NASA SP-4007 

ASTRONAUTICS AND 

AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy 

Text by 

Science and Technology Division 

Library of Congress 

Sponsored by 

NASA Historical Staff 

Office of Policy 

Screntrfic and Technrcal Information Divisron 1967 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

WaJhington, D.C. 
For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, 

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 

Price 8.50 (paper cover) 

Library of Congrcss Catalog Card Nmbcr 66-60096 

Foreword . .. 

At the opening of the tenth year in the era of man’s mobility in outer 

space, we can look back on 1966 as offering convincing evidence that the 

United States had gained great competence. This evidence included: five 

orbital space flights by ten Gemini astronauts; four lunar missions undertaking the orbiting of and softlanding on the moon; numerous contributions 

to scientific knowledge by unmanned spacecraft and sounding rockets; and 

further demonstrations of the practical utility of operational space systems, 

including weather and communications satellites. 

During 1966, a record 100 American spacecraft were placed into earth 

orbit or on escape trajectories. Thousands of revealing and useful pictures 

of the earth were taken from space and of the moon from lunar orbit and 

on its surface. The Gemini program ended with rendezvous and docking 

experiments and extravehicular activity by the Gemini test pilots as the 

Apollo R&D test flights leading to the manned lunar mission came into the 

schedule. Thirty-five major scientific, technological, and operational milestones were cited for 1966 by the President in his Report to the Congress on 

aeronautical and space activities of the United States. This was one measure 

of the American commitment to share in the peaceful exploration of space 

for all mankind. Another was our support of the final steps toward a United 

Nations space treaty, undertaken to ensure that the peaceful exploitation 

of space had juridical basis in international law. 

Spectacular as some events in the space venture were in 1966, they 

nonetheless came to have diminished novelty in the eyes of many laymen. 

The multitude of both important and unspectacular space activities attained 

almost an accepted and routine place. This volume, as well as its predecessor 

chronicles, offers a ready reference on the major as well as the less-wellknown events. Beyond the welter of documented details on the complex 

nature of aeronautical and space related events and their impact, this 

volume helps to provide a better perspective upon today as we contemplate 

tomorrow. Such intent also serves future historians and analysts who 

cannot be unmindful of what is herein presented. 

When the Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1958, it charged NASA with the responsibility to “contribute 

materially to . . . the expansion of human knowledge of phenomena in the 

atmosphere and space’’ and to “provide for the widest practical and appropriate dissemination of information concerning its activities and results 

thereof.” NASA has attempted to do this and to include documentation for 

the historical record. The relating of NASA history begins with this day-byday chronicle and leads to more specialized studies and histories of the 

unprecedented task of extending man’s mobility and understanding beyond 

his planet. While a chronology cannot in itself serve as a full-fledged 

history, the size of this annual volume alone is illustrative of the scope 

and complexity of the historical task yet to be completed as memories fade 

and the records disappear. 

EUGENE M. EMME 

NASA Historian 

111 

Contents 

MAY 

JUNE 

PAGE 

i11 

vi1 

1 

39 

75 

125 

16 1 

202 

23 1 

255 

283 

3 10 

336 

364 

387 

417 

423 

427 

43 1 

Preface 

Before the commentator or the administrator or the scholar can analyze 

and interpret the record in his search for understanding and lessons, there 

must be a factual account. This chronology, like its predecessors, is the 

beginning of such a record. Drawn from open public sources, it has the 

serious limitations of any work based largely on quickly available sources 

and further of being done virtually on the heels of the events it chronicles. 

But these limitations are offset by the assets of the historical method; by 

the very catholicity of material and interests included it helps open new 

vistas of relationship, of cause and effect. Because a chronology is limited 

for the user who does not have a date for the particular item he seeks, an 

extensive crossreference system is presented in the detailed index. And 

to provide the broadest possible context, we have included worldwide spacerelated material, to the extent it was available to us. 

The entire NASA Historical Staff in Headquarters participated in source 

collection, review, and publication. The Science and Technology Division of 

the Library of Congress was responsible for drafting of the text proper, in 

the persons of Miss Lynn Catoe, Mrs. Anne Horton, and Miss Shirley 

Medley. Miss Jane Adams and Mrs. Carmen Brock-Smith translated comment edition into final manuscript. The index was prepared by Arthur G. 

Renstrom, also of the Library of Congress. General editor of the volume 

was Frank W. Anderson, Jr.; Mrs. Helen T. Wells was technical editor. 

Creston Whiting (uss) provided timely translations of Russian materials. 

Historians and historical monitors throughout NASA contributed slseful 

materials. Validation was the constant concern of many busy persons 

throughout NASA. 

Appendix A, “Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights, 1966,” 

and Appendix B, ‘?Major NASA Launches, 1966,” were prepared by Frank W. 

Anderson, Jr. Appendix C, ‘Summary Chronology of Manned Space Flights, 

1966,” was prepared by William D. Putnam, Assistant NASA Historian for 

Manned Space Flight. Mrs. Wells prepared Appendix D, “Abbreviations 

of References.” 

This preliminary chronicle is but a first step in the historical process 

of documenting the dynamic and complex events of space exploration and 

exploitation. Comments, additions, and criticism are welcomed. 

FRANK W. ANDERSON, JR. 

Deputy NASA Historian 

Ofice of Policy 

VI1 
January 1966 

January 1: MSFC Director Dr. Wernher von Braun named Dr. Jerry 6. McCall 

to organize and manage the Experiments and Applications Office-MSFC’S 

portion of Apollo Applications; Stan Reinartz would assist him. (MSFC 

Release 65-307) 0 The strongest nation will be the one that applies chemistry most effectively, wrote Science editor Philip Abelson in Saturday Review: “The 

long-range interests of this nation require a strong chemical profession 

and basic to it are strong chemistry departments in the universities. 

Yet, while NASA was receiving an annual $5 billion, a sum that represented almost all the money asked by the agency, chemistry received 

only a small fraction of its requests. . . . In my estimation, chemistry, 

for the long haul, is ten to 100 times as important as space, yet it 

receives only about one percent as much money.” (SR, 1/1/66, 102) 

January 2: Changes in organizational structure of NASA Hq. were effective 

this date. Most important change was establishment of an organizational 

unit called the Office of the Administrator, which included the Deputy 

Administrator and his staff, the Associate Administrator and his staff, 

and the Executive Secretariat. Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., newly appointed Deputy Administrator, was continuing to serve as Associate 

Administrator. Willis H. Shapley, Associate Deputy Administrator, 

serving as the principal assistant to Administrator James E. Webb and 

to Dr. Seamans, was responsible for policy planning and for general 

supervision of the agency’s work processes. The Executive Secretariat, 

headed by Col. Lawrence W. Vogel (USA), was responsible for channeling 

and scheduling work within the Office of the Administrator. Earl D. 

Hilburn continued as Deputy Associate Administrator. 

Director of the Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, Edmond C. 

Buckley, became Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data 

Acquisition. (Other Associate Administrators . were Dr. George E. 

Mueller, Manned Space Flight; Dr. Homer E. Newell, Space Science 

and Applications; and Dr. Mac C. Adams, Advanced Research and 

Technology.) 

Four Deputy Associate Administrators became Assistant Administrators: William B. Rieke, Industry Affairs; D. D. Wyatt, Programming; 

Adm. W. Fred Boone, Defense Affairs; and John D. Young, Administration. These were in addition to the four existing Assistant Administrators : Richard L. Callaghan, Legislative Affairs ; Arnold W. Frutkin, 

1 
2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

International Affairs; Julian W. Scheer, Public Affairs; and Breene 

M. Kerr, Technology Utilization. Kerr also was serving as Assistant 

Administrator for Policy Analysis (formerly Policy Planning). (NASA 

Release 66-3; Organ. Chart, 1/2/66; NN 1132) 

January 2: Dr. Clark Blanchard Millikan, director of Cal Tech Graduate 

Aeronautical Laboratories and pioneer in the development of multiengine, high-altitude airplanes, jet propulsion, and guided missiles, died 

of a heart ailment. Millikan, chairman of the board of JPL in its early 

days, had been awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit for his work in 

wind tunnel research during World War I1 and had been given the 

British King’s Medal. (NYT, 1/3/66,27; AP, Balt. Sun, 1/3/66; M&R, 

1/10/66, 13) 

January 3: NASA awarded two nine-month study contracts to determine the 

impact of a proposed improved J-2 rocket engine on the S-I1 and S-IVB 

stages of the Saturn V launch vehicle: (1) $148,000 contract to North 

American Aviation, Inc., developer of S-I1 stage; and (2) $225,000 

modification to an existing contract with Douglas Aircraft Co. MSFC 

Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory was seeking to simplify 

the J-2 and give it, and the stages it powered, more flexibility. (MSFC 

Release 66-1) 0 COSMOS LXXX, LXXXI, LXXXII, LXXXIII, and LXXXIV, launched Sept. 3, 1965, 

by U.S.S.R., would orbit the earth for more than 1,000 yrs., reported 

Pruvdu. COSMOS c, launched Dec. 17, 1965, would orbit for 10 yrs. and 

ELECTRON I, launched Jan. 30,1964, and ELECTRON 111, launched July 11, 

1964, would orbit for at least 200 yrs. Report said Soviet space tracking 

stations were receiving data from more than 20 sputniks. (AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 1/3/66) 0 GSFC Nimbus Project Manager Harry Press told Aviation Week that 

Nimbus B would move NASA’s weather satellite program into a second 

generation research and development effort by starting the measurement of fundamental quantities in the atmosphere necessary in new 

analytical weather-forecasting formulas. Nimbus B, third and largest 

in NASA’s meteorological satellite series, would carry seven major 

experiments : infrared interferometer spectrometer; satellite infrared 

spectrometer; image dissector camera system; high-resolution infrared 

radiometer; monitor for ultraviolet solar energy; medium-resolution 

infrared radiometer; and interrogation, recording, locating system. In 

addition, Nimbus B would carry Snap-19 radioisotope thermal generators 

capable of producing 60 w of power to supplement solar panels and 

determine feasibility of radioisotope generators for ultimate operational 

weather satellite system. Scheduled for launch in 1967 with Extended 

Thrust Augmented Thor-Agena D launch vehicle, Nimbus B would use 

basic Nimbus spacecraft configuration, but would require strengthened 

structural elements because of its additional weight. 

Press said the two major control difficulties which had shortened 

the August 1964 NIMBUS I mission had been analyzed and corrected on 

Nimbus C, scheduled for launch in 1966. A larger solar array drive 

motor, equipped with heat-conducting strap that would lower operating 

temperature of motor almost 100°C and with improved grease, would 

be substituted on Nimbus C for smaller motor whose failure had left 

MMBUS 1% solar panels locked in near-vertical position when it apparently overheated and its grease failed to lubricate. Also, attempts 

would be made during Nimbus C mission to rely on the flywheels to 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 3 

dampen spacecraft oscillations and to use the gas thruster system as 

little as possible, Press said. NIMBUS I had spun about its roll axis when 

its depreciating power supply had caused its batteries to feed lower voltages to the attitude control electronics system and the thrusters had 

fired excessive amounts of cold freon gas. (Av. Wk., 1/3/66, 52, 53) 

January 3: Report of the White House Committee on Meteorology concluded 

that global weather experiment using meteorological satellite and network of sensors on constant-altitude balloons, remote land stations, and 

ocean buoys could be deployed in four years for $50 million. Assignment 

of overall management responsibility given to single agency to begin 

design study was discussed in Aviation Week. Designated Ghost (global 

horizontal sounding technique), project would attempt to extend atmospheric measurements to that 90% of the earth’s surface not yet 

adequately covered, using meteorological satellite in 600-mi.altitude 

polar orbit to obtain pair of readings from all global points every 12 

hrs. In addition, 1,000 to 3,000 super-pressure balloons would be 

floated at six different atmospheric levels to measure wind, pressure, 

temperature, humidity, and overpressure. 

NASA Nimbus B meteorological satellite, scheduled for launch in 

1967, would carry interrogation, recording, and locating system experiment (Iris) designed to perform ranging and data collection function on 

which Ghost was based. However, NASA would attempt only limited 

experiments with Iris involving a check of the system’s ability to locate 

fixed sensor packages, and track them on slow-moving and fast-moving 

platforms, Dr. Morris Tepper, Director, Meteorological Programs Div., 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications, told Aviation Week. 

Tepper said any agency providing its own transponders and funding its 

own equipment could participate in the Iris tests. (Av. Wk., 1/3/66,55) 0 Missiles and Rockets reported prediction of Japanese rocket engineer 

Dr. Hideo Itokawa that Japan might launch 60-lb. probes to Mars and 

Venus after orbiting its first satellite in 1968. Itokawa said the Mu 

series launch vehicle, under development by Univ. of Tokyo Institute 

of Space and Aeronautical Science, would produce enough thrust400,000 1bs.-to launch interplanetary probes. (M&R, 1/3/66, 7) 

0 T-38 aircraft of M/G Irving H. Branch (WAF), Commander of Flight Test 

Center, Edwards AFB, crashed over Puget Sound when attempting an 

instrumented approach to Boeing Field, Seattle, during rainy weather. 

Branch was enroute from Edwards AFB; his body was later recovered 

from Puget Sound by divers. (Seattle Times, 1/6/66, 31) 

During week of January 3: Representatives of US. Dept. of Agriculture’s 

Plant Quarantine Div. met with NASA’s Planetary Quarantine Committee 

to discuss handling and disposal of soil and rock samples brought to 

earth from the moon or other planets. A Dept. of Agriculture spokesman 

warned that without precautions, insects and microorganisms from 

outer space could conceivably be brought to earth on returning spacecraft and multiply unchecked in an environment that would not control 

them. (NYT, 1/9/66, 58) 

January P: NASA MARINER IV, launched from ETR Nov. 28, 1964, for Mars 

flyby July 14, 1965, was 216 million miles from earth-greatest distance 

it would reach before gradually returning to within 30 million miles in 

1967-and still operating. Goldstone Tracking Station of NASA’s Deep 

Space Network (DSN) tracked a signal from the spacecraft, but no 

attempt was made to receive data because of the extreme distance. DSN 
4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

would continue attempting to contact MARINER IV once a month to see 

if it was still operating. Daily engineering and scientific data from the 

spacecraft had been suspended Oct. 1, 1965, by ground command that 

set new space communications record of 191,059,922 mi.-more than 

twice the distance from earth to the sun. (NASA Release 66-7) 

January 4: Apollo spacecraft-command module, service module, and adapter sectionis raised up the gantry for mating to Saturn IR launch vehicle at Launch Complex 34, 

Eastern Test Range. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 5 

January 4: NASA awarded five contracts to Saturn contractors to continue 

studies to improve Saturn concepts of an intermediate vehicle with a 

payload capability between that of Saturn IB and the Saturn V. On 

Saturn V, Boeing Co. received $370,500; North American Aviation, Inc., 

$329,624; and Douglas Aircraft Co., $96,730. Eight variations of the 

Saturn V vehicle would be examined. Boeing would be study systems 

integration contractor for all prospective configurations involving 

the S-IC stage, NAA for all others. On Saturn IB, Chrysler Corp. 

received $450,000; Douglas, $116,345. Six Saturn IB configurations 

would be studied. All five contracts would be directed by MSFC. (MSFC 

Release 66-3) 

Albert Sehlstedt, Jr., writing in the Baltimore Sun, observed that the 

‘?next twelve months in space should give earthbound observers one 

very positive impression: men are really going to land on the moon 

in a few years. . . .” He discussed NASA missions for 1966: (1) four or 

five Gemini missions-two including Eva and none longer than two 

days-would attempt to rendezvous and dock with unmanned Agena 

target vehicles; (2) first of seven Project Surveyor attempts to softland on the moon a spacecraft to relay to earth high-resolution television 

pictures of the lurain and texture; (3) first of five Lunar Orbiter 

attempts to orbit the moon at low altitude taking pictures to determine 

the height and slope of moon’s mountains and craters by photometric 

techniques; (4) four Saturn IB launches-two to launch Apollo 

command and service module models into nearspace, one to test the 

booster’s upper stage-S-IVB, and one to orbit the Apollo command 

and service module around the earth for two weeks; (5) first unmanned 

test flight of Saturn V launch vehicle; (6) launch of four Tiros Operational Satellites into polar orbit for Weather Bureau; (7) launch of 

Pioneer probes into solar orbit; and (8) launch of Orbiting Geophysical 

Observatories, Orbiting Astronomical Observatories, and Orbiting 

Solar Observatories. (SehIstedt, BaIt. Sun, 1/5/66) 

USAF XB-70 No. 2, flying at 2,000 mph, reached 70,000-ft. altitude for 

three minutes in 112-min. test flight from Edwards AFB to determine how 

aircraft would handle during increasingly longer periods at top speed. 

Flight broke record set hy XB-70 No. 1 Oct. 15, 1965. (N.Y. Her. Trib., 

0 NASA awarded two contracts for continuation of engineering studies relating to a manned reusable space transport system: (1) nine-month, 

$237,000 contract to Lockheed Aircraft Corp. to study possibilities of 

developing a reusable transport system based on presently approved 

launch and space vehicles; (2) six-month, $51,000 contract to Martin 

Marietta Corp. for comparison study of launch modes for reusable 

launch vehicles. Both contracts would be under direction of MSFC. 

(MSFC Release 66-2) 

January 5: A ten-year lunar exploration program emphasizing manned 

missions was recommended in reports released by six working groups 

of scientists who had attended NASA 1965 Summer Conference on Lunar 

Exploration and Science in Falmouth, Mass., July 19-31,1965. Program, 

which would utilize capabilities already under development by NASA, 

would gradually include scientific experiments in geology, geochemistry, 

geophysics, and bioscience. One or two manned lunar missions and one 

manned lunar orbital mission would be conducted annually through 

1979, with astronauts remaining on the moon’s surface for longer 

periods after 1974. 

1/4/66) 
6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Reports recommended four requirements for period through 1974: (1) 

assurance of overlapping operation of instruments placed on moon by 

astronauts; (2) sufficient frequency of missions to provide continuity 

in experiments; (3) scheduling of adequate time between missions to 

permit necessary modification of experiments; and (4) gradually increasing staytimes of astronauts on moon. Top priority for early Apollo 

landing missions would be return of lunar material samples; second 

priority, emplacing Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (Alsep) ; 

third, traversing lunar surface to describe topographic and geological. 

features, supplemented by stereoscopic photography. Report urged 

immediate testing to determine amounts and effects of atmosphere escaping from Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) and outgassing of astronaut 

suits. One Apollo Applications-Manned Lunar Orbiter mission (Aa-mlo) 

was recommended prior to first Apollo Applications-Manned Lunar 

Surface mission (Aa-mls), with minimum of three manned spacecraft 

missions in polar orbit to make complete lunar survey; five or six Aa-mls 

missions through 1974 were suggested, with larger scientific payloads 

and stays for the astronauts of up to 14 days. 

Reports listed basic types of equipment necessary for exploration 

program: automatic position-recording systems to relay to earth or Lem 

movements of astronauts and roving vehicles; roving vehicles to carry 

one or two astronauts and scientific payload of at least 600 lbs.; 

manned lunar flying vehicle able to carry 300-lb. scientific payload 

about 10 mi. to study features not accessible with roving vehicle; oneinch drill capable of penetrating at least 10 ft. in rubble or solid rock 

to assist heat-flow studies and provide samples of possible biological 

interest. Scientific training for astronauts in specific rather than 

general areas was recommended, with emphasis on geology. 

For post-1974 period, the scientists recommended surface travel by 

astronauts up to 500 mi. from landing point and fixed-site investigations 

lasting from two months to a year for measuring geophysical phenomena 

that could vary with time; studying lunar surface processes; deep-drilling studies to obtain information on early moon history and crustal 

composition; construction and manning of large radio and optical 

telescopes. Roving vehicles for the post-Apollo Applications phase 

should have 500-mi. range, shelter for three-man crew, two-month 

mission capability, and no requirement to return to starting point. 

(NASA Release 66-4; Conference Rpt., NASA SP-88) 

January 5: Twenty-one Long Tank Thors were purchased from Douglas 

Missile and Space Systems Div. by USAF for use in its programs at 

Vandenberg AFB. Expected to succeed the present Thrust Augmented 

Thor (Tat), the Long Tank Thor would provide increased payload 

capability by enlarging the volume of Thor’s liquid propellant tanks; 

result would be a 20% increase in payload capability over Tat. Although 

its total thrust of 330,000 Ibs. would be essentially the same as that for 

Tat, the Long Tank Thor would have a burn time of 216 sec. as compared to 146 sec. for Tat. (AFSC Release 205.65) 

* NASA announced appointment of Robert E. King, formerly director of labor 

relations for General Dynamics/Convair, as NASA Director of Labor Relations. King would provide overall direction for NASA’s external labor 

relations program; personally coordinate major policy issues and decisions affecting labor relations with DOD, AEC, and Dept. of Labor; and 

administer a positive labor relations program to prevent or resolve 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 7 

labor disputes between NASA contractors and their labor unions. He 

would report to William Rieke, Assistant Administrator for Industry 

Affairs. (NASA Ann.) 

January 6: 170 usable terrain photographs from GEMINI v mission flown by 

Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., Aug. 21-29,1965, 

included pictures of South Africa which would provide valuable information about continental drift, GSFC geologist Dr. Paul D. Lowman said in 

interim report at NASA Hq. on 13 scientific and technological experiments 

carried aboard GEMINI V. Color photos of South Africa’s Namib Desert 

revealed 7-million to 8-million-year-old rock formations. Presence of 

similar formations along east coast of South America could indicate two 

continents had once been closer together, Lowman explained. Photos 

also pinpointed “a major diamond area” between rock formations and 

the sand dunes. Kenneth Nagler, U.S. Weather Bureau, told the meeting 

that GEMINI v pictures, some in color, had provided meteorologists with 

more detail of cloud systems than had orbiting Tiros satellites. (Text) 

NASA officials accepted Gemini 8 spacecraft from McDonnell Aircraft 

Corp., St. Louis, after studying data supplied by nearly 6,000 subcontractors involving close inspection of over 6,000 test points. The 

spacecraft, scheduled for launch in March, would be encased in a 

plastic shroud and flown to KSC in USAF 6-124 cargo plane Jan. 7. 

(Wilford, NYT, 1/7/66) 0 Of 351 astronaut applicants, 192, including all 6 female candidates, failed 

to meet minimum requirements, an MSC spokesman reported. The 

successful 15 would be announced in May. (MSC Roundup, 1/21/66, 3; 

AP, New Haven Register, 1/7/66) 

DOD and NASA signed agreement specifying funding arrangements, 

responsibilities, and general procedures to be followed in acquisition, 

modification, test, and associated administration of the Apollo/Range 

Instrumentation Aircraft (A/Ria) , which would provide telemetry and 

communication relay support for Apollo and other national missile 

and space programs. National Range Division (NRD) of AFSC would 

exercise overall management responsibility for A/Ria project. (Text; 

NASA NMI 1052.67) e Dr. Seibert Dudley of the Univ. of California’s Visibility Lab., San Diego, 

said test equipment on the ground and in the GEMINI v spacecraft had 

definitely demonstrated that Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles 

Conrad, Jr., had seen what they claimed they had seen below on earth 

during their Aug. 21-29, 1965, mission. On a one-man Project Mercury 

spaceflight May 15-16, 1963 (MA-9), Cooper had drawn skepticism 

for reporting he could see dust clouds, roads, and other small features. 

(AP, Houston Post, 1/6/66) 

NASA’s decision to launch Mariner E-MARINER 1x1’s backup probe-to 

Venus rather than Mars was criticized by William Hines in the Washington Evening Star: “As a Venus probe, just about everything conceivable 

is wrong with Mariner-E. Its solar panels are too big, but without them 

its center of gravity would be all wrong; its earth-seeking radio antennaessential for long-distance communication-is oriented the wrong way; 

it is protected against cold rather than heat; its instruments are designed to explore a small planet with a thin atmosphere rather than an 

earth-sized object with a dense one. 

“Another Mariner flight to Mars promises far greater return . . . than 

a jury-rigged mission to Venus.” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/6/66) 
8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

January 7: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CIV with scientific instruments aboard 

for investigation of outer space, Tass announced. Orbital data: apogee, 

401 km. (248.4 mi.); perigee, 204 km. (126.1 mi.); period, 90.2 min.; 

inclination, 65”. All systems were reported to be functioning normally. 

(Krasrzayu Zvezda, 1/9/66, USS-T Trans.) 

It was one minute after Command Pilot Walter M. Schirra, Jr., decided 

not to eject in the Dec. 12, 1965, Gemini VI launch failure at ETR, that 

his pulse rate increased, reported Gemini medical director Dr. Charles 

A. Berry in the American Medical Assn. News. Delayed reaction was 

viewed as supporting theory that fear follows action in an ernergencyparticularly in the case of a highly trained subject. (MSC Morning 

News Flyer, 1/7/66) 

* NASA and USN completed an agreement calling for studies by U.S. Naval 

Oceanographic Office to define a series of experiments aimed at enhancing oceanographic and marine-technology research from manned orhiting spacecraft. Experiments would be considered for use in NASA Apollo 

Applications earth-orbiting missions and would employ existing or 

modified Apollo hardware. (NASA Release 66-6) 

Augmented Target Docking Adapter (Atda) -backup target vehicle for 

the Gatv-was in final stages of assembly at McDonnell Aircraft Co., 

and would be shipped to KSC in early February for possible use in Gemini 

VI11 rendezvous mission scheduled for March, the New York Times 

reported. Atda would cost less than $1 million and could duplicate 

Gatv’s performance except for maneuvers in space. (Wilford, NYT, 

Weather modification is a reality, concluded the National Academy of 

Sciences’ Panel on Weather and Climate Modification after two-year 

review of scientific aspects of weather control. In a report submitted 

to NAS President Dr. Frederick Seitz, recommendations included : 

(1) immediate study by one agency of research and development in 

weather modification; (2) raising agency support from 1965 level of $5 

million to at least $30 million in 1970; (3) early establishment of several 

carefully designed, randomized seeding experimmts to assess seedability 

of different storm types; (4) careful monitoring and regulation of 

operational programs; and (5) full US. support and leadership in establishing advanced global observation system. Recognizing that research 

in the atmospheric sciences would contribute to the goals of weather 

modification, the committee urged that highest priority be given to 

studies of: atmospheric water budgets, initially on vapor transport 

over US. areas where potential of cloud seeding is important; boundarylayer energy-exchange processes; theoretical models of condensation and 

precipitation machines; and meteorological effects of atmospheric pcllution, including carbon dioxide. Report strongly urged that appropriate 

recognition be given to international implications of weather control. 

(Text; NAS Release) 

* High-altitude test chamber at USAF Arnold Engineering Development 

Center was being expanded for test of “battleship” model S-IVB stage 

of NASA’s Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles to verify stage’s 

reignition capability under simulated high-altitude conditions. Stage 

would arrive at Arnold from Sacramento in late January; series of 15 

tests expected to last six to nine months would begin in mid-1966. 

(MSFC Release 66-4) 

Ww6, 5) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 9 

January 7: NASA awarded RCA two-year $7,837,000 contract for logistic support of computers used to check automatically Saturn IB and V booster 

stages during manufacture and at launch site. Major equipment for 

the Saturn checkout systems would be the RCA llOA computer produced 

under separate contract with NASA MSFC. (MSFC Release 66-8; Marshall 

Star, 1/12/66, 1) 

Unidentified USAF satellite launched by Thor-Altair booster from Vandenberg AFB did not achieve orbit. (U&. Public Registry, 5/31/66) 

Thorough knowledge of cosmic dust, particularly interplanetary dust 

particles near the asteroid belt, was necessary for space engineers to 

successfully design manned and unmanned probes, wrote M. J. S. 

Relton of Kitt Peak National Observatory in Science. He stressed the 

importance of cosmic dust in theoretical and observational astrophysics : 

“It is apparently an important factor in the process of star formation. 

The polarization of starlight which is induced by aligned particles of 

interstellar dust gives information about the magnetic field in galactic 

systems, including our own. . . . In the solar system, the presence of 

dust in planetary atmosphere may lead to misinterpretations of photometric and polarimetric data that would otherwise give important information about the total mass of the atmosphere. . . . And finally, dust is 

responsible for such interplanetary phenomena as the F corona, 

zodiacal light, gegenschein, and type-I1 comet tails. . . .” (Belton, 

Science, 1/7/66, 35-43) 

* Murray Klein, Head of Drafting Section, GSFC, died of cancer. Klein had 

supervised the design and construction of buildings and facilities at 

NASA installations throughout the Nation. (Wash. Post, 1/8/66) 

usaF/Lockheed SR-71B trainer version aircraft was delivered to SAC’S 

4200th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Beale AFB. (O’Lone, Av. Wk., 

1/17/66, 33) 

January 8: GEMINI IV Astronaut Edward H. White 11 and GEMINI v Astronaut 

Charles Conrad, Jr., were among the ten outstanding young men of 1965 

announced by US. Junior Chamber of Commerce in Tulsa. (UPI, 

Wash. Post, 1/9/66) 0 Radio signal from Soviet deep space tracking station in the Crimea was 

bounced off Venus and received minutes later by Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, U.K. Experiment, part of a program arranged in 1963 by 

Sir Bernard Lovell, director of Jodrell Bank, and Vladimir Kotelnikov, 

director of Soviet space tracking station in the Crimea, was repeated 

Jan. 9. (AP, IVYT, 1/14/66, 12) 

January 9: Project managers for the Mariner series deep-space exploration 

missions to Venus and Mars were announced by Alvin R. Luedecke 

(M/G, UsAF-Ret.), Deputy Director of JPL: (1) Dan Schneiderman would 

manage the Venus project involving a single spacecraft to be launched 

in 1967, in addition to continuing his duties as MARINER IV project 

manager through 1967; (2) H. M. Schurmeier, former Ranger project 

manager, would manage the Mars project involving two new Mariner 

spacecraft scheduled for launch in 1969. Effective Feb. 1, Geoffrey 

Robillard would replace Schurmeier as Voyager capsule system manager 

in addition to continuing his present duties as deputy Voyager project 

manager. (JPL Release 372) 

U.S. Bureau of Standards chemists had developed an advanced rocket fuel 

which might be used in spaceflights to the moon and other planets. A 

mixture of liquid and solid hydrogen called “slush hydrogen,” the fuel 
10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

involved a freeze-thaw process which could be used to produce large 

quantities for storage. (NANA, Boston Sunday Globe, 1/9/66) 

January 9: National Science Foundation must abandon its passive role and 

be more dynamic if scientific progress is to keep pace with society’s 

growing technological needs, concluded a report released by the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics. Subcommittee viewed the revitalization of NSF as “an area of the government-science relationship in which 

Congress should provide a large share of the leadership essential to 

significant improvement in the Nation’s resources and development.” 

Some recommendations of the report: (1) NSF supplement its traditional 

philosophy with positive plans and programs; (2) character and functions of the National Science Board be strengthened; (3) authority of 

NSF’S director be widened; and (4) important executive and policy 

problems of NSF be acted upon administratively or legislatively in the 

near future. (Text, Committee Print) 

President Johnson was asked to invite a Russian cosmonaut to join an 

American astronaut in a space mission in an open letter in Parade 

magazine written by editor Jess Gorkin. Gorkin admitted that, officially, 

there had been little cooperation in space science between the two countries, but said that “Russian and American scientists, guided by a tradition that scientific research belongs to all men, had been eager to 

cooperate. On a person-to-person basis, they had already exchanged more 

space data than their governments have officially sanctioned.” Gorkin 

envisioned joint space mission as proof that US. and U.S.S.R. could 

work together for ‘?the good of all men on earth” despite disagreement 

on “how they want to live.” (Parade, 1/9/66) 

Since AEC’S plans to build a 200-billion electric volt (bev) atom smasher 

were being complicated by site and cost considerations, the Commission 

was considering three alternate proposals: (1) Cornell Univ. physicist 

R. R. Wilson’s suggestion for a “poor man’s’’ 200-bev machine costing 

about $150 million; (2) Columbia Univ. physicist S. Devons’ suggestion 

to increase the energy of existing 33-bev machine at Rrookhaven 

National Laboratory to 150-bev, costing about $150 million; and (3) 

incorporating changes in the 200-bev machine being designed by Univ. 

of California to lower costs. (Sullivan, NYT, 1/9/66, E9) 

Soviet rocket pioneer Vladimir Vasilyevich Razumov, presumed to have 

died in Stalinist purges of Leningrad during World War 11, had been 

located and interviewed by Leningradskaya Pravda reporters. Razumov 

had headed the Leningrad Jet Study Group of space enthusiasts until 

Stalin abolished it in 1935. His residence was not disclosed, possibly 

because of his continued association with missile manufacture. (NYT, 

1/10/66, 46C) 

January 10: Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops 

Station carried 51-lb. payload to 115-mi. (185-km.) altitude and impact 

88 mi. downrange in the Atlantic. Payload instrumentation failed to 

function properly, however, and desired results were not obtained. 

Flight was last in a series of seven similar experiments conducted by 

NASA for Univ. of Illinois to measure seasonal chang3s and other effects 

in the D- and E-regions of the ionosphere. Previous six launches had / been conducted successfully from Wallops Station in April, July, and 

November 1964; and June, September, and December 1965. (Wallops 

Release 66-1; NASA Rpt. SRL) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 11 

January 10: An explanation of white dwarf stars-based on study of spectra 

of four stars in constellation Orion gathered during October 1965 NASA 

Aerobee sounding rocket flight-appeared in report released by Dr. 

Donald C. Morton, head of Princeton Univ. rocket program. Results 

indicated that the four stars are hurling matter toward the earth at 

about 4 million mph. This loss of mass, extended over a long period 

of time, would eventually remove up to 95 per cent of the stars’ mass, 

according to Dr. Morton. They would then be white dwarfs. (NYT, 

1/11/66, 6) 

Reported that the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) , which 

met in Paris Nov. 24-26, had agreed that the TD-2 satellite, scheduled 

for launch in 1969 by Douglas Thor-Delta booster purchased from 

NASA, would carry nine solar-ionospheric experiments: (1) topside 

counter to measure radio waves; (2) solar Lyman-alpha radiation 

experiment; (3) a far ultraviolet spectroheliograph experiment; (4) 

x-ray crystal spectrometer; (5) solar particle flux experiments; measurements of (6) low energy electron fluxes; (7) energy and particle distribution of charged ionospheric particles; (8) oxygen and nitrogen light 

emissions; and (9) neutral ionospheric constituents. The 880-lb. 

satellite would be launched into near-polar orbit with 620-mi. apogee 

and 218-mi. perigee. ESRO planned to launch TD-1 stellar astronomy 

satellite in 1968. (Av. Wk., 1/10/66, 33) 

US. domestic and international scheduled airlines would carry nearly 

160 million passengers and fly nearly 113 billion revenue passenger 

miles by FY 1971, according to FAA% five-year aviation forecasts. Predicted airline activity would be almost twice that of FY 1965 when US. 

airlines flew 95-million passengers and 63 billion revenue passenger 

miles. (FAA Release 66-3) 

NASA was considering landing unmanned Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) 

equipped with an Apollo-type lunar television camera on the moon 

before the first manned mission, Aviation Peek reported. Photographs 

from the camera, which would be mounted externally and coupled with 

a scanning device to permit broad coverage, would provide mission 

planners with information on lunar surface characteristics. (Av. Wk., 

1/10/66, 36) 

Negotiations by US. Army Corps of Engineers to acquire the 14,981-acre 

Sudden Ranch properties adjacent to Vandenberg AFB marked beginning 

of massive expansion operation for Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) 

program, Missiles and Rockets reported. B/G Joseph S. Bleymaier, 

Deputy Commander for Manned Systems, AFSC Space Systems Div., 

predicted that within five years, Vandenberg would have “continuous 

manned operations” involving 40 or more launches annually. (M&R, 

1/10/66, 35) 

Soviet life-support systems used in Vostok and Voskhod spacecraft 

appeared to use a sodium superoxide compound as a source of oxygen, 

Dr. A. TK’. Petrocelli, General Dynamics Corp., Electric Boat Div., told 

Missiles and Rockets. Petrocelli estimated the Russians had published 

three times more basic research papers than US. scientists on these 

materials and were continuing efforts to improve life-support systems 

by studying compounds such as new superoxides, peroxides, and 

ozonides. He said they were also searching for new and better carbon 

dioxide absorbers. (M&R, 1/10/66, 33) 
12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

January 10: Reported that the Westinghouse Apollo TV camera, designed to 

provide standard earth receivers near-continuous, live, black-and-white 

coverage of manned lunar missions, was also adaptable for: (1) use 

in Eva to aid in rendezvous and docking or close inspection of satellites; 

(2) full-color transmission to show true colors of lunar surface and 

space objects; and (3) instant transmission showing effects of continuing spaceflight in a biosatelIite on monkeys and other subjects. 

(Av. Wk., 1/10/66, 35) 0 Synchronous-orbit television relay satellite capable of providing direct 

service to home receivers for an area equivalent to one sixth of continental US. could be launched before 1970, according to preliminary 

company-funded design studies conducted by RCA and GE and presented 

to NASA Hq. officials, Aviation Week reported. Both companies conceded 

the existence of technical problem areas, including the design of 

solar cell arrays 15 to 30 times larger than any previously attempted 

and the lack of a suitable launch vehicle for orbiting 6,000-lb. to 

8,000-lb. satellite, but believed solutions could be devised within the 

existing state-of-the-art. (Av. Wk., 1/10/66, 115) 

Sen. Harry F. Byrd, Jr. (D-Va.), replaced Sen. Joseph D. Tydings (D-Md.) 

on the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. House 

Science and Astronautics Committee membership remained the same. 

(NASA LAR V/1) 

Rep. Donald Rumsfeld (R-Ill.) inserted into the Congressional Record a 

tribute to the late Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator: “Dr. 

Dryden was highly respected by his colleagues both as an administrator 

and as a scientist-engineer. He will hold an eminent place when the 

history of man’s accomplishments in space is written. Although the 

country mourns his passing he wiu be long remembered for his many 

contributions to the good of his country.” (CR, 1/10/66, 29) 0 NASA appointed George J. Howick Director of Technology Utilization Div. 

He would succeed Dr. Richard L. Lesher, Deputy Assistant Administrator 

for Technology Utilization who, in addition to his other duties, had 

been serving as Acting Director of the Technology Utilization Div. 

Howick was formerly manager of industrial technology services for Midwest Research Institute. (NASA Release 66-5) 0 GEMINI VII Astronaut Frank Borman and his family were welcomed by a 

parade in their hometown of Tucson, Ariz. Borman, who was given 

the keys to the city and told that a $300,000 planetarium would be 

built in his honor, was also praised in a special resolution passed 

unanimously by the Arizona legislature. He told a press conference he 

had joined the space program to go to the moon and “that’s what I 

want to do.” (AP, Chic. Trib., 1/9/66; AP, Balt. Sun, 1/11/66) 

No new communication-intelligibility problems were created in a reduced 

pressure environment when helium was added to same oxygen partial 

pressurc , reported USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, according to 

Missiles and Rockets. After conducting a series of 13 simulated flights 

involving 25 subjects and four chamber operators using 8,300 numbers 

and words and 2,200 words in sentences, researchers discovered that 

problems were no greater in 50-50 oxygen-helium atmosphere at 7 psi 

than in pure oxygen at 3.5 or 5 psi, and were often less. (M&R, 

1/10/66,33) 

Prof. Victor Bazykin, member of U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, said that 

Soviet VOSKHOD 11 Cosmonaut Pave1 Belyayev had received slightly more 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 13 

radiation (75 millirads) than had his copilot Alexey Leonov, who had 

received about 65 millirads, during the 26-hr. spaceflight Mar. 18, 1965. 

Bazykin said the walls of the spacecraft did not absorb radiation evenly 

and Belyayev was in a more exposed area. (M&R, 1/10/66) 

January 10: USN “Southern Cross” program, attempt to convert fleet communications to secure, long-range over-the-horizon communications 

using techniques such as satellite relay or troposcatter, was undergoing 

reevaluation because of competitive pressure for funds for Vietnam war, 

Aviation Week reported. Youthern Cross” was sponsored by USN 

Bureau of Ships and administered by Naval Electronics Laboratory. 

(Av. Wk., 1/10/66, 36) 

January 11: Prime goal of space exploration was the development of scientific capabilities, but it was important to recognize the many other 

benefits accrued from the space program, NASA Administrator James E. 

Webb told YMCA meeting in Oklahoma City: “We are developing, in 

government, in industry, in our universities, the sinews and nerves our 

Nation needs for healthy growth. Scientific discovery is no longer the 

sole province of the lone inventor. It requires an all-systems endeavor 

that calls on all the resources of a nation.. . . “NASA reaches across all industry. About 90 per cent of NASA’s 

budget goes out under contract to American industry-to pay for work 

by almost 400,000 men and women in the factories and laboratories of 

20,000 prime and subcontractors. . . .’, (Text) 

AEC deliberately destroyed a Snap-1OA reactor at National Reactor 

Testing Station, Ida. Safety test, designated SNAPTRAN-2, was conducted 

to verify ability to “predict the consequences of an accidental nuclear 

excursion of a Snap reactor.” (Atomic Energy Programs, 1966, 200) 

* Potential of manned space flight in Apollo Applications program was 

examined by Peter Chew in National Observer. He suggested “. . . earth-orbiting astronauts . . . may be able to locate and track icebergs . . . spot fish-feeding grounds . . . support oceanography . . . produce agricultural, mineral, and fresh water surveys.” Manned satellites could 

provide “worldwide television coverage” and serve as “relay points for 

deep-space communications.~’ (Nat’l. Obs., 1/11/66; CR, 2/8/66, 

0 FAA announced that Washington (D.C.) National Airport would be open 

to short-haul jet traffic April 24. (FAA Release 66-5) 

January 11-12: USN was formulating plans for a Sealab 111 mission in an 

effort to expand and intensify its manned undersea activities, Under 

Secretary of the Navy Robert H. B. Baldwin reported at the “Symposium 

of Man’s Extension into the Sea” in Washington, D.C. 

James W. Miller, Office of Naval Research, reported that results of 

the Sealab I1 experiment had indicated that at ocean depths 600 ft. and 

below man could perform useful tasks such as salvaging ships and aircraft if he were equipped with electrically heated diving suits, diver-todiver communications, and underwater swimming aids. Outside of 

Sealab 11, the aquanauts had been cold, frustrated, unable to talk to one 

another, limited in their visibiIity, and constantly in danger. Inside the 

capsule, they had experienced difficulty in sleeping and had had speech 

problems because of the helium atmosphere. There were no serious 

medical problems, and “an unprecedented amount of useful work was 

accomplished.” (Text) 

A609-10) 
14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

January 12: President Johnson, in his State of the Union address to the 

joint session of Congress, proposed a “program to construct and to flighttest a new supersonic transport airplane that will fly three times the 

speed of sound-in excess of 2,000 miles per hour.” No mention of the 

space program was made in the address. This fact received comment in 

Aviation Week: “Mentioned or not, the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration has decided to stake out a top spot in domestic prestige 

after Apollo. . . . The agency now will take the initiative.” (Pres. Doc., 

1/17/66, 31; Av. Wk., 1/17/66, 25) 

e Successful launching of Boosted-Dart sounding rockets carrying chaff payloads from Natal, Brazil, and NASA Wallops Station marked first meteorological sounding rocket launchings conducted from North and South 

America the same day under coordinated NASA-COmiSSaO Nacional de 

Atividades Espaciais (CNAE) experimental program. Natal launch was 

first of a series of 32 launches planned by CNAE for 1966 as part of InterAmerican Experimental Meteorological Sounding Rocket Network 

(EXAMETNET). Brazil, Argentina, and US., cooperating in EXAMETNET, 

were planning a north-south chain of stations through the Western 

Hemisphere to conduct coordinated sounding rocket launchings to 

obtain experimental data on hemispheric weather patterns. (NASA 

Release 66-12) 

Ground-test version of S-11, North American Aviation, 1nc.-built 2nd stage 

of NASA’s Saturn v booster, was static-fired at Santa Susana Field 

Laboratory for 354 sec. in successful test of its engine-gimballing and 

liquid-oxygen-cutoff systems. S-11, which developed 1-million-lbs. thrust 

from five Rocketdyne J-2 engines, had been previously ground-tested 

for 18 sec. on Dec. 29, 1965. Firing was monitored by MSFC engineers. 

(MSFC Release 66-17) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb, discussing applications of space 

technology at a meeting of Dallas County Medical Society in Dallas, 

said that ccby adding to our knowledge of space, and of man in space, . . . we are building a very large bank of knowledge that will serve 

generations of man in all major fields of activity.” In a news conference 

in Dallas, he said that the Soviet space program was ahead of the 

U.S.’s “and will be for the next year or two.’’ He said he felt the US. 

would beat the U.S.S.R. to a lunar landing, but was not as confident as 

12 mos. ago: “A year ago I would have said the Saturn V would be far 

bigger than anything they could do. I’m not so sure now. They have a 

very vigorous program. . . . This year they have flown PROTON I and 

11-both four times the size of Gemini-and they have announced a 

big new rocket.” Asked if the Proton series promised ability to maneuver 

like US’S Gemini spacecraft, Webb replied: “Anytime you can put 

up a spacecraft that weighs 27,000 pounds, you’ve got a capability to 

do a lot of things you cannot do with a smaller craft. You can develop 

the maneuverability, but it’s hard to develop the large capacity of large 

spacecraft-and this is where we have been behind and are still behind.” 

(Text; AP, Denver Post, 1/13/66) 

Three NASA Gemini astronauts-Charles A. Bassett 11, Elliot M. See, Jr., 

and Eugene A. Cernan-scheduled for a spring mission, completed a 

training program at Univ. of North Carolina’s Morehead Planetarium. 

They used a device that projected simulated Gatv against a stellar 

background. (WI, NYT, 1/13/66, 44) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 15 

January 12: FRC awarded Martin Co. a six-month $200,000 contract to design, 

fabricate, and test a thermal protection system for X-15 experimental 

aircraft that would fly at speeds above 5,000 mph. The 300-lb. system 

would be based on Martin’s MA-25s silicon ablator and would maintain 

air-friction heating at well below the 1,200“F safety limit. Contract also 

called for establishment of refurbishment procedures. (NASA Release 

66-11; Martin Release) 0 Royal Aeronautical Society of Great Britain marked 100th anniversary. 

January 12-13: “Technology gap” between US. and Western Europe was 

discussed at Paris meeting of industry’s scientific officials, sponsored by 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) , which comprised most non-Communist industrial countries. Recent 

OECD report had stated that US. research effort was at least twice as 

great as Western Europe’s and that Europe could catch up in civilian 

research only by extraordinary effort, but it could not catch up in military and space work. Specific proposals for international research centers, international fellowships, and general increase in sharing of 

scientific effort and results were discussed. US. was represented by 

Office of Science and Technology Director Dr. Donald F. Hornig. 

(Mooney, NYT, 1/13/66,63) 

January 13: Experimental Hibex (High-E Boost Experiment) missile booster 

was successfully fired on a vertical trajectory and responded in flight 

to preplanned maneuvers in last of series of 10 tests. ARPA said “all test 

objectives of the program were met”: to demonstrate feasibility of highacceleration booster and ability to guide and control a high performance 

vehicle while undergoing trajectory maneuvers; to prove feasibility of 

igniting, burning, and launching a booster from an underground hardened silo; to institute turning maneuvers to demonstrate structural 

integrity of both vehicle and propellant. (M&R, 1/24/66,9) 0 National Park Service team inspected 18-sq.-mi. tract of proposed .parkland for Cape Canaveral National Seashore, adjacent to KSC. Team later 

met with NASA and USAF officials, Florida state personnel, and representatives of the East Central Florida Planning Council to prepare development plans. (Titusville Star Advocate, 1/14/66; Miami News, 1/25/66) 

January 14: Ground-test stage S-IC-F, Boeing-built first stage of NASA’s 

Saturn V booster, was placed aboard the barge Poseidon at NASA Michoud 

Assembly Facility for shipment to KSC, where it would be assembled at 

Launch Complex 39’s Vertical Assembly Building with other groundtest vehicle elements: a 2nd stage (S-11-F) ; a 3rd stage (S-IVB-F) ; an 

instrument unit (IU-F) ; and a dummy Apollo spacecraft. Stage was expected to arrive at KSC Jan. 21. (NASA Release 66-10; MSFC Release 66-18) 

Memorandum of understanding for cooperative meteorological sounding 

rocket experiments was signed by the Spanish Comisi6n Nacional de 

Investigacicjn del Espacio (CONIE) and NASA. Purpose of project would 

be to obtain synoptic information on wind, temperature, and pressure 

at altitudes between 18 and 36 mi. Sixteen Boosted-Dart and Arcas 

sounding rockets carrying chaff (tuned dipoles) or instrumented 

payloads would be launched from a range in Spain to be operated by 

the Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial (INTA) . CONIE would procure an Arcas launcher, sounding rockets, payloads, 

and other equipment. NASA would provide, on a loan basis, an MPS-19 

radar, van, Boosted-Dart launcher and additional equipment. NASA also 

(J/RAS, 1/66) 
16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

would train Spanish personnel in equipment operations and maintenance. Scientific results of project would be made available to world 

scientific community. (NASA Release 66-20) 

January 14: NASA invited aerospace industries to propose definition studies 

of integrating experiment equipment to be used in spacecraft for 

manned Apollo Applications missions. Studies would define experiments 

integration work in the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module, Saturn launch 

vehicle instrument units, and top stages of Saturn IB and V vehicles; 

they would include consideration of mission analysis, experiment equipment, installation and integration of equipment, specialized crew requirements, launch facility requirements, tracking, and other support 

requirements. Two or more firms would be selected for negotiation of 

parallel nine-month study contracts. (NASA Release 66-14) 

NASA Inventions and Contributions Board granted United Aircraft Corp. a 

waiver of title rights in all inventions made, or to be made, under NASA 

contract, which involved the RL-10 rocket engine. (KB) 

Two major changes effected by reorganization of activities of NASA LRC: 

appointment of Dr. Seymour C. Himmel, former head of the Agena 

Project office, as Assistant Director for Launch Vehicles and establishment of an Air-Breathing Engine Div., to be headed by J. Howard Childs. 

(LRC Release 66-2) 0 Astronaut Frank Borman returned to Gary, Ind., to help the city celebrate 

Frank Borman Day and start a pear-long observance of its 60th anniversary. He said at a news conference that “it is inevitable” that the 

U.S. would lose a crew in its space program and that he hoped the public 

was “mature enough to accept the sacrifice.” (UPI, N.Y. Her. Trib., 

1/15/66; AP, NYT, 1/15/66,22; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/14/66, A2) 

Januazv 15: Sir Bernard Lovell. director of Jodrell Bank Ewerimental Stati&, U.K., announced tha; Soviet space tracking statio; in the Crimea 

would send signals to Jodrell Bank via Venus for an entire 225-day 

Venusian year. Sir Bernard said that by following Venus during one 

complete solar revolution, scientists hoped to gain further information 

on exact distances of planets from each other and the sun; nature of the 

hidden surface of Venus; changes in the very slow rotation of Venus; 

and conditions in space between earth and Venus. (NYT, 1/16/66,24) 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Deputy Administrator, predicted in response to questions in an interview with the Chicago Tribune that there 

would be at least four Gemini flights during the year: “We may even 

get off a manned Apollo flight before the end of the year.” Duration of 

the flight would depend on success of test flights of unmanned Apollos. 

(Chic. Trib., 1/16/66) 

Second-stage flight prototype of Lockheed Propulsion CO.’S 156-in. solid 

motor was successfully static-fired at the company’s Potrero, Calif., 

facility. Burn-time was 72 sec. for total 1-million-lb. thrust. Pressure 

was 655 psi and thrust vector control system made three complete 

cycles as programed. This was Lockheed‘s second and final firing under a 

$5.5-million USAF contract. (M&R, 1/24/66, 10) 

USAF XB-70 research bomber flew at 45,000-ft. to 47,000-ft. altitudes in 

test flight from Edwards AFB, to collect data for development of supersonic transports. (m~, NYT, 1/16/66, 60) 

Sergey Pavlovich Korolev, “chief constructor of space systems for the 

Soviet Union,” died in Moscow during surgery, Tass reported. Korolev 

had been active in rocketry since the early 1930’s and had directed 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 17 

gathering of information from captured German rocket scientists after 

World War 11. As head of space system design for the Soviet Union, 

Korolev’s responsibilities had ranged from SPUTNIK I in 1957 to VOSKHOD 

11 manned spacecraft. He also designed the Luna series of unmanned 

spacecraft and possibly the Zond series. (Tass, 1/15/66; UPI, rush. 

Post, 1/16/66, A6; NYT, 1/16/66,82) 

January 15: Boeing Co. announced plans to build and equip an $11-million 

laboratory at its Vertol Div. facility, Morton, Pa., for R&D of vertical 

takeoff and landing aircraft. (Boeing Go. Release) 

January 16: Astronaut David R. Scott would attempt-during about 90 min. 

outside earth-orbiting Gemini 8 spacecraft-to crawl about using hand 

holds, move through space using a maneuvering gun with nine times 

the capability of that used by Astronaut Edward H. White 11, and 

unscrew bolts at small mechanic’s station on the spacecraft, NASA 

announced at MSC news conference. Gemini VI11 mission, designed to 

test man’s ability to maneuver in space and the first rendezvous and 

docking mission, would take place before the end of the first quarter of 

1966. Charles W. Mathews, Gemini program manager, said “the main 

significance of the mechanical work is that he [Scott] will be evaluating 

a tool that is specifically designed for space.” The special tool contained 

a motor to eliminate need for twisting motion by the astronaut that 

would swing his body around when he was weightless. Target for the 

rendezvous and docking-Gatv or Augmented Target Docking Adapter 

(Atda)-had not been chosen. (AP, NYT, 1/17/66, 12) 

Dr. Joseph F. Shea, manager of MSC’S Apollo Spacecraft Office, said 

in an interview in Houston that the US. would achieve its goal of landing men on the moon and returning them safely to earth before the end 

of this decade: ‘?NO new inventions are needed. No breakthrough is 

needed. This certainly doesn’t mean that it is going to be easy. It is not 

going to be, but the technology needed to do the job is known now.” 

He stressed that the pace that had been set would have to be maintained 

until the goal was achieved. (Maloney, Houston Post, 1/16/66) a CBS newsman Walter Cronkite received the annual TWA award for outstanding reporting of aerospace subjects at a ceremony in Phoenix, 

Ariz., sponsored by the airline. (AP, NYT, 1/18/66,62) 

NAS Space Science Board issued the first in series of three reports 

entitled Space Research: Directions for the Future. Report, prepared at 

NASA’s request, outlined research objectives for planetary and lunar exploration in 1970-1985. Compiled by working group led by Dr. Gordon 

J. F. MacDonald of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at 

UCLA, Part I repeated NAS’ 1964 recommendation that top priority in 

post-Apollo program be assigned to unmanned exploration of Mars. 

Report suggested secondary importance be divided equally between detailed investigation of lurain and unmanned exploration of Venus, and 

completed priority list with other major planets, comets and asteroids, 

Mercury, Pluto, and interplanetary dust. Major recommendations were: 

launching an orbiting planetary observatory, delivering a drop sonde to 

resolve question of high Venusian surface temperature, developing 

fine-pointing control, accurate to 10 sec. of arc, for rocket guidance, and 

considering enlargement of NASA deep-space communication capabilities 

beyond present plans. To support outlined scientific program, report 

recommended : (1) increasing manpower and facilities available to lunar 

and planetary science programs; (2) development by NASA of substantial 
18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

program for observation of planets through ground-based telescopes ; 

(3) early opportunities for experienced observational scientists to exore the lurain; (4) joint study by NASA OSSA and OMSF of early use of 

aturn V for planetary exploration, with special emphasis on a Martian 

capsule landing in the early 1970’s; (5) increased attention by NASA to 

development of research and educational capabilities in theoretical 

sciences related to study of the solar system. Regarding funding of space 

research, the report said: rr. . . since we believe that the exploration of 

the solar system bears so directly on the major central scientific questions of our time, we anticipate that unmanned experiments will probably 

provide the most significant contribution to the program of planetary 

exploration . . . we recommend that the percentage of support of lunar 

and planetary exploration be maintained over the 1965-1985 time period 

and be devoted predominantly to scientific objectives and that programs 

whose objectives are other than scientific be started only as additional 

resources become available.” It said there should be a gradual shi€t in 

emphasis from the moon to the planets, progressing toward nearly 

equivalent expenditures for lunar and planetary exploration in the 1970- 

1985 period. (Text; NAS-NRC Release) 

January 17: NASA Aerobee 150A sounding rocket launched from NASA 

Wallops Station carried scientific payload to estimated 83-mi. (134-km.) 

altitude in GSFC experiment designed to measure spectral irradiance of 

the stars Sirius and Rigel. Control system, star tracker, and ultraviolet 

stellar spectrometer performed satisfactorily. Brief data periods, caused 

by failure of fine jet pressure regulator on control system gas supply resulting in high thrust, had possibly aided establishment of flux values 

at discrete wavelength intervals. (Wallops Release 66-4; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Urgency of NASA decision on post-Apollo program was discussed by Karl 

Abraham in Philadelphia Evening Bulletin. He noted Saturn V’s potential 

for solar system exploration and many scientists’ fear of overcommitment to investigation of the moon. Among other factors involved, 

Abraham said, NASA “must consider how particular programs will affect 

its farflung field centers and their specialized work. . . some are so highly 

specialized that a sharp change of direction in rocketry or spacecraft 

and satellite objectives would tear them apart unless sufficient advance 

time were allowed for gradual changeovers to the new missions.” 

(Abraham, Phil. Eve. Bull., 1/17/66; CR, 2/10/66, A704) 

Air traffic control radar equipment which could automatically display the 

third dimension of aircraft position-altitude-would go into service in 

New York City metropolitan area by late 1967, according to FAA. Present 

radar equipment employed by FAA air traffic controllers provided only 

two-dimensional-distance and direction-picture of air traffic. (FAA 

Release 66-6) 0 AEC Chairman Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg said in a speech at Georgetown Univ., 

Washington, D.C., that man might be able to create life “before the end 

of this decade.” Science, he said, has amplified man’s senses so thar he 

could now “see” stars beyond what was once thought to be the outer 

edge of the universe, rchear77 radio signals from the farthest galaxies 

(and one day might hear communications from intelligent beings far 

out in space), and observe magnetic fields and radiations to which his 

original senses were blind. Human beings are learning how to replace 

diseased organs and understand the nature of life itself, Dr. Seaborg 

noted. He said that even before man managed to create life, science 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 19 

might discover how to control mental illness, live and work under the 

sea and in the depths of space, and use the power of the atom to cut 

passes through mountains or fight cancer. (Text; AEC Release S-3-66) 

January 17: Of President Johnson’s State of the Union message, Robert 

Hotz said in Aviation Week: “The President’s statement that he will 

‘propose a program to construct and to flight test a new supersonic 

transport plane that will fly three times the speed of sound, in excess of 

2,000 mph.’ came as somewhat of a surprise in view of the stretched out 

program he had been sponsoring. Apparently, this statement means that 

some funds for actual prototype supersonic transport construction will 

be requested in Fiscal 1967, although the size of this request may dismay 

the management entrusted with the task of building the prototype in 

time to remain competitive with the Anglo-French Concorde.” (Hotz, 

Av. Wk., 1/17/66,21) 

January 17-18: NASA launched five Nike-Apache sounding rockets from 

NASA Wallops Station between 5:39 p.m. and 6:31 a.m. Each rocket was 

programed to eject a vapor cloud of reddish or bluish color as its altitude 

increased from 30 to 130 mi. Experiments were to measure wind velocities and directions at various altitudes; motion of the trails was photographed from five camera sites within a 100-mi. radius of Wallops Island. 

Launchings were conducted for GCA Corp., under contract to NASA 

Goddard Space Flight Center. (NASA Release 66-13; Wallops Release 

66-4; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Junuary 18: Scheduled test of Apollo Launch Escape System (Les) at WSMR 

was postponed indefinitely due to heavy cloud cover. Countdown for 

the Little Joe I1 had proceeded to minus 30 min. [See Jan. 20.1 (WI, 

NYT, 1/19/66,38) 

NASA Langley Research Center awarded a $5-million contract to Virginia 

Associated Research Center to operate NASA Space Radiation Effects 

Laboratory-a $15-million facility established by L~RC for research in 

support of national programs in space technology-through mid-1970. 

(LaRC Release) 0 HL-10 lifting body vehicle, designed and developed by NASA Langley Research Center to help solve control problems of future manned spacecraft entering earth’s atmosphere, was formally delivered to NASA by 

its builder, Northrop Corp., in ceremonies at company’s Hawthorne, 

Calif., plant. The 22-ft.-longY 4,600-lb., wingless, tri-finned research 

vehicle would be dropped from B-52 aircraft for flight tests at 45,000-ft. 

altitude and mach .8 (530 mph). (LaRC Release) 

Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.), emphasizing the need for expanded efforts 

in the field of oceanography, said before the National Space Club in 

Washington, D. C., that oceanography was becoming increasingly related to space. He noted the recent NASA-Naval Oceanographic Office 

agreement whereby NOO would coordinate all investigations about possible applications of manned earth orbital operations in the field of 

oceanography. He suggested that this program “be expanded formally to 

include unmanned operations as well.” He urged a national program 

with national gods, “coordinated by one agency like . . . [NASA]” and 

given adequate funds--“an all-wet NASA.” Karth said he did not think 

that post-Apollo programs, such as manned expeditions to Mars or to the 

moons of Jupiter would gain “general acceptance” until “we have solved 

the continually worsening home planet problems of hunger and poverty.” 

(Text) 
20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

January 18: U.N. Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space had proposed 

a world conference on outer space to be held in New York. The conference should examine the impact of space data on education and communications-issues of major importance even to poor and economically 

retarded states. (NYT, 1/20/66, 12; SBD, 1/31/66, 185) 0 Funeral of Soviet space designer Sergey Korolev was held in Red Square. 

After eulogies by Leonid Smirnov, deputy chairman of the U.S.S.R. 

Council of Ministers; Mstislav Keldysh, President of the U.S.S.R. 

Academy of Sciences; Nikolay Yegorychev, Moscow Gorkom Secretary; 

and Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the funeral procession moved to the 

Kremlin wall where the urn containing Korolev’s ashes was placed in a 

niche. 

Commentary in the New York Times: “Death has finally declassified 

the role and identity of Academician Sergei P. Korolev, the man who 

provided the scientific and technical leadership of the vast Soviet rocket 

program. The extraordinary pomp of his state funeral in Red Square 

contrasted sharply with the almost complete anonymity imposed on him 

while he was alive. In the most fruitful years of his career, the man who 

led the Soviet Union’s march into the cosmos from the first sputnik to 

Leonov’s ‘walk in space’ was normally referred to in the Soviet press 

only as the mysterious ‘chief designer.’ Korolev’s rockets were powerful 

enough to send men into orbit and to put cameras into position to photograph the back side of the moon. But they were too weak to break the 

chains of secrecy that denied him, while he lived, the world applause he 

deserved.” (Tass, 1/18/66; NYT, 1/20/66, 31) 

January 19: On the floor of the Senate, Sen. Daniel B. Brewster (D-Md.) 

paid tribute to the late Hugh L. Dryden and proposed “that Wallops 

Island be renamed Dryden Island, asgin appropriate memorial to his immense contribution to space exploration.” Dr. Dryden was born on the 

Maryland Eastern Shore in Pocomoke City. (CR, 1/19/66, 583) 

ComSatCorp awarded a $60,000 study contract to France’s Centre National 

#Etudes des T616communications for engineering analysis of a system 

of phased communications satellites operating in 12-hr. 30”-inclined 

orbits. It would include analysis of a 12-satellite or 15-satellite system, 

amount of coverage, orbit stability, launch conditions, types of communications, and other factors required to maintain a given quality of 

service over a five-year period. Work would be performed within 180 

days. (ComSatCorp Release) 0 USAF launched two unidentified satellites with Atlas-Agena D booster from 

WTR. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 147) 

NASA’s contributions to multidisciplinary research in support of development were discussed by NASA Administrator James E. Webb at a meeting 

of the West Point Society of the District of Columbia. Webb described 

how NASA programs fulfilled need pointed out by the late NASA Deputy 

Administrator Dr. Hugh L. Dryden in 1949 for cooperative research 

channeled ‘‘into directions permitting early application.” (Text) - Fred J. Drinkwater 111, aerospace research engineer, scientist, and test 

pilot at NASA Ames Research Center, received the Flight Safety Foundation’s Richard Hansford Burroughs Test Pilot Award for his “significant 

contributions to the safety and efficiency of flight testing.” Award was 

established by United Aircraft Corp. (Av. Wk., 1/3/66, 13) - Radiation, Inc., announced receipt of a $2-million contract to design and 

build a “data acquisition center” for the British-French 1,450-mph 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 21 

Concorde supersonic aircraft scheduled to make its first fight in 1971. 

During early performance tests, data tape recorded in fight would serve 

as design checks for the aircraft’s builders. (NYT, 1/20/66,58) 

January 19: Electronic multispectral sensors-high-altitude scanners so sensitive they could tell when apples were ripe enough to be picked-had 

been developed for agricultural and forestry use, Boston Globe reported. 

Sensors were intended for use on orbiting spacecraft to give reports on 

an entire forest or farmland on one pass; they were being programed for 

a wide variety of applications, such as measurements of an entire district 

of orchards and grain fields. Signals would be converted into photographic form for quick analysis. (Barton, Boston Globe, 1/19/66, 6) 

January 20: Little Joe I1 launch vehicle boosted a five-ton unmanned Apollo 

spacecraft to 15-mi. altitude from WSMR in test of ability of Launch 

Escape System (Les) to rescue the spacecraft from an abort at medium 

altitude. Planned pitch-up maneuver was executed and satisfactory 

launch escape vehicle performance demonstrated; successful canard 

operation caused command module to stabilize in proper attitude. After 

jettison of the Les, the hard part of the boost protective cover, and the 

forward heat shield, command module made safe descent on its three 

main parachutes. Test, conducted at maximum-Q conditions, was 

slightly marred by telemetry failure. (NASA Release 65-348; WI, NYT, 

1/21/66,10; AP, Balt. Sun, 1/21/66) 

* NSF’S Special Commission on Weather Modification issued a report recommending greatly increased research on international weather modification and the behavior of the weather and climate in general. Report also 

recommended thorough studies to gauge the biological, social, economic, 

political, and legal consequences of all kinds of weather modificationboth “deliberate attempts to modify local weather conditions for the 

good of the total population” and changes that “man’s increasingly 

large and complex society bring about inadvertently.” Foundation’s 

report was a companion to one published Jan. 7 by NAS. (Text) 

H.R. 8210, a bill to provide US. tax immunity to the European Space 

Research Organization, was reported to the Senate by the Finance 

Committee. Floor action had not yet been scheduled. (CR, 1/20/66,719) 

Dr. Pyotr Kapitsa, director of the Institute of Physical Problems of the 

Soviet Academy of Sciences, deplored the productivity gap between US. 

and Soviet science in an article in Komsomolskaya Pravda. He urged 

U.S.S.R. to weed out unproductive research workers periodically: “It 

would . . . be possible to transfer 15 to 20 percent of our staffs from 

science to industry every year and to take into research well-prepared 

and qualified youth. In this manner we would improve the quality of the 

scientific staffs and also not close the door of science in the face of the 

young.” He noted that the number of scientific research workers was 

dmost the same in the two countries-800,000 Americans compared 

with 700,000 in the Soviet Union-and said that US. scientists were 

responsible for one third of the world’s scientific output (in terms of 

research papers published) compared with only one sixth for Soviets. 

(Komsomolskaya Pravda, 1/20/66, 2; Science, 1/28/66, 432) 

NASA Assistant Administrator Breene M. Kerr presented a charter to the 

recently formed Northern Alabama Chapter of the American Society for 

Public Administration. Kerr announced NASA Administrator James E. 

Webb had been elected to succeed Harlan Cleveland as president-elect 
22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

of ASPA. Cleveland had resigned when appointed ambassador to NATO. 

(Marshall Star, 1/26/66, 1) 

January 20: Blanche W. Noyes, FAA air marking specialist and veteran pilot, 

was awarded the Brazilian Medal of Merit of Santos Dumont at the 

Brazilian chancery in Washington, D.C., for outstanding and meritorious 

services to Brazilian aviation. Mrs. Noyes was the first American aviatrix to receive the award. (FAA Release 66-8) 

January 21: Full 2X-min. duration test of fourth Saturn IB booster (S-IB-4) 

was conducted on MSFC’S East Test Area facility. S-IB-4 would leave 

MSFC in late January for Michoud Assembly Facility for post-firing checkout. (MSFC Release 66-25) 0 Astronaut Donald K. Slayton received an honorary Doctor of Engineering 

degree from Michigan Technological Univ. in ceremony at MSC. Degree 

was conferred “in recognition of high attainments in engineering.” As 

MSC Assistant Director for Flight Crew Operations, Slayton directed the 

Astronaut Office, Aircraft Operations Office, and the Flight Crew Support Div. (MSC Roundup, 1/21/66,2) 0 Discussing Federal subsidization of scientific research in Science, Don K. 

Price, dean of Harvard Univ. Graduate School of Public Administration 

and new AAAS President, said: “We have to learn how to fit the research 

interests of free scientists into a pattern of public policy, and to take 

account of the need for balanced national development while building 

up our existing centers of high scientific quality. And we need, equally 

obviously, to devote our knowledge to the service of human welfare, as 

effectively as it has been enlisted in the service of national defense. We 

obviously have not yet learned how to do all these things. But we can at 

least begin, if we are not afraid to make some changes in some of our 

most stubborn political and administrative habits.” (Science, 1/21/66, 

290) 

France was planning to build rockets bigger than the missiles now being 

developed for her nuclear strike force, reported an article in Air et 

Cosmos. One purpose was to enable France to orbit a European comsat 

without the help of an American-built launch vehicle. A second goal 

would be to provide France with advanced, solid-fuel boosters that could 

carry one-ton thermonuclear warheads over intercontinental distances 

or orbit military surveillance satellites. (Air et Cosmos, 1/21/66) * K. T. Keller, retired president and board chairman of Chrysler Corp., 

died in London. He had been a special adviser to DOD, in 1950 had been 

appointed director of guided missiles by Gen. George C. Marshall, then 

Secretary of Defense. (AP, Wash. Post, 1/22/66, B4) 

January 22: COSMOS cv containing “scientific equipment . . . designed to 

continue the exploration of outer space” was launched by the Soviet 

Union, Tass announced. Orbital data: apogee, 324 km. (201 mi.); 

perigee, 204 km. (126.7 mi.); period, 89.7 min.; inclination, 65”. Instruments were functioning normally. (Tass, 1/22/66) 0 Dr. George Veis of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory revealed 

that the earth’s mean radius, measured from satellite observations, was 

3,963.203 mi. Radius determination was based on analysis of more than 

46,500 observations of 13 different satellites. (Sci. Serv., NYT, 1/22/66) 

Advanced Minuteman ICBM was launched from a modernized Minuteman I 

silo at Vandenberg AFB as part of a series of tests to verify modernization 

procedures for upgrading of Minuteman I silos and control centers. 

(WI, NYT, 1/23/66,57) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 23 

January 23: Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) of the 

US. Department of Commerce announced creation of an interagency 

committee to coordinate Government research efforts in clear air turbulence (Cat). (ESSA Release 66-3) * NASA Lewis Research Center, first Government laboratory devoted to flight 

propulsion in all its aspects, celebrated its 25th anniversary. Authorized 

by Congress in 1940, the NACA facility was originally called the Aircraft 

Engine Research Lab.; it was renamed the Lewis Flight Propulsion 

Laboratory in 1948 in honor of Dr. George W. Lewis, former NACA 

Director of Aeronautical Research (1924-47). In 1958, when NACA facilities and personnel were absorbed by the newly created NASA, the facility 

became the Lewis Research Center. From an initial Congressional appropriation of $2 million in 1941, LRC had emerged as a major research 

and development laboratory valued at $200 million. 

Marking the anniversary, LRC Director Dr. Abe Silverstein said: 

“Man isn’t going to be held to a single conquest or success. The past 

decade has seen aviation and rocketry undergo phenomenal change, but 

we’ve just started to realize its potential. The present generation will 

live tco fly better than 2,000 mph in commercial aircraft and to observe 

at close range the interplanetary exploits of US. astronauts. The past 

25 years have witnessed truly remarkable strides in aeronautics and 

space activities. In 1941, man had the capability to fly 300 mph and to 

attain altitudes of perhaps 30,000 ft. Today, he orbits the earth at 17,500 

mph and in a few years will set foot on the moon and possibly later 

Mars.” (LRC Release 66-1; Lewis News, 1/23/66, 1-12; WI, Miami 

Herald, 1/24/66) 

0 NASA Nike-Cajun meteorological sounding rocket launched from Churchill 

Research Range carried 19-grenade payload to 78-mi. (125-km.) altitude. 

GSFC experiment obtained temperature, wind, density, and pressure data 

during auroral condition at altitudes to 56 mi. (90 km.) by recording 

sound arrivaIs of explosions of all 19 grenades. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

January 24: President Johnson’s message to Congress on the FY I967 

budget said in part: “Just over 60 years ago man entered the age of controlled flight. Today, men orbit the earth at speeds measured in thousands of miles an hour. In 1967, less than 6 years after this Nation set 

the goal of a manned landing on the moon within the present decade, we 

will begin unmanned test flights of the giant Saturn V rocket and the 

Apollo spacecraft-the complete space vehicle required for achieving 

that goal. Later on in the 1960’s, we will undertake the manned lunar 

mission itself. 

Our many space achievements-both manned and unmanned-have 

dramatically advanced our scientific understanding and technological 

capabilities. They have also demonstrated OUT remarkable progress in 

the peaceful exploration of space. In 1967, our large space projects will 

be progressing from the more expensive development phase into operational status, and new projects of equivalent cost will not be started. 

Accordingly, expenditures of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are estimated to decline by $300 million in 1967 [as opposed 

to the new authorization requested in the FY 1967.budgetI. This level 

will sustain our progress in space exploration and continue the advancement of science and technology.” (Text, CR, 1/24/66,861; Pres. DOC., 

1/31/66, 88-9) 

President Johnson sent FY 1967 budget request to Congress including total 

CC 
24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

space budget of $6.8 billion. Of this sum, NASA would receive $5.012 

billion (NASA had originally requested $5.58 billion) ; DOD, $1.65 billion; 

AEC, $173.7 million; Environmental Science Services Administration, 

$27 million; and National Science Foundation, $2.8 million. 

NASA R&D program was a major area of reduced expenditure with reduction of approximately$186 million (comparedwith FY 1966 appropriation) mostly absorbed by the sharp drop in requirements for Project 

Gemini. With only three flights remaining to be made in FY 1967, the 

total budget dropped from $226.6 million in FY 1966 to $40.6 million 

requested for FY 1967. Sum included $19.1 million for the spacecraft 

and $8.5 million for mission support. There was also a reduction of some 

$54 million in lunar and planetary exploration and $12 million in physics 

and astronomy. Funding for Project Apollo increased slightly-from 

$2.967 billion in FY 1966 to $2.974 billion, including $1.2 billion for 

spacecraft (as compared with FY 1966’s $l.l7-billion level). $100 million 

requested for Apollo Applications (Aa) program-once considered the 

single program with any potential for new major funding-was not 

approved. 

Major portions of the DOD space budget would be spent on development of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol)-which would be slowed 

down with no increase in funds over the $150 million allowed in FY 

1966; development and launch operations costs of the Titan I11 launch 

vehicle; continuation of the reconnaissance and Vela nuclear detection 

satellite programs; navigational satellite launches; and initial launch of 

a satellite by the Defense Communications Satellite System. DOD 

budget also provided for initiation of procurement of the FB-111B aircraft and development of a new short-range air-to-surface missile 

AEC s budget allotment for space programs included $78 million for 

Project Rover; $39.5 million for testing of the Nerva engine system; 

and $8.2 million for testing of the Snap-8 nuclear reactor. 

ESSAYS Tiros weather satellite program would involve expenditures 

in FY 1967 of $17 million for spacecraft and launchings and approximately $10 million for data acquisition, processing, and archiving. 

FAA’s FY 1967 budget request for $758 million contained $80 million 

for six more months of supersonic transport research. (Text; Wash. 

Post, 1/25/66, A10; Schmeck, NYT, 1/25/66,1; Av. Wk., 1/31/66,23, 

29,30; M&R, 1/31/66,25) 

January 24: NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., said at 

NASA FY 1967 budget briefing that the “extremely stringent budget” 

($5.012 billion) approved by President Johnson and the BOB was the 

result of pressing needs of the Vietnam war and the Great Society. 

Major loser in the NASA budget reduction was the Apollo Applications 

(Aa) program: “The option to go ahead or not [on the Aa program] 

will be made in 1968 [budget],” he said. Although NASA had wanted 

$5.58 billion to carry out its FY 1967 program, Seamans said, the $5.012 

billion would make it possible to continue ‘‘a good space program” with 

most of the projects intact. Yet, NASA did ‘bot have the funds we would 

like to see” for Apollo. He said the approved FY 1967 Apollo budget of 

$2.974 billion (compared to $2.967 billion in FY 1966) would give the 

US. “a chance of lunar landing in this decade,” but there were no funds 

“for major difficulties that might occur.” (Transcript) e NASA had begun contract negotiations with TRW Systems to convert the 

@ram) - 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 25 

prototype Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (Ogo) into a flight observatory. Negotiations might also include option to fabricate an additional 

flight observatory. Contract was expected to be for $9 million. (NASA 

Release 66-16) 

January 24: Major decisions on the future of space exploration facing the 

Administration received comment by William J. Coughlin in Missiles 

and Rockets: “History teaches us . . . that such exploration is more likely 

to come in waves, one overlapping the other, than in single units, each 

with a distinct beginning and a distinct end. 

“Man strives for the most distant objective within reach of his technology. And as the first explorers try and try again on that far reach, 

others-at first other explorers and scientists, then those scouts of commerce, miners and trappers, then businessmen, settlers and shopkeepers-follow in their wake to prove and develop what courage has 

proven attainable.” (Coughlin, M&R, 1/24/66, 46) 

NASA Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station 

carried instrumented payload to estimated 104-mi. (167-km.) altitude. 

Experiment conducted for Univ. of Michigan measured ambient air 

density from 19-75-mi. (30-120-km.) altitudes by radar track of two 

falling Mylar spheres ejected at plus 72 sec. Flight also measured solar 

heating effects by comparing diurnal variations of measurements. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

0 NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. 

Mueller said in a speech at the 51st annual meeting of the National Dairy 

Council in Washington, D.C.: “We in NASA do not feel that the planning 

of our space programs is the prerogative of NASA alone. . . . The participants should include men from all walks of life-national, political, and 

intellectual leaders, the business and agricultural communities, and all 

informed citizens-not just scientists and engineers nor those who are 

presently engaged in the space program.” Describing the launch vehicles 

and spacecraft in the Apollo program, Dr. Mueller said: “The uprated 

Saturn I launch vehicle [formerly Saturn IB] . . . is capable of placing 

40,000 pounds in orbit. . . . The Saturn V launch vehicle . . . provides the 

power to place in orbit loads weighing 280,000 pounds. . . . The Apollo 

spacecraft itself consists of three major systems or modules. The Command Module . . . houses the astronauts during most of their journey. 

The Propulsion Module [formerly Service Module] has rocket engines 

and abundant fuel for mid-course maneuvering, for braking into lunar 

orbit, and for the thrust to return to earth. The Lunar Module [formerly 

Lunar Excursion Module] is for descent to and return from the lunar 

surface. . . . We have the ability to fly this equipment at an annual rate 

of six Saturn I launch vehicles, six Saturn V launch vehicles and eight 

Apollo spacecraft.” (Text) 

0 Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter said surgeons would have to remove a 

callus, formed on his left forearm after he broke it in a July 1964 

motorcycle accident in Bermuda, before he could be considered for 

another spaceflight. Ability to rotate the arm properly was hampered. 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/25/66, A2; AP, Chic. Trib., 1/25/66) 

* Prof. Philip Handler of Duke Univ., member of the President’s Science 

Advisory Committee, said at the Asia-Pacific Seminar that the US. was 

the only nation in the scientific revolution and that the U.S.S.R., U.K., 

and West Germany had not yet entered it. He described the scientific 

revolution as dependent upon man’s brains and not upon water, coal, 
26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

or iron, as was the industrial revolution. The computer, he said, was the 

chief symbol of the scientific revolution. (AP, NYT, 1/27/66, 3) 

January 24-26: At AIAA Third Aerospace Sciences Meeting in New York City, 

Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff was elected 1966 AIAA president. Dr. C. 

Stark Draper, chairman of MIT’S Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 

gave 29th annual Wright Brothers Lecture on the role of “informetics” 

in modern flight systems. 

NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications 

Dr. Homer E. Newel1 chaired a special “Space Sciences Report” plenary 

session which considered priorities in planetary exploration and the 

interaction of solar wind with the planets. Donald L. Hunter of Kitt 

Peak National Observatory said Venus exploration was likely to be as 

interesting as exploration of Mars; high Venusian surface temperature 

did not rule out possibility of rudimentary life forms, and Venus’ environment might be less hostile than that of Mars. Manned round 

trips to Mars could be shortened to 450-560 days by a Venus ccswingby,’y 

according to Rollin W. Gillespie and Stanley Ross of NASA Office of 

Manned Space Flight; direct flights would take 800 to 900 days. 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Deputy Administrator, was principal 

speaker at the Honors Convocation. He said: “Yesterday, President 

Johnson presented his budget for the coming fiscal year to the Congress. . . . This year, the process of sorting out priorities and allocating resources has been especially difficult. Abroad, there is the growing commitment to Vietnamese freedom. At home, there is the growing commitment to freedom from poverty, ignorance, ugliness, and unemployment. In addition to these and other commitments, the President’s 

budget once again reiterates the commitment made in 1958 and repeated 

year after year: to undertake the exploration of space for the benefit of 

mankind. Even in a year of extraordinary budget pressures, slightly more 

than $5 billion for NASA’s part in this enterprise have been requested. . . . “It is within this framework that the NASA program has been hammered out-not representing the sum of our program demands. However, as we indicated in our budget briefing for the Press this past weekend, we believe we have a balanced program of aeronautics and space 

research, of science and technology, of large scale manned exploration 

and unmanned probes and satellites. 

“We recognize there is an enormous responsibility attached to the 

planning, justification, and direction of a sum so large during a period so 

rich in other needs. . . . We have reached a point where the exploration of space is no longer 

a promise but a hard fact, where scientific data and tested capabilities 

are in hand instead of in the future. “. . . The program that we have laid out for NASA for the coming year 

will meet the highest priorities of scientific and technological needs. It 

will permit flexible evaluation of the next major steps open to us in 

space. It will maintain the forward momentum that has been built up 

with energy and care over the past years. It will permit strong competition for those who wish to outstrip us and meaningful cooperation 

for those who can find communities of interest with us. It will provide 

an honest and practical balance between the many elements of scientific 

investigation, technological application and operational experience. It 

provides a challenge that will require hard work, hard judgment, and 

careful appraisal at every step of translation from plan into execution. It 

re 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 27 

does not close to future exploitation the many options that have been 

built for the nation in the past. Most importantly, it recognizes that true 

national security is best measured by the useful knowledge in men’s 

minds and that the great arena of space remains a battleground between 

the intellect of man and the unknown.” 

Tribute to late Dr. Hugh L. Dryden was made at the Honors Convocation by L/G James Doolittle (USAFR) : “On the second of December 1965 

the world became poorer; our country lost one of its foresighted leaders; 

aeronautics lost a man who had devoted a major part of his life to its 

advancement; astronautics iost its great ambassador at home and at large 

and those fortunate of us-who had been privileged to know and work 

with him-lost a beloved, revered and respected friend and associate. 

“Dr. Hugh Latimer Dryden dedicated his whole life to the service of 

his fellow man. He was a doer, but a gentle person-a man who strove 

prodigiously, but instinctively did the kindly thing. He was eager and 

courageous. He had been critically ill for several years, but he worked 

hard and effectively up to a few days before his death. . . . “Hugh Latimer Dryden: engineer, scientist, administrator, public 

servant, patriot, theologian, realist. With his immediate family and all 

the nation we, his close friends and associates, mourn his passing. We 

will long remember him with affection, admiration, respect, and gratitude, for excellence endures.” 

Goddard Award, AIAA’S highest, was presented jointly to Hans J. P. 

von Ohain, Chief Scientist, Aerospace Research Lab., Wright-Patterson 

AFB, for “his contributions to the achievement in 1939 of the first successful application of turbojet propulsion to aircraft”; and to A. W. 

Blackman, Chief of Propulsion, United Aircraft Corp., and George D. 

Lewis, Project Engineer, UAC Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Div., for “their 

contributions to the understanding of the phenomenon of combustion 

instability and for their recognition of acoustical liners as a method of 

suppressing such instabilities in turbojet afterburners and rocket engines.” Sylvanus Albert Reed Award went to Clarence L. Johnson, vice 

president of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., and designer of the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft and the YF-12A interceptor, for his “production of 

two triple-sonic military aircraft, for continuing personal design innovation, imaginative engineering, and practical manufacturing techniques that over the years have aided immeasurably in maintaining U.S. 

ascendeney in defensive aerial weaponry.” 1966 Research Award was 

given to Prof. Shao-Chi Lin, Univ. of California (San Diego), for “basic 

research in the electric and electromagnetic properties of ionized gases, 

and for significant contributions to reentry physics.” (Texts; AIAA Release; AIAA Bulletin, 12/65, 693, 709, 710) 

January 25: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CVI with instrumentation to continue 

studies of outer space. Initial orbital data: apogee, 564 km. (350 mi.); 

perigee, 290 km. (180 mi.); period, 92.8 min.; inclination, 48.4’. Onboard equipment was functioning normally. (”ass, 1/25/66) 

NASA MSC announced that Astronaut John Young would be command pilot 

of Gemini 10; pilot would be Astronaut Michael Collins. No date had 

been set for the Gemini X mission. (UPI, Wash. Daily News, 1/25/66) * FS-3 nuclear reactor electric power system designed for use in space completed a full year of generating electricity continuously and without 

external control. Test far exceeded known continuous power operation 

of a nuclear reactor power plant of any type. FS-3 was a prototype nu- 
28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

clear reactor space power system derived from the 500-watt Snap-1OA 

unit that became the world’s first nuclear reactor system to operate in 

space in April 1965. (AEC Release J-19) 

January 25: Dr. Philip Morrison, MIT physics professor, called for $1 million 

from NSF for five telescopes identical to the one on Mt. Palomar, presently the world‘s largest. He said that “properly situated in various parts 

of the world, these instruments could peer almost to the edge of creation . . . and perhaps unlock the secret of the origin of the universe.” Dr. 

Morrison spoke in a panel discussion on cosmology at MIT. (Hines, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 1/26/66, A20) 

0 A 2,000-mph SR-71 (YF-12A) jet reconnaissance aircraft crashed in northeastern New Mexico after an explosion during a routine flight from 

Edwards AFB. Lockheed test pilot James T. Zwayer was killed. Aircraft 

had been built for USAF by Lockheed as successor to the U-2 and had 

been undergoing tests since December 1964. (UPI, Wash. Post, 1/26/66, 

12; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/26/66, A5) 

0 Wall Street Journal editorial on the FY 1967 budget: “For the first time 

since . . . [NASA] was formed, space spending will decline. The $300 million drop, to $5.3 billion [in expenditures], is attributed to lower development costs for some major programs and a decision not to initiate 

big new efforts.” (WSJ, 1/25/66, 6) 

International conference on outer space to mark 10th anniversary of first 

artificial satellite (1967) was proposed by U.S.S.R. Academician A. A. 

Blagonravov to working group of U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses 

of Outer Space. European site was suggested for conference, which 

“would provide information for peoples in all countries and training for 

the developing countries.” (Rossi, CSM, 1/26/66) 0 Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Director of Office&f Science and Technology, said 

in an interview with Robert Cahn of Christian Science Monitor: “There 

are two kinds of breakthroughs. There are those which come through 

completely new insight and understanding, which is what we usually 

mean by a scientific breakthrough. You might consider as scientific 

breakthroughs the discovery of a new kind of nuclear force or the discovery of a new fundamental particle. Then there are the more common 

breakthroughs in technology-the harnessing of principles in new and 

unusual ways to achieve the ends you want. Sending a man to the moon 

and back is one of these.” (Cahn, CSM, 1/25/66) 

January 25-27: House Committee on Science and Astronautics and its panel 

of advisers on science and technology held 7th annual meeting on 

“Government, Science, and Public Policy.” In keynote address, Vice 

President Hubert Humphrey urged closing of “gap between public 

policy and advancing science and technology . . . when NASA comes to a 

great university with a grant, it is like planting a field of gold. There is a 

harvest soon to be reaped, a whole new partnership that creates new 

wealth, the wealth of brain power, of scientific knowledge, and the end 

product.” 

Guest panelist Lord C. P. Snow, joint parliamentary secretary of 

U.K.’s Ministry of Technology, told Committee that U.K. had no intention of becoming totally dependent on U.S. technology: “By and large, 

our technological position is uncomfortable, and we have got to change 

it. . . before we get our economy sturdy again. . . . It will take ten years 

to do all that has to be done. But it will be done.” Lord Snow also made 

these points: (1) if U.K. could not maintain a high competence in certain 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 29 

areas of advanced technology, she would lose her talented young men, 

“slide into somnolence and be no good” to herself, America, or the 

world; (2) the computer or cybernetic revolution would be the biggest 

revolution mankind had known; (3) mathematics would “take on a new 

relevance in all advanced societies.” Noting danger that allocational decisions for research in pure and appIied science may involve “too much 

concentration of power,” Lord Snow added: “The scientific resultsnot the technological results-. . . of observational and radioastronomy 

have been greater by an order of magnitude than the scientific results of 

space exploration.” 

In discussion period, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Cal Tech president, commented: “. . . though I think I would agree with you generally, I hope 

you do not minimize the scientific results that have come from. . . recent 

space exploration flights-the understanding of the earth’s magnetosphere, the nature of the solar wind, our closeup views of Venus, the 

Moon, and Mars have added a very substantial amount to our understanding . . . of these objects and of interplanetary space . . .” When 

Lord Snow replied that %pace things are interesting, but not at the 

moment to the same degree” as radioastronomy, Dr. DuBridge said: 

‘%ive us another 20 years.” 

Dr. Charles C. Price, Univ. of Pennsylvania chemist, pleaded for support of more basic research in the areas of living systems and suggested 

that (‘the more applied agencies such as NASA, MH and AEC put increased 

emphasis on the support of fundamental research and education in 

chemistry . . .” (Proceedings, House Comm. on Science and Astronautics, 

1125-27/66) 

January 25-27: John S. Foster, Jr., DOD Director of Defense Research and 

Engineering, and Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Deputy Administrator, told Military Operations Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations, which had questioned DOD/NASA cooperative 

agreements, that cooperation was necessary to effect coordination and to 

plan for best possible use of national ranges. Cooperation had been established through May 1965 DOD/NASA Agreement on Tracking, Data 

Acquisition, and Communications Facilities which stated that the two 

agencies were to “achieve a maximum of mutual assistance, to avoid 

unwarranted duplication, and to realize economies wherever practical 

and consistent with mission requirements, by means of coordination 

and planning and efficient division of responsibilities.” (House, Hearings, 

Missile and Space Ground Support Operations) 

January 26: Seven geophysical experiments were selected by NASA to be included in three 150-lb. Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages 

(Alsep) and one backup on initial Apollo landing missions: (1) passive 

lunar seismic experiment; (2) lunar triaxis magnetometer; (3) mediumenergy solar wind experiment; (4) suprathermal ion detector; (5) 

lunar heat-flow measurements to provide information on distribution of 

radioactive elements and thermal history of the moon; (6) low-energy 

solar wind experiment; (7) active lunar seismic experiment to study 

tremors resulting from firing of mortar projectiles, designed to gather 

data on depths to 500 ft. (NASA Release 66-17) 0 Dr. Alexander 6. Smith, Univ. of Florida physicist and astronomer, discussed applications of orbiting platforms and space probes in radioastronomy at MSFC Space Science Seminar. Of current theories explaining powerful outbursts of radio noise from Jupiter, the “most plausible” 
30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

was that radiation was due to a cyclotron process, Smith said. “Recent 

thermal work seems to indicate that Jupiter is probably a hot planet, . . . emitting more heat than it is receiving from the sun-2 to 4 times as 

much.” Smith, asked if his emphasis on orbital experiments meant it 

was unnecessary to go to the moon, replied: “If I had to choose my 

favorite site for low frequency radio astronomy, it would be the back side 

of the Moon, where one could put up large arrays and be screened by the 

bulk of the Moon from terrestrial interference.” (Transcript) 

January 26: NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. 

George E. Mueller spoke of reliability and quality assurance in the 

manned space flight program at the Annual Symposium on Reliability in 

San Francisco: “We have . . had to organize our mission reliability 

around the concept of a very exhaustive ground test program, with a 

detailed, recorded tracking of the history and experience of every part, 

from the original developer-fabricator’s plant, through the entire chain 

of subcontractor and contractor activities, to the final, completed article 

on the launch pad. By this thorough and repeated testing under every 

environmental condition that it is possible to simulate, and by understanding and correcting each test failure or performance discrepancy, 

we believe we can achieve the required high reliability whereby we will 

be justified in conducting major missions on the second, third or fourth 

vehicle, rather than on the thirtieth or the hundredth as in Gemini and 

Mercury.” (Text) 

USN had issued to General Dynamics Corp. a $20-million supplemental 

agreement to an existing contract to install satellite communications 

systems aboard each of three former Navy tankers that would serve as 

ocean-going tracking stations for NASA’s Project Apollo. (Gen. Dynamics 

Release 1267) 

Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., GEMINI VI command pilot, received a 

tiny gold harmonica from the Italian National Union of Mouth Organists 

and Harmonica Musicians for being “the first mouth organist in outer 

space.” (AP, Phil. Eve. Bull., 1/26/66) 0 Commentary in New York Times on difficulty of allocating limited funds for 

scientific research: “The eminent Soviet physicist P. L. Kapitsa has 

published an article [see Jan. 201 acknowledging that American science 

is still contributing far more to mankind’s knowledge than its Soviet 

counterpart. He attributes the United States lead largely to the wiser 

American technique for Government subsidy of research. . . . Ironically, 

several months ago President Johnson. . . directed that Federal funds be 

more equally distributed among the nation’s universities and geographic 

areas and that a larger proportion of this money be allocated to universities for distribution as their administrators see fit, rather than directly 

to research scientists. 

“If the Kapitsa analysis is correct, the President’s order was a mistake 

and may lead to reduced productivity in American science.” (NYT, 

1/26/66,32) 

Detailed report on “Scientific and Engineering Manpower in Communist 

China, 1949-1963,” by Dr. Chu-yuan Cheng, of the Univ. of Michigan, 

was made public by NSF. Communist China had been strengthening its 

scientific and engineering fields by putting thousands of students through 

colleges and universities. Yet, these masses of young scientists were 

getting less comprehensive training than older generations of scientists 

and also lacked sufficient experience to engage in top level research. In 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 31 

1963, many of China’s leading scientists were 60 or 70 yrs. old and engaged in basic and creative research. The success or failure in bridging 

the gap between the mass of young scientists and the older scientists 

would determine whether Communist China would become a scientifically advanced power in the next decade or two, Dr. Cheng said. (Text) 

January 26: U.K. had made a successful underground test of a major component of its own nuclear warhead for American-supplied Polaris 

missiles, it was disclosed. Prime Minister Harold Wilson told the House 

of Commons the test would lead to a considerable savings in costs. An 

earlier test had been unsuccessful. (NYT, 1/26/66, 39) 

January 26-29: American Physical Society met in New York. Dr. Charles H. 

Townes, Nobel rize-winner and MIT provost, said in a dinner speech 

both economically and scientifically feasible. “Furthermore,” he 

continued, “the task probably will be accomplished within time and 

money limitations set four years ago. These envisage a moon landing by 

late 1969 at a total cost of about $20 billion.” Townes announced the 

appointment of “an important ad hoc Science Advisory Committee” 

aimed at obtaining “the most fruitful relationship between NASA and the 

scientific community.” Headed by Prof. Norman Ramsey, the new group 

would “consider many . . . problems, concentrating particularly on how 

to carry out the most efficient and rich scientific program and what ways 

will allow the scientific community, including universities, professors, 

and students to participate most easily and effectively in the interesting 

possibilities which are now emerging.” 

In a panel on the origin and possible death of the universe, P. J. E. 

Peebles and David Wilkinson of Princeton Univ. and Robert W. Wilson 

of Bell Telephone Labs. told about evidence indicating that space was 

permeated by black body radiation. If this were so, it would support the 

“big bang” theory of the origin of the universe which held that at first, 

all was a mass of dense energy; then came expansion powered by much of 

the energy. The original energy would have the properties of the energy 

emitted by a black body-light, heat, and radio waves proportionate to 

its temperature. Because no other explanation existed for the energy 

the Princeton and Bell scientists had detected uniformly distributed 

over space, and because black body characteristics were so clearcut, 

they believed confirmation could be achieved within a year. 

Yuval Ne’eman of Tel Aviv Univ. proposed a new theory to explain the 

quasar (quasi-stellar radio source) : the force represented by the tendency of the universe to expand had been suppressed in some parts of the 

universe; thus, these areas were highly dense. But because this tendency 

is not suppressed under all conditions, it sometimes bursts forth and 

matter tears free of the intense gravitational attractions. When this 

happens, enormous amounts of matter and energy are emitted and 

observers on earth detect the event as a quasar. 

Scientists in a panel discussion on scientific data said the task of 

coping with the scientific information explosion should not become 

exclusively a Government responsibility. Discussion was based on 

December 1965 report of Federal Council for Science and Technology 

recommending that the Government-with participation of private 

groups-establish a national document handling system to help keep 

scientists abreast of new knowledge. 

In a discussion of planetary exploration, Cal Tech Prof. Robert B. 

that the manne B lunar landing planned for the end of this decade was 
32 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Leighton, scientist in charge of the televising by MARINER IV of Mars 

(July 14, 1965), said there was still hope the TV pictures would yield 

information about Mars’ canals: “When we know more nearly where the 

camera was pointed-because it is not known very clearly now . . . we , may be able to say that this picture was taken at a place very near where 

a canal goes across.” Leighton said he had agreed to collaborate with 

Prof. Gordon J. F. MacDonald of UCLA on a television experiment for 

the Mariner spacecraft scheduled to fly by Venus in 1967. (Texts; 

Wash. Eve. Star, 1/27/66, A3; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/28/66, A4; 

Weil, Wash. Post, 1/27/66, A2, 1/29/66, A6, 1/30/66, A7) 

January 27: NASA’s PIONEER VI interplanetary space probe had reported its 

first major solar events and the highest solar wind velocity it had 

measured since launch Dec. 16, 1965: a stream of solar particles was 

rushing past the spacecraft and the earth at about 1,440,000 mph. This 

compared with the highest solar wind speed ever measured by a NASA 

spacecraft-EXPLORER XVIII-of about 1,675,000 mph. (NASA Release 

66-2 1) 0 Arnold Frutkin, NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs 

and US. representative to the Working Group of the U.N. Committee 

on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, supported U.S.S.R. proposal for 

an international conference in 1967 to commemorate the first decade 

of space exploration, further international cooperation in space, and 

promote the practical benefits of man’s exploration of space. He suggested four topics for the conference: (1) appraisal of contributions of 

scientific research in space to practical applications and international 

cooperation; (2) opportunities for participation in space exploration 

through space research and cooperative projects; (3) applications and 

economic implications of space research; and (4) impact of space 

exploration on education. (SBD, 1/27/66, 170) 0 Sen. J. W. Fulbright (D-Ark.) spoke satirically on the floor of the Senate 

on priorities of space, as opposed to social problems, in allocation of 

natural resources. He labeled as “small minded, selfish, and sentimental” 

the Americans who “tell us there is no real hurry about going to the 

moon when tens of millions of Americans . . . spend their lives in dirty, 

dangerous, and unhealthy cities, when hundreds of millions more are 

condemned to degraded lives of poverty and early deaths of preventable 

diseases.” He cited a recent article in Britain’s Punch that reproached 

those Englishmen who would complain about giving up an iron lung and 

artificial limbs to provide the aluminum for space vehicles “as if a 

nation’s prestige lay in its free artificial legs, and not up there”-in the 

sky. (CR, 1/27/66, 1209) 0 North American Air Defense Command (NORAD)-nelVe center of North 

American air and space defense-took formal possession of new headquarters built 1,200-1,400 ft. into the solid granite of Cheyenne 

Mountain, Colo., to insure survival of a retaliatory capability in the 

event of nuclear attack. Eleven interlinked, steel-framed, steelsheathed, three-story buildings constituting the command post were 

mounted on coil springs that would protect equipment frDm ground 

shock of nearby thermonuclear blast. (Eng. Opp., 2/66, 20-28) 

January 28: Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences unanimously approved nomination of Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., as NASA 

Deputy Administrator. (Transcript) 0 Glenn Reiff, Manager of Mariner/Pioneer program in NASA Hq. OSSA, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 33 

summarized in an article in Science the “steps taken to combine the 

scientific instruments with the other vital elements of the [MARINER IV] 

spacecraft to create a spaceworthy craft capable of a reliable 10-month 

mission.” He said over “1600 type-approval and flight acceptance tests 

were performed on the assemblies, and some 113 failures were reported. 

As a result, more than 75 design changes were incorporated.” (Reiff, 

Science, 1/28/66, 413-18) 

January 28: Saturn V crawler completed first successful load-carrying 

run at KSC since track support roller bearings had been crushed during 

7.9-million-lb.-load test July 25, 1965. Crawler lifted 447-ft., 10.6- 

million-lb. launcher umbilical tower No. 1 (Lut) and moved it N mi. 

in about nine hrs. KSC Procurement Director Michael Haworth revealed 

costs for two crawlers ordered would total $14.2 million, $5.1 million 

more than original $9.l-million cost-plus-incentive-fee contract with 

Marion Power Shovel Co. (M&R, 2/7/66, 34) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb said in a letter to MSFC Director Dr. 

Wernher von Braun that after “careful review” he had approved an 

agreement between MSFC and Lodge 1858, American Federation of 

Government Employees (AFL-CIO) . Mr. Webb noted that agreement, 

negotiated after MSFC employee vote May 19, 1965, for AFGE representation, was “a forward step in the NASA Employee-Management Cooperation Program.” (Marshall Star, 2/2/66, 1-2) 

USAF launched unidentified satellite from WTR with Scout booster. (U.S. 

Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 147) 

Commenting on the Federal budget for FY 1967, Science said it was the 

first budget since the middle 1950’s which had not carried a request for 

an increase in total funds for research and development: ‘“rhis downturn in what for about a decade has been a steadily ascending curve 

reflects the major rationale of the new budget: to provide funds to 

support a military buildup in Southeast Asia without underfinancing 

new education and welfare programs enacted during the past two sessions 

of Congress. . . .” (Science, 1/28/66, 425) 

* Possibilities of studying the ocean, its storms, currents, shoals, and 

marine life from orbiting spacecraft were being actively explored by 

the Naval Oceanographic Office in cooperation with the NASA Natural 

Resources Program Office, reported Harold M. Schmeck, Jr., in the New 

York Times. Early studies had included observations that might have 

direct practical usefulness and others that could give man a more 

comprehensive picture of the forces determining climate: photographs 

taken from manned spacecraft at altitudes over 100 mi. could be used 

to correct maps and give accurate indications of water depths over shoals 

and near shore; a global iceberg patrol might be possible from manned 

or unmanned spacecraft; monitoring of sea roughness by radar would be 

useful for shipping; measurements to detect major upwellings of deep 

ocean currents might be valuable to the ocean fishery industry; studies 

of river outflow could be valuable in water pollution control. (Schmeck, 

NYT, 1/29/66,7) 

Close tie between President Johnson and Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Director 

of the Office of Science and Technology (OST) and science adviser to the 

President, was discussed in Science. During the first six or so months of 

Hornig’s term “the President and the White House inner circle had an 

unclear notion of how they might employ OST” with the result that 

“some of the science staff members complained that they were bored, 
34 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

and that OST was underemployed or involved with trivia.” But a 

transition had taken place, and as Hornig began his third year of service, 

“OST and its surrounding bodies-the President’s Science Advisory 

Committee and the Federal Council for Science and Technology-are 

heavily involved in policy formulation, coordination of the technical 

aspects of the Great Society programs, and troubleshooting in a variety 

of areas.” (Science, 1/28/66, 431) 

January 28: A “commercial missile” that could transport 170 passengers 

from Bombay to New York in 39 min. was described at the Pacific Area 

Travel Association Conference in New Delhi by B. F. Coggan, corporate 

vice president of Douglas Aircraft Co. He said the rocket-which would 

reach a speed of 17,000 mph-would be a bell-shaped vehicle 114 ft. 

high with a diameter of from 33 to 49 ft. It would weigh more than three 

million pounds at liftoff. Passenger compartment would have 45 

individual passenger couches arranged on each of four decks; during the 

period of weightless flight, passengers would be held to the couches by 

belts. On a typical flight plan, Coggan said, the rocket would reach 

125-mi. peak altitude. Then, it could hover and maneuver horizontally 

before landing on four extendable legs. (NYT, 1/29/66, 54) 0 FAA and the Agency for International Development (AID) had signed a new 

agreement under which FAA would continue to provide aviation assistance to foreign countries through AID. Civil Aviation Assistance Groups 

(CAAG) manned by 84 FAA aviation specialists would work in 17 countries 

under AID sponsorship. They would advise and assist these countries in 

planning and organizing management and development of all phases of 

their national civil aviation. (FAA Release 66-9) 

January 29: Senate confirmed appointment of Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., 

as NASA Deputy Administrator. (CR, 1/29/66, 1469) 0 Fourth flight Saturn IB booster (S-IB-4) left NASA MSFC for Michoud 

Assembly Facility aboard the NASA barge Palaemon for post-captive-firing 

checkout. (MSFC Release 66-27) 0 Many first-rate scientists in the US. did not receive enough financial 

support to allow them to develop their fullest effectiveness in research 

work, NSF Director Dr. Leland J. Haworth said in NSF’S annual report. 

“This lack of support is a detriment to the national scientific capacity,” 

he added. 

Discussing progress in the biological and medical sciences, the 

report said that science was in the midst of a fourth biological revolution. It termed this revolution comparable in importance and ultimate 

impact on mankind to the three earlier revolutions in mankind’s 

knowledge that led to development of agriculture, to understanding of 

infectious disease and its control, and to the understanding of biological evolution. Report referrred to current biological research 

clarifying mechanisms of heredity and development of all earth’s 

creatures. (Text) 

January 30: Minneapolis Tribune polled 600 Minnesotans on whether US. 

or U.S.S.R. led in space exploration. 79% believed US. was ahead; 

11% gave lead to U.S.S.R. June 1965 poll had indicated that 59% 

thought US. led, while 24% considered U.S.S.R. in front. Increased 

confidence in U.S. position was attributed to success of GEMINI VII-VI 

rendezvous Dec. 15, 1965. 68% thought men could reach the moon 

and return safely, 56% believed US. would be first to do it, and 25% 

considered trip impossible. (Minn. Trib., 1/30/661 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 35 

January 31: LUNA IX was launched by U.S.S.R. on a trajectory toward the 

moon, Tass announced. All systems were functioning normally. Launch 

was apparent attempt to softland on the lurain. (Pravda, 2/3/66, 

USS-T Trans.) 

Eighth anniversary of first US. satellite, EXPLORER I. Despite predictions of a lifespan that would not exceed five years, satellite continued 

to orbit the earth every 103.9 min. Other orbital parameters, as of 

Jan. 15, were: apogee, 956.9 mi. (15,406 km.); perigee, 211.9 mi. 

(341 km.). (MSFC Release 66-26) 

President Johnson transmitted his annual Report to the Congress on 

United States Aeronautics and Space Activities, calling 1965 “the most 

successful year in our history.” He said in the transmittal letter: 

“As our space program continues, the impact of its developments on 

everyday life becomes daily more evident. It continues to stimulate our 

education, improve our material well being, and broaden the horizons of 

knowledge. It is also a powerful force for peace.” He cited US. accomplishments in the Gemini, Ranger, Mariner, and Early Bird programs. “Research and development in our space program continued to 

speed progress in medicine, in weather prediction, in electronics-and, 

indeed, in virtually every aspect of American science and technology.” 

Among chief aeronautical developments report cited “design refinement and wind-tunnel testing” of Sst and decision to build C-5A jet 

transport. Among successful US. launches during 1965, DOD had 67 

satellites, 34 of which were unidentified. Military space programs were 

discussed, including Project West Ford; Manned Orbiting Laboratory 

(Mol) ; Initial Defense Communications Satellite Project; and the 

geodetic Secor satellites. Research was under way on the best means 

of determining physical characteristics of “uncooperating objects in 

earth orbit” through observation by ground-based radar. The section 

on AEC said that a third pair of Vela radiation-detection satellites 

launched in July 1965 was watching for nuclear explosions in space 

and measuring x-ray emissions from the sun. In a separate chapter 

of the report, the NASC said: “This Nation’s space achievements during 

the year were so distinctive in quality and quantity as to cause people, 

at home and abroad, to conclude the United States had attained the 

space leadership of the world.” The Council said that in many respects 

this conclusion was correct “but it would be incorrect and unwise to 

minimize the vitality and size of the space program of the U.S.S.R.” 

(Text; CR, 1/31/66, A419; Pres. Doc., 2/7/66, 149) 

* Highlights of AEC’S annual report to Congress for 1965: studies were 

made on large nuclear-powered water desalting facilities, including study 

of requirements of New York-New Jersey metropolitan area; Snap-lOA, 

first nuclear power reactor unit to be placed in orbit, functioned in 

space for 43 days before electronic component failures shut it down; 

two AEC-instrumented vela satellites for nuclear test detection were 

launched, raising the total now in orbit to six; 27 underground nuclear 

tests were conducted. (Carey, Wash. Post, 2/1/66, A2) 0 NAA’S Rocketdyne Div. at Edwards AFE was struck by AFL-CIO United Auto 

Workers in a wage dispute. An estimated half of the 227 workers in 

UAW bargaining unit stayed off their jobs. &.A. Times, Wash. Post, 

2/1/66, A9) 

During January: Series of tests was being completed by NASA MSC’S Landing 

and Recovery Div. to check out direction and finding equipment for 
36 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

homing an Apollo spacecraft for post-landing location and recovery. 

Tests were performed off Galveston Island in Gulf of Mexico using Apollo 

boilerplate spacecraft with the Apollo Recovery Beacon and Apollo 

Survival Radio transmitting signals. Homing runs were made from 

altitudes of 28,000 ft. to 500 ft. to determine range of direction finder 

receiver onboard a USAF HC-130H air rescue aircraft with the Apollo 

Recovery Beacon and Survival Radio on the spacecraft in the Gulf. 

Equipment had performed as expected with line-of-sight acquisition 

of boilerplate Apollo on all homing runs by the aircraft. (MSC Roundup, 

1/21/66, 3) 

During January: Eulogies for the late Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy 

Administrator, and the late Dr. W. Randolph Lovelace 11, NASA Director 

of Space Medicine, appeared in Air Force an$ Space Digest: 

Walter T. Bonney said of Dr. Dryden: “Hugh Dryden was a deeply 

religious man. He held that man’s life at its fullest is a trinity of 

activity, physical, mental, and spiritual. Throughout his life he 

preached the compatibility of religion and science, and he lived what 

he preached. No less, he was a realist; and so, as in 1954, he would 

often remind his listeners that: ‘I am not one of those few who believe 

that we can abolish the use of force in the world. As a nation we 

find it necessary to build great military power. I am confident that 

such strength is a greater contribution to the peace of the world . . . than 

military weakness.’ 

“In 1947, he was called to direct the work of the National Advisory 

Committee for Aeronautics. His tasks were enormously difficult-radically new and expensive research facilities had to be provided, but 

even more important, learning the nature of the intricate problems of 

flight in the new speed ranges and methods for their solution demanded 

new concepts of team activity and functional coordination. His leadership, disarmingly light and unobtrusive, was amazingly perceptive and 

effective. Facilities were obtained and changes were made; the period 

1947-58 became what might be truly called NACA’S golden age. 

“With establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (of which NACA was the nucleus), he undertook the role of 

scientific leader, reporting to the Administrator, and made of it a 

position of paramount influence. He rejoiced in the US policy that 

activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes and worked 

to promote international space cooperation; but no less, he saw in US 

exploration of space an activity essential to the strength and security 

of the nation. As perhaps never before, his great wisdom and his unexcelled mastery of the art of the possible were in those later years 

valued and used to their fullest.” 

Editor John Loosbrock said of Dr. Lovelace: “In widening circles, 

the full import of Randy’s untimely death becomes apparent. The Air 

Force Association and the Aerospace Education Foundation have lost a 

distinguished leader. The medical profession is poorer for the passing 

of a brilliant surgeon, an imaginative researcher. The United States 

Air Force will miss his sound advice and pioneering efforts in the 

special kind of medical knowledge that is required for those who fly-in 

air and in space. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

must find new leadership for its space medical effort. The entire 

nation and the world itself will find that Randy Lovelace’s death leaves 

a large and well-nigh unfillable niche.” (AFISD, 1/66) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 37 

During January: Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, Special Assistant to NASA 

Administrator, paid tribute to the late Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, in Applied 

Mechanics Reviews on Dr. Dryden’s scientific and engineering accomplishments. Dr. Bisplinghoff noted that the NACA, under Dr. Dryden’s 

leadership, ‘‘produced a vast body of new knowledge which made possible routine supersonic flight and laid much of the ground for space 

flight that was to come. We discern here, perhaps as much as any other 

place, the impact of Dryden’s leadership on the nation’s destiny. The 

development of high-speed wind-tunnel facilities and a companion 

competence for theoretical research within the NACA contributed, in 

the opinion of the author, more than any other single factor to the 

leadership of the United States in supersonic flight. . . .” (AMR, 1/66, 

0 An air-transport vehicle that had attracted the special interest of NASA 

aeronautics research was the personal airplane, Charles Harper, Director 

of Aeronautics Div., NASA OART, wrote in Astronautics & Aeronautics. 

