 

removed. Booster had not been used for manned launch, but it was 

not known whether it had been used for unmanned mission. (Lyons, 

NYT, 10/1/72,9) 

Soviet scientists had suggested system of time registration for moon 

in lunar stellar days, hours, minutes, and seconds, Tass announced. 

They had also calculated positions of 72 stars and of Jupiter for 

every 10 days of lunar year. Work was outlined in book Formulas 

and Ephemerides for Field Observations on the Moon. (FBIS-SOV, 

10/2/72, L1) 

* Air Force F-111 swing-wing jet bomber aircraft was lost over Vietnam 

on first day of F-111s’ return to combat in Indochina since 1968. 

North Vietnam later claimed it had shot aircraft down but Dept. 

of Defense said it was unable to explain disappearance. (W Post, 

10/3/72, A25) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics, at closing session of 

term, elected to defer action on S.R. 193, bill passed by Senate July 21 

to return Cape Kennedy to original name of Cape Canaveral, and on 

similar House bill originated by Rep. Lou Frey, Jr. (R-FIa.), in 1971. 

(0 Sen, 10/1/72) 

* Swing-wing Fitter-B fighter-bomber aircraft never before seen outside 

U.S.S.R. had been delivered to Egypt by U.S.S.R. shortly before 

Egyptian government ordered Soviet pilots and military advisers to 

leave Egypt in July, New York Times reported. Some US. Government analysts believed aircraft, version of fixed-wing Sukhoi aircraft 

329 
September 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

which U.S.S.R. had supplied to Egypt for several years, had heightened 

Egyptian disillusionment with U.S.S.R. “The Egyptians wanted an 

advanced fighter-bomber and thought they had Russian promises to 

get some. But what was delivered is barely better than the Sukhoi-7, 

except that the swing-wings allow it to take off from a shorter field.” 

(Beecher, NYT, 9/29/72,19) 

or structural problem with stand pipe in tank. Additional tests were 

September 28-29: Oxidizer tank of Apollo 17 command and service 

module ( CSM) reaction control system was overpressurized during test 

at Kennedy Space Center. Preliminary data indicated no bladder leak 

scheduled but problem was not expected to delay Apollo launch 

scheduled Dec. 6. (NASA PAO; SBD, 10/2/72, 139) 

Symposium on High Energy Phenomena on the Sun 

was held at Goddard Space Flight Center to present recent findings 

to scientists from US., Australia, U.K., France, and Japan. Detection 

of first direct evidence of nuclear reactions on solar surface, during 

Aug. 4 and 7 by NASA’s Oso 7 Orbiting Solar Observatory (launched 

Sept. 29, 1971), was reported by Univ. of New Hampshire physicist 

Dr. Edward L. Chupp and team. Evidence had been obtained from 

two gamma-ray emission lines-radiation indicators of nuclear processes-during first observation of these radiations from sun. Findings 

proved that nuclear reactions did occur in large solar flares, and might 

contribute to goal of generating pollution-free electrical power from 

sustained thermonuclear reactions in laboratory. (NASA Release 72-193) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 521 from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 1014-km (630.1-mi) apogee, 976-km (606.5-mi) perigee, 105.0- 

min period, and 65.9” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/72; SF, 3/73, 114<) 

* Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, spoke at dedication ceremony 

for Univ. of Kansas Space Technology Center and at joint University 

and Chamber of Commerce luncheon in Lawrence, Kan., cerebrating 

dedication. At dedication he said ceremony marked final step in NASAsponsored program to build space-oriented research facilities at US. 

universities under Sustaining University Program started in 1960s. 

Univ. of Kansas Center was 37th and last facility to be completed. 

Dr. Fletcher said program had accomplished its mission “extremely 

well. These splendid facilities give our Nation the means of performing 

research that would be virtually impossible without them.” Program’s 

projects had been “invaluable in the successful accomplishment of 

many of our greatest achievements in space.” NASA had found in 

universities “a concentrated source of one of the irreplaceable ingredients of advanced research programs-highly trained intellects. And 

now that they can work in facilities to match, we are expecting even 

more productive results.” 

Dr. Fletcher discussed universities’ role in NASA activities in luncheon 

speech: “We work with large and small universities in aeronautics and 

space programs supporting projects . . . relevant to NASA’s mission 

and . . . compatible with university interests and capabilities. We 

encourage the use of NASA laboratory facilities and the exchange of 

information between university faculty and NASA scientists.” More 

than 900 university experimenters had used space data, more than 

300 investigators from 42 universities had analyzed lunar samples, 

25 universities had conceived Apollo mission experiments, and 2500 

September 28-30: 

September 29: 

330 
* U.S.S.R. ratified US.-U.S.S.R. Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic 

Missile Systems and endorsed Interim Agreement With Respect to the 

Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. (Kaiser, W Post, 9/30/72, A24) 0 Appointment of William H. Rock, Assistant Program Manager for 

Apollo-Skylab Programs, as Manager of new Sciences and Applications 

Office at Kennedy Space Center was announced by KSC Director, 

Dr. Kurt H. Debus. New office would become KSC% interface with 

NASA’S Office of Applications. ( KSC Release 279-72) 

US. Atomic Energy Commission and U.S.S.R. State Committee for the 

Utilization of Atomic Energy had agreed to renew their technical 

cooperation in peaceful uses of atomic energy, AEC announced. Fifth 

in series of memoranda of cooperation initiated in 1959 had been 

signed in Moscow. Memorandum called for expanded cooperation in 

controlled thermonuclear fusion reactions and breeder reactors. ( AEC 

Release P-307) 

* Laser fusion approach to thermonuclear power was discussed in Science 

article. Most US. fusion research for past 20 yrs had been directed 

toward containing fusion reaction with magnetic forces, but many 

scientists now thought fusion could first be achieved with high-powered 

lasers. “By bypassing the need for a magnetic field, the laser approach 

has also bypassed a long and depressing catalog of plasma instabilities 

that have thwarted the enthusiastic early hopes of physicists for proof 

of feasibility. But more than one major breakthrough per year in 

later development may be necessary before scientists can make hydrogen 

in a reactor hotter and denser than the sun.” (Metz, Science, 9/29/72, 

1180-1) 

* Boeing Co. Board made executive changes: President T. A. Wilson was 

elected Board Chairman, succeeding William A. Allen, whose retirement would become effective Sept. 30. Senior Vice President Malcolm 

T. Stamper was elected President and member of Board. Wilson would 

retain responsibilities of Chief Executive. Charles M. Pigott was 

elected to Board. ( WSJ, 10/3/72, 13) 

U.S.S.R. launched Molniya 11-3 communications satellite 

to transmit Soviet TV programs and provide multichannel radio communications throughout Orbita network. Orbital parameters : 39 200-km 

(24 357.8-mi) apogee, 480-km (298.3-mi) perigee, ll-hr 43-min period, 

and 65.3” inclination. (FBIS-SOV, 10/2/72, L1; Spacewarn, 10/17/72) 

President Nixon signed H.J.R. 1227, ratifying US.-U.S.S.R. Interim 

ent with Respect to the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. 

treaty was “beginning of a process that is enormously impor- 

, and, we hope, later reduce the burden of 

the danger of war.” (PD, 10/2/72, 1474) 

stellar explosions within Milky Way galaxy 

were recorded by observations in various parts of the world, beginning 

with Univ. of Toronto disrovery by Dr. Philip C. Gregory [see Sept. 21. 

Observations were made by radiotelescopes and other instruments and 

September 30: 

331 
During September ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

by x-ray scanners aboard Oaa 3 (Copernicus) Orbiting Astronomical 

Observatory (launched by NASA Aug. 21) , Explorer 42 (Uhuru) Small 

Astronomy Satellite (launched by Italy for NASA Dec. 12, 1970) , and 

Dept. of Defense Vela satellite. Observations and speculations as to 

meanings were so extensive, Walter S. Sullivan said in New Yurk 

Times article, that British journal Nature Physical Science devoted 

entire Oct. 23 issue to subject. Explosions were radio emissions from 

gas cloud expanding at about half the speed of light, Sullivan said, 

but were “clearly not those of a supernova, since they were observed 

only at radio wave lengths and they recurred several times.” If, as 

some astronomers suspected, explosion source was also source of 

x-rays being emitted in 288-min cycle, object exploding probably was 

spinning once every 288 min and was “about the size of a star.” 

(NYT, 11/1/72, 1 ; Nature Physical Science, 10/23/72) 

* Space technology had become “forcing function to bring nations together 

in mutual undertakings with a common purpose,” Dr. Allen E. Puckett, 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics President, said in 

Astronautics & Aeronautics editorial. US.-U.S.S.R. space agreement 

expresses our intention to cooperate in various fields of space activity, 

and in particular proposes a joint experimental flight of US. and 

Soviet manned spacecraft in 1975. We may debate the immediate 

technical values of this experiment, but the overriding consideration 

is the fact that we will be working together. Regardless of the technological outcome we will be communicating and collaborating, getting 

to know each other better, in a common enterprise. On such small 

beginnings, a new era of mutual understanding and cooperation might 

evolve.” (A&A, 9/72, 19) 

* Engine concepts for space applications were described in Air University 

Review. Government and industxy had spent more than $100 milIion 

on high-pressure-engine technology since 1961. Air Force XLR-129 

engine program had provided strong technical base for space shuttle 

engine. Shuttle’s orbiter stage would use advanced-concept staged 

combustion engine “very similar to that of a turbojet equipped with 

an afterburner; . . . there are two different stages of combustion.” 

While first turbojet combustion occurred in main chamber, shuttle 

engine’s first burning occurred in gas generator or preburner. Preferred 

engine concept for future spacecraft would be “single engine that 

could operate as a rocket, a ramjet, a scramjet, and a turbofan.” 

At liftoff, rocket would be firing and “turbofan might also be operating 

to supply additional air to improve the performance of the rocket. 

After the vehicle is moving at a greater speed, the ramjet would start 

operating, and the turbofan would be removed from the airstream. The 

pure rocket would continue to operate briefly to aid the ramjet. As the 

vehicle reaches the outer fringes of the atmosphere, the inlets would 

be closed, and the pure rocket would be used alone for reaching, 

maneuvering in, and leaving orbit. To return to base after re-entry 

into the atmosphere, the ramjet and/or the turbofan might be used 

separately or they might be used like an afterburning turbofan.” 

To improve spacecraft performance further, “we would like to get 

away from having to carry an oxidizer for the rocket portion of the 

flight.” 

(6 

332 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During September 

Future space engines would ‘Lmate the tremendous energy available 

from nuclear explosions with the ability of a rocket to operate at high 

thrust levels.” Performance of nuclear rocket “more than makes up 

for its being heavier than a normal rocket.” Nuclear rocket’s specific 

impulse was about twice that of “even the best chemical rocket.” 

Nuclear stage also would be useful for seeding space with unmanned 

applications satellites. (Holder, Siuru, Air Univ Rev, 9/72) 0 Europe’s dilemma over altered conditions for participation in post-Apollo 

space program was described by Kenneth W. Gatland in Spaceflight. 

E>urope had been invited to develop research and applications module 

(RAM) for space shuttle, rather than space tug as originally discussed. 

Elimination from Europe of any shuttle propulsion technology had 

“left little room for manoeuvre.” Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm would 

be “denied the opportunity to contribute their Attitude Control Propulsion System (ACPS) engine” which “is considered to be fully competitive with US. equivalents” because NASA had rejected ACPS as 

“too advanced and too complex” a European contribution. Space tugwith attributes of both launch vehicle and spacecraft-would have 

pushed propulsion technique “well beyond what is currently envisaged 

in Europe.” Tug covered “very extensive range of the basic techniques 

of interest to the Europeans and might engender solutions to the most 

classic problems.” Tug’s “far-reaching integration with the shuttle and 

with the payload during operations would have afforded Europe effective participation in most American missions, i.e., the majority of 

space activities in the 1980s.” (SF, 9/72, 322-3) 

333 

EC NOT FILMED 

October 1972 

Ohober 1 : Joint US.-U.S.S.R. space mission scheduled for 1975 would 

include 48-hr linkup of Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft and crew exchange, 

Soviet Cosmonaut Vladimir A. Shatalov said in report released by 

Tass. Coyuz spacecraft, manned by two cosmonauts, would be launched 

first. “In seven and a half hours, Apollo spaceship manned by three 

astronauts will be launched from Cape Kennedy. In 24 hours, Apollo 

will approach the Soyuz ship and link up will be made. The system 

that will be formed will be operated as a single spacecraft. Within 

two days, spacemen will move from one ship to another, scientific and 

technical experiments will be made and there will be television transmissions to the earth. At the end of the third day, the spaceships will 

be undocked and will soon land on their respective territories.” Shatalov 

said he hoped manned Mars mission before end of 20th century 

would be international flight-“Possibly it will be the Soviet-American 

flight.” ( FBIS-SOV, 10/2/72, L2) 

Twenty-fifth anniversary of Office of Naval Research Project Skyhook 

was celebrated with launch from Cape Girardeau, Mo., of 940 000-cu-m 

(33.1-million-cu-ft) thin-walled plastic balloon. Balloon carried 1360-kg 

(3000-lb) experiment designed by Goddard Space Flight Center 

scientist Dr. Jonathan F. Ormes to measure high-energy cosmic rays. 

It reached altitude of nearly 40000 m (more than 130000 ft) and 

on-station time of more than 25 hrs. Payload was recovered 25 mi 

east of Nashville, Tenn. Project Skyhook, gathering information for 

future space flights, launched its first balloon Sept. 25, 1947. Since 

then more than 3000 flights had been launched throughout the world, 

including launches from the high seas. (ONR, Naval Research Reviews, 

U.S.S.R. had tested stellar inertial guidance system for missiles, according to series of interviews with unidentified Administration officials 

quoted in New York Times. System corrected course of 5600-km 

(3500-mi) Sawfly missile during flight by taking bearing from certain 

stars. Also reported tested were streamlined new warhead for intercontinental ballistic missiles that entered atmosphere more rapidly than 

current warheads, improving accuracy, and ground-scanning device 

for course correction. Improvements were among number cited in 

offensive and defensive missiles tested by U.S.S.R. since May 26 

arms limitation accords between US. and U.S.S.R. (Beecher, NYT, 

10/1/72,17) 

* Apob 14 Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell retired from NASA and Navy to 

form Edgar D. Mitchell 81 Associates, Inc., organization to study 

psychic potential of man and other forms of life. (NASA PAO; AP, 

NYT, 10/3/72,45) 

Federation Aeronautique Internationale held annual general 

conference in Paris. FAI Gold Space Medal-Federation’s highest honor 

-was presented to ApoZZo 15 Astronaut David R. Scott. Scott also 

2/73, 1-10) 

October 1-7: 

335 
October 1-7 ASTRCNAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

accepted V. M. Komarov Diploma on behalf of Apdo 15 crew. (NASA 

Activities, 11/15/72,235 ; NASA Int Aff) 

Air Force launched two satellites in Dept. of Defense Space 

Test Program (STP) from Vandenberg Air Force Base by single twostage Atlas-Burner I1 booster. 

Stp 72-1 entered orbit with 749-km (465-mi) apogee, 729-km 

(453-mi) perigee, 99.5-min period, and 98.4’ inclination. Objectives 

were to measure background gamma radiation over entire earth; 

measure flux and spectra of low-altitude charged particles ; determine 

effects of space environment on thermal control coatings; measure 

ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen and helium atoms and ions; and 

observe extreme- and far-ultraviolet radiation originating in interaction 

of solar wind with interplanetary medium or from galactic sources. 

Spacecraft was 566-kg (1248-113) cylinder 2.1 m long and 1.4 m in 

diameter (7 by 4.5 ft) , carrying antenna booms that extended 2.7 m 

(9 ft) from each end, gamma ray spectrometer, and low-altitude 

particle-measuring sensor. 

RarEcut entered orbit with 751-km (467-mi) apogee, 729-km (453-mi) 

perigee, 99.5-min period, and 98.4’ inclination. Spacecraft-ylinder 

3 m long with 1.2-m diameter (10 by 4 ft) and weighing 220 kg 

(485 lbs) -would provide passive optical and radar calibration target. 

STP program was managed by Air Force Space and Missile Systems 

Organization (SAMSO). (Pres Rpt 73; LA Times, 10/3/72) 9 Significance of NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences joint Apollo-Soyuz 

test project (ASTP) was discussed by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA 

Administrator, in letter to NASA staff. Eyes of world would be on 

NASA and Soviet manned space flight teams as never before. There 

must be a near certainty that the mission will be successful, or it 

should not be attempted.” Not just NASA reputation but “future of 

manned space flight and international cooperation in space will be 

significantly influenced by the success or failure.” Mission also was 

important first step to facilitate rescue missions in space and to 

enable manned spacecraft from two or more countries to participate 

in future cooperative activities. And because several years of friendly 

cooperation are required just to plan and fly this one test mission, 

it takes on an added symbolic significance and gives us the feeling 

that even now, long before the flight, we may be making a contribution 

to the cause of peace and better understanding between our two 

countries.” Decision to cooperate in project was “optimistic vote of 

confidence in the future of manned space flight by the two leading 

powers.” But project had practical limits. Neither side would transfer 

its technology as such. “So neither side has to give away anything, but 

each has much to gain.” Biggest concession to be made by each country 

was “recognition that close and visible cooperation between the two 

countries on an important aspect of manned space flight has become 

desirable.” (NASA Activities, 10/15/72, 200-2) 

a Flight Research Center announced successful remotecontrol landing of 

1600-kg (3500-113) modified Piper Comanche (PA-30) aircraft at 

FRC. Safety pilot was on board aircraft. Landing test demonstrated 

new technique to provide safer and more economical means of testing 

advanced aircraft and spacecraft when risk to aircraft or pilot was 

high or when costs precluded manned full-scale flight test vehicle. 

October 2: 

cc 

<< 

336 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 2 

PA-30 was equipped with preliminary version of system that used 

telemetry to send control commands to aircraft and flight information 

to pilot displays in ground “cockpit” several miles away. Ground pilot 

used TV and radar to navigate aircraft. In later tests, large-scale 

models up to 9 m (30 ft) long would be launched from carrier aircraft. 

Test pilot on ground would “fly” remotely piloted research vehicles 

(RPRV) using TV and telemetry. (FRC Release 16-72) 

Use of M518 multipurpose electric furnace developed by Marshall Space 

Flight Center for Skylab would permit increase in number of metals 

and metal-processing experiments to be carried on earth-orbiting station in 1973, NASA announced. New furnace would accommodate original composite casting experiments and 10 others to explore possibility 

of manufacturing and processing materials in zero g. Furnace would be 

delivered to NASA in December by principal contractor Westinghouse 

Corp. It would facilitate experimentation in solidification, crystal 

growth, composite structures, alloy structural characteristics, and other 

thermal processes that altered materials in weightlessness. (NASA 

Release 72-196) 

StarQuest Ltd., nonprofit firm to promote values of space exploration to 

US. public, had rented $350000 ocean Iiner for cruise off Cape Kennedy during Apollo 17 launch Dec. 6, Chicago Sun-Times reported. 

Firm’s honorary board included science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke 

and former astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell. Firm intended to make motion 

picture of Apollo 17 launch. (Ziomek, C Sun-Times, 10/2/72) 

* Air Force announced award of $2 471 953 fixed-price-incentive-fee contract to Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc., for operations, technical 

and civil engineering support at Satellite Test Center, and scientifictechnical support at Vandenberg Tracking Station. ( DOD Release 692- 

72) 

Gerhard B. Heller, Director of Space Science Laboratory at Marshall 

Space Flight Center, died in Nashville, Tenn., at age 58 of injuries 

received in automobile accident. Heller had begun career in 1940 at 

Peenemuende Rocket Center in Germany. He had come to US. with 

Dr. Wernher von Braun’s rocket group after World War I1 and worked 

with Army Ordnance Corps until transfer of group to MSFC in 1960. 

During NASA career Heller had pioneered in thermal control of earth 

satellites. He had served as director of Space Sciences Laboratory’s 

Thermophysics Div. before becoming Laboratory director in 1969. 

( MSFC Release 72-128) 

October 3: Tass reported Luna 19 achievements as Soviet lunar probe 

launched Sept. 28, 1971, neared end of its activity. During more than 

4000 lunar orbits spacecraft had transmitted data in more than 1000 

communication sessions. Experiment data had indicated presence 

of plasma produced in near-lunar space by interaction of “space irradiation and the lunar surface.” LURU 19 had photographed lunar area 

to study individual parts of the lunar surface and possibilities for 

using orbital panoramas for the navigation of space apparatus.’’ Probe 

had recorded more than 10 increases in flux of solar cosmic ray protons, resulting from powerful solar flareups. During lifetime, Lum 19 

onboard systems had functioned normally. Tass said two-year monitoring of space radiation by Lum 19 and predecessors Lunokhod 1 (lunar 

roving vehicle landed on moon by Luna 17), Yew 7 and 8, and Mars 

LC 

337 
October 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

2 and 3 would “make it possible to ascertain the energy spectrum, the 

charge components of cosmic rays, and the conditions of their propagation in the interplanetary medium.” ( FBIS-SOV, 10/4/72, L1) 

President Nixon and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrey A. Gromyko spoke 

at White House ceremony marking entry into force of U.S.-U.S.S.R. 

Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems and of Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. 

Gromyko said: “Practical steps to limit rocket nuclear armaments 

rightfully hold an important place among the very real political changes 

taking place in relations between our two countries and this signifies a 

success for the policy of peaceful coexistence and it has a positive effect 

on the entire international scene as a whole.” President said: ‘‘I think 

all of us are aware of the fact that the signing of these documents 

today, the signing of the documents that occurred earlier this year in 

the Kremlin, raise the hopes of all the people of the world for . . . a 

world of peace . . . in which peoples with different governments and 

different philosophies could live in peace together.” (PD, 10/9/72, 

1483-4) 

Communications Satellite Corp., Lockheed Aircraft Corp., and Microwave 

Communications, Inc., announced agreement on terms for jointly owned 

company to provide nationwide satellite communications services. Each 

corporation would have one-third ownership. Intention to estabIish 

jointly owned company had been announced Sept. 8. Agreement was 

subject to approval by Federal Communications Commission. (Joint 

ComSatCorp, Lockheed, MCI Release 7249) 

0 House passed H.R. 1664?5, bill for construction of District of Columbia 

civic center that contained amendment to change name of Jet Propulsion Laboratory to H. Allen Smith Jet Propulsion Laboratory [see 

Sept. 191. House then substituted Senate-passed bill, S. 3943, after 

amending it to contain Ianguage of House bill as passed. (CR, 10/3/72, 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 522 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

317-km (197-mi) apogee, 198-km (123.0-m) perigee, 89.6-min period, 

and 72.8’ inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 17. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/72; 

SBD, 10/6/72, 170) 

0 Fifteenth anniversary of space age inaugurated by 1957 launch of 

U.S.S.R.’s Sputnik I, first man-made satellite. Soviet cosmonauts commemorated anniversary with interviews published in Soviet press. Cosmonaut Vladimir A. Shatalov said: “Mankind’s entry into space has 

opened up . . . enormous prospects for the study not only of extraterrestrial space but also of the Earth. Modern space technology can be 

used to solve mankind’s vitally important tasks, such as the protection 

of the natural environment and the rational utilization of the Earth’s 

resources.” Cosmonaut Konstantin P. Feoktistov discussed future in 

space in Komsomolskaya Pravda interview. In applied space research, 

practical cosmonautics will move from purely informational tasks to 

exerting an active influence on . . . natural phenomena.” It would be 

possible “to destroy embryonic hurricanes, influence weather . . . . And 

both automatic and manned craft can serve as instruments in resolving 

these tasks.” Other space tasks of future would be study of Earth’s environment and study of universe, but “I do not believe that the exploitaH9027-51) 

October 4: 

CG 

338 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 4 

tion of the planets’ natural resources for terrestrial needs will begin in 

our century.” (FBIS-SOV, 10/17/72, L24) 

NASA’s Pioneer 10 Jupiter probe (launched March 2) was 424 million km 

(263 million mi) from earth and 377 million km (234 million mi) 

from Jupiter. Spacecraft, which entered Asteroid Belt July 15, had 

traversed radial distance of 102 million km (63 million mi) into belt 

in 79 days. Spacecraft performance remained satisfactory except that 

anomalies with stellar reference assembly had necessitated use of sun 

sensor assembly for primary roll reference until December ; scientific 

instruments were providing good data. (NASA proj off) 

NASA released official summary of reasons for selection of North American 

Rockwell Corp. for S2.6-billion prime contract to build space shuttle. 

Summary said NR had been chosen over competitors-Grumman Aerospace Corp.; Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc., Space Systems Div.; 

and McDonnell Douglas Gorp.-because “North American Rockwell 

attained the highest score from a mission suitability standpoint, because its cost proposal was lowest and credible, and because its approaches to program performance gave high confidence to us, to the 

[Source Evaluation] Board, and to the Manned Space Flight center 

directors, that it will indeed produce the Shuttle at the lowest cost.” 

Summary-signed Sept. 18 by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator-said NR’s “greatest advantages” within mission suitability area 

were in management, with efficient controi of program and best overall 

top project management team. NR design provided lightest dry weight. 

NR‘s “good understanding of all electrical power subsystems reflected 

the very thorough studies . . . made following the Apollo 13 accident.” 

Analysis of maintainability was excellent. Further, NR management 

techniques “should provide earlier identification of cost problems” and 

planned constrained buildup of resources in beginning of program lent 

confidence in ability to control costs. 

Grumman Corp. had been “very close behind” but its plan to build 

up its work force to early manpower peak had been seen by NASA as 

threat of “premature commitment of resources during the course of the 

program.” Grumman’s greatest strength had been in its technical design; McDonnell Douglas design had strong features but some technical 

drawbacks ; and Lockheed’s proposal had lacked “consistent technical 

depth.” NASA had originally made summary available only to General 

Accounting Office and to competing bidders because of potential embarrassment to losers. Agency had later released summary, Wall Street 

Journal said, “to demonstrate that politics didn’t play any role in the 

decision and that the most painstaking selection procedures in the 

agency’s history were observed.” (Text; WSJ, 10/5/72,12) 

NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs Arnold W. Frutkin 

received Bronze Medal from British Interplanetary Society ( BIS) in 

London for outstanding contributions to international collaboration. 

He told BIS that time was “running out very rapidly” for Europe to 

work with NASA on post-Apollo program, “which today essentially means 

the sortie module.” Europe faced dilemma in space. It could decide to 

work on regional basis of self-sdiciency, or become dependent in some 

measure on US. (SF, 1/73,37) 

Semiannual survey released by Aerospace Industries Assn. said sharp 

three-year decline in aerospace industry employment had leveled off at 

339 
October 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

slightly more than 900000. Between June 1972 and June 1973, aerospace employment was expected to decline from 923 000 to 914 000, 

or one per cent. During previous three years more than 500000 employees-one third of total aerospace work force-had been dropped 

from payroll. Survey projected December 1972 employment at 917 000, 

somewhat above earlier forecast of 887000. Between June 1972 and 

June 1973, production workers were expected to decline by 1.8%, scientists and engineers by 0.6%, and technicians to increase by 1.6%. 

By June 1973 estimated 157 000 scientists and engineers would be employed; 1967 peak had been 235 000. (Text) 

* Large 1793 penny secreted aboard Gemini 7 earth-orbiting mission in 

1965 recently had been sold for $15 000 although its numismatic value 

was about $2000, Associated Press reported. NASA spokesman said coin 

had been slipped into mission’s inflight medical kit by flight surgeon 

who had left NASA several years ago. No one connected with NASl had 

profited from recent transaction. (NASA PAO; AP, NYT, 10/5/72, 38) 

* Personal telephone call from Mrs. Rose P. Kennedy, mother of late President John F. Kennedy, to Rep. Thomas P. O’Neill, Jr. (D-Mass.), had 

helped kill bill to change name of Cape Kennedy back to Cape Canaveral, Miami Herald reported. Paper said Rep. O’Neill had asked Rep. 

George P. Miller (D-Calif.) , Chairman of House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics, to block bill. O’Neill aide had admitted congressman 

had asked Miller to block bill, but had denied that O’Neill had acted 

on Mrs. Kennedy’s behalf. (M Her, 10/4/72) 

Rep. LOU Frey, Jr. (R-Fla.), said in Washington, D.C., that he would 

carry his efforts to restore original name of Cape Canaveral to Cape 

Kennedy to courts if Congress refused to cooperate. If courts also refused, he would try to persuade Florida Gov. Reubin Askew and Florida 

residents to “ignore Federal name.” (UPI, NYT, 10/6/72) 0 Establishment in Vienna of International Institute for Applied Systems 

Analysis was announced by Dr. Philip Handler, President of National 

Academy of Sciences. Institute would specialize in complex global problems that resulted from industrialization, particularly those that would 

benefit from systematic comparison of remedies being attempted by 

various nations. Projects being considered included analytical study of 

short- and long-range projections of world supply of energy resources 

and demands for energy, dynamic substitutions among energy resources, future technologies, and hazards of each source. Pro jects would 

be in categories of environment, health care, municipal services, and 

engineering. Academician Dzherman M. Gvishiani of U.S.S.R. had been 

appointed Chairman of Institute Council. Dr. Howard Raiff a, Harvard 

Univ. mathematical statistician, would be Director. NAS would be represented on Council by its Foreign Secretary Dr. Harrison Brown. 

(NASA Release) 

* Dept. of Defense spokesmen told press in Washington, D.C., that swingwing F-111 jet fighter-bombers had been withdrawn from combat service in North Vietnam after Sept. 28 loss of one F-111 but aircraft had 

since returned to action. (AP, W Post, 10/5/72, A29) 

* Air Force announced award of $1.7-million letter contract to North 

American Rockwell Corp. for repair and modification of attack radar 

and inertial navigation components of Mark I1 avionics system of F-111 

aircraft. (DOD Release 697-72) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 5 

October 5: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 523 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

457-km (284-mi) apogee, 268-km (166.5-mi) perigee, 91.7-min period, 

and 70.9” inclination, Satellite reentered March 7, 1973. (GSFC SSR, 

10/31/72; 3/31/73; SBD, 10/10/72,174) 

NASA’s Md-F3 lifting body, piloted by William H. Dana, completed 100th 

flight of lifting-body program and 19th flight of M2-F3 from Flight 

Research Center. Objectives-to obtain stability and control data at 

mach 0.95 and to check out pitch-reaction augmentation system-were 

achieved during “outstanding flight.” M2-F3 reached mach 1.4 and 

20 000-m (65 000-ft) altitude. First manned lifting-body flight had 

been made July 12, 1966, in M-2 piloted by Milton 0. Thompson. 

(NASA proj off; FRC Release 17-72) 

* House and Senate signed H.R. 10243, bill to establish Office of Technology 

Assessment for Congress and to amend National Science Foundation 

Act of 1950. Bill was presented to President for signature Oct. 10. (CR, 

10/4/72, S16962, H9289; 10/10/72, H9454) 

* U.K., France, and U.S.S.R. were negotiating for pooled supersonic airline 

service between Western Europe and Far East, British Airways Board 

Chairman David Nicholson said at New York press conference. He predicted that Japan “will want to be in on the deal” and would want to 

fly supersonic transports to US. “With these airlines knocking on the 

doors of America from both sides-with a supersonic girdle pretty well 

all around the world-I find it hard to see how the United States operators will be able to afford to stand aside.” (Witkin, NYT, 10/6/72, 5) 

Combined airlock module (AM) and multiple docking adapter 

(MDA) for 1973 Skylab space station were turned over to NASA at 

McDonnell Douglas facility in St. Louis and flown to Kennedy Space 

Center aboard Super Guppy aircraft. With arrival of shipment, weighing 28 000 kg (62 000 lbs), all major Skyl’ab elements had been delivered to KSC. (MSFC Release 72-129; NASA Special Release; KSC PAO) 

Senate unanimously approved ratification of Convention on International 

Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects. (CRY 10/6/72, S17097- 

17100,17165) 

US. and U.S.S.R. signed protocol in Moscow calling for exchange of experience in planning, construction, and operation of electric power stations. Protocol also called for exchange of data on electric power transmission, magnetohydrodynamics, and use of solar and geothermal 

energy. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 10/10/72, G4) 

* President Nixon announced appointments to General Advisory Committee 

to Atomic Energy Commission : National Bureau of Standards physicist 

Dr. Evans V. Hayward; Stanford Univ. physicist Dr. Hubert Heffner; 

Dr. Michael M. May, Director of Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of 

Univ. of California at Livermore; and physicist Dr. Walter H. Zinn, 

former director of Argonne National Laboratory. (PO, 10/9/72, 1492) 

Earth passed within 113000 km (70000 mi) of comet Giacobini-Zinner’s orbit as US. and Canadian scientists on NASA’s Convair 

990 observatory aircraft Galileo studied comet fragments. Aircraft was 

flying at 12 000-m (40 000-ft) altitude oyer Bering Sea. Experiment 

to use light spectra to identify percentages of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iron in Giacobini meteors was part of 12-day scientific 

mission during which Galileo was flown from Alaska as experimental 

station. Main objectives of flight series were to observe meteor showers, 

October 6: 

October 8: 

341 
October 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

measure polar winds in upper atmosphere, observe barium ion cloud 

experiment, and measure auroras. 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Kiruna, 

Sweden, carried Dudley Observatory experiment to 109.4-km (67.9-mi) 

altitude to collect and identify cosmic dust particles from Giacobini 

meteor shower. Launch was first in series of three. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily and good data were obtained. (ARC 

Release 72-98; FRC X-Press, 10/27/72, 2; NASA Rpt SRL) 

9 Mariner 9 project scientists were pondering past and future of planet 

Mars as spacecraft (launched May 30,1971) began final weeks of Mars 

probe, New York Times said. Questions of existence of water on Mars, 

Martian atmosphere, and possible future use of planet as refuge for 

man when earth became uninhabitable had “no clear answers.” 

Dr. Bruce C. Murray of Cal Tech believed Mars was currently evolving, 

had never had any vast bodies of water, and might be facing atmospheric dead end.” Harold Masursky of US. Geological Survey had 

said presence of river-like channels on Mars indicated existence of 

liquid water in recent past. Dr. Carl E. Sagan of Cornel1 Univ. had 

suggested that periodic changes in Mars’ angle of rotation could make 

Martian climate unstable, alternating between present ice age and 

warm, earthlike areas that could support “thriving biology.” Mars 

controversv centered on Mariner 9 Dhotos that showed many channels 

on Mars seemingly carved out by flowing water. (Wilford, NYT, 

10/8/72. 68) , -, -1 --, 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced award of $4.8-million contract to 

Ball Brothers Research Corp. to design, build, and test high-spectralresolution gamma ray spectrometer for NASA’s High Energy Astronomy 

Observatory ( HEAO) in 1977. Spectrometer would make exploratory 

search of universe for gamma-ray-line structures of low and medium 

energy. Observation of lines could unlock many secrets of supernovae 

and pinpoint regions where chemical elements-basic building blocks 

of universe-were synthesized. Spectrometer also would monitor intensity, position, time variation, and spectrum of x-rays and gamma 

rays as emitted from cosmic sources such as pulsars and x-ray stars. 

( JPL Release 630) 

McDonnell Douglas DC-10 Series 40 jet transport aircraft 

set three point-to-point nonstop records during 48 942-km (30 411-mi) 

demonstration flight to seven cities in Asia, US., and South America. 

Aircraft flew from Los Angeles to Hong Kong (12 355 lun; 7677 mi) 

in 14 hrs 44 min, from Honolulu to Buenos Aires (12 553 km; 7800 

mi) in 14 hrs 18 min, and from Rio de Janeiro to Los Angeles (10 139 

km; 6300 mi) in 11 hrs 52 min. (McDonnell Douglas 1973 calendar; 

McDonnell Douglas PIO) 

President Nixon announced new policy making US. launch 

assistance available to interested countries and international organizations for satellites intended for peaceful purposes consistent with 

relevant international agreements. Launch assistance from US. sites 

would be on cooperative or reimbursable basis similar to that available 

to non-Government US. users. Assistance with launches from foreign 

sites would be available with purchase of US. launch vehicle. With 

foreign launches, US. would require assurance that launch vehicles 

would not be made available to third parties without its permission. 

October 8-14: 

October 9: 

342 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 9 

Under policy terms US. would provide launch assistance for telecommunications satellites recommended by Internationat Telecommunications Satellite Consortium. In absence of INTELSAT recommendation, 

U.S. would assist systems it had supported within INTELSAT. For 

communications satellite system not recommended by INTELSAT and 

not previously supported by US., U.S. would decide on request for 

launch assistance after considering degree to which proposed system 

would be modified to meet INTELSAT approval. Future operational 

satellite applications without broad international acceptance would be 

considered for US. launch assistance only after international acceptance had been obtained. (White House Release; PD, 10/16/72, 1508) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Kiruna, Sweden, 

carried Dudley Observatory experiment to 108.7-km (67.5-mi) altitude. Launch was second in series of three to collect and identify 

cosmic dust particles from Giacobini meteor shower [see Oct. 81. 

Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily and good data were 

obtained. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Col. Thomas G. Lamphier (USA, Ret.), veteran pilot and former Deputy 

Administrator of Veterans Administration, died in San Diego, Calif., 

at 82. He had helped Charles A. Lindbergh plan routes for first US. 

passenger airline in 1928 and had served as Vice President of first 

airline-Transcontinental Air Transport-after retirement from Army 

in 1929. Col. Lamphier had testified in defense of Gen. William (Billy) 

Mitchell at general’s court martial for insubordination in 1925. (AP, 

NYT, 10/12/72, 46) 

International Astronautical Federation held 23rd Congress 

in Vienna. Dr. H. Guyford Stever, Director. of National Science 

Foundation, stressed Congress theme “Space for World Development” 

in opening address : “This is the year of ever-increasing cooperative 

interests in space ventures, including the joint, manned space effort 

by the Soviet Union and the United States. Thanks to the genius of 

our early pioneers, . . . results of an era of experimentation now show 

us clearly the promise which the orderly and determined use of space 

and space vehicles has to off^^." (Text; Congress Release, 10/9/72) 

Soviet attendance at Congress was limited to 21 including Cosmonauts Anatoly V. Filipchenko and Valery N. Kubasov. More than half 

of scheduled Soviet participants failed to arrive or to send papers. 

Proxy readings of Soviet papers that were included eliminated most 

opportunities for clarification and discussion by panelists. Lack of 

Soviet participation had been attributed by Western scientists to 

U.S.S.R.’s downgrading of IAF in wake of increased space cooperation 

with US. and France and to Soviet budgetary hold-down. (Av Vk, 

10/16/72, 16) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, President of System Development Corp. and 

former NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, said 

in interview following opening session that it would be technically 

feasible to put crews of mixed nationalities on Mars within 20 to 30 

yrs. “Even the money is there. It’s getting it allocated for the project 

that’s difficult.” He envisioned crew of 12 or more in giant spacecraft 

possibly powered by nuclear energy taking 12 to 18 mos to reach 

Mars. Special shuttle would be needed to carry supplies. “Such an 

October 9-15: 

343 
October 9-15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

expedition will require lots of resources . . . best . . . supplied by the 

world as a whole.” (Reuters, B Sun, 10/10/72) 

Dr. James H. Bredt of Advanced Missions Program Office in NASA 

Office of Manned Space Flight described new space processing experiments for Skylab missions in 1973. Experiments would broaden scope 

of experiments to correspond to program’s increased area of interest, 

to gain experience with new techniques in order to develop advanced 

equipment for future missions, and to enable materials scientists and 

engineers to demonstrate value of space laboratories for applied materials research. Apparatus and experimental samples would be delivered 

to Kennedy Space Center for installation in spacecraft during first 

week of December. Experiments were to be performed by third and 

final Skylab crew in November and December 1973. Analysis of 

sampIes would begin immediately after their return to earth, and 

principal investigators probably would present preliminary reports 

of results at 25th IAF Congress. (Text) 

Frank J. Malina, Chairman of International Academy of Astronautics, Manned Research on Celestial Bodies ( MARECEBO) Committee, 

told 5th Lunar International Laboratory Symposium Oct. 10 that 

19tX estimate of 1975-1985 decade for initiation of permanent lunar 

laboratory might have been “too optimistic.” Men and machines had 

provided “great deal of hard working knowledge on the Moon and 

on men working there,” but people and governments needed to be 

convinced that necessary funding should be provided. (Text) 

Manned Spacecraft Center Skylab Program Manager Kenneth S. 

Kleinknecht discussed mission’s rescue capability during 5th International Space Rescue Symposium. Special kit to be installed in 

Skylab command and service module (CSM) would permit CSM to 

rendezvous and dock with orbital workshop, using two-man crew. 

CSM then would be able to accept three stranded astronauts from workshop, undock, and reorbit with five persons on board. Rescue could 

be effected 48 days after alarm early in mission and as quickly as 

10 days late in mission. Reason for variation in time required was 

that 22 days were needed to refurbish launch umbilical tower after 

previous launch. (Text) 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project ( ASTP) -joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. rendezvous 

and docking mission scheduled for 1975-was discussed at Oct. 10 

press conference. Participants were Cosmonauts Filipchenko and 

Kubasov; Soviet academician Dr. Leonid I. Sedov; Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, Corporate Vice President for Engineering and Development 

with Fairchild Industries and former NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning; and Dr. KraEt A. Ehricke, North American Rockwell Corp. scientist. Dr. von Braun said transition from lower pressured Apollo spacecraft to higher pressured Soyuz would be easy for 

astronauts, while Soviet cosmonauts would have to spend about two 

hours in airlock to adjust to Apollo system. Dr. Sedov said U.S.S.R. 

had not accepted invitation from US. for joint mission when first 

proposed because of sensitive political situation. With successful 

Moscow summit meetings in May, situation had become “favorable.” 

( IAF Release, 10/10/72) 

Scout launch vehicle system was discussed in paper at Congress 

prepared by R. D. English of Langley Research Center and M. Green 

34f4 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 9-15 

of LTV Aerospace Corp., presented by Green. Since inception of program in 1959, Scout vehicle had successfully launched 67 payloads. 

Studies had been made to ensure that system would provide flexibility 

for “unique missions to supplement the space shuttle.” (Pamphlet 

reprint of Text) 

Dale D. Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, said European Launcher Development Organization ( ELDO) 

studies of space tug had been discontinued but NASA studies were 

continuing. “Our present belief is that the required technical advances 

combined with the budgetary demands that the space shuttle will 

make . . . will make it impossible to develop within this decade the 

‘full capability’ that we feel will eventually be necessary.” NASA was 

investigating alternate approaches “to providing a Space Shuttle third 

stage which will give us a reduced but acceptable capability for the 

delivery of payloads during the early years of shuttle operation.” 

Alternatives being considered were : to modify existing stage for use 

as expendable third stage; to make major modifications to existing 

cryogenic- or storable-propellant stage to enable it to carry payload 

to geosynchronous orbit and return to shuttle orbit for reuse; or to 

build new vehicle with less capability than needed, as part of evolutionary program leading to vehicle with required capability. Studies 

of first alternative were under way; contracted studies within next 

year were expected to examine latter two alternatives. (Text) 

Sixth International History of Astronautics Symposium, held Oct. 13, 

was chaired by Dr. Eugene M. Emme, NASA Historian. In introduction 

Dr. Emme pointed out that 57 men had flown in space since October 

1957, 10 had walked on lunar surface, 22 had flown around moon, 

and 2 (Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and John W. Young) had 

traveled to moon twice and made two earth-orbiting flights. Papers 

presented included “Hungarian Rocketry in the 19th Century” by 

Istviin 6. Nagy, “Origins of Astronautics in Switzerland” by A. Waldis 

of Swiss Transport Museum, and “Development of the Technology of 

Rocketry and Space Research in Poland” by M. Subotowicz. Papers 

read in absentia were ‘‘Astronautic Pioneers” (analysis of rocket 

achievements of F. A. Tsander) by L. S. Dushkin and Ye. K. Moshkin 

and “Basic Stages of the Development of the Theory of Ramjet Engines” 

by I. A. Merkulov of Soviet Academy of Sciences. Memoir papers 

presented included “From GALCIT to Explorer 1, 1944-57” by Dr. 

William H. Pickering, Director of Jet Propulsion Laboratory; “From 

Wallops Island to Mercury, 1945-58” by Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC 

Director; and “The Viking Rocket” by Milton W. Rosen, Senior 

Scientist in NASA Office of Dept. of Defense and Interagency Affairs. 

(Program; IAF Release) 

Daniel and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award 

for 1972 was presented to Dr. Reimar Luest, Director of Max Planck 

Institute and astrophysicist known for work on solar winds and interplanetary matter. (Program; IAA Annual Rpt, 8/31/72) 

October 9-79: US. and U.S.S.R. representatives met in MOSCOW on 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) , joint rendezvous and docking mission scheduled for 1975. Meetings agreed on July 15, 1975, target 

launch date for Soyuz, with five launch opportunities for Apollo 

beginning 7% hrs after Soviet launch-an addition of two oppor345 
October 9-19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

tunities. Atmospheric pressures of cabins would be adjusted while 

spacecraft were docked, to avoid necessity of prebreathing pure oxygen 

before transfer of crewmen from Soyuz to Apollo cabins. Soyuz 

pressure would be lowered from its normal 101 kilonewtons per sq m 

to 69 (from 14.7 psi to 10); Apollo pressure would remain at 35 

kilonewtons per sq m (5 psi). 

First joint crew training session was scheduled for summer of 1973, 

with cosmonauts visiting US. for several weeks. Astronauts would 

train equal time in U.S.S.R. in fall of 1973. Soviet two-fifths scale 

model of docking mechanism would be tested with US. model during 

Moscow meeting in December 1972. Further consideration of extravehicular crew transfer would be deleted; if any emergency prevented 

return of crewmen to their own ships, they would land in spacecraft 

they were visiting. Sufficient propellant would be budgeted for Apolla 

spacecraft to allow it to maintain attitude control while docked. 

Exchange of working groups would be more frequent, with meetings 

at MSC in November, in Moscow in December, and at MSC in March 

1973. 

US. delegation included representatives of prime contractor North 

American Rockwell Corp. and three of five working groups established 

in July 6-18 meetings at MSC to define mission elements. Working 

group members included Astronaut Thomas P. Staff ord. NASA delegation was headed by ASTP Director Glynn S. Lunney. Senior member 

of Soviet delegation was Prof. Konstantin D. Bushuyev, U.S.S.R.'s 

ASTP Director. (NASA Releases 72-198, 72-207, 72-211; AP, C Trib, 

10/20/72) 

Air Force launched unidentified reconnaissance satellite from 

Vandenberg Air Force Base by Titan IIID booster at 11:03 am PDT 

(2:03 pm EDT) . Satellite entered orbit with 268-km (167-mi) apogee, 

159-km (99-mi) perigee, 88.7-min period, 96.4' inclination and reentered Jan. 8, 1973. (Pres Rpt 73; Av Wk, 10/16/72, 19; GSFC 

SSR, 1/31/73) 

Flat Conductor Symposium was held at Marshall Space 

Flight Center to exchange information on flat conductor cables and 

promote their wider use in commerce and industry and building trades. 

Cables were thin, parallel, metal conductors, embedded in plastics or 

other insulating materials. New fabricating methods had produced 

cable for conducting electricity that was ribbon-thin and backed with 

adhesives which adhered to wall surfaces. Cables required little space 

and were easily folded to conform to unusual shapes or patterns. 

(Marshall Star, 10/11/72, 1) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 524 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

490-km (304.5-mi) apogee, 264-km (164-mi) perigee, 92-min period, 

and 71' inclination. Satellite reentered March 25, 1973. (GSFC SSR, 

10/31/72;. 3/31/73; SBD, 10/13/72, 193) 

NASA released specifications of Apollo 17 lunar roving vehicle (LRV) 

to be carried to moon on final Apollo mission Dec. 6. Following 

scheduled Dec. 11 lunar landing, LRV would travel about 37 km 

(23 mi), about 10 km (6 mi) farther than previous LRVS, and would 

have loaded earth weight of 725 kg (1600 lbs), increase of about 

27 kg (60 lbs) over LRVS used during Apollo 14 and 15. Apollo 17 

LRV would carry traverse gravimeter to measure variations in subOctober 10: 

October 10-12: 

October 11: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 11 

surface structure and provide data on whether Taurus mountains had 

deep roots or were deposits on uniform subsurface. Surface electrical 

properties experiment would measure physical properties of lunar 

interior to l-km (0.6-mi) depth. Experiment, connected to LRV navigational system by cable, also would indicate subsurface electrical and 

mechanical properties, extent of subsurface layering, and degree of 

energy scattering at landing site, and possible existence of underground water. First direct LRV linking with experiment would enable 

scientists on earth to correlate its specific location with experiment 

data. (NASA Special Release) 

0 Apollo 17 crew had selected mission emblem to emphasize beginning of 

golden age of space flight that final Apollo flight would usher in 

Dec. 6, NASA announced. Emblem showed Apollo gazing toward planet 

Saturn and a galaxy, symbolizing that man’s goal in space would 

someday include planets and even stars. Suspended behind Apollo 

image was American eagle with four red bars on wing, representing 

US. flag. Three white stars represented Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, 

Ronald E. Evans, and Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt. Eagle’s wing overlying moon suggested moon had been conquered by man. (NASA 

Special Release) 

X-24B experimental lifting body was delivered to Air Force and NASA 

by builder, Martin Marietta Corp., during ceremonies at Littleton, 

colo. Lifting body could be used in joint NASA-Air Force research 

program at Flight Research Center and at Air Force System Command’s Air Force Flight Test Center to test its handling qualities for 

conventional runway approach and landing and for extended nearearth flight. About 30 flights were planned in program starting April 

1973. X-24B would be flown to maximum speed of mach 1.5 to obtain 

performance data from 1450 km per hr (900 mph) down to landing 

speed. 

Lifting body arrived at FRC Oct. 22. (FRC PAO; UPI, w Post, 

10/13/72; ASFC Newsreview, 11/72, 3) 

* Establishment of Institute for Computer Applications in Science and 

Engineering ( ICASE) at Langley Kesearch Center was announced by 

NASA. Institute would be operated by Universities Space Research Assn., 

consortium of 51 US. universities, as cooperative research effort. 

Purpose was to solve aeronautical and space-related problems, develop 

efficient use of newest-generation computers, and help universities use 

LaRC advanced computer facilities for research. (NASA Release 72-202) 

Manned Spacecraft Center’s Cellular Analytical Laboratory had developed 

system to improve early detection of illness and assess flight crew 

health before and after Skylab missions, NASA reported. Unique medical 

research effort under direction of Dr. Stephen L. Kimzey used sophisticated instrumentation in spectrophotometry, cytofluorometry, and 

electron microscopy to supplement existing laboratory analyses in 

detection and identification of cellular elements of blood by structural 

and chemical analysis. Laboratory would coordinate Skylab MI10 

hematology experiment series of five experiments and seven scientific 

investigations outside NASA and would complete one experiment, M115 

(special hematologic effects) . Experiment would evaluate influence of 

long-duration space flight on man’s immunological and hematological 

systems. Program would use complete electron microscopy facility to 

a7 
October 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

examine red blood cells for structural changes and x-ray analysis to 

detect alterations of internal electrolyte composition. Red cell represented model system to evaluate functional state of other body tissues 

and processes. 

Laboratory would improve medical care available to public by 

cooperating with medical schools in MSC area and with Government 

agencies throughout US. Studies with Univ. of Texas Medical Branch 

had applied Laboratory’s procedures to evaluation of lymphocytes of 

burn patients to determine their cellular resistance to infection; early 

detection of disease program was under way with Baylor Univ. College 

of Medicine; and work with Texas Children’s Hospital would evaluate 

changes in muscle potassium and sodium concentrates associated with 

malnutrition. Joint effort with Ehvironmental Protection Agency and 

Oak Ridge Laboratory would identify and quantitate early response 

of sputum cells exposed to agents having carcinogenic potential. (NASA 

Special Release) 

New York Times editorial praised President’s launch assistance policy 

announced Oct. 9: “Only a few days ago the fifteenth anniversary of 

the orbiting of Sputnik I-the beginning of the space age-passed 

into history. President Nixon’s announcement provides welcome evidence that the initial stage of nationalistic and irrational space 

competition may now be succeeded by a second stage of widening 

international space cooperation for the benefit of all peoples.’’ (NYT, 

10/11/72,42) 

U.S.S.R. proposed global ban on unrestricted use of satellites 

for direct TV broadcasting during debate on peaceful uses of outer 

space by United Nations First (main political) Committee. Soviet 

delegate Yakov A. Malik submitted draft of proposed convention as 

presented to U.N. Secretary General Kurt M. Waldheim Aug. 8. 

Signatories would agree to transmit to other countries by satellite only 

if recipient countries agreed. US. delegate Ambassador George Bush, 

speaking first, told Committee US. was concerned over limiting “what 

promises to become an important new means of making information 

widely and immediately available to the people of the world.” 

(Astrachan, W Post, 10/13/72, A23 ; Worldwide Press Service, Intl 

Her Trib, 10/14-15/72, 5) 

Nobel Prize for medicine for 1972 was awarded jointly to Dr. Gerald M. 

Edelman of Rockefeller Univ. and Dr. Rodney R. Porter of Oxford 

Univ. for separate research on chemical structure of antibodies. In 

1959 both scientists had presented first results of investigations that 

had since led to almost complete clarification of essential questions 

on blood proteins that played important part in human body’s defense 

against infection and development of several diseases. Dr. Edelman 

and Dr. Porter would share $101 000 prize money. (NYT, 10/13/72,1) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Kiruna, Sweden, 

carried Dudley Observatory experiment to 108.0-km (67.1-mi) altitude. 

Launch was third and last in series to collect and identify cosmic dust 

particles from Giacobini meteor shower [see Oct. 91. Rocket and 

instruments performed satisfactorily and good data were obtained. 

(NASA Rpt SRL) 

Cleveland Press editorial commented on NASA catalog of inventions available for commercial licensing [see Sept. 81. “We already know of such 

October 12: 

348 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 12 

NASA-originated benefits as satellite communication, land surveys and 

crop inspection. The catalog simply is another illustration of the spinoff 

importance of the space program.” (Cleveland Press, 10/12/72) 

Three Nike-Apache sounding rockets launched by NASA from 

Poker Flat near Fairbanks, Alaska, carried GCA Corp. experiment to 

study thermospheric winds using vapor-trail technique. Experiment 

data would be compared and contrasted with data from several different 

ground-based and airborne measuring systems. Data were acquired by 

high-speed cameras aboard NASA’s Convair 990 optical aircraft and by 

ground-based instruments-incoherent scatter radar, radio meteor winds 

system, ionosonde, interferometer, spectrographs, and high-speed 

cameras. Vapor trails for two launches were produced by sodiumlithium ejected from payload. Rockets performed satisfactorily and 

good data were obtained. Launches carried no instrumentation. Vapor 

trails for third launch were to have been produced by liquid trimethylaluminum ejected from payload in flight. Launch was adjudged 

failure when Apache 2nd stage failed to ignite. Payload did not reach 

experiment altitude of 80 to 200 km (50 to 125 mi) and no data were 

obtained. (NASA Rpt SRL; Wallops Release 72-10) 

Langley Research Center’s award of contracts to study technology requirements for future supersonic commercial aircraft was announced by 

NASA. One-year, cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts-$316 415 to Boeing Co., 

$259 000 to McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Corp., and $231 015 to Lockheed Aircraft Corp.-were for independent and systematic assessment 

of existing aeronautical technology to determine state of readiness of 

supersonic transport and identify areas for additional research. Studies 

would seek ways to use advances in aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, materials, flight controls, and configurations to reduce SST noise 

and air pollution. Studies were part of NASA Office of Aeronautics and 

Space Technology advanced planning to ensure existence of technology 

to maintain US. leadership in world aircraft market. Parallel studies 

in advanced propulsion technology would be managed by Lewis 

Research Center. (NASA Release 72-203) 

President Nixon signed H.R. 10243, Technology Assessment Act of 1972 

[see Oct. 5 and Oct. 261. Act, which became Public Law 92-484, 

established Office of Technology Assessment to aid Congress in identifying existing and probable impacts of technological application. OTA 

would ascertain cause-and-eff ect relationships ; identify alternative programs to achieve requisite goals, estimate and compare impacts of 

alternate methods and programs, present analyses to appropriate legislative authorities, identify areas that required additional research and 

data, and undertake associated activities. Bill also amended National 

Science Foundation Act of 1950 to authorize NSF to initiate and support specific scientific activities. (PL 92484; PO, 10/23/72, 1538) 0 Total of 176 persons were reported killed when Soviet 11-62 airliner 

crashed near Moscow on Leningrad-Moscow sector of flight that 

originated in Paris. If figure was correct, it was worst disaster in 

history of commercial aviation, Washington Pust said later. (W Post, 

10/16/72, A20) 

* Senate passed and cleared for President’s signature H.R. 16593, $74.4 

billion FY 1973 Dept. of Defense appropriations bill. (CR, 10/13/72, 

517963-67) 

October 13: 

349 
October 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Q Society of Air Safety Engineers presented Distinguished Service Award 

to Dr. James J. Ryan, Jr., professor emeritus of Univ. of Minnesota, 

for pioneering development of flight data recorder. Plaque was awarded 

during Society seminar in Washington, D.C. (SOC Air Safety Engineers; Av Wk, 10/23/72,13) 

U.S.S.R. conducted series of carrier rocket tests in Pacific, 

during which it launched two improved versions of 33-11 Savage 

intercontinental ballistic missile with three-warhead multiple reentry 

vehicle (MRV). (Sou Aero, 10/16/72, 18; 10/23/72, 23; Av Wk, 

10/23/72, 15) 

U.S.S.R. launched Molniyu 1-21 communications satellite to 

transmit Soviet TV programs and provide multichannel radio communications throughout Orbita network. Orbital parameters: 39 300-km 

(24 419.9-mi) apogee, 480-km (298.3-mi) perigee, 11-hr 45-min period, 

and 65.3" inclination. ( GSFC SSR, 10/31/72; Spacewarn, 10/31/72) 

Q Rep. Ken Hechler (D-W. Va.) criticized Sept. 13 action of Office of 

Management and Budget in impounding $U.9 million of $50.5-million 

FY 1973 NASA appropriation for aircraft noise suppression program, 

engine retrofit studies, and quiet, experimental, short takeoff and 

landing ( QUESTOL) aircraft program. As Chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Aeronautics and 

Space Technology, he signed telegram to Vice President Spiro T. 

Agnew, Chairman of National Aeronautics and Space Council, protesting action. (CR, 10/14/72, H10111) 

Twenty-fifth anniversary of supersonic flight. On Oct. 14, 1947, Capt. 

Charles E. Yeager (USAAF) flew Bell Aircraft Corp. X-1 experimental 

jet aircraft-launched from B-29 bomber from Muroc Flight Test 

Base, Calif.-to speed of 1078 km per hr (670 mph) in first flight to 

break sound barrier. Aircraft, designed by Bell chief designer Robert J. 

Woods, had been developed under Army Air Force contract with 

cooperation of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA) . (CR, 10/17/72, E88067) 0 Harmon International Aviation Trust named winners of awards. Harmon 

Aviation Trophy for 1971 would be awarded jointly to chief test pilots 

of Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner, Brian Trubshaw of 

England and Andre Turcat of France. Trophy for 1972 would go to 

US. Air Force pilots L/C Thomas B. Estes and L/C Dewain C. Vick for 

unprecedented long-distance nonstop flight at three times speed of 

sound in USAF SR-71 strategic reconnaissance aircraft. Geraldine Cobb 

was named winner of Harmon Aviatrix Trophy for series of humanitarian flights over Amazon Basin in 1972. (AP, NYT, 10/16/72) 

Q President Nixon met with delegation of physicians from People's Republic 

of China at White House. Delegation was beginning three-week tour 

of U.S. as guests of National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine 

and American Medical Assn. (PD, 10/16/72, 1518) 

Nom 2 (ITOS-D) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration meteorological satellite was successfully launched by NASA from 

Western Test Range at 10:19 am PDT by two-stage, long-tank, thrustaugumented Thor-Delta 0300 booster with three strap-on rockets. 

Orbital parameters: apogee, 1453.9 km (903.4 mi) ; perigee, 1448.2 km 

(899.9 mi) ; period, 114.9 min; and inclination, 101.8'. 

October 13-18: 

October 14 : 

October 15: 

350 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 15 

October 14: Twenty-five years ago-Oct. 14, 1947-Capt. Charles E. Yeager (USAAF) 

flew the Bell X-1 experimental jet aircraft (at top above), launched from a B-29 

bomber from Muroc Flight Test Base, to the speed of 1078 kilometers (670 miles) per 

hour to break the sound barrier in level flight. The X-1 had been developed under an Army Air Force contract with National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics cooperation. In 1972, research plans included hypersonic flight, with flights in 1973 of the 

X-24B lifting body in a NASA-USAF program to develop technology for future aircraft 

that could cruise at hypersonic speeds at the edge of space. The X-24B was delivered 

to the USAF and NASA by Martin Marietta Corp. in Littleton, Calif., ceremonies Oct. 11 

and unloaded at Flight Research Center Oct. 22 (lower photo). The B version of the 

X-24A, flown in 1971, had an extended nose, flattened underside, and blended wings. 

Primary objectives were to place 345-kg (76043) spacecraft in sunsynchronous orbit with local equator-crossing time between 9 :00 and 

9 :20 am and conduct in-orbit engineering evaluation, before turning 

operational control of spacecraft over to NOM’S National Environment 

Satellite Service (NESS). Orbit would permit regular, dependable daytime and nighttime temperature soundings of earth’s atmosphere and 

351 
October 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

cloud-cover observations by both direct readout and onboard storage 

in support of National Operational Meteorological Satellite System 

( NOMSS) . First flight to implement operational atmospheric sounding 

and very-high-resolution infrared cloud-cover viewing, Nom 2 carried 

two new sensors : redundant very-high-resolution radiometer (VHRR) 

and vertical-temperature-profile radiometer (VTPR) . Equipment also 

included scanning radiometers (SRS) and single solar proton monitor 

(SPM) as secondary sensor. 

Oscar 6 (Oscar C) Orbital Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio, carried 

pickaback on 2nd stage for Radio Amateur Satellite Corp. (AMSAT), 

was successfully ejected and entered orbit with 1456-km (904.7-mi) 

apogee, 1451-km (901.6-mi) perigee, 114.9-min period, and 101.7’ 

inclination. Osmr 6 was sixth in Oscar series; previous spacecraft was 

launched by NASA as secondary payload with Itos I (Tiros-M) mission 

Jan. 23, 1970. Satellite, to conduct experimental program of multiaccess communication techniques using low-powered earth terminals, 

had been developed by US., Australian, and German amateur groups 

working through AMSAT. The 18-kg (40-lb) satellite would receive at 

145.9 mhz and transmit at 29.5 mhz. 

Tiros Operational Satellite (TOS) program was joint effort of NASA 

and Dept. of Commerce under Jan. 30,19a, agreement. Goddard Space 

Flight Center was responsible for design and development of spacecraft 

and ground systems, for launch, and for checkout and evaluation. 

NESS was responsible for operating spacecraft and processing data. First 

series of spacecraft included nine satellites-Esso 1 through Essa 9- 

of which 8 and 9 were still in routine use and 2, 6, and 7 still functional and available for backup coverage. In second series-Improved 

TOS (ITO.5)-prototype had been Itos 1 and first Nou-funded space 

craft, Nom 1, had been launched Dec. 11, 1970, to observe globe 

twice daily. (NASA proj off; GSFC SSR, 10/31/72; NOM Release 72-135; 

A&A 1970) 

0 Delegation of Soviet scientists headed by Soviet Academy of Sciences 

President Mstislav V. Keldysh flew from Moscow to New York. 

Scientists would participate in general meeting of US. National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., and visit US. scientific institutes. 

(Tass, FBIS-SOV, 10/17/72, L1) 

Prediction that deep-space probes would be launched by combination 

rockets propelled by chemical, nuclear, and electric engines by 1980 

had been made by Soviet aerospace designer Valentin P. Glushko in 

interview by Moskovsky Komsomolets, New York Times reported. 

Rockets would be launched with liquid or solid chemical fuel. Nuclear 

engine would take over when spacecraft penetrated earth’s atmosphere. 

Times also reported that color film ““he Taming of the Fire” had 

been released in Moscow. Film, based on life of Sergey P. Korolev, 

head of Soviet space program until his death in 1966, raised philosophical questions of use of scientific advances for military purposes. Film 

showed Soviet dictator Josef Stalin at end of World War I1 calling for 

Soviet development of military rockets to counter weapons he expected 

Dr. Wernher von Braun to develop in US. Dr. von Braun, while not 

actually portrayed in film, was “frequently mentioned by name.” 

(Shabad, NYT, 10/16/72, C17) 

352 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 15 

* NASA launched Strypi 4 sounding rocket from Kauai, Hawaii, carrying 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration artificial aurora 

experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. 

(SR list) 

Establishment of Office of Supply and Equipment Management under Assistant Administrator for Administration was announced 

by NASA. OBce was responsible for receipt, use, and disposal of all 

NASA personal property, in-house and contractor held. It absorbed 

Property and Supply Div. and related functions of offices of Facilities 

and Procurement. William P. Risso, Director of Resources Management in Office of Applications, had been designated Director of new 

office, whose top priority was to ensure optimum use, reuse, and 

disposition of equipment throughout NASA. (NASA Ann) 

* Preliminary design efforts were under way on two of three multimilliondollar wind tunnels that had been declared essential by NASA and Dept. 

of Defense Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board (AACB) , Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Tunnels, to overcome 

serious deficiencies in US. aeronautical test facilities, were large 

vertical or short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) tunnel, High Reynolds 

Number Tunnel ( HIRT) , and Aeropropulsion System Test Facility 

(ASTF). NASA had been assigned responsibility for V/STOL tunnel; Air 

Force was responsible for HIRT and ASTF, which would be at NASA’s 

Ames Research Center or Langley Research Center. Construction had 

been approved by AACB in July, and could be completed by decade’s 

end. Announcement of ASTF design contractor was expected imminently; 

selection of HIRT contractor was under way. NASA was still analyzing 

requirements and alternate ways of meeting them, according to Chief 

Mark W. Kelly of ARC’S Large-Scale Aerodynamics Branch. (Av Wk, 

0 General Telephone & Electronics Corp. announced formation of new subsidiary, GTE Satellite Corp., to provide domestic satellite communications system. System would include multipurpose satellite earth stations 

in Hawaii, California, Florida, Indiana, and Pennsylvania and could be 

operational within 24 mos after receipt of Federal Communications 

Commission approval. ( GTE Release) 

Soviet academician Dr. Leonid I. Sedov had attributed 15-mo hiatus in 

Soviet manned space flight to major changes being made in SOYUZ 

spacecraft, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Changes to 

improve cosmonauts’ living conditions were believed to include retrofit 

of miniaturized control and communications equipment for more space 

in command module. Dr. Sedov had said faulty hatch system had been 

corrected and spacecraft was ready for 30-day orbital laboratory 

mission. (Av Wk, 10/16/72, 11) 

0 Aviation pioneers to be enshrined in Aviation Hall of Fame at Dayton, 

Ohio, Dec. 15 were listed by Aviation Week & Space Technology: 

L/G Claire L. Chennault of World War I1 Flying Tigers; Ler0y.R. 

Grumman, aircraft designer and manufacturer ; James H. Kindelberger, 

aircraft executive; and Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, former Air Force Chief 

of Staff. (Av Wk, 10/16/72, 11) 0 Dr. John E. Condon, Director of Reliability and Quality Assurance and 

Acting Director of Safety, left NASA to enter private industry. (NASA 

Activities, 11/15/72, 236) 

October 16: 

10/16/72,42-5) 

353 
October 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

October 17: Ariel 4, cooperative United Kingdom and US. satellite 

(launched by NASA Dec. 11, 1971), was adjudged successful. During 

more than 10 mos in orbit, spacecraft had operated satisfactorily 

except for tape recorder failures and minor experiment problems. 

Primary mission objective-to investigate interaction of electromagnetic waves, plasmas, and energetic particles in upper ionospherehad been achieved. 

High-frequency noise experiment had shown several apparently 

distinct kinds of radio noise, which were under study. Extremely-lowand very-low-frequency experiment and impulse experiment showed 

ELF noise spectrum depended on latitude and therefore on shape of 

magnetosphere. Univ. of Iowa charged-particle detector was observing 

auroral charged particles, large field-aligned currents over auroral 

zone, and higher-energy protons of ring current. Observations, when 

combined with those from other satellites, were expected to delineate 

dissipation mechanism for ring current responsible for magnetic 

storms. Electron density experiment was providing worldwide coverage 

for morphological study of topside ionosphere. (NASA proj off) 

Air Force Space Technology Program satellite Sesp 1971-2 (launched 

Oct. 17, 1971) was still transmitting data after year in orbit. Satellite, 

designed to operate for 6 mos, had traveled more than 214 million 

km (133 million mi) in 5233 earth orbits. STP program manager at 

Lockheed Aircraft Gorp., Robert T. Johnson, had said some experiments aboard satellite would be extended six more months. (Lockheed 

Release 72-73) 

e Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford made joint “flight” with Soviet Cosmonaut 

Andrian G. Nikolayev in Soyuz spacecraft simulator at Zvezdny 

Gorodok (Star City) , cosmonaut training center near Moscow. Staff ord 

was member of NASA delegation to Oct. 9-19 Moscow meetings on 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) , joint rendezvous and docking mission scheduled for 1975. (UPI, W Star & News, 10/18/72) 

Soviet Academy of Sciences President Mstislav V. Keldysh and five 

members of Soviet Academy began 21-day coast-to-coast tour of US. 

scientific and space installations. Academician Keldysh addressed 

unpublicized session of US. National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., from which even NAS staff members were banned. NAS 

had withheld announcement of Keldysh visit to discourage anti-Soviet 

demonstrations. He had been invited to US. by NAS President, Dr. 

Philip Handler. ( W Post, 10/18/72) 

World’s largest radiotelescope array was dedicated in Cambridge, England. Eight dish antennas, each 13 m (42 ft) in diameter, produced 

effect of radiotelescope 5 km (3 mi) in diameter. Dishes moved through 

360’ daily with earth‘s rotation to permit research into structure of 

stars and origin and evolution of universe. Major task of $5.2-million 

installation built for U.K.’s Science Research Council and operated by 

Cambridge Univ. would be to map galaxies and quasars by pinpointing their radio signals and producing computerized charts of their 

locations. (Reuters, B Sun, 10/18/72) 

Canadian government had said it would spend $80 million in three-year 

program to develop two prototypes of short takeoff and landing (STOL) 

aircraft, Wall Street Journal reported. ( WSJ, 10/17/72) 

3544 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 17 

Houston Chronicle editorial commented on Soviet attempt to restrict 

satellite TV broadcasts as threat to world peace: “We should be very 

slow to accept any limitations upon the use of satellites. We have just 

begun to tap the benefits that can flow from the exploration of space. 

Our international space program stands in contrast to Russia’s 

secret effort. While we are opening new avenues of communications, 

Russia typically is acting to keep its citizens in ignorance.” (H Chron, 

10/17/72 ) 

Second F-111 swing-wing fighter-bomber was lost over North Vietnam. 

First had been lost Sept. 28. US. Command in Saigon had no comment 

on North Vietnamese report that aircraft had been shot down. (AP, 

NYT, 10/19/72, 18) 

Results of NASA research on powered-lift short takeoff and 

landing (STOL) aircraft were presented at Ames Research Center Conference. Papers were presented on short-haul transportation systems, 

aerodynamics, loads, flight dynamics, operation aspects, and quiet 

STOL propulsion by authors from ARC, Flight Research Center, Langley 

Research Center, Lewis Research Center, Federal Aviation Administration, and Army Air Mobility Research and Development Laboratory. 

(NASA Release 72-201 ; NASA SP-320) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 525 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

292-km ( 181.4-mi) apogee, 206-km (128-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, 

and 65.4” inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 29. ( GSFC SSR, 10/31/72; 

SBD, 10/23/72,26) 

American Satellite Corp., Maryland-based company formed by Fairchild 

Industries and Western Union International, had told Federal Communications Commission it was ready to set up, domestic communications satellite network, Fairchild announced. Company had said service 

was planned for late 1973 or early 1974. ASC President Emanuel 

Fthenakis had said proposed network would be developed in phases to 

provide point-to-point private line transmission for voice, data, and 

facsimile teletype. (Fairchild Release FI-9-229) 

Dr. Nicholas C. Costes of Marshall Space Flight Center Space Sciences 

Laboratory received Norman Medal, highest award of American Society 

of Civil Engineers, at ASCE annual meeting in Houston. Award was 

for paper “Apollo 11: Soil Mechanics Results,” published by ASCE 

in 1970. (Marshall Star, 10/18/72, 1) 

Flight Safety Foundation, Inc., presented 1972 Admiral Luis de Florez 

Flight Safety Award to Dr. John T. Dailey of Federal Aviation 

Administration on final day of three-day seminar. Recognition was 

for “outstanding individual contribution through his development of 

a behavioral profile designed to identify potential hijackers.” (Flight 

Safety Foundation; Av Wk, 10/23/72, 13) 

* Award of $46-million contract to North American Rockwell Corp. for 

vertical or short takeoff and landing aircraft prototype was announced 

by Secretary of the Navy John W. Warner. Aircraft would use components of existing aircraft to reduce time and expense before first 

flight. If prototype was successful, Navy might develop operational 

V/STOL aircraft. ( DOD Release 723-72) 0 Dept. of Defense spokesman Jerry W. Friedheim said in Washington that 

U.S.S.R. had completed its latest missile tests in Pacific and might 

be ready to deploy “improved” SS-11 rockets armed with three nuclear 

warheads each. (Corddry, B Sun, 10/19/72, AS) 

October 17-19: 

October 18: 

355 
October 18-20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

October 18-20: Group of 16 Nebraska officials visited Marshall Space 

Flight Center for orientation in telecommunications technology. Group 

also received briefings on simulation techniques and equipment that 

might be used in training disabled veterans as communications controllers. Veterans employment program was part of Nebraska’s effort 

to use modern communications techniques in state’s emergency medical 

service, law enforcement, and highway service. Nebraska Governor 

J. James Exon had requested NASA’s aid. (MSFC Release 72-138; 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by John A. Manke, 

completed 20th flight from Flight Research Center. Objectives-to 

check out pilot and to obtain stability and control data at mach 0.70- 

were achieved. M2-F3 reached mach 0.70 and 13 700-m (45 000-ft) 

altitude. (NASA proj off) 

0 Federal Bureau of Investigation and Dept. of Justice were investigating 

sale by Lamarque, Tex., flea market of technical items related to 1965 

Gemini 5 and 7 flights. Items included test card used in Gemini experiment, technical books, and tapes, NASA Regional Inspector at Manned 

Spacecraft Center Glenn L. McAvoy said. Market owner E. E. White 

had said he acquired material in 1970 from man who had identified 

himself as NASA employee. Investigation was completed in November 

with no charges brought. NASA later requested US. Attorney General 

efforts to retrieve Government property. (NASA Regional Inspector at 

MSC; AP, NYT, 10/20/72) 

Publication of NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Weekly Abstracts 

was announced by NASA. NMA-funded bulletin, prepared and distributed 

by National Technical Information Service of Dept. of Commerce, contained abstracts of technical reports on imagery received from Earth 

Resources Satellite Erts 1 (launched July 23). (NASA Release 72-205) 

White House anounced that U.S.-U.S.S.R. Strategic Arms Limitations 

Talks (SALT) would resume in Geneva Nov. 21. (PD, 10/23/72, 1534) 

Retirement of Dr. Frank M. Branley as Chairman of American MuseumHayden Planetarium was announced by museum. He would be succeeded by Dr. Kenneth L. Franklin, Assistant Chairman, codiscoverer 

of high-frequency emissions from Jupiter, and innovator of first lunar 

watch to tell time on moon. Dr. Branley would devote time to science 

writing and communications. (Museum-Planetarium Release) 

United Nations General Assembly’s First Committee concluded debate on peaceful uses of outer space and unanimously adopted 

resolution approving Committee report. Resolution noted progress in 

draft treaty on moon, welcomed progress in international cooperation 

in exploration of outer space, and approved of agreement between 

U.S. and U.S.S.R. on development of compatible docking equipment 

for carrying out joint scientific experiments. 

Draft resolution on preparation of principles for use of satellites 

for direct broadcasting was endorsed by 68 votes with 12 against and 

18 abstentions. Among those against were U.S.S.R. and other nations 

that favored defeated Soviet draft convention that would ban unrestricted use of satellites for direct TV broadcasting to other states 

[see Oct. 12 and Nov. 91. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 10/25/72, A6; UN Gen 

Assembly Documents A/8863, A/8864, 11/1/72; NYT, 11/10/72, 16) 

MSFC PAO) 

October 19: 

October 20: 

356 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 20 

* Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences announced award of 1972 NobeI 

Prizes in chemistry and physics to six US. citizens. Chemistry prize 

of more than $100 000 would be shared by National Institutes of Health 

scientist Dr. Christian B. Anfinsen and Rockefeller Univ. scientists 

Dr. Stanford Moore and Dr. William H. Stein for “pioneering studies” 

in enzyme ribonuclease. Dr. Anfinsen’s investigations had “provided 

the answer to an important question concerning the way in which the 

active enzyme is formed in living cells; Moore and Stein have elucidated important principles related to the biological activity of the 

enzyme. These properties we generally associate with the concept of 

life and with living organisms.” 

Physics prize was awarded for theory of superconductivity developed 

jointly by Dr. John Bardeen of Univ. of Illinois at Urbana, Dr. Leon N. 

Cooper of Brown Univ., and Dr. John R. Schrieffer of Univ. of 

Pennsylvania. Superconductivity was phenomenon in which electrical 

resistance in certain metals vanished when metals were cooled to 

temperatures near absolute zero (0 kelvins; -459.7”F). (Weinraub, 

NYT, 10/21/72, 1) 

* National Academy of Sciences announced that seven-member Chinese 

scientific delegation would visit US. in late November. Delegation, 

second group of professionals from mainland China to visit US. since 

1950s, would include specialists in high-energy physics and computer 

technology. (NASA Release) 

Claim that Central Intelligence Agency had “stolen” Soviet Sputnik 

spacecraft for three hours to examine it while it was on tour in 1958 

was included in new book critical of CIA by former CIA agent, Baltimore 

Sun reported. Book was CIA-The Myth & the Madness, by Patrick J. 

McGarvey. (B Sun, 10/20/72, Al) 0 Chen Chu, People’s Republic of China delegate to United Nations General 

Assembly, issued statement denouncing use of name “China” by 

Formosa government of Chiang Kai-shek during U.N. debate on peaceful uses of outer space: “As from October 1, 1949, the day of the 

founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Chiang Kai-shek 

clique has no right at all to represent China.” Formosa government 

had “usurped” name of China to become party to agreement, treaty, 

and convention on peaceful uses of outer space. (FBIS-PRC Intl Aff, 

10/24/72, A10) 

* Dr. Harlow Shapley, one of world’s leading astronomers, died in Boulder, 

Colo., at age 86 after long illness. He had been director of Harvard 

College Observatory from 1921 to 1952 and astronomer at Mount 

Wilson Observatory, Calif., from 1914 to 1921. At Mount Wilson 

Dr. Shapley had used variable stars and globular star clusters to fix 

position of solar system at some 30000 light years from center of 

Milky Way galaxy. Previously earth and sun had been supposed near 

center of Milky Way galaxy. Finding had had immense scientific value 

and import for religious thought and philosophy. After World War 11, 

Dr. Shapley shifted attention from scientific pursuits to public affairs. 

He had condemned cold war of 1940s and championed peaceful 

coexistence among nations of world. His advocacy of US.-U.S.S.R. 

friendship had led to his censure by House Un-American Activities 

Committee. Before retirement in 1952, Dr. Shapley had received 18 

honorary degrees, many awards-including Pope Pius XI Prize in 

357 
October 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

1941-and had published more than 500 writings. (Weil, W Post, 

10/21/72, B6; NYT, 10/21/72, 1) 

President Nixon signed S. 3943, Senate version of H.R. 

16645. Bill, for construction of civic center as memorial to President 

Dwight D. Eisenhower, carried rider that changed name of Jet Propulsion Laboratory to H. Allen Smith Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 

effective Jan. 4,1973. Bill became Public Law 92-520. (PD, 10/30/72, 

1548-9; PL 92-520) 

NASA launched Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket from Poker Flat Rocket 

Range, Alaska, carrying Univ. of Minnesota auroral studies experiment. Rocket performed satisfactorily, but scientific objectives were 

not met. (SR list) 

* President Nixon issued memorandum disapproving H.R. 56, bill to 

establish National Environmental Data System and create environmental centers in each state: “While both these titles sound desirable 

in theory, they would in reality lead to the duplication of information 

or would produce results unrelated to real needs and wasteful of talent, 

resources, and the taxpayers’ money.” (PD, 10/30/72, 1549) 

Thirteenth annual Space Fair at Pacific Missile Range, 

Point Mugu, Calif., featured exhibition of ApoUo 12 moon rock, Apollo 

space capsule, aerospace equipment, and static display of aircraft. 

Fair was sponsored by naval commands and units at PMR and by Naval 

Construction Battalion Center at Port Hueneme, Calif. (PMR Release 

933-72; PMR Missile, 10/13, 10/20, 10/27, 1) 

Construction at United Nations Hq. in New York of “Hall 

of Fame for all spacemen-those who already have voyaged, or someday will voyage, in outer space” was proposed by Parade magazine. 

Hall would “underscore our need for international cooperation in 

space.” Magazine said U.N. Secretary General Kurt M. Waldheim had 

endorsed proposal because “it is a practice of most of the astronauts 

to visit the U.N. when they return from their moon flights.” (Parade, 

10/22/72, 7) 

* US., U.S.S.R., and several other countries were engaged in “multimilliondollar efforts” to test feasibility of new approach to controlled fusion 

that would produce unlimited, pollution-free energy, New York Times 

reported. New method was to heat and implode, to superdense state, 

a hollow pellet of fusion fuel by smashing it from all sides with 

simultaneous pulses of laser beam. Concept had thus far been checked 

only in computer simulations. (Sullivan, NYT, 10/22/72, 1) 

* Federal Aviation Administration announced appointment of Robert F. 

Bacon as Director of Office of Aviation Policy. He had been Acting 

Deputy Director of System Planning Div. in FAA’s Airports Service. 

(FAA Release 72-200) 

Chemical & Engineering News published views and plans of 

presidential candidates for science and technology beyond general 

pledges in Democratic and Republican Party platforms. Same set of 

questions had been submitted to campaign organizations of Sen. 

George S. McGovern (D-S.D.) and of President Nixon. President 

Nixon said he would continue general pattern of previous years on 

Federal research and development funding; its division among defense, 

space, and civilian sectors; its possible link to gross national product 

( GNP) ; and appropriate balance for basic research, applied research, 

October 21: 

October 21-23: 

October 22: 

October 23: 

358 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 23 

and development. Pattern would include increasingly effective program in civilian sector R&D, “prudent space program, and a sufficient 

defense R&D budget.” Administration believed R&D funding should be 

based on opportunities for effective programs and necessity for creating new opportunities through fundamental studies and that R&D 

resources, excepting basic research, should be allocated to areas that 

provided “greatest opportunity for leverage or that satisfy an immediate future need.” 

Sen. McGovern recommended increased Federal R&D funding. 

Principal problem was “government spending that has masqueraded 

as R&D, yet has little technical content. For example, when an Apollo is 

launched . . . all of the kerosene and liquid oxygen that it uses comes 

out of the federal R&D budget. Only a very small percentage of the 

federal R&D budget actually represents laboratory investigations, instrument design, feasibility studies, and other technical efforts that involve 

scientists and engineers.” Sen. McGovern would emphasize civilian 

sector R&D and strong military R&D program as “good investment for 

long-term national security. My space program would emphasize unmanned planetary exploration and scientific satellites and also earth 

resource and communications satellites.” Nixon Administration would 

continue to maintain “strong and up-to-date defense force” and to 

capitalize upon past space investments. Both candidates recommended 

increased priority on developments of new energy sources. 

Nixon Administration was opposed to S. 32, reconversion bill introduced by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy to amend National Science Foundation Act of 1950 to establish framework of national science policy. 

Bill would focus policy and US. scientific talent and resources on 

Nation’s priority problems. Administration believed segment of S. 32 

that would establish independent agency within NSF was “particularly 

unwise” because it would “divorce the R&D from the departments of 

Government responsible for using its results” and “would divert attention from the primary mission of NSF-to support fundamental and 

basic research.” Sen. McGovern would continue to support S. 32. “In 

its original form, before compromise to get Republican support, it 

would have provided $1.2 billion for a new NASA-type civil Science 

Systems Administration that would fund genuine R&D across a broad 

range of civilian technology needs.” 

Administration did not believe in Cabinet-level science department 

or “supra” agency, nor that “existing science apparatus is totally 

adequate. As with all human and governmental institutions, it too 

should be dynamic and subject to change as conditions and events 

dictate.,’ Sen. McGovern felt “more centralized federal science management and funding apparatus might be useful, but the key need is not 

to change the institutions but rather to give them more power in the 

Federal Government.” He favored establishment of Office of Technology Assessment [see October 131 which would “assess each new 

technical program with an eye toward cost efficiency and effectiveness, 

and domestic betterment.” Asked if federally owned laboratories should 

be expanded to deal with problems of health and environment, Nixon 

Administration pointed out that NASA Centers were “closely involved 

with the R&D components of other federal agencies in an effort to 

solve pressing national problems.” Sen. McGovern believed Federal 

359 
October 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

laboratories and research facilities had “plenty of problems in their 

immediate areas” with which to cope. “I have no intention of taking 

the easy route and putting them on safe subjects.” (Chemical & 

Engineering News, 10/23/72, 14-19) 

Conference on high-energy astrophysics was held at Cal 

Tech by division of American Astronomical Society. Dr. Kenneth I. 

Kellerman of National Radio Astronomy Observatory said most baffling 

phenomenon observed by radiotelescopes was speed at which objects 

seemed to be moving. If measurements taken in past two years were 

accepted at face value, objects associated with quasars were speeding 

away from each other faster than speed of light. Such speed had been 

considered impossible. Gal Tech astronomer Dr. W. L. W. Sargent 

said strange blue objects sighted in sky by Hale Observatory astronomers might be newly formed galaxies “about 100 million years old, 

and they seem to be made up of very young stars.” Discovery indicated that galaxies might still be forming. Dr. Herbert Gursky of 

American Science and Engineering, Inc., said astronomers using Uhuru 

(Explorer 42 Small Astronomy Satellite launched by NASA Dec. 12, 

1970) had spotted several x-ray objects that could not be detected by 

wavelengths other than x-ray. Impact of x-ray astronomy might be 

that “this new wavelength range may show some different aspects of 

stars and galaxies.” Through x-ray astronomy scientists “hope to . . . learn something about these objects that radio and optical observations 

can’t tell us.” 

Evidence of black hole-star whose gravity field was so strong that 

light could not escape from it-in constellation Cygnus was reported 

by Dr. Kip Thorne of Cal Tech, Dr. J. P. Ostriker of Princeton Univ., 

and Dr. Riccardo Giacconi of American Science and Engineering. 

Evidence had come from photos taken at Hale Observatory that showed 

bright blue line near source Cygnus X-1 and from data gathered by 

Uhuru (see also Sept. 2). Scientists thought line in photos might be 

result of superhot gas being drawn from neighboring star in black hole. 

If finding was accurate, Cygnus X-1 would be first black hole discovered. Existence of black holes had been predicted by Einstein as 

part of his theory of relativity. (Cooke, Pasadena Star-News, 10/24/72; 

West, LA Times, 10/27/72; O’Toole, W Post, 10/28/72, A3; W Star & 

News, 10/28/72) 

October 24: Soviet news agency Tass announced opening of Soviet 

National Conference on Space Biology and Medicine at Kaluga, 

U.S.S.R. Conference would hear papers on use of “terrestrial” atmosphere in spacecraft cabins, food and water regeneration, and establishment of bacterial medium in which future cosmonauts could live and 

work on extended space missions. Conference also would discuss 

weightlessness, crew selection and training, radiobiological aspects of 

flight, and psychophysiology of space crew work. Soviet Academician 

Oleg Gazenko had presented paper on topical problems of space biology 

and medicine at opening session. (FBIS-SOV, 10/25/72, L1) 

NASA launched Black Brant VB sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., carrying Goddard Space Flight Center payload to test 

rocket configuration that would be used in support of Skylab mission. 

Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

October 23-27: 

360 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 24 

* Washington Evening Star and Daily News editorial commented on possible revival of US. supersonic transport aircraft program: “Last year 

the Senate shot down the supersonic transport program in a famous 

victory for environmentalism and good fiscal sense. We hoped that 

would end the noisy debate, at least for a few years. But new rumblings 

already are heard from the rubble of that costly, abortive endeavor, 

amid rumors that the Nixon administration may start revving up a 

new SST campaign after the election. We hope the President, assuming 

he wins the election, will let well enough alone. But the hints are 

fairly strong.” (W Star & News, 10/24/72) 

October 25: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 526 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

480-km (298.3-mi) apogee, 272-km (169.0-mi) perigee, 92-min period, 

and 70.9” inclination. Satellite reentered April 8, 1973. (GSFC SSR, 

10/31/72; 4/30/73 ; SBD, 10/26/72, 250) 

Oscar 6, amateur radio satellite launched Oct. 15 as pickaback payload 

on Noaa 2, was operating satisfactorily and providing worldwide communications relay. Traffic through satellite’s transponder had been 

particularly heavy over US. and Europe and use by stations in U.S.S.R. 

and Czechoslovakia had been reported. Anomaly in switching of experiment control logic had been overcome by use of ground command. 

Satellite’s temperatures were higher than had been predicted. (NASA 

proj off) 

Plans for illuminating night launch of Apollo 17, scheduled for 9:53 pm 

EST Dec. 6, were released by NASA for photographic fans. Spacecraft 

would be surrounded on launch pad by 72, 20-kw xenon searchlights 

and 2, 60-kw xenon searchlight banks that would provide 225 footcandles of light. Light from Saturn V 1st-stage booster engines would 

not increase illumination until liftoff , when some 7500 foot-candles 

emitted and reflected would create almost daylight exposure. Searchlight 

illumination for inflight coverage would not be available beyond first 

18 m (60 ft) of flight. (NASA Release 72-208) 

Launch, by Italy, of NASA Small Astronomy Satellite B (SAS-B) had been 

postponed from Nov. 2 to Nov. 16, at earliest, because of malfunction 

of Scout launch-rocket gyro package, NASA announced. Package was 

being replaced with spare system and telemetry encoder had been 

returned to US. for repairs. (NASA Note to Editors) 

French Cabinet agreed in principle to mass production of Anglo-French 

Concorde supersonic transport aircraft and medium-range European 

Airbus. ( Anence France Presse, FBIs-France, 10/26/72, T3) 

October 26: Siartan antiballistic missile launched from Meck Island in 

Kwajalein Atoll successfully intercepted simulated intercontinental 

ballistic missile nosecone over mid-Pacific in 16th successful firing in 

Dept. of Defense second series of 18 firings. ( W Post, 10/28/72, 36) 

Chronology of H.R. 10243, bill to establish Office of Technology Assessment for Congress (signed by President Nixon Oct. 13), was traced 

in Washington Post article. Bill was result of six-year effort begun by 

Rep. Emilio Q. Daddario (D-Conn.), who had since left Congress. 

House had passed earlier version Feb. 8; Senate had approved its 

version Sept. 14; and conference report worked out Sept. 21 had been 

approved by both houses. Bill had been supported in House by 

members of Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on 

Science, Research, and Development and by Rep. Jack Brooks (D-Tex.) 

361 
October 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

and in Senate by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) , Sen. B. Everett 

Jordan (D-N.C.), and Sen. Gordon Allott (R-Colo.). Post quoted 

Senate aide as saying recent renewed interest in bill had been prompted 

by debates over supersonic transport ( SST) program and antiballistic 

missile systems. In both, Congress had had “no really authoritative 

expertise of its own.” New Office of Technology Assessment would 

have authority and independence of General Accounting Office and 

was expected to depend mainly on contracts with outside study groups. 

