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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

SPACE SHUTTLE 

MISSION 

STS-47 

PRESS KIT 

SEPTEMBER 1992 

SPACELAB J MISSION 
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STS-47 INSIGNIA 

STS047-S-001 -- Designed by the crewmembers, the STS-47 mission insignia depicts the space shuttle 

orbiter with the Spacelab module in the cargo bay against a backdrop of the flags of the United States and 

Japan. The flags symbolize the side-by-side cooperation of the two nations in this mission. The land masses 

of Japan and Alaska are represented on the insignia, emphasizing the multi-national aspect of the flight as 

well as the high inclination orbit of 57 degrees. The initials "SLJ" on the left border of the insignia stand 

for Spacelab Japan; the name generally used for the mission is Spacelab-J. The Japanese characters on 

the right border form the word Fuwatto which means "weightlessness." 

The NASA insignia design for space shuttle flights is reserved for use by the astronauts and for other 

official use as the NASA Administrator may authorize. Public availability has been approved only in the 

form of illustrations by the various news media. When and if there is any change in this policy, which we 

do not anticipate, it will be publicly announced. 

PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
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PUBLIC AFFAIRS CONTACTS 

NASA Headquarters 

Office of Space Flight/Office of Space Systems Development 

Mark Hess/Jim Cast/Ed Campion 

(Phone: 202/453-8536) 

Office of Space Science and Applications 

Paula Cleggett-Haleim/Mike Braukus/Brian Dunbar 

(Phone: 202/453-1547) 

Office of Commercial Programs 

Barbara Selby 

(Phone: 202/358-1983) 

Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology 

Drucella Andersen/Les Dorr 

(Phone: 202/453-2754) 

Office of Safety & Mission Quality/Office of Space Communications 

Dwayne Brown 

(Phone: 202/358-0545) 

Ames Research Center Langley Research Center 

Jane Hutchison Jean Drummond Clough 

(Phone: 415/604-4968) (Phone: 804/864-6122) 

 

Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility Lewis Research Center 

Nancy Lovato Mary Ann Peto 

(Phone: 805/258-3448) (Phone: 216/433-2899) 

 

Goddard Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center 

Dolores Beasley Mike Simmons 

(Phone: 301/286-2806) (Phone: 205/544-6537) 

 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Stennis Space Center 

James Wilson Myron Webb 

(Phone: 818/354-5011) (Phone: 601/688-3341) 

 

Johnson Space Center Wallops Flight Center 

James Hartsfield Keith Koehler 

(Phone: 713/483-5111) (Phone: 804/824-1579) 

Kennedy Space Center 

Lisa Malone 

(Phone: 407/867-2468) 
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CONTENTS 

GENERAL RELEASE 5 

MEDIA SERVICES INFORMATION 8 

QUICK-LOOK-FACTS 9 

PAYLOAD AND VEHICLE WEIGHTS 11 

ABORT MODES 12 

TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 13 

PRE-LAUNCH PROCESSING 14 

SPACELAB-J 15 

SPACELAB-J EXPERIMENTS 15 

SPACELAB-J/MATERIALS SCIENCE 15 

SPACELAB-J/LIFE SCIENCES 20 

SPACELAB-J/EXPERIMENTS LISTING 24 

GETAWAY SPECIAL (GAS) 27 

ISRAEL SPACE AGENCY INVESTIGATION ABOUT 

HORNETS (ISAIAH) 

29 

SHUTTLE AMATEUR RADIO EXPERIMENT (SAREX) 30 

SOLID SURFACE COMBUSTION EXPERIMENT (SSCE) 31 

SPACE ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT (SAMS) 32 

STS-47 CREW BIOGRAPHIES 33 

MISSION MANAGEMENT FOR STS-47 37 
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RELEASE: 92-128 September 1992 

STS-47 FLIGHT MARKS JAPAN'S MAJOR FORAY 

INTO HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT 

The 50th Shuttle flight marks the first NASA mission devoted primarily to Japan. Space Shuttle Endeavour 

will carry a crew of 7, including a Japanese mission specialist, and Spacelab-J (SL-J) science laboratory 

into Earth orbit on the STS-47 mission. SL-J contains 43 experiments, 34 provided by Japan, 7 from the 

United States and 2 joint experiments. 

"Missions such as Spacelab-J mirror the way science is done on Earth," said SL-J Program Scientist Dr. 

Robert S. Sokolowski. "Astronauts aboard the orbiting laboratory will conduct experiments around-theclock. These experiments will add to basic knowledge about the behavior of everything from crystals, 

fluids and even humans when exposed to the near weightless environment of spaceflight." 

Commander of the mission is Robert "Hoot" Gibson, making his fourth Shuttle flight. Curtis Brown, 

making his first, is the pilot. Making their second Shuttle flights are mission specialists Mark Lee and Jay 

Apt. First time space travelers Jan Davis and Mae Jemison, the first African American woman to fly in 

space, round out the NASA crew. 

Endeavour's crew also will include the first Japanese to fly aboard a NASA spacecraft, payload specialist 

Dr. Mamoru Mohri. 

STS-47 will be the second flight of NASA's newest Space Shuttle, Endeavour. Scheduled for launch 

around Sept. 11, the mission is scheduled to last 6 days, 20 hours and 36 minutes. At the end of its mission, 

Endeavour will land at the Kennedy Space Center, Fla. 

SL-J Laboratory 

Spacelab is a 23-foot long pressurized laboratory built by the European Space Agency specifically for 

conducting experiments in a shirt-sleeve environment aboard the Space Shuttle. 

"On Spacelab missions, astronauts do the science. They have an essential role in the conduct of the 

experiments, both as investigators and as test subjects," said Gary W. McCollum, SL-J Program Manager. 

"This mission is typical of how we will routinely work in space for much longer periods when Space 

Station Freedom begins operations later this decade." 

Research conducted on Spacelab missions and later on Freedom offers unique opportunities to learn about 

basic scientific processes, which ultimately may lead to useful commercial and medical applications. 

But, the effects of microgravity on plants and animals, including humans, must be understood before longterm space travel and exploration missions can be undertaken. 

"Our life sciences research seeks to distinguish the role gravity plays in the development and functions of 

life on Earth. We can study plants and animals -- including humans -- in the microgravity of space," said 

Dr. Thora Halstead, SL-J Program Scientist. "With the overwhelming influence of gravity removed, basic 

physical processes can be studied more easily." 

"This information is critical to keeping people healthy and productive on the space station and on long 

space missions to the planets," Halstead said. "But the application of this knowledge has far-reaching 

benefits because some of what we learn on these missions will be useful to researchers studying medical 

problems on Earth." 
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Materials Science Experiments 

On Spacelab-J, 24 experiments will study various materials and processes in the near absence of gravity. 

This includes studies of protein crystals, electronic materials, fluids, glasses and ceramics, metals and 

alloys -- 

A frequent flier on Space Shuttle missions, the protein crystal growth experiment will make its 15th trip 

into space. Proteins are building blocks of living organisms. Understanding how proteins work could lead 

to new and improved medicines and foods. 

Due to the forces of gravity, the internal structures of protein crystals grow imperfectly on Earth. Absent of 

gravity-induced flaws, the internal structure of protein crystals grown in space can be studied on the 

ground more easily . 

Returned to Earth and examined using powerful x-ray diffractometers and computers, these space-grown 

protein crystals reveal their molecular structure. Understanding how proteins work could lead to new and 

improved medicines and protein-rich foods. 

Semiconductors, an integral component of electronic devices used in industrial and consumer products, are 

the focus of several materials experiments. Six types of semiconductor crystals will be grown aboard 

Spacelab. 

In the miniature world of semiconductor chips, gravity-induced flaws in crystals can alter dramatically the 

performance of the chip. With no gravity, researchers believe they can grow crystals of unparalleled 

quality and consistency. This could eventually lead to improved semiconductors and superconductors and 

more efficient electronic components. 