Attempts were being made to devise aircraft whose control commands 

would provide a response “wholly natural to the operator” and which 

could be operated with no more special training than required for the 

automobile. Recent scientific developments spurred by spaceflight 

activity were being assessed with regard to the problem. (Harper, 

A&A, 1/66,24) 

In Reader’s Digest article, William Hines, science editor of the Washington 

Evening Star, charged and documented what he described as a banding 

“together in a unique alliance, [of] NASA and the Urban Renewal 

Administration” to build NASA Electronics Research Center in Cambridge, Mass., at the cost of several citizens’ rights. He said: “It was a 

splendid arrangement. The glamor of a Federal space center would 

grease the way for urban renewal which, realistically, didn’t otherwise 

stand a chance of tearing up this thriving industrial area. NASA had 

captured a prize piece of real estate at a bargain-basement priceroughly $4 million-thanks to the fact that urban renewal would pay 

most of the ‘real’ cost of the land and would take on the expense and 

dirty work of removing the occupants. And the Cambridge-Boston area 

was going to have all that money spent there. 

“There was only one catch: nobody had bothered to ask the opinion 

of the 94 businessmen and their 3,500 employees who were on the 

Kendall Square chopping block. Most didn’t realize what had happened 

until they read the newspaper headlines on August 21: $60-Million 

NASA Plant To Be Built in Kendall Square.’ ” (Reader’s Digest, 1/66, 

0 European Space Research Institute (ESRIN) had begun operations in a 

temporary locatio6 in the Park Hotel, Frascati, Italy. A center of the 

European Space Research Organization (ESRO) , it would work initially 

on plasma physics and its application to spacecraft control as well as 

plans for proposed ESRO astronomical observatory. Permanent facilities 

were planned near the Italian Atomic Energy Authority’s research 

center. (M&R, 1/24/66, 7) * Report of the first US. Space Industry Trade Mission, which visited 

Europe under sponsorship of the National Space Club, indicated that 

European space industry offered “a potentially attractive market,” and 

concluded that US. aerospace industry could best develop its European 

market potential by “the sale of materials, components and subsystems; 

1-5) 

99-104) 
38 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

licensing or technical support; outright investment in European firms; 

and joint ventures with European firms.” (Text) 

During Januaiy: Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Director of Office of Science and 

Technology, said in International Science and Technology: “. . . a technological society has to have first-rate research in progress-in some 

cases for immediate application and in other cases simply because 

we realize more and more that we have to depend on how much we 

know and understand in order to build a new society . . . So research, 

as research, is an important goal, and in accomplishing it we end up 

supporting two-thirds of all the research going on in the graduate 

schools of the country. . . . We’re supporting some 26,000 students a 

year, indirectly, through research grants. And now through direct 

federal grants and fellowships we’re supporting a little more than that 

many again. So that even if we had no plan whatever, we already have 

a mighty effect on the higher educational system.” (Znt. Science and 

Tech., 1/66, 66-70) 

* NSF Reviews of Data on Science Resources indicated, in a preliminary report 

on research and development in American industry for 1964, that the 

aircraft and missile industry was responsible for 44% of total net 

increase in R&D performance funds from $6.6 billion in 1956 to $13.4 

billion in 1964. Report attributed 17% of increase to the electrical 

equipment and communication industry, noting that performance of 

R&D in those two fields was “strongly influenced by the requirements 

of the Federal Government in the areas of defense and space exploration.” Only those two industries received more Federal than company 

financing for R&D; in 1964, 90% of aircraft and missile industry’s R&D 

funds came from Federal Government, and 62% of those of the electrical 

equipment and communication industry. Aircraft and missile industry 

employed 30% of total number of R&D scientists and engineers; 

January 1965 figure of 101,200 for these personnel showed decline 

of 7,700 from January 1964. Electrical equipment and communication 

industry accounted for 22% of total-74,800 scientists and engineers 

as of January 1965, 600 less than previous January. (NSF, Reviews of 

Data on Science Resources, 1/66) 0 Dr. George P. Woollard, president of the American Geophysical Union 

and director of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, said in AGU Transactions that there was a “crisis in science” requiring bold Government 

action. Stating that less and less of NSF’S budget was going into basic 

research, Dr. Woollard called on Congress to assess the overall scientific 

needs of the country, including “ambitious” programs in various fields 

proposed by NSF and NAS panels. “Research proposals that were good 

enough five years ago to obtain NSF support now would not stand a 

chance,” he said. “They would be turned down not because the projects 

lacked significance but because funds are short and only the most established and influential researchers win out.” (AGU Transactions, 1/66) 
February 1966 

February 1: Two large telescopes orbiting 20,000 mi. above earth and occasionally requiring man to service them in space should be the ultimate 

goal for the national program in space astronomy, according to Space 

Research: Directions for the Future (Part 11), second report of NAS Space 

Science Board’s Summer Study (Woods Hole, Mass., 1965). Report, 

compiled by a working group of astronomers headed by Dr. George P. 

Woollard, Univ. of Hawaii, said 120-in.-dia. optical telescope and radiotelescope with extended aperture of 12 mi. would aid study of many 

basic scientific problems in astronomy. It recommended that NASA support, in addition to Orbiting Astronomical Observatories (Oao) and 

Orbiting Solar Observatories (Oso) : more rapid growth of groundbased solar astronomy in accordance with 10-yr. projection of needs for 

large optical and radiotelescopes contained in a 1964 report by the 

Academy; specialized instrumentation for ground-based solar astronomy; doubling of sounding rocket launches for research in optical, solar, 

and x-ray and gamma-ray astronomy and for improvements in their 

guidance and flight stability; laboratory studies for more efficient detection and recording of radiation in all readings of the electromagnetic 

spectrum; substantial increases in balloon flights for radar and for x-ray 

and gamma-ray astronomy; and development of systems to reach 

altitudes higher than present 100,000- to 150,000-ft. limit for balloonborne payloads. (Text; NAS Release) 

Surveyor soft-landing retrorocket system was successfully tested by 

Hughes Aircraft Co. and JPL at Holloman AFB. After test vehicle was released from balloon at 1,450-ft. altitude, three throttlable liquid engines 

operated by terminal descent guidance system’s radar and autopilot 

control slowed vehicle to simulated landing 500 ft. above ground, partially demonstrating performance required to softland on the moon. 

Three engines were then shut down and parachute system deployed to 

lower vehicle to ground. In actual mission, Surveyor would cut off its 

engines 13 ft. above moon’s surface and free-fall remainder of distance 

to avoid unsettling lunar dust with rocket engines’ exhaust. Test was 

second successful operation of the three liquid-fueled engines under 

radar control. (NASA Release 66-24; Marshall Star, 2/9/66, 9) 0 NASA launched three Nike-Cajun sounding rockets, each carrying payload 

of 19 acoustic grenades, from three launch sites-Point Barrow, Alaska, 

Churchill Research Range; and NASA Wallops Station-to gather data 

on atmosphere between 20- and 60-mi. altitudes over widely spaced 

39 
40 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

geographic areas. Grenades were ejected and detonated at programed 

altitudes, yielding information on wind directions and speeds and atmospheric densities, pressures, and temperatures. Rocket launchings were 

first in series of nine planned for February. Similar experiments would 

be conducted throughout the year to observe atmospheric conditions 

during different seasons. (Wallops Release 66-9) 

February 2: NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket with 300-lb. Princeton Univ. 

payload was launched from WSMR to 108-mi. (175-km.) altitude to measure ultraviolet radiation from the star Alpha Virginis, popularly known 

as Spica. Although rocket performed satisfactorily and payload was recovered, no stellar spectra were obtained because of arcs in the guidance 

voltage system which may have prevented acquisition of the star. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

USAF launched unidentified satellite by Thor-Agena D booster from Vandenberg AFB. (M&R, 2/7/66, 11; US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 147) 

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara and U.K. Minister of Defence 

Denis Healey signed memorandum providing for cooperation in R&D 

for US. Initial Defense Communications Satellite Project-system of 

up to 22 comsats in near-synchronous, equatorial orbit. U.K. would 

provide, operate, and fund several ground terminals for communications tests and experiments using DOD comsats free of charge. (DOD 

Release 87-66) 

0 Prototype unfolding tool box containing 16 geological tools for astronauts 

to examine and obtain samples of lunar rock was delivered to MSC by 

Martin Go. Box would also provide storage area for rock samples. Tools 

included battery-powered drill; dust scoop; sample-weighing device; 

hand-held magnifier designed for use through spacesuit visor; surveying 

instruments and rangefinder; and retriever to pick up small specimens of 

rock which pressure-suited astronaut could not reach. (MSC Release 

0 MSC awarded $70,000 contract to Rodana Research Corp. to develop emergency medical kits that would “satisfy all inflight and training requirements for the Apollo Command Module and the Lunar Excursion 

Module.” Two training units would be delivered for each flight, in addition to one mock-up and six prototype models; they would contain 

loaded injectors, tablets, capsules, ointment, inhalers, adhesives, and 

compressed dressings. (MSC Release 66-8) 

0 Proposal for an “international research program for the establishment of 

contact with extraterrestrial civilizations” was sent to International 

Astronomical Union by unidentified Soviet astronomers, Tass reported. 

The scientists believed search for extraterrestrial life should concentrate first on radiation from stars within 1,000-light-yr. radius from the 

three nearest galaxies. Kommunist, party’s major theoretical journal, 

said that question of the existence of other civilizations, and the establishment of contact with them was one of three “fundamental mob66-9) 

lems” confronting astrophysics. (Zorza, Wash. Post, 2/5/66, A7; AP, 

NYT, 2/3/66,9) 

0 Parachutist Nick Piantanida, launched in a balloon from Sioux Falls, S.D., 

reached 123,000-ft. altitude-unofficial manned-balloon-altitude record 

-but failed to achieve world’s free-fall record when his spacesuit oxygen 

hose froze and he was ordered to descend in the balloon’s gondola. 

Piantanida, who had planned to jump from 120,000-ft. altitude, free- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 41 

fall to 7,000 ft., and then parachute to earth, said he had wanted to prove 

that a trained parachutist could free-fall from 100,000-ft. altitude without stabilizing devices. Experiment was second failure by Spaco, Inc., 

private firm developing space survival and bail-out equipment. (Balt. 

Sun, 2/3/66) 

February 2: AEC announced plans to develop a radioisotope-powered cardiac 

pacemaker for treatment of heart block. Proposed instrument, fueled 

with plutonium-238, would be inserted in the body by surgery and 

would have a minimum operating life of 10 yrs. Currently available 

battery-powered cardiac pacemakers had operating lifetimes of three to 

five years. (AEC Release 5-26) 

European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO) Secretary-General 

Renzo di Carrobio, addressing members of “Britain in Europe” committee in London, contrasted “present hesitancy” on space programs in 

Europe with positive US. position. Americans, Carrobio said, were aware 

of economic benefits from technological applications of space research 

and were “making great efforts to ensure that the spin-off from their 

heavy investment in space research is put to good use in the industrial 

sector.” He noted that US. $5-billion space budget meant $26 per capita 

annual expenditure, while Europe spent $200 million annually or $1.15 

per person. (Science, 3/18/66,1372-4) 

February 3: ESSA I (Tiros OT-3), first meteorological satellite in Tiros Operational Satellite (Tos) series, was launched from ETR for Environmental 

Science Services Administration (ESSA) by NASA with three-stage ThorDelta booster into nearly polar, sun-synchronous orbit to provide cloud 

coverage of entire sunlit portion of the earth at least once daily. Before 

achieving orbit, spacecraft performed three precise “dogleg” maneuvers initiated by airborne autopilot system, injecting it into orbit: 

apogee, 523 mi. (842 km.) ; perigee, 433 mi. (697 km.) ; period, 100 min.; 

inclination, 97.9”. During first orbit, ESSA I was spin-stabilized at 10 

rpm with spin axis in plane of orbit. Entering second orbit, spacecraft 

responded to ground control command to begin turning on its side into 

cartwheel position. Maneuver was expected to be completed 24 hrs. 

after launch; television cameras would be turned on 36 hrs. after launch. 

Cartwheel shaped, ESSA I contained two W-in. vidicon cameras mounted 

180” apart on each side so they could view earth every six seconds. 

Camera system could send pictures directly to command and data acquisition stations at NASA Wallops Station and Gilmore Creek, Alaska, 

or store photos on its tape recorder for readout when satellite passed 

within 1,500-mi. radius of a ground station. 

ESSA I (Environmental Survey Satellite No. 1) was 11th successful 

Tiros (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) to be launched by 

NASA in 11 attempts. It was first of two Tos operational meteorological 

satellites planned and financed by ESSA to provide daily cloud-cover 

pictures to ground stations on a global basis. ESSA (at that time US. 

Weather Bureau) had also funded TIROS x (OT-1), launched by NASA 

July 2, 1965. (NASA Proj. Off.; ESSA Release 66-7; UPI, NYT, 2/4/66, 37) 

First soft-landing on moon was made by U.S.S.R. when LUNA IX spacecraft 

softlanded an instrument package near Ocean of Storms west of the 

Reiner and Marius craters. Instrument package began relaying telemetric signals to earth immediately and Tass said “information received from the station is being processed and studied.” 

Landing sequence, as later described by Tass, began 8,300 km. (5,155 
42 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

mi.) above moon approximately one hour before touchdown when 

LUNA IX was oriented vertically to the moon. At 77-km. (47-mi.) altitude, 

48 sec. before touchdown, radar system aimed at lunar surface turned 

on the retrorocket and shock-absorbing system was prepared. Less than 

one second before impact, after spacecraft had been slowed to less than 

10 mph, instrument capsule was ejected. Rocket crashed and 4 min. 

10 sec. after instrument capsule had landed, its petal-like covering and 

antennas opened and radio transmissions began. 

Jodrell Bank Experimental Station announced LUNA IX had transmitted 

facsimile pictures of the moon from the time it landed at 1:45 p.m. EST 

until 2:05 p.m. EST, gone off the air, and then resumed signals shortly 

after 9:OO p.m. EST. Soviet spokesman declined to confirm report. 

British scientists were unable to translate signals into pictures but recorded them on magnetic tapes. 

U.S.S.R.’s four previous attempts to softland spacecraft on the moon 

had failed: LUNA v, launched May 9, 1965; LUNA VI, launched June 8, 

1965; LUNA VII, launched Oct. 4, 1965; and LUNA VIII, launched Dec. 3, 

1965. (Tass, Pravda, 2/4/66, 1, USS-T Trans.; Simons, Wash. Post, 

2/4/66, Al, A13; Grose, NYT, 2/4/66, 1, 37; AP, Wash. Eve. Star. 

2/4/66, Al, A6; 2/6/66, A14) 

February 3: President Johnson sent a telegram to Nikolay Podgorny, Chairman, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, U.S.S.R., on the success of 

LUNA IX: “You and the people of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 

are to be congratulated for the great success of Luna 9. Your accomplishment is one that can benefit all mankind. And all mankind applauds it. 

Your scientists have made a major contribution to man’s knowledge of 

the moon and of space.” (Pres. Doc., 2/7/66, 166) 

Breadboard version of Nerva (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application) was successfully tested for the first time by NASA and AEC at Nuclear Rocket Development Station, Jackass Flats, Nev. Four hours after 

initial ignition, engine restarted itself under test conditions simulating 

lower temperatures of space, thereby demonstrating its capability to 

start using only self-contained energy. Engine system was tested below 

peak power and temperature levels: exhaust temperature was 2,000”F 

compared with 3,500”F design temperature; reactor power was 440 mw 

compared with 1,100-mw design power. Test was first of a series scheduled by NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office as part of the Rover 

program to develop nuclear propulsion for space exploration. (AEC Release 5-35; Atomic Energy Programs, 1966) 0 First static test firing of production version of Apollo spacecraft launchescape solid-propellant rocket motor, key component of emergency 

Launch Escape System (Les), was conducted at Redlands, Calif., by 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. All test objectives were met, with motor producing scheduled 155,000 lbs. thrust for programed eight seconds to 

become first major Apollo spacecraft subsystem to complete NASA qualification tests for future manned flights. (Lockheed Release) 0 Two NASA Nike-Cajun sounding rockets launched 7 hrs. 23 min. apart from 

NASA Wallops Station reached estimated 81-mi. (131-km.) and 95-mi. 

(152-km.) altitudes. Experiment, conducted for Univ. of Michigan, 

measured ambient air density from 19-75 mi. (30-120 km.) by radar track 

of two falling Mylar spheres ejected from each rocket at +72 sec. 

Spheres ejected as programed in first launch, but radar was unable to 

track first sphere until +14 min. Preliminary indications were that it 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 43 

did not inflate properly. Radar tracked second sphere for 18 min. During 

second launch, both spheres ejected and inflated properly, and radar 

tracking was continuous for 20 min. Diurnal variations of the measurements were compared to measure solar heating effects. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

February 3: Statement reaffirming US. demand that liability for individual 

air passenger fatalities be raised from $16,600 to $100,000 was delivered 

by chief US. delegate A. F. Lowenfeld at a special meeting of International Civil Aviation Organization in Montreal. Lowenfeld said US. 

might withdraw from Warsaw Convention if higher liability limit were 

rejected. (NYT, 2/4/66, 53) 

“Informed British and French sources” predicted costs of developing 

supersonic airliner Concorde would reach $1,112,000,000 compared 

with August 1964 estimate of $924,000,000. Development costs were 

being divided equally between the two countries and sources said that 

“despite rising costs . . . the two Governments are going ahead.” ( WSJ, 

2/4/66,19; Farnsworth, NYT, 2/4/66,53) 

According to count by North American Air Defense Command’s (NORAD) 

Space Defense Center, NASA’s launch of ESSA I (Tiros OT-3) meteorological satellite brought total of objects currently in orbit to 1,000. Of 209 

earth-orbiting payloads, U.S. had 162; U.S.S.R., 41; France, two; U.K., 

two; and Canada, two. NORAD counted nine US. deep-space probes and 

debris of eight others; U.S.S.R. had ten, with debris of two more. Remaining objects were “space debris” or “junk.” Space Defense Center 

had catalogued 1,982 objects, but nearly half had decayed or had been 

intentionally deorbited. (NORAD Release 66-2-2) 

February 4: Vice President Hubert Humphrey attended ceremony at NASA 

Hq. celebrating successful launch of ESSA I, ESSA’S first operational 

meteorological satellite. During ceremony, first pictures taken by ESSA I, 

launched by NASA from ETR Feb. 3, were released; NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb administered the oath of office to NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr.; and the Vice President presented 

NASA Exceptional Service medals to Dr. Morris Tepper, NASA Director 

of Meteorological Programs ; Herbert I. Butler, NASA Chief of Operational 

Satellites, GSFC; and David S. Johnson, ESSA Environmental Satellite 

Center Director. Vice President Humphrey praised the spirit of cooperation between NASA and Dept. of Commerce, noting that ‘‘science leaves 

no room for jurisdictional disputes.” He said of NASA’s Administrator 

and Deputy Administrator: “I know of no two men who are more dedicated to our space program than Jim Webb and Bob Seamans. Their 

devotion is almost sacrificial.” (NASA Release 66-29) 

* NASA Administrator James E. Webb and Secretary of Defense Robert S. 

McNamara signed a Memorandum of Understanding establishing 

Manned Spsce Flight Policy Committee, joint NASA-DOD committee 

which would meet regularly to determine top-level policy, ensure coordinated planning, and resolve matters concerning mutual participation in and support of manned spaceflight programs which could not be 

resolved at lower levels. Co-chairmen of the committee would be Dr. 

Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Deputy Administrator, and Dr. John S. 

Foster, Jr., DOD Director of Defense Research and Engineering. Memorandum superseded Jan. 21,1963, agreement between the two agencies 

on Gemini program. (NASA Release 66-26) 

Reorganization of NASA Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA) 

to involve its operating offices more deeply in planning the use of CC 
44 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

manned spaceflight capabilities for scientific exploration of space” was 

announced by Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications Dr. Homer E. Newell. Several individual programs were reassigned: 

Pioneer interplanetary probe program from Lunar and Planetary Programs to Physics and Astronomy Programs ; geodetic satellite program, 

including Geos and Pageos, from Physics and Astronomy Programs to 

Space Applications; management of programs leading to acquisition of 

scientific data through remote sensing from Manned Space Science Programs to Space Applications; Manned Space Science Programs office 

was renamed Manned Flight Experiments Office/ossA, to supervise all OSSA manned flight support. Dr. John R. Clark, who had been 

Director of OSSA (Sciences) , was named Deputy Associate Administrator 

for SSA (Sciences). Robert F. Garbarini, who had been Director of OSSA 

(Engineering), was named De uty Associate Administrator for SSA 

Staff would report to Dr. Clark. Acting director of that staff would be 

Dr. John E. Naugle. (NASA Release 66-27) 

February 4: Soviet officials acknowledged that LUNA IX photos were being 

received in U.S.S.R. and said first LUNA IX photo would appear in Feb. 5 

edition of Zzvestia. (Wash. Post, 2/5/66, A6) 

Two photographs of the moon produced at Jodrell Bank Experimental 

Station by feeding radio transmissions from LUNA IX into newspaper 

telephoto machine were shown on British television. Each picture took 

eight minutes to receive and was recorded at 100 lines to one inch for 

finished 10- by 11-in. photo. Sir Bernard Lovell, station director, said in 

a television interview that photos “seem to destroy the theory that the 

moon’s surface is covered with dust several feet thick. There may be a 

few inches of dust, but the pictures tend to confirm the view of the 

moon’s surface as hard, spongelike pumice stone substance. 

“It would be perfectly satisfactofl for landing not only heavy 

vehicles but also men.” 

Lovell ointed out rock-like pinnacles estimated to be 10- to 20-ft. 

tall; smal Y stones, some less than one inch in diameter; the curved 

horizon of the moon; and sharp shadows which indicated the sun was 

casting the shadow. He emphasized, however, necessity of knowing the 

pro er scale before photos could be meaningfully interpreted. Lovell 

14 days, thereby permitting solar power to replenish its batteries. 

(Wush. Post, 2/5/66, Al, A6; Sullivan, NYT, 2/5/66, 1, 10) 

0 Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper, director of Univ. of Arizona Lunar and Planetary 

Laboratory, told the New York Times in a telephone interview that he 

thought from photos released by Jodrell Bank Experimental Station 

LUNA M was resting in a shallow crater and the 10- to 20-ft.-high rocks 

described by Sir Bernard Lovell were the result of distorted foreshortening of the most distant rocks and features. (Sullivan, NYT, 2/5/66, 1, 

10) US. space officials did not feel that LUNA IX’S successful soft-landing on 

the moon indicated US. was behind U.S.S.R. in the “moon race,” 

reported John Wilford in the New York Times. Vice President Humphrey, 

NASC Chairman, told Wilford in an interview that ‘(so many systems and 

programs are involved that it is very difficult to say who’s ahead and 

who’s behind.” Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Deputy Administrator, 

admired the Soviets’ “solid, aggressive and expanding” space program 

(Engineering). All OSSA advance dp study efforts under Advanced Missions 

sai B LUNA IX had landed in a location which would receive sunlight for 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 45 

and conceded that although US. program was broader-based “the Russians are awfully good at picking goals and going after them.” Wilford 

said US. space officials were unwilling to speculate on who would make 

first manned lunar landing, but foresaw no significant changes in U.S. 

program because of LUNA IX’S success. Dr. Seamans said Surveyor project would not be curtailed and could not be speeded up: “We’ve got to 

gather our own data because we can’t count on the Russians to release 

their own data. Besides, we want to land in other places on the moon. 

Hopefully, we can exchange data with the Russians.” (Wilford, NYT, 

2/5/66, 11) 

February 4: International scientific community commented on LUNA IX’S softlanding on the moon. Dr. William Pickering, Director of JPL, offered 

congratulations and said: “The difficulty of the task is attested to by 

the number of previous attempts to accomplish a soft landing on the 

moon. The success of this mission has already added to our knowledge 

of the lunar surface. We now await with interest the scientific data 

which will be received in the next few days.” Heinz Kaminski, chief of 

Bochum Observatory, West Germany: “American space flight technology is on a high level of perfection which the Russians just can’t 

match.” Dr. L. R. Shepherd, president of British Interplanetary Society: 

[Soft-landing on the moon is] much more difficult than the orbit rendezvous achieved by the Americans.” Dr. Shotaro Miyamoto, chief of 

Kyoto Univ. astronomical observatory, Japan: “Soviet landing means 

men and materials will now be sent to the moon and its development 

accelerated.” (NYT, 2/5/66, 11; 2/6/66, Ell) 

International press commented on LUNA IX’S soft-landing on the moon. 

New York Times: “Two facts indicate the magnitude of the advance that 

has now been made. One is the known failure of four earlier Soviet 

rockets to make the soft landing finally achieved by Luna 9. The second 

is the unhappy history of efforts in this country to build the Surveyor 

vehicle, which is intended to perform moon reconnaissance of the type 

in which the Soviet ship is pioneering. The Surveyor project is currently 

far behind schedule. The first fight is not planned until later this year, 

and it is impossible even to forecast when a Surveyor will duplicate the 

soft landing of Luna 9. 

“The whole process demonstrates again the wastefulness of the 

Soviet-American moon race. Were the United States and Russia cooperating fully, rather than competing, the hundreds of millions of 

dollars spent on Surveyor would have been applied to progress in fields 

still inadequately explored by either country.” 

Yomiuri Shimbun, Tokyo: “It is possible to say that the Soviet Union 

is considerably ahead of the US. in the moon development program. It 

is regrercable that the two nations have failed to exchange information 

and technology for the development of outer space.” 

La Nazione, Florence: “If the Russians already know how to land on 

the moon, they still don’t know how to effect a crendezvous’ in orbit. 

The inverse holds, naturally, for the Americans. This means that both 

are still faced by formidable problems and that the great contest is still 

open.” 

Times of India, Bombay: “At this rate it is not unreasonable to presume that a Russian-manned probe will land on the moon and return 

in about a year from now, beating the Americans to it by about three 

years.” (NYT, 2/6/66, Ell) 
46 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

February 4: Speech by the late H. J. Bhabha, director of Tata Institute, 

Bombay, and chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission, at 

January 1965 meeting of the International Council of Scientific Unions 

in Bombay, appeared in Science. Bhabha explained the Indian Radioastronomy Group and described new 32-parabolic-dish facility near 

Bombay for solar radioastronomy work and project to build large cylindrical radiotelescope at Ooty. Bhabha was killed in an airplane crash 

at the top of Mt. Blanc, Jan. 21. (Science, 2/4/66, 544-5) 

FebruuT 5: U.S.S.R. released LUNA IX’S photographs of the moon for first 

time and criticized distortion of photos publicized by Jodrell Bank 

Experimental Station. Photos, shown on an eight-minute television 

program, were analyzed by scientists Vladimir Yurovsky, Yuri Mbelouson, and Ivan Koval. Moon’s surface appeared very uneven with many 

small depressions and mounds. Surface near the station had not sunk 

into the soil to any substantial degree. No visible traces of dust were 

evident. At bottom of first picture, part of spacecraft, including antenna 

and two-faced mirror which reflected the lunar surface, could be seen. 

A small stone believed about 6% ft. from the craft could have been a 

meteorite or could have fallen from a hill, in which case “we could presume there are some processes of movement on the moon’s surface,” 

scientists concluded. 

Tass announced details of LUNA IX’S structure and flight: 3,482.6-133. 

spacecraft was an airtight package carrying radio system, programtimer, thermal-regulation system, power-supply sources, and television 

system ensuring 360” view of the landscape. Antennas mounted on outside of craft were set to open automatically after it had settled on lunar 

surface. Complete with shock-absorbing system and metal screens shaped 

like petals to protect it during touchdown, 220-lb. instrumented payload 

detached itself from engine immediately before landing, and two units 

landed at some distance from each other. 

Anatoli A. Blagonravov, chairman of the Soviet Commission for 

Ex loration and Use of Outer Space, was critical of Jodrell Bank‘s 

rect vertical and horizontal scales: “The horizontal scale of the British 

photographs had been shrunk by approximately 2.5 times.” 

Photos released by MOSCOW, vivid in detail and contrast, showed a 

landscape less pinnacled and strange than that in British versions. 

(Sullivan, NYT, 2/6/66, 76; Grose, NYT, 2/6/66, 1, 76; AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 2/6/66, A14) 

* U.S. monitors had received photographs transmitted from the moon by 

LUNA IX, Dr. Edward C. Welsh, NASC Executive Secretary, told the press: 

“We have obtained some information regarding those Luna 9 pictures 

from our own sources. Such data are currently under study and evaluation. I believe it is important for the public to know that we do not rely 

solely on Soviet releases or Jodrell Bank pronouncements for our information.,’ (NASC) 

ComSatCorp requested FCC permission to launch satellite which would 

relay network television programs from their point of broadcast to 

afliliated stations for transmission to home sets. Request also asked that 

similar proposal submitted to FCC by American Broadcasting Co. (ABC) 

May 13, 1965, be dismissed. (Denniston, Wash. Eve. Star, 2/5/66, A5) 0 Mystery of how the universe began could be solved within 15 to 20 yrs. 

if US. would use the $100 million spent on one manned Gemini mission 

pu bp lication of LUNA IX photos and said that Jodrell Bank lacked the cor- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 47 

for five new 200-in. telescopes, MIT professor Dr. Philip Morrison suggested at New York meeting on cosmology. Morrison said three or four 

telescopes equal to the one at Mt. Palomar could be built for the $60- 

to $80-million cost of one Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (Oao) 

and would provide more information on the origin and nature of the 

universe than the satellite. Meeting was sponsored by American Institute of Physics and National Assn. of Science Writers, Inc., with NSF 

support. (NYT, 2/5/66) 

February 6: “The lunar research program by means of Luna 9 has been fulfilled and successfully concluded,” Tass reported after LUNA IX had completed 48 hrs. of active life transmitting a total of 10 panoramic photographs of lunar surface. Several hours after the announcement, Jodrell 

Bank Experimental Station reported it had received 2% more photos of 

poor quality. 

Third picture transmitted by LUNA IX’S instrument package Feb. 4 was 

shown on Moscow television. During transmission, camera was inclined 

toward horizon and sun was to the east. Part of spacecraft was visible in 

the lower left-hand corner of the picture and another part in the lower 

light, but out of focus because of short distance from camera lens. 

Soviet astronomer Nikolay Barabashov told Tass photographs confirmed 

his theory that moon’s surface was “highly pitted, porous and probably 

covered with numerous rocks and fragments.” LUNA IX “has proved beyond doubt that the upper layer of lunar soil is a spongelike roughtextured mass scattered with individual sharp-edged fragments of various sizes.” (NYT, 2/7/66, 1, 15; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 2/7/66, Al, A5) 

February 7: In summary of NASA-USAF X-15 flight operations, FRC revealed 

that the three rocket-powered aircraft had completed 253 fight operations since first glide fhght June 8, 1959: 156 were actual flights, eight 

were planned captive flights, and 89 were canceled because of weather 

or mechanical problems. The three aircraft had flown over 24 hrs. of 

free flight; 6 hrs. 29 min. faster than mach 3; 4 hrs. 13 min. above mach 

4; 56 min. above mach 5; and 11 sec. above mach 6. On nine separate 

occasions, five different pilots had flown over the 50-mi. astronaut qualifying altitude: L/Col. Robert M. White, L/Col. Robert A. Rushworth, 

and Capt. Joseph H. Ehgle, all USAF; and Joseph A. Walker and John B. 

McKay, both NASA civilians. Four flights terminated in emergency landings, two of which seriously damaged the aircraft, but all three aircraft 

were still being flown. One flight had been made with modified X-15 No. 

2 using external propellant tanks. Six current X-15 pilots included: 

L/Col. Robert A. Rushworth, Maj. William J. Knight, and Capt. 

Joseph H. Engle, all USAF; and William H. Dana, John B. McKay, and 

Milton 0. Thompson, all NASA civilians. (FRC Release 2-66) 0 Jodrell Bank Experimental Station received signals transmitted from Soviet 

space tracking station in the Crimea via Venus. Experiment, similar to 

one conducted Jan. 8, was part of a program between Jodrell Bank and 

Soviet station to send signals via Venus for an entire 225-day Venusian 

year. (Reuters, Fa&. Post, 2/8/66, A8) 0 NASA Lunar Orbiter, scheduled to orbit moon in spring 1966, might photograph LUNA IX to gain perspective dimensions of lunar surface and determine spacecraft’s size and extent of damage caused by landing, the 

New York Times speculated. LUNA IX’S landing area, the Ocean of Storms, 

was not included in original Aight plan of 10 regions to be photographed. 

(NYT, 2/7/66,4) 
48 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

February 7: Research pilots of the X-15, in front of X-15 No. 2 at Edwards, Calif.: Capt. Joseph H. Engle (WAF), Maj. Robert A. Rushworth (USAF), John B. McKay (NASA), 

Capt. William J. Knight (USAF), Milton 0. Thompson (NASA), and William H. Dana (NASA). 

February 7: Contact Feb. 6 with LUNA IX after its scheduled research had been 

completed was explained by Tass: “Since the craft still had a certain 

amount of power left in excess of rated level an additional 2-hr. commutation session was held. . . . “During the transmission period the station exhausted practically 

all its remaining supply of electric energy and further radio communications with Luna 9 will be discontinued.” 

Moscow television showed photos of a circular panorama of the lunar 

landscape obtained from LUNA IX’S television system during communications period Feb. 6. Panorama showed LUNA IX to be resting on comparatively even area of the lunar surface close to the equator on the 

eastern extremity of the Oceanus Procellarum. Surface of moon around 

station was very uneven with many hollows and hillocks. Some stonetype formations were scattered at different places, Small cavities could 

be seen in different parts of the panorama, specifically at its right end. 

Slightly hilly area could be seen along the horizon. Parts of the spacecraft, including antennas of receivers, transmitters, and dihedral mirrors 

reflecting sections of the lunar surface, were visible in forefront of 

panorama. At the bottom, lying on the ground, was section of rocket 

which had been thrown aside during landing. (Grose, NFT, 2/8/66, 1, 

20; AP, Wash. Eve. Star9 2/7/66, AI., A5) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 49 

February 7: House passed H.R. 6125 amending Air Museum Act to authorize 

construction of a National Air and Space Museum in Washington, 

D.C., to replace the National Air Museum. Museum, to be completed 

in five years at an estimated $41) million, would house permanent exhibits of space exploration and be part of the Smithsonian Institution. 

The NASA Administrator would serve on its advisory board. (NASA LAB 

Dr. Gerald W. Johnson, Lawrence Radiation Laboratories, was named 

director of Naval Laboratories. (DOD Release 114-66) 

0 AEC had developed standby capability to test nuclear weapon research 

devices at high altitudes and in space if the 1963 international test ban 

treaty were abrogated, Aviation Week reported. Standby capability, 

based on large launch vehicles developed as nuclear device carriers and 

small instrumentation rockets for diagnosis, would concentrate on atmospheric testing of ICBM and adICBM systems and effects of nuclear 

detonations on these systems. (Av. Wk., 2/7/66, 31) 

LUNA E’S revelations of the moon’s surface had deprived Iranian poets 

of a source of inspiration thousands of years old, Ebrahim Sahba, 

speaking for the Iranian Poets Assn., told AP: “Now, with the ugly and 

coarse surface, Iranian poets must search for something else to describe 

beauty.” (AP, Wmh. Post, 2/8/66, A8) 

February 8: Boeing Co. delivered first of eight Lunar Orbiter spacecraftan 85-lb. test model-to KSC for engineering ground tests. (Boeing Co.; 

Bus. Wk., 2/12/66) 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) , meeting in Paris, was urged by an advisory group on fundamental research 

to establish from 15 to 20 new centers for advanced study and research 

which would serve scientists from any member country. Each center 

would concentrate on one field and would be established at the university in a member country that had shown the highest achievement in 

that field. In addition, a program of international fellowships could 

provide funds to outstanding researchers. (Sci. Sew., NYT, 2/8/66,14) 

February 9: NASA launched 210-lb. Reentry E payload by Scout booster from 

NASA Wallops Station to evaluate char integrity of low-density phenolic 

nylon heat-shield material and test its effectiveness in withstanding 

actual reentry conditions. In addition to four stages of Scout launch 

vehicle, 17-in. spherical rocket was attached to instrumented payload as 

velocity package. First two Scout stages lofted payload to 54-mi. (87- 

km.) altitude. Remainder of vehicle coasted upward to 110-mi. (177-km.) 

altitude and at peak of trajectory, during 3rd-stage burn, guidance system 

began positioning vehicle for desired reentry angle. Fourth stage fired 

during descent, and then velocity package motor ignited, driving reentry 

payload to a velocity of more than 18,000 mph through earth‘s atmossphere. Payload impacted 1,150 mi. downrange in the Atlantic; recovery 

was not attempted. 

Throughout flight, continuous telemetry channel furnished data before and after the one-minute communications blackout caused by 

reentry, and aircraft photographed visible portion of reentry. Delayed 

telemetry system, used successfully on previous flights to transmit during blackout period, failed to operate because of a transmitter malfunction, but data furnished by continuous channel on post-blackout conV/W 
50 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

ditions would permit evaluation of total performance and correlation 

with previous ground tests. Flight, fifth in series of experiments in Scout 

Reentry Heating Project designed to investigate heating environment of 

a body reentering earth‘s atmosphere at 18,400 mph, was directed by 

~RC. (NASA Proj. off.; NASA Release 66-18; WaIlops Release 66-8) 

February 9: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from Churchill 

Research Range reached 111-mi. (178-km.) altitude. GSFC experiment, 

first in series of three, successfully measured number and energy distribution of electrons ia energy range of 1-300 kev, which produce visual 

aurora. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

USAF launched unidentified satellite with Thor-Agena D booster from 

WTR. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 147) 

Soviet aircraft designer Oleg K. Antonov, interviewed in Kiev by five 

Western European journalists, said U.S.S.R. was developing An-154, a 

double-decked, 724-passenger aircraft. It would be larger versionnearly 50 ft. longer-of An-22 and would use four turboprop motors. 

Two preproduction models of An-22 were undergoing flight tests, Antonov said, and Aeroflot expected it to be in cargo service by 1968. 

(Nying Review International, 5/66,544) 

February 10: In a White House ceremony, President Johnson awarded the 

National Medal of Science to 11 scientists, including the late Dr. Hugh 

L. Dryden, former NASA Deputy Administrator. Dr. Dryden was cited for 

his “contributions as an engineer, administrator, and civil servant for 

one-half century to aeronautics and astronautics which have immeasurably supported the Nation’s preeminence in space.” Mrs. Dryden accepted the medal-first ever awarded posthumously-for her husband. 

President Johnson told recipients that “in a nation of millions and a 

world of billions, the individual is still the first and basic agent of change. 

Without the unfettered curiosity of individual men probing and reaching for new truth our planet would be a dry and dreary place.” (Pres. 

Doc., 2/14/66; NYT, 2/11/66, 5; Wash. Eve. Star, 2/11/66, A2; Balt. 

Sun, 2/11/66) 

Mstislav Keldysh, president of Soviet Academy of Sciences; Alexander 

Lebedinsky, .professor; and Alexander Vinogradov, geochemist, held 

2%-hr. televised press conference in Moscow on the LUNA IX mission. 

KeIdysh said U.S.S.R. had mastered the soft-landing technique and was 

planning more soft-landing missions in 1966 to obtain information on 

physical conditions on the moon, composition of lunar rock, and variations in lunar temperature. He said the next major challenge would 

be designing a spacecraft capable of returning men to earth from the 

moon and called for US. “cooperation not competition” in a program 

for manned lunar landing. LUNA IX’S mission was “only to photograph 

the surface of the moon and measure cosmic radiation,” Keldysh said. 

The full panorama of the lunar surface included 6,000 lines and was 

transmitted to earth in 100 min. Spacecraft contained no solar batteries. 

Lebedinsky revealed that LUNA IX had “shifted between the second 

and third transmissions of the panorama, and as a result, the inclination 

of the phototelevision camera changed several degrees, while the camera 

itself shifted its position several centimeters.” Keldysh added: “It may 

be that the station landed on an unstable small stone, or perhaps the 

ground settled slightly. Such a very small deformation could occur 

because of temperature changes on the moon or a certain mechanical 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 51 

impact by the station itself." He expressed confidence that the lunar 

surface could support manned spacecraft. 

Lebedinsky said LUNA IX had measured rate of radiation in outer space 

at 30 millirads a day and that the spacecraft had detected additional radiation on lunar surfaceapparently produced by nuclear reactions from 

cosmic rays hitting moon's upper layers-but he did not disclose 

amount. Vinogradov reported that lunar surface was hard, porous, 

volcanic cracked rock, but acknowledged that other areas might be 

different. Keldysh announced that VENUS XI and VENUS 111 spacecraft, 

launched Nov. 12 and Nov. 16, 1965, respectively, were scheduled to 

approach Venus March 1. (Wmh. Post, 2/11/66; Balt. Sun, 2/11/66; 

Sullivan, NYT, 2/11/66, 17) 

February 10: Apollo/Saturn AS-201 successfully completed countdown 

rehearsal at ETR in preparation for scheduled Feb. 22 suborbital flight 

test. (AP, Wash. Post, 2/10/66) 0 NASA launched two sets of three Nike-Cajun sounding rockets, each carrying payload of 19 acoustic grenades, about 12 hrs. apart from three 

launch sites-Point Barrow, Alaska, Churchill Research Range, and 

NASA Wallops Station-to gather information on atmosphere between 

20- and 60-mi. altitudes over wideIy spaced geographic areas under day 

and night conditions during winter. Grenades were ejected and detonated 

at programed altitudes, yielding information on wind directions and 

speeds, atmospheric densities, pressures, and temperatures. (Wallops 

Release 66-9) 

* U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CVII containing scientific equipment for investigation of outer space. Orbital parameters: apogee, 322 km. (200 mi.); 

perigee, 204 km. (126.7 mi.) ; period, 89.7 min.; inclination, 65". Equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, 2/10/66) 

U.K. would build $84-million prototype nuclear-power reactor of the 

breeder type-designed to produce large amounts of new fissionable 

atoms-at Dounreay in northeast Scotland, Technology Minister Frank 

Cousins told the House of Commons. Sir William Penney, head of 

British Atomic Energy Authority, told news conference he hoped to 

have commercial models of the breeder power station in operation by 

1980. (NYT, 2/10/66; Wash. Eve. Star, 2/11/66, Al) 

February 11: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CVIII carrying scientific instruments 

for continued space research into orbit with 865-km. (537.2-mi.) 

apogee; 227-km. (141-mi.) perigee; 95.3-min. period; and 48.9" inclination. Equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, 2/12/66) 

NASA and Swedish Space Research Committee (SSRC) signed Memorandum 

of Understanding to conduct pulsed laser radar experiments to determine relationship of noctilucent clouds to height, distribution, and 

scattering properties of cosmic dust and aerosol particles. SSRC would 

provide optical equipment and design and construct light transmitter 

optical system; NASA would provide laser head, power supply, and other 

equi ment. Each agency would bear the COSL of the equipment it would 

ments would be made available to scientific world. (NASA Release 66-35) 

Device to alter wavelength of a laser beam to tune it for specific tasks such 

as communications, surgery, analysis of materials, or industrial applications was patented by Bell Telephone Labs. physicists Drs. Joseph A. 

Giordmaine and David A. Kleinman. In patented method, laser beam 

would be passed at a calculated angle through a special crystal so that 

supp P y and the responsibilities it would undertake. Results of experi- 
52 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

frequency of the emerging light would be a multiple of original beam’s. 

(Jones, NYT, 2/12/66,33) 

February 11: Breadboard of Nerva (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application) was tested by NASA and AEC at Nuclear Rocket Development 

Station, Jackass Flats, Nev. Initial fixed-drum start tested control drum 

response; maximum power reached was 230 mw, compared with reactor’s 

1,100-mw design power. Test duration was nine minutes, and maximum 

exhaust temperature was 1,540’F. After a second low-pressure start 

was aborted, system was given normal start; in 22-min. test it reached 

350-mw maximum power and 2,130’F maximum temperature. Nerva 

engine had been successfully started twice on Feb. 3. (Atomic Energy 

Programs, 1966, 186) 

* Theoretical possibility of self-supporting tapered cable extending 22,000 

mi. into space from earth and from extraterrestrial rotating or revolving 

bodies was examined in Science report by John Isaacs, Hugh Bradner, 

and George E. Bachus, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, and Allyn C. 

Vine, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Cable, referred to as a 

“skyhook,” would be extended downward from a satellite in synchronous orbit, become an extension of the satellite, and be held in place by 

the balance between centrifugal and gravitational forces that keeps any 

satellite in orbit. Authors of the report conceded in a telephone interview with Harold Schmeck of the New York Times that “present-day engineering is not yet up to the task of making a cable strong enough and 

light enough for the sky hook project from earth.” (Science, 2/11/66, 

682-3; Schmeck, NYT, 2/12/66, 12) 

DOD would use Titan I11 booster to launch 23 comsats in three launch 

groups to form a global communications system, M/G Ben I. Funk, 

Cmdr., AFSC’S Space Systems Div., told National Assn. of Manufacturers 

in New York. Orbiting about 18,206 mi. above earth, satellites would 

form system “of high reliability and reasonably long life, secure against 

interference, and with sufficient capacity to handle a high volume of 

unique and vital military traffic,” Funk said. He also revealed that USAF 

was seeking solutions to problems of reusable boosters, maneuvering 

reentry, lighter-weight materials, and higher performance fuels. (Text, 

Av. Daily, 2/15/66) 

February 12: France failed to launch research satellite from Hammaguir 

Range because of malfunction in ignition system of three-stage Diamant 

booster. At T-0 in countdown, the Diamant booster remained on 

launching pad. (Reuters, NYT, 2/13/66,3) 

0 NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. 

Mueller, outlining the NASA manned spaceflight program at American 

Assn. of School Administrators meeting in Atlantic City, discussed the 

benefits to man on earth of the Apollo Applications program: “. . . man 

would have the capability of establishing world-wide, real-time television 

by placing large antennas and powerful transmitters into synchronous 

orbit; of establishing control towers in space both for aircraft and 

ocean-going ships; of using space observations to identify and exploit 

earth‘s natural resources; and of controlling the weather.” (Text) 

* Three US. scientists were elected to Soviet Academy of Sciences: Dr. 

Severo Ochao, Nobel Prize-winning biochemist, New York Univ. College 

of Medicine; Dr. Richard Courant, mathematician, New York Univ.; 

and Dr. Herman F. Mark, chemist, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 53 

Total U.S. membership was now six; five Soviet scientists were members 

of US. National Academy of Sciences. (Schwartz, NYT, 2/12/66,2) 

February 12: US. embassy confirmed that West Germany was negotiating 

with several unidentified American aircraft companies for technical assistance in removgin flaws from the F-104G Starfighter jet aircraft. 

Since beginning of 1965,29 Starfighters had been destroyed in accidents 

and 16 Luftwaffe pilots killed. (NYT, 2/20/66,9) 

February 13: Agena rocket stage identical to one at KSC which NASA planned 

to use as target vehicle in the March Gemini VI11 mission suffered an 

explosive start in ground firing at USAF Arnold Engineering Development Center. Failure, which followed five successful test firings, was 

similar to explosion which canceled Gemini VI mission Oct. 25, 1965. 

(UPI, rush. Post, 2/14/66) 

February 14: Benefits of U.S. space program were emphasized by NASC 

Executive Secretary Dr. Edward C. Welsh at AIAA meeting in St. Paul. 

He cited in particular space program’s contributions to education, 

saying, “it has added immeasurably to total available knowledge of man, 

of the earth, and of the solar system. . . . Funds have flowed from NASA 

. . . to our educational institutions in the form of scholarships and fellowships, in the form of new laboratories, and research opportunities. It is 

estimated that from this one source about 1,000 new Ph.D.’s are added 

annually to this resource of the Nation. . . and . . . it has been a catalyst 

and a stimulus to education throughout the whole country. . . .’, (Text) 0 Threat of contamination of Mars made search for that planet’s indigenous 

life, at any stage of evolution from prebiotic to extinct, an urgent undertaking, according to Biology Working Group’s section on exobiology in 

third and final report of NAS Space Science Board Summer Study (JuneJuly 1965) at Woods Hole, Mass. Report, Space Research: Directions for 

the Future, Part Three, said: “. . . the exploration of Mars, with initial 

emphasis on the detection and characterization of possible Martian life, 

should constitute the major scientific goal of the United States space 

program in the period following the manned lunar landing.” High priority in field of environmental biology was given to study effects of weightlessness, with particular attention to “synergistic or antagonistic effects 

from simultaneously imposed stresses of radiation and weightlessness.” 

Orbiting research facilities with six- to eight-man crews to study effects 

of prolonged space flight preceding extended manned missions were 

recommended by Medicine and Physiology Working Group. Report 

urged series of manned flights, ground-based studies, and biosatellite 

experiments to yield data for planetary exploration. 

Group examining NASA-university relations urged increases in training budget and facilities and research grants, plus a program providing 

graduate students-with flight opportunities. (Text) 

a D. Brainerd Holmes, former NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for 

Manned Space Flight (1961-1963) and now with Raytheon Co., reflected upon his NASA experience at National Space Club luncheon in 

Washington, D.C. “NASA has done weIl” to date but today deckions 

must be shaping up for continuing space exploration beyond the lunar 

landing by an American by 1970. “Whither now NASA?” was the question, Holmes said, and in the democratic process of decision an informed 

public must play a vital part. He asserted that it was not only NASA’s job 

to inform but the duty of everyone aware of the significance and 

challenge of space exploration to the future of the U.S. (EH) 
54 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

February 14: NASA Apollo Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) ascent engine test 

completed at Arnold Engineering Development Center. (AEDC) 0 Col. Jack Bollerud (USAF) was named Acting Director, Space Medicine, 

NASA Office of Manned Space Flight, and would assume all duties assigned to the late Dr. W. Randolph Lovelace. He would also continue to 

discharge the functions of Deputy Director, Space Medicine, a position 

he had held since May 1965. (NASA Hq. Bull., 2/14/66, 2) 

Vice President Hubert Humphrey designated Col. Donald W. Paffell 

(USAF) his Assistant for Aeronautics and Space Matters. (USAF Hq. Bull., 

2/14/66,2) 0 Development of sealed cities enclosed by domes “utilizing the sealed 

[space] cabin concept on a more grandiose scale, such as the astrodome 

environmental module” to assure mankind an environment free from 

air and water pollution, was urged by Dr. Eugene Konecci, of NASC staff, 

at the National Cybernetics Foundation symposium on “Ecological 

Technology-Space, Earth, Sea,” at the Smithsonian Institution. 

Konecci envisioned self-sufficient community “modules” of several 

thousand persons consisting of “a series of astrodomes enclosing the 

atmosphere,” which would be cleansed and regenerated continuously. 

Each community would have ‘‘its own self-contained, recirculating 

water supply’’ and facilities for converting sewage back into useful 

products. Food would be largely synthetic, but there would be “meat 

factories” in which animals would be raised “in modern air-conditioned 

surroundings and fed the high nutrient feeds provided through biosynthesis.” (UPI, NYT, 2/15/66,23) 0 DOD awarded General Dynamics Corp. Convair Div. $4-million contract to 

refurbish and update 23 retired Atlas ICBM’s to launch upper-stage vehicles for Abres (Advanced Ballistic Reentry Systems), Nike target, 

and scientific satellite programs. (General Dynamics Release) 

February 15: President Johnson announced he would send Astronauts 

Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and Frank Borman, command pilots of the Dec. 

4-18 GEMINI VII/VI mission, on a three-week, eight-country tour of the 

Far East to demonstrate scientific, technological, and educational values 

of US. space program and to visit Far Eastern countries which had cooperated with US. in space programs. Astronauts would leave Feb. 21, 

and visit Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, 

Australia, and New Zealand. 

The President had sent GEMINI IV Astronauts James A. McDivitt and 

Edward H. White 11, to the Paris Air Show in June 1965; GEMINI V 

Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., on an African 

tour in September 1965; and John Glenn, first American to achieve 

orbit, on a European tour in October 1965. (Pres. Doc., 2/21/66, 221; 

NYT, 2/16/66, 54) 

0 NASA converted its contract with Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. 

for development of Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) from cost-plus-hedfee to cost-plus-incentive-fee. Under new four-year contract, which 

would bring total cost to $1.42 billion, Grumman would deliver 15 flight 

articles-four more than in previous contract-10 test articles, and two 

mission simulators. (NASA Release 66-37) 

USAF launched three unidentified satellites with Atlas-Agena D booster 

from WTR. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 148) 

Rep. Albert Thomas (D-Tex.), Chairman of House Committee on Appropriations’ Independent Offices Subcommittee, died of cancer. A member 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 55 

of the House for almost 30 yrs., Thomas had been deeply interested in 

Congressional funding for NACA, NSF, and NASA. (Wash. Eve. Star, 

2/15/66, B8) 

February 15: In speech at Univ. of Missouri on impact of Federal research 

and development expenditures on American colleges and universities, 

Leo S. Tonkin, Executive Director of D.C. Commissioners’ Council on 

Higher Education, cited statement by two NASA employees on problems 

involved in awarding research grants. Dr. Thomas P. Murphy, Deputy 

Assistant Administrator for Legal Affairs, and Dr. Thomas W. Adams, 

Socio-Political Specialist for Office of Policy Planning, said in a paper 

presented at 1965 annual APSA meeting: “Can a mission-oriented agency 

use geography as a criterion in awarding grants, recognizing full well 

that it concomitantly will sacrifice time, quality, and money in the 

process? When grants are given to one institution on grounds other than 

merit, there is little basis for denying similar grants to other universities 

which would not normally merit them.” (Text; CR, 2/23/66) 0 Two gallons of fuel exploded inside drum near Saturn IB launch pad at 

ETR, but there were no injuries and no damage to the booster or launch 

complex, AP reported. Saturn IB was scheduled to launch unmanned 

Apollo spacecraft on Feb. 22. (AP, NYT, 2/16/66, 52) 

February 16: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from Churchill 

Research Range reached 130-mi. (209-km.) altitude in second of three 

GSFC experiments to measure number and energy distribution of auroralproducing electrons in energy range of 1-300 kev. Satisfactory data were 

recovered despite malfunction of one detector. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 Multi-foil high-performance insulation system to reduce supercold propellant “boil OF’ in space had been successfully tested for 96 hrs. at MSFC 

in a vacuum chamber at pressures approaching the vacuum of space. 

Since liquid hydrogen propellant, already used in Saturn IB and Saturn 

V upper stages, was being considered as a propellant on longer-duration 

missions, cryogenic technology was being extended at MSFC to meet the 

needs of future space exploration programs. (MSFC Release 66-41) 

* Cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, who orbited earth in U.S.S.R.’s VOSTOK v 

June 16-19, 1963, discussed problems of flight to the moon in Aviatsiya 

i Kosmonautika and suggested three possible methods for flight: (1) a 

launch directly from earth with a very powerful carrier rocket to provide 

escape speed for a huge payload including the spacecraft and facilities 

for return flight; (2) a launch from earth orbit with separately fueling 

low-power rockets orbiting the lunar spacecraft; (3) a landing from an 

orbit near the moon (such as that planned for US. Apollo project) 

which would “insure more dependable contact between landing capsule 

and the main ship.” Bykovsky said work “is in full swing” to design 

maneuvering instruments, but U.S.S.R. would send a manned spacecraft to the moon only when the cosmonauts’ return to earth was 

guaranteed. (Tass, 2/16/66) 

* Joseph C. Satterthwaite, former State Dept. foreign service officer, was 

sworn in as a consultant to NASA Administrator James E. Webb for international affairs “in the general area of Western Europe.” (NASA Release 

February 17: French-built instrumented scientific satellite, DIAPASON 1 

(D-IA) , was successfully launched from Hammaguir Range with threestage Diamant booster. Initial orbital data: apogee, 2,753.5 km. (1,710 

mi.); perigee, 503.1 km. (312 mi,); period, 118.6 min.; inclination, 

66-39) 
56 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%6 

34.04’. Designed with a three-month lifetime, the 20-in.-dia., 49-lb. 

satellite would transmit information on earth‘s magnetic field and test 

France’s tracking stations. Bretigny Tracking Center near Paris was 

receiving satellite’s radio transmissions normally. 

This was second launch of a French-made satellite by France’s Diamant booster. First was Nov. 26, 1965, when A-I satellite carrying radio 

and radar transmitter, but no scientific equipment, was orbited. (French 

Embassy Release; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 2/17/66, Al; Wash. Post, 

2/18/66, A13) 

February 17: NASA launched 49-lb. payload with ionosphere experiment for 

Rice Univ. to 116-mi. (186-km.) altitude from NASA Wallops Station with 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket to test theory that intense electrical currents flow at high altitudes over the earth and are strongest at about 

120-mi. altitude. Data from magnetometer designed to detect magnetic 

field caused by the currents were telemetered from the payload to ground 

stations at Wallops during flight. (Wallops Release 66-11; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications 

Edgar M. Cortright, testifying before the House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, 

stressed importance of selectivity in planning space science program: 

“We have been looking at Apollo applications for some time to identify 

those areas of scientific activity where the man can be a real asset to the 

experiment, and the areas that interest us most are astronomy; natural 

resources, which is looking down at the Earth with various types of 

detectors; biology, which is concerned with long-duration weightless 

flight, from both a fundamental biological point of view and in preparation for longer flights; and, of course, continued lunar exploration. . . . man is not an asset in space science experiments in all cases. You 

have to be extremely selective to find those cases where he will be an 

asset, and they do exist. We think that astronomy in the seventies is one 

such area; also biology, Earth resources, and continued lunar exploration. But in the particles and fields work it is unlikely that man will be an 

asset, and it is unlikely that he will play the major role in applications 

where what we really want is long lifetime.” (NASA Auth. Hearings, 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. 

Mueller told the Business Council in Washington, D.C., that ‘‘so far as 

overall manned space flight manpower is concerned, we have passed our 

peak” in engineering, we’re “reaching our peak in manufacturing,” and 

we’re “at our peak in total manpower costs.” He added: “One of the 

anomalies of the space program is that we must begin to ‘go out of 

business’ before we fly our first operational vehicle. . . . By the time 

manned flights begin, the employment level will be quite low in comparison with the peak, which occurred in 1965. . . .” 

Commenting on post-Apollo plans, he said: “The budget for the 

coming fiscal year permits NASA to hold open the option for a program to 

procure additional flight vehicles beyond those now programmed, SO as 

to employ the Apollo hardware and capabilities at least through 1971. 

If we do not exercise this option, in the decision for the [FYI 1968 

budget we will have to begin a phase down of the manned space flight 

activities and the ‘mothballing’ of some of our facilities.” (Text) 0 AEC Chairman Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg predicted at Univ. of Texas lecture 

that if man decided to colonize the moon or planets, he would need 

Ct 

57-8) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 57 

nuclear energy to make the environments habitable for human beings 

and large nuclear reactors to provide “planet conditioning”-an outer 

space version of air conditioning. In addition, reactors could furnish 

power “to extract water from the rock, to help produce synthetic food 

and to extract minerals and other materials from the surface.” Dr. 

Seaborg said he foresaw in the more immediate future the use of nuclear 

power plants on manned orbiting laboratories: “. . . it is desirable to 

operate these stations at the relatively low altitudes of between 100 and 

200 nautical miles. For these low orbits the smaller exposed area of 

nuclear power systems results in greater reductions in the atmospheric 

drag-and in the pounds of propellant required to keep the station in its 

assigned orbit. An unmanned scientific or defense system which has to 

operate close to the Earth will similarly have the advantage of low 

atmospheric drag if nuclear power systems are used.” (Text; AEC Release 

February 17: Program to seek basic principles of sonic booms-including 

flights over US. communities-was being prepared by a top-level, fourman Government committee, Evert Clark reported in the New York 

Times. Program hoped to obtain at least preliminary answers before Sept. 

1 so that limitations on boom making could be written into Sst development contracts. Committee members: Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Director of 

Office of Science and Technology (OST) and Presidential science adviser; 

Dr. Nicholas Golovin, OST; Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara; 

and Dr. John R. Dunning, dean of Columbia Univ.’s School of Engineering and Applied Science, (Clark, NYT, 2/18/66, 8) 

Use of personal radar units by astronauts to counteract optical illusions 

which they might encounter while assembling a space station or exploring the moon was recommended by Cambridge Univ. Prof. Richard L. 

Gregory, author of Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing, in a New 

York press interview. Gregory believed astronauts might experience 

spatial distortion when seeing spacecraft’s srructural elements gleaming 

luminously in sunlight or sharply etched against a jet black background. 

In addition, he thought they might experience reversed depth perception 

which would cause distorted images. Gregory recommended aiding astronauts with tones, heard through earphones, of a variable pitch which 

would be determined by a beam from radar unit each man would wear. 

Variations in pitch would indicate distance to different objects and 

astronaut’s rate of approach or retreat from them. Gregory was conducting his research at New York Univ. on a senior foreign scientist fellowship financed in part by NASA. (Osmundsen, NYT, 2/17/66,31; Houston 

Chron., 2/16/66) 

Dr. Wilmot N. Hess, Chief of Laboratory for Theoretical Studies at GSFC, 

received one of the Arthur S. Flemming Awards presented annually to 

10 outstanding young men in Government service. (NASA Notice) 

* Certificate promoting the late Dr. William Randolph Lovelace 11, to rank of 

major general in US. Air Force Reserve was presented to his eldest 

daughter, Mrs. John Sellman, at USAF Satellite Test Annex, Sunnyvale, 

Calif., by M/G Ben I. Funk, AFSC’S Space Systems Div. Cmdr. Dr. Lovelace, former NASA Director of Space Medicine, died with his wife and 

their pilot in an aircraft accident near Aspen, Colo., December 1965. 

(AFSC Release 43.66) 

Question whether “superrocketsyy for the Apollo manned space program 

should have liquid or solid stages was no longer debatable, said William 

S-6-66) 
58 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Hines in the Washington Evening Star; the solids had been “forced 

through studied neglect to default.” He continued: “This is not to 

suggest, however, that the whole liquid-solid debate is moot. 

“Between Saturn I-B’s 35,000-pound orbital capability and Saturn 

V’s 250,000 pounds is a huge gap; between Atlas-Centaur’s 2,300-pound 

escape capability and Saturn V’s 95,000 pounds is a gap that is even 

greater, proportionately. 

“A wide variety of scientific and manned payloads can be envisioned 

as fitting within these gaps. A flexible booster system based on large 

solid rockets of varying lengths and flight characteristics could fill the 

gaps quickly and at reasonable cost; liquid systems could not.” (Hines, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 2/17/66, A6) 

February 17: T. R. May, vice president of Lockheed-Georgia Co., disclosed 

plans to build commercial version of the C-5A military fan jet which 

could carry up to 900 passengers and thus reduce fares drastically. 

May, speaking at an Air Force Assn. seminar in Salt Lake City, said 

Lockheed “fully expects” to have the aircraft, designated the L-500, 

“flying commercial routes” in the early 1970’s. 

Lockheed-Georgia Co. had received a $1.4-billion DOD contract Sept. 

30,1965, to develop and build the C-5A-a military carrier that would be 

world‘s largest aircraft. Delivery was scheduled for mid-1968. (DJNS, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 2/18/66, D1; NYT, 2/18/66, 53M) 

FAA proposed a series of changes in cockpit procedures and crew training 

on the Boeing 727 jet aircraft that had had four fatal crashes since 

August 1965-all as the aircraft were preparing to land--“to assure 

ourselves that an aircraft coming in visually at night will not suffer 

the consequences of the . . . others.” Changes, designed to ensure crew 

awareness of their descent rate, were discussed at an all-day meeting 

of experts from FAA and 17 airlines operating the Boeing 727, 

FAA Deputy Director of Flight Standards Cliff W. Walker said: “We 

do not know what caused these accidents. We have searched, searched, 

searched . . . and we have not found any cause to be suspicious of the 

727’s airworthiness.” (Hudson, NYT, 2/18/66; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

2/18/66, A2; Simons, Wash. Post, 2/18/66, Al) 

Soviet Tu-1lGworld’s largest aircraft-crashed on takeoff from MOSCOW~S 

Sheremetyevo Airport for Brazzaville, Congo Republic, when its wing 

hit a snowbank. Unofficial Soviet sources said 48 of 70 persons aboard 

were killed. Tass reported the ‘‘cata~tr~phe” was “caused by sharp 

worsening of weather conditions.” It was the first known crash of a 

Tu-114, which could carry 220 passengers, had longest range of any 

commercial aircraft, and had been in regular service about eight years. 

(Tass, 2/18/66; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 2/18/66, A5; AP, NYT, 2/18/66, 

U.S.S.R. charged at 17-nation disarmament conference in Geneva that 

the crash of an American nuclear bomber in Spain in January was 

“flagrant violation of international law and of the 1963 Moscow Treaty” 

which banned all but underground tests. U.S.S.R. claimed flight violated the treaty because “it is common knowledge that the most 

important purpose of this treaty was to prevent radioactive contamination of the atmosphere, outer space, and water. . . . The southern coast of 

Spain and adjacent sea areas have been radioactively contaminated by 

American nuclear weapons.” U.S. chief delegate William C. Foster 

1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 59 

rejected the allegations as “false” and countercharged that U.S.S.R. 

was guilty of a “propaganda” maneuver. (Tush. Post, 2/18/66, A16) 

February 18: President Johnson submitted NSF’S report on weather modification research to Congress and said “highly encouraging steps are being 

taken toward establishing safe and effective programs for modifying 

the weather.” The President, a supporter of weather-control research, 

said: “We can now begin to see the day when such programs ma 

become operationally feasible.” (Pres. Doc., 2/21/66, 233; NY3 

2/19/66,29) 

NASA Deputy Administrator Robert C. Seamans, Jr., testifying on NASA 

N 1967 budget authorization before the House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight, discussed 

use of Apollo/Saturn systems in proposed ApoIlo AppIications (Aa) 

program: “In the last half of FY 1966 and during FY 1967 we will 

define those new and useful missions that will be able to take advantage 

of exciting opportunities provided by the capabilities of the developed 

and available flight hardware. Together with Project Voyager, a major 

new unmanned system for the exploration of the planets, the Apollo 

Applications effort represents that next family of major flight missions 

which we will be recommending for approval and authorization in the 

coming years.” 

He cited three basic elements of Aa effort foreseen by NASA: “We 

believe we can improve the basic Apollo space vehicle capabilities with 

minor modifications to extend the manned time in orbit from 2 weeks 

to 45 days and longer; we can procure additional spacecraft and launch 

vehicles for new, or follow-on, missions beyond the time frame of the 

current Apollo schedule; if the program can be carried out along the 

lines of our most optimistic scheduling, we will find that, within the 

approved and programmed Apollo schedule, there are u to nine vehicles 

(NASA Auth. Hearings, 5-6) 

.25 scientific experiments for sixth Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 

(OGO-F), scheduled for launch into polar orbit in 1968, were selected 

by Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space 

Science and Applications, on recommendation of OSSA’S Space Science 

Steering Committee. Fifty-five scientists at U.S. and foreign universities, industrial firms, and Government laboratories would make correlative experiments of near-earth space phenomena based on data from the 

OGO-F experiments. (NASA Release 66-36) 

February 19: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CJX with “scientific instruments 

to continue the study of outer space.” Orbital parameters: apogee, 

309 km. (192 mi.); perigee, 209 km. (130 mi.); period, 89.5 min.; 

inclination, 65”. Instrumentation was functioning normally. (Tass, 

2/ 19/66) 0 Television system on U.S.S.R.’s LUNA IX, which transmitted first pictures 

from moon Feb. 3-6, weighed less than 1.5 kgs. (3.3 lbs.), disclosed the 

Soviet designers of this equipment in an Izvestzh interview. Since the 

TV camera had to “distinguish minute details of the surface and 

transmit to earth simultaneously the landscape around the spot where it 

landed,” a miniature Vega photocamera with lens that could “photograph at distances from two meters to infinity without focusing” had 

been used. First “radio communication session with the moon” began 

within 4 min. 10 sec. after the soft-landing and first television reportage 

that can be used for alternate missions in the perio B 1968 to 1970.” 
60 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

began within seven hours. Complete panoramic scanning took 100 

min. Future probes of moon’s surface would use camera coupled with 

microscope for minute study of the lurain. (Zzvestiu, 2/19/66, 1) 

February 20: MSFC engineers Michael J. Vaccaro and Haydon Y. Grubbs, Jr., 

entered lunar vehicle simulator to begin 14- to 21-day final laboratory 

validation tests on interior chamber d&gn and investigation of human 

factors of an enclosed cabin environment. Cabin, 10-ft. cylinder with 

7-ft. diameter and 5-ft. ceiling, had stations for performing various 

tasks-eating, sleeping, taking sample measurements, and completing 

geophysical assignments. Study, conducted by Honeywell, Inc., under 

NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology (OART) sponsorship, 

would determine: (1) functional relationships between physiological responses and behavior and the time required to perform assigned tasks; (2) 

how to design lunar roving vehicles to provide crew mobility and utilize 

cabin space; and (3) how to increase proficiency in performing required 

tasks during extended lunar exploration. Engineers would be isolated 

as if on moon, wear long-johns or spacesuits, and eat dehydrated food, 

but would have radio communications for receiving instructions and 

equipment to record physical condition continuously during test. 

(MSFC Release 66-449 

NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from Churchill Research 

Range carried instrumented payload to 103-mi. (166-km.) altitude. 

Conducted for Johns Hopkins Univ., experiment measured auroral 

spectral emission lines in the upper atmosphere as a function of altitude. 

Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

GEMINI v spacecraft in which Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles 

Conrad, Jr., orbited the earth Aug. 21-29, 1965, went on display at 

Buenos Aires (Argentina) Municipal Airport as part of a U.S.-sponsored 

exhibit on U.S. advances in space. (USIA; Reuters, Wash. Post, 2/21/66, 

Soviet cosmonauts had had their “psychic state” monitored by an instrument that also registered “the slightest nervousness or lack of confidence,” Ogonyek reported. Instrument, first tried on Cosmonauts 

Andrian Nikolayev and Pave1 R. Popovich during Aug. 12, 1962, 

VOSTOK 111-VOSTOK IV tandem maceflight, showed them nervous before 

A6) 

launch, but with nervousnes; disaGearing during flight. (AP, Phil. 

Eve. Bull., 2/21/66) 

February 21: Former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., consultant to NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb, attended dinner in Rangoon, Burma, 

given in his honor by Burma’s Foreign Minister U Thi Han. In Burma 

on a good-will tour, Glenn earlier had given an illustrated lecture on 

US. space program. (AP, NYT, 2/22/66, 4) 

* Russian-born Igor I. Sikorsky, “father of the helicopter,” was honored as 

Air Force Man of the Year by the New York chapter of the Air Force 

Assn. He was cited especially for the outstanding work helicopters had 

done in the Vietnam war. (N.Y. News, 2/21/66) 

February 22: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS ex containing two dogs-Veterok 

and Ugolyek-on whom “biological investigations” would be conducted, Tass announced. Initial orbital data: apogee, 905 km. (562 mi.) ; 

perigee, 187 km. (116 mi.); period, 96.3 min.; inclination, 51.54O. 

Equipment was functioning normally. 

Tass noted COSMOS cx launch marked first time since period prior to 

Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin’s April 12,1961, VOSTOK I spaceflight that dogs 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 61 

had been launched and added that “further study of outer space, the 

moon and the inner planets of the solar system” was impossible without 

further development of %pace biology and medicine.” Announcement 

was first indication that satellites in Cosmos series were equipped to 

carry anything but instruments. (Tass, 2/23/66; Pravdu, 2/24/66, 1, 

USS-T Trans.) 

February 22: Launch from ETR of first unmanned Apollo spacecraft, scheduled 

for Feb. 23, was postponed because of cloudy, uncertain weather that 

would hamper visual and long-range photographic coverage of liftoff. 

(NYT, 2/23/66, 20; Stern, Wash. Post, 2/23/66, Al; Hines, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 2/23/66, A6) 

Astronauts Frank Borman and Walter M. Schirra, Jr., began eight-nation 

good-will tour of Asia with four-day visit to Japan. (NYT, 2/23/66) 

* White Paper released by U.K. Defence Minister Denis Healey said RAF 

would buy 50 F-111 variable wing bombers from US. for 2.1 million 

pounds ($5,880,000) each and that plans for new British aircraft 

carrier had been dropped. F-111 aircraft operating from land bases 

would take over the strike-reconnaissance and air-defense functions of 

carriers. First Sea Lord, Adm. Sir David Luce, resigned in protest; 

Navy Minister Christopher Mayhew had resigned Feb. 19. (AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 2/22/66, Al; Lewis, NYT, 2/23/66, 1, 5; Meyer, Wash. Post, 

2/23/66, Al) 

February 22-23: American Astronautical Society met in San Diego. 

Reconnaissance satellites, adapted for peaceful observations of earth’s 

surface, would bring revolutionary scientific and economic advances, 

willis B. Foster, Director of Manned Space Science in NASA’s office of 

Space Science and Applications, predicted: “Remote sensing from space 

has unique capabilities, particularly in the opportunity it provides for 

repetitive synoptic coverage of the earth’s surface. . . . Spaceborne 

sensors will add to the knowledge of the figure of the earth, its mass 

distribution, and its magnetic and gravity fields. Movement of glaciers, 

growth of deltas, growth of crops, and even growth of populations can 

all be followed with this type of survey.” (Text) 

Austin M. Stanton, president and board chairman of Varo, Inc., said 

features of space such as airlessness, weightlessness, extreme temperature, and radiation could be “exploited as a completely new realm” for 

manufacturing. He said the earth might ultimately be encircled by a 

“vast doughnut-like ring 150,000 miles in circumference,” of articulated 

orbiting manufacturing facilities : “As a businessman, I propose that the 

time is ripe for a profitable industrial venture in space. . . . It will not 

be difficult to persuade investors to venture into buying stock in the 

new companies for three reasons: the predictions of the early advocates 

of astronautics have been fulfilled; the efforts of space agencies have 

been spectacularly successful; and . . . the communications satellite 

venture seems sound.” (Hill, NYT, 2/27/66, 60) 

The massive investment in technology and manpower created by 

space programs could be used to handle pressing problems associated 

with anticipated population growth on earth, suggested Dr. Peter A. 

Castruccio, director of IBM’s advanced space ro rams. Satellites could 

survey earth from space, pinpoint tillable fan! and examine staple 

crops using infrared techniques to detect diseases invisible to the 

naked eye. Seas could be mapped, isolating concentrations of fish 

and edible seaweed, and growing consumption of water offset by 
62 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

using satellites to map snow fields and glaciers. Underground rivers 

could be detected from space by measuring the tiny difference in soil 

temperatures above them; such streams were estimated to have 3,000 

times the water present in all known rivers. Other fields, such as weather 

control and geological survey searches for fuel and minerals, could also 

be handled from space. (M&R, 2/28/66,9, 12) 

“The ultimate goal of weather modification and control may be 

realized only if man himself is placed in a Space Meteorological Lab,” 

suggested Sidney Sternberg, vice president and general manager of 

Electro-Optical Systems, Inc. He said the “ability and bandwidth of 

transfer of information between experiments and experimenter could 

not be duplicated by unmanned observations.” (M&R, 2/28/66, 12) 

February 23: Second 260-in.-dia. solid-propellant rocket motor (SL-2), 

Nation’s largest, was successfully test-fired for NASA in Dade County, 

Fla., by Aerojet-General Corp. Fueled with polybutadiene, aluminum 

and ammonium-perchlorate and fired nose down in a 150-ft.-deep pit, 

motor developed within 1% of the predicted 3.5-million lbs. thrust and 

burned for almost precisely the planned 126 sec. Test showed repeatability of the firing, proved that manufacturing techniques were 

reliable, and demonstrated that the motors could be produced at a 

predictable cost. First 260-in. motor (SL-1) was successfully fired for 

two minutes Sept. 25, 1965, producing 3.6-million lbs. thrust. Strength 

of the maraging steel motor case, structural integrity of the cast propellant, insulation, and the ablative nozzle were tested. 

Large solid motor project was designed to demonstrate feasibility of 

building and operating solid motors of greater size than those in current 

use for multistage launch vehicle systems carrying heavy payloads into 

space. (NASA Release 66-31; Stern, Wash. Post, 2/24/66, A5; Hines, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 2/24/66) 

Testifying before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology, NASA Associate 

Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology Dr. Mac C. 

Adams said: “During 1965 we flew the three X-15 airplanes 32 times, 

setting a new activity record. These aircraft comprise a unique research 

facility capable of providing data during actual hypersonic flight. . . . “At the end of 1965, the three X-15 airplanes had been flown 156 

times. . . .” 

Referring to rocket reactor tests, Adams said: “The KIWI-NERVAPhoebus operations during 1965 demonstrated an altitude equivalent 

specific impulse of over 750 lb-sec./lb., equivalent thrust of over 50,000 

lbs., and total duration of 4200 seconds, or over an hour. The experiments have shown that rapid starts and restarts can be made and that 

operation is stable over a wide range of conditions. 

“On February 3, 1966, we made the first power run with a complete 

nuclear rocket engine system. Although the major components were 

spread out and connected in a ‘breadboard’ fashion, the system started 

and operated as a unit with no external power. On February 11, the 

system was operated again. We feel that these runs are very significant 

milestones in the nuclear rocket programs.” (NASA Auth. Hearings, 

50, 57) 

NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications Dr. 

Homer E. Newel1 summarized achievements and status of NASA’s 

physics and astronomy programs at hearings before the House Com- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 63 

Feburary 23: Test firing of NASA’s 260-in. solid-propellant rocket motor at Aerojet-General Corporation’s Dade County, Fia., facility. 

mittee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science 

and Applications. Dr. Newel1 said that from a scientific point of view, 

Explorer program had been “one of the most cost effective means of 

accomplishing the scientific objectives in space physics and astronomy.’’ 

During 1965, “seven spacecraft were successfully launched including 

Alouette 11, our second international project with Canada, and FR-1, 

the first cooperative satellite project with France. . . .” 

Of the OGO program he said: “. . . as of early January 1966, data 

acquisition from OGO-I included 3,522 hours of real-time wideband 
a ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

telemetry, approximately 800 hours of special-purpose telemetry, and 

2,800 hours of onboard data storage. . . . Good quality magnetic field 

data” were contributed by the OGO II mission to the World Magnetic 

Survey of the International Quiet Sun Year (IQSY). Results of OGO I 

and OGO II missions had proven the operational capability of the spacecraft and underscored the validity of the concept of a laboratory for 

correlative geophysical studies. (NASA Auth. Hearings, 114, 147, 

159) 

February 23: NASA had awarded a $38,000 contract to US. Public Health 

Service on best approach to control and early diagnosis of viral infection 

in astronauts during space flight. Dr. Walter Kemmerer, MSC’S monitor 

on the virus control study, said in an interview: “We want to have 

techniques to enable us to prevent this from happening, and to detect 

that it is happening. Also, we want to know how to prevent one astronaut 

from transmitting it to another inside the spacecraft.” (AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 2/23/66, Al) 

Charles H. Ruby, president of the Air Line Pilots Assn., charged FAA had 

implied pilots were to blame for four recent Boeing 727 jet aircraft 

crashes although investigations were incomplete. He referred to “premature and seriously questionable public assessment” of the 727 during 

a Feb. 17 FAA meeting at which FAA said the aircraft was airworthy and 

had no serious defects: “We don’t believe this [cause determination] 

can be expected to be achieved with total objectivity by closed door 

meetings of parties with a substantial stake in the outcome.” Ruby added 

pilots feIt the 727 was basically a “good and safe aircraft.” (WI, 

Wash. Post, 2/24/66, A2) 

February 23-24: Gemini Mid-Program Conference was held at MSC to 

summarize Gemini program to date with emphasis on results obtained 

from first seven Gemini missions. Conference, attended by more than 

600 persons, was conducted in the middle of the Gemini program rather 

than at the end so that scientists and the aerospace industry would have 

earlier access to Gemini experiences for application to other space 

programs. 

Gemini program director Charles W. Mathews announced that NASA 

had canceled plans for land landings of Gemini spacecraft because of 

‘‘development time constraint”; U.S. spacecraft would continue to make 

ocean landings “for the foreseeable future.” (Text; Houston Post, 

2/24/66) 

February 24: First Saturn V launch vehicle (S-IC-1) underwent second 

successful captive firing at MSFC for 85 see. (MSFC Release 66-48) 0 NASA’s second space-tracking station near Canberra, Australia, was 

officially opened by Minister of Supply Denham Henty. Rep. George P. 

Miller (D-Calif.), chairman of House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics, attended ceremony and praised Australia’s contribution 

to US. space program saying: “We wiIl explore space together for the 

benefit of mankind.” (NYT, 2/25/66,3) 0 Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, testified in support Of NASA’s FY 1967 budget authorization before 

the House Science and Astronautics Committee’s Manned Space Flight 

Subcommittee. Questioned by Congressman Emilio Q. Daddario 

(D-Conn.) about the Apollo program schedule, Dr. Mueller said current 

budget request left no room for a major problem; any test failure would 

be directly reflected in a schedule dip. In connection with possible 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 65 

further use of Apollo/Saturn V nd the lunar landing mission, Dr. Mueller stressed nece decisions on the FY 1968 

budget. Industrial research, development, and manufacturing employment had already reached its peak and, ironically, would begin to decline 

sharply before the first manned flights with Apollo/Saturn hardware. 

Facilities now becoming operational would be scheduled for “mothballing” within two years if no further use were planned for capability 

beyond the lunar landing, Dr. Mueller said. (NASA Auth. Hearings, 

279-384; MSF Historian) 

February 24: NASA’s lunar and planetary programs were discussed by NASA 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications 

Edgar M. Cortright, testifying before the House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications: “It 

is important to note that the Mariner IV photographs do not determine 

whether life exists on Mars. Even before the flight of Mariner IV, it was 

known that pictures taken at this resolution could not give any direct 

evidence of life forms. . . . “We propose to continue the exploration of Venus and Mars begun 

so well with Mariners I1 and IV, respectively, by utilizing for the 1967 

Venus op ortunity an appropriate modification of the spare spacecraft 

vehicle.” 

Cortright presented prepared statement by Associate Administrator 

for Space Science and Applications Dr. Homer E. Newell summarizing 

comsat and sounding rocket launches: “The first launching by NASA of a 

satellite for the Corporation [ComSatCorp] took place on April 6, 1965, 

when the Early Bird satellite was placed in orbit using a thrust-augmented Delta launch vehicle. The launching was carried out under an 

agreement between Comsat and NASA, signed in December 1964, which 

detailed the services to be performed by NASA, financial arrangements, 

etc. . . . “Although the original agreement gave Comsat options for as many 

as seven additional launchings through March 1967, none of these 

options has been exercised. In the meantime, Comsat has inaugurated 

the HS-303A program, and has advised NASA that it will require two or 

three HS-303A launchings in 1966, beginning in August. The HS-303A 

is larger and heavier than Early Bird, and will need the capabilities of 

the thrust-augmented improved Delta launch vehicle. Otherwise, 

launch services are expected to be similar to those provided in support 

of the Early Bird. 

“The Corporation is now negotiating for development and procurement of spacecraft for the eventual global system. These spacecraft are 

expected to be deployed beginning in 1968.” 

Referring to the NASA sounding rocket program, Dr. Newell said: 

“Since 1959 to the present NASA has launched 668 sounding rockets for 

scientific investigations in space and 516 of these were for investigations 

in the areas of physics and astronomy.” He mentioned as significant the 

International Quiet Sun Year (IQSY) Mobile Launch Expedition carried 

out in spring 1965 using an aircraft carrier as a launching platform: 

rockets carrying instrumented payloads were launched off west coast of 

South America from 5” north latitude to 60” south latitude with the 

eatest concentration of Eghts at the geomagnetic equator near Lima, 

Feru. 45 Nike-Cajun/Nike-Apache rockets and 32 single-stage Arcas 

from the K ariner IV program. This will be launched on an Atlas-Agena 
66 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

rockets were flown carrying experiments furnished by NASA, USN, USAF, 

universities, and industry. (NASA Auth. Hearings, 233-4, 359, 375-6) 

February 24: Charles W. Harper, Director, Aeronautics Div., NASA Office of 

Advanced Research and Technology (OART), testified before the House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced 

Research and Technology on the NASA aeronautics program. Citing the 

need for close coordination between scientific groups within Government, he said: “Recognizing the Air Force interest in hypersonic flight, 

a proposal was made to the Air Force Systems Command Headquarters 

that the two agencies prepare a single coordinate program representing 

a national effort in hypersonic technology with each agency supporting 

that portion most appropriate to its capabilities. The proposal was 

accepted. . . . Technical approval of general plans is through the NASA 

OART Office and the AFSC RTD Office and generation and coordination of 

program details are developed through appointed technical groups from 

the NASA and Air Force research centers. To date this coordination 

activity has been very effective. . . .” 

As major elements of NASA’s 1967 aeronautics program, Harper listed: 

(1) a continuing effort in advanced research; (2) major effort in support 

of Sst with emphasis on flight operations and advanced propulsion; (3) a 

substantial increase in research in propulsion systems appropriate to the 

whole speed range, from V/Stol to hypersonic speeds with special 

attention directed to the noise problem and supported by two new 

facilities; (4) a substantially increased effort in V/Stol research supported by construction of the first research facility to be built expressly 

for conducting research on problems unique to V/Stol aircraft. (NASA 

Auth. Hearings, 170-1, 179) 

Astronauts Frank Borman and Walter M. Schirra, Jr., met with Japanese 

space scientists in Tokyo and presented Japanese Premier Eisaku Sato 

with a letter from President Johnson and a color photograph of their 

GEMINI VII/VI rendezvous in space. (Wash. Eve. Star, 2/25/66, Al; 

Wash. Post, 2/25/66) 0 Two solid-fueled Minuteman ICBMS were launched simultaneously from 

Vandenberg AFB, to evaluate multiple-firing techniques which could be 

used “under combat conditions at operational bases.” This was first 

salvo launch down WTR. (SAC Release 6-17) 

0 AFSC announced that all-weather landing systems (Awls) developed by 

USAF and FAA would be installed on all C-141 Starlifters within two or 

three years to enable the huge fan jet cargo-troop carriers to land safely 

under adverse weather conditions with a minimum of ground-landing 

aids. Awls would program aircraft’s flight path, speed, angle of approach, 

and attitude; generate and provide data to pilot or autopilot; and be 

nearly self-sufficient. Lockheed Aircraft Corp. had been contracted by 

AFSC in May 1965 to design, install, test, and obtain FAA certification for 

Awls and produce a flying prototype aircraft by spring 1966. (AFSC 

Release 6.66) 0 Lunar surface photograph from U.S.S.R.’s LUNA IX mission “fully coincided 

with the photograph of a model of the moon designed by scientists at 

Kharkov University’s laboratory several years ago,” Tass announced. 

Nikolay Barabashov, chief of university’s observatory, hypothesized 

that “the relief at the landing site of the Soviet station is typical of the 

entire lunar surface,” which he claimed was “porous, spongelike, and 

su5ciently firm to hold a rather heavy body.” (Tass, 2/24/66) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 67 

February 25: NASA postponed third attempt to launch unmanned Apollo 

spacecraft with Saturn IB booster 44 sec. before scheduled liftoff because 

of continuing bad weather. (Wash. Post, 2/25/66, A7; WSJ, 2/25/66,1) 

Testing of Agena stage-halted following Feb. 13 hard start of Agena 

prototype-was resumed at Arnold Engineering Development Center in 

preparation for Gemini VIII/Agena docking mission. (SBD, 2/28/66,1) 

* ComSatCorp asked FCC for authority to build six advanced synchronous 

satellites-four to be launched and two as backups for development of 

global commercial communications system. Proposed satellites would 

weigh 250 lbs., and have 1,200 voice-quality telephone channels and 

five-year operational life compared with 85-lb. EARLY BIRD 1’s 240 voicequality channels and 18-1110. planned life. (ComSatCorp Release; 

WSJ, 3/1/66, 32) 

NASA EXPLORER XXIX (Geos-A) geodetic satellite, orbited Nov. 6, 1965, had 

developed problems which affected planned investigations: accurate 

measurement of spacecraft’s attitude had become difficult; had precise 

attitude information could not be included in Mutual Visibility Program 

for observing stations. Failure of one of four flashing lights had reduced utility of some observing cameras, and interference had occurred 

between SECOR transponder and Doppler beacons. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

* Estimated 7.5 billion microscopic meteorites hit earth daily, but only about 

90 large meteorites weighing up to 10 lbs. struck earth each year, 

NationaI Geographic Society said. (NGS Release, 2/25/66) 

Pan American Grace Airways (Panagra) asked FAA to refund $200,000 

which company had deposited to reserve delivery on Sst being developed 

under FAA contract. This was first Sst cancellation request. (AP, 

NYT, 3/28/66, 57) 

February 26: NASA’s Apollo/Saturn AS-201 mission was successfully launched 

from ETR at 11:12 a.m. EST. Unmanned Apollo spacecraft (009) was 

boosted into suborbital flight by two-stage Saturn IB launch vehicle 

(SA-201) to qualify command moduIe (Cm) heatshielding and service 

module (Sm) of spacecraft-launch vehicle combination and major 

spacecraft systems. Liftoff and powered flight events were as programed. 

After ignition of liquid-hydrogen-powered 2nd stage (S-IVB), launch 

escape tower was jettisoned and recoverable cameras ejected. After 

seven-minute burn, 2nd stage and instrument unit separated from 

spacecraft; spacecraft reached 310-mi. (499-km.) altitude. Descending, 

service module performed ullage maneuver, firing reaction-control 

system rockets for 30 sec. to increase spacecraft’s reentry speed; Sm’s 

main propulsion engine was fired twice-once for 100 sec. and once 

for 10 sec. Sm was jettisoned and Cm reentered at 27,500 fps-2,000 fps 

faster than Apollo reentry from earth orbit-testing ability of spacecraft’s ablative heat shield to withstand reentry heat of about 4,000’ 

F. Three main parachutes deployed at 12,000-ft. altitude, lowering Cm 

to splashdown in Atlantic at 11:51 a.m. EST within 35 mi. of target. 

Recovery was by helicopter from carrier U.S.S. Boxer. Spacecraft was 

in “good” condition. 

Mission was first launch of Saturn IB and Apollo spacecraft. Saturn 

IB, uprated version of Saturn I, was being developed under direction of 

MSFC and Apollo spacecraft, under direction of MSC. (NASA Release 

66-32; NASA Proj. Off.; MSC Roundup, 3/4/66, 1-2; Stern, Wash. Post, 

2/27/66, Al, A8; Hines, Wash. Sun. Star, 2/27/66, Al, A6; Wilford, 

NYT, 2/27/66, 1, 60) 
68 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

February 26: NASA's first Saturn IB booster launches unmanned Apollo spacecraft down the Eastern Test Range. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 69 

February 26: At KSC post-launch conference, NASA Associate Administrator 

for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. Mueller commented on AS-201: 

“This test was of extreme importance to the eventual manned lunar 

landing in that it provides us with the hst test of the ablative characteristics of the heat shield protection for the Apollo spacecraft. It is 

the one test that we were unable to perform on the ground-the one 

test, therefore, that was a qualification test and which will be repeated 

again on 202, which is the next flight in the Apollo system.” (MCS 

Roundup, 3/4/66, 1-2) 0 NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from Sonmiani, Pakistan, 

carried sodium payload to 124-mi. (200-km.) altitude in experiment 

conducted for Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Committee to measure wind direction and speed at 50- to 124-mi. (80- to 

200-km.) altitudes. No photography was possible since sodium flash, 

observed at +60 sec., was not followed by sodium cloud release. (NASA 

Rpt. sm) 

Prerecorded pictures of dogs Veterok and Ugolyek, transmitted from 

Soviet satellite COSMOS cx launched Feb. 22, were shown on Moscow 

television. Announcement described the dogs as subjects of biological 

studies and said such studies “will precede every new and important 

step of man in space.” Tass said “the condition of the space dogs is 

quite excellent.” (Krasnaya Zvezda, 2/27/66, USS-T Trans. ; Pravda, 

2/27/66,6, USS-T Trans.) 0 Astronauts Frank Borman and Walter M. Schirra, Jr., received rousing 

welcome on arrival at Seoul, South Korea. Many flag-waving schoolchildren had to be restrained by policemen during welcoming ceremonies 

at City Hall. (NYT, 2/27/66, 14; N.Y. J/Amer., 2/27/66, 28) 

Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., and Astronaut Donald K. Slayton (MSC 

Assistant Director for Flight Crew Operations) received gold medallions 

from Gov. Warren P. Knowles in Madison, Wis., after two-day homecoming celebration. Lovell, who had attended high school in Milwaukee, 

in turn presented state with Wisconsin flag he had carried for 14 days 

in space during GEMINI VII flight Dec. 4-18, 1965. Slayton was born in 

Sparta, Wis. (AP, Chic. Trib., 2/25/66) 

February 27: Two Nike-Apache sounding rockets were launched from 

Ascension Island, 24 and 36 hrs. after Feb. 26 Apollo reentry test. 

Experiment, conducted by GSFC and Univ. of Michigan’s Space Physics 

Research Laboratory, was designed to measure pressure, temperature, 

density, and winds at altitudes of 19-75 mi. (30-120 km.) using pitotstatic probe. First flight obtained necessary data for Apollo support 

program, attaining-82-mi. (131-km.) altitude. No useful data were obtained by second flight, because of breakup during 2nd-stage burn. 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Scientists were considering “capturing an asteroid” and, through nuclear 

propulsion, placing it in earth orbit where it could be analyzed, reported John Wilford in the New York Times. He said “experts” believed 

cccapture of an asteroid will be possible as soon as it is possible to send 

manned expeditions to the surface of Mars or Jupiter.” Astronauts 

would take with them a separate rocket engine which they would anchor 

to asteroid’s surface. Rocket would have to “produce long-duration 

burn but because of asteroid‘s low gravity would not have to be very 

powerful to push the asteroid toward a new orbit.” (Wilford, NYT, 

2/27/66, E7) 
70 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

February 28: ESSA 11 (Tos OT-2), second meteorological satellite in Tiros 

Operational Satellite (Tos) system, was launched by NASA from ETR 

for ESSA with three-stage Thor-Delta booster. Launch vehicle performed 

three “dogleg” maneuvers before injection into near-polar, near-circular, 

sun-synchronous orbit. Initial orbital parameters : apogee, 885 mi. 

(1,425 km.); perigee, 843 mi. (1,357 km.); period, 113.5 min.; inclination, 101.16”. 

A cylindrical, 18-sided polygon, 290-lb. ESSA 11 was equipped with two 

Automatic Picture Transmission (Apt) camera systems for photographing local cloud cover. During first orbit, spacecraft was spin-stabilized 

at 10.9 rpm with bottom of spacecraft toward earth; during second orbit, 

orientation maneuvers initiated by ground command began to turn 

satellite on its side; after 18 orbits-approximately 33 hrs. after launch 

-ESSA 11 would be in cartwheel position. Combination of cartwheel configuration and near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit would permit 100% 

photographic coverage of earth’s cloud cover during daylight hours with 

a given area photographed at the same local time each day. Primary 

objective of ESSA 11 (Environmental Survey Satellite No. 2) flight was to 

provide direct readout to worldwide network of Apt receiving stations. 

ESSA financed, managed, and operated the Tos systems. GSFC managed 

NASA participation in the project. Tracking operations were responsibility 

of STADAN. First satellite in Tos system, ESSA I, was launched Feb. 3. 

(ESSA Release 66-14; NASA Proj. Off.; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 2/28/66, Al; 

UPI, Wash. Post, 3/1/66, ALE) 

e NASA Administrator James E. Webb, testifying before the Senate Committee 

on Aeronautical and Space Sciences as it began hearings on NASA’s FY 

1967 budget authorization, said U.S.S.R. would become unchallenged 

leader in space exploration unless US. soon decided to support postApollo missions. Webb reviewed U.S.S.R.’s very active year in space 

and said: “More important to us than any other indication from Soviet 

space activity is the clear commitment to a long-term effort. The fact that 

they are making such a commitment shows the importance they attach 

to advancing their capabilities in space. Unless we soon decide to follow 

through with a strong program in the years after we have achieved a 

manned lunar landing, we cannot avoid a gap in our flight schedule 

while they forge ahead as the unchallenged contestant in the field.” 

Webb noted FY 1967 budget for NASA reflected a Presidential decision 

“to hold open for another year decisions which cannot be delayed 

beyond the period of the FY 1968 budget.’’ He added: “The programs 

we are now carrying out so successfully, the new knowledge we are 

acquiring so rapidly, the ending of the period of uncertainty as to what 

both Russian Cosmonauts and American Astronauts can achieve in 

space, and the growing utilization of the long term values that our 

investments have created in reliable launch vehicles, spacecraft, and 

assembly test and launch complexes, all point toward decisions to 

use rather than lose the values we have worked so hard and spent so 

much to create. And so I believe that our presentation of this 1967 

Budget marks not just assertion to you that we have built well as we 

have created a foundation for space power, but also marks the beginning 

of a momentous era in which we must decide how we will use this power 

in future years.” 

He assessed the national space program: “. . . we have demonstrated 

that we can do the tasks we set out to do. An important value of the 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 71 

space program is this demonstration of national capability in science 

and technology. That we have this capability is no longer a matter of 

opinion but a demonstrated fact that is clear to all who concern themselves with the power nations can and do develop for many purposes 

from the mastery of a new environment or a new technology. We have 

put it on view for all the world to see. The world knows today that the 

United States can digest the space-related problems of long lead-times, 

can hold its position in a demanding competition, and can forge ahead 

simultaneously in both aeronautics and space and in those advanced 

technologies of which space is the leading symbol.” (NASA Auth. 

Hearings, 15-17) 

February 28: Testifying to Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences on NASA’s FY 1967 budget, NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert 

C. Seamans, Jr., said: “We are presenting the budget that reflects our best 

balancedprovision for four essential priorities,priorities which must rank 

together as the core of the NASA program: The need to press forward 

the development of the Nation’s capability for major Manned Space 

Flight operations, to be demonstrated by a manned lunar landing within 

this decade. 

“The need to continue those important projects in space sciences and 

space applications that are already underway and that have already made 

such valuable contributions to our fundamental understanding of the 

universe and to the use of space systems for human benefit. 

“The need to maintain the flow of advanced research and technology 

effort that is at the heart of the Nation’s ability to undertake future 

projects in aeronautics and space explorations. 

“The need to take certain steps now to avoid an otherwise certain 

gap in future space capabilities and achievements.” (NASA Auth. 

Hearings, 64-65) 

Summarizing NASA’s launch vehicle and propulsion program in testimony 

before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications Dr. Homer E. Newell 

reported that in 1965 “there were 18 successful orbits out of 20 attempts 

for a 90% success record.” Looking to the future, Newell said: “in 

order to assure that the launch vehicle space transportation evolves 

a logical and economical fashion for the more demanding. . .missions 

which are beyond the capability of present vehicles, it is essential that 

some effort continuously be put into advanced studies of future vehicles 

and into some of the critical launch vehicle technoIogy areas.” 

He described research in behavioral biology, outlining prospective 

experiment to determine whether for pocket mice in earth orbit 

“circadian rhythm of either temperature or locomotion changes when 

all geophysical variables other than light and temperature are either 

removed or sensed by the animals with a period of about 90 minutes 

(orbital period) instead of 24 hours.” 

By the end of FY 1966, NASA’s sustaining university program would 

be supporting 64 projects at 54 institutions throughout US., Dr. Newell 

testified. In FY 1967 it would support approximately 70 projects at 60 

universities at a cost of $12 million. It was expected that 3,681 students 

would be in the predoctoral training element of the program by September 1966 and the number of participating universities would be 152. 

(NASA Auth. Hearings, 487, 568, 581, 589) 
72 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

February 28: Gemini Astronauts Charles A. Bassett I1 and Elliot M. See, Jr., 

were killed when their T-38 aircraft overran St. Louis Municipal Airport 

in rain and fog and crashed into the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. building 

which housed Gemini 9 and 10 spacecraft. The jet, cleared for an 

instrument landing, was left of center in its approach to the runway 

when it turned toward the McDonnell complex 1,000 ft. from instrumented Ianding strip. It struck the roof of Building 101, bounced into 

an adjacent courtyard, and exploded. Several McDonnell employees in 

Building 101 were treated for minor injuries. See and Bassett, enroute 

to McDonnell for two weeks training in space simulator, were followed 

later by Gemini IX backup crew Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene A. 

Cernan, who landed safely. NASA Hq. officials announced that the backup crew would fly the Gemini IX mission on schedule. (Wagner, 

Wash. Post, 3/1/66, Al, A4) 

Discussing the Apollo/Saturn IB program’s future, Dr. Joseph Shea, 

director of Apollo spacecraft development at MSC, told Missiles and 

Rockets that the hoped-for early end of the program (after a total of 

seven flights, including four manned missions) would depend on availability of the Saturn V booster, as well as success of Saturn IB missions: 

“We plan to end the series at Apollo-207 if the Saturn V is available 

on schedule. If not, we will probably continue with Saturn IB flights for 

the Apollo-208 and 209 missions.” (Taylor, M&R, 2/28/66, 17) 

0 Joint Chiefs of Staff believed U.S.S.R. was accomplishing much more in 

advanced weaponry than Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara was 

giving them credit for, reported Aviation Week. Gen. John P. McConnell, 

USAF Chief of Staff, was said to be especially concerned about Soviet 

developments in antimissile missiles and their radars, maneuverable 

warheads for ICBMS, military space systems, and advanced aircraft. 

During hearings on the FY 1966 budget, General McConnell had said the 

decision on whether to proceed with full-scale development of the 

advanced manned strategic aircraft (Amsa) should be made in FY 1967. 

Aviation Week pointed out McNamara did not make that decision in the 

the FY 1967 budget and dropped Amsa one category-from engineering 

development to advanced development. Also, in a posture statement 

before the Senate Armed Services Committee’s Defense Appropriations 

Subcommittee, McNamara appeared to contradict Secretary of the Air 

Force Dr. Harold Brown’s view that the FB-111 was only a stop-gap 

bomber until Amsa was approved. Comparison of Boeing B-52C through 

F models, McNamara reportedly said, showed “the FB-111 is not an 

interim aircraft but is, indeed, a truly effective strategic bomber.” 

(Wilson, Av. Wk., 2/28/66, 16) 

Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and Frank Borman and their wives met 

with Chinese Nationalist President Chiang Kai-shek in Taipei, and gave 

him a letter from President Johnson and a color photograph taken in 

space. Chiang gave each astronaut wings of the Chinese National Air 

Force. Astronauts then flew to Bangkok, Thailand, to begin a three-day 

visit during which they would give a series of lectures and be received 

by the King and Queen of Thailand. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 2/28/66, 

A2; NYT, 3/1/66, 19) 

AFSC awarded General Electric Co., Pratt & Whitney Div., United Aircraft 

Corp., and Curtiss-Wright Corp. contracts totaling $41,750,000 for 

development of vectored-thrust cruise propulsion system (lift-cruise 

engine) for aircraft systems including V/Stol. (AFSC Release 13.66) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 73 

February 28: William J. McWiIliams, president of Republic Su ply Co., was 

sworn in as consultant to NASA Administrator James E. wp ebb and NASA 

Secretariat. (NASA Release 66-46) 

ComSatCorp requested FCC authority to build six 250-lb. advanced synchronous satellites, for global commercial communications system. 

Launches would begin in 1968. (ComSatCorp Release) 0 Comparing US. and U.S.S.R. Mars exploration efforts in Science, Bruce C. 

Murray, Gal Tech Associate Professor of Planetary Science, and Merton 

E. Davies, RAND Corp., said of NASA’s MARINER IV July 14, 1965, flyby: 

“The American scientific community should, and evidently does, feel 

proud and gratified that the Mariner mission to Mars, through successful 

utilization of national resources, not only accomplished a remarkable 

technological feat but also discovered extraordinary new facts . . . beyond 

the reach of earth-based instruments.” Authors termed “disappointing” 

US. decisions to terminate Mariner program, fly extra Mariner C spacecraft to Venus in 1967, drop plans for 1971 Voyager launch, and “fill 

the gap” with an abbreviated 1969 Atlas-Centaur program. U.S.S.R., 

they noted, had spent “between five and ten times as much on flight 

programs for planetary exploration” as U.S. and, in spite of “six consecutive failures in their efforts to explore Mars,” may have developed a 

reliabie 2,000-lb. spacecraft for Mars flyby. Authors predicted U.S.S.R. 

would launch two Zond spacecraft in December 1966: “It will be surprising to us if at least one. . . does not reach the lanet and return new 

landing of survivable payload on Martian surface and concluded that 

by 1967 “the US. will be ready to make an enduring national commitment to the exploration of the planets, and be ready to demonstrate 

intellectual appreciation of discovery as well as enthusiasm for technological achievement.” (Science, 2/25/66, 945-54) 

Week of February 28: NASA delegation extended President Johnson’s invitation for European participation in U.S. manned and unmanned space 

programs in discussions with officials of West Germany, France, U.K., 

and Italy. Delegation had been instructed not to make any offers or 

commitments but to express potential opportunities of participation in 

future US. space flights on equal basis with U.S. scientists. (Normyle, 

Au. Wk., 2/28/66, 23) 

During February: Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger, Director of MSFC Research Projects 

Laboratory, summarized progress in development of electric propulsion 

in Astronautics & Aeronautics: “The first laboratory experiments with 

electrostatic thrustors began in 1958. In the early thrustor models, 

power efficiencies and propellant-utilization efficiencies were 20-30%; 

lifetimes did not exceed a few hours; ion-current densities were less than 

1 milliamp/cmZ; the probIem of beam neutralization was unsolvedwas not even well understood. Mission applications seemed far in the 

future. Today, only seven years later, electrostatic thrustors are very 

close to flight readiness. Two systems, the ion-bombardment system 

and the surface-ionization system, have reached power efficiencies and 

propellant efficiencies above 90%; they produce ion currents of about 

20 milliamp/cm2. Beam neutralization has proven in the laboratory as 

well as in actual s ace tests, and engine lifetimes of several-thousand 

hours have been ;P emonstrated. With a few more years of refinement 

and quality engineering, these ion thrustors will be ready for extended 

missions into interplanetary space. . . .” (A&A, 2/66, 71-2) 

facts about it.” They suggested 1971 as earliest P ikely date for Soviet 
74 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

During February: Arnold Frutkin, NASA Assistant Administrator for Interna6onal AfFiirs, noted two viewpoints on achieving Soviet cooperation in 

space research in Astronautics & Aeronautics: “. . . the one holds that 

the answer . . . lies in finding a suitable device, either bilateral or international-a new idea, an imaginative approach, a twist . . . for example, 

a proposal for an international space laboratory. . . . ‘“rhe other view is that the device is substantially irrelevant and that 

it is the basic relationship between the two countries, the basic political 

and military realities, which will determine at any given time whether 

cooperation is feasible or not.” (A&A, 2/66, 20) 

Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, former NASA Associate Administrator for 

Advanced Research and Technology and new AIAA president, wrote his 

first “President’s Message” in Astronautics & Aeronautics: “One of the 

dilemmas of modern times is that science and technology can do a multitude of things-many of which the community may not necessarily 

desire and so will not support. As professionals we have tended to preoccupy ourselves with the potential of science and technology rather 

than the expressed needs of the community. A responsible professional 

society of the future must find . . . the wisdom among its members to 

relate its technologies to human needs. A wise professional society . . . will convey the legitimate aspirations of its thinkers and men of action 

to the community at large. . . .” (A&A, 2/66, 29) 

Japan scheduled launch of her first earth satellite for March 26 with 

four-stage, 8.6-ton Lambda booster. Planned orbit would have 723-km. 

(480-mi.) apogee and 290-km. (180-mi.) perigee. If successful, Japan 

would become fourth nation to orbit spacecraft. (NYT, 2/27/66, 33; 

UPI, rash. Post, 2/27/66) 

Commenting on national space goals in the post-Apollo period, Henry 

Simmons said in Astronautics & Aeronautics: “NASA over the past year 

quietly shifted its emphasis from an AAP exploiting already financed 

Apollo hardware for alternate missions to a much vaster AAP involving 

outlays on the scale of the Apollo lunar effort itself to support an intensive follow-on effort extending perhaps to 1975. Some NASA Centers 

engaged in the Apollo program, and particularly the Marshall Space 

Flight Center, are already confronted with the prospect of unemployment among their most skilled andvaluable design personnel. ‘We are right 

now in the position where over the next six months the engineers who 

did the original design on the Saturn and probably a year from now 

those who did it on the Apollo will be out of work,’ NASA Administrator 

James Webb told the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences during its hearings last August on post-Apollo goals. . . .” 

(A&A, 2/66, 5) 

ARC scientists who had produced organic material in simulated Jupiter 

atmosphere said presence of some form of life on Jupiter and other 

planets was possible, but unlikely. They would continue experiments to 

find out more about chemical processes that occur at very low temperatures. (UPI, NYT, 2/19/66, 44) 

MSFC was using seven vessels to transport Saturn IB and Saturn V rocket 

stages and components too large for conventional road, rail, or air 

transport between manufacturing, test, and launch sites. MSFC’S marine 

transportation had grown from one craft in 1960 to present size of six 

river and ocean-going barges-Promise, Palaemon, Little Lake, Pearl 

River, Orion, and Poseidon-and one ship-usrvs Pt. Barrow. (MSFC 

Release 66-36; Marshall Star, 2/16/66) 
March 1966 

March 1: U.S.S.R. VENUS 111 spacecraft ‘‘reachedY7 the surface of Venus at 

1:56 a.m. EST to become man’s first space probe to land on another 

planet, Tass announced. Observers believed the 2,116-lb. spacecraft, 

launched Nov. 16, 1965, had crash-landed. “Regular radio communications,, had been maintained with VENUS 111 throughout the flight but 

were lost as the probe approached the planet; no telemetric data were 

received in final moments before impact. Announcement said companion spacecraft VENUS 11, launched Nov. 12, 1965, had passed within 

14,900 mi. of Venus Feb. 27, and was continuing in solar orbit. (Later, 

on March 5, U.S.S.R. revealed that communications with VENUS II were 

lost as the spacecraft approached Venus.) 2,123-1b. VENUS 11 had flown 

its entire course without a corrective maneuver ‘‘insured only by its 

correct launching on an interplanetary trajectory,” but the course of 

VENUS 111 had been adjusted in Dec. 27, 1965, midcourse maneuver to 

make possible precise rendezvous with planet. “The experiment conducted through the work of the automatic stations Venus 2 and 3 allowed 

the solution of a number of absolutely new tasks of interplanetary flights 

and the obtaining of new scientific data,” Tass said. Man’s closest 

previous contact with Venus had occurred Dec. 14, 1962, when NASA’s 

MARINER 11 (launched Aug. 27, 1962) had passed 21,648 mi. from its 

surface and had relayed back scientific data. The brief Tass statement 

said VENUS 111 carried pennant bearing Soviet coat of arms to the 

Venusian surface. Further details of the spacecraft’s instrumentation 

were to be revealed later [see March 51. 

Sir Bernard Lovell, director of Jodrell Bank ExperimentaI Station, 

called the landing “a vivid technical feat” but regretted that “the 

Russians should have endangered the future biological assessment of 

Venus by contaminating the planet.” (Pravda, 3/2/66, 1, 4; Grose, 

NYT, 3/2/66, 1; Wash. Eve. Star, 3/1/66, Al; Simons, Wash. Post, 

3/2/66, Al) 

0 U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXI unmanned satellite with scientific equipment to continue space investigations, Tass announced. Orbital data: 

apogee, 226 km. (140 mi.); perigee, 191 lun. (119 mi.); period, 88.6 

min.; inclination, 51”. (Tass, 3/1/66) 

Edgar M. Cortright, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Space 

Science and Applications, testifying before the House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Sciences and Applications in support of NASA’s FY 1967 authorization, discussed the merits 

of the Apollo and Surveyor programs: “The scientific advantages of 

having Surveyors in the program along with Apollo is the ability to 

75 
76 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

sample more sites and to determine what areas of the moon are worth 

visiting by man, for example, in addition to going to sites that man is 

not likely to for the next decade or more-up near the poles and certain 

of the mountain regions. 

“We would like to help develop this total strategy of exploration of 

the Moon in a sensible way. We think automated equipment continues 

to have a role to play. . . . “I think there is nothing we can fly on Surveyor that would improve 

or even come close to equalling what can be done by the Apollo once it 

gets there. In other words, bringing a sample back is so much better than 

doing analyses on the lunar surface.” (Transcript) 

March 1: Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., headed six-man panel of investigators that began attempt to reconstruct St. Louis crash of T-38 jet 

plane in which Astronauts Elliot M. See, Jr., and Charles A. Bassett I1 

died Feb. 28. MSC Public Affairs Officer Paul Haney told UPI that full 

report would not be completed for “at least six weeks.” 

The tragedy prompted Rep. Thomas M. Pelly (R-Wash.) to urge the 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics to investigate flight 

training of astronauts, particularly the number of hours of flying time 

required and the justification for such requirements. (UPI, NYT, 

3/2/66,22; NASA LAR V/36) 

The Feb. 28 deaths of Astronauts Elliot M. See, Jr., and Charles A. 

Bassett I1 received editorial comment. 

Washington Evening Star: “Yesterday’s tragedy is all the more 

shocking in that it needn’t have happened at all. . . . It is assumed that Bassett was ‘logging flying time’ . . . See, a civilian, 

was not eligible for flight pay but as an astronaut was encouraged to 

keep his hand as an airplane jockey, 

“It is difficult to see why it is necessary for military men on astronaut duty to fly airplanes to qualify for ‘hazardous duty’ pay. . . Let’s save our spacemen for space, and let’s make it a bit easier for 

them by amending the military pay act to give uniformed astronauts 

those few hundred extra dollars a month just for being astronauts.” 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 3/1/66, A6) 

Houston Post: “There is . . . an element of irony in the fact that two 

men preparing for a highly hazardous space mission should die in this 

prosaic manner, but actually, under the procedures that are followed 

in space flights, there are just as great risks on the surface of the earth 

and in its atmosphere as in space, and they probably are much more 

numerous. If air travel is safer than land travel today, space travel is 

probably even safer . . .” (Houston Post, 3/2/66) 

Missiles and Rockets: “By emphasizing the everyday risk taken by all 

the astronauts in the course of training, the deaths of Capt. Freeman, 

Mr. See and Maj. Bassett have almost certainly lessened the outcry 

against the space program in the event of similar losses during space 

operations. 