(Cohn, W Post, 10/26/72, G3) 0 Article on US. space reconnaissance program, written by Soviet engineers 

Yu. Safronov and Ya. Sukanov, was published in Moscow by Krasnaya 

Zvezda (Red Star). Authors quoted U.S. press reports and US. journal 

Aerospace Daily in describing Dept. of Defense space reconnaissance 

activities since 1962. Article concluded that DOD had “dispatched 

dozens, hundreds of automatic apparatuses into circumterrestrial space. 

Of 605 satellites launched . . . in the period 1958 through 1970, 366 

were of military designation . . . two out of every three.” It was 

“beyond doubt” that DOD’S “increasingly extensive use of space technology for purposes very far removed from scientific research in no way 

accords with the tendencies which have beeun to amear toward limit- ” I) 

ing the arms race and improving the international situation.” ( FBISSov, 11/2/72, G1-4) 0 President Nixon signed H.R. 16593, $74.4-billion FY 1973 Dept. of 

Defense approprLtions act. Bill became Public Law 92-570. - (PD, 

11/6/72,1619) 

0 European Space Conference failed to meet as tentatively scheduled. 

Formal meeting of conference ministers to decide fate of European 

launcher development program and European post-Apollo participation might not take place until late December, Aviation Week & Space 

Technology later reported. (Av Wk, 10/30/72, 14) 

Russian-born aviation pioneer Igor I. Sikorsky, who invented first SUCcessful helicopter in US., died at age 83 in Easton, Conn., after heart 

attack. Born in Kiev, he had come to US. in 1919 with only $600. 

In 1922 he established Sikorsky Aero Engineering Corp. in small shed. 

Firm produced amphibian aircraft in 1928, four-engine clipper in 1931 

with which Pan American World Airways inaugurated first commercial 

route to Hawaii and to Asia, and first successful helicopter, which 

Sikorsky flew in 1939. Firm later became Sikorsky Aircraft Div. of 

United Aircraft Corp. Sikorsky retired as engineering manager in 

1957 but had remained consultant. His honors included National 

Defense Transportation Award in 1953, first Dr. Alexander Klemin 

Award of American Helicopter Society, and National Medal of Science. 

(Hailey, W Post, 10/27/72) 

M/G Don R. Ostrander (USAF, Ret.), former NASA Director of Launch 

Vehicles, died at Andrews Air Force Base hospital, Md., of cancer at 

age 58. He had retired from Air Force as Vice-Commander of Ballistics 

System Division in 1965 and became Vice President for Planning, Bell 

Aero Systems Corp., until 1971. Gen. Ostrander had been appointed to 

NASA position in 1959. (W Post, 10/28/72, B10; Rosholt, Administrative History of NASA) 

California newspapers reported reaction at Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory to news of renaming facility for retiring California 

October 26-27: 

362 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 26-27 

Congressman H. Allen Smith (D-Calif.) [see Oct. 3 and Oct. 211. 

News had come as surprise to officials, who had refused to comment. 

JPL engineer Charles D. Hepburn had said that several engineers 

deplored renaming of facility for political office holder when there 

were many great local scientists who had contributed to space program. 

Hepburn had said it was “insult to technology . . . . Our work has to 

do with the physical universe, not with the meanderings of a political 

career.” (LA Times, 10/26/72 ; Pasadena Star-News, 10/27/72) 

U.S.S.R. launched Meteor 13 weather satellite from Plesetsk 

to obtain “meteorological information needed for the operative weather 

forecast service.” Orbital parameters: 891-km (553.6-mi) apogee, 

866-km (538.1-mi) perigee, 102.5-min period, and 81.2’ inclination. 

(GSFC SSR, 10/31/72; FBIS-SOV, 10/30/72, L1; SED, 10/30/72,266) 

* Lunar science press conference at Manned Spacecraft Center discussed 

Apollo 16 data and portent for Apollo 17 mission, scheduled for launch 

Dec. 6. Dr. Oliver A. Schaeffer of State Univ. of New York at Stony 

Brook reported that analysis of pepsize ApoZZo 16 rock fragments had 

shown them ranging in age from 3.98 billion to 4.25 billion yrs. Rocks 

had crystallized some 300 million yrs after moon’s formation. It was 

possible that Apollo 17 site would yield “very young rocks . . . , young 

volcanics. So one may be able to extend the mare type ages . . . and 

see just how long it took the surface of the moon . . . to crystallize 

before it was a rather hard crust . . . with very little, if any, igneous 

activity.” 

Dr. Gerald J. Wasserburg of Cal Tech reported Apollo 16 rock No. 

65015 seemed to have undergone two distinct melting steps. Bulk of 

this “two-history rock” had ’crystallized 3.93 billion yrs ago but had 

retained some crystals that had been formed between 4.40 and 4.48 

billion yrs ago. First crystallization probably had been associated 

with great heat during moon’s formation but scientists had no clue to 

cause of second melting period and subsequent recrystallization. Dr. 

Paul W. Gast, Chief of MSC Planetary and Earth Sciences Div., said 

fundamental conclusion” was evolving from new understanding of 

moon gained “largely out of the Apollo program.” Scientists “have to 

now look at each individual planet and somehow or another infer its 

chemical composition.” They were beginning to see chemically heterogeneous solar system. 

Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt, Apollo 17 lunar module pilot, described 

Apollo 17 landing site in moon’s Taurus-Littrow area on rim of 

Serenitatis Basin : “It’s in that general geographic ring that resembles 

the Apennine front near where Apollo 15 landed. It has, however, 

some very distinctive characteristics . . . . There is no clear evidence 

that we are close to mare. The nearest obvious mare surface is several 

hundred kilometers [lo0 km equals 62 mi] to the . . . northwest-in 

the Mare Serenitatis. We are landing on a plain that seems to overlie 

a slightly elevated flat surface that predates the mare. And it seems 

when you look at all of the basins on the moon, that that surface, 

a correlative surface in other basins, is somehow related to the formation of the basin. There are comparable plains around all of the big 

circular basins, and there is a flat floor that predates the mare that is 

cut by graben faulting . . . . Also in the site we have the . . . north and 

October 27: 

Cb 

363 
October 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

south massifs. These are large aggregates of peaks and mountains 

that . . . are part of the range structure of the Orientale basin.” 

Dark cover over valley floor and portions of highlands was younger 

than mare and was as little as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) thick. Radar data had 

shown cover was “finely fragmented mantle material” that was 

“ubiquitous in all of the low areas and locally is covering portions of 

the highlands.” Dr. Schmitt said mantle, although of not as high a 

priority as the crustal examination in the south massif, had “potential 

of giving us our most fundamental evidence for studying this evolutionary model.” Potential was high that “dark mantle material has 

sampled some significant portion of the crust. At least it has sampled 

its source area, and that source area is very probably deep within the 

moon.” Dr. Schmitt told press that to be able to say that man was 

“on the verge, if not already there, of understanding the evolution of 

another planet is something that is really unprecedented in the history 

of man. And I think that’s the thing that’s the news of Apollo. That is 

what we have done.” (Transcript) 

Mariner 9 mission ended as attitude-control gas supply was depleted and 

engineering telemetry signal ceased during 698th Martian orbit of 

spacecraft launched May 30, 1971. Mariner 9 had reached Mars 

Nov. 13, 1971, and was 383 675 000 km (238 416 000 mi) from earth 

when engineers at Jet Propulsion Laboratory sent 45 960th, and last, 

command-to turn off radio transmitter. Spacecraft was expected to 

remain in Mars orbit some 50 yrs. 

During 349 days (more than one half Martian year) of orbital 

activity, Mariner 9 had maintained instrumented surveillance of Mars 

and made first closeup photos of Martian moons Phobos and Deimos. 

Major findings had included: geologically active planet with volcanic 

mountains and calderas larger than any on earth, equatorial crevasses 

more than 3000 km (2000 mi) long and three to four times deeper than 

Grand Canyon, indications that free-flowing water might have existed 

in Mars’ geologic history, evolution of monumental dust storms that 

raged to altitudes of 50 to 60 km (31 to 37 mi) above Mars surface, 

and realization that dust storms and cloudiness accounted for much 

of variability of Mars’ appearance over years. 

Mariner 9 was first man-made object to orbit another planet. Mariner 

project, managed for NASA’s O5ce of Space Science by JPL, had been 

planned as two-spacecraft mission to Mars but Mariner 8, launched 

May 8, 1971, failed to enter orbit when Centaur stage of Atlas-Centaur 

booster malfunctioned after normal countdown and liftoff from Eastern 

Test Range. Spacecraft had reentered earth‘s atmosphere. Plans had 

been revised and Mariner 9 had been launched successfully to conduct 

missions of both Mariners. Data from Mariner 9 experiments would 

provide groundwork for 1975 Viking lander mission to search for 

evidence of life on Mars. (JPL Release 634; A&A 1971) 

* Air Force System Command successfully launched 1.4-million-cu-m (47.8- 

million-cu-ft) research balloon, world’s largest, from Chico, Calif. 

Balloon, developed by Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, 

carried 113-kg (250-lb) payload to unofficial record altitude of 

51 800 m (170 000 ft) . Previous record of 49 400 m (162 000 ft) had 

been established in 1969 by AFCRL balloon. Purpose of flight was to 

determine feasibility of flying large thin-film balloons and to study 

364 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 27 

very-high-altitude parachute deployment characteristics. (AFSC Release 

121.72) 

0 Naval Research Laboratory announced discovery of huge clouds of carbon 

monoxide in galaxy M-33 by NRL scientist Dr. Philip R. Schwartz and 

Aerospace Corp. scientists Dr. William J. Wilson and Dr. Eugene E. 

Epstein. Team had used National Radio Astronomy Observatory radiotelescope at Kitt Peak, Ariz., in first detection of extragalactic molecular 

emission line by radioastronomy. Finding indicated that presence of 

complex molecules in interstellar medium was not unique to earth‘s 

galaxy. Galaxy M-33 was 1.5 million light-years from center of Milky 

Way galaxy. ( NRL Release 60-72-10) 

* Community Action Agency officials announced Office of Economic Opportunity approval of $80000 grant to start program of welfare aid for 

jobless aerospace workers and families in Brevard County, Fla. Families 

included those of 1500 workers laid off at Kennedy Space Center. 

(M Her, 10/28/72) 

Soviet delegation headed home after meeting with officials of North 

American Rockwell Corp. Aviation Services Div. at Bethany, Okla. 

Purpose of meeting was to discuss Soviet Yak-40 commuter aircraft. 

NR was considering purchase of Yak-40s for US. distribution. (AP, 

W Post, 10/28/72, A7) 

President Nixon signed S. 4022, authorizing US. participation in International Exposition on the Environment to be held in Spokane, Wash., 

in 1974. Bill became Public Law 92-598. (PD, 10/6/72, 1620) 

* New Haven Register editorial commented on death of Igor I. Sikorsky 

[see Oct. 261 : “His death . . . removes from the scene perhaps one of 

the last links between aviation in its primitive stages and as it is 

known today, transcending even the boundaries of the earth to include 

space travel.” (N Hav Reg, 10/27/72) 

Academician Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet 

Academy of Sciences, met with Manned Spacecraft Center officials, 

toured MSC, and was briefed on NASA programs. Keldysh was visiting 

US. as guest of National Academy of Sciences President, Dr. Philip 

Handler. (NASA Int Aff; SBD, 10/30/72, 33) 

October 28: European Airbus Consortium chief pilot Max Fischl flew 

257- to 331-passenger prototype of A-300B Airbus on 1-hr 25-min 

flight from St. Martin du Touch Airfield near Toulouse, France. (AP, 

NYT, 10/29/72, 30; AI; Mag, 1/73/29) 

Communications Commission of United Nations Educational, Cultural 

and Scientific Organization (UNESCO) voted 47 to 9 with 13 abstentions 

to approve declaration favoring ban of direct satellite broadcasting to 

other nations without their permission. U.S. Deputy Secretary of 

State for Educational and Cultural Affairs William B. Jones said 

that ban was “in direct opposition to our own national traditions, 

and to the basic principles of the United Nations.” (Randal, W Post, 

11/5/72, A14) 

October 30: Pioneer 10 Jupiter probe (launched March 2) was 434 

million km’(270 million mi) from sun, at midpoint in Asteroid Belt, 

and nearly halfway to Jupiter. Spacecraft, which entered Asteroid 

Belt July 15, had encountered no difficulty although asteroid particles 

observed to date had been more numerous than expected. Finding led 

experimenters to preliminary conclusion that belt, to midway point, 

October 27-28: 

365 
October 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICSy 1972 

offered no serious hazard to spacecraft on future outer planets missions. 

Spacecraft instruments had detected no decrease in rate of particle 

penetrations between end of earth orbit and edge of Asteroid Belt. 

Constant penetration rates perceived indicated particles probably were 

cometary debris. If penetration remained constant, Pioneer 10 gas 

cell experiment to measure particle penetration rate was expected to 

provide good data far beyond Jupiter. (NASA Release 72-208) e European Space Research Organization would use preliminary definition 

study of sortie laboratory for space shuttle application as basis for 

future negotiations with NASA, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. Study, to be performed by Dornier, was part of European 

effort to participate in post-Apollo program. (Av WAY 10/30/72, 9) 

e NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, carrying Univ. of Chicago solar physics experiment. Rocket 

performed satisfactorily but scientific objectives were not met. (SR list) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 527 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

295-km (183.3-mi) apogee, 177-km (110-mi) perigee, 89.1-min period, 

and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 13. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/72; 

11/31[30]/72; SBD, 11/2/72,2) 

Overview of Apollo 17 mission, scheduled for Dec. 6 launch, was given 

by Mission Director Chester M. Lee at NASA-Hq. press briefing. Mission 

experiments would include lunar surface gravimeter to detect possible 

lunar surface deformaticn from pull of earth and sun and to confirm 

existence of gravity waves; lunar ejecta and meteorite experiment to 

determine mass, velocity, and frequency of meteorite impacts on moon 

and nature of their ejecta; lunar seismic profiling experiment to acquire 

data on lunar near-surface structure and layering; lunar atmospheric 

composition experiment ( MASSPEC) ; experiment to measure solar flares ; 

and lunar traverse gravimeter with receiver carried on lunar roving 

vehicle Rover to survey anomalies of gravity at all science stops. 

Among major new experiments on Apollo 17 mission would be 

surface electrical properties experiment to determine lunar surface 

layering and measure electrical properties of material; lunar neutron 

probe to measure capture rate of low-energy cosmic ray secondary 

neutrons and neutron energy spectrum as function of depth; and 

medical experiment BIOCORE to be carried in command module (CM) . BIOCORE would carry six pocket mice in environmentally controlled 

situation. On return to earth, mice would be returned to principal 

investigators for examination for effects of high-Z particles. New 

experiments to be carried in scientific instrument module ( SIM) bay 

were far-ultraviolet spectrometer to determine composition density of 

lunar atmosphere; infrared scan radiometer to obtain data to correlate 

and confirm earth-produced thermal maps; and lunar sounder module 

to probe lunar near subsurface to depths of 1 to 1.05 km (0.6 to 1 mi). 

First Apollo 17 launch window would open at 9:53 pm EST Dec. 6 

and close at 1 :31 am EST Dec. 7. Alternate launch windows would occur 

in January and February. To reach moon at optimum sun angle, 

Apollo 17 would be launched at night; entry into trajectory toward 

moon would be made over Atlantic rather than over Pacific as on 

previous Apollo missions. “This means the TLI [translunar insertion] 

will occur about 45 minutes later than . . . in the past.” Countdown 

preparations were proceeding normally. 

October 31 .- 

366 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 October 31 

Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan and Dr. Harri t were 

scheduled to land Dec. 11 on flat valley 9.7 km ( e near 

southeastern edge of Sea of Serenity on northeastern side of moon’s 

front face. Landing site was more difficult than that of previous Apollo 

missions, Lee said, because “here we’re faced with a scarp that is a 

number of kilometers down.” Site was surrounded with “sculptured 

hills at the east, the north massif and the south massif; you are 

coming into a little tighter valley, but we have . . plenty of clearance.” 

Astronauts would remain on moon for record 75 hrs, would make 

three traverses in Taurus-Littrow valley during three 7-hr extravehicular 

activity periods, and would drive electrified, four-wheeled Rover record 

33.8 km (21 mi), including one drive that would take them almost 

8 km (5 mi) from lunar module. Astronaut Ronald E. Evans would 

remain in lunar orbit in command module. Cernan and Schmitt were 

to rejoin CM at 5:56 pm EST Dec. 16. Splashdown was scheduled for 

2:24 pm EST Dec. 19 in Pacific 560 km (350 mi) southeast of Samoa. 

Recovery ship would be U.S.S. Ticonderoga. (Transcript) 

0 Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, described functions of 

Erts 1 Earth Resources Technology Satellite (launched July 23) in 

speech before First International Conference on Computer Satellites 

in Agriculture at Ohio State Univ. Satellite “now circles the earth 

14 times a day in near-polar orbit. Each pass covers a region 185 lun 

(115 miles) wide. After 18 days, the satellite returns to the same 

position. The ERTS Multispectral Scanner scans the earth in four wavelength bands.” Green band enhanced features within water, since they 

were transparent in band. Red band showed contrast between vegetation and man-made structures and was good for land use mapping. 

Infrared band was invisible to human eye but “vegetation strongly 

reflects this energy, and thus appears bright on film. Water absorbs 

it, and appears dark. This band is often used to identify plants or 

crops, since the brightness of the image depends greatly on the type 

of vegetation. It is also used to determine the health of plants, because 

healthy crops will appear to be much brighter than those which are 

diseased.” Data to date had shown earth resources satellites like 

Erts 1 would be able to take large-scale inventories of crop type 

and crop health. ERTS data “lend themselves to rapid automated 

area calculation procedures for all kinds of agricultural production 

parameters.” (Text) 

NASA authorized construction of two additional buildings to augment 

visitor facilities at Kennedy Space Center. Buildings, designed by 

Charles Luckman Associates, would add some 3580 sq m (38 600 sq ft) 

of air-conditioned space for exhibits, films, lectures, snack bar, and 

ticket sale area. Extension of facilities, necessitated by increased public 

attendance, had been authorized by Congress. ( KSC Release 298-72) 

Lewis Research Cen announced award of two-year, $2-million-plus 

extension to contr with Martin Marietta Corp. for integration of 

Centaur upper-stage rocket and Titan 111 r. Contract included 

proof test-flight of new launch vehicle com n in early 1974 and 

launch of Helios spacecraft later that year. (URC Release 72-93) 

Boston Museum of Science named New York Times Science Editor 

Walter S. Sullivan to receive 1972 Bradford Washburn Award for 

367 
October 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

increasing public understanding of science. Award, gold medal and 

$5000 honorarium, would be presented Nov. 19. (NYT, 11/1/72, 9) 

Soviet aircraft designer Andrey N. Tupolev received Sickle and Hammer 

gold medal and title “Hero of Socialist Labor” from Soviet President 

Nikolay V. Podgorny in Kremlin ceremony. Award was for exceptional 

services in development of Soviet aircraft construction. Tupolev had 

designed Soviet Tu-144 supersonic transport aircraft. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 

11/2/72, J1; 11/6/72, J1) 8 Prominent Soviet astrophysicist Kronid A. Lubrasky had been sentenced 

to five years in labor camp for anti-Soviet activities, dissident sources 

in Moscow said. (AP, H Post, 11/1/72) 

During October: Lunar Science Institute released Post-Apollo Lunar 

Science, report of July study by LSI scientists who met at Univ. of California at San Diego. Study had examined progress in lunar science, 

identified objectives for future work and drafted preliminary plan for 

long-term lunar science. Major recommendations were that NASA continue to “preserve and describe the samples, data, and photographs, 

and to make them available to the scientific community” through 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory at Manned Spacecraft Center ; that Apollo 

lunar surface experiment package ( ALSEP) network and subsatellite be 

operated continuously as long as they provided significant new findings; that selected raw photographic observations be processed to 

obtain usable scientific product; that lunar science program be continued at “substantial” level; that advisory panels be continued and 

augmented to emphasize geophysical and photographic data analysis ; 

and that “small, selective program of mission planning be maintained” 

concurrently with instrument definition program “to provide the desired 

continuity between the present and the future.” LSI also recommended 

high priority for high-inclination orbital mission to determine geophysical, geochemical, and geological variables on planetwide scale, 

and joint and multinational lunar missions. (Text) 

* Tests of resistant characteristics of new space-age materials for furnishings in buildings and homes were conducted for NASA by Battelle 

Corp. Study included controlled experimental burning of prefabricated 

rooms containing furnishings treated with fire-resistant and fireretardant materials. Tests would determine ignition time, fire-spread 

rate, smoke density, heat movement, chemical analyses, combustion 

products, and fire-fighting problems that arose. Purpose of program 

was to provide training for metropolitan firemen and new fire-safety 

data. (NASA Release 72-200) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics released For the Benefit 

of All Mankind: The Practical Returns from Space Investment. Updated 

report of spinoff dividends from space exploration covered application 

of space technology to communications, weather forecasting, business 

and industry, management, agriculture, environment, aeronautics, education, medicine, home and marketplace, and municipal and urban 

affairs and in foreign countries. Committee concluded that dividends 

were “fallout of ingenious application of space flight experience.’’ 

Dividends already paid, “coupled with those in sight for the near-term 

future, affect practically every facet of human convenience and concern. They promise continuing and increasing return on OW space 

investment for the benefit of mankind.” (H Rpt 92-1452) 

368 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During October 

* Results of U.S.S.R. research of Mars as released by Soviet press were 

summarized by Znteravia. Initial analysis of data collected by Mars 2 

and 3 (launched May 19 and May 28, 1971) spacecraft during interplanetary flight had indicated large variations in composition of 

interplanetary plasma ions at 20 million km (12.5 million mi) from 

earth. Data had also revealed new information on distribution of solar 

plasma around solar system and its relationship with interplanetary 

and terrestrial magnetic fields. No magnetic field had been detected 

near Mars, indicating possible lack of liquid core. 

Orbits of spacecraft had been selected to cover areas of Martian 

surface difficult to investigate from earth-central latitudes of southern 

hemisphere to 65” south, equatorial zone, and northern hemisphere 

to 29’ north. During Martian orbit infrared radiometer data had 

shown certain areas of surface to be definitely warmer than immediate 

surroundings, indicating possible volcanic activity. 

Mars 2 and 3 had found steam content in Martian atmosphere to 

be 2000 times less than that existing in terrestrial atmosphere. At times 

precipitated water could be 50 micrometers; at others, less than 10. 

Since photos taken by NASA’s Mariner 9 revealed impressive valleys 

which could have been formed by erosion, Soviet scientists had 

theorized that higher temperatures and pressures, sufficient to produce 

water in liquid form, existed on Mars in previous era. Very sharp 

differences in planet’s brightness, never before observed from earth, 

were observed by visible range photometer. Data were collected from 

measurement of radio-wave reflection. 

After landing, scientific results from Mars 2 and 3 had been meager. 

Mars 2 had hardlanded a capsule on Mars Nov. 27, 1971. Photos and 

measurements by Mars 3 (which softlanded a capsule Dec. 2, 1971) 

had indicated a dust cloud 6 to 8 km (4 to 5 mi) thick covering landing area, leading to speculation that either dust storms had raged 

over area and caused capsule to land incorrectly or capsule had 

sunk into dust layer. 

Soviet Academician Anatoly A. Blagonravov had said U.S.S.R. 

planned to use 1973 launch windows if program of Martian exploration 

continued as planned. (Znteravia, 10/72,113941; GSFC SSR, 1/31/73) 

* Erts 1 Earth Resources Technology Satellite, launched by NASA July 23, 

was regarded by scientists as “most significant unmanned satellite ever 

put into space,” Aerospace Facts reported. More than 300 independent 

investigators were examining photos and data being returned by 

Erts 1. Investigators were from 43 states, District of Columbia, 31 

foreign countries, and 2 international organizations. (Aerospace Facts, 

10-12/72,1) 

* First complete monitoring by Navy satellite of effects on earth‘s atmosphere of major, long-duration solar flare was reported by Office of 

Naval Research‘s Naval Research Reviews. Preliminary data from 

experiment aboard Dept. of Defense Space Test Program satellite 

Sesp 1971-2 (launched by Air Force Oct. 17, 1971) had shown Aug. 

2-7 solar flare had produced more intense bombardment of earth by 

plasma showers than any previously watched by satellites. Data would 

aid Navy scientists in understanding effects of solar storms on polar 

radio communications and auroral and polar cap phenomena. ( ONR 

Naval Research Reviews, 10/72, 30-31) 

369 
During October ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* Panel of Geophysics Research Board of National Research Council 

released Summary Report of the Ad Hoc Panel on (NO,) and the 

Ozone Layer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration had 

asked Panel to review paper by Univ. of California at Berkeley physicist 

Dr. Harold S. Johnston [see Aug. 11 and to consider research to 

resolve uncertainties that existed in Dr. Johnston’s hypothesis that 

nitrogen oxides from exhausts of supersonic transport aircraft could 

have destructive effects on ozone concentration. Uncertainties existed 

because dynamic processes might distort chemical equilibrium model 

based on static atmosphere, rates of some reactions in scheme of 

chemical kinetics might not be known, and estimations of SST engine 

exhaust products seemed uncertain to order of magnitude, at least. 

Panel had concluded: “There appears to be general agreement that 

Harold Johnston’s conclusions . . . are credible, but with the reservations cited.” Possibility of serious effects on the normal ozone could 

not be dismissed. “To the extent that existing information permits, 

Johnston has done a very careful and detailed analysis.” It was evident 

that we suffer from serious ignorance of many fundamental aspects 

of the chemistry and dynamics of the stratosphere when we attempt to 

make quantitative assessments of the pollution consequences of highaltitude aircraft operations.” ( NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 10/72, 2) 

* National Research Council announced formation, at Dept. of Transportation request, of NRC Committee on the Department of Transportation 

Climatic Assessment Program. Committee, chaired by Dr. Henry G. 

Booker of Univ. of California at San Diego, would examine need for 

studies of effects of aircraft nitrogen-oxide emissions on earth’s ozone 

layer; atmospheric dynamics, physics, and chemistry; nature of prospective emissions into stratosphere; and biological effects on earth of 

stratospheric activities. ( NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 10/72, 2) 

Communications Satellite Corp. released At the 10th Anniversary of the 

Communications Satellite Act of 1962: Comsat Report to the President 

and the Congress. Transmittal message dated Aug. 27-10th anniversary of Senate passage of Act-by ComSatCorp President Joseph V. 

Charyk and Board Chairman Joseph H. McConnell said 83-member 

International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium ( INTELSAT ) 

was operating successfully under ComSatCorp management. Satellite 

services had been provided to developing and developed countries, 

efficient and economical use was being made of electromagnetic frequency spectrum, and improved communications services were being 

provided at reduced charges. ComSatCorp believed “it is fulfilling its 

mandate successfully, and . . . progress is beyond what many expected 

10 years ago:” Report said regular full-time commercial satellite services 

were being provided globally by four satellites of Intelsat IV series and 

by network of 71 earth stations administered by 44 countries. Some 

80 countries, territories, and possessions were being served directly, 

full time. Service was provided via more than 200 communications 

paths. (Text) 

* TRW Inc. Systems Group Div., Hughes Aircraft Co., and Philco-Ford 

Corp. submitted proposals in competition conducted for North Atlantic 

Treaty Organization (NATO) by Air Force Space and Missiles Systems 

Organization ( SAMSO). Competition was for development of NATO 

Phase 3 communications satellite program. (Av Wk, 10/30/72, 17) 

370 

(6 
November 1972 

November 1 : U.S.S.R. launched eight Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk 

with single booster. 

Cosmos 528 entered orbit with 1469-km (912.8-mi) apogee, 1368-km 

(850.1-mi) perigee, 114.1-min period, and 74.0” inclination. 

Cosmos 529 entered orbit with 1469-km (912.8-mi) apogee, 1404-km 

(872.4-mi) perigee, 114.5-min period, and 74.0” inclination. 

Cosmos 530 entered orbit with 1469-km (912.8-mi) apogee, 1335-km 

(829.5-mi) perigee, 113.8-min period, and 74.0’ inclination. 

Cosmos 531 entered orbit with 1471-km (914.0-mi) apogee, 1423-km 

(884.2-mi) perigee, 114.7-min period, and 74.0” inclination. 

Cosmos 532 entered orbit with 1469-km (912.8-mi) apogee, 1302-km 

(809.0-mi) perigee, 113.4-min period, and 74.0’ inclination. 

Cosmos 533 entered orbit with 1470-km (913.4-mi) apogee, 1318-km 

(819.0-mi) perigee, 113.6-min period, and 74.0’ inclination. 

Cosmos 534 entered orbit with 1469-km (912.8-mi) apogee, 1351-km 

(839.5-mi) perigee, 113.9-min period, and 74.0’ inclination. 

Cosmos 535 entered orbit with 1470-km (913.4-mi) apogee, 1386-km 

(861.2-mi) perigee, 114.3-min period, and 74.0’ inclination. 

Last U.S.S.R. eight-payload launch had been on July 20. Western 

specialists speculated that launches were part of global military communications satellite program. ( GSFC SSR, 11/31/72; SBD, 11/2/72,2; 

Shabad, NYT, 11/2/72,11) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body completed 21st flight from Flight Research 

Center after air-launch from B-52 aircraft. Flight objectives were to 

check out pilot, John A. Manke, and to obtain stability and control 

data at mach 1.1 and mach 0.9 for stability augmentation systems only. 

Flight objectives were achieved. Vehicle reached 21 600-m (71 000-ft) 

altitude and mach 1.24. (NASA proj off) 

0 Doomed civilization theory was disputed by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA 

Administrator, in speech at Carnegie Institute Museum of Art in 

Pittsburgh. Speech was part of Man and Idea Series sponsored by 

museum’s Women’s Committee. “I think these views overlook the very 

center of civilization-man himself, his intellect and his capacity to 

learn and act, and thereby retain in some great measure control over 

his own destiny.” Goal of space program was to “place the tools of 

planetary management into the hands of man.” Rather than barrier or 

constraint, space had become to man “a natural extension of his 

sphere of activity. I do not see this as ephemeral or temporary; I 

believe that, both physically and intellectually, our operating environment has been permanently expanded. This is a real contribution to 

the human spirit.” Human spirit was difficult to define; “it is measured 

by attitudes and aspirations and mature expectations. Our space experience, in the fourteen years past, has given us all a different-and 

better-view of the future. In a very real sense, the future is already 

here; we must learn to recognize it and live in it responsibly.” (Text) 

371 
November 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* NASA launched two sounding rockets from Wallops Station. Nike-Apache 

carried Univ. of Illinois payload containing Geiger counter, Langmuir 

probe, magnetic aspect sensor, and radio propagation experiment to 

195-km (121.2-mi) altitude. Super Arcas carried Pennsylvania State 

Univ. payload containing electrometer to 78.9-km (49.3-mi) altitude. 

Primary purpose of flights was to study ionosphere near local midnight under disturbed magnetic conditions, with emphasis on role of 

energetic electrons as ionization source. Rockets and instrumentation 

performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

NASA announced selection of Xerox Data Systems for contract negotiations 

to provide central data-handling facility and remote terminals for 

Atmosphere Explorer (AE) C, D, and E program. Atmosphere 

Explorers, 450-kg (l0Slb) spacecraft, were to be launched by ThorDelta rockets into elliptical earth orbit between autumn 1973 and 

summer 1976 to study chemical processes and energy transfer mechanisms that controlled structure and behavior of earth’s atmosphere and 

ionosphere. Project was managed by Goddard Space Flight Center 

under direction of Office of Space Science. (NASA Release 72-212) 

* Retirement of Dr. Fred L. Whipple as Director of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory-eff ective July 1, 1973-was announced by 

Dr. S. Dillon Ripley 11, Secretary of Smithsonian Institution. Dr. 

Whipple would be succeeded by Dr. George B. Field, professor of 

astronomy at Harvard College Observatory. Director of SAO since 

1955, Dr. Whipple received President’s Distinguished Federal Civilian 

Service Medal in 1963 for leadership in developing Baker-Nunn satellite tracking camera and optical trackin network that had gathered 

nationally for studies of moon, meteors, and comets, he would become 

a senior scientist at Smithsonian. (Smithsonian Release; NYT, 11/5/72, 

12; 6/13/63, 21; Green, Lomask, Vanguard--A History, SP4202) 

* President Nixon signed ratification of Convention for the Suppression 

of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation and urged 

prompt action on other measures to combat international terrorism. 

Convention required extradition or prosecution of persons committing 

sabotage or violence against international civil aviation. Other measures 

were draft convention for prosecution or extradition of persons who 

attacked foreign officials, convention suspending air service to countries who failed to punish or extradite aircraft hijackers or saboteurs, 

and convention requiring prosecution or extradition of persons who 

injured, kidnaped, or killed innocent civilians to blackmail any state 

or international organization. (PD, 11/6/72, 1608) 

American Astronautical Society presented its 1971 awards 

and honored newly elected fellows at Washington, D.C., luncheon. 

Flight Achievement Award was presented to Apollo 14 Astronauts 

Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, and Edgar B. Mitchell for 

“achievements in flight testing which have contributed significantly 

to the advancement of manned space flight.’’ Lloyd V. Berkner Award 

was presented to Willard F. Rockwell, Chairman and Chief Executive 

Officer of North American Rockwell Corp., for “outstanding contributions to the commercial utilization of space technology.” Space Flight 

Award went to Joseph G. Gavin, Jr., Grumman Aerospace Corp. 

data since launch of world’s first sate % ite in 1957. Known interNovember 2: 

372 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 2 

President, for “outstanding efforts and achievements which have contributed significantly to the advancement of space flight and space 

science.” 

Victor A. Prather Award was presented jointly to Robert E. Breeding 

of United Aircraft Corp. Space Systems Dept. and Leonard F. Shepard 

of ILC Industries, Inc., for “outstanding contributions in . . . extravehicular protection in space.” Randolph Lovelace I1 Award went to 

Dr. Maxime A. Faget, Manned Spacecraft Center Director of Engineering and Development, for “outstanding contributions in space technology.” Melbourne W. Boynton Award for “significant research contributions to space flight safety” was presented to Dr. Willard R. 

Hawkins, Deputy Director for Medical Operations at MSC, and Dr. 

Harald J. von Beckh, Naval Air Development Center Director for 

Medical Research. Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and 

Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan were among newly elected Fellows. 

(US Release) 

* British Interplanetary Society statement expressing urgent need for 

United Kingdom space authority was forwarded by BIS to British 

Prime Minister. Space responsibilities in U.K. traditionally had been 

divided among several ministries. “There is not a British space programme as such, but only an assemblage of user projects co-ordinated 

by some undisclosed Cabinet machinery, which does not lead to any 

publicly discernible positive line of policy in relation to space as a 

whole.” Statement urged immediate establishment of U.K. National 

Space quthority to plan and coordinate scientific, commercial, and 

social aspects of space development and act as liaison point with 

government departments responsible for telecommunications, meteorology, environment, aeronautics, marine affairs, and education and with 

international agencies. (Text) 

* Boosted Arcas I launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range 

carried Univ. of Houston payload to 57-km (35.4-mi) altitude. Primary 

objective was to supplement comprehensive investigation of auroral 

zone disturbances conducted by Black Brant carrying Univ. of Texas 

payload and launched 60 sec later. Secondary objective was to study 

auroral phenomena in region above altitude already investigated, using 

balloons, and below altitude investigated, using rockets. Rocket and 

instrumentation performed nominally although one of two telemetry 

receivers provided marginal response. Recovery could not be effected 

because winds blew payload over Hudson Bay. 

NASA Black Brant, launched from Churchill Research Range 60 sec 

after Boosted Arcas, reached 240-km { 149.1-mi) altitude. Primary 

objective of Univ. of Texas payload was to provide complete data on 

auroral precipitation events, analyze particle spectrum over wide 

energy range and observe spectrum in and above aurora, and observe 

optical emissions and ionospheric parameters. Rocket performed 

nominally but only one of nine experiments was successful because of 

faulty nosecone ejection mechanism. Nosecone did not deploy until 

descent portion of trajectory. Payload was recovered. (NASA Rpt sRL; 

NASA proj off) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 536 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

543-km (337.4-mi) apogee, 517-km (321.3-mi) perigee, 95.2-min 

period, and 74.0’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 11/31/72; SBD, 11/15/72,1) 

November 3: 

373 
November 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

NASA achievements in 1972 were reviewed by Dr. James C. Fletcher, 

NASA Administrator, in letter to staff. NASA had received “great vote 

of confidence from the President, the Congress, and the country” in 

assignment to develop space shuttle. Assignment had been “most 

appropriate” in year when Apollo program would be concluded and 

was “a new challenge . . . worthy of the one we are about to complete.” 

Year 1972 had also been one of “great decision” because in NASA FY 

1973 budget “we have also won approval for the concept of a wellrounded space program, with funding for significant progress in all 

major fields of space activity during this decade. We will stress practical benefits from spacecraft in Earth orbit in this decade and the 

next. But we will also build greatly improved spacecraft to study the 

universe from Earth orbit and to explore throughout the solar system.” 

NASA might be “moving faster with a bigger budget, but I don’t see 

how we could be doing a better job.” (NASA Activities, 11/15/72,224) 

Large Space Telescope (LST) status briefing was held at Marshall Space 

Flight Center for representatives of potential industry participants in 

program to develop multipurpose telescope for launch by space shuttle 

in 1980s. LST feasibility studies would end in December. NASA expected 

to invite industry proposals on preliminary design and definition phase 

in early 1973. LST would operate from earth orbit to pick up galaxies 

100 times fainter than those observed by most powerful ground-based 

optical telescopes. It would weigh maximum 11 000 kg (25 000 lbs) 

and have diffraction-limited mirror with 3-m (lo-ft) diameter. (MSFC 

Release 72-142) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from White Sands Missile 

Range carried Univ. of Colorado payload containing six ultraviolet 

photometers and telemetry transmitter to 123-km (77-mi) altitude. 

Flight objective was to measure variation with altitude of atomic 

oxygen at night and to determine spectral distribution of night-glow 

continuum in altitude region between 85 and 110 km (53 and 68 mi). 

Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* Academician Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, met with President Nixon at White House during visit to US. 

sponsored by National Academy of Sciences President, Dr. Philip 

Handler. (PD, 11/6/72, 1617) 

Selection of Dr. Manson Benedict, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

nuclear physicist, to receive Enrico Fermi Award for 1972 was 

announced by Dr. James R. Schlesinger, Chairman of Atomic Energy 

Commission. President Nixon had approved nomination. President had 

informed Dr. Benedict that award was being given “in recognition of 

your pioneering leadership in the development of the Nation’s first 

gaseous diffusion plant, while paying equal tribute to your imaginative 

contributions in the development of the nuclear reactor and its safe 

use for generation of electrical power.” (AEC Release P-366) 

President Nixon, in foreign policy speech over nationwide 

radio, referred to US.-U.S.S.R. agreements signed during May 22-29 

MOSCOW summit meetings: “We agreed . . . to cooperate in protecting 

the environment, explore in space, fight disease. This means the day 

is fast approaching when a Russian cosmonaut and an American 

astronaut will shake hands in space, when a Russian chemist and an 

American biologist will work side by side to find a cure for cancer, 

November 4: 

374 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 4 

and each time our nations join hands in the works of peace, we advance 

the day when nations will no longer raise their hands in warfare.” 

(PD, 11/13/72, 163941) 

* Protocol on agreement between National Academy of Sciences and Soviet 

Academy of Sciences for further development of scientific cooperation 

was signed in New York by. NAS President, Dr. Philip Handler, and 

Soviet Academy President Mstislav V. Keldysh. Protocol agreed on 

planning 50% increase in interacademy exchange program and increasing interacademy cooperative research program. Parties had agreed 

to expand joint research after noting “that their efforts had already 

encouraged the development of the US-Soviet cooperation toward compatible docking mechanisms for space vehicles and other cooperation 

in space activities, organization of the International Institute for 

Applied Systems Analysis, as well as cooperation in very long base 

interferometry in radio, astronomy, oceanography, and other fields.” 

(Text ) 

NASA launched Nike-Apache sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, carrying Univ. of Colorado aeronomy experiment. Rocket and 

instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* Suspension in near-earth orbit of huge cosmic reflector to reflect sun’s 

rays onto area of earth’s surface with radius of more than 300 km 

(200 mi) had been discussed by Soviet Cosmonaut Vladimir A. 

Shatalov in Krasnayu Zvezda (Red Star) article, Tass reported. By 

concentrating sun’s rays on definite sector of earth’s surface, Shatalov 

had said, local temperature could be raised in various sections of 

earth. “Thus, an opportunity is opening up to control the climate.” 

(FBIS-SOV, 11/4/72, L1) 

Eight nations had reserved satellite TV coverage time for 53 separate 

broadcasts on US. elections, according to Communications Satellite 

Corp. (AP, NYT, 11/5/72,83) 

NASA announced it had asked Dept. of Health, Education, 

and Welfare to help select community for 1975 field-testing of NASA’s 

integrated medical and behavioral laboratory measurement system 

( IMBLMS) . Test would appraise technical requirements for remote 

health care during long-duration space missions. If successful, it would 

also provide information and techniques to improve health care and 

medical services to remote earth areas. Data received at control center 

would enable physicians to diagnose conditions and prescribe treatment to trained paramedics at remote site. Joint NASA-HEW Site Selection Working Group had developed requirements for test site. Group 

would evaluate community applications received by Dec. 4. Final 

decision on site would be made by about Dec. 5. (NASA Release 72-210) 

Legislation to rename Jet Propulsion Laboratory as H. Allen Smith Jet 

Propulsion Laboratory effective Jan. 4 [see Oct. 211 had set off negative 

reaction, Los Angeles Times reported. “General feeling” among JPL 

scientists and engineers was that Laboratory and its work should not 

be involved with politics. Protest petition had been signed by 210 

students of California Institute of Technology, which operated Laboratory for NASA. Cal Tech officials were surprised and concerned at not 

having been consulted about change and planned to talk to Government 

officials in Washington, D.C. (LA Times, 11/5/72) 

November 5: 

375 
November 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Spokesman for Cape Kennedy local of International Alliance of Theatrical 

and Stage Employees said Boeing Co. officials had defied union demands 

to submit wage dispute to Federal arbitrators. Attorney Bernard 

Mamet said 60 members of local had vowed to walk out by Dec. 5 

if their request was denied. He said Boeing had halted negotiations in 

eight-month dispute and had refused to resume talks before Nov. 14. 

Boeing technical writers were asking at least partial restoration of 

April 1971 wage cut. Dispute had raised “slim threat” of walkout on 

eve of Apollo 17 launch, Orlando Sentinel said later. Sympathy strike 

by other locals of union could cause “serious problems.” (0 Sen, 

11/8/72) 

November 6: NASA selection of five potential landing sites on Mars for 

two unmanned Viking spacecraft in summer 1976 was announced by 

Dr. S. Ichtiaque Rasool, Deputy Director of Planetary Programs, in 

telephone interview. NASA also released Mariner 9 photos of sitestwo at edge of Nix Olympica slopes, another near slopes of three 

smaller volcanoes north of canyons along Martian equator, fourth on 

desert plain, and fifth in region of ffattened craters at edge of highland 

terrain. Observations from Mariner 9 (launched May 30, 1971) had 

shown sites were low, relatively warm regions, possibly moist, where 

life form was most likely to be discovered. Prime objective of Viking 

missions was to determine if Mars harbored life or potential for life. 

In choosing sites, project scientists had eliminated nearly one third 

of Mars because of high elevations. In mountainous regions, Viking 

parachutes would not have sufficient atmosphere to brake spacecraft 

descent. Scientists also had rejected areas where surface appeared too 

soft for spacecraft landing, too hard for retrieval of soil samples, or so 

steep that spacecraft might tip over on landing. Attention had centered 

November 6: Selection of five potential landing sites on Mars for WASA’S two un- manned Viking spacecraft in 1976 was announced. The map showing the sites was based on photos televised from Manner 9, launched May 30, 1971, and in orbit around 

Mars since Nov. 13, 1972. All the sites were fairly smooth areas near scientifically 

interesting geological features and were in regions of the planet where warmer temperatures and greater likelihood of water increased chances of finding evidence of life. 

The first map of the entire globe of Mars, prepared by the US. Geological Survey 

from 1500 of 7000 photos taken by Mariner 9, was published Nov. 27. 

376 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 6 

on broad Mars equatorial band with brightest sunlight and highest 

temperatures, which increased chance of finding water vapor in atmosphere and thus of finding biological activity. Landing zones were 

about 65 km (40 mi) wide and 650 km (400 mi) long. Precise sites 

would be selected after further analysis of Mariner 9 photos. U.S. and 

Soviet scientists ‘would meet during winter to compare Mars landing 

targets. There was “no use in landing on top of each, other. We would 

also like to optimize the coverage of Mars.” (Wilford, NYT, 11/7/72, 

61; NASA PIO) 

* U.S.S.R. award of $1-million contract to ITT Space Communications for 

earth station equipment for new Kremlin-White House satellite communications rink was announced by parent firm International Telephone & Telegraph Corp. Existing hotline was direct WashingtonMoscow teleprinter link for transmission of top-priority government 

messages. ITT Space Communications would provide orientation and 

training for Soviet personnel. U.S.S.R. would provide antenna structure. 

( ITT Release) 0 European space activity was reported by Aviation Week & Space 

Technology: Dornier Aeros satellite had been cleared for December 

launch by NASA. Integration of Helios solar research satellite prototype 

would begin in early 1973 at Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm’s Ottobrunn 

facility. First Helios was scheduled for mid-1974 launch by NASA, 

to fly within 37 million km (23 million mi) of sun. Second launch 

was planned for 1975. (Av Wk, 11/6/72, 9) 

Air Force Systems Command successfully completed two subsystem tests 

of new high-altitude supersonic target ( HAST) missile at its Armament 

Development and Test Center at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. Tests over 

Gulf of Mexico used lightweight prototype target. First test was aerial 

recovery of HAST recovery test vehicle; payload test vehicle was 

towed by F4 Phantom aircraft in second test. HAST was highly 

maneuverable target missile with mach 4 speed and 10 000- to 30 000-m 

(35 000- to 100 000-ft) altitude. First powered missile would be 

delivered to ADTC in December. (AFSC Newsreview, 12/72, 3) 

Annual Revolution Day parade in Moscow featured only 

muted display of military power. One of leading floats reproduced 

Pravda headline requesting public support for U.S.-U.S.S.R. agreements signed during year. Politburo members, led by Communist 

Party Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev, reviewed display but only speaker 

was Defense Minister Andrey Grechko, who called for “peaceful 

coexistence of states with different social systems.” No new weapons 

were shown. (Seeger, LA Times, 11/8/72, 19) 

* Unidentified Administration officials told New York Times there was 

evidence that People’s Republic of China had deployed strategic missiles 

capable of reaching Moscow. Missiles were said to have 5600-km 

(3500-mi) range, carry 3-megaton warheads,, and be installed in well 

protected launching sites. Times said officials had declined to reveal 

source of evidence but paper surmised source to be reconnaissance 

satellite. (Beecher, NYT, 11/8/72, 67) 

November 7-8: Goddard Space Flight Center sponsored symposium 

“Significant Accomplishments in Technology” at Greenbelt, Md. Fiftytwo papers covered spacecraft and vehicle technology, sensor technology, ground operations, and communications and navigation. Robert 

November 7: 

377 
November 7-8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

J. Goss of GSFC reported design changes had increased Thor-Delta 

launch vehicle performance while maintaining reliability and low cost. 

Payload that could be placed in synchronous transfer orbit would have 

increased from 45 kg (100 lbs) in 1960 to 680 kg (1500 lbs) when 

H-1 booster was operational in 1974. Joseph Arlauskas of GSFC described multispectral scanner in orbit on Erts l, launched July 23, that 

permitted simultaneous imaging in three visible bands and one nearinfrared, to provide data for management of environmental resources. 

GSFC also sponsored symposium “Significant Accomplishments in 

Science” on high-energy and solar astronomy ; optical and ultraviolet 

astronomy ; planetary, lunar, and cometary studies ; earth observations ; 

and earth physics. Dr. John A. Philpotts of GSFC reported that three 

years study of lunar samples from Apollo and U.S.S.R. Luna missions 

showed essentially three kinds of rocks: iron-rich basalts in mare 

basins, KREEP basalts in Mare Imbrium and Oceanus Procellarum, 

and anorthosites in highlands. He thought there was enough material 

in hand “to work out the origin of these . . . rocks, and from that, 

the evolution of the moon and its relation to other solar system 

materials.” (Proceedings, NASA SP-326, SP-331) 

Operational control of Nom 2 Improved Tiros operational 

weather satellite, launched by NASA Oct. 15, was officially transferred 

to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Environmental 

Satellite Service. (NASA Release 72-221) 0 NASA announced signing of $64.-million, cost-plus-fixed-fee award-fee contract with North American Rockwell Corp. for design, development, 

and test of docking module, docking system, and modification of 

Apollo command and service module (CSM) for Apollo-Soyuz Test 

Project. Hardware would be used in joint US.-U.S.S.R. rendezvous 

and docking mission scheduled for summer of 1975. (NASA Release 

* Designation of two new, lightweight, fighter prototype aircraft as YF-16 

and YF-17 was announced by Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. 

Seamans, Jr. YF-16, powered by one Pratt & Whitney FlOO turbofan 

engine, had swept-wing, under-fuselage inlet, single vertical tail, and 

forebody strakes. YF-17, powered by two General Electric YJlOl 

turbojet engines, had twin tail, highly-swept-wing leading-edge extensions, and underwing side fuselage inlets. Both aircraft were expected 

to fly in early 1974. Air Force had no commitment to production. 

( DOD Release 763-72) 

United Kingdom Minister for Aerospace Michael R. D. Heseltine, at 

Paris meeting of science ministers of European Space Conference 

countries, urged creation of European space agency to achieve common 

policy as prerequisite for participation in post-Apollo space program. 

NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, carrying Goddard Space Flight Center payload to measure 

spectrum of planetary atmosphere. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Appointment of Dr. Robert L. Hirsch, Acting Director of Atomic Energy 

Commission’s Div. of Controlled Thermonuclear Research, to position 

of Director was announced by AEC. Dr. Hirsch would succeed Dr. 

Roy W. Gould, who had returned to Massachusetts Institute of TechNovember 8: 

72-2 18 ) 

(SE; 1/73,1) 

378 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1972 November 8 

nology in August. Dr. Hirsch would direct program to develop major 

new and environmentally attractive source of energy from nuclear 

fusion reactions. (AEC Release P-368) * LOS Angeles Times editorial criticized Jet Propulsion Laboratory name 

change: “While the alteration may meet with some approval in parts 

of the 20th Congressional District, it has gone over with a thud at the 

laboratory and on the Pasadena campus of Caltech.” Scientists and 

teachers were asking “why the nonpolitical space lab has to be saddled 

with the name of a retiring congressman, especially one with no 

distinction in the technology of space . . . . Congress could reconsider; 

it should.” (LA Times, 11/8/72) 

November 9-1 5: Canadian Domestic Communications Satellite (Telesat-A ) -named Anik I, Eskimo for brother-was launched successfully 

at 8:14 pm EST by NASA from Eastern Test Range on three-stage, longtank, thrust-augmented Thor-Delta launch vehicle. Anik 1 was placed in 

highly elliptical transfer orbit with apogee of 36 470 km (22 661.4 mi) ; 

perigee, 188.9 km (117.4 mi) ; inclination, 26.9’. After checkout and 

reorientation of spacecraft, apogee kick motor on board Anik 1 was 

fired at 3:55 pm EST Nov. 13, bringing spacecraft into near synchronous circular orbit with 36 508-km (22 658-mi) apogee, 35 822-km 

(22 258.8-mi) perigee, 1455-min period, and 0.4” inclination and 

drifting to final operating position in synchronous equatorial orbit off 

west coast of South America. 

Under contract between NASA and Telesat Canada, NASA mission 

objective was to place Anik I in orbit of sufficient accuracy to allow 

onboard propulsion systems to place spacecraft in stationary synchronous orbit while retaining sufficient station-keeping propulsion to 

meet mission lifetime requirements. Objective was met; mission was 

adjudged successful Nov. 15. 

Launch was first on Thor-Delta “straight eight” launch vehicle, so 

called because diameter was eight feet for all three stages including 

fairing. Previous Thor-Deltas had been tapered at joint of first and 

second stage. New design allowed Delta to launch new generation of 

larger volume spacecraft. Flight was also first with nine solid-fuel 

thrust-augmentation rockets from Cape Kennedy. Third stage was 

TG3644 solid-fueled motor. 

Anik 1-first of two-was built by Hughes Aircraft Co. under 

contract with Telesat and designed to provide transmission of TV, 

voice, and data throughout Canada for seven years. It would provide 

10 color TV channels or up to 9600 telephone circuits. System could 

distribute analog or digital signals with overall performance comparable to that of terrestrial methods. Spacecraft, 1.8 m in diameter 

and 3.4 m high (6 by 11 ft), weighed 540 kg (1200 Ibs) at launch 

and 270 kg (600 lbs) in orbit. Electronics system was powered by 

23 000 solar cells, with onboard battery capacity to maintain service 

during sun eclipse. 

Telesat Canada would reimburse NASA for cost of launch vehicle 

and services. Goddard Space Flight Center managed project for NASA 

Office of space Science. (NASA proj off; NASA Release 72-206; GSFC 

Operations Center Br) 

Air Force launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg 

Air Force Base on Thor-Burner I1 into orbit with 879-km (546-mi) 

November 9: 

379 
November 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

apogee, 824-km (512-mi) perigee, 101.5-min period, and 98.6” inclination. (Pres Rpt 73; SBD, 11/16/70, 70) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body completed 22nd flight at Flight Research 

Center after air-launch from B-52 aircraft. Flight objectives were to 

check out pilot, Cecil Powell, and to obtain stability and control data 

at mach 0.70. Both objectives were achieved. Vehicle reached 14 300-m 

(47000-ft) altitude and mach 0.70 on flight using two chambers of 

four-chamber rocket engine. (NASA proj off) 

Erts 1 Earth Resources Technology Satellite, launched by NASA July 23, 

was adjudged a success. Mission had accomplished primary objective, 

acquisition of synoptic, multispectral repetitive images for three-month 

period. By Oct. 24 Erts 1 had obtained data which equaled or exceeded 

quantity and quality required. Data would be used for investigations in 

agriculture, forestry resources, mineral and land resources, and environment and for mapping and charting. (NASA proj off) 

a Impact of large meteorite on moon’s far side had provided first evidence 

suggesting moon still had molten core, Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal 

investigator for Apollo seismic experiments, said in press interview at 

Univ. of Texas. Data were preliminary and fragmentary but “I hope 

we’ll be able to confirm or reject this core hypothesis in a month or 

so.” Impact had been recorded July 17 by all four seismometers left 

on moon by Apollo astronauts but had not been discovered until 

recently because of delays in examining telemetry reports from instruments. Meteorite’s size had not yet been determined but it “probably 

was larger than the ‘whopper’ recorded in May.” Meteorite which 

impacted moon May 13 had been largest since seismometers began 

functioning in 1969. Seismic signals from July 17 impact had had 

“funny focusing effect that could be explained by a core.” (Rossiter, 

W Star & News, 11/10/72, A3) 

a United Nations General Assembly adopted, by vote of 102 to 1 with 7 

abstentions, resolution to prepare international convention on principles 

governing use of artificial earth satellites for direct TV broadcasting. 

US. cast opposing vote; U.S.S.R. and 11 other nations that voted 

against similar measure in U.N. First Committee Oct. 20 voted for 

General Assembly’s resolution. Resolution noted “need to prevent the 

conversion of direct television broadcasting into a source of international conflict and of aggravation of the relations among States and 

to protect the sovereignty of States from any external interference.” 

US. Representative Robert C. Tyson said main reasons for US. 

opposition were that decision overlooked potential in direct satellite 

broadcasting for “furthering understanding among peoples” and 

importance of that potential to U.N. and did not sufficiently emphasize 

central importance of the “free flow of information and ideas in the 

modern world.” (Dept of State Bull, 12/11/72,691-2; NYT, 11/10/72, 

16; SF, 3/73, 93) 

NASA held 14th Annual Awards Ceremony in Washington, D.C. Guest 

speaker Caspar W. Weinberger, Director of Office of Management and 

Budget, said: “A country needs-even a country as great as Americato be reminded of its greatness from time to time. And that is the 

thing of overwhelming importance that NASA has done . . . . They have 

reminded us, at a time when we desperately need it, of our greatness. 

They have taken us out of the aura of self-criticism and of doubt . . . 

380 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 9 

and given us a set of accomplishments that will be not only very hard 

to match, but a set of accomplishments in which every one of us . . . should take enormous pride.” 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, presented Outstanding 

Leadership Medal to Leonard Jaffe, Acting Director of Earth Observation Programs, for management of Earth Resources Survey program. 

He presented NASA Distinguished Service Medal to Dr. William R. 

Lucas, Marshall Space Flight Center Deputy Director, for exceptional 

contributions to Apollo program; to Richard C. McCurdy, Associate 

Administrator for Organization and Management, and Dr. Hans Mark, 

Ames Research Center Director, for management achievements; and 

to Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of Manned Spacecraft Center’s Planetary 

and Earth Sciences Div., for Apollo science achievements. Secretary 

of the Interior Rogers C. B. Morton presented posthumous medal for 

Dr. William T. Pecora, late Under Secretary of the Interior, to Mrs. 

Pecora. Award was in recognition of work on Earth Resources Observation Systems ( EROS) program. 

Distinguished Public Service Medal was presented to Dr. Riccardo 

Giacconi of American Science and Engineering, Inc., for work on 

cosmic rays and to Dr. Gerald J. Wasserburg, Cal Tech physicist, for 

work on lunar samples. Third awardee, Dr. Brian O’Brien, physicist 

on NASA Space Program Advisory Council, was unable to be present. 

Group Achievement Award was presented to Atlas Centaur Project 

Team, Hq., Lewis Research Center, and Kennedy Space Center; Deep 

Space Maser Development Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Digital 

Fly-by-Wire Project Team, Flight Research Center; Earth Resources 

Technology Satellite Project Team, Goddard Space Flight Center ; 

Oao 3 Project Team, ARC, GSFC, KSC, and JPL; Pioneer 6-9 Project 

Team, Hq.; Quiet Engine Team, LeRC; and Space Shuttle Technology 

Project Team, Hq. Other awards included Exceptional Service Medal 

to 41 persons and Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal to 20. 

(Program; NASA Activities, 12/15/72, 245; NASA Hist Off; Huntsville Times, 11/9/72) 

National Public Affairs Center for TV began poll of 223 public TV 

station managers at request of Corp. for Public Broadcasting, to determine response to CPB proposal to show up to 21 hrs of live coverage 

from moon during Apollo 17 moonwalks Dec. 11, 12, and 13. 

Wmhington Post said later that NASA had offered public broadcasting 

opportunity to cover past Apollo missions but CPB had declined, to 

avoid conflict with commercial networks. TV coverage of astronauts’ 

extravehicular activities (EVA), however, had been declining. During 

ApoUo 16 mission (April 16-27), American Broadcasting Co. had 

shown 6 of estimated 21 hrs of EVA, National Broadcasting Co. had 

shown 8 hrs, and Columbia Broadcasting System, 6% hrs. (Carmody, 

W Post, 11/10/72, B1) 

* Foreword to Jane’s Surface Skimmers, 1972-73 predicted intercontinental 

hovercraft could travel between U.K. and Japan 10 times faster than 

ocean liner, Associated Press reported. Jane’s editor Roy McLeavy had 

said in annual survey of hovercraft and hydrofoil technology that 

hovercraft offered tremendous opportunity for Arctic travel. Vehicles 

would move people and cargo across ice cap and also “support oil and 

mineral extractions and scientific observations.” U.S.S.R. was building 

381 
November 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

similar craft called “ekranoplanes” for high-speed service in areas 

normally impassable in winter. (W Star & News, 10/9/72, C8) 

Apollo 17 commander Eugene A. Cernan announced that 

command module had been named “America” and lunar module 

“Challenger,” during Apollo 17 press briefing at Manned Spacecraft 

Center. “We have never turned our backs on a challenge and the name 

The Challenger fits into the theme of what made America what it is 

today.” Mission scientist, astronaut Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt, said he 

was confident that Apollo 17 findings would “help us understand that 

moon so it can start telling us what happened in the early history of 

the earth.” ( W Post, 11/11/72, A12; Wilford, NYT, 11/12/72, 24) 

Interview with Glynn S. Lunney, US. Director of joint US.-U.S.S.R. 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project ( ASTP) scheduled for 1975, was published 

by Detroit News. Lunney had described agreements made during Oct. 

9-19 ASTP meeting in Moscow. There had been complete cooperation 

between US. and U.S.S.R. during ASTP meetings to date, with both 

sides averaging about 50-50 on contributions. Biggest problem had 

been “reaching an understanding of what words mean. We have our 

jargon and they have theirs and there are different meanings for the 

same word. For instance, the word ‘revise’ seems to have a bad 

connotation and yet the word ‘amend’ can be used as a substitute.” 

(Pipp, D News, 11/10/72) 

Families of Astronauts Edward H. White I1 and Roger B.Chaffee-who 

lost lives in Jan. 27, 1967, Apollo fire-received awards totaling 

$300 000 from spacecraft manufacturers. North American Rockwell 

Corp. and former North American Aviation, Inc., Rockwell-Standard 

Corp., and Rockwell Standard Co. had been charged with negligence 

in suits filed by Chaffee’s widow Nov. 6 and White’s widow Nov. 7. 

In out-of-court settlement, Mrs. Patricia White Davis would receive 

$50 000 for herself and $50 000 for each of two children; Mrs. Martha 

Chaffee Canfield would receive $70 000 and $40 000 for each of two 

children. Widow of Virgil I. Grissom, third astronaut killed in fire, 

had won $350 000 settlement from NR March 8. (W Star & News, 

11/8/72, A4; AP, NYT, 11/11/72, 7) 

Award of $1.5-million contract to United Air Lines, Inc., for flight-test 

program to evaluate operational procedures and avionic system to 

reduce noise level near airport approach patterns was announced by 

Ames Research Center. Contract was part of ARC program in cooperation with Federal Aviation Administration. Avionics system would be 

developed by Collins Radio Co. under separate $233 000 NASA contract. 

(ARC Release 72-136) 

0 Award of $35 913 123 cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to TRW Systems Inc. 

for Fleet Satellite Communications ( FLTSATCOM) System satellite was 

announced by Dept. of Defense. Contract called for design, development, construction, and test of qualification-model spacecraft, software, 

and support equipment. Separate contract for production of five flightmodel spacecraft would be awarded later. when operational, FLTSATCOM 

would provide satellite communication link among mobile users including major Navy ships, selected Air Force and Navy aircraft, and 

ground stations. ( DOD Release 775-72) 

Award of $95 219 456 contract to Boeing Co. and $85 901 510 contract 

to McDonnell Douglas Corp. to begin design and development of 

November 10: 

382 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 10 

advanced, medium, short takeoff and landing transport (AMST) airas announced by Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the 

Air Force. (DOD Release 773-72) 

Inauguration of Traffic Control and Landing System (TRACALS, 404L 

Program) at Air Force System Command’s Electronic Systems Div. at 

Hanscom Field, Mass., was announced by AFSC. Program would update 

management and control of Air Force aircraft takeoffs, en route flights, 

and landings in US. and overseas. Effort included development and 

acquisition of solid-state, low-cost, reliable electronic components and 

systems to replace outdated tube equipment in use for more than two 

decades. (AFSC Release 112.72) 

Directors of North American Rockwell Corp. proposed to change firm’s 

name to Rockwell International Corp. at meeting in El Segundo, Calif. 

If change was approved by shareholders at Feb. 15, 1973, annual 

meeting all trace of name North American Aviation, Inc., founded in 

1928, would disappear, Los Angeles Times said later. NR had been 

formed in 1967 through merger of North American Aviation and 

Rockwell-Standard Corp. (LA Times, 11/12/72) 

Four hundredth anniversary of discovery of Tycho’s Star 

by Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe. Supernova that increased in 

brightness by millions of times, Tycho’s Star was first unusual star 

ever recorded by European astronomers and first definite proof that 

sky was not immutable. (American Museum-Hayden Planetarium 

Release, 11/6/72) 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, Fairchild Industries, Inc., Vice President and 

former NASA Deputy Assistant Administrator for Planning, told press 

in Rio de Janeiro he did not believe in flying saucers. “Such things 

do not exist. I gather the whole business is a hallucination.” Dr. von 

Braun was in Brazil to promote sale of communications satellite equipment to government. (AP, W Star & News, 11/12/72, A5) 

Tristate Regional Planning Commission had reached agreement with NASA for astronauts aboard Skylab to photograph New York 

metropolitan area after launch from Cape Kennedy in April 1973, 

New York Times reported. Planning Agency would use infrared and 

standard photographs taken from height of 435 km (270 mi) for 

planning in three-state region. Photographs of housing trends and 

streets within 100-km (60-mi) radius of Times Square would complement those already taken by Erts 1 E,arth Resources Technology Satellite (launched July 23) and would be used to prepare computergenerated maps and charts available to any state, county, or local 

planning agency. (NYT, 11/12/72, 32) 

Space shuttle program requirement review was held by 

prime contractor North American Rockwell Corp. at Downey, Calif. 

Work on shuttle orbiter stage under $2.6-bilIion contract had been 

accelerated and design of system had been altered to trim rising weight 

and cost of both orbiter and overall system. Orbiter weight had increased from 114 800 kg (253 000 Ibs) to 125 600 kg (277 000 Ibs) ; 

gross weight of ov system was up from 2.2 million kg (4.8 million 

lbs) to 2.4 million 5.3 million lbs). NR Space Div. Vice President 

and Program Manager Bastian Hello said orbiter currently planned 

would be about 38 m (126 ft) long, with 25.6-m (84-ft) wingspan. 

Manned Space Flight Center Space Shuttle Program Manager Robert 

November 11 : 

November 12: 

November 13: 

383 
November 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Thompson announced schedule for shuttle flights : first horizontal 

flight (orbiter only), 1976; unmanned vertical flight, 1977; first 

manned orbital flight, earTy 1978; first operational flight, early 1979; 

regular operations (60 flights per year) , end of 1982. Program officials 

said program cost was estimated at $5.15 billion. (Miles, LA Times, 

11/27/72; NR PIO) 

* NASA policy on autographs was outlined by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA 

Administrator, in memo to officials of Hq. program and staff offices 

and field installations: “1. No autograph should be treated as a 

commercial commodity; nothing of value should be requested or 

accepted in exchange for an autograph. 2. Multiple autographs for the 

same individual or concern are discouraged ; multiple autographs 

should not be provided when it is apparent that they will be used 

commercially by the requesting individual or concern.” Policy applied 

to all NASA employees on and off duty but did not affect official 

signatures for official purposes or signing of autographs for noncommercial purposes. (Text) 

* Apollo 17 Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan piloted lunar landing training 

vehicle on last flight before vehicle’s retirement. First flight had been 

Oct. 8, 1968. All prime and backup commanders of lunar landing 

missions had practiced lunar module landings in LLTV at Ellington 

Air Force Base, Tex. (MSC Roundup, 12/8/72,1) 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director of Life Sciences, was chosen President of American College of Preventive Medicine at annual meeting 

in Atlantic City, N.J. (NASA Activities, 12/15/72; NASA PIO) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, visited Kennedy 

Space Center for briefings on KSC plans for 1970s. Programs included 

Apollo 17, Skylab, US.-U.S.S.R. Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, space 

shuttle, applications programs, and Viking unmanned Mars missions 

for 1975 launch. Dr. Fletcher’s visit included Vehicle Assembly Building, to see Saturn V Orbital Workshop and Saturn IB launch vehicle 

for Skylab. (KSC Release 320-72) 

* More than 70 students from six continents would witness Apollo 17 

launch and visit major US. science centers during Dec. 4-17 tour 

sponsored by NASA in cooperation with Dept. of State, NASA announced. 

Students 15 to 17 yrs old with top academic ratings had been selected 

by their governments on NASA invitation. US. tour would give students 

broad view of work in science and space. Tour would include Washington, D.C. ; Tennessee Valley Authority; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Marshall Space Flight Center; Manned Spacecraft Center; Ames 

Research Center ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; and facilities of National 

Bureau of Standards, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and United Nations. Project also was supported by US. Information Agency and National Science Teachers Assn. (NASA Release 

72-219) 

Successful “freezing” of orbiting solar research satellite during first space 

hibernation operation undertaken in Europe had been reported by 

European Space Research Organization ( ESRO) , Christian Science 

Monitor said. ESRO center at Darmstadt, West Germany, had rendered 

TD-IA satellite, launched for ESRO by NASA March 11, nonoperational 

during partial solar eclipse. Hibernation enabled satellite to preserve 

November 14: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 14 

full power intact until it emerged from eclipse. (Reuters, CSM, 

11/14/72) 

* NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, carrying Goddard Space Flight Center solar physics experiment. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Florida Governor Reubin Askew had been asked by citizens group to 

restore name of Cape Canaveral to Cape Kennedy by executive order, 

Mictmi Herald reported. (Markham, M Her, 11/14/72) 

0 Documentary film “Moonwalk One” was reviewed by New York Post. 

Film traced Apollo 11 lunar landing and first moonwalk by Astronaut 

Neil A. Armstrong “from Stonehenge to Africa, Cape Kennedy to 

Houston, to the sun and its mighty flame-storms to camper-sightseers 

on the Florida shore, to the moon itself and the return.” It was 

“documentary so vast and so beautiful and fascinating that its opening 

outside the big commercial theaters is a shocking sin of omission.” 

Film, made by Francis Thompson Inc., was highlight of “New American Filmmakers Series” at Whitney Museum in New York. (Winsten, 

NY Post, 11/14/72) 

Dept. of Transportation held conference at its Systems 

center in Cambridge, Mass., to discuss plans for stratospheric observations, laboratory experiments, and computer simulations in program 

to assess impact of supersonic air traffic on climate and life. Emphasis 

was on argument by Dr. Harold S. Johnston of Univ. of California at 

Berkeley and Dr. Paul J. Crutzen of Univ. of Stockholm that nitrogen 

oxides from supersonic transport exhaust could seriously deplete 

stratosphere ozone that absorbed much of harmful ultraviolet rays. 

Some scientists and engineers attending conference had agreed with 

theory but many had said it was essential to prove theory wrong. 

Dr. Harold F. Blum of State Univ. of New York at Albany had said 

that if additional uv got through stratosphere increase in skin cancer 

would occur, but he could not estimate amount of increase. Dr. Alan J. 

Grobecker, SST assessment program manager, said if chain reaction in 

which nitrogen oxides continuously removed ozone according to 

Johnston-Crutzen theory was very slow effect might escape notice. 

SST program studies would include use of high-flying U-2 and Concorde 

supersonic transport aircraft to make stratospheric observations and 

quick-freeze samples of air in stratosphere for laboratory analysis. 

(Sullivan, NYT, 11/19/72, 50; DOT PIO) 

Apollo 17 astronauts began three-week preflight quarantine 

at Cape Kennedy while launch crews started final major rocket and 

spacecraft tests for scheduled Dec. 6 launch. Isolation was to minimize 

exposure to disease or illness that could delay mission. Week-long 

rocket and spacecraft tests would duplicate every phase of final countdown. Countdown would start Nov. 30. (AP, B Sun, 10/16/72, A9) 

Soviet =?ace scientists were using laser beams and miniature artificial 

volcanoes to create lunite, material almost identical to moondust, 

Reuters reported. Man-made regolith was being produced at Soviet 

Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Space Research in experiment to 

test whether regolith was product of bombardment over millions of 

years by micrometeorites or of volcanic activity. Pressure chambers 

provided temperature extremes and vacuum that simulated lunar conditions; laser beam created micrometeorite. effect; and crucible of 

November 14-17: 

November 15: 

385 
November 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

tungsten filament containing terrestrial basalt was heated electrically 

to simulate vulcanism. Experiment had been described in newspaper 

Soviet Industry. (Reuters, C Trib, 11/16/72) 

* GTE International, Inc., subsidiary of General Electronics gorp., announced it had received contract valued at about '&% million from 

Western Union International, Inc., for construction of satellite communications earth station in People's Republic of China. Station would 

be ground link for first direct communications satellite between China 

and Europe. (GTE Release) 

Explorer 48 ( SAS-B) Small Astronomy Satellite, second 

in series of three, was successfully launched for NASA by Italian crew 

at 1:14 am local time (5:14 pm Nov. 15 EST) from San Marco 

Facility off coast of Kenya. Four-stage solid-propellant Scout launch 

vehicle boosted 186-kg (410-lb) payload into circular orbit with 

632.5-km (393-mi) apogee, 443.7-km (275.7-mi) perigee, 95.4-min 

period, and 1.9" inclination. Launch was 26th consecutive successful 

Scout launch, record for NASA vehicle. 

Primary objective of Explorer 48 was to measure spatial and energy 

distribution of primary galactic and extragalactic gamma radiationwithin SAS program to make investigations of celestial sphere from 

above earth's atmosphere and search for sources inside and outside 

our galaxy, radiating in x-ray, gamma ray, ultraviolet, infrared, and 

other regions of electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma ray telescope was 

first satellite version of evolution of digitized spark-chamber telescopes 

that had begun with balloon-borne instruments. Advanced detector 

could establish gamma ray event and reject events that simpler instruments might identify erroneously. It could study gamma rays exceeding 20 mev in energy, in region of electromagnetic spectrum able to 

penetrate galactic and extragalactic matter. 

On Nov. 19 half of experiment's high-voltage supplies were turned 

on and experiment was pointed toward earth. Real-time data acquisition indicated proper functioning of experiment, with detection of 

earth albedo gamma rays. Remaining high-voltage power was turned 

on Nov. 27. Experiment and spacecraft control section were functioning normally. 

Spacecraft was cylinder 59 cm in diameter and 51 cm high (23-in 

dia by 20). When deployed, four solar paddles-27 cm wide and 135 

cm long (10.5 by 53 in)-provided raw power. Unique was separate 

development of spacecraft control section and experiment package, 

which had permitted flexible concurrent development of experiments 

and minimized costs by fabrication of standardized control section. 

NASA provided booster and satellite; Italian team was responsible 

for cost-reimbursable launch preparation. Goddard Space Flight Center 

and Applied Physics Laboratory crew performed ground test and 

checkout. Satellite was designed and built at GSFC, which managed 

project. Langley Research Center managed Scout. (NASA proj off; NASA 

Release 72-204; GSFC proj off) 

Briefing on results of low-cost-design concept completed 

by Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. under NASA contract was held at 

Marshall Space Flight Center. Study had been conducted under NASA 

LOW Cost Evaluation Project begun in May by Dr. George M. Low, 

NASA Deputy Administrator. Information from panels was to be 

November 16-27: 

November 16: 

386 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 16 

correlated and incorporated into program planning and execution. 

( MSFC Release 72-147) 

Five Soviet aviation officials toured Kennedy Space Center and were 

briefed on current and future NASA programs. They were among first 

Soviet citizens to visit KSC. Poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko had visited 

KSC and witnessed Apollo 16 launch as NASA guest April 16. (KSC PAO) 

November 17: Successful radio tracking of solar energetic particles 

through interplanetary space was reported in Science by Goddard Space 

Flight Center scientists Dr. Joseph Fainberg, Larry G. Evans, and 

Robert G. Stone. Satellite observations by Explorer 6 (launched Aug. 7, 

1959) of ejection of energetic sun particles at long radio wavelengths 

had provided means of investigating gross magnetic field configuration 

over distances of one astronomical unit. (Science, 11/17/72, 743-5) 

Selection of Lockheed-Georgia Co. Div. of Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for 

negotiations leading to contract for design and option for fabrication 

of quiet, fan-jet, propulsive-lift research aircraft ( QUESTOL) was 

announced by NASA. Agency also authorized $600 000, four-month, 

cost-reimbursable design-refinement phase. If construction was authorized, Lockheed was to deliver research vehicle in two years. Project 

was managed by Ames Research Center with technical support from 

Langley, Lewis, and Flight Research Centers. (NASA Release 72-224) 

* Effect of 1972 elections on congressional committees dealing with science 

and environment was discussed in Science article. Chairmen of both 

House and Senate space committees had been replaced. Sen. Clinton P. 

Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, was retiring at age 77 after 31-year career 

in Congress. Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) had been defeated in 

Democratic primary and would leave Congress at age 81 after serving 

in House since 1945. Rep. Earle Cabell (D-Tex.), member of Science 

and Astronautics Committee, was defeated in the general election. He 

was to have been one of six House members of congressional board to 

oversee new Office of Technology Assessment. Board also lost prospective member with defeat of Sen. Gordon Allott (R-Colo.) . (Walsh, 

Science, 11/17/72, 25-6) 

NASA and Boston Univ. Dept. of Astronomy sponsored 

symposium “Life Beyond Earth and the Human Mind” at Boston Univ. 

Panel Chairman Richard Berendzen, Boston Univ. astronomer, had 

said symposium was being held because recent findings in astronomy, 

biology, chemistry, engineering, and physics had indicated high probability of existence of extraterrestrial life. Many scientists believed 

that “within the next few decades some form of communication will 

be achieved with intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe.” Panelists 

were anthropologist Dr. Ashley Montagu, Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology physicist Dr. Philip Morrison, Cornel1 Univ. astronomer 

Dr. Carl E. Sagan, Dean Krister Stendahl of Harvard Divinity School, 

and Dr. George Wald of Harvard Univ., winner of 1967 Nobel Prize 

for medicine and researcher in biochemical evolution. 

Dr. Sagan said human technology had reached stage where man 

could detect another civilization as advanced as his. “Most optimistic 

estimate of civilizations in our galaxy is one million, which means one 

per many hundred thousand stars.” Searching stars one by one could 

take hundreds of years. Dr. Montagu said that “some other forms of 

November 18: 

387 
November 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

life are probably more intelligent than we, which can explain why 

they haven’t contacted us.” Dean Stendahl said discovery of life elsewhere would teach man that God’s domain is larger and would give 

man better idea of his place in it. Contacting other beings might help 

man to stop viewing God in his own image. Dr. Wald said he was 

convinced that life existed elsewhere in galaxy but he doubted man 

would ever contact it. Dr. Morrison predicted man would receive and 

verify message from another civilization. Message would be technical, 

scientifically coded communication received over many months or 

years. XASA filmed symposium to produce educational film. (NASA 

Release 72-213; Leary, W Post, 11/24/72, C10) 

SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator completed 

third year of continuous operation on lunar surface. Atomic battery 

had been deployed on moon by Apollo 12 astronauts Nov. 19, 1969, 

to power scientific experiments. SNAP-27, which had one-year life 

requirement of 63.5 w, was supplying more than 69 w. Generator, 

developed by Atomic Energy Commission, was fueled with plutonium 

238 isotopes. (AEC Release P-372) 

* Kennedy Space Center awarded $4.7 million contract to MorrisonKnudsen, Inc., to develop KSC facilities for Viking spacecraft encapsulation. Contract provided for modification of an addition to one structure 

and construction of new building in KSC Fluid Test Facility area. (KSC 

Release 346-72) 

Hall of Science, visited by some 5 million persons during 1964-65 

World’s Fair in Flushing, N.Y., was reopened with exhibits including 

NASA satellite and Apollo mockup. Hall had been revived and remodeled 

as free scientific exhibition for public under grants from Rockefeller 

and Ford Foundations. (Andelman, NYT, 11/2/72; NY Visitors Bur) 

Appllo 17 crew underwent preliminary medical checks and 

men were reported in good shape, while final test countdown for mission, begun Nov. 14, proceeded smoothly at Kennedy Space Center. 

Crew was not present as propellants were pumped into Saturn V rocket, 

to avoid risk. They planned to participate in dry run Nov. 21 after 

flammable oxygen and hydrogen had been drained from rocket. (UPI, 

NYT, 11/21/72, 46) 

Apollo 17 experiments were discussed by Apollo Lunar Exploration 

Director William T. O’Bryant at NASA Hq. press briefing. Mission 

astronauts would perform “more scientific investigation than on any 

other Apollo mission.’’ Experiments originally planned for Apollo 18, 

19, and 20 would be aboard Apollo 17, last mission in Apollo series. 

(McGehan, B Sun, 11/21/72, A8) 

* Fragments of Apollo 17 moon rock would be distributed to other nations 

for display in scientific and educational institutions, NASA announced. 

(NASA Release 72-225) 

Ground-breaking ceremony for Smithsonian Institution’s new National 

Air and Space Museum was held on Mall in Washington, D.C. Museum 

was scheduled to open July 4, 1976. Chief Justice Warren Burger, 

Chancellor of Smithsonian, was principal speaker. (Program) 

* NASA launched Aerobee 200 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range, carrying Goddard Space Flight Center payload to test flight 

performance. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. 

(SR list) 

November 19: 

November 20: 

388 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 20 

0 Air-transportable satelTite communications earth station for use in disasters would be designed by Nippon Electric co. of Tokyo and Technology Resources of Berne, Switzerland, under United Nations contract, 

Aviation Week & Space Techndogy reported. (Av Wk, 11/20/72,11) 

Army Aviation Systems Command issuance of requests for proposals to 

10 aerospace companies for prototype development of advanced armed 

helicopter was reported by Aviation Week & Spe Technology. 

Helicopter would be equipped with advanced air-to-surface missiles. 

Airframe contractors were expected to b,e selected in June 1973. 

(Av Wk, 11/20/72, 19) 

Houston Chronicle editorial commented on Apollo 17 mission and crew: 

“To some, the Moon trip is already looked upon as routine and there 

is less public anticipation than ever before. Nonetheless, there is no 

way to diminish our pride that these are Americans making this flight, 

that our nation has bridged space and that these men call the Houston 

area home.” (H Chron, 11/20/72) 

NASA successfully launched European Space Research 

Organization’s Esro 4 by four-stage Scout-D launch vehicle from 

Western Test Range at 4:17 PST. Satellite entered orbit with 1187-km 

(737.6-mi) apogee, 253-km (157.2-mi) perigee, 99-min period, and 

91.1” inclination. 

Primary NASA objectives were to place spacecraft-eighth in ESRO 

flight program on US. vehicles-in earth orbit that would permit 

investigations of phenomena in polar atmosphere and to provide tracking and telemetry support. By Nov. 30, flight data indicated objectives 

were met and mission was adjudged success. 

Esro 4 carried six experiments from four countries: study of positive 

ions in ionosphere (United Kingdom) ; study of composition and 

total mass density of natural gas in upper atmosphere and exosphere 

(West Germany) ; study of low-energy-particle precipitation in auroral 

zones (Sweden) ; investigation of polar-cap-absorption events (Netherlands) ; measurement of flux and energy spectrum of solar flare particles, trapped particles in lower radiation belt of earth, and galactic 

and nonsolar energetic partides (West Germany) ; space-flight qualification of infrared horizon-sensing instrument for altitude measurements of spinning satellites (Netherlands) . European-designed and -built spacecraft weighed 114 kg (251 lbs) 

and was cylindrical, with body-mounted solar cells and four booms. 

ESRO would reimburse NASA for launch under December 1966 Memorandum of Understanding. NASA O5ce of Space Science directed 

project for NASA; Langley Research Center managed Scout program. 

(NASA proj off; NASA Release 72-214) 

Apollo 17 Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Dr. Harrison H. 

Schmitt, and Ronald E. Evans participated in final prelaunch test 

aboard spacecraft. Astronauts wore spacesuits for simulated liftoff of 

Saturn V rocket. Following test, launch crew began to ready command 

module “America” and lunar module “Challenger” for start of actual 

countdown scheduled for Nov. 30. (AT, B Sun, 11/22/72, A5) 

Crowd estimated at more than half million would witness nighttime launch 

of Apollo 17, which experts believed would be visible within 800-km 

(500-mi) radius, Associated Press reported. Lester T. Keene of Kennedy 

Space Center Data Systems Div. had said exhaust from Saturn V rocket 

November 21-30: 

November 21: 

389 
November 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

would be equivalent to brilliance of sunlight. Peak visibility would be 

reached about 2 min 30 sec after launch, when Saturn V was at 

68-km (42-mi) altitude and 90 km (56 mi) northeast of Cape Kennedy, 

and before shutdown of 1st-stage engines that burned fuel producing 

orange flame. Pale blue flame of 2nd stage would not be seen for as 

great distance. (B Sun, 11/21/72, A8) 

* NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by John A. Manke, completed 23rd 

flight from Flight Research Center after air-launch from B-52 aircraft 

to evaluate command augmentation system. Additional flight objectives 

were to obtain stability and control data at mach 1.1, mach 0.8, and 

mach 0.7 and to check out pitch-reaction augmentation system, M2-F3 

reached 19 800-m (65 000-ft) altitude and mach 1.3. All objectives 

were achieved. (NASA proj off) 

* US. and U.S.S.R. opened second round of Strategic Arms Limitation 

Talks (SALT 11) in Geneva in effort toward comprehensive and permanent agreement to limit strategic nuclear weapons. SALT I, begun 

Nov. 17, 1969, had brought limitation accords signed May 26 during 

President Nixon’s visit to Moscow. (Tuohy, W Post, 11/22/72, A10) 

* Marshall Space Flight Center announced issuance of requests for proposals on space tug systems. Tug-space shuttle 3rd stage-would 

extend capability of shuttle booster and orbital stages by adding 

propulsion for higher orbit. Propulsion would be provided by temporary use of existing rocket stage adapted for launch from shuttle 

cargo bay or by use of interim tug. Studies of rocket stage use were 

under way. RFPS had been issued for possible interim tug development. 

Three $750000 contracts would be awarded-two for work on cryogenic tug using liquid-hydrogen and liquid-oxygen propellants and 

one for study of tug using storable propellants. Proposals were due 

Qec. 22, with contracts to be awarded during first quarter of 1973. 

Air Force would assist in funding cryogenic tug studies and in selection of contractors and study management. Interim tug would be 

developed for use in space shuttle’s first flight scheduled for late 1970s. 

( MSFC Release 72-155) 

Langley Research Center team working with Environmental Protection 

Agency had developed telescope-mounted laser to detect air-polluting 

gases from industrial smokestacks, NASA announced. Laser was beamed 

at smoke emitted and detected reflected light from pollutants through 

optical filters. EPA was interested in laser for remote sensing of industrial plants. Tests were being conducted at Asheville, N.C., plant of 

Carolina Power and Light Co., which had offered to cooperate with 

Government agencies in experiments. (NASA Release 72-222) 

* Concorde 001, British prototype of Anglo-French supersonic transport, 

completed 300th and final flight in assigned test program. Flight 

brought combined total of Concorde 001 and 002 and preproduction 

aircraft 01 flights to total 654, representing 1354 hrs 50 min with 

348 hrs 24 min at supersonic speeds. (BAC Newsletter, 12/9/72, 2) 

* Measurement of speed of light “more accurately than ever before” with 

infrared laser was announced by National Bureau of Standards. NBS 

scientists using laser that generated extremely pure light beam, 

uncluttered by jumbled frequencies and wavelengths, had arrived at 

new light speed figure of 299 792.472 km per sec (186 282.396 mps) . New value was 100 times more accurate than value that had been 

390 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 21 

November 21: A telescope-mounted laser instrument was beamed at exhaust stacks 

of an industrial plant in tests proving the laser’s ability to detect such air pollutants as sulfur dioxide. Remote detection from as far as one kilometer (3300 feet) was possible by the laser, developed at Langley Research Center. Tests were being conducted at the Carolina Power and Light Co. plant in Asheville, N.C.. which had 

offered to cooperate in the LaRC and Environmental Protection Agency program. 

accepted for past 15 yrs and had opened up “new possibilities for an 

increase of 1,000 times in the number of frequency bands” used in 

communications. ( NBS Release) 

Results of analyses of data collected by City of Cleveland’s Air Pollution 

Control Div. from 1968 through 1971 were reported by Lewis Research 

Center scientists. State of Ohio standards for total suspended particulate and nitrogen dioxide had not been met in Cleveland; sulfur 

dioxide standards had been met only in limited residential areas. Air 

quality had improved in industrial valley but only sulfur dioxide 

pollution showed consistent decrease in remainder of city, and suspended particulate levels had increased to west of Cuyahoga River with 

decrease to east. Trends had been determined by WRC Environmental 

Research Office from data obtained during two-year joint WRC 

and City of Cleveland project. (URC Release 72-102) 0 Officials of Corp. for Public Broadcasting (CPB) , Public Broadcasting 

Service (PBS), and National Public Affairs Center for TV (NPACT) 

met to discuss NPACT feasibility study of possible special scientific 

coverage of Apollo 17 EVAS by PBS [see Nov. 91. Following discussion 

CPB President Henry Loomis issued message to PBS stations. Decision 

had been made that “live coverage would be impractical for public 

391 
November 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

television and that alternate idea for space project programming would 

be considered.” Decision was based on study conclusions that time 

was too short to gather required staff, mission delays might disrupt 

TV schedules, and coverage by commercial networks would be more 

extensive than first expected. There was agreement that “scientific 

findings of the entire Apollo project, which concrudes with Apollo, 

merited serious treatment on public television.” (Text) 

Second delegation of scientists from People’s Republic of China-seven 

specialists in physical and biological sciences-arrived in Washington, 

D.C., to begin four-week tour of major US. research centers and universities. Delegation included Chien Wei-chang, professor of Engineering at Chinghua Univ. in Peking, who had worked at Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory from 1940 to 1946. At National Academy of Sciences press 

conference Chien said: “We welcome and congratulate the work on 

space done by American scientists. We also congratulate you on the 

success of this problem; this is why we pay so much attention to work 

on space.” In answer to question, Chien said his country was seeking to 

develop communications satellites but had no plans to put men in orbit. 

Visit was sponsored by National Academy of Sciences, Social Science 

Research Council, and American Council of Learned Societies. Delegation of physicians from PRC had toured US. in October. (McGehan, 

B Sun, 11/22/72; Schmeck, NYT, 11/22/72,43) 

* First successful experimental demonstration in US. of magnetic levitation 

system (MAGLEV) was announced by Secretary of Transportation John 

A. Volpe. MAGLEV-syStem for suspending vehicle above guideway with 

power supplied by supercooled magnets-would permit trains to travel 

at speeds up to 480 km per hr (300 mph) without physical contact with 

rails or guideway. Test was performed in Menlo Park, Calif., by Stanford Research Institute under contract to Dept. of Transportation. (DOT 

Release 100-72) 

Deputy Director James A. Lovell, Jr., of Manned Spacecraft Center’s Science and Applications Directorate announced intention to retire from space program to press at MSG. As astronaut he had 

spent more time in space than any other U.S. astronaut. Lovell had 

been Gemini 4 backup pilot, Gemini 7 pilot, Gemini 9 backup command 

pilot, Gemini 12 command pilot, ApoZZo 8 command module pilot, 

ApoWo 11 backup command pilot, and ApoZZo 13 commander. Lovell 

told press he was examining offers from New York and Chicago business firms. “This is not something that I would choose to do under other 

circumstances but . . . there are not enough slots for us guys who want 

to remain in the operations end of space flight.” Lovell said he would 

remain with NASA until completion of Apollo 17 mission. (UPI, W Post, 

10/24/72, A5) 

* Instruments to be used globally to monitor air pollution in upper atmospheric airways were being flight-tested on Convair 990 at NASA’s Ames 

Research Center, Lewis Research Center announced. Instruments-candidates for NASA Global Air Sampling Program (GASP) under direction 

of LeRc-would be installed on 10 to 15 foreign and domestic commercial aircraft to monitor gaseous and particulate pollutants. Particulates 

would also be collected by sampling device and later would be analyzed 

by electron microscopy and other methods. (LeRc Release 72-106) 

November 22: 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 22 

Huntsville, Ala., police department was using “elapsed time speed computer,,’ developed by Chief Peter H. Broussard, Jr., of Marshall Space 

Flight Center Astrionics Laboratory’s Sensors Branch, to identify traffic 

speed violators. System consisted of low-cost electronic computer and 

two roadside markers. Timing switch was turned on when vehicle passed 

first marker and off when vehicle reached second marker. Elapsed time 

was measured by internal’ computer clock and compared with distance 

between markers. System would perform basic functions of radar units 

more economically. (NASA Release 72-223) 

US. Command in Saigon reported loss of fourth F-111 swing-wing 

fighter-bomber aircraft in combat over Indochina since Sept. 28. Both 

crewmen were missing. (UPI, W Star & News, 11/22/72, A7) 

President Nixon had directed that regulations on travel of US. ships and 

aircraft (Transportation Order T-2) be changed to permit valid US. 

aircraft and vessels to visit People’s Republic of China, White House 

announced. (PD, 11/22/72,1688) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, during visit to 

Lewis Research Center told staff NASA’s direction in coming years would 

include increased emphasis on sharing expertise with other Federal, 

local, and state government agencies and continued high performance 

in space-flight exploitation with an eye on the purse strings. He said, 

despite Federal budgetary restrictions, “I don’t see a great change at 

NASA and feel we can continue in the direction we set forth this past 

year.” (Lewis News, 12/15/72, 3) 

* Leading figures in Federal Government monopoly suit against International Business Machines Corp. would visit Kennedy Space Center during Apollo 17 mission to examine computer operations, Washington 

Post reported. US. District Judge David N. Edelstein, with lawyers 

from IBM and Dept. of Justice, would fly from New York. Similar trip 

had been proposed for April 16-27 ApoUo 16 mission but NASA had 

opposed visit on grounds that it could lead to breach or relaxation of 

security and safety regulations. Visit was to educate court on nature of 

IBM equipment used during launch. (Mintz, W Post, 11/23/72, A29) 

Extremely sensitive low-light-level image-intensification tube was being 

used by Hale Observatory astronomers to aim 500-cm (200-in) telescope atop Mt. Palomar at most distant objects in universe. Tube, developed to detect enemy troops in Vietnam, amplified faint light from 

remote celestial objects 2000 or more times. Tube had been adapted to 

astronomical use by Dr. Edwin W. Dennison of Hale Observatory and 

Cal Tech. (LATNS, W Post, 11/23/72, H9) * Electrostatic autopilot invented by Johns Hopkins Univ. physicist Maynard L. Hill stabilized small aircraft flight by harnessing horizontal 

voltage lines of earth’s atmosphere, Associated Press reported. Device, 

simple enough to be made for $50, could provide small aircraft and 

helicopters with flying ability of airliners using costly autopilots. Hill 

had said instruments should open new techniques for studying cloud 

physics on board cheap and rugged remotely piloted vehicles (RPVS). 