Endeavour's crew also will conduct investigations on the behavior of mineral oil drops. This is part of a 

continuing effort to identify the potential for processing materials without the need for containers that, like 

gravity, reduces the quality of the material processed. 

Other experiments will manufacture glass and a rare mineral compound called samarskite, which will test 

theories on material properties. A series of 10 metals and alloys experiments will look into the ways that 

ingredients may be combined to form new, improved materials. 

Life Sciences Experiments 

The remaining 20 experiments are life science research. Life science experiments include cell separation, 

cell biology, developmental biology, animal and human physiology and behavior, space radiation and 

biological rhythms. 

Astronauts will separate mixtures of proteins using an electrical field as a way of obtaining purer proteins. 

They will grow plant and animal cells to see how microgravity alters their development and to learn more 

about how they function. 

Frog eggs will be fertilized in space and examined at various stages of development -- from embryos to 

tadpoles to adults. The influence of weightlessness on the stages of development and the behavior of the 

frogs will be determined. Chicken embryos also will be flown to study how space flight alters the 

development of bones and other tissues. 

Scientists will study the human body's motion and balance mechanisms and visual stability as altered by 

space flight. Endeavour's crew will be the test subjects. 
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They also will participate in experiments to test the effectiveness of biofeedback to ward off space motion 

sickness. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) equipment will be used pre- and post-flight to measure 

muscle and bone loss due to space travel. 

A Japanese experiment will use two koi fish (carp) to study effects of weightlessness on a fish's gravitysensing organ, which is very similar to the same organ in humans. Effects of space cosmic radiation will be 

measured using fruit fly larvae and eggs. 

A new piece of medical equipment to convert contaminated water into a sterile (glucose and saline) fluid 

for intravenous use will be tested. This experiment is directed toward future medical care on Space Station 

Freedom. 

Several other experiments will be carried in the Shuttle middeck compartment. Also a Getaway Special 

Bridge in the cargo bay will house 9 experiments. 

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS.) 
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MEDIA SERVICES INFORMATION 

NASA Select Television Transmission 

NASA Select television is available on Satcom F-2R, Transponder 13, located at 72 degrees west 

longitude; frequency 3960.0 MHz, audio 6.8 MHz. 

The schedule for television transmissions from the Space Shuttle orbiter and for the mission briefings will 

be available during the mission at Kennedy Space Center, Fla.; Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, 

Ala.; Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, Calif.; Johnson Space Center, Houston and NASA 

Headquarters, Washington, D.C. The television schedule will be updated to reflect changes dictated by 

mission operations. 

Television schedules also may be obtained by calling COMSTOR 713/483-5817. COMSTOR is a 

computer data base service requiring the use of a telephone modem. A voice update of the television 

schedule is updated daily at noon eastern time. 

Status Reports 

Status reports on countdown and mission progress, on-orbit activities and landing operations will be 

produced by the appropriate NASA news center. 

Briefings 

A mission press briefing schedule will be issued prior to launch. During the mission, change-of-shift 

briefings by the off-going flight director and the science team will occur at least once per day. The updated 

NASA Select television schedule will indicate when mission briefings are planned. 
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STS-47 QUICK LOOK 

Launch Date and Site: Sept. 11, 1992, Kennedy Space Center, Fla., Pad 39A 

 

Launch Window: 10:25 a.m. - 12:55 p.m. EDT 

 

Orbiter: Endeavour (OV-105) 

 

Orbit: 163 n.m. x 163 n.m.; 57 degrees inclination 

 

Landing Date: September 18, 1992 

 

Landing Time: 7:01 a.m. EDT 

 

Primary Landing Site: Kennedy Space Center, Fla. 

 

Abort Landing Sites: Return to Launch Site - Kennedy Space Center, FL 

 Transoceanic Abort Landing - Zaragoza, Spain 

 Ben Guerir, Morocco 

 Moron, Spain 

 Abort Once Around - White Sands Space Harbor, N.M. 

 

Crew: Robert Gibson, Commander 

 Curtis Brown, Pilot 

 Mark Lee, Mission Specialist 1 

 Jay Apt, Mission Specialist 2 

 Jan Davis, Mission Specialist 3 

 Mae Jemison, Mission Specialist 4 

 Mamoru Mohri, Payload Specialist 1 

 

Operational Shifts: Red team -- Brown, Lee, Mohri 

 Blue team -- Apt, Davis, Jemison 

 

Cargo Bay Payloads: Spacelab-J 

 GAS Bridge (Get-Away Specials) 

 

Middeck Payloads: ISAIAH (Israeli Space Agency Investigation About Hornets) 

 SSCE (Solid Surface Combustion Experiment) 

 SAREX-II (Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II) 
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VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS 

Pounds

Orbiter (Endeavour) Empty and 3 SSMEs 173,174 

 

Spacelab-J Module 21,861 

Get-Away Specials Bridge 5,000 

Israel Space Agency Investigation About Hornets 70 

Solid Surface Combustion Experiment 253 

Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment 36 

Detailed Supplementary Objectives 51 

Total Vehicle At SRB Ignition 4,510,542 

Orbiter Landing Weight 219,247 
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SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES 

Space Shuttle launch abort philosophy aims toward safe and intact recovery of the flight crew, orbiter and 

its payload. Abort modes include: 

• Abort-To-Orbit (ATO) -- Partial loss of main engine thrust late enough to permit reaching a minimal 

105-nautical mile orbit with orbital maneuvering system engines. 

• Abort-Once-Around (AOA) -- Earlier main engine shutdown with the capability to allow one orbit 

around before landing at either Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.; White Sands Space Harbor, N.M; or 

the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) at the Kennedy Space Center, Fla. 

• Trans-Atlantic Abort Landing (TAL) -- Loss of one or more main engines midway through powered 

flight would force a landing at either Zaragoza, Spain; Ben Guerir, Morocco; or Moron, Spain. 

• Return-To-Launch-Site (RTLS) -- Early shutdown of one or more engines without enough energy to 

reach Zaragoza would result in an orbiter pitch around and thrust back toward KSC until within 

gliding distance of the SLF. 

STS-47 contingency landing sites are Edwards Air Force Base, the Kennedy Space Center, White Sands 

Space Harbor, Zaragoza, Ben Guerir and Moron. 
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TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 

Event 

MET 

(d/h:m:s) 

Relative 

Velocity 

(fps) Mach 

Altitude

(ft) 

 

Launch 00/00:00:00 

Begin Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:10 189 0.17 801 

End Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:19 430 0.38 3,674 

SSME Throttle Down 67% 00/00:00:32 765 0.69 10,663 

SSME Throttle Up 104% 00/00:01:04 1,513 1.57 41,860 

Maximum Dyn. Pressure (Max Q) 00/00:01:05 1,548 1.62 43,059 

SRB Separation 00/00:02:04 4,131 3.89 155,869 

Main Engine Cutoff 00/00:08:34 25,000 21.61 376,708 

Zero Thrust 00/00:08:40 25,000 N/A 376,909 

ET Separation 00/00:08:52 

OMS-2 Burn 00/00:36:12 

Landing 06/20:36:00 

Apogee, Perigee at MECO: 160 x 17 nautical miles 

Apogee, Perigee post-OMS 2: 163 x 163 nautical miles 
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STS-47 PRE-LAUNCH PROCESSING 

KSC's Shuttle processing team began work to ready Endeavour for its second voyage into space on May 31 

when the vehicle arrived at Orbiter Processing Facility bay 3 following its ferry flight back from 

California. 

Post-flight tests and evaluations were performed on Endeavour following its maiden voyage. On July 14, 

the primary STS-47 payload, the Spacelab-J laboratory, was installed in Endeavour's payload bay while in 

the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF). Interface verification tests between the orbiter and laboratory were 

conducted within the next few days. 