“Each time an astronaut steps into a military jet aircraft, he is running 

a risk perceptibly greater than that he takes in space. . . . [NASA] takes 

the greatest of care to assure that manned spacecraft launches are as 

safe as the best engineering talent in the nation can make them. A 

launch atop a Titan 11, hazardous as it may be, cannot compare with 

the danger inherent in groping through low fog for an elusive runway 

in a jet aircraft.” (Coughlin, M&R, 3/14/66, 54) 

rc 

cr 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 77 

March 1: NASA had selected Fairchild Hiller, General Electric Co., and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for negotiation of contracts totaling $450,000 for 

parallel six-month feasibility studies of missions for five possible 

second-generation Applications Technology Satellites (Ats) . Spacecraft 

would contribute information useful for orbiting data-relay satellites, 

deep-space tracking, navigation satellites, data collection, galactic 

probes, and communication with aircraft, other satellites, ships and 

ground vehicles, and broadcast satellites. (NASA Release 66-45) 

* Establishment of National Natural Disaster Warning System to provide 

warnings of hurricanes, tornadoes, tidal waves, floods, and other 

natural hazards was announced by the White House in response to 

proposal by Secretary of Commerce John T. Connor. Warning System 

would ccmake effective use of present technology and existing facilities 

for the distribution of all warnings over a single authentic channel 

between the warning agency and the public”; it would eventually provide 

around-the-clock weather intelligence reaching hundreds of communities which had not previously had adequate warning service. (Pres. Doc., 

3/7/66, 303) 

The advancement of military technology contributed greatly to the civilian 

economy with “higher reliability, new management techniques, new 

materials, improved manufacturing methods, better instrumentation, 

and the expansion of technical fields such as cryogenics and microelectronics,” AFSC Commander Gen. B. A. Schriever told a Rotary Club 

meeting in Honolulu. He cited in particular the development of longrange air transportation “which clearly has both military and commercial value” and discussed the progress that had been made in some 

key technical areas: “. . . current experiments with oxide-dispersed 

metals for strength at high temperatures show a 40 percent improvement over the findings of two years ago. Boron fibers for composite 

materials have already been produced with a 20 percent greater aver 

strength than they were predicted to attain by 1970. Their month y 

production is more than 20 times the total supply that existed three 

years ago. . . . “When we turn to the propulsion area, we find that a new aircraft 

engine is presently under test, which surpasses the gains predicted for 

1970 in bypass ratio, high temperature capability, and reduced specific 

fuel consumption. The supersonic combustion ramjet, or SCRAMJET, is 

showing great promise for airbreathing vehicles at speeds of mach 6 

or greater. Supersonic combustion has already been repeatedly demonstrated at simulated speeds of mach 6 in test facilities.. . .” (Text) 

* Dr. Jocelyn R. Gill, Chief of In-Flight Sciences for NASA OSSA’S Manned 

Space Science Div., was one of six Government career women who 

received the Federal Woman’s Award at a banquet sponsored by Woodward and Lothrop, Inc., department store. (Wush. Post, 2/7/66, C2) 

* British Royal Society had been quietly conducting exchange of scientists 

with Chinese Communist Academy of Sciences for last three years, 

Royal Society spokesman told the press in London. About 15 British 

scientists had visited China during three-year period and varying 

numbers of Chinese had visited U.K. for periods ranging from several 

months to two years. At present 25 Chinese were studying wide range 

of scientific subjects at British institutions. (Schmidt, NYT, 3/2/66, 

13) 

”I;.” 
78 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

March 1-3: “Space Maintenance and Extravehicular Activities” meeting 

sponsored by USAF Aero Propulsion Laboratory and Martin Go. was 

held in Orlando. 

Goodyear Aerospace Corp. engineer Charles Brownell, together with 

three USAF space engineers, told the meeting that construction in space 

would cost approximately $100,000 per hour, but added: “These costs 

will be reduced drastically in the next few years.” Brownell said that 

because space labor would be so expensive, efforts were being made to 

automate as much repair work as possible. (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

3/1/66, A4) 

Man must learn how to rescue orbiting astronauts stranded in a 

disabled spacecraft because “it is a problem we all know will one day 

confront us,” Col. Emil 6. Beaudry, vice commander of USAF Air Rescue 

Service, told the conference. He said one expert had concluded there 

was a 62 per cent probability of at least seven emergency situations in 

space involving 22 men in the next 20 yrs., and a 58 per cent probability 

of two or three emergencies within 10 yrs. Beaudry continued: “There 

is no reason today-or certainly in the near future-why an operational rescue spacecraft could not be ready and standing by in the 

event of distress or tragedy during manned flights. 

“For example, a launch vehicle such as the Titan 3 with its great 

weight-lifting capability and mission versatility could easily carry a 

rescue crew, medical facilities, and technicians aloft to assist in any 

way required. . . .” (AP, New Haven Register, 3/7/66) 

NASA engineer David F. Thomas reported on his “jet shoes” to aid 

astronauts during extravehicular activity: “This device may be thought 

of as a pair of shoes with jets attached to the shoe soles in such a manner 

as to produce a thrust vector along the subject’s leg when the jets are 

activated.” Projecting from the front of each shoe would be hinged 

toe-plate which astronaut could depress or release at will to operate 

an electrical switch which controlled gas jets. Thomas said shoes, 

which would be slipped on over space boots, had been tested successfully on counterbalanced harness device at LaRc. (Wash. Eve. Star, 

3/2/66, A18) 

Douglas Aircraft Co. engineers Thorne L. Runyan and John M. Dick 

reported that intensity of sunlight and blackness of shadows would 

Cause astronauts working in space to “confuse spheres with points of 

light, cones with wedges, and pipes with strange shapes that appear and 

disappear.” To counteract these distortions, they recommended a 

bracket of strong lights “looking over the shoulder” of a working 

astronaut to fill in shadows and lessen contrast with sunlight. (Wash. 

Eve. Star, 3/3/66, A5) 

Bell Aerosystems Co. test pilot Robert F. Courter reported that Bell 

had developed a rocket propellant “flying pogo stick” for transporting 

men and equipment on earth or over the surface of the moon. Pogo 

stick would be powered by hydrogen peroxide jets and its two rocket 

nozzles would be controlled directly by pilot’s hand, arm, and shoulder 

movements. (UPI, Miami Her., 3/3/66) 

The space tool kit to be used by Astronaut David R. Scott during 

Gemini VI11 mission was exhibited for the first time. Developed by 

Martin Co. and Black & Decker Tool Co. at a cost of $124,000, kit’s 

power tool used impact instead of torque as its motive principle because 

man in space, with neither friction nor gravity to give him a firm foot- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 79 

ing, would be sent spinning counterclockwise by the action of a handheld tool that rotated clockwise. (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/3/66, Al) 

In a luncheon address, Dr. Eugene B. Konecci, NASC staff, warned 

that U.S.S.R. might soon recapture the lead in manned spaceflight: 

“They don’t lead now in manned spaceflight. They may again in the 

near future, but they don’t now.” Konecci said space experts expected 

Russia to launch a “major manned program in the near future,” 

possibly a manned laboratory. (UPI, Miami Her., 3/3/66) 

March 2: NASA’s PIONEER VI interplanetary probe, launched Dec. 16, 1965, 

passed near earth after 76 days of near-perfect operation in solar orbit. 

Probe was 84,190,800 mi. from the sun, passing 7,775,600 mi. closer 

than earth does, and in earth’s orbital plane on a course which would 

ultimately take it within 75.6 million mi. of the sun. Devised to study 

interplanetary space, PIONEER VI had telemetered 250 million readings 

from its six scientific instruments covering 3,300 separate measurements and taken 2.5 million readings of 100 engineering measurements. 

It had also registered solar wind speed of 1,636,000 mph on Feb. 23, 

close to highest speed previously recorded of 1,675,000 mph by 

EXPLORER XVIII in earth orbit. Preliminary scientific findings would be 

presented to American Geophysical Union meeting in Washington, D.C., 

April 19-22. Pioneer project was managed by ARC. (NASA Release 66-43,) 

Vice President Hubert Humphrey, accompanied by NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb and NASC Executive Secretary Edward C. Welsh, flew 

by helicopter to GSFC for three-hour tour, during which they watched 

GSFC technicians receive first photos from ESSA 11 meteorological satellite. 

Successful operation of ESSA 11 officially created world’s fist fully 

operational weather-forecasting satellite network. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

3/2/66; AP, Balt. Sun, 3/3/66) 

9 NASA successfully launched two companion sounding rockets five minutes 

apart from NASA Wallops Station for simultaneous measurements of 

properties of the neutral atmosphere, ionosphere, and solar radiation 

intensities at 120- to 380-mi. altitudes. Aerobee 150A sounding rocket 

with 180-lb. AFcRL-instrumented payload to measure solar ultraviolet 

radiation and electron temperatures as function of altitude reached 

142-mi. (229-km.) altitude. While Aerobee 150A was still in flight, fourstage solid-propellant Javelin boosted instrumented payload to 380-mi. 

(611-km.) altitude to obtain simultaneous measurements of neutral gas 

densities, temperatures, and composition; ion densities and composition, 

and electron temperatures and densities. Data from both flights were 

telemetered to the ground and would be correlated to study effects of 

solar radiation on ionosphere and upper atmosphere. (Wallops Release 

66-12; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Discovery of two powerful x-ray galaxies which might indicate existence 

of a whole family of celestial objects was reported by Naval Research 

Laboratory physicist Dr. Herbert Friedman at a news conference in 

Washington, D.C. The two galaxies-Cygnus A and M-87-were among 

the strongest of the 10,000 galaxies that emit radio signals and had 

been detected previously only by optical telescopes and by their radio 

emissions. “The startling thing about these extra-galactic sources is 

that their x-ray output is 10 to 100 times greater than their combined 

output of light and radio waves,” Dr. Friedman said, and he suggested 

that an x-ray satellite or a “fence-like array of 1,OOO Geiger counters 

erected on the moon” could identify the sources. The discovery sup- 
80 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

ported theory of an “exploding universe” whose evolution over billions 

of years, and in the future, would be characterized by violent cosmic 

explosions far beyond the relative calm of the Milky Way. Dr. Friedman, E. T. Byram, and T. A. Chubb obtained data from an April 1965 

Aerobee sounding rocket fight. (Clark, NYT, 3/3/66, 2; S’ imons, 

Wush. Post, 3/3/66, A3) 

March 2: In a special message to Congress, President Johnson urged the 

establishment of a Cabinet-level Dept. of Transportation consolidating 

FAA and several other Federal agencies and functions “to serve the 

growing demands of this great Nation, to satisfy the needs of our 

expanding industry and to fulfill the right of our taxpayers to maximum 

efficiency and frugality in Government operations.” The President 

repeated the proposal made in his State of the Union message Jan. 12 

for US. program to construct and flight-test 2,000-mph supersonic 

aircraft. He requested $200 million in FY 1967 to initiate prototype 

phase, including completion of design competition, expanded economic 

and sonic boom studies, and start of prototype construction. U.S. 

planned to conduct first flight tests by 1970, he said, and to introduce 

the aircraft into commercial service by 1974. The President also directed 

his Science Adviser to work with NASA, FAA, Dept. of Commerce, and 

Dept. of Housing and Urban Development to devise an “action program” to attack the problem of aircraft noise--cca growing source of 

annoyance and concern to the thousands of citizens who live near 

many of our large jetports.” (Pres. Doc., 3/7/66, 304-12) 

In statement presented to the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences, Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator 

for Space Science and Applications, summarized significant 1965 

mission results: “The 1965 successful Space Science and Applications 

missions totalled 16. Of these, eight were scientific satellites; three, 

applications satellites ; three, deep-space probes ; and two were vehicle 

developments. Science and applications experiments have also been 

carried on five manned missions. 

“The list of US. space firsts was extended during 1965. Ranger IX 

took the first close-up pictures of the floor of a lunar crater. For the 

first time, as television pictures of the lunar surface were being obtained 

from the Moon, they were sent on a real-time basis to home receivers. 

Mariner IV achieved the first successful mission to Mars. It obtained 

the first close-up pictures of the Martian surface, revealing the cratered 

character of the planet. By October 1, 1965, Mariner IV had extended 

the long-range communication record to 191 million miles; it has since 

been tracked to its maximum distance of 216 million miles. The various 

measurements of the Mars magnetic field, atmosphere, and ionosphere 

constitute significant firsts. Early Bird became the first operational 

commercial communication satellite. The first full global picture of the 

Earth’s cloud cover in a single day as it will be observed by TOS was provided by TIBOS IX early in the year. In the Gemini program excellent 

pictures were obtained of the terrain and the gegenschein, a faint 

reflection of sunlight from materials dispersed throughout interplanetary 

space. It was clearly established that astronauts can perform scientific 

experiments in space, producing excellent usable results. 

“During 1965, 138 sounding rockets were launched to continue the 

investigation of our atmosphere, and to carry out exploratory space 

experiments. In support of the International Quiet Sun Year, the ship 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 81 

USNS Croatan launched some 77 rockets wh 

coast of South America. Over 90 per c 

launches and about 80 per cent of the payloads were successful, yielding 

data on cosmic rays, and the Earth’s atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetic field. A Goddard Space Flight Center sounding rocket observed 

the planet Mars in the ultraviolet, indicating an atmosphere pressure 

of about five millibars at the planet’s surface, which agrees well with 

the Mariner IV data. Other rocket flights made ultraviolet studies of 

the [Ikeya-Seki] Comet of 1965, and of the Sun in ultraviolet and X-ray 

wavelengths.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 341-5) 

March 2: NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition, Gerald M. Truszynski, testified before the Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences: “TO provide effective support of 

flight projects, NASA has established a worldwide network of tracking 

and data acquisition stations. . . . This network, at the present time, 

consists of ground stations which are operational or under construction 

at 28 locations. These stations are located in the United States and 16 

foreign countries and territories. They represent a total capital investment of over $600 million and are operated by more than 2,500 highly 

trained NASA, contractor, and foreign national personnel. . . . “Many of the stations being used for Gemini support will also be 

used for Apollo. Capabilities are being added at these stations while 

other stations are being established. The network for support of Apollo 

missions . . . will consist of 10 fixed land stations with 30-foot antennas, 

three stations with 85-foot antennas, 1 transportable station, 5 instrumentation ships, and 8 instrumentation aircraft. In addition, three 

85-foot antenna stations normally used for deep space missions will be 

used for support of Apollo. . . . “Our efforts are directed toward having the network fully qualified for 

lunar mission support in 1967.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 

383, 387) 0 Dr. Hermann H. Kurzweg, NASA Director of Research, OART, in testimony 

before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology, discussed the 

development at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center of a new automatic 

programmer called AMTRAN (Automatic Mathematical Translator) : ‘‘In 

this system, keyboards and cathode ray oscilloscopes, by which mathematical commands and replies to and from a central digital computer 

may be transmitted and received, can be located near the desk of the 

mathematician, and operated directly by him. Experiments have indicated that this new AMTRAN computer system may reduce the time 

required for solutions of certain problems by a factor of 100. An 

additional economical advantage of AMTBAN is that sets of keyboards 

and display screens, all working through the same central computer, 

may be located in a large number of locations for direct and immediate 

use.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 600-02) 

FCC adopted a Notice of Inquiry inviting comments by interested parties 

to be submitted by Aug. 1, 1966, on five specific questions concerning 

legality, compatibility with the Communications Satellite Act of 1962, 

and economic and technical feasibility of proposed FCC authorization 

of nongovernmental communications satellite facilities. (Text) 

U.S.S.R.’s ZOND III interplanetary probe, launched July 18, 1965, was 

153,520,000 km. (95,397,328 mi.) away from earth in heliocentric 
82 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

orbit gradually receding from the sun, Tass announced. All equipment 

was said to be functioning normally. (Tass, 3/2/66) 

March 2: Harold B. Finger, Director of NASA Nuclear Systems and Space 

Power Div., speaking at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, summarized 

the history and development of electricity in space exploration and predicted it would play an increasingly important role in the future of the 

space program: “It is important to remember that the program of space 

exploration is still young and there is still a vast sea and many space 

objectives to explore and to learn about. The highest power levels used 

in space so far have been only a few kilowatts.. . .” Orbital research 

laboratories, lunar bases, broadcast satellites, and interplanetary 

s acecraft, he said, would require increasing levels of electric power. 

(!iextl 

0 U.S. scientists were questioning whether VENUS 111’s landing on the planet 

had been a mistake, reported Walter Sullivan in the New York Times. 

He noted that the Nov. 28, 1965, issue of Zzvestia had reported the two 

probes would pass on different sides of Venus and that Mstislav Keldysh, 

president of Soviet Academy of Sciences, had told a Moscow press conference Feb. 10 that both probes would ‘‘approachyy the planet about 

March 1, but that no “soft” landing would be attempted. Marvin Miles 

of the Los Angeles Times reported that U.S. scientists, emphasizing the 

difficulty of knowing the exact track of distant planets, said that a small 

trajectory error could have caused a crash-landing even though a flyby 

might have been programed. (Sullivan, NYT, 3/2/66, 22; Wash. Post, 

3/3/66, A21) 

Report of Feb. 15 firing of French ballistic missile 1st stage from Les 

Landes launching site south of Bordeaux, France, published in Air et 

Cosmos and confirmed by French Ministry of Armed Forces, indicated 

base was operational, Washington Post reported. Development of the 

base, intended to bridge the gap between the scheduled 1967 closing 

of Hammaguir Range and the 1968 opening of the French Guiana base, 

had been kept secret and “it had not been realized that the base was 

anywhere near ready for use,” Post suggested. (Wash. Post, 3/3/66, 

A16) 0 Rupert Wildt, professor of astrophysics at Yale Univ., had been named 

to receive the Eddington Gold Medal-highest award of Royal Astronomical Society of England. (NYT, 3/3/66, 58M) 

Home-built photo-receiver set of RCA electronics engineer Wendell 

Anderson in Morristown, N.J., received photos of North Atlantic storm 

taken by ESSA I meteorological satellite-first known usable pictures 

ever received from an orbiting satellite on home-made set. Equipment, 

which included 25-yr.-old ham radio, 20 ft. of copper tubing, television 

antenna, mast, sheet of chicken wire, wooden laundry hangers, sawedoff rolling pin, and $25 microscope, cost $600-$31,000 less than an 

ESSA ground station. Anderson used antenna to pick up signals on ham 

radio, taped signals on recorder, reducing them to series of electrical 

impulses that could be changed into light signals, then beamed light 

through reverse end of a microscope onto spinning sheet of film to 

record photos. (O’Toole, NYT, 3/3/66, 31) 

March 3: Breadboard version of Nerva (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle 

Application) successfully ground-tested for first time at full power1,100 mw, corresponding to 55,000-lb. thrust in space-by NASA and 

AEC at Nuclear Rocket Development Station, Jackass Flats, Nev. Two 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 83 

and one-half hours after initial ignition, engine was restarted and run 

for 15 min. at varying power levels, reaching a maximum at slightly 

less than full power. Nerva engine had operated successfully up to 

partial power-40 mw-Feb. 3. (AEC Release J-54; Atomic Energy Programs, 1966, 186) 

March 3: Seven scientific experiments for the 1967 Mariner mission had 

been selected by Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator 

for Space Science and Applications, on recommendation of NASA’s 

Space Science Steering Committee: (1) ultraviolet photometer, (2) 

S-band occultation, (3) dual-frequency radio occultation, (4) trapped 

radiation detector, (5) helium vapor magnetometer, (6) plasma probe, 

and (7) celestial mechanics. (NASA Release 66-42) 

President Johnson submitted ComSatCorp’s third annual report to 

Congress. In transmittal message he said that many satellite communications facilities would be used by the Government only “to meet its 

unique and vital national security needs which cannot be met by commercial facilities.” He said the capacity of Government facilities “shall 

at all times be limited to that essential to meet such unique needs.” 

Report cited ComSatCorp’s 1965 accomplishments : operation of 

EARLY BIRD I comsat in synchronous orbit above Atlantic; initiation of 

program to furnish communications service for Apollo manned space 

program and to expand commercial service; beginning of construction 

of terminal stations in Washington state and Hawaii; pursuit of 

expanded research and development programs, including program to 

establish global commercial satellite system by launching synchronous 

satellites in 1968; and issuance of requests for proposals to study 

multipurpose satellites. (Text; ComSatCorp Release; Pres. Doc., 

3/7/66, 315) 0 Harold B. Finger, Director, NASA Nuclear Systems and Space Power Div. 

and Manager, AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, discussed 

NASA and AEC programs to provide nuclear energy systems for space 

applications before the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences: “A major new program initiated by the AEC at NASA’s request 

during 1965 is the development of the SNAP-27 isotope-thermoelectric 

generator to power experiments that will be left on the Moon by the 

Apollo astronauts. This Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package 

(ALSEP) is intended to transmit data . . . for at least a year. The SNAP-27 

isotope power supply will provide 50 watts to the experiments and will 

weigh about 40 pounds. It will use a single plutonium loaded fuel 

capsule which will be inserted into the generator on the lunar surface 

by the astronauts.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 541) 

0 Edmond C. Buckley, NASA Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data 

Acquisition, in testimony before the House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology, 

reviewed NASA’s tracking and data acquisition network program: 

“During fiscal year 1965, the network, under the management of 

Goddard Space Flight Center, successfully supported four Gemini 

missions, two of which were manned. So far in fiscal year 1966, three 

manned Gemini missions have been supported, including the highly 

successful Gemini VII/VI rendezvous in December.. . . “During 1965, an average of 32 satellites was supported at any given 

time. This included satellites launched in prior years which were still 

transmitting useful data plus new satellites which were launched during 
84 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

the year. In 1966, the average number of satellites to be supported is 

expected to increase to more than 35 including flight of the Orbiting 

Astronomical Observatory, the Biosatellite, and Applications Technology Satellite. 

“In 1967, the average number of satellites to be supported is estimated to exceed 40 with the spacecraft, collectively, contacting the network stations more than 650 times daily. Contributing to the extensive 

workload in 1967 will be the additional flights of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, Biosatellite, Applications Technology Satellite, and 

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory. . . . “During fiscal year 1965, the [Deep Space] network successfully 

supported the Ranger VII, VIII, and IX missions and the cruise phase 

of the Mariner IV mission. The precise operation of the facilities at 

Goldstone and the control center at Pasadena in support of the Ranger 

missions was essential to the accuracy achieved in impacting on the 

surface of the moon, and to the activation of the cameras and transmission of live television pictures of the moon’s surface. In fiscal year 

1965,85-foot antenna facilities at both Canberra, Australia, and Madrid, 

Spain, became operational and participated in Mariner IV support. . . . “The excellent support provided the Mariner IV mission permitted 

the spacecraft, after a flight of 325 million miles and an elapsed time of 

228 days, to pass Mars with a deviation of only 1,000 miles from the 

projected fly-by distance of 5,000 miles and to take the first close-up 

pictures of the planet. The Deep Space Network continued to support 

the Mariner IV spacecraft after encounter and established a new twoway communications record of 191 million miles between network 

stations and the spacecraft. . . . On January 4, 1966, the Goldstone 

facility received a signal from the Maainer IV spacecraft over a distance 

of 216 million miles.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 608, 727-9) 

March 3: Canine alternates of Soviet space dogs Veterok and Ugolyek orbiting 

earth aboard COSMOS cx appeared on Moscow TV with physiciancosmonaut Dr. Boris Yegorov. Wearing space jackets to which pickups 

and feeding devices were attached, dogs showed no signs of anxiety 

when Yegorov placed them in a cabin similar to COSMOS cx and demonstrated a number of instruments and apparatus used onboard COSMOS 

cx such as pharmacological preparations painlessly introduced into 

dog’s aorta through tube and cuffs with built-in sensors. (Tass, 3/3/66) 0 NASA Aerobee 15OA launched from NASA Wallops Station carried AFCRLinstrumented payload to 136-mi. (219-km.) altitude in experiment to 

measure incident solar radiation. Rocket vehicle coning motion made 

accurate solar pointing and consequent data acquisition possible only 

60 per cent of the time. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Legislation (H.R. 13266) to provide for building prototype of a commercial 

supersonic transport (Sst) without using Federal funds was introduced 

in the House by Rep. Frank T. Bow (R-Ohio). Bow proposed that 

responsibility for development of aircraft be shifted from FAA to a new 

Supersonic Transport Authority empowered to sell public $1.5 billion in 

development bonds. Bonds would not be obligations of the Government, 

but Government would guarantee payment in event of default. Bow said 

his plan would avoid large appropriations of public funds and provide 

sound basis for determining industry’s share of development costs when 

commercial product was realized. (CR, 3/3/66, 4640) 9 US. plan for halting spread of nuclear weapons was unacceptable to 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 85 

U.S.S.R. because it did not bar non-nuclear nations from sharing in an 

international atomic force or ban transfer of atomic arms to army units 

of non-nuclear nations, Soviet negotiator Semyon K. Tsarapkin told 17- 

nation disarmament conference in Geneva. Tsarapkin joined US. 

delegate Adrian S. Fisher in rejection of demand by nonaligned nations 

that nonproliferation treaty contain pledge by nuclear powers to 

liquidate their atomic arms. (AP, Wash. Post, 3/4/66, Al7) 

March 4: NASA had signed supplemental agreement with Boeing Co. converting Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC) contract from fixed-price to incentive-fee. 

Contract, currently valued at $850,114,303, was first Saturn stage contract to be converted to incentive type. (MSFC Release 66-49; NASA 

Release 66-48) 

* Five NAA Rocketdyne 5-2 engines designed to power Saturn V’s S-I1 stage 

successfully underwent second consecutive full-duration test firing 

aboard “battleship” test vehicle at Santa Susana, Calif. Engines were 

fired for 360 sec. and developed 650,000-lbs. thrust-comparable to 

1,000,000-lbs. thrust in flight operation. (NAA Skywriter, 3/11/66, 1) 

Prof. Emilio Segre of Univ. of California, Berkeley, reviewed postwar 

physics in Science: ‘r. . . many illustrious men of science, physicists in 

particular, have made the mistake of thinking that the end of physics 

was in sight. They have consistently been proved wrong by the opening 

up of completely new fields. . . . Space exploration and the study of the 

interior of the earth are new departures. Here we do not yet see any 

new phenomena, but we are penetrating in unexplored regions. It is 

possible that these regions will not yield anything extraordinary, such 

as extraterrestrial life. However, they present phenomena on scales 

impossible to reproduce in the laboratory, and a change in orders of 

magnitude is a well-known source of surprises. Furthermore, we must 

not forget that particle physics originated with the study of cosmic 

rays.” (Science, 3/4/66, 1052-5) 9 US. and other scientifically advanced nations have a solemn and urgent 

duty to help less-developed countries on their way by providing both 

knowledge and materials, wrote Frederick Seitz, president of National 

Academy of Sciences, in Science, but the ‘‘success of this partnership . . . will ultimately depend on the extent to which those in the less-developed 

lands are willing to sacrifice themselves and their way of life to the 

pursuit of technological development. One of Homi Bhabha’s [late 

director of Tata Institute, Bombay] great contributions to India lies in 

the willingness he had to mold old traditions to new patterns of 

development.” (Seitz, Science, 3/4/66) 

Astronauts Elliot M. See, Jr. (Cdr., USNR), and Charles A. Bassett I1 

(Maj., USAF), killed-Feb. 28 when their T-38 jet training plane crashed in 

St. Louis, were buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full military 

honors in two separate ceremonies. Fifteen astronauts attended, 12 of 

whom served as pallbearers. See and Bassett had been selected as prime 

crew for the Gemini IX mission scheduled for spring 1966. (Hoagland, 

Wash. Post, 3/5/66, B1; AP, NYT, 3/5/66, 9) 

FAX would advance from Oct. 15 to Sept. 1, 1966, date for submission of 

final design proposals by two airframe and two engine manufacturers 

participating in supersonic transport (Sst) development program, 

announced B/G J. C. Maxwell, director of FAA Sst Devleopment. FAA 

expected to complete its evaluation of the competing designs by Dec. 31 

as scheduled. Boeing Co. and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. were competing 
86 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

for airframe contract; General Electric Co. and Pratt & Whitney Div. 

of United Aircraft Corp., for engine contract. (FAA Release 66-23) 

March 4: Launch Umbilical Tower No. 3 at KSC was lifted by crawler transporter and moved to Pad A of Launch Complex 39-three miles away 

-for placement on pedestals in checkout of procedures for Saturn V 

launch operations. (KSC Historian) 0 Dr. Norman F. Ness of GSFC Laboratory for Space Sciences described in 

Science the new view of earth’s magnetic field afforded by satellite 

mapping. Among developments in space physics, he pointed out studies 

in planetary magnetism leading to comparison of earth with a “magnetic 

comet” and results obtained by MARINERS 11 and IV indicating the 

unique strength of earth’s magnetic field, compared with those of Venus 

and Mars. He noted the importance of these data and other satellite 

measurements for paleomagnetic research. (Science, 3/4/66, 1041-52) 

0 FCC authorized ITT World Communications, Inc., to provide live television 

coverage of recovery operations for March 15 Gemini VI11 mission. A 

portable station aboard U.S.S. Boxer would use EARLY BIRD I comsat as 

it did for GEMINI VII and VI recoveries. (UPI, NYT, 3/5/66, 13) 

March 5: Agena target vehicle similar to one to be used on March 15 

Gemini VI11 rendezvous and docking mission had apparently passed 

series of test firings necessary to qualify for flight, Charles W. Mathews, 

NASA Gemini program manager, told AP. Data from tests conducted at 

USAF Arnold Engineering Development Center, Tenn., were being 

evaluated. (AP, Balt. Sun, 3/6/66) 

After trip from Seal Beach, Calif., aboard USNS Pt. Barrow, S-11-F facilities 

stage-nonflight version of Saturn V/Apollo launch vehicle’s 2nd 

stage-arrived at KSC for use in testing launch facilities. Stage would 

be mated with two other facilities stages and an Apollo spacecraft 

mockup to form the 365-ft.-tall Saturn V launch vehicle. This would 

mark first time all major components would have been joined in the 

Saturn V configuration. (MSFC Release 66-47) 

Failures of VENUS 11 and 111 space probes were admitted by U.S.S.R. Tass’s 

original announcement had reported that a “softlanding” had been 

planned for VENUS 111, but a corrected announcement which appeared 

two hours later eliminated the word “soft” and failed to confirm that 

the spacecraft had ejected its sterilized capsule. Tass said the descending apparatus had consisted of parachute system and 23.6-in. sphere 

containing instruments to measure Venusian surface temperature and 

pressure, to which “heat-resistant substance had been applied ensuring 

protection from high temperatures when braking in the dense layer of 

the atmosphere.” VENUS 11 had failed to transmit photos or televise the 

planet’s sunlit side as programed because of a breakdown in its communications system: “The last radio communications with stations 

Venus 2 and Venus 3 as they approached the planet were not held for 

reasons that had not been established.” 

Both VENUS 11 and VENUS 111 carried equipment to measure interplanetary magnetic fields, cosmic rays, and streams of low-energy 

charged particles, in addition to special “traps” to determine magnitude 

of solar plasma and micrometeorites; however, slightly different instrumentation was used to obtain cross-reading of the data. Both spacecraft 

were similarly constructed with one section for flight equipment and a 

second for auxiliary equipment. Second section in VENUS 11 carried 

television photographic device for use during flyby. Tass said VENUS 11 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 87 

was to have flown “close to Venus on the side lighted by the sun at a 

distance not exceeding 40,000 km. (25,000 mi.) ; VENUS 111 was to have 

landed on the surface of Venus in the center of the visible disc of the 

planet.” 89 successful radio exchanges had been held with the spacecraft; data had been recorded to “obtain a high accurate forecast of the 

movements of both stations,” Tass said. (Pravda, 3/5/66, USS-T Trans.; 

NYT, 3/6/66, 78; rash. Post, 3/6/66, A14) 

March 5: Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara’s statement to House 

Armed Services Committee that the “Manned Orbiting Laboratory 

development program should proceed on a deliberate and orderly 

schedule” received comment by James J. Haggerty, Jr., in Journal ofthe 

Armed Forces: “ ‘Deliberate’ is an excellent word in this context; according to one definition . . . it means ‘leisurely in movement or 

action. . . .’ In these terms MOL . . . shows promise of becoming one of 

the most deliberate projects of all time. 

‘‘ ‘Orderly’, though, is not such a good word. Last summer DOD approved hardware development and set a manned flight target of 1968, 

then in a matter of months, reneged on the schedule by whacking almost 

a quarter of a billion doIlars out of the planned funding program. 

McNamara made no mention of a new schedule, but other sources indicate that late 1969 is now an optimistic target . . . “The SecDef reported that the MOL funding figure for fiscal 1967 is 

$159 million. This, together with remaining funds from the $150 million 

allocated in the current fiscal year, will provide for ‘design, definition, 

system integration, development of specifications and determination of 

firm cost proposals . . . scheduled for completion during this coming 

spring and summer, after which contract will be awarded for full-scale 

development of hardware.’ . . .” (Haggerty, J/Armed Forces, 3/5/66, 8) 

ver 100 scientists, including US. space officials, would visit Greece to 

observe annular eclipse May 20, during which lunar shadow on earth 

would make 99 per cent of the sun invisible in that area. Joint NASAGreek National Committee for Space Research project would launch 

seven GSFC-instrumented Boosted Arcas rockets from USNS Range 

Recoverer stationed several miles off-shore from Koroni in southern 

Peloponnesos. Experiments would investigate ionization below 56 mi. 

due to eclipse-caused “changes in solar ultraviolet and X-ray flux.’’ 

Data would be coordinated with those obtained by nine Arcas and 

Centaure rockets which European Space Research Organization (ESRO) 

would launch from Euboea, Greek island in Aegean Sea. (NYT, 3/6/66, 

10; NASA Release 66-108; Wallops Release 66-22) * Astronaut James Lovell and nuclear submarine U.S.S. Benjamin Franklin’s 

crew exchanged mementos of a joint experiment conducted during Dec. 

4-18 GEMINI VII mission. Benjamin Franklin, with two seconds to fire a 

Polaris missile so it could be seen by GEMIM VII Astronauts Lovell and 

Borman as they passed over Cape Kennedy, fired perfectly, enabling the 

astronauts to track the missile visually. In a ceremony aboard the submarine docked in Newport News, Va., Lovell was presented gas generator 

plate from the Polaris missile and crew received the NASA patch from 

Lovell’s GEMINI VI1 spacesuit. (m, Wash. Sun. star, 3/6/66) 

March 6: USAF announced it was designing an expandable sidewall folding 

aircraft tire which would deflate after aircraft had taken off, and inflate 

before landing. New tire concept, being developed by B. F. Goodrich CO. 

for AFSC’s Flight Dynamics Laboratory, would give large aircraft better 
88 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

ground flotation capability through increased contact between tire and 

ground, making rough field landings easier, and permitting control of 

tire pressure. (AFSC Release 197.65) 

March 6: USAF awarded Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., $46,000 contract to 

continue studying methods of eliminating six-minute communications 

blackout caused when friction of the atmosphere envelops reentering 

spacecraft in a ball of hot, electrically charged gases. Dr. Ronald Row, 

Sylvania Electronic Systems Applied Research Laboratory, told the New 

York Times in a telephone interview of the development of a device to 

simulate the flow of charged gases around typical spacecraft antenna. 

He said Sylvania was considering shortening pulses of signals so they 

could penetrate gases or covering antennas with plastic or ceramic 

shrouds that would shield them from gases and heat but still permit 

radio signals to penetrate. (Wilford, NYT, 3/7/66, 19) 

During week of March 6: Possibility that residents of communities afflicted 

by jet noise might develop psychotic symptoms because their dreams 

were interrupted at night was suggested by Dr. Julius Buchwald, 

psychiatrist, and Dr. Howard M. Bogard, psychologist, at a hearing held 

by New York State Assembly’s Mental Hygiene Committee. Dr. 

Buchwald said that everybody dreams at least five times a night. If a 

person is awakened and prevented from having his dreams, psychotic 

symptoms from mild to ccmore severe” could occur, including paranoidal 

delusions, psychoses, hallucinations, and suicidal and homicidal impulses. Dr. Bogard said persons prevented from dreaming would “tend 

toward true psychoses.” He urged study of whether residents near airports ‘‘lose out on dream time,” whether such communities become 

“disoriented” by people leaving, and whether family life is disrupted 

because of interruptions of ordinary communications. (Hudson, NYT, 

3/13/66,66) 

March 7: All primary mission objectives of first unmanned Apollo Saturn IB 

mission Feb. 26 were achieved and flight was very satisfactory according 

to initial evaluation of test results, NASA announced. Guidance and 

control systems performed well; both S-IB and S-IVB trajectories 

and velocities were normal and no structural problems were found in 

either stage or instrument unit. Quality of data received at ground 

stations was excellent and few losses occurred in expected 1,300 measurements telemetered. 

All spacecraft systems and subsystems performed as planned with 

two exceptions: (1) one of the main parachute harness legs failed to 

sever after landing, thus retaining chute attached to module; and (2) 

Service Module (Sm) propulsion system exhibited below nominal performance during both firing periods resulting in reentry speed about 

500 mph less than 18,500 mph expected, but sufficient to evaluate 

performance of heatshield for orbital missions. Earth landing system 

functioned properly to safely recover Cm, and unsevered parachute was 

recovered for post-mission examination. Spacecraft would be flown to 

Downey, Calif., for detailed inspection by NASA and NAA Apollo officials 

and tests for improvements. (NASA Proj. Off.; MSFC Release 66-51) 0 NASA Assistant Administrator for Technology Utilization Breene M. Kerr, 

reviewing NASA technology utilization program for 1965 in testimony 

before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee 

on Advanced Research and Technology, stated that the total number of 

NASA Tech Briefs now published was more than 600. He continued: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 89 

“We anticipate publication of approximately 700 Tech Briefs during 

calendar year 1966. . . . we estimate the average Tech Brief is seen by 

more than 10,000 persons. . . . Industry interest in our program is . . . indicated by the fact that approximately 1,500 persons visited our Field 

Center Technology Utilization Offices during calendar 1965. . . . Two 

additional Regional Dissemination Programs have been started in the 

last year, one at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque and the 

other at Southeastern State College in Durant, Okla. One hundred and 

thirty-one companies are now paying annual membership fees at our 

established computer-based centers. . . . Of real significance . . . is the 

fact that approximately 3,000 companies have received some degree of 

service from these centers. . . . We have also recently concluded an 

interagency agreement with the Small Business Administration whereby 

several of that organization’s field offices, under an experimental 

program, will be providing NASA technology to selected small business 

concerns.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 634-9) 

March 7: Series of small balloons was launched ‘from Christchurch, New 

Zealand, in joint U.S.-New Zealand pilot project to examine feasibility 

of Global Horizontal Sounding Technique (Ghost)-plan for using satellite to locate and read out information from large number of balloons 

floating around earth at constant altitudes. Balloons, circling hemisphere 

at 20,000-ft., 40,000-ft., and 80,000-ft. altitudes, would be tracked by six 

stations equipped with high-frequency receivers, stop watches, and sun 

tables. Program would determine whether small superpressure balloons 

could fly for extended periods; test temperature, humidity, pressure, 

and radiation sensors which might be used in operational Ghost system; 

learn whether balloons would cluster in certain areas; and acquire data 

on planetary circulation in Southern Hemisphere at various altitudes. 

Called Southern Hemisphere balloon experiment, project was sponsored 

by ESSA and NSF and had the endorsement of U.N. World Meteorological 

Organization. Data would be analyzed by National Center for Atmospheric Research and Information and shared with all participants and 

interested nations. (ESSA Release 66-17) 

* Sen. Fred R. Harris (D-Okla.), speaking on Senate floor in support of 

Sen. Carl T. Curtis’s (R-Neb.) resolution calling for National Science 

Foundation to set guidelines for wider and more equitable distribution 

of Federal R&D funds, said: “. . . expenditure of this money can and 

should be an investment in the future of each of the several states, 

without regard to geographic location or the accident of history.” 

(CR, 3/7/66,4917) 

March 7-11: Third Annual Space Congress of the Canaveral Council of 

Technical Societies held at Cocoa Beach, Fla., was attended by more 

than 1,000 scientists and engineers. Astronaut-aquanaut M. Scott 

Carpenter was principal opening day speaker. (KSC Historian) 

March 8: NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from WSMR carried 

high angular resolution x-ray collimators to estimated 103-mi. (165-km.) 

altitude in NASA-heriCan Science and Engineering, Inc.-MIT experiment 

to determine size and location of strong x-ray sources in Scorpius. 

Rocket and instrumentation performed successfully [see May 231. 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* Solar electric propulsion of unmanned spacecraft to Mars appeared entirely 

possible by the mid-1970’~~ reported JPL researchers John Stearns and 

Donald W. Ritchie at AIAA meeting in San Diego. Four 55-ft.-long 
90 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

folding rectangular solar-cell panels would furnish power that could be 

harnessed to a set of small ion-chamber engines to propel spacecraft 

with approximate 7,000-lb. payload toward Mars. Trip would take about 

300 days and culminate in orbit around Mars. Report also envisioned 

850-day mission by solar-electric-propelled spacecraft to and beyond 

Jupiter in late 1970’s. (JPL Release; NASA Release 66-53) 

March 8: NASA Langley Research Center awarded General Electric Co. 

$3,000,000 incentive-type contract to build the sixth spacecraft in 

NASA’s Scout-launched reentry heating flight series. The 13-ft. conical 

spacecraft would be launched to measure heating rates associated with 

turbulent air flow close to vehicular surface, which could not be 

simulated with ground equipment. (LBRC Release; NASA Release 66-54) 

ComSatCorp petitioned FCC to deny ITT’S request to construct a fourth 

satellite earth station in Puerto Rico. ComSatCorp said “public interest 

would best be served” if it, rather than ITT, owned the station, and 

revealed plans to seek permission to construct and begin operating the 

facility by mid-1968. (Wash. Sun. Star, 3/1/66, Ell; NYT, 3/12/66,22) 0 Reps. William Green (D-Pa.) and Earle Cabell (D-Tex.) were appointed to 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics, replacing Reps. Bob 

Casey (D-Tex.) and Brock Adams (D-Wash.), who resigned. (NASA LAR 

Lt. Valentina Tereshkova, who made 48-orbit VOSTOK VI spaceflight in 

June 1963, was promoted to major in the Soviet Air Force, reported 

Krasnaya Zvezda. March 8 was U.S.S.R. International Woman’s Day. 

(Reuters, NYT, 3/9/66, 6; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/8/66, A2) 

March 9: Seven US. scientists had consented to serve on joint US.-U.S.S.R. 

Editorial Board provided for in agreement on space biology and medicine 

reached by NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences representatives Oct. 8, 

1965, in New York City: Melvin Calvin, Univ. of California, BerkeleyUS. co-chairman; Loren D. Carlson, Univ. of Kentucky; Dr. Robert W. 

Krauss, Univ. of Maryland; Robert B. Leighton, Cal Tech; Dr. John P. 

Marbarger, Univ. of Illinois; Dr. Orr E. Reynolds, NASA; and Wolf Vishniac, Univ. of Rochester. Agreement provided that Editorial Board, cochaired by a Soviet and a US. scientist, would supervise collection. 

preparation, and publication of materials on space biology and medicine. 

It would select compilers to assemble and prepare materials and authors 

-approximately equal number of Soviet and US.-to write the material. Work was expected to be published in several volumes, in both 

English and Russian, between 1967 and 1968. Cost of work performed 

by each country would be borne by that country. (NASA Release 66-49) 

Successful mock launching of Gemini 8 spacecraft at ETR in preparation 

for March 15 three-day rendezvous and docking mission. Astronauts 

Neil Armstrong and David Scott spent two and one-half hours in 

Gemini capsule during simulated spaceflight. (UPI, NYT, 3/10/66, 10) 

NASA had awarded Lockheed Propulsion Co. $96,000 contract to evaluate 

solid-propellant motor which could stop and restart spacecraft propulsion units on command. Current solid-propellant rocket motors did not 

have this capability. On future space missions concept could be applied 

to midcourse correction, probe separation, and orbit and space-probe 

injection. Lockheed, under contract to JPL, would conduct 18 test firings. 

(NASA Release 66-56) 

USAF had established and would implement in FY 1967 procedures for the 

management of DOD’S secondary payload space activities, Dr. John S. 

VI411 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 91 

Foster, Jr., DOD’S Director of Defense Research and Engineering, told 

closed hearing of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. 

Program would provide for operation of a central business office which 

would accept requests for DOD launch support of space experiments from 

NASA, other armed services, and other DOD nonservice R&D activities. 

Arrangements for secondary payloads on USAF vehicles had previously 

been handled on an informal basis. (M&S Daily, 3/9/66) 

March 9: ComSatCorp proposed to FAA an aeronautics satellite to handle 

complex communications for airlines and aid in FAA’s air traffic control. 

Two-channel, 210-lb. satellite would be launched in late 1967-two or 

three years earlier than previous proposals-into 22,300-mi.-altitude 

synchronous orbit to provide more reliable very-high-frequency radio 

communications over North Atlantic area currently served by highfrequency radio system affected by bad weather and sunspot activity. 

(UPI, Vash. Post, 3/11/66, D6; Cooke, WSJ, 3/10/66, 32; Clark, NYT, 

3/10/66, 19; Wash. Eve. Star, 3/11/66, A8) e USAF launched unidentified satellite from WTR with Thor-Agena D booster. 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 148) e Flight operations through national airspace system in 1965 surpassed all 

previous years, according to annual FAA Air Traffic Activity Report. The 

292 FAA airport traffic control towers reported 37.9 million takeoffs and 

landings during the year-an 11% increase over 1964. Largest increase 

-nearly 34%-was in general aviation (nonairline) flying; airline 

activity increased by only 14%. (FAA Release 66-25) 

March 10: NASA Administrator James E. Webb, testifying on the NASA FY 

1967 budget request before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, said that the gap between the US. and Soviet space programs 

still remained and “this budget will not close it. We are as much as 2 

years behind the Soviet Union in certain important aspects of space 

power. In . . . 1965, they launched 52 Cosmos satellites; successfully 

orbited a 3-man spacecraft; demonstrated a communications satellite 

capability with 2 Molniya spacecraft; and orbited the heaviest payload 

by anyone in the world to date, indicating they have developed a new 

launch vehicle with some 2% to 3 million pounds of thrust. Since the 

beginning of 1966 they have achieved a successful soft landing on the 

moon and they have reached Venus with two probes. 

The Soviet program shows every evidence of a continuing major 

commitment to long-term, large-scale operations in space. . . . The 

massive Soviet commitment to a rapid buildup and a long-term program 

underlines the importance they attached to advancing their space capabilities. It will require a strong and increasing effort initiated no later 

than fiscal year 1968 and vigorously pushed in the years after the United 

States has achieved a manned lunar Ianding to prevent them from forging ahead as the unchallenged leader in space. . . .” (Testimony; NASA 

Auth. Hearings, 5) 

Soviet space dogs Veterok and Ugolyek, approaching the end of their 16th 

day in space aboard COSMOS CX, were in “quite satisfactory condition,” 

Tass reported. “This is indicated by telemetered data such as pulse, 

respiration, electrocardiograms, and others--as well as observation of 

the dogs during television transmission session.” (Tass, 3/10/66; 

Reuters, Chic. Trib., 3/11/66) 

MSFC engineers Michael J. Vaccaro and Haydon Y. Grubbs, Jr., ended 18- 

day stay inside lunar vehicle simulator to test interior chamber design 

?r 
92 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

and investigate human factors of an enclosed cabin environment. During 

experiment they performed assigned tasks inside chamber, went outside 

in spacesuits to simulate going onto lunar surface to gather rock samples, 

and performed emergency tasks when the compartment walls were 

‘‘punctured by meteoroids.” Results of experiment, conducted by 

Honeywell, Inc., might be used in developing hardware needed in future 

exploration of moon. (MSFC Release 66-56) 

March 10: NASA awarded Honeywell, Inc., a $230,000 contract to determine 

alternate approaches and concepts for measuring horizon radiance 

characteristics over earth’s surface-knowledge essential for design of 

space vehicle guidance and control systems. LaRc-directed study, including investigation of factors affecting horizon radiance profiles, analysis 

of measurements and evaluation of possible flight techniques, would 

support Project Scanner rocket flight tests. (LaRC Release; NASA Release 

66-57) 0 USAF Agena D rocket launched from Vandenberg AFB with Atlas booster 

Feb. 15 exploded into at least 40 pieces which fell from orbit during 

seven-day period, UPI reported. There was no indication that the payload 

itself was damaged: “It is no longer in orbit, but it may have been a reconnaissance satellite which was brought down and recovered,” UPI 

explained. Explosive gas in the otherwise empty Agena apparently was 

detonated accidentally after booster had fired. (UPI, Chic. Trib., 3/11/66) 

GEMINI IV Astronaut Edward H. White 11, first American to walk in space, 

told AP that the most important word of advice he had given Astronaut 

David Scott, scheduled for extravehicular activity during the March 15 

Gemini VI11 mission, was: “Don’t get in a hurry. 

“Take things slow and try not to hurry and rush, because you can’t 

do things in a real rapid manner up there. It’s better to go on the slow, 

deliberate approach.” (AP, Chic.Trib., 3/11/66) 

U.S.S.R. would soon launch single spacecraft with six cosmonauts farther 

into space than man had ever ventured, possibly to the inner Van Allen 

radiation belts about 500 mi. (805 km.) above earth, Veda a Techniku 

Mladezi, Czechoslovakian technical journal reported. Last manned spaceflight was that of VOSKHOD 11 with cosmonauts Alexey Leonov and Pave1 

Belyayev on March 18, 1965. (Av. Wk., 3/14/66, 34; Simons, Wash. 

Post, 3/10/66, A4; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/10/66, Al) 

March 11: Dr. Mac C. Adams, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced 

Research and Technology, outlined the highlights of NASA’s 1965 

advanced research and technology program before the House Committee 

on Science and Astronautics, citing significant contributions to such 

national programs as the supersonic transport (Sst) and the USAF C-5A 

transport, and listing major accomplishments: landing studies of reentry 

lifting bodies, second Fire experiment to measure heat transfer at high 

reentry velocities, two successful firings of 260-in. solid-propellant 

rocket motor, series of successful nuclear rocket firings, 2,600-hr. 

endurance test of an ion engine, and endurance tests of the Snap-8 

nuclear engine which “demonstrated altitude specific impulse of over 

750 1b.-sec./lb.-almost twice chemical rocket values-and a thrust of 

over 50,000 pounds. Accumulated running time for the reactor tests was 

over 4200 seconds. . . .” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 169-78) 

0 Quasars are relatively small objects 10 million to 1 billion yrs. old and 30 

million to 300 million light years from earth that have been shot at super 

speeds out of another galaxy by a titanic explosion, astronomer Dr. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 93 

Halton C. Arp, Mt. Palomar Observatory, contended in Science. Alp’s 

theory contradicted prevailing view that quasars could enable man to see 

the ends of time and space and possibly glimpse the secrets of creation 

because they were on the rim of the universe10 or more billion light 

yrs. away-and were almost as old as the universe-8 billion yrs. Astronomers believed that the quasars’ “red shifts” in light-changes toward 

red end of the light spectrum as objects speed away-were caused by 

extremely rapid motion away from our own galaxy. Arp suggested that 

quasars might be very dense and compact, exerting a strong gravitational 

attraction for their size which could shift wavelengths to produce ‘‘red 

shifts.” (Science, 3/11/66; Weil, ZVush. Post, 3/12/66,2; Sullivan, WT, 

3/11/66, 28; Ubell, N.Y. Her. Trib., 3/11/66) 

March 11: NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George 

E. Mueller, testifying on FY 1967 budget authorization before the 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics, stated that NASA had 

reached a manpower peak of 300,000 people in the manned spaceflight 

program: “We have passed our peak in engineering, we are reaching our 

peak in manufacturing, and we are at our peak in total Manned Space 

Flight manpower resources. . . . “A striking anomaly of the space program is that we begin to ‘go out 

of business’ before we fly our first operational vehicle. . . . The program 

to develop the uprated Saturn I launch vehicle illustrates this situation. 

The decline in manpower on this program has been underway for several 

months, but the first flight took place only 2 weeks ago-and the first 

manned flight is almost a year away. By then, the employment level will 

be almost half the peak Ievel of 1965.” 

Reviewing NASA plans for a manned project after Apollo, Dr. Mueller 

cited five major program alternatives under study. The alternatives 

“placed emphasis on (1) direct economic benefits to mankind, (2) lunar 

exploration and science, (3) planetary exploration, (4) maximum effort 

in all program areas, and (5) a program balanced over the whole spectrum of alternatives, which could be shifted as required to meet national 

needs. 

“We have not made a decision upon which of these courses we will 

embark.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 32-3, 148) 0 Performance of Apollo Command Module (Cm), launched Feb. 26 from 

ETB on AS-201 flight, was successful enough to obviate any delay in 

schedule for a 1969 manned lunar expedition, Dr. Joseph Shea, manager 

of MSC Apollo Spacecraft Office, told Gladwin Hill of the New York Times. 

The Cm, on display at North American Aviation, Inc., in Downey, Calif., 

remained structurally intact, and the few minor technical problems that 

had developed during flight were not serious enough to cause any 

engineering problems in the assembly-line production vehicles for subsequent phases of the testing program, Dr. Shea said. “This was the 

first major confirmation of design processes and it went quite well.” 

(Hill, NYT, 3/12/66, 8) o Prince Philip of U.K. toured MSC for three hours, accompanied by department heads explaining the apparatus used in spacefight. With assistance 

of Astronaut James A. McDivitt, the Prince spent 30 minutes in an 

astronaut training craft, twice steering it into simulated orbital rendezvous with an Agena rocket. “It was all a fascinating experience,” 

he said later. “When you are inside, everything seems to be out of 

context.” Dr. Robert Gilruth, MSC Director, presented Philip a British 
94 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

flag which had been carried aboard GEMINI VII during its Dec. 4-18 

space mission with the intention of presenting it to the Prince during 

his tour. (MSC Roundup, 3/18/66, 8; Waldron, NYT, 3/12/66, 8) 

March 11: France’s report for the Register of the U.N. Committee on the 

Peaceful Uses of Outer Space of her successful Nov. 26,1965, launch of 

A-1 scientific satellite from Hammaguir Range, marked first such report 

by nation other than U.S. or U.S.S.R. (Text) 

March 12: Gemini 8 hatch difficulty which threatened to delay March 15 

mission was solved by Astronaut David R. Scott. After KSC technicians 

had discovered that 65- to 70-lbs. pull pressure was required to close 

cabin door because of too-thick sealant around hatch edges, Scott worked 

with hatch-closing mechanism until he was satisfied he would have no 

difficulty closing the door in space. Officials preferred to have required 

pull pressure at 40 to 45 lbs., but mission rules would tolerate 80 lbs. If 

hatch could not be closed properly, astronauts would be unable to repressurize their cabin. 

Mission review board of NASA, USAF, and industry officials reaffirmed 

March 15 launch date after studying all factors of the flight: Titan I1 and 

Atlas-Agena boosters, Gemini 8 spacecraft, control centers at KSC and 

MSC, global tracking network, and recovery forces. (AP, Balt. Sun 

3/13/66) 

Meteorite crater 1,476 ft. in diameter and with an average depth of 100 ft. 

-third largest crater on record-was discovered in the western foothills 

of the Chilean Andes by geological team led by Dr. William A. Cassidy, 

Columbia Univ. Lamont Geological Observatory, and Joaquin Sanchez, 

Instituto de Investigaciones de Geologicas de Chile, NSF announced. 

Crater, which lies in an area 1,000 ft. above sea level accessible only by 

foot, was discovered while team was investigating a depression shown in 

an aerial photograph. Crater’s age had not been determined. (Chic. Trib., 

3/13/66) 

Astronaut Virgil I. Grissom, in Toronto to address the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute, said at a news conference that although 

computers predicted that only one of the first three manned US. 

attempts to land on the moon would be successful, human judgment 

would perhaps prove them wrong. He said computers had predicted 

the loss of two of seven astronauts on the Mercury program but none 

was killed. (AP, Denver Post, 3/13/66) 

Soviet biologist Norair Sissakian, believed to have played key role in 

designing life-support systems for animal and human passengers in 

spacecraft, died suddenly. His official obituary, signed by Communist 

Party leader Leonid Brezhnev, Premier Alexey N. Kosygin, President 

Nikolay Podgorny, former President Anastas I. Mikoyan, and all other 

members of 12-man ruling presidium of Soviet Communist Party, referred to his important contribution to “the formation and development of 

a new science-space biology.” Sissakian would be buried in Moscow’s 

Novodevichye Cemetery March 14. (Tass, 3/13/66; Pravda, 3/14/66,3) 0 Sir Sydney Camm, British aircraft designer who designed the RAF Hurricane 

fighter used in World War 11, the Hunter fighter, the P-1127 Vtol aircraft, and other combat aircraft, died in London. Sir Sydney, honorary 

fellow and member of council of Royal Aeronautical Society, had 

received the Society’s Gold Medal in 1958 and had been selected to 

receive the Guggenheim Medal, highest US. aeronautical award, in the 

spring. (NYT, 3/14/66, 31) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 95 

March 13: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from Churchill 

Research Range was third and last fiight [see Feb. 9 and 161 in series of 

GSFC experiments to measure number and distribution of electrons in 

energy range of 1-300 kev, which produce visual aurora. Although radar 

lost track early in flight and peak altitude was not available, rocket performance was near predicted and series was considered completely 

successful. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* Formation of Science Advisory Committee, composed of astronomers, 

biologists, physicists, and geologists from eight universities, to advise 

NASA on conduct of future space projects was announced by NASA Administrator James E. Webb. Chaired by Dr. Norman F. Ramsey, Harvard 

Univ. physicist, cowittee would work directly with Dr. Homer E. 

Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, but would study future space activities on NASA-wide basis, 

including manned and unmanned flight programs. In particular, it would 

review how best to conduct such programs as Voyager planetary spacecraft, including automated biological laboratory, post-Apollo lunar 

exploration program, and National Space Astronomy Observationsprojects recommended by NAS Space Science Board. (NASA Release 66-55) 

US. would land a man on the moon before 1970 and before the Russians, 

predicted Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., at a news conference held 

with Astronaut Frank Borman in Sydney, Australia. Schirra said US. 

space program had completed three basic requirements for a manned 

lunar landing: 14-day spaceflight, ability to rendezvous in space, and 

controlled reentry into earth’s atmosphere. Astronauts Schirra and 

Borman were visiting Australia on their eight-nation good-will tour of 

Asia. (Reuters, NYT, 3/14/66, 6) 

Gradual and unusually frank disclosures by U.S.S.R. confirming failures 

of VENUS 11 and VENUS 111 missions were discussed by Evert Clark in the 

New York Times. He noted Soviet scientists’ admission that VENUS 111’s 

trajectory would have missed the planet by 37,500 mi.-passing Venus 

when neither object would have been visible in Moscow-had its 

trajectory not been corrected by Dec. 27 radio command, and that VENUS 

111 had failed to eject landing sphere covered with heat-protective 

material to measure temperature and pressure at planet’s surface. 

(Clark, NYT, 3/14/66, 7) 

US. physics was facing severe shortage of funds necessary to sustain 

progress in research and education, concluded NAS Physics Survey 

Committee in its report Physics: Survey and Outlook. Report recommended that physics support by Federal agencies be increased by 1969 

to two and one-half times the 1963 $500-million level for physics and 

astronomy. Assessing US. strength in six subfields, report noted for 

astrophysics “a pressing need for more observational facilities.” Based 

on 1964-65 studies by an 18-member group headed by George E. Pake, 

Provost of Washington Univ., St. Louis, report stated: “Our strength in 

observational astrophysics with optical telescopes has long been established with the 200-in. telescope on Mount Palomar, but we have many 

more bright astrophysicists and astronomers than have access to the two 

US telescopes most suited for frontier research. Our relative strength 

will be altered with the implementation of plans for construction of 

several large telescopes in the Soviet Union. Any nation can, by placing 

a large telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, assume leadership in the 

observational astronomy of stellar evolution and cosmology, because 
96 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

the Magellanic Clouds are the nearest of all external galaxies. The 

United States has taken the initiative in the expensive but highly promising field of space-based optical and x-ray astronomy. 

“In radioastronomy the United States now has an impressive group 

of major radio telescopes, but the US position is not preeminent. Even 

the new instruments nearing completion at the California Institute of 

Technology and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory are inferior 

to existing instruments in Australia and the Soviet Union and to large 

new crosstype arrays nearing completion near Sydney and Moscow. The 

US position in space physics and cosmic radiation is good, with some 

question whether present conditions permit further strengthening of 

that position. Research on gravitation is at present not a large sector 

of research, but the US effort is of very high quality and is being increasingly recognized.” (NAS Release; Science, 3/18/66, 1363-6; Physics 

Today, 4/66, 23-36) 

March 14: Gemini VI11 launch would be delayed at least 24 hrs. because of a 

leak in a unit of the spacecraft’s environmental control system and an 

overflowing fuel tank in the Atlas booster, NASA announced. Launch was 

reset, NASA announced March 15, for March 16. (Wilford, NYT, 

3/15/66, 17; Sehlstedt, Balt. Sun, 3/15/66; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

3/14/66, 1) 

Global television relayed by US. and U.S.S.R. satellites could be used as a 

political instrument, threatening the independence of some countries 

and causing far-reaching changes in world relationships, warned 

Eurospace, organization of 160 European aerospace industries, in a 

memorandum released in London. When ordinary home television sets 

began to receive programs from these satellites “the national independence of developed countries without similar means of expression 

might be threatened by this persuasive new weapon,” memorandum 

said. Eurospace warning, released three days after an announcement 

that U.K. and other European nations had joined US.-dominated 

Intelsat consortium to launch system of world-spanning comsats by 

1968, urged Europe to play its own major role in space “before it is too 

late.” Intelsat’s space communications system would utilize Early 

Bird-type satellites which Eurospace did not consider “powerful enough 

to have noteworthy political or economic repercussions.” (Reuters, 

Wash. Post, 3/15/66, A16) a Two meteorologists from US. National Environmental Satellite Center 

were in Geneva to discuss with their Soviet counterparts a cooperative 

approach on gathering weather information by satellite, including information exchange about meteorological satellite design and operation, 

Aviation Week reported. Full review of US.-U.S.S.R. agreement was 

scheduled for May. (Av. Wk., 3/14/66, 25) 0 US. might achieve a manned lunar landing by 1968, Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper, 

director of Univ. of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, told 

Phoenix Gazette. “There is nothing on the moon’s surface to prevent a 

landing and subsequent take-off. The surface is crunchy but solid. It 

will support the Lem (Lunar Excursion Module), and man can walk on 

it with relatively little trouble,” Kuiper added. (AP, Balt. Sun, 3/15/66) 0 Investigations of seals’ habits might yield valuable information for 

astronauts exploring the moon, particularly with regard to enduring 

extremes of cold and lack of oxygen, Dr. Carleton Ray, New York 

Zoological Society, told the New York Times. Ray, who recently returned 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 97 

from Antarctica expedition sponsored by the Society with NSF aid, said 

that of pertinent interest would be ‘%easons why seals can endure 

tremendous cold, sleep under water without breathing, and use what 

appears to be a remarkable echo-sounding system for navigating in total 

darkness under thick ice to return to isolated breathing holes needed 

sporadically to help them remain submerged in a state somewhat akin 

to semihibernation.” (Devlin, NYT, 3/14/66, 6) 

March 15: US. delegate to the Geneva disarmament conference Adrian 

Fisher urged U.S.S.R. to reconsider President Johnson’s offer of a 

“verified freeze” of the production of missiles and other strategic 

vehicles for launching nuclear bombs as a “logical first step in the control of the growth of inventories of strategic nuclear vehicles.” Soviet 

delegate Semyon K. Tsarapkin had rejected the US. plan March 3. 

(NYT, 3/16/66, 10) 

* Compaiiia Telefdnica Nacionale de Espaiia (CTNE)-the Spanish national 

telephone company under NASA contract-awarded ITT contract to 

establish a ground station terminal complex on Grand Canary Island to 

support communications for US. Apollo mission. Stations, equipped 

with 42-ft. parabolic antenna reflectors, super-cooled low-noise amplifiers, and 10-kw transmitters, would furnish multichannel telephone 

and telegraph service. (ITT Release) 

0 New York Univ. announced completion of New York Univ.-NASA aerospace 

laboratory in Bronx was scheduled for June 1966. One-story, 15,000-sq.- 

ft. facility constructed with $582,000 NASA grant would include wind 

tunnel capable of duplicating speeds of up to 14 times the speed of 

sound for four seconds; models of supersonic transports, spacecraft, 

and other advanced aerospace designs would be tested there. (NYT, 

3/16/66,55) 

a A laser to function as a ground-based device to recharge an orbiting 

satellite’s batteries was suggested by Dr. Charles H. Townes, MIT, and 

Dr. Arthur L. Schawlow, Stanford Univ., co-inventors of the laser, in a 

paper before the Optical Society of America’s meeting in Washington, 

D.C. Report predicted exploitation of the laser would grow into a 

billion-dollar industry by 1970. (Clark, NYT, 3/16/66, 45M) 

* Employment in aerospace industry would increase to 1,266,000 by June 

1966-a gain of 94,000 or eight per cent from September 1965, reported 

Karl 6. Harr, Jr., president of Aerospace Industries Assn. Aircraft employment was expected to show greatest increase, with missile and space 

employment remaining relatively stable. (Aerospace News, 3/15/66) 

March 15-1 6: AAS-NSC Fourth Goddard Memorial Symposium-“Space Age 

in the Fiscal Year 2001”-was held in Washington, D.C. 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Deputy Administrator, delivering 

the first Annual Dr. Robert H. Goddard Lecture, stressed the importance 

of the contributions of men such as Dr. Robert H. Goddard and Dr. 

Hugh L. Dryden to the dramatic development of the space program: 

“The history of NASA reflects much of Dr. Dryden’s understanding of 

how progress can be made and what the conditions are that produce 

effective responses to the challenges being faced. A pivotal concept that 

has guided NASA administration has been that of the relation of the 

research and development project to many rapidly growing disciplines 

of science and technology. A project serves a larger purpose than its own 

defined immediate ends. A project is a disciplined and organized effort 

directed to a specific objective; one of its principal characteristics is 
98 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

that it has a schedule. As such a project provides a creative and driving 

force in the total achievement of science, engineering, and technology . . .” (Text) 

Wesley A. Kuhrt, United Aircraft Research Laboratories, predicted 

interplanetary and translunar tourist travel for FY 2001: “A six-day 

round trip to the moon via 35-passenger, nuclear-powered ‘clipper’ ships 

would cost each adventurer $10,000. For an 18-month trip to Venus, the 

passenger would pay $32,000. Steerage class to Mars, a two-year undertaking, would cost $35,000. But for $70,000 a passenger could ride the 

Mars Express to and from the red planet in 11 months. . . .” All fares 

assumed the Government would underwrite the cost of developing the 

spacecraft, Kuhrt said. Other predictions made at the symposium included teams of superhuman astronauts bred over several generations 

as a result of present studies in genetics and molecular basis of life; 

communications between ordinary persons in their homes and anyone, 

anywhere; versatile robots to perform human tasks; cosmic cargo 

transported at $10 per pound; network of satellites to link everyone in 

the world so they could speak in their native languages via rapid automatic translating computers ; and man-shaped robots sending back threedimensional pictures to human masters hundreds of miles away. 

Harvard astronomer Carl Sagan speculated that the trip from other 

galaxies had already been made and that earth had already been visited 

from space at least once. (Text) 

Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.) told a luncheon audience that “we 

must lay out basic objectives far enough ahead that they will serve as 

relatively fixed goals-or in non-technical terms, as dreams. Such an 

early dream of man was to fly like a bird; later, we gradually translated 

this dream into making it easy for everyone to fly in an aircraft. We 

have these dreams and they affect our progress strongly. . . . ” 

To meet these ends, Karth recommended forming a “Hoover-type” 

Commission to review planning and decision-making system in the area 

of science and technology. In addition he cited the need for “frequent, 

systematic, large-scale surveys and analysis of science and technology from the near-term to the distant frontiers of knowledge. . . .” 

(Text) 

In a prediction of what the ccSpace Age Society” would be like in 2001, 

NASC Executive Secretary Dr. Edward C. Welsh told the symposium: 

“The major development over the coming years will be the speed of 

change. We already have great difficulty maintaining our perspective 

regarding the change which has taken place during the last 8 or 10 years. 

Well, that rate of change is like the tortoise pace compared with what 

is coming in the future. . . . “Some with fertile imaginations foresee the time when there will be 

large scale emigration from earth to growing settlements on the moon 

and the planets. While I see the great growth in the ability to travel to 

such distant spots safely and speedily, I see little likelihood of any 

sizable movement of population even though nuclear reactors would 

furnish much of the competence to make conditions in such places both 

livable and productive. My reason for not predicting such movement 

is due to the simple belief that living conditions are going to be so 

improved here on earth that few would want to leave. . . . As for space travel, we can certainly let our imaginations soar, as we 

are now only in the infancy of growth. The space child has barely 

cc 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 99 

learned to walk. The future with its space travel being almost as common 

as airplane travel is today is yet to come . . . but it will come. interplanetary trips, at speeds many times what we now attain, will take 

place in craft as reusable as the jet plane is today, with at least as many 

passengers aboard. . . . “One more thing I can predict with great confidence. The debate on 

the worthwhileness of space technology and space exploration-still 

continuing on the part of those of little vision-will have disappeared 

completely within a decade or so. The benefits will have become so 

obvious and the potential so exciting that even the most near-sighted 

will be aware of the rich space harvest. . . .” (Text; We& Push. Post, 

3/16/66, AID; BoEmann, N. Y. Her. Trib., 3/16/66) 

Importance of materiaIs science and space vehicle technology was 

discussed by Milton B. Ames, Jr., Director of Space Vehicle Research 

and Technology, NASA Hq. OART. “The structural designer of future 

launch vehicles will face many new and challenging problems. Launch 

vehicles . . . [will be] larger, complex, and more costly. If we are to reuse 

these launch vehicles without having to spend large sums of money 

either to bring them back or to refurbish them after recovery, major 

advances will be required in structural and materials technology.” 

Development of new materials and methods, such as “superinsuIations” 

‘to prevent heat leakage; stronger shielding materials to protect spacecraft from meteoroids and intense radiation; advanced lifting-body 

designs for greater reentry precision; and folding spacecraft parts which 

could be reassembled in space, would play a major role in US. space 

program before the year 2000, he said. (Text) 

Dr. CharIes S. Sheldon 11, NASC staff member, discussed overall 

economic outlook for space age up to FY 2001. Sheldon noted that US. 

space program took about one per cent of gross national product and 

estimated that “Soviet Union is putting about two per cent of their GNP 

into space efforts . . . .The close tie with military rocketry has speeded 

space development in these recent years, but it has also saddled space 

technology with an expendable ammunition philosophy rather than 

aiming at the lower operating costs of a recoverable transport 

philosophy. . . . “Today we probably are headed toward an age of conservation, and 

one of deliberate recycling . . . the task of the remainder of this century 

may include the development of closed ecological systems for longduration space fight, and on a different scale, heroic measures to recycle 

waste water and to reprocess industrial and consumer wastes into reusable products. . . . “If our urbanized society requires closed ecological systems even 

here on Earth, we can, in effect, air condition whole cities.” 

Discussing weather modification and climate control, he said: “. . . whether we bend nature itself, or create new sealed urban units, 

each almost self-sufficient in its ability to control its temperature, clean 

and recycle its air and water, and put all other wastes to productive 

use, some such heroic measures will be needed as this century runs out.” 

March 16: Gemini VI11 rendezvous and docking mission-world‘s first space 

docking-began at ETR with launch of 7,000-1b. Agena Target Vehicle 

(Gatv) by Atlas booster at 1O:OO am. EST, followed 100 min. later by 

launch of GEMINI ‘6111 by two-stage Titan I1 booster with Astronauts Neil 

CTeXt) 
100 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

A. Armstrong, command pilot, and David R. Scott, pilot. Primary objectives of the mission-sixth manned flight in the Gemini series-were 

rendezvous and docking of GEMINI VIII spacecraft with GATV and performance of extravehicular activity (Eva) for one orbit. 

GATV was injected into near-circular orbit with 186-mi. (299.5-km.) 

apogee and 184-mi. (296.3-km.) perigee; GEMIM VIII entered initial orbit 

with 128.8-mi. (206.4-km.) apogee and 74.9-mi. (119.5-km.) perigee. 

Near third apogee, Armstrong fired aft thrusters, circularizing spacecraft’s orbit at 168-mi. (270-km.) altitude. Trailing GATV by 139 mi., 

Armstrong received intermittent lock-on between GEMINI VIII radar and 

GATV’s companion transponder. After sighting GATV at 66-mi. range 

at 04:12 GET, Armstrong fired thrusters and Scott read out computer 

data until 05:15 GET, when they switched from catch-up to rendezvous 

mode. At 150 ft. from GATV, Armstrong reported he had matched 

velocity for brief station-keeping exercise. Conditions at that point were 

so favorable that Armstrong passed under GATV and came up 80 ft. in 

front of it, where he was able to read some data on GATV’s status 

display. 

Successful docking was confirmed at 6:33 GET. Plan had been to remain docked with GATV through 7%-hr. sleep period until beginning 

Eva, but at approximately 7:OO GET Spacecraft-GATV combination began 

to roll and yaw violently. Unable to stabilize joined spacecraft, Armstrong fired GEMINI VIII’S thrusters to undock and maneuvered away 

from the GATV. Once freed, however, GEMINI VIII began to roll even more 

rapidly; roll, pitch, and yaw rates increased, approaching one revolution 

per min. For three minutes, the astronauts fought to control GEMINI VIII; 

finally, with OAMS turned off, Armstrong fired his Reentry Control 

System (RCS) rockets in final attempt to counteract violent roll. This 

maneuver was successful and eight minutes later, at 7:25:30 GET, the 

spacecraft was stabilized. Within a matter of minutes, the problem was 

isolated to the spacecraft’s No. 8 thruster, which had fired intermittently while GEMINI VIII was docked with GATV and stuck open until 

Armstrong managed to turn off OAMS. It was later determined that a 

short circuit was probable cause of thruster’s malfunction. Premature 

use of reentry rockets forced Gemini flight director John D. Hodge to 

order an emergency landing, with recovery planned in the western 

Pacific during seventh revolution. (Safety rules of the Gemini program 

required immediate landing of any spacecraft once its Rcs squibs were 

blown; if the flight were allowed to continue, danger of Rcs fuel depletion would jeopardize firing of RCS rockets, vital to safe return of 

spacecraft and crew.) 

Spacecraft landed 500 mi. west of Okinawa in regular emergency 

recovery area at approximately 10:23 p.m. EST-~O hrs. 42 min. after 

launch. Landing was onIy three miles from intended impact point. 

Within minutes USAF frogmen parachuted from USAF C-54 rescue aircraft and placed flotation collar around capsule. At 1:30 a.m. EST capsule and astronauts were hoisted aboard recovery ship U.S.S. Leonard 

F. Mason. 

Despite early termination, GEMINI VIII mission accomplished one of 

two primary objectives-rendezvous and docking. Original flight plan 

had specified four GEMINI VIII-GATV dockings and two hrs. 15 min. of 

extravehicular activity by Astronaut Scott. Five scientific, four technological, and one medical experiment were to have been conducted. 

Flight had been scheduled to last 44 revolutions-approximately 73 hrs. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 101 

(NASA Proj. Off.; NASA Release 66-52;Wilford, NYT, 3/17/66,1;Waldron, 

NYT, 3/17/66, 20; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/17/66, 1; Simons, Wash. 

Post, 3/17/66, 1; Au. Wh., 3/31/66, 30-32) 

March 16: Astronauts David Scott and Neil Armstrong awaiting recovery in the Pacific 

Ocean after their GEMINI VIII space flight. 

March 16: President Johnson issued statement after GEMINI VIII carrying 

Neil Armstrong and David Scott had splashed down safely following 

difficulties encountered in flight: “They are disappointed that their 
102 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

mission could not continue, but Gemini 8 accomplished the first docking 

in space-a major step on the course we have set. The information they 

have acquired will help us to perfect the spacecrafts that will carry us 

even further. 

“From their skill and strength we all take heart, knowing that the 

personal qualities of the astronauts and their colleagues will ultimately 

prevail in the conquest of space. We are very proud of them.” (Pres. 

Doc., 3/21/66, 400) 

March 16: COSMOS CX, launched Feb. 22 with dogs Veterok and Ugolyek 

aboard, landed safely in U.S.S.R. Tass reported that though “the state of 

the animals after landing is good,” both dogs had suffered heart beat 

irregularities that had become more pronounced toward the end of the 

22-day flight. Respiration rate had changed insignificantly. During 

initial period of weightlessness, some disruption of coordination had 

been revealed in rocking of the head.” One of the dogs had been 

“subjected to all the complex of irritants to indicate the reaction and 

functional ability” of the cardiovascular system; the other was used for 

control and comparison. Electronic sensors had provided continuous 

checks on blood pressure, pulse and respiration rates, and other data. 

Dogs had been fed a paste injected into their stomachs by a pneumatic 

device. Spacecraft had carried 300 thermoluminescent dosimeters to 

measure radiation doses in relation to shielding and ten sets of nuclear 

emulsions to determine the composition of radiation. Scientific information obtained from the flight, which took the animals through the 

Van Allen radiation belts once during each of COSMOS CX’S 330 revolutions, ‘5-equired special processing after which final conclusions about 

the state of the animals and inferences about plans for future studies 

will be drawn.” (Tass, 3/16/66; Av. Wk., 3/28/66, 28) 

President Johnson received 1966 Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy 

Award of the National Space Club at White House for “his efforts in 

shaping the space program from its infancy while a US. senator and as 

chairman of the National Space Council while Vice President and for 

providing the leadership for this nation’s preeminence in space as 

President,” and affirmed: “We intend to land the first man on the surface of the moon and we intend to do this in the decade of the sixties.” 

He also said: “I think if I were writing my own epitaph this morning 

I perhaps would prefer to be remembered, for the period I was Vice 

President, more by this one thing than any other. President Kennedy 

asked me to attempt to organize and give direction to the Space Agency. 

I interviewed about 19 men through the United States and finally 

selected Jim Webb. I prevailed upon him to come and begin this 

undertaking. 

“Within 15 minutes from the time I called the President originally, 

Jim Webb was out here being announced as the new Space Administrator. I have been very proud of that announcement ever since. 

“Your modesty, humbleness, your great executive ability, your great 

courage, your Marine spirit and determination have made us the envy 

of the world, Mr. Webb, and we salute you publicly. 

reDr. Goddard was a great prophet, a true prophet. To some it seems 

almost incredible that a year before Lindbergh had ever flown the 

Atlantic he was dreaming and working to take us up into the stars. Like 

so many prophets, he was long without honor in his own country, but 

he never lost faith because his faith was founded on fact. He could turn 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 103 

aside the rebuffs of the shortsighted; he could laugh at the jokes of 

his detractors. 

“I just wish today that he could be here with us to observe what we 

have just seen. I don’t think he would be the least surprised by the 

progress we have made. I think he would be very proud.” (Pres. Doc., 

3/21/66, 399; SBD, 3/8/66,49; CR, 3/21/66, A1621) 

March 16: The late Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard launched the first liquidfueledrocket from Auburn, Mass., 40yrs. ago. Annually on the anniversary 

of the first flight, Goddard is honored by the National Space Club at a 

memorial banquet in Washington, D.C. In 1962, Vice President Johnson 

predicted that within 25 yrs. there would be a permanent base on the 

moon. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, delivering the 1966 address, 

emphasized that the space budget must be tightly planned: “I feel the 

necessity for cost consciousness. This is the need, to put it another 

way, of getting the most space for the tax dollar. These are times when 

we must exert high discipline in public expenditure and our space 

program cannot be exempt from that discipline.” Humphrey said he 

could foresee “dramatic achievements ahead” in space exploration, 

notably: (1) exploration of the lurain and possible establishment of 

one or more permanent bases there; (2) development of ‘‘a whole family 

of earth-orbiting stations, supplied by regular ferry services”; (3) 

development of “recoverable and reusable launch vehicles” and maneuverable spacecraft; (4) building of spaceports around the country; (5) 

improvement of propulsion methods so that planetary trips could be 

made in a week or less; (6) “launching of unmanned probes to every 

part of the solar system-and perhaps manned planetary expeditions as 

well.” (Text; CRY 5/4/66) 

National Space Club Press Award “in recognition of his exceptional 

photographic documentation of the manned space flight program” went 

to NASA photographer William P. Taub; Astronautics Engineer Award 

was given to Gemini program manager Charles W. Mathews “for his 

contribution to the nation’s manned space flight program as ’ii key 

engineering pioneer to investigate the feasibility of manned space 

flight, culminating in Project Mercury. . . and in the successful Gemini 

program, as well as in the establishment and refinement of the Apollo 

configuration”; Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award for “mak,ing a 

major advance in the state of the art of space systems” was presented 

jointly to MSC, USAF Space Systems Div., McDonnell Aircraft Corp., 

Martin Co., Aerojet-General Corp., General Electric Co., IBM Corp., 

and Westinghouse Electric Corp.; Robert H. Goddard Historical Essay 

Award was made to Airman 2/C Frank H. Winter for “Danish Rocketry 

in the 19th Century”; Robert H. Goddard Scholarship ($1,500 to 

university of recipient’s choice) “in recognition of the need for higher 

scientific education of American youth of exceptional merit” was 

awarded Benjamin N. Early, a senior at Howard Univ., Washington, 

D.C. (Text; Program) 0 NASA turned ESSA 11 (Environmental Survey Satellite) over to ESSA for 

operation in accordance with June 30, 1964, agreement between NASA 

and Dept. of Commerce. NASA had supervised design and construction 

of the satellite, conducted launch operations (Feb. 28), and tracked 

spacecraft after orbit was achieved; Dept. of Commerce had handled 

mangement and funding. (NASA Release 66-62) 

0 Breadboard version of Nerva (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Appli- 
104 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

cation) was tested by NASA and AEC at Nuclear Rocket Development 

Station, Jackass Flats, Nev. Control positioning error in initial ignition 

led to automatic flow shutdown. In 18-min. test following second, 

low-pressure start, reactor reached design power of 1,090 mw and 

exhaust temperature reached 3,630”F maximum. Test was fourth in 

series which began Feb. 3 and marked system’s eighth and ninth start. 

(Atomic Energy Programs, 1966, 186) 

March 16: Smithsonian Institution had photographed reflections of GEMINI 

VIII and GATV from tracking station 20 mi. north of Johannesburg on 

spacecraft’s first orbit. Photographs were described by station manager 

as being “not of the space vehicles themselves, but of the sunshine 

reflected by them. They will appear on the film as dots.” This was 

reportedly first time such photographs had been taken. (AP, NYT, 

3/18/66, 8) 0 Rep. Mark Andrews (R-N.D.) introduced a resolution calling for NSF to 

make recommendations for wider geographic distribution of Federal 

funds for research and development. (CR, 3/16/66, 5755) 

March 17: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXII with scientific instruments aboard 

for continued space research, Tass announced. Orbital parameters : 

apogee, 565 km. (350.9 mi.) ; perigee, 214 km. (132.9 mi.) ; period, 92.1 

min. ; inclination, 72”. All systems were reported to be functioning 

normally. (Tass, 3/17/66) 0 NASA selected Bendix Corp. for negotiation of a $17-million cost-plusincentive-fee contract to manufacture four Apollo Lunar Surface 

Experiments Packages (Alsep) . The 170-lb. packages containing scientific instruments to measure lunar surface characteristics and atmosphere 

would be carried to moon in Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) on initial 

Apollo landing missions and would transmit data back to earth for six 

months to one year after crew’s departure from lunar surface. Contract 

would be managed by MSC. (NASA Release 66-63) 0 Heinz Kaminski, chief of the Bochum Observatory, West Germany, said 

the emergency abort March 16 of the GEMINI VIII mission showed that 

control systems onboard the spacecraft as well as on the ground were 

versatile enough to cope with even the most serious trouble: “The 

Americans now have realistic data on space emergencies and. . .the 

mission has been very successful. The emergency has been a blessing 

in disguise.” (Reuters, Chic. Trib., 3/18/66) 

0 Tass told the Soviet people that GEMINI VIII had achieved history’s first 

docking in space, and added: “But its program was carried out only 

partly. Its main elements-more practice in linking up, a lengthy stay 

by an astronaut outside his ship and the maneuvering of the ship and 

astronaut-remained unsolved.” (UPI, NYT, 3/19/66, 41) 

0 Taped conversations between Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and ground 

controllers disclosing the drama of the emergency but revealing nothing 

of the difficulty that had caused emergency landing March 16 of GEMINI 

VIII were released at MSC press conference. There was no indication of 

panic aboard the spacecraft during motion. In an “almost matter-of-fact 

tone,” Armstrong had reported to MSC: “Well, we consider the problem 

serious. We are toppling end-over-end. . . . We cannot turn anything 

off.” It was announced there would be no public discussion of their 

mission by Armstrong and Scott for at least nine days during which 

they would rest and undergo debriefing at KSC. 

MSC Director Robert R. Gilruth announced that preparations for the 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 105 

May 26 Gemini IX launching would continue ‘‘just as if nothing had 

happened to GEMINI VIII. . . . While we are expending every effort to find 

the cause of the GEMINI VIII occurrence, preparations will move ahead for 

Gemini IX so when the results of this flight become available, we’ll be 

as far along as possible with Gemini IX.” (Waldron, NYT, 3/18/66,20; 

Simons, Wash. Post, 3/18/66; AP, Wash. Post, 3/18/66) 

March 17: Problems that beset eight of the U.S.’s 12 manned space flights 

were listed by AP: July 21, 1961, before any American had achieved 

orbit, Astronaut Virgil I. Grissom had had to swim for his life when the 

hatch blew off the LIBERTY BELL 7 after it had landed at sea; Feb. 20, 

1562, Astronaut John H. Glenn had had to take partial manual control 

of FRIENDSHIP 7 when a small jet thruster failed; May 24,1962, Astronaut 

M. Scott Carpenter was forced to use the horizon when a short circuit 

cut off the device which told him attitude of AURORA 7; May 15-16, 

1963, drinking water leaked into the cabin of FAITH 7, and ground 

stations, fearing the automatic reentry system might have been short 

circuited, directed Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper to fly the spacecraft 

manually in reentry-the first astronaut to do so; June 4-7, 1965, 

Astronauts James A. McDivitt and Edward H. White 11, because of 

malfunctioning computers, controlled GEMINI IV reentry on instructions 

from the ground; Aug. 21-29, 1965, Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and 

Charles Conrad, Jr., flew GEMINI v through 120 revolutions after it 

seemed a fuel pressure problem might force them down after six; Oct. 

25, 1965, Gemini VI mission was canceled when the Agena target 

vehicle exploded before going into orbit; March 16, 1966, Astronauts 

Neil A. Armstrong and David R. Scott brought GEMINI VIII under control 

from a spin that had reached at least one rpm and landed it almost 

exactly in the planned emergency zone. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/17/66) 

New York Times: “The docking maneuver thus successfully pioneered 

is of the utmost importance. It is through combining the loads brought 

into space by individual rockets that the great structures can be built 

that will be necessary for man’s activities in the cosmos in the years 

ahead. Tomorrow’s stations in space will serve as laboratories for 

astronomers and other scientists, as terminals for transshipment of 

passengers and freight between short-range and long-range rockets, 

and unfortunately-if the future resembles the past-also as military 

bases reflecting in the sky the tensions and hostilities of earth. But 

whatever purpose they serve, these islands in space will have been 

made possible by repeated use of the same maneuver that Astronauts 

Armstrong and Scott performed for the first time last night.” 

Washington Post: Ypace feats have become so commonplace and 

have been carried out with such precision that we tend to forget about 

the hazards. The abrupt but fortunately safe return of Gemini 8 is a 

timely reminder that space is still a frontier and that the exploration 

remains at best an inexact science. 

“That Astronauts Armstrong and Scott enierged unharmed from their 

awesome experience with their space capsule out of control is a tribute 

not only to their own cool judgment but also to the extraordinary 

competence of Space Agency officials. Americans listening to reports 

of the emergency must have applauded collectively when the crewmen 

made a successful reentry. They survived a predicament in space which, 

had it been on a highway, would have meant disaster.” 

0 Press commented on the GEMINI VIII mission. 
106 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Washington Evening Star: “In addition to its docking achievement, 

the mission was a success in the sense of demonstrating the care with 

which emergency devices were built into the space ship and the thoroughness of the planning for rescue operations in event of a forced 

landing. It is possible, indeed, that more can be learned from a mission 

that goes wrong than from one which is successful all the way. 

“Incidentally, there is a commentary on our times in the fact that 

while the suspense-filled space story was unfolding, Batman was being 

shown on television. The ABC network interrupted the program with 

special news announcements, and was rewarded with more than 1,000 

phone calls from complaining viewers.” (NYT, 3/17/66, 36M; Wash. 

Post, 3/18/66, A20; Wash. Eve. Star, 3/17/66, A16) 

March 17: Discussing the urgency of NASA’s deciding “what to do in space 

after the first Apollo astronauts return from the moon about 1970,” 

William Hines said in the Washington Evening Star: “. . . it is hard to 

forget a hint, dropped . . . by a leading Russian space official several 

years ago. The Soviet Union, this functionary suggested, might very 

well celebrate the 50th anniversary of its great revolution by having 

cosmonauts plant a flag on the lunar surface. That deadline-if it is a 

deadline-is now less than 20 months away. 

“But suppose the Soviet Union is not racing us to the moon, or for 

that matter suppose that she is. In the present state of planning, the 

US. with the moon in its grasp would be very much like a dog chasing 

an automobile-what does he do with it if he catches it?” (Hines, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 3/17/66) 

USA-USAF-USN X-22A V/Stol airplane, designed and built by Bell Aerosystems Co. under Navy contract, completed 10-min. first flight at 

Niagara Falls (N. Y.) International Airport. The four-engine, dualtandem, ducted-propeller craft made four takeoffs and landings, reaching 

25-ft. maximum allowable altitude. While hovering, Bell test pilots 

Stanley J. Kakol and Paul Miller, Jr., executed a 180” counterclockwise 

turn and reported that X-22A responded to “all control commands.” 

After planned 225-hr. flight test series, Bell would deliver their two 

X-22A research aircraft to a tri-service group at Patuxent Naval Air 

Test Center, Md., for further evaluation. (Bell Releases 3/17/66, 

0 Dr. S. Bhagavantam, scientific adviser to Indian Defense Ministry, 

reported at a news conference that India had developed a “limited 

guided missile.” He said that tests of the missile, which could be fired 

from aircraft, had been completed and arrangements were being made 

to produce it for Indian armed forces. (AP, NYT, 3/19/66, 3) * Eighth anniversary of launching of VANGUARD I, second US. earth satellite. 

(NASA Historian) 

March 18: Astronauts Armstrong and Scott landed safely in Honolulu after 

KC-135 jet aircraft carrying them from Okinawa to KSC lost oil pressure 

in its number two engine about 800 mi. east of Hawaii. Armstrong and 

Scott had earlier received an enthusiastic reception-with brass bandwhen they disembarked at Okinawa from recovery ship U.S.S. Leonard 

F. Mason for flight to Honolulu. (UPI, Wash. Post, 3/19/66, A4; AP, 

NYT, 3/18/66, 21) 

USAF launched two unidentified satellites with Atlas-Agena D booster 

from WTR. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 149) 

Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Director of Office of Science and Technology and 

4/4/66-20) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 107 

science adviser to the President, in memorandum to President Johnson 

said: “In October 1965 I convened an ad hac Jet Aircraft Noise Panel. . . I am pleased to be able to present to you the report of this Panel entitled 

‘Alleviation of Jet Aircraft Noise Near Airports.’ ” Principal recommendations were: (1) initiation of Federally-supported studies of 

expected scope of noise problem through 1975 and of public and rivate 

programs needed to combat the problem; (2) creation of a federal 

task force to analyze the problem; (3) development of valid, broadly 

applicable standards of noise measurement; (4) pursuit of definitive 

technical study to reduce noise levels; (5) establishment of task force 

to investigate methods for Federal participation in program for compatible land utilization near airports; (6) initiation of program to modify 

operating procedures and techniques that would reduce engine noise 

without compromising safety. (Pres. Doc., 3/21/66, 404) 

March 18: First anniversary of the VOSKHOD 11 mission when Soviet Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov became the first man to float in space. 

Interviewed on Radio MOSCOW, Leonov said his space walk had caused 

the spacecraft to begin rotating unexpectedly: “Down on earth we had 

trained for every emergency, but not for this since we had thought 

my weight of 176 pounds would have no effect on a six-ton ship. Yet, 

my weight caused the ship to rotate.” 

Pravda disclosed that VOSKHOD 11, carrying Leonov and Col. Pave1 I. 

Belyayev, had landed outside the target area in a snowbank near the 

city of Perm in the Ural Mountains: “Searchers took more than 24 

hours to reach the cosmonauts and another 24 hours and a 12-mile 

ski trip before the men could be lifted out of.the forest by helicopters.” 

(Tass, 3/18/66; rash. Post, 3/19/66, A4; WI, NYT, 2/21/66) * Catalog identifying and locating every known star in the heavens down 

to the ninth magnitude, providing astronomers with instant reference 

to the entire sky, was published by GPO. Compiled by Smithsonian 

Astrophysical Observatory under NASA grant, 2,7OO-page, four-volume 

catalog unified 50 different sources to provide position, photographic 

and visual magnitude, spectral type, and other essential data for 

250,000 heaveniy bodies. (Sci. Serv., NYT, 5/5/66, 21) 

Speaking in Denver at Colorado Women’s College, Dr. Nancy G. Roman, 

NASA Chief of Astronomy Programs, OSSA, said a primary reason for 

lack of women in space was that few had the scientific training. Even 

NASA’s 300 women professionals were few compared to their number 

in other agencies, she said. Young women interested in a career in 

space science were advised to concentrate first on the basics of their 

preferred area “because the fundamentals of the science used in space 

study are no different from those in more traditional fields. Equally 

important is to learn how to think, to face and solve problems and how 

to fmd the facts we need, not just remember them . . . . Space as a 

career depends on the individual who’s considering it. It is glamorousand it’s also dirty work.” Dr. Roman said she was sure there would be 

women astronauts “if manned space flights continue as we expect 

them to.” (von Ende, Denver Post, 3/19/66) 9 Douglas Aircraft Co. conducted successful acceptance test of fourth 

flight Saturn S-IVB (204) at its Sacramento Test Center. Stage was 

fired for about 455 sec. (Marshall Star, 3/23/66, 7) 

March 19: Statement from MSC on GEMINI VIII mission said that “a short in 

the circuits controlling a spacecraft yaw thrustor has been pinned down 
108 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

as the probable cause of the difficulty which cut short the flight of 

GEMINI VIII.” MSC Director Dr. Robert R. Gilruth said data ruled out any 

possibility of pilot error and that “in fact, the crew demonstrated remarkable piloting skill in overcoming this serious problem and bringing 

the spacecraft to a safe landing.” NASA Associate Director for Manned 

Space Flight Dr. George E. Mueller, who had participated in review of 

data, joined Dr. Gilruth in saluting Astronauts Armstrong and Scott and 

commended the evaluation team for “coming up with the answer” in 

less than 72 hrs. following the incident. “This will give us time to study 

the Gemini 9 configuration and make any adjustments necessary in 

order to press forward with our Gemini flight test program.” 

16-mm. color films taken by an automatic camera mounted on 

Armstrong’s window in the GEMINI VIII were made public by NASA. Films 

showed maneuvers of GEMINI VIII in docking with GATV and gyrations of 

the spacecraft after the malfunction. (Text, NYT, 3/21/66, 19; AP, 

Balt. Sun, 3/21/66) 

March 19: Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and David R. Scott arrived at KSC to 

begin an intensive three-day conference with Gemini project officials to 

attempt to reconstruct events leading to their loss of control of the 

GEMINI VIII spacecraft March 16. Scott told a crowd at the airstrip that 

“the lift off, launching, rendezvous, and docking were really tremendous. 

We were really looking forward to the whole mission.” Armstrong 

agreed, adding: ‘?We had a magnificent flight in the first seven hours. 

It was a magnificent launch-without a doubt one of the best there’s 

ever been.” (AP, NYT, 3/20/66, 82) * Rep. John W. Wydler (R-N.Y.) said in a speech before the American 

Society of Tool & Manufacturing Engineers in Westbury, N.Y.: “Two 

years ago I asked Administrator Webb for NASA’s future space plans 

and was told that none existed. I pointed out then that such plans were 

essential. Last year, we received assurance that the presentations of the 

fiscal year 1967 budget would reveal such plans. But none has been 

issued. Instead, NASA Administrator Webb has told us ‘the future of the 

NASA program lies largely in the decision for fiscal year 1968.’ . . . Our space program began in an atmosphere of perplexity and fear. 

Our adversaries in Russia had chosen a new arena for the struggle of 

international power and prestige. They threatened to achieve impressive 

capabilities which we would be unable to match. But, characteristically, 

the United States rose to the occasion in one of the biggest sustained 

technological efforts ever seen. Today, the U.S.S.R. is denied many of 

the options for surprising space spectaculars which they once had. 

From month to month, one country or the other may seem to be leading 

the so-called space race, but our proven capability shows that we are 

not to be placed at any military or strategic disadvantage. 

Therefore it is time again for public opinion to assert itself. What 

do we want to do with this hard won space capability?” (Text) 

USAF successfully launched Nike-Javelin combination carrying a payload 

of plume measurement instrumentation seconds after launch of its 

target-an Atlas-D ICBM-from Vandenberg AFB. Launch was first in 

High Altitude Background and Signal to Noise (Hitab) program in which 

data on infrared radiation and emission characteristics associated with 

missile exhaust plumes and other exhaust products were telemetered 

back to Vandenberg telemetry station. (UPI, Chic. Trib., 3/20/66, 22; 

UPI, NYT, 3/19/66, 82; UPI, Chic. Trib., 3/25/66) 

cr 

Cf 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 109 

March 20: Tokyo Uniu. Space and Aeronautics Institute announced it had 

launched a two-stage meteorological sounding rocket, last in a series of 

15, from test center in Uchinoura, Kyushu-600 mi. southwest of 

Tokyo. (AP, NYT, 3/21/66, 27) 0 Astronomers at Bochum Observatory, West Germany, reported they had 

sighted a giant new sunspot at the approximate center of the solar disc. 

Visible to the naked eye in early morning or just before sunset, sunspot 

had 88,000-mi. dia. and was expected to affect weather conditions and 

radio communications on earth during the next few days. Sunspot was 

unexpected since 1966 had been designated “year of the quiet sun” and 

scientists had expected only a minimum of solar disturbances. (WI, 

Chic. Trib., 3/21/66) 

Pratt & Whitney Div., United Aircraft Corp., announced that JTF-17A 

engine developed under FAA supersonic transport engine competition 

would be tested at company’s West Palm Beach, Fla., center. Twin-spool 

turbofan engine would develop 50,000-lbs. thrust-more than twice 

amount generated by current commercial engines-by burning fuel in a 

full-length fan exit duct. (P&w; NYT, 3/20/66, 83) 

Benefits from atomic test-ban treaty signed in July 1963 by US. and 

U.S.S.R. were reported. Fallout from strontium 90, which might cause 

bone cancer or leukemia, was decreasing; iodine 131, believed harmful 

to the thyroid gland, had virtually disappeared from the milk supply 

three years ago. (AP, Crowley, Wash. Post, 3/20/66, A6) 0 Proposal by Dr. Herbert Friedman of the Naval Research Lab. that a 

scanning system be mounted in a lunar crater to report to earth the 

precise location of x-ray sources as they appeared over the crater’s rim 

because of the moon’s rotation, was discussed by Walter Sullivan in the 

New York Times. Recent rocket observations [see Mar. 21 had disclosed 

objects, some of them otherwise invisible, that strongly emitted x rayspart of the spectrum which cannot penetrate earth’s atmosphere. “A 

systematic survey of the sky in this wavelength,” Sullivan said, would 

open an entirely new window on the universe.” (Sullivan, NYT, 

3/20/66, 8E) e Commentary in the Washington Sunday Star: “One of the saddest lessons 

of Gemini 8 is that bureaucrats will be bureaucrats. . . . NASA officials 

suppressed for about 18 hours tape recordings of ground-to-orbit conversations under circumstances that strongly suggest their only reason 

for the suppression was to make sure nothing embarrassing was on the 

tapes. 

“For as long as the United States has been active in space, it has cultivated an image of openness in contrast to the Russians’ obsession with 

secrecy. The overnight gag on tape recordings-which turned out to be 

legitimate items of news interest-only served to tarnish this image of 

candor.” (Wash. Sun. Star, 3/’20/66, G1) 

Endorsement of suggestion in Jan. 9 open letter to President Johnson that 

he invite “a Russian cosmonaut to join an American astronaut for a 

space ride in a two-man capsule” was reported by letter’s author, Parade 

editor Jess Gorkin. Newspapers throughout the world had publicized 

the idea and written favorable editorials. Le Figaro (Paris) had given it 

front page coverage. Melbourne (Australia) Herald had said the idea 

had “great merit.” 

Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo): “As long as America and Russia accelerate 

space development separately, there will be much money wasted. Both 

CC 
110 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

countries will probably suspect that the other party is engaged in 

space development for military purposes. . . . If the United States and 

the Soviet Union cooperate and ‘all the families of the earth’ pitch in 

to further space development, war on earth will gradually become 

absurd.” 

New York World Telegram: “What do we have to lose? If we succeed 

and the two men orbit the earth together the psychological effect will 

be tremendous. If Russia turns down the idea, we will be on sounder 

moral grounds.” (Gorkin, Parade, 3/20/66) 

Durin week of March 20: Several hundred sightings of unidentified flying 

Vivian (D-Mich.) said he would ask DOD to make an investigation. 

(WI, NYT, 3/22/66, 19; WI, NYT, 3/23/66, 22; Hines, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 3/23/66, Al; WI, Wash. Post, 3/25/66, AZO; AP, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 3/25/66, Al) 

March 21: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXIII with scientific instruments 

aboard for investigation of outer space, Tass announced. Orbital 

parameters: apogee, 327 km. (203 mi.); perigee, 210 km. (130 mi.); 

period, 89.6 min.; inclination, 65”. All systems were reported to be 

functioning normally. (Tass, 3/21/66) e NASA announced final results of Feb. 23 test firing of 260-in.-dia. solid 

ropellant rocket motor by prime contractor Aerojet-General Corp. in 

bade County, Fla.: maximum chamber pressure was recorded 40 sec. 

into test, with peak thrust level of more than 3.5 million lbs.; motor 

burned 114 sec. near peak thrust before tapering off; total useful 

thrust time was 129.9 sec.-only .1 sec. more than engineering predictions; maximum chamber pressure was 601 Ibs. psi compared with 

predicted 604 lbs. psi. Only difficulty was delayed operation of quenching system which caused charring damage to nozzle expansion cone. 

Program was managed by LRC. (NASA Release 66-61) 

Twelve astronauts were selected for future NASA missions and two others 

assigned earlier were shifted to a different mission. Prime crewmen 

for the Apollo earth-orbital mission scheduled in the first quarter of 1967 

were Virgil I. Grissorn, Edward H. White 11, and Roger B. Chaffee; 

backup crew was James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell L. 

Schweickart, NASA civilian employee. Prime crewmen for the Gemini 

XI mission scheduled in the last quarter of 1966 were command pilot 

Charles Conrad, Jr., and pilot Richard F. Gordon, Jr.; backup crew was 

Neil A. Armstrong, command pilot, and William A. Anders, pilot. 

James A. Lovell, Jr., and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., backup crew for the 

Gemini XI mission, were reassigned as backup crew for Gemini IX, 

Original Gemini IX backups Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene A. Cernan 

became prime crewmen for that mission after the Feb. 28 deaths of 

Astronauts Elliot M. See, Jr., and Charles A. Bassett 11. (NASA Release 

a NASA and DOD signed memorandum of agreement establishing Manned 

Space Flight Experiments Board (MSFEB) to coordinate scientific, 

technological or nonmilitary experiments on DOD and NASA flight 

missions. Board would recommend approval or disapproval, assignment, and relative priority of experiments submitted, after screening, 

by sponsoring NASA or DOD Program Offices. Dr. George E. Mueller, 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, would act as 

chairman; other members would be Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associo % jects (Ufo’s) near Ann Arbor, Mich., were reported. Rep. Weston 

66-67) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 111 

ate Administrator for Space Science and Applications; Dr. Mac C. 

Adams, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and 

Technology; Daniel J. Fink, DOD Deputy Director for Strategic and 

Space Systems; and Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander. 

(Text; NASA NMI 1154.4, 4/27/66) 

March 21: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from Andoeya, 

Norway, carried scientific payload to estimated 133-km. (82.6-mi.) 

altitude. Experiment, conducted by GSFC and Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (NDRE), was designed to obtain measurements at 

high spectral resolution of D-region composition, using a new spectrometer based on ion cyclotron resolution principles. Instrumentation 

functioned properly,. and clamshell nose cone ejected at programed 55 

sec. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

e Secretary of Commerce John T. Connor announced appointment of Dr. 

George S. Benton, Chairman of Dept. of Mechanics at Johns Hopkins 

Univ., as director of ESSA’S Institutes for Environmental Research. 

Dr. Benton, an authority in atmospheric, oceanographic, and hydrological sciences, would assume his new duties in July. (Dept. of Commerce Release 66-60) 

Merger of NASA Apollo Applications program with the USAF Manned 

Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) was urged in a report by the House Committee on Government Operations’ Military Operations Subcommittee: 

“Inasmuch as both programs are still research and development projects 

without definitive operational missions, there is reason to expect that 

with earnest efforts both agencies could get together on a joint program 

incorporating both unique and similar experiments of each agency. . . . Such a merger should be effected within the existing scale of priorities 

which accords to the military experiments greater urgency.” (H.R. No. 

1340, 46) 

President Johnson announced appointment of five new members to fouryear terms on President’s Science Advisory Committee: Dr. Ivan L. 

Bennett, director of dept. of pathology, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Dr. 

Sidney D. Drell, professor of physics, Stanford Univ.; William R. 

Hewlett, president, Hewlett-Packard Co.; Dr. Charles P. Slichter, 

professor of physics, Univ. of Illinois; and Dr. Charles H. Townes, 

provost, MIT. (Pres. Doc., 3/28/66, 421) 0 Rocket Propulsion Research Laboratory at AFSC’s Arnold Engineering 

Development Center was completed. (AEDC) 

e Lockheed-California Co. revealed that F-104 Starfighter had taken off 

from a Zero Length Launch (Zell) platform in 1963 at Edwards AFB, 

using a Rocketdyne booster rocket in combination with aircraft’s 

General Electric 5-79 engine. After 80-min. flight, Lockheed’s pilot 

Ed Brown said of no-runway takeoff: “It was one of the easiest. . . I 

ever made.” The secret tests, conducted under contract to the German 

Air Force, had been made public following Luftwaffe announcement that 

new series of Super Starfighter Zell tests would be carried out at 

Lagerlechfeld Base, near Munich. (Lockheed Release, 3/21/66) e A space rescue service, “preferably under cooperative auspices of the 

United States and the Soviet Union,” was urged in a New York Times 

editorial: ‘‘Its function would be to send space craft, on very short 

notice, to aid a space vessel marooned in orbit and incapable of returning to earth under its own power. In some cases the need might be for 

additional rocket fuel or replacement parts; in others the primary 
112 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

function might be to save lives by taking aboard the crew of a disabled 

capsule. “. . . with relatively little development, tow-trucks of the cosmos 

may be a regular part of the safety arrangements for each new step on 

the road to the moon.” (NYT, 3/21/66, 30M) 

March 21: Reporting on a January Thiokol Chemical Carp.-sponsored Trendex 

poll on public opinion of the U.S. space program, William Coughlin 

wrote in Missiles and Rockets: “Some 77% of those interviewed now favor 

the program as against only 20% opposed to it. This is a dramatic gain 

from 1963, when only 59% were in favor of the lunar landing and 39% 

were opposed. . . . “In the four cities in which the latest poll was conducted-Cincinnati, Syracuse, Pasadena and Des Moines-the public appears to be 

far ahead of the Administration in its assessment of the importance of 

military space. The response was: defense and security, 38%; scientific 

and non-military benefit, 35%; and opportunities for economic growth 

and employment, 18%.” (Coughlin, M&R, 3/21/66, 46) e GEMINI VIII Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and David R. Scott returned to 

their families in Houston after debriefing at KSC. (AP, NYT, 3/22/66, 

March 22: President Johnson requested Congressional approval of amendment adding $200 million to pending request for $80 million in FY 1967 

budget for FAA’s Sst development program. In a letter transmitting 

BOB amendment to Speaker of the House John W. McCormack, President Johnson said funds would be used “to complete the design competition, for expanded economic and sonic boom studies and for the 

start of prototype construction.” Work carried out with these funds 

would “bring us closer to a supersonic transport which is safe for the 

passenger, superior in performance to any comparable aircraft and 

profitable for both the airlines and the manufacturers.” (Text, Pres. 

Doc., 3/28/66, 431) 

Construction of a $3.5-billion radiotelescope of 10,000 steerable dish 

antennas was proposed by Dr. Bernard M. Oliver, outgoing president 

of IEEE, at the Institute’s convention in New York. It could gather 

1,000 times more radio energy than the largest radiotelescopes now in 

use and could detect radio signals emitted in space 200 light yrs. away. 

Dr. Oliver said the telescope should be built by NASA as a ‘(natural 

adjunct to the manned and unmanned exploration of space.” (NYT, 

3/23/66,38) 

AEC announced selection of Martin Co. for an estimated $10-million contract to develop Snap-29-nuclear power source for short-lived earth 

orbital space missions, Generator would be planned to produce 400 

watts of power-nearly ten times the output of any radioisotope space 

power source now being developed by AEC. Weighing about 400 lbs., 

it would be fueled with plutonium 210 and would draw power from 

decay of the radioactive fuel without mechanical generators. (AEC 

Release J-69; Martin Co.) 0 Heat shields on the unmanned Apollo spacecraft that underwent reentry 

test Feb. 26 had developed three “hot spots,” NASA announced. Problem 

would be corrected with improved insulating compound. No delay in 

Apollo program was anticipated. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/23/66, A29) 0 USAF announced Dr. J. Allen Hynek, chairman of Northwestern Univ.’s 

Dearborn Observatory and scientific consultant to USAF’S Project Blue 

18) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 113 

Book, would investigate reported Ufo sightings in the Ann Arbor, 

Mich., area. (UPI, NYT, 2/23/66, 22) 

March 22-25; Air Force Assn. held its 20th annual convention in Dallas, 

Tex. 

USAF Chief of Staff Gen. John P. McConnell told the meeting that 

U.S. and U.S.S.R. had enough long-range nuclear weapons to make a 

nuclear war between them extremely costly for either side, but that a stalemate did not exist between them: “It follows that each country 

has its own nuclear threshold, that is, the point or level of restraint 

above which it may no longer be deterred from war. This threshold is 

by no means static but dynamic, as it is determined by a number of 

factors which are both variable and unpredictable.” McConnell said 

the strategic superiority of USAF during the past 20 yrs. had kept 

the nuclear threshold of all potential aggressors at a safe level. (Text) 

USAF’S first priority-continued maintenance of strategic superiority 

over any potential enemy-required a mixed force of missiles and 

manned bombers, Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Harold Brown told 

the convention. “We will continue to need manned bombers in our 

strategic forces as far ahead as any of us can see, and I think that should 

include at least the entire decade of the 1970s. W. . . There is no doubt about the technical feasibility of advanced 

manned bombers of all sorts of designs. The questions which have to be 

answered. . . are how we propose to use such a weapon system and 

how it fits in to the missions of assured destruction and damage limitation. . . . This issue is under intensive study by the Air Staff. . . .” 

(Text) 

A Citation of Honor-Air Force Assn.’s highest award-was presented to B/G Joseph s. Bleymaier for “outstanding management 

achievements while directing the Air Force’s development program for 

the Titan 111-C space booster,’’ and to SSD’S 655th Aerospace Test Wing 

at Patrick AFB, for “successful missile and space launches, including 

six Gemini launches which placed ten astronauts in orbit and achieved 

the first manned rendezvous in space.” (AFSC Release 48.66) 

March 23: House Science and Astronautics Committee’s Space Science and 

Applications Subcommittee recommended cancellation of NASA’s proposed 1967 Venus mission and proposed that $42 million of otherwise 

programed money be used in the Voyager program to speed exploration of Mars-crashlanding a probe on that planet in 1969. Subcommittee action would go to full Science and Astronautics committee 

in form of report on FY 1967 budget authorization for NASA’s OSSA 

Such reprograming action was new in space effort. Subcommittee 

Chairman Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.) said: “Congress is for the first 

time asserting its prerogatives, using its judgement, setting priorities of 

its own.” (Wash. Eve. Star, 3/23/66, 6) * President Johnson, in World Meteorological Day statement, said: “This 

day symbolizes for us-and for all mankind-a new dawn of hope for 

a better, safer, and more meaningful life. It looks to the time when all 

our science and technology, and all the wonders of the space age, will 

give us the power of which man has always dreamed-not the power 

of one nation over another, but the power of the human race over the 

forces of nature. 

“The instrument of this program is the World Meteorological 

Organization-a specialized agency of the United Nations with a 
114 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

membership of 127 countries. Through the World Meteorological 

Organization, the concept of a World Weather Watch is now taking 

shape. On this occasion, I am proud to say that the United States 

strongly supports international cooperation in this vital field.” (Pres. 

Doe., 3/28/66,439) 

March 23: NASA Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched from Churchill 

Research Range carried instrumented payload to estimated 180-mi. 

(290-km.) altitude. GSFC experiment measured magnetic and electric 

fields and low-energy electrons and protons in a visible aurora. Rocket 

aspect measurement and evaluation of a xenon flashing light for trajectory determination were secondary objectives. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 Lowell T. Wingert, AT&T vice president, wrote a letter to ComSatCorp 

urging discussions on development of a large-capacity communications 

satellite for “long haul domestic communications of all types,” to be 

owned and operated by ComSatCorp with “equitable access to domestic 

common carriers” in return for “bearing their share of ComSatCorp’s 

charges.” He called for ComSatCorp and other interested communications users “to undertake a joint study promptly with the hope of 

placing this newest type of communications facility into early domestic 

use.” (NYT, 3/25/66, 48; AT&T Release) 

First captive flight of M2-F2 lifting body vehicle was made from Edwards 

AFB to check out systems in flight while M2-F2 remained mated to 

B-52 launch aircraft. (NASA Release 66-89) 

March 24: Initial tests of Grst liquid-hydrogen and liquid-oxygen turbopumps for NASA’s 1.5-million-lb.-thrust M-1 rocket engine technology 

program had been successfully completed at LRC. Pumps, driven by 

200,000-hp gas generator, were largest ever built for handling propellants for high-energy rocket engine. (LRC Release 66-10) * A $50-million, l8-mo. flight research program involving AFSC’S supersonic 

XB-70 experimental aircraft was scheduled to begin in spring 1966, 

AFSC announced. Joint USAF-NASA effort would acquire experimental 

data on flight dynamics, flight loads, structures, propulsion and air 

induction, and environmental factors. Overall direction would be by 

AFSC’s Aeronautical Systems Div. (ASD) ; technical direction would be 

by NASA. (AFSC Release 15.66) 0 First of fleet of nine, 135-ft. NASA barges for transport of liquid hydrogen 

and liquid oxygen had been placed in service on inland waterways 

between New Orleans and MSFC’S Mississippi Test Facility, Air Products 

and Chemicals, Inc., announced. Company had designed double-walled 

cryogenic tanks for mounting on modified existing hulls according to 

requirements of NASA, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Coast Guard. 