(Haugland, AP, W Post, 11/23/72, H13) 

U.S.S.R. said it would conduct missile-carrier tests in Pacific through 

Dec. 31. It warned ships and aircraft to steer clear of area about 2400 

km (1500 mi) east of Japan. (Tass, FBIS-SOV, 11/24/72, Al; AP, 

B Sun, 10/24/72,6) 

November 23: 

393 
November ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

November 24: Twenty-fifth anniversary of first launch of Aerobee sounding rocket on Nov. 24, 1947, from White Sands Missile Range. Launch 

had been unsuccessful; rocket carrying Johns Hopkins Univ. payload 

had veered off course and had been destroyed. But since then arrowshaped Aerobee had been busiest booster in US. space program, with 

launch rate of almost one per week and few failures out of 900 launches 

to date. Aerobees carrying scientific payloads to altitudes as high as 

480 km (300 mi) had been launched by NASA, Air Force, Navy, and 

Federal scientific groups. Launches were mainly from NASA’s Wallops 

Station, White Sands Missile Range, and Fort Churchill Range in 

Manitoba, Canada. 

Aerobe-most widely used rocket in astronomy-had carried delicate instruments through blanket of air and dirt surrounding earth to 

area of greater visibility. Instruments launched June 13, 1969, by NASA 

on Aerobee 150 from Natal, Brazil, had detected x-ray star only 16 km 

(10 mi) wide that weighed as much as sun. Scientists at Univ. of California who conducted experiment had said stellar object might be first 

direct evidence of neutron star and first time size of x-ray source from 

deep space could be determined. 

Other scientific payloads aboard Aerobees had measured Crab Nebula, collected micrometeoroids, taken temperatures aloft, and recorded 

air densities. In 1952 Air Force Aerobee carried two monkeys and two 

mice in biomedical experiments. 

Rocket originally weighed 700 kg (1600 lbs), was 5.8 m (19 ft) 

long, and carried payloads under 45 kg (100 lbs) . Over years Aerobee 

had grown to be 15 m (50 ft) long, powered by four clustered, liquidfuel engines and solid-fuel booster. Largest Aerobee could blast 400-kg 

(900-lb) payload to altitude of 200 km (125 mi). (Lyons, NYT, 

0 Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Manned Spacecraft Center Director and 

former MSC Director of Flight Operations, reviewed Apollo program in 

Associated Press interview published in Baltimore Sun. Apollo 8 

(launched Dec. 21, 1968) had been program’s pivotal mission. “It 

proved so many things that had a bearing on the progress of the program-things that it might have disproved. The navigation to and from 

the moon, the ability of the spacecraft systems to perform, the ability 

of man to survive the deep space environment, all hinged on the Apollo 

8 mission.” Mission also had changed competitive position of U.S. and 

U.S.S.R. in space. “I really believed the Russians planned to fly a circumlunar mission, sending a manned spacecraft looping around and 

returning it without orbiting the moon. That way they could say they 

sent the first man to the vicinity of the moon. And when we . . . decided 

to fly Apollo 8 as a moon-orbit mission, there was nothing left for them 

to do.” There was no major technological field that “hasn’t been materially changed or had some reflection of not only Apollo but of the 

whole space program.” Space technology had been important to maintenance of US. position as leading nation in world. Five manned lunar 

landing flights had produced greater scientific return than envisioned. 

“We have done just about all we should have done with the Apollo program in terms of lunar exploration. This is a good time to stop, evaluate what we have and use our resources to do other things in the space 

program.” (B Sun, 11/24/72, A10) 

394 

11/26/72,39; A&A 1915-1950) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 24 

At least seven major US. companies had asked to lease part of Canadian 

telecommunications satellite system, Telesat, Washington Post reported. 

Negotiations were not final, but it was probable that at least one company would decide to use Canadian system until comparable US. systems were ready. Canadian system used U.S. designed and manufactured satellites launched by NASA under contract with Telesat Canada, 

first of which, Anik I, had been launched Nov. 9. (Samuelson, W Post, 

11/24/72) 

* Former Congressman H. Allen Smith of California was quoted as having 

said in letters to Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Cal Tech that he would 

not seek to enforce law passed Oct. 21 to change JPL name to H. Allen 

Smith Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Smith had written: “I have no intention of bringing any lawsuit or any other action to force this name 

change. There are many laws on the federal books which are not enforced.’, Wall Street Journul said it was “doubtful” that Congress would 

reverse itself on measure. NASA officials had already found House Committee on Science and Astronautics “unwilling to help provide relief.” 

( VSI, 11/24/72) 

US.-U.S.S.R. Working Groups 2 and 4, meeting at 

Manned Space Center on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) , defined 

antenna locations on Soyuz and confirmed that U.S.S.R. would build 

antennas; negotiated interface signal characteristics for radio communication and ranging systems and confirmed 428-km (266-mi) ranging capability; agreed on end-to-end compatibility tests of radio and 

hardline communications; resolved US. very-high-frequency amplitudemodulation implementation requirements for Soyuz systems, defined 

design of cable communications systems including cable lengths, junction boxes, and Soviet supply responsibilities ; and discussed intercenter 

control communications, establishing basis for March negotiations. 

(NASA proj off) 

Cosmos 537 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Baykonur 

Cosmodrome into orbit with 302-km (187.7-mi) apogee, 202-km 

(125.5-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, and 64.9” inclination. Satellite 

reentered Dec. 7. (GSFC SSR, 11/31/72; 12/31/72; SBD, 11/29/72, 

113) 

* First three of 749 F-15 Eagle air superiority fighter aircraft in Air Force 

program had done well in initial flight tests, according to Air Force 

sources quoted by New York Times. Two were undergoing tests at 

Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., and third at McDonnell Douglas facility 

in St. Louis. Aircraft was US. answer to Soviet MiG-23 Foxbat and 

Mikoyan Fearless, new Soviet air superiority fighter forecast for 1974 

deployment. (Middleton, NYT, 11/25/72, 17) 

Sign posted by Grumman Aerospace construction personnel 

on gantry work platform near Apollo 17 spacecraft said, “This may be 

our last but it will be our best,” United Press International reported. 

Grumman foreman had said sign was to inform Apollo crew that “they 

don’t have to worry about our letting down.” Jobs of 600 Grumman 

workers at Kennedy Space Center would terminate with completion of 

Apollo 17 mission. (W Post, 11/27/72, E6) 

Milton W. Rosen, Senior Scientist in NASA Office of DOD and Interagency 

Affairs, became Deputy Associate Administrator (Engineering) in 

Office of Space Science. Rosen had joined NASA in 1958 after 18 yrs 

Nov. 24-Dee. 8: 

November 25: 

November 26: 

395 
November 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

with Naval Research Laboratory, where from 1947 to 1955 he was head 

of Rocket Development Branch. Rosen had proposed and developed 

Viking Upper-Air-Research Rocket and in 1955 proposed Vanguard 

Earth Satellite Project. He served as Technical Director during its development. (NASA Ann; NASA Release 72-237) 

0 Trailer in which NASA formerly quarantined astronauts returning from 

moon was being used by Air Force Military Airlift Command, St. Louis 

Post-Dispatch reported. Trailer was positioned at McGuire Air Force 

Base, N.J., and could be airlifted by Air Force C-141 cargo aircraft to 

transport patients with communicable diseases. Previously aircraft had 

to be decontaminated after carrying contagious patients. (St. Louis 

Washington Post published first of series of articles on U.S. energy crisis. 

Population had doubled in 50 yrs, while energy use had almost quadrupled. Per capita electricity consumption had doubled five timestwice in last 15 yrs. Nationwide environmental movement had halted 

Government’s Plowshare program to release trapped oil and gas by 

nuclear explosions, delayed Alaska pipeline, and forced near-moratorium on dam building. Ecologists had “forced power companies to 

abandon scenic river and lake sites in 10 states and have caused more 

than 20 delays in the construction of nuclear power plants.” Disagreement was “rampant” over changes wrought by environmental movement. But ecologists had caused no shortage of energy in U.S. thus far. 

Many energy experts believed technology would “bail us out by letting 

us tap new, clean fuels and by cleaning up existing fuels.” Mitre Corp. 

had recently completed exhaustive energy study. Its Senior Vice President Charles Zraket had said, “We believe the physical resources and 

technical options exist to get us out of this crisis in 10 years.” (O’Toole, 

W Post, 11/26/72, Al) 

NASA’s TF-8A aircraft, equipped with supercritical wing 

and new fuselage fairings, was flight-tested at constant dynamic pressure of 9580 newtons per sq m (200 psf). Pressure distribution and 

wake survey measurements were made with instrumentation at outboard 

station. All tests with new fuselage fairings had been made with vortex 

generator off. Generators would be reinstalled and drag measurements 

made for direct comparison with previous tests with original fairings 

and vortex generators on and with wind tunnel results. Some measurement of shock wave dynamics was being made with micrbphones installed on wings. (NASA proj off) 

0 Apollo 17 astronauts began final week of training at Kennedy Space Center for Dec. 6 mission. NASA spokesman said countdown test begun 

Nov. 15 had proceeded so smoothly that launch pad technicians had 

only to monitor the systems.” Other technicians installed batteries and 

water in lunar landing vehicle and checked backup flight systems. (Wilford, NYT, 11/28/72) 

* Map of entire globe of Mars-first detailed map of another planet, prepared by US. Geological Survey from 1500 of 7000 photos taken by 

Mariner 9 (launched May 30, 1971) and processed by Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory-was published by New York Times. Map showed entire 

Martian surface in Mercator projection at scale of 1 to 25 million at 

equator and in two special polar projections. Other maps were being 

P-D, 11/26/72) 

November 27: 

<< 

396 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 27 

prepared for even more detailed study of Mars. Map reprinted in Times 

would be released by US. Geological Survey early in January. 

Times commented that map was produced in Flagstaff, Ariz., few 

miles from mountain-top observatory where Dr. Percival Lowell in 1877 

observed presumed canals on Mars that “inspired so many tales of 

Martians,’? canals that were “nowhere to be seen on the map of 

Mariner 9.’, (Wilford, NYT, 11/27/72, 1, 30; USGS Map Info Off) 

Flight Research Center began test series to evaluate method of simulating 

space shuttle orbiter in flight at subsonic speeds. Tests would be conducted on FRC’S general-purpose airborne simulator ( GPAS) -converted 

subsonic jet transport equipped with electronic variable stability and 

control system. Flights would determine aircraft’s ability to match 

orbiter’s final approach path in steep descent from 9 km (5.6 mi) down 

to landing. (FRC Release 21-72; FRC PAO) 

0 Laser Doppler airspeed indicator 10 times more precise than best systems 

in commercial aircraft was being tested by Ames Research Center in 

Global Atmospheric Research Program, NASA announced. Systemproved accurate to one tenth of one per cent-focused carbon dioxide 

laser beam 18 m (60 ft) ahead of aircraft where air was undisturbed 

by bow wave, detected backscatter from small aerosols, and measured 

Doppler shift in frequency proportional to aircraft’s airspeed. Doppler 

shift was then measured digitally and recorded by digital data system. 

(NASA Release 72-228) 

0 President Nixon exchanged remarks with President Felix HouphouetBoigny in telephone call that inaugurated satellite communication service for Republic of Ivory Coast via uround station at Abidjan. President 

Nixon said he was pleased to talkaLithrough this historic new satellite 

communication.” (PD, 12/4/72, 1700) 

0 U.S.S.R. had offered to launch a Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite (HEOS) 

for European Space Research Organization (ESRO) free of charge as 

part of general agreement on satellite research, Aviation Week & Space 

Technology reported. First two HEOS satellites had been launched 

Dec. 5, 1968, and Jan. 31, 1972, by NASA with Thor-Delta booster for 

charges of $4.5 million and $6 million. ESRO officials had estimated cost 

of planned launch at $7.5 million. (Aw Wk, 11/27/72, 28) 

* U.S.S.R. test-fired SSNX-8 Sawfly submarine-launched ballistic missile 

during series of tests announced Nov. 24. Secretary of Defense Melvin 

R. Laird said later that missile had traveled 7400 km (4000 nm). (Av 

Wk, 12/4/72,5 ; Aerospace Daily, 12/15/72) 

0 Air Force was sponsoring “fly-off of new attack aircraft prototypes at 

Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., to determine best aircraft, Wall Street 

Journal reported. Competition was “essential element” of Air Force 

A-X (attack-aircraft, experimental) program designed to produce new 

aircraft for supporting ground troops in battle at lowest possible cost. 

(Levine, WSJ, 11/27/72,10) 

0 Resignation of Clarence H. Linder as first full-time President of National 

Academy of Engineering at close of May 1973 annual NAE meeting was 

announced by NAE. Linder was resigning for personal reasons. (NAE 

Release) 

President Nixon announced resignation of Melvin R. Laird 

as Secretary of Defense and intention to nominate Elliot L. Richardson 

November 28: 

397 
November 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

-Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare-as successor. (PD, 

12/4/72,1705-6) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by Cecil Powell, completed 24th flight from Flight Research Center after air-launch from 

EL52 aircraft. Flight objectives were to check out pilot and to obtain 

stability and control data at mach 1.1 and mach 0.9. All objectives were 

met. Vehicle reached 21 000-m (69 000-ft) altitude and mach 1.25. 

(NASA proj off) 

* NASA announced organizational changes within Office of Manned Space 

Flight to fit post-Apollo/Skylab activities. New Mission and Payload 

Integration Office had been established, Space Station Task Force became Sortie Lab Task Force, Advanced Missions Office was redesignated Advanced Programs Office, and Apollo Program Office became 

APO~~O/ASTP Program Office. Functions of Engineering and Operations 

Directorate in OMSF had been reassigned to Advanced Programs Office. 

Mission and Payload Integration Office would plan and coordinate requirements between payload sponsors and shuttle and sortie lab organizations. Sorties Lab Task Force would manage NASA planning and definition activities to produce manned module for research and applications activities with space shuttle. Current project emphasis was on 

technical definition and planning for hardware development phase. 

Parallel definition studies were being made by NASA and European 

Space Research Organization. If Europe undertook development of 

sortie lab, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale 

D. Myers had said, NASA Task Force would coordinate NASA and ESRO 

activities. 

Philip E. Culbertson was Director of Mission and Payload Integration Office and Acting Director of Advanced Programs Office. Douglas 

R. Lord was Director of Sortie Lab Task Force, and Dr. Rocco A. 

Petrone was Director of A~O~~O/ASTP Project for joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. 

rendezvous and docking mission in 1975. (NASA Release 72-232) 

Aerospace Industries Assn. of America, Inc., released The National Technology Program: Utilization of Industry, study of how Government and 

high-technology industry could best use technological resources available and under development. Study found that “positive policy actions 

by Government can restore lost technological momentum in the United 

States. Regained, this momentum will ensure that both Government and 

high-technology industry, working together, can move effectively toward 

the solution of many of the priority problems confronting the nation.” 

AIAA recommended formulation of national technology strategy responsive to Nation’s needs and supported both by “a mechanism that sets 

forth research and development goals, objectives, priorities and programs, and by adequate funding”; national program to identify major 

domestic problems having potential solution through technology and 

initiation and funding of demonstration programs to find solutions ; 

national goal of maintaining positive trade balance supported by export 

policies that promoted internationally competitive high-technology 

products to increase international sales by US.; and Government procurement regulations that supported successful attainment of national 

needs. (Text) 

Spokesman for Friends of the Earth, coalition of environmentalists who 

lobbied against supersonic transport aircraft in 1971, said organization 

November 29: 

398 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 November 29 

had set up office on Capitol Hill to lobby against expected Administration attempts to revive project in 93rd Congress. First priority was to 

present facts to 66 new representatives and 9 senators who had never 

voted on SST. Senate had voted 58 to 37 to defeat project funding in 

1971;. House had voted 215 to 204 against funding. (UPI, W Post, 

11/30/72, ALE) 

New York Times editorial commented on first global map of Mars produced by US. Geological Survey from Mariner 9 photos [see Nov. 271 : 

Ever since telescopes were invented people have wondered to what extent Mars resembles Earth. NOW, for the first time, the existence of a 

reasonably comprehensive picture of Mars provides a basis for comparison.” Despite differences from earth, “increased familiarity with 

the forces that have shaped its surface is bound to give man a more 

cosmopolitan view of how planets evolve-a view that should provide us 

with better understanding of the planet we call home.” (NYT, 

11/29/72) 

November 30: Six-day countdown for Apollo 17 began at 8:30 am EST at 

Kennedy Space Center. Spacecraft was scheduled for launch at 9:53 pm 

EST Dec. 6 ( KSC Hist Off; AP, w Post, 12/1/72, A22) 

Spokesman for Columbia Broadcasting System said in New York that 

CBS, American Broadcasting Co., and National Broadcasting Co. had 

dissolved plans for three-network-pool coverage of Dec. 6 Apollo 17 

launch. Action would avoid problems that might develop because of 

28-day old strike against CBS by 1200 cameramen, technicians, and 

engineers. CBS would cover launch with cameras manned by supervisory 

personnel. ABC and NBC spokesmen said they would restore two-network 

pooled coverage. (AP, B Sun, 12/1/72, A5) 

* Pan American World Airways’ waiting list for reservations on first commercial flight to moon contained names of Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. 

Armstrong-first man to walk on moon during July 16-24, 1969, mission-Edwin A. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins. List had been closed 

after 90000 reservations had been accepted. Pan Am spokesman had 

said flight would not be possible before 21st century, but most applicants had paid $10 or $25 as reservation fee. (M Her, 11/30/72) 

* Dr. Karl Klager, Vice President and Director of Science for Aerojet Solid 

Propulsion Co., was named winner of 1972 James H. Wyld Propulsion 

Award by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics for his 

development of hybrid and solid propellants. (Av Wk, 11/20/72, 11; 

* Neil H. McElroy-Secretary of Defense from 1957 to 1959, during President Eisenhower’s second term-died of cancer in Cincinnati, Ohio, at 

age 68. He had taken office five days after U.S.S.R. launched Sputnik 1 

(Oct. 4,1957), in midst of controversy between branches of U.S. armed 

services over responsibility for missile and satellite programs. McElroy, 

former executive of Procter & Gamble Co., ordered no cuts to be made 

in $1-billion budget that had been approved by Congress for basic research. Research led to successful launchings in 1958 of Navy and Army 

satellites that helped U.S. to recover some prestige in space field. McElroy resigned in 1958 to return to private industry after receiving 

Medal of Freedom from President Eisenhower. (W Star, 12/1/72, B7) 

Space shuttle impact was described by Dr. Wernher 

von Braun, Vice President for Engineering and Development with FairCG 

AIAA PIO) 

During November: 

399 
During November ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

child Industries, Inc., and former NASA Deputy Administrator for Planning, in American Scientist magazine article: Shuttle was “key to future 

exploration and use of space” that represented “significant new operational capability rather than a discrete mission or missions. Its ultimate 

impact will be to expand space activity while at the same time reducing 

the high costs of the space effort.” Shuttle combined in one transport 

“capability to launch or carry out unmanned or manned missions repeatedly and routinely. It will be the first true ‘aerospace’ vehicle in 

that it can fly and maneuver in both space and the atmosphere.” Shuttle 

would contribute more than any previous rocket vehicle to NASA’s progress in advancing technologies and capabilities for space flight and exploration, space science and study of aerospace phenomena, and expanded use of space and space technology for human benefit. “TO 

achieve the smoothest, most economical progress and benefits at lowest 

cost to the taxpayers, all three objectives should go forward in fairly 

close concert, not piecemeal or with fluctuating budgetary peaks and 

valleys.” (Am Sci, 11-12/1972, 730-8) 0 DOD’S Tacsat 1 Tactical Communications Satellite ceased operations, after 

having served military service requirements for mobile communications 

in the Pacific since its launch Feb. 9, 1969. (Av Wk, 8/20/73, 21; 

A&A 1969) 

Space Science Awareness Month was celebrated by City of St. Louis, Mo., 

at instigation of Mayor Alphonso Cervantes. More than 100 space 

science lectures and demonstrations were presented in area to provide 

opportunity for teachers, students, and general public to understand 

space technology and its benefits to society. Eugene Hanses, education 

director of McDonnell Planetarium, was chairman of activities which 

included talks by Marshall Space Flight Center officials and display of 

moon rocks. (MSFC Release 72-145; NASA Activities, 12/15/72, 253) 0 Aerospace opportunities for dirigibles existed in 1970s and 1980s, Astronautics & Aeronautics article said. Changes in economic and aviation 

worlds and progress in materials and engineering had renewed potential of rigid airship as passenger and cargo transport after 30-yr hiatus. 

Committee appointed in 1935 to examine overall airship record after 

loss of dirigible Macon had concluded: “On the whole . . . and with 

special reference to airships of the larger sizes, we believe that it is 

practicable to design, construct, and operate such airships with a reasonable assurance of safety.” Authors saw use of short takeoff and landing ( STOL) engineering in airship revival. “Innovations should probably first undergo test on a small experimental airstrip.” Airship revival 

would “give impetus to technological innovation, one of the Federal 

government’s highest priorities, and would offer opportunities for creative and original engineering to the industrial and academic worlds.yy 

(Morse et d., A&A, 11/72,324) 0 Pense‘e, journal of Student Academic Freedom Forum, published first in 

series of 10 special issues on “Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered.” 

Revolution in science and humanities inspired by Russian-born scientistphilosopher was “burning issue on campuses,” Pense‘e said, but “most 

professional journals and learned societies continue their silence.” 

Pense‘e publishers had seen “series of separate developments which reveal a gathering momentum behind the new assessment of Velikovsky’s 

work.” Among developments had been success of Velikovsky’s Aug. 14 

%OO 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AE-.ONAUTICS, 1972 During November 

lecture at NASA’s Ames Research Center and his participation in threeday symposium at Lewis and Clark College in Portland, Ore., Aug. 

16-18. (Pensde, Fall, 1972) 

Mrs. Esther H. Goddard, widow of rocket pioneer Dr. Robert H. Goddard, 

received honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Clark Univ. 

at inaugural meeting of Friends of the Goddard Library. (Clark NOW, 

Winter 1972) 

LANK NOT FILMED 

December 1972 

December 1 : Zntercosmos 8 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 590-km (366.6-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.7-mi) perigee, 

92.4-min period, and 70.9” inclination. Tass announced satellite would 

continue global research of ionosphere, including temperature and concentration of electrons, in cooperative program of socialist countries to 

study different cosmic ray particles and micrometeoroids which influenced weather, climate, radio communications, and biological processes 

on earth. Tass reported onboard scientific equipment and systems were 

functioning normally. Zntercosmos 8 carried equipment designed and 

built in Bulgaria, German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia, and 

U.S.S.R. Satellite reentered March 2, 1973. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/72; 

3/31/73; FBIS-SOV, 12/1-2/72, L1; SBD, 12/2/72,58) 

* Apollo 17 Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt, and 

Ronald E. Evans passed final four-hour physical examination at 

Kennedy Space Center. Manned Spacecraft Center Deputy Director of 

Life Sciences for Medical Operations, Dr. W. Royce Hawkins, told 

press astronauts were “well rested, in good spirits, and physically in 

excellent shape.” (Wilford, NYT, 12/2/72, 58) 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics announced election 

of 19 new Fellows, including Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator; Bruce T. Lundin, Lewis Research Center Director; and 

Harris M. Schurmeir, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Project Manager. 

Fellows would be honored at annual banquet during Jan. 23-10, 1973, 

annual meeting and technical display. Dr. Fletcher had been cited for 

pioneering work in missile guidance systems and for his farsighted 

administrative leadership of this nation’s aeronautical and space 

research and development programs.” Lundin citation was for “contribution to research in turbojet and ramjet engine technology and his 

management of many aircraft, missile and spacecraft research programs.” Schurmeir was cited for “basic work in systems engineering 

for lunar and planetary spacecraft and in particular for his leadership 

of the Ranger photographic missions to the moon and the Mariner 

missions to Mars.” Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Grant L. 

Hansen had also been elected AIAA Fellow, for ‘‘contributions to the 

electronic design of the Nike, Sparrow, Thor and Skybolt Systems, 

management and direction of the Centaur program and his perceptive 

leadership in military research and development.” ( AIAA Release) 

* First results of new radar astronomy technique for accurately measuring 

lunar topography from earth were described in Science by Haystack 

Observatory astronomer Stanley H. Zisk. Earlier techniques had 

measured radar backscattering properties by analyzing lunar echo 

simultaneously in both time and delajr Doppler frequency. New technique extended earlier technique to three-dimensional measurement 

using radio-interferometer receiver for lunar echo signals. Technique 

had been used to measure lunar area that included craters Ptolemaeus, 

cc 
December 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Alphonsus, and Arzachel and portions of Mare Nubium. Results had 

shown evidence of late episode of volcanism that had partially filled 

two craters through crustal fault of Imbrian origin. Other features 

coinciding with local gravitational anomalies could be correlated with 

flow events. Science cover photo of lunar topography showed floor of 

crater Ptolemaeus to be higher than large mare to its left. Lunar 

elevations were indicated by lighter shades of gray on black-to-white 

Pajor advance in research to control nuclear fusion for commercial 

energy was announced by Atomic Energy Commission. Experiments 

using adiabatic toroidal compressor ( ATC) at AEC’s Princeton Plasma 

Physics Laboratory had achieved, for first time, plasma density in 

range in which tokamak fusion reactor was expected to operate and 

had demonstrated new technique for heating tokamak plasma to 

thermonuclear temperatures. ATC was device for containing and heating 

plasma fuel to temperatures that would melt any other container. It 

was improved version of Soviet-developed tokamak containing and 

heating device that had been hailed internationally as promising 

approach to production of fusion power. Soviet results from T-3 

tokamak experiment, published in 1969, had been confirmed by 

Princeton tokamak experiments in 1970. Dr. James R. Schlesinger, 

AEC Chairman, had said new ATC results “further brighten the prospect 

of realizing commercial fusion power in a tokamak confinement system.” But AEC had “many years of hard work ahead” to develop 

concept into “practical power system.” (AEC Release P404; AEC PIO) 

Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations at Manned Spacecraft Center, was promoted by Air Force to 

rank of brigadier general. At 42 he was youngest officer of flag rank 

in any US. service and third astronaut to attain flag rank. Alan B. 

Shepard, Jr., had been promoted to rear admiral by Navy in December 

1971 and James A. McDivitt to brigadier general by Air Force in 

March. Stafford had been Apollo 10 commander and Gemini 6 pilot. 

(NASA Release 72-235) 

U.S.S.R. launched Molniya 1-22 communications satellite 

from Baykonur Cosmodrome to transmit radio communications and 

broadcast TV programs on the Orbita network to areas in north, 

Siberia, Soviet Far East, and Central Asia. Orbital parameters: 

39 797-km (24 728.7-mi) apogee, 555-km (344.9-mi) perigee, 65” 

inclination and 11-hr 57-min period. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/72; Tass, 

FBIS-SOV, 12/4/72, L1; SBD, 12/5/72, 143; 12/14/72, 197) 

Apollo 17 astronauts flew proficiency runs in NASA T-38 jet aircraft from 

Patrick Air Force Base, Fla., while at Kennedy Space Center five 

mice were selected to fly on mission experiment. Mice had been selected 

from 40 small rodents brought from California desert as candidates 

for mouse-to-the-moon mission. They would remain in orbit around 

moon when lunar module descended to surface. (AP, B Sun, 12/3/72) 

Chicago Daily News editorial commented on impact of 

Apollo program: “The costly moon race may have helped distort 

American thinking in a damaging way. If we can go to the moon, 

so the slogan ran, we can do anything-wipe out poverty, eradicate 

racism, guide the economy, cure every evil of society. The euphoria 

created by the burgeoning space program and the crowning successes 

/ photo. (Science, 12/1/72, cover, 977-80) 

,’ 

December 2: 

December 2-3: 

404 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 2-3 

of the landing may have contributed to the rise of expectations in other 

fields beyond any solid hope of their realization. Science and technology can do wonders, but social problems do not yield so readily 

to electronics or telemetry.” (C Daily News, 12/2-3/72) 

Kennedy Space Center technical writers, members of International Alliance of Theatrical and Stage Ehployees, agreed to accept 

4+4% pay increase, ending threat of strike that might have delayed 

Apono 17 launch [see Nov. 51. (Auerbach, W Post, 12/4/72, A20) 0 NASA controllers expected Pioneer IO (launched March 2) to pass behind 

Jupiter satellite Io because of Sept. 19 course correction. Brief firing 

of spacecraft’s thrusters had increased velocity by 0.227 mps (0.745 

fps) so that Pioneer 10 would arrive at Jupiter 17.2 min earlier than 

originally planned. Spacecraft was expected to make its closest approach 

to planet at 9:23.5 pm EST Dec. 3, 1973, when Io would pass between 

spacecraft and earth. Io would then be about 531 700 km (330 400 mi) 

from spacecraft. Scientists could measure Io’s atmosphere, if any, as 

Pioneer IO’S radio signals passed through it. (NASA Release 72-231) 

Apono 17 launch date postmarks would be available from Kennedy Space 

Center and Manned Spacecraft Center, Washington Sunday Star & 

Daily News reported. Deadline for obtaining splashdown postmarks 

from recovery ship U.S.S. Ticonderoga had passed. Titusville, Fla., 

Post Office would accept covers to be postmarked at KSC for 18-hr 

period beginning 8 am Dec. 6. (Fairies, W Star & News, 12/3/72) 

New York Times said it had asked more than 20 scientists and scholars 

with no part in space program to assess probable place of space 

exploration in “broad sweep of history and in the evolution of man 

and man’s perception of himself and his universe.” British historian 

Arnold J. Toynbee and American anthropologist Dr. Margaret Mead 

had seen space experience as “turning point in human history.” Univ. 

of Michigan biophysicist Dr. John R. Platt had said that “the great 

picture of earth taken from the moon is one of the most powerful 

images in the minds of men today and may be worth the cost of the 

whole Apollo project.” He saw photo as “a great landmark in exploration-to get away from the earth to see it whole.” Soviet poet Robert 

Rozhdestvensky had said: “Man has become . . . more perceptive to 

what worries other people. He has no possibility of hiding away . . . of escaping reality and shutting himself up in the narrow world of 

his own.” French anthropologist Dr. Claude Levi-Strauss had said: 

‘‘I never look at TV except when there’s a moon shot, and then I am 

glued to my set.” Dr. Garrett Hardin, ecologist of Univ. of California 

at Santa Barbara, had said it was time to pull back from further 

manned space exploration for several centuries. Space program “can 

only be called ‘spiritual’ in both the good and bad senses.” 

Technological spinoff s of space program “could surely have been 

achieved with an expenditure of much less.” 

Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin, Director of Smithsonian Institution’s National 

Museum of History and Technology, had said greatest thing about 

space exploration was “that we don’t know what its payoff will be. 

This symbolizes the American civilization. The people who settled 

America had no idea what the payoff would be. They settled it before 

they explored it.” Nobel Prize winning biologist Dr. Albert SzentGyorgyi had said Apollo flights demanded that word “impossible” 

December 3: 
December 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

be struck from scientific dictionary. “They are the greatest encouragement for the human spirit.” Oak Ridge National Laboratory Director, 

Dr. Alvin M. Weinberg, said successes in space and nuclear energy 

had given people “the feeling that essentially any technological problem 

can be solved. This has created within the technological communitv 

and within the public at large a kind of technolGica1 euphoria.” 

(Wilford, NYT, 12/3/72, 1) 

* Apollo program accomplishments were praised by Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, Vice President for Engineering and Development with Fairchild 

Industries, Inc., and former NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for 

Planning, in New York Times article: “Two developments stand out 

in my view: (1) The remarkable advance in sophistication of flight 

techniques and capabilities of the crews, and (2) . . . the eye opening 

increase in both the extent and results of the scientific activities of 

manned lunar exploration.” After completion of Apollo 17 mission 

would come realization “that we have only begun the exploration of 

the moon. As the analysis of Apollo lunar data and specimens proceeds, 

it will dawn on us what an enormous treasure trove awaits mankind 

just offshore from our planet. It will also occur to the scientific community that a base on the moon is just as important as a base in the 

Antarctic.” (NYT, 12/3/72, 68) 

8 Astronauts’ image was discussed in New York Times Magazine article. 

Of 73 pilots and scientists selected for astronauts corps only 39 

remained active, and corps faced future cuts. Three astronauts had 

died in Jan. 27, 1967, Apollo spacecraft fire; five others in aircraft 

and auto accidents. Of 25 who had left corps, “many have followed 

the conventional paths of glory into business and Government.” But 

“in the behavior of others there is more than a touch of the eccentric, 

and a large dose of trouble, almost a mythological element: the 

wandering hero back among his tribe, after stealing the sacred fire and 

grappling with terrifying demons, condemned to ask tough questions.” 

World might regard some astronauts as “Byrds and Lindberghs of our 

time.” As space program emphasis shifted, “they may be an endangered 

species. For the hotshot pilot seems destined to be replaced in the 

space stations of the near-future with scientists given training of shorter 

duration for their flight duties.” Astronauts had been “wandering 

heroes who tried to unite us with their vision of earth as a small ball 

floating in an oceanic universe, with all men as passengers. But they 

weren’t really poets, and they flew at a time of bitter earthly quarrels, 

with many resentful of the price tag on their odyssey.” Like most 

heroes, “they were magnified versions of all of us, men of great daring 

and courage whose competitiveness was no doubt fierce, whose outlook 

was often corporate and even corny, whose ingenuousness was at times 

profound. But their image as a comforting symbol to Middle America 

did them an injustice.” (Muson, NYT Magazine, 12/3/72, 37, 142) 

* Economists agreed that end of Vietnam war would have no major impact 

on US. economy, New York Times reported. Defense funds expected 

to be freed by coming of peace had already been spent as war wound 

down slowly. Many defense contractors in aerospace and communications expected to pick up business with war’s end. Some of top 10 still 

had war-related business, but amount was small in relation to total 

406 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 3 

sales. Many contractors were “seriously seeking to diversify into nondefense-related operations.” (Shabecoff, NYT, 12/3/72) 

0 Columbia Univ. sociologist Dr. Amitai W. Etzioni suggested “most hopeful epitaph for Project Apollo” in New York Times article: “This was 

the last gasp of a technologically addicted, public-relations-minded 

society, the last escapade engineered by an industrial-military coalition 

seeking conquests in outer space, while avoiding swelling needs on 

earth.” (NYT, 12/3/72, 64.) 

0 London Sunday Times article said man was withdrawing from lunar 

exploration, “not because of the hostility of the lunar surface or of 

interplanetary space, but because of indifference back at home.” US. 

had “vindicated her technological honor following the deep felt humiliation of being beaten into space by the Russians: the payoff in terms 

of international prestige has not come up to expectations; the hope 

that space had vast military potential has proved an illusion.” (Silcock, 

London Sunday Times, 12/3/72, 33) 

0 Newspaper editorials commented on US. space program. 

Baltimore Sun on post-ApolIo space program: “While it is tempting 

to contemplate what improvements could be financed here on earth 

from the billions being spent in space, it is well to bear several factors 

in mind. One is the decline in space spending from a $5.25 billion 

peak in 1965 to the present plateau of $3.35 billion a year. Another 

is the Nixon administration’s decision to proceed cautiously on the 

rush-rush manned Mars expedition advocated by Vice President Agnew 

three years ago. Still another is the American-Soviet agreement on a 

rendezvous-and-docking mission for mid-1975, a concept once relegated 

to political science fiction. Finally, there is the very real prospect that 

experiments and programs conducted from space shuttles will be of 

use in improving the environment on earth. More accurate weather 

forecasting, air pollution studies, better communications-these are 

some of the more obvious opportunities. These trends surely justify 

reasonable financial support to continue a desired momentum in space 

technology.” (B Sun, 12/3/72) 

New York News on last Apollo mission: “The Apollo program is 

being phased out before its time, a victim of what we consider false 

economy, and the horizon is barren of any prospect for manned 

exploration beyond the boundaries of Earth orbit. Even unmanned 

probes will be few and far between as things look now.” (NY News, 

12/3/72) 

Chicago Tribune on future space program: Cost of Skylab, Viking, 

and space shuttle programs would be far less than amount put into 

space since 1958. “The national priorities have been reordered and, we 

believe, properly so. Future space exploration should be a part of, 

but should not dominate, our national effort to improve the lot of 

Americans.” (C Trib, 12/3/72) 

Technicians at Kennedy Space Center’s Apollo 17 launch site 

loaded helium used to pressurize lunar craft’s descent rocket system. 

Liquid hydrogen and oxygen were pumped into command module fuel 

cell system, source of spaceship’s electricity and water supply. Countdown, which began Nov. 30, continued on schedule with liftoff 

scheduled for 9:53 pm EST Dec. 6. (Wilford, NYT, 12/5/72,1) 

December 4: 
December 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* Mariner Mars ’71 extended mission of 259 days beyond primary mission 

was adjudged success. Objectives of extended mission of Mariner 9 

(launched by NASA May 30, 1971, and inserted in Mars orbit No. 13, 

1971) had been to map 70% of planet with 1-km (0.6-mi) visual 

resolution and to study dynamic characteristics of Mars at reduced 

data-acquisition rate. During extended mission Mariner 9 had mapped 

100% of planet and had observed large areas with infrared and ultraviolet instruments. S-band occultations and celestial mechanics measurements had proved Mars to be geologically and meteorologically active. 

(NASA proj off) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, described major alterations 

in “nature of the space effort” to be expected with 1978 introduction 

of space shuttle, in signed New York Times article. National space 

program had “turned an important corner in 1972-a year that, in a 

very real sense, was a year of decision” in choosing to proceed with 

shuttle. US. had “turned from a period of space exploration to a 

period of space exploitation for practical purposes.” 

By 1978 it would be ‘‘realistic to consider a variety of missions 

either not practicable at present cost levels or that were beyond the 

state of the art as it was in the pre-shuttle era.” Missions would include 

advanced, space-based communications systems that, when used for 

education, would “have the potential for eliminating illiteracy from 

the face of the earth.” Shuttle-launched advanced-version Nimbus 

satellites, combined with weather-modeling ground computers, would 

permit experiments in weather modification to dampen violent storms. 

Earth resources program data would provide precise picture of crop 

and timber conditions and extent of attacks by disease, drought, and 

fire. By 1980s, pilot space manufacturing operations might be in 

progress. “Super pure vaccine could thus be produced. Perfectly 

homogeneous alloys, fiber composites and perfectly round ball bearings 

are other possibilities.” During 1980s, ‘‘program of planetary exploration should record the completion of a close look at all the planets in 

our solar system as well as a detailed study of Mars, Jupiter and Venus. 

Large orbiting telescopes will be aimed at the outer reaches of the 

universe, examining such phenomena as quasars and pulsars.” (NYT, 

12/4/72, 50) 

* Term “post-Apollo” had “outlived its usefulness,” Dr. James C. Fletcher, 

NASA Administrator, said in message to staff. “When plans for this 

decade were still uncertain it made sense to refer to them as post-Apollo 

plans. But today we are advanced with new programs which stand 

on their own merits.” Skylab, space shuttle, Viking, High Energy 

Astronomy Observatory ( HEAO) , and Pioneer and Mariner missions 

to planets drew heavily on technology of 1960s, “but they take this 

technology giant steps into the future.” Dr. Fletcher suggested names 

for future years: 1973 would be “Year of Skylab” and of Pioneer 10, 

1975 would be year of Apollo-Soyuz rendezvous, in 1976 Viking would 

land on Mars, and in 1978 first space shuttle orbital flight was 

scheduled. “Each of these events will make a memorable page in the 

story of human progress. Each of them will contribute importantly to 

mankind‘s knowledge of our planetary environment.” (NASA Activities, 

12/15/72, 244-5) 

408 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 4 

Columbia Broadcasting System said it had rejoined original TV pool 

arrangement to cover Apollo 17 launch Dec. 6. Under arrangement, 

National Broadcasting Co. would act as pool agent for itself, CBS, and 

American Broadcasting Co. in relaying close-up TV photos of launch 

from NASA cameras. (AP, w Post, 12/5/72, A3) S.S. Statendam of Holland-American Line sailed from New York with 

about 100 passengers for cruise advertised as “Voyage Beyond ApolIo.” 

Itinerary included Cape Kennedy for close-up view of Apollo 17 launch, 

scheduled for Dec. 6. Passengers included novelists Norman Mailer 

and Katherine Anne Porter, science writer Isaac Asimov, and Northeastern Univ. physicist Dr. Robert D. hzmann. Dr. Wernher von 

Braun-Fairchild Industries, Inc., Vice President and former NASA 

Deputy Associate Administrator-and former astronaut Edgar D. 

Mitchell and science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, who had been 

advertised as participants in space seminars aboard ship, did not 

appear. (Buckley, NYT, 12/12/72, 43) 

* Environmental Protection Agency issued report on effect of aircraft 

emissions and proposed standards to limit emissions from aircraft 

and aircraft engines. Report, Aircraft Emissions: Impact on Air Quality 

and Femibility of Control, said aircraft would continue to be major 

source of air pollution until 1980 even though 90% of U.S. jet transport aircraft had been fitted with engines that produced less emission 

fumes. New, more powerful engines to be used in future would increase 

nitrogen oxide level in air by 33% in next 10 yrs. Proposed regulations 

would limit exhaust emission from new and in-use gas turbine engines 

and aircraft, prohibit fuel venting from gas turbine engines, set 

exhaust and crankcase emission standards for new piston engines, 

and establish test procedures to determine compliance. (Text; EPA 

Release) 

* Environmental Protection Agency was considering borrowing 12 Army 

helicopters to evaluate effectiveness of rotary wing aircraft in gathering evidence of waterway pollution, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. (Av Wk, 12/4/72,9) 

December 4-15: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Working Group 3 

met in Moscow to work out details of July 1975 U.S.-U.S.S.R. joint 

mission. Group completed tests of U.S. and Soviet two-fifths-scale 

model, defined location of interface sensors and force and stroke 

necessary for actuation, defined surfaces requiring dry film lubrication, 

exchanged interface seal samples for unilateral testing, and defined 

load and thermal interaction requirements for docking systems. (NASA 

proj off) 

December 5: President Nixon telephoned Apollo 17 crew at Kennedy 

Space Center to extend best wishes on eve of Apollo 17 mission. (PD, 

12/11/72, 1735) 9 Washington Evening Star and Daily News editorial commented on the 

last Apollo mission: A lot was riding on Apollo 17 “in its attempt 

to unlock the moon’s most ancient secrets and thereby perhaps the 

earth’s. Those three astronauts, with their record-size cargo of instruments, have the trickiest landing and the hardest lunar tasks in this 

whole program ahead of them.” (W Star & News, 12/5/72, A12) 

* NASA released report of Explorer 46 Meteoroid Technology Satellite ( MTS) 

Review Committee on failure of panels in bumper penetration experi409 
December 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

ment to deploy following Aug. 13 launch. Partial instead of full 

extension of one pair of MTS bumper wings had been caused by 

desynchronization between deployment actuators for that wing pair. 

Experiment continued to provide good data on effectiveness of bumpers 

to protect against meteoroids in space, with 17 penetrations recorded 

to date. One secondary experiment, to measure impact flux of small 

mass meteoroids, had accomplished objective in detecting about 2000 

micrometeoroids in near-earth space. Remaining secondary experiment, to measure velocities of meteoroids striking space vehicles, 

would require several months of successful operation to complete 

objective. (NASA Release 72-238) 

Further space budget cuts were forecast by Senate Finance Committee 

Chairman, Sen. Russell B. Long (D-La.), during Lafayette, La., press 

conference. He said President was trying to pare Federal budget to 

“reasonable limits.” There was ‘La lot of appeal to making some reductions in the space program.” (Sen Long Off; UPI, W Post, 12/7/72) 

US. communications firms announced agreements with Telesat Canada 

for use of Canada’s satellite system to provide communications service 

in US. Chairman Robert W. Sarnoff of RCA said RCA would lease one 

full-time channel and occasional time on second channel. Subject to 

approval by US. and Canadian governments, RCA Global Communications would install earth stations in Washington-New York corridor, 

California, and Alaska to relay voice, message, and TV traffic between 

East and West Coasts and between both coasts and Alaska at reduced 

costs. American Satellite Corp. announced preliminary agreement 

with Telesat Canada for lease of up to three satellite channels to 

provide US. domestic communications market with private-line channels 

for voice, data facsimile, TV programming, and interconnections of 

cable TV systems and private and industrial video service. (RCA 

Release 12/5/-72 ; AmSatCorp Release FL-9-240) 

* NASA announced personnel actions: L/G Marvin L. McNickle (USAF, Ret.) 

was named Special Assistant to Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight at NASA Hq. effective Dec. 3. L/G Carroll H. Dunn (USA) 

was elected Chairman of Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel to succeed 

Dr. Charles 0. Harrington, who was retiring. (NASA Release 72-237; 

NASA Ann) 

Two sounding rockets were launched by NASA from Wallops Station. 

Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Illinois payload to 185-km (115-mi) 

altitude in first of three launches to measure ionospheric properties 

on three anomalous days: (1) “L,” day with very low electron densities 

in 70- to 80-km (40- to 50-mi) region with 10-day minimal magnetic 

storm activity proceeding; (2) “HI,” day with very high electron 

densities with same altitude and magnetic storm prerequisites ; and 

(3) “Hz,” day with veiy high electron densities in same region with 

two or three days of major magnetic disturbance and magnetic storm 

aftereffects. Nike-Apache was fired on L day and measured electron 

densities, temperatures, and collision frequencies. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. 

Super Arcas launched 4.4 min after Nike-Apache carried Pennsylvania State Univ. payload to 85-km (52.8-mi) altitude to collect 

data on positive and negative ion conductivities. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

410 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 5 

* Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced new air transport 

security program to protect air passengers against hijackers. Program 

was being implemented at President Nixon’s direction. Security procedures required stationing armed local law enforcement officers at 

airport passenger check points during boarding periods, electronic 

screening of all’ passengers by airlines before boarding, and inspection 

by airlines of all carry-on items accessible to passengers during flight. 

(DOT Release 103-72) 

Sprint antiballistic missile successfully intercepted target cone over 

Pacific in DOD test of capability of missile site radar. Radar would 

be installed at US. ABM sites to launch and guide Sprint from site 

some distance from radar to long-range, low-altitude interception. 

(Reuters, B Sun, 12/7/72, All; DOD PIO) 

* International aspects of future space programs were discussed by Crosby 

S. Noyes in Washington Evening Star and Daily News column. 

Scientific and engineering aspects of 1975 joint US-U.S.S.R. ApolloSoyuz mission were “minimal compared to the psychological switch 

which the effort represents.” Project had “most profound political 

implications for the future.” U.S.S.R. participation in space shuttle 

development might raise “touchy questions” because of “obvious 

military aspects of the program.” In distant future efforts, including 

possible manned flights to other planets, “it is . . . evident that international cooperation on a much wider scale will be essential. What 

the Apollo program has demonstrated is that manned space flight is 

an impractical proposition for any single nation to undertake. Which 

may turn out to be the most valuable discovery of all.” (W Star & 

News, 12/5/72) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by Cecil Powell, completed 25th flight from Flight Research Center after air-launch from 

B-52 aircraft. Objectives of flight were to evaluate command augmentation system; to obtain stability and control data at mach 1.1, 

mach 0.8, and mach 0.7; and to check out pitch-reaction augmentation 

system. All objectives were achieved. M2-F3 reached 19 800-m 

(65 000-ft) altitude and mach 1.3. (NASA proj off) 

* International Business Machines Corp. outlined variety of computers used 

in launching and tracking manned spacecraft from Kennedy Space 

Center for Judge David N. Edelstein, who was hearing Justice Dept. 

antitrust suit against IBM [see Nov. 231. Judge and party would leave 

KSC for Goddard Space Flight Center Dec. 7 to examine computer 

operations there. (Today, 12/7/72) 

* Newspaper editorials commented on close of Apollo program with Apollo 

17 launch. 

Los Angeks Times: “Thanks to the marvels of satellite communications¶ 3,000 European doctors were able recently to ‘attend’ a medical 

meeting in San Antonio via television. A computer designed for the 

space agency is helping Detroit design safer steering linkages in cars 

and trucks. A technique for clarifying spacecraft photos of the moon 

is being used by hospitals to provide much sharper x rays. The 

thousands of men and women who have participated in the Apollo 

program, and the American people who supported it, have all cause 

for great pride in Apollo. It has been one of the best investments this 

December 6: 

411 
December 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

country ever made, one of the most rewarding adventures it ever 

undertook.” (LA Times, 12/6/72) 

Christian Science Monitor: “TO the layman, what has been learned 

about the moon and space has been an extension of our knowledge of 

the universe, not a radical departure. In this light, it is comforting to 

think that the Apollo program, remarkable though it has been historically, may illustrate that even the farthest reaches of today’s unknown 

may prove to be no more than the captive of tomorrow’s familiar.” 

(CSM, 12/6/72) 

New YOT~ Times: “Even as the world awaits this final launch, debate 

continues about the wisdom of the entire Apollo project. Some consider 

the moon landings the most brilliant scientific achievement in history ; 

others still look at the whole venture as a waste of resources needed 

for urgent requirements here on earth. Yet one fact about the venture 

is beyond dispute: in the years 1969-72 men landed on another 

celestial body for the first time and showed they could live and work 

in the bizarre and literally inhuman conditions on that foreign planet. 

Long after most other developments of the twentieth century are forgotten, future generations will recall this as the century in which men 

broke the bonds of terrestrial gravity and began their cosmic destiny.” 

(NYT, 12/6/72,42) 

December 7-19: Apollo 17 lifted Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, and 

Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt toward the moon on the last lunar landing mission in NASA’s 

Apollo program. Light from the Saturn V launch vehicle’s first stage was visible 

from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, Pad A, as far as South Carolina 

and Cuba in the first nighttime Apollo launch, starting off the 123/2-day misswn. 

412 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 7-19 

December 7-19: Apollo 17 (As-512) , sixth and last successful NASA 

manned lunar landing mission, carried three-man crew-including 

first scientist-astronaut in space-to moon's Taurus-Littrow region after 

first nighttime launch. Lunar module Challenger (LM-12) landed on 

moon Dec. 11 and two astronauts deployed experiments, rode lunar 

roving vehicle (LRV), and explored lunar surface during 75-hr stay. 

Challenger rejoined orbiting command and service module America 

(CSM-114) in lunar orbit Dec. 14 for safe return to earth with record 

115 kg (250 lbs) of lunar samples Dec. 19. 

Launch from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, Pad A, by Saturn V launch vehicle was delayed 2 hrs 40 min. 

Automatic cutoff at T minus 30 sec in countdown required recycle and 

hold at T minus 22 min; additional hold was called at T minus 8 min. 

Holds were caused when terminal countdown sequencer failed to 

command pressurization of S-IVB liquid-oxygen tank. Tank was 

pressurized manually, but failure to arm tank's pressurized interlock 

prevented continuation of launch events until interlock was bypassed 

by jumper. Workaround was first thoroughly analyzed at Marshall 

Space Flight Center. Investigation later indicated cause of failure was 

defective diode on printed circuit card in sequencer. 

Spacecraft-carrying Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan (commander), 

Ronald E. Evans (command module pilot), and Dr. Harrison H. 

Schmitt (lunar module pilot and geologist) -was launched at 12:33 

am EST Dec. 7, with illumination from S-IC 1st stage creating brilliance 

of morning sun. Liftoff, witnessed by crowd estimated at 500000 and 

by nationwide and foreign TV viewers, was visible to naked eye as far 

as South Carolina to north and Cuba to south. 

Spacecraft and S-IVB combination entered parking orbit with 170-km 

(105.6-mi) apogee and 168-km ( 104.4-mi) perigee. Following checkout, 

spacecraft was inserted into trajectory for moon at 3:13 ground 

elapsed time (GET) as planned. CSM separation from LM/S-IVB/IU 

at 3:42 GET and docking with LM at 3:57 GET were shown on TV. 

During docking possible ring latch malfunction was indicated. Troubleshooting reveared latches 7, 9, and 10 were unlocked. Latch 10 was 

locked by pushing on handle; latches 7 and 9 were locked and manually 

fired to lock handles. Following hatch replacement, CSM/LM combination was ejected from S-IVB stage at 4:45 GET. S-IVB lunar 

impact maneuver targeted stage to strike moon's surface Dec. 10. 

Midcourse correction (MCC-1) was not necessary because of 

nominal trajeciory. MCC-2 maneuver was performed on time at 35:30 

GET, changing velocity 3 m per sec (9.9 fps). Cernan and Schmitt 

entered LM at 40:lO GET and discovered docking latch 4 improperly 

latched. Evans moved latch handle 3Oo45O, disengaging hook from 

docking ring. Mission Control and flight crew decided to wait until 

second LM entering at 59:59 GET for further action on latch. Remainder 

of LM housekeeping was nominal and LM was closed out at 42:11 GET. 

Heat flow and convection demonstrations were conducted as planned; 

results were satisfactory. MCC-3 and -4 were not required because of 

near-nominal trajectory. LM housekeeping was resumed at 5959 GET 

and completed at 62:16 GET with all systems nominal. Evans, following 

ground instructions, stroked docking latch 4 handle and succeeded in 

cocking latch. Latch was left in cocked position for CSM-LM rendezvous. 

December 7-10: 

413 
December 7-19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

December 7-19: Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan checked out the lunar roving vehicle 

in the first Apollo 17 extravehicular activity Dec. 11, after touchdown at the moon’s 

Taurus-Littrow site. The stripped-down Rover was photographed by Scientist-Astronaut 

Harrison H. Schmitt before loadup with television assembly, communications equip 

ment, lunar tools, and scientific gear. The South Massif was in the right background. 

Planned trajectory was modified continually because of late liftoff; 

coast toward moon was accelerated to ensure arrival of spacecraft at 

lunar orbit insertion (LOI) at scheduled GMT time. GET clock was 

updated 2 hrs 40 min at 65:OO GET to place all events on original flight 

plan schedule. Crew began one-hour visual-light-flash phenomenon 

observation at 68:19 GET and reported seeing bright to dull light 

flashes. Cernan reported continuing gas pains during private consultation via separate radio link with Dr. W. Royce Hawkins, Manned 

Spacecraft Center Deputy Director of Life Sciences for Medical Operations. He was told to continue taking antigas pills and to alter diet. 

Crew jettisoned scientific instrument module (SIM) door at 84:12 GET 

and said SIM bay looked good. 

December 10-16: Apallo 17 entered lunar orbit with 315-km 

(195.7-mi) apolune and 97-km (60.3-mi) perilune after 398-sec LOI 

burn at 8854 GET (2:47 pm EST Dec. 10). Cernan announced: 

“America has arrived on station for the challenge ahead.” 

S-IVB 3rd stage impacted on lunar surface at 89:39 GET (3:32 pm 

EST Dec. 10) at 4” 12’ south latitude and 12” 18’ west longitude. 

Impact was recorded by Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 16 seismometers. 

Evans described crew’s excitement at reaching vicinity of moon : 

“We’re breathing so hard, the windows are fogging up.” Schmitt 

interrupted running commentary on lunar topography with shout: 

“Hey I just saw a flash on the lunar surface!” When assured by Mission 

Control that impact of possible small meteor would have been masked 

414 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 7-19 

December 7-19: Geologist-Astronaut Schmitt worked beside a huge split boulder at 

the base of North Massif on the lunar surface during EVA-3, photographed by Cernan. 

Above, Schmitt positioned a gnomon (a local vertical and color standard). Below, he 

chipped a sample from the other end of the rock, with the front of the Rover appearing at the left. Samples on this last Apollo EVA included blue-gray breccias, finegrained basalts, crushed anorthositic rock, and soils. Meanwhile Ronald E. Evanscontinuing to orbit the moon in the command and service module America-identified 

a series of volcanic domes in Aitken Crater on the moon’s far side during EVA4 

415 
December 7-19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

on seismometers by S-IVB 3rd-stage impact, Schmitt groaned: ‘‘Just 

my luck.” Cernan-who had orbited moon during May 18-26, 1969, 

Apollo 10 mission-described sight as “still just as impressive.” 

Descent orbit insertion (DOI-1) was performed at 90:31 GET. 

CSM and LM undocked and separated on schedule at 107:48 GET. 

Circularization maneuver placed CSM in orbit with 129-km (80.2-mi) 

apolune and 100-km (62.1-mi) perilune. 

DOI-2, at 109:50 GET, inserted LM into orbit with Ill-km (69.0-mi) 

apoIune and 11-km (6.8-mi) periiune. Powered descent was initiated 

and Challenger touched down on Taurus-Littrow site at 113:02 GET 

(2:55 pm EST Dec. 11). 

Cernan descended LM ladder four hours later, at 117:02 GET, and 

said: “As I step off at the surface at Taurus-Littrow, I’d like to dedicate 

the first step of Apollo 17 to all those who made it possible.” Schmitt, 

first geologist to walk on moon, followed and asked, “Hey, who’s been 

tracking up my lunar surface?” Cernan said surrounding hills looked 

like “wrinkled skin of an old, old, 100-year-old man.” 

Astronauts deployed lunar roving vehicle. Cernan made short test 

drive and said, “Hallelujah, Houston! Challenger’s baby is on the roll.” 

As Cernan and Schmitt set up TV equipment, Cernan called to 

Schmitt: “Hey, Jack, just stop. You owe yourself 30 seconds to look 

up over the South Massif and look at the Earth.” Schmitt replied: 

“What? The Earth? You seen one earth, you’ve seen them all.” Cernan 

unfurled US. flag on lunar surface while Schmitt took his picture. 

Cernan said, “It’s got to be one of the most proud moments of my 

life.” Flag had “flown in the MOCR [Mission Operations Control Room] 

since Apollo 11. And we very proudly deploy it on the Moon, to stay 

for as long as it can, in honor of all those people who have worked so 

hard to put us here and to put every other crew here and to make the 

country, the United States and mankind, something different than 

it was.” 

While preparing to traverse to Apollo lunar surface experiment 

package site, Cernan inadvertently knocked extension off of LRV right 

rear fender and repairs were made with tape. Astronauts crossed to 

ALSEP site, where they deployed ALSEP. Color TV camera beamed live 

telecast to earth. 

LRV fender again fell off during traverse to Steno Crater, lunar 

station 1A. Crew deployed surface electrical properties experiment and 

explosive packages during 7-hr 12-min lunar surface exploration. First 

EVA ended at 124:13 GET. 

Second EVA began 1 hr 20 min late, at 140:35 GET (6:28 pm EST 

Dec. 12). Cernan and Schmitt, on instructions from Mission Control, 

improvised replacement for lost LRV fender extension. Four chronopaque 

maps were taped together and held in place by two portable utility 

lamp clamps. “Call me the little old fender maker,” Cernan said. 

Cernan and Schmitt visited lunar stations 2, 2A, 3, 4, and 5. They 

deployed explosive packages, obtained photos, and collected and documented soil samples. At station 4, Shorty Crater, Schmitt shouted: 

“There is orange soil! It’s all over! Orange!” Cernan confirmed finding: “Jack that is really orange. It’s been oxidized.” Schmitt dug 

trench and extracted sample which he described to Mission Control: 

An essential portion of the zone . . . actually has a crimson hue, or C< 

416 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 7-19 

December 7-19: Astronaut Evans 

photographed the crescent earth 

from lunar orbit as it rose over the 

moon, after Astronauts Cernan 

and Schmitt had returned to the 

Apollo 17 command and service 

module America from their explorations of the lunar surface and before 

insertion into trajectory for home. 

The lunar module Challenger’s 

ascent stage, which had lifted the 

astronauts from the surface to dock 

with the CSM in orbit, had been 

separated and nudged into its flight 

path for a crash on the moon. The 

lunar far side is in the foreground. 

red hue. Outside of that it’s orange. And outside of that, it’s gray.” 

Scientists on ground immediately speculated that soil might have 

originated from volcanism on moon as recently as 100 million yrs 

earlier. If so, it would contradict “dead moon” theory that moon had 

always been cold and inert. Dr. Robin P. Brett, head of MSC Geochemistry Branch, told press, “What we have been witnessing may be 

one of the most significant finds of Apollo geology.” 

Schmitt revisited ALSEP site to verify that lunar surface gravimeter 

had been leveled properly. EVA-2 ended at 148:35 GET (2:05 am EST 

Dec. 13), after 7 hrs 37 min. Total distance covered during second 

EVA was 19 km (12 mi). 

Third EVA began 50 min late at 163:35 GET (5:26 pm EST Dec. 13). 

Cosmic ray detector was retrieved before start of traverse to prevent 

exposure to low-energy solar protons from small solar flare. Cernan 

and Schmitt took black and white and color photos and collected 66 kg 

(145.9 lbs) of samples. Samples included blue-gray breccias, finegrained vesicular basalts, crushed anorthositic rocks, and soils. EVA-3 

417 
December 7-19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

ended at 170:48 GET (0:41 am EST Dec. 14), after 7 hrs 16 min. 

During EVA-3 Evans, orbiting in CSM 113 km (70 mi) above lunar 

surface, identified series of volcanic domes in Aitken Crater, on moon’s 

far side. 

Before entering Challenger for last time, Cernan and Schmitt stepped 

before TV cameras. Cernan said: “To commemorate not just ApolZo 

17’s visit to the Valley of Taurus-Littrow but as an everlasting 

commemoration of what the real meaning of Apollo is to the world, 

we’d like to uncover a plaque that has been on the leg of our spacecraft.” He read inscription: “Here man completed his first exploration 

of the Moon, December 1972 A.D. May the spirit of peace in which 

we came be reflected in the lives of all mankind.” Dr. James 6. Fletcher, 

NASA Administrator, congratulated astronauts from Mission Control 

at MSC and conveyed Godspeed message from President Nixon. As 

astronauts boarded LM, Cernan said: “I believe history will record 

that America’s challenge of today has forged man’s destiny of 

tomorrow. And, as we leave the moon at Taurus-Littrow, we leave 

as we came and, God willing, as we shall return, with peace and hope 

for all mankind. God speed the crew of Apollo 17.” 

Total time for three EVAS was 22 hrs 5 min 4 sec, during which 

Cernan and Schmitt traveled 35 km (22 mi) in LRV, collected 115 kg 

(250 Ibs) of samples, and took 2120 photos. Good-quality TV transmission was received throughout EVAS. 

Astronauts depressurized LM and discarded excess equipment. LM 

lifted off lunar surface at 188:02 GET (5:55 pm EST Dec. 14). TV 

December 7-19: Astronaut Evans retrieved film cassettes from the lunar sounder and 

mapping and panoramic cameras in three spacewalks to the scientific instrument 

module, as the Apollo 17 spacecraft coasted toward the earth on its return trip from the moon. The cylindrical object at Evans’ left side is the mapping camera cassette. 

418 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 7-19 

put it on the pad.” Evans answered, “And, you know, so does 

Challenger.” 

CSM and LM docked in lunar orbit at 190:17 GET and Cernan and 

sferred to CSM with samples and equipment. LM ascent 

isoned as planned. Impact of stage on lunar surface at 

195:57 GET was recorded by four Apollo 17 geophones and Apollo 12, 

14, 15, and 16 ALSEPS. Explosive packages were detonated and events 

were picked up by lunar seismic profiling geophones. Flash and dust 

from EP 7 explosion were seen on TV. 

Insertion into trajectory for earth began at 236:42 GET, after CSM’S 

147 hrs 48 min in lunar orbit. 

December 17-19: Spacecraft left moon’s sphere of influence at 

250:40 GET, traveling at 1173 m per sec (3851 fps). Evans left CSM 

at 257:34 GET (3:27 pm EST Dec. 17) for 1-hr 7-min inflight EVA to 

retrieve lunar sounder film and panoramic and mapping camera 

cassettes in three trips to SIM bay. TV pictures relayed to Mission 

Control showed him cavorting in weightlessness in stiff white pressure 

suit and attached to 7.6-m (25-ft) line. Following space walk, astronauts settled down for final two days of mission. 

CM separated from SM at 304:04 GET, 15 min before entry interface 

at 121 920 m (400 000 ft). Drogue and main parachutes deployed 

normally and CM splashed down in mid-Pacific 6.4 km (4.0 mi) from 

prime recovery ship U.S.S. Ticonderoga at 304:31 GET (2:25 pm EST 

Dec. 19). 

Recovery helicopter dropped swimmers, who installed flotation collar 

and attached life raft. Astronauts were transported to recovery ship 

for postflight examination. They would be flown to Houston via Samoa 

the following day. CSM was retrieved by recovery ship for transport 

to San Diego, Calif. 

ApoUo 17 achieved primary objectives-to make selenological survey and sampling of materials and surface features in preselected area 

of Taurus-Littrow region, emplace and activate surface experiments, 

and conduct inflight experiments and photography. Launch vehicle 

and spacecraft system performances were near nominal throughout 

mission. Only minor discrepancies occurred, with no effect on safety 

or mission objectives. Flight crew performance was good. Mission was 

judged officially to be “a great success.” 

Accomplishments included sixth manned lunar landing and return, 

first geologist-astronaut on lunar surface, longest lunar surface stay 

time (74 hrs 59 min 38 sec) , longest single lunar surface EVA (7 hrs 

longest total lunar surface EVA time 

tal lunar distance traversed with LRV ( 

longest Apollo mission ( days 13 hrs 51 min) , most s 

(115 kg ; 250 lb) , and longest time in lunar orbit (147 

Apollo 17 was 14th and last scheduled mission in Apollo series and 

11th manned Apollo mission. Apollo 16 had flown April 16-27. 

Highlights of Apollo program had been first manned orbit of moon 
December 7-19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

by Apollo 8 (Dec. 21-27, 1968) , first landing of men on moon during 

Apollo 11 (July 16-24, 1969) , and first use of lunar roving vehicle 

on moon during Apollo 15 (July 26-Aug 7, 1971). Apollo program 

was directed by NASA Office of Manned Space Flight. Manned Spacecraft Center was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, 

Marshall Space Flight Center for Saturn V launch vehicle, and Kennedy 

Space Center for launch operations. Tracking and data acquisition 

was managed by Goddard Space Flight Center under overall direction 

of Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA proj off; NASA 

Release 72-220K; MSC Transcript 07629; NYT, 12/8-20/72; W Post, 

12/8-20/72; NASA PIO) 

President Nixon sent message to Apollo 17 crew following 

successful launch: “With the final mission of the Apollo lunar exploration series man compIetes another step in his quest for knowledge of 

his universe and of himself. Those who come after will stand on the 

shoulders of the men of Apollo and their dedicated support team. 

I wish you good luck and Godspeed.” (PD, 12/11/72, 1734-5) 0 Scientist-Astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt was calmest of Apollo 17 astronauts at launch time, United Press International reported. His heartbeat at liftoff was 115 beats per minute, with 130 for Astronauts 

Eugene A. Cernan and Ronald E. Evans. Apollo 16 rates had been 108 

for Astronaut John W. Young, 115 for Astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly 

11, and 130 for Astronaut Charles M. Duke. Launch Director Walter J. 

Kapryan had said Apollo 17 crew was more tense because of liftoff 

delay. (C Trib, 12/8/72) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, assessed Apollo program’s 

meaning to US. in Associated Press interview published by Today: 

“Scientifically, it has allowed us to start obtaining a clear picture of 

what the moon is like, how it functions, its dynamics, how it has 

evolved and its relationship to the sun and our earth.” After all Apollo 

data had been evaluated, “it may help us understand how our planet 

evolved from an uninhabited place.” Apollo had “allowed us to see 

our earth as it really is” and “made a lot of people start talking about 

ecology and the need to preserve this fragile planet.” When man first 

walked on moon “it gave Americans renewed confidence in themselves. They knew their country could really put together a complex 

program and do what it says it will do within the price it said it 

would cost.” (Benedict, AP, Today, 12/7/72) 

December 7: 

Newspaper editorials commented on successful launch of Apollo 17: 

New York Times: “It is still a breathtaking concept, though five 

teams of astronauts have successfully accomplished similar feats since 

Apollo 11 made its historic breakthrough in July 1969. The nearcatastrophe which forced abortion of the Apollo 13 mission provides 

a useful reminder of the dangers involved despite all the exquisitely 

painstaking care taken before blast-off.” Astronauts had “special 

qualities which set them apart. Some day . . . taking a rocket to the 

moon will be as common as taking a plane to London is today. But 

the Apollo pioneers who have blazed the way had to have a special 

degree of competence and courage to embark on this extraordinary 

journey.” (NYT, 12/7/72) 

* President Nixon announced intention to nominate John A. Volpe to be 

US. Ambassador to Italy and Claude S. Brinegar to succeed Volpe 

420 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 7 

as Secretary of Transportation. Nominations were sent to Senate 

Jan. 4. (PD, 12/11/72, 1735; 1/8/72, 12) 

December 8: Soviet newspapers Pravda and Komsomolskaya carried 

detailed reports of Apollo 17 progress and photos of astronauts on 

second day of moon-landing mission. Pruvda story ended: “We wish 

them success.'^ Komsomolskaya said mission was “one of the most 

daring measures ever carried out by mankind, and undoubtedly the 

most expensive experiment ever in the area of science and technology.” 

Washington Post Foreign Service said ‘‘new tone in newspaper coverage” reflected high-level decision to cover some U.S. news more 

sympathetically in “period of Soviet-American detente.” (Kaiser, 

W Post, 12/9/72, A3) 

United Kingdom and West Germany agreed to abandon plans for European launcher and to buy US. launch vehicles instead. Decision was 

made at meeting in Bonn between U.K. Aerospace Minister Michael R. D. 

Heseltine and West German Aerospace Minister Klaus von Dohnanyi. 

(Reuters, NYT, 12/9/72, C7) 

* Proposed regulations to give industry access to Government technology 

for building plants to produce fissionable uranium were published in 

Federal Register by Atomic Energy Commission. Washington Post said 

next day that policy change was one of AEC’s most important “since the 

dawn of the nuclear age.” Government had previously kept monopoly 

on uranium plant building because of uranium’s bomb-making potential. Dr. James R. Schlesinger, AEC Chairman, had said action was 

prompted by urgent need to plan atomic plants worth $15 billion or 

more within a few years because of US. energy shortage. (Fed Reg, 

12/8/72, 26145; Cohn, W Post, 12/9/72, A3) 

* Conclusive identification of absorptions caused by water frost in infrared 

reflectivities of Jupiter’s Galilean satellites J I1 and J I11 was reported 

in Science by astronomers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

and State Univ. of New York at Stony Brook. Measurements had been 

made by rapid-scanning Fourier spectrometer on 150-cm (60-in) 

McMath solar telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. Percentage 

of frost-covered surface area had been determined at 50% to 100% 

for J 11, 20% to 65% for J 111, and possibly 5% to 25% for J IV. 

Leading side of J I11 had 20% more frost cover than trailing side, 

which explained visible geometric albedo differences between the two 

sides. Reflectivity of material underlying frost on J 11, J 111, and J IV 

resembled that of silicates. Surface of J I might be covered by frost 

particles much smaller than those of J I1 and J 111. (Pilcher et d., 

Science, 12/8/72, 1087-9) 

* Vice Chairman Kuo Mo-jo of Standing Committee of National People’s 

Congress of People’s Republic of China told visiting French delegation 

to Peking that U.S.S.R. had begun underground tests of explosive 

devices in 250- to 300-megaton range Nov. 25. Tests, southeast of Ural 

Mountains, would continue to Dec. 30. He noted concomitance of 

European security talks in Helsinki, Finland, and of Dec. 6 Apollo 17 

launch. Kuo said both Apollo 17 and Soviet nuclear tests showed 

technological supremacy with equal military potentialities. (Comparet, 

Agence France-Presse, Atlanta JC, 12/10/72, B1) 

Public attitude toward space program in late 1960s was described by 

Washington communications consultant Julian Scheer, former NASA 

421 
December 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, in Washington Post article. 

“There was a mixed feeling of pride and guilt . . . during those years.” 

Program had moved forward as “almost a solitary symbol of something that was working. But the question of its rightful place in the 

scheme of things always hung over it.” While “a cynic would conclude that the American people had turned from social problems,” 

realist “might conclude that what we were hearing in the late 1960s 

were the first real rumblings against large federal programs. The space 

program, meanwhile, had gained its momentum while this disillusionment was setting in. We got to the moon, it seemed, almost without 

anyone knowing it. The program had the velocity-and there was no 

turning back.” ( W Post, 12/8/72, A26) 

* Houston Post editorial commented on international aspects of space 

program: “The history of the world has provided few efforts more 

conducive to worldwide participation than space exploration. Its benefits are mutual. The space shuttle is emerging as a practical, selfsupporting project and needs wider participation. Meanwhile, space 

investigations need to be continued. An international space agency 

would seem to be a practical way to perpetuate what the US. and 

Russia have started.” (H Post, 12/8/72) 

* NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range carrying Univ. of Wisconsin soft x-ray experiment. Rocket and 

instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* General Accounting Office released report to Congress that said Lockheed 

Aircraft Corp. would have to sell 275 TriStar transport aircraft to 

recover its investment in airliner program. As of Oct. 31, Lockheed 

had received firm order for 117 TriStars and purchase options for 

additional 67. (Reuters, B Sun, 12/9/72, B7) 

Indian Space Research Organization’s experimental satellite 

communication earth station at Ahmedabad began tracking Apollo 17 

spacecraft. It was first time India had tracked a space mission. (Delhi 

radio, FBIS-India, Bhutan, Sikim, 12/13/72, 01) 

* President Nixon issued Proclamation 4174 calling upon public to observe 

December 17, 1972, as Wright Brothers Day, “both to recall the 

accomplishments of the Wright Brothers and to provide a stimulus to 

aviation in this country and throughout the world.” (PD, 12/11/72, 

Nimbus 5 (Nimbus-E) meteorological satellite was successfully launched by NASA from Western Test Range at 11:56 pm EST by 

two-stage, thrust-augmented Thor-Delta booster. Satellite entered near 

polar orbit with 1101.3-km (684.3-mi) apogee, 1089.5-km (677.0-mi) 

perigee, 107.2-min period, and 99.95’ inclination. Solar array lock-on 

and three-axis stabilization were achieved as planned. Activation was 

proceeding. 

Nimbus 5 carried new and improved instruments to extend observation into cloudy areas and higher altitudes, making first vertical 

temperature and water vapor measurements through clouds of earth’s 

atmosphere. 

Assigned primary objectives were to improve and extend capability 

for vertical sounding of temperature and moisture in atmosphere with 

particular regard to altitude coverage and cloud interference, providing 

nearly total global coverage for first time, and to demonstrate improved 

December 9: 

1738-9) 

December 10: 

422 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 10 

thermal mapping for 10 wks. As secondary objectives spacecraft would 

determine feasibility of using passive microwave remote sensing techniques to obtain earth observational data and would demonstrate 

capabilities of improved selective chopper radiometer ( SCR) , provided 

by United Kingdom, to obtain atmospheric soundings. 

Butterfly-shaped 769-kg ( 1695-1b) satellite carried six meteorological 

and earth resources experiments : SCR; infrared temperature profile 

radiometer ( ITPR) ; Nimbus E microwave spectrometer ( NEMS) ; electrically scanning microwave radiometer ( ESMR) ; surface-compositionmapping radiometer ( SCMR) ; and temperature-humidity infrared 

radiometer ( THIR) . Nimbus 5 was sixth of seven spacecraft designed to provide atmospheric data for improved weather forecasting. With added sophistication program had grown to include wide range of earth sciences. 

Sensors aboard Nimbus 5 would map Gulf Stream off east coast of 

U.S. and Humboldt Current off west coast of South America. By 

knowing locations of streams, shipping interests could make substantial 

saving. Nimbus 5 would also provide information about El Ninochange in Humboldt Current. El Nino had been causing great economic 

damage by warming coastal waters, killing nutrients and fish. 

Nimbus 2 (launched May 15, 1966, with design life of 6 mos) had 

returned data for 32 mos, for detailed study of effect of water, carbon 

dioxide, and ozone on earth’s heat balance. Vertical temperature 

measurements of Nimbus 3 (launched April 14, 1969) had been 

termed by meteorologists as one of most significant events in meteorological history, providing worldwide atmospheric information. Six of 

nine experiments on Nimbus 4 (launched April 8, 1970) could still 

provide atmospheric data. 

Nimbus program was managed by Goddard Space Flight Center under 

NASA Office of Applications direction. (NASA proj off; GSFC proj off; 

NASA Release 72-234) 

* Ninety U.S. and foreign scientists would participate in Mariner Jupiter/ 

Saturn 1977 (MJS77) mission, NASA announced. Group, chosen by 

NASA from more than 200 scientists who had submitted proposals in 

response to April invitation, represented 32 institutions in U.S. and 

abroad. France, Sweden, Germany, and United Kingdom were represented. Scientists had been grouped into 11 investigation areas. Each 

area would be represented in MJS77 Science Steering Group responsible 

for overall science program. MJS77 would launch two Mariner spacecraft in 1977 to fly by Jupiter and Saturn. (NASA Release 72-239) 

* Walter S. Sullivan, New York Times science editor, commented in article 

on conclusion of Apollo program as ApoZZo 17, final mission launched 

Dec. 7, neared lunar orbit insertion: “In the spaceflight community 

one senses sadness at the finality of this mission, but resignation to the 

inevitable, rather than bitterness. The scientists are already so glutted 

with data and specimens that some say it will take years of study to 

formulate the questions that should be asked by experiments on future 

landings, be they manned or unmanned.” (NYT, 12/10/72) 

* Apollo program had been “project of peace, producing knowledge that 

has been and will be made available to all nations and to all peoples,” 

New York Times editorial said. “No doubt men and women of many 

other nations will some day rocket across the cosmic tracks that Apollo 

423 
December 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

pioneered. Americans can be proud that this country led the way, 

and did.so with the goal of making space a zone of peace, not a new 

arena for fratricidal war among nations.” (NYT, 12/10/72, 10) 0 Houston Post editorial described ApoZZo 17 nighttime launch: “The starstudded sky exploded so violently and in such huge dimensions that 

it seemed as though a vast reflecting curtain, blended with the night, 

had been hung directly behind the Apollo 17 launch rocket with the 

specific role of casting all that fire and light right back over the 

audience. The climax was reached at the beginning. The drama dwindled 

swiftly to the view of a bright star fading farther and farther away 

as it headed toward the moon. An author could write tomes about 

the space program, but he couldn’t write one line about the nighttime 

launch of an Apollo and get away with it.” (H Post, 12/10/72) 

Soviet news agency Tass announced “the perfect execution” 

of Apollo 17 lunar landing “at 22 hours 55 minutes Moscow time in 

the north-eastern part of the visible side.” Announcement was made five 

minutes after landing. [See Dec. 7-19.] ( FBIS-SOV, 12/12/72, G1; 

Agence France-Presse, NYT, 12/12/72) 9 Space program costs were recounted for press by unidentified NASA 

spokesman at Manned Spacecraft Center. US. had spent more than 

$26.657 billion on manned space program in past 15 yrs and planned 

to spend $8.85 billion in next 5 yrs. Apollo series-most expensive 

program-would cost $25 billion through completion of ApoZZo 17. 

Gemini program had cost $1283.4 million and Mercury, $392.1 million. 

Skylab was expected to cost $2.6 billion, and early estimates for space 

shuttle program were $6.1 billion. NASA had saved $1.5 billion by 

eliminating Apollo 18, 19, and 20. (UPI, NYT, 12/12/72, 38) 0 Historians would have difficult time explaining decision to abandon 

Apollo program, Time magazine article said. “Having trained the men, 

perfected the techniques and designed the equipment to explore the 

earth’s own satellite, having achieved the ability to learn more 

about man’s place in the universe, Americans lost the will and the 

vision to press on. Barely three years after the first lunar landing, 

the nation that made it all possible has turned its thoughts inward 

and away from space.” Though US. spent $5.9 billion to develop 

Apollo rocket system, “production of Saturn boosters has been halted. 

The painstakingly assembled team of skilled technicians, engineers and 

scientists that made Apollo possible is slowly being disbanded.” Those 

who had branded lunar landings propaganda ploys or technological 

stunts were “prisoners of limited vision who cannot comprehend, or do 

not care, that Neil Armstrong’s step in the lunar dust will be well 

remembered when most of today’s burning issues have become mere 

footnotes to history.” (Time, 12/11/72, 35) 

US. would continue to use most of Kennedy Space Center’s $1 billion 

worth of launch facilities despite windup of Apollo program and 

reduced manned space-flight effort, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. KSC Deputy Director Miles Ross had said current 

13 500 contractor and Civil Service employees would grow slightly 

until April 30, 1973, when Skylab would be launched, and taper to 

about 10000 by launch of Apollo-Soyuz mission July 15, 1975. At 

October 1968 peak KSC had employed about 23000 contract workers 

and 3000 civil servants. December roster was 11 000 contract employees 

December 11: 

424 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 11 

and 2400 Government employees. NASA anticipated that brunt of future 

cuts would be borne by contractors and that civil service employment 

would remain steady. (Av Wk, 12/11/72, 17) 

Navy announced it had exercised option to procure 48 F-14 aircraft 

from Grumman Aerospace Corp. in accordance with terms of original 

contract. Grumman issued statement same day saying costs had 

risen to point where it would go bankrupt producing aircraft at 

originally agreed-upon price of $16.8 million each. Its Board of Directors had decided against making any further deliveries. Washington 

Post reported later that original contract had called for delivery by 

Grumman of 313 F-14s at total cost of $5.3 billion, or $16.8 million 

each. Question was “whether the Nixon Administration will stand 

behind the Navy or give Grumman special aid.” (Wilson, W Post, 

12/12/72, Al; DOD PIO; Grumman release) 

NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range carrying Johns Hopkins Univ. payload to measure brightness 

of sun. Rocket performed satisfactorily but scientific objectives were 

not met. (SR list) 

Any future development program for US. supersonic transport was 

expected to be given to NASA rather than Federal Aviation Administration, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. FAA, under 

retiring Dept. of Transportation Secretary John A. Volpe, had “lost 

so much of its authority” that “it no longer asserts itself” within 

Dept. of Transportation. (Av Wk, 12/11/72, 11) 

Indian Space Research Organization hoped to launch communications 

satellite in 1982, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Launch 

would be part of national effort to establish communications network 

to reach greater portion of population, 80% of which was “incommunicado.” (Av Wk, 12/11/72,20) 

Dept. of Defense officials had approved long-range plans to purchase 

additional Defense Satellite Communications System Phase 2 ( DSCS 2) 

satellites, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. First two had 

been launched in 1971. Plan called for eventual simultaneous deployment of four DSCS 2 spacecraft in orbit with the fourth satellite as a 

spare to handle special emergencies. Plans also called for spare DSCS 2 

satellites and Air Force Titan IIIC launch vehicle on ground for fast 

orbit of replacement satellites. (Klass, Av Wk, 12/11/72, 64-7) 

* Future of France’s Kourou, French Guiana, Space Center was uncertain 

because of uncertainty over European space programs, Aviation Week 

& Space Technology reported. Center plans had not materialized because of delays in European launcher program and 18- to 20-month 

hiatus in French Diamant B launcher program. Only 1972 launches 

from Kourou had been 8 to 10 sounding rockets. French officials had 

discussed possibility of shutting down major portions of center 

between launches. Maintenance cost about $20 million annually. 

(Av Wk, 12/11/72, 18) 

Soviet delegation had visited Boeing Co. second time and had revived 

discussions of possible US. certification and marketing of Soviet 

Yak-40 short-haul transport aircraft by Boeing, Aviation Week & 

Space Technology reported. U.S.S.R. also had discussed Yak-40 with 

North American Corp. and World Airways Inc. [see Oct. 271. ( Av Wk, 

12/11/72, 9) 

425 
December 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

* There was “much reason to suspect that sooner than most Americans 

realize there will be Soviet cosmonauts striding and riding on the 

moon’s surface,” New York Times article said. But U.S.S.R. was “no 

more capable of fully exploring the moon and achieving monopoly 

control of, the lunar surface than the United States.” It would take 

“resources of all nations to finance, equip and staff the permanent 

manned bases on the moon which will be needed if the moon’s scientific, economic and other potentials are to be fully exploited.” 

(Schwartz, NYT, 12/11/72, 39) 

Aviation Week & Space Technology editorial commented on Apollo program: Six lunar landings had marked “historic watershed in the 

annals of man.” They had been “boldest, most imaginative and technically complex achievements of man” and had “added a dimension 

to the human spirit that cannot be fully measured for decades.” Among 

Apollo’s most important benefits were: (1) “Development of new 

technology faster, and on a far broader front than is generally realized. 

The spearhead technology spawned . . . is not just confined to aerospace 

but has spilled over into other broader areas such as medicine, communications and education.” (2) “Creation of a cooperative blend of 

engineering and scientific effort that appears to have begun bridging 

a divisive gulf and providing a pattern for more fruitful future work.” 

Apollo 17 “with its first scientist-astronaut crewmember, foreshadows 

the increasing opportunity for scientists to work in space as Skylab 

and the space shuttle provide suflicient capacity for non-flightcrew 

specialists.” (3) “Creation of a management capacity in both government and industry for marshaling vast resources to focus on a specific 

goal to achieve results within a limited time. Hopefully, these techniques can be applied to other complex problems facing modern 

society.” (Hotz, Av Wk, 12/11/72, 7) 

Molniyu ZZ4 communications satellite was launched by 

U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk into orbit with 39 300-km (24 420-mi) apogee, 

470-km (292-mi) perigee, 11-hr 45-min period, and 65.3’ inclination. 

Purpose of satellite was to provide system of distant telephone and 

telegraph radio communications in U.S.S.R. and transmission of 

Moscow TV programs to Orbita network. (Tass, FBIS-SOY, 12/13/72, 

L1; SBD, 12/5/73; 12/14/72; GSFC SSR, 12/31/72) 

* Newspaper editorials praised ApoZZo 17 performance as astronauts worked 

on moon’s surface following Dec. 11 touchdown: 

Cleveland Phin Dealer: “On time and on target, the Apollo 17 

mission has made it to the moon and provides further proof of excellence in American space technology. The temptation is to dismiss 

such performance as routine, but there is nothing at all routine about 

the assignments of the men and equipment on this far journey.” 

ApoUo 17 was “establishing even more clearly the high degree of 

expertise and. perfection that is built into the American space exploration effort. It is doing so, however, with Schmitt and Cernan 

continuing the very unroutine work begun by astronauts Neil A. 

Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. on the moon three years ago.” 

(C1 PD, 12/12/72) 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin: “With all the other firsts of this 

last Apollo mission to the moon, there is tinge of sorrow mingled with 

the superlatives of performance.” To realize this was “last time 

December 12: 

426 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 12 

humans will visit the moon in the foreseeable future is to feel a certain 

loss along with the sense of accomplishment.” (P Bull, 12 

Miami Herald: “Knowledge gleaned from the Apollo program . . . is upsetting long-held theories. The venture thus is contributing to the 

demise of dogmatism, and encouraging open-mindedness which may 

lead mankind to many new truths.” (M Her, 12/12/72) * New York Times editorial criticized ApoUo 17 TV coverage: “One might 

have thought that the Apollo 17 moonwalks would be thoroughly 

covered by television as they took place. But the published television 

schedules indicate that the networks have chosen to dish out their 

usual commercial fare while giving only minimal live coverage to 

moonwalks that will make history. It is a poor choice from the point 

of view of public service.” (NYT, 12/12/72, 46) 

Review of plans for space shuttle external tank and 

solid-fueled rocket booster was held at Marshall Space Flight Center 

for 350 industry and Government representatives. Attendees heard 

presentations by NASA and North American Rockwell Dec. 12. NASA 

officials conducted separate briefings Dec. 13. (Murshull Star, 

12/12/72, 1) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by William H. Dana, 

completed 26th flight from Flight Research Center after air-launch 

from B-52 aircraft. Objectives were to evaluate reaction augmentation 

system and to obtain stability and control data at maximum mach 

number. To obtain maximum speed, M2-F3 was launched from 14 300 

m (47 000 ft) rather than usual 13 700 m (45 000 ft) . Landing rockets 

were used during climb. M2-F3 reached 19 800-m (65 OOO-ft) altitude 

and mach 1.5. (NASA proj off) 

Library of Congress Congressional Research Service released The Concorde SST (72-257 SP) . Report said Anglo-French supersonic transport aircraft remained “gamble” despite its technological successes, 

because of economic and environmental factors. Sonic boom and 

airport noise remained prime considerations although airlines had 

decided not to fly Concorde over populated areas. Aircraft’s relatively 

high selling priceabout $49? million-plus uncertainty over operating 

costs, recession in airline industry, and fear of environmental restrictions had slowed sales. Possible environmental hazards included upperatmosphere and airport pollution from aircraft emissions. (Text) 

NASA launched Aerobee 170 sounding rocket from White Sands Missile 

Range carrying Univ. of Colorado experiment to measure solar 

ultraviolet light. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. 

(SR list) 

National Science Foundation published Compuny Funds Push Total 

Industrial R&D Spending to $18 Billion in 1971 (NSF 72-318). In 

1971 total industrial research and development performance had 

amounted to $18.4 billion-equal to 1969 ,level. When measured in 

constant dollars, 1971 level was 3% below 1970 and 9% below 1969, 

Federal R&D funds in industry decreased by 1% between 1970 and 

1971, to $7.7-billion level. Federal R&D funds to industry had decreased 

each year since 1968, when they had reached peak $8.6 billion. 

Company R&D funds totaled $10.7 billion in 1971, 3% above 1970 

level of $10.4 billion, smallest year-to-year dollar gain in company 

R&D spending since NSF series began in 1953. But 1971 company R&D 

December 12-13: 

December 13: 

427 
December 13 ASTRONAUTICS, AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

funds accounted for 58% of total industrial R&D performance, highest 

ratio since 1953. (NSF Highlights, 12/13/72, 1) 

* Hayden Planetarium in New York announced it was showing serigraphs 

created by photographer Len Gittleman from photos taken by panoramic 

camera on ApolZo 15 spacecraft. (Am Mus-Hayden Planetarium Release) 

December 14: President Nixon issued statement following liftoff from 

moon of Apollo 17 lunar module ChaZZenger: “As the Challenger 

leaves the surface of the moon, we are conscious not of what we leave 

behind, but of what lies before us. The dreams that draw humanity 

forward seem always to be redeemed if we believe in them strongly 

enough, and pursue them with diligence and courage. Once we stood 

mystified by the stars; today we reach out to them. We do this not 

only because it is man’s destiny to dream the impossible, to dare the 

impossible, and to do the impossible, but also because in space, as on 

earth, there are new answers and new opportunities for the improvement 

and the enlargement of human existence. 