While in the OPF, technicians installed the three main engines in July. Engine 2026 is in the No. 1 

position, Engine 2022 is in the No. 2 position and Engine 2029 is in the No. 3 position. 

After being readied for its second flight, Endeavour was transferred out of the OPF and towed several 

hundred yards to the Vehicle Assembly Building and connected to its external tank and solid rocket 

boosters. 

Meanwhile, solid rocket booster stacking activities commenced on June 11 and concluded in July. The 

external tank was attached to the boosters on July 13. Mobile launcher platform number 2 is being used for 

Endeavour's second flight. 

Technicians attached the 100-ton space plane to its already stacked solid rocket boosters and external tank. 

Endeavour was transferred to pad 39-B. The Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test with the STS-47 

flight crew was completed. 

A standard 43-hour launch countdown is scheduled to begin 3 days prior to launch. During the countdown, 

the orbiter's fuel cell storage tanks and all orbiter systems will be prepared for flight. 

About 9 hours before launch, the external tank will be filled with its flight load of a half million gallons of 

liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants. About 2 and one-half hours before liftoff, the flight crew 

will begin taking their assigned seats in the crew cabin. 

Endeavour's end-of-mission landing is planned at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility. KSC's 

landing and recovery team will perform normal convoy operations on the runway to safe the vehicle and 

prepare it for tow to the OPF. 

Endeavour's next flight, STS-54, is targeted for the end of the year. The STS-54 crew aboard Endeavour 

will loft NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite-F into geosynchronous orbit. 
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SPACELAB-J 

Spacelab research offers unique opportunities to learn about basic scientific processes and the effects of 

space travel on humans in preparation for longer stays in space. These opportunities ultimately may lead to 

useful commercial and medical applications on Earth. 

The Spacelab-J mission is a joint project in space-based research between the United States and Japan. 

Within the Spacelab, NASA will fly Japan's "First Materials Processing Test," a collection of 34 materialand life-science investigations, seven U.S. experiments, plus two collaborative experiments between the 

two agencies. 

For Spacelab-J, the long module is used. This self-contained 23-foot-laboratory contains a series of 

equipment racks that hold furnaces, computer and biological workstations, biological incubators, storage 

lockers and other equipment to perform experiments in space. Additional storage space and experiments 

are located in the orbiter crew cabin's mid-deck area. 

SPACELAB-J EXPERIMENTS 

These experiments should provide scientists with a better understanding of fundamental materials and 

biological processes. There are 43 investigations, including 24 dedicated to materials science and 19 to life 

science research. 

The materials science experiments will explore five major areas -- biotechnology, electronic materials, 

fluid dynamics and transport phenomena, glasses and ceramics, and metals and alloys. 

The life science experiments include cell separation, cell biology, developmental biology, animal and 

human physiology and behavior, space radiation and biological rhythms. A medical technology experiment 

also will be conducted. 

MATERIALS SCIENCE

Spacelab-J microgravity science experiments cover three research disciplines: biotechnology, fluid 

dynamics and transport phenomena, and materials science. Within these disciplines, the areas covered 

include: protein crystal growth, electronic materials, fluid dynamics, glasses and ceramics, and metals and 

alloys. One instrument will collect data on the microgravity environment aboard Spacelab. 

Protein Crystal Growth 

This research field seeks to develop higher quality protein crystals than those developed on Earth and 

understand their internal crystalline order. 

Protein crystals on the Spacelab-J mission are grown in two scientific instruments, each relying on a 

different technique to promote crystallization: vapor diffusion and liquid/liquid diffusion. 

Proteins are complex amino-acid compounds present in all life forms. They perform numerous, critical 

roles in biochemical processes. If scientists can determine how proteins work, new and improved 

medicines may be developed. 

The functions of most organic molecules are determined by their three-dimensional structure. If scientists 

can determine the structure of a protein, this knowledge may allow the development of new and improved 

medicine and synthetic products. 
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Electronic Materials 

In the electronic materials experiments, five kinds of semiconductor crystals will be grown using four 

specialized furnaces -- the gradient heating furnace, the image furnace, the crystal growth furnace and the 

continuous heating furnace. Semiconductors will be melted and solidified slowly to obtain high quality 

crystal. 

The resulting crystals will be returned to Earth for in-depth study and may lead to a better understanding of 

manufacturing similar crystals on Earth. This eventually may lead to improved semiconductors and 

superconductors, and more efficient electronic components. 

Fluid Dynamics and Transport Phenomena 

Fluid dynamics and transport phenomena experiments will study the underlying physics at work when 

fluids are subjected to different conditions under microgravity conditions. 

Liquid drops will be levitated and manipulated using sound waves in the Drop Dynamics in Space and 

Interference with Acoustic Field experiment. 

Two other experiments -- the Study of Bubble Behavior and Marangoni-Induced Convection in Materials 

Processing Under Microgravity -- will study Marangoni convection, fluid movement caused by surface 

tension variations between regions of different temperatures. 

On Earth, liquids are affected by buoyancy-driven convection. When a fluid is heated, lighter fluids rise 

and heavier fluids fall. In microgravity, this is much weaker, allowing Marangoni or surface tension driven 

convection to be studied. Marangoni convection is one of many phenomena that must be better understood 

for materials processing techniques to become more effective. 

Photography and videotape recordings will be important tools in documenting these and other experiments. 

Such technology permits in-depth, frame-by-frame study of recordings of complex physics phenomena in 

laboratories back on Earth. 

Glasses and Ceramics 

New types of glasses and ceramics also may be developed through containerless processing methods. The 

Preparation of Optical Materials Used in Non-Visible Region experiment will create a non-silicone-based 

glass like that used in infrared-detecting devices such as telescope lenses. 

This will be accomplished in an acoustic levitation furnace. This furnace uses sound waves to suspend, 

combine and melt ingredients in microgravity. It will form a glass after cooling. Containerless processing 

eliminates the possibility of introducing impurities, perhaps leading to glasses that will transmit more light. 

The image furnace also will be used for two glass and ceramics experiments. The High Temperature 

Behavior of Glass experiment will collect data on the physical processes behind glass melting. The Growth 

of Samarskite Crystal in Microgravity will produce a rare mineral compound to better understand its 

properties and possible usefulness. 
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Metals and Alloys 

A series of ten metals and alloys experiments will study the ways that ingredients may be combined to 

form new, improved materials. The large isothermal furnace will heat elements to a liquid state under 

various levels of pressure and cool them from the molten state to a useable solid. 

On Earth, these processes are affected by gravity's pull. In space, substances can be mixed with much more 

control as they float in a weightless condition. The result is a more uniformly combined material with 

fewer impurities. 

The understanding of such processing may lead to lighter, more stress-resistant metals, as well as more 

uniform semiconductors and superconductors. Such materials may have a broad range of uses -- from cars 

to computers to construction. 

The Casting of Superconducting Filamentary Composite Materials and the Preparation of Nickel-Base 

Dispersion Strengthened Alloys experiments will contribute to this field of study. 

Acceleration Data Collection 

The Space Acceleration Measurement System will be used for the fourth time in Spacelab to collect data 

about acceleration forces experienced during the mission. This system of three sensor heads will be located 

in the Spacelab-J module. Such information will assist planners in developing scientific equipment and in 

placing sensitive experiments where they are least likely to be disturbed. 
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LIFE SCIENCES

The effects of microgravity on plants and animals, including humans, must be understood before long-term 

space travel and exploration missions can be undertaken. Life sciences research seeks to discover the 

effects of gravity versus microgravity environments on various life forms. 

With that information, researchers hope to correct or prevent adverse physiological effects that result from 

living and working in space and to develop new scientific information to improve life on Earth. 

Life sciences experiments aboard Spacelab-J include: cell biology, developmental biology, animal and 

human physiology and behavior, space radiation and biological rhythms. One technology experiment in the 

medical field also will be conducted. 