The three 25O,OOO-gal.-capacity hydrogen barges and six 105,000-gal.- 

capacity oxygen barges could carry “the largest quantities of the two 

liquids ever transported in individual vessel^.^^ Docking facilities in 

test stand area at MTF would permit pumping of liquids directly into 

rocket fuel tanks. (APN Release, 3/24/66) 0 NASA Nike-Cajun meteorological sounding rocket launched from Sonmiani, 

Pakistan, carried 25-grenade payload to estimated 84-mi. (135-km.) 

altitude. 20 grenades successfully ejected and exploded in experiment, 

conducted for British National Space Research Committee and Pakistan 

Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Committee, to obtain wind, 

temperature, and other meteorological data at 31-93-mi. (50-150-km.) 

altitudes. All grenade flashes were photographed by K-24 ballistic 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 115 

camera network; 20th explosion occurred at about 54 mi. (87 km.). 

(NASA fipt. SBL) 

March 24: NASA would negotiate two incentive-fee contracts totaling $315 

million with Boeing Co. and North American Aviation, Inc., for procurement of additional Saturn V 1st (S-IC) stages and F-1 rocket engines: 

Boeing Co. would supply five S-IC stages, costing $165 million; North 

American Aviation, Inc., would handle production, support, and sustaining engineering of 33 F-1 engines for $150 million. (NASA Release 66-69; 

WSJ, 3/25/66, 10) 

GEMINI VIII’S GATV had developed a “pretty serious problem,” MSC Agena 

systems engineer Melvin Brooks revealed. The trouble, apparently in 

a yaw hydraulics system, had developed when mission controllers 

decided to fire the rocket system by remote control to shift the orbit 

from 186-mi. (299.5-km.) apogee and 184-mi. (296.3-km.) perigee to 

circular orbit at 253-mi. (407.33-km.) altitude-leaving it as a rendezvous target for the flight of future Gemini spacecraft. Rocket reached 

330-mi. (531-km.) and then 442-mi. (701.6-km.) altitudes. Brooks called 

these “pretty serious offheadings, serious misalignments.” Eventually, 

the desired orbit of 253 mi. (407.33 km.) was obtained. GATV was expected to drop gradually to orbit of about 184 mi. (296.3 km.). 

GEMINI VIII flight director John D. Hodge said short circuit that had 

locked a yaw thruster on the Gemini instrument module into wide-open 

position, forcing emergency landing of the spacecraft March 16, had 

not been found. (UPI, NYT, 3/25/66; WSJ, 3/25/66, 1) 

March 25: In answer to charge that the “rush of Jodrell Bank Observatory 

to distribute Luna IX pictures and of scientists both in the U.S. and 

U.K. to comment on the pictures can only be considered a breach of 

ethics [see Feb. 4 and 51 ,” Sir Bernard Love11 said in an open letter in 

Science: “We did not ‘rush’ to distribute the Luna IX pictures in 

advance of the Russians. Our pictures came off the facsimile machine 

several hours after the Russians had convened a large press conference 

in Moscow to show the pictures which Luna IX had transmitted the 

previous night. Why they did not do so, or publish them in Izvestia the 

following morning remains a mystery. As for commenting on the 

pictures before the Russians, my only remarks were that the lunik 

seemed to be resting on a hard surface with little evidence of dust, and 

these comments had previously been made by scientists in Moscow. 

Any suggestion that we published a scientific analysis of the results 

before the Russians is absurd.” (Science, 3/25/66, 1477) * Series of power tests for breadboard version of Nerva (Nuclear Engine 

for Rocket Vehicle Application) was completed by NASA and AEC at 

Nuclear Rocket Development Station, Jackass Flats, Nev. Final 16-min. 

test studied duration capability at approximately design power and 

temperature--1,130 mw and 3,715”F. Engine system had been started 10 

times during series [see Feb. 3, 11, March 3, and 161 and had operated 

for 110 min., including 29 min. at nominal full power. (Atomic Energy 

Programs, 1966, 186) 

USAF successfully carried out second launch from Vandenberg AFB in 

High Altitude Background and Signal to Noise (Hitab) program to 

investigate and measure infrared radiation and emission characteristics 

associated with missile exhaust plumes and other exhaust products. 

Nike-Javelin combination carrying payload of plume measurement was 

launched seconds after launch of its target, a Titan I1 ICBM, and data 
116 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966- 

were telemetered back to Vandenberg station. Preliminary reports 

indicated that missile was on target for preselected Pacific target area. 

(WI, NYT, 3/26/66, 27; UPI, Chic. Trib., 3/25/66) 

March 25: USAF launched unidentified satellite from WTR with Scout booster. 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 149) a Low-level penetration flight of 1,201.8 mi.-longest to date-was made 

by a USAF F-111A variable-sweep-wing fighter from Edwards AFB to 

General Dynamics Corp.’~ Fort Worth, Tex., plant. L/Col. R. C. W. 

Blessley, director of F-111 joint test force at Edwards, flew three-hour 

nonstop mission at an even 1,000 ft. above uneven terrain varying 

from 500-ft. to more than 10,000-ft. altitude. (Gen. Dyn. Corp. Release) 

0 Provisional analysis of LUNA IX’S photographs by Gerard P. Kuiper, 

Robert G. Strom, Rudolph S. Le Poole, and Ewen A. Whitaker of the 

Univ. of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory appeared in 

Science. Referring to theories that spacecraft landing on the lurain 

might encounter electrostatic dust problems, the scientists said: 

“There is no evidence that this process is important since the Luna IX 

components visible on the record appear in a very clean condition. 

Also, the camera pictures are clear and sharp and no stray light appears 

above the horizon. Apparently the optics remained clean upon exposure 

a few minutes after landing. The cleanness of the lunar surface may 

also explain the absence of a visible dust cloud from the impacts of 

Rangers VI, VII, VIII, and IX.” (Science, 3/25/66, 1561-63) 0 Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Northwestern Univ. astrophysicist and scientific 

consultant to USAF’S Project Blue Book, discussed at a press conference 

the findings of his investigation of reported Ufo sightings in Hillsdale 

and Dexter, Mich., near Ann Arbor: “The majority of observers . . . reported only lights. They have not described an object. Both sightings 

were in swampy areas-a most unlikely place for a visit from outer 

space. The glow was localized here. It could have been due to the 

release of variable quantities of marsh gas.” Rotting vegetation in 

swamps produces the gas, Dr. Hynek said, “which can be trapped by 

ice and winter conditions. When a spring thaw occurs, the gas may be 

released in some quantity, producing flames which could be yellow, 

red, or blue-green.” In the Hillsdale case, he added, the sighting might 

have been assisted by youths “playing pranks with flares.” Hynek’s 

conclusions were disputed by several of those who had made the 

sightings. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/26/66, A3; Rugaber, NYT, 3/26/66, 

31) a Rep. Gerald R. Ford (R-Mich.) said he would ask the House Armed 

Services and Science and Astronautics Committees to consider “fullblown” investigations of unidentified flying objects. Several hundred 

people in Michigan had reported mysterious lights during the past 

week. Ford said that if swamp gas had caused the lights as investigators 

suggested, “USAF should have no hesitancy in explaining that to a 

committee.” (Clark, NYT, 3/27/66, 61) 0 Detection of low exposure ages in four iron meteorites-from 4 million 

to 50 million years-was reported in Science by Dr. James C. Cobb, 

Brookhaven (N.Y.) National Laboratory geochemist. Radioactivity 

measurements of 18 iron meteorites revqled four with unusually low 

amounts of stable isotope argon-38, compared to normal amounts of 

radioactive product argon-39. Both “are produced by interactions of 

cosmic rays with the meteorite while it is in space.” Dr. Cobb’s calcula- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 117 

tion of exposure age, based on ratio between the two isotopes, “provided definite evidence of an overlap . . . between the chondrites and 

the iron meteorites.” Iron meteorites previously had been thought to 

range in age from 120 to 2,200 million years, except for Braunau 

meteorite estimated at 4.5 million years. (Science, 3/25/66, 1524) 

March 25: Evidence that Soviet scientists and engineers had acquired a determining voice in decision-making was presented to the Midwest Slavic 

Conference by Colgate Univ. professor Albert Parry. He cited a report 

of a plenary session of the MGSCOW Communist Party Central Committee 

in which surprise was expressed that the capital’s 700 scientific establishments, with more than 350,000 scientists, engineers, and technicians, were escaping party control. Prof. Parry said he saw in Siberia’s 

new science city in Novosibirsk the final and irrefutable proof of the 

emergence of the Soviet scientist as a dominating force in society: 

“The experience in Siberia’s science city in collecting and integrating so 

many divergent institutes and laboratories in one place; the role of 

computers in cutting across disciplines . . . all this is sufficient proof 

that Russia’s science and technology cannot be so readily or lastingly 

thwarted by the party hierarchs from free and easy cross-fertilization 

and thus from one more step to independence and political influence.” 

(Handler, NYT, 3/27/66, 10) 0 W. Cameron Roberts, Jr., director of Atlantic Research Corp.’~ Production 

Div., died of a kidney ailment. Roberts, an expert on solid-propelIant 

and meteorological rocketry, had conducted extensive research for 

U.S. upper-air and space programs, and was co-inventor of Arcas-one 

of world’s most widely used meteorological rocket systems. (Wash. 

Post, 3/27/66, B10) 

March 26: GEMINI VIII Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and David R. Scott 

received Exceptional Service Medals from NASA Deputy Administrator 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., in ceremonies at MSC. Armstrong received 

a quality step increase in his Civil Service pay, and Major Scott (USAF), 

promotion to lieutenant colonel by President Johnson. 

At a televised MSC news conference, Armstrong said he and Scott 

developed some “anxiety” but that they never for a moment thought 

they could not return the spacecraft tc earth. Both Scott and MSC 

Director Robert R. Gilruth said that if the trouble had occurred over 

a ground tracking station, mission might have been salvaged. Malfunction would have been localized immediately and the information 

relayed to the astronauts. As it was, they had had no idea what was 

wrong or even whether the trouble was with the GATVIGEMINI VIII or 

the spacecraft alone. (Waldron, NYT, 3/27/66, 64L; Hines, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 3/27/66, Al; Simons, Wash. Post, 3/27/66, Al) 

Secretary of Agricultcre Orville Freeman announced that the Department 

had awarded a contract to NASA for use of remote-sensing equipment in 

large-area surveys. Photographic and other instrumentation carried in 

spacecraft would identify types and conditions of soil; detect plant 

diseases in early stages; determine a crop’s vigor and agents which 

could cause loss of water; indicate whether soils were suitable for 

certain crops; pinpoint moisture and salt content; and detect conditions such as drought and insect infestation. (DA Release 918-66) 

March 27: NASA Nike-Apache meteorological sounding rocket launched 

from Sonmiani, Pakistan, carried 25-grenade payload and dummy 

trimethyl-aluminum (TMA) canister weighing 25 Ibs. to estimated 
118 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

118-mi. (190-km.) altitude. 23 grenade flashes were photographed by 

K-24 ballistic camera network in experiment conducted for British 

National Space Research Committee and Pakistan Space and Upper 

Atmosphere Research Committee to obtain wind, temperature, and 

other meteorological data between 31-93 mi. (50-150 km.). (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

March 27: FAA lost its first customer for supersonic transport (Sst), paid 

Pan American Grace Airways (Panagra) $200,000 refund requested by 

company on Feb. 25. Panagra was one of eight US. and 14 foreign 

customers which had deposited money to reserve delivery positions for 

Sst. (AP, NYT, 3/28/66, 57) 

Possibility that a random or deliberate radio signal caused GATV’S attitude 

control thrusters to fire during GEMINI VIII docking period March 16 

was being studied by electromagnetic interference experts, Richard 

Lewis reported in a Denver Post article. “So far in the space age,” 

Lewis said, “there has been no record of any radio-controlled space 

vehicle being manipulated by any power other than the one that 

launched it.” Other explanations were that a signal sent to GATV to 

turn on its tape recorder might have activated the thrusters, or that a 

docking jar had caused intermittent short circuit. (Lewis, Denver Post, 

3/27/66) 

0 Soviet aircraft designer Col. Alexander Aykovlev said in Krusnaya Zvezda 

article that U.S.S.R. was planning a supersonic passenger and cargo 

aircraft with cruising speed of 1,560-1,900 mph. (Reuters, Chic. Trib., 

3/28/66) 

Light aircraft of polyester plastic had been built and successfully tested 

by Wassmer Aviation (France), AP reported. Called the WA-50, fourseater aircraft had a 150-hp engine, could attain 180 mph, and weighed 

about one metric ton when loaded. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/27/66) 

March 27-30: FCC Chairman E. William Henry warned the broadcasting 

industry that the day might come when direct-broadcasting satellites 

would outmode “overnight” local radio and television stations. Speaking to the National Assn. of Broadcasters in Chicago, Ill., he said 

direct-broadcast satellites were still only tiny cloud on the horizon,” 

and there remained “mountains of unsolved problems. . . . But smaller 

clouds have often traversed higher peaks and released a torrential downpour of new technology and new service on the ground below. The 

resultant floods have swept aside the older order.” (WSJ, 3/30/66, 5) 

ComSatCorp president Joseph V. Charyk told the NAB convention 

that communication by satellites would recast the (‘nature of the world: 

It may profoundly influence the means of distribution to local stations 

throughout this country. It may establish new arrangements and new 

patterns that will have a profound effect on the national television and 

radio picture.” Charyk said this development was likely to result from 

satellite linkage with metropolitan communications centers. Linkage 

would include “color television and stereophonic FM radio, aural and 

visual telephone service, high-speed facsimile data and newspapers, 

library reference, theatre and transportation booking services, access 

to computer facilities, shopping and banking services of all types, and 

centralized charging and billing.” (Text) 

March 28: First fully successful launch and air-snatch recovery of the AirLaunched Air-Recoverable Rocket (Alarr) was made over WSMR. A 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 119 

modified MB-1 Genie carrying instrumented payload for upper atmosphere research, Alarr was launched from F-4C Phantom I1 jet 

fighter at 49,000-ft. altitude. Rocket reached 150,000-ft. altitude and 

180-lb. payload immediately separated. C-130B transport operating from 

Edwards AFB made successful mid-air recovery of payload at 5,000 ft. in 

second pass at target. Test, conducted for Kirtland AFB, was to develop 

new technique for high-altitude space probes : launch aircraft’s speed 

would serve as first stage of a rocket-eliminating need for a launch pad; 

descending payload would be recovered to prevent damage or loss. 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 3/29/66; M&R, 4/4/66, 8) 

March 28: Speech by Rep. Henry S. Reuss (D-Wisc.) on need for research 

and development on socioeconomic problems such as transportation, 

construction, and waste management was inserted in the Congressional 

Record: “We should not allow heavy concentration of research and 

development in the three fields of space, defense, and atomic energy to 

blind us to the potential for research and development in civilian 

technology. . . . “But much of the growth and success of these three . . . ‘giants’ must 

be explained in terms of the remarkable men associated with them. . . . “We think of Admiral Rickover and the nudear submarine. Of Jim 

Webb and the space program. . . . Of the personal sponsorship of 

Presidents Kennedy and Johnson €or our manned landing on the 

moon. . . .” (CR, 3/28/66,6529) 

* Maj. Donald E. Keyhoe (USMC, Ret.), director of the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, demanded at a press conference 

in Washington, D.C., that Congressional inquiry be made into Ufo’s 

and USAF’S handling of investigations of reported sightings. NICAP had 

long charged USAF with suppression of evidence and censorship. 

(Carmach, Wash. Daily News, 3/29/66; Young, N.Y. JIAmer., 3/29/66,1) 

Redeye, USA’s shoulder-fired antiaircraft missile system designed for 

forward-area defense against low-flying aircraft, had successfully 

completed Arctic phase of service testing at Ft. Greely, Alaska.. (Gen. 

Dyn. Corp. Release) 

March 28-30: AIAA-sponsored “Stepping Stones to Mars” meeting was held 

in Baltimore. Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, in a speech read by 

NASC Executive Secretary Edward C. Welsh, called for international 

cooperation in man’s efforts to land on Mars: ‘r. . . it is indeed worth 

considering the possibility of having man’s first voyage to Mars become 

a truly international undertaking. We in this country are eager to share 

the thrills and the benefits of space exploration with other nations. This 

enterprise is of such tremendous, such breath-taking scope that there 

is ample opportunity for many nations to contribute to it, each in its 

own way. There are many imaginative and ingenious scientists and 

engineers in other countries, and we welcome their ideas on how Mars 

may best be reached and explored.’’ (Text) 

Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger, Director of MSFC Research Projects Laboratory, 

told the conference that “all technologies are sufficiently developed to 

make flight [to Mars] in 1986 appear possible.” Five Saturn V launch 

vehicles would carry the components of electrically powered Mars 

spacecraft and of Nerva 11-powered nuclear earth-escape stage into 

300-mi.-altitude earth orbit. After assembly and checkout, nuclear 

stage would accelerate electrically powered spacecraft to escape velocity. 

Flight time to Mars on a direct transfer trajectory would be 145 days; 
120 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

280 days would be required to return to earth. Spacecraft would enter 

high earth orbit outside Van Allen radiation belt and astronauts would 

be brought back to earth by commuter rocket. Dr. Stuhlinger said: “Of 

the key developments still necessary, the electrical power system undoubtedly requires the major technological and funding effort.” Coauthors contributing to the paper presented by Stuhlinger were Joseph 

C. King and Dr. Russell D. Shelton of MSFC Research Projects Laboratory and Gordon R. Woodcock, MSFC Advanced Systems Office. (MSFC 

Release 66-67) 

LRC scientist J. Reece Roth described an electric rocket life-support 

system that would supply interplanetary crews with meals which, when 

metabolized, would serve as fuel for spacecraft’s engine. According to 

Roth’s concept, some or all of the propellant, in the form of food, water, 

and oxygen, would be metabolized by crew to carbon dioxide, water, and 

solid wastes. CO, and water could then be used as propellant for an 

electric engine while solid residues would be small enough to be stored 

or discarded. Propellant reserve could be used for food, navigational 

corrections, and radiation shielding-enhancing safety of the crew. 

Weight savings from integrated propulsion and life-support system 

would be so great, Roth said, that a somewhat less efficient thruster 

could be used with no overall loss in performance. (LRC Release 66-12) 

Human experience most similar to one-to-three year space flight was 

life on submarine, according to Dr. S. B. Sells, Director, Institute of 

Behavioral Research, Texas Christian Univ. Dr. Sells presented results 

of NASA-sponsored study designed to formulate problems of “group 

organization, structure, and interpersonal interaction of crew members 

in the environmental circumstances of a typical space mission .’, Fiftysix social system characteristics of extended space flight-such as 

motivation, status, background, training, and command structure of 

crew, as well as conditions of confinement, isolation, and environmental 

hazards-were compared with those of 11 other social systems. (Text) 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications Edgar M. Cortright said: “Thousands of dedicated people have 

laboriously laid. . . stepping stones to Mars. This nation is ready and able 

to step up the exploration of Mars, Venus, and the rest of the solar 

system. Just when such a program will get a go ahead depends on many 

factors. This coming year will be a crucial one for the decision makers. 

“Of one thing I am absolutely certain: comprehensive exploration of 

the planets is inevitable. Who will be leading this exploration seems 

less certain; but we can if we choose.” (Text) 

March 29: Launch of NASA Atlas-Centaur AC-8 rocket, on mission to perform 

first double-ignition of a hydrogen engine in space, was aborted at ETR 

seconds before liftoff when a power cord failed to disconnect from the 

booster. Failure automatically stopped the Atlas engines from firing 

and countdown was halted at two seconds. No new launch date was set. 

(NASA Proj. Off.; AF’, Balt. Sun, 3/30/66) 0 ComSatCorp, on behalf of Intelsat-the international telecommunications 

satellite consortium-issued requests for proposals (rfp’s) for 210-lb. 

synchronous satellite capable of providing “airplane-to-ground-toairplane” communications with two-way channels. Satellite would 

supplement high-density North Atlantic communications and “permit 

orderly expansion of the aeronautical service on a global basis.” 

(ComSatCorp Release) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 121 

March 29: Wilhelm Forster Observatory (West Germany) reported that on 

127th orbit, Soviet spacecraft COSMOS CXIII returned to earth and softlanded at Baikonur, Kazakhstan. (AP, Wash. Post, 3/30/66, A14) 

* U.S. Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere (COESA) announced plans to publish new volume, U.S. Standard Atmosphere 

Supplements, 1966, which would tabulate and detail properties of earth’s 

atmosphere at all altitudes up to 600 mi.-information necessary to investigate atmosphere’s effect on aerospace vehicle operation and design. 

Sponsored by NASA, ESSA, and USAF Cambridge Research Lab., publication would be based on data gathered through tracking of artificial earth 

satellites and instrumented rockets and satellites. (NASA Release 66-72) 

Proposed crew transfer tunnel connecting a Gemini spacecraft and a Mol 

vehicle was tested at Arnold Engineering Development Center. (AEDC) 

March 30: USAF successfully launched the OVl-IV and OV1-V scientific 

satellites into circular orbits from Vandenberg AFB with Atlas-Agena D 

booster. OV1-IV satellite bore photosynthetic organisms to determine 

effects of zero-g and four types of thermal control coating samples to 

test durability and resistance to heat and radiation. Each of two thermally insulated sample holders on satellite carried two control surfaces 

and four circular samples, slightly less than an inch in diameter. Protected during launch, coatings would be exposed to space environment 

and thermistor measurements of erosion, corrosion, and changes in 

color telemetered during anticipated year in orbit. OV1-V measured 

optical radiation of earth, background, and space. (AFSC, RTD Release 

37.66; M&R, 4/4/66, 8; U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 149) 

Attempt to launch NASA’s Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (Oao) was 

halted by failure of one of the three engines in the Atlas booster to 

reach full 60,000-lbs. thrust upon firing. Launch was rescheduled for 

April 2, later for April 8. (UPI, Phil. Znq., 3/31/66; UPI, NYT, 4/1/66, 15) 

* USAF launched unidentified satellite from WTR with Thor-Agena D booster. 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 149) 0 Addressing the AAS in Hampton, Va., NASA Associate Administrator for 

Space Science and Applications Dr. Homer E. Newel1 said: cf. . . as a 

science, space astronomy simply cannot thrive in separation from 

ground-based astronomy. In fact, the phrase ‘space astronomy’ is a disquieting one. The discipline is astronomy, the objective of which, 

broadly speaking, is to advance our understanding of the universe in 

which we live. The word ‘space’ in space astronomy refers simply to the 

fact that sounding rockets, satellites, and space probes are new tools 

that the astronomer can use in wrestling with the difficult problems of 

astronomical observation. In perspective, the astronomical community 

has before it the task of using these new tools in effective combination 

with ground-based observing so as to best advance the science of 

astronomy.” 

Dr. Nancy G. Roman, NASA Chief of Astronomy Programs, OSSA, said: 

‘‘So far, all space astronomy has been automated. However, as the 

manned space program matures, plans are being made to incorporate the 

flexibility of manned operation to the program to an increasing extent.. . . We recognize that even simple operations by man could 

greatly extend both the lifetime and the versatility of an OAO, and therefore have been looking into the possibilities of using man in such 

maintenance activities. Looking further ahead, we aIso realize that 

eventually astronomers will want larger telescopes in space than are 
122 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

possible with the current series of 0~0%. Therefore we have had a 

study conducted on the possibility of building, mounting, and using a 

telescope of approximately 120 inches in space. The problems are far 

from trivial, but they also do not appear insurmountable, given the 

resources necessary for the job.” (Texts) 

March 30: ComSatCorp asked FCC for authority to build $5-million earth 

station near Moorefield, W.Va., to supplement ComSatCorp-operated 

facility at Andover, Me. Station would be in operation by late 1967, 

handling all types of commercial communications and supporting two 

Atlantic satellites, EARLY BIRD I, and the proposed Apollo system. 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

0 Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Harold Brown, testifying before Senate 

Armed Services Committee and Subcommittee on DOD of Senate 

Appropriations Committee, said USAF was “working on9, increasing 

procurements directly with prime contractors, but with Governmentfurnished equipment. He added: “There comes a point, however, where 

the trouble that the Government buys itself by furnishing equipment is 

more than the money it saves . . .,’ (Testimony; Senate, Military 

Procurement Auth. for FY 1967, 907) 0 Dr. J. Allen Hynek’s report on investigation of Ufo sightings in Michigan 

received commentary in the Christian Science Monitor: “Many saucer 

sightings have been merely glimpses of familiar things seen under unfamiliar circumstances. In this case, Dr. Hynek says it was marsh gas 

fire. But he also has said there is an impressive and constantly growing 

list of well-documented sightings that cannot yet be explained. . . . It is 

time for the scientific community to conduct a thorough and objective 

study of the ‘unexplainables.’ ” (CSM, 3/30/66, Al) 

March 31: U.S.S.R. launched LUNA x unmanned spacecraft toward the moon 

“to test a system insuring the setting up of an artificial moon satellite 

with the aim of exploring near-lunar outer space and also testing systems 

installed aboard for placing the station in a selenocentric or near lunar 

orbit,” Tass announced. Spacecraft was following a trajectory close to 

the calculated one and onboard equipment was functioning normally. 

(Pravda, 4/1/66, 1, USS-T Trans.; Tass, 3/31/66; Loory, Wash. Post, 

4/1/66, A3) 0 Fifth Saturn IB booster (S-IB-5) was successfully captive-fired by Chrysler 

Corp. for 2% min.-longest duration firing-at NASA Marshall Space 

Flight Center. Stage would be shi ped to Michoud Assembly Facility for 

spacecraft, perfecting rendezvous and docking techniques, and training 

astronauts in preparation for manned lunar landing. (MSFC Release 66-69) 

B/G J. C. Maxwell (USAF), FAA deputy administrator for supersonic development, told a Washington meeting of Aerospace Industries Association’s Public Relations Advisory Committee that total cost of delivering 

the first American Sst for airline service may exceed four billion dollars. 

He explained: “The SST program has been, and still remains, a high risk 

program. That fact, combined with the sheer magnitude of the development cost, is why the Government is participating in the program to 

develop an aircraft aimed solely at a civil market.” Adding that the cost 

estimate was ccconsiderably more than the total net worth of the major 

aircraft manufacturers combined,” Maxwell said: “Our philosophy for 

financing the SST program beyond the prototype construction and flight 

test phase is to encourage industry and the financial community to 

post-static-test checks and woul g be used in checking out the Apollo 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 123 

assume as much responsibility and risk as practicable. We eagerly look 

foward to the day when we can turn the whole program over to private 

enterprise. Conceivably, this could occur when the prototype has flown 

and proven out the design. If all goes well-and the work performed by 

the airframe and engine manufacturers during the past nine months 

gives us cause for optimism-the SST prototype will take to the air in 

Iate 1969 or early in 1970 to begin an intensive period of testing. At 

about this time, production development will get underway with the 

first production model rolling off the line early in 1973 followed by type 

certification and entry into commercial service by 1974.” Although the 

British-French Concorde was expected to be in airline service by 1971, 

Maxwell said this three-year timelag would be offset by the U.S. Sst’s 

advantages: (1) cruising speed of mach 2.7, compared with Concorde’s 

2.2; (2) 250-passenger capacity, compared with Concorde’s anticipated 

140 passengers; and (3) growth potential of titanium construction contrasted with volume-limited aluminum of Concorde. (Text) 

March 31: Pratt & Whitney Div.’s entry in Sst engine competition-the 

JTF-l7A-was operated for the first time at P&w’s Florida Research 

and Development Center, W. Palm Beach, Fla. Twin-spool turbofan 

“was started and operated for the programmed time.” (P&W Release, 

* FAA had submitted to aircraft manufacturers a new supersonic transport 

(Sst) financing plan, reported William Chapman in the Washington Post. 

Manufacturers, who claimed they could not afford to pay 25% of expected $1-billion cost of next building stage, would be able to contribute 

a lighter share of development costs than they had been paying under 

the 7525% cost-sharing plan arranged by President Kennedy. (Chapman, Wash. Post, 3/31/66, H8) 

Australia’s Minister of Supply Denham Henty announced that U.S., U.K., 

and Australia would cooperate in experiments with U.S. Redstone 

rockets at Woomera Range to study effects of rocket reentry into the 

atmosphere. (Reuters, Wush. Post, 4/1/66, A20; Reuters, NYT, 

4/1/66,24) J Japanese Transportation Ministry announced a seven-year program to 

establish system of navigation satellites to be launched in 1972. A new 

ministry, the Satellite Navigation Research Office, would begin to 

develop electronic equipment, ground stations, and control systems as 

soon as the government’s budget for FY 1966 was approved by the 

current session of the Diet. R&D program would be carried out entirely 

by Japanese scientists. (NYT, 4/1/66, 59M) 

* Growing “impatience, mistrust, and hostility of news media and congressmen toward NASA” was reported by William Hines in the Washington Evening Star: “Newsmen have long contended that the initials NASA 

stand for ‘Never A Straight Answer,’ and on at least one occasion a 

high-ranking official was publicly called to account by a reporter for 

consistent telling of inconsistent stories. . . . If the situation continues 

unaltered, the space administration may soon replace the State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency at the bottom of the capital’s 

credibility list.” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/31/66, A14) 0 NAS President Frederick Seitz told Charter Assembly of the Aerospace 

Science and Technology Branch of the Research Society of America, 

BoUing AFB, he believed the scientific community would pursue the 

interests of science far more effectively if it recognized its unique 

4/1/66) 
124 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

opportunity to make the space program scientifically valuable by lending 

support to those components “which do have a significant bearing on 

scientific knowledge.” He believed the knowledge we could gain of the 

solar system through the space program represented “a major contribution to our heritage of knowledge, fully as important as the knowledge 

of the earth we have gained in the last 500 years through the exploration 

which began with Henry the Navigator’s systematic explorations of the 

coast of Africa.” (Seitz, Science, 6/24/66) 

March 31: Col. Donald Boyer Phillips (USA, Ret.), military aviation pioneer, 

died of pneumonia at age 74 in Alexandria, Va. Colonel Phillips, native 

of Washington, D.C., had designed, built, and flown his first glider in 

1905. When he retired in 1947, he had flown in nearly 90 types of planes. 

(Wash. Post, 4/4/66, B2) 

During March: Study of Vertically Incident Cosmic-Ray Trajectories Using 

Sixth Degree Simulations of the Geomagnetic Field-consisting largely of 

computer-generated tables of cosmic-ray trajectories at more than 130 

locations around the world-was issued by AFCRL. Since cosmic ray 

trajectories are directly influenced by the configuration of the magnetic 

field, which varies diurnally, seasonally, and with solar-cycle variations, 

it was possible to derive information on the changing magnetic field by 

observing cosmic-ray events. Also, because calculations of cosmic-ray 

rigidities are equally valid for solar protons, calculation techniques 

developed under this study could be used to evaluate the trajectories o€ 

these solar particles as well. (OAR Res. Rev., 3/66) 0 Thirtieth anniversary of Jet Propulsion Laboratory of Cal Tech. In March 

19% Dr. Theodore von Khrmln approved initiation of rocket propulsion 

studies by Frank J. Malina with the assistance of John W. Parsons and 

Edward S. Forman at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory. (NASA 

Historian) 

Seven French-built Centaure rockets carrying experiments for study of 

polar auroras were successfully launched in February and March by 

ESRO from base at Andoeya, Norway. (M&R, 4/11/66, 7) 
April 1966 

April 1: Vice President Hubert Humphrey, speaking to a group of Li$e 

magazine executives visiting KSC, remarked: “. . . the space program 

has added greater meaning to our lives. I have talked to a great many 

Americans recently about the benefits of the space program, and I have 

found that my fellow Americans get a thrill and a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction out of this great undertaking of our nation. 

“Our young people have a new frontier to explore. And this comes at a time when we thought all the frontiers were gone. They have new 

and exciting places to go out in the universe, new ideas to bring home 

and enrich their lives, new challenges to hone their character. 

“Yesterday our horizon was limited by the globe of earth, and today, 

as a result of this new frontier, our horizons are as limitless as the 

universe itself.” (Text) e NASA announced transfer of project management of the RL-10-first hydrogen-fueled rocket engine-from MSFC to LRC and of Headquarters program authority from NASA OMSF to OSSA. RL-10, which had powered 

Saturn 1’s 2nd stage (S-IV) in six successful flights prior to conclusion 

of MSFC’S Saturn I program July 30, 1965, also powered Centaur upper 

stage launch vehicle, managed by LRC. (NASA Release 66-74) 

Soviet Defense Minister Rodion Y. Malinovsky told Communist Party 

Congress meeting in Moscow that Soviet “anti-aircraft defense means 

assure the reliable destruction of any aircraft and many enemy rockets . . . calmly and confidently we are guarding the peaceful toil of our 

people especially now that the construction of our blue belt defense has 

been completed. . . .” US. military experts believed the “blue belt” 

defense referred to by Malinovsky was the Soviet nuclear submarine 

force. (Gwertzman, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/7/66, A3) 

* Astronomers in six European countries-Denmark, Sweden, France, the 

Netherlands, Belgium, and West Germany-had agreed to share the 

expense of constructing $7-million observatory on Lasilla, a mountain 

peak several hundred miles north of Santiago, Chile. (Reuters, NYT, 

4/2/66, 27; Reuters, Wash. Post, 4/2/66, A16) 0 Launch of U.S.S.R,’s LUNA x spacecraft indicated Soviet goals and techniques for reaching moon were similar to those of US., according to 

William Hines in Washington Evening Star, and raised question 

whether U.S.S.R. would attempt manned lunar landing in November 

1967 to mark 50th anniversary of Bolshevik revolution. Lack of evidence 

that Russians had developed a large booster comparable to US’S 

Saturn V suggested they would use earth orbit rendezvous method to 

reach moon, Hines said. (Wash. Eve. Star, 4/1/66, Al) 

* ComSatCorp’s third annual report revealed that EARLY BIRD I, operating 

since June 28, 1965, as the first commercial communications satellite, 

125 
126 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

had earned $2,138,577 as of Dec. 31,1965. Report omitted any corporzte 

earnings statement, explaining that “with Cornsat’s singular structureand its newness-we are not yet able to present the corporate financial 

statements in a conventional mode.” With FCC approval, “the Corporation has adopted the accounting practice of deferring all revenues and 

expenditures until the commencement of full operations.” Financial 

statement showed, however, that $9,677,000 had been spent for “the 

construction of the Early Bird satellites, the cost of the launch in 

April [6,] 1965 and expenditures for satellite system equipment.” By 

the end of 1965, 75 of EARLY BIRD 1’s 240 two-way voice channels had 

been leased-64 by AT&T, nine by Candian Overseas Telecommunication 

Corp., and one each by ITT and RCA. Corporation also earned $8,083,745 

in income from temporary investments, compared with $4,312,714 in 

1964. Report noted that membership of International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (Intelsat) had grown from 20 to 48 countries 

during 1965, and cited plans to launch two improved satellites in late 

summer of 1966 “to provide communications support” for NASA’s 

Apollo program. (Text) 

During week of April 1: Pulsed laser beam communications system which 

could penetrate cloud of plasma or charged gases surrounding spacecraft during reentry and avoid communications blackout was patented 

by General Electric Co. engineers Dr. Kiyo Timiyasu and James R. 

Whitten. Principal use of invention would be in line-of-sight communications between earth stations and spacecraft, but two land stations not 

in line of sight also could exchange information by using cloud reflections. (Jones, NYT, 4/2/66, 32) 

April 2: 124,000-mi.-long cluster of sunspots which could affect weather 

and radio and television signals was detected by West Germany’s 

Bochum Observatory. (AP, Wush. Post, 4/3/66, B7) 

Gatv test program-Project “Sure-Fire”-was completed at Arnold 

Engineering Development Center; priority testing began when Gatv 

failure Oct. 25, 1965, caused canceling of Gemini VI mission. (AEDC) 

April 3: Sir Bernard Lovell, director of Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, 

told the press that LUNA x spacecraft had gone into orbit around the 

moon, but that “all may not be well” with it. He suggested that LUNA x 

was tumbling uncontrollably in orbit around moon at distance of 300 or 

400 mi.; this theory evolved after Jodrell Bank detected a series of 

maneuvers beginning at 12:50 p.m. EST-15 min. after Jodrell Bank had 

first picked up LUNA x’s signals. Frequency of the signals had begun to 

decrease, indicating the probe was under the moon’s gravitational pull 

at a distance of about 2,000 mi.; signals then faded out entirely, suggesting that the retrorockets had been fired and the probe had landed. 

At that point Lovell said: “We think Luna 10 landed at 1:44 P.M. [EST].” 

Minutes later, however, signals again picked up and the situation became 

extremely obscure.” He concluded: “At last hearing our signals could 

be interpreted as coming from a tumbling spacecraft. We find it difficult 

to believe that it is meant to be tumbling.” 

U.S.S.R. had announced LUNA x’s lunar-orbit mission after March 31 

launch. Sir Bernard‘s theory came a day before Soviet announcement 

of mission results [see April 41. (NYT, 4/4/66, 9; AP, Balt. Sun, 

4/4/66; Wush. Post, 4/4/66, Al) 

April 4: U.S.S.R.’s LUNA x unmanned spacecraft had achieved lunar orbit 

(1,000-km. [621-mi.] apolune, 350-km. [217-mi.] perilune, 3-hr. period) 

cc 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 127 

at 1:44 p.m. EST April 3 to become world’s first artificial moon satellite, 

U.S.S.R. announced at 23rd Communist Party Congress meeting in the 

Kremlin. Accomplishment was dramatized by direct broadcast from 

LUNA x of the Communist anthem, “Internationale.” 

Tass released details of LUNA X’S structure and flight. 3,530-lb. spacecraft consisted of two main parts: moon satellite section and engine 

facilities section. 540-lb. satellite was an airtight package containing 

radio equipment, telemetry system, equipment for studying the moon 

and near-lunar space, heat-regulation and power supply systems, and 

small jet engines to stabilize the flight. 

Approximately 8,000 km. (4,969 mi.) from the lunar surface, spacecraft was oriented so that jet of the engine was directed against direction 

of its movement. At approximately l:44 p.m. EST retrorockets fired 

automatically, slowing spacecraft to 1.3 km. (.8 mi.) per second and 

putting it in lunar orbit. Twenty minutes after switching off retrorockets, 

earth command was sent to separate instrumented lunar satellite from 

engine facilities section, and first radio communications session was 

held. Equipment was functioning normally and radio communications 

were stable. There was no suggestion that photos of the lunar surface 

were being transmitted to earth, or that LUNA x was “tumbling” [see 

April 31. (Tass, 4/4/66; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/4/66, A6; AP, Wash. 

Post, 4/5/66, A12) 

Avril 4: House Committee on Science and Astronautics voted to report 

$4,986,864,150 NASA authorization bill-$25,135,580 less than $5,012, 

000,000 NASA had requested for FY 1967. (NASA LAR V/57-58) 

Nike-Apache launched from NASA Wallops Station carried 59-lb. instrumented payload to 108-mi. (174-km.) altitude and impacted 67 mi. 

downrange in the Atlantic. Conducted for ESSA and Graduate Research 

Center of the Southwest, Dallas, the experiment sought to obtain 

ionospheric electron density profile measurements using a plasma 

resonance probe and to obtain data concerning sporadic E phenomenon 

in the valley region between the E- and F-layers of the ionosphere. Data 

were telemetered to ground stations during flight. Experiment was first 

of three to compare techniques for measuring characteristics of upper 

atmosphere and ionosphere. (Wallops Release 66-16; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 NASA announced a change in sequence of two Apollo/Saturn IB launches 

scheduled for late 1966: AS-202 mission was rescheduled to follow 

AS-203 mission to “provide additional time for checkout of the Apollo 

spacecraft to be flown in . . . AS-202.” AS-203 would test Saturn V 3rd 

stage (S-IVB) and verify that orbital operations features of the liquid 

hydrogen propulsion system were satisfactory. (NASA Release 66-78) 

e NASA announced selection of 19 pilots, to join 31-member NASA astronaut 

team in early May: Vance D. Brand, civilian; Lt. John S. Bull (USN); 

Maj. Gerald P. Carr (USMC); Capt. Charles M. Duke, Jr. (USAF); Capt. 

Joe H. Engle (USAF); LCdr. Ronald E. Evans (USN); Maj. Edward G. 

Givens, Jr. (USAF); Fred W. Haise, Jr., civilian; Maj. James B. Irwin 

(USAF); Dr. Don L. Lind, civilian; Capt. Jack R. Lousma (USMC); Lt. 

Thomas K. Mattingly (USN); Lt. Bruce McCandless I1 (USN); LCdr. 

Edgar D. Mitchell (USN) ; Maj. William R. Pogue (USAF) ; Capt. Stuart A. 

Roosa (USAF); John L. Swigert, Jr., civilian; LCdr. Paul J. Weitz (USN); 

and Capt. Alfred M. Worden (USAF). During recruitment, which began 

Sept. 10, 1965, NASA received 351 applications of which 159 met basic 

requirements. (NASA Release 66-67) 
128 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

April 4: Defense Electronics, Inc., received a $2,380,000 contract from USAF 

for telemetry equipment for Apollo airborne tracking aircraft. Firm 

would supply C-135 trackers with prediction playback monitors and 

other equipment to provide communications link to Apollo spacecraft 

prior to insertion into lunar trajectory. (Wash. Post, 4/5/66, C7) 0 FAA Administrator William F. McKee announced that Dr. Raymond L. 

Bisplinghoff would serve as a consultant on FAA research and development efforts-particularly in supersonic transport (Sst) programwhile continuing to serve as Special Assistant to NASA Administrator. 

(FAA Release 66-30) 

Extent of the impact of Bureau of the Budget’s new directive (A-76), 

stating that “in some instances . . . it is in the national interest for the 

government to provide directly for products and services it uses . . .” 

would be realized this month, reported George C. Wilson in Aviation 

Week. BOB official George C. Mullins told Wilson that the definitive 

standards in A-76 would facilitate a more consistent Federal contracting 

policy: “The high sounding but unspecific language in 60-2 [previous 

directive] was subject to different interpretations by various federal 

agencies.” Mullins added: “We agree that the private enterprise system 

should be preserved. But there is such a thing as a national objective. 

By acknowledging this in the new directive, we feel we are basing our 

policy on a much stronger foundation. Preserving the free enterprise 

system is one good reason” for contracting with private industry, “but 

it is not the only reason.” (Wilson, Av. Wk., 4/4/66, 26) e UCLA dedicated new center for space sciences, Schlichter Hall, made 

possible by $2-million NASA grant. Six-story building, named for Dr. 

Louis Byrne Schlichter, Prof. Emeritus of Geophysics and Director of 

UCLA Institute of Geophysics from 1947 to 1962, would contain 30 large 

laboratories and 50 research and administrative offices. 

Dr. T. L. K. Smull, Special Assistant to the NASA Administrator, said 

in a dedication speech: “NASA thinks that this is a singularly important 

type of activity as many of the problems confronting NASA in the space 

program reach across disciplinary lines and require the combined 

efforts of chemists, physicists, mathematicians, engineers, biologists, 

psychologists and even, on occasion, political scientists, social scientists 

and economists.’’ Other speakers were Dr. Thomas Gold, director of Corne11 Univ. Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Rep. Alphonzo 

Bell (R-Calif.) of House Committee on Science and Astronautics; UCLA 

Chancellor Franklin D. Murphy; Dr. Schlichter; Prof. Gordon J. F. 

MacDonald; and Nobel Laureate Willard F. Libby, director of UCLA 

Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. (UCLA Release, 4/3/66; 

Text) 

First direct measurement of minimum amount of energy required to 

initiate simple chemical reaction was announced by Cal Tech, where 

graduate student John Michael White had shown that one third of an 

electron volt of energy was necessary to split a hydrogen molecule and 

link a deuterium atom with one of the hydrogens. AEc-supported study 

had been suggested to White by Dr. Aron Kuppermann, prof. of chemical physics, who said measurement would make it possible to learn 

“whether bimolecular chemical reactions can be described by the laws 

of classical mechanics or whether it is necessary to use quantum 

mechanics.” (Cal Tech Release, 4/4/66) 

USAF and NASA signed agreement to establish procedures for joint space 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 129 

program accident investigation. Ad hoc joint boards, consisting of at 

least three voting members appointed by USAF Director of Aerospace 

Safety and three by NASA Safety Director, would study particular launch 

vehicle accidents. Chairman would be from agency with “primary 

responsibility at time of accident,” determined by circumstances of 

each case. (Text; NASA NMI 1052.74, 4/27/66) 

April 4-6: The importance of imagination in shaping the future was emphasized by AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever in a speech 

before Arnold Air Society’s 18th National Conclave, Dallas: “Back in 

the 1930s we had what we thought were pretty fantastic ideas for the 

future. We thought that it might be possible to fly a plane up to the 

sound barrier. There were even people who thought it might be possible 

to break through it somehow-at least for short periods. A few people 

had heard about Dr. Robert Goddard and his work with rockets. They 

knew that he had already launched a rocket several hundred feet into 

the air. Science writers were speculating that we might be able to get 

something out into space by the beginning of the next century. 

“As it turns out, even the most fantastic thinking 30 years ago has 

proved to be very conservative. We have already flown planes like the 

SR-71 at speeds greater than mach 3 for extended periods. The experimental X-15 has flown at mach 6 and reached altitudes of over 50 miles. 

Our long-range ballistic missiles have ranges of from 5,000 to 9,000 

miles. And our Mercury and Gemini astronauts have sped through space 

for extended periods at speeds better than 17,000 miles per hour. With 

the Apollo program we are not too many years away from landing a 

man on the moon.” (Text) 

Entertainer Bob Hope presented General Schriever the inaugural 

award of Arnold Air Society’s Eugene M. Zuckert Trophy “to recognize 

and stimulate the growth of professionalism in the United States Air 

Force.” General Schriever was cited for his “outstanding dedication to 

the task of insuring the development of vitally needed modern weaponry 

for national defense” and the gathering of “highly qualified technological 

management teams required to perform this task.” (AFSC Release 74.66) 

April 5: LUNA x was continuing in circumlunar orbit with 1,017-km. (632- 

mi.) apolune, 350-km. (217-mi.) perilune, 2-hr. 58-min. period, and 71” 

inclination, Tass reported. Eighteen radio communications had been 

held with the satellite ‘%luring which a large volume of scientific data 

had been received.” Scientific equipment onboard included: (1) recorder 

of meteoric particles for investigating meteor showers along earth-moon 

route, for seeking dust cloud around the moon, and for registering the 

micrometeorites in circumlunar space; (2) gamma-spectrometer for 

studying the gamma-radiation of the lunar surface; (3) magnetometer 

for refining the value for the strength of the moon’s magnetic field; 

(4) equipment for studying solar plasma in circumlunar space; (5) equipment for recording the infrared radiation of the lunar surface; and 

(6) instrumentation for studying the radiation conditions in the moon’s 

environs. Variations in the satellite’s orbital parameters would be used 

to investigate the moon’s gravitational field. (Tass, Pravda, 4/6/66, 

1, USS-T Trans.) 

NASA had invited 33 firms to submit proposals on a 12-mo. study of Mars 

and Venus flyby missions in 1975-1982 period using Saturn/ApoUo 

hardware with minimum modifications. Study would emphasize earth 

escape stages based on modifications of the upper stages of Saturn V 
130 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

launch vehicle (S-I1 and S-IVB), orbital tanking and assembly operations, launch windows, spacecraft, and probes to be launched from 

spacecraft to planet’s surface. (MSFC Release 66-73) 

April 5: NASA MSFC awarded cost-plus-incentive-fee contracts totaling more 

than $61 million for “engineering, fabrication, and institutional support 

services in . . . Saturn launch vehicle program” to nine firms: Sperry 

Rand Corp.; Vitro Corp.; Brown Engineering Co.; Spaco, Inc.; Northrop 

Corp.; Hayes International Corp. ; Management Services, Inc. ; Rust 

Engineering Co.; and RCA Service Co. Awards were first one-year 

renewals under options of original contracts awarded in 1965. (MSFC 

Release 66-74) 0 Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Harold Brown testified before the House 

Armed Services Committee that Ufo reports investigated by USAF under 

Project Blue Book indicated no threat to our national security: “Based 

upon 10,147 reported sightings from 1947 through 1965 . . . the Air 

Force has succeeded in identifying 9,501 of these objects. Virtually all 

of these sightings were derived from subjective human observations and 

interpolations. The most common of these were astronomical sightings. 

. . . Other major sources of reported sightings include . . . satellites, 

mirages, and spurious radar indications. The remaining 646 . . . are those 

in which the information available does not provide an adequate basis 

for analysis, or for which the information suggests a hypothesis but the 

object or phenomenon explaining it cannot be proved to have been 

there or taken place at that time.” Dr. Brown assured committee that 

USAF would contract a group of scientific experts to conduct an “in 

depth study” of selected Ufo sightings. (Text; AP, Wash. Post, 

4/22/66, A4) 

Success of U.S.S.R.’s LUNA IX and LUNA x missions supported two important 

conclusions, suggested the New Yorlc Times in an editorial: “The Soviet 

Union is now well ahead of the United States in scientific exploration 

of the moon; MOSCOW’S scientists are straining to beat this country in 

achieving man’s first round-trip to the moon. . . . “But no matter which nation will be first to conquer the moon, it is 

important to clarify the legal issues arising from this development. 

There should be general international agreement that the moon is the 

property of all mankind and not of any one nation . . . [and] is open for 

research by scientists of all nations. . . .” (NYT, 4/5/66, 36M) 

April 6: U.S,S.R. launched COSMOS CXIV with “scientific equipment designed 

for continuing the outer space research.” Orbital parameters : apogee, 

374 km. (232 mi.); perigee, 210 km. (130 mi.); period, 90.1 min.; 

inclination, 73”. Equipment was functioning normally. (Pravda, 4/7/66, 

10, USS-T Trans.) 0 MSFC had purchased 22 additional Saturn IB H-1 rocket engines from North 

American Aviation, Inc., under $7,634,742 modification to previous 

contract. In addition to the 205,000-lb.-thrust engines, which would 

complete engine requirements for Saturn IB/Apollo program, NAA 

would provide three years of support services. (MSFC Release 66-75) 

Astronauts had made more than 1,000 “flights” in the Rendezvous Docking Simulator and other facilities at L~RC to help develop techniques for 

the operation of vehicles in space. Developed by L~RC scientists to 

explore, under controlled laboratory conditions, man’s qbility to complete a rendezvous in earth or lunar orbit during final 200 ft. of the 

space-docking maneuver, the simulator had been used extensively by 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 131 

GEMINI VIII Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and David R. Scott, who performed world’s first space docking March 16. (L~RC Release) 

April 6: FAA’s seventh annual report to the President and Congress described 

“significant cost reductions achieved while meeting increasing demands 

for aeronautical services.” Activities for FY 1965 included: (1) advancement of supersonic transport (Sst) program toward initial prototype 

construction by end of 1966; (2) issuance of new rules requiring greater 

safety margins during bad weather, higher operational standards for 

small aircraft, and new standards for passenger evacuation in emergencies; (3) beginning of field tests of a computerized air-traffic-control 

system; (4) commission of first Distance Measuring Equipment-Instrument Landing System (Dme-11s) combination to facilitate bad weather 

approaches; (5) establishment of General Aviation Jet Training Standards Board and issuance of regulation requiring biennial requalification 

of all flight instructors to assure pilot efficiency; and (6) $20-million 

savings from cost-reduction program and other substantial savings from 

increased employee productivity and joint use of equipment and wire 

communications services with DOD. (FAA Release 66-31) 

* DOD announced that USA, USN, and USAF would test British-built P.1127 

aircraft-redesignated XVdA V/Stol by US.-to determine aircraft’s 

ability to meet requirements of each individual service. Evaluations, 

which would be completed by July 31, would be performed at Fort 

Campbell, Eglin AFB, Patuxent Naval Air Station, and aboard an aircraft 

carrier. (DOD Release 270-66) 

Dr. Edmund P. Learned, Harvard Univ. professor of business policy, 

became adviser to FAA Administrator William F. McKee on “economic 

and financial aspects of the supersonic transport (SST) development 

program.” (FAA; FAA Release 66-38) 

* ComSatCorp suggested separate meetings during week of April 18 with 

AT&T and Western Union to explore use of multipurpose domestic 

communications satellites and discuss ownership of ground stations. 

Dr. Joseph V. Charyk, ComSatCorp president, stated: “We believe that 

there are no inhibitions on Comsat’s ability to provide domestic satellite 

service, and . . . we view earth stations as an integral and critical part of 

a satellite communication system which must be planned and operated 

in concern with the space segment. Accordingly, we feel that this 

responsibility must be reflected in ownership.” (ComSatCorp Release) 

AFSC achieved more than $1 million in savings or cost avoidance during the 

first year of its Internal Zero Defects Program, AFSC Commander Gen. 

Bernard A. Schriever said in an Andrews AFB ceremony where he presented AFSC Zero Defects Achievement Award to the Air Proving 

Ground Center, Eglin AFB. (AFSC Release 82.60) 

Senegalese President Leopold Sedar Senghor, speaking at a press conference in Dakar, criticized the wealthy nations for spending money on 

space programs and abandoning the world’s poor. He said that was the 

reason he had never cabled congratulations to heads of state for their 

countries’ space exploits. (Reuters, Chic. Trib., 4/7/66) 

* London bookmaker William Hill, who had offered 1,000-to-1 odds against 

a manned lunar landing by the end of 1968, cut the odds to 10 to 1 

after LUNA x entered a lunar orbit. (WI, Wush. Daily News, 4/6/66) 

April 7: NASA Atlas-Centaur AC-8 launch vehicle was launched from ETR 

with dummy Surveyor payload. Centaur stage’s failure to achieve 
132 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

successful double ignition in space caused 1,730-lb. dummy Surveyor 

payload to remain in earth orbit with the Centaur stage rather than 

enter simulated lunar trajectory as programed. Orbital parameters: 

apogee, 208 mi. (335 km.); perigee, 113 mi. (182 km.); period, 90 min.; 

inclination, 31”. Eighty minutes after launch NASA officials at KSC announced that only one of booster’s two hydrogen-fueled RL-10 rocket 

engines had fired the second time. Both engines were to have ignited for 

approximate 107-sec. burn and inserted payload into lunar trajectory. 

Later analysis of data indicated the failure was because of a malfunction 

in Centaur’s attitude control system [see May 31. Purpose of AC-8 

mission was to demonstrate Centaur’s capability to restart its high-energy 

engines in the space environment following coast period in earth 

orbit. Success of this mission was vital to NASA’S first operational mission 

which would attempt to land Surveyor spacecraft on the moon. Centaur 

program was directed by NASA OSSA and managed by LRC. (NASA Releases 

66-58, 66-92; NASA Proj. Off.; Wash. Post, 4/8/66, A9; AP, Balt. Sun, 

April 7: USAF launched unidentified satellite with Thor-Agena D booster from 

WTR. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 149) 

New USA OH-6A helicopter, developed by Hughes Aircraft Co., completed 

a 2,230-mi. flight-longest nonstop helicopter flight in history-from 

Culver City, Calif., to Ormand Beach, Fla., in 15 hrs. 13 min. Flight 

broke record set by USN Sikorsky SA3A helicopter, which flew 2,105 mi. 

nonstop on March 5, 1965. (NYT, 4/11/66, 70; Hughes Aircraft Corp.) 

NASA Apollo Service Module (Sm) propulsion engine test phase was completed at Arnold Engineering Development Center. (AEDC) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb was elected to National Geographic 

Society’s board of trustees. (NYT, 4/8/66, 3) 

April 8: OAO I Orbiting Astronomical Observatory was launched by NASA 

from ETR with Atlas-Agena D booster into parking orbit and then into 

planned circular orbit. Orbital parameters: 505.4-mi. (813.3-km.) 

apogee; 493.2-mi. (793.7-km.) perigee; 101-min. period; and 35” inclination. Satellite’s solar panels and instrumented booms would be 

deployed April 10. 

First of four spacecraft scheduled for NASA’s Oao program, OAO Ilargest, heaviest, and most electronically complex unmanned spacecraft 

ever developed by US-weighed 3,900 lbs., carried 10 telescopes, and 

contained 44,000 separate parts and 30 mi. of electrical wiring. It 

carried four scientific experiments to provide astronomers with their 

first sustained look at the universe from above the earth’s atmosphere, 

including Univ. of Wisconsin broad-band ultraviolet telescope package 

and detection devices to study the ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma-ray 

regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Through its complex groundcommand spacecraft attitude control system, OAO I would be aimed at 

individual objects in space with precision never before attained by an 

orbiting satellite. Information from experiments would be radioed back 

to earth in the form of digital data for analysis by experimenters. Oao 

program was managed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. (NASA 

Release 66-60; NYT, 4/9/66, 7; NYT, 4/10/66, 10E) 

m NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station 

reached 99-mi. (159-km.) altitude and impacted 64 mi. downrange in the 

Atlantic. Objectives of flight were to compare five ionospheric plasma 

4/8/66) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 133 

probes using stable ionosphere as a laboratory for evaluating the probes 

and to check relevant theories of probe operation. (NASA Rpt. sm) 

April 8: FAA established a Noise Abatement Staff to direct the agency’s participation in the Government campaign to bring relief to areas disturbed 

by aircraft noise. Objectives of staff, to be directed by Raymond A. 

Shepanek (Capt., USNR) , former FAA aeronautical inspector, included 

development of aircraft noise measurement standards, formulation of 

aircraft noise standards, development of air traffic procedures and aircraft operating procedures to minimize noise, and initiation of research 

programs to provide for alleviation of the various features of aircraft 

noise. (FAA Release 66-33) 

* Prospect of using a computer to simuIate vast changes in weather and 

climate was discussed by Walter Orr Roberts, director of the National 

Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., in an editorial in 

Science. Roberts suggested that with data from World Weather Watchan experiment proposed by the National Academy of Sciences for observing the world’s weather continuously in three dimensions--“an 

adequate computer, and a global mathematical model, a vast array of 

experiments on weather and climate-modification can be ‘performed’ by 

numerical computation rather than in nature. The beneficial consequences can be evaluated and compared to the expected costs. The 

full effect and the potential hazards can be determined without risk to 

life and property. . . .” World Weather Watch system was being studied 

by ESSA and World Meteorological Organization. (Roberts, Science, 

4/8/66, 159) 

* U.S. Government’s increased interest in transatlantic cooperation on 

scientific research was attracting attention in Europe, Victor K. 

McElheny reported in Science. “The most dramatic of the suggestions 

made recently is that of sending an ‘artificial comet’ spacecraft toward 

Jupiter or close to the sun, or to use such a spacecraft to investigate the 

belt of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars. . . .” McElheny said NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb was planning to visit West Germany and 

other European nations to discuss details of the project and to emphasize 

“that the U.S. is not thinking necessarily in terms of bilateral collaboration with individual countries, of the sort exemplified by current U.S. 

launching of satellites for Britain, Italy, and France. 

“Where it can, the U.S. prefers to work with multinational European 

organizations, such as the European Atomic Energy Community 

(Euratom) or the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) . . .” 

(McElheny, Science, 4/8/66, 190-191) 

April 9: LUNA x had detected electrons with energies higher than cosmic 

radiation, Tass reported: “Data have been obtained which may be interpreted as evidence of the existence in the near-lunar space of ffuxes of 

electrons with energies of tens of thousands of electron volts. These 

ff uxes are 70 to 100 times more intense than the cosmic ray background. 

Possibly, this phenomenon is due to the earth’s magnetic ‘tail.’ Later 

measurements will permit more positive conclusions on the radiation 

conditions near the moon.” In addition, preliminary data analysis 

showed that intensity of the moon’s qagnetic field was “somewhat above 

the level of magnetic fields in free interplanetary space” and that 

meteorite “particle density” near the moon was higher than in “interplanetary space.” 
134 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

UPI reported that US. scientists, including Dr. James A. Van Allen, 

State Univ. of Iowa, believed radiation observed by LUNA x was either 

the earth’s comet tail or a similar feature produced by the moon itself. 

Reported level of radiation would be no threat to manned operations 

near the moon, they said. (Tass, 4/9/66; UPI, NYT, 4/10/66, 79; AP, 

Wash. Sun. Star, 4/10/66, A6) 

April 9: Problems of preventing space-probe contamination of other planets 

were discussed by James L. Haggerty, Jr., in Journal of the Armed Forces. He 

noted remarks of Boeing engineers C. S. Bartholemew and D. C. Porter 

at the March 28-30 AIAA-AAS meeting in Baltimore that “sterilization and 

spacecraft reliability are ‘competing characteristics.’ If you apply enough 

heat to kill the bacteria, you may also damage the sensitive electronic 

gear. Alternatively, you can use chemicals such as ethylene oxide, but 

it must be applied wet and moisture is similarly an ‘enemy agent’ to 

electronics equipment. . . . Boeing engineers feel that heat-sterilizable 

electronics are ‘within reach,’ but considerably more investigation is 

required.” (Haggerty, J/Armed Forces, 4/9/66, 9) 

April 10: Main battery system of OAO I Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 

had failed, NASA officials at KSC announced: “Overheating of the OAO. 

primary battery, a problem which became critical late yesterday, has 

resulted in complications leading ;o degradation of the power supply 

from all three batteries aboard the spacecraft, and telemetry signals no 

longer are being received. 

“Efforts to overcome the problem have been unsuccessful and the 

OAO mission appears to have been lost.” 

Officials added, however, that before satellite had failed it had 

demonstrated a key maneuver of the OAO program by successfully locking into a series of stars for precise aiming. OAO I had been launched 

from ETR April 8. (AP, NYT, 4/11/66, 71; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

4/11/66, B10; AP, Balt. Sun, 4/11/66) 

* The 19 astronauts selected by NASA April 4 would be “too late to take part 

in the first lunar landings . . . [but they] should get into some of the 

follow-on Apollo flights and take some 60-day space trips,” Dr. Charles 

A. Berry, Chief of Medical Programs, MSC, said in a press interview in 

Colorado Springs. (Gibney, Denver Post, 4/10/66) 0 First full-scale checkout version of 365-ft. Saturn V rocket had been 

assembled at KSC to aid installation of electrical and plumbing connections on three mobile launching towers. (Marshall Star, 4/6/66, 1) 

* Aviatrix Geraldine Mock-who in 1964 became first woman to make a 

solo flight around world-set a new world nonstop distance record for 

women in a 4,550-mi., 31-hr. flight from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Columbus, 

Ohio, in single-engine Cessna 206. Previous distance flight record of 

3,671 mi. had been set by three Russian women in 1938. (NYT, 4/12/66, 

25; Wash. Eve. Star, 4/11/66, A3) * USNS Kingsport, first ocean link in U.S. research in satellite communications, was retired from NASA’s networks and returned to DOD. In July 

1963 Kingsport had participated in world’s first demonstration of 

communications by satellite in synchronous orbit when a message was 

sent in 45,000-mi. loop from Kingsport anchored in Lagos harbor, 

Nigeria, to SYNCOM 11 comsat and back. Several days later, she was part 

of first direct exchange of radio message via satellite, linking Lakehurst, 

N.J., terminal station with land circuits at Lagos. On Aug. 4, Kingsport 

and Lakehurst transmitted and received via SYNCOM 11 first satellite ex- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 135 

change of news copy and photo facsimile. Several days later, caught in 

a squall 40 mi. offshore, she became first terminal station to establish 

satellite communications from the open sea. Two months later, she 

participated in first trans-ocean press conference by satellite: stationed 

at Rota, Spain, she connected SYNCOM 11 communications between 

United Nations in New York City and NASA Hq. in Washington, D.C., 

with the International Telecommunications Union Conference in 

Geneva. Kingsport first demonstrated the practicality of communications 

by satellite during manned space missions March 16, 1966, by relaying 

voice reports from GEMINI VIII Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and David 

R. Scott via SYNCOM 11 to Hawaii ground station. (NASA Release 66-79) 

April 11: NASA Langley Research Center would negotiate $450,000 study 

contract with Martin Co. for 11-mo. study of “costs, crew size, and 

complexity of a flight research program using a manned lifting body 

vehicle.” In conducting the study, the firm would be required to consider an HL-10 lifting-body concept capable of carrying one, two, four, 

six, or eight crew members. HL-10 was considered representative of 

advanced lifting entry vehicles. 

NASA had specified Titan 11, Titan 111, and Saturn IB as potential 

launch vehicles. For study purposes, Rogers Dry Lake at Edwards AFB 

would be a probable landing site. (NASA Release 66-82; LaRC Release) 

a Clarence L. Johnson, Lockheed Aircraft Corp. vice president and designer 

of numerous aircraft, was named recipient of the Air Force Academy’s 

1966 Thomas D. White National Defense Award for “outstanding contribution to the national defense and security of the United States.” 

(UPI, Wush. Post, 4/12/66, A18) 

Development of the world’s brightest laser-a light beam 250 billion times 

brighter than the sun-was announced by Dr, Theodore Maiman, 

president of Korad Corp., a subsidiary of Union Carbide Corp. Laser 

had an intensity of 250 trillion watts per square centimeter when 

focused to a point 1/1,000 of an inch in diameter. (UPI, Wush.. Post, 

4/12/66, A5) 

April 12: Cosmonautics Day in U.S.S.R., celebrating fifth anniversary of 

first manned space fight by Yuri Gagarin, was marked by condemnations 

of military orientation of US. space efforts and predictions of Soviet 

space successes. Cosmonaut Gagarin, speaking in the Kremlin, said: 

ccAmerican scientists and cosmonauts have carried out a number of 

interesting experiments. This is to their credit. It is to be deeply 

regretted, however, that American cosmonautics is increasingly falling 

under the influence of the Pentagon, which regards outer space as the 

theater of future military operations.” Gagarin pledged “all his energies 

and knowledge” to help in the lunar mission and said man must make 

himself at home on the moon “to establish stations which will serve as 

points of departure for longer space voyages and also as astronomical 

observatories and scientific laboratories.” 

Cosmonaut Gherman Titov, speaking in a taped interview on Moscow 

television, predicted that “builders and assemblers will one day exit 

into space and put together various parts of space stations, assemble 

spaceships and stations on the moon, and build various structures.” 

In a Pravdu article Marshal Konstantin Vershinin, head of Soviet 

Air Force, predicted a new manned space mission that could take 

several cosmonauts through the Van Men radiation belts. He noted 
136 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

that biomedical data from the COSMOS cx flight would “doubtlessly . . . be used in preparing new manned space flights.” 

In an interview published in Prague, Cosmonaut Konstantin Feoktistov predicted that man would land on Mars and Venus between 1970 

and 1980. (Pravda, 4/12/66, 2; Wash. Post, 4/11/66, A8; AP, NYT, 

4/11/66,37; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/11/66, A8; UPI, NYT, 4/14/66,7; 

Wash. Post, 4/13/66, A14; Loory, N.Y. Her. Trib., 4/13/66) 

April 12: USAF XB-70 No. 2 flew 20 min. at mach 3-longest to date-and 

reached 70,000-ft. maximum altitude in 1-hr. 49-min. flight from 

Edwards AFB. Pilots were North American Aviation, Inc.’s chief test 

pilot Alvin S. White and Col. Joseph Cotton (USAF). (Flight log; AFFTC 

EO) 

0 U.K.’S Associated Electrical Industries, Ltd., General Electric Co., Ltd., 

and Plessey Co., Ltd., had joined forces to sell ground terminals at $4 

million each to countries that wanted to pick up and relay telephone, 

telegraph, and television signals from communications satellites, 

reported Clyde H. Farnsworth in the New York Times. The British 

companies believed there would be market for about 30 terminals in 

the next two to three years and about 70 to 80 in the next ten years, 

and said that at least seven nations were already interested in purchasing terminals. (Farnsworth, NYT, 4/1/66, 57) 

* National Broadcasting Co. (NBC) and ComSatCorp. presented progress 

reports on their separate feasibility studies on domestic communications satellite system at ComSatCorp-sponsored meeting in Washington, 

D.C. Proposed systems, which could provide 24-hr. full-color television 

service and interconnected facilities for radio networks, would each 

cost about $100 million and would consist of four to six three-channel 

synchronous satellites, back-up satellites and boosters, ground-tosatellite stations, control stations, and ground receiver terminals. 

NBC’S system would serve only television and radio networks; ComSatCorp’s “common carrier” system could be expanded to accommodate 

all types of communications. Meeting, attended by television network, 

communications, industrial, manufacturing, and government officials, 

was first in a series to be held before final plans were submitted to FCC 

for approval. (NBC Release; ComSatCorp; Wash. Post, 4/13/66, D6; 

Wash. Eve. Star, 4/13/66, D12) 

Ability to induce genetically a hibernation state in man that would lessen 

the body’s needs by cooling could be beneficial for long space voyages, 

suggested Dr. R. R. Chaffee, Univ. of Missouri Space Science Research 

Center, in a speech before Federation of American Societies for 

Experimental Biology meeting in Atlantic City. Dr. Chaffee told of 

genetic experiments in which the ability to hibernate gradually was 

increased over several generations in some families of Syrian hamsters 

and reduced in others, indicating that only a few hereditary genes 

might be involved in the hibernation process. (Carey, Wash. Post, 

4/13/66, A3) 

April 13: Gamma-ray spectrum of the lunar surface obtained by LUNA x 

indicated that the moon’s crust was similar to the earth’s, Tass 

announced. The satellite had detected lunar gamma rays from two 

sources: one was “an increased intensity of gamma radiation caused 

chiefly by interaction of cosmic rays with the surface layer of lunar 

material”; the other was “natural radioactivity from the lunar rocks 

associated with uranium, thorium, and potassium. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 137 

“Compared with the analogous radioactivity of earth rocks, the 

observed spectrum comes close to the radioactivity of basic rocksbasalts.” (Sullivan, NYT, 4/14/66, 1, 21) 

April 13: NASA Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched from Churchill 

Research Range carried GSFC payload to 184-mi. (296-km.) altitude 

for simultaneous measurements of magnetic and electric fields, lowenergy electrons, and low-energy protons in a visible aurora. Secondary 

objectives were rocket aspect measurement and evaluation of xenon 

flashing light for trajectory determination. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* GEMINI VIII Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and his family were honored 

with a gala parade on their arrival in Armstrong’s hometown of Wapakoneta, Ohio. Ohio’s Governor James A. Rhodes announced plans for 

the construction of a $200,000 airport near Wapakoneta to be named 

for Armstrong. Sen. Frank J. Lausche (D-Ohio) and Rep. William M. 

McCulloch (R-Ohio) announced a congressional resolution of tribute 

to Armstrong and his fellow GEMINI vm Astronaut David R. Scott. 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 4/14/66; Wush. Post, 4/14/66, D16) 

Pan American World Airways, Inc. (Pan Am), would purchase 25 new 

Boeing 747 jet transports-including twenty-three 490-seat passenger 

models and two all-cargo models which would carry 214,000 lbs. 

freight-for over $525 million, announced Pan Am’s chairman and 

chief executive, Juan T. Trippe. Deliveries of order, reported to be 

largest and most expensive in airline history, would be made between 

September 1969 and May 1970. The 680,000-lb. aircraft would be 

powered by new Pratt & Whitney JT9D-1 fan-jet engine capable of 

delivering 41,000-lbs. thrust and would have 45,000-ft. cruise altitudenearly one mile higher than current transports-and mach .90 cruise 

speed-compared with mach .82 for current models-and would 

provide “safety margins superior to any previous commercial airliner” 

with multi-gear landing system which would require only 9,150 ft. of 

takeoff runway. Trippe forecast lower passenger fares and reduced 

cargo tariffs because of 747’s large capacity and efficiency of operation. 

(Pan Am Release; Bedingfield, NYT, 4/14/66, 1; Edwards, Wush. Post, 

4/14/66, K1) 

AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever was presented the American 

Legion’s General WiIliam E. MitchelI Memorial Award-highest honor 

bestowed by the Legion’s Aviator’s Post-at a luncheon ceremony in 

New York‘s Wings Club. Schriever was cited for his “outstanding 

contributions to the aerospace science and military posture of the 

United States.” (AFSC Release 76.66) 

April 14: Two space cooperation agreements were confirmed by Spanish 

Foreign Minister Fernando Castiella and Secretary of State Dean Rusk 

in a State Dept. ceremony attended by NASA Deputy Administrator 

Robert C. Seamans, Jr. First agreement provided that NASA and Spain’s 

Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial (INTA) would share in the 

operation of NASA space tracking and data acquisition station near 

Madrid which maintains radio contact with unmanned lunar and interplanetary probes and would support manned Apollo mission. Effective 

from May 1,1966, to Jan. 28,1974, and in accordance with governmentto-government agreement between Spain and U.S. of Jan. 29, 1964, 

contract provided that Spanish engineers and technicians would be 

trained and assigned to tracking, telemetry, communications, and 
138 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

support. Some of INTA’S key personnel had already begun special training at Deep Space Facilities, Goldstone, Calif. 

Second agreement, part of a continuing Spanish4J.S. program of 

cooperation in space investigation, provided for joint project to launch 

four sounding rockets in Spain to study winds and temperatures at high 

altitudes. Agreement was in form of a memorandum of understanding 

between INTA and NASA: INTA would establish sounding rocket range, construct grenade-type payloads, provide two Nike-booster rockets, conduct 

launchings, and analyze and publish the data; NASA would lend range 

tracking and telemetry equipment and a launcher, provide two Nikebooster rockets, provide prototype payload, and train Spanish personnel 

as needed. Both agencies would bear the cost of discharging their 

respective responsibilities. Results of the experiments would be made 

available to world scientific community. (NASA Release 66-83) 

April 14: Two NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rockets were launched from WSMR: 

hst reached 114-mi. (183-km.) altitude and measured intensity of ultraviolet dayglow between 1160 A and 1400 A in the zenith, in the nadir, 

and on the horizon; second reached 120-mi. (192-km.) altitude and 

measured the profile and intensity of the solar Lyman-alpha line. 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 

NASA’s ApoIlo AppIications program would be hampered by lack of payloads unless Congress granted additional funds in FY 1968 budget, 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb told press conference at Colorado 

Women’s College. NASA’s efforts to obtain appropriations for post-Apollo 

projects had been hindered by rising costs of the Vietnamese war and 

Congressional discontent with NASA’s increasing administrative costs. 

Webb said the US. was behind in the space race “except for rendezvous 

and docking, and the Ranger mission. . . . Russia has widened the gap 

during the past two years, launching two Proton payloads of 27,500 

pounds each-which is heavier than we can lift-recovering payloads 

of 10,000 to 15,000 pounds, and launching a three-man spacecraft. . . .” 

Questioned about the House Government Operations Committee’s 

suggestion that NASA abandon the Apollo Applications program and 

participate in USAF’S Manned Orbiting Laboratory program, Webb said 

he did not believe a “complete, common use” of facilities was possible, 

noting that many of the countries in which the US. had tracking 

facilities would not cooperate if installations were used for military 

projects. (Denver Post, 4/15/66) 

a First simulated exploration of the moon had shown that two astronauts 

could live and intelligently perform tasks for at least 18 days in cabin 

with 117 cu. ft. of living-working space. Test was performed in support 

of Apollo Applications program by two MSFC engineers in Minneapolis 

[see Feb. 20, March 101. (MSFC Release 66-80) e Recent Soviet space accomplishments indicated that a manned space 

spectacular was imminent, suggested William Hines in the Washington 

Evening Star. He noted LUNA E’S soft-landing on the moon Feb. 3, 

LUNA X’S launch into lunar orbit March 31, and the 22-day flight of 

two dogs in COSMOS cx Feb. 22-March 16. (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

4/14/66, A12) 

Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Harold Brown issued memorandum 

approving recommendations of panel appointed to investigate USAF 

relations with “not-for-profit” corporations and ordering that fees paid 

to the corporations be substantidy reduced. In report, issued Feb. 1, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 139 

panel had said that nonprofit corporations “. . . continue to be an 

indispensible factor in developing and acquiring complex aerospace 

systems and in assuring their function through command and control,” 

but that “guidelines . . . point to a fee substantially lower than at 

present.” (Text; AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 4/17/66, A10; Wash. Post, 

4/17/66, A14) 

April 14: Inter-American Development Bank awarded Page Communications, 

Inc., $250,000 contract to “determine the most economic locations for 

ground stations in South America which would be linked to the satellite 

system, and the means of connection with local telecommunications 

systems.” Study would be carried out with ComSatCorp cooperation. 

(IDB Release; Tush. Post, 4/16/66, C6) 

In a lecture at Rice Univ., Dr. Henry Faul of the Graduate Research 

Center of the Southwest’s geosciences division insisted on the terrestrial origin of tektites in opposition to lunar-origin theory of many 

experts: “The fatal objection to the theory that tektites are of lunar 

origin is the fact that there is no known mechanism of fight that can 

explain how something that hits the moon, generates a lot of heat and 

is melted into a jet stream, is somehow dumped in the widely varying 

patterns and areas where tektites have been found on earth.” (Justice, 

Houston Post, 4/19/66) 

April 15: Representatives of Intelsat (International Telecommunications 

Satellite Consortium) toured NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and 

received briefing on MSFC programs and research projects. (MSFC Release 66-77) 0 NASA’s Procurement Office reorganized into two main divisions: Policy and 

Review, and Contract Management. George J. Vecchietti, Director of 

Procurement, named Paul A. Barron, formerly GSA Assistant General 

Counsel for Regulations and General Law; Assistant Director of 

Procurement for Policy and Review. William P. Risso, formerly Special 

Assistant to Director of Procurement, was named Assistant Director of 

Procurement for Contract Management. Vecchietti also announced 

establishment of Procurement Surveys Div., with Harvey M. Kennedy, 

Jr., Director, and Staff Operations Div., with Harold E. Pryor, Director. 

(NASA Release 66-81) 0 U.S.S.R. had constructed two stations in the United Arab Republic and 

Mali to photograph artificial earth satellites, Tass reported. Stations 

had been equipped by U.S.S.R. and were being operated by Soviet, 

U.A.R., and Mali specialists. (Reuters, NYT, 4/16/66, 13) 

Vice President Hubert Humphrey said in address at the Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo. : 

“It was seventy years ago this May that Samuel Pierpont Langley, 

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, launched his sixteen-foot, 

steam-powered model airplane off the Potomac River and flew a half a 

mile in the incredible time of 90 seconds. . . . “Seventy years-in the larger scheme of history-is not a very 

long time. 

“But though those seventy years are but the average length of a full 

American life, they reach back into an incredibly distant world-a 

world that has receded from us by a quantum of change that no other 

period in the vast sweep of human history can surpass. 

“One measure of that change is flight itself. 

“I flew here this morning from Washington-nonstop-in 3 hours 

and 20 minutes. 
140 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

“Had I made the flight from Washington to Colorado Springs in 

Langley’s plane, it would have required 127 days-and we would have 

had to make 2,987 fuel stops along the way. . . .’, (Text) 

April 15: USAF had accepted and funded at cost of $18.5 million more than one 

fourth of the unsolicited proposals it had received from industrial and 

scientific community during first half of FY 1966. The 319 proposals 

accepted promised needed technological advances in operational aerospace systems. (AFSC Release 71.66) 

GEMINI VI command pilot Walter M. Schirra, Jr., received an honorary 

Doctor of Aeronautical Engineering degree from Lafayette College, 

Easton, Pa., during convocation commemorating 100 yrs. of science 

and engineering instruction on the campus. (MSC Roundup, 4/29/66, 1; 

UPI, Wush. Post, 4/16/66, D4) 

a NASA Administrator ,James E. Webb, incoming president of American 

Society for Public Administration (ASPA) , discussed responsibilities of 

administering a “Great Society” at ASPA conference in Washington, 

D.C. Webb said that “. . . with the seething mass of humanity all 

around the world, not many of them very happy today, we have a strong 

requirement for effective administration, precision in the use of public 

power, for prediction, for planned use of limited resources. . . . “It seems to me that the public administrator in this period . . . must 

be a bigger, broader person than has been required in the past because 

the forces he must work with are so much larger, and yet so much more 

complex. . . . Somehow he must command the respect and following 

that will convert criticism from destruction of ideas to clarification and 

perfection of those ideas. . . . I believe his performance will be measured 

. . . by the scope and sweep of his vision and adjustment to some forces 

that will be beyond his ability to prediot or control; also his ability to 

ride the crest of the wave, that wave of the incoming tide of tomorrow 

that is now bringing in the fruits of a vital and vigorous society.” (Text) 

April 16: Preliminary results of flight of U.S.S.R.’s LUNA X, placed in circumlunar orbit April 3 to become moon’s first artificial satellite, were announced at Moscow press conference. President of the Soviet Academy 

of Sciences Mstislav Keldysh said that considerably less braking power 

had been required to put a spacecraft in orbit around the moon than 

had been required in a soft landing. This had made it possible to increase 

the payload in LUNA x and to equip it with instruments for important 

studies of the moon and the space surrounding it. 

Academician Aleksandr Vinogradov, geochemist, said that study of 

radioactivity of rocks on the lunar surface had indicated the overall intensity of gamma radiation on the lurain was comparable to the intensity of gamma radiation emitted by terrestrial granites [see April 131. 

However, part of it was not due to natural radioactivity but to interaction of cosmic rays and lunar matter. Such radiation was absent in 

terrestrial rocks because of the shielding effect of the earth‘s atmosphere. 

Lunar rocks were comparable in natural radioactivity to basalt rocks on 

earth, indicating that “the processes of the formation of the core of the 

planets of the earth group apparently have the same mechanism.” 

Prof. Naum Grigorov said readings of LUNA x’s magnetometer indicated presence near the moon of a weak, homogenous, and regular 

magnetic field. Streams of ions of small energies were registered. Analysis of materials transmitted by LUNA x showed the intensity of particles 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 141 

in the moon’s radiation belt was 100,000 times less than in the earth’s 

radiation belts. 

Prof. Alexandr Mikhailov, director of the Pulkovo Observatory, said 

existence of an artificial moon satellite was important not only for 

physical research, but also for determining more exactly the mass and 

shape of the moon-information vital for building an exact theory of 

the motion of the moon and for study of the unevenness of the earth‘s 

rotation. 

Replying to questions, Academician Keldysh said LUNA x did not 

carry photocameras but was intended for physical study of near-lunar 

space and the moon itself-its nature, ionosphere, radiations, and fields. 

Satellite would orbit the moon for “a few years.” Duration could not be 

predicted since parameters of the moon’s gravitational field were not 

known. Keldysh said that since assembly of large spacecraft in orbit was 

an important step toward the conquest of outer space, cosmonauts were 

preparing for the solution of this task. Referring to the problem of 

manned flights to the moon, he stressed that the most difficult task to 

be solved was return of the spacecraft into earth’s atmosphere. Keldysh 

said dogs Veterok’s and Ugolyek’s passages through radiation belts in 

COSMOS cx had had no apparently serious effect on them but that prolonged observations were necessary. (Tass, 4/18/66) 

April 16: NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs Arnold W. 

Frutkin addressed the American Academy of Political and Social Science 

in Philadelphia on international significance of space program: “. . . the 

United States has welcomed direct foreign participation in space research 

and exploration. The US. has contributed its boosters to launch six 

satellites which were conceived, engineered, instrumented and funded 

by cooperating foreign countries. Eight more such satellites are to be 

launched by us under existing agreements and, at this date, other agreements are in early prospect. We have opened our own satellites to foreign 

experimenters. Some twenty experiments proposed by scientists abroad 

have been selected on their merits for flight on our satellites. These 

foreign experiments are contributed to the program; we contribute space 

in the satellite and its support systems and retrieve the data for the 

experimenter. Even wider cooperation-with twenty different countries 

-is achieved through programs which utilize small, nonorbiting rockets 

to obtain data for which satellites do not commend themselves. In all of 

these projects, we have shared the tasks and costs in literal cooperation 

without exporting a dollar.” (Text) 

April 17: New evidence supporting theory that Venus’ environment could 

sustain life was published by Johns Hopkins Univ. astrophysicists 

William Plummer and John Strong in Astrophysical Journal. Past 

measurements of microwave emissions from Venus had indicated very 

high surface temperatures. Plummer and Strong concluded, on the 

basis of recent detailed measurements from high-altitude balloon 

observations by Cal Tech radioastronomers, that possibly “30 percent 

of the observed microwaves in the past had no bearing on surface 

temperatures but rather emanated from electrical discharges within 

the cloudy atmosphere of Venus.” They estimated Venus’ temperature 

ranges from 580°F at equator to 9°F at poles and said there are extensive 

regions-greater than earth’s land area--“where man would find the 

temperature comfortable.” (NYT, 4/18/66, 4; Wash. Post, 4/18/66, 

A7) 
142 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

April 17: Ufo was sighted by hundreds of people in Ohio and Pennsylvania, 

including two deputy sheriffs who followed it for 85 mi. USAF later attributed sightings to combination of a satellite and the planet Venus. (UPI, 

NYT, 4/18/66, 4; Wash. POSZ, 4/18/66, A7; UPI, NYT, 4/24/66, 95; 

Wash. Eve. Star, 4/23/66, A2) 

April 18: ComSatCorp filed with FCC a $31,985,000 fixed-price contract 

with TRW Systems, Inc., for research, development, and production of 

six advanced synchronous satellites for global commercial satellite 

service. Cylindrical, 240-lb. satellites would have 1,200 two-way voice 

channels and five-year operational life and would handle all types of 

communications. (ComSatCorp Release) 

Supersonic transport and rocket flights in the next few decades could 

raise the average surface temperature of the earth by almost half a 

degree by spewing tons of chemical pollutants into the atmosphere, 

said Dr. Gordon J. F. MacDonald, UCLA planetary and space physicist, 

in an interview with the Los Angeles Times. Heavy burning of coal, oil, 

and gas introduced by the industrial revolution in the 19th century 

and the automotive revolution in the 20th had increased carbon dioxide 

in the atmosphere by about 15 per cent, MacDonald estimated. The 

carbon dioxide created a layer of gas that allowed heat from the sun to 

reach the earth but stopped it from escaping when it was re-radiated 

back from the earth. This was the “greenhouse effect,” which raised 

the temperature below the layer and Iowered the temperature above the 

layer. “Four hundred supersonic aircraft flying four flights a day on 

intercontinental routes, would affect surface temperatures as much as 

the whole industrial and automotive revolutions have to date,” Mac. 

Donald said. (Getze, LA. Times, 4/18/66) 

0 Striking members of International Union of Electrical Workers (AFL-CIO) 

picketed all gates of Kennedy Space Center, NASA, in wage dispute with 

United Technology Center, builder of solid-fuel boosters for USAP 

Titan I11 launch vehicle. UTC had about 175 workers at KSC, one-third 

of whom were IUEW members. Some 300 of a total force of 366 con. 

struction workers honored the picket lines and failed to show up for 

work on the Saturn V mobile service structure and Vertical Assembly 

Building (Vab). Strike was first at KSC during 1966, but the ninth 

in 27 mos. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/18/66, Al; AP, NYT, 4/19/66, 

0 A new nuclear particle-the most massive and most stable yet foundhad been discovered by physicists at Argonne National Laboratory 

(ANL). Three and a half times as heavy as the proton, the particle was 

a ‘nucleon resonance’ known simply as N”3245.” The number 

“3245” stood for 3,245 million electron volts, the amount of its 

energy. According to Dr. Alan D. Krisch of Univ. of Michigan, nucleon 

resonances “may be ‘excited’ or highly energetic states of protons and 

neutrons . . . and can be produced only in accelerators. They are not 

observed in nature.” Krisch, along with John R. O’Fallon, Keith 

Ruddick, and Steven W. Kormanyos of Univ. of Michigan, and Lazarus 

G. Ratner of ANL, made the discovery using Argonne’s 13.5-billion electron volt (Bev) zero gradient synchrotron. They said this “abnormally 

stable” particle has a lifetime of one ten-thousandth of a millionth of a 

millionth of a millionth of a second, which is “longer than that of any 

of its family of nuclear particles.” Krisch suggested N*3245 may have 

“an unusually high spin which prevents it from decaying easily.” 

18) 

ft 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 143 

Discovery was reported in Physical Review Letters. (Phys. Rev. Letters, 

4/18/66, 709; Amer. Inst. of Physics Release, 4/18/66) 

April 18: Capt. Robert F. Freitag (USN, Ret.), Director of Field Center Development, NASA OMSF, speaking in Washington, D.C., before the Community Development Conference of the 16th District of Texas, said that 

the magnitude and importance of the investment in the space program 

dictate that informed citizens from all walks of life participate in a 

national dialogue on decisions involved: “We in NASA do not feel that 

the planning of our space programs is the prerogative of NASA alone. . . . The budget for the coming fiscal year permits NASA to hold open the 

option for a program to procure additional flight vehicles beyond those 

now programmed, so as to employ the Apollo hardware, facilities and 

capabilities at least through 1971. If we do not exercise this option in 

the decision for the 1968 budget, we will have to begin a phase-down of 

the manned space flight activities and the ‘mothballing’ of some of our 

facilities. At a small fraction of the initial cost we can continue and we 

can expand our operations in space for the next ten years and more. 

These operations will have tremendous implications for our national 

security and for our position of world leadership, in addition to the 

benefits of scientific advancement and the betterment of man’s life on 

Earth. . . . In the area of national security, our expenditures in space 

probably represent the cheapest insurance policy the nation can buy 

for the future.” (Text) 

April 18,19: Press commented on $525-million order from Pan American 

World Airways, Inc. (Pan Am), for 25 Boeing 747 aircraft [see April 

131 : Order had cast doubt on market value for Anglo-French Concorde 

Sst, according to Andrew Wilson in Washington Post. BOAC Chairman 

Sir Giles Guthrie had said his corporation would meet with Boeing 

representatives during week of April 18 to discuss purchase of about 

six new jets. 490-seat Boeing 747 would reduce operating costs by as 

much as 37 per cent, and Pan Am order, Wilson said, “makes it 

inevitable that B.O.A.C. will follow suit.” (Wash. Eve. Star, 4/15/66, 

C-3; Wilson, London Observer; Wash. Post, 4/19/66, C7) 

?‘The 747 concept promises to be as revolutionary in relation to the 

current generation of jets as the initial 707s were to the piston-powered 

transports they superseded,” Aviation Week editorialized. 

“Biggest technical advancement will come from the new generation 

of high bypass ratio, high temperature, large turbofans typified by the 

Pratt & Whitney Aircraft JT9D. This new gas tcrbine cycle promises 

as much improvement in load-carrying capacity and operating economy 

as the original turbofan gained over the straight turbojet. It is the real 

root of the economic and technical revolution embodied in the 747 

concept.” (Hotz, Av. Wk., 4/18/66, 21) 

April 19: BOAC grounded four Boeing 707 jets after precautionary inspection had revealed hairline cracks around bolt holes in tail assemblies. 

Following BOAC announcement, FAA disclosed that 22 Boeing 707 and 

720 jetliners, all three or more years old, were under repair for tail 

assembly cracks. (NYT, 4/20/66, 1; Ingraham, NYT, 4/21/66, 66M; 

NYT, 4/22/66, 65; Toth, Wash. Post, 4/24/66, M6)- 0 USAF launched unidentified satellite from WTR with Atlas-Agena D booster. 

(U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 150) 

0 House Committee on Science and Astronautics filed its report on H.R. 

1441, the $4.986-billion NASA budget authorization. (NASA LAR V/65-66) 
14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

April 19: International Association of Machinists and Boeing Co. settled 

dispute on seniority issues under Federal mediation, averting strike of 

50,000 Boeing employees, including those working on Saturn V boosters 

at Kennedy Space Center, NASA. (UPI, NYT, 4/20/66, 48; UPI, Wush. 

Post, 4/20/66, A6) e Eastern Airlines reserved two delivery positions for US. supersonic 

transport (Sst) ; transaction raised total number of reserved delivery 

positions to 96 and number of companies holding reservations to 22. 

(FAA Release 66-36) 

April 19-20: American Geophysical Union held 47th annual meeting in 

Washington, D.C. Dr. George P. Woollard, AGU president and director 

of Univ. of Hawaii’s Geophysics Research Center, in opening speech, 

urged intensive study of earth’s interior. As an example of complexities 

of the planet brought to light by detailed knowledge, he noted that 

satellite observations, leading at first to the view of earth as “pearshaped,” had been supplemented by new information on local variations. 

“We will probably wind up,” Woollard said, “with a warty, oblate 

spheroid.” (Sullivan, NYT, 4/20/66, 47M) 

Univ. of Chicago astronomer Edward Anders told AGU that organic 

compounds in certain meteorites were result of “natural chemical 

processes,” not “products of living organisms from afar.” Hydrocarbon 

formation, Anders said, “will happen whenever carbon monoxide, 

hydrogen and meteoritic dust cool on a rapid time scale.” John Wood 

of Smithsonian’s Cambridge Astrophysical Observatory said that some 

meteorites were ‘‘ ‘truly primordial’ matter, formed along with the 

rest of the solar system from a solar nebula.” (Wush. Post, 4/21/66, 

Experimenters presented preliminary reports on NASA’s PIONEER VI 

spacecraft at AGU meeting. Initial data gathered by 140-lb. spacecraft, 

launched into heliocentric orbit Dec. 16, 1965, indicated that: (1) 

low-energy cosmic radiation generated in solar flares traveled in welldefined streams coming from varying directions; (2) electron density 

in interplanetary space, measured by Stanford Univ. radio propagation 

detector, was nearly 10 per cu. cm.; (3) solar wind contained not only 

hydrogen and doubly-charged helium ions but also a small number of 

singly-charged helium ions ; and (4) interplanetary magnetic field had 

structures interpreted as filamentary “stringers” associated with solar 

coronal filaments seen during eclipses. (NASA Release 66-87) 

April 19-21: Nine NASA astronauts visited MSFC for briefing on Saturn IB 

launch vehicles to be used in initial manned Apollo missions. Briefingincluding tours, hardware descriptions, design philosophy, structural 

and propulsion tests, and flight data from Feb. 26 AS-201 flight-was 

attended by Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom, James A. McDivitt, David R. 

Scott, Russell Schweickart, Edward H. White 11, Frank Borman, 

Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Roger Chaffee, and Walter Cunningham. 

(MSFC Release 66-79) 

April 20: COSMOS cxv scientific satellite was launched into earth orbit by 

U.S.S.R. “to continue space research,” Tass reported. Satellite was said 

to have an apogee of 294 km. (183 mi.); perigee of 190 km. (118 mi.); 

period, 89.3 min. ; and inclination, 65”. Equipment was functioning 

normally. (Tass, 4/20/66) 

International Union of Electrical Workers acceded to Government request 

to remove pickets at KSC from entrance gates used by building trades 

A3) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 145 

workers. Electricians had struck for higher wages April 18 after expiration of contract with United Technology Center. (NYT, 4/21/66, 27) 

April 20: H. Julian Allen, Director of NASA Ames Research Center, was among 

27 elected to National Academy of Engineering “in recognition of their 

outstanding contributions to engineering theory and practice or to the 

pioneering of new and developing fields of technology.” (NAE Release, 

4/20/66) 

0 GSFC turned over all Tiros photographs to the Environmental Science 

Services Administration (ESSA) for archival purposes. (GSFC Historian) 

BOAC announced grounding of two more Boeing 707 jetliners for repair of 

tail assembly cracks; four 707’s had been grounded April 19. (Wash. 

Eve. Star, 4/20/66, A10) 

April 21: NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from WSMR reached 

96-mi. (154-km.) altitude in Johns Hopkins Univ. experiment designed 

to observe ultraviolet emissions from Venus. Scattered light produced 

by solar illumination of ITT startracker optics prevented acquisition and 

lock-on of target Venus, but good data were obtained on Lyman-alpha. 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman Richard B. Russell (D-Ga.) 

announced unanimous vote to increase by $167.9 million DOD’S FY 1967 

budget “to provide ‘long-lead-time’ production items for the Nike-X 

antimissile missile system.” Senator Russell said Committee’s decision 

had been influenced by information reported April 21 in Washington 

Post on Soviet missile-defense buildup and “by the unanimous recommendation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to go ahead, during recent closeddoor testimony.” Administration budget had already carried $447 

million for missile defense, (Rosenfeld, Wash. Post, 4/21/66, AI; 

Norris, Wash. Post, 4/22/66, A4; Senate Rpt. 1136, 4/25/66) 0 NASA Administrator James E. Webb praised development of the Nerva 

nuclear rocket engine following a tour of AEC’S Las Vegas, Nev., test 

site. He observed the nuclear engine was capable of producing longerduration flights than engine systems in current use. (WI, Houston 

Chron., 4/22/66) 

NASA awarded $50,000, 60-day fixed-price contracts to Douglas Aircraft 

Corp., McDonnell Aircraft Corp., and Grumman Aircraft Engineering 

Corp. to perform definition and preliminary design studies and evaluate 

plan to make spent Saturn V S-IVB stage hydrogen tank habitable for 

manned space missions of up to 30 days. Contracts would be managed 

by MSFC. (MSFC Release 66-83) 

0 Immediate need for an emergency space rescue squad was underlined by 

the curtailed March 16 GEMINI VIII mission and by electrical malfunction 

aboard OAO I successfully orbited April 8, William Hines asserted in the 

Washington Evening Star. “Without such capability,” Hines suggested, 

“large sums of money and vast amounts of scientific-technolo ical 

effort are being dissipated, and it is only a matter of time before bves 

will be placed in jeopardy. . . . Where manned missions are concerned, 

a rescue capability is not merely desirable but imperative. . . . In the 

next five years somewhere between 25 and 30 missions involving about 

75 astronauts will be flown. Durations will range from three to 45 days, 

and mission objectives will reach as far as the moon’s surface. At the 

most conservative estimate there are probably a dozen chances for 

something to go seriously wrong on a typical mission. To put it another 

way, there are somewhere between 300 and 500 accidents waiting to 
146 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

happen in the next five years-any one of them potentially tragic.” 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/21/66, A14) 

April 21: U.S.S.R. announced annual Lenin prizes. Winners in science 

included anonymous space experts responsible for LUNA IX and LUNA x 

missions. LUNA IX made the first softlanding on the moon Feb. 3; 

LUNA x became the first manmade satellite of the moon April 3. Prize 

commemorated Lenin’s birthday and was considered highest in the 

Soviet Union. (A€’, Wash. Post, 4/22/66) 

April 22: AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, who directed the 

development of USAF’S strategic missile force, would retire this summer, 

the White House announced. General Schriever, retiring for personal 

reasons, would be replaced Aug. 31 by L/G James Ferguson, USAF 

Deputy Chief of Staff for Research and Development. (AP, NYT, 

4/23/66, 5; Norris, Wash. Post, 4/23/66, A2) 

* USAF OV3-I satellite carrying AFCRL-instrumented 152-lb. payload was 

launched into polar orbit from Vandenberg AFB with Scout booster 

(SLV-1A). Reported orbital parameters were: apogee, 3,557 mi. (5,724 

km.); perigee, 219 mi. (352 km.); period, 152 min.; inclination, 82”. 

Objectives were measurement of charged particle distribution in earth’s 

magnetic field and acquisition of radiation intensity data for comparison 

with AFCRL satellite measurements in 1960-1963. Previously scheduled 

for April 19, launch had been postponed after detection of malfunction 

in launch vehicle’s ground support system. (OAR Release; US. Aeron. & 

Space Act., 1966, 150) e ComSatCorp Chairman of the Board James McCormack said ComSatCorp 

was contacting communications and broadcasting companies to get 

largest possible consensus on costs and technological feasibility of 

domestic multipurpose communications satellite system, and would 

present plans to FCC by Aug. 1. (AP, Wash. Post, 4/23/66, E?; Bishop, 

WSJ, 4/25/66, 32) 

LUNA ~- x comdeted its 150th orbit of the moon and marked Lenin’s birthdav 

by beamfng back to earth the Communist anthem, “Internationale.” 

(UPI, NYT, 4/23/66, 5) 

Graduate Research Center of the Southwest president Dr. Lloyd V. 

Berkner addressed MSC employees. Outlining postlunar landing e2ploration, Dr. Berkner said: “The very broad strategic objectives for the 

exploration of the solar system are clearly outlined in the National 

Academy of Sciences Summer Study that was done last summer. . . . It is urgent and imperative that this study be adopted, or something 

like it, as our major basic strategy beyond the moon. The first job is to 

adopt a national strategy. This is not just a decision of NASA; it is a 

decision of the administration, of the Congress, of the American people. 

“And second it is urgent and imperative that this study be translated 

by joint actions of NASA, the National Academy of Sciences and American scientists into specific tactical plans for a specific program with 

dollars attached to it. For example, in my opinion, it makes little 

sense to undertake the first Martian landing without some precedent 

exploratory steps. We must first orbit and map the planet and ascertain 

where a landing would be profitable. 

“To do the planetary exploration job effectively, we now need a 

tactical program of specific flights on specific dates with the instrumentation necessary to plan to accomplish those tasks. I remind you 

that what we are doing today was planned in 1961. And yet, when we . 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 14 1 

get to our planetary program in the 1970’s, we don’t have corresponding 

specific plans.” He reemphasized the urgency by saying: “If we are to 

achieve in the planetary exploration of the future in an intelligent way, 

in light of the objectives of the Space Act, the time has come to get 

our scientists started now. Your vehicfe program is already ahead of us.” 

Dr. Berkner said that the long-range program should meet certain 

specifications: “(1 j step-by-step advancement of experiments in the 

proper order; (2) use o€ the right vehicles to carry out the experiments; 

(3) effective use of Saturn capabilities, from unmanned missions to the 

ultimate manned landing on Mars and perhaps Venus, and (4) proper 

phasing-in of smaller vehicles with the larger ones, and reasonable 

time/cost programming.” (MSC Roundup, 5/27/66, 3) 

Aprtl 22-23: JPL Director Dr. William H, Pickering received American 

Philosophical Society’s Magellanic Gold Medal at society’s annual 

meeting in Philadelphia “for his achievements in the fields of astronomy 

and navigation.” (NYT, 4/24/66,83) 

AEC Chairman Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg told APS that a technological 

society must give the humanities economic freedom in order to assure 

development as a “human” suciety. Discussing role of National 

Foundation on the Arts and Humanities, established in September 1965, 

Seaborg said: “The new support of the arts and humanities by the 

Federal Government should help break down some of the artificial 

barriers we have created between the world of science and technology 

and that of the arts and humanities. . . though science may have a 

pervading and ascendin in3uence in our lives today, there cannot be 

any clearcut division f etween science and nonscience in interdisciplinary civilization which a livable future world will require.” (CR, 

April 23: Saturn V 2nd stage test vehcle (S-11-T) was successfully captivefired for 15 sec. at MSFC’s Mississi pi Test Facility in first test of flightmost powerful liquid-oxygen/liquid-hydrogen stage known-developed 

3.-million-lbs, thrust from five 1-2 engines. Test also marked first 

operational use of MTF, (MSFC Release 66-84) 

Russian space dogs Veterok and Ugolyek, in orbit Feb. 22-March 16 

aboard COSMOS CX, appeared on Moscow television with Soviet physiciancosmonaut Dr. Boris Yegorov, who told viewers that “the dogs had 

undergone many tests and were found quite normal.” The dogs, who 

has passed through Van Allen radiation belts during each of 330 

revolutions, would be adopted as pets by workers at Russia’s space 

center, Dr. Yegorov said. (Taw, 4/23/66) 

Materials Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute-$1.6 

million, NASA-sponsored facility-and adjoining Engineering Science 

Research Building-built with Rensselaer funds and matching NSF 

grant-were dedicated at Troy, N.Y. Princi al speaker at ceremony, 

Administrator James E. Webb. Rensselaer had received first grant 

under NASA program for establishment of interdisciplinary centers at 

selected universities. (RPI Release, 4/2/66) a In an articfe in Krasnaya Zuezda, retired Soviet MJG of Aviation B. 

Teplinskiy said: “In 1961. . . at the m.SJ Defense Department, a 

special command for developing weapons systems for the air forces 

was created. Controi of military space plans was assigned it. . . . It was 

5/4/66, 3-4) 

weight, all systems S-I1 stage. 33- P t.-dia., 81-ft.-long stage-largest and 

which climaxed two-day “Man and Materia P s” symposium, was NASA 
148 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

April 23: NASA Mississippi Test Facility conducts its first test firing, a 15-sec. test of the 

Saturn V S-I1 stage. 

at that time that Lt. Gen. Bernard Schriever, who then headed the 

Air Force Systems Command and is a well-known fanatic advocate of 

the militarization of outer space, stated: ‘Our military space requirements cannot be fully satisfied by the civilian programs now being 

worked out or planned.’ . . . “Not all people agreed with this. Prominent American scientist 

Dr. Hugh Dryden declared shortly after his appointment as NASA 

deputy administrator: ‘I have learned-I would like to say I regret to 

have learned-that it is assumed in some circles that if our outer 

space work . . . has no military potential we will not receive corresponding financial support from any future administrations or congresses.” 

(Krusnaya Zvezda, 4/23/66) 

April 24: NASA Administrator James E. Webb, in an article written for AP, 

discussed national power in space: “The question that arises is this: 

in terms of national power, is there going to be a real contest for the 

control of this new environment? Is there going to be a shared mastery 

or an effort at domination? 

“The danger is clear in having such a very great power available to 

only one nation, and especially to the Communist nations who have a 

strong, determined drive to dominate the world, to enforce their views 

on others.. . . “The US. space program gives us a mastery of the space environment. It gives us the knowledge which permits us to judge what is in 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 149 

our own interest. It gives us the assurance that we are going to be at 

the decision table when the big decisions of the future are made. It 

also gives us the image of a ‘can do’ nation, the image of a nation that 

is not going to focus on pure commercialism or fail to respond to a 

great challenge. It gives us also the power to exploit space.” (Text) 

April 24: Jet aircraft operating from Washington National Airport. (Wash. 

Sun. Star, 4/24/66, Al) 0 U.S.S.R. began series of carrier rocket tests in two areas of the Pacific 

west and northwest of Midway Island. (AP, NYT, 7/5/66,28) 

April 25: Third MOLNIYA I satellite was orbited by U.S.S.R. to assist “development and further improvement of a satellite radio and TV communication system (SOVCOMSAT) ,” Tass announced. Orbital data: apogee, 

39,500 km. (24,545 mi.) ; perigee, 499 km. (310 mi.) ; period, 11 hrs. 

50 min.; inclination, 64.5”. Equipment included broadcasting system 

“as well as instruments of a command-measuring set, an orientation 

system, orbital correction devices, and power supply” for “further 

development of onboard systems, satellite equipment, and onground 

tracking facilities.” (Tass, Pruvdu, 4/26/66, 6, USS-T Trans.) 

0 Five-man Observatory Class Spacecraft Review Board had been appointed 

by Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space 

Science and Applications. Robert F. Garbarini, NASA Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Space Science and Applications (Engineering) , would head the board, established to “study all phases of design, 

development, testing and space operations procedures of the orbiting 

observatory spacecraft.” Other Review Board members were: F. John 

Bailey, Chief, Flight Safety Office, MSC; Jack N. James, Director for 

Lunar and Planetary Programs, JPL; Dr. Albert J. Kelley, Deputy 

Director, ERC; and Francis B. Smith, Assistant Director, LaRc. (NASA 

Release 66-91) 

0 Tokyo Univ.’s Institute of Space and Aviation announced successful 

launch of 240-lb. meteorological sounding rocket from Uchinoura 

launching range in Kyushu, southern Japan. Single-stage rocket 

reached 40.8-mi. (65.7-km.) altitude in 2 min. 4 sec. Data were telemetered to ground station. (Wush. Post, 4/22/66, B2) 

0 NASA would ask $1 billion for Apollo Applications programing in FY 1968 

to prevent a lapse in manned space flight by offsetting reduction in 

expenditures and aerospace industry manpower for Project Apollo, 

William Normyle reported in Aviation Week. He continued: “NASA was 

permitted by the Administration to request only $41.9 million for 

Apollo Applications in Fiscal 1967. Some of NASA’s advanced planners 

argued for $500 million in the Fiscal 1967 budget now under consideration, but the agency went to the Bureau of the Budget with a request 

for only $270 million, which was reduced to the $41.9 million.” 

(Normyle, Av. Wk., 4/25/66, 30) 

0 Object described as green and yellow with a long fiery tail-later determined by scientists to be a meteor traveling northwest at 80- to 100-mi. 

altitude-was sighted by thousands of people in eastern US. and 

southeastern Canada. Scientists estimated that meteor, which was 

observed at around 8:15 p.m. EST, might have ranged in size from size 

of a football to several hundred pounds, and had probably disintegrated 

between Albany, N.Y., and Montreal. (Tush. Post, 4/26/66, Al; NYT, 

4/27/66, 24) 
150 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

April 25: Referring to NASA-DOD decision of 1964 to exchange experts in each 

other’s programs, Aviation Week reported the score to date: 184 USAF, 

78 Army, 25 Navy, and six USMC officers assigned to NASA; transferred 

to DOD was one NASA official, Dr. Michael Yarymovich, now technical 

director of USAF’S Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) program. (Av. Wk., 

4/25/66, 25) 

* Federal mediators in San Francisco announced interim agreement in 

wage dispute between International Union of Electrical Workers and 

United Technology Center. Striking electricians would return to work 

by April 28; negotiations for a new contract would continue until 

May 20. AP dispatches from KSC reported union, which had limited 

picketing to one gate April 20, had resumed picketing all five gates, 

charging “bad faith on the part of UTC.” (WI, Wash. Post, 4/26/66, A6; 

A€’, NYT, 4/26/66,14) 

Two controversial theories about the earth’s crust to be tested by the 

Mohole geological project were reviewed in Science. One theory held 

that material flows slowly but constantly up from deep in the earth and 

then spreads out across the ocean floors. Second theory was that the 

earth‘s magnetic field reverses periodically so that successive bands of 

rock would have alternate polarization, depending on the time the 

molten material had frozen and locked in its magnetism. Drills would 

attempt to probe different rock bands to determine if their charges 

were different and when they were formed. First field trials were 

scheduled for early 1968. (Science, 4/25/66) * Dr. Wallace J. Eckert, Columbia Univ. prof. of celestial mechanics and 

director of IBM’S Watson Laboratory, received National Academy of 

Sciences’ 19th James Craig Watson Medal “for his pioneering contributions to the scientific application of electronic computers and to 

the theory of the motion of the moon.” (NAS Release, 3/29/66) 

April 25-28: American Physical Society met in Washington, D.C. Geophysicist S. K. Runcorn, Univ. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K., suggested 

that Jupiter’s great red spot may be “the top of a 200-mi.-high column of 

‘stagnant air’ carried along” by a meteorite crater in the planet’s 

hydrogen surface. This view would contradict a widely held notion that 

the spot is associated with a high mountain. “We don’t believe in 

mountain ranges on Jupiter, at Newcastle,” Runcorn said, explaining 

that Jupiter’s crust would not support a mountain. He noted that the 

large surface feature connected with the stagnant air column might be a 

depression caused by impact of an asteroid or “a moonlet.” Runcorn 

said explanation of red spot as column of gases supported theory of 

Jupiter’s fluid metallic hydrogen core. (APS Release, 4/20/66; S’ imons, 

Wash. Post, 4/27/66, A10; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/26/66, A3) 

Dr. Harold Brown, Secretary of the Air Force, examined management 

role of scientifically trained people and invited their participation in 

the “governmental decision-making process.” Brown, a former physicist, attributed rising influence of technocrats “to the increasing 

technical content of modern life” and to “the less narrowly technical 

orientation of the technically trained.” He noted transition from parttime to full-time scientific advisers in the late 1950’s as “one of the major 

lasting consequences of the Soviet Sputnik achievement.” (Text) 

NASA’s OGO I, launched Sept. 4, 1964, and EXPLORER XXVIII (IMP-c), 

launched May 29, 1965, had yielded data essential to evolution of an 

accurate physical description of the universe, according to paper on 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 151 

low-energy cosmic rays presented at APS meeting by Dr. Donald E. 

Hagge of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Hagge noted satellite 

measurements and recent “quiet sun year” had given physicists “an 

unprecedented opportunity . . . for meaningful cosmic ray research.” 

High-apogee satellites permitted measurement of low-energy particles 

‘‘not directly observable on the surface of the earth” due to protective 

atmosphere and influence of earth’s magnetic field. Minimum of ccsolar 

modulation”-suppression of galactic particles by sun’s magnetic field 

upon attempted penetration of solar system-meant that ‘particles 

observed during 1965 most nearly represent the true situation outside 

the solar system.” (GSFC Release, 3/27/66) 

J. A. Simpson of Enrico Fermi Institute, Univ. of Chicago, reported 

these satellite experiments had revealed “new features in the cosmic 

radiation regarding the energy distribution, the chemical and isotopic 

composition of the cosmic rays at hitherto unattainable energies.” 

Origin of “ultra-low-energy nuclei,” which reached vicinity of earth 

during 1965 period of minimum solar modulation, may be supernovae, 

Simpson suggested. (Fermi Institute Release, 4/27/66) 

Simpson and J. J. O’Gallagher, also of Fermi Institute, presented 

results of study of solar flare particle propagation based on simultaneous observations by MARINER IV space probe and Imp satellites. 

Evidence showed that “protons are confined by interplanetary magnetic 

fields to narrow channels extending outward from the sun” and 

“particles in these channels are carried around the sun by magnetic 

fields which co-rotate with the sun.” (Fermi Institute Release, 4/29/66) 

Paul J. Coleman, Jr., of UCLA, presented results of “a recently completed statistical analysis of records of the magnetic field and plasma 

velocity, obtained in late 1962 with instruments aboard the spacecraft 

MARINER 11,” including Pcexperimental evidence that [hydromagnetic] 

waves do exist in interplanetary space.” Discussing properties of solar 

wind, Coleman said MARINER 11% measurements had indicated average 

temperature of positive ions in plasma was about 200,000”K. He.noted 

that its high temperature and low density “suggest that the plasma is 

completely ionized. ” (APS Release, 4/26/66) 

Discussing importance of their NASA-sponsored stellar wind study, 

S. H. Lam of Princeton Univ. and G. Sandri of Aeronautical Research 

Associates of Princeton, Inc., said: “The cosmic radiation that reached 

the Earth, or any satellite that has been sent into space by man, has 

been attenuated, or as the specialists say ‘modulated,’ by the solar wind. 

Therefore, we cannot measure directly the constitution of the cosmic 

radiation as it exists in interstellar space unaffected by the solar wind. 

Yet, to be able to understand the origin of the cosmic radiation, we 

must know its true constitution in interstellar space. A proper understanding of the solar wind will greatly facilitate this difficult task.” 