“This may be the last time this century that men will walk on the 

moon. But space exploration will continue, the benefits of space 

exploration will continue, the search for knowledge through the 

exploration of space will continue, and there will be new dreams to 

pursue based on what we have learned. So let us neither mistake the 

significance nor miss the majesty of what we have witnessed. Few 

events have ever marked so clearly the passage of history from one 

epoch to another. If we understand this about the last flight of 

Apollo, then truly we shall have touched a ‘many-splendored thing.’ ” 

(PD, 12/18/72, 1758-9) 

Cosmos 538 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk into orbit with 

280-km (174-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 65.4” inclination, and 89.3-min period. Satellite reentered Dec. 27. (GSFC SSR, 

12/31/72; SBD, 12/18/72, 209) 

* Air Force qualification of parachute decelerator system for NASA’s Viking 

Mars lander, scheduled for 1975 launch, was announced by Air Force 

Systems Command. Qualification had followed July 11 and 26 and 

Aug. 13 and 19 tests by Martin Marietta Corp. at Roswell and White 

Sands, N. Mex. Tests had included supersonic, transonic, and free-fall 

environments. In Aug. 19 test, decelerator had been dropped from 

balloon at altitude of 27 000 m (88 000 ft). Previous tests had 

used rocket motors ignited after balloon had taken test system to 

desired altitude. In each test, decelerator deployed to slow down simulated softlanding instrument package. ( AFSC Release 105.72 ; Martin 

Marietta Corp PIO) 

New York Times editorial commented on discovery by Apollo 17 astronauts of orange dust on moon: Discovery had “astonished the scientific 

world. Nothing similar had been previously seen on the moon. It is 

premature, though tempting, to conclude that this is evidence of 

relatively recent-in geological terms-volcanic activity. Final judgments have to await analysis of this strange material . . . . Nevertheless, it is already evident that Apollo 17 is turning out to be the most 

productive of the moon visits; and the probability seems higher than 

ever that the crew will bring back both the oldest and youngest lunar 

rocks yet to be found. It is already indisputable that the Taurus-Littrow 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 14 

site was an excellent choice for an Apollo landing since much of the 

terrain material there is quite different from that found on earlier 

trips.” (NYT, 12/4/72, 46) 

Honorary lifetime membership in Auto Body Assn. of America was 

granted to Apollo 17 Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan and Dr. Harrison 

H. Schmitt for fender repair work done on lunar rover on moon. 

Reg Predham, president of national organization of auto repairmen, 

said astronauts would be sent lapel pins and membership certificates. 

Boeing Co. would receive certificate for manufacturing “vehicle that 

can be repaired 250000 miles [400000 kilometers] from a part supplier.” (AP, C Trib, 12/15/72) 

Tenth year of interplanetary exploration was celebrated by Jet Propulsion Laboratory on 10th anniversary of arrival at Venus of Mariner 

2, launched by NASA Aug. 27,1962. 

Five more Mariners-designed and built by JPL engineers-had 

been launched during decade. In 1%5 Mariner 4 (launched Nov. 28, 

1964) flew by Mars, obtaining first close-up pictures. Mariner 5 

(launched June 14, 1967) helped determine atmosphere of Venus was 

75 to 100 times more dense than earth‘s. Mariner 6 (launched Feb. 24, 

1969) and Mariner 7 (launched Mar. 27, 1969) took photographs of 

Mars surface from as close as 3500 km (2200 mi). Mariner 9 (launched 

May 30, 1971) gathered data during 698 revolutions of Mars, pfovided map of entire planet, and showed evidence of volcanic activity 

and free-flowing water in planet’s geologic history. (JPL Release 640; 

A&A 1962; NASA Release 72-241) 

Highest energy output level ever reached by man-made machine400 

bev-was achieved by Atomic Energy Commission’s nuclear particle 

accelerator near Batavia, Ill. Level was double original design level 

of 200 bev. (AEC Release P-433) 

Tass announced successful completion of Soviet carrier rocket launching 

in Pacific and declared restricted area free for sea and air navigation. 

( FBIS-SOV, 12/14/72, A4) 

New York Times science editor Walter S. Sullivan had been named one 

of three winners of 1972 science writing awards sponsored by American Assn. for the Advancement of Science and Westinghouse Education 

Foundation, New York Times reported. Sullivan had won award for 

third time. Award was for his series “The Einstein Papers.” Other 

winners were Dennis L. Meredith, science editor at Univ. of Rhode 

Island, and Eugene Kinkead, associate editor of New Yorker. (NYT, 

12/14/72) 

New York Times editorial commented on Apollo program day after 

ApoZZo 17 astronauts lifted off moon’s surface: “Over the long term 

the chief product of Apollo is likely to be in man’s consciousness, 

not only in scientific thinking. Man’s entire perspective on the universe 

and on his place in it has been radically changed. Man evolved on the 

earth, but he is no longer chained to it. Man has walked on another 

planet and returned to tell the tale. The impact on the future must be 

enormous. Yesterday’s farewell to the moon was certainly not a farewell to space.” (NYT, 12/15/72, 46) 

ApoZlo 17 Astronaut Ronald E. Evans would receive promotion from 

commander to captain in Navy despite Government freeze on promotions, Dept. of Defense spokesman Jerry W. Friedheim told press in 

429 
December 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Washington, D.C. Exemption had been granted specifically for Evans. 

Apollo 17 commander Eugene A. Cernan had received promotion to 

captain in Navy for previous space exploits. (W Post, 12/16/72, A4) 

* President Nixon issued statement on receiving necessary ratifications of 

Definitive Agreements of the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization: “We can now look forward to the day when nations 

around the world will be linked together for instantaneous communications. The implications of this development are enormous, presaging 

improved international relations in the political, economic, cultural, 

and scientific spheres.” (PD, 12/18/72, 1759) 

Rep. Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.) , Chairman of House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, would become Chairman of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics in January 1973, Washington Post reported. 

He would replace Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) , who was defeated 

for renomination to House. Post quoted Rep. Teague as saying he 

wanted to push US. space program forward because it “seems to be 

taking a back seat.” (Lyons, W Post, 12/15/72) 

Federal Aviation Administrator John H. Shaffer received 1972 Wright 

Brothers Memorial Trophy at annual Wright Memorial Dinner in 

Washington, D.C. Citation was for “outstanding leadership of the 

worldwide operations of the Federal Aviation Administration which 

has greatly enhanced all aspects of US. aviation to the benefit and 

safety of the general public and all who fly.” (NAA Release, 9/22/72; 

Astronaut James A. Lovell-holder of record for hours logged in space 

[see Nov. 221-had been elected to the board of American Bakeries 

Co., Chicago Daily News reported. (C Daily News, 12/15/72) 

* Science article commented on renaming of Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 

honor of retiring California Congressman: Rep. H. Allen Smith’s 

closest association with aerospace had come in late 1940s when he was 

security manager for Lockheed Aircraft Corp. “During his years in 

the House, Smith distinguished himself as a quiet, unwavering conservative dedicated to economy in government.” He had voted against 

supersonic transport “and on at least three occasions opposed the space 

authorization bill, the ultimate wellspring of JPL’S money.” No one 

had asked JPL, California Institute of Technology, or NASA what they 

thought of redesignation. Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) had approved but “was not in a position to object gracefully.” Rep. Miller, 

too, was retiring and House Committee on Public Works had decided 

to affix his name to Federal building in Oakland, Calif. Article suggested solution might be “for JPL to acknowledge its new name with 

a small sign behind a fast-growing evergreen and let time take its 

course.” (Gillette, Science, 12/15/72, 1178) 

West Germany’s Amos Aeronomy Satellite was successfully launched by NASA from Western Test Range at 

3:25 PST by four-stage, solid-fuel Scout D vehicle. Spacecraft was 

placed in planned orbit with apogee of 864.4 km (537.1 mi) ; perigee, 

218.1 km (135.5 mi) ; period, 95.47 min; and inclination, 96.95”. 

Primary objective was to place 127-kg (277-11,) payload in nearpolar orbit to measure main aeronomic parameters of upper atmosphere and solar ultraviolet radiation in wavelength band of main 

absorption. By Jan. 22, 1973, all five experiments were performing 

FAA PIO) 

December 16-January 22, 1973: 

430 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 16-January 22 

satisfactorily and spacecraft housekeeping operations were normal, 

except that problem with synchronization of data rate to spin rate 

might degrade data from NASA’s neutral atmosphere temperature 

experiment. 

Satelliie, cylinder 71 cm high and 91 cm in diameter (28 by 36 in) 

with four telemetry antennas, would contribute to understanding of 

thermal, chemical, and dynamic processes governing atmospheric 

behavior. Instruments included mass spectrometer, retarding potential 

analyzer, impedance probe, extreme-ultraviolet spectrometer, and 

NASA’s neutral atmosphere experiment. 

July 1965 agreement between West Germany and NASA had provided for series of cooperative satellite projects. Aeros, second in 

series, was agreed to in Memorandum of Understanding signed June 

10, 1969. NASA was responsible for one experiment, Scout launch 

vehicle, launch, and limited tracking and data acquisition. West German Ministry for Education and Science (BMBW) was responsible 

for development of spacecraft and instrumentation and for operation 

and control of satellite after launch, as well as for four experiments. 

(NASA proj off; NASA Releases 69-91, 72-229) 

December 16: Apollo 17 surface science press briefing was held at 

Manned Spacecraft Center as astronauts headed toward home from 

moon. Stanford Univ. seismologist Dr. Robert L. Kovach described 

results to date from lunar seismic profiling experiment. Experiment 

had recorded impact of lunar module (LM) on lunar surface 9 km 

(5.6 mi) southwest of landing site “right on target where we wanted 

it.” Kinetic energy at impact was comparable to “1 ton of TNT going 

off.” Signal was “very clearly recorded on the geophone array and 

we’ve acquired an extremely important data point; . . . we’re effectively getting a depth sample down to 3 to 4 kilometers [1.9 to 2.5 

miles] in the Moon. And . . . we should get some very important information about the underlying highland type materials.” Data point was 

in critical distance range to answer one of the mysteries . . . of the 

shallow Lunar interior. We’ve been very much concerned about the 

enormous change in physical properties by terrestrial standards, . . . velocity changes by enormous percentage over a very small pressure 

range.” Data point should provide “answers as to just how these 

properties are changing.” First two explosive charges deployed had 

not shown significant differences in subsurface of Apollo 17 landing 

site and those of Apollo 15 and 16 but Apollo 17 site appeared to be 

“underlined by definitely more competent materials and they quite 

probably could be volcanic flows.” 

Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal investigator for passive seismic experiment, said Apollo 17 data, when compared with previous data, 

suggested possibility of new interpretation of lunar structure. “We 

do find evidence for lunar crust as we did in the past, but we may 

have to thin it considerabky.” Velocity of seismic waves in crustal 

material and velocity of material underlying crust might also have 

to be lowered. “We’re not dealing with pure anorthosite anymore. 

We’re dealing perhaps with gabbros . . . and so we have . . . to review 

all of the data and to reconsider our interpretations some, not just the 

seismologist, but the geochemist and geologist, as well.” 

(6 

431 
December 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Dr. Marcus E. Langseth of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 

principal investigator for heat flow experiment, said Apollo 17 experiment had “more than doubled” lunar heat flow data to date. “We’ve 

got a very successful emplacement in the operation of our instrument. 

It has been perfect.” Lunar surface temperature recorded Dec. 14 had 

been about 360 K (189°F). At about 15 cm (6 in) , it had dropped 

to 280 K (45°F). At about 65 cm (26 in) temperature dropped to 

254 K (-2°F). “Below that depth, the temperature begins to increase 

again. It’s about 257 degrees [3”F] at the bottom of the probes.” Data 

indicated that heat flow at Apollo 17 site would resemble that observed 

at 15 cm (6 in). If so, it would “give support to the kind of growing 

model of a warmer interior to the Moon” and “would require that 

there be a total gradient abundance of radioactive isotopes in the Moon 

as compared to Earth. So, there would be implication here for fundamental difference in composition, between the Moon and the Earth.” 

Dr. Langseth also reported data from traverse gravimeter experiment 

had supported thesis that “high gravity anomalies associated with the 

mare basin-the so called mascons”-probably had been created by 

slab of basalt or lavas which had flooded into previously excavated 

basins. 

Dr. William R. Muehlberger of Univ. of Texas, principal lunar 

geology investigator, said Apollo 17 had provided “most exciting few 

days of my scientific career. This mission is truly the fitting climax 

to the whole Apollo program. The landing site held great promise that 

we were going to get a good chance to unravel much of the earlier lunar 

history as well as the sample and study of what appeared to be very 

young vulcanism . . . . And I think this promise was fulfilled.” Orange 

materials at Shorty Crater had been “a spectacular plus.” Scientists 

hoped “returned material will tell us that that was young vulcanism in 

volcanic alteration of Shorty Crater. There’s still a possibility it could 

be an impact crater, however.” Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of MSC 

Planetary and Earth Sciences Div., discussed Dr. Latham’s suggestion 

that lunar crust might be thinner than originally expected: “I will 

certainly defend the proposition that the crust is made of a very 

aluminum plagioclase-rich rocks, . . . anorthosite gabbro or gabbroic 

anorthosite, . . . far from a basalt. I think that the chemistry of the 

surface rocks, . . . and the returned rocks bear this out and if the 

crust is thin, it reduces the likelihood that it is any different composition than what we see at the surface.” (Transcript) 

* Nearly half billion dollars worth of equipment, mostly junk, had been 

left on lunar surface during six Apollo landings, Chicago Tribune 

reported. List included rocket engines, electronic devices, golf ball 

driven by Apollo 14 commander Alan B. Shepard, Jr., feather left by 

Apollo 15 commander David R. Scott (who had dropped feather and 

hammer simultaneously during televised extravehicular activity to 

show that they both fell at same rate in vacuum), and 12 prs of boots 

costing $4000 a pair. Boots included those that ApoZZo I1 Commander 

Neil A. Armstrong had used to make first footprints on moon. Technological items left on moon included 5 S-IVB rocket engines costing 

$20 million each, 6 $4O-million lunar modules, 3 lunar rovers at $2 

million each, TV and photography equipment costing $5 million, 12 

backpacks costing $3.6 million, and assorted tools valued at $600 000. 

432 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 16 

Still operative on moon were five nuclear-powered scientific stations 

costing $25 million each and three laser reflectors costing total $2 

million. (Kotulak, C Trib News Service, C Trib, 12/16/72) 

Apollo 17 orbital science briefing was held at Manned 

Spacecraft Center while astronauts continued flight homeward from 

moon. Data from laser altimeter and S-band gravity experiments were 

described by Dr. Wilbur R. Wollenhaupt, Chief of MSC Experiments 

Support Section and S-band transponder coinvestigator. Profiles of 

near-side lunar basins appeared to be flat and depressed with surrounding terrain. Far side appeared mountainous. Copernicus Crater 

was deficiency region; Sinus Aestuum, Mare Serenitatis, and Mare 

Crisium were high regions; and Littrow landing site was low. 

Harold Masursky of US. Geological Survey, member of Apollo 

Orbital Science Photographic Team, said panoramic camera aboard 

ApoUo 17 had “acted better than on the two previous flights [Apollo 

15 and 161, and we essentially accomplished the tasks assigned to it.” 

During Apollo 17 mission “we saw the successful rectification of the 

15 and 16 panoramic photographs, and they looked very good indeed. 

So, hopefully, we will have the rectification of 17 done shortly and 

put out a series of photomosaics, putting the high-resolution panoramic 

frames together into what we think will be the best series of maps that 

we have developed for the Moon.” Correlation of photography with 

gravity tracking and laser altimetry had produced “a great deal of 

data” to confirm earlier interpretations from Apollo 15 that lunar 

front side was low and that “largest area of mare material on the front 

side is an ocean basin floor, . . . not a result of the impact as the large 

gravity anomalies indicate in the impact basin.” 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist Walter E. Brown reported lunar 

sounder experiment had “behaved about as we expected except that 

there were a couple of surprises.” Experimenters had expected that 

‘‘over the Mare, the smooth areas, . . . we’d have a reasonably smooth, 

well-behaved echo, and over the mountainous area it might bounce 

around a little bit.” Sounder data had shown “it was fairly smooth 

over the mountains and it bounced around over the Mare.” Until 

mission film was returned, “we won’t know . . . just exactly what is 

going on, but it’s . . . extremely interesting.” 

Dr. Frank J. Low of Univ. of Arizona and Rice Univ. said scanning 

radiometer experiment performance “was essentially perfect.” It produced coverage of about one third of the surface area of the moon 

and made some 100 million independent temperature measurements. 

With “beautiful Atlas of thermal measurements generated by this 

magnificent flight,” scientists had “foundation of a new technique for 

exploration of planetary surfaces without atmospheres.” 

Johns Hopkins Univ. scientist William E. Fastie said far-ultraviolet 

spectrometer had “performed perfectly . . . and all of the observations 

that were intended were accomplished.” Experiment had detected 

neither major nor minor constituents of atmosphere. “And, pending 

further analysis, we have . . . identified only one trace constituent 

of the lunar atmosphere. The immediate conclusion . . . is, that the 

Moon is not outgassing, because the only other possible gases that 

could be in the lunar atmosphere are neon and argon, and neither 

of them are the primordial atmosphere of the Moon.” 

December 17: 

433 
December 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Mood of briefing was conveyed by Apollo orbital science program 

scientist Floyd I. Roberson: “I think we’ve got a lot of tools in our 

hands now and we sit up here and we’re all tired and we talk about 

the results of our experiments and maybe we don’t convey the excitement that’s upon us. But, we really feel that this is a beginning as far 

as lunar science is concerned, as far as the Apollo data is concerned, 

and we’re really going to get there now.” (Transcript) 

New York Times editorial praised Apollo program in which US. had 

“attained one of its finest hours.” Astronauts had gone to moon in 

“spirit of peace and selflessness.” They had been “seeking knowledge, 

not gold or slaves or other wealth. They went there consciously as 

representatives of all mankind, not as imperialists seeking to bring 

the moon under the Stars and Stripes. What they learned has been 

made available to all peoples and all nations without any request for 

a quid pro quo. In the atmosphere created by Project Apollo-with 

its constant reminder that what united men is stronger than what 

divides them-it was easier to reduce cold war tensions, to end the 

original space race, and to begin genuine international collaboration 

in cosmic exploration. Project Apollo has helped consecrate the moon 

and space to the cause of peace and cooperation among all men. 

This has been a glorious adventure in whose successful outcome the 

people of America and of the world can properly take pride.” (NYT, 

12/17/72) 

Sixty-ninth anniversary of first flight by Wright brothers was celebrated 

in Kitty Hawk, N.C., as Apollo 17 astronauts headed home from sixth 

manned landing on the moon. (AP, NYT, 12/17/72, 42) 

* Dr. Robert C. Cameron-first director of NASA’s Johannesburg, South 

Africa, tracking station from 1958 to 1959-died in Washington, D.C., 

at age 47. He had resigned earlier in year as astronomer at Goddard 

Space Flight Center. Dr. Cameron had made first successful photos of 

US. satellite (Explorer 1, launched Jan. 31, 1958) and had received 

special award from GSFC in 1966 for writings on astronomy. Before 

joining NASA, he had worked for Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. In 1952 he had discovered asteroid Winifred, named after his 

wife. (W Post, 12/17/72, D12) 

NASA announced award of $16 794 556 contract extension 

to North American Rockwell Corp. for testing, checkout, and launch 

operations in Skylab program. Cost-plus-fixed-fee supplement agreement with Kennedy Space Center covered third year of work under 

Nov. 29, 1970, contract. (NASA Release 72-243) 

* Retiring California Congressman H. Allen Smith said in joint letter to 

Dr. William H. Pickering, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Director, and 

Dr. Harold Brown, California Institute of Technology President, that 

he would request legislation to repeal law passed by Congress Oct. 3 

that changed name of JPL to H. Allen Smith Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

I have never sought personal recognition. I think it could cause 

some confusion and possibly some misunderstanding” to rename JPL. 

(Pasadena Star-News, 12/18/72) 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics would sponsor US. 

aerospace industry trade exhibit in Moscow in early spring 1973, 

Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Exhibit would center 

on air traffic control equipment but probably would include other 

December 18: 

66 

434 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 18 

aviation and avionics gear. USSR was expected to purchase $10 

million to $20 million worth of equipment but total orders might 

exceed $1 billion. (Av Wk, 12/18/72,30) 

Following successful splashdown-after Dec. 7 launch on 

longest lunar mission-Apollo 17 astronauts were greeted aboard 

recovery ship U.S.S. Ticonderoga by 12 Congressmen. President Nixon 

telephoned his personal congratulations on successful completion of 

mission. Sen. Barry M. Goldwater (R-Ariz.) said Apollo program 

results would “give us such scientific values that we will be required 

to have another lunar program before the end of the century.” (AP, 

NYT, 12/20/72, 30; PD, 12/25/72, 1789) 

* NASA officials at Manned Spacecraft Center celebrated successful completion of last Apollo mission, following splashdown of Apollo 17. 

Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director since 1969, said 

mission “goes into the record books as the most perfect mission, the 

most sophisticated science mission ever conducted.” Apollo 17 “closes 

a golden chapter in the age of space exploration. In a way, it brings 

a close to what has been a very romantic era in space exploration. 

But . . . the book is still being written. The next chapter will open the 

age of exploiting and utilizing space for other benefits.” 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, said, “All great 

things must come to an end so we can move on to even greater things.” 

Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., MSC Director, said he had “never seen a 

more perfect mission” than Apollo 17. Apollo program had been 

greatest engineering feat of all our lifetimes.” Before Apollo, “my 

mind, like most of us, was bound to earth. It’s certainly not that way 

anymore.” 

NASA spokesman at MSC told press Apollo 17 was “the last, longest, 

and most successful of seven manned lunar landing missions.” (Wilford, 

NYT, 12/20/72, 1; AP, B Sun, 12/20/72, 1; UPI, W Star & News, 

12/20/72, A4) 

* President Nixon issued statement on US. space program following splashdown of Apollo 17 command module: ‘The safe return of the command module America marks the end of one of the most significant 

chapters in the history of human endeavor. In October 1958, this 

Nation set about sending men into a hostile, unknown environment. We 

had little idea what lay before us, but there was new knowledge to 

be gained and there was a heritage of meetine; historical challengethe challenge of greatness-to be sustained. Project Mercury, begun 

in 1958, taught us that man could survive and work in space. In 1961, 

President Kennedy voiced the determination of the United States to 

place a man on the moon. We gained the understanding and the technology to embark on this great mission through Project Gemini and 

we accomplished it with the Apollo lunar exploration series. In 1969, 

for the first time, men from the planet Earth set foot on the moon. 

“Since the beginning of Apollo, nine manned flights have been 

made to the moon. Three circled that nearest neighbor in the universe, 

lored its surface. We have barely begun to evaluate 

store of extraterrestrial data and material from 

t we have already learned much and we know that we 

are probing our very origins. We are ttking another long step in 

man’s ancient search for his own beginnings, pressing beyond knowlDecember 19: 
December 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

edge of the means of human existence to find, perhaps, the meaning 

of human existence. 

“Nor is this great work ending with the return of Gene Cernan, 

Jack Schmitt, and Ron Evans from the moon today. Rather it has 

barely begun. As Sir Isaac Newton attributed his accomplishments 

to the fact that he stood ‘upon the shoulders of Giants,’ so Newton 

himself is one of the giants upon whose shoulders we now stand as we 

reach for the stars. The great mathematician once wrote: ‘I do not 

know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to have 

been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in 

now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than 

ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before 

me.’ I believe we have finally moved into the great ocean and we are 

trying now to understand what surrounds us. 

“The making of space history will continue, and this Nation means 

to play a major role in its making. Next spring, the Skylab will be 

put into orbit. It will be aimed not at advancing exploration of deep 

space, but at gaining in space new knowledge for the improvement 

of life here on earth. It will help develop new methods of learning 

about the earth’s environment and the earth’s resources, and new 

methods of evaluating programs aimed at preserving and enhancing 

the resources of all the world. It will seek new knowledge about our 

own star, the sun, and about its tremendous influence on our environment. Scientists aboard the Skylab will perform medical experiments 

aimed at a better knowledge of man’s own physiology. Also, they will 

perform experiments aimed at developing new industrial processes 

utilizing the unique capabilities found in space. Skylab will be our 

first manned space station. It will be in use for the better part of a 

year, permitting the economy of extended usage, and laying the groundwork for further space stations. 

“Economy in space will be further served by the Space Shuttle . . . . It will enable us to ferry space research hardware into orbit without 

requiring the full expenditure of a launch vehicle as is necessary 

today. It will permit us to place that hardware in space accurately, 

and to serve or retrieve it when necessary instead of simply writing 

it off in the event it malfunctions or fails. In addition, the Shuttle 

will provide such routine access to space that for the first time personnel other than trained astronauts will be able to participate and 

contribute in space as will nations once excluded for economic reasons. 

“The near future will see joint space efforts by this Nation and 

the Soviet Union in an affirmation of our common belief that the 

hopes and the needs that unite our people and all people are of 

greater consequence than the differences in philosophy that divide us. 

Finally, we will continue to draw knowledge from the universe 

through the use of unmanned satellites and probes. 

We cannot help but pause today and remember and pay homage to 

those many men and women-including those who made the ultimate 

sacrifice-whose hopes, whose energies, skill, and courage enabled 

the first man to reach the moon and who now have seen with us perhaps the last men in this century leave the moon. But the more we look 

back the more we are reminded that our thrust has been forward and 

GC 

cc 

436 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 19 

that our place is among the heavens where our dreams precede us, and 

where, in time, we shall surely follow. 

“Though our ancestors would have called the deeds of Apollo 

miraculous, we do not see our age as an age of miracles. Rather, 

we deal in facts, we deal in scientific realities, we deal in industrial 

capacity, and technological expertise, and in the belief that men can 

do whatever they turn their hands to. For all this, however, can we 

look at the record of 24 men sent to circle the moon or to stand 

upon it, and 24 men returned to earth alive and well, and not see 

God’s hand in it? 

“Perhaps, in spite of ourselves, we d’o still live in an Age of 

Miracles. So if there is self-congratulation, let it be tempered with 

awe, and our pride with prayer, and as we enter this special time of 

spiritual significance, let us reserve a moment to wonder at what 

human beings have done in space and to be grateful.” (PD, 12/25/72, 

1788-9) 

Man’s lunar theories were undergoing major revision because of Apollo 

17, Wall Street Journal said. Observations by astronauts of orange 

soil on moon-clue to past volcanic activity-had promoted review 

of Apollo 14 color photos. Review had disclosed brown and orange 

discolorations on dome in crater Langrenus. Orange soil meant there 

might be other relatively young volcanic features. Discovery could 

result in major revision of thermal theories of moon. ( WSJ, 12/19/72) 

Air Force launched unidentified satellite by Atlas-Agena 

booster from Eastern Test Range. Satellite entered orbit with 40 728- 

km (25 307-mi) apogee, 31 012-km (19 270-mi) perigee, 1440.4-min 

period, and 9.7’ inclination. (Pres Rpt 1973; Sheldon, Sci Policy 

Research Div, Library Congress; SBD, 12/26/72, 245) 

Apollo 17 astronauts were examined on board recovery ship U.S.S. 

Ticonderoga by Dr. Charles K. La Pinta, Apollo medical team leader. 

He pronounced them “as good as any crew of astronauts that I have 

ever seen. They appear to be one of the more well-rested crews to have 

returned from a space flight.” (Reuters, W Post, 12/21/72, A17) 

* Soviet President Nicolay V. Podgorny had sent congratulations to President Nixon on successful conclusion of Apollo 17 mission, Moscow 

radio reported. Message had conveyed best wishes to brave crew, their 

flight, and explorations that “have contributed greatly to the study 

of space.” (FBIS-Sov, 12/21/72, 61) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by John A. Manke, completed 27th 

and last flight after air-launch from B-52 aircraft. Flight objective was 

to evaluate reaction augmentation system during boost. M%F3 reached 

19 800-m (65 000-ft) altitude and mach 1.4. (NASA proj off) 

Representatives of 12 nations at European Space Conference ministerial 

meeting in Brussels agreed in principle to participate in space shuttle 

phase of US. post-Apollo space program, support French plan to build 

L-35 launcher, and fuse European Launcher Development Organization 

( ELDO) and European Space Research Organization ( ESRO) into one 

agency by Jan. 1, 1974. Space programs of individual European countries would be blended into common European program with each 

country maintaining independent choice of what projects to join. 

Conference President The0 Lefevre, Belgian Minister of Space, commented at close of meeting, “For the first time I can say I am satisfied 

December 20: 

437 
December 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

with the results of the space conference.” United Kingdom and West 

Germany, who had agreed to abandon plans for European launcher 

[see Dec. 81, did not rule out participation (ESRO Release, 1/19/73; 

NYT, 12/21/72) 

* Discovery of ordinary star and pulsar “waltzing” together in constellation Hercules was reported by Dr. Harvey Tananbaum of American 

Science 8a Engineering, Inc., during Sixth Texas Symposium on 

Relativistic Astrophysics in New York. Discovery had been made 

through x-ray observation from Uhuru (Explorer 42) Small Astronomy 

Satellite, launched by Italy for NASA Dec. 12, 1970. X-rays from pulsar 

caused nearest part of its companion star to glow brightly as pulsar 

flew its orbit. Star became brightest when pulsar was on earth side of 

it, then suddenly dimmed as pulsar eclipsed bright region briefly, 

creating waltzing effect. (Sullivan, NYT, 12/22/72, 8) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said in Christmas message 

to NASA staff: “We are nearing the end of a historic and decisive year 

for NASA. We have completed the first great era of space exploration 

and use and begun a promising new one, with more emphasis this 

time on use. Well done, Apollo! Well begun, Shuttle!” (Text) 

Australian Defense Minister Lance Barnard announced closing of deep 

space tracking station near Woomera, South Australia. He said station 

was no longer needed to meet NASA requirements. Station’s last operation had been tracking of Pioneer 10 Jupiter probe, launched March 2. 

(AP, NYT, 12/21/72) 

* Newspaper editorials commented on successful conclusion of Apollo 17. 

New York Times: “Astronauts Cernan, Schmitt and Evans returned safely to earth yesterday in a splashdown that marked the 

brilliantly successful end of one of the most successful series of scientific experiments in history. Less than four years ago men had never 

been even in the vicinity of the moon. Now about two dozen men have 

orbited the satellite, and a dozen have walked and ridden on its surface. 

Hundreds of pounds of lunar rock and soil are now . . . on earth, 

available for study, while instruments planted on the moon give daily 

reports of lunar conditions, and will do so for years. The moon is now 

a distant but accessible outpost of earth, better known now than the 

North Pole was before Admiral [Robert E.] Peary discovered it in 

1909. Project Apollo may be ended, but man’s interest in the moon 

is still very much alive.” (NYT, 12/20/72, 42) 

“No doubt the success of the $25 billion Apollo 

program will encourage astronauts of the future to hurtle far past the 

moon to the solar planets, and perhaps beyond. But the immediate 

significance of Apollo is much closer to home. We are today much 

more aware of the fragility of our spaceship earth and of the unique 

chance mixture of elements that sustain life as we know it. If this 

vision of a rather small but infinitely precious planet can inspire us 

to take better care of it, Apollo will have produced its greatest dividend.,, (B Sun, 12/20/72, A12) 

Apollo program demonstrated “that the US. is 

still a will-do, can-do nation rather than a won’t-do, can’t-do has-been. 

In the days ahead we must hold fast to this national legacy of pioneering-and continue to nurture among our people the spirit of adventure, the quest for knowledge, the drive to explore the unknown, 

Baltimore Sun: 

Pittsburgh Press: 

438 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 20 

along-attention. If money is to be spent on 

such as the shuttle and the skylab, let Congress insist first that funds 

go where they are needed most. And that, as 1972 ends, is not out 

among the stars but in America. The moon, after all, can wait for its 

next human visitor. But for the poor, the hungry and the dispossessed, 

time wasted is misery compounded. The measure of our greatness will 

be found in how quickly the nation turns to them.” (St. Louis P-D, 

12/20/72) 

At outset of Apollo program “we spoke glowingly of the challenge but we were principally in a ‘race’-one that the 

cynical conventional wisdom of the time had it we would lose.” Apollo 

had ended “with the prospect of the joint Apollo-Soyuz testing mission. 

Somewhere in all this . . . mixed in with the great political trends 

and the particular political accidents that have contributed to the 

altered relations among the world’s super powers, the technology of 

Apollo itself played a part. You do not have to be a sentimentalist or a 

hopeless romantic to acknowledge that manned space flight in general 

and the successful moon landings in particular have had at least a 

subliminally humbling and unifying impact upon people, that the first 

astronauts to land on the moon were seen to be proxies for humankind, that their bravery and their achievement were regarded as human 

triumphs and that the first photographs of earth taken from the moon 

conveyed a unique and invaluable sense of planetary vulnerability 

and openness.” ( W Post, 12/20/72) 

“Today we know that the dream was not an impossible dream. And there will be more dreams to come and new 

worlds to conquer, all of which is, in essence, the true purpose of 

civilization, provided all men share the knowledge acquired and thus 

reap the harvest of benefits.” (D News, 12/20/72) 

“Welcome home. . . . The trail you helped to 

blaze will be used again some day.” (C Trib, 12/20/72) 

Air Force launched unidentified satellite by Titan IIIBAgena booster from Vandenberg Air Force Base into orbit with 

391-km (243-mi) apogee, 138-km (86-mi) perigee, 90.0-min period, 

and 110.5’ inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 23, 1973. (Pres Rpt 73; 

SBD, 12/26/72,245; GSFC .S%!, 1/31/73) 

Cosmos 539 was launched from Plesetsk by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 

1381-km (858.1-mi) apogee, 1343-km (834.5-mi) perigee, 74” inclination, 112.9-min period. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/72; SBD, 1/3/73,2) 

flight from Samoa, vi 

After reception at ai 

Washington Post: 

Detroit News: 

Chicago Tribune: 

December 21 : 

Apollo 17 astronauts arr’ 

Nixon on successful conclus 

439 
December 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

agency Agerpres announced in Bucharest. Telegram had said: ‘LWe 

express our conviction that the remarkable successes in outerspace 

exploration scored during the Apollo programme that concluded with 

this brilliant mission will serve the general progress of science and 

technique and will be put in the service of humanity, peace and understanding among people.” ( FBIs-Romania, 12/22/72, HI) 

Newspaper editorials continued comment on Apollo program. 

Christian Science Monitor: “Such technological feats as going to 

the moon do not absolve people of responsibilities on earth. It may 

be only an irony but the last Apollo splashdown, amazingly within a 

mile of its target, occurred while the United States again renewed 

bombing of North Vietnam in that excruciating war. Millions in 

America and elsewhere are hungry or unhappy. Great leaps in human 

relationships comparable to those in space are called for. Nonetheless, 

though we do not yet fully grasp the impulse that led to the moon 

venture, and though it but the more reveals what remains unresolved 

in the human lot, we are aware that Apollo 17 has written finis to 

something marvelous in mankind’s annals.” (CSM, 12/21/72) 

Pasadena, Calif., Star-News editorial praised Apollo Program : “The 

American knowhow and resources, which have made the Apollo missions and space travel so successful, have confirmed for the world 

our scientific leadership and perfection. This has resulted in more 

pride and esteem for our nation than all the foreign aid, diplomacy 

or pats on the back that Uncle Sam has bestowed in his lifetime.” 

(Pasadena Star-News, 12/21/72) 

Retirement of Dr. Eberhard F. M. ,Rees as Marshall Space 

Flight Center Director and appointment of Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, 

Apollo Program Director, to succeed Dr. Rees in January 1973 were 

announced by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator. Dr. Rees, 

with Dr. Wernher von Braun, had pioneered US. space and rocket 

activities. He had succeeded Dr. von Braun as MSFC Director in 1970. 

Dr. Petrone had been Apollo Program Manager at Kennedy Space 

Center before becoming Apollo Program Director at NASA Hq. in 1969. 

Dr. Fletcher commended Dr. Rees for “successful completion of the 

Marshall Center’s role in the Apollo program. The performance of 

the Saturn launch vehicIe . . . has been magnificent. The development 

of the Lunar Roving Vehicle and its performance . . . is a tribute to 

his leadership.” (NASA Release 72-244) 

NASA released color photo of Shorty Crater area of Apollo 17 TaurusLittrow lunar landing site. Photo, taken Dec. 12 during second extravehicuIar activity of Dec. 7-19 mission, confirmed existence of orange 

soil discovered by astronaut-geologist Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt. (NASA 

Question of whether moon was hot or cold was discussed in Science by 

California Institute of Technology scientists Dr. Don L. Anderson and 

Dr. Thomas C. Hanks. High surface concentrations of uranium, thorium, and potassium found on moon and Apollo 15 heat-flow value 

of 33 ergs per sq cm per sec had indicated high present-day temperatures in lunar interior. But recent interpretations of lunar conductivity 

profile-%on-hydrostatic shape of the moon, the existence of mascons, 

the remarkable aseismicity of the moon, and the absence of present-day 

volcanism”-had suggested lunar interior had always been cold. “We 

December 22: 

photo 72-HC-933) 

440 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 22 

find that the basic observations do not demand a presently cold moon 

and are, in fact, consistent with a hot moon. We find that an irondeficient, highly resistive, hot lunar interior, capped by a cool rigid 

lunar lithosphere with a thickness of several hundred kilometers 

[lo0 kilometers = 62 miles] can explain the relevant observations 

and is a reasonable model of the moon today.” (Science, 12/22/72, 

1245-9) 

Scientists were developing estimate of interactions between unvisited 

deep-space planets and solar wind in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project to program future deep-space missions. 

Series of space environment models had been developed by Ames Research Center scientists Dr. Arthur W. Rizzi, NOAA physicist Dr. 

Murray Dryer, and Dr. Wen-we Shen of Texas Instruments, Inc. 

Scaled magnetopause or ionospheric shell had been made for each 

planet by using available data on earth, Mars, and Venus, and extending models that had worked well for these planets to cases of 

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. (NOAA Release 72-161) 

* Boston Globe editorial commented on ApoZZo 17 splashdown. It was 

“little short of astounding. After a trip of about 500,000 miles [800 000 

kilometers], the astronauts brought their command module safely 

home just a half mile [0.08 kilometer] from the planned splashdown 

point and within one second-repeat, one second-of the time scheduled 

when it blasted off two weeks ago. It would be unbelievable if it hadn’t 

happened.” (B Globe, 12/22/72) 

Twenty-fifth anniversary of transistor-invented Dec. 23, 

1947, by Dr. John Bardeen, Dr. Walter H. Brattain, and Dr. William 

Shockley at American Telephone & Telegraph Co.’s Bell Telephone 

Laboratories. Invention had introduced age of electronic miniaturization, advanced computer development, and simplified communications. 

New York Times said that, “without the tiny transistor, it is highly 

unlikely that man would yet have walked on the moon.” (Smith, NYT, 

12/22/72, 45) 

* V/A Charles E. Weakley (USN, Ret.), NASA Assistant Administrator for 

Management Development, died in Bethesda, Md., at age 66. He had 

retired in 1967 as commander of Atlantic Fleet’s antisubmarine warfare force and had held NASA post since 1968. Adm. Weakley had 

received Legion of Merit and Bronze Star. During World War I1 he 

had devised random-screen method of protecting merchant convoys in 

experiment with early sonar. (W Star & News, 12/26/72, A6) 

Saturday Review editorial appraised Apollo program’s final significance: 

Militarily “little strategic value beyond increased sophistication in 

rocketry and global surveillance seems to have been realized.” Scientific 

benefits were difficult to determine until data were analyzed. Program 

“signals the end-for the time being-of what must be regarded as a 

kind of dream . . . wherein human captains ply their ships through 

the reaches of the heavens. In a way we are all vicarious captains of 

space ships, and with the end of Apollo it will be infinitely more difEcult 

to imagine ourselves aboard craft that are guided only by the circuitry of electronic crews. As machinery for exploration, the human 

captain has been superannuated, at least for the foreseeable future. 

The inescapable corollary is that we are earthbound once again, 

tightly contained in the atmosphere of our single spinning island by 

December 23: 

4dJ 
December 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

insurmountably vast distances and the laws of physics.” Apollo 11 

Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong’s “giant leap for mankind” had been, 

perhaps, “that the Apollo program, for all its costs and whatever the 

legitimacy of its birth, created a cosmic event-earth-rise played 

on the retinas of terrestrially evolved organisms.” (Meyer, Saturday 

Review, 12/23/72, 22) 

Soviet aircraft designer Andrey N. Tupolev died in Moscow at age 84. 

During 50-yr career Tupolev and associates had pioneered design of 

120 different aircraft from 35-hp ANT-1 in 1920s to Tu-144 Soviet 

supersonic transport scheduled for service in 1975. He had been 

regarded as originator of all-metal aircraft, which he first designed 

in early 1920s. In 1934 he had built huge eight-engine aircraft with 

63-m (207-ft ) wingspan. Aircraft, named Maxim Gorky after Russian 

author, actually flew, but was demolished in 1935 crash. Tupolev, one 

of most decorated Soviet citizens, had won three Stalin Prizes and 

one Lenin Prize and was three-time Hero of Socialist Labor-highest 

Soviet civilian honor. He had been imprisoned in 1936 for allegedly 

divulging Soviet aviation secrets to Germany. During three years of 

forced labor he designed Tu-2 dive bomber which was flown by 

U.S.S.R. in World War 11. Among postwar airliners designed by 

Tupolev design bureau were Tu-134 medium-range, 80-passenger 

transport and Tu-154, three-engine, 150-passenger transport scheduled 

to replace Tu-104 on Soviet domestic routes. (NYT, 12/24/72, 42) 

NASA released Apollo 17 photos including one of best 

full-disc photos of earth taken from space. Photo, taken Dec. 7 as 

Apollo 17 spacecraft headed toward moon, showed earth from North 

Africa and Arabia to Antarctic polar icecap. (Photo 12-H-1578; NASA 

PIO) 

Erts 1 Earth Resources Technology Satellite (launched July 23) took 

photo from space of Nicaraguan capital of Managua that showed why 

city had been devastated by earthquake Dec. 23. Picture showed that 

Managua was built on ashes of volcanoes that stretched in straight 

line from Managua almost to Pacific shore. Quake had registered 

only 6.5 on Richter scale, but it had been close enough to surface to 

shake loose ash fill beneath city. (O’Toole, W Post, 12/31/72, A2) 

Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, NASA Apollo Program Director, reviewed program 

in LOS Angeles Times article: “As one looks back over the 12 years 

of Apollo, the biggest effort . . . was the engineering effort-the 

understanding of the demands that would be placed on the flight hardware, the understanding of the laws of nature that we would have to 

work with in order to fly to the moon, the conversion of dreams into 

hardware, the manufacture and testing of this hardware, so that we 

could feel confident to fly our men to the moon and return. 

But within that overall engineering program, we knew we would be 

exploring, we knew we would open up new vistas and for that reason we 

developed the experiments to be taken along on later flights.” There 

had been “only one reason for flying Apollo after the first landing 

and that was to gather information for science, to continue the exploration of the Moon.” Underlying drive of Apollo “-to reach into 

space, to seize these new challenges, to learn more about the moon 

and also about earth, to explore for new opportunities for man to use 

in his future development-is not well understood by the public.” 

December 24: 

66 

442 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 24 

Apollo had “lifted mankind from his cradle and started him on the 

pathway to the stars.” (LA Times, 12/24/72) 

e Discovery through infrared measurements that Titan, largest of Saturn’s 

six moons, had minimum temperature of 205 K (-90°F), same as 

atmosphere in which life originated on earth 2 billion yrs ago, was 

discussed by Cornel1 Univ. astronomer Dr. Carl E. Sagan in interview 

published by Wmhington Post. Discovery had been made by Cornel1 

Univ. and Univ. of Minnesota astronomers using infrared measurements. Titan was about 1.5 billion km (900 million mi) from sun and 

received only one percent of sunlight that earth received. “We have 

to ask ourselves what kind of a planet would make this atmosphere so 

far from sun. The only answer we have been able to come up with is 

something identical to our primeval earth. Possible life form on Titan 

would not be earthlike, “but it would be earth chauvinism to think 

that no form of life whatever could survive so far off in the solar 

system.” Dr. Sagan believed Titan was made up of chemical ice, except 

for small molten core of radioactive rock. Core melted ice far below 

surface, forcing volcanic ice to surface, where it burst into brilliant 

red on contact with sun’s ultraviolet light. “We see Titan as a red disc 

through the telescopes, which is exactly what we get in the laboratory 

when we react methane, hydrogen, water ice, and ammonia with ultraviolet rays.” (O’Toole, W Post, 12/24/72, Al) 

* New York Times editorial asked, “Which America?” In same week 

Apollo 17 astronauts fired their spacecraft home from moon, “American pilots fired bombs that broke through the heavens over a peasant 

nation in Asia. America the ingenious and America the vengeful had 

both struck.” U.S. and its people were being judged “for what our 

Government is doing with its mighty technology. Are we now the 

enemy-the new barbarians?” (NYT, 12/24/72) 

Cosmos 540 was launched from Plesetsk by U.S.S.R. into 

orbit with 805-km (500.2-mi) apogee, 785-km (487.8-mi) perigee, 

74” inclination, and 100.7-min period. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/72; SBD, 

* NASA announced immediate changes in key personnel. Director Joseph 

F. Malaga of Resources Analysis Div. became Assistant Administrator 

for Institutional Management. Assistant Administrator for Administration William E. Lilly became NASA Comptroller. Malaga had received 

William A. Jump Memorial Foundation Meritorious Award for exemplary achievement in public administration and NASA Exceptional 

Service Award in 1966. Lilly, former Director of Program Control in 

Office of Manned Space Flight, had received NASA Exceptional Service 

Award in 1965 and 1969. (NASA Ann) 

Phase I1 of prototype development program for advanced medium STOL 

(short takeoff and landing) transport (AMST) was authorized by Dr. 

Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force. Contractors 

Boeing Co. and McDonnell Douglas Gorp. would design, build, and 

test two prototype aircraft, using existing engines. (DOD Release 

American Assn. for the Advancement of Science held 

139th Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C. Fifteenth Annual Meeting 

of Society for the History of Technology (SHOT) was held Dec. 27-29 

in conjunction with AAAS meeting. 

443 

December 26: 

1/3/73, 2) 

863-72) 

December 26-31: 
December 26-31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Dissident group, Scientists and Engineers for Social and Political 

Action, unsuccessfully attempted to disrupt opening AAAS meeting 

and later held press conference to protest alleged AAAS attempts to 

exclude political dissent from scientific and community groups.” 

(Lyons, NYT, 12/27/72, 14) 

Space Shuttle Payloads Symposium Dec. 27-28 considered space 

shuttle system and its capability, science payloads, space operation 

roles, and other aspects of space shuttle system. 

Dr. S. Ichtiaque Rasool, Deputy Director of Planetary Programs in 

NASA Office of Space Science, discussed effect of data derived from 

Mars and Venus probes on understanding of solar system, during 

Dec. 29 session on NASA planetary research. (AAAS Bull, 11/72; 

Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, Deputy Director of National Science 

Foundation, presented progress report on NSF’S Research Applied to 

National Needs (RANN) Program Dec. 29. RANN, originated in August 

1968, was “gaining in strength and effectiveness.” It had been receiving “excellent proposals in great numbers from good people” and 

had in hand “proposals which would cost over $MO million to 

support-which unfortunately, would somewhat overstrain our present 

budget.” (Text) 

William A. Fischer of U.S. Geological Survey said Erts 1 Earth 

Resources Technology Satellite (launched by NASA July 23) had discovered at least two major deposits that might contain large quantities 

of copper. “And if I were a geologist looking for oil and natural gas, 

I’d buy up every ERTS photograph of Northern Alaska and Northern 

Canada that I could get my hands on.” (Kirkman, Cl Press, 12/28/72) 

During SHOT meeting Dr. John B. Rae, Chairman of Dept. of 

Humanities and Social Sciences at Harvey Mudd College, was elected 

SHOT President for term expiring Dec. 31, 1974; Dr. Eugene M. 

Emme, NASA Historian, was elected to Advisory Council. (NASA Hist Off) 

December 27: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 541 from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 348-km (216.2-mi) apogee, 218-km (135.5-mi) perigee, 81.3’ 

inclination, and 90.2-min period. Satellite reentered Jan. 8, 1973. ( GSFC 

SSR, 12/31/72; 1/31/73; SBD, 1/3/73, 2) 0 Houston, Tex., public TV station KUHT-TV announced it had been only 

TV station to carry entire coverage of Apollo 17 extravehicular activity. On Dec. 11, 12, and 13 station had shown uninterrupted coverage 

of Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan and Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt on 

moon. On Dec. 17 station had carried Astronaut Ronald E. Evans’ 

space walk live from earth orbit. KUHT EVA coverage had totaled 25 

hrs. British Broadcasting Corp. had sent 13 hrs of Apollo 17 programming through KUHT’S facilities to United Kingdom via satellite. 

( KUHT Release) 

* NASA announced appointment of Raymond J. Sumser as Director of Personnel, effective Jan. 21, 1973. Sumser had been Personnel Director 

at Goddard Space Flight Center since July 1967 and was awarded 

NASA’s Exceptional Service Medal in 1972. (NASA Ann) 

December 27-28: Joint Congressional Committee on Economics held 

hearings to probe possible Nixon Administration intention to revive 

U.S. supersonic transport (SST) program that was killed by Congress in 

1971. Economist Milton Friedman said he favored building SST in U.S. 

66 

AAAS PAO) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 December 27-28 

“if private enterprise finds it profitable to do so after paying all costs, 

including any environmental costs imposed by third parties.” He opposed governmental subsidizing of SST because “a governmental decision to produce an SST largely at its own expense is a step toward 

socialism and away from free enterprise.” Committee Chairman, Sen. 

William Proxmire (D-Wis.) , criticized failure of Administration 

witnesses to testify on possible SST plans. “If nothing is planned, why 

don’t they come forward and say so?” (Testimony; UPI, W Post, 

12/28/72, A7) 

Cosmos 542 was launched from Plesetsk by U.S.S.R. into 

orbit with 640-km (397.7-mi) apogee, 527-km (327.5-mi) perigee, 

81.2” inclination, 96.3-min period. ( GSFC SSR, 12/31/72; SBD, 

1/3/73, 2) 

Lunar scientists at Manned Spacecraft Center told press 

they had not yet been able to determine from study of Apollo 17 

lunar samples whether orange soil found on lunar surface proved 

existence of lunar volcanic activity. Dr. Wallace C. Phinney, Chief of 

MSC Geologic Branch, said soil had no “distinct evidence of alteration” 

as from steam or sulfur gas in volcanic action. “As to what caused 

the orange coloration, we must wait until we have more chemistry. 

The most interesting thing is it has very fine grain soil samples, 

greater than 90 percent in glass.” Dr. Paul Gast, Chief of Planetary 

and Earth Sciences, said glass could indicate volcanic or other crustrelated activities. Soil was not particularly rich in water or sulfur, 

properties associated with volcanic action. (UPI, W Star & News, 

12/30/72, A3) 

* Ames Research Center announced successful completion of $30-million 

contract with Univ. of Illinois and Burroughs Corp. for design, development, and manufacture of ILLIAC IV computer system. 

ILLIAC IV, most powerful computer in existence, would be integrated 

into large remote-access system at ARC as computation resource on 

nationwide Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA) network. 

System would be accessible to universities and Government. 

ILLIAC IV would solve problems conventional computers could not 

solve economically, in global climate dynamics, distant seismic event 

detection, multisensor processing, fluid dynamics, and computational 

aerodynamics. (ARC Release 72-145) 

* U.S.S.R. successfully flight-tested new intercontinental missile over 6300- 

km (3900-mi) distance between Tyuratam in central U.S.S.R. to 

Kamchatka Peninsula. U.S. intelligence experts later said flight was 

first successful test of improved missile about as large as Soviet SS-9. 

(Hoffman, AP, W Star & News, 1/7/73, A5) 

Use of solar energy to combat encroaching energy crisis 

was being examined seriously, Oliver Bell reported in Tushington 

Post article. Solar energy panel had been established in Office of 

Science and Technology’s Energy Research and Development Goals 

Study and NASA was “actively researching whether it can become involved in the solar energy picture.” Solar satellite power station concept 

developed by Peter E. Glaser of Arthur D. Little, Inc., was being 

considered. Satellite would circle earth in synchronous orbit at 35 900- . km (22 300-mi) altitude exposed to sun 24 hrs a day. Solar collectorlightweight panel of solar cells-would convert sun’s light into elecDecember 28: 

December 29: 

December 31: 
December 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

tricity, which would then be changed to microwave energy, beamed to 

earth, collected on antenna, and reconverted into electricity. 

Other proposals included earth-based system to reflect sun’s radiation 

onto solar furnace and boiler atop 460-m (1500-ft) tower, and system 

to use steel collecting surfaces with “greenhouse” effect to produce 

temperatures to 813 K (1004°F). Congress would decide whether 

Government would fund research into unconventional sources of power. 

(W Post, 12/31/72) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics released 

Solar Energy Research: A Multidisciplinary Approach, responses of 

Federal agencies to requests for information on solar energy research. 

NASA and National Science Foundation-agencies primarily responsible 

for Government’s solar energy eff orts-had recommended Federal 

program of research and development to apply solar energy to US. 

heat and power needs. NASA had recommended development of economical systems for heating and cooling buildings ; economical methods 

for producing and converting organic materials to liquid, solid, and 

gaseous fuels; and economical methods for generating electricity. If 

programs were successful, NASA had said, building heating could reach 

public use in 5 yrs and building cooling in 6 to 10 yrs, synthetic fuels 

could be produced from organic materials in 5 to 8 yrs, and electricity 

could be generated from solar energy in 10 to 15 yrs. There were no 

significant environmental disadvantages to wide use of solar energy. 

(Text) 

* Asteroid discovered in constellation Leo by Crimean Astrophysical 

Observatory scientists had been named after late Soviet Cosmonaut 

Yuri A. Gagarin-first man in space, on Vostok 1 April 12, 1961- 

Spaceflight reported. (SF, 12/72, 457) 

Armed Forces Journal article described small tactical aerial mobility 

platform (STAMP), two-man version of individual flight system designed 

by Bell Aerospace Div. of Textron Corp. and powered by Williams 

Research fan-jet engine. STAMP could carry 227-kg (50043) payload 

plus driver and would fly for 30 min with 50-km (30-mi) range at 

100-170 krn per hr (60-90 knots). Marine Corps was experimenting 

with STAMP for infantry use. (AFJ, 12/72, 20, 34) 

Award by U.K. government of two contracts for definition phase of 

Geostationary Technology Satellite ( GTS) was reported by Spaceflight. 

Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Ltd. would be responsible for project coordination and design of spacecraft and equipment; Marconi co. Ltd. 

Space and Defence Systems Div. would design communications package 

and electronic subsystems. (SF, 12/72, 457) 

* Task Force on Energy of House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ 

Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development published 

Energy Research and Development. Report called for immediate 

implementation of “greatly increased national energy research and 

development effort” with adequate funding and technical manpower ; 

national energy R&D effort as part of overall policy with White House 

as focal point; establishment of operating agency to manage Government-supported R&D; increased R&D for environmental protection and 

energy conservation; and establishment of priorities in basic research, 

materials research, and solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy research. 

During December: 

(Text) 

446 
Summary 

During 1972: US. orbited 39 spacecraft in 30 launches-including ApolZo 

16’s 4 payloads and ApoZZo 17’s 3. U.S.S.R. orbited 89 payloads in 

74 launches. Italy launched one satellite for NASA on NASA booster. 

And. Japan launched one spacecraft on its own booster. US. total 

included 16 payloads orbited by Dept. of Defense in 13 launches and 

23 by NASA in 17 straight flawless launches-NASA’s first perfect 

annual launch record. 

NASA’s Apollo program came to successful conclusion with ApoZZo 17, 

most productive of all NASA lunar landing missions and most scientifically rewarding. ApoZZo 17, sixth successful manned landing mission, 

set records for longest manned lunar landing flight (301 hrs 51 min), 

largest lunar sample return (115 kg; 250 lbs), longest total extravehicular activity time (22 hrs 5 min) , and longest time in lunar orbit 

(147 hrs 48 min). Earlier in year ApoZZo 16 also produced valuable 

data from surface and lunar orbit investigations. 

Unmanned NASA program was highlighted by Pioneer 10, first spacecraft to fly beyond Mars orbit, first to penetrate Asteroid Belt, first 

intended to look at Jupiter close up, and first destined to escape solar 

system. At year’s end Pioneer 10 had passed safely through three 

fourths of Asteroid Belt. Mariner 9, launched in 1971, had circled 

Mars 698 times, photographing Martian moons and completely mapping 

planet’s surface before Oct. 27, 1972, shutdown. Findings revised 

previous concepts of Mars, showing planet to be geologically active, 

with volcanic mountains higher than any mountain on earth, with a 

crevasse three to four times deeper than Grand Canyon, and with 

indications that free-flowing water might once have existed on Mars. 

Erts 1, first Earth Resources Technology Satellite, laid groundwork 

for global inventory of earth’s resources and environment. Copernicus 

(Oao 3) Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, with largest telescope 

placed in space, set new standards of pointing accuracy and opened new 

channels of information on far reaches of universe. Nimbus 5 meteorological satellite demonstrated new techniques for daytime and nighttime temperature readings through clouds at all levels in atmosphere. 

Other unmanned missions included Explorer 47 (IMP) to study 

earth-sun interactions from orbit halfway to moon, Exp€orer 48 (SAS; 

launched for NASA by Italy) to survey gamma ray sources, Noaa 2 

weather satellite for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Triad 01-1X Transit satellite for Navy. Two dozen spacecraft orbited in earlier years continued to return data on solar system 

and universe beyond. 

All components of Skylab manned orbital research satellite were 

assembled at Kennedy Space Center for 1973 launch. Three flight crews 

and two backup crews began training. Final space shuttle design was 

selected and prime contract for shuttle orbiter development was 

awarded, as well as main engine contract. Contractors had progressed 
During 1972 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

cc .- .d 

EIE 

:g:: :::::::: ::::::: .................. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During 1972 

well into system definition, design, and early development. Kennedy 

Space Center and Vandenberg Air Force Base were selected as shuttle 

launch and landing sites. 

MZF3 lifting body completed 27th and last scheduled flight in joint 

NASA and Air Force program begun July 12, 1966. During 14 liftingbody flights in 1972, maximum speed of 1718 km per hr (1066 mph) 

and maximum altitude of 21 800 m (17 500 ft) were attained. 

In aeronautics, Flight Research Center celebrated 25th anniversary 

of its creation in 1947 as Muroc Flight Test Unit of National Advisory 

Committee for Aeronautics. NASA TF-8A jet aircraft with supercritical 

wing was flown in configuration planned for future flights. Digital 

fly-by-wire computerized control system was demonstrated in series 

of flights from FRC. System, for potential use in space shuttle, enhanced aircraft handling and reduced pilot workload. NASA awarded 

contract to refine design of quiet, jet, propulsive-lift, experimental 

aircraft QUESTOL in major effort to develop technology for short 

takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft to relieve airport congestion. 

Progress was made in quiet jet engine, techniques to reduce aircraft 

emissions, composite materials, avionics, aerodynamics including supercritical and antisymmetrical wings, general-aviation safety, supersonic 

and hypersonic research, and research in basic materials and structures. 

In sounding rocket program, more than 80 successful flights were 

made to study atmosphere, ionosphere, auroras and airglow, geomagnetic storms, meteor streams, and trapped radiation fluctuations ; to 

make astronomical observations in x-ray, ultraviolet, and radio regions 

of electromagnetic spectrum; for special projects; and for support. 

NASA flew 61 balloon flights in its program to study near-earth 

phenomena, including balloon that lifted 545 kg (1200 Ibs) of scientific equipment to 45 000-m (148 000-ft) altitude. 

U.S.S.R. launches decreased from record 83 in 1971 to 74. The 

89 payloads included 72 Cosmos satellites, 3 Intercosmos, 1 Luna, 3 

Meteor, 2 Prognoz, 3 Molniya I, 3 Molniya 11, 1 Venus, and secondary 

payload Sret I (launched for France). 

Japan launched Denpa Radio Explorer Satellite. (NASA Releases 

7348 and unnumbered of 12/27/72; NASA Lifting Body Off; GSFC 

Sounding Rocket Br.; GSFC SSR, 11/31/72; 12/31/72; A&A 1972; 

Myers testimony, 2/27/73) 

* President Nixon’s January decision to proceed with development of 

reusable space shuttle keyed transition in US. space program from 

space exploration to space exploitation for practical and immediate 

benefits to mankind. While budget restrictions and national emphasis 

of technology applications to improve conditions on earth brought 

early end to Apollo program, US.-U.S.S.R. space agreement opened 

new era of international space cooperation. Agreement inspired intensive planning for 1975 joint rendezvous and docking mission of Soviet 

Salyut and US. Apollo spacecraft in orbit. 

Apollo program-major drive of US. space program since 1961, 

triumphantly concluded in 1972-had begun to give clear picture of 

moon, how it had evolved and its relationship to sun and earth, and 

would contribute to understanding of how earth had evolved. Apollo 

program had also given man new awareness of earth and had given 

Americans self-confidence in ability to achieve gigantic goal. 

449 
During 1972 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

During 1972: Conclusion of the Apollo program was commemorated by Scott Long’s 

cartoon, published in the Minneapolis Tribune Dec. 6. The manned lunar explorations 

had given man a new awareness of the earth and the need to preserve it, as well as a wealth of information on the moon and possible origins of the earth and solar system. 

New space program for 1970s was designed to be funded at constant 

budget level over several years-yet to maintain space flight capability, 

contribute to national security, increase opportunities for new scientific 

knowledge, encourage international cooperation, address problems of 

$50 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During 1972 

society and environment, and continue U. adership in aeronautics. 

Reusable shuttle was expected to give “ro to space” by cutting complexity and cost of launches and uses of satellites. 

It could be used for both manned and unmanned missions and, in 

military use, could serve national security. 

Revision of NASA FY 1972 program to phase in new programs while 

holding expenditures to $3.4-billion budget level required basic changes 

in planning. Further stretch-out of period over which NASA long-term 

objectives in space and science could be achieved was necessary. 

Shuttle configuration costs were pared to about half of original cost 

estimate; plans for Grand Tour missions to explore all five outer 

planets in late 1970s were cut back to focus on Jupiter and Saturn 

with less expensive spacecraft; and NASA and Atomic Energy Commission’s nuclear engine for rocket vehicle application ( NERVA) program was terminated. Emphasis on aeronautics was increased at urging 

of congressional committees, but $44.9 million of $50.5-million NASA 

FY 1973 appropriation for aircraft noise suppression program, engine 

retrofit studies, and quiet, experimental, short takeoff and landing 

( QUESTOL) aircraft program was impounded by Office of Management 

and Budget. Tight NASA funding and end of Apollo program brought 

reductions in personnel, especially at manned space-flight Centers. 

NASA total in-house personnel decreased by 1181 from Dee. 31, 1971, 

to 27 801 persons Dec. 31, 1972, with further cuts scheduled for 1973. 

Marshall Space Flight Center employment was reduced by 258, to 

5501 persons; Manned Space Center 159, to 3882; and Kennedy 

Space Center 123, to 2518. 

Employment in aerospace industry throughout the Nation also declined slightly, from 924000 workers at end of 1971 to 917000 at 

end of 1972, despite infusion of space shuttle program. Aerospace 

industry remained largest manufacturing employer, however, and 

industry sales increased for first time since 1968. 

To emphasize transition from Apollo to Skylab and shuttle activities, 

NASA established new Mission and Payload Integration Office within 

Office of Manned Space Fli ht. Space Station Task Force became 

Sortie Lab Task Force. Apolfo Program Office became Apollo/ASTP 

Office to prepare for 1975 US.-Soviet mission. Office of Advanced 

Research and Technology ( OART) was renamed Office of Aeronautical 

and Space Technology ( OAST) to emphasize increasing NASA aeronautical activity. Office of Applications had been separated from 

Office of Space Science at end of 1971 to increase emphasis on use 

of space technology for benefits on earth. Charles W. Mathews, Deputy 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight since 1968, headed 

new Office of Applications. 

Dr. Wernher von Braun retired as NASA Ueputy Associate Administrator for Planning to become Corporate Vice President for Engineering 

and Development at Fairchild Industries, Inc., after more than quarter 

of century as leader of space rocket development in the US. His NASA 

career had begun in 1960 when his Army Ballistic Missile Agency 

team-which had launched first US. satellite, Expbrer Z in 1958-was 

transferred to form nucleus of Marshall Space Flight Center. Dr. 

von Braun had served as MSFC Director from 1960 to 1970, where 

451 
During 1972 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Saturn V launch vehicle for Apollo moon missions was his major 

engineering achievement. 

In technology utilization, NASA continued to distribute information 

about aerospace technology to private and public sectors of national 

economy at ever-increasing rate. NASA-developed technology was being 

used in medicine, nondestructive testing, and engineering design. 

NASTRAN computer program to analyze structures under stress was used 

by more than 70 industrial firms, universities, laboratories, and government agencies to solve structural engineering problems. 

Technology and interpretive systems developed by NASA in cooperation with other agencies prepared way for worldwide environmental 

pollution and monitoring network. 

NASA FY 1973 appropriation of $3.408 billion was equivalent to 

budget request and $110 million above FY 1972 appropriation of 

$3.298 billion. Increase reflected funds for design and development 

of space shuttle. (A&A 1972; Fletcher testimony, 2/28/73; MA 

Aerospace, 3/73; NASA Pocket Stutzktics, 3/72, 1/73) 

In international cooperation program, NASA successfully launched European Space Research Organization’s Heos 2 to study interplanetary 

space and magnetosphere, Esro 4 to investigate solar ionosphere, and 

TD-1 A astronomical observatory satellite) that carried seven experiments from six European universities and research organizations. 

NASA also launched Anik 1 (TeZesat A) domestic communications 

satellite for Telesat Canada, Aeros scientific satellite in joint U.S.- 

West German project, and Oscar 6 (developed by US., German, and 

Australian radio amateurs) for Radio Amateur Satellite Corp.-in 

addition to two International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium comsats. Italian crew trained by NASA launched NASA’s ExZorer 48 Small Scientific Satellite from Italian platform off coast of 

kenya. 

May 24 agreement signed in Moscow by President Nixon and Soviet 

Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin on cooperation in peaceful uses of outer 

space included Apollo Soyuz Test Project in which Apollo spacecraft 

would rendezvous and dock with Soviet Soyuz spacecraft in earth 

orbit. Mission was scheduled for July 1975 and meetings in US. 

and U.S.S.R. advanced project to point of testing models of s acecraft 

and Mars 2 and 3 probes of planet Mars. 

After series of meetings in US. and abroad, ESRO decided to 

develop sortie laboratory to fly with NASA’s space shuttle in 1980s. 

President Nixon announced new policy making US. launch assistance 

available to interested countries and international organizations for 

satellites intended for peaceful purposes. 

Third Annual Lunar Science Conference at Lunar Science Institute 

in January was attended by more than 600 researchers from US. 

and 17 foreign countries. Participating Soviet scientists consulted with 

US. scientists, examined lunar samples, and helped select ApoZlo 14 

samples to return to U.S.S.R. as part of U.S.-U.S.S.R. exchange agree 

ment. ApoWo 15 lunar soil samples were exchanged for soil samples 

collected by U.S.S.R.’s Luna 20. ApoZZo 16 materials were distributed 

to scientists in 15 foreign countries, and ApoZZo 17 samples also would 

be distributed to other nations for analysis and display. 

linking device. US. and U.S.S.R. exchanged data from 1971 Af miner 9 

452 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During 1972 

NASA launched 29 sounding rockets in cooperative international program to test weather data systems for France, Japan, and U.S. Program 

was sponsored by United Nations World Meteorological Organization’s 

Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation. 

Since beginning of international program in 1962 with launch of 

U.K. satellite Ariel I (April 26) and Canadian satellite Alouette I 

(Sept. 29), number of foreign countries and international organizations with which NASA had participated in space activities had reached 

134. Total of 55 foreign agreements included cooperative flight projects 

with 25 countries, earth resources survey with 39, lunar sample 

analysis with 20, tracking and data acquisition with 22, and reimbursable launchings with 4. Scientists from 85 countries and organizations had worked with NASA-~~ in meteorological research, 41 in 

personnel exchanges, and 52 in other space projects. Total countries 

and organizations exchanging scientific and technical information 

with NASA reached 63; total sending visitors to NASA reached 126, and 

total cooperating in some form with NASA reached 94. (NASA Release, 

12/27/72; A&A 1972; Fletcher, NASA Activities, 1/15/73, 2-3; NASA 

Int Aff) 

* Aerospace industry sales increased for first time since 1968. Sales for 

1972 were $23.5 billion, up 5.9% over 1971. Commercial aerospace 

sales increased 11.670, to reach estimated $4.8 billion. Increase 

reflected increase in deliveries of helicopters and general-aviation 

aircraft. Major aerospace sales included $13.8 billion to Dept. of 

Defense, up from $12.6 billion to DOD in 1971; missile sales to DOD 

at $5.2 billion, up from $4.7 billion; and military aircraft sales at 

$8.1 billion, up from $7.4 billion. 

Space sales continued to declive in 1972, to $3.0 billion from $3.2 

billion in 1971. Utility and executive aircraft sales increased from 

$321 million in 1971 to $500 million-up 55.8%. Units delivered 

increased 23.2%. Civilian helicopter sales increased from $69 million 

in 1971 to $95 million in 1972, gain of 37.7% 

Aerospace exports declined for first time since 1964-from $4.2 

billion in 1971 to $3.9 billion, 6.6% decrease. Major reason for 

decline was drop in military aerospace exports-down 23.8% from 

$1.1 billion in 1971 to $854 million in 1972. Aerospace imports in 

1972 were valued at $500 million, increase of 34.0% from $373 million 

in 1971. Aerospace industry profits were expected to increase from 

1.8% in 1971 to 2.2%. 

Aerospace industry employment declined from 924 000 in December 

1971 to estimated 917000 in December 1972, but industry remained 

Nation’s largest manufacturing employer. ( AIA Aerospace, 3/73, 3) 

* Worldwide scheduled airline industry increased 14% in scheduled 

traffic over 1971-double 1971 growth rate. Total 1972 trac was 

estimated at 47 120 million ton-miles. Revenue-passenger-miles flown 

increased 13% over 1971, with estimated 450 million passengers 

flown. U.S. international carriers showed 22.5% increase in revenuepassenger-miles, with 12% increase in available seat-miles. Load 

factors rose 4.8% over 50% level of 1971. U.S. domestic carriers 

increased revenue-passenger-miles 11.20J0, with only 1.9% increase 

in available seat-miles. Average load factor rose to 52.4% from 48% 

in 1971. (Av Wk, 1/8/73, 22) 

453 
During 1972 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

0 At least 1944 persons died in civilian aircraft accidents involving aircraft weighing more than 5700 kg (12 500 lbs). World accident rate 

in terms of facilities per 100 000 flight-hours was 0.126, up from 0.094 

in 1971 and highest rate since 1969’s 0.134. Number of actual deaths 

in U.S. airline accidents dropped from 203 in 1971 to 190 in 1972. 

(Znteravia, 3/73, 201) 

NASA published Physics of the Space Environment (NASA SP-305). 

Series of lectures, presented originally in colloquia at Univ. of Alabama 1970-1971, had been sponsored by Marshall Space Flight Center’s 

Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. Major topics covered were dynamics 

and transient state of upper atmosphere, chemical composition of upper 

atmosphere, and solar flare forecasting. Flare forecasting “fiasco” was 

described by Frederick W. Ward, Jr., Air Force Cambridge Laboratories 

physicist : Forecasters dreamed of dixovering cause, energy source, 

and antecedent conditions for solar flares. “This ‘tunnel vision’ has 

had a profound and deleterious effect on the state-of-the-art. It has 

diverted attention from many promising approaches and relegated 

them to limbo. More importantly, it has actually inhibited the scientific 

search for the underlying physical mechanisms.” Examples of neglected 

aspects ranged from observing techniques and equipment to availability and accuracy of archived data. Inspection of available data 

“leads to an obvious conclusion: there are at least two suns up there.” 

(Text) 0 Federal Aviation Administration completed installation of automated 

flight-data processing system in all 20 of its contiguous air route traffic 

control centers, rendered 34 automated radar terminal systems (ARTS 111) 

operational, and installed 53 instrument landing systems. (DOT Release 99-s-72) 

U.S. helicopter manufacturers exported record total of 259 rotary-wing 

aircraft valued at $73673000. Shipment was 17% increase in dollar 

value and 6% increase over the 244 helicopters valued at $62 853 000 

shipped in 1971. (AIAA Release 72-2) 0 Kennedy Space Center minority and female employees increased steadily. 

During first 18 mos of KSC Equal Employment Opportunity-from 

April 1971 through September 1972-contractor employees increased 

by 249, to 11 382. Female employment increased by 128 persons, to 

1240, an 11.5% increase. Minority personnel members increased from 

609 to 847, 39.1%. During third quarter 1972, KSC contract personnel increased by 162 and minority employees increased by 70 to 

peak 7.44% of KSC contractor work force. Minority population in 

Brevard County, based on 1970 census, was 9.47%. (KSC Release 

348-72) 9 Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum completed first 

year under new Director, former astronaut Michael Collins. Major 

emphasis was on preparation for new museum to be opened in US. 

Bicentennial year, 1976. Domed planetarium chamber 9 m (30 ft) high 

was being constructed as laboratory for experimentation and design 

of programs and equipment for Spacearium in new museum. Museum 

library was being reorganized to standards of other Smithsonian Institution libraries. 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory ( SAO) progress and plans 

were being assessed against standards recommended by Astronomy 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 During 1972 

Survey Committee of National Academy of Sciences and National 

Research Council [see June 11. (Smithsonian Year 1972, 61, 62) 

Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne had record 608000 visitorsincrease of about one third over 1971. Museum was considered most 

active museum in Switzerland and Europe’s most popular transport 

museum. Planetarium rated second to New York‘s American MuseumHayden Planetarium in number of annual visitors. Swiss Transport 

Museum’s Air and Space Wing was dedicated July 1. Dedication 

ceremonies were attended by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator; ApoZZo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong; and Mercury Astronaut John H. Glenn. During year, James E. Webb, former NASA 

Administrator, officially presented model of Goddard Space Flight 

Center’s computer facility to Museum. (Dir Swiss Trans Museum letter 

to NASA Hist Off, 2/19/72; A&A 1972) 

455 

K NOT FCMED 

Appendix A 

SATELLITES, SPACE PROBES, AND MANNED 

SPACE FLIGHTS 

A CHRONICLE FOR 1972 

The following tabulation was compiled from open sources by Leonard C. 

Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress. 

Sources included the United Nations Public Registry; the Satellite Situation Report compiled by the Operations Control Center at Goddard Space 

Flight Center; and public information releases of the Department of Defense, NASA, NOAA, and other agencies, as well as those of the Communications 

Satellite Corporation. Russian data are from the U.N. Public Registry, 

the Satellite Situation Report, translations from the Tass News Agency, 

statements in the Soviet press, and international news services reports. 

Data on satellites of other foreign nations are from the U.N. Public Registry, 

the Satellite Situation Report, governmental announcements, and international news services reports. 

This tabulation lists payloads that have (a) orbited; (b) as probes, 

ascended to at least the 6500-kilometer (4000-mile) altitude that traditionally has distinguished probes from sounding rockets, etc.; or (c) 

conveyed one or more human beings into space, whether orbit was attained 

or not. Furthermore, only flights that have succeeded-or at least can be 

shown by tracking data to have fulfilled our definition of satellite or probe 

or manned flight-are listed. Date of launch is referenced to local time at 

the launch site. An asterisk by the date marks dates that are one day earlier 

in this tabulation than in listings which are referenced to Greenwich Mean 

Time. A double asterisk by the date marks dates of Soviet launches which 

are a day later in this compilation than in listings which are referenced 

to Greenwich Mean Time. 

World space activity decreased for the first time in three years. There 

was a decrease in the total successful launches-106 against 120 in 1971, 

the lowest since 1964--and a sharp drop in total payloads orbited-126 

against 151 in 1971. The difference between launches and payloads is of 

course accounted for by the multiple-payload launches ( DOD, the principal 

user of this system in the past, made 3 multiple launches in 1972, orbiting 

6 payloads; NASA made only 1 multiple launch, with 2 payloads; the U.S.S.R. 

made 3 multiple launches, orbitin 18 payloads). 

Of the 1972 world total, the rf: nited States launched 30 boosters carrying 35 payloads (counting the Apollo 16 and 17 payloads as 1 for each 

mission). In 1971 29 US. boosters launched 47 payloads. Although the 

US. 1972 launch total increased by 1, its payload total was the lowest since 

1961. Of these 1972 totals, DOD was responsible for 13 launches and 16 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICSy 1972 

payloads. Of NASA’s 17 launches, 8 were non-NASA missions-Intehd-Iv 

F-4 and Zntelsat-ZV F-5 for ComSatCorp, Heos 2, TD-lA, and Esro 4 for 

ESRO, Anik 1 for Canada, Aeros for West Germany, and Triad 01-1X for 

the US. Navy. The Soviet Union once again more than doubled United 

States space totals, launching 89 payloads with 74 launches. It had launched 

97 payloads with a record 83 launches in 1971. 

The year was very successful for both manned and unmanned activity. 

The US. completed its Apollo program of manned lunar exploration with 

two immensely successful flights. Apollo 16 explored the moon’s Descartes 

region and returned with 96.6 kg (213 lbs) of lunar samples. Apollo 17, 

the sixth and last manned lunar landing, was the most productive and most 

scientifically rewarding. Among its many records, this longest of manned 

lunar landing flights spent the longest time in lunar orbit, conducted the 

longest total EVA on the moon, and returned with the largest sample of 

lunar material (115 kg ; 250 lbs) . Pioneer 10, launched early in the year, 

successfully streaked through the Asteroid Belt toward its December 1973 

Jupiter flyby objective and would eventually become the first spacecraft 

to escape the solar system. NASA also launched Erts I, the first of a series 

Qf experimental satellites to monitor the earth’s resources and environment ; 

Oao 3, the largest telescope ever placed in space; Nimbus 5, a more 

sophisticated experimental meteorological satellite; and Anik 1 for Canada, 

which became the world’s first operational domestic communications 

satellite system. 

The Soviet Union scored a major interplanetary success with the softlanding on Venus of a capsule from Venus 8, which conducted the first 

soil analysis of another planet. Luna 20 continued a series of unmanned 

Soviet lunar accomplishments with its successful lunar landing and retrieval 

of lunar soil. The U.S.S.R., in a typically active year, also orbited six 

communications satellites, including an improved second-generation series, 

and three Meteor weather satellites. 

Also during 1972, Japan launched its fourth satellite, the second one to 

carry scientific instruments. Italy launched the U.S.-built Explorer 48 

on a NASA vehicle from its launch facility off the coast of Kenya. And the 

Soviet Union launched a French-built scientific satellite, Sret I, as a 

secondary payload. It was the first of three planned launches in a cooperative French-Soviet program. 

As we have cautioned in previous years, the “Remarks” column of these 

appendixes is never complete, because of the inescapable lag behind each 

flight of the analysis and interpretation of results. 

4558 
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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 
Appendix B 

CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES, 1972 

This chronology of major NASA launches in 1972 is intended to provide 

an accurate and ready historical reference, compiling and verifying information previously scattered in several sources. It includes launches of 

all rocket vehicles larger than sounding rockets launched either by NASA 

or under “NASA direction” (e.g., in 1972 NASA provided vehicles and launch 

facilities and launched the Communications Satellite Corporation’s two 

Intelsat IV satellites and the European Space Research Organization’s 

Heos 2, TD-lA, and Esro 4, as well as Anik 1 for Canada, Aeros for 

West Germany, Triad 01-1X for the US. Navy, and Nom 2 for the 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; also, under a NASA 

and University of Rome agreement, an Italian team launched a NASA satellite, Explorer 48, from Italy’s San Marco platform of€ the coast of Kenya, 

on NASA’s Scout booster). During 1972, NASA achieved its first perfect 

annual record, experiencing no launch or mission failures. 

An attempt has been made to classify performance of both the launch 

vehicle and the payload and to summarize total results in terms of primary 

mission. Three categories have been used for evaluating vehicle performance and mission results-successful (S) , partially successful (P) , and 

unsuccessful (U). A fourth category, unknown (Unk), has been added for 

payloads when vehicle malfunctions did not give the payload a chance to 

exercise its main experiments. These divisions are necessarily arbitrary; 

many of the results cannot be neatly categorized. Also they ignore the fact 

that a great deal is learned from missions that may have been classified 

as unsuccessful. 

Date of launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. Open sources 

were used, verified when in doubt with the project offices in NASA Headquarters and with NASA Centers. For further information on each item, 

see Appendix A of this volume and the entries in the main chronology as 

referenced in the index. The information was compiled in May 1973 by 

Leonard C. Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library 

of Congress. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 
Appendix C 

CHRONOLOGY OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT, 1972 

This chronology contains basic information on all manned space flights 

during 1972 and-taken with Appendix C to the 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 

1970, and 1971 volumes of this publication-provides a summary record 

of manned exploration of the space environment through 1972. The information was complied by Leonard C. Bruno of the Science and Technology 

Division of the Library of Congress. 

Compared with 1971, 1972 saw a halving of manned space flight, mainly 

attributable to U.S.S.R. inactivity. While two US. Apollo and two U.S.S.R. 

Soyuz flights placed a total of 12 men in space during 1971, 1972 saw two 

Apollo flights and no Soyuz mission, for a total of 6 men in space. 

Apollo 16, launched in April, continued to improve and to extend US. 

manned lunar capability by spending more than 20 hours exploring the 

moon’s surface and returning with 96.6 kg (213 lbs) of lunar samples. 

The Apollo program was brought to a highly successful conclusion with 

the near-perfect December flight of ApoZlo 17. Breaking nearly all previous 

manned lunar exploration records, the Apollo 17 mission was the longest 

and most productive. The two-man crew spent some 22 hours exploring the 

moon’s surface and returned with 115 kg (250 lbs) of lunar material. With 

this sixth and last manned lunar landing, 12 men had walked on the moon 

and spent nearly 12% days on its surface. They had returned a total of 

about 380 kg (841 lbs) of lunar rocks and soil to earth for future study. 

The Soviet Union made no manned flight attempts during 1972, apparently still recovering from the tragic June 1971 flight of Soyuz 11 

that resulted in the death of its three-man crew. 

By the end of 1972, the United States had conducted a total of 27 

manned space flights-2 suborbital, 16 in earth orbit, 3 in lunar orbit, and 

6 lunar landings-with a total of 34 different crewmen. Of the 34 American 

astronauts, 9 had participated in two flights each, 5 had flown three times, 

and 2 had flown four times. The Soviet Union had made 18 manned flights, 

all in earth orbit, with 25 cosmonauts. Three had participated in two flights 

each and two had flown three times. Cumulative totals for manned spacecraft 

hours in flight had reached 3526 hours 27 minutes for the United States 

and remained at 2097 hours 16 minutes for the Soviet Union. Cumulative 

total man-hours in space were 9499 hours 30 minutes for the United States 

and remained 4403 hours 12 minutes for the U.S.S.R. 

Data on US. flights are the latest available to date within NASA, 

although minor details are subject to modification as data are refined. 
n- 

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Appendix D 

ABBREVIATIONS OF REFERENCES 

Listed here are abbreviations for sources cited in the text. This list does 

not include all sources provided in the chronology, for some of the references cited are not abbreviated; only references that appear in abbreviated 

form are listed below. Abbreviations used in the chronology entries themselves are cross-referenced in the Index. 

A&A 

A&A 1972 

ABC 

AEC Release 

Aero Daily 

Aero Med 

AF Mag AFFTC Release 

AFHF Newsletter 

AFJ 

AFNS Release AFOSR Release AFRPL Release 

AFSC Newsreview AFSC Release 

AF&SD 

AFSSD Release AIA Release AIAA Facts 

AIAA News 

AIAA Release 

AIP Newsletter 

AP 

ARC Astrogram 

Astro Journ 

Atlanta JC 

Av Daily 

Av Wk 

Battelle Sci Pol R 

B News 

B Sun 

Bull Atom Sci 

Bus Wk 

C Daily News 

C Trib 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

NASA’s Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1972 [this pubAmerican Broadcasting Company 

Atomic Energy Commission News Release 

Aerospace Daily newsletter 

Aerospace Medicine magazine 

Air Force Association’s Air Force Magazine 

Air Force Flight Test Center News Release 

Air Force Historical Foundation Newsletter 

Armed Forces Journal magazine 

Air Force News Service Release 

Air Force Office of Scientific Research News Release 

Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory News ReAir Force Systems Command’s Newsreview 

Air Force Systems Command News Release 

Air Force and Space Digest magazine 

Air Force Space Systems Division News Release 

Aerospace Industries Association News Release 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

American Institute of Physics Newsletter 

Associated Press news service NASA Ames Research Center’s Astrogram 

American Astronomical Society’s Astrophysical JourAtlanta Journal Constitution newspaper 

Aviation Daily newsletter 

Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine 

Battelle Memorial Institute’s Science Policy Reviews 

Birmingham News newspaper 

Baltimore Sun newspaper 

Education Foundation for Nuclear Science Bulletin 

of the Atomic Scientists 

Business Week magazine 

Chicago Daily News newspaper 

Chicago Tribune newspaper 

magazine, Astronautics & Aeronautics 

lication] 

lease 

Facts 

News 

News Release 

nal 

‘ev 

493 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Can Press CBS 

C&E News 

ClPD 

Cl Press 

Columbia J Rev 

ComSatCorp Release 

CSM 

CTNS 

DASA Release 

D News 

D Post 

DJ 

DOC PI0 

DOD Release DOT Release EOP Release FAA Release 

FBIS-SOV 

FonF 

FRC Release 

FRC X-Press 

GE Forum 

Goddard News GSFC Release 

E8 

GSFC SSR 

GT&E Release 

H Chron 

H Post 

JA 

JPL Lab-Oratory JPL Release JPRS 

JSR 

KC Star 

KC Times KSC Release 

LA Her-Exam 

LA Times 

Langley Researcher 

LaRC Release LATNS 

LC Info Bull LeRC Release 

Lewis News 

M Her 

M News 

M Trib 

Marshall Star 

MJ 

MSC Release MSC Roundup 

MSFC Release 

N Hav Reg 

N News 

N Vu Sun 

NAA News 

Canadian Press news service 

Columbia Broadcasting System 

Chemical & Engineering News magazine 

Cleveland Plain Dealer newspaper 

Cleveland Press newspaper 

Columbia Journalism Review magazine 

Communications Satellite Corporation News Release 

Congressional Quarterly 

Congressional Record 

Christian Science Monitor newspaper 

Chicago Tribune News Service 

Defense Atomic Support Agency News Release 

Detroit News newspaper 

Denver Post newspaper 

Dow Jones news service 

Department of Commerce Public Information Office 

Department of Defense News Release 

Department of Transportation News Release 

Executive Office of the President News Release 

Federal Aviation Administration News Release 

Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Soviet number 

Facts on File 

NASA Flight Research Center News Release 

NASA Flight Research Center’s FRC X-Press 

General Electric Forum magazine 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Goddard News NASA Goddard Space Flight Center News Release NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Satellite SituaGeneral Telephone & Electronics News Release 

Houston Chronicle newspaper 

Houston Post newspaper 

Journal of Aircraft magazine 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Lab-Oratory 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory News Release 

Department of Commerce Joint Publications Research 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

Kansas City Star newspaper 

Kansas City Times newspaper 

NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center News Release 

Los Angeles Herald-Examiner newspaper 

Los Angeles Times newspaper NASA Langley Research Center’s Langley Researcher 

NASA Langley Research Center News Release 

Los Angeles Times News Service 

Library of Congress Information Bulletin NASA Lewis Research Center News Release 

NASA Lewis Research Center’s Lewis News 

Miami Herald newspaper 

Miami News newspaper 

Minneapolis Tribune newspaper NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center’s 

Milwaukee Journal newspaper 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center News Release NASA Manned Spacecraft Center’s Space News 

NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center 

New Haven Register newspaper 

Newark News newspaper 

Northern Virgiuia Sun newspaper 

National Aeronautic Association News 

tion Report 

Service 

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets magazine 

Marshall Star 

Roundup 

News Release 

494 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

NAC Release 

NAE Release 

NAS Release 

NAS-NRC Release 

NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt 

NANA 

NASA Ann NASA HHR-37 

NASA Hist Off NASA Hq WB 

NASA LAR X/8 NASA proj off NASA Release NASA Rpt SRL 

NASA SP-4014 

NASC Release 

NatlObs 

NASA ht Aff 

NBC 

NGS Release NMI 

NN 

NOAA Release 

NR News 

NR Release 

NR Skywriter 

NSC News Letter NSC Release NSF Highlights 

NSP Release 

NY News 

NYT, 5:4 NYTNS 

0 Sen 

Oakland Trib 

Omaha W-H OST Release 

P Bull 

P lnq 

PD 

PA0 

PI0 

PMR Missile PMR Release 

Pres Rpt 73 

SAO Release 

SBD 

Sci Amer 

SciServ 

SD 

SD Union 

SET Manpower 

Comments 

SF 

SF Chron 

SF Exam 

National Aviation Club News Release 

National Academy of Engineering News Release 

North American Newspaper Alliance 

National Academy of Sciences News Release 

National Academy of Sciences-National Research 

Council News Release 

National Academy of Sciences-National Research 

Council-National Academy of , Engineering News 

Report 

NASA Announcement 

NASA Historical Report No. 37 

NASA Historical Offiee 

NASA Headquarters Weekly Bulletin 

NASA Office of International Affairs 

NASA Legislative Activities Report, Vol. X, No. 8 

NASA project office (for the project reported) 

NASA Headquarters News Release 

NASA Report of Sounding Rocket Launching 

NASA Special Publication #4014 

National Aeronautics and Space Council News ReNational Observer magazine 

National Broadcasting Company 

National Geographic Society News Release NASA Management Instruction 

NASA Notice 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

lease 

News Release 

North American Rockwell Corp. News 

North American Rockwell Coru. News Release 

North American Rockwell Cori. Skywriter 

National Space Club News Letter 

National Space Club News Release 

National Science Foundation’s Science Resources 

National Science Foundation News Release 

New York Daily News newspaper 

New York Times newspaper, section 5 page 4 

New York Times News Service 

Orlando Sentinel newspaper 

Oakland Tribune newspaper 

Omaha World-Herald newspaper 

Office of Science and Technology News Release 

Philadelphia Evening and Sunday Bulletin newsPhiladelphia Inquirer newspaper 

Public Affairs Office 

National Archives and Records Service’s Weekly 

Public Information Office 

USN Pacific Missile Range’s Missile 

USN Pacific Missile Range News Release 

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President: 1972 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory News Release 

Space Business Daily newsletter 

Scientific American magazine 

Science Service news service 

Space Digest magazine 

San Diego Union newspaper 

Scientific Manpower Commisbion’s Scientific Engt 

Spaceflight magazine 

Sun Francisco Chronicle newspaper 

Sun Francisco Examiner newspaper 

Studies Highlights 

paper 

Compilation of Presidential Documents 

Activities 

neering, Technical Manpower Comments 

495 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Sou Aero 

Sou Rpt 

SP 

Spaceport News 

Spacewarn 

SR 

SR list 

SSN 

St Louis G-D 

St Louis P-D 

T Picayune 

Tech Rev 

Testimony 

Text 

Transcript 

USGS Release 

US News 

w Post 

W Star &News 

UP1 

WH Release 

WJT 

WS Release 

WSJ 

Soviet Aerospace newsletter 

Center for Foreign Technology’s Soviet Report (transSpace Propulsion newsletter NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center’s Spaceport 

News 

IUWDS World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites’ Spacewarn Bulletin 

Saturday Review magazine 

NASA compendium of sounding rocket launches 

Soviet Sciences in the News, publication of ElectroOptical Systems, Inc. 