Biotechnology 

Two biological experiments will separate biological sample mixtures, composed of several types of cells or 

proteins, into individual purified fractions consisting of a particular protein or cell-type using electrical 

fields. 

Cell Biology 

Three cell culturing experiments will grow plant and animal cells to test the influence of gravity on 

development and function at the cellular level. One such test will be the production of antibodies in space. 

Developmental Biology 

Other experiments in the life sciences will study how gravity affects the development of animals. An 

experiment entitled Effects of Weightlessness on the Development of Amphibian Eggs Fertilized in Space 

will study the role of gravity in fertilization and development. 

Female frogs will be carried aboard Spacelab-J. Their eggs will be fertilized during the flight and will 

develop in a microgravity environment. Some eggs will be fixed at a certain point in their development, 

while others will be allowed to develop into tadpoles and adult frogs. 

Another experiment to study the role of gravity on the early development of animals is The Effect of Low 

Gravity on Calcium Metabolism and Bone Formation. This study will examine how microgravity affects 

calcium metabolism and bone formation in chick embryos. 

Physiology 

Several experiments will examine the physiology of living organisms on this mission. These experiments 

will reveal more about how organisms function in the space environment. Several experiments will focus 

on the physiology of the vestibular-ocular system. 

One experiment, The Comparative Measurement of Visual Stability in Earth and Cosmic Space, will study 

the effects of microgravity on visual stability. This experiment will examine head and eye movements 

while the crew member visually tracks a flickering light target. 
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Another experiment designed to study the vestibular-ocular system is The Neurophysiological Study on 

Visuo-vestibular Control of Posture and Movement in Fish During Adaptation to Weightlessness. 

In this experiment, two Japanese koi fish (carp) will be exposed to a varying light stimulus. One fish will 

have its otolith structure removed. The otolith is a gravity-sensing structure in the inner ear. This fish's 

response will be compared to the other fish to identify differences in how each reacts to the same stimulus. 

Three crew members will participate in experiments on physical adaptation to space. While awake, each 

will wear a special suit fitted with various sensors that monitor and record various physical responses. 

Urine collection will gauge the intake and output of fluids, which shift toward the upper body in 

microgravity. 

Space motion sickness is an element of general Space Adaptation Syndrome that affects many space 

travelers. A possible countermeasure for this will be studied in an experiment entitled The Autogenic 

Feedback Training Experiment: A Preventative Method for Space Motion Sickness; Autogenic Feedback 

Training for Vestibular Symptomology. 

This two-part experiment is a continuation from an experiment that flew on the Spacelab-3 mission. On 

Spacelab-J two crew members are participants in this experiment. 

One crew member will use biofeedback, a technique where one becomes aware of unconscious or 

involuntary bodily processes (such as heartbeat and skin temperature), in order to consciously control 

them. The goal is to train astronauts to overcome the effects of space motion sickness without using 

artificial means, such as drugs. 

The second participant, the control, has not been trained in biofeedback techniques. But that participant's 

responses to similar circumstances will be recorded. Data collected from the sensor suits they will wear 

also may help predict the likelihood of space motion sickness in future candidates for space travel. 

In space, muscles do not have to work as hard as they do under gravity's influence. Bones do not receive 

the same stress that they do when under a gravitational field. As a result, crew members from previous 

missions have lost calcium from bones and protein from muscles during flight. 

These losses could become a serious problem if crews spend many months or years in a microgravity 

environment. Several experiments being flown aboard Spacelab-J have been designed to study this 

problem. These experiments will gather information about the process and extent of bone and muscle loss 

after exposure to space. 

Two experiments will specifically study bone loss. Fertilized chicken eggs and rat bone cells will be 

examined after the mission for cartilage growth and bone formation. 

To study how muscle mass is lost while in space, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) After Exposure 

to Microgravity experiment employs MRI to examine muscle and bone in selected crew members before 

and after the mission. 

MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce an image of the inside of the body, much better than 

conventional x-rays, but unlike conventional x-rays, it has no known health hazards. The MRI will allow 

investigators to examine calf and thigh muscles and to look for changes in spinal bone marrow and discs 

(vertebrae). 
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Radiation and Environmental Health 

An understanding of the radiation environment in space and the effects of radiation on life forms is critical 

before long-term space journeys are undertaken. 

To examine the biological effects of space radiation, fruit fly larvae will be flown in special incubators 

exposed to the cosmic ray environment. When the flies hatch, they will be examined for radiation-induced 

mutations. 

Technology Experiment 

When intravenous (IV) fluids are administered to a patient on Earth, gravity aids in their delivery and flow. 

The absence of gravity presents a problem should such medical treatment be needed during a space 

mission. Therefore, the Fluid Therapy System will be tested on Spacelab-J. The tests will examine the 

production of medicines and the administration of IV fluids in the absence of gravity. 
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SPACELAB-J EXPERIMENTS LISTING 

Sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Materials Sciences 

Space Acceleration Measurement System 

Dr. Richard DeLombard, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland 

Fluid Therapy System: Inflight Demonstration of the Space Station Freedom Health Maintenance Facility 

Fluid Therapy System 

Dr. Charles Lloyd, Johnson Space Center, Houston 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Exposure to Microgravity 

Dr. Adrian LeBlanc, Methodist Hospital, Houston 

Life Sciences 

Protein Crystal Growth 

Dr. Charles Bugg, University of Alabama, Birmingham 

Autogenic Feedback Training Experiment: A Preventative Method for Space Motion Sickness: Autogenic 

Feedback Training for Vestibular Symptomology 

Dr. Patricia Cowings, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. 

Bone Cell Growth and Mineralization in Microgravity 

Dr. Nicole Partridge, St. Louis University Medical School, St. Louis 

Effects of Weightlessness in the Development of Amphibian Eggs Fertilized in Space 

Kenneth A. Souza, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. 

Lower Body Negative Pressure: Countermeasure for Reducing Post-Flight Orthostatic Intolerance 

Dr. John Charles, Johnson Space Flight Center, Houston 

Plant Culture Research (Gravity, Chromosomes, and Organized Development in Aseptically Cultured Plant 

Cells) 

Dr. Abraham Krikorian, State University of New York, Stony Brook 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Exposure to Microgravity 

Dr. Adrian LeBlanc, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 25

From The National Space Development Agency of Japan 

First Materials Processing Test -- 34 materials and life sciences experiments 

Materials Sciences 

Growth Experiment of Narrow Band-Gap Semiconductor Pb-Sn-Te Single Crystals in Space (M-1) 

Dr. Tomoaki Yamada, Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corp. 

Growth of Pb-Sn-Te Single Crystal by Traveling Zone Method in Low Gravity (M-2) 

Dr. Souhachi Iwai, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp. 