Lam and Sandri presented electrostatic mode1 for stellar winds at APS 

meeting. (APS Release, 4/29/66) 

Discovery of first celestial body, “Cygnus GR-1,” identifiable as a 

“point source of high energy gamma radiation,” was announced to 

APS by Univ. of Rochester physicists J. G. M. Duthie, Roland W. Cobb, 

and Joseph Stewart. Discovery of source, which coincided with a region 

already identified as an x-ray source known as “Cygnus XR-1,” climaxed 

five years of research sponsored by NASA and NSF. (Univ. of Rochester 

Release, 4/29/66) 
152 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Describing the Alfven Propulsion Engine (Ape) in a paper on hydromagnetic propulsion and drag in space vehicles, M. A. Ruderman, New 

York Univ., said: “A source of electrical power (nuclear, or solar 

panels) sufficient to power one hundred common light bulbs could 

raise the altitude of a 5-ton satellite about 100 miles in a week of 

operation. By allowing the motor to act as a generator the orbital 

energy of this same satellite can be converted into electrical energy, 

contributing sufficient drag to lower the satellite altitude by almost 

15 miles per day.” (APS Release, 4/26/66) 

Cal Tech physicist H. Victor Neher described latitude survey of 

cosmic rays: “Once we satisfied ourselves that instruments sent by 

balloons up to altitudes of 140,000 feet, near the earth’s magnetic poles, 

gave answers directly comparable to those found by Mariners I1 and 

IV, it became less important to depend on spacecraft for our data. This 

was good news because we have a flexibility and control of balloon 

flights that are not possible with spacecraft.” (APS Release, 4/28/66) 

April 25-28: Radiotelescopes trained on radio galaxies might discover the 

quark, which had been proposed as the most elementary particle, Purdue 

Univ. physicists C. S. Shen and T. K. Kuo theorized to APS. Suggested 

two years ago by Dr. Murray Gell-Mann of Cal Tech, the quark was 

described by Shen as “a very, very elegant, beautiful theory. There 

are so many elementary particles. Physicists are all confused as to how 

they are constructed. If they are all constructed from quarks, it is very 

simple.” (Clark, NYT, 4/26/66, 28; Wash. Eve. Star, 4/29/66, A14) 

April 26: First test transmissions of long-range radio and television communications between Moscow and the Far East via third MOLNIYA I 

comsat, launched April 25, were successful. Pictures were of good 

quality. Tass said the satellite would be used to ‘‘further refine the 

system of long-range, two-way television and telephone-telegraph radio 

communications and pilot operations.” (Tass, 4/27/66) 

0 COSMOS CXVI scientific satellite was launched into earth orbit by U.S.S.R. 

to continue outer space research,” Tass announced. Satellite was said 

to have an apogee of 478 km. (297 mi.); perigee of 294 km. (183 mi.); 

period, 92 min.; and inclination, 48’ 25 min. Equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, Kmsnuyu Zvezdu, 4/28/66, 1, USS-T Trans.) 0 NASA Nike-Apache meteorological sounding rocket launched from Sonmiani, Pakistan, carried acoustic-grenade payload to 118-mi. (190-km.) 

altitude in experiment conducted for Pakistan Space and Upper 

Atmosphere Research Committee (SUPARCO) and British National 

Space Research Committee. Grenades did not eject, but data were 

obtained from trimethyl-aluminum (TU) cloud release and spectrum 

photography. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 ComSatCorp requested FCC permission to construct a t6-million highcapacity earth station at St. Croix, Virgin Islands, to “serve the expanding needs of the Caribbean area, and provide for reliable service 

between the United States and Puerto Rico, South America, Europe 

and Asia.” 

In a separate request, ComSatCorp petitioned FCC to deny AT&T’S and 

ITT Communications, 1nc.-Virgin Islands’ applications to build and 

operate a cable between U.S. mainland and St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

USAF selected Martin Co. to develop SV-5P manned lifting-body vehicle 

to explore flight characteristics and atmospheric maneuverability of 

CC 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 153 

wingless lifting bodies. Initially, the S,OOO-lb., 24-ft. wingless vehicle 

would be dropped from a B-52 bomber at 40,000- to 50,000-ft. altitude 

at 500 mph for powerless, gliding flight, landing at Edwards AFB at 120 

to 150 mph; in later powered tests, it would accelerate to mach 2 

speeds at 100,000-ft. altitude and then maneuver to landing. Airfoil 

shape of vehicle, which resembled “a delta shaped porpoise with 

vertical fins,” provided lift normally derived from wings. Future 

vehicles, developed as part of AFSC’S Piloted Low Speed Test (Pilot) 

project, would be launched to ferry supplies and crews between earth 

and orbiting space stations. (DOD Release 343-66; Wilford, NYT, 

4/27/66,22) 

April 26: NASA convair 990 jet aircraft began ARC-managed, preliminary 

flights in support of NASA’s Nimbus C weather satellite scheduled for 

launch from WTR May 13. Four GSFC experiments installed in jet would 

test new spacecraft sensors for weather measurement and collect data 

at altitudes over 40,000 ft. for comparison with data obtained by Nimbus 

spacecraft over the same areas. (NASA Release 66-107) 

DDR&E Deputy Director (Strategic & Space Systems) Daniel J. Fink, in an 

address before the National Space Club in Washington, D.C., said: 

“We in the Department of Defense have always looked upon space less 

as a matter of adventure and more as a matter of necessity; we explore 

its potential not because it is ‘there’ but because we have needs that 

are ‘here.’ It is not that we have identified fundamentally new missions 

since the early days of our space effort. We have, however, begun to 

recognize new applications for space-based systems, particularly in the 

tactical field. The opportunities are tremendous-and sometimes so 

are the problems. We are no longer as enamored with the ‘how’ of 

developing a satellite system. We now take a hard look at the ‘why’ of 

choosing one approach to solving a military need over another-and 

this most assuredly includes competing earth-based systems as well. 

We have come to recognize that our launch vehicle capability coupled 

with better sensors permits us to do more missions from synchronous 

orbit. We also are beginning to sense that there is a high potential for 

combining operational functions in a multiple-purpose satellite where 

common sensor packages and orbital parameters exist.” (DOD Release 

Editorial comment on retirement of AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. 

Schriever: ‘‘Few men had a larger hand . . . in developing the scientific 

‘mix’ of manned aircraft and missiles that is today’s US. Air Force. 

“From the day he was put in charge of our ballistic missile program 

in 1954 until today he has been the key man in Air Force research 

and development. 

“Only last August he was given what is probably the single most 

important scientific assignment in Air Force history-developing the 

military Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL). . . .” ( Wush. Daily News, 

4/26/66) 

* LaRC would test parachutes for possible landing of instrumented unmanned 

capsules on Mars beginning in summer 1966, in support of NASA’s 

Voyager planetary exploration project. Parachutes would be carried by 

balloons and sounding rockets to 130,000-ft. altitudewhere thin 

earth atmosphere simulates Martian atmosphere-and would then be 

deployed behind test units accelerated to mach 1.2 in level flight [see 

Aug. 301. (NASA Release 66-90; LaRC Release) 

341-66) 
154 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

April 27: Meteorological sounding rocket launched from Chamical, Argentina, was first in series of launches planned for NASA-Argentine Space 

Commission (CNIE) cooperative program. CNIE had scheduled 13 

launches €or 1966 as part of Inter-American Experimental Meteorological Rocket Network (EXAMETNET), in which Argentina, Brazil, and 

US. would cooperate to establish in the Western Hemisphere a northsouth chain of stations for coordinated sounding rocket launchings to 

obtain experimental data on weather patterns. Brazil launched first 

rocket under EXAMETNET program from Natal, Brazil, Jan. 12. (NASA 

Release 66-103) 

JPL 100-kw. radar was flown successfully on NASA Convair 990 at 3-6-mi. 

(5-10-km.) altitude in preliminary test for rocket flight [see May 91. 

(JPL Release, 6/26/66) 0 Third MOLMYA r communications satellite, launched into elliptical orbit 

by U.S.S.R. April 25, transmitted television broadcast from Vladivostok. 

Transmission of televised May Day celebration from Moscow to 

Vladivostok via satellite had been scheduled for May 1. All equipment 

was functioning normally. (Pruvda, 4/28/66, 4, USS-T Trans.) 

Soviet press reported that Belka and Strelka, dog passengers on U.S.S.R.’s 

SPUTNIK v in orbit more than 24 hrs. Aug. 19-20, 1960, were alive anp 

well. (AP, rush. Post, 4/28/66, B7) 

Army Corps of Engineers had established Extra-Terrestrial Research 

Agency, headed by geologist Alice S. Allen, to coordinate studies of 

lunar surface in anticipation of moon exploration requirements. 

Comprehensive study of such surface properties as soil density, light 

reflectivity, and thermal and electrical conductivity, Corps of Engineers 

believed, would permit deductions about problems of “walking, 

digging, and moving of surface loads . . . providing shelter, water supply 

and necessary construction materials and tools. ” (Henry, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 4/27/66, C3) o Properly managed, the value of the returns from Government investment 

in research and technology outweighed by “orders of‘ magnitude” the 

investment itself, Dr. Chalmers W. Sherwin, deputy director (research 

and technology) , Defense Department Research and Engineering. told a 

meeting in Chicago jointly sponsored by the Patent Law Assn. of Chicago 

and the Chicago Assn. of Commerce and Industry. Sherwin said the 

value of R&D had been confirmed by “Project Hindsight,” a study 

covering such systems as the Mark 46 torpedoes, Minuteman 11, Hound 

Dog, Polaris, Sergeant, and Lance missiles. “We are not sure whether 

good ideas attract ‘good’ (that is, flexible) money, or if innovative 

organizations just ‘happen’ to always have such money. Available technology money simply must be spread all over the place in little pockets 

near the need. It is not the ivory towers which need flexible money the 

most, it is rather the organizations heavily involved in real problemsparticularly in the early stages of development of new systems.” (Text) 0 A surface-based deep-sea search and retrieval system was described by its 

inventor, Willard N. Bascom, president of Ocean Science and Engineering, Inc., in an interview with William Hines of Washington Evening 

Star. Bascom, holder of a patent on Cc~~~~~~’y, said his system could 

be ready in a year and that “total cost of a ‘SEARCH’ vessel ready for 

operation anywhere in the world would not exceed $Y million.” He cited 

‘presently unrecoverable losses of spacecraft and experimental weapons 

as an urgent justification for developing a deep-sea retrieval system,” 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 155 

and said that he had offered “SEARCH” to the Navy. “Similar pro osds 

have been submitted to the Air Force and NASA,” Bascom sa$ His 

system, an outgrowth of the Mohole deep-sea drilling project, would use 

scanning devices and grappling tools suspended from a converted cargo 

ship. (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/27/66, A7) 

April 27: FAA had total of 9,566 US. airports, heliports, and seaplane bases 

on record at end of 1965, 76 more than 1964 tally. Texas, with 846 

landing facilities, led other states. (FAA Release 66-43) 

Dr. Eric A. Walker, president of Pennsylvania State Univ. and chairman 

of the National Science Board, was elected president of the National 

Academy of Engineering. (NAE News) 

Dr. Vamevar Bush, Honorary Chairman of the Corporation, MIT, 

received the National Academy of Engineering’s first Founders’ Medal 

at 2nd annual NAE meeting in Washington, D.C. Dr. Bush, former president of Carnegie Institution of Washington, director of Office of 

Scientific Research and Development during World War 11, and NACA 

Chairman 1939-41, was cited as “the engineer who mobilized this 

country’s scientific and technical resources for war and created the blueprint for the post-war cooperation of science and government.” (NAE 

Release, 4/19/66) 0 About 25,000 acres at KSC had been set aside as a national wildlife refuge, 

the National Geographic Society revealed. Cape Kennedy and nearby 

Cocoa, Fla., were especially rich in bird life; a record total of 204 species 

had been tabulated by the Audubon Society. (NYT, 4/27/66, 52) 

April 28: NASA issued a fact sheet on US. international space programs which 

listed criteria applied to determine value and acceptability of cooperative 

arrangements in space activity: (1) cooperative project must have 

scientific validity and mutual interest; (2) cooperative project must be 

conducted openly, with the scientific results being made freely available 

to the world scientific community; (3) each participant must accept 

financial responsibility for its own contribution to the project. 

Since their inception, NASA’s international programs had involved 71 

countries or separate jurisdictions and had included satellite projects, 

individual experiments flown on NASA satellites, sounding rocket investigations, and a variety of programs in which foreign ground-based 

observations were coordinated with flight projects. 

US. had concluded bilateral agreements providing for launch of 14 

scientific satellites instrumented and, in all but two cases, engineered 

abroad. Six of these satellites had already been successfully launched 

(one each for France and Italy and two each for Canada and U.K.). 

Other satellites would be contributed by the European Space Research 

Organization (ESRO), U.K., Canada, Italy, and Germany. 

U.S. had also opened its own satellites, manned and unmanned, to 

participation by foreign experimenters. Sixteen such experiments had 

been accepted for flight. 

Some 17 countries had entered into agreements with NASA for one or 

more cooperative sounding rocket projects. Such investigations had been 

initiated by both U.S. and foreign proposals. They had accounted for 

roughly 150 launchings in a five-year period with rockets ranging 

widely in size and type, from boosted Darts and Arcas to Nike combinations, Aerobees, Shotputs, British Skylarks, and French Centaures. 

Ten cooperating countries made substantial contributions to experimental communications satellite work by constructing and operating 
156 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

overseas ground terminals used for TV and radio demonstrations. Conventional weather observations in 42 countries helped interpretation of 

cloud-cover photographs from weather satellites. 

A 1962 agreement with U.S.S.R. had resulted in: (1) one-way communications demonstrations using ECHO 11, (2) some exchange of 

ground-based magnetic field data in anticipation of an agreed exchange 

of satellite data, and (3) exchange of conventional weather data over a 

special communications channel set up between Washington and 

MOSCOW on a shared-cost basis pending the availability of satellite data 

from U.S.S.R. (Text) 

April 28: European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO) ended threeday, seven-nation Inter-ministerial Conference in Paris without reaching 

decisive conclusions. Issues involved were: (1) Western Europe’s 

independent space role competitive with US. and U.S.S.R.; (2) extent 

of collaboration to keep pace with technological advance; and (3) continuation of initial ELDO project, three-stage Europa-1 rocket. Cost 

estimate had more than doubled to $420 million, and recent proposal to 

move Europa-1 into space communications would add $60 million. 

Another meeting was scheduled for June. (Mooney, NYT, 4/29/66, 8; 

UPI, Wush. Post, 4/27/66, A15; NYT, 4/28/66, 24) 

Fire in altitude chamber used to simulate environment of Apollo Command 

Module (Cm) at AiResearch Manufacturing Div. Torrance (Calif.) 

Facility severely damaged Apollo Environmental Control System, which 

had undergone 480 hrs. 37 min. of a 500-hr.-duration qualification test. 

Investigating board concluded that probable cause of ignition had been 

failure of electrical heater tape installed as part of the test set-up, and 

that some “ground test equipment and materials used . . . were not suitable for application in the vacuum and 5 psia 100% oxygen environments.” Board recommended improvement in selection of ccsome materials used in the Environmental Control System and Apollo Command 

Module” and pointed IO a “potential fire hazard from arcing or direct 

short circuits.” (Senate, Hearing, Apollo Accident, Pt. 1, 2/7/67, 32-4) * NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from WSMR carried NRLinstrumented payload to 109-mi. (175-km.) altitude in experiment to 

photograph solar corona and disc and to measure solar disc variations 

and total solar flux in Lyman-alpha. Performance of rocket and instrumentation was considered excellent. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* U.S. Army parachutists made first manned flight tests of NASA-developed 

parawing at Army’s John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare, Fort 

Bragg. Concept of maneuverable, parachute-like, flexible wing had been 

originated by LaRC scientist Francis M. Rogallo and Gertrude S. Rogallo 

in 1948, and on July 18,1963, NASA had awarded $35,000 to the inventors 

in recognition of their contribution to aeronautics. Parawing’s gliding 

and maneuvering capability results from aerodynamic lift developed in 

flight; conventional parachutes are drag devices and do not develop lift. 

Roughly triangular and about 400 sq. ft. in area, arawings used in tests 

deployed like parachutes. Army Aviation Materiel Laboratories (AVLABS) 

had recommended evaluation of parawings for personnel use, and NASA 

engineers and observers assisted Army with technical consultation. 

(NASA Release 66-106) 0 International Air Transport Assn. (IATA) director Knut Hammarskjold 

announced that most of IATA’S member airlines would accept U.S. State 

had been built to L~RC specifications and could T: e folded, packed, and 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 157 

Dept. demands for changes in Warsaw Convention-an international 

treaty which limited liability of airline involved in international-flight 

crash to $8,300 per passenger. US. had demanded increase in liability 

to $75,000 per passenger and an absolute liability system under which 

carriers would be held liable for damages under all circumstances-even 

in cases of sabotage. (IATA News 12; Long, NYT, 4/28/66, 7; NYT, 

4/29/66, 42) 

April 28: Zzvestia described how the Communist Party anthem was transmitted from LUNA x to earth: “Before the launching, an electronic generator was installed in the artificial moon satellite to radiate in a definite 

sequence electric oscillations of the frequencies necessary for reproducing selected fragments of the melody. . . . The use of semi conductors 

made it possible to substantially reduce the weight and volume of the 

set and considerably increase the range of transmissions. The ‘music’ 

signals of the set installed in the Luna 10 could be received even from 

the neighborhood of Venus. 

“The increase in range and the overcoming of cosmic noise were 

achieved by means of special narrow band-pass filters. The cycle of 

functioning of the instrument reproducing ‘Internationale’ consists of 

two parts: generating in a certain sequence signals of various frequencies 

-10 seconds-and creating intervals before the repetition of the 

melody-45 seconds. The instrument is switched on by a signal from the 

earth.” (Tass, Zzvestia, 4/28/66) 

0 New York Times reported hint by Leonid I. Dubrovin, chief of 11th 

U.S.S.R. Antarctic expedition, broadcast by radio from Mirny Antarctic station, “that the Soviet Union planned to use the Antarctic as a 

testing ground for manned landings on the moon.” Dubrovin had said 

fierce Antarctic conditions would test man’s adaptability and scientists 

could learn much there “that would help man to survive in the desolate 

conditions of the moon.” (NYT, 5/1/66, 15) 

April 29: One of the world’s largest and most sensitive automatic space 

tracking and telemetry antennas was officially dedicated at Goldstone, 

Calif. Newest facility in NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN), 210,ft. dish 

antenna was U.S.’s largest fully steerable antenna and world’s largest 

built for research by spacecraft. Operated by JPL, $14-million antenna 

would be used to track future Mariners and other spacecraft to Mars, 

Venus, and even Pluto on the outer reaches of the solar system. Dedication ceremonies, hosted by JPL Director Dr. William H. Pickering, 

included addresses by Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), chairman 

of Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee, and Rep. George P. 

Miller (D-Calif.) , chairman of Science and Astronautics Committee. 

NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., and Edmond C. 

Buckley, NASA Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition, also participated. (NASA Release 66-88; MSC Roundup, 4/29/66) 

0 NASA had selected three firms-Computer Div. of Control Data Corp., 

Industrial Electronics Div. of General Electric Co., and the Univac Div. 

of Sperry Rand Corp.-for competitive negotiations leading to an 

estimated $20 million contract to provide a new computing system at 

MSFC. (MSFC Release 66-89) 

0 McDonnell Aircraft Corp. received a $2,071,882 cost-plus-incentive-fee 

contract from AFSC for work on Gemini spacecraft heat shield for Manned 

Orbiting Laboratory (Mol). (DOD Release 356-66) 
158 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

April 29: NASA's alO-ft.-diameter Deep Space Network antenna, dedicated at Goldstone, 

Calif., April 29. 

April 30: Test pilots saved one of two U.S. $500 million XB-70 research aircraft during test flight from Edwards AFB by short circuiting two 

terminals with a paper clamp. When a jammed door prevented hydraulic 

extension of nose landing gear, Col. Joseph Cotton (USAF), co-pilot with 

North American Aviation, Inc.'s chief test pilot, Alvin S. White, removed paper clamp from his brief case and touched it to two pin terminals in a small relay unit, following instructions radioed by NAA ground 

engineers. Gear extended, and although main gear burst into flame as 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 159 

185-ft., delta-winged aircraft landed, NAA reported damage was light. 

(Wash. Post, 5/3/66, Al; NYT, 5/4/66, 23) 

April 30: President Johnson issued Executive Order 11277 designating International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (Intelsat) as an 

organization “entitled to enjoy, from and after Au st 20, 1964, all of 

the International Organizations Immunities Act. (Text, Pres. Doc., 

5/9/66,600) 

LUNA x completed 218th orbit of moon after a total of 120 radio communications periods, Tass announced. Equipment was functioning 

normally, and radio link was said to be stable. (Tass, 4/30/66) 

GISS marked fifth anniversary with lecture by Dr. Harold C. Urey, prof. of 

chemistry at large, Univ. of California, La Jolla. Reception preceding 

lecture had honored Dr. Urey’s 73rd birthday on April 28. (Goddard 

News, 5/30/66, 8) 

During April: Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, Special Assistant to NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb and AIAA President, sought to define the 

role of a professional and of a professional society in an editorial in 

Astronautics & Aeronautics. “. . . in my reading of the history of science and technology, I have 

been impressed by the key role of individuals who related science and 

technology to social needs. I would suggest that they are the professionals, and that a true profession deliberately exercises science and 

technology to meet social needs. 

“Unlike most professional and technical societies, AIAA composes a 

wide variety of engineers and physical and life scientists. Yet definite 

social concerns bind us in a single profession-society’s expressed need 

to transport goods and people by atmospheric jlight and to explore space. 

* Three US. airlines-all claiming to be Nation’s oldest-celebrated their 

40th anniversaries : United Airlines, April 6; Western Airlines, April 17; 

and Trans World Airlines (TWA), April 17. (UPI, NYT, 4/3/66) 

* Study of buoyant Venus probes that could avoid the high temperaiures 

close to the planet’s surface by staying in static equilibrium at higher and 

cooler altitudes was published in Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 

Report, by F. R. Gross of the Goodyear Aerospace Corp., said probes 

would be launched by Saturn IB boosters, have isotensoid shape, and 

trail behind the instrument package. To withstand reentry heating, the 

balloons would be constructed from high-temperature fabrics or films 

now under development. To permit use of conventional instrumentation, 

probes would be designed to reach equilibrium at altitudes where the 

ambient temperature was 160” F. Weight analysis had shown that in the 

minimum temperature atmosphere, worthwhile biological and atmospheric experiments could be performed. (J/Spacecraft, 4/66, 582-7) 

CAB study revealed that in 153 U.S. air carrier accidents between 1955 and 

1964 caused by or resuIting in fire, 297 of 1,955 fatalities would not have 

occurred had fire been prevented. 1,628 persons died of impact forces, 

and 30 for otherreasons. All fire victims were involved in 13 of the accidents. Report recommended strengthening of structures to withstand 

impact, improvement of onboard and ground fire-fighting and rescue 

eqyipment, continued improvement of exit facilities, development of 

emergency communication systems, and more detailed passenger briefings. (CAB, BOSP, 7-6-3) 

the privileges, exemptions, and immunities provide 8“ by Section 4(a)” of 

. . .” (A&A, 4/66, 30-31) 
160 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

During April: Men and women engaged in the national space program should 

reverse defensive and apologetic attitudes toward the commitment to 

space exploration, according to Aerospace Industries Assn. President 

Karl G. Harr, Jr., addressing American Astronautical Society annual 

meeting in San Diego. “If we were the only nation in the world that had 

the capability to proceed into this new dimension, we should do it,” 

Harr said. 

“We should do it as part of a national renaissance on all fronts; for 

a great society . . . cannot confine its attention to certain challenges 

selected under past conditions, but must . . . move comprehensively to 

accept the challenge of the future. “. . . As the huge challenge of space generates and consumes and then 

regenerates our material and human resources, so does it widen the 

scope of the environment in which our citizens will exist and make their 

contribution in the years ahead.” (Aerospace, 4/66, 7-9) * Commentary on numerous reports of Ufo sighting: 

Sir Bernard Lovell, director of Britain’s Jodrell Bank Experimental 

Station, said Ufo’s were “purely American phenomena.” What people 

really see “is most likely weather balloons, meteorites, fireballs, re-entry 

of nose cones or other space debris. No trained observer or astronomer 

has ever reported such a sighting.” 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin: “Sir Bernard Lovell, the eminent 

British astronomer who runs the Jodrell Bank space observatory, 

believes that seeing UFOS . . . is strictly an American phenomenon. 

“Maybe he is right, but IF Americans are seeing UFOS, and IF there 

are visitations from outer space, it may be that the terrestrial visitors 

believe that only America is worth investigating.” (Phil. Eve. Bull., 

4/26/66) 

Rev. Francis J. Heydon, professor of astronomy at Georgetown Univ., 

said that people “are seeing things,” but that reports of flying saucers 

would ccdoubtless increase. The phenomenon of flying saucers is 100 

percent imagination.” 

Roscoe Drummond, Washington Post: “History is littered with 

examples of the most eminent scientists who were dead certain that 

things couldn’t be done . . . and wrote with great displays of scientific 

evidence to prove that they couldn’t be wrong. We need more objective 

investigation than we have been getting. The scientific unbelievers may 

be right-but they could be totally wrong. They have been before.” 

Howard Simons, Washington Post: “. . . scientists point out that even 

traveling at the speed of light, which is 186,000 miles per second, whoever it is that is buzzing America in a flying saucer or saucers would 

have to have left the nearest galaxy 50,000 years ago.” (AP, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 4/25/66, A2; Wash. Eve. Star, 4/18/66; Drummond, Wash. Post, 

4/6/66, A25; Simons, Wash. Post, 4/24/66, A25) 
May 1966 

May 1: NASA launched series of four Nike-Cajun meteorological sounding 

rockets within four hours from Natal, Brazil; Point Barrow, Alaska; 

Churchill Research Range; and NASA Wallops Station. GSFC acousticgrenade experiment was designed to obtain temperature, pressure, density, and wind data at 22-59-mi. (35-95-km.) altitudes during transition 

from wintertime westerly wind circulation to summertime easterly pattern. Natal launch was first in cooperative Brazil-US. project under 

agreement signed Nov. 15, 1965, by NASA and Brazilian Space Activities 

Commission (CNAE). (NASA Release 66-101; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Javelin sounding rocket was successfully launched by USAF Cambridge 

Research Lab. from Churchill Research Range, with payload designed to 

measure total and component magnetic field values and primary electron 

and proton fluxes during a magnetic-absorption event. (M&R, 5/16/66, 

101 0 Parachutist Nick Piantanida suffered critical brain damage from oxygen 

cutoff and rapid decompression during emergency descent in a balloon 

gondola near Worthington, Minn. Gondola was electrically severed at 

57,000-ft. aItitude in response to Piantanida’s emergency cry, but 

parachute did not appreciably slow its descent until about 20,000 ft. 

USAF specialist later reported that pressure suit had failed, resulting in 

loss oi oxygen. 

Piantanida, in his third attempt to break world’s free-fall record, had 

planned to jump from 124,000 ft., free-fall to 7,000 ft., and then parachute to earth, proving that trained parachutists could free-fall from 

100,000 ft. without health impairment and without stabilizing devices. 

(UPI, NYT, 5/2/66, 40; IF&. Post, 5/2/66) 0 Moscow’s May Day parade featured no new military weapons for first time 

in three years. Soviet commentators emphasized increased mobility of 

missiles and claimed that antiaircraft rockets had “radioelectronic 

devices [which] home the rockets on their targets, even if they take 

evasive action or use radio jamming devices as a cover.” ( Wush. Post, 

5/2/66, Al, A14) 0 NASA’s 31 veteran astronauts would lose over $6,000 annually from sale of 

their personal stories if 19 new astronauts joined them in contract with 

Time, Inc., and FieId Enterprises Educational Corp., AP reported. 

Under terms of contract, Time, Inc., and Field paid $520,000 annually 

for equal division among ‘participating astronauts,” in return for 

exclusive rights to all unofficial personal stories and photos. (AP, Wmh. 

Post, 5/1/66, N8) 

161 
162 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

May 1: Australian mobile space tracking station soon would begin sevenweek, nonstop operation on Thursday Island off Cape York Peninsula, 

according to Australian News and Information Bureau announcement. 

Minister of Supply Denham Henty had said mobile station, part of 

NASA’s Anna geodetic satellite project for measurement of size and shape 

of the earth, would transmit data to U.S., via a fixed station near 

Adelaide, for analysis at Johns Hopkins Univ.’s Applied Physics Laboratory. (NYT, 5/1/66, 70) 

May 2: Resources of US. space program were minimal “while the Russians 

apparently are increasing theirs,” Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, told a news conference at MTF. 

Competition in space is not lessening with time, but rather is increasing. What is needed is a clear definition of where the nation is going in 

space after the moon is explored.” (Russell, Miami Her., 5/3/66) 

0 Six-week NASA-sponsored exploration trip to search for plant life in Chile’s 

Atacama Desert-area resembling Martian terrain because of its extreme 

aridity-was begun by Richard W. Davies, JPL Advanced Studies Section, and two other JPL scientists. Explorers, who planned to send back 

1,000 lbs. of sandy soil for analysis, would concentrate on high plateau 

near Calama, 80 mi. inland and 5,000 to 8,000 ft. above sea level. 

Similar trip last year had yielded a microflora in top four inches of sand. 

(JPL Release) 0 A Soviet victory in the race to achieve first manned lunar landing “would 

be a worldwide propaganda disgrace because we ourselves chose the 

target . . . [and] a crushing political blow at home to the President 

linked with it, which the present White House incumbent has been from 

the inception,” wrote William J. Coughlin in Missiles and Rockets. He 

suggested a possible solution: “. . . extend the US. national goal prior to 

a manned lunar landing by either the US. or the Soviet Union. Then, if 

the Russians were the first to arrive on the Moon, we would be in a 

position to gracefully acknowledge their achievement while pointing out 

that to us the Moon was but a way-station en route to a more distant 

objective. If we accomplished the first landing, we would also have the 

benefits of victory. But we would not be so exposed in the event of a 

defeat. . . . “Without establishment of a higher goal and a greater challenge, 

U.S. space capability will dissipate. NASA efforts to prevent this by getting 

a worthwhile Apollo Applications Program under way have not met with 

notable success. This provides a second good reason for lifting our 

national goal. . . .” (Coughlin, M&R, 5/2/66, 46) 

During week of May 2: MSC officials had not pinpointed exact cause, but had 

isolated probable cause of faulty thruster which prematurely terminated 

GEMINI VIII mission March 16, Missiles and Rockets reported. Corrective 

action would affect all these components on Gemini 9 and later spacecraft, Gemini program manager Charles W. Mathews emphasized that 

thruster and its associated hardware and electronics were contained in 

adapter module abandoned by crew in orbit prior to reentry. “If we can 

believe telemetry data, we can isolate the cause of the problem to either 

spacecraft wiring or thruster valve solenoids,” Mathews said. Specific 

trouble spot within wiring or valve solenoids would be difficult to 

determine without testing actual equipment. (M&R, 5/9/66, 17) 

May 2-4: AIAA met in Washington, D.C. Satellite Educational and Informational Television (SEIT)-COnCept of combining television and comre 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 163 

munications satellites to raise standards of living in less-advanced 

nations-was discussed by Vincent P. Rock, director of Communications 

Central. He emphasized lack of literacy requirement for television 

instruction and noted that it could (1) “transmit skills and knowledge 

required for modernization of productive activity; (2) transmit fantasy 

which helps a person understand the role and techniques of association 

required for participation in a modern society; and (3) transmit information about events and goods required for action in the modern world.” 

Following his speech, Rock told the press that a demonstration SEIT 

system would cost about $30,000,000, excluding ground receiving equipment, and could be ready in three years. Transmissions from satellites 

could either be received on six-foot “dish” antennas and relayed to 

individual receiving sets or relayed directly to home sets. (Sehlstedt, 

Balt. Sun, 5/3/66) 

James D. O’Connell, White House Director of Telecommunications 

Management, warned of frequency shortage for satellite communications 

by 1970 unless new techniques were devised. O’Connell urged aerospace 

engineers who started “this communications explosion” to “consider all 

ideas and conceptsyy that would squeeze more talk into existing broadcast frequencies. (Clark, NYT, 5/4/66, 23) 

US. should assume active world leadership in direct satellite-to-home 

radio and television broadcasts which offer tremendous potential for 

mass education and mass propaganda, suggested Columbia Univ. law 

professor Richard N. Gardner in a panel discussion. Warning that 

several nations had already asked international bodies to outlaw general 

broadcasting from space for fear of “unilateral penetration” or unwanted 

propaganda, Gardner urged: (1) the Administration to proceed immediately in developing direct broadcast satellites; (2) the organization of a 

pilot demonstration project, perhaps in India, with U.N. endorsement; 

(3) the involvement of AID and other international lending agencies in 

educational use of space communications; and (4) the reassurance of 

friendly nations that comsats would not be used for propaganda. 

Murray L. Schwartz, Univ. of Calif. School of Law, told panel that 

satellites were one more example of a technology that might be moving 

too fast for existing social institutions. A “knowledge explosion” heJped 

by space communications would accelerate homogenization of society 

and “one of the great problems is to make sure the homogenization is 

not too great,” he said. (Clark, NYT, 5/5/66, 17; Simons, Wush. Post, 

5/5/66, Al) 

Muy 3: House passed NASA authorization bill for FY 1967 (H.R. 14324) 

totaling $4,986,864,150 as follows: $4,248,235,000 for research and 

development; $94,419,000 for construction of facilities; and $644,210,- 

150 for administrative operations. NASA had requested $5.012 billion. 

During debate preceding bill’s passage, Rep. James G. Fulton (R-Pa.) 

offered amendments, subsequently rejected, to eliminate $41.9-million 

funding for Apollo Applications program and $9.l-million funding for 

construction of lunar sample receiving laboratory at MSC; to reduce 

advanced missions by $5 million; and to cancel $10 million of prior 

authorizations for Facility Planning and Design. Rep. Fulton also 

offered, but later withdrew, an amendment to establish an Inspector 

General’s Office in NASA. 

Commenting on NASA’s $5.012 billion request for FY 1967, Rep. 

Fulton said: “[It] generally represents a tight program in terms of the 
164 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966“ 

allocation of resources to the programs that have been regularly approved by Congress as parts of the Nation’s effort in aeronautics and 

space. 

“At a level under $4.9 billion, I do not believe NASA can restructure 

its Apollo program moon landing in a form that would not cast the most 

serious doubt as to its ability to meet the objective of the manned lunar 

landing within this decade. 

“At $4.8 billion the moon landing objective could not be met. Below 

this level of the budget, it would become clear that the Nation had 

abandoned the concept of developing a well-rounded total space capability directed toward achieving space preeminence. . . .” 

Rep. John Wydler (R.N.Y.), proposing an amendment to earmark $20 

million of the total R&D funds for development work on the problem of 

aircraft noise, suggested: “. . . it is incumbent upon us to bring this 

[space] program closer to the people and show them some way in which 

it can benefit them. We often hear there is going to be a fallout as a 

result of this program-some kind of fallout that will affect the civilian 

population beneficially. Here is an opportunity to give them some fallout 

directly that will be of benefit to them. . . .” Rep. Wydler’s amendment 

was defeated. (CR, 5/3/66, 9189-9223) 

May 3: Malfunction in Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle’s attitude control system 

was responsible for Centaur stage’s failure to achieve double ignition in 

space during April 7 AC-8 mission from ETR, NASA announced. Preliminary analysis indicated that one or more small attitude control jets 

on Centaur stage apparently used excessive amounts of hydrogenperoxide gas, causing early depletion of system’s fuel supply. Exact 

cause of excessive use had not yet been determined. Preparations for 

AC-10 mission, which would launch dpmmy Surveyor payload on direct 

ascent to the moon, continued on schedule at ETR. (NASA Release 66-92) 

Gemini 9 spacecraft was mechanically mated to top of Titan I1 booster at 

ETR in preparation for May 17 launch after 48-hr. delay because of tiny 

leak in jet-powered maneuvering unit stored behind spacecraft. NASA 

officials said delay would not change launch date. (AP, Phil. Eve. Bull., 

5/4/66; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/3/66, A4) 

NASA launched four Nike-Cajun sounding rockets carrying acoustic 

grenade payloads within four hours from Natal, Brazil; Point Barrow, 

Alaska; Churchill Research Range; and NASA Wallops Station. GSFC 

experiment was designed to obtain temperature, pressure, density, and 

wind data at 22-59-mi. (35-95-km.) altitudes during seasonal wind 

shift from westerly to easterly circulation. First group 0” Nike-Cajuns 

had been launched from same sites May 1 as shift to summertime 

easterly pattern began. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 Long-range HC-130H cargo aircraft equipped with Fulton Recovery System 

successfully snatched Capt. Gerald T. LyVere (USAF) from Rogers Dry 

Lake at AFFTC in first test of new ground-to-air recovery system for 

rescuing downed fliers and astronauts. At 400-ft. altitude aircrzft 

clamped onto balloon-suspended nylon cable attached to harness dropped 

earlier by parachute, pulled Captain LyVere up behind aircraft, and 

reeled him over rear ramp. In later demonstration, Col. Allison Brooks 

(USAF) and A-3C Ronald Doll (USAF) were recovered simultaneously in 

side-by-side two-man pickup using double harness. Lockheed-built HC130H, which would become operational June 30, could fly missions to 

more than 2,000 mi. from its base, loiter at sea level, and rescue up to 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS$ 1966 165 

five persons in multiple pickups from land or sea. For NASA projects, aircraft would carry complex UHF spacecraft reentry tracker equipment to 

locate reentering spacecraft. (AFFTC Release) 

May 3: Rep. Lester L. Wolff (D-N.Y.) put in Congressional Record a telegram 

from Charles H. Ruby, president of International Air Line Pilots Association, opposing $75,000 absolute liability award to survivors of victims of 

international air accidents. Proposal, Ruby said, would invite sabotage “. . . and would offer . . . criminals the incentive of an automatic payoff 

without requiring them to buy insurance.” (CRY 5/5/66, A2474) 

0 Air Transport Assn. (ATA) noted major developments in air transportation 

in 1966 annual report, “Facts and Figures”: (1) airlines accounted for 

59% of all inter-city common carrier services compared to 14% in 1950; 

(2) sustained growth rate of 16.2% over past three years outdistanced 

all other major US. industries; (3) improved efficiency and economy of 

operations enabled airlines to absorb steady advances in wage rates, 

material, and equipment prices ; (4) heavy airline investment in modernization and improvement permitted reduction in average fares and eased 

inflationary pressures; and (5) more than 85% of record profits were 

reinvested in expansion and improvement program. (ATA Release 39) 

0 Thailand and Malaysia joined Intelsat-International Telecommunications 

Satellite Consortium headed by ComSatCorp-bringing total number of 

member nations to 50. ComSatCorp said it “warmly welcomes this aspect of the development of the consortium and the intention of other 

countries toincrease Intelsatmembershipevenfurther in the near future.” 

Yugoslavia and Romania had also shown interest in Intelsat and were 

considering joining. (ComSatCorp Release; Clark, NYT, 5/3/66, 9) 

0 Criticism of Government research and development programs in Richard 

J. Barber’s The Politics of Research was cited in a review by Donald Mintz 

for the Washington Evening Star: (1) DOD, NASA, and AEC contributions 

-90 per cent of total R&D support-indicated emphasis on defense and 

space at the expense of social and behavioral sciences; (2) 70 per cent of 

F&D funds was directed to development; most of remainder was spent 

on applied, not basic, research; (3) Government agencies had given little 

attention to consequences of their undertakings. (Mintz, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 5/3/66, A10) 

0 Former Vice President Richard Nixon told a Republican fund-raising 

dinner in Houston that US. should divert some of its space exploration 

funds to the Vietnam war effort. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/4/66, A36) 

a Minuteman I1 had entered operational service with Strategic Air Command, with delivery of first 50-missile squadron at Wing 6, Grand Forks 

AFB. (M/S Daily, 5/3/66) 

Muy 4: NASA selected Control Data Corp. and IBM for competitive negotiations of a $15-million contract to furnish a large-scale digital computer 

complex at URC. (NASA Release 66-102) 

0 Soviet physicist Peter Kapitsa, who had received the 1966 Rutherford 

Prize for Physics May 3 in London, told a press conference that US.- 

U.S.S.R. rivalry was good, stimulated research, and produced variety of 

solutions to different problems. Kapitsa said he thought the Soviet space 

program was ahead of US., but could not prove it. (Wash. Post, 

5/5/66, A20) 

0 NASA had selected ARINC Research Corp. and Im/Federal Electric Corp. for 

competitive negotiations leading to $1,750,000, one-year, cost-plus- 
166 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

incentive-fee contract to provide technical support for Saturn launch 

vehicle reliability program at MSFC. (NASA Release 66-104) 

May 4: A Space Sciences Division in the Engineering and Development 

Directorate, a consolidated medical directorate, and title changes for 

key management positions became effective at MSC. Medical Research 

and Operations Directorate would be headed by Dr. Charles A. Berry, 

formerly Chief of Center Medical Programs. Medical directorate would 

include Biomedical Research Office, Medical Operations Office, and 

Occupational and Environmental Medicine Office. Addition of medical 

directorate brought the number of Center directorates to five. The four 

Assistant Directors would be known as Directors: Director of Administration, Wesley L. Hjornevik; Director of Flight Crew Operations, 

Donald K. Slayton; Director of Engineering and Development, Dr. 

Maxime A. Faget; and Director of Flight Operations, Christopher C. 

Kraft, Jr. (MSCI 1130.1; MSC Roundup, 5/27/66, 1,2) 

0 Astronauts returning to earth after long space flights in sterile environment 

might have to take bacteria pills, suggested Dr. T. D. Luckey, Univ. of 

Missouri Medical School, at American Society for Microbiology convention in Los Angeles. Dr. Luckey suggested that astronauts’ sterile 

air, food, and water eventually could dangerously reduce the amount of 

bacteria in their systems, resulting in bacterial illness when they 

returned to earth. Pills could restore normal degree of immunity to 

terrestrial bacteria. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/4/66, A12) 

Time intervals of less than a billionth of a second were measured for first 

time in a laboratory by Dr. Arnold Shastak, Office of Naval Research. 

Dr. Shastak reported that such intervals might be significant in determining the frequency of electromagnetic waves and in research into 

structure and distribution of particles in atomic and molecular systems. 

(Henry, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/4/66, A27) 

Aviation/Space Writers’ Assn. named William Hines of the Washington 

Evening Star recipient of the Robert S. Ball Memorial Award for excellent writing. Cited for his continuing coverage of NASA’s MARINER IV Mars 

probe, Hines would receive a trophy and $300 at the Association’s 

annual meeting in New York May 24-26. (AP, NYT, 5/5/66, 6; AP, 

Wush. Post, 5/5/66, B2) 0 JPL Director Dr. William H. Pickering received 1965 Spirit of St. Louis 

Medal for “outstanding service to the US. in directing the research, 

design development, and successful operation of the Ranger unmanned 

lunar reconnaissance spacecraft and the Mariner interplanetary spacecraft.” Presentation, by ASME and the City of St. Louis, was made at 

National Transportation Symposium in San Francisco. (Av. Wk., 

5/16/66, 23) 

Muy 5: Independent Offices Appropriations Bill H.R. 14921 for FY 1967 was 

reported to the House and scheduled for floor action May 10. Appropriations Committee recommended $4,245,000,000 for NASA research and 

development, compared to $4,248,235,000 authorized by House; $75,- 

000,000 for construction of facilities, compared to $94,419,000 authorized by House; and $630,000,000 for administrative operations, compared to $644,210,150 authorized by House. Total recommendation was 

$4,950,000,000, compared to $4,986,864,150 authorized by House. 

(Text; NASA LAR V/75, 5/5/66) 0 NASA Administrator James E. Webb appointed Dr. John F. Clark as Director 

of GSFC. Dr. Clark, formerly Deputy Associate Administrator for Space 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 167 

Science and Applications (Science), had been Acting Director of GSFC 

since July 1965. (NASA Release 66-105) 

May 5: Sen. Milton R. Young (R-N.D.) introduced bill (H.R. 3309) to authorize prototype construction of supersonic transport (Sst) financed by 

Government-guaranteed bonds under Supersonic Transport Authority. 

Proposed procedure would: (1) eliminate necessity of Government’s 

appropriating up to $1.5 billion for project; (2) provide management 

guidelines and sound basis for determining industry’s share in development costs; (3) make use of development-phase assets in production 

phase; and (4) permit contractors and public to participate as stockholders in corporation to produce and sell Sst. (CRY 5/5/66, 9396) 

NASA’s first manned Apollo flight might be made in 1966 instead of 1967, as 

originally scheduled, predicted Dr. Joseph F. Shea, manager of NASA 

Apollo Spacecraft Office at MSC, in a speech at NAA’S plant in Downey, 

Calif., to press group touring manufacturing and test sites for Apollo 

spacecraft and Saturn boosters. “The Apollo program is about on 

schedule in time, cost and performance. We have found the performance 

of the hardware some better than we had expected, on the basis of tests. 

All testing for the first manned flight probably will be completed by 

the end of June. 

“I hope we can make the first manned flight this year, although it is 

not scheduled until next year. I think that the first lunar excursion 

module will be sent up next year. 

“I am sure personally that our first lunar landing will be done comfortably before the end of the decade.” 

C. R. Able, group vice president of Douglas Aircraft Co.’s Missile and 

Space Systems Div., outlined to the group plan for converting empty 

hydrogen tank from Saturn V’s 3rd stage into manned space capsule. 

For conversion, series of metal balloons containing liquid oxygen would 

be added to original orbited payload, to serve later for breathing and for 

combination with hydrogen to operate fuel cells for producing electricity. An Apollo or Gemini spacecraft would dock with empty 3rd 

stage, and astronauts would emerge to remove end cover plate in end of 

the tank, after purging it of any hydrogen remaining from launch. An 

airlock, carried aloft as part of original payload or launched later, would 

be attached to opening left by removal of cover plate and tank would be 

repressurized with oxygen from metal balloons to provide astronauts 

with “shirtsleeve environment.” Tank walls would have about 100 shallow threaded holes for mounting work benches, furniture, or other convenient items, presumably launched separately. Able emphasized that 

purpose of stage conversion-to offer astronauts relief from cramped 

quarters and extended weightlessness-did not duplicate function of 

USAF’S Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol). Douglas Aircraft Co., 

McDonnell Aircraft Corp., and Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. 

each had $50,000 NASA contracts to study use of booster cases. (Wallin, 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5/5/66; UPI, Miami Her., 5/6/66) e Technology and automation derived from US. space effort could not raise 

social, educational, moral, or religious values, Dr. Edward C. Welsh, 

Executive Secretary of NASC, told Churchman’s Club in Baltimore, but 

science and technology do increase the opportunity to make improvements. Where there is more leisure, more accumulated knowledge, and 

greater understanding, there is also increased opportunity to improve 

character and raise human values. Certainly, the opportunity which 

?e 
168 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

such progress gives toward the elimination of war is an impressive 

justification for the entire space program.” (Text) 

Muy 5: Small hydrogen-oxygen engine originally developed for Saturn S-IV 

rocket stage was being adapted to serve as heater for expanding helium 

gas used in repressurizing S-IVB propellant tanks in space. Burner, providing an 800-lb. payload gain through weight reduction, would make it 

possible to meet pressure requirements by using supercold helium from 

bottles immersed in liquid hydrogen inside fuel tank, and would serve 

as possible source of low-thrust ullage control power during weightless 

flight. (MSFC Release 66-92) 

* Small semi-pressure weather balloon designed to drift indefinitely entered 

its fourth orbit of the earth, establishing world’s record for flight duration, reported Walter Sullivan in the New York Times. Balloon was one 

of a series launched March 30 from Christchurch, New Zealand, as part 

of Southern Hemisphere experiment to examine feasibility of Global 

Horizontal Sounding Technique (Ghost). Ghost-plan to use satellites 

to locate and read out information from approximately 10,000 balloons 

floating around earth at constant altitudes-would express state of 

entire earth’s atmosphere in numbers which would then be processed by 

computer to achieve reliable forecasts for two weeks ahead. Participants 

in Ghost project were National Center of Atmospheric Research, ESSA, 

and New Zealand Weather Service. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/5/66, 16) 

Bell Aerosystems Co. announced plans to develop ,254011 air-cushion 

vehicle (Acv) capable of carrying 90 passengers or 12 tons of cargo. 

Capable of amphibious operations, hovercraft would be 56 ft. long, 16% 

ft. high, and have cruising speed of at least 60 mph, and could be available within one and one half to two years. (Bell Aerosystems Release 30) 

AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever received Henry H. Arnold 

Gold Medal for “distinguished service to augment progress and readiness 

in air and space” and,for “distinguished service in defense of our 

country” at American Ordnance Assn. meeting in Washington, D.C. In 

his acceptance speech, General Schriever quoted General Arnold’s 1S38 

prediction: ‘Planes of the future may have telescopic wings, which, 

once in fight, can be foreshortened, telescoped, or pulled in . . . thus 

greatly accelerating the forward progress of the vessel of reduced size 

and decreased air resistance.’ This description . . . anticipated the principle which is employed today on the F-111 sweepwing fighter. . . .” 

(Text) 

Muy 6: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXVII carrying scientific instruments for 

continued study of outer space. Orbital parameters: apogee, 308 km. 

(191 mi.); perigee, 207 km. (129 mi.); period, 89.5 min.; inclination, 

65”. Instruments were reportedly functioning normally. (Pruvdu, 

5/7/66, USS-T Trans.) 

NASA research pilot John B. McKay made successful emergency landing on 

Delamar Dry Lake, Nev., when engine of X-15 No. 1 aircraft shut down 

prematurely-probably because ammonia fuel pump ruptured-32 sec. 

after aircraft had been dropped from B-52 bomber at 45,000-ft. altitude. 

McKay escaped injury, and X-15 suffered only minor damage. (Edwards 

AFB Memorandum; X-15 Proj. Off.) 

First of uprated 5-2 rocket engines designed to power upper stages of 

Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles had been delivered to MSFC for 

static firing. NU’S Rocketdyne Div. had increased engine’s maximum 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 169 

thrust to 230,000 lbs. by strengthening turbine wheels of turbopumps 

and modifying engine control system. (MSFC Release 66-91) 

May 6: Dr. Athelstan F. Spilhaus, dean of Univ. of Minnesota Institute of 

Technology, received patent for an astronomical clock to keep track 

of the movements of the sun, moon, stars, and tides; provide a perpetual 

calendar; and show local and world time. Dr. Spilhaus said his clock 

could aid astronomers and navigators. (Jones, NYT, 5/7/66, 35) 

0 NASA had selected Computer Sciences Corp. and General Electric Computer 

Div. for competitive negotiations leading to a one-year, $6-million, costplus-incentive-fee contract to provide support services to MSFC’S Computation Laboratory. (MSFC Release 66-96) 

Two rocket engines which had key roles in US. space program-RL-10 

and W-1 engines-were being given to Smithsonian Institution by MSFC 

for National Air Museum’s display on the history of rocketry. (MSFC 

Release 66-95) 

Muy 6-7: Former Astronaut John H. Glenn attended annual meeting of the 

Transatlantic Council, Boy Scouts of America, in Garmisch, Germany, 

and participated in ceremonies marking German-American Friendship 

Week. While in Europe, Glenn, in his capacity as NASA consultant, 

would speak on U.S. space program to educational, scientific, and technical groups in Germany, England, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, 

Belgium, France, and Switzerland. (NASA Release 66-100) 

May 7: President Johnson announced U.S. would seek a treaty through the 

United Nations “laying down rules and procedures for the exploration of 

celestial bodies.” He listed as “essential elements” of the proposed 

treaty: (1) the moon and other celestial bodies should be free for 

exploration and use by all countries; (2) no country should be permitted 

a claim of sovereignty; (3) there should be freedom of scientific investigation, and all countries should cooperate in scientific activities relating 

to celestial bodies; (4) efforts should be made to avoid harmful contamination; (5) astronauts of one country should give any necessary 

help to astronauts of another country; (6) no country should be permitted to station weapons of mass destruction on a celestial body; and (7) 

weapon tests and military maneuvers should be forbidden. (Text; Pres. 

Doc., 5/16/66, 622; NYT, 5/8/66, 66) 

Editorial comment on President Johnson’s proposal: 

. . . In addition to rules governing space exploration a body of law 

is needed to govern the exploitation of useful resources that may conceivably be found on other solar bodies. Omission of this topic from 

the first international treaty on space law could produce future difficulties. But the President may well have felt that any present attempt 

to reach agreement on this delicate matter might prolong negotiations 

beyond the time of the first manned Iunar landing. . . . There is no 

time to lose in getting international agreement to and ratification of this 

essential document.” (NYT, 5/9/66, 36) . . . Someday such a treaty may save us from a new sort of far-out 

interplanetary imperialism. As revived by Mr. Johnson, however, the 

proposal has to do with a problem that will develop sooner and closer 

to home. After all between now and 1969 or 1970, Americans are going 

to be lofted to the moon’s surface, and so are Russians. This is a prospect full of very great historic importance. It lends special force to the 

President’s call for a renewed effort . . . to negotiate an understanding 

CC 

Ce 
170 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

under which the always unpredictable Russians will sign a treaty 

worthy of the name. . . .” (Wash. Eve. Star, 5/10/66, A6) 

“The first manned landing on the moon seems likely before 1970. 

The implications are immense, regardless of whether the first one is 

American or Russian. President Johnson’s proposal for an international 

compact to govern this and outer space explorations makes much sense. “. . .Perhaps a willingness by Moscow to entertain a treaty on space 

may also open the door to discussions about pooling some of the costs, 

as the late President Kennedy proposed.” (Boston Globe, 5/11/66) 

. . . Probably the most succinct argument against a comprehensive 

treaty of this nature is, ‘Who needs it?’ Monopolization of the lunar 

surface by military units and establishment of terror weapons on the 

moon or in orbit appear to be neither immediate dangers nor remote 

possibilities. The bugaboo of an orbiting multimegaton H-bomb seems, 

on close examination, to be more trouble than it would be worth. . . . “There is no slightest indication that the Russians propose to lay 

claim to the moon if their cosmonauts get there first, any more than 

we do if we win the race. The precedent followed by both countries in 

Antarctica-nearest thing to the moon on earth-is neither to assert 

nor to recognize territorial claims. This was U.S. and Soviet policy before the Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959. . . .,, (Hines, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 5/12/66, A20) 

May 7: Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara’s contention that Nike-X 

antimissile missile system was incapable of defending U.S. against 

Soviet attack and should be kept in R&D stage, received support from 

Society of American Scientists’ executive board. In a statement opposing Senate vote providing $168 million toward deployment of Nike-X 

system, the SAS board said: “These expenditures, truly enormous over 

extended periods, would be the hallmark of a frightened, not a great 

society.. . .” (Wash. Post, 5/8/66, P14) 

Muy 8: GEMINI VU Astronaut Frank Borman told a British television audience 

in London that the space vehicle, not man, was limiting the length of 

manned space flight. “We are finding that man is very adaptable and 

that if you provide him with the normal comforts he expects on earth, 

he can function as well at zero gravity as he can on earth.” (AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 5/9/66, A2) 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. chairman Courtland S. Gross described flight 

in proposed U.S. supersonic transport (Sst) in an interview for This 

Week: “It will make the world a lot smaller. Its near two-thousand-milean-hour speed will carry passengers to London and Paris in two and a 

half hours. With room for 255 to 266 passengers, five abreast, it will 

be a 222-foot walk from the tail to the pilot’s cabin. 

“But the biggest thrill will be cruising at 70,000 to 80,000 feet above 

the earth. At that height you will enjoy the kind of stars and sky seen 

heretofore only by U-2 pilots and astronauts-pinpoint icicles suspended in the blue-black velvet backdrop of space. Most of the atmosphere is below the supersonic transport’s cruising altitude, so that 

at night, on the horizon, there will be the bright blue band first reported by the astronauts-light radiating from the other side of the 

earth. When flying the polar routes around the world, passengers will 

enjoy spectacular electrical displays from the ionization of gases in 

the upper atmosphere-great shimmering curtain; of color that flicker 

through the sky.” (This Week, 5/8/66) 

(C 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 171 

May 9: NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from WSMR carried 

JPL 100-kw. radar to 102-mi. (164-km.) altitude in experiment designed 

to gather data on behavior of radar echoes as a function of altitude for 

use in developing planetary terrain sounding technique. GsFC-managed 

flight marked first successful functioning of high-powered radar in 

space. Similar radar had been flown successfully on NASA Convair 990 

April 27. (JPL Release, 6/26/66; PL, Lab-Oratory, 6/66, 10) 

* U.S.S.R.’s LUNA x completed its 284th orbit around moon and transmitted 

Communist anthem, “InternationaleYy’ on command from Soviet 

center of deep space communications. Instruments were functioning 

normally. (Pravdu, 5/10/66, 1, USS-T Trans.) 0 House passed bill authorizing appropriations for AEC during FY 1967 

totaling $2,259,958,000: $1,964,128,000 for operating expenses and 

$295,830,000 for plant and capital equipment. Rep. James G. Fulton 

(R-Pa.) urged that the Appropriations Committee consider the possibility of studying lunar materials in AEC radiation laboratories rather 

than building new NASA Lunar Sample Receiving Laboratory at MSC. 

* Commenting on President Johnson’s proposed U.N. treaty banning 

sovereignty claims on the moon, Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) told 

the House: “The President has taken a very progressive and forward 

step . . . in trying to establish a barrier against the use of the moon or 

outer space as a place of contest for the nations of the world. He has 

asked that these areas be internationalized and we follow in space exploration that principle which has been established already with respect to the use of nuclear wea ons. 

should appreciate it, and commend him for it.” (CR, 5/9/66) 

Text of Soviet Academy of Sciences’ August 1965 proposal to International 

Astronomical Union (IAU) for an international effort to search for 

signals from other worlds was made public in Vienna. Proposal, which 

implied that peculiar objects such as quasars represented the kind of 

beacon a civilization with extraordinary capability might build, recommended two kinds of searches. First would look for narrow-band signals which a “civilization with the meager energy resources of earth” 

could send to another star. Concentration of the energy into narrow 

range of wavelengths would ensure signals’ survival for hundreds of 

light years. Search would be confined to 21-centimeter wavelength in 

the spectrum emitted throughout space by hydrogen. 

Second search would be for signals spanning much of the spectrum 

which a super civilization with the energy resources of a star would 

generate. Such signals would be difficult both to decode and recognize 

as artificial. Proposal, which recommended round-the-clock observations for three to five years, would be discussed at IAU General Assembly in Prague Aug. 22-31, 1967. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/10/66, 19) 

NASA Deputy Administrator Robert c. Seamans, Jr., said NASA would request $6 billion for FY 1968, including $900 million for Apollo Applications 

and $100 million for Voyager, Aviation Week reported. Seamans’ statement that “Apollo Applications will fill the post-Apollo gap and that 

there is no need to define another goal now’’ was said to conflict with the 

recent contention of Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, that a clear definition of the Nation’s 

post-Apollo goal was necessary. (Av. Wk., 5/9/66,25) 

(NASA LAR V/76) 

“This is a great step forwar cf by the President, and we in the House 
172 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

May 9: AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, at Armed Forces 

Management Assn., in Washington, D.C., predicted a management 

revolution commensurate with the explosive advance of technology and 

the pressing nature of military requirements. “I think that the biggest 

challenge to management in the years ahead will be to find ways to encourage and use the full creative potential of individuals. . . . We must 

create the atmosphere where the unique human capacity for innovation 

and judgment can be fully developed and employed. . . .” (Text) 

Communist China conducted rra nuclear explosion that contained thermonuclear material” over its western areas, Hsinhua, Chinese Communist 

press agency, reported. U.S. officials in Washington, D.C., surmised that 

explosion indicated China was on the verge of developing a thermonuclear or hydrogen bomb. (AP, NYT, 5/10/66, 4; Topping, NYT, 

5/10/66, 1) 0 Industry bids to AFSC for study of new integrated satellite system as followon to the Midas early warning satellite would be due June 24, Aviation 

Week reported. Proposal request included studies for sensor payload and 

spacecraft. Primary sensors would be optical, covering the infrared, 

ultraviolet, and visible spectra. (Au. Wk., 5/9/66, 23) 

USAF announced it would award contracts to “individuals within the 

scientific community” to conduct “prompt, in depth investigation of 

selected Ufo reports.” Funds for study, which had been recommended 

by Air Force Scientific Advisory Board in March, would be requested 

from FY 1967 and FY 1968 budgets. (DOD Release 388-66) 

Results of survey by DMS, Inc., an aerospace market research firm, indicated 

that nearly twice as many aircraft would be built from 1966 through 

1975 in the non-Communist world as were produced during the previous 

decade as a result of continued increases in airline passenger traffic, 

expansion of “private” flying, and pr&sing need to replace obsolete 

military aircraft. This would amount to about 260,000 aircraft for total 

investment of $100 billion. (DMS Aerospace News) 

Mu, 10: House passed Independent Offices Appropriation Rill (H.R. 14521) 

for FY 1967 appropriating $4.95 billion for NASA. Amounts were those 

recommended by Appropriations Committee May 5. An amendment proposed by Rep. H. R. Gross (R-Iowa) to deny funds for Lunar Sample 

Receiving Laboratory at MSC was defeated by a voice vote. (NASA LAR 

First perfect dual countdown rehearsal in Gemini series conducted at KSC 

in preparation for May 17 Gemini IX mission. (AP, NYT, 5/11/66, 16; 

AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/11/66, A6; Wash. Post, 5/11/66, A7) 

Accelerated programs for launching communications satellites had 

improved prospects of earning profit in 1967, reported ComSatCorp 

president Dr. Joseph V. Charyk at annual shareholders’ meeting in 

Washington, D.C. Predicting a 100-fold increase in ComSatCorp’s 

revenue potential during five-year development plan, Dr. Charyk said: “. . . we have taken €irm steps for the development of even larger and 

more versatile satellites for deployment on a global basis in 1968. These 

spacecraft will weigh approximately 240 pounds in orbit and will have 

a capacity for 1,200 two-way telephone circuits or four television channels.,’ He also noted ComSatCorp had proposed to ESSA that it conduct 

joint feasibility study with IBM to develop satellites to collect, process, 

and disseminate weather data on a global basis. (Vartan, NYT, 5/11/66, 

65; Fouquet, Wash. Post, 5/11/66, E6) 

V/77) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 173 

May 10: Alex P. Aven, owner of an Oklahoma City, Okla., petroleum consulting firm, was sworn in by NASA Administrator James E. Webb as 

consultant to the Administrator on management. (NASA Release 66-112) 

May 10-13: NASA successfully launched 18 Arcas and Hasp meteorological 

sounding rockets to 200,000-ft. altitudes at intervals ranging from four 

minutes to six hours to investigate daily cycle of wind and temperature 

variations in upper atmosphere, compare results of various rocket and 

balloon measuring systems, and study effects of radiation from the sun 

on meteorological instruments. Instrumented payloads descending by 

parachute transmitted atmospheric temperature, density, and pressure 

data, and ten specially instrumented high-altitude weather balloons, 

interspersed among rocket firings, transmitted information as they rose 

to 130,000 ft. Radar tracked both balloon and rocket payloads to determine speed and direction of high-altitude winds. Launches were managed 

by NASA Langley Research Center and sponsored by NASA, USA, USN, 

USAF, and ESSA. (NASA Release 66-118; Wallops Release 66-25) 

May 10-19: 1966 Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) meeting was held 

in Vienna. 

National Academy of Sciences delegate Dr. Richard W. Porter, summarizing activities of 1965 US. space program, said a manned lunar 

landing by 1970 would be a “difficult goal” but US. had made “substantial progress. ,’ 

Dr. Porter presented an analysis of data transmitted by NASA MARINER 

IV Mars probe which appeared to support theory that earth sometimes 

has comet-like tail stretching past orbit of Mars. On Feb. 5, 1965, a 

peculiarly timed solar eruption sent series of intense proton clouds into 

space, five of which were detected within 48 hrs. by MARINER IV and two 

other US. satellites in near-earth orbit. Second and third clouds were 

reported by MARINER IV three to five hours prior to their detection near 

earth, possibly because solar eruption had blown earth’s tail to enormous 

length, forcing two clouds to detour through tail in order to penetrate 

earth’s magnetic field. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/11/66, 16; Toth, Wash. Post, 

5/12/66, A14) 

Chief Soviet delegate Anatoli A. Blagonravov summarized 1965 

U.S.S.R. space program, and said LUNA x, which entered lunar orbit 

April 3, had recorded radiation pattern from lunar surface similar to 

that from basaltic part of earth’s crust. Apparently lunar surface exhibited no differentiation equivalent to granite on earth, indicating that 

earth and moon were created separately. LUNA x had found level of 

moon’s magnetic field barely above that of interplanetary space; small 

increase was attributed to moon’s passing through earth‘s magnetic tail 

at time of measuremeat. Im lication was that moon is coId throughout, 

gested that new minerals would be found on the moon because of 

unusual chemical reactions caused by its extreme temperature range, 

the impacts of micrometeorites, and rains of high-energy radiation. 

(SulIivan, NYT, 5/11/66, 16; Toth, Wash. Post, 5/12/66, A14) 

Soviet delegate A. G. Prishchep, in a joint paper with colleague V. I. 

Vashkov, revealed that U.S.S.R. planetary probes were assembled in 

clean rooms and sterilized with two-fold process involving moist heat to 

prevent dryness and a gas mixture, harmless to the skin, which might 

have important surgical applications. Gas mixture contained 50% ethylene oxide-extremely poisonous substance which is dangerously 

since liquid metal core wou f d produce large magnetic field. Report sug- 
174 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

explosive when combined with oxygen-diluted with 40% methyl 

bromide for safety reasons. 

General Electric scientists H. G. Lorsch and M. 6. Koesterer reported 

that current sterilization cycles varied from treatment at 320” for three 

hours to baking at 200°F for 14 days. They argued that no more than 10 

billion microbes should exist within a spacecraft prior to beginning of 

sterilization if reasonable chance of killing virtually all of them was to be 

assured. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/12/66, 79; Beller, M&R, 5/16/66, 17-18) 

Drs. Herbert Friedman and R. W. Kreplin, Naval Research Laboratory, reported that solar radiation level would probably exceed highest 

ever recorded in 100 yrs. during 1969-1970-time of first projected 

manned lunar landing. Basing their prediction on measurements of 

solar x-ray emissions taken by EXPLORER xxx (IQSY Solar Explorer) 

satellite, Friedman and Kreplin explained that x-rays, which could not 

penetrate earth‘s atmosphere, warned of approaching sunspots before 

they could be seen. Solar activities in the form of sunspots and gaseous 

flares occurred in 11-12 yr. cycles, but there was also a gross cycle which 

reaches its greatest intensity every 80 to 100 yrs. (Sullivan, NYT, 

5/13/66, 19; Toth, Wash. Post, 5/13/66, A12) 

Dr. Bessel Kok, Research Institute for Advanced Studies, described 

a small instrument which could determine the existence of life when 

landing on another planet. Designed on the assumption that even the 

simplest forms of life use water and such common chemical compounds 

as phosphates and nitrates, device would trace the transfer of nonradioactive isotope-Oxygen 18-from these chemicals to water. ( Wush. 

Post, 5/13/66, A12) 

Reports on little-publicized efforts were presented to the meeting: (1) 

Italy’s platform for launching San Marco earth satellite at sea was in 

African port of Mombasa and would be towed shortly to site where US. 

Scout booster would launch satellite into equatorial orbit; (2) Pakistan 

was conducting monthly firings of rockets that injected copper chaff into 

stratosphere to disclose winds in that region over subtropics; (3) U.S.S.R. had fired 150 meteorological rockets-almost half from shipboard-and US. was firing about 120 monthly; (4) Romania had used 

orbital data from Washington and Cambridge, Mass., to photograph 

ECHO I and ECHO II comsats in coordination with Soviet expeditionary 

stations in Egypt and Mali; (5) Sweden, Finland, Russia, and East 

Europeans had joined in observing orbital flight changes of ECHO I and 

ECHO 11 attributable to density variations in wisps of air at satellite 

altitude; and (6) East German scientists reported their conclusions on 

upper air structure derived from real-time transmissions from NASA 

EXPLORER XXII satellite. It was estimated that 60 stations in various parts 

of the world were monitoring satellites that sent out “blind” data. 

(Sullivan, NYT, 5/15/66, 10E; Sullivan, NYT, 5/16/66, 88) 

Dr. A. I. Lebedensky, Soviet Academy of Sciences, reported that 

LUNA IX photos revealed lunar surface was steadily eroding, at least in 

some places. He suggested that erosion could be caused by solar winds 

or impact of micrometeorites. Lebedensky pointed out two peculiar 

features on LUNA IX’S photos which supported his theory. First was 

series of streaks, resembling mineral veins in earth’s bedrock, on floor 

of crater where LUNA IX had landed. It had previously been assumed that 

moon’s surface was buried deep in debris churned up by meteorite impacts. Second was presence of rock-like objects on small pedestals 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 175 

similar to those on earth where soft but rock-strewn surface had been 

eroded. Stones, which ranged in size from one foot to less than one inch 

across and whose pedestals appeared as high as they were wide, “were 

the most unexpected and important result of the flight,” Lebedensky 

said. “Our conclusion is that the stone is harder than the ground around 

it and screens the ground underneath from the erosion effects of solar 

winds and micrometeorites.” Lebedensky admitted the possibility that 

erosion was peculiar to the crater or a particular region of the moon, 

but saw no obvious reason why this should be true. (Sullivan, NYT, 

5/17/66, 28; Toth, Wmh. Post, 5/17/66, A17) 

Radio occultation measurements from MARINER IV’S July 14, 1965, 

Mars flyby indicated that regions on the surface of Mars might vary in 

height by three miles (five kilometers), JPL scientist Dr. Arvydas J. Kliore 

reported. (JPL Release) 

Venus was rotating clockwise only once every 243 days, but during 

that period it seemed to be synchronized with earth, Dr. Richard Goldstein, chief of JPL Communications Systems Research, told the meeting. 

Dr. Goldstein zlso reported that radar probes of winter 1965 when Venus 

was nearest earth indicated prorninences with the ability to depolarize 

microwaves. “They may well be mountain ranges,” Dr. Goldstein said, 

“although large fields of boulders would also depolarize microwaves. 

On earth, of course, such areas usually indicate the presence of nearby 

mountains.” (JPL Release) 

Chief Soviet delegate Anatoli Blagonravov, addressing the annual 

COSPAR press conference, said France and U.S.S.R. had been negotiating 

-within the framework of COSPAR-On cooperation in space research 

which might extend to incorporation of French instruments in Soviet 

satellites “if this should be asked for.” Asked if he could imagine similar 

close cooperation between US. and U.S.S.R., Blagonravov said there 

was no need for it; if the situation arose, it would be better for them to 

cooperate in processing data obtained from their own satellites. (Reuters, 

Wash. Post, 5/20/66, A5) 

May 11: NASA’s Surveyor spacecraft made first successfuI soft-landing under 

its own power in test at Holloman AFE. 36-sec. descent of spacecraft, 

which had been carried by balloon to 1,000-ft. altitude, was slowed from 

velocity of 55 fps to 5 fps at point of impact by its rocket engine. Test’s 

success was necessary prerequisite to May 30 Surveyor launch from ETR 

for soft-landing on the moon. (AP, NYT, 5/12/66, 39; AP, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 5/12/66, A16) 

e U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXVIII carrying scientific instruments for continued space research into circulsr orbit at 640-km. (398-mi.) altitude 

with 97.1-min. period and 65” inclination. Instruments were functioning 

normally. (Tass, 5/11/66) 

0 NASA was negotiating two $300,000 contracts with SDS Data Systems and 

Perkin-Elmer Corp. for “design, development, and fabrication of twogas atmosphere sensor system” for future manned spacecraft operating 

for 45 days or longer. New system would give an accurate measurement 

of the mixed gases and information on presence of carbon dioxide and 

water vapor. By measuring partial pressure of each. component present, 

system would determine correct ratio required for controlling total 

atmosphere pressure. Manned spacecraft currently used a single-gas 

system operating on oxygen. Longer missions lasting 45 days or more 

might require a two-gas system composed of oxygen and either nitrogen, 
176 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

helium, or another inert gas for crew health and safety. Contracts would 

be managed by URC. (NASA Release 66-113) 

May 11: USN successfully conducted first guided firing of Phoenix air-to-air 

guided missile over Pacific Missile Range. Missile, developed by Hughes 

Aircraft Co., was fired from USN A-3 aircraft against drone target. All test 

objectives were met. (USN Release) 

NASA selected Dynatronics, Inc., to provide 18 additional pulse code 

modulated (Pcm) telemetry decommut?tor systems for Project Apollo 

communications under $2.3-million fixed-price contract. Systems would 

receive, identify, sort, and prepare “real time” and “onboard stoi ed” 

data. (NASA Release 66-114) 0 NASA would negotiate $800,000 contract with RCA for design s.udy of 

imp oved Tiros Operational Satellite (Tos) for national operational 

weather satellite program. Proposed 500-lb., cylindrical satellite would 

be 5 ft. high and 4% ft. in diameter-compared with current 300-lb. 

satellites 2 ft. high, 3% ft. in diameter-and would incorporate camera 

system now carried in two operational spacecraft. Stabilized by flywheel 

and magnetic attitude control system, satellite would always point to 

earth, and its infrared radiometers would scan entire world’s cloud 

cover at night. (NASA Release 66-115) 0 ITT, RCA, and Western Union International requested FCC permission to 

build a $6-million ground station near Woodland, Ga., or at Moorefield, 

W.Va. The three carriers and AT&T also asked FCC to deny ComSatCorp’s 

request to build station at Moorefield. (VSJ, 5/12/66, 1) 

May 12: Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences recommended NASA FY 1967 authorization of $5,008,000,000-$58,000,000 

more than House appropriation but $4,000,000 less than NASA request. 

Recommendations by Committee included restoration of 1967 MarinerVenus mission and deletion of amounts added by House for other flight 

projects in lunar and planetary programs; concurrence with NASA request 

of $3.5 million for 260-in. solid fuel rocket motor project; reduction of 

amount requested for Lunar Sample Receiving Laboratory by $1 million; 

and restoration of $14,689,850 to administrative operation, but separation of amount approved into two categories: personnel compensation, 

and benefits and other expenses. (NASA LAR V/78-79) 

0 Lee R. Scherer, manager of NASA’s Lunar Orbiter program, in interview 

with Seattle Times reporter Robert L. Twiss, expressed confidence that 

the Boeing-built spacecraft could help resolve many unanswered questions about the moon. With funding and NASA approval, Lunar Orbiters 

equipped with devices that could be deployed to the moon could be 

!aunched in 1969, yielding valuable scientific information, Scherer said. 

“We could gain substantial information about other areas of the moon 

than the site chosen for manned landing.” (Twiss, Seattle Times, 

5/12/66) 0 West Germany’s lirst satellite would be launched in 1968 with US. Scout 

booster to study inner radiation belts and aurora borealis, Science 

Ministry in Bonn announced. Orbit would have 2,898-km. (1,800-mi.) 

apogee and 258-km. (160-mi.) perigee. Nine West German lirms were 

participating in joint NASA-West Germany Science Ministry project. 

(Reuters, Push. Post, 5/13/66, A23; Reuters, NYT, 5/13/66, 12) 0 Results of nationwide Gallup Survey on Ufo sightings: “More than five 

million Americans claim to have seen something they believed to be a 

‘flying saucer.’ And about ten times as many people-nearly half of the 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 177 

US. adult civilian population-believe that these frequently reported 

flying objects, while not necessarily ‘saucers,’ are real and not just a 

figment of the imagination.” (Gallup, Wash. Post, 5/12/66, K7) 

May 13: 156-in.-dia., glass-reinforced, plastic-cased, submerged-nozzle solid 

motor reached full thrust of 300,000 lbs. in static firing at Thiokol 

Chemical Corp.’s Wasatch Div. Nozzle had expansion ratio of 34:l and 

directed exhaust into 83-ft.-long diffuser tube to simulate high-altitude 

atmospheric conditions. Motor was one of two units being built by 

Thiokol under contract to AFSC Space Systems Div. to demonstrate 

feasibility of a high-mass-fraction, high-performance, upper-stage 156- 

in. solid motor. (Av. Wk., 5/23/66, 29) 

Apollo Spscecraft Lem Adapter (Sla) was transported by helicopter from 

Tulsa to MSC for serles of vibration and acoustics tests in conjunction 

with other Apollo spacecraft modules and a Saturn IB instrument unit. 

(MSC Roundup, 5/27/66, 1) 

Electrical fire broke out in basement of unoccupied room at JPL and briefly 

interrupted communications with NASA PIONEER VI interplanetary probe. 

Cause of fire had not yet been determined. (A€’, Wash. Post, 5/14/66, 

A4) 0 World’s first commercial model of nuclear power generator was marketed 

by Martin Co. for $63,000. Designed to produce 25 w of electricity for 

at least five years without refueling, 3,000-lb. device converted heat 

from radioactive strontium-90 into electricity. (Wilford, WI, 5/13/66, 

55) 

AFSC awarded Martin Marietta Corp. $3,115,200 increment to existing 

contract to study Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) compatibility 

requirements for Titan I11 program. Work would be done in Denver, 

Colo. (DOD Release 413-66) 

NASA was negotiating $35,000 contract with RCA for continued research on 

simplified process for manufacturing microelectric printed circuits by 

printing patterns of paste or slurry through screens onto a ceramic 

wafer. Utilizing new transistor developed jointly by NASA and RCA, 

process would enable transistor formerly inserted by hand to be printed 

onto the wafer simultaneously with resistors and capacitors and permit 

several connections to be formed at one time. Contract would be 

managed by IARC. (NASA Release 66-109) 

‘‘Moonwalker”-device developed by Space General Corp. for astronauts 

to travel on the moon-had been adapted for crippled children. Built 

under HEW grant, 90-lb. machine, which walked on eight mechanical 

legs, could negotiate sand or mud, climb and descend stairs, step up a 

normal street curb, and climb grades of 15” or more. (Wash. Eve. Star, 

5/13/66, Al; Brevard Sentinel, 5/13/66) 

May 14: Gemini 10 spacecraft, manufactured by McDonnell Aircraft Corp., 

was loaded aboard USAF transport plane in St. Louis for flight to KSC in 

preparation for launch in summer 1966. (UPI, Wash. Post, 5/15/66, A2) 

Potential of US. space program was described by Capt. Robert F. Freitag 

(USN, Ret.), NASA Director of Field Center Development, OMSF, in a speech 

before Michigan Assn. of the Professions in Detroit. “Man’s exploration 

of space, the moon and the planets is potentially the greatest inspirational venture in the history of man, and one in which the entire world 

can share. Thus, the exploration of the space frontier can well provide 

the seed for new floweringsparking a Twentieth Century Renaissance, 

stirring man’s imagination, ennobling his ambitions, and igniting his 
178 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

spirit with fresh hope and excitement. As the European Renaissance 

was sparked by the discovery of new continents and seas, so a new Age 

of Discovery in many arenas may well be awakened by man’s venture 

into space. . . .” (Text) 

May 14: USAF launched two unidentified satellites from WTR with Atlas-Agena 

D booster. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 150) 

Muy 15: NASA NIMBUS 11 (Nimbus C) meteorological satellite was launched 

from WTR with Thrust-Augmented Thor-Agena B booster into near-polar 

orbit with 730-mi. (1,175-km.) apogee, 678-mi. (1,091-km.) perigee, 

108-min. period, and 80” inclination. Flight plan had called for 600-mi.- 

altitude orbit. 

NIMBUS 11, three-axis earth-stabilized R&D weather satellite, would 

flight-test basic technology essential to meteorological satellites and 

instrumentation necessary to study atmospheric structure. It would also 

extend meteorological observation to region of electromagnetic spectrum 

not previously covered. Satellite carried Advanced Vidicon Camera 

System (Avcs) and Automatic Picture Transmission System (Apt), both 

of which operate during daylight portion of each orbit; Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (Mrir) to store global medium resolution data 

on earth’s heat balance; and High Resolution Infrared Radiometer 

(Hrir) to provide high-resolution nighttime cloud-cover photos and 

cloud-top temperatures. Addition of Hrir data to Apt system was initial 

demonstration of stored and direct readout day-night cloud coverage 

capability. 3,000 weather photos would be taken daily by 912-lb. satellite 

and transmitted to any of 150 Apt stations around the world-eight of 

which had been modified to obtain nighttime cloud cover. Second in 

NASA’S Nimbus series of meteorological satellites, NIMBUS 11 was managed 

by GSFC under overall direction of NASA OSSA. (NASA Proj. Off.; O’Toole, 

NYT, 5/16/66, 10) 

* Boosted Arcas sounding rocket was launched from deck of USNS Range 

Recoverer near Koroni Beach, Greece, as test for flight series to obtain 

data on electron and ion density distribution in ionospheric D region 

during solar eclipse May 20. No data were obtained because 2nd stage 

failed to ignite, but problem was corrected to ensure successful Rights 

during eclipse. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Gemini IX Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene A. Cernan passed 

their ha1 major physical examinations at KSC. Mission review board 

confirmed May 17 launch date. (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/15/66, Al) 

* Manufacturers of rocket components, faced with possible work shortage 

because of NASA’s delay in formulating plans for post-Apollo missions, 

were making “frank pitches to the US. Space Agency-and presumably 

to the Defense Department-for more business,” wrote Alvin B. Webb 

in the Washington Post. Webb noted that “Chrysler is expected to begin 

building the last of its Saturn 1-B boosters by the end of this year. The 

same applies to Douglas production of S4B upper stages for the Saturn 5. 

“Boeing, under the present schedule, probably will begin to run out 

of work on the Saturn first stage in late 1967.” (Webb, Wush. Post, 

5/16/66, D9) 

May 16: NIMBUS 11 meteorological satellite was reported “working beautifully” 

by GSFC. Among the thousands of photographs transmitted were those 

of the Gemini IX recovery area. The 912-lb. spacecraft had been 

launched May 15. (UPI, NYT, 5/17/66, 77) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 179 

May 16: Live commercial TV coverage of Gemini IX recovery would be 

provided under an agreement between FCC, ITT, USN, NASA, and CornSatCorp, Aviation Week reported. ITT would operate a station on the 

U.S.S. Wasp in the Atlantic Ocean recovery force. Signals would be 

transmitted to the US. via EARLY BIRD I comsat. (Av. Wk., 5/16/66,33) e Soviet space doctors’ examination of dogs Ugolyek and Veterok after their 

22-day flight in COSMOS cxduring which they had been harnessed and 

force-fed through stomach tubes-indicated that prolonged stay in 

space produced functional changes in animals which increased upon 

return to earth and then gradually disappeared. X-rays of dogs’ skeletal 

systems showed that calcium had been “washed out.” Muscle mass had 

changed, preventing full resumption of normal motor activity until 

eight or 10 days after return. High pulse rates and dehydration-findings common to both U.S.S.R. and US. manned experiments-were 

observed, and on fourth to fifth day after dogs’ return there was “rather 

considerable speedup” of erythrocyte sedimentation reaction and an 

increase in number of Ieucocptes in blood, both apparently in response 

to normal gravity. In summary, doctors said that while functional 

changes did occur during flight, they were not irreversible. Whether or 

not zero gravity could change functional state of organism to extent 

that it could not return to normal was not yet known. (Tass, 5/16/66, 

USS-T Trans.; M&R, 5/23/66, 12) e Sen. Karl Mundt (R3.D.) informed Senate that Subcommittee on Government Research expected to make specific recommendations to improve 

Federally-financed research and development program, for which almost 

$16 billion was being expended during FY 1966. Sen. Mundt, ranking 

minority member of the subcommittee, said primary task of group was to 

determine and enunciate a more definitive, longer-ranging science policy. 

He said US. had reached the crossroads, where “it has become painfully obvious that we cannot continue to support all who demand support, but must be selective in the allocation of research funds.” This 

indicated that one of the most pressing questions was how to direct NASA 

efforts, with Apollo program reaching its goal and no follow-on approved: fr~~~~ now is on the threshold of placing a man on the Moon within this 

decade. After this what? This question concerns the leaders of this fine 

NASA organization as well as its highly trained, scientific and technical 

staff. Where do we turn? Shall the space program continue on its present 

course, or shall it be broadened to better serve the everyday needs of the 

American people? This is a priority crossroads. . . .” (CR, 5/16/66, 

NASA awarded Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. and RCA $90,000, six-month 

contracts to study characteristics for proposed Orbiting Data Relay 

System (Odrs) which would eliminate gaps in communications and 

provide continuous contact with spacecraft. Studies would probe kind 

of synchronous satellite and ground facilities required to relay data from 

spacecraft in earth orbit to NASA’s mission control centers at GSFC, JPL, 

and MSC. (NASA Release 66-119) e ComSatCorp had negotiated $44J,412 contract-largest ever negotiated 

by ComSatCorp with a foreign country-with Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., 

Tokyo, Japan, for multiplex subsystem equipment for earth stations at 

Oahu, Hawaii, and Brewster Flat, Wash., which would be completed by 

1967. System would modulate signals received from communications 

carriers for transmission over satellite links, demodulate signals received 

10212) 
130 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

from satellite for relay to land distribution systems, and provide continuous monitoring for quality of all signals being passed through the 

system. (ComSatCorp Release) 

May 16: Possible space developments in 1970’s were listed by Dr. Edward C. 

Welsh, NASC Executive Secretary, in a letter to Rep. Olin E. Teague 

(D-Tex.), chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ 

Subcommittee on NASA Oversight: (1) improved propulsion, including 

nuclear; (2) merging of aeronautics and astronautics in development of 

lifting bodies and winged spacecraft with maneuverable reentry capability; (3) lunar surface exploration and possible establishment of lunar 

bases; (4) manned earth-orbiting space stations; (5) unmanned probes 

within solar system and manned expeditions to planets “whenever that 

becomes promising and practicable”; (6) voice and TV direct communications from satellites to home receivers “throughout large sections of 

the world,” and advances in operations and research on other applied 

satellites. (Text) 

0 Discussing “problems of prosperity” confronting airlines in the jet age, 

Robert Hotz said in Aviation Week that growing number of air travelers 

meant larger segment of US. population was concerned with “how much 

of this increasing airline prosperity is being shared with the traveling 

public in better service and lower fares. . . .” Noting that CAB chairman 

Charles Murphy had been urging airlines for about one year to ‘‘revamp 

their fare structure” in their own way to avoid Federal intervention, 

Hotz said airlines could either ‘?take a vigorous industry approach” that 

would satisfy customers and retain corporate solvency or “continue 

their traditional piston-powered attitudes and have an angry public goad 

federal legislators and regulators into drastic solutions that could leave 

both the airlines and their customers in a worse muddle than ever.” 

(Hotz, Au. Fk., 5/16/66, 21) 0 AFSC had completed 110 successful tests of Bak-11 (Barrier Arresting Component)--device to stop aircraft on runway during emergency-at Air 

Force Flight Test Center (AFFTC), Edwards AFB. Device, developed by 

Research, Inc., consisted of an arresting cable which engaged main gear 

struts when actuated by aircraft’s wheels rolling over switches mounted 

on the runway. (AFSC Release 46.66) 

Muy 16-27: US. sponsored communications satellite seminar to provide new 

and developing countries with basic knowledge and practical information on economic and technical requirements for earth stations. Seminar, 

conducted under auspices of International Telecommunications Union, 

included lectures, panel discussions, informal exchanges, and equipment 

exhibits by 17 countries. Talks were in English with simultaneous interpretations in Spanish and French. Representatives of 44 nations 

attended. (State Dept. Release 108) 

May 17: Gemini IX mission was scrubbed when Atlas booster failed to place 

Gemini Agena Target Vehicle (Gatv) in planned 185-mi. (298-km.) circular orbit. Launch of Gemini 9 with Command Pilot Thomas Stafford 

and Pilot Eugene Cernan was to have followed 99 min. after Atlas-Agena 

launch; Gemini spacecraft was to rendezvous and dock with Gatv to 

evaluate extravehicdar life support and maneuvering equipment and 

procedures. 

Simultaneous countdown of the Gemini Launch Vehicle/Spacecraft 

and the Atlas-Agena had progressed smoothly and the Atlas launch was 

normal until 121 sec. after liftoff. Then, said the Flight Safety Review 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 181 

Board: “The Atlas No. 2 booster engine swiveled to an extreme hardover 

position about 10 sec. before booster engine cutoff. The other booster 

engine and the sustainer engine, acting under auto pilot control, continued to work to counter the asymmetrical thrust. 

“After booster separation, the vehicle continued the flight under SUStained thrust but at a down angle. It had also rolled to a position where 

ground guidance could not lock on or reacquire. Signals to shut down 

the sustainer engine and inhibit ignition of the Agena engine were sent 

i nd acted upon by the vehicle. Agena separated on schedule and both 

vehicles plunged into the sea.” 

Gemini IX-A mission was scheduled for May 31-and later rescheduled for June 1-using Augmented Target Docking Adapter (Atda) 

as target vehicle. (NASA Releases 66-97, 66-124; MSC Roundup, 5/27/66, 

1; Wash. Eve. Star, 5/17/66, Al, A6; Lewis, Wush. Post, 5/18/66, Al, 

A6; NYT, 5/18/66, 1, 26) 

Muy 17: In its 17th annual report, the U.N. Commission to Study the Organization of Peace said the General Assembly should “declare the title of 

the international community” to the high seas and outer space. Six 

reasons were cited: (1) to avoid conflicts over them between nations; 

(2) to keep their resources from being wasted; (3) to prevent their 

military use; (4) to prevent their contamination; (5) to ensure that 

all nations benefit from their resources; and (6) to provide the U.N. 

with an independent source of income. 

Report continued: “Member nations are not willing to pay assessments adequate for the task they expect the United Nations to perform. The revenues of the United Nations must therefore be augmented 

by independent sources of income. No one can estimate now what 

the income of the United Nations might be from its granting licenses 

for the exploitation of the resources of the seas and the revenues 

which should accrue to it from outer space communications. It is 

estimated, however, that the amount of money to be realized certainly 

should make an important contribution to the United Nations budget. 

Furthermore, it should help pay for . . . technical assistance to the 

developing states.” (AP, Chic. Trib., 5/18/66; Oatis, Wush. Post, 

5/19/66, 65) 

* 150-sec. static firing of Saturn S-11-T, an all-systems version of Saturn 

V booster’s 2nd stage, was conducted at NASA Mississippi Test Facility. 

In captive ground test of Nation’s largest, most powerful hydrogenoxygen engine (200,000 lbs. thrust), all major test objectives were met: 

1,100 measurements were taken; gimbaling of 4 of the 5 engineswhich in flight would provide stability and control to the stage-was 

performed. (MSFC Rclease 66-108) 0 U.S.S.R.’s LUNA x spacecraft, in lunar orbit since April 3, had completed 

349 revolutions, covered distance of over 5 million km. (3.1 million mi.) , and transmitted data for 178 communications periods with all instruments functioning normally. (Tass, 5/17/66) 

* U.S.S.R. had developed Polaris-type missiles which could be fired by 

remote control from containers planted under the sea, diplomatic 

sources reported. (UPI, NYT, 5/18/66) 0 Intensive investigation by GSFC and contractors had not yet determined 

causes of OAO I failure April 10. OSSA Review Board of Observatoryclass Spacecraft would continue analysis of failure as a primary objective. (NASA Proj. Off.) 
182 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

May 18: L/Col. Robert A. Rushworth flew X-15 No. 2 for 81 sec. in test to 

measure stability and control of X-15 with ventral fin attached. He 

reached 3,689 mph (mach 5.43) and 99,000-ft. altitude. Flight was 158th 

in NASA/USAF X-15 research program. (mc; X-15 Proj. Off.) 

In letter to Congress transmitting report on the Nation’s oceanographic 

work, President Johnson urged that funds be voted to continue work on 

Project Mohole. House Appropriations Committee had denied (May 5) 

$19.7-million Presidential request for NSF work on Mohole in FY 1967. 

Total cost was estimated as $110 million; about $25 million had already 

been spent. President Johnson wrote: “The Mohole Project will provide 

the answer to many basic questions about the earth’s crust and the 

origin of ocean basins. It will teach us how to drill in the ocean depthsthe prelude to the future exploitation of resources at the bottom of the 

sea.” (Pres. Doc., 5/23/66, 661; AP, NYT, 5/19/66, 23; Wash. Post, 

5/19/66, A6) 

U.S.S.R.’s third MOLNIYA I comsat, launched April 25, successfully carried 

out “first experiment in observing the earth and taking television 

pictures of our planet” when it transmitted photographs from 30,000- 

to 40,000-km. (18,634- to 24,845-mi.) altitude. Lenses and light filters 

of television camera, focused on earth by means of autonomous focusing system, were changed to obtain images of earth on Werent scales 

and to observe earth’s surface elements under different illumination. 

(Tass, 5/18/66) 

* Summing up the effect of May 17 loss of Gemini IX mission’s Agena 

Target Vehicle, William Hines said in the Washington Evening Star: “. . . it is obvious that at the very least the American space effort has 

lost three weeks of precious time and possibly $25 million in moneythe cost of the lost hardware plus overhead. . . . “One thing should be clear from the experience of Gemini 9. 

“There was nothing of omission or commission that can be charged 

against NASA in the failure of the Agena’s Atlas launching rocket. If 

the hackneyed phrase ‘random failure’ ever was properly used, it was 

in describing yesterday’s trouble. 

“The Atlas, as a standard space launching vehicle, has had 49 successes in 52 attempts over the last three years-a better success record 

than the over-all American space program has enjoyed in any year since 

its inception in 1957.” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/18/66, AB) 0 Eight photoelectric photometer-telescopes were flown from NASA Wallops 

Sta. on Aerobee 150A sounding rocket to 131-mi. (211-km.) altitude to 

measure stellar ultraviolet radiation which did not penetrate earth’s 

atmosphere and could not be observed from the ground. Readings on 

light in four spectral bands were telemetered to ground stations during 

the 7%-min. flight conducted for Univ. of Wisconsin’s Space Astronomy 

Lab. (NASA Releases 66-30, 66-123; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* Editorial comment on May 17 scrubbing of Gemini IX mission: New York 

Times: “For the third time in the past few months, a space experiment 

involving the Atlas-Agena rocket has run into trouble. Late last year a 

sequence of events similar to yesterday’s led to a postponement of the 

original Gemini rendezvous experiment, while in March of this year, 

Gemini 8 nearly met catastrophe when it was docked with an Agena 

target vehicle. There may well be no connection between these three 

separate incidents; but since the Atlas-Agena has been a highly reliable 

and successful instrument in other aspects of the nation’s space pro- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 183 

gram, its emergence as the weak link in the Gemini series poses something of a mystery. The setback caused by last year’s failure to orbit 

an Agena target vehicle was made up for by the brilliant improvisation 

that permitted Geminis 6 and 7 to rendezvous Iast December. Warned 

by that earlier experience, space officials were better prepared for this 

latest setback. The substitute target rocket they have on hand may permit much of the originally planned Gemini 9 experiment to take place 

early next month. But for the moment at least, a shadow has again been 

thrown over this country’s lunar program.” (NYT, 5/18/66) 

Washington Post: “We shall do well to prepare for many more disappointments before man reaches the moon, including the possibility 

of serious accident. What remains essential in the competition is that 

considerations of human safety not be sacrificed to too feverish a 

schedule.” (Wash. Post, 5/18/66) 

Washington Evening Star: “The simple fact is that the United States 

has been incredibly lucky that no catastrophic accident has yet taken 

place during a manned space flight. The further fact is that the nation 

cannot logically expect this luck to last forever. Progress in space, as 

with nearly all human progress, will come at the cost of men’s lives. 

And the nation should be prepared for the day when our luck runs out; 

prepared to accept tragedy as the inevitable concomitant of so ambitious a voyage of discovery.” (Wash. Eve. Star, 5/18/66, A18) 

May 18: Lockheed test pilot Ed Brown flew American-designed, Germanbuilt F-1O4G Starfighter to 400 mph in 8 sec. from Lagerfeld Base, 

Munich, Germany. Rocket-assisted takeoff from Zero Length Launch 

(Zell) platform at 30” angle demonstrated aircraft’s capability to carry 

out combat operations from hidden areas without airfields. (New York 

News, 5/19/66; Lockheed Aircraft Gorp.) 

* Unidentified USAF satellite was launched from Vandenberg AFB by a Scout 

booster. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 150) 

May 19: Interplanetary spacecraft PIONEER VI, launched by NASA Dec.. 16, 

1965, reached perihelion-75.7 million mi. from sun-at 10 p.m. EDT. 

Among findings reported during probe’s 260 million mi. of travel: 

exact measurement of average numbers of particles in interplanetary 

space; fact that high-energy particles thrown out by solar flares (principal radiation hazard to man) traveled in well-defined streams which were 

twisted about one another; and solar wind did not travel in straight 

lines. PIONEER VI had identified new ion (singly ionized helium) in solar 

wind, had found magnetic-field effects on solar wind temperatures, and 

discovered that sun’s magnetic field occurred in filament-like “stringers” 

extending out from its corona. Spacecraft had revealed that regions on 

sun produced many solar flares and high solar wind velocities, as reported by MARINER IV. During its 154 days in solar orbit, spacecraft had 

transmitted to earth 340 million readings of 3,000 separate scientific 

measurements and sent back 3 million readings of 100 individual engineering measurements. Specifications called for operating life of six 

months (complete on June 16, 1966), but it could be extended if larger 

antennas were available to hear PIONEER VI as it moved progressively 

away and ahead of the earth on its smaller orbit around the sun. (NASA 

Release 66-122) 

XB-70A-only operational aircraft that approximated size, weight, and 

speed of proposed supersonic transport (Sst)-successfully made SUStained 2,000-mph (mach 3) flight at 70,000-ft. altitude for 32 min. from 
184 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Edwards AFB. Although air friction on exterior surfaces caused heat 

buildup of 620”F, crew inside cockpit enjoyed 75°F environment, 

proving aircraft’s skin and internal systems could withstand this 

temperature range. Flight accomplished major goal in USAF’S XB-70 test 

program and proved that sustained “triple sonic” speed was possible 

for larger aircraft. (AFFTC Release 66-4-7) 

Muy 19: Supersonic transport (Sst) would ‘‘grow one foot in length” when 

it reached its normal cruising speed of 1,800 mph-result of metal’s 

expansion and contraction during transition between subsonic and 

supersonic flight-reported AP. “At altitudes for subsonic flight, an 

SST will be exposed to temperatures as low as 65 degrees below zero. 

Muy 19: XB-70 research aircraft, shown here in an earlier flight. Later this year NASA 

would join USAF in using XB-70 to investigate sonic booms and other high-speed flight 

phenomena. 

But in 17 minutes it can reach supersonic altitudes where the temperature on the outside of the fuselage will be 450 degrees.’’ (AP, Phil. 

Eve. Bull., 5/19/66) 

Cuba and U.S.S.R. had signed agreement to improve Cuba’s meteorological 

service and hurricane detection system, reported the New York Times. 

Agreement provided for “meteorological laboratory” equipped with 

Soviet radar and instruments which would enable Cuba to receive 

weather data from all over the world and to exchange aerological soundings with the Soviet Union. (NYT, 5/19/66,8) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 185 

May 19: William Hines charged in Washington Evening Star that publicity 

given to proposed US. supersonic transport (Sst) was “. . . part of a 

propaganda barrage aimed at the American taxpayer, who in the years 

ahead will be called upon to underwrite deficits clearly predictable in 

building and operating a costly fleet of airplanes capable of spanning the 

Atlantic in two hours. 

“The SST program has been publicized since the program’s inception 

in 1963 with the same combination of gobbledygook and public-relations 

hokum used so successfully in merchandising the moon program. 

Technological challenge, the asserted psychological-spiritual imperative, 

and the added spur of an international ‘race’-all are cited as reasons 

compelling development of a 2,000-mile-an-hour super-airliner. 

“Actually the SST, when built and placed in operation, will be no more 

a free-enterprise product than the Saturn-5 moon rocket is. It will be 

built to government specifications, by contractors selected by the government, with development costs largely if not entirely underwritten by 

the government.” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/19/66) 

May 20: Test version of Surveyor spacecraft designed for unmanned softlanding on moon made smooth 900-ft. descent from a balloon over 

Holloman AFB in successful final test prior to scheduled May 30 flight. 

Three liquid-fueled engines, operating on information from two radar 

systems aboard spacecraft, slowed it from descent speed of about 50 

mph to about 3.5 mph for landing. Test, second successful Surveyor 

descent without parachutes, had been delayed more than two hours by 

strong winds and optical problems. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/20/66, AI; 

AP, Chic. Trib., 5/21/66) 

* Saturn V all-systems 2nd stage (S-11) was successfully fired at MTF for 

355 sec.-its full duration. The big stage developed 1-million-lbs. thrust 

from five hydrogen-and-oxygen-powered 5-2 engines. (MSFC Release 

66-116) 

Radio astronomy experiment designed to measure average intensity of 

cosmic radio noise originating outside the solar system was launched 

from NASA Wallops Station by four-stage Javelin rocket on 20-min. 

ballistic flight with 570-mi. (918-km.) apogee. Measurements were 

made at frequencies which could not be accurately detected by groundbased receivers. Data would aid study of galaxy’s formation. (Wallops 

Release 66-31) 

Five successful sounding rocket launchings were conducted from the deck 

of USNS Range Recoverer during eclipse of sun in Greece, NASA announced. 

Launchings of the Boosted Arcas rockets, part of a cooperative project 

of the Greek National Committee for Space Research and NASA, were 

planned to investigate ionization of the upper amosphere during solar 

eclipse. (NASA Release 66-32; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

USN announced successful completion of flight tests of V/Stol XC-142A 

aircraft aboard U.S.S. Bennington. Tests included 44 short and six 

vertical takeoffs at speeds of up to 35 mph backward and as much as 

400 mph forward at 25,000-ft. altitude. (DOD Release 443-66) 0 In a press conference, NIMBUS 11 project officials at GSFC said the meteorological satellite was “exceeding all expectations” with the amount and 

quality of data it was returning to earth. Launched into nearly circular 

orbit May 15, satellite could “produce in 12 hrs. as much refined 

weather data as took six months to get out of earlier satellites.” (Wash. 

Eve. Star, 5/20/66, A24) 
186 AS 6 

Muy 20: U.S. and Greece launch Boosted Arcas sounding rockets from USNS Range Recov- erer near Koroni Beach, Greece. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 187 

May 20: Checks of distributions of Martian and lunar crater diameters indicated that the visible surface of Mars was 2.2-to-3 X 109 years old, 

Alan B. Binder, Univ. of Arizona, reported in Science. This result implied that in the early history of Mars large-scale subaerial erosion occurred. Of 69 Martian craters with diameters greater than 10 km., 13% 

had central peaks. This compared favorably with the frequency (11.7%) 

of central peaks among lunar craters and may indicate the peaks resulted from the impact mechanism rather than post-impact volcanism. 

Well-defined system of lineaments shown in MARINER IV photographs 

may indicate that Mars had lost appreciable angular momentum during 

its history. (Binder, Science, 5/20/66, 1053-5) 

NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from WSMR Carried grazing 

incidence telescopes and bandpass filters to estimated 107-mi. (172-km.) 

altitude in GSFC experiment to obtain solar x-ray photographs. Another 

GsFc-instrumented Aerobee 150 was launched from WSMR eight hours 

later to 121-mi. (195-km.) altitude to obtain solar spectral data from 

2-60 A. Both rockets and their experiments performed satisfactorily. 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 

movies, live demonstrations, and exhibits. ~GSFC Release G-7-66) 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center held an “open house,” including 

May 21: Boosted Arcas sounding’rocket, last in series launched during solar 

eclipse from USNS Range Recoverer near Koroni Beach, Greece, carried 

GSFC experiment to obtain data on electron and ion density distribution 

in ionospheric D region. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Muy 22: 15-lb. pigtailed monkey, connected to intricate battery of miniaturized instruments, would be launched into earth orbit in 1967 to 

provide US. scientists with 30-day study of his health, JPL announced. 

Monkey-an astronaut stand-in-would be part of the Biosatellite 

series projected by NASA. Particularly meaningful to NASA’s space 

biology program would be urinalysis tests, showing changes in calcium 

and other primate urine constituents, which should indicate how 

astronaut’s metabolism might vary during prolonged space flights. 

ARC was in charge of the program. (JPL Release) * US. Army claimed 21 world records for its new light observation helicopter, OH-6A. Nu-supervised flights at Edwards AFB resulted in 12 

speed records, and three each for distance, climbing, and sustained 

altitude. Records had been submitted to F6dkration Aeronautique 

Internationale in Paris for official approval. (Chic. Trib., 5/23/66, 16) 

Muy 23: Debate began in Senate on authorization of NASA budget for FY 

1967. Sen. Margaret Chase Smith (R-Me.) said: “It is important to 

note that the pressures creating the great surges in progress-whether 

it be in science, technology, exploration, or economic and social 

development-come from outside forces and considerations. . . . “It is these forcing functions which mainly set the pace of progress 

and development. Space is no exception. Indeed, the great surge in 

space research and exploration is a classic example of this historical 

pattern. It was these forcing functions which set in motion the revolution in science and technology which has brought us to the era we 

know as the Space Age. And it is these forcing functions which today 

and tomorrow will determine our future course and our future policies 

in space. . . . “The decisions which confront us today are those which will determine whether the history of the last half century will repeat itself a 
188 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

few years hence, and whether we will once again experience a bitter 

awakening to the fact that others have seized the initiative in the more 

advanced space missions of the future. Indeed, in today’s cold war 

arena, the question boils down to whether this Nation can afford such 

a luxury, in terms of our very survival. For it is clear that future 

leadership in this scientific and technological competition-which has 

such great economic, military, and political significance-will not be 

easily held, nor would it be easily regained once lost.” (CR, 5/23/66, 

May 23: Important information on one of several x-ray sources, observable 

only from space, had been obtained by experiments on March 8 sounding rocket flight from WSMR, NASA announced. Initial results from data 

analyzed revealed that the angular size of the x-ray source in the constellation Scorpius, Sco X-1, could not exceed 20 arc-seconds. This 

discovery disagreed with widely held view that this source represented 

an ancient nearby (Milky Way) supernova. It strengthened current 

speculation that the sources in Scorpio and many of the other x-ray 

sources are an entirely new class of celestial objects characterized by 

small angular size which are either undetectable or star-like in visible 

light or radio emission. The detail with which the angular size of this 

x-ray source was measured was more than 20 times greater than any 

previous measurement [see June 17-18]. (NASA Release 66-125) 

USAF launched unidentified satellite from WTR with Thor-Agena D booster. 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 150) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced appointment of William B. 

Rieke, NASA Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs and former 

president of Lockheed Aircraft International, Inc., as Acting Assistant 

Administrator for Administration. Mr. Rieke would assume new duties 

beginning May 30, replacing John B. Young who resigned to become 

an assistant to BOB Director. (NASA Release 66-131; NASA Ann.) 

NASA semiannual procurement report revealed continuing sharp upsurge 

in use of incentive contracts. During six-month period, NASA had 

awarded 41 new incentive contracts and converted two cost-plus-fixedfee contracts to incentive awards. Tar et value of all incentive contracts as of Dec. 31, 1965, was $2.184 %illion-more than three times 

the total at the end of first half of FY 1965. (Text) 

0 A NASA Contract Administration Services Representative’s office-headed 

by Donald R. Mulholland, Deputy Director of NASA’s western Operations Office-had been established at headquarters of AFSC’S Air Force 

Contract Management Div. (AFCMD), Los Angeles, Calif. New office, 

which completed network of representatives’ offices in major DOD 

centers, would “provide liaison between AFCMD and NASA elements on 

contract administration services support. . . .,’ (NASA Hq. Bull., 5/23/66, 

0 International Galabert Astronautical Prize was awarded jointly to MSFC 

Director Dr. Wernher von Braun “for the whole of his work in the 

United States, particularly on the Saturn project,” and to French 

space technicians Jean-Pierre Causse, of the Centre National $Etudes 

Spatiales (CNES), and Roger Chevalier, of the Societe pour ]’Etude et la 

RBalisation d’Engins Balistiques (SEREB) , “as symbols of the French 

space effort.” The $4,000 prize would be presented at October meeting 

of International Astronautical Congress in Paris. (French Embassy; 

Reuters, NYT, 5/24/66, 11) 

10681-2) 

6) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 189 

May 23: Britain’s W. J. Strang, deputy technical director of the AngloFrench Concorde Sst project, dropped all references to the Concorde’s 

being “the world’s first supersonic transport” from the prepared text 

of an address before the Aviation/Space Writers’ Assn. in New York. 

When asked about this omission, Bernard A. Darrieux of France’s Sud 

Aviation Co. replied that French aviation experts who had visited the 

U.S.S.R. and who were informed of Soviet Dlans said there was a 

“strong possibility the U.S.S.R. may be firstly (Norris, Wash. Post, 

5/24/66, A28) 

Astronaut Scott Carpenter decided not to attend Second International 

Congress on Oceanography in Moscow after learning that the US. 

ocean research vessel U.S.S. Silas Bent had been denied permission to 

dock at Leningrad in connection with the conference. Carpenter, who 

had participated in the Sealab I1 experiment in living and working 

underwater, would have attended as an aquanaut and would have been 

the first astronaut to visit Moscow. NAS had designated Silas Bent to 

respond to Soviet invitation for oceanographic ships to visit Soviet 

ports during Congress so delegates couId visit them but Soviet Foreign 

Ministry had refused permission. (AP, Balt. Sun, 5/24/66) 

NASA Apollo Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) descent engine, Phase 11, 

test began at Arnold Engineering Development Center. (AEDC) 

May 23-25: Harsh indictment by A. V. Cleaver, chief engineer for rockets 

at Rolls-Royce, of European politicians and civil servants involved in 

the European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO) opened the 

sixth annual European Space Symposium at Brighton, U.K.: “I believe 

the future of ELDO is extremely bleak, unless Europe as a whole and 

the United Kingdom in particular, adopts an entirely fresh approach 

to its problems.. . . Europe could have made a better showing if her 

politicians had been of equal caliber to her technical men, insofar as 

their grasp of 20th century realities was concerned. . . . The lesson 

is this: at any time, the leading nations are those preeminent in technology, usually in the technology of transport.” Cleaver noted that the 

European nations in ELDO had, among them, about 120% of the US’S 

population and more than 50% of the US. gross national product, 

and should be doing far more than the present one-twentieth of the 

US. space effort. (Coleman, Av. Tk., 5/30/66, 32) 0 Optimistic assessment of prospects for exploring Mars during the next 

decade and finding some form of life there was presented by scientists 

at the AAs-sponsored symposium on “The Search for Extraterrestrial 

Life” in Anaheim, Calif. Carlos De Moraes, director of planetary 

program studies for Martin Co., visualized a series of space flights 

from 1969 to 1979 and culminating in the landing of two 3,500-lb. 

“space buses.” First flight, in 1969, would be of an 850-lb. spacecraft 

that would provide televised mapping of the Mars surface and take 

measurements of the atmosphere. After a series of intermediary 

flights, the space buses would land in 1979 and release both automated 

biological laboratories and roving vehicles that would explore and 

gather samples at points away from the immediate landing area. 

Dr. Norman H. Horowitz of JPL noted that “any form of life, however 

primitive, found on Mars would be of immense scientific value.” He 

said that no matter how bleak the picture, the possibilities of life on 

Mars should be explored to the fullest because that planet appeared 

to be the likeliest site for life beyond the earth. 
190 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

GE engineers P. G. Thome and Ernest J. Merz described giant 

clamshell under development that would be part of a system launched 

by a Saturn V booster in 1973. The thick disc-shaped object would 

open like a giant mollusk when landed on Mars, releasing devices that 

would start gathering information on atmosphere, weather, soil, and 

life. Information would be telemetered back to earth. Disc could be 

powered by radioisotope-fueled generator that could keep it in operation 

for up to six months. (Texts) 

Speculating about meetings with intelligent beings from or on 

another planet, Harold D. Lasswell, Yale Univ. professor of law and 

political science, asked: “Would earthlings unite or wage interstellar 

war? Would we have to kow-tow to a more advanced civilization, or 

dominate an inferior one? Suppose they had no more, or even less, 

feelings of love and responsibility? Might meeting with an advanced 

society push man further toward creating a culture of frantic fun?” 

(Ap, Balt. Sun, 5/26/66) 

May 24: Senate unanimously passed by voice vote the NASA FY 1967 

authorization bill of $5,008,000,000-$121,135,850 more than the sum 

voted by the House but $4 million less than President Johnson had 

requested. In speech on Senate floor during passage of bill, Sen. 

Spessard L. Holland (D-Fla.) said that if the US. failed to continue 

development of solid propellants, it would fail in the one thing it 

“should be doing to catch up with the Soviet Union in the field of 

space effort.” Senate bill included only the $3.5 million requested by 

the Administration for one additional firing of a half-length 260-in. 

solid rocket motor. In other debate, Sen. Joseph S. Clark (D-Pa.) said 

he felt that national priorities were “substantially out of order when 

the Senate, in the course of 5 or 10 minutes, passes a $5 billion authorization bill to send a man to the moon,” and that he hoped the space 

effort could be put on an international cooperation and not a competitive 

basis. Clark was joined in his remarks against the bill by Sen. J. William 

Fulbright (D-Ark.), who said such action was “typical, today, of any 

bill relating either to outer space or the military . . . in my view, 

it is an outrageous distortion of priorities.” (CR, 5/24/66, 10715-20) 

NASA Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR reached 82-mi. (132-km.) altitude 

in GSFC-Princeton Univ. experiment designed to study ultraviolet 

radiation of the star Zeta Ophiuchus. Burnthrough in rocket’s combustion chamber at 50.1 sec. caused underperformance, and payload 

did not observe primary target. Most data were lost through long 

exposure of payload film to direct sunlight before recovery. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

0 U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CIX carrying scientific instruments for continued space research. Orbital parameters: apogee, 1,305 km. (810.5 

mi.); perigee, 219 km. (136 mi.); period, 99.8 min.; inclination, 48.5”. 