St. Louis Globe-Democrat newspaper 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper 

New Orleans Times-Picayune newspaper 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Technology 

Congressional testimony, prepared statement 

Prepared report or speech text 

Official transcript of news conference or congresUnited Press International news service 

US. Geological Survey News Release 

US. News & World Report magazine 

Washington Post newspaper 

Washington EveninglSunday Star and News news- paper (as of July 13,1972, merger) 

White House News Release 

World Journal Tribune newspaper NASA Wallops Station News Release 

Wall Street Journal newspaper 

lations) 

Review 

sional hearing 

496 
INDEX AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 

AND ACRONYMS 

497 

A 

A-7 (fighter aircraft), 321 

A-7G (Corsair), 314 

A-300 (European consortium airbus), 94 

AAAS. See American Assn. for the AdAACB. See Aeronautics and Astronautics 

AAS. see American Astronautical SocieAbbot, Dr. Charles G., 168 

Abbott Laboratories, 247 

ABC. See American Broadcasting Co. 

Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 397 

ABM. See Antiballistic missile system. 

ABMA. See Army Ballistic Missile AgenCY. 

Abrahamson, Col. James A. (USAF), 16 

Abzug, Rep. Bella S., 193 

A-300B, 365 

vancement of Science. 

Coordinating Board. 

tY. 

Acade%iciuri Sergei Vu vilov (U . S.S. R . 

Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R. See Soviet 

research ship), 228 

Academy of Sciences. 

Accelerator. 79. 175 

Accident (&e also Fire; Explosion), 4546, 

73, 131, 174, 266 

aircraft 

F-14, 244, 271 

F-l 1 1, 230, 233, 236 

general aviation 

prevention, 204 

statistics, 454 

Lockheed Electra, 15 

Orville Wright, 26 

U.S.S.R., 349 

T-38, 25, 178, 179, 214 

astronaut, 91, 153, 169-170 

cosmonaut, 166 

lunar experiment, 146 

radioactive fallout, 80 

spacecraft 

Apollo 13, 339 

Apollo 16 Subsatellite, 208 

Luria IR, 166 

Navy Transit satellite, 80 

Apdlo 17 LRV, 416 

TRANSPO '72, 206, 222 

Achievement Award (SBA), 247 

Adiabatic toroidal compressor (ATC), 404 

Adler, Dr. Isidore, 14 

Administration and Program Support 

(MSFC) (NASA), 243-244 

Administration and Technical Services 

Directorate (MSFC) (NASA), 243-244 

Advance Systems Construction, Inc., 60 

Advanced medium STOL transport (AMST), 

Advanced Missions Office, OMSF (NASA), 

77, 382-383, 443 

398 

Advanced Programs Office, OMSF (NASA), 

-_- 798 

Advanced Research Projects Agency 

Advanced Technology Applications proAdvertising Club of Baltimore, 49 AE. See Atmosphere Explorer. AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Systems Office, 

AEDC. See Arnold Engineering DevelopAerial Phenomenon Research OrganizaAerial photography, 280-28 1 

Aero Club of Washington, 162, 263 

Aerobee (sounding rocket) 

(ARPA), 18, 247, 445 

gram (RANN), 85 

59, 79, 130-131 

ment Center. 

tion, 241 

I50 

aeronomy experiment, 156 

atmospheric composition experiment, 

237 

auroral astronomy experiment, 109, 

125 

x-ray star detection, 394 

aeronomy experiment, 306 

astronomy experiment, 180, 259, 288, 

170 

3 19 

planetary atmosphere data, 378 

soft x-ray experiment, 422 

solar brightness measurement, 425 

solar physics experiment, 158, 225, 

solar ultraviolet light measurement, 

242, 255, 274, 276, 366 

427 

test flight performance, 388 

x-ray astronomy, 61, 127, 288 

design, 394 

history, 394 

Aerodynamic Test Range (NASA), 264 

Aerojet-General Corp., 35, 252 

Aerojet Nuclear Systems Co., 59 

Aerojet Solid Propulsion Co., 399 
ASTRONAUTICS AND A E RO N A UTI CS, 1972 

Aeronautical Propulsion Div., OAST(NASA), 

Aeronautical Research Associates, 20 

Aeronautics (see also Federal Aviation 

Aeronautics arid Space Report of the 

aircraft. See Aircraft. 

anniversary, 3 1 1-3 12, 449 

awards and honors, 69, 114, 210, 403, 

cooperation, 6, 49-50, 67, 79, 204, 330, 

employment, 85, 233 

exhibit, 110, 136, 434-435 

facilities, 106, 110, 353 

funds 

I76 

Administration) 

President: 1971 Activities, 99 

430 

347 

appropriation, FY 1973, 187-188, 

authorization, FY 1973, 115-1 16, 160, 

273-274 

172. 178 

constant level budget, 45045 1 

House hearings, 21-23, 66-67, 84-85, 

109-110, 209 

impoundment, 3 15 

program costs, 93 

program revision, 45 1 

request, FY 1973, 30, 32 

Senate hearings, 99-100, 106-107, 

general aviation. See General aviation. 

hijacking. See Hijacking of aircraft. 

international competition, 53-54 

JT3D/JT8D Refan Program Office, 

176 

meeting, 20-21, 49, 185-186, 221, 314- 

315, 385 

military (see also U.S. Air Force, aircraft), 67, 106, 389, 397 

NASA program. %e National Aeronautics and Space Administration, programs. 

Narioiial A viation System (NAS) Teii 

Year PIaii arid Policy Summary, 141- 

142 

research (see also individual aircraft and 

1 I6 

Lifting body) 

FRC programs, 3 1 1 

hvuersonic. 153 

AWACS, 42 

DFBW, 200, 312, 449 

inshumentation, 42, 4344, 235, 302, 

landing methods, 56, 124, 186, 336- 

312, 350, 392, 393 

337, 391 LaRC urograms. 153 

quiet -engine technology (see also 

Noise, aircraft), 66-67, 186, 231, 

387. 449 

. simulation and testing, 42, 191-192, 

supersonic, 59, 190, 19 1-192, 349,390, 

247, 396, 397, 449 

395 

Terminal Configured Vehicles and 

Avionics Operating Experiments 

Program, 84 

wing studies an tisymmetrical, 19 1-1 92 

augmentor-wing, 169, 172, 324 

delta, 272 

supercritical, 5@51,72-73, 184, 186, 

safety, 49, 78, 113, 116, 178, 187-188, 

space technology use in, 4647, 106, 

technology assessment, 2, 319 

Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board (AACB), 353 

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board. 

See National Academy of Engineering. 

Aeroriautics atid Space Report of the President: 1971 Activities, 99 

Aeronca, Inc., 293 

Aeropropulsion System Test Facility 

(ASTF), 353 

A eros (scientific satellite), 377, 430-431, 

452 

Aerosat. See Air traffic control satellite 

program. 

Aerosonic Corp., 123 

Aerospace Div. Conference (ASME), 3 14 

Aerospace Employment Project, 304 

Aerospace Industries Assn. of America, 

Inc. (AIA), 118, 162, 188, 204, 339-340, 

398 

Aerospace industry 

achievements, 133 

business base, 151 

contracting and procurement, 15, 53, 55, 

274, 319, 406407 

cooperation, 23, 204 

defense, 39 

employment 

193, 214, 449 

204, 209, 242, 273-274 

400 

Aerospace Employment Project, 304 

McGovern, Sen. George S., 310, 314 

manpower increase, 4, 5, 9, 55, 156, 

manpower reductions, 59, 133-134, 

recruitment, 61 

wages, 6, 10, 16-17, 46 

Europe, 218, 239 

exhibit, 434 

international competition, 4, 10, 50, 

meeting, 60 

metric system conversion, 182 

NASA technology use, 92, 130-131, 452 

overproduction, 192-193 

public opinion, 2 

trade, 133-134, 451, 453 

West Germany, 159 

198, 204, 208, 451 

274, 280, 281, 297-298, 301, 310, 

314, 326, 339-340, 365 

* 

193 

Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, S~Venth. 310 

Aerospace Primus Club, 313 

Aerospace Research Pilot School, 71 

Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel. See 

NASA Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel. 

Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute, 244 

498 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

499 

Akrospatiale (Sociitk Nationale Industrielle AirosDatiale). 27 1 

AFCRL. See Air Force Cambridge Research 

AFGE. See American Federation of GovLaboratories. 

ernment Employees. 

tory. 

250-25 1 

AFML. See Air Force Materials LaboraAfrica (see also South Africa), 63, 

AFSC. See Air Force Systems Command. 

Ag-Cat (agricultural aircraft), 309 

Agena (booster upper stage), 108, 190,200, 

305, 328, 439 

Agena (star), 255 

Agency for In tern a tio nal Development 

(AID), 302 

&new, Vice President Spiro T., 37, 142, 

Agreement. See International cooperation; 

International cooperation, space; Memorandum of Understanding; Treaty. 

Agreement for Scientific and Technological 

Cooperation, 230 

Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of 

Environmental Protection, 193-194, 245, 

197-198, 350. 407 

-I. 

274-774 d,d 

Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of 

Medical Science and Public Health, 194, 

222, 245, 374-375 

Agreement on Exchanges and Cooperation 

in Scientific. Technical, Educational, 

Cultural, and Other Fields, 195, 222,245, 

374-375 

Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, 

the Return of Astronauts, and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer 

Space, 195 

cooperation, 68, 169-170, 301-302 

Federal earth resources survey program, 

Agriculture, Dept. of 

ERTS, 210, 235, 270, 280 

302 

funds, 51 

reorganization, 122 

Agrippa Crater (moon), 46 

AH-56A (Cheyenne) (helicopter), 288 

Ahmedabad, India, 422 

AIA. See Aerospace Industries Assn. of 

America, Inc. 

AIAA. %e American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AICMA. See Association Internationale des 

Constructeurs de Materiel Airospatial. AID. see Agency for International Development. 

AIDJEX. See Arctic Ice Dynamic Joint 

Experiment. 

Aiken, S. C., 236 

Air Force. See U.S. Air Force. 

Air Force Aero Propulsion Laborntory, 

20 

Air Force Assn., 319-320 

Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL), 216, 275, 295,302,364 

Air Force Materials Laboratory, 210-21 I, 

308 

Air FOrce/NASA STOL Coordinating Council, 77 

Air Force Prototype Systems Program 

Office, 67 

Air Force Space and Missile Systems 

Organization. See Space and Missile 

Systems Organization. 

Air Force Systems Command (AFSC) 

Armament Development and Test Center. 371 

award, 313 

contract, 51, 122, 325 

cost control initiatives, 294 

Electronic Systems Div., 383 

history, 321 

launch, 364365 

lifting body research, 347 

missile, 16, 377 

parachute decelerator system, Viking 

lander, 428 

particle identifier, 216 

personnel, 140, 189, 303, 308 

symposium, 293-294 

Air Force Weather Service, 122-123 

Air Industries Assn. of Canada, 204 

Air Line Pilots Assn. (ALPA), 203-204 

Air pollution 

449 

air sample collection, 154 

aircraft, 66, 136, 280, 292, 349, 370, 409, 

airport standards, 203-204 

control, 206 

data analysis, 63 

Earth-Watch, 218 

Eiiviroiimeiital Quality The Third Ailmal Report of the Couircil on Eiiviroiimeiital Qualitj-August 1972, 285 

monitoring, 21, 35, 84, 101, 216-217, 

218, 285, 390, 392 

prevention, 2, 5, 31 

Republican National Platform, 299 

research, 50, 66, 73-74, 276-277, 407 

technology utilization, 101 

U.N. Conference on the Human Environment, 217 

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 224 

Air show, 157 

Air superiority aircraft, 263 

Air traffic control (ATC) 

AIAA exhibit, 434 

airport congestion, 84, 136, 182, 203- 

204 

automated flight-data processing sysFAA program, 104 

facilities, 141-142 

instrument landing system (ILS), 141- 

tem, 454 

142 

international, 12-13 

microwave landing system (MLS), 20 

radar, 25, 38, 454 

satellite technology, 141-142- 

space shuttle role, 25 

gram, 12-13 

Air traffic control satellite (aerosat) proAir turbulence. See Clear-air turbulence. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Airborne Instruments Laboratory, 35 

Airborne science, 303 

Airborne visible-laser optical-communications (AVLOC), 292-293 

Airborne warning and control system 

(AWACS), 31, 42 

Airbus (see also A-300; A-300B), 329, 

36 1 

Aircraft (see also individual aircraft. such as A-300, B-52, Convair 990, F-111, 

TF-IA, etc.) 

accident, 15, 25, 26, 178, 179, 204, 214, 

agricultural, 309 

air traffic control. See Air traffic conairbus, 94, 361, 365 

amphibious, 362 

augmentor-wing. See Wing, aircraft, 

230, 233, 236, 244, 271, 349, 454 

trol. 

augmentor. 

avionics system, 42, 263, 382 

award, 442 

bomber. 31. 93. 201-202. 209. 329 

cargo, 341 

carrier, 31, 337 

civil, 20, 22-23, 93, 106 

collision avoidance, 116, 178 

commercial, 23, 50, 72, 312, 349, 393 

cost, 77, 93, 260, 263 

design, 20, 131, 191-192, 209, 231 

develoDment 

Air Force Prototype Systems Program 

Office, 67 

AMST, 382-383, 443 

~OL, 6647 

NASA technology, 4647, 154 

QUESTOL, 23, 6647, 161, 350, 387, 

45 1 

remotely piloted vehicle, 51, 316,321, 

336-337, 393 

STAMP, 446 

STOL, 2, 23, 31, 40, 53-54, 66-67, 77, 

118, 124, 172, 182, 185-186, 268- 

269, 324, 355, 449 

355 

V/STOL, 31,67, 141-142, 161, 187, 353, 

VTGL, 30, 40, 56, 66-67 

epgine. See Engine, aircraft. 

environmental effects, 136, 155, 203, 

217 

exhibit, 206, 222, 307, 358 

fighter, 240, 263, 314, 328, 378 

supersonic, 26, 31, 151-152, 209, 220, 

230, 233, 236, 241, 244, 263, 282, 

322, 328, 340, 355, 377, 395, 425 

flight tests, 67, 73, 155, 163, 169, 177, 

184, 186, 193, 200, 215 

foreign, 10, 94, 106, 177, 248 

U.S.S.R., 263, 285, 317, 329-330, 349, 

354. 365, 425. 442 

fundine: 30-31 

generaraviation, 161, 311, 314, 453 

glider, 161, 275 

helicopter, 40, 56, 136, 148-149, 187, 

190-191, 303, 362, 389, 393, 409 

hijacking. See Hijacking of aircraft, 

industry, 22-23, 62, 192-193, 309, 453 

instrumentation, 42, 43-44, 235, 302, 

312, 350, 392, 393 

interceptor, 177 

jet, 178, 203, 309, 392, 397 

landing methods, 56, 124, 186, 336-337, 

397 

light aircraft, 15, 78 

military, 20, 67, 122, 131, 133-134, 201- 

202, 206, 263, 312, 319, 321, 327, 

329, 396, 397 

Military Aircraft Programs Office, 

67 

multipurpose, 263 NASA. See National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration. 

navigation, 56 

noise. See Noise, aircraft. 

Derformance. 192-193 

reconnaissance, 72, 118, 162, 216, 

255-256, 263, 280-281, 350 

record, 61 

remote control (see also Remotely pirescue, 15 

research (see also Aeronautics, research; 

and CTOL, STOL, TF4A, etc.), 21- 

23, 24, 40, 67, 128, 293, 324, 396 

loted vehicle), 316, 336-337 

clear-air turbulence, 43, 302 

combustor design, 66, 276-277 

fuselage fairings, 274-275 

subsonic flight characteristics, 155, 

tire testing, 4748 

247 

rocket, 233 

safety, 49, 78, 113, 116, 178, 187-188, 

204. 209. 242. 273-274 

specialization, 263 

sport, 309 

supercritical wing. See Wing, aircraft, 

supercrjtical. 

supersonic. See Supersonic transport; 

Concorde; F-1 1 1; Tu-144. 

survey, 21, 68, 216, 221-222, 226-227, 

235, 254, 270, 302, 314 

airborne experiment, 24, 136, 178, 341, 

349 

takeoff technology, 177 

terminal-configured, 84 

tilt-rotor, 40 

traffic control. See Air traffic control. 

training, 25, 214, 309 

transport (see also Supersonic transport), 2, 23, 31, 93, 94, 107, 110, 

120, 124, 131, 154, 157, 161, 329, 

422, 425, 439 

jet, 4-5, 162, 173, 186, 192-193, 248, 

251, 288, 292, 298, 314, 342, 409 

turboprop, 61 

U.S. leadership, 50, 193, 451 

utility, 177, 309, 397, 453 

Aircraft carrier, 3 I 

Aircraft Collisioii A voidailre Systems, 104 

Aircraft Div. See Northrop Corp. 

Aircra/t Emissions: Impart on Air Quality 

aid Feasibility of Coiitrol, 409 

500 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

50 1 

Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory, 

244 

Airlines (see also Air pollution; Air traffic 

control; Airports; Noise, aircraft; and 

Supersonic transport) 

bathroom commode system, 293 

computerized reservation systems, 180 

cooperation, 21, 23, 341 

cost, 118, 182, 427 

FAA airport-airways system plan, 141- 

142 

hijacking. See Hijacking of aircraft. 

industry, 118, 161, 162, 200, 427 

navigation, 33 

personnel, 72-73 

security, 93, 41 1 

statistics, 453, 454 

STOL importance, 118 

symposium, 72-73 

two-segment landing approach, 124 

325, 341, 344 

Airlock module (AM), 219, 262, 280, 282, 

Airports (see also Air pollution; Air traffic 

control; Noise, aircraft; and individual 

airports such as Dulles International 

Airport) 

automation, 84 

congestion, 67,83-84, 118, 182,203-204, 

449 

Discrete Addressable Beacon and Microwave Landing Systems, 84 

environmental problems, 427 FAA airport-airways system plan, 

141-142 

facilities, 136, 139-140, 141-142 

navigation, 20 

planning, 31, 206 

Planning Grants Program (FAA), 272 

runways, 2, 84 

security, 67, 93, 411 

wake turbulence detection system, 92 

Airship, 400 

Airspeed indicator, 397 

Aitken Crater (moon), 418 

Alabama, 69, 74, 129-130, 206, 208, 393 

Alabama Earth Resources Information 

Alabama Space and Rocket Center, 117, 

Alabama, Univ. of, 95, 454 

Alaska, 44, 70, 122-123.262. 308,341 

rarth4tation. 173, 410 

satellite data, 124, 131, 235, 270, 444 

solar eclipse viewing site, 254 

sounding rocket launch, 90,91, 182-183, 

TV transmission via satellite, 27, 173, 

CFD System, 123 

Committee, 294 

177, 277 

AIDJEX test Site, 128 

186-187, 349, 355 

-,I 

LOL 

weather buoys, 77 

Alaska Educational Television Broadcasting Commission, 173 

Alaska DiDeline. 396 

Alaska; Univ.'of, Geophysical Institute, 

182-183 

Albert, Rep. Carl, 286-287 

Aldrin, Col. Edwin E., Jr. (USAF, Ret.), 18, 

71, 265, 313, 399, 426 ALFMED. See Apoilo light-flash movingemulsion detector. 

Alfven, Dr. Hannes O., 2, 141 

Algol Ill (rocket engine), 290 

Algonquin Park, Canada, 307 

Alibrando, Alfred B., 52 

Allen, J. H., 308 

Allen, William A., 331 

Allen, William M., 215 

Alli\oii, L/C Edgar L., Jr., (US%=), 61 

Allott, Sen. Gordon, 362, 387 

Alouerre I (Canadian satellite), 83, 328, 

453 

ALPA. See Air Line Pilots Assn. 

Alphonsus Crater (moon), 62, 404 

ALSEP. 

Altimeter, 123 

Aluminum, 14, 183-184 AM. See Airlock module. 

Amazon Basin, 350 

Ambler, Ernest, 216 

Amchitka Island, Alaska, 308 

America (Apollo 17 CSM). See Command 

and service module. 

American Airlines, inc., 186, 189, 216-217 

308 

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 283-284, 429, 

443-444 

See Apollo lunar surface experiment package. 

American Astronautical Society (AAS), 98, 

American Astronomical Society, 112, 13 1 

American Aviation Corp., 309 

American Bakeries Co., 430 

American Broadcasting Co. (ABC), 381, 

American Chemical Society, 225 

American College of Preventive Medicine, 

314, 360, 373-374 

399, 409 

1R4 

American Council of Learned Societies, 

392 

American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE), 242-243, 255 

American Geophysical Union, 233 

American Helicopter Society, 187, 362 

American Institute of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics (AIAA), 36, 69, 83, 137, 314, 

399, 403, 434 

American Institute of Architects, California Council, 241 

American Institute of Biological Sciences, 

24 

American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 

225 

American Institute of Nondestructive 

Testing, 225 

American Medical Assn. (AMA), 350 

American Mountains (moon), 237 

American Museum-Hayden Planetarium, 

American Physical Society, 159 

American Satellite Corp., 355, 410 

185, 21 I, 356, 428, 455 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

American Science and Engineering, Inc., 

American Society for Metals, 225 

American Society for Quality Control, 225 

American Society for Testing Materials, 93, 

127, 255, 380-381 

225 

American Society of Civil Engineers 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers 

(ASCE), 355 

(ASME), 137, 314 

Man of the Year Award, 202-203 

American Society of Public Administrators, 117 

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 

(AT&T), 230-231, 255, 261-262, 309, 

American Topical Assn., 253 

Ames Research Center (ARC) (NASA) 

acoustic-aerodynamic research, 67 AIDJEX participation, 128 

air pollution research, 392 

Airborne Research Program, 68, 303, 

aircraft research, 21, 45, 124, 169, 191- 

aircraft survey, 280-281, 314-315 

Arizona Land Use Experiment, 235 

automated visual sensitivity tester, 41 

cloud research, 24 

conference. 355 

44 1 

.314 

192 

contract, 3’82- 

cooperation, 67-68, 79, 382 

electron microscope improvement, 101 

electrophysics research program, 79 

Environmental Problems Symposia, 

ERTS participation, 210 

evaluation studies, 303 

ILLIAC IV computer, 445 

laser-doppler CAT detection system test, 

lecture, 291, 401 

Life Scientist Program, 298 

personnel, 152, 158, 223, 264, 380-381 

QUESTOL Drogram, 387 

101 

GARP, 397 

302 

request fdr pioposals, 5, 94 

tour, 384 

visit, Mrs. Nixon, 324 

wind tunnel, 353 

Corp. 

port. 

AMSAT. See Radio Amateur Satellite 

AMST. See Advanced medium STOL transAnaheim, Calif., 314 

Anderson, Dr. Don L., 440 

Anderson, Sen. Clinton P., 98, 132-133, 

Andoeya, Norway, 15, 17, 53, 210 

Andover, Me., 255 

Andrews AFB, Md., 190, 303, 313, 319, 

Andrews, Edward P., 159 

Androgynous docking mechanism, 197- 

277, 282-283, 387 

362 

198 

Anfinsen, Dr. Christian B., 357 

Anglo-French supersonic transport. See 

Concorde. 

Auik I (Telesat A) (Canadian comsat), 379, 

395, 452 

Animal experiments, space, 394, 404 

Anniversary 

Aerobee, 394 

Alouette I, 328 

Annual Revolution Day, U.S.S.R., 377 

Apollo I I, 265 

Bicentennial, 131 

communications satellite, 370 

Copernicus, birth, 183, 257, 274 

Cosmos 1. 108 

discovery of Tycho’s star, 383 

Flight Research Center, 31 1-312, 449 

Frieirdship 7 mission, 61 

Kepler, Johannes, birth, 60 

L~RC visitor center, 217 

Mariiier 2 Venus arrival, 429 

Navy Astronautics Group, 134 

Os0 I, 90 

Project Skyhook, 335 

Saturn V, 33 

Sputnik I, 338, 348 

supersonic flight, 350 

Telstar I transoceanic TV, 255 

transistor, 441 

WAF, 258, 319, 320-321 

U.S.S.R. reactor, 14-15 

Vanguard I, 109 von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 117 

Vosiok I, 138 

Wright brothers flight, 434 

Survey Programs, 301-302 

Aiiiiual Federal Report 011 Earth Resources 

Annual Revolution Day, U.S.S.R., 377 

Anorthosite (lunar surface sample), 14, 

ANT-1 (U.S.S.R. aircraft), 442 

Antarctica, 171, 262 

Aiitares (Apollo 14 LM). See Lunar modAntenna, 31,65,82, 113, 146, 148,208,336, 

Anthropology, 54 

Antiballistic missile (ABM) system (see also 

179, 377-378 

ule. 

354 

Safeguard), 362 

budget, 30-31, 327 

Minuteman supplement, 72 

public attitude, 13 

test, 108, 174, 260, 300, 361, 411 

treaty, 201-202, 213, 283, 299, 331 

Antigua, West Indies, 184, 195 

Antimatter, 176 

An tiproton, 176 

Antisubmarine warfare, 441 

Antisymmetrical wing, 191-192 

Antitechnology, 135-136 

APK. .%e Astronaut preference kit. 

Apollo (program), 2, 100, 250-251, 380- 

38 I 

achievements, 164-165, 265, 345, 394, 

406, 412, 426427, 435, 438, 439, 440, 

441, 442443, 447, 449 

502 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAI 

astronaut. See Astronaut. 

benefits, 157, 394, 420, 426427, 438- 

budget, 64, 300, 359 

conclusion, 58, 423, 424, 447, 449 

criticism, 162, 407 

evaluation, 142, 405406 

experiments, 6, 102, 180-181, 300 

funds, 125, 176-177 

impact, 151, 204-205, 404-405, 411, 

launch, 169-170, 208 

launch vehicle, 169-170, 452 

luna; debris, 432 

lunar landing trainer, 3 I 1 

lunar model development, 54 

lunar samples, 52, 152, 377-378 

management, 248 

mission cancellations, 175-176 

Nixon, President Richard M., 435437 

operational maturity, 57-58 

personnel, 9, 14, 27, 29, 33, 62, 63, 78, 

phase-out, 9, 18-19, 27, 157, 205 

press comment, 133, 151, 152-153, 160- 

161, 404405, 41 1412, 423, 424, 429, 

434, 440, 443 

responsibilities, 420 

results, 24, 13-14, 63, 226-227, 441 

significance, 69, 420, 441442, 449 

support services, 248 

surplus hardware use, 28 

symposium, 3 10 

television coverage, 39 1-392 

training, 23-24 

U.S.S.R. comparison, 140-141 

Apollo (spacecraft) 

accident. 91. 266 

439, 440 

 COS^, 7, 30, 36, 71-72, 87, 424 

424 

117, 170, 197-198, 205, 440 

APO~IO-SOYUZ Test Project, 128, 130, 

174-175, 195-196, 197-198, 247, 250, 

257, 260, 335, 344, 346 

command and service module. See Comcontrol system, 200 

development responsibility, MSC, 149- 

exhibit, 358 

international cooperation, 106 

lunar module. See Lunar module. 

Apollo 5 mission, 169-170 

Apollo 7 mission, 169-170, 192, 298 

Apollo 8 mission, 137, 205, 237, 392, 394, 

Apollo 9 mission, 33, 142, 197-198, 221 

Apollo 10 mission, 39, 60, 115, 144-146, 

Apollo II mission, 119, 133, 167, 355, 392, 

mand and service module. 

150, 273 

419420 

404, 416 

420 

anniversary, 265 

astronaut, 63, 71, 74, 96, 205, 313 

distance traveled, 63 

documentary film, 385 

lunar samples, 33, 179, 291 

significance, 192-193 

JTICS, 1972 

“Apollo 11: Soil Mechanics Results,” 

Apollo I2 mission 

355 

astronaut, 63, 178 

exhibit, 206, 358 

experiments, 142-144, 388, 414, 419 

launch, 141 

lunar samples, 179, 206, 358 

Apollo 13 mission, 259, 302, 339, 392, 

420 

Apollo 14 mission, 259 

astronaut, 63, 188, 194, 280 

commercialism, 277, 280 

experiments, 54-55, 142-144, 180-18 1, 

landing site, 148, 180-181, 219-220 

lunar samples; 13-14, 54, 203, 452 

lunar water vapor, 83, 86 

photographs, 437 

Apollo 15 mission, 57-58, 96-97, 149-150, 

168 

astronaut, 1, 4, 20, 35, 41, 61, 63, 6546, 

152, 164. 194. 206. 210. 232. 256 

414 

, ---, 266-268, 270, 273, 217, 280,282-283, 

award, 152, 164, 206, 210, 267-268, 

336 

commercialism, 232, 256, 266-268, 270, 

289, 300, 303, 317-318, 321, 336 

273, 277, 280, 282-283, 289, 300, 

317-318. 321 

press comment, 258, 259, 262, 276 

cost, 71-72 

exhibit, 153 

experiments, 142-144, 414, 419 

foreign reaction, 28 

landing site, 69, 146-148, 431 

lunar roving vehicle, 57-58, 99, 420 

lunar sample, 35-36, 62, 138, 146, 215- 

lunar surface data, 13-14, 428, 433 

medical aspects, 97, 152, 164 

postage stamp commemoration, 157 

press comment, 258, 259, 262, 276, 289 

Apollo 15 Preliririrrary Scierrce Report 

(NASA SP-315). 168 

Apollo 15 Subsatellite, 50, 152 

Apollo 16 mission, 228-229, 259, 387, 393, 

216, 257, 452 

414, 447 

accident, 174 

achievements, 149-150 

astronaut, 2, 14, 6243, 120, 165, 169, 

170-171, 172, 178, 180, 184, 187, 193, 

award, 187, 200, 238, 258 

commemorative medal, 264 

criticism, 157, 162, 178 

docking, 142-144 

experiments, 62, 68, 142-144, 146-148, 

cosmic ray detection, 102, 149-150 

electrophoresis demonstration, 144 

far-ultraviolet camera and spectrograph, 102, 179-180, 271, 306 

lunar magnetism, 88, 148-149, 152 

200, 228-229 

WSt, 71-72 

149-150, 165, 193, 254 

ALSEP, 146, 419 

503 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

MEED, 96 

seismometer, 414 

150, 152, 157, 165, 170-171, 173 

extravehicular activity, 146-148, 149- 

landing site, 62, 165, 431 

launch, 142 

launch vehicle, 33 

lunar landing, 142, 144-146, 148 

lunar liftoff, 148 

lunar roving vehicle, 97, 142, 146-149, 

169, 172, 264 

lunar samples, 142, 146-148, 149-150, 

medical aspects, 2, 14, 97, 120, 135, 

mission objectives. 62 

170-171, 238, 257, 326, 363, 452 

148-150, 152, 164, 166, 172, 279, 420 

mission preparations, 2, 8, 14, 30, 33, 41, 

46, 96, 112, 120, 135, 151 

countdown, 113, 123, 134, 142 

flight readiness review, 94 

spacecraft repair, 46 

Nixon, President Richard M., 112-1 13, 

011 the Mooir with Apollo 16, 71 

photographs, 62, 142-144, 148, 149-150, 

press comment, 142, 151, 152-153, 154, 

press conference, 6, 62, 96-97, 109, 142, 

148-149, 164, 170-171, 172, 179-180, 

183-184 

press support, 328 

quarantine, 120 

records, 149-150 

rendezvous, 148 

results, 149-150, 158, 179-180, 183-184 

splashdown, 148-149 

Subsatellite. See A pollo I6 Subsatellite. 

technical problems, 33, 142-144, 148, 

translunar injection, 142-144 

TV broadcasts, 142-144, 146-149, 15 1, 

Apollo 16 Sub.ratelfire, 148-149, 152, 208 

Apollo 17 mission, 265, 301, 392, 393, 395, 

157, 162-163, 163-164, 228-229 

158, 169, 170-171 

157, 158, 160-161, 162, 164-165 

149-150, 152-153, 157, 162, 208 

156-157, 158, 381 

447 

accident, 416 

achievements, 412, 427, 447 

astronaut, 54-55, 194, 297,301,366-367, 

382, 384, 385, 388, 389, 396, 404, 409, 

413, 419, 426, 437, 439 

cutbacks, 297-298 

docking, 413, 419 

emblem, 347 

experiments, 54-55, 68, 366, 388, 414, 

416, 419, 433 

ALSEP, 54-55, 416-417 

convection demonstration, 413 

far-ultraviolet spectrography, 433 

gravimeter, 54-55, 432 

heat flow, 54-55, 413, 432 

laser, 54-55, 433 

lunar roving vehicle, 346-347 

mouse-to-the-moon, 404 

scanning radiometer, 54-55, 433 

seismometer, 54-55, 43 1 

5 104 

extravehicular activity, 416-419, 444, 

flag unfurling, 416 

flight rules, 267 

foreign reaction, 421, 439 

launch, 337, 361, 384, 413 

lunar landing, 414 

lunar liftoff, 418419, 428 

lunar orbit insertion. 413 

447 

lunar roving vehicle, 54-55, 346-347, 

lunar samples, 388, 413, 416-417, 419, 

413, 416419, 429 

445, 447, 452 

management, 142 

medical aspects, 385, 388, 403, 414, 420, 

midcourse corrections, 413 

mission objectives, 382 

mission preparations, 30, 182, 297, 301, 

382, 403, 407 

countdown, 385, 388, 389, 396, 399, 

407, 413 

mission profile, 366-367, 413-419 

Nixon, President Richard M., 409, 418, 

photographs, 416-417, 418, 419, 440, 

postmarks, launch date, 405 

press comment, 389, 409, 420, 426427, 

428-429, 434, 438439, 441,442 

press conference, 363-364, 366-367,382, 

388, 428-429, 431-432, 433434, 435 

public opinion, 389 

quarantine, 385 

records, 409, 413, 419, 447 

437 

420, 428, 435-437, 439-440 

442 

rendezvous, 413 

results, 363, 419, 426, 431-432, 433-434, 

435. 437 

significance, 428 

splashdown, 297, 313, 419, 435, 441 

strike threat, 377, 405 

technical problems, 330, 413, 419 

tracking, 422 

TV broadcast, 381, 391-392, 399, 409, 

413. 416418. 419. 427. 444 

U.S.S.R. reaction to, 421, 424, 437 

“Voyage Beyond Apollo” cruise, 409 

Apollo 18 mission, 388 

Apollo 20 mission, 388 

APOIIO/ASTP Program Office, 398, 451 

Apollo light-flash moving-emulsion detector (ALFMED), 6 

Apollo lunar surface experiment package 

(ALSEP), 54-55, 62-63, 146-148, 368, 

Apollo Program Office, 398, 451 

Apollo Soil Mechanics Investigation Sci416-417 

ence Team. 13-14 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), 61, 247, 

384, 439 

agreements, 185, 190, 197-198, 207, 244, 

322, 395, 452 

astronaut, 174-175, 175-176, 185, 195- 

benefits, 197-198, 214, 222, 228 

Congress, 198-199, 209 

196, 197-198, 207, 335, 346, 354 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

505 

cosmonaut, 175-176, 197 

crew requirement, 205 

criticism, 328 

employment impact, 208, 424 

feasibility, 175-176 

funds, 198-199, 213 

language, 197, 382 

cost, 197-198, 206-207 

management, 197, 297, 451 

meetings, 252, 281, 310, 322, 346, 354, 

409. 452 

Nixon, President Richard M., 213, 228- 

plans, 4849, 174-175, 195-196, 197, 

229, 240-241 

204-205 

political implications, 41 1 

press conference, 250, 257, 260-261, 

344 

rendezvous and docking, 182, 241, 322, 

safety, 197 

significance, 192-193, 197-198, 336 

spacecraft, 197-198, 344, 346 

training, 197, 346 

working groups, 197, 322 

Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), 23-24, 44, 

69, 70, 169, 239, 262, 280, 325 

Apollonius Crater (moon), 179 

Applications oJ Aerospace Techrrologv iri the 

Public Sector, 75 

Applications satellite, 166, 185 

Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) 

(see also individual ATS satellites, such as ATS-F, ATS-G, and Ars I), 30,241, 

Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Univ., 301, 306, 386 APS. See Auxiliary propulsion system. 

Arabia basin (moon), 237 

Aral Sea, 329 ARC. See Ames Research Center. 

Arcas (sounding rocket), 173, 184, 195 

Boosted Arcas I, 19, 373 

Super Arcas, 8, 39, 372, 410 

Archeology, 298 

Arctic, 21, 70-71, 186-187, 228, 262, 381- 

382 

346, 378, 408 

292-293 

Arctic Ice Dynamic Joint Experiment 

(AIDJEX), 128 

Arctic Ocean, 77 

Arenosillo, Spain, 248, 25 1 

Argentina, 173 

Ariel I (U.K. satellite), 453 

Ariel 4, 354 

Aristillus Crater (moon), 35-36 

Arizona, 148, 235, 396-397 

Arizona Land Use Experiment, 235 

Arizona, Univ. of, 24 

Arlauskas, Joseph, 377-378 

Armament Development and Test Center. 

See Eglin AFB, Fla. 

Armed Forces Management Assn., 293 

Armed Forces Unificafion Act, 258, 320 

Arms. See Weapons. 

Arms limitation. See Disarmament. 

Arms race, 55-56 

Armstrong, Neil A., 205, 247, 265, 385, 

399, 424, 426, 432, 442, 447, 455 

Armstrong, Neil, Air and Space Museum, 

award, 96, 315 

765 

Arm;. See U.S. Army. 

Army Air Mobility Research and DevelopArmy Aviation Systems Command, 303, 

ment Laboratory, 355 

789 

Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), 

Army Corps of Engineers, 184, 216, 270, 

202-203, 451 

301-302 

Army Ordnance Corps, 337 

A rnold Engineering Development Center 

Arnold, Gen. Henry H. (USA), 275 

Arnold, Dr. James R., 14 ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects 

Agency. ARTS. See Automated radar terminal system. 

Arzachel Crater (moon), 404 

AXE. 

Asheville, N.C., 390 

Asia, 8, 263, 404, 443 

Asimov, Isaac, 409 

Askew, Gov. Reubin (Fla.), 340, 385 

ASME. See American Society of Mechanical 

Aspin, Rep. Les, 155 

Assembly of Croatia, Yugoslavia, 35 

Associated Press Man of the Year in Sci- ence Award, 202-203 

Association Internationale des Constructeurs de Mated ACrospatial (AICMA), 

204 

(AEDC), 321 

See American Society of Civil 

Engineers. 

Engineers. 

Asteroid, 227. 259-260. 314, 446 

Asteroid Belt, 81, 83, 200, 254, 259-260, 

305, 339, 365-366, 447 

ASTF. See Aeropropulsion System Test 

Facility. 

ASTP. See Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. 

Astrobee F (sounding rocket), 327 

Astrodynamics Conference, 314 

Astronaut (see also Cosmonaut; Extravehicular activity; Scientist-astronaut; and Space biology and medicine) 

accident, 91, 153, 169-170, 178, 179 

achievements, 420, 538 

anniversary, 265 

Apollo 10, 60 

Apollo 11, 71, 385, 399 

Apollo 14. 372-373 

Apollo 15, I, 4, 20, 35,41, 61, 63, 6546, 

152, 164, 194, 206, 210, 232, 256, 

266-268, 270, 273, 277. 280. 282-283. 

289, 300, 303, 317-318; 321, 336 ’ 

Apollo 16. 2, 14, 6243, 120, 165, 169, 

170-171, 172, 178, 180, 184, 187, 193, 

200, 228-229 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Apollo 17. 54-55, 194, 297, 301, 366-367, 

382, 384, 385, 388, 389, 396, 404, 409, 

413, 419, 426, 437, 439 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 174-175, 

appointment, 45, 273 

art exhibit, 17-18, 153 

175-176, 185, 195-196, 197-198, 207, 

335, 346, 354 

awards and honors, 96, 187, 200, 206, 

210, 265-266, 277, 303, 315, 372- 

373, 429 

Chapel of the Astronauts, 35, 44-45, 

commemorative stamp, 157 

commercialism, 232, 256, 266-268, 270, 

Congress, visit to, 184 

cooperation in space, 28, 198, 231-232, 

374-375 

corps status, 205 

criticism, 178 

damage suit award, 382 

death, 406 

debriefing, 439 

domestic life, 153 

equal employment opportunity, ! 1 

flight status, 97-98 

food rations, 71-72 

former, 45, 74, 185, 192, 205, 406 

Frieudship 7 mission, 61 

goodwill tour, 41 

investigation board, 179 

long-duration mission, 129, 291, 308 

medical aspects, 52, 6546, 6748, 97-98, 

120, 150, 172, 187, 248, 281, 285-286, 

388, 403, 419 

Memphis space information program, 

72 

Mercury (program), 205 

performance, 57-58, 426 

personal preference kit, 267 

55 

273,277,280, 282-283, 289, 300, 317- 

318, 321 

photographs, 421 

Presidential message to, 162-163, 409, 

418. 420 

press comment, 160-161, 258, 259, 262, 

press conference, 172, 228 

promotion, 39, 60, 162-163, 172, 429- 

public appearance, I, 20, 28, 35, 165, 

public image, 406 

quarantine, 120, 385, 396 

reassignment, 194, 303, 3 14 

rescue, 127, 174, 195-196, 197-198, 199, 

229, 316, 344 

Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts, 

and the Return of Objects Launched 

into Outer Space, 195 

276, 406, 409 

430 

247 

resignation, 194, 205, 259, 406 

retirement, 18, 142, 192, 205, 303, 335, 

safety, 68, 132, 174, 197 

392 

scientist-astronaut, 55, 185 

Skylab, 23-24, 68, 165-166, 189, 209, 

SMEAT, 323 

space shuttle, 175-176 

splashdown, 419, 435, 441 

Swiss Transport Museum inauguration, 

time in soace, statistics. 61 

219, 229, 282, 285-286, 383, 426 

247 

training, ‘23-24, 73, 128, 146-148, 197, 

U.N. Hall of Fame (proposed), 358 

White House visit, 41 

woman, 15 

Astronaut Day celebration, Chicago, Ill., 

187 

“Astronaut, Fallen” (sculpture), 266 

Astronaut Office (MSC) (NASA), 194, 303 

Astronaut preference kit (APK), 267 

Astronaut wings (award), 265-266 

Astronautics Engineer Award (NSC), 98 

Astronomical unit, 387 

Astronomy (see also individual celestial 

bodies, observatorie\, planet\, probes, 

sounding rockets, \tar\, and telescopes, such as Comet, Large Space 

Tele\cope, Mars (planet), NikeApache, Pioneer, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Quasars, ete.), 

17, 176, 372, 434 

anniversary, 383, 429 

Asteroid Belt. See Asteroid Belt. 

award, 345 

cosmic ray, 102, 159, 176, 189, 235, 264, 

335, 337, 

exhibit, 117 

galactic, 102,200,222,332, 357,365,374, 

386 

201, 204-205, 228-229, 235-236, 239- 

240, 282, 322 

gamma ray, 56-57, 139, 181, 287, 342 

international cooperation, 45, 109, 177, 

187, 208, 237, 375 

museum, 454 NASA program, 30, 31, 104, 107, 125, 176, 

213-214, 227, 377-378, 393, 409- 

410, 441, 447, 451 

aircraft. 303 

satellite; 46, 69, 81, 83, 90, 107, 132, 

208, 254, 257, 264, 273, 275, 276, 

287-288, 295-296, 300, 384 

Skylab, 24. 63-64. 70 

sounding rocket, 125, 180, 189, 224, 

242, 255, 276, 288, 319, 366, 394, 

425, 427 

personnel, 55, 233, 357, 387-388 

press comment, 151, 233, 399 

publication, 246 

radar, 403 

radio, 115, 213, 365 

solar, 8 1, 83, 108,224,228,239,242,255, 

273, 276, 280, 284, 290-291, 315, 

366, 377-378, 384-385. 421 

brightness, 425, 427 

corona, 254 

energy R&D, 85, 250, 251 

evolution, 252-253 

506 
.A STRO N AUT1 CS AND AERO N AUT1 CS, 1972 

occultation, 132 

plasma, 107 

radiation, 90. 95-96, 252-253, 330 

Stein waves, 131 

stellar, 69.94-95, 108, 208, 213-214, 220, 

233, 254, 257, 261, 270-271, 327. 

342, 360, 365, 383, 394, 438, 446 

black hole, 233, 307, 360 

mapping, 354 

Milky Way, 104, 271, 332, 357, 365 

radio emissions, 104, 307 

supernova, 181, 342, 383 

ultraviolet. See Ultraviolet. 

universe, 18, 56-57, 165, 167, 176, 233, 

27 1 

U.S.S.R., 86, 113, 119, 123, 242, 255, 

267, 329, 337 

x-ray. See X-ray. 

A~troiiottiv atrd AstrophnFics for the 

/970's, 213-214 

Astronomy Survey Committee, 213-214, 

287-288 

ASW-12 (glider), 161 

At the 10th Aiiiiiversarv of the Cottiitiwiicalioiis Sarellite Act of 1962: Cotmat Report to the Presidetit arid the Coiigress, 

370 

AT&T. See American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 

ATC. See Adiabatic toroidal compressor 

and Air traffic control. 

Atlanta, Ga., 162 

Atlantic City, N.J., 384 

Atlantic Ocean, 26-27, 60-61, 104, 194, 

Atlas (booster) 

250-251, 254, 275, 312-313, 366 

Atlas-Aeena. 437 

Atlas-B&er 11, 336 

Atlas-Centaur, 19, 26-27, 51-52, 81, 

224-225, 257, 295, 364 

Atlas-Centaur Proiect Team, 380-381 

ATM. See Apollo Telescope Mount. 

Atmosphere 

cloud study, 118, 120, 127, 351-352 

fog stabilization, 327 

geophysical warfare, international control, 250 

international cooperation 

U.S. World Weather Watch, 262-263 

planetary. See Individual planets, such as Mars (planet). 

radioactive fallout, 80 

solar. See Solar atmosphere. 

temperature sounding, 96, 228, 35 1-352, 

CARP, 84, 174, 306, 397 

422-423. 447 

upper (earth), 8, 51, 105, 108, 174, 182- 

183, 184, 186-187, 195, 203, 238, 

349, 354. 389, 393. 430-431. 454 

243, 252-253, 255, 306, 307, 342, 

aurora, 15, 19, 44, 46, 53, 54, 70, 

composition, 37, 51, 454 

density, 54, 354, 394 

ionosphere, 227, 244, 372, 389 

182-183, 184, 227, 342, 353, 373, 

389 

magnetosphere, 139, 354 

SST impact, 274, 370, 385, 427 

U.S.S.R. program, 87, 236-237 

x-ray penetration, 159 

weather. See individual meteorological 

satellites, such as Nimbus; and Meteorology. 

Atmosphere Explorer C (AE-C) satellite, 

372 

Atmosphere Explorer D (AE-D) satellite, 

Atmosphere Explorer E (AE-E) satellite, 

Atoll. See Kwajalein Atoll. 

Atomic energy, 53, 55, 186-187, 207, 243, 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (see also AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Systems 

Office; and NERVA and SNAP programs), 29, 78, 85, 89, 93, 169-170, 

194-195, 248, 262-263, 315, 325, 374, 

425 

372 

372 

287 

atomic waste disposal, 53 

contract. 194-195 

cooperation, 24-25, 81, 94, 131, 155, 

Div. of Applied Technology, 259 

Div. of Controlled Thermonuclear Reenvironmental research park, 236 

funds, 31, 51, 231, 245 

General Advisory Committee, 341 

Global Iiiveiitory arid Distributioti of 

Meson Physics Facility, 132-133, 222 NERVA termination, 45 1 

nuclear accident report, 80 

nuclear research, 88, 308, 404, 429 

personnel, 288 

press comment, 88 

radioisotope thermoelectric generator, 

307, 388 

technology utilization, 106 

Atomic Energy Institute (U.S.S.R.), 

14-1 5 

194-195, 256, 331, 451 

search, 378-379 

Pu-238 froni SNA P-9A, 80 

At.; I <Applications Technology Satellite), 

ATS-F. 27. 45. 110. 17 1 

19, 126, 131 

ATS-G, 66, 171, 241, 293, 294 

Attitude control propulsion system (ACPS), 

Auburn Univ., 294 

Auer, Siegfried O., 327 

Augmentor-wing, 169, 172, 324 

Aurora, 15, 19, 44,46, 53, 54, 70, 182-183, 

184, 227, 342, 353, 373, 389 

Aurora 7 mission, 97 

Aurora borealis, 284 

333 

Australia, 63, 70, 120, 153, 233-234, 330, 

352, 438 

Austria, 189, 190, 191, 213, 340 

Auto Body Assn. of America, 429 

Autographs, 384 

Autolycus Crater (moon), 35-36 

Automated radar terminal systems (ARTS 

HI), 38, 454 

507 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Automated visual sensitivity tester (AVST), 

Automatic data processing, 34-35 

Automatic Microbiological Laboratory, 

Autopilot, electrostatic, 393 

Auxiliary propulsion system (APS), 142- 

41 

96 

144, 144-146 

Avco Corp. 

Research Laboratories, 259 

Systems Div., 294-295 

aviation; General aviation. 

Aviation. See Aeronautics; Commercial 

Aviation Hall of Fame, 353 

Aviation/Space Writers Assn., 192-193 

Avionics, 263, 382 

AVLOC. See Airborne visible-laser opticalAVST. See Automated visual sensitivity 

AWACS. See Airborne warning and control 

Awards 

communications flight tests. 

tester. 

system. 

civic. 202-203 772-713 ,- - - .---- 

foreign, 2, 26,3 13,339,442 

government, 131-132, 160, 191,202-203, 

291-292. 368. 372, 444 NASA. See National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration. 

institutions,202, 206, 313, 350, 355, 

362,443 

literary, I19 

military, 258, 263, 268-269, 303, 313, 

320 

scholastic, 401 

society 

achievement, 61, 202, 247, 357-358 

aeronautic\, 69, 114. 139, 187, 210,233, 

astronautics, 69, 202, 238, 241, 313, 

science, 20-21, 202, 345, 367-368, 374, 

315,326,350,355,362, 150 

315, 335-336, 381,103 

387 

AX (close-support aircraft), 67, 397 

Azores, 254 

B 

B-l (advanced strategic bomber), 31, 67, 

B-lA, 93 

B-29 (bomber), 350 

B-52 (Stratofortress), 319 

390, 398, 411, 427, 437 

B-57 (bomber), 43, 163 BAC. See British Aircraft Corp. 

Bacon, Robert F., 358 

Baker-Nunn satellite tracking camera, 

Bakrac, Vice President Boris (Yugoslavia), 

Baldin, Aleksander, 10 

Ball Brothers Research Corp., 163, 342 

Ballentine, Dr. David, 259 

311 

lifting body test, 271, 327, 371, 379, 380, 

372 

35 

Ballistic missile (see also Antiballistic 

missile; Intercontinental ballistic missile), 71, 202-203 

Balloon 

anniversary, 335 ATM flight feasibility, 70 

auroral phenomena study, 373 

cosmk ray detection, 176 

exhibit, 74 

experiment, 179, 449 

gamma ray study, 16 

military use, 319 

parachute test, 163, 256, 364-365 

powered, 319 

remote sensing, 101 

stratospheric experiments, 3 15 

supernova observation, 181 

Viking Mars lander test, 295 

weather, 77 

Baltimore, Md., 49 

Bangkok, Thailand, 192 

Barashev, Pavel, 285 

Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, 

Bardeen, Dr. John, 357, 441 

Barium cloud experiment, 342 

Barker, Dr. Ed, 112 

Barnard, Defense Minister Lance (AusBarnett, Henry C., 115 

Barr, Joseph M., 89 

Barrow, Alaska, 173, 262 

Barstow, Calif., 113 

Barth, Dr. Charles A,, 43 

Bartlett ground station, Alaska, 173 

Basalt, 14, 179, 377-378 

“Basic Principles of Relations” (U.S.- 

U.S.S.R. agreements outline), 207 

Bastille Day (France), 259 

Batavia, Ill., 55, 78, 88, 94, 314, 429 

Battelle Corp., 368 

Battelle Memorial Institute, 161 

Battery, 70, 73, 178-179, 235-236 

Baykonur Cosmodrome, U.S.S.R., 111, 

158 

tralia), 438 

3 29 

launch 

Cosnios, 15,44,200,221,236,241,25 1, 

fritercosmos 6, 132 

Luna 20, 52 

Molriiya 1-20, 128 

Molrii.va 1-22, 404 

Progrioz I, 139 

Progrioz 2, 242 

Sret I, 128 

Veilus 8, 119 

280, 297, 301, 395 

mission control center, 174-175 

Baylor Univ. College of Medicine, 348 

BBC. %e British Broadcasting Corp. 

Beale AFB, Calif., 162, 320 

Bean, Capt. Alan L. (USN), 23-24 

Beaufort Sea, 128 

Behrend, A. F., Jr., 293 

Belgium, 60, 108, 157, 262, 266-267 

Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 28 

508 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERO N AUT1 CS, 1972 

Bell Aerospace Co. Div. (Textron ,Inc .), 

254-255, 446 

Bell Helicopter Co. Div., 187 

Bell Aerosystems Corp., 362 

Bell Aircraft Co., 350 

Bell, Oliver, 445 

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 441 

Bellcomm, Inc., 83, 86, 141 

Belyayev, Y. I., 13-14 

Bendix Corp., 35, 282 

Benedict, Howard, 99 

Benedict, Dr. Manson, 374 

Berendzen, Richard, 387-388 

Bergland, Rep. Bob S., 35 

Bergstrom AFB, Tex., 178, 179 

Bering Sea, 341 

Berkner, Lloyd V., Award, 372-373 

Bermuda, 194, 242 

Berne, Switzerland, 314, 389 

Berry, Dr. Charles A., 50, 67-68, 279, 298, 

321, 384 

Apollo 16 mission, 97, 135-136, 150, 152, 

164 

Bethany, Okla., 365 

Bethel, Alaska, 173 

Bethesda. Md.. 86. 441 

Bethpage; N.Y., lj6, 274 

Beverly Hills, Calif., 324-325 

Biarritz, France, 161 

Bicentennial, 45, 131, 454 

Big Sur, Calif., 280-281 

Biggs, Dr. Geoffrey A., 225-226 BIOCORE (Apollo 17 medical experiment), 

Biological warfare, 134 

Biomedical and Public Sector Technology 

Biophysical acoustics, 287 

Biosatellite 2. 170 

Biostack (Apollo 16 medical experiment), 

Birmingham, Ala., 206 BIS. See British Interplanetary Society. 

Bisplinghoff, Dr. Raymond L., 119, 444 

Black Arrow (U.K. booster), 126 

Black Brant (sounding rocket), 19, 327, 

Black Brant VB, 360 

Black Brant VC, 35, 92, 210, 222 

Black hole (space phenomenon), 233, 307, 

Blagonravov, Dr. Anatoly A., 229, 231- 

Blue Book Project, 300-301 

Blum, Dr. Harold F., 385 BWBW. See Germany, West, Ministry For 

Education and Science. BOAC. See British Overseas Airways 

Corp. 

Bobko, Maj. Karol J. (USAF), 273, 281, 

285-286, 323 

Boeing 707 (jet passenger transport), 42, 

124, 186, 248, 251 

Boeing 720 (jet transport), 186 

Boeing 747 (jet passenger transport), 72,94, 

366 

Application Team Program, 75 

6 

373 

360 

232, 369 

186 

Boeing Co., 215 

AMST prototype, 443 

antitrust suit, 122 

award, 99, 429 

Boeing Aerospace Group, 227 

C-8A research aircraft. 169 

Commercial Airplane Group, 23 1 

Compass Cope, 72 

contract, 190, 216-217, 227, 266, 292, 

349, 382-383 

export license grant, 25 1 

Field Operations and Support. Div., 44 

personnel, 33 1 

Saturn V, 266 

U.S.S.R. aircraft marketing, 425 

Vertol Div., 303 

wage dispute, 376 

Bogart, L/G Frank A. (USAF, Ret.), 29 

Bolling AFB, Washington, D.C., 303 

Bomber, strategic, 201-202 

Bond, Donald S., 263 

Bonestell, Chesley, 185, 21 I 

Bong Bong 11 (Philippine rocket), 96 

Bonn, West Germany, 421 

Bonner, Dr. William A., 74-75 

Booker, Dr. Henry G., 370 

Boorstin, Dr. Daniel J., 405 

Boosted Arcas 1. See Arcas. 

Booster. See individual boosters and stages 

such as Agena, Centaur, Europa, Saturn, 

Scout, Thor-Delta, Titan, etc. 

Borisov, T., 108 

Borisov, V., 240-241 

Borman, Col. Frank (USAF, Ret.), 117-1 18, 

SST, 166, 306 

STOL, 53-54 

205 

Boston Museum of Science, 367 

Boston Univ., Dept. of Astronomy, 

Boulder, Colo., 36, 243, 357 

Boyden Observatory, 181 

Boynton, Melbourne W., Award, 372- 

Brady, Joseph L., 165 

Brahe, Tycho, 383 

Brand, Vanee D., 23 

Branley, Dr. Frank M., 356 

Brasilia, Brazil, 42 

Brattain, Dr. Walter H., 441 

Brazil, 42, 92, 173, 214, 270, 383, 394 

Breccia, grey (lunar surface sample), 238 

Bredt, Dr. James H., 344 

Breeding, Robert E., 372-373 

Breguet Aviation, 177 

Bremen, West Germany, 251 

Brett, Dr. Robin P., 417 

Brevard County, Fla., 308, 365, 454 

Brevard Printing Co., 321 

Brezhnev, Leonid I., 185, 191, 201-202, 

Brimelow, Sq. Ldr. Brian (RAF), 20-21 

Brinegar, Claude S., 420 

British Aircraft Corp. (BAC), 301, 307, 

British Airways Board, 288, 341 

387-388 

373 

207, 240, 243, 377 

309 

509 
British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC), 444 

British Interplanetary Society (BE), 339, 

372-373 

Gold Medal, 202-203 

200 

British Overseas Airways Corp. (BOAC), 

Brittany, France, 255 

Broadcasting Satellite System, 155 

Bromley, Dr. David A., 287 

Brooks, David R., 314 

Brooks, Rep. Jack, 361 

Broussard, Peter H., Jr., 393 

Brown, Dr. Harold, 310, 434 

Brown, Dr. Harrison, 340 

Brown & Root-Northrop, 73 

Brown Engineering Co., 181 

Brown, Gen. George S. (USAF), 294, 303, 

Brown, Walter E., 433 

Bruckner, D. J. R., 157 

Brussels, Belgium, 108, 226, 262, 437 

Bucharest, Romania, 440 

Buckley, Sen. James L., 66 

Buffalo (augmentor-wing research aircraft), 169 

Bulgaria, 403 

Bull, L/Cdr John S. (USN, Ret.), 205 

Bumerang Project (West Germany), 303- 

308, 313 

304 

Buoy, 97 

Burchard, Hank, 88 

Bureau of Mines. See U.S. Bureau of 

Mines. 

Burger, Chief Justice Warren, 388 

Burke, Walter F., 309 

Burroughs Corp., 445 

Bush, Ambassador George, 348 

Bushuyev, Konstantin D., 197, 252, 260- 

261, 346 

Buster Crater (moon), 146-148 

Butenandt, Dr. Adolf F. J., 251 

Butz, Helmut F., 277 

C 

C-5 (Galaxy) (military cargo aircraft), 110, 

120. 131. 319 

C-SA; 93 ’ 

C-8A (Buffalo) (augmentor-wing research 

aircraft), I69 

C-130 (military transport), 31, 319 

C-l30E, 154 

C-141 (troop carrier aircraft), 45, 439 CAB. See Civil Aeronautics Board. 

Cabell, Rep. Earle, 387 

Cajun. See Nike-Cajun. 

Calcium 171, 183-184 

Calhoun Technical College, 129-130 

California, 51, 96, 113, 126, 208-209, 343 

accident, 266 

aerospace employment, 59, 61, 208, 

28 1 

Aerospace Research Pilots School, 18 

aircraft unveiling, 240 

anniversary, 134 

Apollo animal experiments, 404 

dedication ceremony, 215 

earth station, 235, 270, 353, 410 

earthquake faults, 313 

environment, 35, 101 

explosion, 266 

Federal building naming, 430 

flight corridor, 264 

magnetic levitation system demonstramedical center, 65-66, 74-75 

meeting, 12, 20-21, 173 

Navy A\tronautics Group, 134 

Nixon, Pres. Richard M.,announcemenL 

political election, 200-201, 220, 286 

sonic boom, 80 

bpace shuttle, 139-140, 181-182, 

Viking parachute test, 163 

California Crime Technological Research 

Foundation, 126 

California Div. of Highways, 35 

California Institute of Technology (Cal 

tion, 392 

2-4 

214-215, 276, 383-384 

Tech) 

astronomy, 131, 222, 393 

contract, 264 

Division of Geology and Planetary Sciences, 300 

JPL name change, 322 

meeting, 360 

personnel, 14 

California Museum of Science and Industry, 291 

California, Univ. of, 165, 222, 394 

Berkeley, 101, 118, 170, 203, 280, 385 

Los Angeles, 152, 158, 247, 292 

Riverside, 315 

San Diego, 2, 14, 61, 141, 264, 287, 

368 

Calvin, Dr. Melvin, 170 

Cambridge, Mass., 385 

Cambridge, U.K., 354 

Cambridge Univ., 354 

Camera (see also Photography and Television) 

aircraft, 190-191, 216, 235 

Apollo I6 mission, 146-148, 148-149 

cold emulsion, 220 

far-ultraviolet, -._I 149-150, 179-180, 270- 

ERTS, 210, 284 

LI 1 

Grand Tour spacecraft, 65 

infrared, 47-48 

metric, 237 

multispectral scanner, 269, 283 

panoramic, 428, 433 

patent, 220 

reconnaissance, 19&19 I, 280-28 1 

return-beam-vidicon, 235, 269 

tracking, 372 

TV, 409, 416 

U.S.S.R. Mars probe, 90 

Cameron, Dr. Robert C., 434 

Cameron, Dr. Roy E., 171 

Campbell, Dr. Wesley G., 281 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

5 10 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Canada 

aircraft, 169, 354 

Alouette I, 328, 453 

astronomy, 254, 307 

communications satellite, 379, 395 

Department of Communication Research Centre, 328 

earth resources, 444 

ground station, 270 

international cooperation, 128 

launch, 19, 92, 109, 315, 327 

meeting, 49, 204 

treaty, 174, 227 

184 

lite, 379 

Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing, 

Canadian Domestic Communication SatelCancer, 1, 385 

Canfield, Mrs. Martha Chaffee, 382 

Cannikin (nuclear explosion), 308 

Cannon, Sen. Howard W., 178 

Cape Canaveral, Fla. 

Kennedy, Fla.), 9, 41-42, 329 

(see also Cape 

315 

anniversary, 255 

Apollo 17 cruise, 337, 409 

Apollo 17 launch site, 389-390 ASTP launch plans, 335 

labor dispute, 375 

name change, 41, 91, 215, 216, 241, 266, 

318, 329, 340, 384 

press conference, 52 

Skylab delivery, 262, 309 

Skylab launch site, 383 

solid-fuel thrust-augmentation rocket, 

space shuttle, 181-182 

Cape Kennedy Air Force Station, 44 

Cape Keririedy or Cape Cariaveral? A Brief 

History. a Backgrourid, arid uti Arialysis 

of S.J. Res. 193. 3 18 CARD. See civil Aviation Research and 

Development. Cardiac pacemaker, 248 

Carnegie Institute Museum of Art, 371 

Carolina Power and Light Co., 390 

Carpenter, L/c Donald G. (USAF), 320 

Carr, L/c Gerald P. (USMC), 23, 24 

Carruthers, Dr. George R., 254, 270-271, 

Cartography. See Mapping. 

Casper (Apollo 16 CSM). See Command and 

Caspian Sea, 2 

Castro, Premier Fidel (Cuba), 243 CAT. See Clear-air turbulence. 

Cayley Plains (moon), 146-148, 183-184 CBS. See Columbia Broadqasting System. 

CCI Aerospace Corp., Marquardt Co., 

CDDT. See Countdown demonstration 

Cape Kennedy, Fla., 151 

379 

306 

service module. 

26 1 

test. 

Ceausescu, President Nicolay (Romania), 

Celestial mechanics, 81 

Centaur program, 403 

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 357 

Central Switzerland Cultural Foundation, 

Central Television Service (U.S.S.R.), 188 

Centre’National d’ktudes Spatiales (CNES) 

(France), 241-242 

Cehan, rapt. Eugene A. (USN) 

Apollo 17 mission, 414, 436 

accident, 416 

command module naming, 382 

emblem, 347 

extravehicular activity, 416-419, 426, 

launch, 413 

lunar landing, 367 

lunar landing training vehicle, 384 

medical aspects, 403, 414, 420 

prelaunch test, 389 

preliminary timeline, 297 

press comment, 426, 438 

awards and honors, 373, 429 

promotion, 430 

Mo.), 400 

127 

43940 

3 I3 

444 

Cervantes, Mayor Alphonso (St. Louis, 

Cesium cloud experiment, 118, 120, 122, 

CFD. See Cold fog dissipation system. 

Chafee, Secretary of the Navy John H., 

Chaffee, L/Cdr Roger B. (USN), 382 

Challeriger (Apollo 17 LM). See Lunar 

module. 

Chamber of Commerce, St. Louis, Mo., 

118 

Changes iri Graduate Programs bi Scierice 

arid Erigirieerinig, 1970-1972 arid 1972- 

1974 (NSF 72-311), 267 

Chantilly, Va., 136, 206 

Chapel of the Astronauts (proposed) 

Chapelle, Emett W., 258 

Chapman, Dr. Philip K., 205, 259 

Charlesworth, Clifford E., 173 

Charlie Browri (Apollo 10 CM). See ComCharyk, Dr. Joseph V., 370 

Chemical injection, 275 

Chemical Propulsion Div. (L~RC), 244 

Chen Chu, 357 

Chennault, L/c Claire L. (USAF), 353 

Cherry, Dr. George W., 22, 67, 110, 189 

Chesapeake Bay, Md., 136, 216, 244, 255- 

Chiang Kai-shek, 357 

Chicago, Ill., 135-136, 187, 188 

Chicago, Univ. of, 302, 315, 366 

Chico, Calif., 364 

Chicom I (P.R.C. satellite), 54 

Chicon2 2, 54 

Chien Wei-chang, 392 

130 

(KSC), 35, 44-45, 55 

mand module. 

256 

511 
Childs, J. Howard, 115 

Childs, Sen. Lawton M., Jr., 4142 

China, People’s Republic of (P.R.C.) 

British Air Show attendance, 307 

denunciation of Formosa, 357 

earth station, 28-29, 86, 98, 294, 386 

foreign aircraft purchase, 25 1 

ICBM launch detection, 69 

launch 

Chicom I. 54 

Chicom 2. 54 

missile program, 39, 54, 96, 310, 377 

Nixon visit, 2, 26-27, 28-29, 59, 72, 86, 

98. 264 

nuciiar-test resolution, 219 

reconnaissance flight ban, 72 

Skylab fly-over, 63 mace oroaram. 125 

U.N. CoGerence on the Human Environment, 225, 392 

U.S. visits to, 181, 350, 357, 393 

U.S.S.R. border, 177 

U.S.S.R. missile target. 87 

U.S.S.R. underground testing, 421 

visit to U.S., 392 

weaponry, 49 

China, Republic of (Nationalist), 61, 357 

Chincoteague Bay, Va., 136 

Ching Chuan Kang Air Base, Taiwan, 61 

Chinghua Univ., 392 

Choctawhatchee Bay, Fla., 233 

Christman, Albert B., 99 

Chupankhin, M. S., 13-14 

Chupp, Dr. Edward L., 330 

Churchill, Manitoba, 254 

Churchill Research Range, Canada, 19,54, 

CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency. 

CIA-The Myth & the Madness, 357 CIAP. See Climatic Impact Assessment 

Program. CIC. See International Coordinating Committee. CICAR. See Cooperative Investigation of 

the Caribbean and Adjacent Region. 

Ciepluch, Carl C., 186 

Cincinnati, Ohio, 77, 399 

Cincinnati, Univ. of, 96, 205 

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 22 

Civil Air Patrol, 277 

Civil aviation. See Aeronautics. 

Civil Aviation Research and Development 

Civil Service Commission, 12, 131-132, 

Clark Univ., 400401 

Clarke, Arthur C., 337, 409 

Clarke, James, 9 

Clarksburg, Md., 104 

Classification Review Committee, 187 

Clean Air Act of 1970, 285 

Clear-air turbulence (CAT), 4344, 302 

Cleaver, A. V., 125 

Cleveland, Ohio, 50, 154-155, 326, 391 

Cleveland (Ohio) Air Pollution Control 

109, 125, 283, 284, 315, 327, 37.3 

(CARD), 6, 22, 116, 160 

255, 269 

Div.. 154 

Clifton, K. Stuart, 254 

Climatic Impact Assessment Program 

Clock rate, 194 

“Clock, universal,” 8 1 

Clouds, 70-71, 228, 293 CM. See Command module. CNES. %e Centre National d’gtudes SpatCobb, Geraldine, 350 

Cocoa Beach, Fla. 154 COCOM. See Coordinating Committee on 

Cohn, Victor, 9 

Cold fog dissipation (CFD) system, 122- 

(CIAP), 155 

iales (France). 

Trade in Strategic Materials. 

123 

Cold war, IO, 201 

Coleman, Dr. Paul J., 152 

Collective-effect accelerator, 175 

College Park, Md., 131 

Collier, Robert J., trophy, 114, 210, 233 

Colliers (magazine), 21 1 

Collimated proportional counter, 295-296 

Collins, Harold G., 321 

Collins, Col. Michael (USAF, Ret.), 45, 74, 

454 

Coiks Radio Co., 382 

Collision avoidance, aircraft, 116, 178 

Colorado, 36, 92, 243, 259 

Colorado Air National Guard, 118 

Colorado, Univ. of, 43, 210, 224, 242, 259, 

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 

Columbia Univ. , 14, 159, 219, 264 

Colwell, Dr. Robert N., 118 

Comet (see also individual comets such as 

Comision Nacional de Investigacibn del 

Espacio (CONIE) (Spanish Space Commission), 248, 251 

Command and service module (CSM) 

374, 375, 427 

134-135, 381, 399, 409 

Forbes and Halley’s), 372, 377-378 

Apollo 7. 169-170 

Apollo 16 I Casperl (CSM-I 13), 142-144, 

144-146. 148-149. 150 

Apollo 17 IAniericaj (CSM-1 14), 330, 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.61, 197-198, 

413-420, 435, 441 

178 

reisable, 175-176 

Skylab, 262, 298, 344, 378 

Apollo 10 (Charlie Browill, I15 

Apollo I2 I Yairhee Clipperf, 206 

Apollo 15 (Endeavor), 61 

Apollo 16 (Casper) 

Command module (cM), 366, 382, 389 

splashdown, 41, 62, 109, 142-144, 

148-149, 152 

technical problems, 8, 46, 156-157, 

174, 208 

Apollo 17 (Atnerical, 366-367, 382, 389, 

413-420 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 257 

Skylab, 298 

258 

Command Pilot Astronaut Badge (USAF), 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

512 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Commerce, Dept. of (DOC) (see also 

Maritime Administration, National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, etc.) 

bulletin, 356 

conference, 314 

cooperation, I, 22, 301, 302, 352 

executive reorganization, 122 

export license issue, 98, 251 

Commercial aviation, 50, 239 

Commission of the European Community, 

Commission on Government Procurement, 

Committee for the Future, 324 

Committee on Inventions and Discoveries 

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), 

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer 

Commonwealth Club of San Francisco, 

Communications, 135-136, 258, 377-378, 

Communications satellite (see also individual satellites: Moliii1.a 1-20, Telsrar I, 

Telstar 21, 27, 383 

agreement, 286, 430 

anniversary, 255 

benefits, 164-165 

Broadcasting Satellite System, 155 

cooperation, international, 19, 306, 352, 

395, 410, 452 

cooperation, jointly owned system, 230, 

309, 338 

cost, 102 

development, 309 

Development Test Satellite, 208 

dorne\tic, 190 191, 283, 355, 379 

earth \tation, I73,353,386,389,4 10,422 

Hot Line, 20, 377 

implications, 24-25, 185, 430 

inauguration of, 397 

Israel, 91, 273 

launch 

Irirelsat-lV F-4, 26 

Iiitelsat-/V F-5, 224 

Moltiiya 11-3, 331 

Molriira 11-4, 426 

launch assistance, 343 

military, 30-31, 116, 233, 371, 425 NASA program, 425 

NATO, 370 

P.R.C., 392 

public right to access, 190-191 

space shuttle, 9, 136-137 

technology, 141-142 

technology utilization, 114 

television, 173, 188, 197-198, 273 use 

ERTS, 270, 280, 302 

218 

89 

(U.S.S.R.), 18 

178 

Space. See United Nations. 

51 

390-39 I, 403 

FCC policy, 230, 261-262 

anniversary message, 370 

Apollo 17 mission, 444 

caoacitv. 309 

inhia, 425 

Indian Ocean, 276 

limitation, 322, 348, 356, 365 

mail service, 32 

policy recommendations, 104 

press comment, 355 

White House review policy, 72 

Com munications Satellite Act of 1962, 

370 

Communications Satellite Corp. (ComSatCorp), 318 

ilrrwat program, 12-13 

anniversary, 370 

communications satellite demand, 309 

cooperation, 242, 309, 338 

earth station, 173 FCC regulation, 230-231, 261-262 

lrirelsar-IV F2, 104 

Iiirelsat-I V F-3.26-27 604 1 

Iiifelsai-1V F-4, 26, 47. J3.61, 173.224 

IiiielTaat-IV F-5 224, 242, 276 

services, 104, 276 

U.S. election TV coverage, 375 

Corn m u n icat io n s Satellite Co rp . Lab0 ratories. 104 

Communications Technology Satellite 

Communist China. See China, People’s 

(Canada), 188, 

Republic of. 

Dosed). 122 

Community Action Agency, 365 

Community Development, Dept. of (proCdnipaii.;,’ Fuiids Push Total Iiidustrial R& D 

Speridirrg to $18 Billioii iii 1971, (NSF 

72-318), 427 

Cornpas\ Cope (reconnaissance drone 

Com p u te r aircraft). 72 

advances, 63 

aeronautics, 200, 449 

air traffic control, 38 

aircraft astronomy observatory, 45 

automated ship-satellite communication: 

and navigation system, 281 

award, 160 

booster inertial guidance, 182 

cooperation, 347, 452 

demographic study, 5-6 

docking dynamics use, 3 IO DOD research, 190-191 

facility, 455 

Halley’s Comet orbit computation, 165 

industry, 151 

launch and tracking use, 41 1 

malfunction, 109, 117 

mapping, 354 

MSC inventory system, 21 

NASTRAN program, 71, 452 

national security classification system, 

ILLlAC IV, 445 

I87 

Naiional Symposium on Technology 

nuclear fusion use, 358 

Transfer, 225 

000 3, 295-296 

5 13 
ASTRO N AUT1 CS AND AERO N AUT1 CS, 1972 

pollution research use, 155 

P.R.C., 357 

production management use, 201 

public impact, 24-25, 180 

remote sensing, 34-35 

Skylab, 261 

space shuttle, 34, 79 

telemetry data analysis, 50 

traffic use, 393 

transistor, 441 

transportation use, 41 1 

university programs, 267 

weather use, 262-263 

World Weather Program, 172-173 

Computer sciences, 236-237 

Computer Sciences Corp., 293 

Comsat. See Communications satellite. 

ComSatCorp. See Communications SatelConcorde (Anglo-French supersonic transTELOPS, 73-74 

UNIVAC 1108, 13 1-132 

lite Corp. 

port), 50, 94 

award, 350 

Congressional report, 427 

engine, 248, 307 

environmental problems, 307, 385 

exhibit, 157, 307, 329 

flight test, 390 

production, 317, 361 

sales, 200, 271, 301 

test, 297, 390 

U.S. SST comparison, 153 

Condon, Dr. Edward U., 300-301 

Condon, Dr. John E., 353 

Conference on Aircraft Engine Noise 

Reduction, 185-186 

Conference on High-Energy Astrophysics, 

360 

Conference on Survival and Growth of 

Small R&D Firms, 223 

Congress, 99, 253, 395, 438 

Apollo 15 commercialism, 289 

Apollo 16 mission, 228 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 198-199 

astronaut reception, 184 

astronomical research center, 183 

Bicentennial, 45 

briefing, 229-230 

communications satellite, 370 

hearings 

aeronautical research and developdomestic comsat system, 190-191 

space shuttle, 36-37 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. summit agreements, 

helicopter contract cancellation, 288 

International Exposition on the EnvironJoint Committee on Atomic Energy, 

Joint Committee on Defense Production, 

Joint Committee on Economics, 123, 

ment, 21-22 

203 

ment, 292 

132-133 

62 

444-445 

joint conference, 273-274 JPL name change, 379, 434 KSC facilities expansion, 367 

military aircraft sale restraint, 133-134 

Moscow agreements, 218 

NAS resolution; 159-160 NASA budget, 23 1-232 

National Aerospace Museum of the 

nuclear breeder reactor, 162 

Office of Technology Assessment, 341, 

349, 361 

Presidential message 

arms limitation, 224-225 

Bicentennial, 45 

environment, 47, 285 

European visit, 213 

executive reorganization, 122 

National Science Foundation, 139 

science and technology, 105-106 

State of the Union, 24-25 

United Nations, 3 11 

urban transportation, 52 

U.S. foreign policy, 48-49 

World Weather Program, 172-173 R&D funds, 125, 399 

reports submitted to, 62, 64 

space program, 168, 219, 374 

space shuttle, 7, 8-9, 35, 156-157, 

supersonic transport, 36-37, 190, 398- 

TriStar sales, 122 

unconventional power sources, 446 

von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 220 

Congress, House of Representatives 

bills defeated, 23 1, 398-399 

bills introduced, 41 

West, 29 1 

181-182, 185 

399 

bills passed, 44-45, 48, 74, 115-1 16, 155, 

161, 164, 193, 209, 338 

Committee on Appropriations, 187-188 

Subcommittee on DOD Appropriations, 64 

Subcommittee on Department of 

Housing and Urban DevelopmentSpace-Science-Veterans, 89 

Committee on Government Operations, 

104 

Subcommittee on Foreign Operations 

and Government, 234 

Committee on Public Works, 322, 430 

Committee on Science and Astronautics, 

53, 231, 265, 326, 387, 395 

Apollo I6 briefing, 184 

Cape Kennedy name change, 329 

committee members, 35, 41, 286-287, 

430 

For the Beirefir of All Mairkbid: The 

Practical Rerunis from Space Investmeiit, 368 

meeting, 34-35 

NASA budget, 4U7, 109-110, 115- 

116. 135 

Solar Eiiergj Research: A Multidiscip1i:ar.r Approach, 446 

5 14 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Subcommittee on Advanced Research 

and Technology, 21-22 

Subcommittee on Aeronautics and 

Space Technology, 21-22,59,66-67, 

Subcommittee on International Cooperation in Science and Space, 203, 

229, 303 

Subcommittee on Manned Space 

Flight, 53, 57-58, 63, 67-68, 78, 

166-167, 209 

Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, 33, 

287 

Subcommittee on Science, Research, 

and Development, 361, 446 

Subcommittee on Space Science and 

Applications, 56, 65, 78, 84, 91, 

171 

73-74, 79-80, 84-85 

Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, 430 

joint conference, 273-274 

nominations approved and confirmed, 

resolutions introduced, 220 

resolutions passed, 274 

Un-American Activities Committee, 

89 

357 

Congress, Senate, 338 

advice and consent, 318 

bills defeated, 398-399 

bills introduced, 3 18 

bills passed, 4445, 66, 178, 295, 316, 

329, 349, 358 

NASA authorization, 189, 226 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences 

Apollo 15 commercialism, 277, 282- 

bills reported on, 35 

committee members, 66, 387 

283, 300, 317 

NASA budget, 172 

approval, 160 

space shuttle, 102, 137, 140 

testimony, 99-100, 106-107, 114, 

report, 7, 166 

US-U.S.S.R. space agreements, 239- 

240 

Committee on Appropriations, 69, 209, 

226, 247 

Subcommittee on Housing and Urban 

Development, Space-Science-Veterans, 136-137, z8sr 

Committee on Armed Services, 55-56, 

Committee on Foreign Relations, 230, 

265 

Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 91 

Committee on Judiciary, 216 

Subcommittee on Internal Security, 

3 17 

conventions ratified, 201-202, 283, 316, 

34 1 

conventions submitted to, 230, 288-289 

joint conference, 273-274 

116, 130-131 

59, 115, 151-152, 221, 235 

nominations approved and confirmed, 

nominations submitted to, 39, 28 1-282, 

34, 45, 60, 130, 172 

288, 421 

reports submitted to, 131, 273-274, 370 

resolutions introduced, 41-42, 216, 220 

resolutions passed, 266 

space shuttle, 6-7, 37, 102, 137, 140, 

SST, 361 

Congressional Research Service. See Library of Congress. CONIE. See Comision Nacional de Investigacihn del Espacio. 

Connecticut, 362 

Conquest of the Moori, 21 1 

Conquest of Space, 2 1 1 

Conrad, Capt. Charles, Jr. (USN), 23, 150, 

178-179, 219, 282 

Consumer Power Co., 221 

Continental Drift, 250-25 1 

214-215, 328 

Contract 

cost-plus-award-fee, 17, 243, 292, 295 

cost-Dlus-fixed-and-award-fee. 272. 378 

cost-plus-fixed-fee, 45, 172, 19 I, 203, 

231, 234, 254, 264, 277, 283, 349, 

434 

cost-plus-incentive-fee, 22 1-222, 303, 

382 

cost-reimbursable, 387 

cost sharing, 266, 281 

firm-fixed-price, 42,47,55, 113, 132, 236, 

247, 254, 261, 266 

fixed-fee, 240 

fixed-price, 138, 256, 266 

fixed-price-incentive-fee, 337 

letter, 129, 292, 340 

Contract Office (MSFC) (NASA), 243-244 

Contractor Equality Opportunity Programs Office (MSC), 60 

Controlled fusion, 287, 289 

Convair 990 (Galileo) (jet research aircraft), 

21, 24, 68, 128, 302, 341, 349, 392 

Convair Aerospace Div. See General 

Dynamics Corp. 

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Ncts Against the Safety of Civil 

Aviation, 311, 318, 372 

Convention on International Liability for 

Damage Caused by Space Objects, 121- 

122, 230, 311, 341 

Convention on the Prohibition of the 

Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and 

Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, 134, 288-289, 3 11 

Conventional takeoff and landing aircraft. 

See CTOL. 

Cooper, Dr. Leon N., 357 

Cooper, Dr. Theodore, 86 

Cooperative investigation of the Caribbean 

and Adjacent Regions (Project CIGAR), 236 

Coordinating Committee on Trade in 

Strategic Materials (COCOM), 86 

Copeniicus. See Oao 3. 

5 15 
ASTRO N AUT1 CS AND A E RO N AUTICS, 1972 

Copernicus Crater (moon), 13-14, 69, Cosmos 475, 69 

433 Cosmos 476, 77, 118 

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 167, 183, 257, 274, Cosmos 477, 87 

300, 305 Cosmos 478, 102 

Copernicus, Nicolaus, Day, 274 Cosmos 479, 113 

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., 45, Cosmos 480y l9 

3 27 Cosmos 481, 119 

Cornell Univ., 6, 14, 252-253, 261, 387- 2:; z:2 i:: 388, 443 Cosmos 484, 13 1 

Cosmos 485, 135 Cornwall, U.K., 255 

“Corporate Continuity in Space: The Case cosmos 486, 139 

for NASA’S Future,” 168 Cosmos 487, 155 

corp. for Public Broadcasting (CPB), 45, Cosmos 488, 174 

381, 391-392 Cosmos 489, 174 Corps of Engineers. See Army Corps of Cosmos 490, 186 

Engineers. Cosmos 491, 200 

Cortright, Edgar M., 40, 50, 153 Cosmos 492, 221 

Cosmic plasma, 141 Cosmos 493, 236 

Cosmic ray, 381 Cosmos 494, 239 

Apollo 17 experiment, 366 Cosmos 495, 239 

balloon experiment, 335 Cosmos 496, 24 1 

biomedical effects, 129 Cosmos 497, 243 

detection, 102, 148, 149, 176, 235 Cosmos 498, 250 

earth surface effects, 403 Cosmos 499, 251 

energy measurement, 163 Cosmos 500, 253 

observation, 159, 337 Cosmos 501, 256 

study, 189, 264 Cosmos 502, 257 

Van Allen Belt, 128 Cosmos 503, 264 

very-high-energy, 315 Cosmos 504, 264 

Cosmic reflector, 375 Cosmos 505. 264 

Cosmology, 283 Cosmos 506, 264 

Cosmonaut, 243, 374-375 Cosmos 507, 265 

asteroid name, 440 Cosmos 508, 265 

ASTP mission, 174-175, 175-176, 197- cosmos 509, 265 

Cosmos 510, 265 

award, 268 Cosmos 51 I, 265 

death, 7, 166, 279 Cosmos 512, 274 

lunar landing, 426 Cosmos 513, 280 

lunar site nomenclature, 168 Cosmos 514, 292 

meeting, 343 Cosmos 515, 294 

professions, 11 1 Cosmos 516, 297 

rendezvous and docking mission, Cosmos 517, 301 

174-175, 197 Cosmos 518, 317 

Soyuz living conditions, 353 Cosmos 519, 319 

space biology, 360 Cosmos 520, 322, 328-329 

space cooperation, 231 Cosmos 521, 330 

speech, 338 Cosmos 522, 338 

stellar astronomy study, 255 Cosmos 523, 340 

training, 110-111, 201, 204, 205, 228, cosmos 524, 346 

229, 239-240, 354 Cosmos 525, 355 

Cosmonauts Day, 138 Cosmos 526, 361 

Cosmos (U.S.S.R. satellite), 7, 108, 167- cosmos 527, 366 

168, 449 Cosmos 528, 371 

Cosmos I, 108 Cosmos 529, 371 

Cosmos 92, 108 Cosmos 530, 37 1 

Cosmos 149, 108 Cosmos 531, 371 

Cosmos 166, 108 Cosmos 532, 37 1 

Cosmos 215, 108 Cosmos 533, 371 

Cosmos 261, 108 Cosmos 534, 371 

Cosmos 535, 371 Cosmos 348, 108 

Cosmos 463, 9-10 

Cosmos 464, 9-10 Cosmos 536, 373 

Cosmos 471, 15 Cosmos 537, 395 

Cosmos 472, 33 Cosmos 538, 428 

Cosmos 473, 44 Cosmos 539, 439 

Cosmos 474, 55 Cosmos 540, 443 

198, 257, 260, 335, 346 

5 16 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Cosmos 54 I, 444 

Cosmos 542, 445 

COSPAR. See Committee on Space Research. 

Cost-A Principal System Design Parameter 

(symposium), 293 

Cosr Beriefir Arrulysis Used in Suppot? of 

the Space Shuttle Progruni (B-173677), 

215 

Costa Rica, 142 

Costes, Dr. Nicholas C., 13-14, 355 

Council for Airport Opportunity, 323 

Council of Europe, 29 

Council of Ministers (U.S.S.R.), 18 

Council on Environmental Quality, 285, 

Countdown demonstration test (CDDT), 

Cox, Tricia Nixon, 265 

CPB. See Corm for Public Broadcasting. 

289 

113 

Crab (U.S.S.R. mobile submarine appaCrab Nebula, 159, 394 

Crater. See Moon, crater. 

Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, 446 

Crippen, L/Cdr Robert L. (USN), 281 

Croatia, Yugoslavia, 35 

Crutzen, Dr. Paul J., 385 

CSM. See Command and service module. 

CTOL (conventional takeoff and landing) 

Cuba, 236, 321, 413 

Culbertson, Philip E., 68, 398 

Cultural exchange, 195 

Cunard Lines, Ltd., 104 

A Currerit fridex of Techrrical Briefs (C I-I), 

Curtin, M/G Robert H. (USAF, Ret.), 100, 

Cutts, Dr. James A., 178 

Cuyohoga River, 391 

CVAN-70 (aircraft carrier), 3 1 

Cyclotron, 295 

Cygnus (constellation), 307, 360 

Cygnus X-l (pulsar), 360 

Cygnus X-3, 307 

Czechoslovakia, 132, 243, 361, 403 

ratus), 228 

aircraft, 66 

311 

I09 

D 

D-558 I1 (Skyrocket) (rocket research 

DAD. See Dual Air Density Explorer 

aircraft), 3 I1 

satellite. 

Daddario, Rep. Emilio Q., 361 

Dailey, Dr. John T., 355 

Daley, Mayor Richard J. (Chicago, Ill.), 127 

Daias, Tex., 3940, 209, 313 

Dana, William H., 271, 289, 299, 315, 327, 

Daniloff, Nicholas, 133 

Darmstadt, West Germany, 384 

Darwin, Charles, 167 

341, 427 

Dassault-Breguet Mirage 3 (French airDassault Milans (French fighter-bomber 

Data Collection System (DCS), 269-270 

Data processing (see also Computer), 

Data-relay satellite, 233-234 

Data Systems Test, 84 

David, Dr. Edward E., Jr., 34-35, 60, 185, 

Davis, L/G Benjamin O., Jr. (USA, Ret.), 

Davis, Mis. Patricia White, 382 

Day, LeRoy E., 36 

Dayton, Ohio, 353 

Daytona Beach, Fla., 37 

DC-3 (jet tramport), 192-193 

DC-8, 124, 186,248 

DC-9, 4-5 

DC-IO, 94, 186, 298, 342 

DCR. See Design certification review. 

DCS. See Data Collection System. 

Death Valley National Monument, 80 

Debus, Dr. Kurt H., 86, 139-140, 205, 

Decatur, Ala., 129-130 

Deep Space Maser Development Group, 

Deep Space Network (DSN), 114, 305 

Defense, Dept. of (DOD) 224, 347, 399 

craft), 177 

aircraft), 314 

34-35, 220, 372 

197-198, 236-237, 257, 275 

22 1 

222-223, 331 

380-38 1 

aircraft. See Aircraft. 

award, 202-203 

budget, 29, 39, 53-54, 260 

Congressional consideration, 64, 69, 

Presidential action, 24-25, 30-3 1, 

247, 349, 362 

105 

contract, 382 

cooperation, 16,22,40,67, 116, 139-140, 

194-195, 301-302 

documents security classification, 93 

Joint Parachute Test Facility, 163 

launch, 108, 139-140, 447 

microwave landing systems, 67 

missile program, 300, 361, 453 

national security, 64, 218 

nuclear tests, underground, 327 

personnel, 45, 64-65, 69, 189 

report to Congress, 64 

satellite, 116, 190-191, 192, 307, 362, 369, 

R&D, 125, 134 

400, 425 

space program, 102, 245, 336 

space shuttle, 55, 139-140 

technology transfer, GAO report, 267 

Telecommunications Office, 18 

weapon system, 68, 87, 221, 236, 246, 

263, 321, 397 

Defense Satellite Communications System 

Defense Transportation Award, 362 

de Florez, Admiral Luis, Flight Safety 

de Havilland Aircraft Co., 275 

de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey, 275 

(DSCS), 116, 425 

Award, 355 

5 17 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Deimos (Martian moon), 364 

Del Rio, Tex., 308 

Delaware Valley Council, 139 

Delpit, Dale, 136 

Delta (booster upper stage). See ThorDelta. 

Democratic Party, 358 

Demography, 5-6 

Denmark, 60 

Dennison, Dr. Edwin W., 393 

DeNoyer, Dr. John M., 21 

Denpa (Japanese Radio Explorer Satellite), 

Denver, Colo., 92, 259 

Deprit, Dr. AndrC, 160 

Descartes (lunar landing site), 14, 62-63, 

71, 142, 144-146, 170-171 

surface sample, 62-63, 149-150, 165, 

“Description, Dissection and Subsampling 

of Apollo 14 Core Sample 14230” 

(NASA Technical Memorandum), 54 

Design certification review (DCR), 280 

Detlein, Dr. Lawrence F., 132 

Detroit, Mich., 16, 41 1 

Deutsch, Dr. Stanley, 316 

Development Test Satellite (DTS), 208 DFBW. See Digital-fly-by-wire program. 