Growth of Semiconductor Compound Single Crystal by Floating Zone Method (M-3) 

Dr. Isao Nakatani, National Research Institute for Metals 

Casting of Superconducting Filamentary Composite Materials (M-4) 

Dr. Kazumasa Togano, National Research Institute for Metals 

Formation Mechanism of Deoxidation Products in Iron Ingot Deoxidized With 

Two or Three Elements (M-5) 

Dr. Akira Fukuzawa, National Research Institute for Metals 

Preparation of Nickel Base Dispersion Strengthened Alloys (M-6) 

Dr. Yuji Muramatsu, National Research Institute for Metals 

Diffusion in Liquid State and Solidification of Binary System (M-7) 

Dr. Takehiro Dan, National Research Institute for Metals 

High Temperature Behavior of Glass (M-8) 

Dr. Naohiro Soga, Kyoto University 

Growth of Silicon Spherical Crystals and Surface Oxidation (M-9) 

Dr. Tatau Nishinaga, University of Tokyo 

Study on Solidification of Immiscible Alloy (M-10) 

Dr. Akihiko Kamio, Tokyo Institute of Technology 

Fabrication of Very-Low-Density, High-Stiffness Carbon Fiber/Aluminum Hybridized Composites (M-11) 

Dr. Tomoo Suzuki, Tokyo Institute of Technology 

Study on the Mechanisms of Liquid Phase Sintering (M-12) 

Dr. Shiro Kohara, Science University of Tokyo 

Fabrication of SL-As-Te:Ni Ternary Amorphous Semiconductor in Microgravity Environment (M-13) 

Dr. Yoshihiro Hamakawa, Osaka University 

Gas-Evaporation in Low Gravity Field: Congelation Mechanism of Metal Vapors (M-14) 

Dr. Nobuhiko Wada, Nagoya University 

Drop Dynamics in Space and Interference With Acoustic Field (M-15) 

Dr. Tatsuo Yamanaka, National Aerospace Laboratory 

Study of Bubble Behavior (M-16) 

Dr. Hisao Azuma, National Aerospace Laboratory 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 26

Preparation of Optical Materials Used in Non-Visible Region (M-17) 

Junji Hayakawa, Government Industrial Research Institute 

Marangoni Induced Convection in Materials Processing Under Microgravity (M-18) 

Dr. Shintaro Enya, Heavy Industries 

Solidification of Eutectic System Alloys in Space (M-19) 

Dr. Atsumi Ohno, Chiba Institute of Technology 

Growth of Samarskite Crystal in Microgravity (M-20) 

Dr. Shunji Takekawa, National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials 

Growth Experiment of Organic Metal Crystal in Low Gravity (M-21) 

Dr. Hiroyuki Anzai, National Electorotechnical Laboratory 

Crystal Growth of Compound Semi-conductors in a Low-Gravity Environment (M-22) 

Dr. Masami Tatsumi, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. 

Life Sciences 

Endocrine and Metabolic Changes in Payload Specialist (L-1) 

Dr. Hisao Seo, Nagoya University 

Neurophysiological Study on Visuo-Vestibular Control of Posture and Movement in Fish 

During Adaptation to Weightlessness (L-2) 

Dr. Masao Kuroda, Osaka University 

Comparative Measurement of Visual Stability in Earth and Cosmic Space (L-4) 

Dr. Kazuo Koga, Nagoya University 

Crystal Growth of Enzymes in Low Gravity (L-5) 

Dr. Yuhei Morita, Kyoto University 

Studies on the Effects of Microgravity on the Ultrastructure and Functions of 

Cultured Mammalian Cells (L-6) 

Dr. Atsushige Sato, Tokyo Medical and Dental University 

The Effect of Low Gravity on Calcium Metabolism and Bone Formation (L-7) 

Dr. Tatsuo Suda, Showa University 

Separation of the Animal Cells and Cellular Organella by Means of Free Flow Electrophoresis (L-8) 

Dr. Tokio Yamaguchi, Tokyo Medical and Dental University 

Genetic Effects of HZE and Cosmic Radiation (L-9) 

Dr. Mituo Ikenaga, Kyoto University 

Space Research on Perceptual Motor Functions Under the Zero Gravity Condition (L-10) 

Akira Tada, National Aerospace Laboratory 

Study on the Biological Effect of Cosmic Radiation and the Development of 

Radiation Protection Technology (L-11) 

Dr. Shunji Nagaoka, National Space Development Agency of Japan 

Circadian Rhythm of Conidiation in Neurospora Crassa (L-12) 

Dr. Yasuhiro Miyoshi, University of Shizuoka 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 27

GETAWAY SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS ON STS-47 

Ten years ago, the first Get Away Special payload flew on Space Shuttle Columbia. Since then, several 

hundred experiments have been carried out in space as part of NASA's Get Away Special (GAS) Program. 

GAS payloads from industry, educational institutions, domestic and foreign governments, as well as from 

individuals wanting to carry out scientific research on Shuttle flights have participated in the GAS 

program, managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. This program is offered to 

customers for a nominal fee on a space-available basis. Clarke Prouty is GAS Mission Manager, and Larry 

Thomas provides customer support at Goddard. 

The GAS bridge, capable of holding a maximum of 12 canisters, spans the payload bay of the orbiter and 

offers a convenient way of flying several canisters simultaneously. Ten GAS payloads originally were 

scheduled to fly on this mission. However, one GAS payload canceled because of technical difficulties. To 

fill the bridge, three GAS ballast payloads will be used. 

The most recent GAS payload flew on STS-45 in March 1992. To date, 78 GAS cans have flown on 18 

missions. GAS experiments from five countries are on this mission. The countries represented are Sweden, 

France, Canada, England and the United States. Brief descriptions of the payloads on STS-47 follow. 

G-102 Sponsor: Boy Scouts of America's Exploring Division (in cooperation with the TRW Systems 

Integration Group, Fairfax, VA) 

In 1978, Explorer posts were invited to submit ideas for experiments. This final flight complement of seven 

experiments was selected through a three-stage elimination process from 38 proposals originally submitted. 

The seven experiments and their sponsors are: Capillary Pumping developed by Explorer Post 9005 and 

sponsored by the McDonnell Douglas Corp., St. Louis, Mo.; Cosmic Ray developed by Explorer Ship 101 

and sponsored by the American Legion of Bridgeport, Conn.; Crystal Growth developed by Explorer Post 

310 and Emulsions developed by Explorer Post 475, both sponsored by Chesebrough Pond's Research 

Laboratory, Trumbull, Conn.; Fiber Optics developed by Explorer Post 475 sponsored by the Naval 

Avionics Center, Indianapolis, Ind.; Floppy Disk developed by Explorer Post 1022 sponsored by the 

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Columbia, Md.; Fluid Droplets developed by Explorer Post 

822 sponsored by Martin Marietta, Littleton, Colo; Command, Power and Mechanical Systems designed by 

Explorer Post 1275 sponsored by the Goddard Explorer Club of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 

Greenbelt, Md. 

G-255 Sponsor: Kansas University Space Program, Lawrence, KS 

This payload contains three experiments based on the analysis of biochemistry structures in microgravity. 

The payload uses a computer controller and an active thermal control system. The first experiment will 

crystallize enzymes. The second will conduct research in cell formations. In the third experiment, seeds 

will be used to test any effects that the space environment may have on seed germination rates. 

The Kansas University Space program is comprised of volunteer undergraduate engineering and science 

majors. 

G-300 Sponsor: Matra Marconi Space/Laboratorie De Genie Electrique De Paris, Paris, France 

This is the first GAS payload to fly from France. The objective of this experiment is to explore thermal 

conductivity of liquids in microgravity. Measurements will be performed on three liquids: distilled water 

(as a standard) and two silicone oils. Using a modified "hot plate" method, a simplified guard ring reduces 

the heat losses. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 28

G-330 Sponsor: Swedish Space Corporation, Solna, Sweden 

The scientific aim of this experiment is to study the breakdown of a planar solid/liquid interface when the 

growth rate increases from stable to unstable conditions. To do this, a sample of Germanium doped with 

Gallium will be processed during the flight. To perform the experiment, a gradient furnace was developed 

in which the growth rate can be controlled along the crystal. The gradient furnace consists of a ceramic 

crucible with five heating elements and a cooler. 

G-482 Sponsor: Spar Aerospace Ltd., Quebec, Canada 

The purpose of this experiment is to compare the behavior of bread yeast in the absence of gravity to the 

behavior of bread yeast in normal atmospheric conditions. The experiment mixes flour, water and the 

designated yeast on-orbit, allows the mixture to rise, and then "bakes" it. 

G-520 Sponsor: Ashford School, Kent, England 

This payload is the first British school experiment to fly in space. The project won first-prize in a 

nationwide school competition run by Independent Television News (ITN). Two experiments are part of 

this payload. In the first, the students designed a small, leak-proof, transparent container filled with sodium 

silicate solution. A few grams of cobalt nitrate crystals will be released into the center of the solution. As 

soon as the crystals are dropped into the solution, a camera will record about 100 pictures for study on 

return to Earth. 