Instruments were functioning normally. (Pravda, 5/25/66, 2, uSS-T 

Trans.) 0 First Europa 1 booster for European Launcher Development Organization 

(ELDO) was successfully launched from Woomera Range although 

malfunction in an impact indicator at a downrange radar station led to 

early reentry. Booster, composed of British Blue Streak first stage and 

dummy French and German second and third stages, was programed 

for 143-sec. flight. Range safety officer cut flight short by eight seconds 

when radar indicated Europa 1 was heading off course to the left. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 191 

There was no malfunction in the rocket itself. Reduction of data later 

showed booster had been on a correct course at 30.3-mi. (48.8-km.) 

altitude. Hawker Siddeley Dynamics officials estimated test was 90% 

successful, and that CCobjectives were achieved.” Europa 1 was sponsored by U.K., France, Australia, Italy, West Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium. (UPI, Wash. Post, 5/24/66, A12; NYT, 5/25/66,22; 

Av. Wk., 5/30/66, 32) 

May 24: NASA and West Germany’s Ministry for Scientific Research had 

signed cooperative agreement to investigate the physics of comets, 

interplanetary medium, and earth’s magnetosphere. Initial experiments, 

to be launched in fall 1966, would release vaporized metal in upper 

atmosphere, creating artificial ion clouds which would be observed 

from ground. Results would be reviewed to determine desirability of 

conducting similar experiments on larger vehicle at a distance of 

several earth radii. Under agreement, BMwF would provide rocket 

payloads, supplementary cameras, and photometric equipment. NASA 

would furnish one Javelin and one Nike-Tomahawk rocket, launching 

range, support facilities, and equipment for optical observations. 

(NASA Release 66-121) 0 Former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., received Great Silver Medal of 

Paris from Mayor Albert Chavanac for being “one of the pioneers of 

space, who was able to give a human aspect to the experiment he 

attempted so successfully.” (AP, NYT, 5/25/66, 33) 

May 24-25: Representatives of NASA and its major spacecraft and launch 

vehicle contractors attended Saturn Manufacturing Review meeting at 

MSFC’s Michoud Assembly Facility. Meeting, sponsored annually by 

MSFC, was held to “promote the interchange of space vehicle manufacturing technology.” (MSFC Release 6-115) 

May 24-26: Aviation/Space Writers’ Assn. held annual meeting in New 

York. 

AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, in luncheon address, 

cited three factors which could restrain full advancement of technology: “The first of these constraints is the relative silence of our 

opponents. A few years ago the headlines were full of Soviet threats 

of orbital bombs, missiles that could ‘hit a fly in the sky,’ and similar 

weapons. Today, by contrast, the Soviets are not boasting about their 

new weapon developments. . . . The second constraint is the argument 

made in some quarters that US. military research and development 

could be ‘provocative’ to our opponents. This argument overlooks the 

fact that our very existence as a free society is ‘provocative’ to our 

opponents, because it contradicts their theory of history. . . . The 

third constraint is the immediate need for large funds to support our 

forces in Vietnam.. . .,, To overcome these constraints, General 

Schriever said, “we must harness our management experience and 

technological knowledge to serve the national purpose,” in an effort 

involving every “segment of our national life. . . .” (Text) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, discussed implications of 1968 space budget decisions. 

He said US. today was ‘‘not ahead in this deadly serious competition,” 

and “strong and increasing effort” would be required “to prevent the 

Soviets from forging ahead as the unchallenged leader in space.” (Text) 

Nike X system had been improved so that it could not only destroy 

hostile satellites but also provide defensive cover for the entire Nation, 
192 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

reported Dr. Oswald H. Lange, chief scientist for the Nike X project 

office at Redstone Arsenal, Ala. He described the Nike X system as 

employing two interceptors-the long-range Zeus and short-range, 

high acceleration Sprint. (NYT, 5/26/66, 4) 

R. I. Mitchell, vice-president of Lockheed Aircraft Corp.’s JetStar 

program, said that Lockheed would produce advanced version of fourengine JetStar business aircraft capable of taking off on shorter runways and carrying more cargo and passengers than previous models. 

New Dash 8 JetStar, powered by Pratt & Whitney JT12A-8 engine, 

would reduce runway requirements from 6,425 ft. to 5,550 ft. and 

would have 1,000 fpm faster rate of climb. (Lockheed Release) 

Two space rescue systems being tested for possible use by USAF were 

discussed by Harold L. Bloom of General Electric CO.% Re-Entry 

Systems Dept.: (1) “Emergency cocoon”-an inflatable shelter to 

maintain astronaut in a “livable environment” while awaiting rescuewould use thin silicone rubber membrane in dacron and Mylar skin to 

provide CQ, and water vapor control; (2) one-man reentry vehicle for 

self-rescue--“Manned Orbital Operations Safety Equipment (MOOSE)” 

-would consist of foldable heat shield bonded to Mylar bag. Astronaut 

would zip himself into MOOSE bag, leave spacecraft, and initiate polyurethane foaming process; foam would insulate and support him 

during reentry oriented with small rocket in an attitude/de-orbit 

package. Form-fitting couch, designed to be traveling at less than 

30 feet per second at the time of impact, would also double as a life raft. 

(Text; Wilford, NYT, 5/8/66, 66) 

Muy 25: NASA successfully launched EXPLORER XXXII (AE-B) aeronomy 

satellite from ETR with three-stage Delta booster. The 2nd stage burned 

8 sec. longer than planned-failing to cut off and running to propellant 

depletion-and boosted the satellite into a higher orbit than planned. 

Orbital parameters: apogee, 1,688 mi. (2,717.7 km.), as opposed to 

planned 750 mi.; perigee, 180 mi. (289.8 km.) ; period, 116 min.; inclination to equator, 65”. Launch was third time Delta 2nd stage had failed 

to shut down on time and sent 3rd stage and payload to higher altitudes. 

Built by GSFC, and the last of the original satellites outlined by NASA 

when it was established in 1958, the 495-1b., 35-in.- dia. EXPLORER XXXII 

was designed to investigate temperatures, composition, densities, and 

pressure in the upper atmosphere and their diurnal, seasonal, and 

annual variations on a global basis. NASA later announced that adjustment of onboard programing of spacecraft’s sensors had compensated 

for higher apogee and useful scientific measurements would be taken 

that were not planned originally. All eight experiments onboard were 

functioning “as expected” and spacecraft was spin stabilized at the 

required 30 rpm. 

First aeronomy satellite, EXPLORER XVII, was launched April 3, 1563. 

Results included first direct measurement of neutral helium; first in 

situ measurements of concentrations of neutral atmospheric constituents at satellite altitudes as a function of time and solar activity; first 

data revealing difference by a factor of two (approx.) in value for atmospheric density as determined from onboard sensors and from changes in 

satellite’s orbit; first detailed description of diurnal and latitudinal 

behavior of summer ionosphere near altitude of F, maximum over 

eastern US. at time of solar maximum. Results had indicated more 

specialized measurements were needed to reveal basic atmospheric 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 193 

processes. EXPLORER XXXII incorporated many improvements aimed at 

achieving this objective. (NASA Releases 66-96, 66-139; AP, Wash. Post, 

5/26/66, E17; WSJ, 5/26/66, 1) 

May 25: Fifth anniversary of President John ??. Kennedy’s call before a joint 

session of Congress to undertake a manned lunar landing in this 

decade. 0 Referring to President Kennedy’s challenge five years ago “to achieving 

the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and 

returning him safely to earth,” William Hines commented in the 

Washington Evening Star on the progress made:“Of course, Kennedy 

did not ‘invent’ space. Nor did he, in a single 1,100-word exhortation 

to Congress, create all the conditions needed to make a lunar program 

possible. The United States had quite a respectable space effort going 

for several years before Kennedy spoke, and indeed the first American 

astronaut had flown a brief suborbital mission three weeks earlier. 

“The foundations on which Kennedy could build a moon program 

were there. What he did-with advice and urging from many advisers 

including the then Vice President Johnson and the late ‘grand old 

man of space,’ Hugh L. Dryden-was set a goal. . . . “The call to leadership in space came at a particularly troublous 

time in the new Kennedy administration’s development. In the month 

just past, April 1961, the United States had suffered two tremendous 

setbacks in what had been called ‘the battle for men’s minds.’ On 

April 12 Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbited the earth-a full 10 months, 

as it turned out, before Astronaut John Glenn would match his feat. 

And on April 19 the bottom fell out of the ill-conceived Bay of Pigs 

adventure to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba.” (Hines, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 5/25/66, Al, A5) 

First full-scale Apollo/Saturn V booster-spacecraft combination rolled 

out at NASA Kennedy Space Center exactly five years after President 

Kennedy committed U.S. to manned lunar landing by 1969. Designated 

AS500-F, the 365-ft., 500,000-lb. facilities vehicle was moved from 

Vehicle Assembly Building (Vab) on 3,000-ton7 diesel-powered, steellink-tread crawler transporter to Pad A for use to verify launch facilities, 

train launch crews, and develop test and checkout procedures. (MSFC 

Release 66-114) 0 USAF Flight Safety Review Board announced it had pinpointed cause of 

the Atlas booster failure during the aborted Gemini IX mission May 17: 

gimbaling of the booster engine which forced the Atlas-Agena into a 

hardover trajectory was caused by a short circuit in the electrical 

command system of the engine pitch servo valve. Although several 

other failures could have caused a similar occurrence, the Board said, 

only this one could have caused the exact set of data received from the 

launch vehicle. Malfunction was called a random failure, but to ensure 

that it would not happen again, new tests would be made on the Atlas 

and electrical connections in all new boosters would be x-rayed. 

NASA scheduled the mission, redesignsted Gemini IX-A, for June 1. 

(UPI, Wash. Post, 5/26/66, E17; NYT, 5/26/66; NASA Proj. Off.) 

U.S.S.R. announced successful completion of rocket tests in the Pacific 

to test equipment for spacecraft landings at sea. Another series of 

tests, which had begun April 24, was being continued to improve 

booster rockets necessary to propel manned spacecraft to moon. 

(Tass, 5/25/66, USS-T Trans.) 
194 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Muy 25: NASA had selected Boeing Co. for negotiations on $5-million, threeyear contract to provide “technology for high-power solar arrays” for 

manned and unmanned space missions. Program-part of research 

effort to increase amount of power for each pound of overall powergenerating system-would include design and fabrication of nonflight 

experimental model of a 1,25O-sq.-ft. deployable solar panel assembly 

which would have 12.5-kw. output if completely covered with electrically active solar cells. Completed model would be tested under simulated 

space environment conditions and would serve as test model in solving 

major problems of deploying large-area structures, compact packaging, 

and design of thin solar cells and lightweight material. Contract would 

be managed by JPL. (NASA Release 66-133) 

In a press interview, Capt. Charles Oglesby (USAF) of the North American 

Air Defense Command (NORAD) tracking center in Moorestown, N.J., 

said scanners were checking on 1,100 items in orbit, including functioning payloads and debris. 95% of items in orbit were from the U.S. 

Of payloads, the US. had 167; U.S.S.R., 43; U.K. and Canada, two 

each; and France, three. (AP, Balt. Sun, 5/26/66) 

* USAF awarded Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV) Aerospace Corp. a $353,000 

contract to develop improved techniques and materials for “rapid 

landing sites” for V/Stol aircraft and helicopters. Contract called for 

quick-setting, resinous materials that could be sprayed on ground by 

unskilled persons in remote areas where it would be too costly and 

time-consuming to build conventional landing sites and permanent 

shelter facilities. (AFSC Release 96.66) 

* Eastern Airlines president Floyd D. Hall announced company had 

bought options on two French-U.K. Concorde Sst’s for service on 

Pacific routes and to Denver and Seattle. Eastern previously had 

taken options on two U.S. Sst’s. (VSJ, 5/25/66, 14) 

Muy 25-27: Twenty astronauts toured MSFC laboratories and test facilities 

and received briefings on Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles. 

(MSFC Release 66-99) 

May 26.- MARINER IV spacecraft, which took the world’s first close-up 

pictures of Mars July 14, 1965, was again in contact with earth, reporting on the space environment and its own operating performance after 

18 mos. of flight. NASA said telemetry from MARINER IV, received over a 

197.5-million-mi. radio link with the Deep Space Network‘s Goldstone 

Tracking Station, indicated that all spacecraft systems were operating 

properly. Launched Nov. 28, 1964, MARINER IV had exceeded its design 

life by more than 100% and gave indications it might function until 

1968. (NASA Release 66-135; JPL Release) 

President Johnson issued executive order directing Federal agencies to 

“provide leadership” in prevention, control, and abatement of air 

pollution. (Pres. Doc., 5/30/66, 696) 

e A superior glass-covered, super-blue solar cell for space use had been 

developed by scientists at LRC. “Super-blue” referred to cell’s extremely 

high sensitivity to blue light-the higher frequency rays of sunlight 

that reach only the top surface of the solar cell. Since experiments had 

indicated that radiation damage was most severe in cell’s response to 

low-frequency red light, program to develop cells ultraresponsive to 

blue light was begun and the thin, lightweight, super-blue cell evolved. 

(LRC Release 66-25) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 195 

May 26: USAF awarded Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. $12,916,000 contract 

for Agena rocket launch services from April 1966 to September 1967. 

Work would be at Vandenberg AFB. (DOD Release 462-66) 

May 27: Dr. Walter A. Radius, career Foreign Service officer who had been 

on detail to NASA from State Dept. since 1963, was appointed special 

assistant to NASA Assistant Administrator for Policy Analysis, Breene M. 

Kerr. Dr. Radius would assume new duties beginning June 6. (NASA 

Release 66-129; PIO) 

0 NASA selected Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. and Martin Co. for negotiations of parallel one-year $1-million fixed-price study contracts on 

integration of experiments and experiments support equipment in 

space vehicles and spacecraft for manned Apollo Applications (Aa) 

missions. Companies would define experiment integration work (payload integration in Apollo lunar module, Saturn launch vehicle instrument unit, and S-IVB stages of Saturn IB and Saturn V vehicles.) 

Contracts would be managed by MSFC. (NASA Release 66-137) 

0 Breene M. Kerr, NASA Assistant Administrator for Policy Analysis, 

announced appointment of Dr. Irwin P. Halpern as Director, Policy 

Analysis Staff, Office of the Assistant Administrator for Policy Analysis. 

Dr. Halpern, a CIA speciaht on Soviet and Chinese Communist 

political and military affairs and doctrine, would assume new duties 

beginning June 5. (NASA Release 66-130) 

0 New F-4J Phantom jet, developed by McDonnell Aircraft Corp. for 

carrier use by USN and USMC, made its first public flight at Lambert-St. 

Louis Municipal Airport. Aircraft had higher maximum speed, greater 

range, higher combat ceiling, shorter takeoff distance, and greater 

combat capabilities than other Phantom models. (McDonnell Release) 

Memorandum of understanding for cooperative meteorological project 

called “Eole” was signed by NASA and French Centre Nationale d’Etudes 

Spatiales (CNES). To gather data on atmospheric circulation, Eole 

project would use network of constant level balloons-which would 

drift with the wind and act as tracers of air masses-and an earthorbiting satellite-which would record pressure and temperature data 

telemetered from balloons for later transmission to ground stations. 

CNES would be responsible for “development and launching of the 

balloons and their payloads and for the design, fabrication and testing 

of the proposed satellite.’’ NASA would provide Scout rocket, handle 

launching, and train personnel. (NASA Release 66-156) 

May 28: Second-stage ground test model of three-stage Saturn V booster 

exploded while being removed from test stand at MTF, injuring five 

persons-none seriously. Stage, which had five hydrogen-oxygen J-2 

engines capable of generating 1 million Ibs. thrust, had been tested 

May 25 in ground firing which had been terminated after 195 sec. when 

hydrogen line leak caused automatic cutoff. At time of explosion, 

technicians were trying to determine cause of hydrogen leak. No 

hydrogen was in tank when explosion occurred; cause of explosion 

had not been determined. (UPI, Wash. Post, 5/28/66, A18; Wilford, 

NYT, 5/30/66, 22) 

Gemini IX-A was officially cleared for launching June 1 on three-day 

mission that would include rendezvous, docking, and extravehicular 

activity. After hearing reports from the astronauts, launching pad 

crews, and the worldwide tracking network, William C. Schneider, 
1% ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

mission director, declared Gemini IX-A “ready to go.” (NYT, 5/29/66, 

58; UPI, Wush. Post, 5/28/66, Al) 

May 28: NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George 

E. Mueller, speaking at meeting of Texas Radiation Advisory Board 

and Texas Atomic Energy Commission in Freeport, Texas, cited 

reasons that it was vital the US. be pre-eminent in space: “First, 

consider the nations1 security, or peace-keeping, aspects. 

“Although our space program is a peaceful endeavor, it cannot help 

but have a profound effect on our future military position. Although 

there is no military space force in being in any nation’s arsenal, it 

would be disastrous for the United States to lack the basic understanding, the basic technology, and the basic engineering which would be 

required if an aggressor should choose to make space a battlefield.. . . “In the international arena, our space program-and Manned Space 

Flight in particular-may be considered as a measure of our ability to 

compete with a formidable rival, and as a criterion of our ability to 

maintain technological eminence. 

“The influence of our scientific and technological progress and 

prowess is and has been one of the deciding factors in keeping the 

Cold War peace over the past 20 years. . . . Should we fall behind in 

the area of space technology, we would jeopardize our national interests, 

on earth as well as in space.” (Text) 

Muy 29: The Nation was facing a crisis in space planning, NASA Administrator James E. Webb said in a press interview at NASA Hq. The question 

was what to do with the Apollo project after men had landed on the 

moon. The answer would determine whether the US. remained a 

major spacefaring nation,” and must be found within a year, he saidlong before the first lunar landing yas made. Search for the answer 

had been postponed several times because the problem seemed remote 

and budgets were tight. “It is extremely important not to think you 

can postpone the decision again. I think it is imperative to have a 

thoroughgoing national debate on whether we want to go past the 

point of no return.” If the Nation did not mind being second to the 

moon or chose to “dismantle the Apollo machine without recovering 

its great investment,” he would accept that, he said. But he did not 

believe that either the Congress or the public had consciously reached 

these decisions. He feared they just had not thought about them. 

(Clark, NYT, 5/30/66, 1, 22) 

Soviet aircraft designer Andrey N. Tupolev described U.S.S.R.’s Tu-144 

supersonic airliner in Soviet trade-union newspaper Trud. Four-engine 

aluminum aircraft would carry 121 passengers at 1,500 mph (compared 

with US. supersonic transport’s 250 passengers at 2,000 mph) ; speed 

had been deliberately limited to allow construction ‘?of highly durable 

aluminum alloys,” Tupolev said. Tu-144 would be needle-nosed with 

small delta wing far back on fuselage and four jet engines in single 

container under rear section. Aircraft would be operational in “the 

nearest future”-possibly by 1970. (Anderson, NYT, 5/30/66, 36C) 

Muy 29-June 4: Mapping the moon for man’s first lunar landing was discussed by leading scientists at an 11-nation International Conference 

on Selenodesy at Manchester, England. (Reuters, NYT, 5/30/66, 22) 

Muy 30-June I: NASA’s SURVEYOR I was successfully launched from ETR by 

Atlas-Centaur (AC-10) booster on 63-hr. direct ascent lunar transfer 

trajectory. Spacecraft-carrying survey television system and instruCC 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 197 

mentation to measure lunar surface bearing strength, temperatures, 

and radar reflectivity-was first in series of seven designed to prove out 

design, develop technology of lunar soft-landing, and provide basic 

scientific and engineering data in support of Project Apollo. It would 

softland on the moon June 2. 

After SURVEYOR I separated from Atlas, spacecraft pointed its solar 

panels toward the sun to power its equipment; at five hours GET, 

sensing devices fixed on the star Canopus for cruise attitude stabilization. 

SURVEYOR I spacecraft successfully completed mid-course correction 

of flight path on electronic commands relayed from antenna near JPL. 

Only flaw in launching occurred within one hour GET, when radio 

signals indicated that one of two antennas on spacecraft might have 

failed to deploy. JPL’S Surveyor project manager Robert J. Parks said 

the problem was “not going to preclude a possibility of getting full 

success out of this mission since one antenna is sufficient to receive 

radioed commands unless the spacecraft gets in a position where the 

working antenna is out of range of earth.” The other antenna was 

properly deployed and working perfectly. 

Surveyor program was under direction of OSSA Lunar and Planetary 

Program Div.; project management was assigned to JPL; prime contractor for spacecraft development and design was Hughes Aircraft Co. 

Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle was under direction of LRC. (NASA Release 

66-127; Wilford, NYT, 5/31/66, 1, 33; Simons, Wash. Post, 5/31/66, 

Al) May 30: Planned expansion of the global communications satellite network 

of the 50-nation Intelsat was being postponed two years as a result of 

pressure by the FCC on ComSatCorp. ComSatCorp was majority shareholder and served as manager for Intelsat. Basic question raised by 

FCC was whether the expansion was too ambitious for the traffic that 

would be available. Threatened with FCC veto or modification of its 

application to construct six 1,500-channel satellites for launch in 1968, 

ComSatCorp notified FCC that deployment of the follow-on 6,000- 

channel multipurpose satellite had been postponed from 1969-70 to 

1972 or later. (Av. Wk., 5/30/66, 31) 0 U.S.S.R.’s LUNA x spacecraft, which entered selenocentric orbit April 3, 

had stopped sending signals after 219 transmissions, Tass announced. 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/2/66, Al) 

The “breakthrough” in the air cargo business was discussed by Robert 

Hotz in Aviation Week: “There is no doubt that air cargo is on the 

move. Airline cargo performance in 1965 surpassed forecasts by 

astonishing margins. Domestic cargo soared 25% last year in contrast 

to the airline predictions of 16%. International cargo rocketed 46%- 

with at least one carrier recording a 65% gain-compared with forecasts of a 25% increase. Many airlines are now watching their projected 

cargo goals for 1970 become a reality in 1966. 

“Stuart Tipton, president of the Air Transport Assn. and always a 

conservative spokesman for the airline industry, cited figures in a 

recent speech that forecast 5.2 billion freight ton miles annually by 

1970 and 15.3 billion by 1975. Mr. Tipton noted that, although these 

levels compared with 1.7 billion freight ton miles flown in 1965, the 

forecasts for a decade hence might well ‘be very conservative.’ ” 

(Hotz, Av. Wk., 5/30/66, 21) 
198 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

May 30: Astronauts Thomas P. StaKord and Eugene A. Cernan, the Gemini 

IX-A crew, practiced space rendezvous procedures at KSC in preparation 

for their scheduled June 1 mission. (NYT, 5/31/66, 33) 

0 “The First Soft Step,” program discussing Project Surveyor and showing 

fight operations facilities, was broadcast on six Alabama Educational 

Television Network stations. Program, hosted by MIT science reporter 

John Fitch, was first in 13-week “Science Reporter” series which had 

been taped on location at four NASA centers and nine contractor plants. 

Second program, to be telecast June 6, would be titled “Landing on the 

Moon” and would concern NASA’s Lunar Excursion Module. (MSFC 

Release 66-117) 0 Dr. Donald P. Burcham, JPL Voyager program manager, told Aviation Week 

in an interview that heavy funding for the Voyager Mars program was 

anticipated with FY 1968 funds if the Vietnam war did not create new 

funding problems. (Av. Wk., 5/30/66, 40) 

Adm. William F. Boone (USN, Ret.), Assistant NASA Administrator for 

Defense Affairs, told Missiles and Rockets that under new agreement 

between DOD and NASA-expected to be signed in about two monthsLRC would modify a liquid hydrogen J-85 jet engine with 200,000- 

500,000 lbs. thrust for use in air-breathing technology development. 

As its contribution to the joint program, USAF would provide F-106 

aircraft for flight tests of engine. (M&R, 5/30/66, 31) 

May 31: Soviet proposal for keeping moon free of weapons was presented to 

U.N. Secretary General U Thant by Ambassador Nikolay T. Fedorenko, 

head of the Soviet delegation to the U.N. Four principles were suggested as basis for international agreement: “1-The moon and other 

celestial bodies should be free for exploration and use by all states 

without any discrimination. All states enjoy freedom of the scientific 

exploration of the moon and other celestial bodies on an equal basis 

and in accordance with the basic principles of international law. 

“2-The moon and other celestial bodies should be used for peaceful 

purposes only. No military bases and installations including installations 

of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction should be stationed 

on the moon and other celestial bodies. 

“3-The exploration and use of the moon and other celestial bodies 

should be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all mankind. 

They are not subject to appropriation or any territorial claim. 

“P-In the course of the exploration of the moon and other celestial 

bodies, the states proceed from the principles of cooperation and mutual 

assistance and carry on their activities with due account of the respected 

interests of other states for the purpose of maintaining international 

peace and security.” Proposal paralleled treaty suggested by President 

Johnson May 7. (Marder, Wash. Post, 6/1/66, Al) 0 NASA released preliminary report of board investigating explosion of 

Saturn V 2nd stage (S-11-F) ground test version May 28 at MTF. Board 

chairman Dr. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, said that during checkout 

tests after five successful static firings, hydrogen tank pressure sensing 

line had been disconnected. Failure to reconnect line had caused tank 

rupture when pressurized with helium beyond design limits. (Marshall 

Star, 6/1/66, 1) 

NAS issued final report of Space Science Board exobiology study, undertaken in summer 1964 at NASA’s request, including postscript examining 

results of MARINER 111’s July 1965 Mars flyby in relation to study’s recom- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 199 

mendation that Mars exploration be assigned “highest scientific riority.,, Report, Biology and the Exploration of Mars, was releasezwith 

companion anthology, Extraterrestrial Life, which contained 2,000-entry 

bibliography. Advance summary of report had been released Apr. 26, 

1965. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Report, 6-7; NAS-NRC Release, 5/31/66) 

May 31: ComSatCorp Chairman James McCormack told Washington Society 

of Investment Analysts that ComSatCorp faced two issues of national 

and international significance: (1) “Responsibility for U.S. earth stations, as between Cornsat and the other U.S. carriers” and (2) “Designation of the entities which may deal directly with Comsat. . . .,’ He pointed 

out that present international agreements would be renegotiated in 

1969, and that some participants were “dubious about Comsat’s continuing ability as the consortium’s manager to spend their money in 

their interests while being subject to the detailed regulation” of the 

FCC. (Text) 

Need for detection instruments to warn Sst pilots of excessive radiation 

during solar flares was described in papers by Sidney Teweles and Raymond M. McInturff of ESSA and Robert F. Jones of British Meteorological 

Office at Geneva meeting of executive committee of World MeteoroIogica1 Organization. ESSA scientists said descent of plane from cruising 

altitude of about 60,000 ft. to 40,000 ft. might be necessary “three or 

four times a year during the half of the 11-year sunspot cycle when the 

greatest flares occur.’’ (NYT, 6/1/66, 77) * Gen. William Hugh Blanchard, USAF Vice Chief of Staff, died at 50 after 

suffering heart attack at Pentagon meeting. General Blanchard was 

credited with landing first B-29 in China in March 1944. (NYT, 6/1/66, 

During Muy: Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Harold Brown said in an article 

written for NATO’s Fijteen Nations that one of his principal tasks had 

been to find the most effective way of integrating technical and nontechnical advice. Of contributions scientists had made to the process of 

defense policy-making, he said: “First, the scientist, operating at the 

frontiers of knowledge, may have anticipated many political and military 

problems posed by scientific advance. Second, military necessity made 

the scientist a leader in applying sophisticated rational and mathematical 

analysis to the solution of some problems-especially resource allocation 

-which have been generated by scientific advance. 

“At the same time it must be acknowledged that advice from scientists 

had been far from infallible, especially where the advice touches upon 

aspects of a larger problem on which the specialist is less expert, and in 

some cases, may not even be fully informed.” (NATO’s Fijteen Nations, 

Dr. Von R. Eshleman of Stanford Univ., speaking at International Scientific Radio Union meeting in Washington, D.C., urged greater interplay 

between ‘‘those concerned with the design and communications of 

spacecraft and those who decide what scientific experiments will be 

aboard.” He cited success of NASA% MARINER IV mission in use of telemetry signals to learn that Martian atmospheric pressure was 1% that 

of earth’s as example of accomplishment through co.operation in bistatic 

radar studies. (Science News, 5/14/66, 366) 

Three Boeing engineers had invented a jet engine inlet which could 

cCchoke77 supersonic transport engine-compressor whine during approaches to airports, thereby avoiding airport-area nuisance. Noise43) 

4-5/66, 18) 
200 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

choking feature was in addition to inlet’s primary advantage-its ability 

to provide a smooth and even flow of air to a jet engine at mach 2.7, or 

1,900 m h, the planned cruising speed of the US. Sst. (Boeing Release) 

During May:!’ostulating that “many members of the House Space Committee 

are determined to become full partners with NASA in the development of 

basic objectives and policy,” Space Science Subcommittee Chairman 

Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.) cited recent approach by Subcommittee 

in reallocation of funds during hearings on NASA FY 1967 authorization: 

“The Congress makes resources available for our national space program 

in the name of the American people. Therefore Congress believes that it 

should have a voice in the allocation of these resources. This principle 

was reflected in the actions taken by the Subcommittee.” Karth was 

writing in Astronautics & Aeronautics. (Karth, A&A, 5/66, 26-8) 

0 Revolution in military communications “to which we are now fully committed and which we are actively pursuing,” was discussed by William 

Beecher in Astronautics & Aeronautics: “At this writing, the Pentagon 

plans a May launch of the first eight of a series of 14 to 22 repeater 

satellites in its Initial Defense Communications Satellite Project (Idcsp) . The first eight, riding piggyback on a Titan 111-C test booster, will be 

deposited into random orbits about 21,000 mi. up. Within 60 days 

thereafter, another six repeater satellites together with two gravitygradient experimental satellites will be similarly orbited. If all 14 of the 

communications satellites function perfectly, sufficient coverage will be 

provided to obviate the need for a third shot of eight, Pentagon experts 

Although meant primarily to perfect the technology of space communications, after a relatively short test-only period, this Idcsp would 

be made available €or high-priority worldwide military traffic-for instance, important communications between Washington and Saigon. . . . “Then, in 1969 or 1970, the Defense Department hopes to put up a 

fully operational system, called the Advanced Defense Communications 

Satellite Project (Adcsp). As John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense 

Research and Engineering, described it in recent Congressional testimony, ‘This system will take advantsge of advances in both booster and 

communications technology which will permit the establishment of an 

economical, highly reliable system capable of providing many secure, 

jam-resistant, long-range communications circuits to support vital 

security operations wherever they occur.’ ” (Beecher, A&A, 5/66, 10) 0 New NASA-developed technique for mzking biomedical checks on test pilots 

was being used at Univ. of Kansas Medical Center. Method, which 

replaced bulky sensors with bare wires acting as their own electrodes, 

permitted doctors to send instrumented patient home after office visit 

and record biomedical data while patient resumed normal activities. 

Wires were applied in three-minute operation. Data obtained in this 

way-rather than while patient was on operating table-were considered 

more meaningful by some physicians. Technique was conceived by 

Dr. James A. Roman, chief of biomedical research at NASA Flight 

Research Center, and introduced to the Univ. of Kansas by Midwest 

Research Institute. MRI was under contract to NASA’s Technology 

Utilization Div. in its program of transferring aerospace technology to 

the public. (NASA Release 66-116) 0 B/G J. C. Maxwell, director of FAA Sst development, discussed supersonic 

air travel in Aerospace: 

Sa?; 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 201 

. . . The national SST program, though small (from a dollar point of 

view) when compared to the national space program, nevertheless may 

well have a more immediate impact. The challenge inherent in producing 

an economically attractive supersonic aircraft has already identified and 

created demands for improved manufacturing techniques, simple yet 

reliable eIectronic and communications equipment, advancements in 

extrusion and machine tooling techniques, more efficient (and less 

costly) fuels and lubricants and many other needs. 

Concerning the potential market for the SST, varying estimates have 

been made based on the expected growth of air transportation over the 

next 20 years and beyond. . . . Conservatively speaking, we now look for a three-fold increase in 

long-haul revenue passenger miles flown by the airlines of the world 

by 1980 and a five-fold increase by 1990. SSTS could carry almost half 

of this traffic. . . . “Obviously, the SST program will have a significant impact on the 

US. balance-of-trade position. Based upon past experience along with 

current encouraging signs, we expect that the export market for a U.S.- 

made SST will be about half of the total production rate. Over a 20- 

year period, this could result in a gold inflow approaching $10 billion.” 

(Aerospace, 5/66) 

During May: Space research programs of the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. were 

opening the way for solving earth’s future overpopulation problem and 

mankind’s future raw material needs, Soviet Prof. E. Kolman wrote in 

Mirovaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnyye Otnosheniye, a publication of the 

Soviet Academy of Sciences. He referred to estimates that in 400 yrs. the 

earth would have a population of about 900 billion people, equivalent 

to about 10,000 people per square mile. In such a situation, this planet 

would not be able to give all its people even elementary living space, 

let alone food. Therefore, he said, ccescape into cosmic space . . . will 

become inevitable.” Professor Kolman mentioned the stimulating 

impact of the space program on progress in science and technology and 

the likelihood of developments useful in more mundane areas of human 

activity. He cited the use of meteorological and communications satellites as examdes of terrestriallv useful bvmoducts of mace research. 

CC 

“The economic aspects are more easiIy definable. cr 

CI 

.I* 

(NYT, 5/22/66, 85) 

Four experimental ramjet missiles launched by France’s Office National 

$Etudes et de Recherches A6rospatiales (ONERA) reached speeds of 

nearly 4,600 fps between 40,000- a&d 115,000-ft. altitudes. MisGles were 

part of a 10-flight program code-named STATALTEX, to generate data 

applicable to eventual development of an atmospheric booster that 

could reach mach 5. (M&R, 5/23/66, 9) 
June 1966 

June 1: Augmented Target Docking Adapter (Atdaf for Gemini IX-A mission 

was successfully launched by Atlas booster from ETR into planned 

185-mi. (298-km.) circular orbit, but officials were not certain glassfiber shroud protecting docking apparatus had been jettisoned-a 

maneuver essential for docking with Gemini 9 spacecraft. Gemini IXTitan I1 launch was postponed until June 3 when malfunction in 

electronics data-processing equipment blocked guidance signals being 

sent from KSC launch control center to Gemini spacecraft at T-3. NASA 

officials said postponement would not change objectives of the mission 

-extravehicular activity and rendezvous and docking with Atda-but 

would cause some revisions in timing of events. (Wilford, NYT, 

0 Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IVB) was flown aboard Super Gu py aircraft from 

Douglas Aircraft Co.’s Huntington Beach, Calif., faci P ity to company’s 

Sacramento Test Center for static testing. The 33,000-lb. stage, 59 ft. 

long and 21% ft. in diameter, was second Saturn V upper stage to 

arrive at Douglas test site. (MSFC Release 66-126) 0 General Accounting Office released report to Congress charging that 

NASA had wasted $2.5 million on Surveyor program by continuing 

development of 11 types of scientific instruments for SURVEYOR I 

after 1962, when weight problems had forced their deletion from 

planned payload. NASA comments in report’s appendix included letter 

from Deputy Associate Administrator Earl D. Hilburn stating: “Development of these experiments was not halted. . . to assure their availability 

for not only later Surveyor flights but other NASA missions as well.” 

He called continuation “prudent in the light of development lead time 

for scientific instrumentation.” SURVEYOR I had been launched Mav 30 

6/2/66, 1) 

from ETR on lunar transfer trajectory. (Text; Blair, NYT, 6/1/66,’ 26; 

Av. Wk., 6/6/66, 25) 0 JPL scientists Richard W. Davies and Roy E. Cameron completed monthlong expedition in Atacama Desert in’ Northern Chile aAd announced 

in Santiago that analysis of soil samples taken at altitudes up to 20,000 

ft. would test theory that “more microorganisms are found under the 

surface than on it.” If so, Davies said, NASA would “redesign its Mars 

exploration vehicles to look for subsurface life as well as surface life.” 

Atacama region so resembled supposed surface of Mars, they said, 

that JPL team would attempt further studies in area, called by some 

the driest on earth. (AP, Balt. Sun, 6/2/66) 0 William L. Green, Jr., executive assistant in NASA’s Office of Public 

Affairs and former usu press officer, was appointed NASA Deputy 

Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs. (NASA Release 66-140; AF) 

202 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 203 

June 1: Three-month NASA-USAF program to measure reactions of structures 

and people to varying types of sonic booms and jet engine noise began 

at AFFTC. Program-in which over 100 residents would participate 

as test subjects-would provide data for analysis and later application 

to supersonic transport development. (AFFTC Release 66-5-6) 

Three college students set record by wearing fully pressurized spacesuits 

continuously for five days in research test conducted for NASA at Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson AFB. Experiment-part of 90-day study to test food requirements for future manned 

space fights and emergency food comcepts for lunar explorationbroke 24-hr. record set at Aerospace Medical Div., Brooks AFB. (AP, 

NYT, 6/2/66, 30) e Astronaut Frank Borman, a 1950 graduate of West Point, gave Academy 

cadets a souvenir from space-the flag of the cadet company he had 

commanded-carried on his Dec. 4-18, 1965, GEMINI VII mission. (UPI, 

NYT, 6/2/66, 4) 

June 2-14: NASA SURVEYOR I became first US. spacecraft to softland on the 

moon when it touched down in the Ocean of Storms and began transmitting the first of its more than 10,000 clear and detailed television 

pictures to JPL Deep Space Facilities, Goldstone, Calif. 

Landing sequence began 2,000 mi. above moon when, traveling at 

6,000 mph, SURVEYOR I shifted its normal cruising attitude to position 

main retrorocket. Triggered by radar ejected at 52-mi. altitude, main 

retrorocket burned until 37,000-ft. altitude, slowing craft to 400 mph. 

After retrorocket burnout, smaller guidance rockets ignited, slowing 

SURVEYOR I to 3% mph at 14-ft. altitude. Craft then free-fell to lunar 

surface at 8 mph. Landing-so precise that spacecraft’s three footpads 

touched lunar surface within 19 millisec. of each other-confirmed 

that lunar surface could support Apollo Lunar Excursion Module 

(Lem) and proved concept of automatically decelerating a spacecraft 

from 6,000-mph speed to touchdown speed of 3% mph. 

Photos transmitted by SURVEYOR I before its camera was secured 

after sunset of first lunar day (June 14) revealed nearly level lunar 

surface littered with rock fragments [see During June]. “Rubble 

scattered over the surface is probably a fairly general characteristic 

all over the NASA Surveyor Project Scientist Dr. Leonard Jaffe 

told JPL press conference. 

Pictures taken June 4 during seven two-second firings of nitrogen 

gas from spacecraft’s attitude control jets showed no disturbance of 

the lunar surface. In addition to wide- and narrow-angle lurain photographs, SURVEYOR I obtained pictures of the stars Sirius and Canopus 

to determine spacecraft’s exact location. 

Halting communication with SURVEYOR I June 14 to allow spacecraft 

to conserve battery energy throughout lunar night (June 14-29), JPL 

announced: “It is very difficult to predict if Surveyor’s batteries will 

withstand the -260°F cold. If Surveyor survives, the engineers estimate 

it wiIl be several days after sunrise before the batteries thaw OU~” [see 

June 28-29]. 

Considerably more complex than Soviet LUNA IX which softlanded 

on the moon-Feb. 3, SURSEYOR I apparatus remained a closed intact 

system up until touchdown. A tripod-legged arrangement of cameras, 

antennas, and other equipment which used solar celIs to convert sun’s 

energy into electric power for operation on lunar surface, SURVEYOR I 
204 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

June 2-14: SURVEYOR I returned this photograph of its footpad resting on the surface of 

the moon. 

had a landing system which used radars, a computer, and four rocket 

engines to adjust its own speed, attitude, and fight path. LUNA IX was 

crash-proof, uncontrolled photographic instrument package jettisoned 

by its carrier rocket immediately before impact, which free-fell under 

pull of lunar gravity. It had transmitted only 12 photos. 

The near-flawless performance of SURVEYOR I, an engineering model, 

far exceeded JPL officials’ expectations. rCThis, in my opinion, puts the 

Surveyor program ahead a year,” Robert F. Garbarini, NASA Deputy 

Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications for 

Engineering, told JPL press conference. “We thought it would take 

three or four flights to get the craft operational.” (NASA Proj. Off.; 

NASA Release 66-127; JPL Transcript; Spivak, WSJ, 6/3/66, 2; WS’J, 

6/15/66, 1; Shreveport Times, 6/3/66, 12A; Clark, NYT, 6/3/66, 1, 22; 

6/4/66, 12; 6/5/66, 1; 6/6/66, 40M; AP, NYT, 17; Hines, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 6/5/66, C3; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/6/66, A9; Wash. Eve. 

Star, 6/15/66, A6; Berman, Wash. Post, 6/5/66, A14; AP, Wash. Post, 

6/15/66, A10) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 205 

June 2: President Johnson’s statement on SURVEYOR 1’s successful softlanding on the moon: “Overnight the eyes of Surveyor I have become 

the eyes of the world on the Moon. Another exciting chapter in the 

peaceful exploration of the universe is open for men to read and 

share. . . . “The odds against achieving full success in such a difficult mission 

on the first flight were understandably great. This moment of triumph 

for all who have participated in the Surveyor project has been well 

earned, for back of Surveyor’s perfect performance on this fist flight 

are years of hard work, painstaking care, and brilliant engineering. 

“Today our Nation salutes the highly deserving team of scientists, 

engineers, technicians, and managers-in Government, industry, and 

the universities-who have a vision and the skills to pursue it success- 

“As the day approaches when men land on the Moon, it is of the 

greatest importance that we agree to exchange openly all information 

that could affect their safety and welfare. It is equally important that 

we preserve these regions for peaceful, scientific activities. I welcome 

the constructive approach of the Soviet statement of May 31 on a 

treaty I have proposed to cover these matters and hope that progress 

can be made rapidly.” (Pres. Doc., 6/6/66, 728) 

NASA SURVEYOR 1’s successful soft-landing on the moon received worldwide 

acclaim. 

Daily Telegraph, London: “There is magic of a kind in the latest 

achievement of American exploration in placing their electronic 

Surveyor almost directly on its target on the moon. . . . The technological power behind the enterprise of putting a man on the moon is 

mounting with visible acceleration. But the human element remains 

most vital.” 

Le Monde, Paris: “In succeeding with their first attempt at a soft 

landing on the moon only three months after the Soviets, the United 

States has shown that they are on the point of catching up with the 

Soviets in the race to the moon. There is only one experiment left in 

which the United States is behind the Soviet Union: the orbiting 

around the moon of a lunar probe similar to Luna-10. This lag is not 

very great, since the first trial of the Lunar Orbiters is set for next 

month.” 

I1 Tempo, Rome: “We think that the best judgment, even if purely 

a prioristic, of the Surveyor is that given by the Soviet Government, 

which, the day after the departure of the lunar probe, practically 

adhered to President Johnson’s initiative of March 7, tending to a 

recognition of the i-nternationalization of the moon and other extraterritorial bodies.” 

Tass: “The success of the Surveyor is an important part of the 

American space program and Soviet scientists think very highly of it.” 

(NYT, 6/5/66, E13) 

Congratulatory cable from Soviet President Nikolay V. Podgorny 

to President Johnson: “On the occasion of the successful soft-landing 

of the Surveyor I spacecraft on the moon, accept . . . our congratulations for the American specialists who ensured the success of this 

flight.” (Reuters, NYT, 6/5/66, 80) 

0 Successful overlapping operation of PEGASUS I, 11, and 111 meteoroiddetection satellites-launched Feb. 16, May 25, and July 30, 1965, 

fully. 
206 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

respectively-had provided full year of data which defined “more 

precise1 than ever before” near-earth meteoroid environment, NASA 

reportel Data-including cumulative count of 1,000 “hits” on target 

plate thickness, identification and location of specific panel hit, attitude 

of spacecraft with respect to earth and sun at impact time, and time of 

penetration-confirmed “protective adequacy” of Apollo manned lunar 

landing spacecraft against meteoroids ; provided designers of future 

spacecraft with guidelines on probability of meteoroid penetrations ; 

and improved mapping of South Atlantic anomaly by measuring 

electron radiation density. (NASA Release 66-134) 

June 2: V/Adm. H. G. Rickover (USN), in speech at Athens meeting of Royal 

National Foundation, noted benefits to humanity in science and warned 

of dangers inherent in misuse of technology. He urged that technological 

capability be applied selectively to enhance human welfare and conserve 

natural resources, rather than to “submit meekly to whatever is technically feasible.” (Text, CR, 6/21/66, 13114-17) 

June 3-6: NASA’s GEMINI IX spacecraft, with Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford 

as command pilot and Eugene A. Cernan, pilot, was successfully 

launched from ETR by Titan I1 booster on GEMINI IX-A mission to 

evaluate extravehicular life-support and maneuvering equipment and 

procedures, and to rendezvous and dock with Augmented Target Docking Adapter (ATDA), launched from ETR June 1. Initial orbit: 174-mi. 

(280-km.) apogee; 99-mi. (159-km.) perigee; 90-min. period; and 30” 

inclination. At T-3 ground communications system malfunction which 

had postponed June 1 launch recurred, but alternate procedures proved 

satisfactory and countdown continued. 

At 49 min. GET Stafford executed first course correction to position 

GEMINI IX for rendezvous, firing thruster rockets to raise perigee to 

134 mi. After two more orbital maneuvers, spacecraft was within 25 ft. 

of target. Stafford, sighting ATDA, confirmed suspicions that its shroud 

had not jettisoned, and docking would be impossible. He radioed ground 

control: “It looks like an angry alligator out there.” NASA later revealed 

that shroud had not jettisoned because technicians, following “insufficiently detailed” written instructions, had installed lanyards improperly. 

Complying with modified flight plan, astronauts photographed ATDA, 

executed re-rendezvous maneuver, and executed rendezvous-fromabove simulating Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) abort from the moon. 

After this maneuver, which depleted fuel supply to 11%-only 6% 

more than minimum reserve-Stafford and Cernan were fatigued and 

recommended 24-hr. postponement of Cernan’s walk in space. 

At 11:02 a.m. EST June 5, Cernan opened hatch of depressurized 

spacecraft, climbed out, and retrieved micrometeoroid impact detector 

attached to side. He moved to full length of 25-ft. tether to take photos. 

After one hour, Cernan returned to Adapter Section to don Astronaut 

Maneuvering Unit (Amu)-a task which required “four or five times 

more work than anticipated.” His faceplate visor began clouding over, 

presumably because environmental control system was not absorbing 

moisture quickly enough. Cernan’s limited visibility and discovery 

that Amu’s radio transmissions were garbled forced Stafford to recall 

him to spacecraft. He had been scheduled to disconnect from GEMINI IX’S 

oxygen supply and maneuver in Amu to 150 ft. from spacecraft. 

Reentry on June 6 was normal. At 1O:OO a.m. EST, in the 46th 

revolution, GEMINI IX impacted 345 mi. east of Cape Kennedy-less 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 207 

June 3-6: Augmented Target Docking Adapter with unreleased shroud, photographed 

by crew of GEMINI IX. 

than two miles from target-in the most accurate landing to date, after 

total mission duration of 72 hrs. 21 min. Splashdown and recovery 

were carried on live television via EARLY BIRD I comsat. Within minutes, 

USN pararescue team, dropped from helicopters, placed flotation collar 

around spacecraft. At 10:45 a.m. EST, spacecraft carrying astronauts 

was hoisted onboard U.S.S. Wasp. 

Accomplishments of GEMINI M-A mission were summarized by. Dr. 

George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, at MSC news conference: (1) demonstration of three new 

rendezvous procedures-catching target in only three revolutions, 

locating it without radar, and approaching it from above rather than 

below; (2) accurately controlled reentry; (3) longest period of extravehicular activities-over two hours; (4) new information on man’s 

ability to work in space necessary for manned lunar landing and for 

assembling stations in space; and (5) new information on manned 

observation of another spacecraft in orbit. Five experiments were 

successfully performed in accordance with modified flight plan. Concerning mission’s disappointments, he said: “We will try to do as 

much as we can on each of our Gemini flights. We won’t always succeed 

in meeting all of the objectives. But we learned a great deal about the 

problems that do occur during the course of one of these very difficult 

space missions.” (NASA Proj. Off.; NASA Release 66-97; Wilford, NYT, 

6/4/66, 1, 10; 6/5/66, 1, 80; 6/6/66, 1, 40; 6/7/66, 1, 34; 6/8/66, 

1,29; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/4/66, Al, A2; 6/5/66, Al, A6; 6/6/66, 
208 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Al, A4; 6/7/66, A3; Simons, Wash. Post, 6/4/66, Al, A8; 6/5/66, 

Al, A14; 6/6/66, Al, A3; 6/7/66, Al, A7, A21; 6/8/66, A3; WSJ, 

6/7/66, 2; 6/8/66, 1; Tech. Wk., 6/13/66, 14-15; Av. Wk., 6/13/66, 

June 3: USAF launched two unidentified satellites from WTR with AtlasAgena D booster. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 151) 0 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. signed agreement with Junkers of Munich, 

Germany, to “provide technical consultation, perform design work . . . and provide components” for ESRO’s Highly Eccentric Orbiting Satellite 

(Heos)-first to be designed and developed in Germany-to investigate 

charged particles in space and the effects of magnetic fields on them. 

Overall contract for satellite, which would be launched by NASA into 

elliptical orbit in late 1968, was $5.5 million, with Lockheed’s services 

valued at $500,000. (Lockheed Release) 0 Accumulating geochronologic evidence which “indicates more and more 

convincingly that tektites were formed from terrestrial rocks in large 

meteoritic impacts on the earth” was reported in Science by Henry 

Faul. He said exact process of tektite formation remained a mystery, 

but that age measurements were beginning to show ccwhere” this 

formation occurred and could ultimately invalidate the lunar origin 

hypothesis. (Faul, Science, 6/3/66, 1341-5) 

GEMINI IV Astronaut Edward H. White I1 and GEMINI VII Astronaut Frank 

Borman received National Aviation Club’s Award for Achievement in 

Washington, D.C. (Wash. Eve. Star, 6/3/66) 

Edgar G. Bush, senior technician at GSFC since 1959 and designer of first 

micro-electronic circuitry used for flight computers, died of a heart 

ailment. Bush had designed computers for VANGUARD 111, Explorer 

satellites, and Lunar Orbiters. (Wash. Eve. Star, 6/7/66, B5) 

June 4: Role of NASA in aeronautical research and development was examined 

in Policy Planning for Aeronautical Research and Development, 279-page 

report released by Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N.Mex.), chairman of 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. Document 

noted “space budget demands have probably hampered what might have 

been expected to be a normal growth of the level of effort in aeronautics within the agency” and questioned adequacy of $124 million 

(about 2%) earmarked for aeronautical R&D out of NASA FY 1967 

appropriation of $5.012 billion. Separate budget for aeronautics was 

suggested as possible solution. (Senate Doc. No. 90, 5/19/66) 

It had not yet been determined whether space fatigue caused any physical or psychological problems, but examining effects of this phenomenon 

had become a medical goal, Dr. Charles Berry, Chief of Medical Programs, MSC, told the press. Space officials believed exhaustion experienced by GEMINI IX-A Astronauts Thomas Stafford and Eugene Cernan 

June 3 was caused by lack of sleep during first night of mission and 

execution of complicated and tedious rendezvous. GEMINI VIII Astronaut 

Neil Armstrong said fatigue would be an important consideration in 

planning a lunar flight which might take as long as 14 days: “. . . we 

will evaluate that particular thing to insure that what we learn from 

these Gemini flights will be applied to that situation and used.” (NYT, 

First seven photos transmitted by SURVEYOR I were donated to Clark 

Univ. by JPL Director Dr. William H. Pickering as the school broke 

ground for a $5-million library honoring the late rocket pioneer Dr. 

31-34) 

6/5/66, 80) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 209 

Robert Hutchings Goddard. (UPI, NYT, 6/6/66, 42; Berman, Vush. 

Post, 6/5/66, A14) 

June 5: NASA appointed Dr. Richard L. Lesher as Assistant Administrator 

for Technology Utilization, replacing Breene M. Kerr, who remained 

Assistant Administrator for Policy Analysis. Dr. Lesher’s former 

position of Deputy Assistant Administrator for Technology Utilization 

was filled by Melvin S. Day, former head of Scientific and Technical 

Information Div. (NASA Release 66-143) 

June 6: NASA’s OGO 111 (Ogo-B) Orbiting Geophysical Observatory was 

successfully launched from ETR with Atlas-Agena B booster into orbit 

with 75,874-mi. (122,157-km.) apogee; 183-mi. (295-km.) perigee; 

48.6-hr. period; and 31’ inclination. Third of seven spacecraft in 

NASA’s Ogo program and first to successfully operate three-axis stabilized in highly elliptical orbit, OGO 111 weighed 1,135 Ibs.; it carried 21 

experiments-largest number ever carried by US. scientific spacecraft-to study solar wind, solar flares, magnetic field disturbances, 

radiation belt particles, aurora events, ionization, and variations in 

atmospheric density. Ogo program was managed by NASA Goddard 

Space Flight Center. (NASA Proj. Off.; NASA Release 66-132; AP, NYT, 

6/8/66, 15; AP, Vash. Post, 6/7/66, A7) 

* GEMINI IX-A Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene A. Cernan, resting 

aboard U.S.S. Vasp, received tributes from around the world. President 

Johnson, telephoning from his Texas ranch, said: “We are very proud 

of both of you. I have been watching off and on over the weekend and 

saw your return this morning. 

“You have made all of us more aware of what performance under 

pressure is all about and that includes courage. . . .” 

Tass science commentator said the Soviet people “give their due” 

to the courage of the astronauts and congratulate them on their safe 

return to earth. He praised the flight as an “achievement of American 

astronautics.” 

Jodrell Bank Experimental Station director Sir Bernard Love11 said 

the success of SURVEYOR I and GEMINI IX-A had made the week one of 

the greatest for American science. “It seems that the Russians will 

have to stage a spectacular development in order to recapture the 

lead which they apparently possessed a week ago.” (Kilpatrick, Vush. 

Post, 6/7/66, A%; Balt. Sun, 6/7/66) 

* Sun-powered laser developed by Dr. C. Gilbert Young of American 

Optical Co. under USAF sponsorship had been successfully operated in 

earth’s atmosphere, producing one watt of power in continuous, highly 

intense beam of invisible infrared light. A slender, one-inch-long rod 

of yttrium-aluminum-garnet crystal (Yag), laser was connected to 

telescope which trapped, focused, and delivered sun’s rays-which 

replaced conventional lamp and electrical apparatus needed by other 

lasers for “initial boost”-to crystal rod. Laser’s beam could carry 

messages between spacecraft and could be used as intense satellite 

beacon. (AZP News 6) * FAA’s “Staff Study-General Aviation Occupant Load Factor” report 

showed that general aviation (nonairline) aircraft in the US. carried 

39.4 million travelers in 1965, while domestic airlines carried 84.6 

million passengers. Estimates were based on information gathered by 

all of FAA’S flight service station facilities during August 1965. (FAA 

Release 66-54) 
210 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

June 6: U.N. World Meteorological Organization announced award of annual 

prize for outstanding work and international collaboration in meteorology to Prof. Tor Bergeron of Sweden. Noted for pioneering new 

techniques in air-mass analysis, weather forecasting, and physics of 

precipitation, Professor Bergeron would receive a gold medal and $1,200. 

(NYT, 6/7/66, 12) 0 Mrs. Jane Marshall, editor of aeronautics bibliographies and education 

sourcebooks for National Aerospace Education Council, was named 

1965 winner of National Aeronautic Association’s Frank G. Brewer 

Trophy for cCher contributions to enlarged aerospace horizons for those 

who teach our nation’s youth.” (Natl. Aeronautic Assn. News) 

June 7: Two-stage Wasp (Weightless Analysis Sounding Probe) sounding 

rocket carried 1,500-lb. payload to 148-mi. (238-km.) altitude in ballistic trajectory from NASA Wallops Station in experiment to study behavior 

of liquid hydrogen under near-zero gravity conditions. Payload, consisting of scale model of liquid hydrogen fuel tank, impacted 330 mi. 

downrange in Atlantic; no recovery was involved. Experiment under 

weightless conditions, continuing for seven minutes, was recorded by 

television cameras through transparent lucite tank and was telemetered 

back to Wallops. Cameras, mounted on five-foot extension booms, 

photographed the liquid’s sloshing motion when small thrusters were 

activated to show how well baffles positioned the liquid in the tank. 

(NASA Release 66-147) 

MSFC successfully static-tested S-IC stage of the second flight Saturn V 

launch vehicle for 125 sec. and recorded 1,200 measurements of stage’s 

performance. The 33-ft.-dia., 135-ft.-long stage developed 7.5 million 

lbs. thrust from five F-1 engines-four of which were gimbaled during 

test. This was only captive test planned for this flight stage. (MSFC 

Release 66-129) 

Dr. Hans-Joachim von Merkatz, member of West German Bundestag, 

charged in report prepared for delivery before meeting of Assembly of 

the Western European Union that US. was trying to “break up” 

Western Europe’s space program with “tantalizing” offers for joint 

US.-European planetary exploration: “In other words, the exploration 

of Jupiter could divert us from the essential economic benefits to be 

derived from space through the exploration of communications satellites. The American approach to date has definitely been aimed at 

insuring United States monopoly and leadership in this field as in the 

nuclear field.” Western European Union was composed of U.K., France, 

West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. 

(NYT, 6/9/66, 3) 0 The Baltimore Sun commended four companies for their roles in GEMINI 

IX-A flight: Martin Co. for building and testing Titan I1 launch vehicle; 

Westinghouse Corp. for developing sensitive radar equipment; Bendix 

Corp. for engineering, operating, and maintaining NASA’s tracking 

system; and ITT Corp. for giving “millions of television viewers . . . all 

the advantages of a grandstand seat for the dramatic recovery. . . .” 

(Balt. Sun, 6/7/66) 

* Editorial in Washington Evening Star: ‘The United States has just passed 

through its most ambitious and taxing week to date in space. So this is, 

perhaps a fitting time to ask itself just where it is going in space and 

why. James E. Webb, the head of the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration, has been asking that question for some time now, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 211 

trying to get an answer from the Administration . . . and from Congress. . . . The question of whether to pack up or to push on should, 

as Mr. Webb suggests, be the subject of a major national debate.” 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 6/7/66) 

June 7: U.K. Foreign Office issued following statement after press reports of 

Cabinet decision to withdraw from European Launcher Development 

Organization (ELDO) : ‘?For some time the Government has had serious 

doubts about whether or not it should continue to participate in the 

ELDO programme. These doubts were centered on financial, technical 

and economical assessments of the initial programme. 

“The Government has concluded after a very careful and detailed 

consideration of all the factors involved, that the latest proposals for 

modifying the initial programme still do not constitute a sufficient 

basis for continuing, and it has so informed its partners.” (British 

Embassy INFORM 195/66, 6/7/66) 

June 8: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS cxx carrying scientific instrumentation 

for continued space research. Orbital parameters: apogee, 300 km. 

(186 mi.) ; perigee, 200 km. (124 mi.) ; period, 89.4 min.; inclination, 

51.8’. Equipment was reported to be functioning normally. (Tass, 

* $500-million XB-70 No. 2 experimental bomber and its F-104 chase 

plane collided and burned near Barstow, Calif., destroying both aircraft 

and killing F-104 pilot Joseph A. Walker and XB-70 co-pilot Maj. Carl 

S. Cross (WAF). Walker, NASA test pilot, held world’s records for his 

4,104-rnph and 354,200-ft.-altitude flights in X-15 rocket research aircraft. XB-70 pilot A1 White ejected in seat capsule and parachuted to 

ground, suffering arm and back injuries. On basis of preliminary USAF 

reports that F-104 apparently hit two vertical stabilizers on XB-70 at 

25,000-ft. altitude during “routine” flight, President Johnson praised 

pilots who gave “their lives to advancing science and technology” and 

added “immeasurably to the progress this nation is making in the effort” 

to advance supersonic flight. USAF later revealed that aircraft were flying 

in formation as close as 10 ft. with T-38, F-4B, and F-5 aircraft “to 

allow photographic coverage of aircraft powered by General Electric 

engines” for publicity purposes. Disclosure prompted AFSC Commander 

Gen. Bernard Schriever to establish two USAF accident boards and 

Congress to designate House Appropriations Committee to investigate 

the disaster. (Edwards AFB Release; Pres. Doc., 6/13/66, 748; Wash. 

Post, 6/14/66, A3) 

* Rep. Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.) commented on coIIision of XB-70 and 

F-104 aircraft: “This accident must serve as a reminder to the American 

public and to the world that all of the potential hazards of aircraft and 

space fight can never be entirely eliminated from our experimental 

program. The phenomenal success of our manned space flight programs 

Mercury and Gemini and the remaining flights of Gemini and the 

flights of Apollo . . . share the risk that Walker, White, and Cross 

faced each time they flew to test the XB-70.” (CR, 6/8/66) 

Nerva (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application) reactor (NRX-A5) 

was successfully ground-tested by NASA and AEC at Jackass Flats, Nev. 

Test, in which reactor was operated at design power of 1,100 mw for 

15% min., was first in series to “obtain additional data on reactor 

characteristics under extended operating duration” under joint NASAAEC Rover program. (AEC Release J-151) 

6/W66) 
212 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

June 8: President Johnson had sent SURVEYOR I photos to “Chiefs of State of 

more than 100 foreign nations . . . and to the world’s scientific community,” Press Secretary Bill Moyers announced. “This effort is made,” 

the President said, “in order that careful study of the photographs will 

be possible around the world. We intend that the knowledge we derive 

from space will be available for the enrichment of our common experience and the advancement of peaceful undertakings in the exploration 

of space.” (Pres. Doc., 6/13/66, 748) 

Sen. John J. Sparkman (D-Ala.), speaking on floor of Senate, pointed out 

the contributions of small business to Gemini program and SURVEYOR I 

mission and said they were “irrefutable evidence that there is still a 

significant place in our economy for the ambitious and talented. . . in 

new and growing business firms.” (CR, 6/8/66, 12053) 

June 9: USAF launched three satellites with a single Atlas-Agena D booster 

from WTR-One unidentified satellite, ERS XVI satellite to test metal-tometal adhesion of space propulsion materials, and USA’S SECOR VI 

geodetic satellite. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 152) 

NASA oso 11 Orbiting Solar Observatory, activated by GSFC officials, transmitted scientific and engineering data from four of its eight experiments. 

Launched from ETR Feb. 3, 1965, os0 11 had exceeded its six-month life 

expectancy by 50% before it was turned off Nov. 3. (GSFC Release 

* US. had current “edge” over U.S.S.R. in overall space capability but 

this status had been “recently acquired and is not sufficient to form 

even the slightest basis for complacency,” Dr. Edward C. Welsh, 

NASC Executive Secretary, told Armed Forces Communications and 

Electronics Assn. Industrial Luncheon in Washington, D.C. Dr.Welsh 

analyzed the areas of relative accomplishment: “(1) Number of spacecraft. The United States has placed dmost 400 spacecraft into earth 

orbit and on escape missions, while the USSR has put slightly less than 

200 on such missions.. . . However. . . Soviets have placed each year 

a greater total weight of payloads. . . . (2) Lunar and Interplanetary. 

The United States has been far less active but considerably more successful in its interplanetary activities. . . . We have photographed Mars and 

had a productive flyby of Venus while the USSR’s active interplanetary 

program has been primarily plagued by failure. In addition, we have 

taken some 17,000 photographs of the moon and are taking hundreds 

more by the magnificent Surveyor spacecraft. . . . (3) Manned Flight . . . U.S. . . . has a distinct lead over the USSR with about 1500 man 

flight hours in orbit compared with about 500. . . with the longest 

individual flight as well as the longest extra-vehicular activity. Also, 

the US. has had two controlled rendezvous maneuvers, one docking 

experiment, and considerable manned spacecraft maneuvering experience. So far, the USSR has achieved none of these latter goals. (4) Space 

Applications. The United States has navigation, weather, and communications satellite systems in regular operation, while the USSR is 

still in the developmental stage in such activities. (5) Scientijc Data. . . the larger number and greater variety of US. scientific payloads, as well 

as the wider and freer dissemination of the information obtained, may 

well have added more to the world’s store of knowledge. (6) Propulsion . . . the USSR has surpassed the United States in the field of propulsion 

so far as the amount of thrust is concerned [but] this thrust advantage 

is much less true today as both countries have in operation and under 

G-10-66) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 213 

development larger and more advanced propulsion systems.. . .” 

(Text) 

June 9: Changes in Apollo nomenclature were announced by Julian Scheer, 

NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Mairs, in memorandum from 

Project Designation Committee: (1) Lunar Excursion Module wodd be 

known as “Lunar Module”; (2) Saturn IB booster would be “Uprated 

Saturn I”; and (3) Saturn V stages (S-11, S-IC, and S-IVB) would be 

“first, second, and third stages.” Technical designations for Saturn 

stages, Scheer said, were confusing to the public and would be dropped 

gradually, except in NASA’s internal and technical documentation. 

(Text) 

State Dept. disclosed that on May 26 U.S.S.R. had given U.S. photos 

taken by LUNA IX after it softlanded on the moon Feb. 3. (WI, NYT, 

6/10/66,8) 

L~RC engineers Upshur T. Joyner and Walter B. Horne received Society 

of Automotive Engineers’ Arch T. Colwell Merit Award-presented 

annually to authors of papers “of outstanding technical or professional 

merit”-for “Pneumatic Tire Hydrolapping and Some Effects on 

Vehicle Performance.” (Law Release) 

June 10: USAF’S OV3-IV research satellite was launched by NASA from 

Wallops Station by Scout booster. Orbital parameters: 2,933 mi. 

(4,720 km.) ; perigee, 398 mi. (640 km.) ; period, 142 min. ; inclination, 

41”. The 173-lb. satellite carried plastic spheres of simulated human 

tissue containing linear energy transfer spectrometers to record effects 

of space radiation and determine how much radiation damage an 

astronaut’s body could undergo in similar manned flight, how long 

man could stay in space at one time, and how often he could safely 

return to space environment. Satellite would also give measurements 

on Van Allen radiation belts and gauge decay of residual radiation in 

man-made Starfish Belt. Equipment, expected to relay data for one year, 

was functioning normally. (Wallops Release 66-35; US. Aeron. & 

Space Act., 1966, 152) 

* Twenty of 21 scientific experiments carried by NASA’s OGO 111, launched 

June 6 from ETR, had been turned on and were operating well. The 

remaining experiment-an ESSA radio propagation measuring devicewould be turned on June 11. (NASA Release 66-149) 

0 Under Secretary of the Air Force Norman Paul told Rep. George H. 

Mahon (D-Tex.) , chairman of House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee, in closed session that USAF officials were unaware that the 

XB-70 which crashed June 8 was to be used for commercial publicity 

purposes: “The Air Force definitely does not put its stamp on this sort 

of business. . . . Had we been aware, I think it is safe to say it would 

not have happened.” Representative Mahon said Committee would 

“insist that procedures be established which will make impossible a 

recurrence of such misuse of men and military equipment.” (Morris, 

NYT, 6/11/66, 1; Simons, Wash. Post, 6/24/66, A8) 

* GEMINI IX-A Astronauts Thomas Stafford and Eugene Cernan were greeted 

by their families on their arrival in Houston after four days of debriefing 

at KSC. (WI, NYT, 6/11/66, 62) * Lockheed Missiles and Space CO.’S first high-reliability Agena was launched 

from Vandenberg AFB as upper stage on Atlas booster, Aviation Week 

and Space Technology reported. High-reliability Agena had been under 

development for USAF Space Systems Div. for over three years in con- 
214 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

junction with Midas infrared early warning system under Program 461. 

(Av. Wk., 6/20/66, 31) 

June 11: Astronauts Neil Armstrong and James McDivitt were among over 

700 persons who attended memorial services in Lancaster, Calif., for 

NASA test pilot Joseph A. Walker, killed in June 8 midair collision of 

XB-70 and F-104 Starfighter. (UPI, Wash. Post, 6/13/66, A17) * “When U.S. spacemen go to the moon, they will surely meet Soviet 

people there,” Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, visiting Sofia for World 

Federation of Democratic Youth congress, told Bulgarian newspaper 

Narodna Armiya. (AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 6/12/66, A6) 

June 12: General Dynamics Corp. announced that U.S.S. Redstone, one of 

three World War I1 T-2 type tankers being converted by corporation 

into Project Apollo tracking-communications vessel, had undergone 

initial sea trials out of Quincy, Mass. (NYT, 6/12/66) 

June 13: House appointed to House-Senate Conference Committee on NASA 

FY 1967 authorization Reps. William E. Miller (R-N.Y.), Olin E. 

Teague (D-Tex.), Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.), Ken Hechler (D-W. Va.), 

Emilio Q. Daddario (D-Conn.), Joseph W. Martin (R-Mass.), James G. 

Fulton (R-Pa.), and Charles A. Mosher (R-Ohio). (NASA LAR V/95-96) 

* Accomplishments between June 1 and 7-SURVEYOR I, GEMINI IX-A, 

OGO 111, and Wasp missions-had given NASA “the niost rewarding week 

in its short but action-packed history,” wrote William J. Coughlin in 

Technology Week. “Big shots and small, it all added up to an active and 

highly promising seven-day period for NASA. As someone commented, 

this was indeed the week that was.” (Coughlin, Tech. Wk., 6/13/66,54) 

* V/Adm. Rufus E. Rose (USN, Ret.) resigned as special assistant on policy 

studies and analyses to NASA Administrator James E. Webb to become 

an assistant to the president of Allied Research Associates, Inc. Admiral 

Rose, who joined NASA in 1964 after 44 years USN service, would be 

involved with “planning, organization, management, and overseas 

operation’’ at Allied. (NASA Release 66-148; Marshall Star, 6/22/66,3) 

* France planned to continue work on large space boosters, either alone or 

with other interested European nations, despite British decision to 

withdraw from ELDO’S Europa rocket program, Aviation Week and 

Space Technology reported. French officials, open in their bitterness 

at the British decision, viewed the withdrawal as further proof that 

U.K. made “a poor European partner.” (Av. Wk., 6/13/66, 38) 

June 14: Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station 

carried 50-lb. instrumented payload to 115-mi. (185-km.) altitude. 

Conducted by NASA for Univ. of Illinois and GCA Corp., experiment was 

designed to measure electron density in ionospheric D region. (Wallops 

Release 66-36) 

* Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor (USAF), special consultant to President Johnson, 

was appointed president of Institute for Defense Analysis replacing 

Dr. J. P. Ruina, who would return to MIT. IDA also named Dr. Gordon J. 

F. MacDonald, of UCLA’S Dept. of Planetary and Space Sciences, vice 

president for research. Both appointments would take effect in September. (IDA Release) 

NASA’s PIONEER VI interplanetary probe launched from ETR Dec. 16, 1965, 

completed six-month nominal mission at a range of 54.6 million mi. 

with all spacecraft systems performing well. Perihelion had been 

passed May 20, 1966, and aphelion passage would occur Oct. 24. 

Preliminary results of experiments had been reported Apr. 19 at 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 215 

American Geophysical Union meeting in Washington, D.C. (NASA 

Proj. Off.) 

June 15: On floor of House, Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) paid tribute 

to SURVEYOR I and GEMINI IX-A mission successes and said they were 

possible because of “the unity of purpose that exists between the aerospace industry and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.” (CR, 6/15/66) 0 Propulsion technology’s short-term potential was overestimated and its 

long-term potential underestimated, AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. 

Schriever told the Second Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference in 

Colorado Springs. “This means that we should push technology without 

trying to tie it to specific system requirements. As a matter of historical 

record, it can be shown that exploratory and advanced development 

programs designed to push technology have provided valuable savings 

in time and money when applied to an engineering development 

program that encounters serious and unexpected problems. . . .” (Text) 

0 NASA had selected Control Data Corp. to furnish large-scale computer 

complex for L~RC under $20-million, fixed-price contract. Complex 

would utilize computers with wide variety of simulators and increase 

LaRC’s capability and effectiveness in conducting advanced research. 

(NASA Release 66-152) e Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey proclaimed Dr. Jocelyn R. Gill 

“Multiple Sclerosis Woman of the Year” in ceremony at his Washington, D.C., office and presented her with engraved bronze hope chestsymbol of Multiple Sclerosis Society. Dr. Gill, an MS patient for over 

20 yrs., was with NASA Manned Flights Experiments Office, OSSA. She 

formerly had been Chief of In-Flight Sciences, OSSA, and on March 1 

had received one of six Federal Women’s Awards of 1966. (Wash. 

Post, 6/16/66, D1) 0 NASA Western Operations Office (WOO) was disestablished as NASA field 

instalIation. woo functions had been assigned to two component field 

activities-Western Support Office (WSO), which would serve ‘,‘NASA 

Headquarters and installations programs and projects in Southern 

California and Nevada,” and NASA Office-Downey, responsible for 

“overall NASA representation with North American Aviation, Inc., and 

for providing support to field installation projects at the contractor’s 

site.” (NASA Hq. WeekZy Bull., 7/19/66, 3) * Boeing Co. revealed new design for its 2707 supersonic transport to be 

submitted to FAA in Sst competition with Lockheed Aircraft Corp. 

Sept. 6. Major structural changes included: shifting aircraft’s four 

engines from under wings to under tail to provide smoother flow of 

air to engine and quiet compressor whine; integrating variable-sweep 

wing with horizontal tail to form single lifting surface during 1,800- 

mph flight; and increasing length (to 298 ft.) and gross takeoff weight 

(to 600,000 Ibs.) to accommodate 300 passengers. (Boeing Release; 

Edwards, Wmh. Post, 6/16/66, C10) 

Hourly bus tours-for a feebegan at KSC. Announcing the new service, 

KSC Director Dr. Kurt H. Debus said: “We want to provide the public 

with as meaningful a tour as can be permitted without interference 

with mission operational requirements. On Sundays, the public will 

continue to have the option of the free drive-through, in private 

vehicles, of the [NASA] center and the Cape Kennedy Air Force Station.” 

(NYT, 5/12/66, 21; Hines, Wash. Sun. Star, 6/13/66, El) 
216 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

June 15: GSFC selected Brush Instruments Go. for $900,000 contract to 

provide 22 Unified S-Band (Usb) Systems Monitors for NASA’s Manned 

Space Flight Tracking Network. Systems, composed of high-speed, 

finite sensing and recording devices, would provide Ymmediate reading 

of critical subsystems performance while simultaneously recording 

operating events as they OCCU~,~’ pinpoint and record trouble or failure, 

and serve as diagnostic tool for remedial action. (GSFC Release G-11-66) 

June 16: USAF Titan 111-C booster launched from ETR inserted seven Initial 

Defense Communications Satellite Program (Idcsp) repeaters and one 

gravity-gradient satellite into random, near-synchronous, equatorial 

orbit, creating nucleus of worldwide military communications system. 

Apogees varied from 15,911 mi. (25,617 km.) to 16,126 mi. (25,963 

km.) ; perigees from 15,811 mi. (25,456 km.) to 15,829 mi. (25,484 km.). 

Average period was 22 hrs. 10 min. All seven comsats were reported 

performing nominally. Satellite to explore feasibility of gravity-gradient 

stabilization at very high altitudes had successfully deployed its 52-ft.- 

long booms and was performing as expected. 

Powered flight of Titan 111-C was close to planned parameters. 

Transtage and payload were inserted into parking orbit, where first 

transtage burn made necessary course corrections. Second transtage 

burn-at 110 min. GET-moved stage and load into transfer orbit. 

Third transtage burn-at 06:03 : 12 GET-put satellite dispenser frame 

and its eight satellites weighing 800 lbs. total into near-synchronous 

orbit with 15,906-mi. (25,608.6-km.) apogee and 15,801-mi. (25,439.6- 

km.) perigee. At 06:06:52 GET, satellites were ejected one at a time over 

approximate 3-min. period into their preselected orbits. Within six 

minutes, telemetry signals were received and surface-station tracking 

and communications tests begun; within two hours, circuits were 

established through repeaters. Launch was fourth consecutive success 

of Titan 111-C and fmt total success of its transtage. 

Fifteen additional comsats would be launched by late 1966 to ensure 

against failure of one or more satellites. New ground terminal would 

be installed in Vietnam by midsummer to provide additional command 

and control circuits. (UPI, NYT, 6/17/66; 14; UPI, Wash. Post, 6/17/66, 

A4; Tech. Wk., 6/27/66, 16) 0 US. gave U.N. proposed treaty on exploration of moon and other celestial 

bodies and asked that U.N. Outer Space Legal Subcommittee meet 

July 12 to discuss it. Draft-based on May 7 statement by President 

Johnson urging treaty to reserve celestial bodies for peaceful purposesdeclared such bodies open equally to all countries, subject to claim by 

none, and off limits to nuclear weapons, weapon testing, military 

maneuvers, and fortifications. Soviet source said U.S.S.R. had submitted 

similar treaty earlier in day; text of proposal was not made public [see 

June 171. (AP, Wash. Post, 6/17/66, A4) 0 Two Nike-Cajun meteorological sounding rockets carrying exploding 

grenade payloads were launched from Point Barrow, Alaska, and Churchill Research Range in a coordinated GSFC experiment to study atmospheric parameters of wind, temperature, pressure, and density as 

summer seasonal maximum of noctilucent cloud sighting approached. 

Rockets and instrumentation functioned normally. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Mrs. James A. McDivitt gave birth in Houston to a daughter-first child 

conceived by an American astronaut’s wife after her husband had returned from space. Astronaut McDivitt was command pilot on the June 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 2 17 

June 16: USAF Titan 111-C launch vehicle in preparation for multiple-satellite payload mission from Eastern Test Range. 

4-7, 1365, GEMINI IV mission during which Astronaut Edward H. White 

I1 made his 21-min. Eva. (AP, Wash. Eue. Star, 6/17/66, A2) 

June 17: Washington, D.C., National Airport marked 25th anniversary 

facing ground congestion problems intensified by initiation of shorthaul jet service April 24. FAA Administrator William F. McKee told 

13 airlines to restrict flights at National or risk restriction by agency 

edict. Flight statistics released by FAA June 3 had shown 16,109 more 

passengers at National in Msy than April. Dulles International Airport’s 

passenger count had dropped by 14,456. (Golden, Wash. Eve. Star, 

6/20/66, 1; Eisen, Wash. Post, 6/26/66, B1, B7) 
2 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

June 17: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXXI for continued space research into 

orbit with 354-km. (220-mi.) apogee, 210-km. (130-mi.) perigee, 72.9” 

inclination, and 98.9-min. period. Instruments were functioning 

normally. (Tass, 6/17/66) e GSFC announced completion of OGO 111 checkout program. The 1,135-lb. 

spacecraft, orbited June 6, was “operating well” and 21 experiments 

onboard had recorded and transmitted more than 3,000 hrs. of data. 

Cause of continuing problem in receiving signals from range and rangerate tracking beacon- method for precise determination of position 

in orbit-was under study, but use of alternate tracking system prevented serious effect on OGO 111 scientific mission. (GSFC Release; AP, 

NYT, 6/18/66, 12) 0 At MSC, NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., presented 

NASA Exceptional Service Medals to GEMINI IX-A Astronauts Thomas P. 

Stafford and Eugene A. Cernan and to Richard E. Dineen (Col., WAF) 

who had helped solve problems in the Titan I1 booster that had launched 

the spacecraft. Referring to difficulties that occurred during the June 

3-6 GEMINI Ix-A flight, Seamans said: “We know that if we had been a 

little sharper, if we had worked a little harder, that this would not have 

happened. . . . We are. . . dissatisfied with ourselves when technical and 

procedural failures keep us from our goals.” He added he had requested 

review of plans for Gemini X, XI, and XI1 missions for “tightening up” 

of procedures. Summarizing Project Gemini’s results to date-“at the 

three quarter mark”-and forecasting its probable total impact on the 

space effort, Seamans said: “I am convinced that this program will be 

completed with far greater return to the nation in scientific information, 

technology, and operational experience than we had originally set out 

to accomplish when we began the program in 1961.” (Wash. Post, 

6/18/66, A2; Waldron, NYT, 6/18/66, 10; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

6/20/66, A10) 

0 GEMINI IX-A Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene A. Cernan held 

their first post-mission press conference. Cernan said that during his 

space walk he could not keep his feet from floating, was unable to use 

both hands while trying to don backpack containing maneuvering unit, 

and “had to work continually against the pressure suit. . . , I was devoting 50 per cent of my work load just to maintain position.” This extra 

effort saturated the environmental control system and led to fogging of 

his faceplate so that he could not test the maneuvering unit. About the 

same time, he felt his back becoming “extremely hot.” It was later 

revealed some of the insulation had been ripped from his spacesuit. 

After recounting his adventures, Cernan said: “I found no new voodoo 

out there. . . . You’re at home out there. . . I’m convinced we can do just 

about anything we want to do.” (Wash. Post, 6/18/66, A2; NYT, 

6/18/66. A10) 

0 U.S.S.R. made public its draft treaty for preserving universe for peaceful 

exploration and research in interest of all mankind submitted to U.N. 

June 16. One difference from US. treaty proposal, also submitted to 

U.N. June 16, concerned settlement of disputes: Soviet plan called for 

consultation and negotiation among parties involved; U.S. proposal 

would refer disputes to International Court of Justice. Platon D. 

Morozov, acting head of Soviet delegation to U.N., asked to have draft 

circulated as document for inclusion on agenda of 21st session of 

General Assembly, to open Sept. 20. (Daniell, NYT, 6/18/66, 10) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 219 

June 17: Gemini XII crew was named. Prime crew: James A. kvell, Jr., 

command pilot; Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., pilot. Backup crew: L. Gordon 

Cooper, Jr., command pilot; Eugene A. Cernan, pilot. Mission was 

scheduled for late October or early November 1966. (AP, NYT, 6/18/66, 

10; AI’, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/18/66, A2) 

Praising June 16 flight of Titan 111-6 booster which injected eight satellites 

into orbit, Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Harold Brown told Pentagon 

news conference that program cost included $33 million for satellites, 

$45 million for ground stations, and $10 to $20 million for other system 

elements. Launch costs were excluded since they were covered by Titan 

111-C development funding. Satellites were resistant to jamming or 

interference, but “anyone who puts up an antenna” of the right kind 

could listen in. What they would hear “may or may not be comprehensible to them” since traffic would be coded. Asked if U.S.S.R. could use 

satellite system, Dr. Brown replied affirmatively. However, DOD Deputy 

Director of Defense Research and Engineering Dr. Thomas F. Rogers 

stated: “We have arranged so that it would be very difficult for them to 

have assured use of it.” (Transcript) 

0 U.K.’s Cable & Wireless, Ltd., would build three ground stations-at 

Hong Kong, Bahrein Island, and an undisclosed site-for satellite communications, reported the Wall Street Journal. Hong Kong station 

would cost $7 million and would be operational by 1968. Seventeen 

firms-including seven US. companies-had been asked to bid on the 

project. ( WSJ, 6/17/66, 12) 

* President Johnson signed into law Marine Resources and Engineering 

Development Act of 1966, establishing national goals for an expanding 

national oceanographic effort. Legislation, sponsored by Sen. Warren 

G. Magnuson (D-Wash.) , provided for Cabinet-level National Council 

of Marine Resources and Engineering Development-and administrative 

and coordinating organization similar to NASC. Chairman would be Vice 

President. Bill also provided for 15-member Marine Science, Engineering and Resources Commission to conduct l8-mo. study of US. oceanographic capabilities and recommend Government organizational plan 

for oceanography. (CR, 6/2/66, 11490-92; Wash. Post, 6/19/66, A17) 

June 17-18: Optical identification of x-ray source Sco X-1 was made at 

Tokyo Observatory. Photoelectric and spectroscopic observations continued at Mt. Wilson and Mt. Palomar Observatories through July; data 

indicated source might be “an uncatalogued old nova.” Optical search 

had been based on information obtained from NASA-American Science 

and Engineering, InC.-MIT experiment flown on Aerobee 150 sounding 

rocket launched March 8 from WSMR. (Astrophys. J., 10/66, 316-21) 

June 18: Discussing the “cost to land men on the moon” in Journal of the 

Armed Forces, James J. Haggerty, Jr., said late RASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, “without much detailed information on 

which to base an assessment,” had estimated $20 billion. Now that 

work on all major contracts was well advanced, NASA had made new 

estimate that validated original figure: total cost would be $22.7 billion 

with possibility of adjustment that would bring it down almost to $20 

billion. (Haggerty, J/Arrned Forces, 6/18/66,8) 

* Development of new solid-fuel improved capability missile (Icm) that 

could “penetrate even the tightest Soviet defense” was being urged by 

USAF, Pentagon sources revealed. Missile would also be able to propel 

several times the payload of present Minuteman and Polaris missiles 
220 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

toward targets in U.S.S.R., could be perfected in about five years, and 

would ensure U.S. strike capability even after surprise attack. (Beecher, 

NYT, 6/20/66, 1) 

June 19: TIROS VII meteorological satellite had operated successfully in orbit 

three years, traveled more than 445,000,000 mi., and had taken 123,000 

pictures of cloud formations, storms, hurricanes, and typhoons with 

two wide-angle vidicon TV cameras. Orbited from AMR (now ETR) June 

19, 1963, it tracked major hurricanes and provided information aiding 

Ranger, Mariner, and Gemini missions. (AP, Balt. Sun, 6/19/66 

Calculations by computer at Astronomisches Rechen Institut, Heidelberg, 

Germany, and Yale Univ. Observatory had helped astronomers rediscover Tempel-Tuttle Comet responsible for Leonid meteor showers 

each November. Comet had been found 100 yrs. ago and not seen again 

until summer 1965. Meteor shower was expected to be spectacular in 

November 1966; it would occur close to time of comet’s return to 

vicinity of earth. (Sci. Serv., NYT, 6/19/66, 26) 

0 Discussing military satellite as “necessity, not adventure,” article in 

Houston Post said DOD had reoriented space research toward “development of a many-purpose military satellite.” DOD Deputy Director of 

Office of Defense Research and Engineering Daniel J. Fink was quoted 

as saying proposed vehicle could: (1) locate military units precisely; 

(2) speed military communications; (3) carry weather observation and 

reporting equipment; (4) furnish early warning against nuclear attack; 

and (5) detect unannounced nuclear tests. (Houston Post, 6/19/66) 

NASA’s (‘new policy of calling a spade a spade-and a failure a failure-in 

discussing the results of its manned operations in space” was noted by 

William Hines in the Washington Evening Star: “NASA has been subjected to harsh criticism-some of ij bordering on ridicule-for the past 

disinclination of its officials to admit . . . that things occasionally had 

gone wrong. . . . Seamans’ outspoken evaluation [June 171 of the 

Gemini 9A flight was regarded here as a signal to other NASA officials to 

lay the facts on the line when things do not go exactly according to 

plan.” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/20/66, AlO) 0 Stages in development of facilities at KSC for Saturn/Apollo launches were 

described in Aviation Week editorial by Robert Hotz. Now that the 

mission was “moving so close to realization,” he said, bold and farreaching decisions were needed “to insure in the post-Apollo decade 

the full utilization of these Apollo launch facilities and the superb 

technical team that operates them.” Citing “dramatic progress” made 

by US. in first decade of space age, Hotz added: ‘r. . . it is hard to understand why the highest level of national leadership now shrinks from 

making the decisions today that are necessary to insure this nation’s 

capability for tomorrow.” (Hotz, Av. Wk., 6/20/66, 21) 0 Martin Marietta Corp. was receiving $7,622,000 fixed-price contract from 

AFSC for work on Titan I11 booster. (DOD Release 536-66) 

0 Proposed compromise by ELDO reducing U.K.’s share of financing was 

reported in Aviation Week. If accepted at July 7-8 ELDO ministerial 

conference in Paris, financial participation was expected to be: U.K.- 

27% of future ELDO costs, a reduction from the 38.79% initially agreed 

upon in 1962-63; West Germany-27%, increased from 22.01%; France, 

25%, increased from 23.93%; Italy, 12%, increased from 9.78%; Netherlands and Belgium would share 9%, increased from Belgium’s 2.85% 

and Netherlands’ 2.64%. (Av. Wk., 6/20/66, 30) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 221 

June 21: NASA awarded Philco Corp. $3.5-million contract for four tri-axis 

magnetometers and supporting equipment to be left on moon by Apollo 

astronauts. One of seven geophysical instruments to be carried in Alsep 

(Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package), 14.5-lb. magnetometer 

would determine presence or absence of lunar magnetic field, measure 

magnetic penetrability of moon, study interplanetary magnetic field 

and its diffusion to moon, and detect electrical currents in solar wind 

above lunar surface. (ARC Release 66-9) 

USAF launched unidentified satellite with Thor-Agena D rocket from WTR. 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 153) 

* ComSatCorp president Dr. Joseph V. Charyk, speaking at National Space 

Club luncheon in Vashington, D.C., disclosed plans for a $7- to $9- 

million laboratory to be built by ComSatCorp near Washington, D.C. 

Facility would employ about 200 people and would be completed by 

mid-1468. (Clark, NYT, 6/22/66, 12) 

$3,000 block of magnesium used as vibration test fixture for Lunar Excursion Module’s propellant-gaging system brought $28.14 in Los Angeles 

junk yard. Two trash collectors had diverted block from Apollo project 

into their disposal truck while emptying trash cans at Giannini Corp., 

Duarte, Calif. They were booked on suspicion of grand larceny. (UPI, 

Wash. Post, 6/24/66, A6) 

0 Development of chemical laser requiring no external energy was advancing 

so rapidly it would “probably be achieved within a year or ~wo.” Prediction was made by Dr. George C. Pimental, professor of chemistry at 

Univ. of California, Berkeley, at AFosR-sponsored seminar on “Science 

Frontiers” at Albuquerque, N. Mex. (Sullivan, NYT, 6/21/66, 12) 

June 22: U.S. and U.S.S.R.-which had submitted to U.N. (June 16) similar 

drafts for a treaty banning military use of celestial bodies-agreed to 

meeting of legal experts of Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer 

Space in Geneva July 12 to arrange compromise between drafts. U.S.S.R. 

had originally asked that proposals be included in agenda of 21st session 

of U.N. General Assembly, which would open Sept. 20. (Daniell, NYT, 

6/23/66, 1) 0 Two Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launches, from Point Barrow, Alaska, 

and Churchill Research Range, were coordinated in GSFC experiment to 

obtain atmospheric data as time of summer maximum for noctilucent 

cloud sightings approached. Rockets and instrumentation functioned 

satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 Design requirements for second-generation, recoverable-reusable booster 

and spacecraft systems, outlined by NASC staff member Dr. Eugene B. 

Konecci at American Astronautical Society meeting in Wayne, N.J., 

included: new pFopulsion capability; materials, structures, and subsystems suitable for reuse; and system designed for “full use of the 

human factor capabilities in the control loop, . . . minimum (limited) 

ground support participation, and for easy maintenance and repair.” 

(Text) 0 President Charles de Gaulle, speaking at Moscow State Univ., suggested 

that France and the U.S.S.R. should work toward a (hew alliance” for 

scientific and other intellectual pursuits. He said that ‘‘culture, science, 

and progress justify national ambitions in our epoch in place of former 

dreams of conquest and domination.” (Grose, NYT, 6/23/66, 1) 

Generator-burner assembly of the LORHO pilot facility was successfully 

run at full power at Arnold Engineering Development Center, marking 
222 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

first application of magnetohydrodynamic principles in achieving highvelocity flow in a ground environmental test facility. (AEDC) 

June 22: ComSatCorp denied ITT World Communications, Inc.’s accusation 

of “unjustly and unreasonably” discriminating against ITT in quoting 

charges to Defense Communications Agency (DCA) for 30 satellite circuits between Hawaii and Japan, the Philippines and Thailand: “The 

rate quoted to the DCA for each of the. . . circuits is, in fact, higher than 

the rate quoted to the carriers, as it takes into account the additional 

service costs by Comsat to carry out a responsibility to provide end-toend service to DCA. . . . ITT Worldcom may have been confused by 

advance knowledge as to the Corporation’s planned tariff for satellite 

channels to be furnished to authorized common carriers, in which the 

$48,000 charge to the carriers would be revised downward to $45,000 

[and] erroneously assumed that this lower charge, which would apply 

only to authorized common carriers, had been quoted by Comsat to the 

DCA.” (ComSatCorp Release) 

June 23: NASA’s PAGEOS I (Pageos A Passive Geodetic Earth-Orbiting Satellite) 

was launched with Thrust-Augmented Thor-Agena D booster from WTR 

into near-circular polar orbit: 2,645-mi. (4,258-km.) apogee, 2,603-mi. 

(4,191-km.) perigee, 182-min. period, and 87” inclination. PAGEOS I was 

an aluminum-coated Mylar balloon of the ECHO I type. Balloon was 

folded and packaged inside spherical canister ejected into space as launch 

vehicle reached orbital velocity. Canister then separated in half by 

explosive device, and folded satellite automatically inflated to 100-ft.- 

dia. sphere. PAGEOS I carried no instruments. By reflecting sunlight, 

satellite would provide orbiting point source of light to be photographed 

over projected five-year perio’d to determine size and shape of earth to 

a degree never before possible; in orbit, satellite should be as bright as 

star Polaris. Simultaneous observations from 41 portable camera stations 

around world would be used to construct three-dimensional geodetic 

reference system. Resulting satellite triangulation network would make 

it possible to obtain distance between two surface points on earth 

3,000 mi. apart to an accuracy of 32 ft. Project was managed by JARC. 

(NASA Release 66-150; ESSA Release 66-32; NASA Proj. Off.; LaRC Researcher, 7/1/66, 1, 6; Wash. Post, 6/24/66, A5) 

0 NRX-A5 nuclear reactor-operated at full power June 8 at Jackass Flats, 

Nev.-was restarted and operated an additional 14% min. at design 

power of 1,100 mw (55,000 lbs. thrust). Tested by Aerojet-General and 

Westinghouse Corp. under joint NASA-AEC program, reactor consumed 

218,000 gal. liquid hydrogen. (AEC Release J-160) 0 NASA would negotiate six-month study contracts totaling $200,000 with 

General Electric Co. and RCA to determine “feasibility of a satellite 

capable of broadcasting directly to conventional home FM radio and/or 

short wave radios.” Contracts would be managed by NASA OSSA. (NASA 

Release 66-161) 

0 NASA and Vocational Rehabilitation Administration signed agreement “to 

accelerate the application of new technology to the problems of the 

disabled” by making results of aerospace research available for application to rehabilitation “on a continuing basis.” This would involve 

evaluation of NASA technology by VRA scientists; adaptive engineering 

to apply that technology to needs of disabled persons; demonstration of 

resulting devices, systems, and procedures; and commercial introduction 

of new devices and services. (NASA Release 66-160) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 223 

June 23: House Committee on Science and Astronautics reported favorably 

H.R. 14832 incorporating changes and improvements in organization and 

operation of NSF recommended in Subcommittee on Science, Research, 

and Development report, “The National Science Foundation-Its 

Present and Future.” (House Rpt. 1650) 

e FCC ruled that users of satellite communications must operate through 

common carriers instead of dealing directly with ComSatCorp to prevent 

“serious adverse effects upon the well-being of the commercial telecommunications industry and the general public it serves.” Ruling, 

which resolved controversy betweeii ComSatCorp and common carriers, 

would protect carriers from reduced tra5c volume resulting from direct 

user-ComSatCorp relations. (FCC; VSJ, 6/24/66, 6) 

June 24: NASA awarded Univac $30-million7 five-year contract to provide 

new computing system” for MSFC beginning in 1967. Computer 

Sciences Corp. was selected to provide support services for MSFC Computation Lab. under $5.5-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract with 

provisions for four one-year extensions. Services would include computer operation, maintenance, and programing. (NASA Releases 66-164, 

165) 

NASA had awarded $22-million renewal contract to TWA for continued 

support services at KSC. Two contracting methods would be followed: 

cost-plus-award-fee for supply operations and general maintenance; and 

fixed-price for remaining services. (NASA Release 66-166) 

* NASA named L/Col. Robert A. Rushworth (USAF) to receive Exceptional 

Service Medal for his “outstanding contributions” to US. aeronautical 

research programs “both as a pilot and as an engineer” on X-15 rocket 

aircraft. Col. Rushworth, who would leave X-15 program in summer 

1966 to attend Armed Forces Staff College, would be presented medal 

at NASA awards ceremony in October. (NASA Release 66-159) 

USAF space launch crews were being familiarized with new low-cost Burner 

I1 upper-stage booster developed by Boeing to inject payloads into orbit 

and then orient the payload accurately. Small, guided, solid-fuel stage, 

scheduled for operation in late 1966, would “economically bridge the 

payload gap between the DOD-NASA Scout launch vehicle and the Delta 

and Agena upper stages.” (Boeing Release) * Potential impact of aeronautical technology on social patterns of the 

nation was discussed by Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, chairman of 

MIT’S aeronautics and astronautics department, at meeting of Aviation/ 

Space Writers’ Assn. in New York City. In only the 10th year of the 

space age, he said, the world was “. . . at the beginning of a new surge 

in science and technology stimulated by their interactions with each 

other and with social needs, nourished by the resources and needs of 

space exploration.” (Text; AF‘/SD, 8/66) 

.Tune 25: France’s President Charles de Gaulle watched launch of COSMOS 

CXXII unmanned satellite from Baikonur cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, into 

625-km. (388-mi.) altitude circuIar orbit with 65” inclination and 97.1- 

min. period. Tass said all instruments aboard satellite were functioning 

normally. De Gaulle was first Westerner to witness a Soviet launching 

and to visit Baikonur space center. (Tass, 6/25/66; Tanner, NYT, 

6/26/66, 1; Wash. Post, 6/26/66, A20; AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 6/26/66, 

* NASA Administrator James E. Webb told National Conference of Lieutenant 

Governors in Cleveland that new satellite weather reporting system 

re 

AB) 
224 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

meant “you say to every other nation the United States is developing 

this power technique of space, not to get power over you, but to develop 

power together with you over the limitations of nature.” (AP, Miami 

News, 6/26/66) 

June 25: First full-disc photograph of earth, taken from U.S.S.R.’s third 

MOLNIYA I, had been received from Soviet Novosti Press Agency by 

Donald Zahner of St. Louis, publisher of Review of Popular Astronomy. 

Picture, transmitted May 30 and authenticated by US. Government 

officials and by Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper, director of Univ. of Arizona’s 

Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, would appear in July-August issue of 

magazine. Zahner said Soviet officials had probably sent photograph 

out of gratikide for article published by magazine in spring 1966 on 

100th anniversary of Pulkovo Observatory. (Tech. Wk., 7/11/66, 12; 

AP, Balt. Sun, 6/26/66) 

June 26: New National Oceanography Assn. (NOA) “to raise the level of 

public awareness of what impact oceans will have on future generations” 

became operative. In first press release, NOA said it would promote 

opportunities-for national advancement, for profit, for pleasure, and 

for meeting basic human needs-which lie just across the threshold of 

the ocean.” It said U.S. lagged behind U.S.S.R., Japan, and other nations 

in ocean exploration and that a “high priority, fullscale national oceanography program” was needed to catch up. (NOA Release) 

Siberian-born scientist Mikhail K. Yangel, elected to Communist Party’s 

Central Committee in April and to Supreme Soviet June 12, had been 

tentatively identified as new head of U.S.S.R.’s space program. Several 

other scientists known or believed to be associated with space program 

had been selected to Supreme Soviet for first time; however, since 

Yangel was only one also to occupy seat in Central Committee, this was 

taken as indication he occupied top position. (Shabad, NYT, 6/26/66, 

3) June 27: U.S.S.R. would continue intensive exploration of space in 1966-70 

period, Soviet Academy of Sciences president Mstislav V. Keldysh 

reported to general meeting of Academy. He listed these general 

programs: manned space flights; exploration of physical conditions on 

moon and nearest planets; and development of use of satellites and 

rockets for long-distance communications systems. (Tass, 6/28/66) * Rep. Hale Boggs (D-La.) told House: “. . . no businessman would invest 

tens of thousands of dollars in a locomotive and then allow it to rust in 

the yard for lack of a $5 part. Neither can we invest tens of billions 

in a space program and leave it to falter for the lack of funds.” Calling 

the present budget “austere,” Bogs warned that in future budgets we 

could not put important elements of our capability into mothballs. “We 

must use it or see it rust.” (CR, 6/27/66, 13707-08) 

0 NASA announced conversion of contract with Douglas Aircraft CO. for 

development of Saturn launch vehicle’s S-IVB stage from cost-plusfixed-fee to cost-plus-incentive-fee. Under revised contract, company s 

fee would be increased or decreased depending on “attainment of’ the 

incentive for cost, schedule and performance.” Estimated cost was 

$700 million, plus fee, (MSFC Release 66-141) 

0 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. displayed 273-ft., full-scale mockup of its 1,800- 

mph revised supersonic transport model to be submitted to FAA in Sst 

competition with Boeing Co. Sept. 6. Made primarily of titanium and 

scheduled for first flight by 1970, the 266-passenger Lockheed 2000 

e? 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 225 

would have double-delta wing to provide “outstanding flight handling 

characteristics at all speeds” and to permit cruising at 7,000-ft. altitude, 

and ‘‘weather vision” nose which could move down 15” from supersonic cruise position to give pilot visibility during takeoff, landing, and 

subsonic flight. Boeing design-revealed June 15-had featured variable 

wing swept forward for takeoffs, landings, and subsonic flight and back 

for supersonic cruise. (Lockheed Release) 

June 27: June 8 loss of XB-70 experimental aircraft would delay NASA-DOD 

Sst research program for two or three months, Hal Taylor reported in 

Technology Week following interview with Charles Harper, Director, 

NASA Office of Aeronautical Research, OART. (Tech. Wk.7 6/27/66, 18) 

NASA-sponsored space science course-including lectures, demonstrations, 

and experiments-began at (Washington) D.C. Teachers College to 

help local elementary school teachers understand space-age fundamentals and interpret them to their pupils. (Wash. Eve. Star, 6/26/66, 

D9) 0 Physicists at Columbia Univ., under the direction of Dr. Paolo Franzini, 

and at State Univ. of New York at Stony Brook, directed by Dr. Juliet 

Lee-Franzini, published experimental evidence that would disprove 

theory of charge conjunction invariance-theory that oppositely 

charged particles behave symmetrically. Photographic analysis of decay 

of eta meson, a neutral nuclear particle, into three pions-one positively 

charged, one negatively charged, and one neutral-indicated that 

positive pion traveled away from decomposed eta meson at a greater 

velocity than negative pion. Results, based on 1,441 photographs, Dr. 

Franzini said, had “far-reaching consequences regarding antiparticles” 

and provided means of identifying “whether a particle or body anywhere in the universe is positively or negatively charged.” Experiment 

-conducted in Columbia’s Nevis Laboratory, Brookhaven National 

Laboratory, and Stony Brook-was reported in Physical Review Letters. 

(Phys. Rev. Lett., 6/27/66, 1224; AIP Release, 6/26/66) 0 Question of “garbage problem” in space was raised during recent House 

Appropriations Committee hearings on Spacetrack, which maintained 

surveillance on over 1,800 orbiting objects, Drew Pearson reported in 

Washington Post. Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Alexander H. 

Flax replied there was no danger of collision “because of the tremendous 

amount of volume that these 1,800 objects are disposed in. It is like the 

problem of stepping on a flea in Grand Central Station. It could happen, 

but it is highly unlikely.” (Pearson, Wash. Post, 6/27/66) 

AFSC had awarded Bell Aerospace Corp. a one-year study contract to 

develop Dual-purpose Maneuvering Unit (Dmu) that could be worn by 

astronaut or operated by remote radio and TV signals. Dmu would 

combine “best features” of Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (Amu)- 

which Astronaut Eugene Cernan was unable to test during GEMINI =-A 

flight-and Remote Maneuvering Unit (Rmu)-which had been tested 

in laboratory. (AFSC Release 116.66) 

0 American Astronautical Society had granted following awards for achievements in 1965: W. Raymond Lovelace Award to Dr. Jeanette Ridlon 

Piccard “for past experiments in ballooning and continued contributions 

to space progress”; AAS Space Flight Award (posthumously) to Dr. Hugh 

L. Dryden “for outstanding technical and administrative leadership”; 

Melbourne W. Boynton Award to Dr. Charles A. Berry ‘(for managing 

successfully medical program for astronauts”; AAS Flight Achievement 
226 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Award to Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Thomas P. Stafford, Frank 

Borman, and James A. Love11 “for dual outstanding achievements for 

first successful in-plane rendezvous (GEMINI VI) and sustained orbit 

operations (GEMINI VI) ”; Victor A. Prather Award to Richard Johnston 

“for outstanding contributions to design and technology of spacesuits 

for astronauts.” (Av. Wk., 6/27/66, 19) 

June 27: Pointing out that “space triumphs” had made “secrecy and the 

hoarding of scientific data less worthwhile,” editorial in the Baltimore 

Sun concluded: “. . . it is not surprising that, despite the relationship 

between military defense and some space activity, Russia and France 

seem about to agree to cooperate in space research-and theunited 

States and Russia likewise.” (Balt. Sun, 6/27/66) 0 Several small solid motors had been test-fired during “last three months” 

at Hercules, Inc.’s Bacchus, Utah, facilities under classified program; 

highest impulse recorded in Free World was reported to have been 

reached. (Tech. Wk., 6/27/66, 3) 

June 28: Analysis of data from aborted March 16 GEMINI VIII mission had 

indicated three of 10 ex eriments were successfully conducted and a 

fourth might later yield cf ata, NASA announced. Bioassays of body fluids 

had provided data on flight crew response to spaceflight; frog-egg growth 

experiment had indicated fertilized frog eggs divide normally even under 

conditions of weightlessness; nuclear emulsion experiment had functioned correctly and had completed 17% of its planned schedule when 

flight was terminated. Fourth experiment was micrometeoroid collection 

device aboard GATV; exposed surfaces were expected to yield useful 

data if they could be retrieved from GATV during Gemini X mission 

scheduled for no earlier than July 18. Six experiments had had to be 

canceled when GEMINI VIII mission was terminated after electrical short 

circuit in spacecraft caused continuous firing of roll thruster. (NASA 

Release 66-163) 

Nike-Cajun meteorological sounding rocket launched from Churchill 

Research Range carried 19-grenade payload in GSFC experiment coordinated with launch from Point Barrow, Alaska, to study atmospheric 

parameters of wind, temperature, pressure, and density as summer 

progressed toward time of maximum noctilucent cloud sightings. Rocket 

and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

e Pratt & Whitney Div. announced it had successfully tested second version 

of engine being built for US. supersonic transport program. Engine 

developed more than 600,000 lbs. thrust at West Palm Beach Facility. 

(WS, 6/28/66, 9) 0 U.S.S.R. was encountering difficulties in development of its supersonic 

jet aircraft so that “on the present showing it would seem that the Concorde will not only take to the air before the Tu-144 but will be flying 

commercially earlier, too,” experts at Radio Liberty reported. (DJNS, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 6/28/66) 

June 28-29: NASA’s SURVEYOR I, which had softlanded on moon June 2, did 

not respond to daily 3%-hr. attempt by JPL to reactivate its instruments 

after two-week lunar night. JPL spokesman said: “It may or may not be 

dead. Variations in the moon’s temperature might have caused Surveyor’s radio frequency to change.” Beginning June 30, JPL’S Deep 

Space Facilities, Goldstone, Calif., would try nightly to contact spacecraft using preplanned sequence of commands. If response were received, SURVEYOR 1’s television camera would be commanded to take one 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 227 

picture of spaeecraft’s footpad to verify camera was still operational 

and preparations would be made to resume full program of transmission 

of lunar pictures. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/29/66, A23; UPI, Wash. Post, 

6/29/66, A9; UPI, Phil. Eve. Bull., 6/30/66) 

June 29: First nuclear power generator in space marked fifth anniversary. 

Developed by AEC to supplement solar power on USN’S 175-lb. experimental navigational satellite TRANSIT IV-A, 5-lb. Snap-3 generator had 

traveled 724,000,000 mi. (over 25,000 times around earth). TRANSIT IV-A, 

launched June 29, 1961, from Cape Canaveral, became oldest operating 

US. satellite in May 1964. (AEC Release J-159) 

assed and cleared for President’s signature H.R. 6125, which Senatef woul convert National Air Museum to National Air and Space Museum 

with NASA representation on advisory board. Bill authorized construction 

of museum building. (CRY 6/29/66, 14041-2) 

Senate-House conference committee approved $17.5 billion DOD FY 1967 

authorization bill-$377.3 million less than House version and $310.7 

million more than Senate version. Ap roved budget was $553.8 million 

funds over DOD budget request but House proposal to add $80 million 

to Mol program was cut to $SO-million increase. R&D funds also included 

$14.4 million for Condor medium-range guided missile; $11.8 million 

for Amsa (Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft) follow-on bomber; and 

$130.5 million for nuclear guided missile frigate authorized in FY 1965. 

(Av.Wk., 7/4/66, 19; NYT, 6/30/66, 13) 0 S-IB stage for sixth flight Uprated Saturn I booster (S-IBd), powered by 

eight Rocketdyne H-1 engines, was successfully captive-fired at MSFC 

for 145 sec., producing 1.6 million lbs. thrust. (MSFC Release 66-124) 

Hughes Aircraft Corp. received $280-million contract from NATO Air 

Defense Ground Environment Project to build integrated early-warning 

and weapon-control system-consisting of radar, data-handling, and , communications equipment-extending from Norway to Turkey. ( WSJ, 

6/30/66, 4; Hughes) 

June 30: On the floor of the House, Rep. Chet Holifield (D-Calif.) discussed 

Committee changes made in Dept. of Transportation bill, H.R. 13200. 

A “clean bill,” H.R. 15963, was introduced giving proposed Secretary 

of department responsibility for aviation and making Federal Aviation 

Administration (new name for FAA) a division of Dept. of Transportation. Civil Aeronautics Board aircraft accident investigation unit would 

also be under Secretary of Transportation. (CR, 6/30/66,14272-5) 0 Soviet Foreign Minister Andrey Gromyko and French Foreign Minister 

Maurice Couve de Murville signed agreement in Moscow providing 

basic framework for space cooperation during next ten years. Major 

objectives of compact-which initially scheduled several common 

experiments, including an astronomy test to be conducted from Archangel, U.S.S.R., and KerguBlen, French islands in the Indian Ocean 

-were missions with Imp-type satellites and Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. 

(SBD, 6/28/66, 344) 0 NASA selected Northrop Corp. for final negotiations on $5-million contract 

for design, development, fabrication, and testing of “engineering mechanics subsystems for Mariner Mars ’69 spacecraft.” Contract would 

be managed by JPL. (NASA Release 66-170) 

Sens. Carl T. Curtis (R-Neb.) and Jennings Randolph (D-W.Va.) urged 

that appropriations not be sought for construction of National Air and 

more than DOD request. Bill include a $137.9 million increase in R&D 
228 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Space Museum-authorized by H.R. 6125 passed June 29-until 

the war in Vietnam ended or its expenditures decreased. (CR, 6/30/66, 

June 30: NASA might not in future be able to order aircraft carriers and large 

ships for recovery of astronauts, Chicago Tribune sources reported. USN 

felt vessels could be put to better use to support or relieve forces in 

Vietnam. USAF had proposed to NASA use of new long-range helicopters. 

(Chic. Trib., 7/1/66) 0 NASA tracking station at East Grand Forks, Minn., ceased operation after 

five years of space tracking. Advances in tracking technology and orbit 

determination had made site no longer essential for support of scientific 

satellites; some equipment would be sent to other stations. (NASA Release 

0 USN’s Pacific &sile Range reported 2,608 live missile firings in record 

total of 13,155 operations during FY 1966. (SBD, 7/19/66, 93) 

During June: Lurain as seen by SURVEYOR I Science Evaluation Analysis 

Team after preliminary analysis of data was a dark, relatively smooth, 

gently rolling plain “the consistency of a freshly turned field,” studded 

with craters ranging in diameter from one inch to several hundreds of 

feet and littered with fragmental debris ranging in size from few hundredths of an inch to more than three feet. Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, 

U.S. Geological Survey, said terrestrial scenery most closely resembling 

the lurain as seen by SURVEYOR I would be Sedan crater at AEC’S Nevada 

Test site-large crater covered with small craters and “secondary 

ejecta” resulting from explosion of subsurface nuclear device. Lurain 

appeared to be composed of soil-like substance, or a fine sand, with 

rougher material through it. It appeared to be about three feet deep 

with harder surface beneath. Surface had dynamic bearing strength of 

6-10 psi. Leonard Jaffe, NASA Pr6ject Surveyor scientist, noted that 

results of SURVEYOR I could be summarized by list of previous theories 

on nature of lurain that had been disproved: surface was not composed 

of hard rock; it was not composed of one piece of very porous rock; it 

was not covered by a layer of loose dust either thick or thin; it was a 

finely granulated material with particles that cohered to each other but 

did not seem particularly attracted to spacecraft; it was heavy enough 

for man to walk and work on and for a properly designed spacecraft to 

land on; and it reflected accurate radar signal from surface, not from 

subsurface substance. Jaffe noted there were a few hazards to manned 

spacecraft, mostly from large rocks and possibility of sinkage, but 

emphasized data so far indicated surface was adequate for landing 

Apollo Lem. 

There appeared to be two different types of rocks near SURVEYOR I: 

one with pitted, spongy surface that appeared to be caused by molten 

rock that had cooled and from which gas had escaped; the other harder, 

smoother surfaced, and smaller grained. 

SURVEYOR I photographs were considered superior to U.S.S.R.’s LUNA 

IX results because (1) camera was higher so that horizon was 10 times 

farther away; (2) camera resolution was greater (down to 1/50th of an 

inch); camera worked longer and took more photos under different 

light angles. SURVEYOR 1’s pictures of its own footpad had yielded data 

on surface and subsurface composition. (Clark, NYT, 6/8/66, 1; 

6/17/66, 15; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/17/66, A4; Sullivan, NYT, 

6/19/66, 14F; SBD, 6/20/66,297) 

14112-14) 

66-117) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 229 

During June: NASA Deputy Administrator Robert C. Seamans, Jr., writing 

in Astronautics & Aeronautics, outlined choices in “potential mannedspaceflight missions of the next generation” and argued for taking up 

the preliminary options now. He selected what he called “three natural, 

potential targets” for major extensions of manned space flight. First 

of these he saw as “a spacefaring research and operations center in 

earth orbit,” described as a “large, permanent, manned space facility” 

that would “make possible whole new ranges of experiments, investigations, and operations.” Second choice was “the moon itself. . . following 

up the initial exploratory landings with a permanent lunar base.” Third 

objective could be “manned surface exploration of Mars” within context of “extension of the lunar-landing experience to the near planets.” 