Diamant B (French booster), 425 

Diepen, R. J. L., 204 

Diesel-Allison Div. See General Motors 

Corp. 

Digital Equipment Corp., 201 

Digital fly-by-wire program (DFBW), 200, 

312, 449 

Digital Fly-By-Wire Project Team, 380- 

38 I 

Dirigible, 400 

Disarmament 

295, 449 

170-171, 183-184 

military satellites, 362 

national security, 236 

SALT, 90, 121, 190, 201-203, 214, 218, 

224-225, 229-230, 232, 252, 265, 288, 

289, 299, 3 10, 3 16, 33 I, 332, 338, 356, 

390 

status, 24-25 

treaty, 188, 299, 327 

U .S.-U .S.S. R. cooperation, 189, 190, 

203, 206, 207, 335 

Disaster warning satellite, 154 

DISCOS. See Disturbance compensation 

system. 

Discrete Addressable Beacon and Microwave Landing Systems programs, 84 

Disney World, Fla., 308 

Distinguished Civilian Service Award 

( DOD), 202-203 

Distinguished Service Medal (NASA), 29, 

Distinguished Service Medal (USAF), 258, 

202-203, 310, 381 

303 

Distinguished Service Medal (USN), 

265-266 

Districtof Columbia (see also Washington, 

D.C.), 45, 255, 270, 322, 338 

Disturbance compensation system (DISCOS), 

Djezkazgan, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., 53 

Dobbins AFB, Ga., 178 

Doc. See Commerce, Dept. of. 

Dockine 

306-307 

ApoITo 16 mission, 8, 142-144, 148, 

Apollo 17 mission, 413-414 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 61, 174-175, 

budget, 198-199 

congressional briefing, 209, 229, 239- 

contract, 378 

enzyme production experiment, 247 

joint communique, 207, 252 

launch hardware, 28 

Presidential message, 106 

press comment, 407 

press conference, 197-198, 228, 250, 

“rendock,” 182, 205 

spacecraft compatibility, 120, 178, 196, 

356, 378 

technical requirements, 136-137, 158 

training, 354 

U.N. resolution, 356 

working groups, US-U.S.S.R., 120, 

design, 180, 280, 282, 310 

dynamics, 310 

multiple docking adapter, 280, 282 

Skylab, 27, 344 

space shuttle, 15, 229 

228-229 

192-193, 196, 244, 335, 449 

240 

257-258, 260-261, 344 

197-198, 239-240, 240-241, 344, 

127, 178, 252, 282, 322, 409 

DOD. See Defense, Dept. of. 

Domestic Council (White House), 53-54 

Donnelly, John P., 72 

Doomed civilization theory, 37 1 

Doppler shift, 302, 397 

Dornier Aeros (European research satelDOT. See Transportation, Dept. of. 

Douglas Aircraft Co. See McDonnell 

Douglas Astronautics Co. 

Downey, Calif., 262, 383-384 

Drake, Dr. Frank D., 261 

Drifting platforms, 77 

Dryden, Dr. Hugh L., 20-21, 155-156 

Dryden, Hugh L., Memorial Fellowship, 

Dryden, Hugh L., Memorial Fund, 155- 

Dryden, Hugh L., Research Lecture, 20- 

Dryer, Dr. Murray, 441 

DSCS. See Defense Satellite CommunicaDSN. See Deep Space Network. 

DTS. See Development Test Satellite. 

Dud! Air Density (DAD) Explorer satellite, 

Dubna, U.S.S.R., IO 

Ducayet, Edwin J., 187 

lite), 377 

98 

156 

21 

tions System. 

294 

5 I8 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Dudley Observatory, Albany, N.Y., 341, 

343. 349 

Dungan, Dr. John V., Jr., 326 

Duke, Col. Charles M., Jr. (USAF) 

Apollo 16 mission 

debriefing, 180 

extravehicular activity, 62-63, 142, 

medical aspects, 120, 135-136, 150, 

press conference, 109, 172 

test, 123 

U.S.S.R. reaction to, 163-164 

Apollo 17 mission, 194 

awards and honors, 187, 258, 264 

illness, 2, 14 

press comment, 157, 178 

promotion, 162-163, 172 

public appearance, 165, 184, 228-229 

Duke, Dr. Michael B., 138, 178 

Dulles International Airport, Va., 38, 136, 

157, 183, 206, 214, 222 

Dunn, L/G Carroll H. (USA), 410 

Dunseith, Lynwood C., 248 

Dupree, Dr. A. Hunter, 316 

Dupree, Kirby C.,73 

Dushkin, L. S., 345 

Dyal, Dr. Palmer, 152 

Dyna-Soar (research aircraft), 79 

148-149, 169, 170-171, 326 

164, 166, 420 

E 

Eagle (Apollo I1 LM) See Lunar module. 

Early warning satellite system, 69, 233- 

Earth, 58, 184, 378 

234 

atmosohere. See Atmosohere. 

climate control, 375 

evolution, 101 

magnetic field, 108, 148-149, 152, 174, 

mantle. 219-220 

177-178, 184, 276, 308 

open-world concept, 125 

origin, 179 

photographs, 142-144, 405, 442 

rotation, 243 

Skylab experiments, 63-64 

“Spaceship,” 319 

tides, 54-55 

160 

management, 17 

photography, 118, 120, 221-222, 444 

remote sensing, 25, 34-35, 75, 229, 234, 

Earth resource\ experiment package (EREP), 

24, 283, 310 

Earth Resources Information Storage, 

Transformation, Analysis and Retrieval 

(ERISTAR) system. 294 

Earth Observations Satellite (EOS), 64, 116, 

Earth resources, 338, 408 

301-302, 303, 314-315, 408 

Earth Resources Observation SySlem(EROS), 

Earth Resources Program Review, Fourth 

234, 302, 380-381 

Annual, 21 

Earth Resources Survey Data Center, 302 

Earth resources survey program (ERSP), 30, 

33, 34-35, 75, 266, 270, 302, 380-381, 

408 

Earth Resources Technology Satellite (see 

also Errs 1):27,56, 210,380-381, 383, 

447 

applications, 226-227, 234, 408, 444 

data, 34-35, 219 

funds, 91, 116 

international cooperation, 184, 226-227, 

TV transmission, 124-125, 184 

Earth station, 130, 194, 208 

Apollo 17 trackink 422 

domestic satellite communications sysERTS, 184 

India, 422 

installation, 91, 410 

Intelsat, 53, 60, 91, 173 

P.R.C. purchase, 28-29, 86, 98, 294 

statistics, 370 

442 

230 

tem, 353,410 

Earth-watch, 2 18-2 19 

Earthquake, 1, 236-237, 308, 313, 327, 

Eastern Airlines, 162, 205 

Eastern Test Range (ETR), 139-140, 321 

launch 

Aiiik I, 379 

delay, 71 

Explorer 47, 325 

failure. 364 

Iiitelsa;-l V F-4, 26-27 

Oao 3, 295 

Piorieer 10, 81 

reconnaissance satellite, 77 

unidentified satellite, 437 

Mariner IO launch site, 307 

Easton, Conn., 362 

Echeverria Alvarez, President Luis (Mexico), 162-163, 229-230 

Eclipse, lunar, 38 

ECM. See Electronic countermeasures. 

Ecology (see also Air pollution; Noise, 

aircraft), 1, 6, 21, 138, 206, 223, 298 

Economic Affairs, Dept. of (proposed), * 11 

1 LA 

Economic Atialysis of the Space Shuttle 

Edelman, Dr. Gerald M., 348 

Edelstein, Judge David N., 393, 411 

Editorial. See Press comment. 

Edmonds, Thomas E., 169 

Edwards AFB, Calif. 18, 71, 282, 395, 397 

Edwards, Calif., 264, 3 11 

Edwards Plateau, Tex., 308 

EEO. See Equal Employment Opportunity. 

Eglin AFB, Fla., 233, 377 

System, 39 

Armament Development and Test Center, 377 

EGNG Inc., Bedford, Mass., 122 

Egypt. See United Arab Republic. 

Ehricke, Dr. Krafft A., 125, 344 

Einstein, Albert, 194, 360 

5 19 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

“Eiiuteiii Papers.” 429 

Eisele, Col. Donn F. (USAF, Ret.), 192 

Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 358, 

399 

Eisenhower, Dwight D., Memorial Bicentennial Civic Center, 322 

Eisenhower, John S. D., 187 

Ekranoplane (U.S.S.R. hovercraft), 381- 

El-Baz, Dr. Farouk, 83, 237 

El Centro, Calif., 163 

El Nino (current), 423 

El Segundo, Calif., 383 

ELDO. See European Launcher Develop382 

ment Organization. 

284. 289. 374 

Electrical energy, 162, 169, 188, 236-237, 

Electrically scanning microwave radioElectromagnetic radiation, 227, 253, 295, 

Electrometer, 372 

Electron flux analyzer, 295 

Electron microscope, 101, 292 

Electronic countermeasures (ECM), 61-62 

Electrophoresis, 41 

Electrophysics research, 79 

Electrostatic autopilot, 393 

Ellender, Sen. Allen J., 289 

Ellington AFB, Tex., 148-149, 178,292-293, 

Emeg Haela, Israel, 91, 273 

Emme, Dr. Eugene M., 345, 444 

Emmen, Switzerland, 177 

Eiideavor (Apollo 15 CM). See Command 

Energy 

meter (ESMR), 423 

386 

384, 439 

module. 

coal, 162 

cosmic plasma, 141 

electron accelerators, 175 

nuclear, 2, 10, 14-15, 24-25, 130-131, 

resources, 236-237, 298-299, 386 

solar, 160, 445, 446 

solar cell, I, 38, 169 

solar propulsion, 3940 

Energy crisis, 225, 396 

Eiiergv Research aiid Developnzeiit (Congressional study), 446 

rEnevoldson, Einar, K. 50 

162, 175 

R&D, 47 

international cooperation, 138, 199, 

237 

nuclear, 333 

rocket, 19, 35, 39, 53, 90, 304, 352, 379 

space shuttle, 108, 129, 332, 333 

446 

small tactical aerial mobility platform, 

employment, 61, 64-65, 67, 134, 319, 

Eole transponder test, 242 

foreign, 8, 193, 205, 239 

helicopter test, 56 

lunar landing contribution, 133 

meeting, 16, 60, 72-73, 14, 135-136, 

remote sensing, 302 

space shuttle, 129, 140-141 

England. See United Kingdom. 

England, Dr. Anthony W., 205, 259 

Endish. R. D.. 344 

Engineers, 233 

326, 340 

154-155, 201, 385 

NASTRAN, 71 

EnLironment (see also Air pollution; 

Noise, aircraft), 5-6, 101, 160-161, 

232, 298, 380 

aircraft effects, 190 

Apollo data application, 63 

atomic waste disposal, 53 

funds, 47 

international cooperation, 47, 217, 225 

press comment, 201 

U.S.-U.S.S.R., 127, 190, 191,203,298, 

323 

agreement, 193-194, 195-196, 203, 

remote sensing, 177, 229 

natural resource management, 17, 235, 

Nixon, President Richard M., statement, 

recvcling. 195 

323 

378 

47, 206, 236 

remoteusensing, 21, 24, 34-35, 63-64, 

172-173, 301-302 

space shuttle effects, 10 

Conference, 293 

ical warfare. 

Environmental Action Group, 162 

Environmental Control and Life Support 

Environmental Control Co., 271 

Environmental engineering. See GeophysEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), 

Eii virotimetital Quality: The Third A riiiual 

Report oj the Couricil oii Etiviroiimeriral 

Qualitx-August 1972, 285 

Environmental Research Office (ERC) 

73-74, 270, 301-302, 348, 390, 409 

(NASA), 94 

Environmental satellite. See Errs I; Meteorological satellite; Nimbus; Noaa I and 

2; Srer I. 

Environmental systems resources program, 

85 

Enzmann, Dr. Robert D., 409 

Enzyme, 247 

Eole (French satellite), 66, 242 

EOS. See Earth Observation Satellite. EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency. 

Engine (see also individual engines and 

motors, such as JT~D, JTSD, TE-M3644, etc.) 

emissions, 31, 409, 449 

exhibit, 240, 307, 378 

jet, 93, 288, 378, 403, 449 

noise, 130-131, 185-186, 350 

SST, 297, 307 

STOL, 2, 40, 66, 124, 315, 443 

aircraft, 78 

command module, 208 

520 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

epndb: effective perceived noise in decibels. 

Epstein, Dr. Eugene E., 365 

Equal employment opportunity (EEO), 11, 

Eratosfyen Crater (moon), 46 

EREP. See Earth resources experiment 

Erikson, Leif, Day, 297 

ERISTAR. See Earth Resources Information 

Storage, Transformation, Analysis and 

Retrieval System. 

ERNO-Raumfahrttechnik GmbH (West 

Germany), 303-304 

EROS. See Earth Resources Observation 

System. 

ERSP. See Earth resources survey program. 

ERTS. See Earth Resources Technology 

Satellite. 

Errs I (ERTS-A) 

Canada, 184 

funding, 91 

global inventory, 383, 444, 447 

information dissemination, 91, 184, 210, 

235, 269-270, 280, 294, 356 

launch, 269-270 

mission profile, 235, 270 

photographs, 210, 235, 269-270, 308, 

313, 367, 378, 380, 442 

press comment, 272 

Return-beam-vidicon system shutdown, 

284 

significance, 91, 279, 369 

tape recording systems, 235, 282, 288 

ESC. See European Space Conference. ESMR. See Electrically scanning microwave 

radiometer. ESOC. See European Space Operations 

Center. 

ESP. See Extrasensory perception. ESRANGE (European Sounding Rocket 

Range), Kiruna, Sweden, 244 ESRO. See European Space Research Organization. 

Esro 4 (scientific satellite), 389, 452 

Essa I through Essa 9 (Environmental 

Science Services Administration Meteorological satellite), 352 

Center. 

60, 80-81, 188, 276 

package. 

Esso Research & Engineering Co., 188 ESTEC. See European Space Technology 

Estes, M. F., 16 

Estes, L/C Thomas B. (USAF), 162, 350, 

Esthesiometer, 184-185 ESTRACK. See European Space Tracking 

363 

Stations. - 

ETR. See Eastern Test Range. 

Etzioni. Dr. Amitai W.. 407 

Europa I (ELDO booster), 59 

Europa 11, 59, 267 

Europa 111, 108, 304 

Europe, 218-219, 250, 341 

aerospace industry, 192-193 

aviation industry, 329 

communications satellite, 255, 361, 386 

earth station, 208 

exhibit, 307 

Nixon, President Richard M., visit to, 

189, 190, 191 

scientists, 64 

Skylab fly-over, 63 

space program, 4849, 239, 362, 377, 

space shuttle participation, 11-12, 48, 

U.S.S.R. missile target, 87 

425 

251-252, 333, 339, 362 

European Airbus Consortium, 365 

European Broadcasting Union, 156-157 

European Conference on Space and Youth, 

First, 75 

European Launcher Development OrganiAmerican manned space program particbooster, 59, 108, 267, 304 

contract, 267 

reorganization, 437 

space tug, 238, 345 

termination demand, 262 

U.K. withdrawal, 126 

zation (ELDO) 

ipation, 239 

European Sounding Rocket Range. See 

European Space Conference (ESC), 4849, 

European Space Operations Center (ESOC), 

38, 96 

European Space Research Organization 

international cooperation, 49-50, 177- 

launch, 95-96 

reorganization, 437 

satellite, 12-13, 38, 46, 95-96, 384-385, 

389, 397 

space shuttle participation, 238, 241-242, 

366, 398, 452 

European Space Technology Center 

(ESTEC), 38, 241-242 

European Space Tracking Stations 

(ESTRACK), 39, 96 EUV. See Ultraviolet, extreme. ev: electron volt. EVA. See Extravehicular activity. 

Evans, Albert J., 67 

Evans, J. V., 174 

Evans, Larry G., 387 

Evans, Llewellan J., 253 

Evans, Capt. Ronald E. (USN) 

ESRANGE. 

108, 226, 241-242, 362, 378, 437438 

( ES RO) 

178, 208, 188, 389 

Apollo 17 mission, 367, 414419 

emblem, 347 

extravehicular activity, 444 

launch, 413 

medical aspects, 403, 420 

Nixon message, 420 

prelaunch test, 389 

press comment, 438 

timetable, 297 

promotion, 429430 

Everett, Mass., 259 

Evvard, Dr. John C., 115 

52 1 
Ewbank, Thomas, 253 

Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal 

(NASA), 270-27 1, 38 I 

Exceptional Service Medal (NASA), 38 I, . 443, 444 

Exhibit 

astronomical art, 17-18, 153, 185, 211 

“Ballooning: 1782-1972,” 74 

electrical energy uses, 1 I2 

“Eyewitness to Space” (NASA art pro- 

“Fallen Astronaut” (sculpture), 153 

“Research and Development in the 

U.S.A.,” 115 

Space Fair, 358 

“Space Science and Awarenesb Month,” 

gram), 17-18 

73 

technology utilization, I 12 

TRANSPO’~~, 136, 157, 183,206,214,222, 

224 

U.S. aerospace industry, 434-435 von Braun, Dr. Wernher, personal 

World’s Fair Hall of Science, 388 

papers, 117, 185 

Exon, Gov. J. James, 356 

Exosphere (geocorona), 389 

The E.xperitireiit.\ of Biosatellite I1 (NASA 

Eqdoratioii of Mar.\, 21 1 

Explorer (spacecraft), 55-56, 177-178, 

SP-204), 170 

?-IC 

LIJ 

E.xplorer 1 (satellite), 202-203, 45 1 

E.xplorer 6, 387 

Esplorer 18 (IMP-A) (Interplanetary Monitoring Platform), 325 

E.iplorer 41, 280 

E.xplorer 42 (Uhuru) (Small Astronomy 

Satellite), 56-57, 107, 261, 307, 332, 360, 

438 

E.Yplorer 43 (IMP-I), 280, 325 

Elplorer 45 (Small Scientific Satellite), 233, 

280 

E.\i&er 46 (Meteoroid Technology SatelEsplorer 47 (IMP-H), 325, 447 

E.\plorer 48 (SAS-B) (Small Astronomy 

Explosion, 266 

Exposition. See Exhibit. 

Extrasensory perception (ESP), 188 

Extraterrestrial life, 56, 171, 258, 291, 298, 

Extravehicular activity (EVA), 345 

lite), 290, 409-410 

Satellite), 361, 386, 447, 452 

387-388 

Apollo 15 mission, 432 

Apollo 16 mission, 6, 14, 62-63, 96-97, 

Apollo 17 mission, 297, 367, 381, 391- 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 252, 322, 

medical aspects, 152 

protective equipment, 132, 372-373 

Skylab, 23-24 

spacesuit, 185, 262,, 

17-18 

142, 144-146, 149-150, 170-171 

392, 416-419, 440, 444 

346 

“Eyewitness to Space (NASA art program), 

F 

F-l (rocket engine), 58 

F-4 (Phantom) (fighter-bomber aircraft), 

F-5E (international fighter aircraft), 263 

F-8 (supersonic carrier fighter), 73, 200, 

321, 328, 377 

- 713 .- 

F-14 (supersonic fighter aircraft), 93, 

151-152, 220, 244, 260, 271, 311, 425 

F-I4A, 26, 322 

F-15 (supersonic fighter aircraft), 31, 67. 

93, 241, 263, 282, 395 

F-100 (turbofan engine), 378 

F-l 1 1 (supersonic fighter aircraft), 3 I I 

accident, 230, 233, 236 

exhibit, 319 

lawsuit, 209 

supercritical flight program, 50 

Vietnam war, 329, 340, 355, 393 

F-I1 IA, 328 

F-IIID, 263 FAA. See Federal Aviation AdministraFacilites. See National Aeronautics and 

Faget, Dr. Maxime A,, 372-373 FAI. See Fe‘de‘ration Ae‘ronautique InterFainberg. Dr. Joseoh. 387 

tion. 

Space Administration, facdites. 

nationale. 

Fairbanks, Alaska,’44, 70, 90, 91, 182-183, 

Fairchild Hiller Corp. See Fairchild In235, 210, 349 

dustries, Inc. 

233, 283, 383, 399, 451 

American Satellite Corp., 355 

Republic Aviation Div., 322 

port), 94 

ule. 

267 317 

Fairchild Industries, Inc., 1 IO, 202-203, 

Falcon 207’ (European commuter traiisFalcorr (Apollo 15 LM). See Lunar mod- 

“Fallen Astronaut” (sculpture), 153, 266- 

FAMO~S; See Franco-American Midocean 

Far-ultraviolet cdmera-spectrogrdph, 102, 

Faraday, Dr. Bruce J., 291-292 

Farnborough Air Show, England, 307 

FAS. See Federation of American ScienFa\t luciferace automated assay of speciFastie, William E., 433 

FB-I 11 (supersonic fighter), 319 

FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation. 

FCC. See Federal Communications Commission. 

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 

air traffic control, 20, 38, 67, 141 

airline\, 93 

airports, 203-204, 272 

a\tronaut flight status, 98 

award, 326 

Undersea Study. 

254, 270-211 

tists. 

mens for hospitals (FLASH), 258 

ASTRO N AUT1 CS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

522 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

budget, 298 

collision prevention, 104 

contract, 35, 92, 161, 266, 268-269, 323 

cooperation, 12-13, 16, 67, 74, 136, 176, 

204, 382 

cooperation, international, 49-50 

landing systems, 67, 116, 124, 141, 454 

meeting, 355 

meteorology, 93 

National Airspace System Program Office (NASPO), 301 

noise, aircraft, 31, 124 

personnel, 221, 301, 358, 430 

Planning Grant Program, 272 

satellite communications systems, 49-50 

141-142 

statistics, 161 

Systems Research and Development 

transport, supersonic (see also SuperFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 221, 

Federal City College, Washington, D.C., 

Federal Communications Commission 

communications satellite, 32, 190, 261- 

policy, 104, 230-231, 286 

Service (SRDS), 301 

sonic transport), 166, 319, 425 

2229 356 

222 

(FW 

262, 286, 309, 355 

corporation approval, 338, 353 

Federal Council on Science and Technology, 85 

Federal District Court, Washington, D.C., 

Federal Electric Coru.. 248 

242-243, 255 

Federal Fuiids for Achdei~ic Scieirce. Fiscal 

Year 1970 (NSF 72-301), 258 

Federal Fu1id.s for Research. DeveIopmeiit, 

and Other Scieiitific Activities, Fiscal 

Years 1970, 1971, 1972 (NSF 71-35), 

245 

Federal German Ministry for Education 

and Science (West Germany), 303-304 

Federal Grand Jury, Dallas, Tex., 209 

Federal Pay Board, 6, 10, 16-17, 46 

Federal R& D Furidiiig Coiiiiiiues to Rise 

( NSF 72-3 l4), 289 

Federal Scieiitific. Techiiical. aiid Health 

Persoiiiiel iri 1970 (NSF 7147), 6465 

Federal Support to Uiiiversities. Colleges. 

aiid Selected Noiiprof it Iristitutiotrs. Fiscal 

Year I970 (NSF report), 51 

Feife'ration Agronautique Internationale 

(FAI), 268, 335 

Federation of American Scientists (FAS), 

181 

Feoktistov, Konstantin P., 338 

Fermi, Enrico, Award, 374 

Ferrer, President Jose Figueres (Costa 

Field, Dr. George B., 372 

Filipchenko, Anatoly V., 343-344 

Fingerprints, 126 

Finland, 121, 421 

Fiorio, Franco, 173 

Rica), 142 

Fire, 4546, 266, 280-28 I 

Fischer, William A., 444 

Fischl, Max, 365 

Fishman, Dr. G. J., 181 FIT. See Florida Institute of Technology 

Fitter-B (U.S.S.R. fighter-bomber aircraft), 

Flag Crater (moon), 146-148 

Flagstaff, Ariz., 148, 396-397 FLASH. See Fast luciferace automated assay 

of specimens for hospital\. 

Flat Conductor Cable Symposium, 346 

Fleet Satellite Communications 

Fletcher, Dr. James C. 

329 

(FLTFATCOM) System, 382 

agreement signing, 77 

Apollo 15 commercialism, 282-283, 317 

Apollo 17 congratulations, 418 

Apollo program assessment, 420 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 136-137, 

awards and honors, 238, 268, 3 10, 372- 

ceremonies, 247, 286, 309, 311, 330, 

Equal Employment Opportunity, 80, 

FRC reorganization approval, 165 L~RC visit. 393 

175-176, 185, 208, 228-229, 279, 336 

373, 380-381, 403 

455 

276 

letters, 21-22, 36, 64, 88, 119, 214, 279, 

magazine articles, 2, 248, 408 

meeting, 2, 34, 51, 135-136, 192-193, 

305, 374, 438 

219, 223, 371 NASA budget, 4-5, 32, 168 

testimony, 22, 46-47, 99-100, 102, 

136-137 

personnel,-1 17-1 18, 202-203, 208, 316, 

press conference, 4-5, 32, 102, 128, 139, 

323, 440 

197-199 

space program, 27-28, 4647, 135-136, 

space shuttle, 4-5, 12, 36, 51, 120, 123, 

U.S.S.R. space program, 248 

Flight Achievement Award (AAS), 372- 

373 

Flight Crew Operations (MSC) (NASA), 205 

Flight data recorder, 350 

Flight Research Center (FRC) (NASA) 

aircraft, 66, 67, 72-73, 31 1-312, 355, 

flight tests, 67, 72-73, 182, 200, 

175-176, 192-193, 219, 279, 286-287 

136-137, 139, 181-182, 339, 408 

387 

336-337 

TF-8A, 94, 104, 109, 113, 123, 155, 

163, 184, 186, 193 

anniversary, 31 1-312, 449 

award, 31 1, 380-381 

clear-air turbulence, 43 

contract, 264 

lifting body, 3 12, 347 

test, 27 1, 289, 299, 3 15, 321, 34 I, 356, 

371, 379, 390, 398, 411, 427 

Flight Safety Foundation, Inc., 355 

reorganization, 165 

523 
ASTRO N AUT1 CS AND A E RO NAUTI CS, 1972 

Flight Test Center (USAF), Calif., 347 

Florensky, K. P., 13-14 

Florida 

airlines, 162 

Apollo 17 launch, 389-390, 405 

astronaut visit, 1 

Cape Kennedy name change, 4142,340, 

earth station, 353 

employment, 208 

fingerprint transmission, 126 

land use, 308 

legislature, 3 18 

meeting, 37, 154 

Nixon, President Richard M., statement, 

Presidential campaign, 98 

space shuttle, 139-140, 181-182 

student space experiment, 136 

Florida Institute of Technology (FIT), 138 

Florida Presbyterian College, 17 

Florida Technical Univ. (mu), 138 FLTSATCOM. See Fleet Satellite CommuniFluid and Thermal Engineering Seminar, 

385 

162-1 63 

cations System. 

74 

Flushing, N.Y., 388 

Flying Tigers, 353 

FOBS. See Fractional orbital bombardment 

system. 

Foolscap (American yawl), 242 

Foote Mineral Co., 309 

For the Beiiefir of All Maiikiiid: 

Forbes (comet), 314 

Ford Foundation, 388 

Forecast. See Progiioz 1. 

Forestry, 209, 236-237, 380 

Formosa, 357 

Formulas acid Ephemerides for Field Observatioiis oii the Moon. 329 

Fort Churchill Range, Canada, 394 

Fort Worth, Tex., 313 

Fort Yukon, Alaska, 173 

Foster, Dr. John S., Jr., 69, 115, 116, 

245 

Fra Mauro Crater (moon), 180-181, 203, 

215-216 219-220 

Fractional orbital bombardment system 

(FOBS), 252, 329 

France 

aircraft (see also Concorde), 133-134, 

award, 350 

international, cooperation, 200, 204 

international cooperation, space, 27, 28, 

KSC visit, 60 

long-duration experiment, 308 

meeting, 29, 48, 75, 168, 330, 335, 378 

meteorology, 105, 453 I 

missile, 259 

P.R.C. visit, 421 

space program, 70, 125-126, 128, 425 

The 

Practical Returiir from Space fir vestmeiit, 368 

161, 204, 314, 361, 365 

250-251, 341 

75, 128, 174, 208, 242, 323, 423 

treaty, 174, 250-25 1 

Franco-American Agreement on Scientific 

Cooperation, 250-25 1 

Franco-American Midocean Undersea 

Study (FAMOUS), 250-25 1 

Frank, Herbert J., 123 

Frankel, Max, 207 

Franklin, Dr. Kenneth L., 356 

Franklin Mint, Philadelphia, Pa., 280 FRC. See Flight Research Center. 

Freedom of Information Act, 234 

Freeman, Arthur B., 223 

Freeman, honorary title (Scotland), 96 

Freeman, Dr. John W., 83 

French Speleological Institute, 308 

Frequency measurement, 42 

Frey, Rep. Louis, Jr., 329, 340 

Friedheim, Jerry W., 87, 221, 355, 429 

Friedman, Milton, 444 

Friends of the Earth, 398-399 

Friends of the Goddard Library, 400401 

Frieiidship 7 mission, 61 

Frutkin, Arnold W., 173, 209, 257, 339 

Fryxell, Dr. Roald, 54 

Fthenakis, Emanuel, 355 

Fuiids for Research, Developmeiit, R&D 

Plant aiid ScieiitUic Techiiieal filforniatioii. Fiscal Years 1971-1973: Aiiiiual 

Report to the Natioiial Scieiice Fouiidatioii (NASA report), 125 

Fusion technology, 199 

G 

G booster, 7, 166 

Gabriel, David S., 79, 107 

Gagarin, Col. Yuri A. (U.S.S.R.), 138,243, 

Galabert International Astronautical Prize, 

Galaxy (see also Milky Way), 354, 357,360, 

Galileo. See Convair 990. 

Galley, Robert, 317 

Gallup, George H., 241 

Galveston, Tex., County Health District, 

Gamma ray, 16, 56-57, 139, 148, 181, 287, 

GAO. See General Accounting Office. 

CARP. See Global Atmospheric Research 

Garrick, I. Edward, 80 

Garriott, Dr. Owen K., 23 

GASP. See Global Air Sampling Program. 

Cast, Dr. Paul W., 13-14, 138, 183-184, 

238, 363, 380-381, 432, 445 

Gatland, Kenneth W., 239, 333 

Gavin, Joseph G., Jr., 274, 275, 284-285, 

Gayler, Adm. Noel A. M. (USN), 163 

Gazenko, Dr. OIeg G., 170, 279, 322, 

446 

202-203 

365, 374 

204 

342 

Program. 

322, 372-373 

360 

GCA Cop, 349 

524 
ASTRONAUT1 CS AND AERO N AUT1 CS, 1972 

GCEP. See United Nations, Governing 

Council for Environmental Programs. 

GE. See General Electric Co. 

Gegenschein experiment, 6 

Geiger counter, 372 

Gemini (program), 226-227, 424, 435 

Gemini (spacecraft), 118 

Gemini 4 mission, 142, 221, 392 

Gemini 5 mission, 356 

Gemini 6 mission, 404 

Gemini 7 mission, 340, 356, 392 

Gemirii 9 mission, 392 

Gemirii I1 mission, 150 

Gemirii I2 mission, 392 

General Accounting Office (GAO), 131, 179, 

contract review, 45, 90, 110, 120, 123 

General aviation, 161, 31 1-312 

General Aviation Accident Prevention 

Industry Advisory Committee, 204 

General Dynamics Corp., 203, 209, 247 

Convair Aerospace Div., 247, 283 

Convair Div., 247, 283 

aerodynamic test, 186 

Aerospace Group, 261 

Aircraft Engine Group, 172, 231 

award and honorarium, 20-21 

contract, 34, 110, 172, 194-195, 257, 281, 

electric power production, 188 

metric conversion, 182 

Space Div., 34, 281 

spacecraft systems, 194-195 

turbojet engine, 20-21, 34, 182, 184-185, 

215, 263, 267, 362, 389, 422 

General Electric Co. (GE), 378 

308,386 

186, 188, 194-195, 205, 281, 308 

General Motors Corp. (GMC), DieselGeneral-purpow airborne \imulator8(GPAS), 

General Services Administration (GSA), 

Allison Div., 172 

397 

287 

General Telephone & Electronics Corp. 

“Genesis bean ,” 14 

“Genesis rock,” 62, 146 

Geneva, Switzerland, 134, 174, 356, 390 

Geocorona, 179, 184, 254 

Geology, 34-35, 124-125, 235, 298 

Geophysical stations, 265 

Geophysical warfare, 247, 250 

George Washington Univ., 75 

Georgia, 74, 162, 178 

Geostationary Operational Environmental 

Geostationary satellite, 154 

Geostationary Technology Satellite (GTS), 

Geothermal energy, 236-237 

German Research and Test Establishment 

Germany, 6, 202-203, 205 

Germany, East, 218, 243, 403 

Germany, West, 161, 224, 251 

GTE International, Inc., 386 

GTE Satellite Corp., 353 

Satellite (GOES) system, 31, 262 

(U.K.), 126, 446 

for Aviation and Spaceflight, 304 

Aeros satellite, 430, 431, 452 

aerospace development, 159 

Bumerang project, 303-304 

CFD participation, 123 

ELDO phaseout proposal, 262 

ESC participation, 437438 

ESRO experiment, 389 

exhibit, 157 

interstellar research, 327 

Mariner Jupiter/Saturn mission particiMax Planck Society for Advancement of 

Ministry for Education and Science, 

satellite communications, 352 

solar research, 384-385 

sounding rocket payload, 92 

U.S. launcher purchase proposal, 262 

visit to KSC, 60 

ond). 

pation, 423 

the Sciences, 251 

303-304, 43043 I, 452 

GET: ground elapsed time. 

ghz: 

Giacconi, Dr. Riccardo, 360, 380-381 

Giacobini meteor shower, 341, 343, 348 

Giacobini-Zinner (comet), 341 

Gibson, Dr. Edward G., 23 

Gilbreath, Kenneth B., 80 

Gillette. Robert. 36-37 

gigahertz (1 billion cycles per secGilruth; Dr. Robert R., 17, 85, 114, 205, 

Ginter, R. D., 85 

Gittleman, Len, 428 

Glaser, Peter E., 445 

Glasser, L/G Otto J. (WAF), 192-193 

Glenn, Col. John H., Jr. (USMC, Ret.), 61, 

Glennan, Dr. T. Keith, 288 

Global Air Sampling Program (GASP), 

210, 345 

205, 247, 455 

216-217, 392 

Global Atmospheric Research Program 

Global Iriveiitori arid Distributioir of Pu-238 

Glushko, Valentin P., 352 GMC. See General Motors Corp. GMT. see Greenwich Mean Time. 

Gnaegi, Defense Minister Rudolph (Swit- 

(CARP), 84, 174, 306, 397 

from SNA P-9A ( AEC report), 80 

zerland), 314 

Goddard, Mrs. Esther H., 400401 

Goddard Institute of Space Studies, 167. 

246 

Goddard Memorial Dinner, 98 

Goddard, Dr. Robert H., 400401 

Goddard, Robert H., Award, 20-21 

Goddard, Robert H., Historical Essay 

Goddard, Robert H., Memorial Trophy, 

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) 

Award, 98-99 

98, 202-203 

(NASA), 60, 138, 235, 242, 385, 387 

AE project management, 372 

Ariik I project management, 379 

Apollo program, 149-150, 420 

balloon experiment, 3 15 

computer, 173, 270, 41 1, 455 

5 25 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

contract, 155, 264 

Esplorer 47 experiment, 325 

meeting, 17, 98, 330, 377-378 

meteorology experiment, 24 

Nimbus program, 423 

000 3, 297 

patent, 258 

personnel, 21, 160, 258-259, 325, 434, 

ERTS, 235, 313 

444 

Small Astronomy Satellite program, 

sounding rocket experiments (see also 

Sounding rocket) 

atmospheric data, 51, 186-187, 195, 

248, 378, 379 

cosmic radiation, 189 

fields and particles, 315 

ionospheric composition, 25 1 

parachute deployment, 173 

performance test, 327, 388 

polar cap absorption event, 283, 284 

rocket configuration, 361 

wind data, 90, 186-187 

386 

symposium, 379 

TOS program, 352 

Godfrey, Roy E., 110 

Godynn Crater (moon), 46 

GOES. See Geostationary Operational 

Environmental Satellite. 

Gold Space Medal, 335 

Gold, Dr. Thomas, 14 

Goldman, Dr. J. E., 326 

Goldsmith, Harry, 253 

Goldstone Tracking Station, Calif., 113, 

Goldwater, Sen. Barry M., 435 

Goodman,David M., 16 

Goodrich, B. F., Co., 4748 

Goonhilly Downs, Cornwall, U.K., 255 

Gorman, Harry H., 64, 78 

Goss, Robert J., 377-378 

Could, Dr. Roy W., 378-379 

Government Accounting Office (GAO), 

221, 235, 270 

1 m 

Go&nment Printing Office (GPO), 71 GPAS. See General-purpose airborne simuGPO. See Government Printing Office. 

Grand Tour mission, 28, 32, 3940, 56, 64, 

lator. 

65 

Gr&itational Redshift Space Probe ExperGravity (see also Weightlessness), 54-55, 

Great Galactic Ghoul, 200 

Great Lakes, 21 

Great Miami River, 77 

Grechko, Defense Minister Andrey 

Green Bank, W. Va., 18, 307 

Green, Constance M., 75 

Green, M., 345 

Greenbelt, Md., 235, 270, 284, 377-378 

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), 243 

Gregory, Dr. Philip C., 307, 332 

iment, 194 

194 

(U.S.S.R.), 377 

Grenade experiment, 186-187, 193 

Grissom, Mrs. Betty, 91, 382 

Grissom, L/C Virgil I. (USAF), 91 

Grobecker, Dr. Alan J., 385 

Gromyko, Foreign Minister Andrey A. 

(U.S.S.R.), 338 

Grooms, Red, 17-18 

Grosse, Hans-Werner, 161 

Ground station. See Earth station. 

Group Achievement Award (NASA), 38 1 

Grumman Corp., 26, 123, 151-152, 253, 

280,309, 319 

award, 372-373 

contract 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. 

F-14 aircraft, 151-152, 425 

F-14A aircraft. 26. 322 

shuttle training aircraft, 247 

space shuttle, 180, 266, 274, 275- 

276, 308, 339 

personnel, 372-373, 395 

~ACRV, 136 

Grumman, Leroy R., 353 

GSA. See General Services AdministraGSFC. See Goddard Space Flight Center. GTE International, fnc. See General Telephone & Electronics Corp. 

GTE Satellite Corp. See General Telephone 

& Electronics Corp. GTs. See Geostationary Technology Satellite. 

Guam, 233-234 

Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence, International Astronautics Award. 345 

Guggenheim Museum, 17-18 

Gulf of Maine, 250-25 1 

Gulf of Mexico, 377 

Gulf Stream, 423 

Gulfstream I1 (jet aircraft), 309 

Gurney, Sen. Edward J., 4142 

Gursky, Dr. Herbert, 360 

Guyot Crater (moon), 148-149 

Gvishiani, Dzherman M., 340 

tion. 

H 

H-1 (booster), 377-378 

H42 (helicopter), 319 

Hadley region (moon), 35-36, 45 

The Hague, Netherlands, 49, 318 

Hahn, Dr. T. Marshall, Jr., 281 

Haifa, Israel, 80 

Hale Observatory, 181, 360, 393 

Hall of Science, 388 

Halley’s Comet, 165 

Hamby, Herman G., 294 

Hamilton, Jeffrey T., 271 

Hamilton Standard Div. See United Aircraft Corp. 

Hampton Technical Center. See LTV 

Aerospace Corp. 

Handler, Dr. Philip, 127, 229, 299, 303, 

340, 354, 365, 374, 375 

Hanks, Dr. Thomas C., 440 

526 
ASTRO N A UTI CS A N D AERO N AUT1 CS, 1972 

Hanover Air Show, 157 

Hanscom Field, Mass., 383 

Hansen, Grant L., 77, 245, 403 

Hanses, Eugene, 400 

Hardin, Dr. Garrett, 405 

Harford, James J., 121 

Hargis, Dr. William J., 216 

Harmon International Aviation Trust, 

Harmon International Aviator's Trophy, 

Harnett, Daniel J., 73-74, 100, 293 

Harnish, R/A William M. (USN), 289 

Harr, Dr. Karl G., Jr., 162, 204 

Harrington, Dr. Charles O., 410 

Harris, Mrs. Ruth Bates, 11 

Harrison, Dr, Anna J., 281 

Harvard College Observatory, 274, 276, 

Harvard Divinity School, 387-388 

Harvard Univ., 13, 387-388 

Harvest Moon Project, 325 

Hasbrouck, Dr. W. P., 308 HAST. See High-altitude supersonic target 

Haughton, Daniel J., 173, 288 

Havana, Cuba, 321 

Hawaii, 42, 112, 148-149, 165, 302, 306, 

Hawaii, Univ. of, 19 

Hawker Siddley Dynamics Ltd., 267, 446 

Hawkins, Dr. Willard R., 132, 166, 

Haystack Observatory, 403 

Hayward, Dr. Evans V., 341 

Hazeltine Coru.. 35 

350 

350 

357, 372 

missile. 

353, 439 

372-373, 403, 414 

HC-130 (tankkr'aircraft), 319 

Heacock, Raymond L., 266 

Health, Education, and Welfare, Dept. of 

(HEW) 27, 45, 51, 67-68, 73-74, 122, 

HEAO. See High Energy Astronomy Observatory. 

Heart, artificial, 86 

Heat flow experiment (HFE), 146-148 

Heath, Mark C., 25, 214 

Hechler, Rep. Ken, 21-22, 350 

Heer, Dr. Ewald, 316 

Heffner, Dr. Hubert, 281, 341 

Heiss, Klaus P., 39, 137 

Helicopter 

airborne laser system, 136 

American Helicopter Society, 187 

astronaut pickup, 148-149, 419 

development, 40, 288, 362 

electrostatic autopilot, 393 

exhibit, 319 

manned automatic landings, 56 

noise reduction, 67 

prototypes, 303, 389 

sales, 453, 454 

surveillance camera, 190-191 

water pollution study, 409 

304 

HC-l30H, 61 

169-170, 245, 375 

Heligoland (island) (West Germany), 303- 

Helios (solar research satellite), 367, 377 

Helium, 272 

Heller, Gerhard B., 337 

Hello, Bastian, 383-384 

Helsinki, Finland, 121, 421 

HEOS. See Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite. 

Heos I, 38 

Heos 2. 38, 46, 60, 78, 96, 452 

Hepburn, Charles D., 363 

Hercules (constellation), 26 1, 438 

Hero of Socialist Labor (U.S.S.R. honor), 

Heseltine, Aerospace Minister Michael R. 

Hess, Dr. Wilmot N., 227 HEW. See Health, Education, and Welfare, 

HFE. See Heat flow experiment. 

HH-53 (helicopter), 3 19 

Hickam AFB, Hawaii, 148-149, 165 

High-altitude supersonic target (HAST) missle, 377 

High Energy Astronomy Observatory 

(HEAO), 69, 287-288, 408 

experiments, 107, 163,213-214,243,264, 

342 

funding, 30, 64, 116, 125, 160 

program management, 243-244 

High Reynolds Number Tunnel (HIRT), 

353 

High-speed interferometer (HSI), 35 

Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite (see also 

368, 442 

D. (U.K.), 288, 329, 378, 421 

Dept. of. 

Heos I: Hem 21. 397 

Hijacking of aircraft, 49,221,227,242, 3 18, 

Hill, Maynard L., 393 

Hills, Dr. H. Kent, 83 

Hines. William. 16. 206-207. 266 

355, 372, 411 

Hinners, Dr. Noel W., 141 

Hinz, Leslie F., 244 

Hirsch, Dr. Robert L., 378 

Hjellming, Dr. Robert, 307 

HL-IO (lifting body), 312 

Ho Chi Minh trails, 247 

Holland. See Netherlands. 

Holland-American Line, 409 

Holloman AFB, N. Mex., 272 

Holloway, Mike, 136 

Holmdel, N.J., 255 

Holmquest, Dr. Donald L., 205 

Holography, 53 

Holzman, Arthur D., 222 

Honeywell, Inc., 236, 308 

Hong Kong, 19 

Honolulu, Hawaii, 312-313 

Hoover Institute on War, Revolution, and 

Hospitals, 6546, 180 

Houbolt, Dr. John C., 20-21 

Houphouet-Boigny, President Felix (Ivory 

Coast), 397 

Housing and Urban Development, Dept. 

of (HUD), 122 

aerospace industry employment transfer, 

Peace, 281 

304 

527 
ASTRO N AUT1 CS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

appropriations, 187, 193, 209, 273-274 

cooperation, 74, 131 

technology utilization, 1, 74, 131 

29 1 

Houston, Tex., 20, 60, 111, 156, 175, 385, 

Houston, Univ. of, 19, 323 

Hovercraft, 38 1-382 

Hovis, Dr. Warren A., 24 

Howard, Jean Ross, 118 

Howard, Needles, Tammen and BergenHowardite (meteorite), 14 

HSI. See High-speed interferometer. 

HST. See Hypersonic transport. 

HuD. See Housing and Urban Development, Dept. of. 

Hudson Bay, 373 

Hughes Aircraft Co., 16, 20-21, 286, 294- 

295, 309, 370, 379 

Hughes Enterprises, 321 

Humair Factors iir Loiig-Duration Spaceflight (ssB report), 129, 153 

Human Resources, Dept. of (proposed), 

122 

Humboldt Crater (moon), 144-146 

Humboldt Current, 423 

Humphrey, Sen. Hubert H., 98 

Hungary, 132, 345 

Hunn, Spencer S., 301 

Huntington Beach, Calif., 209, 309, 325 

Huntoon, Harrison H., 204 

Huntsville, Ala., 69, 393 

Huntsville Hospital, Ala., 95 

Hurricane Agnes, 216 

Hussein, King (Jordan), 142 

Hydrogen, 58, 224, 270-271, 272, 304, 

Hydrogen bomb, 289 

Hydrology, 34-35, 210, 298 

Hydroponics, 68 

Hynek, Dr. J. Allen, 300-301 

Hypersonic aircraft, 321 

Hypersonic research, 153 

Hypersonic transport (HST), 40 

419, 444 

dorff, 240 

407 

I 

IAEA. See International Atomic Energy 

IAF. See International Astronautical FederIapigya region (Mars), 113 

Ibilisi, Georgia (U.S.S.R.), 115 IBM. See International Business Machines 

Corp. 

ICAO. See International civil Aviation 

Organization. 

ICASE. See Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering. ICBM. See Intercontinental ballistic missile. 

1CC:ERSP. See Interagency Coordination 

Committee for Earth Resources Survey 

Programs. 

Agency. 

ation. 

ICCAIA. See International Coordinating 

Council of Aerospace Industries Associations. 

Ice, 21, 24, 128, 178 

Ice Age, 17, 101 

ICSU. See International Council of Scientific Unions. 

Idaho, 230 IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 

11-62 (U.S.S.R. jet airliner), 349 

ILC Industries, Inc., 373 

ILLIAC IV (computer), 445 

Illinois, 55, 61, 78, 88, 94, 314, 429 

Illinois, Univ. of, 39, 372, 410, 445 

ILS. See Instrument landing system. 

Image dissector camera system (IDCS), 

Image Transforms, Inc., 156 IMBLMS. See Integrated medical and behavioral laboratory measurement system. 

Imbrium Basin (moon), 69 IMP (Interplanetary Monitoring Platform). 

See Euplorer 18, 43. 47. 

Improved Tiros Operational Satellite. See 

ITOS, /?os I, etc. 

India 

Apollo 17 mission tracking, 422 

communications satellite, 27 

international cooperation, 75, 105, 132, 

scientists and engineers, 8, 208 

space program, 125, 138, 223 

sounding rocket experiment, 105, 132 

India-Pakistan war, 9-10 

Indian Ocean, 38, 224-225, 233-234, 241, 

124 

223 

276 

Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), 

Indiana, 353 

Indiana Univ.. 74-75 

75, 422, 425 

Indochina, 247, 250, 329, 393 

Industrial College of the Armed Forces, 

Industrial Research (magazine) IR-100 

Infrared horizon-sensing instrument, 389 

Infrared radiation. 386 

19 

Award, 323-324 

Infrared temperature profile radiometer 

Injun-F (spacecraft), 115 

(ITPR), 423 

Inlet choking, 231 

Institute for Computer Applications in 

Science and Engineering (ICASE), 347 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics 

Engineers (IEEE), 112 

Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw, 

Poland, 20 

Institute of High Energy Physics 

(U.S.S.R.), 221 

Institute of Medicine (NAS), 299 

Ins tit u te of Space Research (U.S.S.R.), 

Institute of Texas Cultures, 233 

Instrument landing system (ILS), 141-142 

Instrument unit (IU), 142-143 

385-386 

528 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERO N AUT1 CS, 1972 

Insulation, 261 

Integrated medical and behavioral laboratory measurement system (IMBLMS), 15, 

283, 375 

INTELSAT. See International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium. 

Intelsat IV (communications satellite series), 309, 370 

Ititelsat-IV F-2, 104 

Ititelsat-I V F-3, 26-27, 60-6 1 

hitelsat-IV F-4, 26, 47, 53, 61, 173, 224 

Intelsat-IV F-5, 223, 224, 242, 276 

Interagency Coordination Committee for 

Earth Resources Survey Programs 

(ICC:ERSP), 301-302 

Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) 

early warning system, 69 

electronic countermeasures, 6 142 

People’s Republic of China, 54, 310 

U.S.S.R., 49, 87, 89, 115, 335, 350 

Intercosmos Council. See Soviet Academy 

of Sciences. 

Intercosmos (U.S.S.R. satellite), 449 

Intercosmos 6, 132, 235 

Intercosmos 7, 243 

Intercosmos 8, 403 

Intergovernmental Personnel Act of 1970, 

Interim Agreement on Limitation of War 

Interim Agreement on Strategic Offensive 

204, 222 

/tegic Arms, 316 

Arms. 224-225. 230. 338 

Interim Agreement with Respect to the 

Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, 

201-202 

Interior, Dept. of 

aerospace technology applications, 3 14 

Apollo launch equipment transfer, 169 

Cape Kennedy wildlife refuge, 216 

cooperation, 1, 73-74, 235 

earth resources, 235, 270, 280, 301-302 

executive reorganization, 122 

solar energy research, 85 

International Aerospace Hall of Fame, 

275 

International Alliance of Theatrical and 

Stage Employees, 376, 405 

International Astronautical Federation 

(IAF), 343-345 

International Astronomical Union, 168, 

237 

International Atomic Energy Agency 

(IAEA), 256, 288 

International Biophysics Conference, 291 

International Business Machines Corp. 

(IBM), 250, 308, 393, 411 

International Civil Aviation Organization 

International Club of Rome, 54 

International Conference on Computer 

International Congress of Aviation and 

International cooperation (see also Dis- 

(ICAO), 49, 204, 227, 311, 318 

Satellites in Agriculture, First, 367 

Space Medicine, Twentieth, 321 

armament; Treaty) 

agreement, 9, 20, 136, 189, 190,191, 

213. 216. 218. 219. 222. 224. 225. 

193-194, 199, 201-202, 203, 203, 

229-230, 236-237, 239-240, 24 1; 250; 

265, 275, 283, 285, 288, 289, 299, 331, 

338,342,374-375, 377.4 IO 

AIDJEX program, 128 

aircraft, 53-54, 157, 169, 200, 204, 297, 

hijacking resolutions, 49, 227 

atomic energy, 94, 259, 331 

award, 339 

computer sciences, 236-237, 351 

congressional hearings, 203 

cultural exchange, 195 

defense. 240 

329, 365 

earth resources, 4849, 177, 217, 218- 

219, 230, 236-237, 239-240, 285, 289, 

292, 323, 327 

Hot Line, 20. 377 

meteorology, 34, 174, 216, 239-240, 263, 

oceanography, 250-251, 256, 375 

Peace Corps, 192 

power stations, 341 

press conference, 90 

radio communications. 375 

306, 397 

solar energy, 138 

summit accord, 185, 189, 191, 201, 203, 

tourism and visitation, 60, 354, 365, 374, 

387, 392 

trade, 90 

International cooperation, space (see also 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; European 

Launcher Development Organization; 

European Space Research Organization; Global Atmospheric Research 

Program: International Telecommunilcations Satellite Consortium; Isir 2, 

etc.), 48, 173, 238, 245, 387, 449, 

452-453 

204-205, 206, 207 

aerosat program, 12-13 

aerospace industry, 159, 204, 307 

agreements, 49, 241 

Agreement Concerning Cooperation 

in the Exploration and Use of Outer 

Space for Peaceful Purposes, USU.S.S.R., 128, 185, 195-197, 201, 

203, 204, 206-207, 208, 213, 214, 

239-240, 374, 452 

Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts, 

and the Return of Objects Launched 

into Outer Space, US-U.S.S.R., 

195 I 

arms control, 9, 190, 203 

peaceful use of space, 203 

press comment, 201 

publications, 107, 303 

Apollo program, 151, 228-229, 434 

ASTP. See Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. 

5 29 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

astronomy, 45, 151, 187, 341, 375 

benefits, 214, 219, 222, 239-240, 240- 

dictionary, 239-240 

earth resources, 323, 452, 453 

European Conference on Space and 

International Space Agency (proposed), 

24 1 

Youth, First, 75 

422 

joint mission, U.S.-U.S.S.R., 10, 15, 19, 

27, 28, 4849, 100, 117, 127, 128, 129, 

175. 178. 182. 185, 190, 195. 199. 201, 

130, 133, 134, 136-137, 151, 158, 174- 

203, 204-205, 206-207, 208, 213, 214, 

219. 222. 228-229. 231-232. 239-240. ~ ---? - 

240-241, 276, 281; 282, 298, 310-311, 

377, 382, 395, 407, 422, 436, 449 

322, 335, 336, 344, 345-346, 354, 375, 

joint working groups, U.S.-U .S.S.R., 

158, 177, 178, 180, 189-190, 279-280, 

282, 305-306, 322, 346, 395 

launch assistance, 48, 342-343, 348, 421, 

lunar programs, 48, 100, 134, 138, 174, 

452 

189, 215-216, 229, 231-232, 299-300, 

305-306, 368, 452 

Lunar Science Conference, Third Annual, 13-14, 215-216, 452 

Memorandum of Understanding, space 

biology and medicine, U.S.-U.S.S.R., 

170 

meteorology, 4849, 172-173, 453 NASA 

-Canada, 188, 379, 395 

398, 452 

-Europe, 48, 60, 173 

-France, 27 

-India, 132 

-INTELSAT, 26-27, 47, 60-61, 224 

-Italy, 361, 386 

-Norway, 17, 53, 210 

-Soviet Academy of Sciences, 4849 

-Sweden, 46 

Outer Space Liability Convention, 49, 

230, 341 

peaceful use of space, (see also agreements), 173, 174, 323 

planetar). exploaration, 28, 178, 187. 

-ESRO, 46, 177-178, 208, 366, 384, 389, 

-U.K., 208 

189-190.201.228-229.273.343 

NASA-U.S.S.R., 177, 178, 187, 189- 

190,229,335.336-337 

Presidential report, 106, 119 

press comment, 117, 133, 273, 276, 316 

rendezvous and docking. See joint mission. 

\atellite(\ee alw Intelsat IV satellite\) 

Airih I, 379, 395, 452 

communications. See Communications satellite. 

Eole, 242 

Esro 4. 389. 452 

Explorer, 177-178, 208, 261, 290, 386, 

France-U.S.S.R., 28, 128, 208, 449 

409410, 447, 452 

Helios, 377 

Heos 2, 38, 46, 60, 78, 96, 452 

India-U.S.S.R., 75 

International Ultraviolet Explorer, 

208 

launch assistance, 342-343 

Mariner, 423 NASA 

-Canada, 83, 188 

-Europe, 38, 4849, 95-96 

-1talv. 361 

-Japan, 306 

-West Germany, 431 

Oscar 6, 352. 361. 452 

SAS-B, 361 

TD-IA, 95-96, 384-385, 452 

tracking, 242 

222, 352 

-U.K., 354 

-U.S.S.R., 100, 252, 298, 411 

science, 170, 180, 198-199, 201, 208, 213, 

Skylab program, 27-28, 63-64, 131 

sounding rocket. See Sounding rocket, 

space biology and medicine, 49, 170, 

space object damage liability, 49, 230, 

space research, 24-25, 32, 92, 105, 107, 

15 1, 228, 229, 247, 254, 257, 423, 

453 

international programs. 

279 

34 1 

U.K.-ESRO, 208 

U.S. 

-Europe, 11-12, 48, 239, 241-242, 

-Norwav. 17 

251-252, 333, 366, 437 

-U.S.S.R., IO, 15, 18-19, 4849, 199, 

203, 228, 239-240, 240-241, 257, 

310-31 I, 449, 451. 452 

-West Germany, 303-304 

-East Germany, 243 

-France, 128, 174, 208, 242 

-Hungary, 132 

-India, 75, 208, 223, 239 

-Mongolia, 132 

-Poland, 132 

-Romania, 132 

space shuttle, 4-5, 121 

space transportation system, 4849 

space tug, 11-12, 238, 239, 333 

Spacelab, 366, 398 

Summary of Results of Discussions on Space Cooperation, U.S.-U.S.S.R., 

Summary of Results of the Meeting 

Between Representatives of NASA 

and the Academy of Sciences on the 

Question of Developing Compatible 

Systems for Rendezvou5 and Docking 

of Manned Spacecraft and Space 

Stations of the U.S.A. and the 

U.S.S.R. 

195-196 

U.S.S.R., 195-196 

technology, 332 

530 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Treaty on Principles Governing the 

Activities of States in the Exploration 

and Use of Outer Space, Including the 

Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, 

195 

unmanned space flight, 201 

International Coordinating Committee 

(CIc) (France), 75 

International Coordinating Council of 

Aerospace Industries Associations 

(ICCAIA), 204 

International Council of Scientific Unions 

(Icsu), 84 

International Exposition on the Environment, 292, 365 

International History of Astronautics 

Symposium, Sixth, 345 

International Institute for Applied Systems 

Analysis, 340, 375 

International Institute for Strategic Studies, 288, 310 

Iiiteriiatioiral R & D Treiidc aiid Policies: Air 

Arialr.\ie of Iriiplicarioiis for the U.S. 

(AIAA study), 29 

International rendezvous and docking 

mission (IRDM), 310 

International Satellite for Ionospheric 

Studies. See I\ic 2. 

International Space Log (U.N.), 252 

International Space Rescue Symposium, 

Fifth, 344 

International Telecommunications Satellite 

Con\ortium (INTELSAT) (see also Intelw IV Satellites), 48-49, 318 

communications satellite, 309, 3 18, 343, 

452 

launch, 26-27, 47, 60-61, 224, 276 

Nixon, President Richard M., statement, 

operations, 370 

International transportation exhibition. 

See TRANSPO '72; TRANSPO '14. 

International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) 

(satellite), 208 

Interplanetary Monitoring Platform. See 

hplorer 18, 43, 47. 

Interrogation, recording, and location 

system (IRLS), 77 

I n ven tors' P rem i u m F un d (pro posed), 

253 

lo (Jupiter moon). 83, 405 

loffe Phy5ical-Technical In4tute. U.S.S.R., 

Ionosphere 

430 

176 

AloueIte I experiments, 328 

Atmosphere Explorer Program, 372 

Deripa experiments, 295 

Esro 4 experiments, 373 

I!rtercosnros 8 experiments, 403 

Isi., 2 experiments, 83 

solar, 452 

sounding rocket experiments, 39, 248, 

251, 373, 410 IOTA Engineering Co., 60 

Iowa, Univ. of, 115, 354 

IR-100 award, 323-324 

Iran, 189, 190, 213 IRDM. See International rendezvous and 

docking mission. 

1ri.c I (International Radiation Investigation Satellite), 96 

IRLS. See Interrogation, recording, and 

location system. 

Iron, 33, 179, 183-184, 291 

Irwin, Col. James B. (USAF, Ret.) 

Apollo I5 mission, 41, 61, 232, 256, 270, 

awards and honors, 114, 206, 210, 267- 

press conference, 13-14, 20-21 

public appearance, 1, 28, 35 

resignation, 194, 205 

Isayev, Boris, 215-216 

1.ci.c 2 (International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies), 83 

Islander (light aircraft), 15 

Isotope power systems, 80, 85 

Israel, 80, 91, 227, 273 

Israel Annual Conference on Aviation and 

Astronautics, Fourteenth, 80 

ISRO. See lndian Space Research Organization. 

Italian Research Organization (SORE), 

218 

Italy 

aeronautical equipment sales, 133-134 

aircraft, 53-54 

international cooperation, 53-54 KSC visit, 60 

social sciences study, 5-6 

space program, 173, 218, 361, 386, 438, 

447, 452 

U.S. ambassador appointment, 420 

Optical Systems Division, 221-222 

program, 31 

282-283 

268 

ltek Corp. 

ITOS (Improved Tiros Operational Satellite) 

Itos I (TIROS-M), 352 

ITOS-B, 70-7 1 

ITOS-C, 78, 182 

ITOS-D, 182 ITPR. See Infrared temperature profile 

radio meter . ITT Federal Electric Corp., 238-239 ITT Gikfillan. hc.. 35. 362 ITT Space Communications, 377 

IU. See Instrument unit. 

IUE. %e International Ultraviolet ExplorIvory Coast, 397 

er. 

J 

Jackass Flats, Nev., 119 

Jackson, Sen. Henry M., 98, 316 

Jackson, Mich., 221 

Jackson, Nelson P. Aerospace Award, 99 

Jackson, Roy, P., 83 

aircraft, 23, 59, 66, 77, 130-131, 185- 

I86 

NASA budget testimony, 79, 85, 106 

53 1 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Jacobs, John H., 321 

Jaffe, Leonard, 177, 380-38 I 

Jane’s Surface Skimmers 1972-73, 38 1- 

Japan, 19, 29, 86, 254 

382 

aircraft, 133-134, 204, 298 

international cooperation, 62, 128, 306, 

launch, 295 

meeting, 302-303, 330 

science and technology, 105, 453 

space program, 26, 126, 447, 449 

Japan Meteorological Agency, 105 

Jastrow, Dr. Robert, 167 

Javelin (sounding rocket), 5 1, 3 15 

Jaycees (Fla.), 37 

Jerusalem, Israel, 91 

Jet Combustor Exhaust Study, 277 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) (Cal 

34 1 

Tech), 79 

anniversary, 429 

contract, 342 

funds, 430 

Goldstone Tracking Station, 113, 221 

Mariurr 9 mission, 90-9 I, 225-226, 3 IO, 

Mariner 10 mission. 307 

high-speed interferometer, 35 

364, 396 

Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 project, 65, 

name change, 322, 338, 358, 362-363, 

personnel, 171, 178, 233, 266, 274, 380- 

266, 320 

375, 379, 430, 434 

381. 403 

Johannesburg, South Africa, 434 

Johns Hopkins Univ., 109, 254, 306, 393- 

Applied Physics Laboratory, 301, 306, 

394, 425 

386 

Johnsen, Irving, 244 

Johnson, Alexis, 239-240 

Johnson, Dr. Francis S., 3940 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 91, 132- 

Johnson, Robert T., 354 

Johnson, Theodore, 201 

Johnson. Vincent L.. 78 

133 

Johnston, Dr. Harold S., 280, 370, 385 

Johnston, Richard S., 50, 132, 281 

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 55-56, 71, 236 

Joint Commission on Scientific and Technical Cooperation (U.S.-U.S.S.R.), 199, 

275 

Joint Committee on Cooperation in the 

Field of Environmental Protection 

Joint tditorial Board (U.S.-U.S.S.R.), 

Joint Hail Research Experiment, 118 

Joint Parachute Test Facility (DOD), El 

Centro, Calif., 163 

Joint Working Group on Compatibility of 

Docking Systems and Tunnels (U.S.- 

U.S.S.R., 282 

(U.S.-U.S.S.R.),193-194, 289, 323, 327 

I70 

Working Group 11, 178 

Joint Working Group on Guidance and 

Control Systems (US-U.S.S.R.), 282 

Joint Working Group on Space Biology 

and Medicine (U.S.-U.S.S.R.), 180, 

279 

Joint Working Group on the Exploration 

of Near-Earth Space, the Moon and the 

Planets (U.S.-U.S.S.R.), 177, 306, 311 

Joint Working Group on the Natural 

Environment (U.S.-U.S.S.R.), 177, 298 

Jonash, Edmund R., 115 

Jones. R/A Don A. (USN~ 130 

Jones; J.‘ Lloyd, Jr.,‘264” 

Jones, Jesse C., 80 

Jones, Dr. Robert T., 191-192 

Jones, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State, 

William B.. 365 

Jordan, 142 

Jordan, Sen. B. Everett, 362 JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

JT3D (turbofan engine), 176, 292 

JTID, 176, 292 

JT9D, 72 

Jump, William A,, Memorial Foundation 

Meritorious Award, 443 

Juneau, Alaska, 173 

Jupiter (missile), 202-203 

Jupiter (planet), 291, 329, 441 

atmosphere, 176 

exploration, 27-28, 3940, 56, 64, 408 

cost, 90, 451 

international cooperation, 178, 311, 

423 

Grand Tour mission, 32 

gravity, 65 

high-freauencv emissions. 356 

M\rinerjupitkr/Saturn 1977 project, 65, 

moons, 227, 421 

Pioneer IO mission, 19, 71, 81, 140-141, 

266, 320, 324, 423 

155. 200. 226. 253-254. 259-260. 305. 

339, 365, 405, 438, 447 

J upiter-C (booster), 202-203 

Justice, Dept. of, 73-74, 120, 122, 300, 317, 

318, 321, 356, 393, 411 

U.S.S.R. probe, 7 

K 

Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, 264 

Kagoshima Space Center, Japan, 295 

Kaiser Wilhelm Society, 251 

Kaluga, U.S.S.R., 360 

Kamchatka Peninsula, U.S.S.R., 445 

Kansas, Univ. of, 330 

Kapryan, Walter J., 420 

Kapustin Yar, U.S.S.R., 243, 256 

Karnow, Stanley, 232 

Kash, Dr. Don. E., 95 

Kauai, Hawaii, 353 

Kayten, Gerald G., 67 

Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., 53, 111 

KC-135 (Stratotanker), 319 

Keene, Lester T., 389-390 

532 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Keldysh, Prof. Mstislav V., 138, 229, 352, 

354, 365, 374, 375 

Kellerman, Dr. Kenneth L., 360 

Kelly, Mark W., 353 

Kennedy, Sen. Edward M.. 20, 359. 362 

Kenned;, President John F., 41-42, 91, 

259, 279, 340, 435 

Kennedy, Mrs. Rose P., 340 

Kennedy Space Center (KSC) (NASA), 19, 

4142 

accident, 169-170 

anniversary, 61 

Apollo 16 mission, 94, 113, 120, 134, 135, 

142, 150, 200 

Apollo 17 mission, 330, 388, 396, 399, 

award, 247, 265, 380-381 

Chapel of the Astronauts, 35, 4445, 

403, 404, 405, 409 

55 

computers, 41 1 

contract, 44, 238-239, 240, 248, 388, 

ecological studies, 138 

employment, 80-81, 301, 395, 405, 424 

Equal Employment Opportunity Profacilities, 78, 139-140, 367 

Fluid Test Facility, 388 

launch, 169-170, 177-178, 297, 413 

launch operations (see also Apollo missions, Launch Complex 14, 34, 37, and 

39). 8. 12. 33. 41. 407. 420 

434 

gram, 454 

Launch Site Medical Operations, 52 

meetings, 16, 24, 222-223, 273 

personnel, 78, 86, 205,278-279,331,440, 

45 1 

programs, 384 

Skylab hardware delivery, 209, 266, 298, 

space shuttle, 139-140, 153, 449 

Vehicle Assembly Building, 46, 139-140, 

visitors, 55, 60, 169-170, 217, 384, 387, 

325, 341, 344 

150 

393 

Kenya, 386, 452 

Kepler, Johannes, 60 

Kerwin, Cdr. Joseph P. (USN), 23, 24, 219, 

Key Biscayne, Fla., 162-163 

Key Personnel Development. See NASA 

Khodarev, Yu. K., 177 

Kiev, U.S.S.R., 362 

Kilgore, Edwin C., 85 

Kimzey, Dr. Stephen L., 347 

Kindelberger, James H., 353 

Kinkead, Eugene, 429 

Kirillin, Vladimir A,, 199, 275 

Kiruna, Sweden, 46, 244, 342, 343, 348 

Kissinger, Dr. Henry A., 49-50, 229 

Kitt Peak National Observatory, 365, 421 

Kitty Hawk, N.C., 45, 434 

Klager, Dr. Karl, 399 

Klein, Milton, 130-131 

Kleinknecht, Kenneth S., 344 

Klemin, Dr. Alexander, Award, 187, 362 

282 

Key Personnel Development. 

Knife and Fork Club, Salt Lake City, 

Knott, Judge James R., 91 

Kodiak, Alaska, 173 

Kolin, Alexander, 247 

Komarov, V. M., Diploma, 336 

Korolev, Sergey P. 352 

Kosygin, Premier Aleksey N. (U.S.S.R.), 

185, 195, 203, 452 

Kotelnikov, Vladimir A., 130 

Kourou Space Center, French Guiana, 

425 

Kovach, Dr. Robert L., 431 

Kowal. Charles. 181 

Utah, 323 

Kraft, Dr. Christopher C., Jr., 17, 129, 170, 

174-175, 252, 257, 260, 394, 435 

Kramer, James J., 124, 176 

Kranzberg, Dr. Melvin, 316 

KREEP (lunar material), 14, 377-378 

Kremlin, U.S.S.R., 20, 185, 191, 206, 368, 

The Krenilbi & The Cosmos, 133 

Krenkel, E. T., Hydrometeorological ObKrier, Gary E., 163, 200 

Krym A\trophysical Observatory (U.S.S.R.), 

Ksdmfomaiiti, L., 113 KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. 

Kubasov, Valery, N., 343-344 

Kubicki, Ronald W., 273 KUHT (TV station), 444 

Kvenvolden, Dr. Keith A., 158 

Kwajalein Atoll, 108, 174, 361 

377 

servatory, 228 

123 

L 

L-35 (French launcher), 437 

L-101 I (TriStar) Get transport), 93, 162, 

173, 288, 298 

Labor, Dept. of, 122, 304 

Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics 

(GSFC) (NASA), 20-21 

Lafayette, La., 410 

Laird, Secretary of Defense Melvin R., 18, 

54, 64, 89, 110, 163, 185, 221, 397-398 

Lake Erie, 77 

Lake Ontario, 77 

Lake Superior, 21 

Lake Tahoe, Calif., 313 

Lamarque, Tex., 356 

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 

Lamphier, Col. Thomas G. (USA, Ret.), 

Langholm, Scotland, 96 

Langley Memorial Aeronautical LaboraLangley Research Center (URC) (NASA), 

62, 219-220 

343 

tory (NACA), 223, 233, 244 

223, 287, 386, 389 

airborne laser system, 136 

aircraft research, 6647, 387 

contract, 115, 210, 234, 349 

electrophysics research program, 79 

E.rp/orer 46 satellite, 290 

533 
ASTRONAl J-I ‘ICs AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Institute for Computer Applications in 

Science and Engineering ([CASE), 347 

Life Scientist Program, 298 

patent, 101 

personnel, 40, 50, 56, 80, 248 

planetary program, 3 14 

pollution detection, 101, 390 

technology utilization, 5, 38 

Visitor Center, 217 

wind tunnel, 73, 233, 353 

Langmuir probe, 132, 372 

Langrenus Crater (moon), 437 

Langseth, Dr. Marcus E., 62, 432 LAPEs. See Low-altitude parachute-exLa Pinta, Dr. Charles K., 437 

Lapp, Dr. Ralph E., 86-87, 136, 181 

Law. See Langley Research Center. 

Large Space Telescope (LST), 69, 176, 243, 

Las Vegas, Nev., 93, 119, 321 

Laser, 287, 321 

traction system. 

302, 374 

AIDlEX project, 128 

development, 42, 79, 138, 190-191, 331 

Laser-Doppler system, 302, 397 

use, 136, 248, 385-386, 390-391 

communications, 66, 292, 241, 258, 

energy source, 188, 331 

nuclear fusion control, 289, 358 

tracking, 130-131, 258 

295 

LASL. See Los Alamos Scientific LaboraLatham, Dr. Gary V., 14, 180-181, 219- 

Lathram, Ernest H., 124 

Launch Complex 14 (KSC), 61 

Launch Complex 34, 169-170 

Launch Complex 37, 169-170 

Launch Complex 39,46, 139-140, 142,240, 

30 1 

Launch vehicle. See individual launch 

vehicles and stages, such as Agena, 

Centaur, Europa, Saturn, Scout, ThorDelta. Titan, etc. 

tory. 

220, 237, 380, 431 

Law Enforcement Assistance AdministraLawrence, Kan., 330 

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 155, 

tion, 126 

165 

Lawsuit, 91, 122, 411 

Lear, William P., Sr., 214 

Lee, Chester M., 96, 366 

Leesburg, Fla., 136 

Lefevre, Minister of Science The0 

gium), 437-438 

Lehn & Fink Products Co., 220 

LeMay, Gen. Curtis E. (USAF, Ret.), 

Lenin Prize, 442 

Leningrad, U.S.S.R., 349 

Lenoir, Dr. William B., 23, 219 

Leo (constellation), 446 

Leonidov, L., 253 LeRC. See Lewis Research Center. 

Levi-Strauss, Dr. Claude, 405 

Levine, Joseph H., 225 

(Bel353 

5 

Lewis and Clark College, 400-401 

Lewis Research Center (LRRC) (NASA) 

air pollution, 50, 154, 266-267, 391, 

aircraft research, 66-67, 78, 349, 355 

awards and honors, 16, 323-324, 380- 

contract, 66, 367 

electrophysics research program, 79 

energy conversion, 25 1 

Environmental Research Office, 94, 

meeting, 154-155, 185-186 

personnel, 115, 186, 244 

quiet engine program, 124, 130-131, 186, 

392 

381, 403 

39 1 

387 

Ley, Willy, 2 11 

Library of Congress 

Congressional Research Service, 28, 3 18, 

Science Policy Research Div., 7, 166 

Licensing, 248, 251 

Life Beyond Earth and the Human Mind 

(symposium), 387-388 

Life, origin of, 158 

Life Scientist Program. See NASA Life 

Scientist Program. 

Life support system, 129, 187, 194-195, 

293. 298 

427 

Lifting body 

HL-IO, 312 

M2, 312 

M2-F3,271, 289,299,3 15,327-328,341, 

356, 371, 380, 390, 398, 41 1, 427, 437, 

449 

X-24A, 312 

X-24B, 347 

Light, speed of, 390-391 

Light baffle, 295-296 

Lighthill, Sir James M., 299-300 

Lilenthal, Otto, 275 

Lilly, William E., 443 

Lima, Agriculture Minister Cirne (Brazil), A7 

Li& Dr. Don L., 23 

Lindbergh, B/G Charles A. (USAF, Ret.), 

Linder, Clarence H., 397 

Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc. See LTV AeroLipari Islands, 228 

Liquid hydrogen, 58, 224, 272, 304, 407 

Liquid oxygen, 272, 304, 407 

Little, Arthur D., Inc., 123, 251, 276-277, 

Littleton, Colo., 347 

Littrow Crater (moon), 54 

LLRV. See Lunar landing research vehi- cle. 

LLTV. See Lunar landing training ve- hicle. 

LM. See Lunar module. 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. 

274, 343 

space Corp. 

323 

aircraft, 15, 1 IO, 288, 298, 307, 422 

communications satellite system, 309, 

338 

34 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AE RON AUT1 CS, 1972 

contract, 247, 284-285, 288, 349 

meeting, 173 

overpayment, 120 

personnel, 430 

Lockheed-Georgia Co., 154, 251, 387 

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 53, 70, 

contract, 91, 180, 261, 283, 337, 339, 

158, 208, 310 

386-387 

Lockheed Propulsion Co., 35 

LOI. See Lunar orbit insertion. 

Lok Sabha (Indian parliament), 138 

Loki-Datasonde (sounding rocket), 105 

Lomask, Milton, 75 

Lombard0 Mint, 264 

Lomonsov Gold Medal, 2 

London Fiiiaircial Tirnes, 60 

London, U.K., 101, 121, 134, 188,288,310, 

London, Univ. of, University College, 257, 

Long Island Assn. of Commerce and InLong-range laser traversing system, 138 

Long, Sen. Russell B., 410 

Loomis, Henry, 391-392 

Lord, Douglas R., 398 

Los Alamos, N. Mex., 132-133 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), 

N. Mex., 182-183, 254 

Los Angeles, Calif., 152, 158, 247, 291 

Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District, 

Losey, Robert M., Award, 20-21 

Loudon, James A., 121, 185 

Louisiana State Univ., 282 

Lousma, Maj. Jack R. (USMC), 23 

Lovelace, Dr. Alan M., 308, 372-373 

Lovell, Capt. James A., Jr. (USN), 137, 345, 

392, 430 

Low-altitude parachute-extraction system 

(LAPES), 319 

Low-energy proton electron differential 

energy analyzer, 115 

Low, Dr. Frank J., 433 

Low, Dr. George M. 

astronaut commercialism, 256, 282-283 NASA budget testimony, 100 

meeting, 24, 130 

press conference, 257, 435 

space program, 188, 293, 328, 386-387 

space shuttle, 5, 32, 59, 102, 136-137, 

U.S.4.S.S.R. cooperation, 229, 239- 

339 

296 

dustry, 220 

35 

139-140 

240 

Low-light-level TV, 254, 393 

Lowell, Dr. Percival, 396-397 

Lowey/Snaith. Inc., 42 

Lowman, Dr. Paul D., 313 

Lowry, John, 156 LRV. See Lunar roving vehicle. 

LSI. See Lunar Science Institute. LST. See Large space Telescope. LTV Aerospace Corp., 132, 214, 281 

Hampton Technical Center, 210 

Service Technology Corp., 179 

5 

Vought Missiles & Space Co., 210 

Lubbock, Tex., 181 

Lubrasky, Kronid A., 368 

Lucas, Dr. William R., 380-381 

Lucerne, Switzerland, 247, 3 13, 455 

Luckman, Charles, Associates, 367 

Ludwig, Dr. George H., 325 

Luebeck Airport, West Germany, 161 

Luest, Dr. Reimar, 251, 345 

Luftwaffe, 6 

Lukasik, Stephen J., 247 

Luna (U.S.S.R. lunar probe), 7, 108, 449 

Liiria 3, 237 

Lima 16, 13-14, 33, 52-53, 71, 179, 291, 

Lima 17, 53 

Lurra 18, 52-53, 166 

299-300 

Li~rra 19, 38, 46, 52-53, 94, 337 

LUIIU 20, 52-53, 71, 86, 138, 179, 257, 

452 

Lunar. See Moon. 

Lunar atmospheric composition experiLunar International Laboratory SympoLunar landing research vehicle (LLRV), 

Lunar landing training vehicle (LLTV), 31 1, 

Lunar module (LM), 54, 170, 200, 253, 266, 

ment, 366 

sium, Sth, 344 

311 

384 

432 

Apollo I1 (Eagle/, 313 

Apollo 14 (Airtaresl, 194 

Apollo 15 fFalcorr), 194 

Apollo 16 (Oriorrl, 2, 8, 14, 41, 62-63, 

142- 144, 146- I48 

Apollo 17 (Challeirgerl(LM-12). 54, 297, 

367, 382, 389, 404, 413-420, 428, 431, 

432 

EVA, 418419 

Lunar Nomenclature Committee, InterLunar orbit inwrtion (LOI), 144-146, 413 

Lunar roving vehicle (LRV) (Rover) (see 

national Astronomical Union, 168 

also LiirioXhod I), 432 

Apollo 15, 57-58, 99, 420 

Apollo 16, 97, 142, 146-149, 169, 172, 

264 

429 

ApoIIo 17, 54-55,346-347,413,416419, 

exhibit, 17-18, 72, 115, 319 

stamp, 157 

Lunar sample. See Moon, surface sam- ple. 

Lunar Samples Analysis Planning Team, 

Lunar Science Conference, First Annual, 

2 15-2 I6 

13-14 

Lunar Science Conference, Third Annual, 

13-14, 26, 69, 215-216, 452 

Lunar Science Institute, 13-14, 368, 452 

Lundin, Bruce T., 115, 403 

Lunite, 385 

Lunney, Glynn S., 197-199, 209, 250, 252, 

260, 346, 382 

35 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

LwioX-hod (u.s.s.R. lunar surface explorer), 7, 13-14, 53, 128, 166, 228, 256, 

337 

Lyman-alpha light, 179-180 

M 

M2 (lifting body), 312 

M2-F3, 449 

test, 271, 289, 299, 327, 341, 356, 371, 

379, 390, 398, 411, 427, 437 

failure, 315 

M33 (galaxy), 365 

M-100 (meteorological rocket), 238 

McAvoy, Glenn L., 356 

McCandless, L/Cdr Bruce, I1 (USN), 23, 

McConnell, Joseph H., 370 

McCulloch Electronics Corp., 178-179 

McCurdy, Richard C., 88, 100, 109, 139, 

219 

380-38 I 

McDivitt,. B/G James A. (USAF, Ret.), 33, 

Macdonald. J. Ross. 277 

142, 170, 197-198, 221, 303, 404 

MacDonald Observatorv. 112 

McDonnell Douglas Co;p., 219, 248, 284- 

contract, 44, 72, 174, 180, 261, 292, 

285, 298, 395, 443 

382-383 

employment, 28 1, 3 19 

McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Co., 241, 

266. 341. 342. 349 

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., 

39, 180, 219, 266, 281, 309 

Skylab, 39, 209, 325 

space shuttle, 303-304, 319, 339 

McDonnell Planetarium. 400 

McDonnell, Sanford N., 281 

McDowell, Edwin, 156 

McElroy, Neil H., 399 

McElroy, Dr. William D., 37 

McGarvey, Patrick J., 357 

McGovern, Sen. George S., 200-201, 310, 

McGuire AFB. N 1 796 

314, 358-359 

Mackay Trophy,.263- 

McKee, Col. Daniel D., 20 

McLeavy, Roy, 38 1-382 

MacLeod, Dr. Norman H., 17 

McMurtry, Thomas C., 73, 94, 104, 109, 

113, 123, 155, 163, 184, 186, 193, 

214 

McNamara, Robert S., 39, 218-219 

McNickle, L/G Marvin L. (USAF), 410 

Macomber, Frank, 181-182 

Mucori (airship), 400 

Madrid, Spain, 178, 189-190, 310 MAGLEV. See Magnetic levitation system. 

Magnetic aspect sensor, 372 

Magnetic field, 174, 177-178, 182-183, 

Magnetic levitation system (MAGLEV), 392 

Magnetic shells, 291 

Magnetohydrodynamics, 199, 236-237 

Magnetometer, 50, 152 

183-184, 387 

Magnetosphere (earth), 46, 184, 233, 242 

Magruder, William M., 93-94, 192-193, 

Maickel, Dr. Roger P., 74 

Mailer, Norman, 119, 409 

Maine, 255 

Maine, Gulf of, 250-251 

Malaga, Joseph E., 443 

Malik, Yakov A,, 348 

Malina, Dr. Frank J., 233, 344 

Mamet, Bernard, 376 

Managua, Nicaragua, 442 

Manganiello, Eugene J., 16 

Manhattan, N.Y., 122 

Manitoba, Canada, 394 

Manke, John A., 356, 371, 390, 437 

Mankind 1 (private space probe), 324- 

Manned space flight (see also Apollo, 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, Astronaut, 

Cosmonaut, Gemini, Mercury, Salyut, 

Skylab, Soyuz, Space biology and 

medicine, Space shuttle, etc.) 

achievements, 85-86, 133, 265, 345, 420, 

426427, 428, 435, 438, 439 

anniversary, 265 

art display, 17-18 

benefits, 151, 231-232 

capability, 32 

cooperation, 195-196, 198-199,201,207, 

cost, 71-72, 424 

credibility, 271 

earth orbit emphasis, 58 

employment, 297-298, 301 

funding, 30 

impact, 338, 429 

justification, 166-167 

long duration, 68, 248, 308, 322, 347- 

lunar landing. See Moon, exploration, 

nuclear power, 130-131 

27 1 

325 

239, 343-344 

348 

manned. 

policy and plans, 24, 28, 36, 56-57, 

press conference, 285-286 

remotely manned systems, 316 

safety, 195-196, 207, 227, 372-373 

significance, 192-193 

statistics, 33, 102 

technology utilization, 244245 

training, 239-240, 322 

U.S.S.R., 138, 166, 167, 353 

world leadership, 175-176 

11 1-1 12, 162, 205, 262, 266-267, 335, 

420 

R&D, 64 

Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) (NASA), 

228-229, 239, 326, 382, 383, 384, 394, 

395 

accident, 73, 179, 235-236 

aircraft optical communications system, 

altitude test chamber, 301 

anniversary, 265 

Apollo 15 mission, 50, 321 

292-293 

536 
Apollo 16 mission, 96, 109, 164, 166, 

Apollo 17 mission, 182, 403, 405, 431, 

Apollo spacecraft, 149-150, 170, 420 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 250, 252, 

170-171, 172, 179-180, 183-184, 237 

433-434, 435 

346 

Apollo Telescope Mount, 44 

Astronaut Office, 194, 303, 314 

astronaut training, 235-236 

astronauts at, 321 

AVLOC flight tests operation, 292-293 

award, 114 

Bioengineering Systems Div., 132 

Biomedical Research Div., 132 

capabilities, 78 

Cellular Analytical Laboratory, 347 

computerized inventory system, 21 

contract, 60, 132, 221-222, 256, 281, 

283 

sp&i shuttle, 34, 180, 220, 254-255, 

26 1 

cargo handling system, 301 crew compartment, 271-272 

engine, 90 

heat protection, 203 

materials, 55, 91, 214 

orbiter, 42, 45, 47, 191, 214, 236, 

safety, 220 

simulator, 174, 247, 266 

waste collection system, 277 

266 

Contractor Equality Opportunity Procooperation, 261 

Earth Resources Program Office, 173 

Earth Resources Program Review. 

employment, 78, 87, 297-298, 301, 451 

flight crew operations, 172, 205, 232, 

grams Office, 60 

Fourth Annual, 21 

384 

Geophysics Branch, 152, 183-184 

Health Services Div., 132 

Life Sciences Directorate, 132 

Life Scientist Program, 298 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory, 368 

Management Analysis Office, 204 

Medical Research and Operations Dimeeting, 120, 180, 282, 310, 322 

Mission Control, 187 

personnel 

rectorate, 132, 372-373 

appointments, 80, 141, 172, 173, 204, 

ASTP management, 197 

award, 131-132, 210 

former, 71 

reassignment, 302 

reorganization, 132 

resignation, 205 

retirement, 29 

Planetary and Earth Sciences Div., 170- 

press conference 

Apollo 16 mission, 109, 164, 170-171, 

248, 273 

171, 183-184, 238, 380-381 

172, 179-180, 183-184, 237 

ASTRONAUTICS A ND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

537 

Apollo 17 mission, 403, 431, 433-434, 

415 

Apoio-Soyuz Test Project, 257-258, 

260 

lunar science, 152, 363-364, 445 

Skylab, 23-24 

space program, 424 

proposals, 5, 15, 37, 262 

reorganization, 132 

Science and Applications Directorate, 

205. 392 

Skylab, 23-24, 44, 173, 261, 262, 273 

sounding rocket experiments, 237 

space biology and medicine, 6546, 187, 

279, 298, 347-348 

space shuttle, 34, 42, 45, 47, 55, 90, 91, 

174, 180, 191, 194, 203, 214, 220, 236, 

281, 283, 293, 301, 383-384 

247, 254-255, 261, 266, 271-272, 277, 

spacesuit, 262 

Urban Systems Project Office, 131 

visit to, 60, 310, 365 

317-31 1 

Manned Spacecraft Recovery Forces (USN), 

- - Maripower aird Firiaiicial Resources Allocated io Acadeniic Scieiice aiid Eirgiiieeririg Ariiviiies, 1965-71 (NSF 72-302), 112 

Manufacturers Aircraft Assn., 122 

Mapping, 1, 14, 21, 39, 235, 380 

Marconi Co. Ltd. 

Space and Defence Systems Div., 446 

Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises) (moon), 179, 

433 

Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility) 

Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) (moon), 14, 

(moon), 53, 179 

371-118 

Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility) 

Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) (moon), 14, 

(moon), 53, 179 

371-118 

Mare Nubium (Sea of Clouds) (moon), 

404 

Mare Serenitatis (Sea of Serenity) (moon), 

54, 363, 367, 433 

Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility) 

(moon), 265 

MARECEBO. See International Academy of 

Astronautics, Manned Research on Celestial Bodies Committee. 

Mariner (program), 65, 112, 266, 403, 

408 

Mariner (spacecraft), 56 

Maririer 2 (Venus probe), 429 

Mariiier 4 (Mars probe), 225-226, 429 

Mariner 5 (Venus probe), 429 

Maririer 6 (Mars probe), 429 

Mariner 7, 43, 429 

Maririer 8 (Mariner-H), 5 1-52, 364 

Mariner 9 (Mariner-I), 117, 364 

achievements, 56, 447 

award, 310 

computer malfunction, 109, 117 

data exchange, 452 

Deep Space Network support, 114 

dust particle composition, 113 

mission profile, 5 1-52 

photographs, 6, 15, 42-43, 90-91, 117, 

221, 225-226, 309, 396-397 

canals, 225-226, 244, 342 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

mapping, 1, 253, 399 

possible landing sites, 376-377 

water ice, 178 

press conference, 4243 

radio signal test, 253 

results, 342, 369, 408, 429, 447 

solar occultation, 132, 199-200 

Mariner 10 (Venus/Mercury probe), 307- 

308 

Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 (MIS 77) 

mission, 65, 266, 320, 324, 423 

Mariner Mars 1971 Project, 274 

Mariner Mars mission, 51-52, 408 

Mariner Venus/Mercury (spacecraft), 30 

Maritime Administration, 281 

Mark, Dr. Hans, 324, 380-381 

Mark, Dr. Herman, 326 

Mark I1 (quiet experimental engine), 186 

“Marmes Man,” 54 

Marquardt Co. See CCI Aerospace Corp. 