In the second experiment, a chemical solution is placed on a gel containing another compound, resulting in 

a series of rings appearing in the gel. The resulting rings will be photographed by a second camera, taking 

100 pictures of crystal growth at varying intervals over 4 days. 

G-521 Sponsor: Canadian Space Agency, Ottawa, Canada 

This payload is called QUESTS (Queens' University Experiment on the Shuttle Transportation System) and 

includes 15 furnaces. Twelve of the furnaces are constant-temperature furnaces. These furnaces will be 

used for studies of diffusion in metals when in the liquid state. The other three furnaces are temperaturegradient, in which a uniform temperature gradient is applied along the sample, and the temperatures are 

slowly decreased to allow crystal growth to occur from one end of the sample. 

G-534 Sponsor: NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH 

The objective of this experiment is to improve the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that 

constitute nucleate pool boiling. The experiment will investigate the heat transfer and vapor bubble 

dynamics associated with nucleation, bubble growth/collapse and subsequent motion. 

G-613 Sponsor: University of Washington, Seattle, WA 

This experiment -- an experimental cooling system -- was designed by University of Washington 

engineering students. Liquid droplets will be pumped from a shower head-like device to a spinning 

collection bowl that will substitute for gravity by acting as a centrifuge. The rotating bowl will throw the 

weightless liquid to the edge and direct it into a collection pipe for reuse. A smaller experiment, a micro 

heat pipe also will be flown in this canister. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 29

ISRAELI SPACE AGENCY INVESTIGATION ABOUT HORNETS 

The Israeli Space Agency Investigation About Hornets (ISAIAH) experiment will be carried on 

Endeavour's middeck to research the effect of weightlessness on combs built by oriental hornets. 

The oriental hornet has a unique ability to build combs in the direction of gravity. Terrestrial studies using 

centrifugal force to simulate different directions of gravity other than Earth's gravity have shown that such 

forces are the only factor that determines the direction a comb is built. ISAIAH is designed to obtain 

insight into this unique trait of the oriental hornet by testing the hornets' ability to orient their combs when 

in weightlessness. 

ISAIAH fits into one middeck locker and consists of two compartments. A front compartment contains 

electronics, a blower, two tape recorders and front panel controls for the experiment. A back compartment 

contains 18 test chambers of various shapes and a metronome. Each of the nine top side chambers has a 

lamp to simulate day and night, an audio sensor and a food and water container. Each of the bottom side 

chambers will remain in constant darkness when the experiment is inside the locker. 

Two Lexan windows, one on the top and another on the bottom, will allow the crew to view and 

photograph the progress of the experiment. ISAIAH is sponsored by the Israeli Space Agency. The 

hardware was developed by Israel Aircraft Industries International, Inc. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 30

SHUTTLE AMATEUR RADIO EXPERIMENT 

The Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX) is designed to demonstrate the feasibility of amateur 

short-wave radio contacts between the Space Shuttle crew and ground amateur radio operators, often called 

ham radio operators. SAREX also serves as an educational opportunity for schools around the world to 

learn about space first hand by speaking directly to astronauts aboard the Shuttle via ham radio. Contacts 

with certain schools are included in planning the mission. 

STS-47 crew members Jay Apt, call sign N5QWL, and Mamoru Mohri, call sign 7L2NJY, will operate 

SAREX. Ham operators may communicate with the Shuttle using VHF FM voice transmissions and digital 

packet. The primary voice frequencies to be used during STS-47 are 145.55 MHz for transmissions from 

the spacecraft to the ground and 144.95 MHz, 144.91 MHz and 144.97 MHz for transmissions from the 

ground to the spacecraft. Digital packet will operate on 145.55 MHz for transmissions from the Shuttle to 

the ground and on 144.70 MHz for transmissions from the ground to the Shuttle. 

Equipment aboard Columbia will include a low-power, hand-held FM transceiver, spare batteries, headset, 

an antenna custom designed by NASA to fit in an orbiter window, an interface module and equipment 

cabinet. 

SAREX has flown previously on Shuttle missions STS-9, STS-51F, STS-35, STS-37, STS-45 and STS-50. 

SAREX is a joint effort by NASA, the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), the Amateur Radio 

Satellite Corp. and the Johnson Space Center Amateur Radio Club. Information about orbital elements, 

contact times, frequencies and crew operating times will be available from these groups during the mission 

and from amateur radio clubs at other NASA centers. 

Ham operators from the JSC club will be operating on HF frequencies, and the AARL (W1AW) will 

include SAREX information in its regular HF voice and Teletype bulletins. The Goddard Space Flight 

Center Amateur Radio Club, Greenbelt, Md., will operate 24 hours a day during the mission, providing 

information on SAREX and retransmitting live Shuttle air-to-ground communications. In addition, the 

NASA Public Affairs Office at the Johnson Space Center will have a SAREX information desk during the 

mission. 

SAREX Operating Frequencies 

Location 

Shuttle 

Transmission 

Shuttle 

Reception 

 

U.S., Africa 145.55 MHz 144.95 MHz 

South America and Asia 145.55 144.97 

 145.55 144.91 

Europe 145.55 144.80 

 145.55 144.75 

 145.55 144.70 

Goddard Amateur Radio Club Operations (SAREX information and Shuttle audio broadcasts) 

3.860 

MHz 

7.185 

MHz 

14.295 

MHz 

21.395 

MHz 

28.395 

MHz 

SAREX information also may be obtained from the Johnson Space Center computer bulletin board (JSC 

BBS), 8 N 1 1200 baud, at 713/483-2500 and then type 62511. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 31

SOLID SURFACE COMBUSTION EXPERIMENT 

The Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE) is a study of how flames spread in microgravity. 

Comparing data on how flames spread in microgravity with knowledge of how flames spread on Earth may 

contribute to improvements in fire safety and control equipment. This will be the fifth time SSCE has 

flown aboard the Shuttle. Ultimately, plans call for SSCE to fly a total of eight times, testing the 

combustion of different materials under different atmospheric conditions. 

In the SSCE planned for STS-47/SL-J, scientists will test how flames spread along a instrumented filter 

paper sample in a test chamber containing 35% oxygen and 65% nitrogen at 1.5 atmospheric pressure. 

During the four previous missions on which this experiment was flown, samples of the filter paper were 

burned in atmospheres with different levels of oxygen and pressure. The filter paper and Plexiglas for later 

flights were chosen as test materials because extensive data bases already exist on the combustion of these 

materials in Earth's gravity. Thus, combustion processed on Earth and in space can be readily compared. 

Scientists will use computer image enhancement techniques to analyze the film record of the Solid Surface 

Combustion Experiment. They then will compare the enhanced images and recorded temperature and 

pressure data with a computer simulation of the flame spreading process. Reconciling the two sets of data 

is expected to provide new insights into the basic process of combustion. 

Robert A. Altenkirch, Principal Investigator, Mississippi State University 

John M. Koudelka, Project Manager, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 32

SPACE ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT (SAMS) 

The Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) is designed to measure and record low-level 

acceleration that the Spacelab experiences during typical on-orbit activities. The three SAMS sensor heads 

are mounted on or near experiments to measure the acceleration environment experienced by the research 

package. The signals from these sensors are amplified, filtered and converted to digital data before it is 

stored on optical disks. 

For the first SL-J mission, the main unit of the Space Acceleration Measurement System will be mounted in 

the SMIDEX Rack of the Spacelab module, near the aft end of the module. Its three remote sensor heads will 

be mounted on the First Material Processing Test Modular Electronic Levitator, Life Science and Rack #9. 

SAMS flight hardware was designed and developed in-house by the NASA Lewis Research Center and 

Sverdrup Technology Inc. project team. 