Citing both advantages and difficulties of the latter, he said: “Such an 

effort would represent a greater national commitment of far longer 

duration than our commitment in 1961 to a manned lunar landing, and 

would generate proportionately increased industrial, university, and 

government activities. Significant advances in virtually every field of 

space-related technology would be required. The increase in scientific 

knowledge from direct, firsthand observation and experimentation on 

another planet, however, has not yet been measured against the direct 

cost of its achievement, or against the more subtle cost of longterm 

dedication to a given course of action, with its inherent loss of national 

flexibility in allocation of the limiting resources-technical and scientific manpower.” (AM, 6/66, 30-33) 

Measurement of angular size of x-ray source Sco X-1 [see March 8, May 

23, June 17-18] was reported by Herbert Gursky, Riccardo Giacconi, 

Paul Gorenstein, and John R. Waters of American Science and Engineering, Inc. (ASE) and MIT’S Minoru Oda, Hale Bradt, Gordon Garmire, and 

B. V. Sreekantan in Astrophysical Journal. Accompanying article by 

ASE’S Oscar P. Manley suggested source was a protostar; Giacconi group 

said source, if observable, would appear in visible light as starlike object. 

(Astrophys. J., 6/66, 1249, 1253) 0 AIP Center for History and Philosophy of Physics received grant from 

Ford Foundation “for a long range planning study to determine the 

future level and direction of the Center’s growing activities in the 

history, philosophy and sociology of twentieth century physics.” (AIP 

Center, Newsletter, 6/66) * Purposes of Saturn/Apollo Applications program, M/G David M. Jones 

(USAF), NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, 

said in an interview in Data magazine, were to serve as transition program from Apollo to next space goal and to accomplish “significant 

scientific experiments.” 

Apollo Program Director M/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF) said in an 

interview in the same issue that “barring some major setback, some 

major failure in a static test on the ground or major failure on a flight, 

it is reasonable to expect that the lunar landing . . , will be accomplished 

before the end of 1969.” (Data, 6/66, 27, 32) 0 Univ. of Toronto Chancellor 0. M. Solandt was named chairman of newly 

created Science Council of Canada; Univ. of Montreal Rector Roger 

Gaudry was named Vice Chairman. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Report, 6-7/66,8) 0 More than 70 tethered balloon ascensions to 1,500-ft. altitude for vehicle 

drop tests had been conducted by AFCRL at Holloman AFB over past three 

years to test Surveyor spacecraft’s retrofire descent and impact capabilities, OAR Research Review reported. (OAR Res. Rev., 6/66, 17) 

. 
230 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

During June: Dr. Dorothy Martin Simon, Avco Corp. vice president and 

director of Corporate Research, received 1966 Achievement Award of 

Society of Women Engineers. She was cited for “significant contributions to engineering administration and space engineering, especially in 

the fields of combustion and ablative coatings.’’ (Tech. Wk., 6/27/66, 

46) 0 Star RU Camelcpardalis, that four years ago varied its light output 

rhythmically every 22 days between visual magnitudes 8.2 and 9.1, 

had become constant in brightness at magnitude of 8.5-too faint to 

be seen with naked eye. Cause of change, reported in Sky and Telescope, 

was unknown. (Sci. Serv., NYT, 7/4/66, 32) e Ten-month survey was reported by Cal Tech radioastronomy research 

fellow Dr. John D. Wyndham. He found that at least a fourth of the 

radio sources reported beyond this galaxy belonged in the quasar category. If a fourth of the thousands of radio sources beyond the Milky 

Way are quasars, the latter must be very abundant, the report said. 

(Henry, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/29/66, A26) 0 U.S. aerospace exports in 1365 totaled $1,474,000,000-up 21.6 per cent 

from 196kAerospace Industries Assn. reported. ( WSJ, 6/27/66, 5) 
July 1966 

July I: NASA successfully launched EXPLORER XXXIII (Imp-D) Anchored Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (Aimp) from ETR using Thrust-Augmented Delta booster with FW-4s 3rd stage to study interplanetary 

radiation and magnetic fields, Because tracking data indicated at 3:30 

GET spacecraft was in excess-energy orbit, alternate mission plan was 

put into effect at 4:30 GET: retrorocket was fired, injecting EXPLORER 

XXXIII into elliptical earth orbit with 278,990-mi. (449,174-km.) apogee; 

18,975-mi. (30,550-km.) perigee; 13.5-day period; 28.9" inclination. 

Planned parameters: 4,000-mi. (6,4410-km.) apolune; 800-mi. (1,288- 

km.) perilune; 10-hr. period; 175" inclination. NASA later revealed 

booster's 2nd stage had produced 70-80 fps over-velocity which would 

have caused spacecraft to reach moon's vicinity too early to achieve 

lunar capture. Despite EXPLORER XXXIII'S failure to achieve lunar orbit, 

all active experiments were operative and high scientific yield was 

expected. 

Fourth of seven Interplanetary Explorers planned by NASA and first 

to attempt lunar orbit, 206-lb. EXPLORER XXXIII carried six scientific 

experiments and one engineering experiment-a solar cell damage study. 

Primary mission objectives were to study at lunar distances the earth's 

magnetic tail and magnetosphere in interplanetary space twice a month 

by means of lunar anchored spacecraft; and to measure interplanetary 

magnetic fields, solar plasma, and energetic particles in cislunar space. 

Program was managed by GSFC under overall direction of NASA Office of 

Space Science and Applications (OSSA). (NASA Proj. Off.; NASA Release 

66-162; UPI, NYT, 7/2/66, 5; Strothman, Wush. Post, 7/2/66, A2) 0 L/Col. Robert A. Rushworth flew X-15 No. 2 to 1,023 mph (mach 1.70) 

and 44,800-ft. altitude to evaluate handling qualities with full external 

fuel tanks. (X-15 Proj. Off.) 0 US. National Academy of Sciences and Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences 

announced initiation of three-year exchange program in which scientists 

of each country would visit the other country from one month to one 

year to lecture, exchange professional views, and conduct research. 

Similar exchanges with science academies in Yugoslavia, Poland, and 

Romania had gone into effect this year, NAS reported, and an earlier 

exchange agreement with Soviet Academy of Sciences remained effective. (CAS Release) 

Administrative History of NASA, 1958-63 (SP-4101), by Dr. Robert L. 

Rosholt and with a foreword bv NASA Administrator James E. Webb, was 

published by NASA. Volum&first in history' series covering major 

programs and other aspects of NASA operations-would be available 

through Superintendent of Documents, GPO. (NASA Release 66-158) 

231 
232 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

July 1: GEMINI IV Astronaut Edward H. White 11, first US. astronaut to walk 

in space, received the General Thomas D. White Space Trophy from 

Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Harold Brown at National Geographic 

Society ceremony in Washington, D.C. Established in 1961 by Dr. 

Thomas W. McKnew, chairman of the National Geographic’s Board of 

Trustees, trophy was awarded annually to the USAF officer or unit that 

made the foremost contribution to U.S. progress in aerospace. 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb said at the ceremony: “I think . . . that no factor has been more important in the advances made in 

aviation and in space than the continued and dedicated driving leadership of the officers of the Air Force and the personal willingness to take 

the risks involved of these outstanding test pilots and combat pilots 

and those who have done the intervening jobs from transportation to 

helicopter work. We have a great Air Force.” (Text; NYT, 7/12/66) * Defense Communications Agency (DCA) said it would begin “immediate 

negotiations” with ComSatCorp for contract to provide new military 

message-carrying links to Far East as part of continuing buildup of 

activity in Vietnam. (Denniston, Wash. Eve. Star, 7/2/66, 2) 

July 2: Collection of more than 1,500 tektites-dark, glassy objects suspected 

to be of lunar origin-had been presented to Geology Dept. of Pomona 

College, Claremont, Calif., by Dr. Harvey H. Nininger, a 1917 alumnus. 

Dr. Nininger had gathered most of the tektites in South Vietnam. (AP, 

NYT, 7/3/66, 24) 

France exploded an experimental atomic bomb from tower on Mururoa 

Atoll in the Pacific. Estimated yield was less than one megaton. ( Wash. 

Post, 7/3/66, Al) 

July 3: Clotaire Wood, former chief of Vehicle Technology Flight Experiments in NASA’s OART, became NASA European Representative, Office of 

International Affairs. He replaced Gilbert W. Ousley, who would leave 

Paris office and return to GSFC Aug. 1. (NASA Ann.) 

0 John A. Edwards, Director of Gemini Flight Operations, became Deputy 

Director, Gemini Program, in NASA Office of Manned Space Flight. He 

replaced LeRoy E. Day, who became Director of Apollo Test. (NASA 

Release 66-176) 

July 4: U.S.S.R. was entering second phase of space medicine research, 

seeking the “why” of physiological changes, V. V. Parin, a Soviet 

physician-scientist with a major role in selecting and training cosmonauts, told Technology Week in a Moscow interview. In phase one “we 

merely made objective observations of animals . . . we were interested 

in just keeping them alive, in generating the atmosphere, maintaining 

thermal control, humidity, pressure, and the rest,” Parin said. “Now 

we want to know the intimate details of animal adaptation” to space, 

because lower animals could be more intensively studied in space flights 

than man. Parin cited four areas in which improved medical technology 

could aid the study of physiology: measuring calcium loss in astronauts; 

analyzing process of water loss in astronauts; measuring muscle tone; 

and devising better telemetry. Parin said he was satisfied with the interchange of space-medical data between U.S.S.R. and U.S. (Beller, Tech. 

Wk., 7/4/66, 12, 13) 

e NASA might have attempted to send Surveyor spacecraft to the moon in 

December 1965 but was effectively discouraged by severely critical 

report on the program published by House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Avia- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 233 

tion Week contended. NASA had wanted to rush Surveyor into launch 

that would have landed during lunar night rather than preferred daylight opportunity, to ensure that U.S. achieved first soft-landing before 

U.S.S.R. (Av. Wk., 7/4/66, 15) 

July 4: Soviet tests of carrier rockets begun April 24 “to develop new space 

systems” had been completed, Tass announced. Conducted in the 

Pacific in two areas west and northwest of Midway Island, tests were to 

have ended July 31; early completion was not explained. (AP, NYT, 

7/5/66,28) e NAA’S Rocketdyne Div. reported single J-2 rocket engine had operated 

continuously for 635.9 sec.-more than two minutes longer than burn 

time required for an Apollo lunar launch. Test firing was one of a series 

of 104 during which engine had accumulated a total of 12,120 set.- 

more than three times engine’s specified operating life. (Tech. Wk., 

July 5: NASA’s Apollo/Saturn AS-203 mission was successfully launched 

from Complex 37 down ETR to obtain flight information on 2nd stage 

(S-IVB) and instrument unit (Iu), which reflected Saturn V configuration as nearly as possible. Two-stage Uprated Saturn I (Saturn IB) 

launch vehicle boosted unmanned payload composed of S-IVB stage, 

Iu, and nose cone into 117-mi.-altitude circular orbit (88.21-min. period, 

31.94’ inclination). S-IVB engine burned once in earth’s atmosphere 

and was shut down. Engine’s capability to restart after coast, as would 

be necessary during the Apollo mission, was demonstrated. No reignition was planned on this mission. Photos of liquid hydrogen fuel 

behavior were transmitted to four ground stations by one operable TV 

camera; attempts to repair malfunctioning second camera before launch 

had failed. During fourth orbit, while performing pressure differential 

test of S-IVB stage common bulkhead, internal pressure in the stage 

built up “well in excess of design values,” and the stage fragmented. 

Initial evaluation of flight data indicated that all mission objectives 

were attained. Success of mission--second of three preliminary missions 

preceding first manned Apollo flight-was critical in meeting lunar 

exploration timetable. 58,500-133. S-IVB, heaviest satellite ever orbited 

by the US., was developed by MSFC and launched by KSC under direction 

of NASA Hq. OMSF. (NASA Proj. Off.; NASA Release 66-157; Wilford, NYT, 

7/6/66, 1; UPI, Wash. Post, 7/7/66) e Reliable sources said France would build her own ccSaros’y comsat system 

to avoid U.S. domination in the field, UPI reported. Decision stemmed 

from realization that if France did not act soon, the Anglo-French 

supersonic transport Concorde would have to be flight-controlled by 

U.S. satellite when it entered service within the next decade. (UPI, 

Wash. Post, 7/6/66) 

FAA awarded contracts totaling $1.95 million to Philco Corp. and IBM 

Corp., for first two installations of nationwide semiautomatic air traffic 

control system at FAA’S National Aviation Facilities Experimental 

Center (NAFEC), Atlantic City, N.J. (FAA Release 66-62) 

July 6: PROTON irI unmanned scientific space station was launched by 

U.S.S.R. into earth orbit with 630-km. (391-mi.) apogee; 190-km. 

(118-mi.) perigee; 92.5-min. period; and 63.5” inclination. Instruments 

-including “special scientific apparatus” for continuing complex 

investigations of cosmic rays-were functioning normally. (Tass, 

Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/8/66, 1, USS-T Trans.) 

7/4/66, 4) 
234 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

July 6: NASA had accepted two miniature TV cameras built by Teledyne 

Systems Co. under $350,000 contract for experimental use in space 

research. Designated ccMicroeye,’’ camera measured 1% in. by 4% in., 

weighed less than 1% lbs., and was powered by small rechargeable 

battery. One camera, which included low-power transmitter and could 

telecast distances up to 100 ft., was delivered to NASA Hq. OART to 

evaluate possible applications in biotechnology and human research 

work. Second camera, connected by wire to a monitor screen, was 

delivered to MSFC to evaluate potential use with more powerful transmitter for monitoring functioning of launch vehicle subsystems. 

Feasibility of mounting camera on spacecraft and focusing on astronauts 

to record optical responses to spacecraft’s rotations would be studied 

by US. Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola. (NASA Release 

66-171; MSFC Release 66-144) 

July 6-21: NASA’s SURVEYOR I, resting on the moon, revived and responded 

to signals from Tidbinbilla, Australia, tracking station after inactivity 

during two weeks of lunar night and one week of morning sunlight. 

Responding to command, spacecraft angled its solar panel toward sun to 

receive more operating power and began transmitting engineering data. 

Within a few hours after first response, it was declared “a fully operational spacecraft”; its battery was recharging; its transmitters, receivers, 

and command system were working; and machinery that moved its solar 

energy collector and high-gain antenna had been exercised. Performance 

amazed JPL officials who doubted spacecraft could survive the -260” 

cold of lunar night. 

Spacecraft continued to perform satisfactorily for two days until 

rapid temperature rise in battery, apparently caused by short circuit, 

threatened to end spacecraft’s life. Temperature was rising at 3” per 

hour, and reached 141°F. Near-fatal temperature subsided by July 10 to 

115°F and SURVEYOR I later transmitted 257 photos-including pictures 

of a shattered glass mirror on metal box containing its battery. BOX was 

insulated to maintain temperature between 40°C and 125°C; segments 

of mirrored glass helped radiate away heat produced when instruments 

were operating. JPL officials believed shattering was caused by combined 

stresses of heat at lunar noontime and cold during lunar night rather 

than by impact of meteorites or heat from inside compartment. 

Unexpectedly long life of SURVEYOR I ended July 14 after spacecraft 

transmitted 9 out of 10 photos commanded by Johannesburg tracking 

station to search for traces of lunar atmosphere that might scatter light 

from ring of gases erupting from the sun. JPL officially terminated mission July 21; spacecraft’s solar panels would be checked during next 

period of advantageous sunlight direction, around Aug. 2, to determine 

if SURVEYOR I were transmitting again. Other checks would be made 

later to assure that spacecraft’s transmissions would not interfere with 

Surveyor B, scheduled for launch in fall 1966. (Miles, Wash. post, 

7/7/66, A4; NYT, 7/9/66, 1; Wash. Post, 7/11/66; Clark, NYT, 

7/7/66, 1; 7/13/66, 12; 7/15/66, 11; Av. Wk., 7/25/66,30) JU~Y 7: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station carried proton magnetometer and 

Langmuir probe to 104-mi. (167-km.) altitude in NASA-Indian National 

Commission for Space Research (INCOSPAR) experiment to determine 

intensity of ionospheric electric current system near magnetic equator. 

Payload had been developed by Physical Research Laboratory in 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 235 

Ahmedabad, India; NASA provided launcher, ground telemetry system, 

and rocket. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

July 7: NASA established new program offices at MSC and MSFC to “handle the 

increasing level of activity involving Apollo Applications.” Officesheaded by George M. Low at MSC and Leland Belew at MsFc-would 

manage “activities concerned with projects using OIIOdv hardware for 

purposes in addition to the manned lunar landing.” To provide “program management and direction” for MSFC’S consolidated research and 

technology program and to coordinate activities with NASA Hq., MSFC 

established new Experiments Office headed by Dr. William G. Johnson. 

(NASA Release 66-172; MSFC Release 66-151) 

NASA and ComSatCorp had signed agreement €or satellite communications 

services to support Apollo program. ComSatCorp would provide voice/ 

data channels and teletype channels in synchronous satellites to be 

positioned over Pacific and Atlantic oceans by NASA. Draft tariff filed by 

ComSatCorp with FCC estimated that cost of services would be $8.95 

million annually. (NASA Release 66-178; ComSatCorp Release) 

0 NASA awarded Zia Corp., Las Cruces, N. Mex., a one-year, $5-million, 

cost-plus-award-fee contract to provide maintenance, operation, and 

miscellaneous services at WSMR. (NASA Release 66-173) 

1966 AIAA fellows were selected in recognition of proIonged, significant 

achievements in aerospace technology: Dr. Robert Jastrow, Director of 

NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., 

Director of Flight Operations, MSC; Prof. Frank E. Marble, Cal Tech’s 

Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory; Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight; Francis M. Rogallo, 

L~RC; Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, MIT; Dean E. Wooldridge, director of 

TRW, Inc.; and Robert B. Young, vice president of Aerojet-General 

Corp. Awards would be presented Dec. 2 at AIAA’S annual meeting in 

Boston. (NYT, 7/8/66, 12) 

0 Pratt & Whitney Div., United Aircraft Corp., had signed agreement with 

U.K.’s Bristol Siddeley Engines, Ltd., and France’s SNECMA to develop 

jet engine for twin-engine air-bus being designed to transport 250 to 300 

passengers on “medium-range” flights-as from London to Rome-by 

1970 or 1972. (WSJ, 7/7/66, 32) 

July 8: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXXIII carrying scientific instruments for 

“further investigation of outer space” into earth orbit with 529-km. 

(329-mi.) apogee; 263-km. (163-mi.) perigee; 92.2-min. period; and 

48.8’ inclination. Equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, Zzvestia, 

7/9/66, 4, USS-T Trans.) 0 “Surveyor I-A Preliminary Report,” covering first five days of successful 

SURVEYOR I lunar mission, had been compiled and published by NASA and 

was available from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical 

Information. In foreword, Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, emphasized that the publication “does not attempt to present detailed measurements and analyses 

of the immense amounts of scientific data that the spacecraft has telemetered to Earth; this task will take months and even years.” (NASA 

Release 66-177) 

0 ESRO launched British Skylark sounding rocket from Salto di Quirra 

Range, to study photochemical processes in comets under meteorological 

research program which began in 1964 and would include 400 sounding 

rocket launches by 1972. (Reuters, Wush. Post, 7/13/66, A21) 
236 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Jdy 8: Mars polar caps are white with dry ice, not frozen water in the form of 

frost, wrote Dr. Robert B. Leighton and Dr. Bruce C. Murray of Cal Tech 

in Science. Their argument was based on MARINER IV’S July 14, 1965, 

flyby which indicated that planet’s atmosphere is very thin and largely 

composed of carbon dioxide which, in frozen form, is dry ice. Theory 

that white on Mars polar caps is ordinary frost was based on observations 

of its reflectivity in the infrared and on manner in which it affected 

orientation of light waves. Authors believed there might be frozen water 

on Mars, but suggested it is all underground in the form of permafrost. 

(Science, 7/8/66, 136-44) 0 International Assn. of Machinists (IAM) struck five major airlines including 

TWA, which provided base support services at KSC. Some work on Project 

Apollo was curtailed, but NASA officials said essential operations were 

continuing. (UPI, NYT, 7/9/66) 

Vice president of U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences Boris Konstantinov discussed mission of Proton spacecraft series in Tass interview: “Research 

already carried out with the help of the Proton stations gives reason to 

expect that the growing weight of such laboratories will allow scientists 

to delve deeper into the processes occurring within the universe.” He 

revealed that PROTON 111, launched July 6, would attempt to experimentally detect quark^,^^ fundamental particles believed to appear during 

collision of cosmic ray particles with atoms of interstellar environment. 

Spacecraft carried “new, complicated instrumentation which is more 

sensitive than the old equipment.” (Tass, 6/8/66) 

Oklahoma City welcomed home a favorite son, GEMINI IX Astronaut Thomas 

P. Stafford, and conferred honorary state citizenship on his crewmate 

Eugene A. Cernan. Both astronauts were inducted into the National 

Cowboy Hall of Fame, dedicated to the memory of Western frontiersmen. (AP, NYT, 7/9/66, 29) * 

Aeronautical exhibition tracing aviation’s history from supercharger to 

turbojet opened in new Hall of Aeronautical Propulsion at Smithsonian 

Institution, Washington, D.C. (Wash. Post, 7/9/66, B2) 

ITT had protested to U.S. Comptroller General that DOD decision to purchase communications services directly from ComSatCorp was contrary 

to recent FCC decision requiring all Federal agencies to buy services 

from international carriers. ( WSJ, 7/8/66) 

July 8-10: During plenary meeting in Paris, ELDO members agreed to (1) 

expand the present rocket development program from three-stage 

Europa 1 to five-stage ELDO Asp capable of launching 200-kg. (440-lb.) 

comsats by 1971 or 1972; (2) limit ELDO spending to $331 million and 

cut U.K.’s contribution from 39% to 27%; and (3) launch their comsats 

from base in French Guiana. U.K.-which had threatened to withdraw 

-announced decision to remain in ELDO. (AP, Kansas City Star, 

7/10/66; Tech. Wk., 7/18/66, 20) 

July 9: Sun had blinded GEMINI IX Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford and 

Eugene A. Cernan for more than two minutes of the critical liftoff 

period June 3, preventing them from reading control gauges or dials, 

KSC officials disclosed. As a result, NASA was considering fitting outside 

of spacecraft windows with tinted coverings on launchings when sun 

might be a serious problem. Coverings would be sprung free of windows 

when spacecraft had achieved orbit. Cernan’s suggestion of sunglases 

would probably be rejected, NASA said, because it would be impossible 

to wear them under helmets. (NYT, 7/10/66, 45) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 237 

July 9: ComSatCorp would conduct communications test in which U.S. and 

European computers would “talk with each other” for a month in fall 

1966 via EARLY BIRD I comsat, reported New York Times. Test could lead 

to daily exchange by satellite of business, scientific, and technical information, and to establishment of U.N. “voice of peace” agency-a world 

bank of medical, technical, and educational knowledge-proposed at 

November 1965 White House conference on international cooperation. 

(Clark, NYT, 7/10/66, 43) e William A. Hyman, internationally known air and space lawyer and 

author, died in New York City. (AP, Wash. Post, 7/11/66) 

July 10: William R. Berry reached 19,000-ft. altitude before landing his hotair balloon “City of San Francisco” near Antioch, CaIif., after 65-min., 

30-mi. flight from Livermore, Calif. If endorsed by National Aeronautic 

Assn., altitude would break 15,600-ft. world record for hot-air balloons 

set by Don Piccard in 1965. (AP, Wash. Post, 7/11/66, A8) 

L/C Vladimir Komarov, pilot-cosmonaut on U.S.S.R. VOSKHOD I space 

flight Oct. 12-13, 1964, told second Japan-U.S.S.R. youth festival at 

Lake Yamanaka, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, that U.S.S.R. soon 

would softland an unmanned spacecraft on moon and return it to earth, 

then make similar flight with dog. Commenting on U.S. rendezvous 

and docking achievements, Komarov said: “The United States experiment was a very interesting one. But I do not believe that in the series 

of plans to conquer space the Soviet Union is behind the United States.” 

(Tass, 7/14/66; SBD, 7/25/66, 122) 

July 11: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from Churchill Research Range reached 126-mi. (202-km.) altitude in NASA-UniV. of 

Michigan experiment to measure ambient neutral and ion composition and density as function of altitude and compare data with those 

obtained on February 1965 fights. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

July 12: NASA Javelin sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station 

reached 631-mi. (1,015-km.) altitude in Univ. of Pittsburgh-Syracuse 

Univ. experiment to observe ionization levels of exospheric helium. 

Rocket and instrumentation performance was satisfactory, with 18-min. 

telemetry signal. Unanticipated high-energy electron particles were 

measured, and data were under study to determine their source. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

e U.S. and U.S.S.R. introduced their draft space law treaties at opening 

session of U.N. Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space’s Legal Subcommittee, meeting in Geneva to discuss peaceful cooperation in exploring the moon and other celestial bodies. US. Ambassador Arthur J. 

Goldberg told Subcommittee that although drafts were differeni in scope, 

they could be re2onciled if there were good will and common purpose to 

reach agreement. Soviet representative Platon Morozov charged US. 

should not speak of peace in outer space while continuing its “shameful 

aggressive war on the peaceful people of Vietnam.” (Reuters, NYT, 

7/12/66; Wash. Post, 7/13/66, A23) 

X-15 No. 1 was flown to 3,652 mph (mach 5.34) and 130,000-ft. altitude 

by Maj. William .I. Knight (USAF) to check out electrical loads, nonglare 

glass, stick kicker, and shade window. (X-15 Proj. Off.) * M2-F2 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot Milton 0. Thompson, 

was successfully air-launched from B-52 bomber at 45,000-ft. altitude 

and maneuvered into 200-mph landing four minutes later in hst free 
238 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

flight at Edwards AFB. Thompson, Chief Project Pilot for FRC’s Lifting 

Body Program, noted that “With today’s test we have just about completed our whole test program . . . the next area to be explored is 

whether such a craft could survive reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere.” 

The 2%-ton wingless vehicle was being studied “to establish the 

technological base” for design of future spacecraft and to ferry men and 

equipment between earth and satellites. (FBC Release 14-66; AP, NYT, 

7/13/66, 1; Tech. Wk., 7/18/66, 17) 

Jub 12: USAF launched unidentified satellite with Atlas-Agena D booster from 

WTR. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 153) 0 NASA had tentatively selected six experiments to be carried on two Mariner 

Mars spacecraft scheduled for launch by Atlas-Centaur boosters between 

early February and mid-April 1S69: two television cameras, infrared 

spectrometer, infrared radiometer, ultraviolet spectrometer, celestial 

mechanics experiment, and S-band occultation experiment. Experiments were selected to extend knowledge of Martian atmosphere and 

visible features of Martian terrain and to gather additional data to continue planning for landing instrumented capsules on the planet. JPL had 

project management responsibility for Mariner Mars 1969 missions. 

(NASA Release 66-174) 0 NASA had selected Garrett Corp., Los Angeles, Calif., for negotiation of 

$15-million contract for final design, development, construction, and 

testing of small research ramjet engines under Hypersonic Research 

Engine Project directed by NASA Hq. OART. Engines-which were to be 

compatible for mounting beneath aft fuselage of X-15 No. 2-would be 

useful for hypersonic transport aircraft, boosters, and for spacecraft 

flying within earth’s atmosphere. (NASA Release 66-182) 

Paramount objective of NASA’s Apollo program was not to land man on the 

moon before U.S.S.R. but to make “US. first in space by the end of this 

decade, and to make this pre-eminence unmistakably clear to all the 

world,” NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., told IEEE 

Aerospace Systems Conference in Seattle, Wash. Apollo program was a 

means of acquiring the ability to operate in space on a variety of 

missions, Dr. Seamans explained: “. . . we are building much more than 

a rocket and a spaceship. We are developing, in government, in industry, in our universities, one of the most remarkable teams that has 

ever been assembled. There are more than 400,000 men and women, 

20,000 industrial companies, and more than 150 universities actively 

engaged in the NASA program. More than 90 percent of NASA’s five-billiondollar-a-year budget goes to contractors.” He warned against failing to 

look beyond the near-term goal of manned lunar exploration and said: 

“Programs of the future must be determined within the total context of 

national need and the availability of resources. The Nation’s interest in 

space projects, and the level of support accorded them must in the long 

run be related to tangible benefits that can be derived from the emerging 

technical and operational capabilities.” (Text) 

U.S. had reaped many unexpected benefits from NASA’s manned spaceflight program, NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., 

told Federal Executive Board in Seattle, Wash. Specifically, NASA was 

(1) “making a definite effort to stimulate the development of technology 

generally . . . [and had] set up what may well be a unique, formal endeavor to transfer technology which has been developed in the space 

program to more general usage in the industrial community . . . (2) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 239 

striving to promote a rising educational level among the people . . . (3) developing industrial skills, management techniques, and a high 

degree of quality control that are of immense benefit to the Nation in 

such mundane things as washing machines, television sets, transistor 

radios, and other household items . . . (4) helping to assure the country 

of a hard core of engineers and scientists, technicians and managers, 

laboratories and industrial facilities, which have responded to the 

challenge of working on important projects in aeronautics and astronautics. . . .” (Text) 

July 12: Five leading European aerospace companies announced formation 

of consortium to seek European space contracts. Called the European 

Satellite Team, group’s major goal was $l8-million design and construction contract for ESRO’S 800-lb. TD-1 and TD-2 research satellites 

scheduled for launch by NASA in 1969 and 1970. Consortium was composed of Elliott-Automation, U.K.; Compagnie Francaise ThomsonHouston, France; Fokker, Netherlands; Allmanna Svenska Elektriska, 

A.B., Sweden; and Fabbrica Italiana Apparecchi Radio, Italy. General 

Electric Co.’s Missile and Space Div. would serve as consultant. (Wilford, NYT, 7/13/66; Chic. Trib., 7/13/66) 

Jzdy 12-13: NASA launched five Nike-Apache sounding rockets from NASA 

Wallops Station between 9:00 p.m. and 5:OO a.m. EDT. Each rocket was 

programed to eject a vapor cloud of reddish or bluish color as its 

altitude increased from 50 to 125 mi. Experiments were to measure wind 

velocities and directions at various altitudes; motion of the trails was 

photographed from five camera sites within a 100-mi. radius of Wallops. 

Launches were conducted for GCA Corp., under contract to GSFC. (NASA 

Release 66-181; Wallops Release 66-38) 

July 13: Vice President Hubert Humphrey told group of young scientists 

visiting Washington, D.C., under National Youth Science Camp program to devote some of their talents to solving problems on earth as well 

as in space. “If we can put a Surveyor on the moon to take pictures, why 

can’t we get some one in from La Guardia Airport to downtown New 

York City before he collects his old age pension . . . we must try to 

harness our divergent and separated resources and our energies to solve 

the problems of our earthly environment.” The Vice President forecast 

scientific break-throughs for the year 2000, including the elimination of 

bacterial and viral diseases, the correction of hereditary defects, landing 

of men on Mars, farming of the ocean, manufacture of synthetic proteins, control of weather on regional basis, and creation of life in the 

laboratory. (Text) 

* NASA would negotiate $1.25-million contract with Texas Instruments, Inc., 

for design, fabrication, and testing of telemetry subsystem for 1969 

Mariner missions to Mars. Motorola, Inc., was selected for design, 

fabrication, and testing of command subsystem for Mariner spacecraft 

under SB2-million contract. Both contracts would be managed by JPL. 

(NASA Release 66-186) 

NASA had assigned MSFC project management of Apollo Telescope Mount 

(Am) for ApoUo Applications (Aa) missions. A combination of accurate, 

high-resolution, solar-oriented telescopes, Atm would be attached to 

spacecraft so that astronauts could manually adjust it to select and 

focus upon a specific area on the sun. (NASA Release 66-185) 

More than 1,500 building tradesmen staged one-day strike at KSC to protest NASA’s method of awarding construction contracts. Work on three 
240 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

key Apollo projects was delayed by walkout, which had been called by 

Brevard (County) Building and Construction Trades Council, but preparations for July 18 Gemini X mission continued uninterrupted. (UPI, 

NYT, 7/14/66,21) 

July 13: Nation’s most modern ship for oceanographic research, USC&GS 

Oceanographer, was commissioned at Washington [D.C.] Navy Yard in 

commemoration of Environmental Science Services Administration’s 

(ESSA) first anniversary. President Johnson, speaking at the ceremony, 

called for international cooperation in oceanographic research and invited 11 nations, including U.S.S.R., to participate in first round-theworld expedition of the new research ship. (Text; ESSA Release 66-41) 

July 14: Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station 

carried 52-lb. variable frequency impedance probe to 121-mi. (195-km.) 

altitude in cooperative West German-US. experiment to measure 

electron density in the ionosphere. NASA furnished two radio propagation 

experiments and sounding rocket; West Germany furnished probe. 

There was no exchange of funds between cooperating a@nCieS-NASA 

and West German Federal Ministry for Scientific Research. Results 

would be made available to world scientific community. (NASA Release 

66-188; Wallops Release 66-40) 

0 USAF’S OV1-VIIIT satellite was launched with Atlas D booster from Vandenberg AFB into near-circular retrograde orbit: apogee, 627 mi. (1,009 

km.) ; perigee, 619 mi. (996 km.) ; period, 105 min.; inclination, 144”. 

Balloon-shaped satellite-made of soft aluminum wire mesh covered 

with a plastic “skin” which disintegrated after inflation-would act as a 

passive comsat to reflect signals transmitted to it between earth stations, 

determine whether wire would be rigid enough to maintain spherical 

shape, and test theory that Cc~pen-me~h” structure would reduce drag 

and solar pressure in space environment. (AFSC Release 140.66) 

COSMOS CXXIV was launched into earth orbit by U.S.S.R. for continued 

space research. Orbital parameters: apogee, 303 km. (188 mi.) ; perigee, 

208 km. (129 mi.); period, 89.4 min.; inclination, 51.8”. Instruments 

were functioning normally. (Tass, 7/14/66) 

0 NIMBUS 11 meteorological satellite, launched by NASA May 15, completed 

primary test objective of two months (800 orbits) continuous operation; 

all subsystems were operating according to plan. The 912-lb., lO-ft.-tall 

satellite had traveled more than 20 million mi., taken more than 150,000 

pictures, and received more than 23,000 commands from ground controllers. NIMBUS 11 was now being readied for extensive infrared photo 

coverage of hurricane breeding areas in Atlantic Ocean. (NASA Proj. Off.; 

NASA Release 66-187; Marshall Star, 7/27/66, 3) 

First anniversary of first close-up photos of Mars taken by NASA’s MARINER IV 

from distance of 134 million mi. Spacecraft was launched Nov. 28, 1964. 

(NYT, 7/26/66,49) 

0 All participants in the Gemini X mission rehearsed their parts in preparation for July 18 flight. Astronauts John Young and Michael Collins went 

over flight plan from liftoff to splashdown and conducted review of all 

spacecraft systems. (Wilford, NYT, 7/15/66, 11) 0 New program to disseminate information to industry was initiated by NASA 

and AEC’S Argonne National Laboratory. Purpose was to identify technological innovations resulting from Argonne’s research and development projects; prepare brief, business-oriented summaries of innovations; and distribute them to industry. Summaries-to be known as 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 241 

AEC-NASA Tech Briefs-would contain information not customarily reported in scientific literature such as descriptions of devices, processes, 

and techniques developed to meet specific or engineering needs at 

Argonne and would be combined with similar information currently 

published by NASA. (NASA Release 66-183) 

Jdy 14: Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Deputy Administrator, told World 

Affairs Council in Los Angeles US. civil space program “affords perhaps 

the most effective global projection of the American personality and the 

American achievement today . . . CCThelements of this favorable projection are the openness with 

which the program is conducted, the direct benefits to others through 

space communications and weather systems, the willingness to share 

both research and results in projects of mutual interest, the energetic 

forward thrust toward technological and managerial pre-eminence, and . . . the evidence of high national purpose.” (Text) 

0 If MSFC Director Dr. Wernher von Braun should obtain assignment to 

develop an orbital payload capability between Uprated Saturn 1’s 

35,000-40,000 lbs. and Saturn V’s 250,000-275,000 lbs., “the art of 

rocketry will take a step backward, a promising branch of space technology will suffer another reversal, and the American taxpayer will be 

several hundred million dollars poorer,” wrote William Hines in the 

Washington Evening Star. Hines contended that both von Braun’s suggestions-increasing the thrust of the Uprated Saturn I at cost of $1.5 

billion or reducing the capability of the Saturn V at cost of $3.25 billion 

-would be “fantastically expensive.” He suggested that, “assuming 

that there actually is need for an 80,000-100,000-pound orbital capability, this requirement could be filled more cheaply, and sooner, by 

pushing development of the solid [propellant] rocket. . . .” (Hines, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 7/14/66, A14) 

July 15: NASA Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR carried GsFc-instrumented 

payload to 90-mi. (145-km.) altitude in experiment to measure spectral 

irradiance of stars Alpha Lyrae, Lambda Scorpii, Zeta Ophiuchi, and 

Delta Scorpii. Flight marked first successful operation above earth’s 

atmosphere of Star Tracking Rocket Attitude Positioning (Strap) system. The 330-lb. telescope device telemetered almost 80 sec. of ultraviolet data and was recovered undamaged about 55 mi. from launch 

site for reuse in fall 1966. Data would give experimenters information 

on star surface temperatures, gravitational field intensity, and relative 

ages. (NASA Rpt. SRL; GSFC Release G-16-66) 0 50th anniversary of founding of Boeing Co. (EH) 

Possible explanation of astronaut’s inability to see stars on earth’s daylight 

side was presented by physics professors Edward P. Ney and W. F. Hugh 

in Science: a “spacecraft corona”-cloud of particles formed by waste 

materials shed from spacecraft-might produce glow that would hide 

stars dimmer than fourth magnitude. Corona had been discovered by 

former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., who reported during his Feb. 20, 

1962, orbital mission in FRIENDSHIP 7 that he was being accompanied by a 

cloud of “fireflies.” (Science, 7/15/66, 297-9) 0 Analysis of available evidence concerning possibility of an advanced form 

of life on Mars by Univ. of Maryland astronomy professor Dr. Ernst J. 

Opik appeared in Science. Dr. Opik said the most heavily eroded craters 

visible in photos taken by MARINER IV during the July 14, 1965, flyby 

dated from the earliest period of the planet’s history, implying that 
242 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Mars had never had a dense, moist, earth-like atmosphere for any extended period and would therefore be a poor prospect for life. Dr. Opik 

argued strongly for at least a primitive form of vegetation, citing in 

particular a region of 1.2 million sq. km. that had darkened rapidly from 

1946 to 1954. He likened this to the change a distant observer would 

have seen on earth as a consequence of the virgin lands development 

program in U.S.S.R. Vegetation was the best explanation for such 

changes; however, if it were not vegetation, “it must be something 

specifically Martian.” The planet, he added, ‘‘may become a source of 

great surprises in the future.” (Science, 7/15/66,255-65) 

July 16: Circular insignia of Project Apollo astronauts was displayed for first 

time at KSC. Capital letter “A” was in center with its crossbar formed 

by part of a curving track joining earth (at right) and moon (at left) of 

the “A.” Centered on the crossbar were three twinkling starssymbolic of the three-astronaut crew of each Apollo mission. Earth 

symbol was dominated by North American continent; moon was represented in third quarter phase with dark part dominated by a man’s 

profile. Moon, earth, and letter “A” were displayed against dark blue 

background studded with stars-representing outer space. Entire 

design was ringed by a circle with ccApolloy’ at top and “NASA” at 

bottom. (Wash. Eve. Star, 7/16/66, Al) 

July 16-1 7: Five vapor cloud experiments were launched from NASA Wallops 

Station on Nike-Apache sounding rockets between 8:56 p.m. and 5:08 

a.m. EDT. Vapor trails were ejected at altitude ranges of 30 to 130 mi. 

(48 to 209 km.) to measure wind velocities and directions. Data were 

obtained by photographing motion of trails from five camera sites within 

100-mi. radius of Wallops. Launches were conducted for GCA Corp. 

under contract to GSFC. (Wallops Release 66-41) 

July 17: IAM strike at KSC ended when an agreement was reached between 

Local 773 of IAM and TWA, sending 1,100 machinists back to work. 

Labor-management observers cited the local agreement as a “firsty7 for 

KSC. (KSC Historian) 0 Commenting on the tiny US. flag packed into SURVEYOR I which softlanded 

on the moon June 2, Sydney Harris said in the Sun Francisco Examiner 

& Chronicle: “If we begin to export nationalism to the moon, we are 

defeating the very purpose of science and exploration.” (Harris, S.F. 

Examiner & Chron., 7/17/66) 

July 18: NASA Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR carried two far-ultraviolet 

image converters to 83-mi. (134-km.) altitude in NRL experiment to obtain stellar spectra and photographs; rocket and instrumentation did not 

perform as expected, and no useful data were obtained. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 0 X-15 No. 3 was flown by NASA test pilot William H. Dana to 3,218 mph 

(mach 4.71) and 96,100-ft. altitude to check out MH inertial system, 

cockpit display, horizontal tail loads, and stick kicker. (X-15 Proj. off.) 

System of two interconnected balloons 815-ft. long designed to test parachute deceleration system of NASA’s Voyager spacecraft-scheduled to 

land on Mars in 1973-was lofted by USAF from Holloman AFB. Helium 

in small upper balloon inflated main balloon-largest ever launchedto 26-million-cu.-ft. capacity as both rose to 130,000-ft. altitude where 

atmosphere was believed to be as thin as that on Mars. 1,800-lb. simulated Voyager spacecraft payload was jettisoned by radio command 

seven hours after launch, successfully parachuted to earth, and was 

later recovered near Plymlix, Ariz. Main balloon rose to higher altitude 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 243 

and ruptured as expected. Parachute program was managed by uac; 

Voyager program by JPL. (Sullivan, NYT, 7/19/66; Av. Wk., 7/25/66, 

34) July 18: Probability statistics for astronaut reactions to Apollo lunar mission 

radiation based on NASA-sponsored study at AEC’S Oak Ridge National 

Institute of 2,100 persons exposed to radiation for medical reasons: 

basing estimates on a “better than 50% reaction of those exposed to 

each dose,” it appeared that a 100-Rad dose would produce loss of 

appetite; 150 Rads, nausea and vomiting; and 225 Rads, diarrhea. 

(Tech. Wk., 7/18/66, 4) 

House passed H.R. 14838 revising operation of National Science Foundation (NSF) to (1) give new emphasis to NSF’S basic missions; (2) strengthen 

and increase functions of National Science Board; (3) unify and 

strengthen operational authority of director; and (4) modify and streamline NSF’S organization and structure. (CR, 7/18/66, 15180-4) 

* John F. Stearns, former chief of National Referral Center at Library of 

Congress, became Director of NASA’s Science and Technology Information Div., Office of Technology Utilization. He succeeded Melvin S. Day, 

who had been appointed Deputy Assistant Administrator for Technology 

Utilization June 5. (NASA Ann.) e USAF’S Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) was “moving quietly but 

quickly toward its first test launch, now scheduled for Oct. 28 from 

Cape Kennedy,” Aviation Week reported. OperationaI Mol would consist 

of modified Gemini spacecraft connected to a ‘‘can-shapedyy laboratory. 

USAF astronauts, while orbiting in space, would pass through door in 

spacecraft’s heatshield to reach laboratory. October test would show 

whether configuration would endanger astronauts in spacecraft during 

reentry. (Av. Wk., 7/18/66, 25) 

Delays at major U.S. airports totaling 20 million minutes cost aircraft 

operators $63.6 million in 1965, FAA reported in a staff study. One 

third of total delays was caused by air traffic controls, and the remainder 

by airport limitations such as weather conditions, ground congestion, 

and construction. (FAA Release 66-68) 

July 18-21: GEMINI x rendezvous and docking mission-eighth manned flight 

in Gemini series-touched on all aspects of mission objectives for which 

two-man spacecraft was designed. Mission began at ETR’S Complex 14 

with launch by Atlas booster of Gemini Agena Target Vehicle (Gatv), 

followed 100 min. later by launch from Complex 19 of Titan I1 booster 

orbiting GEMINI x spacecraft with Astronauts John W. Young as command pilot and Michael Collins as pilot. GATV x was placed in nearcircular orbit with 187-mi. (301-km.) apogee; 180-mi. (290-km.) perigee; 

and 90.5-min. period. The 8,248-1b. GEMINI x was launched into elliptical 

orbit with initial apogee of 167 mi. (268 km.) and 99-mi. (159-km.) 

perigee. 

Maneuvers were executed as planned, with docking of GEMINI x and 

GATV x occurring at 5:58 GET. Only about 380 lbs. maneuvering fuel of 

940 lbs. at liftoff were left, whereas a 680-lb. remainder had been expected. An out-of-plane error had necessitated a major correction, with 

excessive fuel consumption. Mated spacecraft, using GATV X’S primary 

propulsion system, attained 476-mi. (766-km.) record altitude for 

manned flight. Burn of GATV x’s secondary propulsion system at 22:38 

GET brought docked configuration into same orbit as GATV vIrr-launched 

March 16 for GEMINI VIII mission-preparatory to later rendezvous. 
24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Standup Eva began at 23:27 GET with Collins photogra hing stellar 

of Eva when both he and Collins experienced severe watering and irritation of eyes from an unidentified source. Separation of GEMINI X-GATV xwhich had remained docked 38 min. 42 sec.-occurred at 44:40 GET. 

Series of maneuvers brought GEMINI x within 50 ft. of GATV VIII. 

Umbilical Eva began at 48:08 GET: Collins removed fairing from GATV 

VIII and retrieved micrometeoroid detection experiment-completing 

bst productive work ever accomplished on Eva mission. Collins lost Eva 

camera; photographic coverage was limited to pictures taken by Young 

from spacecraft. Eva was terminated after 28 min. to conserve maneuvering fuel; 50 lbs. had been used, as against 35 lbs. estimated consumption 

for planned 55 min. 

Third hatch opening of mission occurred when astronauts, cramped 

by unstowed equipment, jettisoned 12 items. 

Reentry July 21 after 70 hrs. 47 min. in space and 43 revolutions was 

normal. At 5:07 p.m. EDT, GEMINI x splashed down in Atlantic Ocean 

544 mi. east of Cape Kennedy-less than three miles off target and five 

miles from recovery ship U.S.S. Guadalcanal. Within minutes, USN 

pararescue team dropped from helicopters had attached flotation collar 

to spacecraft, and Young and Collins were transported by helicopter to 

recovery ship. 

GEMINI x had accomplished (1) two rendezvous, one involving longest 

docking yet achieved, the other a close approach to a passive satellite 

from which an object was retrieved; (2) two Eva exercises; (3) successful 

maneuvering by astronaut from one spacecraft to another and back; 

and (4) use of powered, fueled satellite to provide primary and secondary 

propulsion for docked s acecraft. (NASA Release 66-179; NASA Proj. Off.; 

Wilford, NYT, 7/19/69 1; Hines, Wa%h. Eve. Star, 7/19/66, Al, A3; 

7/20/66, Al, A6; Wilford, NYT, 7/20/66, 1; Reistrup, Wash. Post, 

7/22/66, Al, A4; Av. Wk., 7/25/66, 26-30) 

July 19: House-Senate Conference Committee on NASA authorization 

reached agreement on a $5,000,419,000 FY 1967 bill. Compromise was 

$11.581 million below original NASA request; $13.5 million above House 

version; and $7.5 million below Senate version of bill. The $18 million 

for 1967 Mariner Venus flyby mission that House Science and Astronautics Committee’s Space Science and Applications Subcommittee had 

sought to cancel was restored. Three main additions to NASA’s request 

were $13 million for Voyager program; $4 million for 260-in. solid-propellant motor development; and $2 million for Snap8 nuclear electric 

generator program. Conference report (H.R. 14324) would be debated in 

House and Senate. (CR, 7/20/66, 15551-4) 

NASA had selected Philco Corp. for negotiation of $35-million, incentive-fee 

contract for “continued systems engineering and operational support” 

of Mission Control Center at MSC. (NASA Release 66-190) 

M2-F2 lifting body vehicle was successfully air-launched from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft. altitude in second glide flight at Edwards AFB. Purposes 

of flight, piloted by NASA research pilot Milton 0. Thompson, were 

determination of lateral stability control, longitudinal trim, vehicle 

performance, and landing characteristics, and checkout of onboard 

systems. (NASA Proj. Off.) * NASA &shall Space Flight Center awarded Bendix Corp. and Boeing CO. 

six-month, $350,000 contracts for parallel studies to “develop specificaultraviolet radiation through open hatch. Young ordere z termination 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 245 

July 21: GEMINI x spacecraft, its heatshield forward, aboard recovery ship U.S.S. Guaddcanal. 

tions and drawings” for vehicles being proposed to transport astronauts 

on lunar surface. (MSFC Release 66-157) 

July 20: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched from Churchill 

Research Range in engineering test preceding series of five GSFC launches 

to measure intensity and energy spectra of low-energy proton, helium 

nuclei, and heavier nuclei during Polar Cap Absorption event. Rocket 

performance was near predicted; however, nose cone did not retract 

because of override switch heating problem, and data were poor in 

quality. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 
2% ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

July 20: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS cxxv carrying scientific instruments for 

continued study of outer space into circular orbit with 250-km. (155-mi.) 

altitude, 89.5-min. period, and 65” inclination. Instruments were functioning normally. (?‘ass, 7/20/66) 

28-member Legal Subcommittee of the U.N. Committee on the Peaceful 

Uses of Outer Space began article-by-article examination of drafts by 

US. and U.S.S.R. for proposed treaty governing exploration of space. US. Ambassador to U.N. Arthur J. Goldberg announced that US. had 

agreed to extend negotiations beyond proposal for treaty to ban military 

use of moon and other celestial bodies to cover “space itself along 

the lines proposed by the Soviet Union.” Agreed text would be presented to U.N. General Assembly in New York in September. (NYT, 

7/22/66, 11) 

NASA announced appointment of Maj. Michael J. Adams (USAF), pilot in 

USAF’S Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) program, to X-15 research 

program, replacing Capt. Joe H. Engle (USAF), who had transferred to 

MSC April 4 to become an astronaut. Following extensive training program, Major Adams would become 12th man to fly the rocket-powered 

aircraft. (FRC Release 15-66) 

*ARC’S new Hypervelocity Free ‘Flight Facility would be fully operational 

by the end of July, NASA announced. “Light-gas guns” would fire freeflying spacecraft models into three wind tunnels. Muzzle velocities up 

to 20,000 mph against an air stream flowing up to 10,000 mph in the 

opposite direction would enable models to achieve test speed of 30,000 , mph, simulating atmosphere reentry flight from moon or planets. 

(NASA Release 66-189; ARC Release 66-10) 

Flight plan for Lunar Orbiter I, scheduled for launch between Aug. 9 and 

Aug. 13, had been changed to shift trajectory for mission so photographic spacecraft would pass over SURVEYOR I twice. Stereographic 

photos, with resolution down to three feet, could thus be obtained. 

First seven areas selected for Lunar Orbiter photography remained 

unchanged and included examples of all major types of lurain to permit 

assessment of suitability for Apollo manned landing missions. (NASA 

Release 66-193) 0 France exploded an atomic bomb, air-dropped over her test site at Mururoa 

Atoll in the Pacific, almost directly under flight path of GEMINI x one 

hour before the spacecraft passed. NASA, advised of the impending test, 

had warned Astronauts John W. Young and Michael Collins to “keep 

your heads down” and “not to look at the earth while flying over the 

atoll.” ( WSJ, 7/22/66, 1; Sullivan, NYT, 7/20/66, 22) 

0 House passed $58.6 billion DOD FY 1967 appropriation bill (H.R. 15941) 

-almost $1 billion more than the Administration had requested and 

largest since World War 11-by 393 to 1 vote. Negative vote was cast 

by Rep. George E. Brown, Jr. (D-Calif.), who was registering opposition 

to Vietnam war. (CR, 7/20/66, 15516-51) 

0 Achievements in space since first flight in Gemini series March 1965 had 

been ‘rphenomenal,” stated Washington Post editorial: ‘r. . . the people 

of this country can feel pride in the officials of. . . [NASA] who have 

deliberately but confidently advanced the space program without 

catering to pressures for spectacular stunts. The total achievement, in 

and of itself, is spectacular beyond the wildest hopes of a few years 

ago.” (Wash. Post, 7/20/66, A20) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 241 

July 21: US. and U.S.S.R. agreed in discussions at Geneva to treaty article 

on exploration of space barring any state from claiming sovereignty 

over space, including the moon and planets. Article was also approved 

by 28-nation U.N. Legal Subcommittee drawing up treaty from draft 

accords submitted by US. and U.S.S.R. Subcommittee also accepted 

article binding states to conduct space exploration in accordance with 

international law and in the interest of international peace. (Reuters, 

NYT, 7/22/66, 8) 

* Maj. William J. Knight (USAF) flew X-15 No. 2 to 3,614 mph (mach 5.12) 

and 192,300-ft. altitude for pilot altitude buildup, star tracker experiments, and base drag studies. (X-15 Proj. Off.) 

* House adopted joint House-Senate conference report (H.R. 14324) on 

1967 NASA authorization by voice vote. Authorization was $5,000,419,- 

0 MSFC awarded Emerson Electric Co. a 10-wk., $34,990 study contract to 

determine feasibility of recovering small metallic coupons from wings 

of PEGASUS III meteoroid-detection satellite, orbited by NASA July 30, 

1965. Using sample wing with attached coupons, Emerson wodd analyze 

possible approaches an astronaut could make to satellite and types of 

equipment he would need to perform coupon-retrieving mission. (MSFC 

Release 66-162) 

Application of space age technology to traffic control was near, Chairman 

of the Board of the Ford Motor Co. Henry Ford I1 told the Young Men’s 

Business Club of Greater New Orleans meeting in New York. He said 

plans would soon be presented to the Government for a nationwide 

traffic control system based on earth survey satellites for aerial reconnaissance. They would be linked by computers to urban traffic control 

centers and ‘*to the stoplight in the corner and even the car radio. . . . As fantastic as it may seem, we believe such a system will be technically 

feasible and economically sound.” Technical capacity for development 

of system had been gained from experience of the Philco Corp., a Ford 

subsidiary, in designing and operating MSC’S Flight Control Center. 

Philco’s communication system was being used on Gemini ’missions. 

(NYT, 7/22/66, 27) 

NSF announced that, under $5.4-million contract awarded Univ. of 

California’s Scripps Institute of Oceanography, scientists would bring 

up core samples from 1,OOO to 3,000 ft. below Atlantic and Pacific 

ocean floors. Two-year drilling program, to begin in 1967, was outgrowth 

of Project Mohole. (Wash. Post, 8/22/66, A7) * The Will Rogers, 41st and last of Nation’s Polaris ballistic missile submarines, was christened in Groton, Conn., ceremony by Mrs. Hubert H. 

Humphrey. Launching culminated 8%-yr. construction program of 

nuclear-powered submarines capable of indefinite submergence and 

equipped with 16 2,500-mi.-range missiles with nuclear warheads. 

(Baldwin, NYT, 7/21/66, 5) 

July 22: Senate approved by voice vote $5,000,419,000 1967 NASA authorization recommended in joint House-Senate conference report (H.R. 

14324). Bill was then sent to White House for President Johnson’s signature. (CR, 7/22/66, 15981-4; Wash. Post, 7/23/66, A6) 

* GEMINI x Astronauts John W. Young and Michael Collins flew from 

recovery ship U.S.S. Guadalcanal to KSC to begin 10 days of debriehg 

on July 18-21 mission. (Strothman, Wash. Post, 7/23/66, A3) 

000. (CR, 7/21/66, 15887-96) 
248 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

July 22: First move of 41)2-ft.-high, 9-million-lb. mobile service structure by 

crawler-transporter from parking area at KSC to Pad 39-A. (KSC Historian; 

Av. Wk., 8/1/66, 27) 

NASA responded to 47 questions on post-Apollo programs submitted by 

Space Science and S ace Technology panels of President’s Science 

Advisory Committee; Xibliography of advanced study contract reports 

was appended to 107-page document. Information would be used in 

preparation of PSAC report on post-Apollo goals. (Text) 0 Implications of the GEMINI x mission received editorial comment. 

Watertown [N.Y.] Daily Times: “The mind and the body of man 

have demonstrated once again what brilliance and discipline can accomplish. They have also demonstrated once again that fear born out of 

ignorance is overcome by those who will prepare themselves through 

training and perseverance.” ( Watertown Daily Times, 7/22/66) 

Los Angeles Times: GEMINI x flight moved US. ‘‘a few steps closer to 

the goal of landing a man on the moon before 1970,” and it showed the 

time had come to look “beyond the Apollo moon landing, and to map 

new goals for manned spaceflight.” (L.A. Times, 7/22/66) 

New York Times: “Useful work” accomplished by Michael Collins in 

retrieving micrometeoroid experiment from GATV VIII portended the 

day when “men working in space will put huge structures together, 

joining vehicles and parts that were rocketed separately and even at 

widely separated intervals.” Use of GATV X’S propulsion system to power 

docked GEMIM X-GATV x “opens breathtaking new possibilities in both 

the economics and technology of tomorrow’s space travel.” (NYT, 

7/22/66,28M) 

July 23: U.S.S.R. objected to a US. proposal to allow military equipment 

to be used on the moon or other celestial bodies for peaceful purposes, 

Platon Morozov, deputy acting permanent U.S.S.R. U.N. representative, 

told the Legal Subcommittee of the U.N. Committee on the Peaceful 

Uses of Outer Space meeting in Geneva to draft a treaty governing outer 

space exploration. He said such a provision would create a loophole 

for violations; he was prepared, however, to accept with a few minor 

modifications other provisions of US. draft article. (Reuters, Wash. 

Post, 7/23/66) 

Locating GATV VIII during Gemini X flight was called “a major feat of 

three-dimensional navigation” in a Hartford Times editorial, which 

said “use of Agena 8’s fuel also brings closer the day when manned 

laboratories permanently parked in orbit around the earth will be in 

use for purposes both experimental and immediately useful.” (Hartford 

Times, 7/23/66) 

July 23-27: Three-axis stabilization for NASA’s OGO 111 spacecraft was incapacitated after 46 days of flawless operation by failure of a magnetic amplifier which shorted out the attitude control system power inverter. Backup spin stabilization system was activated July 27, and reorientation 

affected only six experiments. Primary scientific objectives were expected to be achieved, and spacecraft’s spin axis would be reoriented in 

late December to increase power input. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

Ju~ 24: Launch crews began erecting Titan I1 booster on Pad 19 at ETR 

in preparation for September launch of Gemini XI mission. (AP, 

Houston Post, 7/24/66) 

US. Astronaut Alan Shepard and Soviet Cosmonaut Boris Yegorov had 

same positive response to Parade editor Jess Gorkin’s suggestion that 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 249 

an American and a Russian fly together in the same spacecraft. Shepard, 

contacted at MSC, said it would be of ‘‘enormous value.” Yegorov indicated that U.S.S.R. might already be preparing for joint space exploration, 

saying: “If the Americans are really keen on the idea of joint flights, 

they had better start learning Russian. All of us are studying English 

already.” (Anderson, Parade, 7/24/66, 4-5) 

July 24: Harris poll indicated that Americans, in case of national emergency, 

favored first curtailing space and aid-to-cities programs and last curtailing 

health-assistance and college-education aid programs. (Parade, 7/24/66) 

July 25: Boosted Arcas 2 rocket was successfully launched for first time 

from WSMR. Equipped with new Marc 42A1 1st stage, rocket carried 16- 

lb. payload to 90-mi. (145-km.) altitude. (Tech. Wk., 8/1/66, 10) 0 SURVEYOR I bounced two to three inches upward on first impact with 

lurain June 2, JPL announced. According to data returned by 620-lb. 

spacecraft, signals generated by strain gauges indicated the three 

shock-absorber legs had all landed simultaneously on a horizontal 

surface. Eight-inch-diameter circular footpads rebounded clear of surface before settling on moon. Spacecraft exerted pressure of about 

0.5 psi on lurain after it came to rest. Pressure of footpads at impact 

was about 8 psi. (AP, Wash. Post, 7/25/66, A3; Wash. Eve. Star, 

7/25/66, A12; AP, NYT, 7/25/66, C3; Tech. Wk., 8/1/66, 9) 

GEMINI X Astronauts John w. Young and Michael Collins flew from KSC 

to MSC for reunion with families and continued debriefing. News conference had been set for Aug. 1. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 7/25/66, A12) 

Editorial on five years of “outstanding service” by NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb appeared in Technology Week: “. . . it is time to state . . . our belief that Mr. James E. Webb has done an outstanding job as 

NASA Administrator. He has presided over an explosive growth of the 

agency which would have overwhelmed a less capable administrator; 

he has met and solved some exceedingly thorny management problems; 

he has dealt effectively with some of the world’s most temperamental 

scientists; he has successfully steered the space agency’s budget 

through the perils of both Administration and Congressional financing; 

he has given the space program a nationwide base of facilities and 

political strength; and, most important of all, he has forged a team 

which is writing an unparalleled record of technical accomplishment.. . .” (Coughlin, Tech. Wk., 7/25/66, 152) 

0 Ludlow King, head of Ludlow King Associates and former executive of 

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., had been appointed as a consultant 

to NASA. He would study means of making relationship between NASA 

and industry more effective. (NASA Ann.) 

0 MsFC had selected Boeing Co. and Westinghouse Electric Corp. for 

parallel feasibility studies of reflector satellite to provide illumination 

over land masses at night, Technology Week reported. Studies, which 

would be worth about $120,000 each for 90-day effort, would be made 

for NASA and DOD. (MSFC PAO; Tech. Wk., 7/25/66, 16) 

General Electric Co. announced ccsuccessful initial running” of 600,000- 

1b.-thrust GE4 turbojet engine developed under FAA contract. Engine 

“was started and accelerated to idle speed on July 18, and run up to 

100 per cent speed on July 20, nine days ahead of the contract testing 

date. . . .” GE was competing with Pratt & Whitney Div., United 

Aircraft Corp., for Government contract to build engine for Sst. (GE 

Release) 
250 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

July 25: Tribute was paid in Aviation Week to “some of the men whose 

efforts played a significant role in bringing the Surveyor program 

through its technical and managerial morass” to success: W. Eugene 

Giberson; Robert Garbarini; Benjamin Milwitzky; Rep. Joseph E. 

Karth (D-Minn.); Fred Adler; Leo Stoolman; James D. Cloud; John 

Bozajian; Richard Cheng; Robert Roney ; Ralph Colbert; Theodore F. 

Gautschi; Edward Pfund; Marshall Johnson; Richard Gunter; Robert 

J. Parks; Fielding Hedges; Thomas Lund; Donald Zimmet; Richard 

Davis; R. L. Roderick; Richard Iverson; R. E. Sears; and George 

Kerster. (Av. Wk., 7/25/66, 21) 

“Businesslike international negotiations” in Geneva to draft treaty 

ensuring peaceful exploration of space received comment in New York 

Times: “. . . Space law will help confine national rivalries within the 

edges of the atmosphere, beyond which all men must work together in 

the gigantic task of exploration, a task to which there is no conceivable 

end.” (NYT, 7/25/66,26) * General aviation (nonairline) pilots in 1965 flew record 2.6 billion miles 

in 16.7 million hours with 95,442 aircraft, while achieving lowest fatal 

accident rate in history, according to FAA% “Selected General Aviation 

Statistics.” The 8% increase during 1965-largest annual increase 

since 195P-included 382 million more miles and one million more 

hours than in 1964, with “business flying” continuing to be busiest 

segment of general aviation operations. (FAA Release 66-72) e Boeing Co.’s board of directors approved building 747 jet aircraft capable 

of carrying 350-490 passengers at speeds up to 600 mph. (UPI, Wush. 

Post, 7/26/66, A12) e About 80 US. companies were experimenting with crystal fibers to produce strong lightweight materials for aerospace use, the Wall Street 

Journal reported. Laboratory tests had shown that tiny crystal fibers 

added to metals and plastics produced rigid, almost unbreakable plastics 

and featherweight metals that remained hard under temperature and 

pressure extremes. (Martin, WSJ, 7/25/66, 1) 

US. domestic airlines flew 25 per cent more revenue passenger miles 

durin first six months of 1966 than during comparable 1965 period, 

passenger miles were flown during first half of 1966 by scheduled trunk, 

local service, and helicopter carriers compared with 24.1 billion 

revenue passenger miles during first half of 1965. (Av. Wk., 7/25/66, 

During week of July 25: Patent was granted to Wolfgang G. Offik, senior 

staff engineer for Chrysler Corp., for escape system to rescue workers 

from booster-launch gantry in case of explosion or fire. Equipment 

included series of rescue cabins, each suspended in its own cable at a 

different level in front of gantry. In emergency, workers and astronauts 

still outside spacecraft would enter cabins and drop in them into 

underground shelter, protecting them from flames on gantry and on 

ground. (Jones, NYT, 7/30/66,29) 

July 26: US. and U.S.S.R. agreed in principle that countries were internationally liable for damage caused to other states by objects they 

launched into outer space. U.S. accepted, with minor changes in wording, article on liability in Soviet treaty on space law under discussion 

in Geneva by Legal Subcommittee of U.N. Committee on Peaceful 

Uses of Outer Space. (Wash. Post, 7/26/66, A12) 

actor % ing to Air Transport Assn. report. Nearly 30.2 billion revenue 

40) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 251 

Jdy 26: At Pentagon ceremony, Chief of Naval Operations Ah. David L. 

McDonald presented astronaut wings to Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan 

(LCdr., USN) who set a world record for length of “walk in space” 

during June 3-6 GEMlNI IX-A mission. McDonald suggested to NASA 

officials that “you get your own Navy” for astronaut recovery operations. USN felt smaller ships not needed in the Vietnam war could be 

used as effectively for this task as the aircraft carrier and dozen ships 

assigned to NASA. 

Speaking later at NASA Hq., Cernan said that what a man needed in 

space to do useful work was a “three-point restraint system”- 

three points of contact with the spacecraft for stabilization. (Norris, 

Wush. Post, 7/27/66, Al, A6) 0 Negotiations were underway between LRC and Martin Marietta Corp. on 

a $150,000 study contract to investigate feasibility of obtaining data 

on Venusian atmosphere using “a balloon or other inflatable buoyant 

device or devices floating in the planet’s clouds.” (NASA Release 66-196) 

MSFC awarded Univ. of Michigan two-month, $29,930 study contract to 

develop 20-channel “infrared sensing technique to survey the earth’s 

natural resource^.^^ Operating on orbiting satellite, system would 

survey possible mineral deposits, analyze soil for growth potential, 

diagnose “health” of crops, and predict bountiful fishing areas. (MSFC 

Release 66-167) 0 Hundreds of people along Eastern seaboard reported sighting several 

Ufo’s. Robert A. Bennett, FAA watch supervisor at Fulton County 

(Ga.) Airport Tower, sighted three or four objects which slowly changed 

colors from red to green to blue. (UPI, Wush. Post, 7/27/66, A6) 

July 27: Eleven scientists formerly associated with the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and International Quiet Sun Year (IQSY) urged 

permanent cooperation in international studies of earth in letter to 

the London Times: “These worldwide cooperative scientific projects 

have shown conclusively that however many and serious are the 

political problems that trouble the human race, it is possible for’all 

the nations of the world to work closely together in great enterprises 

for the common good.” Signers included US. representatives on IGY 

Committee Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner, former chairman of the NAS Space 

Science Board, and Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Director for 

Space Science and Applications, and U.S.S.R. representatives Dr. 

Vladimir V. Belossov and N. V. Pushkov. (NYT, 7/27/66, 12) 0 WAF pilots Col. Robert L. Stephens and L/Col. Walter F. Daniel received 

official certificates from President Johnson for establishing three 

absolute and six jet-class world records May 1, 1965, in W-12A aircraft. Col. Stephens had set new speed record of more than 2,070 mph 

and new altitude record of 80,259 ft. Col. Daniel had set new speed 

records for straight course of over 2,000 mph and on closed course of 

1,688 mph. Records were formerly held by U.S.S.R. (Pres. DOC., 

8/ 1/66, 1000) 

Sydney (Australia) Univ. physicist Stuart Thomas Butler said that U.S., 

U.K., and U.S.S.R. were studying the possibility of using a “nuclear 

rocket’’ to prevent the asteroid Icarus from colliding with earth, UPI 

reported. Icarus would pass within four million miles of earth in June 

1968. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, world clearinghouse 

for all astrophysical information, said it had no knowledge the three 

nations were studying the possibility. Two authorities on asteroids, 
252 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Dr. Paul Herget, Univ. of Cincinnati, and Dr. Gerald Clemence, Yale 

Univ., said there was not “one chance in a billion” Icarus would strike 

earth. (WI, Chic. Trib., 7/28/66) 

July 27: Westinghouse Electric Corp.’s Defense and Space Center had developed a 7X-lb. TV camera that could be carried inside Apollo spacecraft 

and by astronauts as they explored the lurain. Prototype had been 

delivered to NASA and a commitment obtained for live TV coverage. 

(Gibbons, WSJ, 7/27/66, 1) 

July 28: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXXVI to “continue exploration of outer 

space” into earth orbit with 359-km. (223-mi.) apogee; 212-km. 

(132-mi.) perigee; 51.8” inclination; and 90-min. period. Equipment 

was functioning normally. (Tass, 7/28/66) 

X-15 No. 1 was flown by NASA test pilot John B. McKay to 3,682 mph 

(mach 5.19) and 241,800-ft. altitude. Mission objectives included 

micrometeoroid collection and evaluation of pace transducer, horizon 

scanner, nonglare glass, and stick kicker. (X-15 Proj. Off.) 

a NASA in conjunction with the Brazilian Space Commission and Canadian 

Research Council would launch 10 Nike-Cajun sounding rockets with 

80-lb. acoustic grenade payloads from Natal, Brazil; Churchill Research 

Range; Point Barrow, Alaska; and NASA Wallops Station. Four rockets 

would be launched from Churchill and two from each of the other sites. 

Experiments would begin whenever noctilucent clouds appeared over 

Churchill area and would be conducted over 24-hr. period. Project 

would be coordinated by GSFC. (NASA Release 66-199; Wallops Release 

ComSatCorp announced in financial statement that revenues from operating EARLY BIRD I comsat had totaled $2,107,000 for first half of 1966 

while income from temporary cash investments was $4,472,000. Cash 

and temporary cash investments totaled $186,534,000 on June 30. 

(ComSatCorp) 

a Expansion of behavioral and social research to keep pace with scientific 

and technical advance was urged by Dr. Eugene B. Konecci, NASC 

staff member, at NDEA Institute for Advanced Study in Industrial Arts 

Education at Univ. of Maryland. “One of the biggest problems confronting us,” he said, “is that we tend to train our young people for 

today’s world rather than prepare them for the new developments of 

the future. Aerospace systems approach can help to neutralize this 

problem by outlining the parameters and making a model to help 

predict the future requirements. . . . Fear of innovation is based 

generally on lack of knowledge, so we must educate our entire population to our rapidly changing world.” (Text; AFISD, 10/66) 

July 29: Saturn V 3rd stage (s-IVB) was static-fired for full flight duration at 

Douglas Aircraft Co.’s Sacramento, Calif., test facility, MSFC announced. 

During captive firing-simulating operation of propulsion system during normal 3rd stage flight in a lunar mission-stage burned 150 sec., 

shut down for 1%-hr. simulated coast period, then reignited and 

operated 290 sec. Stage was powered by Rocketdyne 5-2 hydrogenoxygen engine that would develop 200,000-lbs. thrust in flight. (MSFC 

Release 66-173) 

* First launch of USAF’S Titan 111-B-Agena launch vehicle from Vandenberg 

AFB placed an unidentified satellite into polar orbit. (SAC TWX; Av. Wk., 

8/8/66,29) 

66-42) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 253 

July 29: NASA pilots Robert Champine and Ron Gerdes were among 15 pilots 

participating in “extensive evaluation” of USA’s XV-5A V/Stol aircraft 

at Ft. Eustis, Va. Pilots’ observations and evaluations were being compiled and studied by USA “for application on future XV-SA tests” and 

V/Stol aircraft in general. Test program would continue through 

September 1966. (Langley Researcher, 7/29/66, 4) 

DOD announced that USA’s OV-1 Mohawk surveillance aircraft had 

claimed five new world aviation records: (1) time to climb 3,000 meters 

(9,842 ft.)-3 min. 46 sec.; (2) time to climb 6,000 meters (19,685 ft.) 

-9 min. 9 sec.; (3) sustained horizontal flight altitude-32,000 ft.; 

(4) nonstop straight-line distance-2,422 mi. at 255-mph average speed; and (5) average speed over 100-km. (63-mi.) closed-circuit 

course at 5,000-ft. altitude-292 mph. Records claimed had been filed 

with Fkdkration Akronautique Internationale under new category for 

land-based turboprop aircraft weighing 13,227 to 17,636 lbs. (DOD 

Release 643-66) 

NASA-sponsored space exhibit opened in Arts and Industries Building of 

the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; exhibit would begin 

US. tour Sept. 5. (EH) 

July 30: Dr. C. V. Raman, 1930 Nobel Prize winner in physics, said in 

convocation address at Indian Institute of Technology in Madras that 

it was “nothing but sheer raving lunacy” to spend millions of dollars 

“to shoot men into space and make them walk there.” Dr. Raman said 

it was “mere pretence’’ to say these exploits were intended to find out 

what was happening on the moon. “It is militarism, very thinly disguised.” Dr. Raman said he thought spaceflight was the “most sinister 

aspect” of the progress of science in the last 60 yrs. (NYT, 8/1/66,42) 

During July: Te6filo M. Tabanera, president of Argentina’s Comisi6n Nacional 

de Investigaciones Espaciales (CNIE) , reviewed accomplishments and 

current plans of space program in the Air University Review. Since 

creation of CNIE in 1960, Argentina had organized meetings to promote 

interest in space research and conducted experiments in aeronomy, 

ionospheric studies, cosmic radiation, and meteorology, launching 

balloons and rockets from Chamical Rocket Range. Current plans 

included: (1) continuation of Centaure sounding rocket launches for 

wind studies, using “luminous-trails” technique; (2) cooperation in 

inter-American experimental meteorological sounding rocket research 

network (EXAMETNET) under agreement with NASA to launch boosted 

Darts and Arcas rockets; and (3) launchings of sounding rockets to 

study cosmic radiation and ionospheric phenomena. (Air Univ. Review, 

7-8/66) 

Quasars, once believed rare, might account for 28 per cent of the radio 

sources in space, Dr. John D. Wyndham, research fellow at Cal Tech, 

reported on the basis of 10-mo. research project. Dr. Wyndham had 

located all 328 sources listed in Third Cambridge Catalog of Radio 

Objects, then identified many of them with visible light sources, increasing the number of identifications to more than 150. Identification 

of radio noise source with a visible light source was hst step in determining its distance and confirming that it was a quasar, he explained. 

(AP, NYT, 7/6/66, 35) 0 Six years of exploratory work at JPL and NASA centers on practical problems of landing on Mars was summarized by R. P. Thompson of JPL in 

Astronuutics & Aeronautics. He concluded that: (1) design of first 
254 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

lander should be simple and conservative, and capable of thorough 

testing so that no single failure mode would cause cccatastrophic failure 

of mission”; (2) independent backup should be provided for every 

critical event in landing sequence with fcselective’’ redundance to 

achieve high reliability; and (3) capsule should be instrumented to 

allow diagnosis of failures. (A&A, 7/66, 66-73) 

During Jdy: David H. Stoddard, M.D., Director of NASA Occupational 

Medical Division, cited in Hospital Topics two “ideal” physiological 

monitors developed in space medicine-biotelemetry, which permitted 

immediate observation of data, although subject was aware he was being 

monitored; and electrocardiocording, which did not allow immediate 

observation but “permits the subject to go where he pleases, do what he 

pleases and to almost forget that he is being monitored.” (Hospital 

Topics, 7/66, 39) 

Czechoslovakian radio correspondent Jan Petranek reported: “Usually 

well-informed Moscow circles have stated that in the next few years 

the Soviet Union will have a spaceship weighing 100 tons at its disposal.” (Wash. Post, 7/25/66, A2) 

Patent for system with direction finder that would assure ground stations 

continuous and efficient communication with orbiting satellites was 

granted electronics engineers Henry P. Hutchingson, Applied Research 

Lab., Sylvania Electronic Systems, and Dr. Paul R. Arendt, Army 

Electronic Command Labs., Fort Monmouth, N.J. Equipment could 

also correct “Doppler frequency effect” caused by relative movement 

of satellite and station. (Jones, NYT, 7/23/66, 29) 

* 60 per cent of the Nation’s commercial airlift capability was immobilized 

by the International Assn. of Machinists walkout, which began July 8. 

(Av. Wk., 7/25/66, 41) 
August 1966 

August 1: In MSC ceremony, NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. 

Seamans, Jr., presented GEMINI x Astronauts John W. Young and Michael 

Collins NASA Exceptional Service Medals for “outstanding contribution 

to space flight and engineering,” and the astronauts reviewed their 

July 18-21 mission for the press. Pilot Collins revealed that maneuvering difficulties during his walk in space had forced him to approach 

GATV VIII three times before successfully retrieving a micrometeoroid 

experiment. He felt the “basic problem” in Eva was that “without 

some sort of handholds or restraining devices, a large percentage of 

the astronaut’s time is going to be devoted to torquing his body around 

until it is in the proper position to do some useful work.” Command 

Pilot Young said mission’s fuel shortage had been caused by large 

out-of-plane error, not human error as previously believed: “We had 

to use a brute force method of rendezvous [with GATV XI. That takes 

quite a lot of fuel.” (Transcript) 

0 NASA had signed $339 million supplemental agreement with Chrysler 

Corp.’s Space Div. converting contract for production of Uprated Saturn 

I (Saturn IB) 1st stages (S-IB) from cost-plus-fixed-fee to cost-plusincentive-fee. Under contract managed by MSFC, Chrysler would manufacture, assemble, and test 12 stages and provide support services 

through February 1969. (NASA Release 66-201) 0 NASA selected Warrier Constructors, Inc., for final negotiations of a 

$3.5-million, cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to complete construction 

and equip a lunar receiving Iaboratory at MSC by end of 1967. A central 

complex where samples of lunar surface material collected by Apollo 

astronauts could be received, examined, and processed, laboratory 

would also be equipped to quarantine spacecraft and crew after flight 

to moon. (NASA Release 66-200) 0 USAF fired Minuteman I1 ICBM equipped with Mark 12 reentry vehicle 

from silo at ETR to target site about 5,000 mi. downrange. Test was 15th 

straight success for Minuteman 11. (AF News Bureau, NYT, 8/2/66, 2) 

In unpublished letter to Science, Dr. J. Allen Hynek, head of Northwestern Univ.’s Dept. of Astronomy and USAF consultant on Ufo’s since 

1948, criticized the “American scientific establishment” for failure to 

investigate persistent Ufo phenomena [see Oct. 211. (Lewis, Wush. 

Post, 8/29/66, A12) 

0 Radio Corp. of America was being awarded a $4,450,000 USAF definitive 

contract to supersede previously awarded letter contract for production 

of communication and electronic components for unspecified space 

satellites. Contract would be managed by ASFC’S Space Systems Div. 

(DOD Release 652-66) 

N. A. Zakharov, chief of Soviet Civil Aircraft Research Institute, an255 
256 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

nounced that U.S.S.R. would construct 220-passenger, 560-mph Tu-154 

subsonic airliner to replace the Tu-104, 11-18, and An-10. New Yak-40 

short-haul aircraft, designed to carry 24 passengers up to 375-mi. 

distances at 275 mph, was already under construction and would replace 

the Li-2 and An-2. (Pravda, 8/1/66, 6) 

August 1: Team of 33 US. technical experts from Lockheed Aircraft Corp. 

arrived in Noervich, W. Germany, to reorganize maintenance on 

F-104G Starfighter jet aircraft and correct “technical difficulties” 

which had caused crashes of 61 Starfighters and deaths of 36 Luftwaffe 

pilots since 1961. (Reuters, Wash. Post, 8/2/66, C1) 0 In reply to March 2 invitation by‘Fcc to submit comments on whether or 

not private entities should be allowed to establish special-purpose 

communications satellite systems for domestic use, 18 organizations 

filed responses. 

Ford Foundation proposed that consideration be given to formation 

of a nonprofit nationwide television system-operating under Broadcasters Nonprofit Satellite Service (BNs)--which would carry an 

extensive schedule of educational programs financed by transmission 

of commercial TV programs. Foundation contended FCC had power to 

authorize such a satellite system and that the act creating ComSatCorp 

had anticipated additional systems to meet unique national needs. 

ComSatCorp filed brief saying there was no legal basis for authorizing 

private organizations to establish special-purpose communications 

satellite systems for domestic use and that it would be in the public 

interest to assign ComSatCorp a monopoly on all such systems. Opinion 

was accompanied by full technical proposal for multi-use, high-capacity, 

four-satellite system for domestic distribution of TV, voice, and data 

signals that would be operational by 1970 at estimated cost of between 

$110 and $126 million. 

AT&T argued it would be against ccexpressed national policy” to 

authorize satellite systems outside the framework of commercial communications carriers and urged FCC “to conclude in this finding that 

there can be no authorization of private satellite systems.” 

Carnegie Commission on Educational Television said it was encouraging a study of a comsat system that would be specifically designed for 

noncommercial television. While conceding that national satellites 

might be advantageous in some cases, Carnegie Commission warned 

that such a system presented problems of “educational monopoly and 

centralized control of instructional and other material.” FCC was 

requested to take no definitive action until Carnegie’s forthcoming 

report on educational television was published in late 1966 or early 

1967. 

Briefs of broadcasting industry cited urgency for domestic satellite 

service to cut costs of distributing television and radio programs. This 

cost reduction for the three networks-css, ABC, and NBC-was estimated at approximately $50 million a year. NBC said a determination as 

to how this satellite service should be obtained could not be made in 

the abstract but “would depend on. . . a comparison of the respective 

merits of specific proposals.’’ 

National Assn. of Manufacturers told FCC that manufacturing community should have full freedom of choice either to lease channels from 

ComSatCorp directly or establish private systems. (CR, 8/2/66, 

17131-3; Gould, NYT, 8/2/66, 1, 18; Av. Wk., 8/8/66, 27-8) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 257 

August 1: All transatlantic flights out of major European ports of embarkation 

were sold out, and 2,100 tourists were stranded in Europe as a result of 

IAM strike against five major US. airlines which began July 8. (Av. Wk., 

8/8/66. 42) 

Auguit 2: NASA’; Lunar Orbiter A spacecraft was mated to its Atlas-Agena D 

booster in preparation for scheduled Aug. 9 launch from ETR. (Tech. 

Wk., 8/8/66, 3) 

NASA was negotiating with RCA for $13-million cost-plus-award-fee renewal 

of previous contract to operate and maintain three data acquisition 

facilities. Renewal called for engineering and operations services for 

NASA’s unmanned Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network 

(STADAN), operation of weather satellite control centers at GSFC, and 

operation and maintenance of tracking stations at Rosman, N. C., and 

Fairbanks, Alaska. (NASA Release 66-202) 

Dr. T. Keith Glennan, first NASA Administrator (1958-1961), was elected a 

director of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., producer of industrial 

gases and chemicals. Dr. Glennan was currently president of Associated 

Universities which operated Brookhaven National Laboratory for AEC 

and National Radio Astronomy Observatory under NSF sponsorship. 

(NYT, 8/3/66, 50) 

August 3: X-15 No. 2 was flown to 3,443 mph (mach 4.85) and 249,000-ft. 

altitude by Maj. William J. Knight (WAF) on star-tracking mission. 

(X-15 Proj. Off.) 

* Two tape recorders in NASA% NIMBUS 11 meteorological satellite had failed 

but spacecraft continued to transmit daytime and nighttime cloud-cover 

photos. Loss of first recorder, used to store data from Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (Mrir) , would prevent scientists from receiving 

information on earth’s heat balance, water vapor, and temperatures in 

the atmosphere. Failure of second recorder, used in measuring satellite’s engineering performance, would force NIMBUS 11 to transmit information each time it passed a ground station instead of storing it for more 

convenient playback. Since its launch by NASA May 15, NIMBUS 11 had 

met all mission objectives and transmitted more than 200,000 weather 

photos on a global scale. (NASA Release 66-203) 

First manned Apollo mission might be launched in late 1966, predicted 

Astronaut Virgil Grissom during news conference held by Apollo crew 

and backup crew at North American Aviation, Inc.’s Downey, Calif., 

facility. Mission was officially scheduled for 1967. (Transcript) 

Senate Committee on Appropriations reported FY 1967 Independent 

Offices Appropriation bill (H.R. 14921) , which included $4,991,600,000 

appropriation for NASA: $4,246,600,000 for R&D; $95,000,000 for construction of facilities; and $650,000,000 for administrative operations. 

(NASA LAR V/126) 

* Tokyo Univ.’s Institute of Space and Aviation announced successful 

launch of Japan’s first television-equipped sounding rocket: 1.4-ton 

rocket carried 22-lb. TV camera to 200-mi. (322-km.) altitude. (UPI, 

Wash. Post, 8/4/66) 

0 NASA modified existing cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts with North American 

Aviation, Inc., and IBM Corp. for Apollo program services with new 

agreements totaling $252.6 million: under $145.6 million cost-plusincentive-fee contract extended through December 1968, NAA would 

provide 52 additional J-2 engines for launch vehicles as well as support 

services; IBM would receive $107 million under multiple-incentive con- 
258 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

tract, extended through February 1970, for design, development, implementation, maintenance, and operation of MSC’S Real Time Computer 

Complex (RTCC). (NASA Release 66-205; MSFC Release 66-176) 

August 3: Dr. Leonard Roberts, a specialist on reentry heat shielding at LBRC, 

was named Director of the Mission Analysis Div., NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology, effective Sept. 1. He would succeed 

Clarence A. Syvertson, who would become Assistant Director for Astronautics at ARC. (NASA Release 66-198) 

US. Court of Custams and Patent Appeals rejected a challenge to the 

validity of a key patent in laser development granted to Dr. Charles H. 

Townes, former provost of MIT, and Dr. Arthur L. Shawlow, Stanford 

Univ., in 1958. Plaintiff R. Gordon Gould, a Columbia Univ. graduate 

student when Dr. Townes was doing research there, argued that he had 

initiated a critical portion of the laser design-the mirror principle-in 

November 1957. The patent for his idea, granted after the TownesShawlow patent, was held by a subsidiary of Control Data Corp. (NYT, 

August 4: Legal Subcommittee of U.N. Committee on Peaceful Uses of 

Outer Space reached accord on nine substantive articles for proposed 

treaty on space law before adjournment after three weeks of negotiation 

in Geneva. Agreement provided that (1) planets should be freely accessible to all nations; (2) no nation should appropriate any part of them; 

and (3) man’s conduct in space should he reserved to peaceful purposes 

and ruled by conce ts of international law and U.N. Charter. Two key 

provisions propose1 by US. on reporting of outer space activities and 

on open access to stations, equipment, and spacecraft on planets were 

rejected by Soviet delegate Platon D. Morozov, but US. Ambassador 

Arthur Goldberg told the press he hoped outstanding issues could be 

resolved when Subcommittee reconvened in New York in September. 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 8/5/66, C4; Wash. Post, 8/5/66, A16) * X-15 No. 3 was flown by NASA test pilot William H. Dana to 3,682 mph 

(mach 5.34) and 132,700-ft. altitude in his third flight. Primary purpose 

was pilot checkout. (X-15 Proj. Off.; UPI, Chic. Trib., 8/5/66) 

USAF launched OV3-I11 satellite with Scout booster from WTR to measure 

charged particle hazards to space payloads. Orbital parameters: apogee, 

2,781 mi. (4,475 km.) ; perigee, 223 mi. (358 km.) ; period, 136.9 min.; 

inclination, 81”. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 154) 0 NASA assigned LRC responsibility for development of space vehicle design 

criteria in the area of chemical propulsion. Howard W. Douglass, 

former director of LRC’s Flox Project Office, was appointed Chief of 

Design Criteria Office and Assistant Chief of Chemical Rocket Div. 

(LRC Release 66-40) 

President Johnson appointed BOB Director Charles L. Schultze chairman of 

committee to oversee final review of recommendations made by Nov. 28- 

Dec. 1, 1965, White House Conference on International Cooperation. 

Schultze would be assisted by Conference’s executive director, Raymond 

D. Nasher, and White House special assistants Walt W. Rostow and 

Joseph A. Califano, Jr. (Pres. DOC., 8/8/66, 1025) 0 American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE) at KSC had 

charged NASA with preferential hiring of retired military officers for 

choice civilian jobs-a practice which was “demoralizing” career 

officials and damaging the space program. AFGE’S charge was supported 

by House Civil Service Manpower Subcommittee, which had been 

8/6/66, 10) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 259 

investigating the situation for several months. (Young, Wash. Ewe. 

Star, 8/4/66, A2) 

August 5: President Johnson signed H.R. 14324 authorizing $5,000,419,000 

NASA appropriation for FY 1967, and then warned that he might have to 

cut back expenditures on space and other programs if prices and wages 

‘%ise in an inflationary way.” He made no direct mention of current 

steel price hike or demands of International Assn. of Machinists in 

airline strike, but added: “If we are to continue our space effort and 

continue to make the magnificent progress represented by our past 

achievements, we can do so only if business and labor leaders will 

make their contribution by responsible pricing and bargaining decisions.,’ (Pres. Doc., 8/8/66, 1026) 

MSFC awarded North American Aviation, Inc., a $23,438,532 modification 

to an existing contract for “additional work in building and testing the 

Saturn V launch vehicle’s second stage [S-II].” Work would include 

redesign of stage’s umbilical system and additional testing of stage’s 

hardware under simulated flight conditions. (MSFC Release 66-181) 0 German scientists Drs. Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassman 

were named joint recipients of AEC’S 1966 Enrico Fermi Award for 

“their combined and individual efforts in discovering nuclear fission, 

and for their extensive experimental studies which led to this vital 

discovery.” 1966 winners were first foreigners to receive award; Dr. 

Meitner was first woman recipient. (NYT, 8/6/66, 4) 

August 6: GEMINI VI Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and Thomas P. 

Stafford and GEMINI VII Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and Frank 

Borman were named joint winners of the 1966 Harmon International 

Aviator’s Trophy for achieving the first rendezvous in space by two 

separately launched, maneuverable spacecraft Dec. 15, 1965. Award, 

established by late pioneer aviator and balloonist Col. Clifford B. 

Harmon (USAF) “for exceptional feats of pilotry,” would be conferred 

in fall 1966. (NYT, 8/7/66, 4; Wash. Sun. Star, 8/7/66, A18) 0 Third anniversary of limited test-ban treaty, ratified by 112 nations, 

barring nuclear tests in the atmosphere, under water, and in outer 

space. (Marder, Wash. Post, 8/7/66, 1) 

August 6-23: 25th anniversary of first US. manned rocket-assisted aircraft 

flights made by Homer A. Boushey, then Capt., USA Air Corps, in 

Ercoupe monoplane specially fitted with jet-assisted takeoff (Jato) 

units “to determine if military aircraft could use rockets to get into 

the air faster from short runways with heavy payloads.” During Jato 

test series, conducted by USA Air Corps from March Field, Calif., 

under direction of the late Dr. Theodore von KBrmin, Boushey made: 

two takeoffs with Ercoupe on rocket power alone; 11 takeoffs combining 

rocket and aircraft power; and four flights in which rockets were fired 

while airplane was at altitude. On Aug. 6, he first flew on rocket power; 

on Aug. 12, he made first rocket-assisted takeoff; and on Aug. 23 he 

made two takeoffs on rocket power alone. Three rockets under each of 

Ercoupe’s wings produced total thrust of 168 lb. for 12 sec. Von 

K&m6n7s group formed company now known as Aerojet-General COT. 

to manufacture Jato units. (Tech. Wk., 8/8/66, 12) 

August 7: New “~elf-healing’~ solar cell believed at least 50 times more 

radiation resistant than conventional power supply cells had been 

developed by RCA for GSFC. Unlike previous cells which were made of 

silicon and protected by transparent shields of quartz or sapphire, new 
260 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

cells contained small lithium additive which sealed gaps produced by 

bombardment of high-energy radioactive particles and reduced weight 

of shielding by up to 90%. GSFC physicist Milton Schach described the 

new cell as a “major accomplishment” and predicted its use would 

permit flights of over 1,000 days through center of Van Allen radiation 

belts. Applications were also foreseen for communications satellites, 

high-altitude military reconnaissance spacecraft, and missions to 

Jupiter, surrounded by high-energy electron radiation belt. (Wilford, 

NYT, 8/7/66,40) 

August 7: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched from Churchill 

Research Range in GSFC-Univ. of Michigan pitot-static tube experiment 

to observe the fine atmosphere temperature structure at noctilucentcloud altitude. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 Two series of coordinated NASA Nike-Cajun sounding rockets were launched 

from NASA Wallops Station, Churchill Research Range, Point Barrow, 

Alaska, and Natal, Brazil, in GSFC experiment to gather data-by means 

of exploding grenade technique-on atmospheric wind, temperature, 

pressure, and density as summer maximum of noctilucent cloud sightings approached. Rockets and instrumentation performed satisfactorily, except one rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station did not 

achieve predicted altitude. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 First new comet in 1966 was discovered by Stephen Kilston, recent 

Harvard Univ. graduate, at Lick Observatory, San Jose, Calif., and 

confirmed Aug. 9 by Central Telegram Bureau, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Named for its discoverer, Comet Kilston had a 

magnitude of plus 10.6 and could be seen in the constellation Hercules, 

apparently moving southeast. (AP, NYT, 8/10/66, 5; AP, Wash. Post, 

8/10/66, AS; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, &J10/66, B4) 0 First microscope that could either superimpose or rapidly alternate 

images was being used at Cal Tech to detect changes in position or size 

of metal crystals that might cause structural failure. Microscope was 

assembled by David S. Wood, Thad Vreeland, Jr., and David P. Pope. 

(Sci. Serv., NYT, 8/7/66, 39) 

Proposal for a permanent international program of science cooperation 

made by 11 leaders of the 1957-58 International Geophysical Year 

program and 1964-65 International Year of the Quiet Sun program in 

letter to London Times [see July 271 was praised by the New York 

Times: “The initiative taken by the eleven scientists represents a 

promising new attempt to cut through . . . [political] limits on cooperation and thus promote more effective research on behalf of all mankind.” (NYT, 8/7/66, 8E) 0 Hughes Aircraft Co. engineer’s smuggling of a small US. flag on NASA’s 

SURVEYOR I spacecraft which softlanded on the moon June 2 was a 

breach of discipline and a violation of international space policy, wrote 

Joshua Lederberg in the Washington Post. “. . . NASA policy requires 

‘minimum contamination’ so that the moon can remain a useful preserve for the detection of any life that might be transported by, say, 

meteorites. This calls for ‘clean room’ standards during the assembly 

of spacecraft components. 

“A bootlegged flag which could not have been subjected to such control for decontamination is a clear violation of a policy to which this 

country’s honor has been attached and calls for strenuous disciplinary 
ASTRONAUTiCS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 261 

measures to insure the integrity and credibility of purpose of our future 

exploratory missions.” (Lederberg, Wash. Post, 8/7/66) 

August 7: French-Soviet June 30 agreement on space cooperation was arousing speculation about Soviet participation in French Guiana launch 

site, reported Richard Lewis in Chicago Sun Times. Use of large Soviet 

launch vehicles--which were also missiles-at French Guiana range 

would “open a missile corridor to the soft underbelly of the United 

States early warning system,” and “undoubtedly generate serious 

tension in the Western world and in Europe,’’ Lewis suggested. But 

French restriction that all satellites launched from site use French. 

boosters and crew “would make the Guiana port useless to the Russians 

for space research, since the only space launcher the French have 

developed is the Diamant” whose payload capability was equivalent to 

that of the Scout-smallest booster in U.S. inventory. (Lewis, Chic. 

Sun Times, 8/7/66, 11) 

August 8: COSMOS CXXVII was launched into earth orbit by U.S.S.R. to continue exploration of outer space. Orbital parameters: apogee, 279 km. 

(173 mi.); perigee, 204 km. (127 mi,); period, 89.2 min.; inclination, 

51.9”. Instruments were functioning normally. (Tass, 8/8/66; Krasnuyu 

Zvezda, 8/10/66, 1, USS-T Trans.) 

Senate began consideration of FY 1967 Independent Offices Appropriation bill (H.R. 14921), which included $4,991,600,000 NASA appropriation. Two amendments proposed by Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) 

to reduce NASA’s appropriation-one by $998,320,000, the other by 

$150,000,000-were defeated. (NASA LAR V/128) 

* NASA had selected Bendix Corp., Federal Electric Corp., and Philco Corp. 

for competitive negotiations of a five-year, Qg60-rnillion contract for 

operation and maintenance services for Deep Space Network. Contract 

would be managed by JPL. (NASA Release 66-210) 

NASA Pasadena Office (Napo), formerly the NASA Resident Office-JpL, was 

established “as a component field activity” of the Office of Space Science 

and Applications (OSSA), NASA Hq. In addition to negotiating, executing, 

and administering NASA contracts with Cal Tech for operation of JPL, 

new Nap0 would provide procurement, contract administration, patent 

and technology utilization, and related services in support of OSSA and 

other NASA organizational elements. (NASA Hq. Bull.) 

* Lack of major manned spaceflight goal beyond Apollo Applications (Aa) 

program was causing NASA to delay Saturn booster development for at 

least two years, reported George Alexander in Aviation Week. Major 

Saturn contractors, facing end of current production contracts, wondered which derivatives would be chosen for development and when 

development and production would begin. Although current inventory 

of Uprated Saturn I (Saturn IB) and Saturn V vehicles was sufficient 

for programs through Aa, future missions might require a “super 

booster” with 280,000-lb. payload capacity or an intermediate vehicle 

with 40,000-lb. payload capacity. (Alexander, Av. Wk., 8/8/66, 59-78) 

* Atlas F advanced ballistic reentry system ICBM fired from Vandenberg AFB 

apparently exploded and fell into the Pacific. USAF was investigating 

causes of the failure. (UPI, NYT, 8/9/66) * FAA was proposing extensive changes in regulations for determining 

crashworthiness of transport aircraft and for meeting passenger evacuation standards. Proposed changes included: (1) possibility of evacuation of aircraft in 90 sec.-instead of 120 sec.; (2) increase in number 
262 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

and size of emergency exits and more uniform distribution of exits 

throughout passenger cabin; (3) improvement of emergency lighting 

systems; (4) extensive preflight briefing of passengers; (5) increase in 

number of flight attendants per passenger; and (6) changes in design of 

landing gear, fuel lines, and electrical cables for greater safety. (Av. Wk., 

8/8/66,34) 

August 8: New method of averting aircraft crashes on landing or takeoff was 

demonstrated at London’s Royal Aircraft Establishment when a jet 

fighter traveling 80 mph down runway stopped short in three seconds on 

40O-ft.-long7 7-ft.-deep gravel bed. Establishment spokesman estimated 

that pilots of large passenger aircraft could stop in 10 sec. on long strip of 

ordinary gravel. (WT, 8/9/66, 62) 

August 9: NASA should submit to Congress by Dec. 1 its recommendations on 

possible major national space objectives, including costs and benefits of 

s ecific missions, concluded 439-page staff report prepared for House 

gience and Astronautics Committee’s NASA Oversight Subcommittee. 

Subcommittee would hold hearings “at an early date” to define future 

space goals. Study-based on testimony of NASA center directors, industrial managers, scientists, and other interested parties-recommended greater interagency coordination in planning and urged NASA 

to “aggressively pursue possible mechanisms for more comprehensive 

program of international cooperation . . .y7 Future space programs 

should be evaluated in relation to national economy and include “increased emphasis on minimum cost logistics vehicles within the state of 

the art to assure that economical logistics and rescue systems are 

available in the early 1970s and that similar emphasis be placed on new 

generation of spacecraft design capable of ground recovery at lower 

cost.” (Text) 0 USAF launched unidentified satellite with Thor-Agena D booster from 

WTR. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 154) 

Computer technique developed by JPL scientist Dr. Robert Nathan and 

applied to 12 photos of the lunar surface transmitted by NASA’s SURVEYOR I spacecraft revealed details as small as 1/50 of an inch and, in 

some cases, apparently doubled observable characteristics. Enhancement process had been used successfully to intensify photos transmitted by NASA’s three Ranger spacecraft and MARINER IV Mars probe. 

(NASA Release 66-206; JPL Release) 

0 NASA awarded Dow Chemical Co. a $4-million, cost-plus-ked-fee extension 

to previous contract for KSC support services through June 30, 1967. 

(NASA Release 66-212) 

August 10: NASA’s LUNAR ORBITER I (Lunar Orbiter A) unmanned spacecraft 

was successfully launched by Atlas-Agena D booster from ETR in first 

U.S. attempt to orbit the moon and photograph possible landing sites 

for Apollo astronauts [see Aug. 14-31]. 

Agena 2nd stage fired to boost 850-lb. spacecraft into 100-mi. (161- 

km.) altitude parking orbit, reignited after 28-min. coast period, injecting spacecraft into 90-hr. translunar trajectory, and separated. On 

schedule, LUNAR ORBITER I deployed its four solar panels and two 

antennas and locked its five solar sensors on the sun. Only difficulty 

occurred when spacecraft’s startracker failed to lock on Canopus and 

flight engineers were forced to lock it on the moon-a weaker navigational reference point. Assistant Project Manager James S. Martin, Jr., 

of L~RC was “still quite confident” about achieving lunar orbit, but noted 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 263 

it might be more difficult to obtain desired precision and exact positions 

required for optimum photos of lunar surface. At approximately 00:28 

GMT Aug. 11 planned midcourse maneuver was successfully executed, 

and JPL scientists predicted spacecraft would miss original aiming point 

by only 50 mi. 

Primary objectives of NASA’s LUNAR ORBITER I mission, fu-st in series of 

five, were (1) to place three-axis stabilized spacecraft into lunar orbit; 

and (2) obtain high-resolution photos of various types of lunar surface 

to assess their suitability as landing sites for Apollo and Surveyor spacecraft and improve knowledge of the moon. Photos would cover 3,000- 

mi. strip along moon’s equator, concentrating on nine potential landing 

areas. Spacecraft would also attempt to photograph SURVEYOR I landing 

sites; provide precision trajectory information; and monitor meteoroids 

and radiation intensity in lunar environment. Lunar Orbiter program 

was managed by LaRC under direction of NASA’s Office of Space Science 

and Applications. Tracking and communications were the responsibility 

of JPL-operated Deep Space Network. (NASA Release 66-195; Wilford, 

NYT, 8/8/66, 3; 8/11/66, 1, 12; 8/12/66, 51; O’Toole, Wash. Post, 

8/11/66, Al; 8/12/66, Al; 8/13/66, Al; 8/14/66, Al, A6; AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 8/11/66, A3) 

August 10: Senate passed FY 1967 Independent Offices Appropriation bill 

(H.R. 14921) 82-2 with NASA appropriation at $4,991,600,000 as reported 

by Committee on Appropriations. (NASA LAR V/130) 0 Rice Univ. scientists successfully launched 500-ft.-long helium-filled 

balloon from National Center for Atmospheric Research balloon flight 

station, Palestine, Tex., to obtain electronic data on radioactivity within 

the Crab Nebula. When balloon reached 132,000-ft. altitude, 900-lb. 

electronic gamma-ray telescope began recording data. Payload was 

dropped by parachute on electronic signal from ground and recovered 

near Midland, Tex. Study was third in series financed under $166,500 

USAF grant and was termed “highly successfd.~~ (Houston Post, 8/11/66) 

August 11: NASA test pilot John B. McKay flew X-15 No. 1 to 3.,511 mph 

(mach 5.06) and 251,000-ft. altitude to collect micrometeorites. As 

secondary mission, pilot performed maneuvers to check horizon scanner, 

electrical loads, and wing-pod flutter. (X-15 Proj. Off.) 0 MSFC would negotiate with Chrysler Corp. and Douglas Aircraft Co. for 

procurement at $5-10 million of long lead time items for additional 

Uprated Saturn I (Saturn IB) launch vehicles. Interruption of production capability after completion of presently approved 12 vehicles 

would thus be avoided. Chrysler was building the S-IB 1st stage; 

Douglas was manufacturing S-IVB 2nd stage, (MSFC Release 66-183) 

0 Horace Sheely of the National Survey of Historic Sites, Dept. of the 

Interior, inspected Pakachoag Hill, Auburn, Mass., site of first successful liquid-fuel rocket flight made by Dr. Robert H. Goddard. Accompanying Sheely were members of the Auburn Rotary and Lions Clubs 

joint committee to preserve the Goddard site. (Joint Comm. Ltr.) 

August 12: X-15 No. 2 was flown by Maj. William Knight (USAF) to 3,473 mph 

(mach 4.90) and 231,000-ft. altitude to conduct startracker experiment 

and base drag study and test alternate pitot static system. (X-15 Proj. 

Off.; AP, NYT, 8/14/66, 8) 0 Comprehensive report on June 8 collision of XB-70 and F-104 aircraft near 

Barstow, Calif., compiled by two investigative boards-one to determine 

causes, the other to examine command responsibility-was transmitted 
264 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

to Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara by Secretary of the Air 

Force Harold Brown. Inadvertent movement by F-104 into position 

“from which recovery was virtually impossible” was cited as “most 

probable cause” of collision; failure of Maj. Carl Cross (USAF) to eject 

from XB-70 before crashing was attributed to an escape system malfunction. Among report’s recommendations were: improvement of 

AFFTG’s operational procedures; modification of XB-70’s escape system; 

and establishment of standards for formation flights. In accompanying 

memorandum, Secretary Brown said that Col. Joseph F. Cotton (USAF), 

XB-70 test director; Col. James G. Scott (USAF), Edwards AFB information officer; and John S. McCollom, Director of Research Vehicles for 

Aeronautical Systems Div., had been reprimanded and Col. Albert M. 

Cate (USAF) relieved of duties as Deputy for Systems Tests at AFFTG. (CR, 

8/15/66, 18505-10; WI, NYT, 8/16/66, 15; Maffre, Wash. Post, 

8/16/66, 6) 

August 12: New absorption bands, probably caused in part by reduced gases 

in the Martian atmosphere, had been found in near-infrared spectrum of 

Mars by Fourier spectroscopy, Lewis D. Kaplan, JPL, and Janine and 

Pierre Connes, Observatoire de Meudon and Centre National de la 

Recherche Scientifique, France, reported in Science. The authors 

believed the presence of such constituents might have “important implications for the possibility and nature of life on Mars.” (Science, 8/12/66, 

e NASA had selected Honeywell, Inc., for negotiation of $5-million contract 

to design, fabricate, and test attitude-control and scan-control subsystems for two Mariner spacecraft to be launched in 1969. (NASA 

Release 66-216) 0 Boeing Co. awarded subcontracts totaling $1.5 billion to Avco Corp., 

Martin Co., North American Aviation, Inc., Northrop Corp., Fairchild 

Hiller Corp., and LTV, Inc., for work on Sst prototype. (Boeing Release 

s-8928) e Dr. T. L. K. Smull resumed his duties as Director of the Office of Grants 

and Research Contracts, NASA announced. Since Dec. 1, 1965, he had 

been on leave from that Office, serving as Special Assistant to the 

Administrator on NASA-university relationships. (NASA Ann., 8/12/66) 

M2-F2 lifting body vehicle, with NASA research pilot Milton 0. Thompson 

as pilot, was successfully air-launched from B-52 aircraft at $5,000-ft. 

altitude in third glide flight from Edwards AFB. Purposes of flight were 

determining effect of increasing mach number and minimum damper 

requirements, and testing of longitudinal and lateral stability and 

control. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

August 13: Five-man NASA board and House Science and Astronautics Committee’s NASA Oversight Subcommittee had begun separate inquiries into 

failures of OGO I, 11, 111, OAO I, and NIMBUS I. Questions under investigation included: (1) Is the expenditure on observatory satellites wise? 

(2) Are the projects being carried out on an efficient basis? and (3) Is 

the taxpayer’s interest being protected? 

GSFC Director Dr. John F. Clark told AP he believed there had been 

“technical goofs but no management problems” associated with the 

failures. “Scientifically, we have not had a failure in OGO. Something 

less than 100 percent but more than 75 percent of OGO’S experiment 

return has been outstandingly successful. OGO 1 and OGO 2-although 

classified as spacecraft failures-gave us more data than all other 

739-40) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 265 

satellites combined up to that time.” (NYT, 8/14/66, 1, 70; AP, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 8/14/66, A23) 

August 13: Recent Trendex poll taken for Thiokol Chemical Corp. indicated 

that 71.4 per cent of Cincinnati residents were in favor of the Nation’s 

lunar program. (Haggerty, J/Armed Forces, 8/13/66, 8) 

Research by NASA and Air Transport Assn. indicated that wet-pavement 

skidding by aircraft could be substantially reduced by cutting %“s- to 

W-in.-deep grooves one to two inches apart in runways. Test runways 

would be equipped with grooves at cost of $70,000 by early 1967 for 

further experimentation. (Hudson, NYT, 8/14/66, 90; UPI, Chic. 

Trib., 8/15/66) 

August 13-14: Alternate system kept US. tracking station at Robledo de 

Chavela, Spain, in operation when 500-600 ft. of cable were burned by 

forest fire raging nearby. Station, which played a critical role in NASA’s 

Lunar Orbiter program, was expected to receive photos of the lunar 

surface in several days. (NASA Release 66-219) 

August 14-30: NASA’s photographic spacecraft LUNAR ORBITER I became first 

US. spacecraft to enter lunar orbit-only 15 mi. off target-after 92-hr., 

236,319-mi. flight from ETR. Orbital parameters: apolune, 1,152 mi. 

(1,854 km.) ; perilune, 119 mi. (192 km.) ; period, 3 hrs. 37 min.; inclination, 12’. JPL reported drop in spacecraft’s apolune Aug. 17 to 1,150 mi. 

(1,851 km.), and rise in perilune to 126 mi. (202.8 km.) ; moon’s gravitational field was considered cause of orbital variations. After taking 

engineering photos transmitted to JPL Aug. 18-20, spacecraft was injected into close-in orbit by retrothrust maneuver initiated Aug. 21 for 

medium- and high-resolution photography of lurain. Tracking experts 

said 36-mi. (58-km.) perilune was “within a city block” of where it 

should be. 

Spacecraft’s cameras had exposed 211 dual frames of film to photograph nine potential Apollo and Surveyor landing sites during mission’s 

photo acquisition phase, announced complete on Aug. 30. Readout was 

expected to be completed by Sept. 15. Medium-resolution camera returned good images; however, except for an excellent photo of moon’s 

far side, all exposures made with the high-resolution camera were disappointing. Camera’s malfunction was attributed Aug. 25 to spurious 

signal generated by spacecraft’s film transfer motor at 31-mi. perilune. 

Signal was tripping high-resolution camera shutter and causing film 

smear; LUNAR ORBITER 1’s perilune was lowered to 23 mi. (37 km.) to 

eliminate signal. Unprogramed photograph of earth, commanded Aug. 

23 and received at NASA’s tracking station at Robledo de Chavela, Spain, 

Aug. 25, showed appearance of earth’s terminator-line dividing sunlit and shadowed portion of planet-from distance of about 240,000 mi. 

(386,400 km.). Spacecraft also photographed SURVEYOR I landing site. 

(NASA Proj. Off. ; NASA Releases 66-228, 66-230, 66-233; Wilford, NYT, 

8/15/66,1,23; 8/16/66,15; 8/19/66,1; 8/20/66,8; 8/21/66,1; 8/22/ 

66, 8; AP, NYT, 8/24/66, 15; NYT, 8/25/66, A5; 8/26/66, 13; AP, 

NYT, 9/1/66,2; O’Toole, rash. Post, 8/15/66, Al, A13; 8/19/66, Al; 

8/20/66, Al; 8/21/66, Al; AP, Balt. Sun, 8/18/66; Av. Wk., 8/29/66, 

18) August 14: Coordinated NASA Nike-Cajun sounding rocket series was 

launched from NASA Wallops Station, Churchill Research Range, Point 

Barrow, Alaska, and Natal, Brazil, in GSFC experiment to study atmospheric parameters of wind, temperature, pressure, and density as 
266 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

August 25: First picture of earth from the vicinity of the moon, taken by NASA’S LUNAR 

ORBITER I. 

summer maximum of noctilucent cloud sightings approached. Rocket 

and instrumentation performances were satisfactory. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

August 14: The critical voices raised during Aug. 8-9 Senate debate on the 

NASA portion of the Independent Offices Appropriation bill (H.R. 14921) 

indicated the US. space program was in ‘political trouble,” concluded 

New York Times editorial. ‘?Fundamental questions are being asked 

about whether this country should have gotten involved in the moon 

race in the first place, and invidious comparisons are being drawn about 

the dividends from money spent in space and those that might have 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 267 

been realized had those same funds been used to meet urgent human 

needs. . . . “There are important and useful things to be done in a post-Apollo 

space program, but it is doubtful in the extreme that the nation should 

go on indefinitely paying five billion dollars or more annually for such a 

program.. . .” (NYT, 8/14/66, E10) 

August 14: Capt. Chester M. Lee (USN, Ret.), Operations Planning Chief in 

Mission Operations, NASA Office of Manned Space Flight, was appointed 

Assistant Mission Director, Apollo. (NASA Ann., 9/15/66) 

* Successful test firing of supersonic Chaparral, USA’s newest air defense 

guided missile system, was conducted at WSMR. One of two weapon systems selected by USA for new air defense battalions, Chaparral met all 

test objectives when it intercepted Firebee target missile in continuing 

series of development firings. (AF News Bureau, NYT, 8/14/66, 16) 

0 Hurricane seeding plans for Project Stormfury-joint USN-ESSA hurricane 

control study program-were announced. Between Aug. 1 and Oct. 15, 

17-plane force would be on alert in Puerto Rico to seed storms with 

silver iodide and then monitor temperature, atmospheric pressure, and 

structure of cloud. Project Stormfury was begun in 1961 : experiments 

had been performed on hurricanes Esther in 1961 and Beulah in 1963, 

and on tropical cumulus clouds in 1963 and 1965. (DOD Release 654-66) * Comment in the Washington Sunday Star called US. Sst program a 

“dubious” venture moved by extraordinary pressures: “This is a project 

the taxpayer should view with more than a little interest, if not apprehension, for its cost is coming out of his pocketbook and the price tag is 

escalating. Industry may repay the cost some day, but no one is sure 

just when. The SST, in fact, has become a symbol of national prestige. 

If we do not produce such a plane, American leadership in the aircraft 

industry will sustain a loss of face from which it could not recover. 

Perhaps it is impossibIe to back away from the situation. But the 

American public is at least entitled to know what kind of mare’s nest 

this rivalry has got us into, and the hazards that must be faced.” 

(Wash. Sun, Star, 8/14/66, C1) 

August 15: NASA Javelin sounding rocket with new 4th stage ignition system 

was launched from Wallops Station to 434-mi. (698-km.) altitude, Instrumented payload measured positive ion composition of ionosphere, 

electron density, and temperature; and mapped distribution of Lymanalpha radiation to determine amount of atomic hydrogen in earth’s 

atmosphere. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

e NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from WSMR reached 100-mi. 