Mars (planet) (see also Mariner; Mars 2, 

and AViking), 99, 22 1, 289 

asteroid belt oroximitv. 259 

atmosphere, $3, 56, i13, 176, 225-226, 

244, 299, 369 

canals, 4243 

crater, 4243, 244 

data, 444 

342, 364, 369 

experiments, 101 

exploration, 151, 291, 407, 408 

manned, 27, 335, 343 

remotely manned systems, 3 16 

U.S.S.R., 369 

extraterrestrial life, 56, 112, 376-377 

gravity, 43 

Great Galactic Ghoul, 200 

international cooperation, 178, 189, 228, 

landing site, 376-377 

life-detection robot, 96 

mapping, 1, 90-91, 117, 253, 396-397, 

399 

moon, 56 

orbit, 291 

oxygen, 112 

photographs, 6, 15, 56, 90-91, 114, 117, 

polar cap, 43, 273, 309 

wftlanding, 56-86 

space environment model, 441 

space shuttle, 121 

spectrometer data, 56 

surface, 56, 178, 225-226, 244, 313, 364, 

unmanned landing, 131, 163 

upper mantle, 273 

volcanism, 4243, 369 

water, 43 

wind, 4243 

achievements, 86 

data exchange, 452 

dust, 4243, 51-52, 113, 252-253, 213, 

310-311 

253 

369 

Mars (U.S.S.R. Mars probe), 108 

Mars 2, 60, 166, 299, 337-338 

objectives, 28 

photographs, 28, 90 

results, 10-11, 38, 113, 369 

Mars 3, 60, 166, 338 

data exchange, 452 

landing, 167 

objectives, 28 

photographic equipment, 90 

photographs, 28 

results, 10-11, 38, 113, 369 

softlanding, 86 

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

(NASA), 223-224, 239, 374, 380-38 1, 

384, 400 

Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory, 454 

Apollo I7 mission, 413 

Apollo Telescope Mount, 44 

Astrionics Laboratory, 5446, 393 

Astronautics Laboratory, 44, 68 

awards, 238 

budget, 16 

CAT detection system, 302 

contract, 66, 95, 227 

Skylab, 39, 288 

space shuttle, 35, 45, 90 

space tug, 129 

Contracts Office, 243-244 

cooperation, 184, 261 

earth resources, 294 

employment, 129, 182, 242-243, 255, 

Environmental Applications Office, 294 

facilities, 184 

flight tests, 292-293 

HEAO, 163, 243, 264 

materials technology experiment, 337 

meeting, 74, 135, 177, 292, 346 

organization, 45 1 

personnel, 94, 181, 205, 451 

appointment, 302, 440 

death, 337 

retirement, 440 

press conference, 386-387 

Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory, 44 

reorganization, 243-244, 284 

request for proposals, 129, 241, 390 

Saturn V launch vehicle, 33, 149-150, 

Shuttle Construction Office, 302 

Shuttle Program Office, 110 

Skylab, 39, 60, 68, 166, 280, 288, 309 

solar-cell-array system, 169 

solar eclipse observations, 254 

Sortie Can Task Team, 129 

“Space and Science Awareness Month,” 

space flight orientation course, 277 

Space Science Projects Office, 243-244 

space shuttle, 35, 45, 90, 309, 427 

technology utilization, 45, 309 

telecommunications technology. 356 

visits to, 60 

HEAO, 163, 264 

297-298, 451 

LST, 243, 302 

420 

72 

538 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Martin Marietta Corp., 153, 261, 271-272, 

Martin Stamping and Stove Co., 309 

Maryland, 49, 131, 136, 190, 235, 244, 355, 

377-378 

Maryland, Univ. of, 210 

Maser, 287 

Mass spectrometer, 294 

Mass transit, I, 31, 206 

Massachusetts, 259, 385 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

(MIT), 54, 313, 374, 378-379, 421 

contract, 264 

Measurement Systems Laboratory, 259 

personnel, 174, 180, 205 

sounding rocket experiment, 189, 288, 

MASSPEC (lunar atmospheric composition 

experiment), 366 

Masursky, Harold, 15, 42-43, 225-226, 

342, 433 

Matagorda Island, 25, 214 

Materials technology, 179, 210-21 I, 309, 

aircraft, 59, 154 

space shuttle, 55, 79, 203, 294 

290, 295, 301, 347, 367, 428 

3 I9 

323-324, 337, 368 

Mathematica, Inc., 39, 58, 137, 181, 215 

Mathews, Charles W., 21, 84, 91, 114, 171, 

Mattingly, Cdr. Thomas K., I1 (USN), 

Apollo 16 mission, 144-146, 148-149 

226-227, 451 

228-229 

countdown demonstration test, 123 

debriefing, 180 

experiments, 6 

launch, 142 

medical aspects, 120, 135-136, 150, 

166, 420 

press conference, 6, 109, 172 

U.S.S.R. reaction, 163-164 

assignment, 194 

awards and honors, 187, 264, 265-266 

congressional reception, 184 

promotion, 162-163, 172 

public appearance, 165 

345 

the Sciences, 251 

craft), 442 

Maverick (missile), 116 

Max Planck Institute of Nuclear Physics, 

Max Planck Society for Advancement of 

Maxim Gorh! (U.S.S.R. transport airMay, Dr. Michael M., 341 

Mayer, Dr. Jean, 13 

Mayer, Dr. Maria G., 61 

Mazelspoort, South Africa, 18 I MCC: m idco u rse correction . Mcl-Lockheed Satellite Corp., 309 MDA. See Multiple docking adapter. 

Mead, Dr. Margaret, 405 

Meck Island, 108, 361 

Meckling, Dr. William H., 282 

Medal for Outstanding Leadership (NASA), 

Medal of Freedom, 399 

Mediterranean Sea, 228 

202-203 

MEED. see Microbial ecological evaluation 

Meir, Prime Minister Golda (Israel), 273 

Melbourne, Fla., 138 

Memorandum of Agreement, 248, 25 1 

Memorandum of Implementation of Environmental Agreement, 323 

Memorandum of Understanding, 49-50, 

77, 170, 389, 431 

Memphis, Tenn., 72 

Mendonca, Dr. Fernando, 173 

Menlo Park, Calif., 392 

Menon, M. G. K., 75 

Mercator projection, 396-397 

Mercure (European short-range transport), 

94 

Mercury (planet) (see also Mariner-Venus/ 

Mercury spacecraft), 56, 65, 307-308 

Mercury (program), 61, 205, 345, 424, 

43 5 

Meredith, Dennis L., 429 

Merkulov, I. A,, 345 

Merritt Island, Fla., 41 

Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, 

Meson Physics Facility (AEC), 132-133 

Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm, 304, 333, 

Meteor, 372 

Meteor (U.S.S.R. meteorological satellite), 

87, 449 

Meteor I I, 123 

Meteor 12, 243 

Meteor 13, 363 

Meteor shower (Giacobini), 341, 343, 348 

Meteorite, 14, 63, 132, 152, 158, 203 

detection, 38 

lunar impact, 54-55, 62, 180-181, 219- 

220, 237 

Meteoroid, 81-82, 155, 200, 226, 254, 260, 

290, 409410 

Meteoroid Technology Satellite (MTS). See 

Explorer 46. 

Meteorological probe, 113 

Meteorological rockets, 105 

Meteorological satellite (see also individual meteorological satellites, such as Nimbus 5. Noaa I, etc.), 24-25, 154, 

device. 

2 16 

377 

164-165, 172-173, 229, 243, 306, 378 

achievements, 70 

cost, 136-137 

data output, 34-35 

funding, 31 

instrumentation, 27 

technology transfer, 24 

tracking station, 42 

U.S.S.R., 87, 123 

Meteorology (see also hational Weather 

Service), 25, 403 

DOT-NASA-NOAA cooperation, 203 

experiments, 24, 77, 101, 229 

fog stabilization, 327 

international cooperation, 105, 195-196, 

Joint Hail Research Experiment, 118 

lunar composition, 215-216 

216 

539 
Nixon, President Richard M., 172-173 

solar effects, 243 

television monitoring, 93 

U.S.S.R. program, 87, 363, 403 

weather forecasting, 84, 174, 407, 423 

weather modification, 84, 236-237, 247, 

250 375 408 

Metric She&. 93, 182, 295, 297 mev: miilion electron volts. 

Mexico, 162-163, 230, 270 MHD. See Magnetohydrodynamics. 

nihz: megahertz tone million cvcles Der 

Miami, Fla., I, 162, 242 

Michael Reese H-ospital, Chicago, Ill., 

187 

Michigan, 16 

Michigan, Univ. of, 125, 185, 186-187, 3-m LLU 

Michlovic, Joseph, 181 

Michoud Assembly Facility (MSFC) (NASA) 

209, 227, 266, 292 

Microbial ecology evaluation device 

(MEED), 6, 96-97, 148-149 

Micrometeorite, 385-386 

Micrometeoroid, 68, 394, 403, 410 

Microwave Corn munications, Inc., 309, 

338 

Microwave instrument landing system 

(MILS), 20, 141-142 

Microwave landing system (MLS) (see also MLS Interagency Advisory Group; MLS 

Project Office, FAA), 20, 35, 67 

Middle East. 310 

MiG-23 (Foxbat) (U.S.S.R. fighter air. 

Mikoyan Fearless (U.S.S.R. fighter airMilch. Erhard. 6 

craft), 395 

craft), 395 

Military Aircraft Programs Office, OAST, 

67 

Military Airlift Command, 3 19, 396 

Military Assistance Service, 240 

Military Balarice 1972-73, 3 10 

Milky Way,lO4, 271, 332, 357, 365 

Miller, Rep. George P., 41, 219-220, 231, 

Miller, William H., 244 

Millionschikov, M. D., 86 

Mills, Dr. Ralph F., 266 MILS. See Microwave instrument landing 

Minnesota, Univ. of, 37,264,294, 327, 358, 

Minority Business Development Program, 

286-287, 340, 387, 430 

system. 

443 

247 

Minority Business Enterprise Program, 

Minuteman (missile), 72, 108, 115, 191 

Mirage 3 (French supersonic fighter airMIRV. See Multiple independently targetMissile, 16, 174, 185, 191, 202-203, 230 

60 

craft), 177 

able reentry vehicle. 

air-to-surface (ASM), 389 

antiballistic (ABM), 13, 30-31, 174, 201- 

202, 300, 361, 411 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, -1972 

540 

Safeguard, 31, 72, 108 

397 

ballistic, 39, 71, 202-203, 205, 319-320, 

budget, 327 

cost, 263 

evasion technology, 65 

foreign 

France, 259 

People’s Republic of China, 39, 310, 

311 

U.S.S.R., 3, 35, 85, 87, 89, 115, 177, 

210, 328-329, 350, 355, 445 

guidance systems, 403 

intercontinental ballistic (ICBM), 61-62, 

69, 87, 89, 115, 361 

sales, 453 

submarine-launched (SLM), 24-25, 210 

test, 174, 300, 361, 377, 397, 411, 445 

treaty, 213, 224-225, 331 

undersea long-range missile system 

(ULMS), 70, 185 

warning, 233-234 

(OMSF), 398 

MIRV, 221 

Mission and Payload Integration Office 

Mission Control (MSC), 144-146, 148, 

174-175, 187, 265 

Mississippi, 74 

Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) (NASA), 

302 

Missouri, 118, 241, 335, 341, 395, 400 MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

194, 205, 335, 337, 372-373, 409 

335 

Mitchell, Capt. Edgar D. (USN, Ret.), 188, 

Mitchell, Edgar D., & Associates, Inc., 

Mitchell, B/G William (Billy) (USA), 343 

Mitre Corp., 396 

Mittauer, Richard T., 52 

MIUS. See Modular-sized integrated utility 

svstem. 

Mitchell, B/G William (Billy) (USA), 343 

Mitre Corp., 396 

Mittauer, Richard T., 52 

MIUS. See Modular-sized integrated utility 

svstem. 

MLS. See Microwave landing system. 

MLS Interagency Advisory Group, 67 

MLS Project Office (FAA), 67 

Mobile launcher (KSC), 298 

Modular-sized integrated utility system 

Moffett Field Laboratory (ARC), 223 

Molecular hydrogen, 270-27 1 

Molniya I (U.S.S.R. cornsat series), 449 

Molriiya 1-20, 128 

Molriija 1-21, 350 

Molriira 1-22, 404 

Molniya 11, 449 

Molriiya 11-2, 188 

Molriiya 11-3, 331 

Molniya 114, 426 

Mondale, Sen. Walter F., 6-7, 177, 178, 

(MIUS), 131 

215 

Mongolia, 132 

Moriitoririg Earth Resources from Aircraft 

Montagu, Dr. Ashley, 387-388 

arid Spacecraft (NASA SP-275), 118 
ASTRONAUT1 CS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Montana State Low Income Organization, 

Monterey, Calif., 280-281, 313 

Montreal, Canada, 49, 318 

Moon, 88, 99, 112, 113, 123, 372, 394 

157 

age, 203 

atmosphere, 52, 54-55, 306, 433 

base, 63, 406 

colonization, 26 

composition, 219-220, 238, 432 

Conquest of the Mooii, 211 

cosmic ray detector, 50, 417 

crater (see also specific craters such as Apollonius, Copernicus, Littrow, 

etc.), 144-146, 148, 165, 168, 215- 

216, 432 

landing site, 142 

magnetism survey, 152 

photographs, 46, 169 

soil sample, 416 

topography, 403, 404, 433 

traverse, 416 

volcanic domes, 417 

crust, 219-220 

debris, 533 

earth tidal pull, 54-55 

eclipse, 38 

evolution, 152, 377-378, 385-386, 420 

experiments, 54-55, 101, 102, 346-347, 

366, 380, 388, 432 

electrical properties, 416 

geocorona, 306 

gravimeter, 54-55, 417, 432 

grenade, 193 

heat flow, 54-55, 163, 417, 440 

infrared scanning radiometer, 54-55, 

laser sounder, 54-55 

magnetometer, 50, 88, 152 

orbital science, 54-55, 62 

seismometer, 54-55,146-148, 180-181,1 

sounder, 433 

spectrograph, 306, 433 

spectrometer, 54-55 

exploration 

astronomical contribution, 15 1 

manned 

ALSEP, 54-55, 163, 416417, 419 

433 

2 19-220, 237, 43 1 

Apollo program 

experimental objectives, 442 

results, 69, 363-364 

Apollo I I, 265, 3 13, 385 

Apollo 14, 219-220 

Apollo 16,41, 71, 112, 142, 148, 165, 

Ap0110 15,57-58, 168, 215-216,232, 

279, 282-283 

1 172, 184 

experiments, 306 

photographs, 169 

results, 184 

schedule. 62 

soil sampler 326 

a ,428 

Apollo 17, 194, 366, 404, 413419, 

experiments, 346-347, 388 

press comment, 404-405, 409, 

schedule, 297 

surface samples, 428429 

television coverage, 381, 39 1-392 

U.S.S.R. reaction, 421, 423 

commercialism, 3 17-3 I8 

cooperation, international, 134, 174, 

credibility, 27 1 

future, 406, 407 

impact, 404405, 429 

monopolization, 426 

Nixon, President Richard M., stateDrioritv. 162 

426427, 438 

177, 189, 195-196, 231-232, 306 

ment, 435437 

significance, 192-193, 406, 420 

statistics, 265, 345 

U.S.S.R., 175-176 

Vanguard satellite, 75 

unmanned, 423 

Apollo 16 Subsatellite, 208 

international cooperation, 134 

laser beam transmission, 181 

Luna 16, 179, 291 

Luna 19, 38, 46, 94, 237, 337 

Luna 20, 52-53, 179 

Ranger 9, 62 

SNAP-27, 388 

U.S.S.R., 7, 86 

“Genesis bean:’ 14 

gravity, 94, 148-149, 404 

interior, 417, 431, 432, 440441 

laboratory, 344 

landing, 416 

landing site 

crash, 53, 62, 166 

Avo110 15. 69. 168 

Ap0110 14, 180-181, 203 

Apollo 16, 14, 62-63, 71, 142, 144-146, 

Apollo 17, 54, 297, 363, 416, 428429 

Lwia 20, 53, 138, 179 

lunar roving vehicle. See Lunar roving 

vehicle. 

170-171, 183-184 

lunar science, 368 

magnetism, 13-14, 69, 152, 165, 183- 

mantle, 219-220 

mapping, 14, 39, 53, 54-55, 177, 229, 

305-306, 433 

mascon, 440 

meeting, 13-14, 26, 69, 215-216, 344, 

meteorite, 180-18 1, 380 

mountains, 62-63, 146-148 

origin of, 62, 69, 158, 165, 170-171, 

photographs 

184 

452 

2 15-2 16 

Apollo IS, 168 

Apollo 16, 169, 170-171, 172, 179-180, 

184, 237 

lunar orbit, 148, 149-150 

lunar surface, 62, 142-144, 148-149, achievements, 447 149- 150 

54 1 
ASTRONAUTICS AND A E RO N AUT1 CS, 1972 

Apollo 17, 416-417, 421, 433 

Haystack Observatory, 404 

Luiia 3, 237 

Luiia 19, 46, 337 

Luira 20, 53, 138 

plaque, 59 

radiation, 148 

radioactivity, 14, 69 

“Shadow Rock,” 326 

shape, 62 

surface, 13-14, 39, 101, 219-220, 237, 

surface sample 

337, 403, 431-432 

analysis, 152, 203, 330, 377-378 

Apollo 11, 33, 179, 291, 355 

Apollo 12, 179, 206 

Apollo I5 

Apollo 14, 13-14, 54-55, 203, 452 

analysis, 14, 35-36, 69, 168, 215- 

exchange of, 138, 452 

“Genesis rock.” 62. 146 

216 

Apollo 16, 63, 142, 156 

analysis, 170-171, 179, 183-184, 

collection. 62-63, 146-148, 149- 

237-238, 326 

150 core sampling, 62 

exchange, 452 

press conference, 170-171, 183-t84 

significance, 165 

analysis, 432, 445 

exchange, 388, 452 

significance, 428429 

soil, 416, 417, 437, 440, 445 

exchange, 4849, 452 

exhibit, 72, 142, 301, 400 

Lwra 16, 13-14, 33, 53, 71, 179, 291, 

299-300 

Lwra 20, 53, 71, 138, 179 

soil, 52, 63 

temperature, 433 

tides, 237 

time, 329, 356 

thermal theories, 437 

treaty, 134, 356 

volcanic domes, 418 

volcanism, 14, 54-55, 62, 404, 417, 428, 

431432, 440, 445 

water, 83, 86 

Moonquake, 237 

“Moonwalk One” (documentary film), 

385 

Moonwalker. See Lwrokhod I. 

Moore, Dr. H. J., 62 

Moore, Dr. Stanford, 357 

Moorer, Adm. Thomas H. (USN), 55-56, 

Morelli, Frank A., 171 

Morgenstern, Dr. Oskar, 39, 137 

Morison, Dr. Elting E., 316 

Moriss, Frank, 95 

Moritz, Bernard, 109, 188, 289 

Morocco, 271 

Moroz, V., 113 

Apollo 17, 54, 413, 419, 447 

71, 236 

5 

Morris, Owen G., 170 

Morrison, Dr. Philip, 387-388 

Morrison-Knudsen, Inc., 388 

Morton, Dr. Louis, 316 

Morton, Secretary of the Interior Rogers 

Moscow, U.S.S.R., 18, 133, 185, 221, 243, 

C. B., 380-381 

349, 352, 354 

ABM radar complex, 201-202 

agreements, 218, 224, 235, 265, 452 

Annual Revolution Day parade, 377 

Apollo 16 launch coverage, 151 

atomic energy reactor, 14-15 

ceremony, 134, 138, 299-300 

convention signing, 121 

exhibit, 115, 434 

Mars photographs, 28 

meeting, 130, 199, 236-237 

ASTP, 178, 192-193,240,252,322,346, 

409 

biophysics, 29 1 

electronic industry, 201 

environment, 177, 193-194, 289, 298 

peaceful use of space, 323 

space biology and medicine, 180, 279 

space cooperation, 127, 177, 197-198 

summit, 190, 201-202, 203, 241 

accord, 193-194, 206, 207 

agreements, 195, 199, 201-202, 303, 

memorandum signing, 331 

Nixon, President Richard M., visit to, 

19 1 

press conference, 199 

protocol signing, 216, 275, 341 

tour, 259 

treaty, 188, 224 

TV transmission, 426 

Veirus 8 data published, 275 

Moscow Univ., 291 

Moshkin, Ye. K., 345 

Mt. Holyoke College, 281 

Mt. Kilauea, Hawaii, 77 

Mt. Palomar Observatory, 208-209, 393 

Mt. Wilson Observatory, Calif., 357 

Mountain Home AFB, Idaho, 230 

Mouse, 404 

MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. 

MSFC. See Marshall Space Flight Center. MSS. See Multispectral scanner subsysMT-135 (Japanese sounding rocket), 105 

MTF. %e Mississippi Test Facility. 

MTS. See E.uplorer 46 (Meteoroid TechnolMu-4S (Japanese booster), 264, 295 

Muehlberger, Dr. William R., 170-171, 

Muelhause, Carl M., 191 

Mueller, Dr. George E., 343 

Mulholland, Donald R., 314 

Mullen, Dr. George. 252-253 

374-375 

tem. 

ogy Satellite). 

432 

Multiple docking adapter (MDA), 219, 262, 

280, 282, 325, 341 

Multiple independently targetable reentry 

vehicle (MIRV), 221, 229-230, 429 

42 
N 

NAA. See National Aeronautic Assn. 

NACA. See National Advisory Committee 

NAE. See National Academy of EngineerNagy, Istvan G., 345 NAS. See National Academy of Sciences. 

NAS-NRC Space Science Board. See National A of Sciences. NASA. See I Aeronautics and Space 

Adminis 

NASA Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel, 

135, 234 

NASA Authorization Act of 1968, 234 

NA SA Earth Resources Survey Program 

Weekly Abstracts, 356 

NASA-HEW Site Selection Working Group, 375 

NASA Historical Advisory Committee, 234, 3 I6 NASA Key Personnel Development program, 17 

NASA Life Scientist program, 74-75, 298 

NASA Low Cost Evaluation Project, 386- 

381 NASA Office of Advanced Research and 

Technology (OART), 17, 21-22, 130-131 

for Aeronautics. 

ing. 

JT3D/JT8D Refan Pro 

116 

7039), 299 

100 

Council (RTAC), 234 

NASA Quiet Engine Program, 185-186 NASA Regional Dibsemination Centers, 

NASA Research and Technology Advisory 

NASA Site Review Board, 12, 139-140 NASA Space Program Advisory Council 

NASA Space Shuttle Technology ConferNASA Space Systems Committee, 140 NASA Summer Seminar on History and 

NASA Tracking and Data Acqu 

NASC. See Naiional Aeronautics and Space 

Nashville, Tenn., 335, 337 

NASPO. See Federal Aviation Administration, National Airspace System Program 

Office. 

NASTRAN (NASA's structural analvsis com- 

(SPAC), 140, 234, 381 

ence, 137 

Space, 246 

el, 234 

Council. 

puter piogram), 71, 452 

Natal, Brazil, 92, 394 

Natelson, Dr. Samuel, 187 

National Academy of Engineering (NAE), 

National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 39- 

183, 287, 299, 352, 354, 357, 374, 375, 392 

119, 299, 397 

40, 95, 127, 136, 155-156, 159-160, 

Advisory Committee to Air Force SysAstronomy Survey Committee, 213-214, 

Board on Science and Technology for 

tems Command, 140 

233, 281-2a8,455 

International Development, 138 
ASTRONACTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 17-18, 18-19, 30, 32, 

4647, 53, 55, 59, 160, 168, 175-176, 

318, 384 

176-177, 182, 187, 262, 292-293, 317- 

accident, 4546, 73, 91, 153, 174, 178, 

179 

accomplishments (see also Space program, national), 219, 305, 311-312, 

345, 374, 406, 412, 447449 

aircraft (see also individual aircraft, such as Convair 990; and Aircraft), 4344, 

193, 200, 210, 215-216, 235, 280, 

349, 392, 396 

anniversary, 33, 61, 90, 217, 265, 31 I, 

328, 394, 429, 449 

Apollo 14 commemorative medal. 277 

45,50-51, 128, 155, 163, 169, 184, 186, 

302, 303, 311, 312, 336-337, 341-342, 

Apollo 15 postal covers, 256, 258, 259, 

262, 267, 270, 273, 276, 277 

a3tronaut. See A5tronaut. 

autograph policy, 384 

award5 and honors, 69,88, 139, 202-203, 

238, 241, 247, 310, 311, 323, 384, 

443, 444 

Annual Awards Ceremony, 380-38 1 

a\tronaut, 187, 200, 206, 210, 315, 

372-373 

Distingui\hed Public Service Medal, 

38 I 

Distinguished Service Medal, 29, 202- 

203, 310, 381 

Exceptional Scientific A chieve men t 

Medal, 270-271, 381 

Exceptional Service Medal, 381, 443, 

444 

Goddard Memorial Trophy, 98 

Group Achievement Awards, 381 

Outstanding Handicapped Federal 

Outstanding Leadership Medal, 202- 

Space Science Award, 20-21 

budget, FY 1973, 5, II, 32, 70, 86, 125, 

134, 160, 167-168, 171, 173, 185, 

219, 245, 297-298, 314, 315, 328, 

374, 393, 410, 450, 151, 452 

bill introduced, 30 

bill\ pawd, 115-1 16, 164, 189, 207, 

bill\ signed, 189, 207, 231, 291 

Howe consideration 

Employee, 131-132 

203, 381 

187-188, 198-199, 209, 214-215, 

226 

appropriation\, 21 -22, 89-90, 187- 

authorization, 41, 4647, 56-58, 59, 

188, 193 

63-64, 66-68, 73-74, 78, 84-85, 

91, 109-110, 135, 155, 160, 164- 

I65 

impoundment, 350 

joint conference consideration, 273- 

Senate consideration 

274 

appropriation\, 136-137, 209 

authorization, 99-100, 102, 106, 

107, 114, 130-131, 137, 140, 160, 

172, 178 

contract, 63-64, 179, 224, 234, 274, 378 

Aerodynamic Test Range sites supaeronautics, 154, 216-217, 231, 292, 

Apollo 16 mission, 156 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project study, 61 

base support services, 44 

building-ground maintenance, 179 

communications, 238-239, 394 

construction of facilities, 60 

data processing, 372 

docking system, 378 

Dual Air Density Explorer, 294 

esthesiometer, 184- I85 

International Ultraviolet Explorer, 

long-range laser traversing system, 

low-cost-design concept, 386-387 

multipurpose spacecraft, 256 

multispectral camera systems, 221- 

performance practices, 179 

photographic support, 17 

public sector problems, 73-74 

publications, 179 

quadraplegic aids, 95 

safety criteria study, 220 

satellite energy applications, 25 1 

Saturn V launch vehicle, 227 

Scout launch vehicle, 210 

ship communication and navigation 

Skylab, 39, 44, 288, 434 

solar cell, I 

space shuttle, 280 

checkout system, 33 crew compartment, 271-272 

design criteria and study, 254-255, 

284-285, 383-384 

economic analysis report, 39 GAO review, 123 

hardware, I2 

heating system, 37, 266 

helium regulator systems, 261 

landing site survey, 240 

mision simulator, 174 

orbital maneuvering system (OMS), 

port, 264 

382 

ATS-E, 110 

ATS-G, 66, 295 

HEAO, 243, 264, 342 

IMBLMS, 15, 283 

208 

138 

222 

system, 281 

266 

orbiter, 42, 45, 47, 180, 191, 214, 

220, 247, 266, 272, 283 

passenger couch, 261 

payload systems, 220 

polymer seal materials, 55 

propulsion system, 35, 45, 90, 129, 

180, 292 

RCS, 191 

RSI, 261 
safety criteria, 220 

simulator requirements, 266 

subsonic flight, 247 

technical proposals, 180 

thermal protection, 203, 220 

waste collection system, 277, 293 

weld-bonding materials, 9 1 

space tug, 390 

space-walk studies, 132 

spacecraft systems, 294-295 

STOL aircraft, 2, 172, 231 

support services, 17, 44, 248, 293 

Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, 

SST, 349 

I7 1 

technology utilization, 5 

television transmission, 156 

Viking spacecraft encapsulation, 388 

waste-incinerator svstem. 194-195 

water-recovery sysiems, 1, 194-195 

cooperation, 23, 25, 71, 226-227, 265, 

270. 393. 452 

AEC, 79, 131, 169-170, 194-195, 451 

Agriculture, Dept. of, 6748, 169-170, 

Air Force Military Airlift Command, 

Arizona, 235 

Army Corps of Engineers, 184, 301- 

30 1-302 

396 

302 

Bos& Univ., 387-388 

Bureau of Mines, 67-68 

Cleveland, Ohio, 39 1 

CAB, 22 

DOC, 22, 169-170, 301-302, 352 

DOD, 8, 16, 22, 40, 6647, 116, 139- 

140, 194-195, 301-302, 306-307 

DOT, 6, 22, 29, 43, 73-74, 160, 176, 

203 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

545 

EPA, 73-74, 301-302, 390 

Geologicdl Survey, 235 

FAA, 66-67, 74, 104, 136, 176 

HEW, 27, 45, 67-68, 73-74, 169- 

375 

~u-&-73-74, 13 1 

Interior, Dept. of, I, 73-74, 169- 

216, 235, 301-302 

Justice, Dept. of, 73-74 

NASC, 6, 22 

NCAR, 156 

NOAA, 73-74, 203 

NSF, 85 NSTA. 265 

70. 

70, 

Postal Service, 73-74 

State, Dept. of, 301-302, 384 

Tristate Regional Planning CommisU.N., 105 

USA, 40 

USAF, SO-Si, 67,77, 102,258, 295, 347, 

449 

sion, 383 

VA, 73-74 

cooperation, industrial, 226-227 

ComSatCorp, 224, 242 

INTELSAT, 224 

CPB, 45 

Martin Marietta Corp., 295 

small R&D firms, 223 

Telesat Canada, 379 

cooperation, international. See ApolloSoyuz Test Project; International co- operation; International cooperation, 

space; Sounding rocket, international 

programs. 

aerospace employment, 310, 314 

Apollo program, 407 

Apollo 16, 157, 162 

astronaut, 289, 300, 317 

budget allocation, 177, 3 14 

national priorities, 6-7, 20, 55, 185, 

criticism, 178, 214-215, 231 

479 -, 

Pioiieer 10 plaque, 88, 95 

press comment, 10, 314 

research and development, 358’359 

space benefits, 200-201 

space shuttle 

budgetary factors, IO, 177, 314 

developmental costs, 16, 51, 137 

national priorities, 6-7, 20, 55, 185 

payloads, I8 1 

press comment, IO, 314 

reusability, 16 

West Coast site, 181-182 

technological progress, 37 

31 1 

Currerir hidex of Techiiirul Briefs (C I-I), 

“Description, Dissection and Subsampling of Apollo 14 Core Sample 

14230,” 54 

document security classification, 93 

em ploy men t , 242-243 

aeronautical research, 21-22 

budget considerations, 78, 100, 109 

industrial base, 27 

manned space flight, 9,301, 424425 

reduction in force, 22, 78, 106, 109, 

EEO program, 11, 8b81, 276, 454 

297-298, 451 

astronauts, 205 

KSC, 86 

manned space flight, 301 

Nuclear Rocket Development Station. 119 

restraining order, 255 

salaries, 12, 405 

termination notices, 182 

exhibit, 136, 142, 206, 271, 388, 400 

facilities 

aeronautics testing, 353 

budget and funding, 109-1 IO, 116, 

construction of, 100, 160 

dismantling of, 119, 169-170 

maintenance, 128 

modifications, 139-140 

post-Apollo use, 424 

public sector projects, 73-74 

visitation, 367 

160, 187-188, 209 

grant, 45, 138 

launch 

Apollo 16 (AS-5 I l), 142 
ASTRO N AUT1 CS AND A ERORIAUTICS, 1972 

Apollo 17 (AS-512), 413 

postponed, 8, 57, 71, 182 

probe, Pioneer 10, 81 

reentry vehicle, 275 

satellite 

Aeros, 430 

Airik I, 379 

Eris I (ERTS-A), 269-270 

Esro 4, 389 

E.rplorer 46 (MTS), 290 

Explorer 48 (SAS-B), 386 

Heos 2, 38 

Iutelsat-IV F-4, 26 

Iiitelsat-I V F-5, 224 

Nimbus 5 (NIMBUS-E), 422 

Oao 3 (OAO-C) (Coperiricus), 295- 

E-rplorer 47 (IMP-H), 325 

Noua 2 (ITOS-D), 350 

296 

TD-IA, 95 

Triad 01-IX, 306 

site selection, 139-140 

sounding rocket 

Aerobee 150, 109. 125. 156 

Aerobee 170, 61, 127, 158, 180, 189, 

255, 259, 274, 276, 288, 306, 

319. 366, 378. 385. 422, 425, 427 

Aerobee 200, 388 

Arcas, 173, 184, 195 

Boosted Arcas I, 19, 373 

Super Arcas, 8, 39, 105, 372, 

410 

Astrobee F, 327 

Black Brant, 373 

Black Brant VB, 360 

Black Brant VC, 210, 222, 327 

Javelin, 51, 315 

Loki-Datasonde, 105 

MT-135 (Japanese), 105 

Nike, 73 

Nike-Apache, 15, 37, 39, 54, 132, 

210, 222, 248, 283, 284, 342, 

343, 348, 349, 372, 374, 375, 410 

Nike-Cajun, 186-187, 210, 251 

Nike-Javelin 111, 119, 120, 122, 

127 

Nike-Tomahawk, 17, 44, 46, 53, 70, 

90, 91, 358 

Strypi 4, 353 

Trailblazer 11,275 

management, 117, 287 

meeting, 13-14, 16, 21, 24, 26, 48, 69, 

72-73. 74. 80-81. 101. 135. 137. 

177, 185-186, 222-223, 270, 292, 

293, 305-306, 310, 314, 316, 321, 

325, 330, 387-388, 421, 454 

U.S.-U.S.S.R., 170, 178, 180,250,252, 

257, 261-262, 279-280, 282, 298, 

322, 345-346 

organization, 17, 32, 115, 165, 176, 234, 

243-244, 284, 353, 397, 451 

546 

)patents, 16, 258, 299, 327 

personnel, 9,15, 17, 21-22, 64-65,67, 78, 

80-81, 100, 129-130, 131-132, 134- 

135, 150, 155-156, 182, 185, 188, 

189, 192-193, 197-198, 208, 255, 

276, 282-283, 313, 323, 403, 438, 

45 1 

appointment, 50, 52, 64, 67, 80, 115, 

159, 170, 171, 172, 173, 204, 248, 

264, 273, 297, 302, 303, 331, 395- 

396, 410, 440, 443, 444 

death, 19, 20, 25, 223, 233, 258-259, 

promotion, 39, 404 

resignation, 52, 89, 194, 205,221, 259, 

269, 337, 362, 434, 441 

293 

retirement, 18, 29, 202-203, 205, 217, 

220, 244, 303, 335, 353, 392, 410, 

45 1 

press conference. See Press conference. 

programs 

aeronautics, 2, 17, 21, 22-23, 24, 30, 

31, 32, 40, 50-51, 56, 59, 66-67, 69, 

73. 77. 90. 94. ,.. 100. 102. 106-107. 

153, 155, 160, 163, 169, 172, 176; 

178, 182, 184, 185-186, 187-188, 

191-192, 193, 200, 209, 214, 216- 

217, 231, 233, 235, 247, 251. 254- 

255, 277, 289, 299, 302, 306, 31 1, 

315, 324, 327, 337, 349, 350, 355. 

387, 396, 397, 403, 425, 449, 451 

airborne science, 303 

astronomy, 30, 3940, 45, 56-57, 63- 

64, 65, 69, 81, 83, 90, 104, 107, 

115. 116. 125. 132. 160. 176. 180. 

189,’ 213-214, ’ 246, ’ 250,’ 254,’ 255; 

257, 259-260, 261, 264, 273, 214, 

276, 279, 287, 288, 295-296, 300, 

303, 305, 306, 307, 314, 319, 320, 

325. 327, 330. 332. 342. 376-317. 

384, 394, 396-397, 399, 405, 407, 

408, 409410, 423, 425, 427, 429, 

438, 444, 447 

communications, 255, 258, 292-293 

computer, 71, 261, 452 

earth resources, 21, 30, 56-57, 84, 85, 

91, 101, 105-106, 116, 118, 124- 

125. 184. 210. 219. 221-222. 230. 

234, 235, 266, 269-270, 279,’ 280; 

282, 283, 284, 294, 301-302, 303, 

381, 392, 397, 408. 423, 431, 442, 

308, 310, 313, 356, 367, 369, 380- 

445446, 447 

education, 51, 74-75, 154-155, 288, 

298, 330, 347-348 

lifting body, 271, 289, 299, 312, 315, 

327, 341, 347, 356, 371, 380, 390, 

398, 41 1, 427, 437, 449 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

manned space flight (see also' 

Apdo 14 through 18; ApolloSovuz Test Proiect: Geniirii 4 

thiough 12; Skylib; Sojuz I1 and 

f2; Space shuttle), 17-18, 30, 32, 

138, 151, 166-167, 175-176, 192- 

33, 58, 64, 71-72, 102, 130-131, 

193, 195-196, 198-199, 201, 207, 

239-240, 244-245, 265, 271, 297- 

298, 301, 316, 322, 338, 343-344, 

353, 424, 429 

achievements, 85-86, 133, 164-165, 

265, 345, 412, 420, 426427, 

428, 435, 438-439, 440, 441, 

412143,447,449 

benefits, 157, 394, 412, 420, 4267 

427, 438-439, 440, 441, 442-143, 149 

long duration, 68, 248, 308, 322, 347-348 

policy and plans, 24, 28, 36, 56-57, 

Dress conference. 285-286 

111-112, 162, 205, 262, 266-267, 

335, 420 

Safety, 195-196, 207, 227, 372-373 

meteorology, 17, 77, 124, 184, 186- 

187, 195, 262-263, 422, 423, 447 

nuclear propulsion, 30, 32, 59, 85 

space biology and medicine, 6, 15, 24, 

30, 41, 50, 52, 6344, 65-66, 67-68, 

71-72, 74-75, 86, 92, 95, 96-97, 

119-120, 127, 129, 132, 135, 148- 

171, 172, 180, 187, 189, 194-195, 

201, 203, 207, 227, 229, 239-240, 

240-241, 279-280, 281, 283, 285- 

322, 323, 347-348, 360, 375, 385, 

149, 150, 152, 153, 164, 166, 170, 

286, 288, 291, 293, 298, 308, 321- 

388, 394, 403, 404, 414, 419-420, 

437, 464 mace station (see also Salvut: Skvlabk ' I, 9,27,28, io, 35, 63, 1i7,'128: i3j; 

141, 166, 173, 175-176, 181, 198, 

206, 207, 229, 231, 241, 265, 316, 

AM .-- space tug, 11-12, 48, 129, 226, 238, 

239, 333, 345, 390 

technology utilization. See Technology utilization, space. 

tracking and data acquisition (see also 

Tracking), 30, 149-150, 155 

property, GSA disposal of, 287 

"Space and Science Awareness Month," 

l:, - 

suit against, 255 

test, 67, 191-192, 223, 239, 253 

aircraft. See Aircraft. flight tests. 

AVLOC, 292-293 

digital-fly-by-wire control system, 

Gravitational Redshift Space Probe, 

Heos 2, 46 

missile, 260 

nondestructive, laser holography, 53 

200 

ESP, 188 

194 

NERVA, 59 

quiet engine nacelles, 186 

remote health care, 375 

reusable rocket, 309 

Skylab, 209, 273, 281, 285-286, 323 

SMEAT, 273, 281, 285-286, 323 

supercritical wing. See Supercritical 

wing. 

Viking Mars Lander parachute system, 163, 256, 272-273, 290, 295 

National Aeronautics and Space Council 

National Aerospace Museum of the West 

National Air and Space Museum, 45, 74, 

National Association of Aerospace Clubs 

Youth Science Congress, 154-155 

(NASC), 6, 22, 350 

(proposed), 29 1 

388, 455 

of France, 75 

National Assn. of Broadcasters, 135-136 

National Assn. of Student Councils. 222- 

223 

flair aiid Policy Summarv. 141-142 

Nariorral Aviarioir Svstenz f NASI Terr Year 

National Book Awards, 119 

National Book Committee, 119 

National Broadcasting Co. (NBC). 381,399, 

National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 42, 

390-39 1 

National Center for Atmospheric Research 

(NCAR), 16, 118, 156 

National Defense Transportation Award, 

362 

National Environmental Satellite Service 

(NESS) (NOAA), 351-352, 378 

National Environmental Data System 

(proposed), 358 

National Gallery of Art, 17-18 

National Geographic Society, 313 

National Heart and Lung Institute, 86, 

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 86 

National League of Cities, 304 

National Machinery Import and Export 

National Medal of Science, 362 

National Microwave Landing System 

National Moon Walk Day (proposed), 

409 

106, 155-156, 215-216, 243, 384, 

247 

Corp. (P.R.C.), 28-29 

(MLS) program, 67 

216 

National Ocean SUI'Vey(NOAA), 130 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 

cooperation, 73-74, 93, 203, 302 

National Environmental Satellite Serpersonnel, 21, 130, 325 

research, 15, 31, 118, 236, 308, 353, 370, 

vice, (NESS), 351-352, 378 

44 1 

satellite, 70-71, 154, 171, 182, 235, 325, 

350, 447 

sounding rocket experiment, 51, 186- 

I87 

tour, 384 

541 
World Weather Program for Fiscal Year 

National Operational Meteorological Satellite System (NOMSS), 352 

Natiorral Patterirr of R & D Resourcer: 

Fuiids arid Mairpower iir the Uriited Stater 

1953-1972 (NSF 72-300), 134 

National Portrait Gallery, 17-18 

National Press Club, 20 

National Public Affai;s Center for TV 

(NPACT), 38 I, 39 1-392 

1973, 262 

National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 

18, 307, 365 

National Research Council (NRC), 3940, 

Astronomy Survey Committee, 213-214, 

159-160, 299, 455 

233 

Committee on the Department of Transportation Climatic Assessment Program, 370 

Geophysics Research Board, 370 

Space Science Board, 3940, 64, 65, 129, 

National Research Council of Canada, 19, 

153, 178 

307 

Naional Science Board, 28 1-282 

National Science Foundation (NSF), 25, 

104, 106, 118, 139, 283-284, 289, 299, 

314, 326, 359, 446 

Chariger irr Graditate Prograiir r iri Scierrce 

arid Eiigiireeririg. 1970-1972 aiid 1972- 

1974 (NSF 72-31 I), 267 

Coriipair r Furrdt Push Total firdirttrial 

R&D Speridirrg to $18 Billiorr iri 1971 

(NSF 72-318), 427 

Federal Firrids for A cadeiiiic Scierice. 

Fitcal Year 1970 ~NSF 72-301), 258 

Federal fiord^ for Research. Developriierit, arid Other Scientific Activitie~, 

Fircal Yearr 1970. 1971, 1972 (NSF 

71-35), 245 

Federal R&D Fitriding Coirtirrire~ To Rire 

(NSF 72-314), 289 

Federal Scierrlijic. Techrricaf, arid Health 

Perroiiiiel irr 1970 (NSF 71-47), 64-65 

Federal Support to Uiiiverritier, Colleges, 

aird Selected Noiiprofit fir~~itirtioirt. 

Fiscal Year 1970 (NSF report), 51 

funding and budget, 31, 112, 125, 

Mairpower arid Firiarrcial Reroirrces Allocated to Acadeiiric Scieirce arid Eiigiiieeriiig Activitie.~. 1965-1971 (NSF 

72-302), 112 

Natiorral Patterris of R& D Resoirrcec: 

Firrids arid Mairpower iii the Uriited 

States 1953-1972 (NSF 72-300), 134 

personnel, 34-35, 37, 343 

Scieritirt.r . Errgiireers. aird Ph i,siciari.r Jrorir 

Abroad: Trerids Through Fircal Year 

1970 ~NSF report), 8 

Solar Eizergi irr Dewlopirig Coirirrrie~. 

Per.tpectives arid Pro.tpectr , 138 

Technology Assessment Act of 1972, 

349 

161-162, 191, 245, 262 

RANN program, I, 85, 191, 444 

National Science Foundation Act of 1950, 

National Science Teachers Assn. (NSTA), I, 

Nftfinal Secondary Principals Assn., 222- 

316, 341, 349, 359 

61, 131, 154-155, 265, 384 

LLJ 

National security, 29, 168 

classification system, 92-93, 159-160, 

187 

Convention on the Prohibition of the 

Development. Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) 

and Toxin Weapon\, and onTheiriDestruction, 134,288-289.3 I I 

defense, 46 47, 55-56, 64, 69, 162 

Natiorral Secitritr Strategi, of Realit tic 

Deterrerice (DOD report to Congress), 

64 

space program use, 32, 33, 167 

National Security Agency (NSA), 163 

National Security Council, 187 

National Security Industrial Assn., 50, 93, 

293 

Natiorial Secirritr Strategy of Realirtic 

Deterrerice (DOD report to Congre\\), 

64 

National Space Club (NSC), 59, 98-99, 153, 

National Space Development Agency 

National Symposium on Technology TransNational Technical Information Service 

The Natiorial Techrrolog, Prograrir: LjtilizaNational Weather Service, 93, 154 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty OrganizaNatural Resources, Dept. of (proposed), 

226-227, 286-287, 328 

Press Award, 99 

(Japan), 26 

fer, 225 

(NTIS), 291, 356 

tiori of frrdwtrr (AIAA study), 398 

tion. 

I ** 

ILL 

Naugle, Dr. John E., 56, 65, 107, 189- 

Naumann, Dr. Robert J., 254 

Naval Air Development Center, 372-373 

I90 

Naval Air Station, Sm Diego, Calif., 174 

Naval Con\truction Battalion Center, 358 

Naval Mi\sile Center, 215 

Naval Ob\ervatory, 243 

Naval Research Laboratory (URL), 52, 127, 

254, 270, 306, 326, 327, 365, 395-396 

award\, 29 1-292 

personnel, 179-180 

satellite, 29 1-292 

sounding rocket experiment, 119, 120, 

122, 180, 255 

Space Systems Div., 29 1-292 

Naval Weapon\ Center 

Aerothermochemistry Div., 21 

Navigation (\ee alw Air traffic control), 33, 

aircraft, 20, 178, 182, 200 

Contract, 264 

141-112, 243, 377-378 

ASTRQNAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

548 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

landing systems, 20, 35, 56, 67 

ship, 134, 301 

cpacecraft, 182 

Navigation satellite, 134, 192, 306 

Navy. See U.S. Navy. 

Navy Astronautics Group, 134 

Navy Navigation Satellite System, 134 

NBC. See National Broadcasting Co. 

NBS. See National Bureau of Standards. 

NCAR. See National Center for AtmosNebraska, 356 

NEMS. See Nimbus E microwave spectrometer. 

Neptune (planet), 165, 441 

NERVA. See Nuclear engine for rocket 

vehicle application. 

Ness, Dr. Norman F., 21 

NESS. See National Environmental Satellite 

Service (NOAA). 

Netherlands, 60, 123, 241-242, 389 

Network Project, 190-191 

Neuilly, France, 48 

Nevada, 59, 118, 146-148, 230, 321 

New Hampshire, Univ. of, 91, 315 

New Jersey, 255, 313, 384, 396 

New Mexico, 127, 132-133, 154, 156, 180, 

New Mexico State Univ., 4243 

New York, 136, 220, 248, 266, 275, 388, 

New York, N.Y., 93, 162, 313, 323, 383 

pheric Research. 

189, 202-203, 210 

393, 399 

announcement, 286 

exhibition, 17-18, 185, 21 1 

media, 156-157, 399 

meeting, 112, 117, 159, 192-193, 352, 

museum, 385, 428, 455 

press conference, 341 

“Voyage Beyond Apollo,” 409 

Yankee Stadium, 6 

New York Public Library, 2, 13 

New York Univ., 16, 421 

Newell, Dr. Homer E., 167, 176-177, 

Newhall, Calif., 266 

Newport-Bermuda Race, 242 

Newton, Sir Isaac, 167, 436 

Nicaragua, 442 

Nice, France, 321 

Nicholson, David, 341 

“Nicolaus Copernicus Day,” 274 

Nierenberg, Dr. William A., 282 

NIH. See National institutes of Health. 

Nike (asteroid), 260 

Nike (missile), 403 

Nike (rocket), 73 

Nike-Apache (sounding rocket) 

atomic oxygen study, 374 

auroral study, 15 

cosmic dust particle collection, 242, 343, 

electron and proton spectra, 210, 283, 

galactic astronomy experiment, 222 

ionosphere study, 248, 372, 410 

375 

192-193, 301-302 

348 

284 

langmuir probe, 132 

launch failure, 37 

night-glow study, 374 

nitric oxide, 54 

polar cap absorption (PCA) data, 283, 

thermospheric winds experiment, 349 

winter anomaly study, 39 

Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket) 

atomic oxygen distribution, 186-187 

grenade payload, 186-187 

ion mass spectrometer, 210 

ionosphere study, 251 ozone measurement, 184, 186-187 

Nike-Javelin 111 (sounding rocket), 119, 

120, 122, 127, 147 

Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket) 

auroral aeronomy, 44, 46, 53, 70, 358 

energetic particle experiment, 91 

fields and neutral winds, 90, 91 

particles and fields, 17 

Nikolayev, Andrian G., 354 

Nile Blue (DOD report), 247 

Niles, Ohio, 62 

Nimbus (meteorological satellite), 30, 408 

Nitribus 2, 423 

Nitribuc 3, 17, 423 

Nitribus 4, 77, 124, 184, 186-187, 195, 

Nitribus 5, 422, 423, 447 

Nimbus E microwave Spectrometer (NEMS), 

Nippon Electric Co., Tokyo, Japan, 389 

Nitrogen oxide, 385, 391 

Nix Olympica (Mars), 42-43, 376-377 

Nix Olympica-Tharis (Mars), 225-226 

Nixon, Mrs. Richard M., 324 

Nixon, President Richard M. 

284 

423 

423 

aeronautical satellite program, 49-50 

A erotrautics atrd Space Report of the 

airline security regulations, 93 

Apollo I3 mission tribute, 302 

Apollo 16 mission, messages and statements, 112-1 13, 157, 162-163, 163- 

Apollo 17 mission, messages and statements, 409, 418, 420, 428, 435-437, 

439440 

President: 1971 Activities, 99 

164, 228-229 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), 213, 

appointments and nominations by, 34, 

110, 172, 187, 236, 264, 277, 281- 

assignment approval, 189 

astronaut visit, 41 

bills signed 

228-229, 240-24 1 

282, 288, 289, 341, 374, 397-398, 420 

appropriations, 189, 207, 231, 289, 

Chapel of the Astronauts, 55 

Convention for the Suppression of 

Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of 

Civil Aviation, 372 

291, 298, 327, 362 

549 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Convention on the Prohibition of the 

Development, Production an$ 

Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Bio. 

logical) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, 134 

Eisenhower memorial, 358 

international aeronautical exposition, 

International Exposition on the EnviTechnology Assessment Act of 1972, 

1 IO 

ronment, 365 

349 

bills submitted to, 341, 349 

budget message, 30-3 1 

China visit, 2, 28-29, 59, 72, 86, 96, 98, 

350, 393 

criticism, 3 IO 

Domestic Council programs, 53-54 

Eli viroiimeiital Quality: The Third Aiiiiual 

Report of the Couiicil of Eiiviroiimeiital 

Quality-August 1972, 285 

Erickson, Leif, Day, 297 

European visit, 189, 190, 191, 213 

Executive Order, 92-93, 217-218 

Executive reorganization message, 122 

family, 265 

Gallup poll, 241 

Government document security, 92-93 

hijacking of aircraft, 372, 41 1 

Hot Line approval, 20 

Intelsat Israel connection, 273 

international cooperation, 224-225, 241, 

GCEP, 218-219 

306 .. 

international cooperation, space, 213- 

International Exposition on the Environment, 292, 365 

Ira? visit, 189, 190 

launch assistance policy, 342-343, 348, 

452 

memorandum, 358 

messages, 3 11, 3 18 

messages to Congress, 24-25, 45, 47, 

Minority Business Development ProNational Science Foundation (NSF), 18, 

“Nicolaus Copernicus Day,” 274 

protocol signing ceremony, 275 

reports transmitted to Congress, 139 

resignations accepted by, 130, 221, 280, 

resolutions, 159-160, 216 

science and technology, 105-106, 358- 

214, 228-229, 232, 240-241, 430, 436 

4819.52, 172-173,285,292 

gram, 247 

51 

397-398 

360 

space program, national, 219, 328, 374, 

407, 410, 435-437 

space shuttle, 46-48, 449 

endorsement, 2-4, 5, 6-7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 

funding, 34 

speech, 374-375 

staff, 192-193 

12, 16, 18-19. 32, 36737. 253 

supersonic transport, 361, 444 

super-secret satellite spy system, 214 

treaty, 201-202, 224225, 323, 338 

United Nations Conference on the 

U.S.S.R. agreements 

Human Environment, 236 

Agreement Concerning Cooperation 

in the Exploration and Use of Outer 

Space for Peaceful Purposes, 195 

Agreement on Cooperation in the 

Field of Environmental Protection, 

193-194 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 213, 240- 

24 1 

“Basic Principles of Relations,” 207 

Limitation of Strategic Offensive 

peaceful use of space, 452 

SALT accord, 201-202, 214 

summit accord. 206 

ABM treaty, 201-202, 224-225 

Arms, 331 

U.S.S.R. visit, 185, 189, 190, 191, 

Wright Brothers Day, 422 

197-198, 203, 207, 232, 241, 390 

NOA: new obligationai authority. NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

Noaa I (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration meteorological 

satellite), 70, 352 

Noaa 2, 350, 351-352, 361, 378, 447 

Nobel Peace Prize, 264 

Nobel Prize, 95, 162 

chemistry, 357 

medicine, 348, 387-388 

physics, 2, 61, 357 

abatement, 74, 106, 130-131, 136 

Noise, aircraft 

antisymmetrical wing effect, 19 1-192 

DOT program, 203-204 

funds, 31, 47, 110, 116, 178, 185-186, 

187--188, 209, 273-274, 350, 45 I 

JT3D/JT8D Refan Program, 176, 292 

landing systems, 20, 67, 182 

Quiet Engine Program, 124 

sonic boom research, 80, 327 

CARD policy siudy, 21-22 

Conference on Aircraft Engine Noise 

Reduction, 185-186 

contract, 231, 248, 251, 266, 292, 382 

CTOL, 66 

QUESTOL, 66, 449 

STOL, 2, 40, 66, 124-125, 182 

supersonic transport, 248, 306, 307, 3 19, 

terminal-configured aircraft, 83-84 

TRANSPO ‘72 exhibition, 206 

TriStar, 307 

v f STOL, 67 

329, 349, 427 

VTOL, 66-67 

Nome, Alaska, 173 

NOMSS. see National Operational MeteorNondestructive testing, 4748, 53 

Noordwijk, Netherlands, 241-242 

ological Satellite System. 

550 
North American Rockwell Corp. (NR), 383, 

425 

ASTP Working Group, 

Aviation Services Div., 

F-1 I1 components, 340 RPV man-machine study, 51 

Skylab, 262, 434 

space shuttle, 45, 90, 129, 180, 254, 

STOL prototype, 355 

subcontract, 275, 308, 319 

272, 276, 279, 280, 284-285, 292, 

308, 319, 339, 383-384 

Downey Div., 325 

lawsuit, 91, 382 

meeting, 427 

personnel, 372-373 

Rocketdyne Div., 45, 90, 91, 123, 272, 

Space Div., 61, 180, 254, 256, 272, 383- 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

(NATO), 86, 370 

North Carolina, 390 

North Hollywood, Calif., 156 

North Ray Crater (moon), 6243, 148, 

North Vietnam, 340, 355, 440 

Northeast Corridor Report, 67 

Northeast Ohio Congressional Council, 

Northrop Corp., Northrop Aircraft Corp., 

Northrop, John K., 275 

Northwestern Univ., 300-301 

Norway, 15, 17, 53, 210 

Novak, Dr. Grga, 35 

Novosti News Agency (U.S.S.R.), 110 

Noyes, Crosby S., 411 NPACT. See National Public Affairs Center 

NR. See North American Rockwell 

NRC. See National Research Council. 

NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory. 

292 

384 

326 

326 

240, 275 

for TV. 

Corp. 

Science Teachers 

1972 

velopment Station 

Nuclear weapons, 9, 13, 49, 54, 55-56, 63, 

71-72, 188, 192, 201-202, 207, 218-219, 

259 

0 

OA. See NASA Office of Applications. 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 348, 

Oakland, Calif., 430 

Oao I (Orbiting Astronomical Observatory), 297 

Oao 2, 254, 297 

Oao 3 (Copemicus), 254, 257,295-296,300, 

305, 332, 447 

Oao 3 Project Team, 381 

OAO-B, 296 

OAO-C. See Oao 3. 

OART. See NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. 

OAST. See NASA Office of Aeronautical and 

Space Technology. 

Oberth, Hermann, Award, 69, 202-203 

OBrian, Hugh, 134-135 

OBrian, Hugh, Foundation, 222-223 

O’Brien, Dr. Brian, 140, 380-381 

OBryant, William T., 388 

Observatory (see also individual observatories, such as Boyden Observatory, 

Hale Observatory, High Energy Astronomy Observatory, Mt. Palomar Observatory, Upper Atmosphere Observatory, 

etc.), 95, 276 

Ocean. See Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, 

Pacific Ocean. 

Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum) 

(moon), 14, 148, 377-378 

Oceanography 

remote sensing. 302 

384 

research, 34-3?, 66, 128, 136, 228, 229, 

252. 256 

U 3.4 .S.S. R. cooperation, 177, 229, 

298, 375 
Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology. See NASA Office of Aeronautics and 

Space Technology. 

Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 

365 

Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 

Office of Naval Research (ONR), 244, 315, 

12, 75, 267, 315, 350, 380-381, 451 

335. 369 

Office‘ of Science and Technology (PresOffice of Space Science (GSFC) (NASA), 

ident’s) ~(OST), 191,445 

372 

Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), 48, 

Office of Telecommunications Policy 

Ogo 5 (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory), 

316, 341, 349, 359, 361-362, 387 

(White House), 72 

179-180 

Ohio, 50, 62, 77, 154-155, 186, 391, 399 

Ohio State Univ., 367 

Oh~wrii (Japanese satellite), 295 

OIATU. See NASA Office of Industry Affairs 

and Technology Utilization. 

OLeary, Dr. Brian T., 55, 121, 185 

Olivine, 179 

Olympic Games, 224-225, 3 18 

“Olympics of Science,” 253 

OMalley, Col. Jerome F. (USAF), 320 OMB. 

OME. See Orbit maneuver engine. OMS. See Orbital maneuvering system. 

OMSF. See NASA Office of Manned Space 

ONeal, Dr. Russell D., 282 

ONeil, L/G John W. (USAF), 277, 303 

ONeill, Rep. Thomas P., Jr., 340 

Oir the Mooir wirh Apollo 16, 71 ONR. See Office of Naval Research. 

Onverwacht Strata, South Africa, 158 

“Open skies” agreement, 190 

Ophir-Eos region (Mars), 225-226 

Ophiuchus (constellation), 296 

Opium detection, 3 17 

Optokinetic Nystagmus Reflex, 41 

Orange Bowl Classic (football game), 1 

Orbit maneuver engine (OME), 47 

Orbita network (U.S.S.R. communications 

satellite system), 128, 188, 331, 350, 404, 

426 

See Office of Management and 

Budget. 

Flight . 

Orbital maneuvering system (OMS), 42, 

266 

Orbital Workshop (ows) (Skylab component), 23-24, 169,209,239,262,280, 309, 

325, 384 

Orbiter. See Space shuttle. 

Orbiting Astronomical observatory (see 

also Oao 1. OAO-B, etc.), 305 

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO) 

(satellite) (see also Ogo 5). 275 

Orbiting laboratory. See Orbital Workshop and Salyut. 

Orbiting Solar Observatory (oso) (see also 

Os0 I. Os0 5. 0.70 7, etc.), 213-214, 273, 

275, 276 

Ordnance Missile Command, Redstone 

Oreol (French satellite), 323 

Orientale basin (moon), 364 

Oriorr (Apollo 16 LM). See Lunar modOrioir (NASA barge), 266, 298 

Orion (U.S.S.R. astronomical system), 

Arsenal, 19 

ule. 

?CC 

LJJ 

Orlando, Fla., 98, 138 

Ormes, Dr. Jonathan F., 335 

Orthophotoquads, 235 

Oscar 6 (OSCAR-C) (amateur radio satellite), 352, 361, 452 oso. See Orbiting Solar Observatory. 

Os0 I, 90 

Os0 5, 280 

Os0 7, 107, 273, 276, 280, 284, 330 

OSO-L, 213-214 

OSO-M, 2 13-2 I4 

OSO-N, 213-214 

OSS. See NASA Office of Space Science. 

OST. See Office of Science and Technology. Ostrander, M/G Don R. (USAF, Ret.), 362 

Ostricker, Dr. J. P., 360 

OTDA. See NASA Office of Tracking and 

Ottawa, Canada, 184, 328 

Ottobrunn, West Germany, 304, 377 

Oirrer Planets Exploratiotr. 1972-1985 

(NAS-NRC Space Science Board study), 

3940 

Outer Space Liability Convention, 49 

Outer Space Treaty, 4849 

Outstanding Handicapped Federal EmOutstanding Leadership Medal (NASA), 

Data Acquisition. 

ployee of the Year Award, 131-132 

380-38 1 

Owens, Roy, Interests, Inc., 60 OWS. See Orbital Workshop. 

Oxygen, 254, 272, 304, 374 

Ozone, 43, 173, 184, 186-187, 195, 370, 

476 

P 

P-51 (aircraft), 192-193 

Pacific Missile Range (PMR), 289, 358 

Pacific Ocean , 

ABM test, 174, 300, 361, 411 

Apollo 16 splashdown, 148-149 

Apollo 17 philatelic mail cancellation, 

Apollo 17 splashdown, 297 

earthquake potential, 442 

Intelsat-IV satellite activities, 26-27, 47, 

53, 60-61, 173, 224 

PEACESAT broadcasting, 19 

Safeguard test, 108, 300 

Sprint missile test, 260, 411 

Tacsar I activity, 400 

U.S.S.R. missile launches, 350, 355, 393, 

3 12-3 I3 

429 

Packard, David M., 34 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

552 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Page, Dr. Thorton L., 101, 179, 229, 231- 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., 205 

Pakistan-India war, 9-10 

Palaora, Hans R., 129 

Palmetto Crater (moon), 152 

Palo Alto, Calif., 314 

Palomar-Lyden (asteroid), 260 

Pan American World Airways, Inc.,362,399 

Pan-Pacific Education and Communications Experiments Using Satellites 

(PEACESAT), 19 

232, 306 

Panel on Science and Technology, 34-35 

Pant, Minister of State K. C. (India), 138 

Parachute 

booster recovery, 309 

decelerator system, 223-224, 290, 295, 

deployment test, 173, 187, 195, 

sounding rocket, 105, 173, 184, 195 

U.S.S.R. Venus probe, 267 

Viking, 163, 256, 272-273, 290, 295 

428 

364-365 

Paralytic control device, 38 

Parapsychology, 188 

Paris, France, 75, 168, 268, 271, 317, 335, 

Park, Dr. Arch B., 235 

Parker, Marshall, 88-89 

Parnell, Dr. Thomas A., 16, 181 

Parsons, Brinckeroff, Quade and Douglas, 

Particle accelerator, 55, 78, 88, 429 

Particle identifier, 216 

Particle-impact location detector, 327 

Pasadena, Calif., 322, 379 

Patent 

astronaut backpack harness, 101 

cold camera, 220 

esthesiometer, 184-185 

mail delivery system, 263 

particle-impact location detector, 327 

Rasquin-Estes diamond-maker, 16 

“Smokey,” 258 

solar cell, 250 

television, 156 

244 

378 

Inc., 268-269 

FLASH, 258 

Patrick AFB, Fla., 2, 14, 321, 404 

Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Md., 

Paul, Dr. Rodman W., 316 

Pauling, Dr. Linus C., 162 

Pavlov, Vladimir N., 256 PBS. See Public Broadcasting Service. 

Peace Corps, 192 PEACESAT. See Pan-Pacific Education and 

Communications Experiments Using 

Satellites. 

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 96 

Peary, Adm. Robert E. (USN), 438 

Pecora, Dr. William T., 380-381 

Pecora, Mrs. William T., 380-381 

Peebles, Ohio, 186 

Peenem uende Rocket Center, Germany, 

Peking, P.R.C., 294, 301, 392, 421 

202-203, 205, 337 

Pelehach, Michael, 220 

Pendray, G. Edward, Award, 20-21 

Pennino, Walter A., 124 

Pennsylvania, 54, 59, 139, 353, 371 

Pennsylvania State Univ., 8, 39, 372, 410 

Pentagon papers, 247 

People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.). See 

PEP. See Princeton experiment package. 

Perkins, Dr. Courtland D., 140, 244-245 

Pershing (missile), 202-203 

Peru, 15 

Petrone, Dr. Rocco A,, 62,63,88, 112-1 13, 

Petrov, Dr. Boris N., 127, 140-141, 199, 

Petrov, Dr. Georgy I., 189-190, 311 

Petrovsky, Minister of Health Boris V. 

Philadelphia, Pa., 139 

Philco-Ford Corp., 370 

Philippines, 19, 96 

Phillips, L/C Samuel C. (USAF), 163, 313 

Philpotts, Dr. John A,, 377-378 

Phinney, Dr. Wallace C., 445 

Phobos (Mars moon), 364 

Phosphorus, 14 

Photogeology, 237 

Phototelevision, 90 

Photoemulsion plate, 235 

Photography (%e also Mars, photographs 

Apollo 16 mission, 142-144, 148-149, 

Apollo 17 mission, 148-149, 361, 433, 

at mospheric, 184 

atomic reactor, 14-15 

battery applications, 178-179 

contract, 17 

earth environment and resources, 118, 

China, People’s Republic of. 

297, 398, 435, 440, 442 

208, 252, 257-258, 260 

(U.S.S.R.), 194 

and Moon, photographs) 

press conference, 170-171, 172 

442 

149-150, 158, 165, 169, 254 

120, 142-144, 179-180, 184, 254, 

269, 313, 383, 405, 438, 442. 444 

ERTS, 210, 269-270, 313, 369 

fingerprint transmission, 126 

high-altitude, 120 

infrared, 383 

land use, 118, 269, 383 

lunar, 138, 148-149, 368, 404, 428, 432, 

433. 440 

Mariner Mars probe, 6, 15, 4243, 56, 

meteorological, 184, 262-263, 269 

132, 178, 342, 364, 429 

multispectral, 269 

reconnaissance satellite, 201-202 

Skylab missions, 23-24, 60 

spectrographic, 254, 270-27 1 

U.K. sounding rocket, 120 

ultraviolet, 142-144, 165 

U.S.S.R. lunar probe, 138 

U.S.S.R. Mars probe, 10-11, 28, 90 

x-ray, 41 1 

RBV, 269 

Photometer, 254 

Photopolarimeter, 254, 260 

553 
Photosynthesis, 158, 254 

Physicians, 8, 24, 131 

Physicist, 152 

Physics and astronomy program (NASA), 

160 

Physics iir Perspective (NAS study), 287 

Physics of the Solar System (NASA SP-300), 

Physics of the Space Eirviromneirt (NASA 

Picciolo, Dr. Grace, 258 

Pickering, Dr. William H., 310, 345, 434 

Pigott, Charles M., 331 

Pigpen (comic strip character), 24 

Pilatus Porter (Swiss aircraft), 177 

Pilots (see also Aerospace Research Pilots 

246 

SP-305), 454 

School) 

Apollo 16 CM, 6 

Asian bombing, 443 

award, 258, 263 

cardiac response, 150 

death, 25 

Gemiiri 4 mission, 142 

glider aircraft, 161 

human time cycle study, 308 

lifting body test, 27 1 

lunar module, 258 

noise reduction technique, 124 

press comment, 443 

remote-control landing, 336 

SR-71 aircraft, 162 

TF-8A flight test, 155, 163 

U.S.S.R., 138, 329 

weather monitoring, 93 

Pink Palace Museum, 72 

Pinkel, Irving I., 244 

Pioneer (program), 19, 30, 3940, 408 

Pioneer (spacecraft), 64, 65, 294-295 

Piorieer 5 (interplanetary probe), 83 

Piorieer 6, 83, 280, 300, 314 

Pioneer 6-9 Project Team, 380-38 1 

Pioireer 7, 83, 300, 305 

Pioireer 8, 83, 300 

Pioneer 9, 83, 300 

Piorieer 10 (Pioneer-F), 408 

STOL, 269 

achievements and progress, 81, 88, 140- 

141, 155, 200, 226, 253-254, 305, 339, 

MI . .. Asteroid Belt penetration, 365-366 

communications, 82 

data transmission, 305 

experiments, 81-83, 226, 305, 366 

Jupiter observations, 8 1, 405 

plans, 3940, 56, 71, 314 

plaque, 81, 87-88, 94, 95 

press comment, 87-88, 89, 94 

reconnaissance, 259-260 

solar observations, 81, 280, 300 

spacecraft checkout, 19 

tracking, 438 

Pioneer-F. See Pioireer IO. 

Pioneer-G, 3940, 3 14 

Pioneer-H, 39-40 

Piper Comanche (PA-30) (research aircraft), 336;337 

Pittsburgh, Pa., 37 1 

Pittsburgh, Univ. of, 54 

Pius XI, Pope, Prize, 359 

Planck, Max, Society for Advancement of 

the Sciences, 251 

Planetarium, 428, 454 

Planetary and Earth Sciences Div., MSC 

(NASA), 13-14 

Planetary exploration. See specific planets 

and probes. 

Plankton, 136 

Planning Grant Program (FAA), 272 

Plasma, 79, 108, 141, 275, 337, 404 

Plasma physics, 83 

Plastic, 214, 256 

Platt, Dr. John R., 405 

Plemeur-Bodou, Brittany, 255 

Plesetsk, U.S.S.R. 

Cosmos launch, 33, 69, 77, 87, 102, 113, 

119, 127, 131, 135, 139, 155, 174, 186, 

239. 243. 250. 253. 257. 264-265. 274. 

292; 294; 3 17,’ 3 19,’ 330,’ 338, 340: 346: 

355, 361, 366, 371, 373, 428, 439, 443, 

444, 445 

Iritereosmos 8 launch, 403 

Meteor I2 launch, 243 

Meteor 13 launch, 363 

Molirija If-2 launch, 188 

Mo1irij.a fI4 launch, 426 

Plourde, Gary A,, 20-21 

Plowshare program, 396 PLSS. See Portable life support system. 

Plum Brook Station, Ohio, 94, 287 

Plum Crater (moon), 146-148 

Pluto (planet), 165, 200, 441 

Plutonium 

238 isotope, 80, 194-195, 388 

244 isotope, 13-14, 203 PMR. See Pacific Missile Range. 

pndb: perceived noise in decibels. POBAL. See Balloon, powered. 

Podgorny, President Nikolay V. 

Poetry Society of Texas, 61 

Pogue, L/C William R. (WAF), 23 

Pohwaro (pulsated, overheated, water 

Point Barrow, Alaska, 128, 186-187 

Point Mugu, Calif., 134, 215, 355, 358 

Poker Flat Rocket Range, Fairbanks, 

Alaska, 44, 70, 90, 91, 182-183, 349, 

158 

(U.S.S.R.), 163-164, 191, 193-194, 323, 

368,437 

rocket), 177 

Poland 

astronaut visit, 20, 28. 41 

astronomical research center, 183 

Copernicus, Nicolaus, birthday, 257 

I/?tercosnios 6 instrumentation, 132 

Nixon, President Richard M., visit, 189, 

190, 213 

space technology, 345 

Polar cap, 273, 283, 389 

Polar Morning, 228 

Polaris (missile), 31, 241 

Politics, 133, 181-182, 185, 201 

Pollock, Howard W., 154 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

554 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

248, 276, 302 

Population, world, 5-6 

Port Hueneme, Calif., 358 

Portable life support system (PLSS), 146- 

148 

Porter (utility aircraft), 177 

Porter, Katherine Anne, 409 

Porter, Dr. Rodney R., 348 

Portland, Ore., 400-401 

Poseidon (missile), 31 

Poseidon (NASA barge), 261 

Post-Apollo Lurrar Science, 368 

Postage Day (Belgium), 157 

Postal covers (Apollo 15 mission), 256,258, 

Potassium, 14, 65-66; 148, 172 

Poverty, 133, 135-136, 161, 164 

Powell, R/A Allen L. (UsN), 130 

Powell, Cecil, 379, 398, 411 

Prather, Victor A., Award, 372-373 

Pratt & Whitney Div. See United Aircraft 

P.R.C. See China, People’s Republic of. 

Predham, qeg, 429 

Preliminary Examination Team. See 

Apollo 15 Preliminary Examination Team. 

Present, Stuart M., 25, 214 

Presidential Prizes for Innovation (proposed), 191, 253 

President’s Distinguished Federal Civilian 

Service Medal, 372 

Press comment 

aerospace industry, 2, 10 

Apollo 15 mission, 258, 259, 262, 276, 

289 

Apollo 16 mission 

commemorative medal, 264 

Congressional support, 328 

criticism, 162 

future, 151 

priority, 142 

public complacency, 154, 157 

scientific contribution, 158 

technical problems, 152-153, 160-161 

technological success, 164-165 

U.S.S.R. coverage, 151 

achievements, 389,420,428429,438- 

contributions, 427 

impact, 423 

mission profile, 409, 441-442 

nighttime launch, 424 

nostalgia, 426-427 

peaceful use of space, 434 

splashdown, 441 

TV coverage, 427 

achievements, 152-153, 426, 434, 440 

communications, 41 1-412, 423 

conclusion, 423, 424 

cost, 133 

259, 262, 267-268, 270, 273, 276, 277, 

317, 321 

Corp. 

Apollo 17 mission 

439 

Apollo program 

criticism 162 440 

impact, 

internat ion, 151 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 328 

astronaut, 160-16 1 

Coperiiicus (Oao 3 1, 300 

Defense, Dept. of, 218 

Earth Resources Observation System, 

234 

earth resources survey program, 266 

electronic countermeasures, 6142 

Erts I, 272 

geophysical warfare, 250 

Humail Factors in Long- Duratioir Spaceflight (SSB report), 153 

in tern at io nal Cooperation, space, 15 I, 

276 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 362-363, 

launch assistance policy, 348 

Lunar Science Conference, 13-14, 26 

McGovern, Sen. George S., 314 

Mars (planet), 399 

metric system, 297 

budget, 164-165 

inventions and licensing, 348-349 

New York Public Library, 13 

noise, aircraft, 80 

nuclear reactor, 88 

Pioneer IO, 87-88, 89, 94 

pollution control, 217 

reconnaissance aircraft, 255-256 

reconnaissance satellite (USAF), 96 

science, 37 

Sikorsky, Igor I., 365 

sonic boom, 80 

space program, national, 11, 16, 156, 

space shuttle, 215, 231, 295 

379 

NASA 

162, 167, 178, 272, 314, 348-349, 

407, 41 1412, 422, 423, 426, 440 

benefits, 35, 244-245 

congressional consideration, 7 

cost and funding, 11, 16, 156 

economic consequences, 275 

endorsement impact, 8-9, 10, 11, 18- 

international cooperation, 15, 251- 

launch site, 8 

public support, 328 

space trends, 176-177 

“Spaceship Earth,” 319 

supersonic transport, 361 

19 

252 

TRANSPO ’72, 222, 224 

TRANSPO ’74, 224 

TV broadcast via satellite, 355 

United Nations Conference on the 

Human Environment, 217 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation agreement, 201, 204-205, 206-207 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. summit meeting, 207 

U.S.S.R. space program, 120 

Venus8 (U.S.S.R. space probe), 273,294, 

Vietnam war, 406, 443 

315 

555 
von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 217 

Zvezdny Gorodok (Star City), U.S.S.R., 

111, 117 

Press conference 

Apollo program, 394 

Apollo 16 mission, 6, 62, 96, 237-238 

astronaut, I64 

code names, 109 

inflight briefing, 148-149 

international cooperation, 228-229 

lunar science, 6, 170-171, 363 

MEED experiment, 6, 96-97 

mission review, 172 

photographic results, 170-171, 179- 

i xn 

preflight briefing, 142 

preliminary science results, 179- 180, 

U.S.S.R. reaction, 150 

Apollo 17 mission, 382, 388 

astronaut, 403, 429430 

completion, 435 

lunar science, 363-364, 43 1-432, 433- 

overview, 366-367 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 228,229,250, 

astronomy, international program, 15 1 

communications satellite, 286 

Concorde, 271, 317 

Earth Resources Technology Satellite, 

183-184 

434, 445 

257-258, 260-261, 344345, 382 

235. 313 

F-ln' aircraft, 340 

hijacking of aircraft, 221 

Jupiter-Saturn mission, 320 

Lovell, Capt. James A,, Jr. (USN), retirelunar science, 152, 380 

Mankind I (space probe), 324-325 

Mariirer 9 (interplanetary probe), 4243, 

ment, 392 

225-226 NASA 

budget, 32, 410 

programs, 219 

noise, aircraft, 124 

pollution monitoring, 2 1 

Skylab medical experiment altitude test 

(SMEAT), 285-286 

Skylab program, 23-24 

space program, national, 310, 410, 424 

space shuttle, 5, 11-12, 102, 139-140 

supercritical wing, 214 

supersonic airline service, 341 

Teegan, Dr. John, resignation, 52 

Trident, 185 

unidentified flying objects (UFO), 383 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. 

bilateral cooperation, 90, 236-237 

joint mission, 127, 128, 129 

science and technology agreement, 

199 

space cooperation agreement, 197- 

198, 198-199 

Veirus 8 (U.S.S.R. space probe), 284 

Price, Edward W., 20-21 

Price, Shirley, 131-132 

Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada, 184, 

270 

Princeton experiment package (PEP), 296 

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 

(AEC), 404 

Princeton Univ., 254, 257 

Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical 

Sciences, 140, 244-245 

Probe (see also individual probes and 

experiments, such as Gravitational 

Redshift Space Probe Experiment, 

Luria 19, Lurra 20, Mariirer 8, Mariner 9, Mars 2, Man 3, Pioireer 10, 

Rarrger 9, and Veirus 8) 

balloon,' 16 

Jupiter, 56, 65, 71, 140-141, 200 

lunar. See Ltrira 16. Lirira 17. Luiia 18. 

Luna 19. Luira 20. and Railper 9 

Mars, 1, 6, 10-11, '15, 28, 3u8, 42-43, 

51-52, 56, 60, 65, 132, 166, 167, 178, 

199-200 

Mercury, 65 

meteorological, 24 

Saturn, 56, 65 

Venus, 65, 140-141 

Procter & Gamble Co., 399 

Procurement Office (MSFC) (NASA), 243- 

?PA 

Prognoz (u.s.s.R. satellite), 449 

Progrioz f (Forecast), 139 

Progiroz 2, 242, 323 

Progress Report or1 Flight Iiivestigatioiic oj 

Supercritical Wirig Techiiologv, 72-73 

Project Blue Book, 300-301 

Project Harvest Moon, 325 

Project Search (System for Electronic 

Analysis and Retrieval of Criminal 

Histories), 126 

Propulsion 

electric, 208 

hydrazine, 208 

launch vehicle, 352 

Miiruteiiraii 111, 19 I 

nuclear, 106, 343 

solar-and-nuclear-electric, 107 

space shuttle, 79, 333 

supersonic transport, 349 

systems development, 90, 107 

Proton accelerator, 221 

Proxmire, Sen. William, 10, 120, 131, 179, 

214, 260, 289, 445 

Ptolemaeus Crater (moon), 403 

Public Broadcasting Corp. See Corp. for Public Broadcasting. 

Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 391- 

392 

Public Buildings Act of 1959, 322 

Public health, 6445, 194 

Public Health Service. See U.S. Public 

Public relations, 169-170 

Public sector problems. See Technology 

Public Technology Inc., 270 

Puckett, Dr. Allen E., 20-21, 332 

Puerto Rico, 277 

Health Service. 

utilization, space, social problems. 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

556 
ASTRONAL'TICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

557 

Puget Sound, Wash., 252 

Pulsar, 81, 107, 123, 159,233,261,342,408, 

Pulsed laser radar acquisition-and-ranging 

Purchasing Office (MSFC) (NASA), 243-244 

438 

system, 292-293 

Q 

Quadraplegics, 95 

Quality control, 47-48 

Quantum optics, 287 

Quarantine, 120, 385 

Quasar (quasi-stellar object), 107, 123, 125, 

Qiieeii Elizaberh 2 (ship), 104 

QUESTOL. See Quiet, experimental, short 

Quiet Engine Project, 124, 130, 131, 292 

Quiet Engine Team (L~RC) (NASA), 469 

Quiet, experimental, short takeoff and 

landing (QUESTOL) aircraft, 23, 66, 77, 

161, 315, 350, 387, 449, 451 

Quiet sun, 315 

187, 213, 354, 360, 408 

takeoff and landing aircraft. 

R 

Radar 

air traffic control, 25, 38, 141-142, 454 

aircraft, 240, 336-337, 340 

ionosphere experiment, 244 

lunar exploration, 364, 403 

missiles, 174, 201-202, 41 1 

Salyut detection, 277 

336 

detection, 321 

Radcat (Space Test Program satellite), 

Radiation 

belts, I 15, 227, 389 

corpuscular, 139, 228, 242 

fields, 85, 139 

gamma ray, 90, 139, 242, 384 

infrared, 386 

Jupiter (planet), 39-40 

lunar, 14 

nuclear, 94, 130-131 

nuclear weapons, 192 

particles, 129, 132 

solar, 6, 17, 90, 102, 108, 130, 139, 155, 

184, 242, 243 

ultraviolet, 6, 90, 155, 184, 243, 385, 

386 

X-ray. See X-ray. 

Radio 

astronomy, 115, 213, 365 

experiment, 244. 275. 319 

ndise, 354 

stellar emissions, 332 

tracking, 387 

transmission, 174, 182-183, 253, 284 

transmitter, 364 

waves, 83, 307 

U.S.S.R. communications satellite, 

128, 331, 350, 404, 426 

Radio Amateur Satellite Corp. (AMSAT), 

Radio Corp. of America. See RCA. 

Radio explorer satellite, 264 

Radio Physics Institute (U.S.S.R.), 273 

Radio propagation experiment, 372 

Radioactivity, 53, 80, 256 

Radioastronomy, 365 

Radio-interferometer receiver, 403 

Radioisotope thermoelectric generator 

Radiometer, 128, 305, 352, 366, 369, 423, 

352, 452 

( RTG), 80, 85, 226, 306, 388 

433 

Radiotelescope, 18, 123, 187, 213-214, 233, 

307, 354, 360, 365 

Rae. Dr. John B.. 444 

Raiffa, Dr. Howard, 340 RAM. See Research and applications modRamey, James T., 132-133 

Ramjet engine, 345 

R &D. See Research and development. R &PM. See Research and program manageRangel, Rep. Charles D., 155 

Ranger (program), 403 

Ranger 9 (lunar probe), 62 RANN. See Research Applied to National 

Ransone, Robert K., 189 

Rasool, Dr. S. Ichtiaque, 17, 246, 311, 

Rasquin, John R., 16 

Raven Industries, Inc., 315 

Raytheon Co., 35, 123, 302 

RB-211 Qet engine), 288, 307 RBV. See Return-beam-vidicon camera. RCA (Radio Corp. of America), 184, 220, 

ules. 

RAND COP., 123, 155 

ment. 

Needs. 

376-377, 444 

221, 263, 410 

Aerospace Systems Div., 138 

Electronics Div., 263 

Government Communications Systems, 

288 

Rci-Global Communications, Inc., 28- 

29, 98, 294, 410 RCA Service Co., 264 RCS. See Reaction control system. 

RD-107B (U.S.S.R. booster), 128 RDc. See NASA Regional Dissemination 

Centers. 

RDT &E (research, development, test, and 

engineering). See Research and development. 

Reaction control system (RCS), 33, 144-146, 

I9 1 

Reactive Metals, Inc., 62 

Reagan, Gov. Ronald, 101 

Rechtin, Dr. Eberhardt, 18, 34, 45 

Reconnaissance drone, 72 

Reconnaissance satellite, 377 

criticism, 190 

exhibit, 214 

India-Pakistan war monitoring, 9-10 

launch, 77, 108, 154, 200, 305, 346 

opium surveillance, 3 17 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

peaceful use, 9-10 

press comment, 96 

SALT compliance monitoring, 201-202, 

submarine launch monitoring, 96 

U5S.R.-Cuban launch site, 321 

U.S.S.R. reaction, 362 

288 

Redondo Beach, Calif., 200-201 

Redstone Arsenal, Ala., 19, 45-46, 292 

Reed, Nathaniel P., 216 

Reed, Sylvanus Albert, Award, 20-21 

Rees, Dr. Eberhard F. M., 45-46, 69, 205, 

309.440 

Regokth, 385-386 

Reinecke, Lt. Gov. Ed (Calif.), 101 

Reis, Herbert K.. 134 

Relativity, theory of, 132, 194, 360 

Relay (communications satellite), 255 

Remote sensing (see also Sensor) 

aircraft, 101, 314-315 

cost-effectiveness, 302 

environment, 21-24, 101, 128, 173, 177, 

229, 314-315 

cooperation, 301-302 

Interagency Coordination Committee 

for Earth Resources Survey Program, 75 

programs, 75, 302 

international cooperation, 173, 177, 184, 

229, 302 

technology, 34-35, 235, 314-3 15 

E RTS 

Remote Sensing Agreement, 230 

Remote terminals, 372 

Remotely manned systems, 316 

Remotely piloted research vehicle (RPRV), 

336-337 

Remotely piloted vehicle (RPV), 51, 316, 

321, 336-337, 393 

Rendezvous (see also Docking) 

Apollo 16 mission, 148, 228 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 61, 174-175, 

budget, 198-199 

congressional briefing, 209, 229, 239- 

contract, 378 

joint communique, 207, 252 

launch hardware, 28 

Presidential message, 106 

press comment, 407 

press conference, 197-198, 228, 250, 

“rendock.” 182. 205 

192-193, 196, 244, 335, 449 

240 

257-258, 260-261, 344 

spacecraft compatibility, 120, 178, 196, 

356, 378 

technical requirements, 136-137, 158 

training, 354 

U.N. resolution, 356 

working groups, U.S-U.S.S.R., 120, 

127, 178, 252, 282, 322, 409 

computer simulation, 3 IO rescue operations, 137, 240, 344 

Skylab, 344 

space shuttle, 229 

197-198, 239-240, 240-241, 344, 

“Rendock,” 182, 205 

Renton, Wash., 42 

Republic Aviation Div. See Fairchild 

Industries, Inc. 

Republican National Platform, 298-299 

Rescue. See Space resue. Research and applications modules (RAM). 

Research and development (R &D) 

69, 333 

aircraft industry, 22, 122 

awards. 403 

funding 

289 

congressional recommendation, 274, 

environmental technologjr, 47, 116 

presidential campaign issue, 358-359 

scholastic, 258, 326 

military, 65, 233-234, 293-294, 3 19-320 

national trends, 29, 153 

publications, 134, 31 1 

small businesses, 223 

solar energy, 85, 445, 446 mace shuttle. 231. 261 

NASA, 64, 78, 125 

tiansportation, 52 

U.S.A., 115 

“Researct, and Development in the 

Research and engineering (DOD), 245 

Research and program management 

(R&PM). 160 

tiansoortation. 52 

“Reseah, and’ Development in the 

U.S.A., 115 

Research and engineering (DOD), 245 

Research and program management 

(R&PM). 160 

Research’ Applied to National Needs 

Research Council, St. Louis, Mo., 118 

Return-beam-vidicon (RBV) camera, 235, 

Reusable surface insulation (RSI), 261 

Reynolds, Dr. Joseph M., 282 

(RANN), 1, 85, 191, 444 

269-270, 284 

rf radio frequency. 

Rice, Dr. Donald Blessing, 123 

Rice Univ., 44, 70. 83, 86. 315 

Richard, Paul, 17-18 

Richardson, Robert W., 184-185 

Richardson, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Elliot L., 397-398 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 42, 383 

Ripley, Dr. S. Dillon, 11, 372 

Risso, William P., 352 

Riverside, Calif., 3 15 

Rizzi, Dr. Arthur W., 441 

RO&AS Joint Venture (see also Advance 

Roberson, Floyd I., 434 

Roberts, R. Danning, 241 

Rochester International Conference on 

Rochester, Univ. of, 188, 282 

Rock, William H., 331 

Rockefeller Foundation, 388 

Rocket (see also Launch vehicle and 

Systems Construction, Inc.), 60 

High Energy Physics, 16th, 314 

Sounding rocket ) 

auroral expedition, 373 

cost, 90 

558 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

design, 256, 373 

hydrogen detection, 270-27 1 

launcher, 269 

meteorological program, 1 18, 395-396 

monitoring test, 96 

P.R.C., 96 

propulsion systems, 107, 234, 333 

solid-fueled, 309 

space shuttle, 272, 332 

U.S.S.R., 96, 352, 429 

water-entry simulation, 308 

Rocket engine. See Engine. 

Rocketdyne Div. See North American 

Rockwell International Corp., 383 

Rockwell Standard Corp., 382, 383 

Rockwell, Willard F., 372-373 

Rocky Mountains, 27, 45 

Rodgers, Donald R., 286-287 

Rogers, Secretary of State William P., 

Rohr Industries, lnc., 52 

Rolls-Royce (1971) Ltd., 288. 297 

Romania, 132, 439 

Rome, Italy, 54 

Roosa, L/C Stuart A. (USAF), 179, 194, 

Rockwell Corp. 

49-50, 90, 122, 194, 199 

372-373 

Rosen, Milton W., 345, 395-396 

Ross, Miles, 424 

Roswell, N. Mex., 272, 428 

Rotary Club (Salt Lake City), 219 

Rover. See Lunar roving vehicle. 

Royal Greenwich Observatory, 243 

Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific 

and Industrial Research (NTNF), 210 

Royal Society of London, U.K., 299-300 

Rozhdestvensky, Robert, 405 RIPRV. See Remotely piloted research 

RPV. See Remotely piloted vehicle. RSI. See Reusable surface insulation. 

RTAC. See NASA Research and Technology 

Advisory Council. RTG. See Radioisotope thermoelectric 

generator. 

Rubin, Andrey, 291 

Rush, Kenneth, 34, 35 

Ryan, Dr. James J., Jr., 258, 263, 321, 

S 

ve hicle . 

350 

S-IC. See Saturn V (booster), stage, 1st. 

SIVB. See Saturn V (booster),stage, 

3rd. 

S-Band occultation, 8 1 

Sacramento, Calif., 126 SAE. See Society of Automotive Eogi- neers. Safeguard (antiballistic missile system), 3 I, 

49, 72, 108, 260, 300, 327 

Safety (see also NASA Aerospace Safety 

aircraft, 25, 31, 67, 178, 186, 187-188, 

Advisory Panel; Space rescue) 

190, 204, 209 

astronaut, 68, 129, 132, 298 

Life Scientist Program, 298 

mine, 73-74 

nuclear reactor, 162 

space shuttle sortie payload, 220 

structural engineering, 7 I, 225 

388, 443 

. ntal vehicles, 206 

139 

Safronov, Yu., 362 

Sagan, Dr. Carl E., 6, 252-253, 342, 387- 

Saigon, South Vietnam, 393 

St. John, Jeffrey, 133 

St. Louis, Mo., 118,219,241,281,282,341, 

St. Luke’s Hospital, Denver, Colo., 92 

St. Martin du Touch Airfield, France, 

St. Petersburg, Fla., 17 

Sakhorov, Andrey D., 240 SALT. See Strategic Arms Limitation 

SALT 11 (agreement), 218 

Salt Lake City, Utah, 323 

Salt Lake City, Utah, Rotary Club, 219 

Salyut (U.S.S.R. space station), 58 

achievement, 86, 166 

docking, 61, 108, 128, 174-175, 197-198, 

206-207 

failure, 277 

plans, 166 

simulator. 11 1 

395, 400 

365 

Talks. 

Salyut I-Soyuz II (U.S.S.R. orbital staSalzburg, Austria, 190, 191 

Samford Univ., 206 

Samoa, 367, 419, 439 

SAMSO. 

San Antonio, Tex., 38, 137, 233, 411 

San Clemente, Calif., 2-4, 12 

San Diego, Calif., 20-21, 96, 141, 148-149, 

San Francisco, Calif., 6566, 270, 271, 

San Francisco Medical Center CardioSan Francisco State College, 55 

San Marco (Italian launch site), Indian 

Sanders, Joseph F., 170 

Sanders, Newell D., 186, 244 

Sandhawk Tomahawk (sounding rocket), 

Santa Monica Freeway, 35 

SAO. See Smithsonian Astrophysical ObSargent, Dr. W. L. V., 360 

Sarnoff, Robert W., 410 

SAS. See Small Astronomy Satellite. 

SAS-B (Small Astronomy Satellite). See 

Saskatchewan, Canada, 184 

Satellite for Environmental and Technical 

Research. See Srer I, 2, 3. 

Satellite Test Center, 337 

tion), 255 

See Space and Missiles Systems 

Organization. 

174, 343 

293 

vascular Research Institute, 74-75 

Ocean, 386 

182- 1 83 

servatory. 

Explorer 48. 