Charles Baugher, Principal Investigator, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 

Richard DeLombard, Project Manager, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 33

STS-47 CREWMEMBERS 

STS047-S-002 -- STS-47 Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105, official portrait includes the seven 

crewmembers wearing launch and entry suits (LESs). These seven crewmembers are currently in training 

for the STS-47 Spacelab J (SLJ) mission scheduled for later this year. Pictured are (left to right, front) 

mission specialist Jerome Apt and pilot Curtis L. Brown Jr. (both holding launch and entry helmets 

(LEHs)); and (left to right, rear) mission specialist N. Jan Davis, and payload commander (PLC) Mark C. 

Lee, mission commander Robert L. Gibson, mission specialist Mae C. Jemison, and Japanese payload 

specialist Mamoru Mohri. Mohri is representing the National Space Development Agency of Japan 

(NASDA). In the background are the flags of the United States (U.S.) and Japan. Portrait was made by 

NASA JSC contract photographer Robert G. Markowitz. 

No copyright is asserted for this photograph. If a recognizable person appears in the photo, use for 

commercial purposes may infringe a right of privacy or publicity. It may not be used to state or imply the 

endorsement by NASA or by any NASA employee of a commercial product, process or service, or used in 

any other manner that might mislead. Accordingly, it is requested that if this photograph is used in 

advertising and other commercial promotion, layout and copy be submitted to NASA prior to release. 

PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 34

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA 

ROBERT L. GIBSON, 45, Capt., USN, is commander of Endeavour for mission STS-47. selected as an 

astronaut in January 1978, Gibson considers Lakewood, CA, his hometown and will be making his fourth 

space flight. 

Gibson graduated from Huntington High School, Huntington, NY, in 1964 and received a bachelor's in 

aeronautical engineering from California Polytechnic State University in 1969. 

Gibson first flew as pilot of STS-41B in February 1984, a mission that deployed two communications 

satellites and was the first flight of the Manned Maneuvering Unit, a spacewalker's jet backpack. He next 

served as Commander of STS-61C in January 1986, a mission during which the crew deployed a 

communications satellite and conducted various experiments in astrophysics and materials processing. His 

third flight was Commander of STS-27, a Department of Defense-dedicated Shuttle mission in December 

1988. 

Gibson has been a private airplane pilot since age 17 and entered the Navy in 1969, flying combat missions 

in Southeast Asia from 1972-1975 and graduating from the Naval Test Pilot School in 1977. 

He has logged 442 hours in space and more than 4,600 hours flying time in more than 45 types of aircraft. 

CURTIS L. BROWN Jr., 36, Major, USAF, will serve as Pilot. Selected as an astronaut in June 1987, 

Brown was born in Elizabethtown, NC, and will be making his first space flight. 

Brown graduated from East Bladen High School in Elizabethtown in 1974 and received a bachelor's in 

electrical engineering from the Air Force Academy in 1978. 

Brown was commissioned in the Air Force in 1978 and graduated pilot training at McLaughlin Air Force 

Base, Del Rio, TX, in 1979. After completing training for the A-10 aircraft in January 1980, he began 

flying the A-10 at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, SC. 

In 1982, he was assigned as an A-10 instructor at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, AZ. In 1983, he attended 

the Air Force Fighter Weapons School at Nellis Air Force Base and returned to Davis-Monthan as an A-10 

weapons and tactics instructor later that year. 

In 1986, he graduated from the Air Force Test Pilot School and was serving as a test pilot in the A-10 and 

F-16 aircraft at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla., upon his selection by NASA. 

Brown has logged more than 3,100 hours flying time. 

MARK C. LEE, 40, Lt. Col., USAF, will be Mission Specialist 1. Selected as an astronaut in May 1984, 

Lee considers Viroqua, WI, his hometown and will be making his second space flight. 

Lee graduated from Viroqua High School in 1970, received a bachelor's in civil engineering from the Air 

Force Academy in 1974 and received a master's in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology in 1980. 

Lee first flew as a mission specialist on STS-30 in May 1989, a flight that deployed the Magellan planetary 

probe to map Venus. Prior to joining NASA, Lee flew the F-4 aircraft at Okinawa Air Force Base, Japan, 

for 2 and a half years. At the time of his selection as an astronaut, he was stationed at Hill Air Force Base 

flying the F-16 as Flight Commander of the 4th Tactical Fighter Squadron. Lee has logged more than 2,750 

flying hours in T-38, F-4 and F-16 aircraft. He has logged 97 hours in space. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 35

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA 

JAY APT, 43, will be Mission Specialist 2. Selected as an astronaut in June 1985, Apt considers 

Pittsburgh, PA, his hometown and will be making his second space flight. 

Apt graduated from Shady Side Academy in Pittsburgh in 1967, received a bachelor's in physics from 

Harvard College in 1971 and received a doctorate in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology in 1976. 

Apt first flew on STS-37 in April 1991, a mission on which the Gamma Ray Observatory was deployed, 

and Apt performed two spacewalks. Prior to selection as an astronaut, Apt served as a staff member of the 

Center for Earth and Planetary Physics at Harvard from 1976-1980 and as Assistant Director of Harvard's 

Division of Applied Sciences from 1978-1980. 

Apt joined NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, in 1980 and served as Science Manager of 

the Table Mountain Observatory before becoming a payloads officer working in Johnson Space Center's 

Mission Control in 1982. He was serving as a payloads officer at the time of his selection. 

An instrument-rated private pilot, Apt has logged more than 2,500 flying hours in 25 types of aircraft, 

sailplanes and man-powered craft. He has logged 143 hours in space, including almost 11 hours 

spacewalking. 

N. JAN DAVIS, 38, will be Mission Specialist 3. Selected as an astronaut in June 1987, Davis considers 

Huntsville, AL, her hometown and will be making her first space flight. 

Davis graduated from Huntsville High School in 1971, received a bachelor's in applied biology from the 

Georgia Institute of Technology in 1975, received a bachelor's in mechanical engineering from Auburn 

University in 1975, received a master's in mechanical engineering from the University of Alabama in 

Huntsville in 1983 and received a doctorate in mechanical engineering from the University of Alabama in 

Huntsville in 1985. 

Davis joined Texaco, Inc., in Bellaire, TX, in 1977 as a petroleum engineer working in tertiary oil 

recovery. In 1979, she joined NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville where she served as 

team leader in the Structural Analysis Division working on the structural analysis and verification of the 

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the HST maintenance mission and the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics 

Facility. She later was assigned as the Lead Engineer for redesign of the Shuttle's solid rocket booster 

external tank attach ring after the STS-51L accident. 

As an astronaut, Davis' assignments have included technical support for development of the Tethered 

Satellite System mission and serving as spacecraft communicator in Mission Control for six Shuttle flights. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 36

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA 

MAE C. JEMISON, 35, will be Mission Specialist 4. Selected as an astronaut in June 1987, Jemison 

considers Chicago, IL, her hometown and will be making her first spaceflight. 

Jemison graduated from Morgan Park High School in Chicago in 1973, received a bachelor's in chemical 

engineering from Stanford University in 1977 along with fulfilling requirements for a bachelor's in African 

and Afro-American studies and received a doctorate in medicine from Cornell University in 1981. 

Jemison completed her internship at the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical 

Center in July 1982 and worked as a general practitioner with the INA/Ross Loos Medical Group in Los 

Angeles until December 1982. 

From 1983-1985, she served as the Area Peace Corps Medical Officer for Sierra Leone and Liberia in 

West Africa, managing the health care delivery system for the Peace Corps and the U.S. Embassy. 

Jemison joined CIGNA Health Plans of California in October 1985 and worked as a general practitioner 

and studied engineering in Los Angeles until her selection by NASA. 