559 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Saturn (booster), 33,45, 175-176,280, 309, 

424, 440 

Saturn I, 169-170 

Saturn IB, 28,33, 169-170, 197-198,298, 

384 

Saturn V 

Apollo missions, 150, 432 

Apollo 16 mission, 28, 46, 112, 

Apollo 17 mission, 301, 361, 413, 420 

contract, 227 

launch, 142, 413 

lifting power, 140 

magnetomotive hammer, 16 

Skylab mission, 189 

stage 

142-144, 151 

1st (S-IC), 112, 227, 266, 361, 413 

3rd (S-IVB), 180-181, 237. 413- 

Saturn V Orbital Workshop. See Skylab. 

Saturn (planet) 

415,432 

von Braun influence, 202-203 

Apollo 17 emblem, 347 

atmosphere, LST monitoring, 176 

exploration 

cost, 90, 451 

Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 project, 

266, 320, 423 

plans, 28, 39-40, 56, 64, 65 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. cooperation, 178, 311 

extraterrestrial life, 291 

size, 165 

space environment model, 441 

Titan (moon), 65 

243-244 

Saturn Program Office (MSFC) (NASA), 

Sawfly (U.S.S.R. rnide), 71, 335, 397 SBA. See Small Business Administration. SCAD. see Strategic bomber penetration 

Scandinavia, 133-134 

Scanning radiometer (sR), 352 

Schaeffer, Dr. Oliver A., 363 

Scheer, Julian, 421-422 

Schilling, David C., Award, 320 

Schirra, Capt. Walter M., Jr. (USN, Ret.), 

27 1 

Schlesinger, Dr. James R., 53, 288, 374, 

404, 421 

Schliesing, John A., 310 

Schmitt, Dr. Harrison H. 

Apollo 17 mission, 436 

decoy. 

emblem, 347 

EVA, 414-419, 440, 444 

launch, 413 

lunar landing, 367 

medical aspects, 403, 420 

prelaunch test, 389 

preliminary timeline, 297 

press comment, 438 

press conference, 363-364, 382 

spacecraft naming, 382 

awards and honors, 429 

Schneider, William C., 63 

Schneiderman, Dan, 98, 274, 310 

Scholastic cooperation, 85, 254, 264, 265, 

Schomburg, L/G August (USA, Ret.), 19 

Schopf, Dr. J. William, 158 

Schrieffer, Dr. John R., 357 

Schull, Wilfred E., 235 

Schultz, M/G Kenneth W., 189 

Schumacher, Howard E., 20-21 

Schurmeier, Harris M., 266, 320, 403 

Schwartz, Dr. Philip R., 365 

Schweickart, Russell L., 23, 72, 219 

Science 

330 

awards and honors, 95, 191, 202-203, 

education, 1, 154-155, 201, 283-284, 

357, 429 

7-49 

funds, 112, 359 

human needs, 25, 29, 159-160, 230 

international cooperation 

agreements, 195, 199, 201, 203, 206, 

basic research, 94 

environment, 298 

207, 303 

national policy and goals, 1, 37, 60, 

Presidential message, 105- 106 

space program, 57,63, 101, 102, 152-153, 

160-161, 200-201, 287, 298-299 

167, 176-177. 183-184 

Science and Applications Directorate (MSC) 

Science and Technology Agency (Japan), 

Science Research Council (U.K.) 208, 

(NASA), 205 

26 

354 

Scientific instrument module (SIM), 142- 

Scientist-astronaut, 23-24, 55, 121, 185, 

Scientists 

144, 148-149, 366, 414, 419 

322, 406, 413, 426 

American Physical Society, 159 

awards, 21, 253 

credibility, 13 

employment, 6445, 134, 326, 339 

Environmental Action Group, 162 

Federation of American Scientists, 18 1 

foreign, 8, 71, 202-203, 239, 392 

international cooperation, 127, 128, 136, 

173, 299-300 

U.S.-P.R.C.. 181 

U.S.-U.S.S.R., 136, 187, 189-190, 

195-196, 199, 208, 352 

life sciences, 68, 158, 298 

lunar science, 52, 54, 71, 133, 181 

manned space flight, 11, 41, 64, 70, 121, 

meetings, 17,21,60,72-73, 154-155, 159, 

NASA programs, 135, 176, 302, 331, 405 

patent, 184-185 

planet discovery, 165 

request for proposals, 177-178, 275 

research and development, 42, 70, 134, 

140, 204-205, 344, 423, 426 

162, 178, 291, 321, 330, 385 

175, 359 

satellite programs, 28, 48, 174, 208, 254, 

320, 369, 423 

5 60 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

56 1 

Scientists and Engineers for Social and 

Scierirists. Eiigiiieers, aiid Physiciaiis frow 

Treiid.7 Through Fiscal Year 

Political Action, 444 

A broad: 

1970. 8 

SCMR. see Surface-composition-mapping 

Scotland, 96 

Scott, Col. David R. (USAF), 150 

Apollo 1.5 

radiometer. 

EVA, 432 

lunar observations, 13-14 

appointment, 194, 273 

awards and honors, 99, 114, 157, 210, 

267-268, 335-336 

commercialism, 232, 256, 276, 282-283 

press comment, 276 

public appearance, 1, 20, 28, 35, 61 

White House visit, 41 

Scott, Sen. Hugh, 226, 264 

Scott, James E., 73 

Scott, Sheila, 77 

Scott, Wallace, 161 

Scott AFB, 111.. 61 

“Scott and Erwin on the Moon” (sculpture). 17-18 

Scout (booster), 115, 210, 290, 306, 

Scout-D. 194, 381. 430 

344-345, 361, 386 

SCR. See Selective chopper radiometer. 

Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 282 

Sea of Clouds (Mare Nubium) (moon), 

404 

Sea of Crises (Mare Crisium)(moon), 179, 

433 

Sea of Fertility (Mare Fecunditatis) 

Sea of Rains (Mare Imbrium) (moon), 14, 

(moon), 53, 179 

377-318 

Sea of Serenity (Mare Serenitatis) (moon), 

54, 363, 367, 433 

Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquillitatis) 

(moon), 265 

Seal Beach, Calif., 309 

Seamans, Dr. Robert C., Jr., Secretary of 

the Air Force, 8, 77, 258, 263, 286-287, 

378, 382-383, 443 

Search, Project (System for Electronic 

Analysis and Retrieval of Criminal 

Histories), 126 

Seattle, Wash., 93, 166, 169, 256 

Second Supplemental Appropriations Act, 

1972, 207 

Secretariat for Electronic Test Equipment 

(SETE), 16 

Sedov, Dr. Leonid I., 137, 344, 353 

Seiberling, Rep. John F., Jr., 326 

Seismology, 95 

Seismometer experiment, lunar, 142- 144, 

Selb Manufacturing Co., 209 

Selective chopper radiometer (SCR), 423 

Senate. See Congress, Senate. 

Senjors, 43, 63-64, 69, 377-378 

Serenitatis Bawl (moon), 363 

Serpukhov, U.S.S.R., IO, 55, 221, 314 

219-220, 237, 380 

Service propulsion system (SPS), 142-144, 

Service Technology Corp. See LTV AeroSES-100A (surface effect ship), 252 

Sesp 1971-2 (Space Test Program satellite), 

SETE. See Secretariat for Electronic Test 

Shadow bands, 254 

Shafer, Robert J., 52 

Shaffer, John H., 93, 326, 430 

Shanghai Airport, 86, 98 

Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, 

Shapley, Dr. Harlow, 357 

Shapley, Willis H., 216, 234 

Shatalov, Vladimir A., 110-1 11, 335, 338, 

144-146, 148 

space Corp. 

354, 369 

Equipment. 

28-29, 294 

315 

Shelby County, Tenn., 72 

Sheldon, Dr. Charles S., 11, 7, 28, 166 

Shen. Dr. Wen-we. 441 

Shepard, R/A Alan B., Jr. (IJSN), 122, 

Shepard, Leonard E., 372-373 

Sherman Antitrust Act, 122 

Sherrod, Robert, 23 1-232 

272-273, 404, 432 

Shevchenko, U.S.S.R., 2 

Sbbisei (Japanese satellite), 295 

Ships 

military, 134, 301, 327 

passenger, 104, 409 

recovery, 148-149, 162, 313, 366, 405, 

research, 21, 128, 136 

surface effect, 252 

yawl, 242 

Shirley Bay, Canada, 328 

Shklovskiy, Josif, 187 

Shobert, Erle I., 11, 93 

Shockley, Dr. William, 441 

Short takeoff and landing aircraft. 

Shorty Crater (moon), 416, 432, 440 

SHOT. 

Technology . Shuttle Task Team, 110 

Shuttle training aircraft (STA), 247 

Siberia, 254, 404 

Sickle and Hammer (U.S.S.R. gold medal), 

419, 435 

See STOL. 

See Society for the History of 

326, 368 

Sieger, Herman E., 232 

Siffre, Michel, 308 

Significant Accomplishments in Science 

Significavt Accomplishments in TechSikorsky Aero Engineering Corp., 362 

Sikorsky Aircraft Div. See United Aircraft 

Sikorsky, Igor I., 362, 365 

Silicon cell, 250 

Silver, Dr. Leon T., 14 

SIM. See Scientific in\trument module. 

Simmons, Dr. Gene M., 71 

Singer Co., 266 

(symposium), 378 

nology (symposium), 377-378 

Corp. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Sinus Aestuum (moon), 433 

Site Review Board. See NASA Site Review 

Sjoberg, Sigurd A, 172 

Skybolt (missile), 403 

Skyhook Project, 335 

Skylab (program), 23-24, 28, 58, 68, 69, 

Board. 

128, 205, 288, 298, 408 

contract, 39, 44, 434 

cost factors, 27, 30, 64, 125, 198-199, 

crew, 23, 281, 282, 426, 447 

development and testing, 261, 262, 282, 

emolovment. 78. 301. 424 

ATM, 44, 70, 262 

245, 297-298, 407, 424, 439 

341, 360, 447 

international cooperation, 27 

management, 63, 159 ' medical aspects, 24, 68,97, 184-185,279, 

282, 347-348 

Nixon comment, 436 

plans 

experiments, 24, 41, 44, 68, 70, 96-97, 

astronomy, 24, 70, 239 

earth observation, 24, 6344, 221- 

materials science, 27, 41, 210-21 I, 

219 

222, 283, 383 

337 

press conference, 23-24, 285-286 

safety considerations, 135, 344 

Saturn IB booster, 266, 280, 298 

shower assembly development, 165-166 

status 33, 6344 

suooort services. 44. 248 

tedhology utilization, 309 

airlock module (AM), 219, 262, 280, 282, 

multiple docking adapter (MDA), 219, 

Workshop, 60, 68, 169, 209, 262, 298 

Skylab (spacecraft), 58, 189 

325, 341, 344 

262, 280, 282, 325, 341 

Skylab A, 33 

Skylab B, 33 

Skylab Educational Conference, 1, 265 

Skylab medical experiments altitude test 

(SMEAT). 273. 281. 285-286. 323 

Skylab Skdent'Project, 1, 35,'61, 131, 177, 

Skylark (U.K. sounding rocket), 120 

Slayton, Maj. Donald K. (USAF, Ret.), 97, 

222-223, 265, 288 

128. 205. 232. 280 

Sloan, Alfred P., Foundation, 299 SM (service module). See Command and 

service module. 

Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS), 361, 386 

Explorer 42 IUhuru). 56-57, 107, 261, 

Explorer 48 (SAS-B), 361, 386, 447, 452 

Small Business Administration (SBA), 88- 

89, 311 

Small Business Assn. Achievement Award, 

247 

Small Business Investment Companies 

Small Scientific Satellite (sss), 233, 280 

307, 332, 360, 438 

(SBICS), 106 

Small tactical aerial mobility platform 

SMEAT. See Skylab medical experiments 

Smith, Arthur, 167 

Smith, Dr. Bradford, 42-43 

Smith, Dr. Edward J., 266 

Smith, Rep. H. Allen, 322, 430, 434 

Smith, H. Allen, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 322, 338, 358, 363. 375. 395 

Smith, Kenneth M., 221 

Smith, Dr. Malcolm C., 71-72 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 

14, 38, 130-131, 194, 372, 434, 454 

Smithsonian Institution, 153, 29 I, 372 

Aerospace Art Hall, 211 

Arts and Industrie\ Building, 74 

National Air and Space Museum, 45, 

Smog, 35, 101 

Smokey (long-range laser traverhg sysSmoky Mountain (moon), 146-148 SMS. See Synchronous Meteorokogical 

(STAMP), 446 

altitude test. 

388, 454 

tem), 138, 258 

Satellite. 

SMS-A, 171 

SMS-B, 171 

SNAP-9A (radioisotope thermoelectric 

SNAP-27, 388 

Snyder, C. Thomas, 98 

Social problems, 46-47, 73-74, 133, 

Social Science Research Council, 392 

Society for the History of Technology 

Society of Air Safety Engineers, 350 

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 16, 

Society of Engineering Science, 227 

Society of Japanese Aircraft Constructors, 

Socorro, N. Mex., 104 

Soil Mechanics Investigation Science 

Team. See Apollo Soil Mechanics Investigation Science Team. 

Soil studies, 298 

Solar array, 208, 270 

Solar astronomv See Astronomv wlar 

Solar atmosp 

Solar cell, I, 38, 8 

291-292, 3 

Solar corona, 254 

Solar eclipse, 254 

Solar emissions, 242, 387 

Solar energy, 123, 128, 250, 252-253, 330, 

generator), 80 

135-136 

(SHOT), 443444 

I37 

204 

387 

data exchange, U.S.-U.S.S.R., 199, 

236-237, 341 

development and use, 85, 138, 160 

satellite system, 123, 251, 291-292 

proach, 446 

Perspectives arid Prospecis, 138 

Solar Eiiergy: A Muliidiscipliirary ApSolar Eirergy in Developiirg Couiriries: 

Solar evolution, 253-254, 420 

562 
launch 

Solar storm, 273, 276, 280, 284, 300 

exploration, 28, 39-40, 166, 176-177, 

formation, 176, 246 

lunar programs, 57-58, 377-378 

magnetic shells, 29 1 

tenth planet, 165 

Solar wind, 5 1, 44 1 

measurement, 177-178, 300 

spacecraft observations, 28, 38, 242, 308, 

spacecraft propulsion, 141 

Solid-fuel motor, 35, 39 

Solid-waste management, 1, 5 

Sonar. 441 

374 

325 

Sonic’boom, 74, 80, 191-192, 306, 327 

So0 Canal, 21 

SORIS. See Italian Research OrganizaSorokhov, Gen. Simha (Israel), 91 

Sortie can (space shuttle payload carrier), 

Sortie Can Task Team, 129 

tion. 

11-12, 68, 129, 239, 366, 452 

orce (OMSF), 398, 451 

Sounding rocket (see also individual sounding Aerobee, Arcas, 

J av e, Skylark, etc.), 245, 373, 374, 378, 449 

exoeriments 

Aerobee 150, 156, 287 

Aerobee 170, 61, 127, 158, 180, 189, 

Arcas. 173. 184. 195 

222, 242, 288, 422, 427 

Black Brant VC, 210, 222 

Nike-Apache, 54, 132, 210, 222, 283, 

Nike-Cajun, 184, 186-187, 210 

Nike-Javelin Ill, 119, 127 

Nike-Tomahawk, 44, 46, 53 

Sandhawk Tomahawk, 182-183 

284 

launch failure, 37 

meridional networks, 229 

test, 327, 360, 388 

South Africa, 155, 158, 181 

South America, 38, 63, 133-134, 263, 379 

South Atlantic Anomaly, 216 

South Carolina, 236, 413 

South China Sea, 96 

South Massif (moon), 416 

South Ray Crater (moon), 146-148, 172 

Southern Contractors Service, 169-170 

Southwest Research Institute. 38 

Soviet Academy of Sciences, 2, 14, 71, 85, 

Council for International Cooperation in 

Investigation and Utilizationof Out- er Space, 127 

Institute of Space Studies, 10-1 I 

Intercosmos Council, 140-141, 208, 252 

international cooperation 

Joint Working Group on the Natural 

Environment, 298 

scientist exchange, 136 

visitation, 354 

86, 138, 179, 299-300, 374, 385-386 

international cooperation. space, 14. 75, 

136- 195-196, 208, 282, 305, 310- 

311, 375 

563 
Soviet Institute of Outer Space Research, 

Ssviet Ministry of Health, 170 

Soviet Mountains (moon), 237 

Soviet National Conference on Space BiolSoviet Politburo, 299 

Soviet Space Program. 1971, 166 

Soviet Space Programs. 1966-70, 7 

Soviet Standards Committee, 215-216 

Soyuz (program), 7, 28, 166, 279 

Soyuz (U.S.S.R. spacecraft) (see also Apollo-Soyuz Test Project), 61, 108, 130, 

353, 354 

Soyuz I1 mission, 167, 180, 279 

Soyuz I2 mission, 166 

So.ruz 13 mission, 166 SPAC. See NASA Space Program Advisory 

Council. 

Space and Defence Systems Div. See 

Marconi Co. Ltd. 

Space and Missile Systems Organization 

(SAMSO) (USAF), 163, 189, 313, 336, 370 

Space and Science Awareness Month, 72 

Space biology and medicine, 24, 30, 50, 

63-64, 67-68, 75, 97, 101, 132, 227, 

248. 273 

177, 189-190 

ogy and Medicine, 360 

ALFMED experiment, 6 

animal experiments, 394, 404 

Applicatioiis of Aerospace Techiiology iii 

astronaut, 52, 65-66, 68, 119-120, 153, 

award, 348 

Biosatellite 11. 170 

cardiology, 86 

enzyme research, 247, 357 

extraterrestrial life, 171, 291 

Humari Factors iii Long-Duratiori SpaceIMBLMS. 283 

the Public Sector, 75 

279-280, 420 

AVST, 41 

flight. 129. 153 

internaiional cooperation, 15, 127, 170, 

180, 194, 195-196, 201, 203, 207, 229, 

239, 240-24 1, 279-280 

Life Scientist Program, 74-75, 298 

life support system, 129, 187, 194-195, 

lung tissue study, 67-68 

medical glossary, 279 NASA program 

Apollo 8 mission, 394 

Apollo 15 mission, 65-66 

Apollo 16 mission, 68, 119-120, 135, 

148-149, 150, 152, 164, 166, 172, 

279-280 

Apollo 17 mission, 68, 385, 388, 404, 

414, 419-420, 437 

Skylab, 41, 6344, 189, 281, 285-286, 

space shuttle, 293 

nutrition, 7 1-72 

remote health care, 464 

spacecraft sterilization, 24 

technology utilization. See Technology 

293, 298 

323, 347-348 

utilization, space, medicine. 

time cycle study, 308 

U.S.S.R. program, 360, 403 

weightlessness effects, 15, 24, 41, 65-66, 

73, 129, 136, 241, 279-280, 321-322, 

337, 360, 419 

Space Congress, Ninth, 154 

Space Data Corp., 113 

Space debris, 109 

Space Environmental Simulation LaboraSpace Fair, Point Mugu, Calif., 358 

Space Flight Award (AAS), 372-373 

Space hibernation, 384 

“Space in the Age of Aquarius” (TV proSpace law, 197 

Space, military use of 

tory, 301 

gram), 134-135 

Apollo program, 441 

communications, 116, 190, 37 1, 425 

moon, 134 

powered balloon system, 3 19 

press comment, 441 

reconnaissance, 25, 96, 100, 154, 190, 

space shuttle, 8, 9, 18-19, 34, 139-140, 

200, 201-202, 305, 346 

157, 451 

“super-secret satellite spy system,” 2 14 

Transit navigation satellite, 192 

U.S., 130-131, 245, 319, 407 

DOD, 8, 31, 190, 362 

352, 411 

U.S.S.R., 7, 120, 167-168, 252, 328-329, 

weather control, 247, 250 

West Germany, 159 

Space Nuclear Rocket Development Station, 59 

Space Nuclear Systems Office. See AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Systems Office. 

Space Ordnance Systems, Inc., 266 

Space, peaceful use of, 35, 342-343, 371, 

452 

international cooperation 

Agreement Concerning Cooperation 

in the Exploration and Use of Outer 

Space for Peaceful Purposes, 

195-197 

Outer Space Liability Convention, 49 

U.N. activity, 348, 356, 357 

U.S.-U.S.S.R., 127, 191, 197, 203, 

U.S.S.R.-France, 323 

press comment, 423, 434 

Treaty on Principles Governing the 

Activities of States in the Exploration 

and Use of Outer Space, Including the 

Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, 195, 

203 

United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 173 

U.S. foreign policy, 4849 

204-205, 207, 336, 338, 452 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

5 64 
ASTRONAUTICS A AD AERONAUTICS, 1972 

achievements, 112-1 13, 135-136, 286, 

374, 394, 442-443, 447 

benefits (see also 

budget (see also National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration, budget), 

64, 86-87, 89-90, 99-100, 116, 133, 

161-162, 164-165, 219, 297, 410, 450 

Cost, 86-87, 89-90, 99-100, 137, 188, 

Coi?que.Tr of Space, 2 I I 

190-191, 293, 407, 424 

criticism, 55, 200-201, 223, 328, 407, 

424 

goals and priorities, 27-28, 32, 36, 121, 

history, 132-133, 405 

international aspects (see also International cooperation, space; Space 

race), 4849, 125, 126, 128, 167, 239, 

142, 279, 326, 450451 

251-252, 333, 342-343, 407 

U.S.-U.S.S.R., 7, 136-137, 140-141, 

150, 166, 167-168, 175-176, 185, 

197-198. 362 

Nixoi1,President Richard M., 2-4,49-50, 

opinion, 134-135, 231, 314, 359, 422, 

1 12- I 13, 428, 435437 

430 

outlook, II, 58, 140, 175-176, 177, 181- 

182, 219, 328, 393, 408, 441 

press comment, 11, 16, 156, 162, 167, 

178, 272, 314, 348-349, 407, 411- 

412, 422, 423, 426, 440 

significance, 57, 135-136, 162, 167, 175- 

176, 184, 192-193, 204-205, 233, 287, 

404405, 406 

Uiiiied Siates Space Scieiice Program: 

Repori to COSPA R, 178 

Space race, 9, IO, 64, 98, 100, 175-176, 

404405, 407, 434, 439 

press comment, 348, 434 

Space rescue, 128, 136-137, 174, 195-196, 

Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, 

the Return of Astronauts, and the 

Return of Objects Launched into 

197-198, 199, 207, 239-240, 336, 344 

computer systems, 63, 71, 452 

earth resources, 2-4, 24, 84, 122, 226- 

227, 271, 272, 314-315, 408, 447 

law enforcement, 74, 75, 114, 271 

medicine, 38, 41, 68, 74, 75, 84, 92, 95, 

12, 114, 248, 258, 270, 271, 

Natioiial Syr?iposiwi? 011 Techirologr 

Trairsjer. 225 

navigation, 281 

Nixon, President Richard M., 435-437 

nuclear fission, 203 

oceanography, 136, 250-25 1, 3 16 

pollution control, 35, 68, 74, 105, 390, 

press comment, 156, 272, 348-349, 411- 

safety, 74, 75, 101, 219, 270, 271, 316, 

social problems, 1, 2-4, 5, 32, 314, 356 

space applications, 314, 316, 374, 408, 

submarine, 228 

technology application team, 75 

transportation, 75, 84, 105, 411, 423 

urban problems, 75, 84, 114, 126, 131, 

407 

412 

368 

452 

270 

Space Science Award (AIAA), 20-21 

Space Science Awareness Month, 400 

Space Science Board (sse) (NAS-NRC), 

Space Science Projects Office (MSFC) 

39-49, 64 65, 129, 153, 178 

(NASA). 243 

Space ihuttle, 28, 98, 175-176, 198-199, 

204, 219, 238, 345, 438 

award, 69 

benefits, 55, 58, 59, 166-167, 244-245, 

399-400 

booster, 58 

cost, 39, 102 

development, 345, 427 

recovery test, 309 

reusable, 102 

booster, 35 

checkout system, 34 crew compartment, 271 

employment repercussions, 274, 276 

engine, 42, 90, 254-255, 272, 292 

GAO review, 123 

heat protection, 203, 220 

composite structural materials, 292 

contract 

, 219, 266 

272, 281, 

cargo handling system, 301 

orbiter propulsion, 180 

565 
ASTRO N AUT1 CS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

orbiter RCS, 191 

orbiter simulator, 45, 174, 247, 281 

payload systems compatability, 220 

press comment, 276 

prime contract, 279, 284-285,292,339 

loss impact, 280, 292 

technical proposals, 180 

subcontracts, 275-276, 3 19 

waste collection system, 277 

weld-bonding materials, 9 1 

cooperation, 8, 116, 331 

cost, 36-37, 5 1, 55, 69, 86-87, 219, 399- 

400, 407, 451 

booster, 34, 102 

congressional testimony, 89, 102, 136, 

orbiter, 136, 383-384 

payload value, 181, 188 

press conference, 102, 424 

140 

crew compartment, 271 

criticism, 6-7, 16, 20, 51, 55, 177, 181, 

design, 58, 71, 79, 90, 261, 308 

development, 33, 79, 108, 155, 253, 272, 

earth resources applications, 407 

employment, 5, 9, 27, 34, 81, 214, 272, 

endorsements, 32, 36, 37, 119, 319, 374 

engine, 45, 292, 332 

185, 214-215, 231 

447 

DFBW, 200, 312, 449 

276, 319, 451 

facilities, 109-1 IO, 184, 187-188, 209, 

273-274 

feasibility studies, 58 

flight schedule, 383-384 

funds 

congressional approval, 160, 178, 185, 

development, 452 

press comment, 156, 157, 439 

press conference, 32 

space program impact, 11 

employment, 276, 319, 451 

scientist-astronaut, 121 

space exploration, 11, 328, 399-400 

space program, 120-121, 140, 175-176, 

U.S. technology leadership, 49 

international cooperation, 120, 219 

193, 209 

NASA FXpeSt, 30, 32, 64 

R&D, 30, 125, 209, 245 

impact, 175-176 

408, 436 

NASA 

-Europe, 48, 239,25 1-252,303-304, 

366, 437, 452 

-U.S.S.R., 136-137, 229, 253, 41 1 

L~RC technology development, 153 

Large Space Telescope (LST), 176 

launch and landing sites, 12, 102, 

Mars mission use, 343 

Mathematica, Inc.,report, 58 

mechanisms, 310 

meeting, 137, 292, 310, 444 

139-140, 181-182,~187-188, 240, 449 

military applications, 219 NASA Site Review Board, 139-140 

NASA Space Shuttle Technology Conference, Nixon, 137 President Richard M., 2-4, 4-5, 

7, 8-9, IO, 11, 16, 18, 19, 25, 32, 34, 

orbital maneuvering system, 42, 47, 219, 

266 

orbiter 

approach-landing simulation, 45 

cargo handling system, 301 

development, 272 

interior, 42 

liquid-hydrogen fuel, 58 

simulator, 45, 174, 247, 281, 397 

statistics, 383-384 

thermal protection, 214, 28 1 

winged model flight, 303-304 

36-37, 4647, 48, 105 

parachute deceleration system, 223-224 

payloads symposium, 444 

press comment 

contract, 276 

endorsement, 8-9, 10, 11, 18-19 

funds, 7, 11, 16, 156, 157, 295, 424, 

impact, 35, 276 

launch site, 8 

scientist-astronaut, 121 

U.S.S.R. cooperation, 15 

140 

439 

press conference, 4-5, 11-12, 32, 139- 

propulsion, 390 

reentry, 283 

remotely manned systems, 3 16 

Republican National Platform, 298 

request for proposals, 55, 102, 108 

rescue, 137 

reusable, 140-141, 219, 449 

safety, 229 

scientist-astronaut, 121, 426 

simulation study, ARC, 303 

Sortie can, 11-12, 68, 129, 239, 366, 

specifications, 272, 383-384 

technology, 79, 106, 121, 244-245, 408 

technology utilization, 105, 408 

waste collection system, 277, 293 

Space Shuttle Payloads Symposium, 444 

Space Shuttle-Ski.lab: Mairrred Space 

Flight iir the 1970's, 33 

Space Shuttle Technology Project Team, 

Space stamps, 253 

Space station (see also Salyut; Skylab) 

award, 241 

design, 241 

funding, 30 

international cooperation, 28, 127, 137, 

173, 198, 207, 229 

military applications, 9 

remotely manned systems, 3 16 

rendezvous and docking, 198, 206, 229 

rescue operations, 229 

scientist-astronaut, 406 

significance, 23 1 

452 

380-38 I 

5 66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

space shuttle application, 271 

student participation, 1, 35 

U.S.S.R., 28, 128, 141, 166, 175-176 

Space Station Task Force (OMSF), 398, 

Space Systems Committee. See NASA Space 

Space Systems Div. See Naval Research 

Space Test Program (STP) (WAF), 336, 354, 

Space Tracking and Data Acquisition 

45 1 

Systems Committee. 

Laboratory. 

369 

Network (STADAN), 130-131 

Space tug, 11-12, 48, 129, 226, 238, 239, 

Spacecraft (see also individual \pacecraft) 

333, 345, 390 

accident, 91 

compatible docking systems, 240-241 

experiments analysis, 178 

Jupiter-Saturn mission, 320 

Mars mission, 343 

onboard data-m anagement systems, 

power systems, 79-80, 29 1-292 remurce management, 235 

solar panel, 29 1-292 

space biology, 92, 360 

systems engineering, 403 

technology, 377-378 

Spacecraft Sterilization Seminar, KSC, 24 

“Spaceship Earth,” 319 

Spacesuit, 8, 142, 146-148, 185, 189, 262, 

Spain, 178, 189-190, 248, 251 

Sparrow (missile), 403 

Spartan (antiballistic missile), 361 

Special Achievement Award (NRL), 291 

220 

282 

292 

Sp&ial Astrophysical Observatory 

Spectrograph, 254, 255, 270-27 1, 306, 

U.S.S. R.),208-209 

433 

Spectrometer 

Aeros, 431 

Apollo 16, 144 

extreme-ultraviolet, 431 

far-ultraviolet, 366 

gamma ray, 148, 336, 342 

HEAO, 342 

mass, 54-55, 210, 431 

McMath solar telescope, 421 

microwave, 423 

Nimbus 5, 422 

Oao 3, 296 

photoelectric, 296 

rapid-scanning Fourier, 421 

solar ultraviolet, 210 

sounding rocket, 210 

stellar dust composition, 291 

Stp 72-1, 336 

Spectrophotometer, 254 

Sperry Rand Corp., 51 

Spirit of St. Louis Award, 315 

Spiritual Frontiers Fellowship, 188 

Ap0110 17, 54-55, 366 

SPM. See Solar proton monitor. 

Spokane, Wash., 292, 365 

Spook Crater (moon), 146-148 

Sprint (missile), 108, 174, 260, 300, 411 SPS. See Service propulsion system. 

Sputnik (U.S.S.R. satellite), 87, 167, 315, 

357 

Sputriik I, 348, 399 

SR-71 (reconnaissance aircraft), 162, 263, 

319, 320, 350 SRDS. See Systems Research and Development Service (FAA). 

Sret 1 (Satellite de Recherches et d’Environment Technique) (French Satellite for 

Environmental and Technical Research), 

128, 449 SRET 2, 128 SRET 3, 128 

Sriharikota, India, 138 * 

S.S. Stateridan? (ship), 409 ss-4 (U.S.S.R. ICBM), 87 

SS-5, 87 

SS-9, 115, 252, 329, 445 

355 

SS-I1 (Savage) (U.S.S.R. ICBM), 87, 350, 

SSB. See Space Science Board. 

SSN-8 (U.S.S.R. submarine-launched 

SSNX-8 (Sawfly), 7 I, 335,397 sss. See Small Scientific Satellite. 

SST. See Supersonic transport. 

STA. See Shuttle training aircraft. 

Staats, Elmer B., 123 

Stack, John, 233 

ballistic missile), 2 IO 

Stalin, Josef, 352 

Stalin Prize, 442 

STAMP. See Small tactical aerial mobility 

platform. 

Stamper, Malcolm T., 331 

Stanberry, Communications Minister 

Robert (Canada), 328 

Stanford Research Institute, 392 

Stanford Univ., 74-75, 152, 281, 306 

Star, 108, 181, 187, 394, 438, 486 

Star City. See Zvezdny Gorodok. 

Star tracker, 295-296 

StarQuest Ltd., 337 

State, Dept. of, 226, 227, 301-302, 384 

State Univ. of New York 

Albany, 385 

Stony Brook, 246, 421 

Statler, Richard L., 291-292 

STC. See Service Technology Corp. 

Stein, Alan, 131 

Stein. Dr. William H., 357 

Stein waves (sun), 13f 

Steinbacher, Dr. Robert H., 225-226 

Stellar reference assembly, 253 

Stendahl, Dr. Krister, 387-388 

Steno Crater (moon), 416 

ation, spacecraft, 24, 65 

Sterling, Claire, 225 

567 
Stern, Robert, 86 

Stever, Dr. H. Guvford. 34-35. 343 

Stockholm, Sweden, 217, 218-219, 226- 

227, 232, 319 

Stockholm, Univ. of, 385 

Stockton Metropolitan Airport, Calif., 

Stoeckenius, Dr. Walther, 74-75 

STOL (short takeoff and landing) aircraft, 

186 

324,355,449 

augmentor wing, 172 

cooperative research, 23, 77 

design and development, 40, 53-54, 67, 

foreign programs, 94, 354 

funding, 31, 66-67 

landing systems, 67, 182 

noise reduction, 66-67, 185-186 

propulsion systems, 2, 124, 172, 315 

Stone Mountain (moon), 62-63, 146-148 

Stone, Robert G., 387 

Stony Brook, N.Y., 246, 421 

Storms, 118, 255-256, 273, 275, 276, 354 STP. See Space Test Program. 

Stp 72-1 (Space Test Program satellite), 

118, 400 

STOLpOrt, 268-269 

336 

Strangway, Dr. David W., 152, 183-184 

Strasbourg, France, 29 

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), 49, 

Strategic bomber penetration decoy 

Stratoscope (balloon-borne telescope), 69 

Stratoscope I, 64 

Stratoscope 11, 64 

Stratosphere (see also Atmosphere, upper), 

Strauss, R/A Lewis L. (USN), 132-133 

Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 13th, 137 

Strypi 4 (sounding rocket), 353 

Student Academic Freedom Forum, 400- 

121, 201-202, 214, 218, 236, 252, 265, 

288, 310, 320, 356, 390 

(SCAD), 31 

80, 280, 315, 385 

An 1 

Submarine, 25, 71, 96, 201-202, 210, 228, 

308. 397 

Subotbwicz, M., 345 

Subsatellite. See Apollo 15 Subsatellite; 

Subsonic aircraft, 155 

Suitland, Md., 302 

Sukanov, Ya., 362 

Sukhoi-7 (U.S.S.R. fighter-bomber airSulfur dioxide, 391 

Sullivan, Francis J., 79-80 

Sullivan, Walter S., 290-291, 332, 367-368, 

Apollo 16 Subsatellite. 

craft), 330 

423. 429 

Sulzberger, Cyrus L., 223 

Summary of Results of Discussion on Space Cooperation Between the U.S. 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of Sciences 

of the U.S.S.R., 195-196 

Summary of Results of the Meeting Between Representatives of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the U.S.S.R. Academy of 

Sciencez on the Quehon of Developing 

Compatible Systems for Rendezvous and 

Docking of Manned Spacecraft and 

Space Stations of the U.S.A. and 

Summary Report of the Ad Hoc Panel oil 

(NO,) and the Ozoiie La.ver, 370 

Summer Institute for Astronomy and 

Astrophysics, Fourth, 246 

Summer Seminar on History and Space, 

Tenth, 246 

Summit meeting, U.S.-U.S.S.R., 189, 190, 

303 

U.S.S.R., 195-196 

191, 193-194, 195-197, 203, 206, 207, 

Sumser, Raymond J., 444 

Sun (see also Solar headings), 85, 165,394, 

420 

quiet sun, 315 

satellite data, 90, 108, 132, 199-200, 

300 

sounding rocket data, 425 

Sunspots, 131 

Super Arcas. See Arcas. 

Super Guppy (NASA cargo aircraft), 341 

Suoerconductivitv. 79. 357 

Supercritical wing’(see also Wing, aircraft), 

Supernova, 181, 332, 342, 383 

50-51, 72-73, 155, 163, 184, 186, 193, 

214, 274-275, 449 

Supersonic transport (SST) (see also Concorde and Tu-144) 

air show display, 157 

anniversary, 350 

benefits, 190 

Boeing Co. model, 166 

congressional considerations, 6-7,20,37, 

contract, 349 

cost, 16 

criticism, 20, 274 

development revival, 306 

engine specifications, 248, 307 

environmental effects, 155, 280, 370.427 

foreign 

award, 326, 350, 362, 368 

competition, 50 

economic factors, 427 

engine design, 248, 307 

environmental factors, 427 

equipment and materials, 317 

exhibit, 157, 307 

flight time record, 325 

mass production, 361 

patent, 263 

personnel, 442 

pooled airline service, 341 

purchase, 200, 271, 301 

roll-out ceremony, 329 

U.S.S.R., 157, 183, 263, 285, 325, 326, 

362, 398-399, 430, 444445 

442 

funding, 445 

future capability, 40 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1972 

568 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

hazards, 385 

justification, 50 

NASA technology, 59, 153, 306, 3 1 I, 

425 

postponement, 29 

press comment, 10, 80, 306, 361 

public attitude, 13, 37 

sonic boom, 80, 427 

space shuttle comparison, 10 

stratospheric observation, 385 

technology report, 3 19 

trade competition, 193 

wing conversion, 191-192 

gram, 291 

(SCMR), 423 

252 

Supersonic Transport Development ProSurface-composition-mapping radiometer 

Surface effect ships, 252 

Surface Effect Ships Project Office (USN), 

Surveillance aircraft, 21, 24 

Surveillance satellite, 9-10, 21, 190-191 

Survey Ridge (moon), 146-148 

Suslov, Mikhail A., 299 

Sustaining University Program (NASA), 

Swaziland. 158 

330-331 

Sweden, 46,60,113,217,232,244,342,343, 

349. 389. 423 

Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, 357 

Swider, J. E., Jr., 293 

Swigert, John L., Jr., 128 

Swiss Transuort Museum. 313 

Air and Space Wing, 247, 455 

Switzerland, 134, 174, 177, 247, 313, 314, 

345, 389, 390, 455 

Symington, Rep. James W., 121 

Symington, Secretary of Air Force Stuart 

W., 320 

Air and Space Wing, 247, 455 

Switzerland, 134, 174, 177, 247, 313, 314, 

345, 389, 390, 455 

Symington, Rep. James W., 121 

Symington, Secretary of Air Force Stuart 

W., 320 

Symposium on High Energy Phenomena 

Symposium on Significant AccomplishSymposium on Significant AccomplishSynchronous Meteorological Satellite 

Syncom (communications satellite), 255 

Syrtis Major (Mars crater), 28 

Systems Center (DOT), 385 

Systems Research and Development Service (SRDS) (FAA), 301 

Syvertson, Clarence A., 22, 314 

Szent-Georgyi, Dr. Albert, 405406 

on the Sun, 330 

ments in Science, 377-378 

ments in Technology, 377-378 

(SMS), 171, 262 

T 

T3 (Arctic island), 77 

T-3 (U.S.S.R. tokamac experiment), 404 

T-34 (high-bypass-ratio engine), 66 

T-38 (jet trainer), 25, 178, 179, 319, 404 TACRV. See Tracked air-cushion research 

Tarsal I (tactical communications satellite), 

vehicle. 

400 

TAW. See Tracked air-cushion vehicle. 

Taiwan. See China. Nationalist. 

Talkeetna. Alaska. 173 

Tallaha\hee, Fla., 126 

The Tanibig oj the Fire (U.S.S.R. film), IC? 

JJL 

Tananbaum, Dr. Harvey, 438 

Tanka, Prime Minister Kakuei (Japan), 

Tarisei (MST-1) (Japanese satellite), 295 TAOS. See Thrust-assisted orbiter shuttle. 

Tashkent, U.S.S.R., 325 

302-303, 306 

Taurus-Littrow (lunar landing site), 54, 

297. 363. 367. 113, 416. 4IX. 119, 428- 

429.410 

Taurus Mountains (moon), 54, 347 

Tbilsi, U.S.S.R., 323 

TD-fA . (ESRO scientific satellite), 95-96, 

TE-M-3644 (solid-fueled rocket motor), 

Teague, Rep. Olin E., 33, 166-167, 430 

Technicolor inc., 17 

Technology, I, 46-47, 63-64, 72, 139, 

aeronautics, 50, 59, 67, 72-73, 77, 93, 

Apollo contributions, 152-153, 157, 

benefits, 47, 117, 134-135, 154-155, 162, 

funding, I, 29, 116. 162, 213-214 

384-385, 452 

19 

159-160, 174-175, 191, 192-193, 230, 

389 

106, 233 

426 

173, 179, 206, 233, 396, 398, 452 

- goals and public opinion, 2, 24-25, 48, 

international aspects, 29, 49, 53-54, 98, 

199, 201, 203, 206, 207, 236-237, 443 

military, 65, 162, 190-191 

space program contribution, 98, 101, 

105-106, 134-135, 135-136, 298-299, 

359-360, 426 

162, 164-165, 165-167, 452 

Technology Assessment Act of 1972, 349 

Technology utilization, space (see also 

Research Applied to National Needs), 

27 1, 309, 3 11, 394 

the Public Sector, 75 

52, 74, 112, 153, 164-165, 223, 228, 

Applicatioiis of Aerospace Techiiology bi 

astronomy, 179-180, 220, 300, 447 

communications, 84, 114, 13 I, 242, 407, 

computer systems, 63, 71, 452 

earth resources, 24, 24, 84, 122, 226- 

education, 114 

408 

227, 271, 272, 314-315, 408, 447 

engineering, 45, 4748, 56, 71, 84, 178- 

179, 271, 452 

environment (see also Earth Resources 

Technology Satellite; Errs I), 53, 63, 

68, 122 

forest fire reconnaissance, 280-281 

industry, 45, 84, 223, 239-240, 248, 271, 

law enforcement, 74, 75, 114, 27 I 

348-349 

5 69 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

medicine, 38, 41, 68, 74, 75, 84, 92, 95, 

101, 106, 112, 114, 248, 258, 270, 271, 

316, 375. 396, 408, 411, 452 

meteorology, 407408 

National Symposium on Technology 

Transfer, 225 

navigation, 281 

Nixon, President Richard M., 436 

nuclear fission, 203 

oceanography, 136, 250-25 I, 3 16 

policy and opinion, 105, 187-188, 

pollution control, 35, 68, 74, 105, 390, 

press comment, 156, 272, 348-349, 411- 

200-201, 225, 244-245, 326-327, 368 

407 

412 

program funding, 116, 405 

safety, 74, 75, 101, 219, 270, 271, 316, 

368 

submarine, 228 

technology application team, 75 

transportation, 75, 84, 105, 41 I, 423 

urban problems, 75, 84, 114, 126, 131, 

270 

Teegan, Dr. John, 52 

Tel Aviv, Israel, 80, 227 

Telecommunications Office (DOD), 18 

Telegraph, 426 

Telemetry, 290, 373, 380 

Telemetry on-line processing system 

(TELOPS), 73-74 

Telephone, 284 

Telephone-telegraph radio communication 

system, 128 

Teleprinter, 377 

Telesat Canada, 379, 395, 410, 452 

Teksal-A (Canadian cornsat), 379 

Telescope (see also Apollo Telescope 

Mount; Large Space Telescope Radiotelescope), 123, 131, 136, 181, 286, 

332,408 

balloon, 64 

development, 125, 138, 213-214, 255, 

386, 393 

gamma ray, 16, 386 

infrared, 45, 213-214 

land surveying system, 248 

OAO observation, 254, 257, 296, 308, 

observatories, 18 I, 208-209, 446 

optical, 213-214, 374 

planetary investigation, 112, 421, 443 

plankton measurement, 136 

reflecting, 208-209 

supernova observation, 18 I 

x-ray, 108 

Alaska Educational Broadcasting Com447 

Television 

mission. 173 

Apollo 1k coverage, 142-144, 146-149, 

Apollo 17 coverage, 38 I, 39 1-392, 399, 

151, 156-157, 158, 381 

409. 413. 416418. 419. 427. 444 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 197-198.252, 

applications, 93, 114, 254, 336-337 

322 

Crab submarine, 228 

educational, 45, 72 

European Broadcasting Union, 156- 

Grand Tour spacecraft, 65 

lunar debris, 432 

Marbier IO mission, 307 

NASA public affairs, 52 

Nixon, Kremlin broadcast, 206 

Orbita TV network (U.S.S.R.), 128,331, 

“Space in the Age of Aquarius” program, 134-135 

U.N. resolution, 286, 380 

U.S.S.R., 28, 90, 128, 188, 189, 350, 

404 

via safellite, 17, 26-27, 45, 126, 173, 255, 

262, 273, 318, 355, 375, 410, 411 

Teller, Dr. Edward, 17, 354 TELOPS. See Telemetry on-line processing 

ERTS, 27, 125, 184 

157 

426 PEACESAT program, 19 

- system. 

Tehfar I (communications \atellite), 255 

Tel$tar 2, 255 

Temperature-humidity infrared radiometer 

Tennessee, 72, 74, 335, 337 

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 384 

TERLs. See Thumba Equatorial Rocket 

Launching Station. 

Terminal Configured Vehicles and Avionics Operating Experiments program, 

84 

Texas, 19, 20, 38, 60, 61, 148-149, 384, 

(THIR), 423 

444 

accident, 25, 179, 214 

balloon launch, 181 

exhibit, 233 

Federal Grand Jury, Dallas, 209 

Galveston County Health District, 204 

Matagorda Island, 214 

NASA Space Shuttle Technology Conference, 137 

Texas Children’s Hospital, 348 

Texas Instruments Inc., 35 

Texas Southern Univ., 131-132 

Texas Symposium on Relativistic AstroTexas, Univ. of, 39-40, 170-171, 348, 373, 

Textron, Inc., 123 

Bell Aerospace Co. Div., 254-255, 446 

physics, Sixth, 438 

380 

Bell Helicopter Co. Div., 187 

TF-8A Get research aircraft), 73, 94, 104, 

109, 113, 123, 155, 163, 184, 186, 193, 

274-275, 396, 449 

Thailand, 192 

Thermal protection, 79, 220, 281 

Thermoelectric outer planets spacecraft 

Thermoelectric power conversion, 80 

Thermonuclear energy, 3 1, 33 I 

Thiokol Chemical Co., 35 

THIR. See Temperature-humidity infrared 

(TOPS), 3940 

radiometer. 

5 70 
1 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 ’ 

Thompson, Milton O., 341 

Thompson, Robert F., 383-384 

Thor (missile), 403 

Thor-Agena (booster) 

Thorad-Agena, 154, 200 

Thor-Agena B, 328 

Thor-Burner I1 (booster), 117 

Thor-Delta (booster), 38, 78, 95, 177-178, 

182, 269, 350, 372, 377-378, 379, 397, 

422 

Thorium, 148 

Thorne, Dr. Kip, 360 

Thornton, Dr. William E., 273, 285-286, 

Thrust-assisted orbiter shuttle (TAOS), 39 

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching 

Thumba, India, 75 

Thurmond, Sen. Strom, 184 

Ticotideroga. See U S.S. Ticorideroga. 

Tilt rotor aircraft, 40 

Tindall, Howard W., Jr., 172 

Tiros Operational Satellite (TOS) (see also 

ITOS-B; Noaa I), 262, 352 

Tischler, Adelbert O., 79 

Titan (booster) 

Titan 111-Centaur, 367 

Titan IIIB-Agena, 108, 190, 305, 439 

Titan IIIC, 77, 425 

Titan IIID, 25, 252, 346 

Titan IIIE-Centaur, 320 

Titan-Centaur, 65 

Titan-Centaur-Burner 111, 65 

Titan (Saturn moon), 65, 443 

Titanium, 62 

Titusville, Fla., 98 

Titusville, Fla., Post Office, 405 

Tizard Memorial Lecture, 101 

Tokamak fusion reactor, 404 

Tokyo, Japan, 389 

Tokyo, Univ. of, 264 

Tolubko, Gen. Vladimir F. (U.S.S.R.), 

Tomahawk. See Nike-Tomahawk; SandTOPS. See Thermoelectric outer planets 

Toronto, Univ. of, 332 

Toros (earth moon), 287 

TOS. See Tiros Operational Satellite. 

Toulouse, France, 292, 329, 365 

Tower, Sen. John G., 216 

Towl, E. Clinton, 151-152 

Townes, Dr. Charles H., 64 

Toynbee, Arnold J., 405 

TRACALS. See Traffic Control and Landing 

Tracked air-cushion research vehicle 

Tracking (see also Earth station), 30, 38, 

323, 343 

Station (TERLS), 132, 138, 238 

177 

hawk Tomahawk. 

spacecraft. 

System. 

(TACRV), 52, 136 

438 

39,42,70,73-74, 130-131, 149-150,422, 

Trade, 49, 62, 93, 189, 190, 192-193, 200, 

Trade and Industry, Dept. of (U.K.), 120 

Traffic control and landing system 

Trailblazer I1 (reentry vehicle), 275 

Train, Russell E., 289 

Trains, 392 

Trans World Airlines, Inc. (TWA), 216- 

Transcontinental Air Transport, 343 

“Transfer of Space Technology to Community and Industrial Activities,” 98 

Transim (navigation aid), 301 

Transistor, 441 

Transit (navigation satellite), 80, 192, 301, 

207 

(TRACALS), 383 

2 17 

306-307 TRANSPO ’72, 136, 157, 183, 206, 214, 222, 

TRANSPO ’74, 224 

224, 

OAST (NASA), 67 

Transport Experimental Program Office, 

Transportation, 1,2-4, 31, 73-74, 140, 162, 

298-299 

Transportation, Dept. of (DOT) (see also 

Climatic Impact Assessment Program) aircraft, 40, 203-204, 425 

airport security regulations, 93, 227 

contract, 52, 136, 190, 250, 392 

cooperation, 1, 6, 22-23, 24-25, 29, 43, 

executive reorganization, 122 

funding, 31, 116, 298 

noise abatement, 251 

Northeast Corridor Report, 67 

prototype radiometric sensor, 43 

research grant, 280 

SST environmental effects, 280, 370, 

technology utilization conference, 3 14 

tracked air-cushion research vehicle, 52 

Treaty (see also International caoperation), 

73-74, 155, 160, 176, 203, 204 

385 

TRANSPO ’72, 183, 206, 222, 224 

213, 214-215, 218, 282, 299, 311, 316, 

331, 338, 357 

biological warfare, 134, 3 1 1 

environmental protection, 193-194, 217 

outer space use and exploration, 48-49, 

space object damage liability, 311, 341 

Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use 

of Outer Space, Including the Moon and 

Other Celestial Bodies, 195, 203 

Treaty on the Limitation of Antiballistic 

Missile Systems, 201-202, 224-225, 338 

Triad 01-1 X (transit satellite), 306-307, 

447 

Trident (undersea long-range missile system) (ULMS), 31, 69, 185, 263 

Triplet-triplet transfer of energy, 18 

TriStar (jet transport), 307, 422 

Tristate Regional Planning Commission, 

Trubshaw, Brian, 350 

134, 174, 203 

383 

57 1 
Truman, President Harry S., 258 

Truszynski, Gerald M., 73-74, 114, 

130-131 

TRW hC., 107, 329 

Systems Group, 220, 243, 294-295, 370, 

382 

Tsander, F. A,, 345 

Tsiolkovsky Crater (moon), 144-146 

Tu-2 (U.S.S.R. dive bomber), 442 

Tu-95 (Bear) (U .S.S.R. reconnaissance 

Tu-I04 (U.S.S.R. jet airliner), 442 

Tu- 144 (U.S.S.R. supersonic transport), 

157, 183, 263, 285, 325, 326, 368, 442 

Tu-I54 (U.S.S.R. jet airliner), 442 

Tullahoma, Tenn., 321 

Tupolev, Alekq A., 263 

Tupolev, Andrey N., 326, 368, 442 

Turcat, Andre‘, 350 

TV. See Television. 

TVA. See Tennessee Valley Authority. 

TWA. See Trans World Airlines, Inc.. 

Tycho’s Star, 383 

Tyrrhenian Sea, 228 

Tyson, Robert C., 280 

Tyuratam, U.S.S.R., 329, 445 

aircraft), 321 

TU-134, 442 

U 

U-2 (reconnaissance aircraft), 72,215-216, 

UAL. See United Air Lines. 

U.A.R. See United Arab Republic. UAW. See United Auto Workers. UCLA. See California, Univ. of, Los 

UFO. See Unidentified flying object. 

The UFO Experieirce: A Scieirtific Iirquity, 

255-256, 280-281, 385 

Angeles. 

300-30 1 

UHF: ultrahigh frequency. 

Uhuru. See Explorer 42. 

U.K. See United Kingdom. ULMS (uiiderwx long-range missile system). 

See Trident. 

Ultraviolet (uv), 378 

Apollo 16 investigation, 102, 142-144, 

179-180, 184, 306 

extreme, 430 

far, 102, 270-271, 306, 433 

satellite investigation, 208, 254, 386, 

430 

solar, 210, 385, 427, 430, 443 

sounding rocket experiment, 374, 427, 

stellar, 254 

U.N. See United Nations. 

Undersea long-range missile system 

(ULMS). See Trident. 

Underwater training facilities, 301 UNESCO. See United Nations, Educational, 

Scientific and Cultural Organization. 

Unidentified flying object (UFO), 241, 

300-301, 383 

449 

i ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

512 

United Air Lines (UAL), 216-217, 382 

United Aircraft Corp. 

Hamilton Standard Div., 132, 277, 293 

Pratt & Whitney Div., 20-21,45,90, 124, 

Sikorsky Aircraft Div., 303, 362 

United Technology Center Div. (UTC), 

176, 292 

35. 234 

United’Arab Republic (U.A.R.), 310, 329 

United Auto Workers (UAW), 46 

United Kingdom (U.K.), 167, 381-382 

aerospace industry, 60, 133-134, 329, 

Apollo 17 coverage, 444 

award, 202-203, 350 

Conference on the Human Environment, 

Environment Ministry, 307 

Farnborough Air Show, 307 

House of Commons, 288 

international cooperation, 200, 341, 

international cooperation, space, 208, 

meteorology, 105, 123 

National Space Authority (proposed), 

372-373 

2 18-2 19 

372-373, 438 

251-252, 299-300, 378, 421, 422, 423 

373 

satellite, 208, 389, 446, 453 

Science Research Council, 202, 354 

Solar Energy Symposium, 330 

sounding rocket, 120 

space program, 125-126, 373 

supersonic transport, 157, 200, 248, 297, 

301, 341 

treaty, 188 

United Nations (U.N.), 173, 231-232, 311, 

317. 384. 389 

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of 

Outer Space, 122 

Legal Subcommittee, 134, 174 

Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, 173 

Educational, Scientific and Cultural 

Organization (UNESCO), Communications Commission, 365 

First Iuolitical) Committee. 348. 356 

General Assembly, 49, 122, 218, 286, 

311, 357, 380 

Governing Council for Environmental 

Hall of Fame for Spacemen (proposed), 

Programs (GCEP), 218-219 

358 

International Space Log, 252 

Outer Space Committee, 122 

Voluntary Fund for Environment (proWorld Meteorological Organization, 84, 

posed), 47 

105, 218-219, 453 

United Nations Conference on the Human 

Environment, 217, 218-219, 223, 225, 

226-227, 232, 236, 285 

United Press International (UPI), 133 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUT1 CS, 1972 

United States (U.S.) 

aerospace industry, 50, 62, 3 14, 3 19,349, 

atomic energy, 55, 421 

Bicentennial, 45, 131, 454 

budget, 133, 410 

communications, 190-191, 208, 361, 

410 

Convention on International Liability 

for Damage Caused by Space Objects, 

230 

425 

defense, 62, 72, 229-230, 316, 319-320, 

disarmament, 24-25, 203, 206, 207,229- 

328-329, 399, 445 

230, 236, 288-289, 335, 362, 390 

SALT, 90, 121, 214, 218, 252, 310, 316, 

331, 356, 390 

test ban, 327 

treaty, 188, 190, 201-202, 224-225, 

domestic policy and problems, 8, 55, 60, 

economy, 4647, 60, 406-407 

employment, 64-65 

environmental program, 226-227, 285, 

289, 298, 301-302 

exhibit, 307, 434 

Federal support, 291 

flag, 347 

foreign policy, 4849, 55-56, 159-160, 

international cooperation 

265, 299, 332, 338 

98, 190-191, 446 

228-229, 238, 240, 380 

AIDJEX, 128 

Canada, 174 

Germany, West, 303-304 

P.R.C., 72 

U.K., 134 

U.N. participation, 47, 218-219, 31 1, 

U.S.S.R., 195, 201 

348 

biological warfare treaty, 134 

congressional hearings, 203 

environmental protection, 177, 190, 

industry contacts, 201 

joint working groups. See Joint 

Working GrouDs. 

191, 193-194, 195-196, 201, 285 

medicine ind heaith, 190, 191, 194, 

science and technology, 127, 195, 

203, 207 

199 

scientist exchange, 136 

summit meeting, 189, 190, 191, 193- 

international cooperation, space. See 

metric system, 93, 182, 295, 297 

national goals and priorities, 167, 175- 

national security, 17, 4647, 55-56, 64, 

194, 195-197, 203, 206, 207, 303 

International cooperation, space. 

176, 314, 407, 443 

classification system, 187 

ecological, 154, 232 

Hot Line, 20, 377 

87, 232 

- intelligence, 329, 445 

surveillance technology, 69, 154, 

190-191, 321 

patent policy, 299 

research and development, 289 

science and technology, 37, 49, 131, 139, 

Solar Energy Symposium, 330 

space program. See Space program, 

trade, 49, 53-54, 86, 98, 126, 161, 425 

transportation. See Transportation; 

Vietnam war. See Vietnam war. 

world leadership, 29, 32, 50 

Uiiited States aird Soviet Progress iii Space: 

Suntmary Data Through 1971 aird a Forward Look, 28 

United States Foreigii Policy for the 1970's: 

The Enrergiirg Structure for Peace, 48- 

49 

Uiiited States Space Srieiice Program: 

Report to COSPAR, 178 

UNIVAC 1108 (computer), 131-132 

151, 159-160, 175, 300-301, 326-327 

national; Space race. 

Supersonic transport. 

Univac Systems Div. See Sperry Rand 

Universal Atlas Div. See U.S. Steel Corp. 

Universe, 176, 213, 298, 374 

Universities, 267 

Corp. 

astronauts, temporary leave to, 205 

computer access, 71, 445, 452 

cooperation, 68, 74-75, 100, 234, 3 15, 

employment, 112 

foreign, 291 

funding, 31, 51, 258, 326 

graduate programs, 201, 261 

NAS membership, 95 

347 

research, 43, 74, 94, 95-96, 118, 134, 

169-170, 213-214 

satellite utilization, 114, 226-227, 325 

sounding rocket experiment, 44, 54, 61, 

70, 288, 422 

Sustaining University Program, 330 

Universities Space Research Assn., 347 

UPI. See United Press International. 

Upper Atmosphere Observatory, 174 

Ural Mountains, 421 

Uranium, 14, 148, 203, 421 

Uranus (planet), 441 

Urban affairs (see also Manned Spacecraft 

Center, Urban Systems Project Office; 

Social problems), 52, 133, 206, 236-237, 

383 

Urban Systems Research and 'Engineering, 

Inc., 161 

Urban Technology Conference and Technical Display, 270, 271 

Urey, Dr. Harold C., 20-21, 162 

Urokinase (enzyme), 247 

573 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

U.S. Air Force (USAF) (see also individual 

bases, centers, and commands, such as Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Air Force Prototype Systems 

Program Office, Air Force Systems 

Command, Andrews AFB, Arnold Engineering Development Center, Space 

and Missile Systems Organization, Vandenberg AFB, etc.) 

accident, 222, 230, 233, 236 

Airborne Warning and Control System 

(AWACS), 42 

aircraft (see also individual aircraft, such 

accident, 222, 230, 233, 236 

air superiority, 263 

anniversary, 3 19, 350 

balloon, 319 

costs, 31, 93, 120, 123 

defects, 131, 209 

development, 50-5 1, 67, 77, 1 IO, 154, 

233, 236, 241, 242, 263, 31 I, 

340, 393, 395 

as C-5A, F-Ill, etc.) 

AMST, 77, 382-383, 443 

disappearance, 355 

engine, 332 

flight test, 50-51, 67, 282, 292-293, 

future, 321 

prototype, 378, 397, 443 

reconnaissance, 162 

record, 61 

396 

anniversary, 258, 319, 320, 350 

Armed Forces Unification Act, 258, 320 

award,20-21, 29, 258, 263, 267, 313, 

budget, 31, 233-234, 294 

contract, 16, 51, 113, 122-123, 154, 209, 

cooperation NACA. 350 

3 20 

337, 340, 382-383, 443 

NASA: 7, 50, 67, 77, 79, 102, 154, 295, 

347, 447 

balloon, 364 

missile. 174 

NATO, 370 

launch 

satellite, 25.77, 100, 117, 154, 190,200, 

216, 252, 305, 336, 346, 379, 437, 

479 

liftinglbody, 347, 447, 449 

missile program, 16, 65, 191 

personnel, 189, 192-193, 269, 303 

appointment, 110, 163, 308 

award, 20, 29, 303, 313, 353, 403 

death, 26, 222, 362 

promotion, 39, 60, 172, 404 

resignation, 221 

retirement, 18, 277, 303 

press comment, 96 

,Project Blue Book, 300-301 

satellite, 77, 117, 216, 233-234. 252. 306. 

329, 354, 379, 437, 439 

200, 305, 346 

reconnaissance, 25, 96, 100, 154, 190, 

sounding rocket, 394 

space program (see also Defense, Dept. 

of), 210-211, 216, 241, 245, 286-287, 

354. 428 

space shuttle, 8, 139-140, 181-182 

space tug, 390 

Agency, 93 

U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament 

U.S. Army (USA) (see also individual centers and commands, such as Army Air 

Mobility Research and Development 

Laboratory, Army Aviation Systems 

Command, Army Corps of Engineers, 

etc.) 

aircraft, 316, 350, 409 

Armed Forces Unification Act, 320 

Ballistic Missile Agency Treaty, 45 1 

contract, 72, 202-203, 288 

cooperation, 40 

personnel, 343 

satellite, 399 

U.S. Bureau of Mines, 62, 6748 

U.S. Coast Guard, 242 

U.S. Conference of Mayors, 304 

U.S. District Court, Manhattan, N.Y., 

U.S. District Court, Washington, D.C., 46, 

U.S. Forest Service, 138 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 15, 39, 

U.S. Geological Survey Regional Geophysics Group, 259 

U.S. Information Agency, 384 

U.S. Marine Corps., 446 

U.S. Navy (USN) (see also individual centers and stations, such as Naval Air 

Station, San Diego, Calif., Naval 

Missile Center, Naval Observatory, 

etc.) 

aircraft, 26, 123, 220, 271, 316, 322, 355, 

425 

Apnllo 17 postal co;ers, 312-313 

award, 265-266 

budget. 31 

122 

255 

4243, 62, 170-171, 225-226, 235, 

396-397 

conkct, 151-152, 355, 425 

facility, 309 

launch, 306 

personnel, 130, 172, 236, 289, 335, 404, 

429130, 441 

satellite, 80, 192, 306, 369, 399, 447 

sounding rocket, 394 

Space Projects Office, 301 

surface effect ship, 252 

VAST, 215 

U.S. Postal Service, 32, 73-74, 232 

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS), 65-66, 

U.S. Signal Corps, 26 

U.S. Steel Corp. 

USA. See U.S. Army. 

USAF. See U.S. Air Force. 

USDA. See Agriculture, Dept. of. 

USGS. %e U.S. Geological Survey. 

131 

Universal Atbas Div., 309 

574 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

USN. See U.S. Navy. 

USPHS. See U.S. Public Health Service. 

US-U.S.S.R. Cooperative Agreement on vironmental Protection, 285 

U. S.S. R. Coopera ti ve A green? errts, 

303 

U .S.-U 3.S.R. Interim Agreement With 

Respect to the Limitation of Strategic 

Offensive Arms, 316, 331 

U.S.4J.S.S.R. Joint Working Groups. See 

Joint Working Groups. 

US-U.S.S.R. Treaty on the Limitation of 

Antiballistic Missile Systems, 331 

U.S.S. Forrestal, 321 

U.S.S. Poirrt Barrow, 309 

U.S.S. Ticorrderoga, 148-149, 162-163, 367, 

U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (see also Soviet headings) 

agreement. See individual agreements 

and International cooperation; International cooperation, space. 

aircraft, 263, 326, 329, 365, 368, 425, 

405, 419, 435, 437 

442 

accident, 349 

reconnaissance, 321 

anniversary, 14-15, 108, 338, 348, 377 

Apollo 16 mission reaction, 150, 151 

Apollo 17 mission reaction, 421, 424, 

437 

astronomy, 123, 151, 187, 208-209, 255, 

329, 375, 446 

award, 2, 326, 368 

boycott, 218-219 

communications, 188,331, 348, 355, 361, 

cosmonaut. See Cosmonaut. 

Council of Ministers, 18 

defense, 61-62 

disarmament (see also U.S.S.R., treaty), 

SALT, 90, 121, 214, 218, 252, 310, 316, 

377, 380, 404, 426 

24-25, 189, 190, 201-202, 203, 206, 

207, 229-230, 232, 316, 331, 335 

331, 356, 390 

ekranoplane, 38 1-382 

Embassy, 255-256 

exhibit, 307 

International Biophysics Conference, 

international cooperation, 201, 203, 

environment, 177, 190, 191, 193-194, 

exhibit, 256 

Hot Line, 20, 377 

industry, 62, 201 

medicine and health. 190, 191, 194, 

meteorology, 105, 216, 403 

nuclear energy, 94, 259 

oceanography, 375 

power stations, 341 

science and technology, 127, 136, 195, 

space applications, 239-240 

29 1 

215-216, 236-237, 375, 377 

195-196, 201, 285, 323, 327 

203, 207 

199, 213, 236-237, 352, 374-375 

summit talks, 189, 190, 191, 193-194, 

visit to U.S., 374 

195-197, 203, 206, 207, 264, 303 

international cooperation, 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project), 19,208, 

232, 240-241, 357, 377, 436 

213, 214, 215-216, 219, 222, 231- 

Canada, 174 

Czechoslovakia, 132, 243 

France, 128, 174, 208, 242 

Germany, East, 243 

Hungary, 132 

India, 75, 208, 223, 239 

lunar cartography, 168, 177,229, 305- 

ESRO, 208, 397 

306 

lunar sample exchanges, 13-14, 100, 

Mongolia, 132 

peaceful use, 214, 239-240, 323, 452 

planetary exploration, 28, 177, 178, 

138, 299-300 

187, 189-190, 228, 273, 310-311, 

376-377 

Poland, 132 

Romania, 132 

U.N. General Assembly, 285 

U.S., 49, 133, 151, 174, 178, 185, 190, 

198-199, 201, 203, 206-207, 208, 

229 

agreements, 134, 170, 195-196, 204- 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Proiect. See 

205, 303 

‘A~oI~o-SO~Z Test Pr6ject. 

joint mission (see also Apollo-Soyuz 

Test Project), 15, 27, 28, 100, 127, 

182, 375, 407 

press comment, 117, 201, 204-205, 

“rendock,” 182 

space shuttle, 10 

space station, 173 

128, 129, 130, 136-137, 151, 158, 

206-207, 276, 422 

launch 

failure, 277 

probe 

Luna 19, 46 

Liirra 20, 52 

Veilus 8, 119 

satellite 

CO.TiiIO.S, 7, 9-10, 15, 33, 44, 52, 69, 

131, 135, 139, 155, 167-168, 174, 

77, 87, 102, 113, 119, 123, 127, 

186, 200, 221, 236, 239, 241, 

243, 250, 251, 253, 256, 257, 264, 

265, 274, 280, 292, 294, 297, 301, 

317, 319, 322, 330, 338, 340, 346, 

355, 361, 366, 371, 373, 395, 428, 

439, 443, 444, 445 

1rrrercosnro.r 6, 132 

Irrterco.trtro.\ 7, 243 

1rrtercosriro.r 8, 403 

Meteor 11, 123 

Mereor 12, 243 

Meteor 13, 363 

575 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

Moliiira I-22, 404 

Mobiiya If-2, 188 

Moliiiya If-3, 331 

Molrriya 11-4, 426 

Progiioz I, 139, 242 

Progiioz 2, 242 

Srer I, 128 

Salyut (space station), 174-175, 277 

sounding rocket, 228 

SOWZ 11, 167 

meeting, 343, 360, 365 

meteorological satellite system, 87 

Ministry of Health, 170 

missile and rocket program, 65, 87, 96, 

177, 201-202, 229-230, 320, 329, 

331, 352, 355, 397, 429 

ICBM, 54, 69, 89, 335 

MIRV, 221 

ss-4. 87 

445 

Nixon, President Richard M.. visit to, 

nuclear capability, 49, 55-56, 175, 289, 

96, 185, 189, 190, 191, 197-198, 203, 

207, 213, 232, 241 

358, 421 

Nixon, President Richard M.. visit to, 

nuclear capability, 49, 55-56, 175, 289, 

96, 185, 189, 190, 191, 197-198, 203, 

207, 213, 232, 241 

358, 421 

nuclear energy facilities, 2, 10, 14-15, 

press, 133 

Drobe. 96 

55 

a Iiiferco.vnos 6, 235 

Luiia 3, 237 

Luiia 16, 13-14, 33, 52-53, 71, 179, 

291. 299-300 

Luiia 17, 52-53 

Luiia 18, 52-53, 166 

Luira 19, 38, 46, 52-53, 94, 166, 337 

Luira 20, 52-53, 71, 179, 452 

Lwrolihod I (U.S.S.R. lunar surface 

explorer), 7, 13-14, 53, 128, 166, 

228. 256. 337 

Mars 2, 10-1 1, 28, 38, 60, 86, 90, 113, 

A4ar.Y 3, 10-1 I, 28, 38, 60, 86, 90, 113, 

166, 244, 299, 369 

166, 167, 244. 299. 369 

Veiius 8, 140-141, 267, 273, 275, 284, 

294. 312. 315-316 

Radio Physics Institute, 33 1 

satellite, 128, 132, 139, 167, 175-176, 188, 

192, 321, 399 

science and technology, 2, 10, 13-14, 15, 

18, 123, 173, 176, 201, 213, 221-222, 

228, 368, 375, 385-386 

Science Institute of Space Research, 

space program, 7, 18-19,64,68, 142, 166, 

167-168, 175-176, 218, 353, 394, 

399, 407 

achievements, 85-86, 108, 138, 243 

biology, 360 

budget, 167-168, 343 

189-190 

competition with U.S., 9, 27, 137, 

launch record, 449 

lunar exploration (see also Luna 

probes), 13-14, 100, 128, 179, 426 

military applications, 64, 118, 352 

plans, 28, 86, 96, 100, 111, 248, 338 

press comment, 117 

press coverage, 133 

satellite inspection ability, 9-10 

secrecy, 167-168, 185 

Soviet Space Program. 1971 (report), 

140-141, 167-168, 394 

166 

training, 110-1 11, 201, 204, 205, 228, 

space station, 58, 61, 175-176, 206-207 

spacecraft. See U.S.S.R.. launch: and 

229, 239-240 

individual spacecraft such as Luiia 16, 

Mars 3, Moliiiya I-20. Salyut I, and 

Soyuz 11. 

Special Astrophysical Observatory, 208- 

209 

State Committee for Science and Technolom. 199 

supers;& transport, 157, 183, 263, 285, 

325, 326, 341, 368, 404 

trade, 90, 133-134, 241, 435 

treaty, 327, 331, 338, 380 

arms limitation (see also U.S.S.R.. 

disarmament), 188, 201-202, 2241 

316, 331, 338 

biological warfare treaty, 134 

space, 174, 195 

328 

225, 229-230, 232, 283, 288, 299, 

weapons, 49, 120, 201-202, 229-230, 

Usher, Scott, 220 

Utah, Univ. of, 323 

UTC. See United Aircraft Corp., United 

Technology Center Div. 

Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System 

(UTTAS), 303 

UTTAS. See Utility Tactical Transport 

Aircraft System. 

UV. See Ultraviolet. 

V 

V-2 (long-range ballistic missile), 202-203, 

VA. See Veterans Administration. VAB. See Vehicle Assembly Building. 

Vachon, Dr. Reginald I., 294 

Valery, Nicholas, 25 1-252 

Van Allen, Dr. James A.. 115 

205, 321 

Van Allen radiation belts, 115, 128, 227, 

244 

Van de Graaf Crater (moon), 152 

Vandenberg AFB, Calif. 

anniversary, 328 

facilities modifications, 139-140 

launch 

missile, 174 

satellite, 216 

Radcaf, 336 

576 
ASTRONAUT1 CS A N D AERONAUT1 CS, 1972 

577 

reconnaissance, 154, 200, 346 

Triad 01-1 X, 306 

unidentified, 25, 154, 190, 200, 346, 

Stp 72-1, 336 

439 

launch failure. 80 

satellite launch vehicle, 108, 117, 252, 

279-280, 305 

space shuttle, 139-140, 181-182, 448 

Vandenberg Tracking Station, 337 

Van Hoeydonck, Paul, 153, 266, 317 

Van Nuys, Calif, 173 

Vanguard (satellite), 75, 395-396 

Vanguard I, 109 

Vanguard-A Hisrorj, 75 

Vasilyev, V.,253 

VAST. See Versatile avionics shop test. 

Vega (star), 255 

Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) (KSC), 46, 

139-140, 150, 298, 384 

Vela (nuclear detection satellite), 332 

Velikovsky, Dr. Immanuel, 291, 400401 

Venera (U.S.S.R. interplanetary probe), 

108 

Venus (planet) (see also Mariner Venus/ 

Mercury mission and Venus probes), 

64, 291, 294-295, 441, 444 

atmosphere, 113, 176, 267, 312 

probe, 56, 64, 65, 94, 140-141, 151, 312, 

408 

international cooperation, 178, 228, 

71 1 

Ma%er 2, 429 

Mariner 10, 307-308 

U.S.S.R., 119, 167-168, 257-258, 267, -.?I 

LI3 

surface, 261, 312 

119 

Vetius 4 (U.S.S.R. interplanetary probe), 

Vemrs 5, 119 

Verius 6, 119 

Vetius 7. 119, 267. 275. 331 

Veiius 8, 119, 140-141, 257-258, 267, 273, 

Versatile avionics shop test (VAST), 215 

Vertical or short takeoff and landing airVertical takeoff and landing aircraft. See 

275, 284, 294, 312, 315, 338 

craft. See V/STOL. 

VTOL. 

Vertical-temperature-profile radiometer 

(VTPR), 352 

VHF landing system. 

Vertol Div. See Boeing Co. 

Very-high-frequency landing system. See 

Very-high-red&ion radiometer (VH RR), 

352 

Very-large-array (VLA) radiotelescope, 104 

Veterans, 129-130, 187-188, 193, 209 

Veterans Administration (VA), 73-74, < 741 .- Veterans Administration Hospital, Buffalo, 

Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), 89 VFR. See Visual flight rules. VFW. See Veterans of Foreign Wars. 

N.Y., 248 

VFW-16 (European commuter transport), 

94 

VHF: very high frequency. VHF landing system, 67 

Vick, L/C Dewain C. (USAF), 263, 350 

Victorialand, Antarctica. 171 

Vienna, Austria, 340, 343 

Vietnam war, 151, 232, 247, 328, 329, 393, 

407408. 440 

Viking (pyogram), 28, 30, 407, 408, 428 

Viking (rocket), 345, 395-396 

Viking Mars mission, 56, 65, 85, 153, 313, 

376-377. 384. 388 

Viking Mars lander, 131, 290, 295, 364, 

428 

parachute system, 163, 256, 272-273, 

Viking Press, 211 VIMS. See Virginia Institute of Marine 

290, 295 

- Science. 

700 

Vinogradov, Dr. Aleksander P., 179, 299- 

Virginia, 136, 157, 188, 206 

Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), -.I< LIO 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 28 1 

Visual flight rules (VFR), 93 VLA. See Very-large-array radiotelescope. VLF: very low frequency. 

Volcano, 77, 228, 250-25 1, 385-386 

Volpe, Secretary of Transportation John 

A.. 20. 49-50. 155, 161. 190, 203-204. 

251, 272, 291, 323, 392, 411, 420, 425 

Voluntary Fund for Environment (proposed), 47 

440 

von Beckh, Dr. Harald J., 373 

yon Braun, Dr. Wernher, 211, 352, 383, 

anniversary, 117 

awards and honors, 202-203, 220 

documentary, 9 

exhibit, 117, 185 

press comment, 217 

retirement, 202-203, 205, 45 1 

space program, 98, 120-121, 151, 344, 

von Dohnanyi, Aerospace Minister Klaus 

(West Germany), 262, 421 

von Kdrma’n, Theodore, 321 

von Kirma‘n, Theodore, Award, 320 

von Ka’rmin, Theodore, Memorial LecVosroh I mission, 138, 446 

Vought Missiles & Space Co. 

Aerospace Corp. 

“Voyage Beyond Apollo” (cruise), 409 

Vreuls, Fred E., 129 

V/STOL (vertical or short takeoff and landing) aircraft, 31, 67, 141-142, 161, 186, 

187, 353, 355 

VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) aircraft, 

VTPR. See Vertical-te m perat u re-pro f ile 

Vulcan Materials Co., 309 

399400, 406, 409 

ture, 80 

See LTV 

30, 40, 56, 66-67 

radiometer. 
W 

Waddell Gallery, 266 

Waddy, Judge Joseph C., 242 

Wade, Gen. Horace M. (USAF), 110 

Wake-turbulence research, 92 

Wakelin, James H., Jr., 280 

Wald, Dr. George, 387-388 

Waldheim, U.N. Secretary General Kurt 

Waldis, Alfred, 313, 345 

Wallops Island, Va., 345 

Wallops Station (NASA), 9-10, 56, 142, 287, 

M., 286, 348, 358 

394 

airborne laser, 136 

contract, 293 

launch 

E.uplorer 46, 290 

Gravitational Redshift Space Probe 

Experiment, 194 

sounding rocket, 105 

Arcas, 173 

Astrobee F, 327 

Javelin, 51 

Nike, 73 

Nike-Apache, 39, 410, 460 

Nike-Javelin 111, 120, 122, 127 

Nike-Tomahawk, 91 

Trailblazer I1 (reentry vehicle), 275 

Walt, Gen. Lewis W. (USMC, Ret.),317 

War (see also Cold war; Vietnam war), 

9-10, 39, 49, 134, 207 

Ward, Frederick W., Jr., 454 

Wark, Dr. David Q.. 20-21 

Warner, Secretary of the Navy John W., 

Warsaw, Poland, 20, 28, 183, 257 

Warsaw, Univ. of, 20 

Washburn, Bradford, Award, 368 

Washington, 42, 166, 169, 252, 256, 264, 

Washington, D. C. (see also District of 

Columbia), 86, 134, 188, 214, 277, 355, 

429-430, 434 

awards presented in, 131-132, 210, 258, 

civic center (proposed), 322, 338 

clubs and associations, 83, 93, 263 

exhibit, 74 

Handler, Dr. Philip, interview, 127 

Hot Line, 377 

meetings, 20, 33, 50, 59, 98, 121, 153, 

159-160, 162, 170, 177, 187, 193- 

194, 199, 203-204, 221, 223, 225, 226, 

293, 298, 305, 319, 328, 352, 354, 

443 

NASA personnel, 205, 222 

National Air and Space Museum, 

groundbreaking. 388 

press conference, 8, 39, 90, 128, 185, 

speeches. 89, 162, 226-227, 375 

U.S. District Court, 46, 242-243, 255 

visits to, 230, 384, 392 

Super Arcas, 8, 39, 410, 460 

265-266, 355 

365 

263, 265-266, 350, 372-373, 380-381 

197-198, 221, 340 

Weather Watch data, 263 

Washington State Univ., 54 

Washington, Univ. of, 241 

Washington Univ., St. Louis, Mo., 264, 

315 

Washington, Mayor Walter E., 131-132 

Wasielewski, Eugene W., 258-259 

Wasserburg, Dr. Gerald J., 363, 380-381 

Waste disposal, 293 

Water pollution, 5, 63, 73-74, 101, 409 

Water-recovery and waste-incinerator sysWater resources management, 1, 2, 17, 77, 

tem, 194-195 

126. 302 

Watson, James Craig, Medal of Science, 

1 60 

WB-57 (NASA research aircraft), 292-293 

WBVTR. See Wide-band video tape record- ers. 

Wdowiak, Dr. Thomas, 181 

Weakley, V/A Charles E. (USN, Ret.), 441 

Weapon systems (see also Disarmament; 

Nuclear weapons), 50, 162 

biological, 134 

cost, 263 

electronic countermeaures (ECM), 6162 

evasion technology, 65 

space shuttle, 157 

strategic, 24-25, 39 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. capability comparison, 

A9 

Weather modification (see also MeteorolWebb, James E., 89, 98, 205, 455 

Webster, Grove, 269 

Weightlessness effects, 15, 24, 41, 65-66, 

ogy), 236-237, 247, 250, 408 

73, 129, 136, 241, 279-280, 321-322, 337, 

360, 419 

Weinberg, Dr. Alvin M., 406 

Weinbereer. Casuar W.. 380 

WeinsteG, Richa'rd H., 126 

Weiss, Howard M., 225 

Weitz, Cdr. Paul J. (USN), 23, 219, 282 

Weizenbaum, Joseph, 180 

Wessels, Col. Robert R. (USA), 302 

West Germany. See Germany, West. 

West Indies, 184, 195 

West Virginia, 18 

Western Hemisphere, 54 

Western Telegraph Co., 283 

Western Test Range (WTR), 95, 115, 184, 

269, 350, 389, 422, 430 

Western Union International, Inc., 335, 

386 

Western Union Telegraph Co., 283, 286 

Westinghouse Astronuclear Laboratory, 

59 

Westinghouse Corp., 337 

Westinghouse Education Foundation, 429 

Westminster School, 101 

Whalley, Rep. J. Irving, 220 

Whipple, Dr. Fred L.. 372 

Whitcomb, Dr. Richard T., 73 

White, E. E., 356 

White, L/C Edward H., 11 (USAF), 382 

White House, 125, 229-230, 273, 446 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AEROhACTICS, 1972 

578 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

announcement, 19 1, 197, 224-225, 230, 

astronauts, 41, 162-163 

ceremony, 59, 275, 338 

Hot Line, 20, 377 

meeting, 60, 236-237 

press conference, 198-199, 201-202 

space program, 185, 228-229 

visits to, 350, 374 

236-237, 253, 356 

White House Council, 208 

White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), N. 

Mex., 202-203, 301 

Aerobee 150, 156, 237 

Aerobee 170 

Aerobee launch anniversary, 394 

launch 

aeronomv exoeriment. 306 

astronomy kxperiment, 180, 259, 

cosmic ray experiment, 189 

288, 319 

planetary atmosphere spectrum, 

soft x-ray experiment, 288, 422 

solar brightness measurement, 425, 

378 

427 

solar physics experiment, 158, 225, 

242, 255, 274, 276, 366, 385 

x-ray astronomy, 61, 127, 189 

Aerobee 200. 388 

Black Brant 'VB, 360 

Black Brant VC. 210. 222 , - . --- 

Nike-Apache, 37, 222, 375 

test, 256, 272, 290, 295, 319, 428 

xn 

White Sands Test Facility (WSTF), N. Mex., "" 

White, Gen. Thomas D., Space Trophy, 

Whiteside, John. J., 325 

Whitney Museum, New York, 385 

Wide-band video tape recorders (WBVTR), 

Wilford, John N., 110-1 11, 117, 127 

Williams, William D., Jr., 220 

Williamsburg, Va., 188 

Wilson, George C., 9-10 

Wilson, Robert R., 314 

Wilson, T. A,, 331 

Wilson, Dr. William J., 365 

Wind, 228, 250, 373 

Wind tunnel, 67, 73, 110, 191-192, 283, 

Wing, aircraft, 330, 378 

267-268, 313 

235, 269-270 

353 

antisymmetrical, 191-192, 449 

augmentor, 169, 172, 324 

supercritical, 5CL51, 73, 107, 214, 312, 

449 

flight tests, 72-73, 94, 104, 109, 113, 

123, 155, 163, 184, 186, 193, 

274-275, 396, 449 

swing, 319, 329, 340, 355 

Winifred (asteroid), 434 

Winters, Jonathan, 134-135 

Wisconsin, Univ. of, 61, 131-132, 152, 254, 

Wollenhaupt, Dr. Wilbur R., 433 

Women, 15, 276 

288, 422 

Wood, Dr. John A., 14 

Woodall, Jerry M., 250 

Woodbury, N.Y., 220 

Woods, Robert J., 350 

Woodward, William H., 85 

Woomera, Australia, 120, 438 

Worden, L/C Alfred M. (WAF), 1, 13-14, 

20, 28, 35, 61, 194, 232, 256, 303, 

3 14 

Apollo I5 mission, 41, 282-283 

awards and honors, 114, 210, 267-268 

Working Group on Rendezvous and Docking (see also Joint Working Group on Compatibility of Docking Systems 

and Tunnels), 119, 127, 158, 197 

Working Group 111, 409 

World Airways, Inc., 425 

World Bank, 218 

World Heritage Trust, 285 

World Meteorological Organization 

Commission for Instruments and Meth- 

(U.N.), 84, 218-219 

ods of Observation, 105, 453 

World War I, 26 

World War 11, 441, 442 

World Weather Program, 172-173 

World Weather Program for Fiscal Year 

1973, 172-173, 262 

World Weather Watch, 262-263 

Worlds Fair (1964-1969, 388 

The Worlds of votr Brawl (TV documentary 

Wrench, ultrasonic, 45 

Wright Brothers Day, 422, 434 

Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, 326, 

Wright. David B.. 184-185 

film), 9 

430 

Wright' Memorial' Dinner, 430 

Wright, Orville, 26, 422 WSMR. See White Sands Missile Range. WSTF. See White Sands Test Facility. WTR. see Western Test Range. 

Wyld, James H., Propulsion Award, 399 

Wyoming, Univ. of, 43 

X 

X-l (rocket research aircraft), 233, 311, 

350 

X-5, 31 1 

X-15, 79, 311 

X-24A (lifting -- body), 3 12 

X-24B, 347 

XB-70 (supersonic aircraft), 31 1 

Xerox Data Systems, 372 

XLR-129 (rocket engine), 332 

Xonics, Inc., 92 

X-ray 

astronomy, 61, 90, 107, 127, 139, 189, 

Crab Nebula study, 159 

lunar surface analysis, 14, 183-184, 41 1 

mapping, 107 

soft, 288, 422 

source, 56-57, 332, 386, 394 

242, 243, 287, 288, 342, 360 

579 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1972 

stellar, 332, 394, 438 

telescope, 108 

Yak-40 (U.S.S.R. jet transport), 365, 425 

Yale Univ., 287 

Ymikee Clipper (Apollo I2 CM). See Command module. 

Yeager, Capt. Charles E. (WAF), 350 

“Year of the Skylab,” 408 

Yeliseyev, Dr. Aleksey S., 11 1 

Yerkes Observatory, 302 

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 142, 150, 387 

YF-12 (research aircraft), 312, 327 

YF-16 (swept-wing fighter), 378 

YF-17, 378 

YJlOl (turbojet engine), 378 

Young, Capt. John W. (USN), 119-120, 

Apollo 16 mission 

commemorative medal, 264 

Congress, report to, 184 

debriefing, 180 

launch, 142 

medical aspects, 120, 135, 150, 166, 

162-163, 165, 345 

EVA, 148-149, 169 

430 

Nix&, President Rjchard M., 162- 

preparations for, 123 

press conference, 109, 172, 228-229 

tribute to, 163-164 

Apollo 17 mission, 194 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 228-229 

awards and honors, 187 

163, 228 

Youth Science Congress, 154-155 

Yugoslav Academy of Sciences, 35 

Yugoslavia, 28, 35, 41 

Z 

Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 35 

Zeigler, Henri, 271 

Zeta (star), 296 

Zinn, Dr. Walter E., 341 

Zirconium hydride reactor, 80 

Zisk, Stanley H., 403 

Zond (U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 108 

Zraket, Charles, 396 

Zumwalt, Adm. Elmo R., Jr. (USN), 151- 

152 

Zvezdny Gorodok (Star City), U.S.S. R ., 110-111, 117, 354 

580 
NASA HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS 

HISTORIES 

8 Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA 

SP-4101, 1966, GPO, $4.00.* 

Loyd S. Swenson, James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New 

Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-4201, 1966, GPO, $5.50. 

Constance McL. Green and Milton Lomask, Vanguard-A History, NASA 

SP-4202, 1970; also Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971, $12.50. 

Alfred Rosenthal, Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight 

Center, NASA SP-4301, 1968, GPO, $2.50. 

Q Edwin P. Hartman, Adventures in Research: A History of the Ames Research 

Center, 1961965, YASA SP-4302,1970, GPO, $4.75. 

HISTORICAL STUDIES 

8 Eugene M. Emme (ed.), History of Rocket Technology, Detroit: Wayne 

Mae Mills Link, Space Medicine in Project Mercury, NASA SP-4003, 

* Historical Sketch of NASA, NASA EP-29, 1%5 and 1966, NTIS, $6.00. 

University, 1964, out of print. 

NTIS, $6.00.** 

State 

1965, 

Katherine M. Dickson (Library of Congress), History of Aeronautics aid Astronautics: A Preliminary Bibliography, NASA HHR-29, NTIS, $6.00. 

8 Eugene M. Emme (ed.), Statements by the Presidents of the United States on lnternational Cooperation in Space, Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences, Sen. Doc. 92-41), 1971, GPO, $0.55. 

William R. Corliss, NASA Sounding Rockets, 1958-1968: A Historical Summary, 

NASA SP-4401, 1971, GPO, $1.75. 

Helen T. Wells with Susan Whitely, Origiw of NASA Names, NASA SP-4402 

(1974). 

Jane Van Nimmen and Leonard C. Bruno with Robert L. Rosholt, NASA 

Historicd Data Book, 1958-1968, NASA SP-4012 (1974). 
CHRONOLOGIES 

utics: An American Chronology of Science and Techion of Space, 1915-1960, compiled by Eugene M. Emme, 

961, NTIS, $6.00. 

utical Events of 1961, published by the House ComAstronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1962, published by the House Com- 

* Astronautics and Aeronautics: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy, 

mittee on Science and Astronautics, 1962, NTIS, $6.00. 

mittee on Science and Astronautics, 1963, NTIS, $6.00. 

1963, NASA SP-4004, 1964, NTIS, $6.00. 

1 

* .-, 1964, NASA SP405, 1965, NTIS, $6.00. 

.-, 1965, NASA SP-IK)o6, 1966, NTIS, $6.00. 

-, 1966, NASA SP47, 1967, NTIS, $6.00. 

, 1967, NASA SP-4008, 1968, GPO, $2.25. 

-, 1968, NASA SP-ala, 1969, GPO, $2.00. 

.-, 1969, NASA SP-4014, 1970, GPO, $2.25. 

* -, 1970, NASA SP-4015, 1972, GPO, $3.10. 

* -, 1971, NASA SP-4016, 1972, GPO, $3.80. 

* James M. Grimwood, Project Mercury: A Chronology, NASA SP-4001, 1963, 

NTIS, $6.00. 

* James M. Grimwood and Barton C. Hacker, with Peter J. Vorzimmer, 'Project 

Gemini Technology and Operations: A Chronology, NASA SP-4002, 1969, 

GPO, $2.75. J 

* Ivan D. Ertel and Mary Louise Morse, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Vol. I, Through November 7, 1962, NASA SP409, 1969, GPO, $2.50. 

* Mary Louise Morse and Jean Kernahan Bays, The Apollo Spacecraft: A 

Chronology, Vol. 11, November 8, 1962-September 30, 1964, NASA SP-4009, 

1972, GPO, $3.20. 

R. Cargill Hall, Project Ranger: A Chronology, JPL/HR-2, 1971, NTIS, $6.00. 

* GPO: Titles may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, Government 

rom National Technical Information Service, 
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