MAMORU MOHRI, 44, will be Payload Specialist 1. Mohri was born in Yoichi-machi, Hokkaido, Japan 

and will be making his first space flight. 

Mohri was selected as a payload specialist for the National Space Development Agency of Japan 

(NASDA) in 1985. He received an undergraduate degree from the Department of Chemistry at Hokkaido 

University, Hokkaido, Japan, in 1970, received a master's from Hokkaido University in 1972 and received 

a doctorate from South Australia State Flinders University, Australia, in 1976. 

From 1975 until his selection by NASDA, Mohri served in various positions with the engineering faculty 

in the Department of Nuclear Engineering at Hokkaido University. His major field of expertise is in 

surface physics and ultra-high vacuum science. Mohri's current residence is in Matsudo-shi, Chiba, Japan. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 37

MISSION MANAGEMENT FOR STS-47 

NASA HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, DC 

Office of Space Flight 

Jeremiah W. Pearson III Associate Administrator 

Brian O'Connor Deputy Associate Administrator 

Tom Utsman Director, Space Shuttle 

Leonard Nicholson Manager, Space Shuttle 

Brewster Shaw Deputy Manager, Space Shuttle 

Office of Space Science And Applications 

Dr. Lennard A. Fisk Associate Administrator 

Alphonso V. Diaz Deputy Associate Administrator 

Robert Benson Director, Flight Systems Division 

Gary McCollum Program Manager 

Joseph Alexander Acting Director, Life Sciences Division 

Dr. Thora Halstead Program Scientist 

Robert Rhome Director, Microgravity Division 

Dr. Robert Sokolowski Program Scientist 

Office of Commercial Programs 

John G. Mannix Assistant Administrator 

Richard H. Ott Director, Commercial Development Division 

Garland C. Misener Chief, Flight Requirements and Accommodations 

Ana M. Villamil Program Manager, Centers for the Commercial Development of Space 

Office of Safety and Mission Quality 

Col. Frederick Gregory Associate Administrator 

Dr. Charles Pellerin Jr. Deputy Associate Administrator 

Richard Perry Director, Programs Assurance 

NATIONAL SPACE DEVELOPMENT AGENCY OF JAPAN 

Yoshihiro Ishizawa Executive Director 

Kazuhiko Yoneyama Deputy Director 

Tadaaki Mochida Director, Space Experiment Group 

Norio Soichi Project Manager 

Dr. Yoshinori Fujimori Project Scientist 

MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, HUNTSVILLE, AL 

Thomas J. Lee Director 

Dr. J. Wayne Littles Deputy Director 

J. Aubray King Mission Manager 

Dr. Fred W. Leslie Mission Scientist 

AMES RESEARCH CENTER, MOFFETT FIELD, CA 

Dr. Dale L. Compton Director 

Victor L. Peterson Deputy Director 

Dr. Joseph C. Sharp Director, Space Research 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 38

AMES-DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER, EDWARDS, CA 

Kenneth J. Szalai Director 

T. G. Ayers Deputy Director 

James R. Phelps Chief, Shuttle Support Office 

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FL 

Robert L. Crippen Director 

James A. "Gene" Thomas Deputy Director 

Jay F. Honeycutt Director, Shuttle Management and Operations 

Robert B. Sieck Launch Director 

John J. "Tip" Talone Endeavour Flow Director 

J. Robert Lang Director, Vehicle Engineering 

Al J. Parrish Director, Safety Reliability and Quality Assurance 

John T. Conway Director, Payload Management and Operations 

P. Thomas Breakfield Director, Shuttle Payload Operations 

Joanne H. Morgan Director, Payload Project Management 

Glenn E. Snyder STS-47 Payload Processing Manager 

MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, HUNTSVILLE, AL 

Thomas J Lee Director 

Dr. J Wayne Littles Deputy Director 

Harry G. Craft Manager, Payload Projects Office 

Aubray King Spacelab-J Mission Manager 

Dr. Fred Leslie Spacelab-J Mission Scientist 

Alexander A. McCool Manager, Shuttle Projects Office 

Dr. George McDonough Director, Science and Engineering 

James H. Ehl Director, Safety and Mission Assurance 

Otto Goetz Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project 

Victor Keith Henson Manager, Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor Project 

Cary H. Rutland Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project 

Parker Counts Manager, External Tank Project 

JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, HOUSTON, TX 

Aaron Cohen Director 

Paul J. Weitz Acting Director 

Daniel Germany Manager, Orbiter and GFE Projects 

Donald Puddy Director, Flight Crew Operations 

Eugene F. Kranz Director, Mission Operations 

Henry O. Pohl Director, Engineering 

Charles S. Harlan Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance 

STENNIS SPACE CENTER, BAY ST. LOUIS, MS 

Roy S. Estess Director 

Gerald Smith Deputy Director 

J. Harry Guin Director, Propulsion Test Operations 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 39

SHUTTLE FLIGHTS AS OF SEPTEMBER 1992 

49 TOTAL FLIGHTS OF THE SHUTTLE SYSTEM -- 24 SINCE RETURN TO FLIGHT 

STS-42 

01/22/92 - 01/30/92 

STS-48 

09/12/91 - 09/18/91 

STS-50 

06/25/92 - 07/09/92 

STS-39 

04/28/91 - 05/06/91 

STS-46 

07/31/92 - 08/08/92 

STS-40 

06/05/91 - 06/14/91 

 STS-41 

10/06/90 - 10/10/90 

STS-45 

03/24/92 - 04/02/92 

STS-35 

12/02/90 - 12/10/90 

STS-51L 

01/28/86 

STS-31 

04/24/90 - 04/29/90 

STS-44 

11/24/91 - 12/01/91 

STS-32 

01/09/90 - 01/20/90 

STS-61A 

10/30/85 - 11/06/85 

STS-33 

11/22/89 - 11/27/89 

STS-43 

08/02/91 - 08/11/91 

STS-28 

08/08/89 - 08/13/89 

STS-51F 

07/29/85 - 08/06/85 

STS-29 

03/13/89 - 03/18/89 

STS-37 

04/05/91 - 04/11/91 

STS-61C 

01/12/86 - 01/18/86 

STS-51B 

04/29/85 - 05/06/85 

STS-26 

09/29/88 - 10/03/88 

STS-38 

11/15/90 - 11/20/90 

STS-9 

11/28/83 - 12/08/83 

STS-41G 

10/05/84 - 10/13/84 

STS-51-I 

08/27/85 - 09/03/85 

STS-36 

02/28/90 - 03/04/90 

STS-5 

11/11/82 - 11/16/82 

STS-41C 

04/06/84 - 04/13/84 

STS-51G 

06/17/85 - 06/24/85 

STS-34 

10/18/89 - 10/23/89 

STS-4 

06/27/82 - 07/04/82 

STS-41B 

02/03/84 - 02/11/84 

STS-51D 

04/12/85 - 04/19/85 

STS-30 

05/04/89 - 05/08/89 

STS-3 

03/22/82 - 03/30/82 

STS-8 

08/30/83 - 09/05/83 

STS-51C 

01/24/85 - 01/27/85 

STS-27 

12/02/88 - 12/06/88 

STS-2 

11/12/81 - 11/14/81 

STS-7 

06/18/83 - 06/24/83 

STS-51A 

11/08/84 - 11/16/84 

STS-61B 

11/26/85 - 12/03/85 

STS-1 

04/12/81 - 04/14/81 

STS-6 

04/04/83 - 04/09/83 

STS-41D 

08/30/84 - 09/05/84 

STS-51J 

10/03/85 - 10/07/85 

STS-49 

05/07/92 - 05/16/92 

 

OV-099 

Challenger 

(10 flights) 

OV-102 

Columbia 

(12 flights) 

OV-103 

Discovery 

(14 flights) 

OV-104 

Atlantis 

(12 flights) 

OV-105 

Endeavour 

(1 flight)