(161-km.) altitude in Dudley Observatory (AIbany, N.Y.) micrometeorite particle collection experiment at a time of 33-year maximum 

for Leonid meteor shower. Rocket and instrumentation performed 

satisfactorily; since radar signals were lost after 265 sec., intensive 

search was necessary for payload recovery. Chief objective was not 

accomplished because of range scheduling, and launch was used for 

control shot. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

e Chrysler COT. had announced it was building 10 more Redstone rockets 

for Sparta-joint US.-U.K.-Australian reentry measurements program 

-Technology Week reported. TRW Systems had prime contract for 

program; LTV Aerospace Corp. was building two-stage solid fuel velocity 

package to propel reentry vehicles back into earth’s atmosphere at 

speeds simulating ICBM reentry. (Tech. Wk., 8/15/66, 12) 
268 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

August 15: George A. Lemke, Director of Apollo Reliability and Quality, NASA 

Office of Manned Space Flight, died at age 54. A veteran of more than 26 

years in aircraft and space industry, Mr. Lemke had formerly been NASA 

Apollo Project Resident Manager at North American Aviation, Inc. 

(NASA Hq. Bull.) 0 Program Evaluation Review Technique (Pert) -multi-level scheduling 

program used to spot potential problems before they developed-had 

made it possible during 1966 to meet every “major milestone” in NASA’s 

Saturn-Apollo site activation program for KSC’S Complex 39, Technology Week reported. Earlier, only about 2/3 of the target dates were 

being met. Using computer programed with data categorized into three 

levels of detail on individual contractor’s needs, abilities, and timing, 

Pert set up work schedules based on key milestones as periodic progress 

reminders. Frequent computer checks of programed work provided 

officials with definite reading of status of remaining tasks. (Tech. Wk., 

8/15/66, 40) 

B/G Paul T. Cooper, Vice Commander of AFSC’S Space Systems Div. 

(SSD), would replace M/G Ben I. Funk, retiring Sept. 1, as Commander 

of SSD, AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever announced. (AFSC 

Release 169.66) 

August 16: NASA successfully launched 550-lb. Project Scanner instrument 

package from Wallops Station to 380-mi. (612-km.) altitude on 13.5-min. 

suborbital flight: two-channel radiometers measured infrared energy 

emitted from earth’s horizon by carbon dioxide and water vapor; starmapper telescope provided attitude orientation data. Managed by L~RC, 

Project Scanner was advanced research program to obtain data for designing and developing improved horizon-scanning instrumentation for 

space missions. (Wallops Kelease 66-43) 

WAF launched two unidentified sate1lites”with Atlas-Agena D booster from 

WTR. (U.S. Aeron. & space Act., 1966, 154) 

* AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever received National Aviation 

Club’s (NAC) 1966 Award of Achievement for his “significant contributions to the creation of the Air Force strategic missile force.” The award 

would be presented Aug. 16 in Washington, D.C. (Tech. Vk., 8/8/66, 

13) * More than 1,000 sheet metal workers out of 1,300 staged strike at KSC to 

protest NASA’s permitting nonunion workers to install plumbing and 

sheet metal on Saturn V mobile service tower. Confined to construction 

jobs, strike was not expected to seriously affect major schedules unless 

prolonged. (AP, NYT, 8/17/66, 18) 

North American Aviation, Inc., received a one-year, $48,223 contract 

from MSFC to “investigate the best methods and hardware for performing 

manned Mars and Venus flybys with maximum use of Apollo/Saturn 

systems . . . as a stepping stone to manned landing missions.” (MSFC 

Release 66-187) 0 General Dynamics Corp. was being issued a $5,723,878 increment to a 

previously awarded (USAF) contract for work on design and deveIopment 

of an unspecified standard launch vehicle. Contract would be managed 

by AFSC’S Space Systems Div. (DOD Release 701-66) 

Senate Judiciary Committee reported S. 1603, Federal Inventions Act of 

1966. Bill would “establish a uniform national policy concerning 

property rights in inventions resulting from the expenditure of public 

funds for experimental, developmental, or research work,” superseding 

present law governing NASA patent policy. (NASA LAR V/145; Text) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 269 

August 16: In Houston Post Edward W. O’Brien cited need for definition of 

future national space effort, pointing out that ‘‘the mighty industrygovernment team that has been mobilized for manned flight is tapering 

off.” Employment, at the pezk, had been 400,000; by the end of 1967, 

total would be 200,000; by 1968, only 100,000. What the U.S. must 

soon determine is “whether this unique assembly of brainpower and 

mechanical skill should be held together, or whether it should be 

applied elsewhere to better public advantage.” (Houston Post, 8/16/66) 

In scheduling manned space flights, NASA Associate Administrator for 

Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. Mueller told the National Space 

Club in Washington, D.C., crew safety was the principal consideration, 

followed by accomplishment of program goals. He pointed out the 

open-ended“ aspect of Apollo mission scheduling and expressed confidence that lunar landing would be achieved before the end of the 

decade based on present program posture. During question and answer 

session, Dr. Mueller said that while NASA and its contractors had studied 

possible methods of rescuing astronauts in space and would continue 

to do so, the cost, complexities, and uncertainties made it appear to 

date that the money and effort would be better spent in making flights 

safer in the first place. He added: “We don’t exactly have instant rescue 

for people flying around in airliners and this is a large segment of the 

population.” (Text; Clark, NYT, 8/17/66, 16) 

August 17: NASA’s PIONEER VII (Pioneer B), second in new Pioneer series, 

was successfully launched from ETR’S Launch Complex 17A by ThrustAugmented Improved Delta booster into orbit around the sun where it 

would chart magnetic fields emanating from the sun; measure the 

quantity, energy levels, and direction of the solar wind; and differentiate 

between solar and galactic cosmic rays. The 140-lb., drum-shaped 

satellite had perihelion of 1.01 astronomical units (au), or 93.93 million 

mi. (151 million km.); aphelion of 1.125 au, or 104.625 million mi. 

(168.45 million km.) ; period of 402.95 days; inclination of 0.0946O. 

All systems were reported turned on and operating satisfactorily. TWO 

days following launch, PIONEER VII successfully completed maneuver 

which locked its high gain antenna on earth and stabilized its orbital 

path. First of five flights in current Pioneer program-managed by ARCwas PIONEER VI, launched Dec. 16, 1965. Overall program objective was 

to provide continuing measurements over the solar cycle at widely 

separated points in interplanetary space. (NASA Release 66-211; NASA 

Proj. Off.; AP, rush. Post, 8/18/66, L1; Wilford, NYT, 8/18/66, 15; 

UPI, rush. Post, 8/20/66, A9) 

* Aerobee 350 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

on second development flight of series. The 53-ft.-long rocket developed 

60,000 lbs. thrust and reached 222-mi. (357-km.) altitude before impacting in Atlantic Ocean some 106 mi. from launch site. Preliminary 

examination of data indicated rocket’s performance was close to 

predicted. Direction of sounding rocket program was under OSSA. 

(NASA Release 66-221; Wallops Release 66-44) 

U.S.S.R. announced that COSMOS CXXII, launched June 25, was collecting 

meteorological data which would be sent to other nations in accordance 

with 1962 agreement with U.S. Satellite carried “instruments for taking 

TV pictures of the clouds, cameras to photograph clouds by infrared 

rays on the day and night sides of the earth, and instruments to measure 

radiation in the earth’s atmosphere.” (Tass, 8/17/66) 

C? 
270 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

August 17: Dr. Carl Schreiber, Procurement Specialist with NASA Hq. Office 

of Industry Affairs since Aug. 2, 1964, died in Washington, D.C. Dr. 

Schreiber, NACA employee since 1939, had been Assistant Procurement 

and Supply Officer from 1958-64. (NASA Hq. Bull.) 

Soviet Air Marshal V. A. Agaltsov claimed in Tass interview that the 

U.S.S.R. could fire long-range nuclear missiles from aircraft. He said 

this meant Soviet bombers could be beyond limits of enemy’s antiaircraft defense zone and accurately fire missiles from distance of several 

hundred miles. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 8/17/66, 18) 9 Martin Co. had been awarded a three-month, $75,000 contract to design 

and develop a flight-qualified, lightweight, hand-held lunar core driller 

for use on Apollo missions, MSC announced. Similar contract, also for 

$75,000, had been awarded Northrop Space Laboratories. (Chic. Trib., 

8/18/66) August 17-18: Senate Commerce Committee’s Subcommittee on Communications held hearings concerning Ford Foundation’s Aug. 1 proposal to 

FCC to create a nonprofit domestic satellite system which would carry 

“an extensive schedule” of educational television programs financed by 

transmission of commercial TV programs. 

Ford Foundation president McGeorge Bundy said that although the 

use of profits from a commercial business to finance a noncommercial 

undertaking might be novel to television, creation of a special carrier 

service in the public interest was not without precedent. He cited the 

Government’s granting of special mailing privileges to newspapers and 

magazines. Bundy disclosed the Ford Foundation was planning to 

arrange “a series of meetings in various parts of the country with 

potential users of a noncommercial satellite system.” 

Fred W. Friendly, TV consultant to Bundy, described what he said 

was the underlying irony of modern TV: commercial networks had the 

money to do qualitative public service but lacked sufficient time on the 

air, while educational TV had the time but lacked the money. 

ComSatCorp chairman James McCormack said the heart of the Ford 

proposal called for the “funneling of savings” that might be enjoyed by 

commercial communications carriers into support of a cultural undertaking. While acknowledging the value of educational TV, McCormack 

said he felt only Congress could rule whether one segment of a diversified 

society could be compelled to support another segment without benefit 

of specific legislation to that end. 

AT&T vice president Richard Hough, ITT executive Bertram B. Tower, 

and Western Union Telegraph Go. vice president Earl D. Hilburn 

challenged the proposal saying that any such communications system 

should adhere to the common carrier principle of serving all users 

rather than any particular group such as broadcasters. While these 

witnesses supported the objective, they questioned the feasibility of the 

plan on economic and technical grounds. Tower suggested that consideration be given to permitting special rates for educational TV services 

through existing common carriers. Hilburn said that rate adjustments 

in favor of educational broadcasters might be authorized if some form 

of subsidy were determined to be in the national interest. 

Sen. John 0. Pastore (D-R.I.), who had called the hearings, said they 

were a “prelude” to action by FCC and noted that Congress almost 

certainly would want to explore the implications of the Ford proposal 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 27 1 

as it related to a private corporation. Hearings were completed Aug. 23. 

(ComSatCorp Releases; Gould, NYT, 8/18/66,59; Wash. Post, 8/18/66, 

A12; AP, Wash. Post, 8/19/66, A2) 

August 18: U.S.S.R. transmitted to US. for first time information obtained 

from its only known meteorological satellite, COSMOS CXXII, launched 

June 25. Previously, U.S.S.R. had relayed only conventional observations from land stations, ships, and balloons. Direct telecommunications 

channel between Moscow and Washington, D.C., had been established 

after March 1963 signing of bilateral agreement for exchange of meteorological satellite data under June 1962 space cooperation accord. (Bird, 

IVYT, 8/20/66, 1; AP, Wash. Post, 8/21/66, A6) * USAF launched unidentified satellite with Scout booster from WTR. (U.S. 

Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 155) 

* NASA test pilot William H. Dana flew X-15 No. 3 to 3,545 mph (mach 5.20) 

and 178,000-ft. altitude in flight test for altitude buildup. As secondary 

mission, pilot performed maneuvers to check out boundary-layer noise, 

horizontal tail loads, and heat transfer panels. (X-15 Proj. Off.) 

U.N. Ambassador Arthur J. Goldberg told Senate Committee on Foreign 

Relations he was “encouraged” about chances for reaching agreement 

with U.S.S.R. on treaty to ensure peaceful uses of outer space but that 

several key issues”-including U.S.S.R.’s position on reporting its 

activities in space-still posed obstacles after 24 days of negotiations in 

Geneva. Goldberg said that despite this and other problems, he believed 

“the basis for resolving the outstanding issues has already been agreed 

upon.” (AP, Wash. Post, 8/18/66, Al) * Joint Senate-House Comference Committee on Independent Offices Appropriations reported out H.R. 14921 which included a $4,968,000,000 

NASA FY 1967 appropriation: R&D, $4,245,000,000; construction of 

facilities, $83,000,000; administrative operations, $640,000,000. (NASA 

LAR V/136) e National Labor Relations Board settled AFL-CIO sheet metal workers strike 

that began at KSC Aug. 16 to protest use of nonunion labor to install 

sheet metal and plumbing on Saturn V mobile service tower. Over 1,000 

of 1,300 construction workers had honored picket lines. (AP, Phil. 

Eve. Bull., 8/ 18/66) 

Helicopter-like atmosphere-entry-and-descent system employing unpowered rotor was undergoing wind tunnel testing at ARC as means of 

returning to earth from space. System could land on any solid, level 

surface and return vehicles of wide range of shapes from orbit; most of 

the lift would be supplied by auto-rotor and not by aerodynamic shape 

of vehicle. In orbit, blades for rotor system would be folded and stowed. 

On approaching earth, blades would be released and passage through 

atmosphere would start them turning. (NASA Release 66-217) e Government of Pakistan announced plans to use comsats to relay telephone 

communications between East and West Pakistan. Two satellite tracking 

stations would be built-one in each province-and would be operative 

by 1968. (Reuters, NYT, 8/18/66,38) 0 Colonization of ocean floor would be more useful to man than colonization 

of the moon, said B. G. Anderson, senior research psychologist for 

General Dynamics Corp.’s Electric Boat Div. at joint AIAA-USN Marine 

Systems Conference in Los Angeles. The food and minerals available to 

man in and under the oceans were more important natural resources- 

<C 
272 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

and more easily retrieved-than any likely to be found on the moon or 

elsewhere in the solar system. (L.A. Times, Wash. Post, 8/18/66, H4) 

August 19: USAF launched USA’s SECOR VII geodetic satellite, ERS-xv satellite, 

and an unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB, using Atlas-Agena D 

booster. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 155) 

0 NASA selected McDonnell Aircraft Corp. for negotiation of $9-million, 

fixed-price contract to provide an airlock for an experiment in which 

astronauts would enter empty hydrogen tank of a spent Uprated Saturn I 

(Saturn IB) 2nd stage (S-IVB). Airlock would be stacked on space 

vehicle between Saturn and Apollo units using lunar module mounts. 

In orbit, command and service modules would separate and dock with 

airlock unit, and the crew would activate systems to pressurize spent 

hydrogen tank for habitation; hatch in airlock would permit astronauts 

to egress into space without depressurization of tank or spacecraft. First 

mission in MsFC-managed program would be carried out %o earlier 

than 1968.” (NASA Release 66-223; MSFC Release 66-189) 0 Fuel line leading to Saturn V launching pad at KSC ruptured, spilling more 

than 800,000 gallons of liquid oxygen. Spokesman said it was not yet 

known whether line break would delay qualification of pad to receive 

flight version Saturn V during September 1966 for launching early in 

1967. (AP, Wash. Post, 8/20/66, A7) 

About 600 construction workers staged strike at KSC-One day after end of 

three-day sheet metal workers’ strike-in dispute with McGregorWerner Co., which provided administrative services to KSC. (AP, NYT, 

8/20/66, 26) 0 International Assn. of Machinists (IAM) voted 17,727 to 8,235 to ratify 

three-year contract negotiated Aug. 15, ending 43-day strike that had 

halted five major U.S. airlines. (F on F, 8/18-24/66, 317) 

August 22: NASA had canceled hardware development and fabrication of 

Apollo experiments pallet whibh was designed to hold modular experiments and to fit into a section of the Apollo service module. Four firms 

selected in November 1965 for four-month Phase 1A design studies 

had been advised of decision: Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.; Martin 

Co.; McDonnell Aircraft Corp.; and Northrop Space Laboratories. 

(NASA Release 66-224) 

0 Twenty-two non-U.S. airlines-14 that had reserved delivery positions for 

Sst and eight that might be potential customers-had been invited to 

conduct independent evaluations of the competing U.S. Sst designs, 

Aviation Week reported. (Av. Wk., 8/22/66,26) 

0 Many Ufo’s might be corona discharge-balls of ionized air-originating 

along high-tension electric power lines, suggested Phillip J. Klass in 

Aviation Week. After comparing corona discharge and reported behavior 

of Ufo’s, Klass found that they were similar in everything but size. 

Discrepancy in size might be from illusionary nature of light, fright of 

the observers, or lack of familiar objects for comparison. Klass emphasized that his theory could not explain all such sightings, but urged 

USAF to continue investigating corona discharge theory. (Klass, Av. Wk., 

8/22/66, 48-60) 

0 The study of future national space objectives by the House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on NASA Oversight was 

termed a “timely and thoughtful” document in Technology Week 

editorial by William J. Coughlin. Noting that its major contribution (‘is 

to focus attention on the urgent need for a major decision concerning 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 273 

the nation’s space program,” Coughlin added: “Not only does Congress 

have a role to play in such decisions, but the Teague subcommittee is 

moving to fill a vacuum in the decision-making process. The Administrgtion has shown itself reluctant to bring forth decisions in this area. 

NASA itself has backed away from defining the next space objective. The 

subcommittee is performing a valuable national service in attempting 

to bring the matter to a head.” (Tech. Wk., 8/22/66, 50) 

August 22: In editorial on current public debate over need for space rescue 

system, Robert Hotz noted in Aviation Week that NASA had “spent considerable time, money and ingenuity in designing safety into its manned 

spaceflight hardware” and in “developing sound operational procedures” 

that minimize the opportunity for disaster. He added that hearings 

conducted b Rep. Olin Teague (D-Tex.), chairman of the Manned 

Spaceflight J ubcommittee of the House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics, and a RAND Corp. study commissioned by NASA should provide “much useful data on which to base a technically sound and 

economically feasible program that can provide the maximum space 

safety possible without jeopardizing the basic goals of the missions.” 

(Ax Wk., 8/22/66, 11) 0 USAF School of Aerospace Medicine had concluded 15-day test to evaluate 

effects of increased carbon dioxide on four airmen in spacecraft cabin 

simulator. One of a series of such experiments, the latest took the level 

of experience up to the 4% CO, mark, compared with normal ground 

level conditions of 0.033% CO,. Aim was to assess problems astronauts 

might have to face with a partial failure of their life support system. 

(Tech. Wk., 8/22/66, 4) 

August 23: AEC Chairman Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg discussed space role of 

nuclear energy in keynote address at Western Electronic Show and 

Convention in Los Angeles. In addition to advantages of nuclear propulsion, Dr. Seaborg said Snap (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) systems offered: (1) independence of sunlight, permitting use in shadow of 

a planet or moon and at great distances from the sun; (2) reduced 

atmospheric drag and propellant weight for maintaining low orbits of 

manned orbiting stations; and (3) larger quantities of electric power. 

He suggested nuclear power systems assembled on the moon could not 

only provide heating, cooling, and electric power, but could extract 

water and minerals and help produce synthetic food. (Text) 0 General Electric Co. announced that GE4 turbojet engine had reached 

full power without augmentor in excess of 40,000 lbs. thrust. GE was 

competing with Pratt & Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp. for Sst 

engine contract. (GE Release 66-51) 

August 24: U.S.S.R. launched 3,608413. LUNA XI space station toward moon 

for “further testing of systems of an artificial moon sputnik and 

scientific explorations of near lunar space.” Preliminary data indicated 

that spacecraft was traveling close to calculated trajectory and equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, 8/24/66) 

0 Senate unanimously approved House-Senate conference report on FY 1967 

Independent Offices Appropriations (H.R. 14921). Funds for NASA were: 

R&D, .$4,245,000,000; construction of facilities, $83,000,000; and 

administrative operations, $640,000,000. (CR, 8/24/66, 19598-600) 

NASA extended for one year a contract with Documentation, Inc., to operate its College Park, Md., Scientific and Technical Information Facility 

-containing world’s largest collection of aerospace literature-during 
274 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

FY 1967 at cost of $5,150,000. Monitored by NASA Hq. Scientific and 

Technical Information Div., contractor would also operate Selective 

Dissemination of Information Program, using computer techniques to 

notify NASA scientists and engineers individually of new developments 

of direct interest to their work. (NASA Release 66-227) 

August 24: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from Churchill 

Research Range reached 98 mi. (157 km.) in NASA-UniV. of New Hampshire experiment to provide data on neutron intensity at different 

latitudes, solar x-ray fluxes, Lyman-alpha radiation, and ionospheric 

electron densities. Rocket performed satisfactorily and instrumentation 

performance was considered excellent. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* Two NASA Nike-Apache sounding rockets launched 90 min. apart from 

NASA Wallops Station reached 102-mi. (164-km.) and 105-mi. (169-km.) 

altitudes in GCA Corp.-Univ. of Illinois experiment to measure recombination coefficients of major E-region constituents and investigate 

importance of metallic ions in lower ionosphere at three solar zenith 

angles. Both rockets performed satisfactorily, and instrumentation on 

first flight-except for ion-mass spectrometer-obtained good data. 

Telemetry deteriorated at lift off on second flight, and transmitter failed 

at about 145 sec. Some data might be extracted through special treatment of telemetry record. Third flight in series was postponed to allow 

investigation of ion-mass spectrometer difficulty. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* M2-F2 lifting body vehicle was air-launched from B-52 aircraft at 45,000- 

ft. altitude in fourth glide flight at Edwards AFB with NASA research pilot 

Milton 0. Thompson as pilot. Purpose of flight was determination of 

control damper requirements, lift-drag ratio, elevon response and flap 

effectiveness, and longitudinal stability and control. (NASA Proj. Off.) * House debated H.R. 935 on establishment of a Dept. of Transportation. 

Rep. Benjamin J. Rosenthal (D-N.Y.) proposed that it include an Office 

of Aircraft Noise Control and Abatement to assume duties of noise 

abatement research groups presently operative in several Government 

agencies, including NASA. (CR, 8/24/66, 19509-33) 

August 25: NASA’s Apollo/Saturn AS-202 mission was successfully launched 

from ETR’S Complex 34 at 1:16 p.m. EDT: 56,000-lb. unmanned Apollo 

spacecraft (011) was boosted into suborbital flight by Uprated Saturn I 

launch vehicle generating 1,600,000 lbs. thrust in second flight test of 

major spacecraft systems; second performance check of command 

module (Cm) heatshielding; and third flight test of Uprated Saturn I. 

Liftoff and powered flight were as programed. After spacecraft separation, 21,500-lb.-thrust service module (Sm) propulsion engine burned 

3 min. 35 sec. to boost spacecraft to 706-mi. (1,128.6-km.) altitude. 

Sm’s engines ignited three more times to test rapid restart capabilities, 

with last burn separating Sm. Cm reentered earth’s atmosphere at more 

than 19,900 mph. Maximum temperature of spacecraft’s surface was 

calculated to be about 2,700”F; temperature inside Cm was 70°F. Main 

parachutes deployed at 23,850-ft. altitude, lowering Cm to splashdown 

in Pacific Ocean some 500 mi. southeast of Wake Island-200 mi. from 

target-at 2:49 p.m. EDT. Recovery was by aircraft carrier U.S.S. 

Hornet. Apollo heatshield well withstood high heat-load test, and the 

spacecraft was in “stable condition 1.’’ 

Officials said that during flight, minor problem developed in unit 

which was to cool drinking water and various electrical components. 

They did not consider problem serious. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 275 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. 

Mueller told postflight press conference that “the results of today’s 

flight-once examined-will provide us with the information necessary” 

to make a final decision whether to commit the next Apollo flight to a 

manned mission. (NASA Release 66-213; NASA Proj. Off.; Hines, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 8/26/66, A4; AP, Wash. Post, 8/26/66, A3; Wilford, NYT, 

8/26/66, 1) 

August 25: X-15 No. 1 was flown to 3,511 mph (mach 5.00) and 257,500-ft. 

by NASA test pilot John B. McKay to conduct series of high-altitude 

scientific experiments: micrometeorites and extraterrestrial dust were 

collected in special container in wing-tip pod; intensity and spectral distribution of daytime sky conditions measured; and horizon scanner, 

electrical loads, and wing-pod flutter checked out. (X-15 Proj. Off.) 

Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.), chairman of the Space Sciences Subcommittee of the House Science and Astronautics committee, said at a luncheon of the Aviation/Space Writers’ Assn. in Washington, D.C., 

that the war in Vietnam and the needs of “the Great Society in general” 

would keep the space budget from expanding soon. He said the budget 

of ‘Znore than $6 billion” that NASA planned to ask Congress for in 

January 1967 (‘is financially not in the cards for the near future.” 

(Text) * Lawrence Levy, founder and president of Allied Research ASSOC., Inc., 

and former Defense Adviser to US. Ambassador to NATO, was sworn in 

as a consultant to NASA Administrator James E. Webb on “cooperation 

with western Europe and future space programs. . . .,, (NASA Release 

66-231) 

NASA selected Martin Co. for negotiation of $3-million, incentive-fee 

contract to build 11 experimental spacecraft equipped with parachute 

payloads “to investigate parachute designs and techniques for landing 

instrumented capsules on Mars.” Four would be launched by highaltitude balloon systems and seven by Honest John-Nike rockets under . LaRc’s Planetary Reentry Parachute Program. (NASA Release 66-229) 

A phased-out Bomarc missile, serving as target for USAF and USN missiles, 

exploded shortly after it was fired from Vandenberg AFB. (UPI, Wush. 

Post, 8/27/66, A3) 

Gov. Edmund Brown of California told aerospace executives meeting in 

Los Angeles of plans to create state-level Office of Science and Technology to provide liaison between Government and industry in using 

aerospace skills to solve civilian problems. Five state contracts had 

been let for preliminary study of the problems, using the aerospace 

systems engineering” approach. Brown said state’s studies ‘‘not only 

demonstrated that the systems analysis concept would work” but also 

that “in some cases it was the only concept that would cut through the 

red tape and the customs arising from generations of solving social 

problems in the same old ways.” (Sederberg, L.A. Times, 8/26/66; 

CR, 8/29/66, 20129-30) 

* U.S.S.R. began rocket test series in the Pacific Ocean. (Tass, 9/6/66) 

August 26: NASA officials revealed at Hq. news briefing that data accumulated 

thus far from LUNAR ORBITER I indicated the moon’s shape departed 

from that of a perfect sphere with a bulge of about W mi. at its north 

pole, a depression of about W mi. around the Northern Hemisphere, 

a W-mi. bulge around the Southern Hemisphere, and a depression of 

about W mi. at the South Pole. Conclusions were based on assumption 

cc 
276 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

moon’s density was uniform. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 8/27/66, A3; 

Av. Wk., 8/29/66, 1%) 

August 26: USAF Titan 111-C carrying eight Initial Defense Communications 

Satellite Program (Idcsp) repeaters destroyed itself some 80 sec. after 

launch from ETR’s Launch complex 41. Preliminary observations 

indicated breakup of payload fairing at about 85,000-ft. altitude; troubledetecting system sensed erratic behavior of rocket and triggered device 

that destroyed it. Available data showed “no abnormality in any of the 

vehicle’s other systems.” Detailed study of telemetry and film record 

would be necessary before cause of fairing malfunction could be 

determined. Launch was attempt to duplicate June 16 mission of identical 

Titan 111-C that placed seven Idcsps and one gravity-gradient satellite 

into random, near-synchronous equatorial orbits as part of worldwide 

military communications system which would eventually include 23 

comsats. (Wash. Eve. Star, 8/26/66, Al; UPI, NYT, 8/27/66, 14; 

AP, Wash. Post, 8/27/66, A3) 

Four sounding rockets-an Aerobee 150A, two Nike-Tomahawks, and a 

Nike-Apache-were launched by NASA from Wallops Station at predetermined intervals between 2:13 p.m. EDT and 3:11 p.m. EDT in 

conjunction with passage of EXPLORER XXXII satellite. Objective of 

series was to correlate measurements of properties, characteristics, 

and conditions of upper atmosphere obtained by rocket-borne experiments with similar measurements made by EXPLORER XXXII, second 

U.S. Atmosphere Explorer, launched May 25. Project was conducted 

by GSFC under overall direction of OSSA. (Wallops Release 66-45; 

NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 President Johnson spoke at AEC’S National Reactor Testing Station in 

Arco, Ida. (where world’s first electricity from nuclear power had been 

produced), on his hopes for compromise agreements preventing spread 

of nuclear weapons and ensuring peaceful uses of space. He urged 

recognition “that at the heart of our concern in the years ahead must 

be our relationship with the Soviet Union. . . . “1 believe that the Soviets share a genuine desire to enlarge the area 

of agreement. This summer we have been negotiating. . . a treaty that 

would limit future activity on celestial bodies to peaceful purposes. 

This treaty would, for all time, ban weapons of mass destruction, not 

only on celestial bodies, but also in orbit around the earth.. . .” 

He announced that treaty negotiations would resume Sept. 12, and 

continued: 

. . . Peace will not dramatically appear from a single agreement or 

a single utterance or a single meeting. 

It will be advanced by one small, perhaps imperceptible, gain after 

another, in which neither the pride nor the prestige of any large power 

is deemed more important than the fate of the world.” (Text, Pres. 

Doc., 9/5/66, 1160-64) 

August 27: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops 

Station reached 94-mi. (151-km.) altitude in GSFC-Univ. of Michigan 

Pitot-static probe experiment to measure atmospheric density, pressure, 

and temperature. Experiment, designed to observe diurnal variations 

in fine structure of region from 9-68 mi. (15-110 km.), was launched 

in conjunction with thermosphere probe experiments launched Aug. 26. 

Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

cc 

cc 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 277 

August 28: COSMOS CXXYIII was launched by U.S.S.R. into earth orbit with 

364-km. (226-mi.) apogee; 212-km. (132-mi.) perigee; 90-min. period; 

and 65” inclination. Equipment, carried to “continue space investigations,” was functioning normally. (Pruvda, 8/28/66, 3) 

NASA Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops 

Station reached 187-mi. (301-km.) altitude in GSFC-univ. of Michigan 

experiment coordinated with Aug. 26 and 27 flights. Simultaneous 

measurement of N2 and electron density and temperature, measurements of atmospheric ion and neutral composition, and comparative data 

from two mass spectrometers and other experiments were obtained; 

rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Damage to a 900,000-gallon stainless-steel storage tank for Saturn V 

booster’s liquid oxygen fuel would delay booster’s first flight-scheduled 

for first quarter of 1967-by at least 45 days, NASA announced. Damage 

had occurred during Aug. 19 first-stage tanking test when pipeline had 

ruptured spilling 800,000 gallons of liquid oxygen; vacuum thus 

created inside tank had caused depression in tank‘s 2%-in.-thick dome. 

Laboratory tests would determine extent of resulting structural weakness. (NYT, 8/29/66, 8) 

U.S.S.R.’s official silence on fate of LUNA XI artificial moon satellite 

launched Aug. 24 prompted speculation that spacecraft had switched 

off its beam in orbit, overshot the moon, or crashed. (rush. Post, 

8/28/66, A10; Wash. Sun. Star, 8/28/66, Al) 

Cal Tech scientists Eric E. Becklin and James A. Westphal reported findings from 19-day telescopic study of comet Ikeya-Seki that began 

Oct. 14, 1965: temperature of comet was “entirely dependent” on the 

sun, varying from 700°F to 1,200”F in direct proportion to distance 

from sun; nucleus and tail were same temperature; and comet was 

composed of “lots of metallic material” rather than ice and dust as 

previously suggested. (Wash. Post, 8/29/66, A9; Bird, NYT, 8/29/66, 

11) e Commenting on President Johnson’s Aug. 26 appeal for agreement on 

nuclear nonproliferation and peaceful uses of space, New York Times 

editorialized that issues of reporting space activities to U.N., and 

reciprocity and timing of visits to space vehicles and installations 

“would all appear to be soluble in time given a genuine desire for a 

treaty on both sides. . . . But the unanswered question is whether an 

East-West breakthrough on space can in fact come at all while the 

Vietnam impasse continues.” (NYT, 8/28/66, E6) 

August 29: Two NASA Boosted Arcas sounding rockets were launched one 

hour apart from WSMR in GSFC experiment to provide simultaneous 

measurements of D-region ions and electrons. Flights marked first 

launches of high-velocity Boosted Arcas rockets from rail launcher. 

Radar coverage was not provided, but rockets appeared to perform as 

predicted. Instrumentation functioned normally; however, parachute 

systems-designed to gather data for Polar Cap Absorption Programwere deployed too high and “streamered” entering dense atmosphere. 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 

NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from WSMR carried GSFCinstrumented payload to 128-mi. (206-km.) altitude to obtain dayglow 

measurements. Rocket and instrumentation performed well. (NASA Rpt. 

SRL) 
218 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

August 29: Pictures from U.S.S.R.’s LUNA XI spacecraft that apparently 

entered lunar orbit were received and tape recorded by Jodrell Bank 

Experimental Station. Although unable to immediately decipher 

pictures, Station officials said . . they appear to be similar to those 

of Luna 9 and the American Lunar Orbiter transmissions.” U.S.S.R. 

had made no official statement since Aug. 24 launch. (UPI, NYT, 

8/29/66, 11; UFJI, Chic. Trib., 8/30/66; UPI, Phil. Eve. Bull., 8/30/66) * Plans for manned solar astronomical mission to orbit earth in Apollo 

spacecraft during period of maximum solar activity beginning in 1968 

were announced by NASA. Mission objectives would be to acquire highresolution measurements and observations of structure and behavior 

of sun above earth’s atmosphere and to test man’s capabilities for conducting astronomical observations in space. MSFC would have project 

and experiment development responsibility. (NASA Release 66-232) 

NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., told Space 

Business Daily that NASA had presented several proposed FY 1968 

budgets to BOB, including one for “just over $6 billion” and another 

for $5.5 billion. He said that in the $5.5-billion budget about $500-$600 

million would be for Apollo Applications (Aa); the $6-billion budget 

would include about $1 billion for Aa. Emphasizing that major funds 

for Aa must be included in the FY 1968 budget if the billions of dollars 

spent on Apollo technology were not to be wasted, he indicated that a 

budget of about $5 billion would end plans for an adequate Aa program 

to follow Project Apollo. He noted that under a $5-billion budget, 

there would be a greater percentage cut back in contractor operations 

as opposed to inhouse NASA efforts, but that with a $5.5-billion budget 

the current ratio would remain about the same. Seamans confirmed 

that the fmt manned Apollo lunar landing could come as early as 

1968, but said it is “most likely” to occur in 1969. (SBD, 8/29/66, 

* ComSatCorp confirmed it was developing a plan which would have all 

commercial users of a domestic satellite communications systemtelephone and telegraph companies as well as commercial television 

networks-underwrite educational TV. Funds would come from a 

portion of anticipated savings to communications users after a domestic 

satellite system was established. Details of plan would be submitted to 

Carnegie Commission on Educational Television-a private group 

making study on needs of educational TV. Carnegie study-to be 

released in late 1966 or early 1967-was expected to be relied on when 

Congress considered renewal of Educational Facilities Act-due to 

expire in 1967-which concerned educational TV. (WSJ, 8/30/66, 10; 

AP, rash. Post, 8/30/66, D8) 

AT&T would sell its Andover, Me., ground station to ComSatCorp for 

$4,981,000, pending FCC approval. Station, which transmitted and 

received signals from EARLY BIRD I for transatlantic telephone, television, and data communications, had been leased by ComSatCorp since 

January 1965. (ComSatCorp Release) 

* Death of Nick Piantanida, 33-yr.-old parachutist in a coma since oxygen 

supply failed at 57,000-ft. altitude during May 1 attempt to break 

world’s freefall record. (NYT, 8/30/66, 41; Wash. Post, 8/31/66, A6) 

* Aerial Coast Patrol of US. Coast Guard established 50 years ago. 

August 30: X-15 No. 2 was flown to 3,614 mph (mach 5) and 102,200-ft. 

altitude by Maj. William J. Knight (USAF) to conduct heat tests. Pilot 

317-8) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 279 

conducted base-drag studies and checked out stability and control, 

ablative materials, and wing tip accelerometer. It was 170th flight of the 

X-15 and 7th during August. (FRC Release 16-66; X-15 Proj. Off.) 

August 30: Tass announced that LUNA XI had become second U.S.S.R. satellite to circle moon when it entered lunar orbit Aug. 27 with 1,200-km. 

(745-mi.) apolune; 160-km. (99-mi.) perilune; 2 hr. 58-min. period; and 

270” inclination. In first official statement since Aug. 24 launch, agency 

reported that midcourse maneuver had been successfully executed 

Aug. 26 and that onboard equipment was functioning normally. LUNA x 

began orbiting moon April 3-first spacecraft to do so-but did not 

transmit photos to earth. (Tass, Pruvda, 8/30/66, 1; AP, rush. Post, 

8/25/66, A3) 8 First of series of high-altitude experiments to investigate parachute 

designs and techniques that might be incorporated into Voyager 

spacecraft scheduled for unmanned soft landing on Mars in 1973 was 

conducted by NASA from Walker AFB. The 15-ft.-diameter, 1,600-lb. 

disc-shaped flight unit containing packaged test parachute, instruments 

to record loads and parachute deployment, and ring of 12 small rockets 

for acceleration was carried by balloon to 120,000- to 125,000-ft. 

altitude then released on ground command. Acceleration rockets 

apparently ignited as planned, propelling unit upward at about 850 

mph into arching trajectory. Parachute deployed; system descended 

in planned recovery area at WSMR. Test was apparent success; extensive 

performance analyses were being made. Balloon system had been tested 

July 18. Parachute project was managed by LaRC and coordinated with 

JPL, which managed Voyager program. (NASA Release 66-225; AP, 

Balt. Sun, 8/31/66) 

8 House passed H.R. 15963, bill to establish Cabinet-level Dept. of Transportation. Amendments proposed by Reps. Benjamin J. Rosenthal 

(D-N.Y.) and John W. Wydler (R-N.Y.) that would have established an 

Office of Aircraft Noise Control and Abatement in the Department 

were defeated. (CR, 8/30/66, 20342-84) 8 New York Times editorial: “The Soviet-American race to the moon is 

heating up. Even as the United States-built satellite, Lunar Orbiter, 

finished photographing the moon, Moscow’s huge Luna 11 also went 

into lunar orbit. The indicated success of the second unmanned flight 

of the Apollo moonship-another step toward putting the first Americans on the moon-undoubtedly will speed initial tests of a Soviet 

lunar vehicle.” (NYT, 8/30/66) 

August 31: U.S.S.R.’s LUNA XI that entered orbit around the moon Aug. 27 

was described as containing “an entire orchestra of rocket engines.” 

Vladimir Orlov, writing in Pruvdu, said the spacecraft contained in 

addition to its main power system a braking engine installation and 

four directing engines with comparatively small thrust.’’ (AP, NYT, 

9/1/66, 2) 8 Columbia Univ. professor of business administration Dr. Leonard R. 

Sayles was sworn in as consultant to NASA Administrator on organization 

policy and managerial practices and procedures. (NASA Release 66-235) 8 Photographic proof that two clouds of ‘‘cosmic rubble’” were orbiting the 

earth in the same path as the moon was announced by Lockheed 

Missiles & Space Co. engineer J. Wesley Simpson. The ccrubble7’ might 

have come from all over the universe and could offer clues to the 

earth’s origin, solar winds, and the possibility of life in outer space. 

CC 
280 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

August 30: Hurricane Faith (white mass at left) as photographed from 700-mi. altitude 

by NASA’S NIMBUS 11 satellite. 

Although photographic images were too faint to be reproduced on 

paper, they were visible on negatives and when projected on a smooth 

white surface. (UPI, NYT, 9/1/66, 24) 

During August: Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, head of MIT’S Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Special Consultant to NASA Administrator, 

wrote in Air Force and Space Digest that there appeared to be widespread lack of public understanding that aeronautical and space 

developments might have a profound effect on transformation of society: 

It is not so much the possession of the new technologies . . . that 

counts. Of more importance are the quickened spirits, the sharpened 

intellects, and the developed resources that can permeate the whole 

fabric of a society.” (AF/SD, 8/66, 86-7) 

* In letter to House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee 

on NASA Oversight, Dr. H. H. Hess, chairman of NAS Space Science 

Board, said that the national space program had become too big to 

make it practical to focus on any single future goal: “To pick one and 

virtually abandon the remainder would give a far smaller return than 

<c 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 281 

a balanced program aimed at several major objectives, even though the 

advantage of strong focus is being given up.” Three possible major 

goals suggested by Hess were: (1) unmanned exploration of the planets, 

primarily Mars and Venus, “with a subsidiary effort” on Jupiter; 

(2) continued manned lunar effort; and (3) earth-orbiting astronomy 

platform with optical, X-ray, gamma-ray, and radio telescopes “with 

ultimately manned maintenance.” (Av. Wk., 8/22/66, 95) 

During August: First space disaster was among predictions for 1967 in new 

edition of Old Moore’s Almanack, a volume published in U.K. for 270 

years. (UPI, NYT, 8/22/66, 37) 

* Role of Venus in NASA’s future space sciences program was reviewed in 

report by OSSA to House Science and Astronautics Committee. Report 

suggested that NASA might increase interest in Venus with combinations 

of Mars-Venus flights and single missions to Venus using Mariner, 

Voyager, and advanced Automated Biological Laboratory spacecraft to 

investigate “the possibility of life forms. . . . From almost every aspect . . . Venus is an important, puzzling, and paradoxical planet, meriting 

continued examination by space flight missions.” (Text; Tech. Wk., 

0 US. Sst program had been assigned “Dx” priority-highest manufacturing priority usually reserved for key defense and space programs-by 

President Johnson in April without public announcement, the press 

reported. The New York Times questioned secrecy and priority implied 

by President’s decision: “It was an error to keep the decision secret.” 

(Clark, NYT, 8/7/66, 1; WSJ, 8/9/66, 1; NYT, 8/8/66, C26) 

Summarizing two years of negotiations between France and U.S.S.R. on 

cooperative satellite communications program in Astronautics & Aeronautics, Andrew 6. Haley said questions of (1) access of French scientists and technicians to Soviet launch sites, and (2) size of orbit for 

French satellite to be launched with Soviet vehicle were still unsettled. 

(Haley, A&A, 8/66, 15-6) 

* Sharing of research with US. industry under NASA’s technology utilization program was commended in Petroleum Today article by Clay Hornick. December 1965 Conference on Selected Technology for the 

Petroleum Industry at Lewis Research Center, Hornick said, had 

encouraged utilization of space research discoveries in fields of combustion, lubrication, and nuclear resonance. (Hornick, Petroleum Today, 

Summer 1966, 16-19) 0 US. Army’s aviation role would increase, not diminish, as result of 

recent USA-USAF Chiefs of Staff agreement on tactical airlift capabilities, 

USA Director of Aviation B/G Robert R. Williams told Data. “. . . I 

assure you that the Army will continue to exploit the inherent capabilities of aircraft to support the conduct of prompt and sustained combat 

operations on land. Just as we will continue to receive aviation support 

from the other services, so will we continue to provide organic aviation 

responsive to the direct control and planning of the Army commander. 

Further, we will develop and acquire aircraft and aircraft command and 

control systems which are uniquely capable of fulfilling . . . the requirements of immediate availability for sustained operation in a field 

environment. . . .,’ (Data, 8/66, 9-10) 

9/12/66, 18-9) 

* Comment on LUNAR ORBITER I mission: 

New York Times: “Unfortunately, the decision made a half decade ago 

was to give priority to the Apollo program for landing a man on the 
282 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

moon . . . Lunar Orbiter’s achievements remind us that there is no 

pressing necessity for putting manned lunar flight first. If President 

Johnson should decide to slow down the Apollo project by cutting its 

budget appreciably, scientific investigation of the moon with instrument satellites could continue and be richly productive. 

“In a few years pictures of the earth’s orb as seen from distant space 

will become commonplace. Tomorrow’s schoolchildren will find it hard 

to believe there was a time when no human eyes had seen the full 

crescent arc of earth’s globe from the perspective of the moon or 

beyond.” 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin: “Looking rather like a crumbly piece 

of Roquefort, there it was-Earth, as seen from the Moon by a camera 

aboard Lunar Orbiter 1. The picture was a black-and-white, but no 

matter. Since the Moon has no appreciable atmosphere, Earth will 

never take on the bright orange and yellow hues of a harvest moon. 

And since there are no forests, no lakes, no oceans, no snowcovered 

fields on the Moon, Earth will never be framed, for lunar lovers, in the 

sylvan or aquatic settings that lend so much enchantment and mystery 

to earthly views of the Moon.” 

Sam Shenton, leader and secretary of the International Flat Earth 

Society, claimed that the circular body shown in LUNAR ORBITER 1’s 

photos Aug. 25 was not really earth, but “one of the non-luminous 

bodies between us and the moon.” He admitted that photos of the earth 

had been “a great shock” to the 24-member society. (NYT, 8/19/66, 

29; 8/27/66; Phil. Eve. Bull., 8/27/66; Reuters, Wash. Post, 8/29/66, 

During August-September: USAF Chief of Staff Gen. J. P. McConnell discussed 

military future of manned aircraft in NATO’s Fifteen Nations. Aeronautical technology in fields of propulsion and composite materialsand less radical improvements in performance, navigation aids, fire 

control systems, and conventional ordnance-indicated that “by 1975 

we will have increased by major increments the speed, range, altitude, 

payload and over-all versatility of manned aircraft for military roles.” 

Noting that X-15 could fly faster and higher than V-2 ballistic missile, 

General McConnell said he believed “that well in advance of the estimates that most people would make, Air Force pilots will be flying 

genuine aerospace craft that can take off under their own power, 

operate in space and return to a controlled landing.” (NATO’s Fqteen 

Nations, 8-9/66) 

During Summer: First four sessions of Legal Subcommittee of the U.N. 

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space were summarized in an 

article by NASA Deputy General Counsel Paul G. Dembling and Daniel M. 

Arons, Attorney-Adviser, NASA Office of General Counsel, in Journal of 

Air Law and Commerce. (J/Air Law and Commerce, Summer/66,329-86) 

A31 
September 1966 

September 1: Lewis Research Center awarded Aerojet-General Corp. a $10- 

million contract for fabrication and static test firing of 260-in.-dia. 

solid propellant rocket motor. An advanced version of two motors of 

the same diameter previously tested by Aerojet, new motor would use 

propellant with higher burning rate and was expected to develop 5.25 

million lbs. peak thrust when test-fired for 80 sec. in June 1967. 

Earlier versions had produced 3.6 miIlion lbs. thrust during 114-sec. 

tests. (NASA Release 66-236; LRC Release 66-52) 

Explosion of Saturn V booster’s 2nd stage (S-11-F) at MTF May 28 was 

caused by inadequate test procedures and faulty hydrogen line fitting, 

NASA investigative board, chaired by KSC Director Dr. Kurt H. Debus, 

concluded. Board reported that first shift workmen had failed to attach 

pressure-sensing line to stage’s hydrogen tank or to inform second 

shift workmen of disconnect, with result that test conductor’s gauge 

registered zero reading when stage was actually under pressurization 

with gaseous helium. Tank ruptured at 23 psig-far below 38-psig 

design pressure-because of poor hydrogen line fitting. Board recommended “tighter control” over MTF test procedures. (MSFC Release 

NASA Nike-Tomahawk launched from Churchill Research Range reached . 150-mi. (242-km.) altitude in first of a series of four NASA-UniV. of 

California, Berkeley, experiments to obtain proton and electron 

measurements over energy range of 1-300 kev. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily [see Sept. 6, 161. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* NASA appointed Paul A. Barron Deputy Director of Procurement and 

Gordon H. Tyler, formerly GSFC procurement officer, to succeed Barron 

as Assistant Director of Procurement for Policy and Review. (NASA 

Release 66-234) 

Gen. James Ferguson, Deputy Chief of Staff/R&D, Hq. USAF, assumed 

command of AFSC, replacing Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, who retired 

Aug. 31. (AFSC Release 184.66) 0 USAF would make electronic portraits of satellite shapes to develop catalog 

of radar images of possible space vehicle shapes, AFSC announced. 

Measurements on some 24 satellite models would be taken by AFSC 

Electronic Systems Div. at Holloman AFB in 2,000 hrs. of tests extending 

through December. (AFSC Release 156.66) 

0 L/C Harry W. Peterson (USAF, Ret.), former chief of Contract Division, 

Contract Administration Services, Hq. USAF Defense Supply Agency, 

was appointed Director, Contract Administration Division of NASA 

Procurement Office. (NASA Ann., 10/7/66) 

September 2: Tape recorder for Advanced Vidicon Camera System on 

NASA’s NIMBUS 11 meteorological satellite had failed, but camera could 

still transmit cloud-cover photos when within range of North American 

66-196) 

-4 283 
284 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966- 

receiving stations. Launched from WTR, NIMBUS II had successfully 

passed its final test objective of two months of continuous operation 

July 15. Automatic Picture Transmission (Apt) camera system and 

High Resolution Infrared Radiation (Hrir) system were still operating. 

(NASA Release 66-243) 

September 2: Data from onboard cameras and other recovered instruments had 

confirmed success of NASA’s first high-altitude experiment to investigate 

parachute designs and techniques that might be used to land instrumented capsules on Mars. Launched aboard a balloon Aug. 30 from 

Walker AFB, experiment had “provided a solid data base with which we 

can compare and correlate the results of later flight tests involving 

parachutes and flight units of different sizes and shapes,” Project 

Manager John C. McFall reported. (NASA Release 66-241) 0 Eight Government agencies, headed by FAA, formed Inter-Agency Bird 

Hazard Committee to exchange and consolidate data in an effort to 

develop methods for reducing danger of collisions between birds and 

aircraft: Dept. of the Interior; USN; HEW; CAB; NASA; USA; and USAF. 

Since 1961, FAA had spent more than $500,000 for research on bird 

habitats, migration, and preventive and corrective methods to reduce 

collisions-which had averaged 300 per year. (FAA Release 66-84) 0 NASA Langley Research Center had invited four aircraft manufacturersBoeing Co., Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Douglas Aircraft Co., and General 

Dynamics Corp.-to submit by Sept. 30 proposals for a research program to reduce noise generated by commercial jet transports. (NASA 

Release 66-242) 

New Eastman Kodak film processing system for fast reaction, highquality aerial reconnaissance photography that simultaneously developed a negative and a high-resolution positive transparency in 30 sec., 

had been demonstrated by USAF at Wright-Patterson AFB. (AFSC Release 

142.66) 0 H.S. Becker, former North American Aviation, Inc., executive, had been 

appointed Deputy Director of MSFC’S Advanced Systems Office. (MSFC 

Release 66-199) 

North American Aviation, Inc., was awarded a $1,550,000 initial increment to a $5,671,000 USAF contract for development work on vertical 

takeoff and landing (Vtol) aircraft. Contract would be managed by 

AFSC’S Systems Engineering Group. (DOD Release 760-66) 0 M2-F2 lifting body vehicle, piloted by NASA research pilot Milton 0. 

Thompson, was launched from B-52 bomber at 45,000-ft. altitude in 

fifth glide flight at Edwards AFB. Purposes of flight were evaluation of a 

360’ overhead approach using visual cues only and determination of 

control damper-off handling qualities. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

September 2-3: Three NASA Nike-Apache sounding rockets were launched 

from Churchill Research Range in GSFC experiment to measure intensity and energy spectra of low-energy protons, helium nuclei, and 

heavier nuclei present during a Polar Cap Absorption event. Rockets 

and instrumentation-except for solid-state detectors on first flightperformed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

September 3: Reports by Volunteer Flight Officers Network-new tracking 

system in which 22,000 commercial pilots on 51 airlines searched the 

skies for reentering space hardware-had proved valuable to Smithsonian Institution’s Astrophysical Observatory and USAF in improving 

computer methods and clearing records. Network was founded by 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 285 

amateur astronomer Herbert E. Roth, director of Denver Moonwatch 

team. (Clark, NYT, 9/4/66, 68) 

September 4: U.S.S.R.’s 12-ton PROTON 111 unmanned spacecraft-launched 

into earth orbit July 6 to study cosmic rays and atomic particles-was 

still functioning normally and transmitting data to earth regularly, 

Trud reported. (AP, NYT, 9/6/66, 74) 

Invention of reusable turbo-rocket engine, which could launch spacecraft for 1/10 current U.S. costs, was announced by ROUS Royce at 

British Assn. for the Advancement of Science meeting in Nottingham, 

U.K. Engine had been designed in titanium, but compressor blades 

could be made of hifil-new fiber-reinforced plastic five times as stiff as 

titanium, more reliable, lighter, and less expensive. Partly air-breathing 

turbo-rocket-cross between jet engine and rocket-would be fueled 

on kerosene and liquid oxygen. Battery of 48 turborockets-each 

weighing 1,000 lbs. and capable of generating 22,000 lbs. thrust-could 

boost Apollo spacecraft to 25,000-ft. altitude in fraction of a second and 

then be landed by remote control. Reported cost of launch would be 

$2.8 million compared to $28 million with US. booster. (Houston 

Chron., 9/5/66) 

Soviet cosmonauts had not been troubled by perspiration, breathing 

difficulties, or high heartbeat rates as was Astronaut Richard F. Gordon, 

Jr., during GEMINI XI mission, Soviet physician-cosmonaut Dr. Boris 

Yegorov said at press conference in Geneva. Probable reason was that 

cosmonauts worked in “completely normal” atmospheric conditions 

and breathed ordinary air, while astronauts used artificial air mixture 

containing more oxygen than normal, he said. Yegorov, one of three 

crew members in Oct. 12, 1964, VOSKHOD I mission, was attending 

congress on space biology. (Reuters, Wash. Post, 9/22/66, A3) 

September 5: Administration officials had no indication that U.S.S.R. was 

man-rating a new booster for manned lunar landing program, Technology 

Week reported. They also doubted reports that U.S.S.R. would attempt 

landing mission in October 1967--fiftieth anniversary of Bolshevik 

Revolution-but anticipated another Soviet manned earth-orbital 

flight in 1966. (Tech. Wk., 9/5/66,3) 0 Gen. Bernard Schriever, who retired as AFSC Commander Aug. 31, was 

saluted by Technology Week: “The nation owes an immense debt to 

Gen. Schriever, for he and a handful of other far-sighted men almost 

literally dragged this country into the missile era at a time when there 

were few who believed that the intercontinental missile was a feasible 

weapon. 

“Moreover, once the decision had been made it was to Gen. Schriever 

that the task fell of putting together the organization to tackle such a 

formidable assignment. 

“The success story that followed is well-known in the industry and 

the nation.. . .,, (Coughlin, Tech. Wk., 9/5/66, 50) 0 Future of consortium agreements between U.K. and European nations 

was still uncertain despite success of European Launcher Development 

Organization (ELDO) and progress of Concorde supersonic transport 

program, L. L. Doty reported in Aviation Week. “. . . dissensions over 

the distribution of work loads, allocation of procurement, financial 

sharing and miscalculations of projected costs are threatening present 

consortiums, and possibly discouraging formation of others.” 

In addition, nationalism “which is accelerating the drive for inde- 
286 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

pendence in aerospace activities . . . tend[s] to draw governments away 

from the consortium principle. . . .” (Doty, Av. Wk., 9/5/66, 29) 

September 5: Dr. Clifford A. Spohn (Col., USAF, Ret.) had been appointed 

director of operations at ESSAYS National Satellite Center, succeeding 

Arthur W. Johnson, who had been appointed deputy director of the 

facility. (ESSA Release 66-8) 

Prevailing theory that nuclear particles are symmetrical throughout 

nature, challenged two months ago by Dr. Paolo Franzini, Columbia 

Univ., and his wife Dr. Juliet Lee-Franzini, State Univ. of New York 

[see June 271 , was reinforced by results of experiment conducted in 

Geneva by European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) scientists 

and reported at Rochester Conference at Univ. of California, Berkeley. 

Validation of Franzini discovery, which had stirred wide interest in 

scientific circles, would force physicists to derive new or more sophisticated explanations for basic nature of matter. CERN experiment, based 

on analysis of 10,665 photographs of eta-meson decay into three pions, 

found no significant difference in energy levels of positive and negative 

pions. Franzini had observed greater energy in positive pion than negative. Franzini and CERN groups planned further experiments, and similar 

test would be conducted by Columbia Univ. physicist Leon Lederman. 

(NYT, 9/6/66, 30) 

0 “Nobody has yet found any space goals that will stir the Europeans the 

way manned space flight and the race toward a lunar landing have 

generated tremendous technical impetus in the US. and U.S.S.R.,” 

Robert Hotz reported in Aviation Week. “If new fomulae can he found 

to fit changing European requirements, the prospects for applying the 

spearhead technology of the aerospace industry will never be brighter. 

For the United States, this will require a more realistic government 

policy in permitting more first-line technology to be exported to our 

allies. For Europe, it will require a more realistic appraisal of how its 

technical resources can be applied to compete successfully in the 

world market.” (Hotz, Av. Wk., 9/5/66,21) 

September 6: President Johnson signed FY 1967 Independent Offices Appropriation Bill (H.R. 14921) , which included $4,968,000,000 NASA 

appropriation-below $5 billion for first time since FY 1963. (NASA 

9 Boeing Co., Lockheed Aircraft Co., General Electric Co., and Pratt & 

Whitney Div., United Aircraft Corp., submitted final designs for 1,800- 

mph Sst to FAA. Evaluation team of Government and airline experts 

was expected to submit engine and airframe choices to FAA Administrator William F. McKee by Nov. 1. Final selection would be announced 

by President Johnson in late 1966. (AP, Wash. Post, 9/7/66, D7; 

Clark, NYT, 9/7/66, 26) 

e Rebutting Aug. 14 Washington Sunday Star editorial which called the 

US. Sst program “a dubious venture moved by extraordinary pressures,” Sen. Warren G. Magnuson (D-Wash.) told Senate that program 

was “moving forward on a logical basis” to make Sst available for commercial use in 1974 at total cost of about $4.5 billion-25% of which 

would be paid by manufacturers. Senator Magnuson said that planners 

were “well aware” of potential hazards of excess radiation, internal 

heat, lack of maneuverability, and structural stress suggested by Star 

and assured the Senate that aircraft had been designed “to preclude 

LAR v/14) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 287 

catastrophic conditions. . . .’, (CR, 9/6/66, 20909-10; Tech. Wk., 

9/5/66, 17) 

September 6: Two NASA Nike-Tomahawks launched about six hours apart 

from Churchill Research Range reached 145mi. (238-km.) and 150-mi. 

(243-km.) altitudes. They were second and third in series of four 

NASA-UniV. of California, Berkeley, experiments to obtain proton and 

electron measurements. Both rockets and instrumentation performed 

satisfactorily; first rocket’s nose cone did not eject until after apogee, 

but good data were received [see Sept. 1, 161. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* Soviet rocket tests begun Aug. 25 in the Pacific had been completed six 

weeks ahead of schedule, Tass announced. (Tass, 9/6/66; WI, NYT, 

* NASA awarded facilities grants totaling $3.2 million to Univ. of Wisconsin 

and Univ. of Washington to provide “urgently needed” quarters and 

specialized facilities for space-related research and training. (NASA 

Release 66-244) 

* NASA awarded George Washington Univ. a three-year, $750,000 grant 

“to undertake a multidisciplinary program of policy studies in science, 

technology, and public administration.” Program was expected to 

contribute to analysis of various policy questions related to development of the space program and utilization of knowledge derived from 

it. (NASA Release 66-240) 

* A 1967 world conference on space to be held in Geneva, Paris, or Vienna 

was proposed by Soviet professor Anatoli Blagonravov to Legal Subcommittee of U.N. committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space meeting 

in New York. US. had favored 1968 meeting in New York. (NYT, 

* Proposal to produce first worldwide live telecast in June 1967 was outlined at Geneva meeting of European Broadcasting Union. AX, CBS, and 

NBC news executives expressed interest in proposal but would not commit themselves until details of program, under supervision of British 

Broadcasting Corp., were resolved. Live television transmission around 

the world would be possible after ComSatCorp’s planned launching of 

two communications satellites in fall 1966-one over the Atlantic, the 

other over the Pacific. (Adams, NYT, 9/7/66) 

* 1966’s second new comet-first with a tail-had been discovered by Dr. 

Roberto Barbon, Italian astronomer visiting Mt. Wilson and Mt. 

Palomar Observatories, and confirmed by Smithsonian Astrophysical 

Observatory. Named for its discoverer, ninth magnitude object was in 

constellation Cetus. (Sci. Serv., NYT, 9/6/66, 46) 

September 7: Thunder and lightning brought down NASA meteorological 

balloon near Austin, Tex. The 10-million-cu.-ft. balloon, launched 

from Minneapolis Aug. 24 by Litton Systems, had failed to deflate 

automatically after its payload had been detached and was slowly drifting toward the Gulf of Mexico. USAF had been prepared to shoot it down 

because it “was a menace to jet aircraft.” (WI, Phil. Eve. Bull., 9/7/66) 

9 New mineral named ctdjerfi~herite”-a copper-iron sulfide-had been 

found in meteorites. Since it does not exist naturally on earth and could 

be formed only at high temperatures, it was speculated that djerfisherite 

might have originated in the sun’s outermost layer. Report of finding 

was released through American Assn. for the Advancement of Science 

by Dr. Louis H. Fuchs. (Henry, Wash. Eve. Stat, 9/7/66, D2) 

9/7/66) 

9/7/66) 
288 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

September 8: NASA test pilot John B. McKay made successful emergency 

landing of X-15 No. 1 at Smith’s Ranch, Nev., after malfunction 

developed in aircraft’s fuel system. There was no damage to aircraft 

and no injury to pilot. Primary purpose of flight was photometer 

measurements of sharpness of earth’s horizon for use in Apollo program. (X-15 Proj. Off.; UPI, Wush. Post, 9/9/66, BlO) 

Rep. Ogden Reid (R-N.Y.) introduced H.R. 17604 to amend National 

Aeronautics and Space Act to provide a NASA R&D program for aircraft 

noise abatement. Program would: attempt to develop workable measuring system for correlating intensity and quality of aircraft noise with 

effects on persons on the ground; develop quieter aircraft through 

research and development; compile knowledge on methods and devices 

for aircraft noise abatement; coordinate research relating to aircraft 

noise abatement; and determine cause and develop solutions for other 

“related nuisances.” (NASA LAR V/146) 

0 Dr. Winston E. Kock, first director of ERC, had resigned to return to 

Bendix Corp., effective Oct. 1. James C. Elms, NASA Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, would replace him. (NASA 

Release 66-247) 0 US. should divert funds from NASA’s Apollo program and from Federal 

highway projects to improve urban housing and transportation systems, 

Sen. Eugene J. McCarthy (D-Minn.) suggested to International Conference of Social Work in Washington, D.C. (Honsa, Wush. Post, 

9/9/66, A14) 

Development of a “magnetic hammer” at MSFC had saved the Government 

some $2,130,000 in 1965 and netted its inventors $2,500 each-largest 

joint invention award ever made at MSFC. A portable device which 

created an intense magnetic field to move metal uniformly without 

marring the surface, hammer had been used to replace mechanical 

stretching of Saturn V bulkhead gore segments and restore previously 

rejected segments. Inventors were Robert J. Schwinghamer, MSFC, and 

Leslie D. Foster, formerly of MSFC and currently with Comprehensive 

Designers, Inc. (MSFC Release 66-206) 

FCC’S Oct. 1 deadline for filing comments on whether or not private entities 

should be allowed to establish special-purpose communications satellite 

systems for domestic use was extended to Nov. 3. Initially FCC had 

requested that comments and proposals be submitted by Aug. 1. Complexity of proposals submitted by ComSatCorp and the Ford Foundation 

on that date and resulting questions and discussion had necessitated 

two extensions of the deadline. (Adams, NYT, 9/9/66, 77) 

In response to allegations that F-111 aircraft was unacceptable as an allpurpose military aircraft, DOD told Sen. Stuart Symington (D-Mo.) 

that: (1) production of F-111A for USAF was on schedule with first 

deliveries planned in 1967; (2) performance of the aircraft would be 

close to 1962 evaluations; (3) aircraft would be superior to any other 

tactical weapons system in the world in Cc~riti~al)7 factors of range, 

payload, speed, and versatility; (4) cost variations were “typical of 

large scale development programs”; and (5) goal of one basic aircraft 

for two services was being met. (CR, 9/8/66, 21207) 

September 9: Validity of satellite measurements of micrometeoroid fluxes 

in which piezoelectric microphones had been used as detectors was 

challenged in Science by Carl Nilsson, Australian scientist working 

at GSFC. Although these measurements had given rise to theory that 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 289 

earth was surrounded by dust cloud, analysis of 100 hrs. of data from 

NASA’s OGO 11 satellite revealed: (1) there had been no detectable signals 

from sensors that could have been caused by micrometeoroid impact; 

and (2) the microphone systems had been emitting noise. Nilsson concluded that in past satellite measurements, microphone noises had not 

been caused by micrometeoroid impact but by reaction of microphone 

crystals to temperature changes. (Nilsson, Science, 10/9/66, 1242-6) 

September 9: House of Commons’ Committee of Public Accounts said development costs for Anglo-French supersonic airliner Concorde would 

total $1.4 billion-compared to original $476 million estimated costbefore its completion in 1973, according to the New York Times. The 

“massive increase” in cost was attributed to changes in design, increases 

in wages, and “underestimation in the earlier estimates.” (NYT, 

9/9/66, 76) 

September 10-1 6: NASA Administrator James E. Webb made unpublicized 

trip to West Germany to discuss three new space agreements; cooperative projects would involve a German-built advanced solar 

exploration spacecraft to be launched by NASA, a joint aeronomy satellite 

to study solar radiation, and participation in Apollo Telescope Mount 

for observation of sun’s structure from above earth’s atmosphere. 

(Tech. Wk., 10/3/66, 18) 

September 10: Chemical reactions in gases produced by a “Q-switched” 

ruby laser suggested a new method for studying very high temperature 

reactions, reported Westinghouse Research Laboratories scientists L. 

M. Epstein and K. H. Sun in a letter to Nature. Studies establishing 

dependence of yield on intensity and configuration of focal spot were 

recommended to prove usefulness of method as an absolute dosimeter 

for laser shots. (Epstein and Sun, Nature, 9/10/66, 1173-4) 

September 11: Andrew 6. Haley, early advocate of outer space rule of law 

and author of the “metalaw” concept to govern the conduct of terrestrial 

beings in outer space, died in Washington, D.C. At the time of his 

death, Haley was general counsel to International Astronautical Federation (IAF), counsel and fellow of AIAA, IAF observer to U.N., and academician of International Institute of Space Law. He authored the 

book Space Law and Government in 1964. (Wash. Post, 9/12/66, B7; 

Wash. Eve. Star, 9/12/66, B5) 

0 USAF had launched reconnaissance satellite over U.S.S.R. that could 

photograph Soviet military bases and return film packages on command 

from ground control, Dick Lyons reported in Wushington Post. Key components were high-powered camera that could photograph objects 

several feet in diameter from 100-mi. altitude; cluster of film packagescassettes-that could be dropped from satellite at random and picked 

up by recovery aircraft; and an Agena vehicle which could be maneuvered from ground. A new version of Samos spacecraft, satellite could 

remain in orbit for weeks or months-until its supply of film packages 

was exhausted-and might also be able to transmit TV pictures to US. 

ground stations. (Lyons, Wush. Post, 9/12/66) 

September 12: Balloonist Tracy Barnes landed at Rio Grande, N.J., completing first hot-air balloon flight across the continental US. Barnes left 

San Diego April 10. (Wush. Post, 9/12/66, D11) 

Shift of management of NASA’s Apollo Telescope Mount mission from 

GSFC to MSFC was evidence of NASA’s effort “toward inhouse development 
290 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

of major space projects7’ to “offset threatened loss of personnel” at 

NASA manned space flight centers as Apollo program passed its personnel 

peak, Aviation Week reported. (Av. Wk., 9/12/66, 80) 

September 12: U.S.S.R. was developing booster with 7.5- to 10-million-lbs. 

thrust-enough to send a man to the moon or past Mars, unnamed 

sources reported. Evidence presumably had been gathered by U.S. reconnaissance satellites. (Clark, NYT, 9/13/66, 28; Simons, Wash. Post, 

9/11/66, Al) 

September 12-15: Three-day GEMINI XI mission-ninth manned flight in 

NASA’s Gemini series-began with launch of Gemini Agena Target 

Vehicle (GATV) by Atlas booster from ETR’S Complex 14, followed 97 

min. later by launch of GEMINI XI by Titan I1 booster from Complex 19. 

Astronauts were Charles Conrad, Jr., command pilot, and Richard F. 

Gordon, Jr., pilot. GATV entered near-circular, 185-mi.-altitude orbit; 

GEMINI XI entered elliptical orbit with 175-mi. (280-km.) apogee; 100-mi. 

(161-km.) perigee; 90-min. period; and 33” inclination. GEMINI XI 

docked with GATV 94 min. after liftoff to become first manned spacecraft 

to achieve first-revolution rendezvous and docking-mission’s primary 

objective. Other accomplishments included extravehicular activity 

(Eva), maneuvering of docked GEMINI XI-GATV configuration to record 

851-mi. altitude, station-keeping using tether to link two spacecraft, 

computer-controlled reentry, and completion of several experiments. 

After initial docking, crew executed four practice docks and spent 

sleep period attached to GATV. Gordon began planned 107-min. Eva on 

schedule at 23:58 GET, but ten minutes later, after setting up movie 

camera, retrieving micrometeoroid experiment, and attaching Agena’s 

100-ft. tether to GEMINI XI’S docking bar, had to rest astride GATV. 

When blinded in his right eye by perspiration, Gordon was ordered by 

Conrad at 24:02 GET to cancel power-tool evaluation experiment and 

return to cabin. 

At 40:58 GET, following crew’s second sleep period, mated spacecraft 

used GATV’s primary propulsion system (pps) to attain orbit with 851-mi. 

apogee-record altitude for manned space flight. After two revolutions, 

second pps burn restored docked configuration to approximately 185- 

mi.-altitude circular orbit. At 46:58 GET Gordon opened hatch to begin 

2 hr. 8 min. standup Eva during which several photographic experiments 

were conducted. Tether dynamics exercise followed: GEMINI XI undocked 

from GATV and moved to end of 100-ft. tether which was supposed to 

hold two spacecraft on vertical line pointing earthward, proving that 

two objects could fly in formation for long duration without using 

maneuvering fuel. When vehicles began to drift, Conrad initiated slow 

rotation with appropriate spacecraft maneuvers, creating slight centrifugal force which kept tether taut and spacecraft at controlled distance. 

After separation from Agena during sleep period, Conrad executed 

successful re-rendezvous-added to flight plan because of GEMINI XI’S -- 

favorable fuel supply. 

Reentry Sept. 15 in 45th revolution after 71 hrs. 17 min. of flight 

was first h U.3. space program to be guided automatically by computer 

which fed commands directly to thrusters. Splashdown of GEMINI XI 

in the Atlantic 700 mi. from Cape Kennedy-within two miles of targetand recovery operations by crew of U.S.S. Guam were carried on live 

television via EARLY BIRD I comsat. USN pararescue team, dropped from 

helicopters, attached flotation collar to spacecraft. Astronauts were 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 291 

flown by helicopter to recovery ship. (NASA Proj. Off.; NASA Release 

66-226; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/13/66, Al, A6; 9/14/66, Al, ‘A14; 

9/15/66, Al, A6; Reistrup, Tush. Post, 9/13/66, Al, A3; 9/14/66, 

Al, A3; 9/15/66, Al, A6; 9/16/66, Al, A5; Wilford, NYT, 9/13/66,1, 

28; 9/14/66, 1, 32; 9/15/66, 1, 26; 9/16/66, 1, 24) 

September 12-16: Joint Royal Aeronautical Society (mes) Centenary Congress and Fifth Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical 

Sciences (ICAS) held in London. 

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and honorary mes president, said 

in a centenary address that “. . . making the right selection in research 

programmes and development projects has become crucial to the whole 

of aeronautical evolution. . . .” Risks involved in the total investment 

necessary for success, he said, had led European nations to “the obvious 

answer”-international cooperation: “If it is important to see that 

aviation is fitted into the national economy in such a way as to enable 

it to function most efficiently, it is even more important to work out 

an international structure which will enhance and encourage the chances 

of success rather than frustrate and defeat them.” (Hersey, A&A, 11/66, 

126-30; Text, A&A, 12/66, 32-4) 

September 13: U.N. Ambassador Arthur Goldberg, attempting to clear obstacles to early completion of space law treaty, announced two US. 

compromises to Legal Subcommittee of U.N. Committee on Peaceful 

Uses of Outer Space meeting in New York: (1) US. would not require 

that space stations and vehicles be “open at all times” for inspection, 

but would allow that visits be made on “a basis of reciprocity” with 

“reasonable advance notice” to host government; (2) US. would not 

demand submission of comprehensive reports on space exploration to 

U.N. members and scientific community, but would have reports submitted “to the extent feasible and practicable.” U.S.S.R. demand that 

nations granting tracking facilities to any space power provide same 

facilities on identical terms to other space powers was modified by 

Soviet delegate Platon D. Morozov to include provision that expenses 

incurred in rendering tracking aid would be reimbursed. (Teltsch, NYT, 

9/14/66, 32) 0 Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), chairman of House Science and Astronautics Committee, praised NASA’s GEMINI XI mission on the floor of the 

House: cr. . . the Gemini 11 crew successfully accomplished the first 

rendezvous and docking in space within one revolution, by far the 

quickest of any rendezvous attempted to date. It is significant to note 

at this point in the mission that the . . . flight is following the planned 

schedule of events closer than any other Gemini flight to date. . . .” 

(CR, 9/13/66, 21495) 0 U.S.S.R. pilot Aleksey Anosov had established new world’s distance record 

for helicopter with 1,509-km. (938-mi.) flight in MI-1 helicopter from 

Sumi in the Ukraine to the Orenburg region in the Urals. Previous 

record of 900 mi. (1,lzCes km.) had been set by Capt. Chester R. RadclBe, 

Jr. (USAF), July 5, 1962. (Tush. Post, 9/14/66, B2) 

September 13-14: First Logistics Management Symposium attended by some 

400 industrialists and government officials met at MSFC to discuss logistics support of activities in the free world and in space. In the keynote 

address, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. 

George E. Mueller stressed that effective logistics management was 

essential to the success of NASA’s Apollo program. “For the first time in 
292 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

a NASA manned space flight program, the greater part of logistics is not 

being provided by the Department of Defense. . . . “However, the need for increasing the emphasis on logistics management for Apollo is great. . . . “The Apollo Saturn space vehicle involves 20,000 contractors and 

subcontractors and has more than 900,000 individual parts. The Saturn 

V first stage holds 56 tank cars of propellants. The second and third 

stages of Saturn V transported by water during the Apollo program will 

spend a total of 700 days at sea. Apollo program transportation by all 

modes will require coordination with nine Government agencies. The 

launch windows for the Apollo lunar mission are relatively small, 

malfunctions on the pad must be kept to a minimum while corrective 

maintenance must be extremely fast and reliable. All of these elements 

make the Apollo logistics program both complicated and costly. . . .” 

(MSFC Release 66-202; Text) 

September 13-15: Series of five NASA Nike-Apache sounding rockets was 

launched from Churchill Research Range in GCA Corp. experiment to 

compare, by means of Langmuir probe and trimethyl-aluminum (TMA) 

cloud techniques, electron density profile with wind profile. A NASA 

aircraft obtained supporting photographs of vapor clouds. All rockets 

and instrumentation performed satisfactorily; TMA did not eject during 

second flight in series, but useful data were obtained from Langmuir 

probe. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

September 14: X-15 No. 3 was flown to 3,580 mph (mach 5.11) and 254,200-ft. 

altitude by NASA pilot William H. Dana for altitude buildup, micrometeoroid collection, measurements of total solar flux and broadband 

light distribution by JPL spectroradiometer, and radiometer measurements of ultraviolet exhaust plume characteristics. (X-15 Proj. Off.; FRC 

Release; JPL Release 408) 8 LUNA XI, U.S.S.R.’s second lunar orbiting satellite, launched Aug. 24, 

was continuing to orbit moon and had completed 1,410 revolutions, 

Tass announced. All equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, 

9/ 14/66) 8 U.S.S.R. astronomers had scanned the Milky Way in six-centimeter wavelength for first time, using Pulkovo Observatory’s huge radiotelescope 

and parabolic antenna. Observations did not confirm current theory 

that radio emanations were primarily linked with radio glow of “hot 

gas” (ionized hydrogen) in our galaxy, but showed that “even in these 

wave-lengths a considerable role is played by the emanation of fast 

electrons moving in magnetic fields at speeds close to that of light.” 

Simultaneously, Pulkovo astronomers conducted detailed study of 80 

other clouds of ionized hydrogen to “help determine more exactly the 

physical conditions which exist in the most interesting parts of the 

Milky Way and their relationship with the continuous radio emanation 

of our galaxy as a whole.” (Tass, 9/14/66) 

September 15: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB 

with Thor-Burner 11 booster. (Tech. Wk., 9/26/66, 15; U.S. Aeron. & 

Space Act., 1966, 156) 8 Recent developments in space technology were discussed by President 

Johnson and President of Republic of the Philippines Ferdinand E. 

Marcos in White House discussions. President Marcos expressed desire 

to encourage greater training of Philippine scientists and engineers in 

the peaceful application of space technology, and President Johnson 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 293 

offered appropriate fellowships for study in US. institutions. (Pres. 

Doc., 9/19/66, 1296) 

September 16: U.S. and U.S.S.R. reached impasse over question of access 

to tracking facilities that would be part of U.N. treaty on space exploration. U.S. Ambassador Arthur J. Goldberg blamed U.S.S.R. for halting 

agreement on treaty, voicing US. contention that tracking facilities 

must be negotiated by bilateral agreements and not guaranteed by 

treaty. Compulsory access to tracking facilities, Goldberg said, would 

constitute sovereignty violation. Soviet Ambassador Platon D. Morozov 

defended proposal as means to correct a discriminatory situation in 

which U.S. had certain advantages because of its alliances with other 

nations. (Teltsch, NYT, 9/17/66; Sanger, Wash. Post, 9/17/66, A4) 

* NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station 

reached 103-mi. (166-km.) altitude. NASA-univ. of Maryland experiment 

was designed to (1) evaluate pulse and thermal equalization probes as 

research tools, (2) investigate electron energy distribution in normal 

daytime ionosphere, and (3) investigate use of wing-slope techniques 

with Langmuir probes. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* NASA Nike-Tomahawk launched from Churchill Research Range reached 

151-mi. (243-km.) altitude in Iast of four NASA-UniV. of California, 

Berkeley, experiments [see Sept. 1,6]. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily, and measurements of flux, energy spectrum, 

pitch angle distribution, and time variations of mirroring and precipitating charged particles were obtained. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* USAF launched two unidentified satellites with Atlas-Agena D booster from 

WTR. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 156) 

GEMINI XI Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., and Richard F. Gordon, Jr., 

arrived at KSC from recovery ship U.S.S. Guam to undergo physical 

examination and to begin debriefing. (Wilford, NYT, 9/17/66, 11) 

* A 40-ft. strip of 16-mm. film “of excellent quality” shot by Astronauts 

Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and Charles Conrad, Jr., during Sept. 12-15 

GEMINI XI mission was released at MSC. One sequence showed Gordon 

straddling Agena to tie tether from GATV to GEMINI XI. Movie revealed 

Conrad had described scene accurately when he had radioed to earth: 

cCHeys riding it like a cowboy.” 

In Washington, D.C., White House announced Gordon would be 

promoted from USN lieutenant commander to full commander. (AP, 

Wash. Post, 9/17/66, F1; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/17/66, A5; UPI, NYT, 

9/18/66, 1, 82) 

* M2-F2 lifting body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot Bruce Peterson, was 

air-launched from B-52 aircraft at $5,000-ft. altitude in sixth glide flight 

at Edwards AFB. Purpose of flight was checkout of new pilot. (NASA 

Proj. Off.) 

* President Johnson announced his intention to nominate Dr. Werner A. 

Baum, Vice President for Scientific Affairs of New York Univ., as 

Deputy Administrator of ESSA to succeed V/Adm. H. Arnold Karo who 

would retire Jan. 1, 1967. (Pres. Doc., 9/19/66, 1305) 

* LRC Director Dr. Abe Silverstein discussed LRC studies on use of liquid 

methane as an aircraft fuel at the 5th Congress of the International 

Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS) meeting in London. Since 

liquid methane had higher heating value, greater cooling capacity, and 

lower price per pound than present jet fuels, its use in commercial 
294 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

supersonic transport might increase Sst payload by 30 per cent and 

similarly reduce direct operating cost. Dr. Silverstein pointed out, however, that much more would have to be learned about both flight and 

ground equipment before liquid methane could be seriously considered 

as an aircraft fuel. (LRC Release 66-56) 

September 16: New York Times editorial: ‘‘Space historians will have to invent 

new superlatives to describe the contributions of Gemini 11 and astronauts Conrad and Gordon to man’s entry into the cosmos. From the 

link-up with the Agena in the very first orbit to the incredibly accurate 

automatic return to earth, the three-day flight demonstrated a new level 

of capability far surpassing that shown in any previous flight by any 

nation.” (NYT, 9/16/66, 34M) e Soviet newspaper Trud said that although Sept. 12-15 GEMINI XI mission 

had set new altitude record, it otherwise only repeated “already achieved 

results.” Trud added that some of these results were “worse” than 

before, citing the lesser length of time spent in Eva by Astronaut Richard 

F. Gordon, Jr. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/16/66, A2) 0 Air Force Assn. honored four officers for exceptional achievement at its 

second annual fall meeting in Washington, D.C.: Col. Robert A. Berman, 

Wright-Patterson AFB, Logistics Executive Management Award; Col. 

Spencer S. Hunn, Hanscom Field, Mass., AFSC Distinguished Award for 

Management; Col. Gregory C. Frese, Jr., Washington, D.C., AFSC 

Meritorious Award for Support Management; and L/Col. Martin H. 

Brewer, Vandenberg AFB, AFSC Meritorious Award for Program Management. (J/Armed Forces, 9/10/66, 25) 

September 17: U.S.S.R. launched five- to six-ton spacecraft, possibly from 

Cosmos series, which exploded into 51 pieces detectable by radar. GSFC 

Satellite Situation Report would later reveal that nine pieces of debris 

remained in orbit on Oct. 15, the rest having reentered beginning Sept. 

20. Launch was first unannounced U.S.S.R. space flight since Jan. 4, 

1963. Evert Clark said in the New York Times that launch marked first 

U.S.S.R. 49” inclination launch from Tyura Tam and that Kapustin 

Yar had been used for all previous 49” launches. (GSFC SSR, 10/15/66, 

22-5; Clark, NYT, 11/1/66, 19; Wilson, Wash. Post, 11/1/66, 3) 

NASA reported that smudgy spacecraft windows and exposure problems had 

compromised quality of most of movie film taken by Astronauts Charles 

Conrad, Jr., and Richard F. Gordon, Jr., during Sept. 12-15 GEMINI xi 

mission. Still pictures were all “of good quality” and showed earth’s 

curvature more clearly than on any other manmade photographs. (AP, 

Wash. Sun. Star, 9/18/66, A8) 

September 18: Records set by GEMINI XI mission that had made “space history” 

were detailed in Chicago American editorial: “The greatest speed ever 

attained by man-18,129 mph-as well as the slowest yet flown by anyone in orbit . . . 15,402 mph; the greatest altitude ever reached, 850 

miles; the first ‘direct ascent’ rendezvous with an orbiting satellite; the 

first multiple docking in space . . .; the first rendezvous using on-board 

equipment, with no help from the ground.” (Chic. Am., 9/18/66) 0 Optimism about man’s ability to perform useful work in space was 

expressed by Dr. Charles Berry, MSC Director of Flight Research and 

Operations, in telephone interview with Washington Post writer J. V. 

Reistrup. Astronaut Richard F. Gordon, Jr., had demonstrated problems 

involved when he had left GEMINI XI spacecraft Sept. 13 to perform 

seemingly simple tasks and had exerted enough energy to raise his 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 295 

heart rate to peak 180 beats a minute. Berry said there was a “tremendous amount of effort involved in getting into position for performing 

basic tasks”; once “positioning” was solved, jobs could be done. The 

problem was to set up each activity to require minimum effort. (Reistrup, 

Wash. Post, 9/18/66, A4) 

September 18: USAF Aerospace Medical Div. chief scientist Dr. Hubertus 

Strughold stated in telephone interview with Washington Sunday Star’s 

William Hines that NASA had not given adequate attention to keeping 

astronaut’s vision unimpaired during Eva. He said that in normal earth 

gravity, man could orient himself by means of sight sense (eyes); 

balance sense (otoliths of inner ear); and pressure sense (Meissner 

corpuscles concentrated primarily in palms of hands and soles of feet). 

In space there was no gravity, so otoliths and Meissner corpuscles could 

not function. When vision was also lost or impaired, orientation was 

impossible. Strughold pointed out that vision impairment had been a 

factor in curtailment of three of four Eva missions to date. He said 

advances in training and in spacesuit design were urgently needed. USAF 

had been “working on the problem” but had not been asked by NASA for 

advice or assistance. (Hines, Wash. Sun. Star, 9/18/66, A7) 

September 19: NASA Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR reached 102-mi. (165- 

km.) altitude in GSFC-PrinCetOn Univ. Observatory experiment to study 

ultraviolet radiation from the star Epsilon Canis Majoris. Although 

spectrograph recording was limited by rocket’s low altitude, good spectral 

resolution was obtained and wavelength limit was extended shortward 

to lines never before observed. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* Proposal by Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences to 

establish nonmilitary global navigation system had been rejected by 

interdepartmental committee after two-year study. Leonard Jaffe, Director of NASA’s Communication and Navigation Programs Div., and 

chairman of the committee, said in interview with Aviation Week that 

further research and development were required. “Low-keyed” study 

effort planned by NASA would include award of more feasibility study 

contracts to industry and test of navigation equipment on Applications 

Technology Satellite (Ats) mission, during which voice transmissions 

would be made to aircraft. Report of committee, which included 

representatives from NASA, FAA, DOD, and Dept. of Interior, would be 

submitted to Congress in several weeks. (Av. Wk., 9/12/66, 38; Tech. 

Wk., 9/19/66, 3) e Employment in the aerospace industry would reach 1,349,000 in December 

1966-an increase of 11 per cent over December 1965-Aerospace 

Industries Assn. estimated in a semiannual survey. Estimate was based 

on reports from 267 plants and facilities of 59 companies which represented nearly 80 per cent of entire industry. (AIA Release 66-55) e Gen. Bernard A. Schriever (USAF, Ret.), former AFSC commander, became 

chairman of Aerojet-General Corp.’s newly established advanced planning advisory board. He would serve as senior consultant. (Wash. 

Eve. Star, 9/20/66, A16) 

* The generalaviation (nonairline) fleet would “be 80 per cent larger and 

90 per cent busier” in 1975 than in 1964, FAA estimated in a staff study 

and forecast. Study, which would be used to plan aviation facilities and 

services during next decade, predicted that 160,000 general-aviation 

aircraft would fly 30 million hrs. in 1975, compared to 88,742 aircraft 

and 15.7 million hrs. in 1964. (FAA Release 66-87) 
296 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

September 19: In telegram to companies which had submitted Sst airframe and 

engine designs Sept. 6-Boeing Co., Lockheed Aircraft Corp., General 

Electric Go., and Pratt & Whitney Div., United Aircraft COTp.-FAA 

said it would no longer approve “the public release of any information 

on the supersonic transport program which could be construed as being 

intended to influence anyone’s judgment,” relative to evaluation of Sst 

designs, until “conditions permit.” Selection of contractors was expected 

in late 1966. (Clark, NYT, 9/24/66, 50) 

FAA Administrator William F. McKee told the Economic Club of Detroit 

that by bringing closer together the industrialized and developing 

nations, supersonic aircraft would make possible “a better way of life 

for all. . . . The social meaning of this greater ability to communicate is 

difficult to imagine.” Calling air travel one of the Nation’s fastestgrowing businesses, General McKee said that rate of increase had 

averaged 14 per cent over recent years and had jumped to 25 per cent 

for the first half of 1966. (NYT, 9/20/66, 76) 

Dr. W. C. J. Garrard, George K. Williams, and William W. Williams, 

Lockheed-Georgia Co. engineers, had been named recipients of Wright 

Brothers Medal by Society of Automotive Engineers for group report 

on development of soft-field and rough-field landing gear. (Av. Wk., 

9/19/66, 25) 

September 20-22: NASA’s 2,204-1b. SURVEYOR 11 (Surveyor 3) was successfully 

launched from ETR’S Complex 36 at 8:32 a.m. EDT. After excellent injection by Atlas-Centaur (AC-7) launch vehicle on trajectory toward moon’s 

Sinus Medii, spacecraft successfully accomplished all required sequences 

up to midcourse maneuver. Initiated at 1:OO a.m. EDT Sept. 21, the 9.8- 

sec. thrust phase was unsuccessful because one of three vernier engines 

failed to ignite, which caused spacecraft to tumble at about 1 rps. 

Thirty-nine additional attempts were made to start all three engines. 

In all cases, the same two engines ignited; the third did not. 

JPL engineers, uncertain of cause of malfunction, speculated it might 

be result of stuck valve or insufficient power to operate engine’s triggering mechanism. They said unless it was corrected, SURVEYOR 11 could 

not softland since all three vernier engines were needed to stabilize 

spacecraft during decelerating descent to lunar surface. 

On Sept. 22, when it became apparent the mission could not be 

completed, engineering experiments were performed to obtain as much 

data as possible on spacecraft performance. All communication with 

spacecraft was lost 30 sec. after main retro ignition at 5:34 a.m. EDT. 

Probable cause was mechanical failure within telecommunications subsystem due to centrifugal forces generated by high tumbling rate. 

SURVEYOR 11 impacted in area of moon southeast of crater Copernicus 

about 11:18 p.m. EDT. 

Spacecraft was second in series of seven flights to prove out design, 

develop technology of lunar soft-landing, and provide basic scientific 

and engineering data in support of Project Apollo; it contained survey 

television system and instrumentation to measure lunar surface bearing 

strength, temperatures, and radar reflectivity. SURVEYOR I, identically 

equipped, was launched May 30, successfully softlanded on moon June 

2 in region of Oceanus Procellarum, and transmitted 10,338 pictures to 

earth. Surveyor program was under direction of OSSA’S Lunar and 

Planetary Div. ; project management was assigned to JPL; Atlas-Centaur 

booster was managed by LRC; prime contractor for spacecraft develop- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 297 

ment and design was Hughes Aircraft Co. (NASA Release 66-248; NASA 

Proj. Off.; AP, Wash. Post, 9/21/66, Al; Wilford, NYT, 9/22/66, 2; 

NYT. 9/23/66. 25) 

September.20: During White House meeting with President Johnson, NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb discussed current status of national 

space program and showed President two previously unreleased color 

photographs-one of southern Texas, the other of Baja Californiataken from 180-mi. altitude during Sept. 12-15 GEMINI XI mission. Following meeting, Webb announced that Astronauts Richard F. Gordon, 

Jr., and Neil A. Armstrong would leave Oct. 7 for three-week tour of 10 

Latin American nations : Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, 

Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. (Wash. Eve. Star, 

9/21/66, A4) 

Project Eros (Earth Resources Observation Satellite)-program to gather 

facts about earth’s natural resources from earth-orbiting satellites with 

remote sensing observation instruments-was announced by Secretary 

of the Interior Stewart L. Udall: “Facts on distribution of needed 

minerals, our water supplies and the extent of water pollution, agricultural crops and forests and human habitations, can be used for regional 

and continental long-range planning.” Udall named Dr. William T. 

Pecora, Director of U.S. Geological Survey, to head program. (Beckman, 

Chic. Trib., 9/21/66; CR, 9/27/66, 23171-2) 

* Simulated Aerobee 150 was launched from WSMR to 2-mi. (3.2-km.) altitude 

in GSFC flight test of proposed new Aerobee booster. Instrumentation 

performed satisfactorily, and booster performance was excellent. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

* USAF launched unidentified satellite with Thor-Agena D booster from WTR. 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 156) 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), chairman of the House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics, told the National Space Club in Washington, 

D.C., that the national space program provided the best possible workshop for gathering of vital science and technology necessary for other 

important goals on earth: “In other words, from space research and 

development have come new methods of thinking, new techniques of 

management, new marriages of scientific disciplines, and a new illumination on possible interrelationships of human problems to scientific 

knowledge.” During question and answer period, Rep. Miller said there 

would be a “very definite mission” for the 260-in.-dia. solid propellant 

motor in the U.S. space program, although that mission could not 

presently be strictly defined. He said the Nation would have to develop 

space rescue capability and one apparently promising way to do this 

was through the use of solids. Solids, he pointed out, were storable 

and could be readied and launched on short notice. (Text; MIS Daily, 

9/21/66, 22) 

M2-F2 lifting body vehicle, piloted by L/C Donald Sorlie (USAF), was 

air-launched from B-52 aircraft at 45.000-ft. altitude in seventh dide 

flight at Edwards AFB; purpose of flight was checkout of new $lot. 

(NASA Proi. Off.) 

September 21: Iuan T. Trippe, chairman and chief executive officer of Pan 

American World Airways, in remarks made when he received National 

Defense Transportation Assn. Award in Dallas, urged development of 

both Boeing and Lockheed supersonic transport prototypes: “Only 

further competition between these two manufacturers, during the three 
298 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

years required to buiId and flight-test the prototypes, can insure that 

the American supersonic transport ultimately selected will have the 

maximum attainable performance.” (Text; Av. Wk., 9/26/66, 21) 

September 21: NASA awarded Honeywell, Inc., a $$.Z-rnillion, fixed-price contract to provide six computer complexes to support Apollo commandmodule and lunar-module simulators at MSC and KSC by March 1967. 

(NASA Release 66-254) 0 Dr. Robert H. Cannon, Jr., professor of aeronautics and astronautics at 

Stanford Univ., succeeded Dr. Robert G. Loewy as USAF’S chief scientist. 

Appointment was for one year. (DOD Release 791-66; MIS Daily, 

9/20/66,21) 

September 22: Dr. Otis E. Lancaster, professor of engineering education at 

Pennsylvania State Univ., was sworn in as a consultant to NASA Administrator. He would advise on the subjects of NASA-university relationships, methods for strengthening engineering education programs, and 

ways to provide stronger engineering/administrative ties. (NASA Release 

In proclamation designating Oct. 12 Columbus Day, President Johnson 

said Columbus’ conquest of the Atlantic, “the ‘outer space’ of the 

fifteenth century,’’ was as meaningful to Americans of the space age 

“as it was to our forefathers who pushed across the vast expanses of 

this continent.” All our frontiers were not conquered, for “new shores 

of promise await those who, like Columbus, push on undaunted by the 

failures of the past or fear of the uncharted future.” (Pres. Doc., 

9/26/66, 1340) 0 In address to U.N. General Assembly in New York, US. Ambassador 

Arthur J. Goldberg said US. would provide “tracking coverage from 

United States territory” for Soviet rocket launchings if a “mutually 

beneficial agreement” could be made. Stressing that tracking facilities 

were a matter for “bilateral negotiation and agreement,” he said the 

treaty to govern activities in outer space was “too urgent and too 

important to be delayed. . . . It is all the more urgent because of man’s 

rapid strides toward landing on the moon.” Impasse had been reached 

in discussions in Geneva because U.S.S.R. had insisted pact guarantee 

that states granting tracking facilities to any country provide same 

facilities to other countries. (Text; NYT, 9/23/66, 12) 0 M2-F2 lifting body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot Bruce Peterson, was 

air-launched from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft. altitude in eighth glide 

flight from Edwards AFB. Purposes of flight were pilot checkout and 

tests of longitudinal and lateral stability and control with dampers on 

and off at slightly higher speeds. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

September 23: NASA Lewis Research Center had awarded General Dynamics’ 

Convair Div. a $15,565,331, fixed-price contract to fabricate and assemble five additional Centaur stages for future space missions. (NASA 

Release 66-253) 

0 S-IC-3 booster for first Saturn V flight was shipped from NASA’s Michoud 

Assembly Facility aboard Poseidon to MSFC for static-testing scheduled 

for late October. (NASA Release 66-218) 

0 Practical dividends from investment in space program were cited by MSFC 

Director Dr. Wernher von Braun in an address at Midwest Space 

Exposition, Jackson, Mich. In addition to ‘‘tangible returns” from 

advances in navigation, meteorological, and communications satellites, 

he noted uses of space technology for surveying earth’s resources and 

66-256) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 299 

suggested ultimate benefits, as yet unpredictable, would “dwarf, those 

he had named. (Text) 

September 24: Four-stage Javelin sounding rocket launched from NASA 

Wallops Station ejected multicolored barium clouds over eastern U.S. 

at 310-mi. (499-km.) and 570-mi. (917-km.) altitudes, Cooperative 

NASA-German Ministry of Scientific Research (BMWF) experiment measured electric fields and wind motion in upper atmosphere by photographing and tracking ionized clouds; secondary objective was observation 

of interaction between cloud and solar wind. Launch was followed by 

reported sightings of “brilliant” Ufo’s. (NA~A Release 66-245; Wallops 

Releases 66-46, 66-48; AP, Wash. Post, 9/25/66, A23; AP, Wash. 

Sun. Star, 9/25/66, A3; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Boeing Co., General Electric Co., and Pratt & 

Whitney Div., United Aircraft Corp., charged that FAA was attempting 

a form of censorship by restricting advertisements and release of 

information on proposed Sst designs. FAA replied that the temporary 

restriction had been imposed Sept. 19 to keep the public from getting 

only fragments of overall Sst story and to relieve burden of ccclearing’y 

new advertisements for publication while designs were being evaluated 

by the Government. (Clark, NYT, 9/24/66, 50) 0 10-nation ESRO’S new rocket-launching base opened at Sekkujokki, Sweden 

-inside the Arctic Circle. ESRO would launch some 400 British Skylark 

and French Centaure rockets from $7.6-million base during next eight 

years to study aurora borealis. (Reuters, NYT, 9/25/66, 42) 0 Evidence for volcanic origin of lunar craters was presented in a letter to 

Nature by Univ. of Western Australia geologist 6. J. H. McCall. Eleventh 

frame of photographs by NASA’s MARINER IV spacecraft revealed scalloping 

in walls of Martian craters comparable to scalloping in terrestrial calderas-such as Krakatau, Indonesia, Aso, Japan, and Crater Lake, Ore. 

McCall had also detected scalloping in lunar craters, which he believed 

closely resemble terrestrial volcano-tectonic craters.” Taking “pronounced scalloping . . . to be a valid indication of volcano-tectonic 

subsidence,” McCall questioned whether lunar craters could be explained by hypervelocity impact. (McCall, Nature, 9/24/66, 1384-5) 0 US. offer at U.N. Sept. 22 to provide U.S.S.R. with tracking facilities on 

US. territory for Soviet space program received editorial comment in 

New York Times: “If all the Russians are after is improved tracking 

facilities for their own space program, the . . . offer . . . should be most 

agreeable to Moscow. Conclusion of a Soviet-American treaty for this 

purpose would very likely help smooth the way for similar bilateral 

agreements between the Soviet Union and other non-Communist countries. . . . Ambassador Goldberg’s suggestion points the way to satisfying 

legitimate Soviet needs without forced infringement on the national 

sovereignty of others.” (NYT, 9/24/66, 22) 

September 24-25: Society of Experimental Test Pilots’ conference in Beverly 

Hills, Calif. Astronaut John W. Young said space crews needed “another 

set of arms” before they could do useful work in orbit; he suggested 

rigid arm-like clamps built into or attachable to spacesuit. Discussing 

early fears . . . that zero g (weightlessness) might prove a physical 

problem, Young commented: “There is simply not that difference 

between zero-G and one-G [earth’s gravity]. Men will die of old age 

before they are bothered by zero-G.” Referring to present landing mode, 

Young said Gemini data had helped substantiate belief that land landings 

cc 
300 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

September 24: Javelin rocket launched from Wallops Station releases barium cloud 

visible over much of eastern United States. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 301 

were feasible and that “development of a land-landing capability must 

be vigorously pursued.” 

NASA test pilot Milton 0. Thompson was awarded SEW’S 1966 Iven 

C. Kincheloe Award, presented annually to the outstanding experimental 

test pilot of the year, “in recognition of outstanding professional 

accomplishment in the flight testing” of M2-F2 wingless lifting-body 

vehicle. (NASA Release 66-252; FRC Release 18-66; Wash. Eve. Star, 

9/24/66, A2) 

September 25: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched from NASA WaIlQps 

Station ejected mixture of barium and copper oxide at about 125-mi. 

(201-km.) altitude during ascent and at 160-mi. (258-km.) altitude 

during both ascent and descent. Three distinct clouds, visible for hundreds of miles, were photographed and tracked in second NASA-German 

Ministry of Scientific Research cooperative launch to measure electric 

fields and wind motions in upper atmosphere [see Sept. 241. (NASA 

Release 66-248; Wallops Releases 66-46, 66-49; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Indications were increasing that President Johnson would accede to pressure from White House fiscal advisers to cut $1 billion from Project 

Apollo budget as part of effort to reduce proposed N 1967 Government 

spending by $4 billion, Leslie Carpenter reported in the Washington 

Sunday Star. It was contended that reduction would postpone manned 

lunar landing by only two years, putting it between 1970-72 rather than 

1968-70. NASA Administrator James E. Webb, opposing the move, argued 

it would raise the overall cost and permit the U.S.S.R. to beat the U.S. 

to the moon. (Carpenter, Wash. Sun. Star, 9/25/66, A21) 

Data transmitted from NASA’s PIONEER VII spacecraft (launched from ETR 

Aug. 17) to Johannesburg DSN station indicated spacecraft had penetrated earth’s magnetic tail at 3.25 million mi. from earth, NASA Ames 

Research Center announced. Spacecraft measurements of solar wind 

flux suggested PIONEER vi1 had emerged from and repenetrated tail 

several times. PIONEER VI (launched Dec. 16, 1965) had observed that 

solar wind does not flow from the sun in straight lines but blows magnetic tail from side to side; this “flapping” was reason spacecraft entered 

taiI several times. (ARC PAO, 9/26/66) 

September 26: Astronaut Richard F. Gordon, Jr., pilot of Sept. 12-15 GEMINI 

XI mission, said at MSC mission summary news conference that 80 per 

cent of his energy during Eva was spent trying to hold still and in keeping his arms and hands in front of him while connecting spacecraft to 

Agena with tether: “. . . a little simple task that I had done many times 

in training to the tune of about 30 seconds lasted about 30 minutes.” 

Gordon recommended development of restraint system to keep astronauts in position to use both hands while outside spacecraft. He said 

stiff spacesuit worn on mission hampered his movements; his arms and 

legs tended to float upward because of spacesuit’s configuration. (MSC 

Roundup, 9/30/66, 1-2; Waldron, NYT, 9/27/66, 14; AP, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 9/27/66, A4) 0 Japan’s first attempt to orbit satellite failed when Lambda 4s-1 rocket went 

off course after ignition of 4th stage. The 8.&-ton, 55-ft. booster was 

launched from Uchinoura Range, Kyushu Island, and carried 57.2-1b. 

instrument package designed to radio back scientific information on 

the ionosphere. Scientists from the Univ. of Tokyo had scheduled 

second launch attempt-using 39-ton Mu rocket-for December. (NYT, 

9/27/66, 16; Tech. Wk., 10/3/66, 13) 
302 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

September 26: U.S.S.R. began carrier rocket tests in the Pacific, to last until 

Oct. 25. Tass said center of area with 74-km. (46-mi.) radius had coordinates of 37’14’ north latitude and 172’49‘ east latitude. Ships and 

aircraft were requested not to enter this area daily between noon and 

midnight local time. (Tass, Prauda, 9/25/66, 2) * NASA and NAS-NRC jointly announced that a “limited number” of appointments as scientist-astronauts was being made available. To qualify, a 

scientist must be a U.S. citizen on or before March 15, 1967, be no 

taller than six feet, be born after Aug. 1, 1930, and have a doctorate in 

the natural sciences, medicine, or engineering. Applicants would also 

be required to meet physical qualifications for pilot crew members. 

After the Academy had done initial screening, NASA would make final 

selection. Deadline for applications was midnight, Jan. 8, 1967. Applicants would be informed of their status by March 15, 1967. (NASA 

Release 66-255; NAS-NRC Release) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb expressed appreciation to USAF, on its 

19th anniversary, in a letter to Air Force Awn. President Jess Larson: 

“The technology developed by the Air Force for its needs in the period 

before 1958 has served as the foundation for the manned and unmanned 

missions which NASA is carrying out. . . . “An. . .important aspect of the growing aerospace strength of the 

United States is the close cooperation between the Air Force and NASA 

in planning for future projects. . . .” (Text; AF/SD, 11/66, 85) * Comparing earth to a “manned spaceship hurtling through the infinity of 

space,” Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey said in address at San 

Fernando State College that exploration of space would bring home the 

fact that “earth is a mere speck in the universe.” He said it would seem 

increasingly absurd we had not better organized our living together on 

this planet: “Our experience in space can be a powerful stimulus to all 

of us, wherever we live, to move towards a world of law, a world without 

war. And may we find also in the space effort that ‘moral equivalent 

of war’ for which philosophers have been searching over many centuries. 

Like war, it stretches our human capabilities to the utmost. It demands 

all that we possess of ingenuity, determination, persistence, and intelligenceand, on the part of our gallant astronauts, the highest degree 

of courage and resourcefulness in the face of danger. Space activities 

-even competition in space-can be a substitute for aggression, a 

bridge for mutual understanding and the identification of common 

interests with other nations, and a major tool of arms control and disarmament.” (Text) * Columbia Univ. oceanographic research ship Vema was fixing position 

off the coast of Iceland by means of three USN Transit navigational satellites. This marked first civilian use of space navigation systems for 

oceanographic research. Primary function of satellites, launched in 

July 1964, was to help guide USN ships and Polaris submarines. (Wilford, 

NYT, 9/26/66, 41) * Pan American World Airways’ fan-jet Falcon claimed new speed record 

for business aircraft when it flew from St. John’s, Newfoundland, to 

Lisbon, Portugal, covering 2,388 mi. in 4 hrs. 38 min. 28 sec. North 

American Aviation’s Sabreliner had set previous record of 4 hrs. 45 

min. 59.4 sec. on Oct. 26, 1963. Both flights had been piloted by George 

Eremea of Petit Jean Air Service. (NYT, 9/29/66, 86) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 303 

September 26: U.S.S.R.’s “period of inactivity in manned space flight” received editorial comment in Kansas City Star: ccAbout all the West can 

do is wait until something happens. Meanwhile, the US. program moves 

ahead with significant achievements. But whiIe guessing can be fun, 

a word of caution: Let’s not make the mistake of counting the Russians 

out of the space race.” (Kansas City Star, 9/26/66) 

September 27: U.S.S.R.’s LUNA XI-which entered lunar orbit Aug. 27-was 

studying gamma rays and x-rays emitted from lunar surface “to determine its chemical composition more exactly,” Tass reported. (Tass, 

9/27/66; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/27/66, Al) e Space negotiations played important role in visit of West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard to US. Following discussions with President 

Johnson, joint statement was released from White House: “The President and the Chancellor discussed possibilities for increased cooperation in technology and science and in particular in the field of space 

research. The Chancellor expressed his satisfaction that effective steps 

toward increased cooperation in space research have been initiated 

since his last meeting with the President in December 1965. The 

President and the Chancellor welcomed the decision to expand the 

present cooperative satellite program reached as a result of the recent 

discussions in Bonn between NASA Administrator Webb and Minister 

of Science Stoltenberg. 

“The President and the Chancellor agreed that scientific cooperation 

should be pressed forward for the mutual benefit of both countries and 

the advancement of human knowledge, preserving opportunities for 

additional nations to participate and contribute.” 

President Johnson and Chancellor Erhard, accompanied by NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb and Secretary of Defense Robert S. 

McNamara, later flew from Washington, D.C., to Cape Kennedy for 

tour of KSC. During speech in Vehicle Assembly Building, President 

Johnson said he was discussing “with the Chancellor, as well as other 

leaders, my hope that our scientists can join in joint endeavors to reap 

the full benefits of space research.” He said he had authorized Administrator Webb “to discuss whether solar physicists from Europe may 

wish to be associated with the American solar physicists” in program 

for Apollo Telescope Mount (Atm) to be flown “on an Apollo flight in 

order to study the sun at the height of the solar cycle.” 

Appealing to the U.S.S.R. for early conclusion of a treaty on outer 

space exploration, Johnson said: “1 earnestly hope that the Soviet 

Union-whose space achievements have been very great-will feel as 

we feel in America: that the rapid evolution of space technology makes 

. . . a treaty between us governing the use of space a most urgent matter . . . as we explore the vastness of space, and as we dream of new horizons, 

we work, too, for the manmade controls that will keep these efforts at 

the service of man and at the service of peace.” He noted that the US. 

sought and would continue to seek cooperation in space with U.S.S.R.: 

“We have an agreement to exchange certain kinds of space data. . . . We will soon publish jointly American and Soviet material on space 

biology and medicine.” The President also mentioned that the US. 

was “on schedule in our plan and our determination to put men on the 

moon before 1970.” (Pres. Doc., 10/3/66, 1365-6, 1370; Wash. Eve. 

Star, 9/28/66, C1) 
304 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

September 27: West Germany’s Chancellor Ludwig Erhard and President Johnson are briefed by NASA officials at Kennedy Space Center. 

September 27: President Johnson, in 10th anniversary edition of Russianlanguage America Illustrated, published by USIA for distribution in 

U.S.S.R., appealed to Soviet people for new era of friendship and 

understanding between the two countries. Johnson said “constructive 

steps” toward that goal would be “progress in the field of disarmament 

and in greater cooperative efforts . . . in space exploration, medical 

research, and communications.” He added: “We’ve got to get into the 

habit of peaceful cooperation. The test ban treaty was a significant 

step. There have been others since 1963. We have agreed not to put 

bombs in orbit, we are working together on . . . desalination, weather 

information, exchanges of scientists, artists, and yes, magazines.” 

(Pres. Doc., 10/3/66, 1360-3) 

In awards ceremony at NASA Hq., Administrator James E. Webb presented 

Charles Conrad, Jr., command pilot of Sept. 12-15 GEMINI XI mission, 

gold ribbon attachment to NASA’s Exceptional Service Medal awarded 

to him after August 1965 GEMINI v spaceflight; pilot Richard F. Gordon, 

Jr., received Exceptional Service Medal. 

Webb announced that during Sept. 10-16 visit to West Germany for 

preliminary negotiations of space agreement, he had been authorized to 

offer room on manned and unmanned spacecraft for valid scientific 

experiments submitted by West Germans. Offer applied also to scientists 

of other nations. (AP, NYT, 9/28/66, 21; Tush. Post, 9/28/66, A$; 

Tech. Wk., 10/3/66, 18) 

NASA, to “allow a better time and motion evaluation of the workloads and 

stresses” experienced by an astronaut during extravehicular activity, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 305 

had canceled plans to test USAF Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (Amu) 

on Gemini XI1 mission. NASA and DOD would study plans to reschedule 

experiment on later manned spaceflight. (NASA Release 66-258) 

September 27: Prominent details of the moon’s far side photographed by 

ZOND 111 in July 1965 had been named by Soviet astronomers for great 

scientists, Tass reported. Among them were the Korolev thalassoid and 

the craters of Confucius, Spinoza, Mendel, Zhukovskiy, and Galois. 

Information relayed by ZOND 111 would be included in second part of 

Atlas of the Other Side of the Moon, currently under preparation. First 

part was published in October 1960. Prof. Yuri Lipski, in charge of 

preparing the atlas, said one of the photos taken by LUNAR ORBITER I 

that had been “kindly supplied by American researchers,” had revealed 

approximate overlap of details in photo taken by ZOND 111 while 

remainder of photo coincided in part with photos taken by LUNA III. 

(Tass, 9/27/66) 

0 Dr. Eugene M. Shoemaker, chief adviser on geology for Interior Dept.’s 

Geological Survey, proposed 10-yr. lunar exploration program following 

first Apollo astronaut landings late in this decade that “would have 

nothing to do with exploiting natural resources of the moon.” He 

explained: “We are using our mineral resources at a fantastic rate. 

What we really need to sustain our economic needs in the years ahead 

is a . . . theory about how the earth was formed. A good way to develop 

this theory would be by comparison with another celestial body-and 

the moon is just such a body.” Cost would be some $1.5 billion a year. 

Proposal was made during interview with William Hines, Washington 

Evening Star. (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/27/66, A9) 

September 28: USAF launched an unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB 

using Titan 111-B-Agena D launch vehicle. (UPI, Wush. Daily News, 

9/29/66, 24; US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 156) 0 700-seat auditorium would be built at National Academy of Sciences and 

a special award established as a memorial to Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, late 

NASA Deputy Administrator. Financing would be by Hugh L. Dryden 

Memorial Fund, established by Dr. Dryden’s personal friends and 

scientific associates shortly after his death in December 1965. Announcement was made jointly by Mrs. Dryden, NASA Administrator James E. 

Webb, and NAS President Dr. Frederick Seitz. 

Commenting on proposed memorial, Webb said: “To a very large 

degree NASA and NASA’s program owe their existence and success to 

Hugh Dryden. . . . His wise leadership as Deputy Administrator of NASA 

and as NASA’s first scientist, played a leading role in creating effective 

working relationships between Government, industry, and the universities of the Nation to meet the tremendous new scientific and engineering tasks of the space age.” 

Dr. Seitz said: “It is particularly appropriate that funds raised in the 

name of Hugh Dryden, who served the Academy for ten years as its 

Home Secretary, be used to provide the Academy with an auditorium 

in which scientific and engineering questions of national importance 

could be discussed and considered. Dryden’s remarkable personal gifts 

as fundamental scientist, engineer, and public administrator were 

responsible, in great measure, for this nation’s preeminence in aviation 

and its successes in space. To all his activities, he brought ethical and 

professional standards that were deeply admired by all who knew him.” 

(NAS-NRC Release; NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt., 1; Wash. Post, 9/28/66, B4) 
306 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

September 28: L~RC awarded 7-mo. study contracts, valued at $390,000 

each, to Northrop Corp. and Fairchild-Hiller Corp. to design V/Stol 

aircraft for research on handling qualities and operation during instrument approach in the terminal area. Aircraft would be used by 

NASA and USAF to gather flight research information necessary to improve 

operation of V/Stol jet aircraft in hovering and transition speed range. 

(NASA Release 66-259) 

0 US. invited NATO allies to use its military comsat system temporarily and 

to collaborate in joint development of new system specifically for the 

alliance. US. would make time available on its seven-satellite military 

network launched by USAF Titan I11 rocket June 17. To adapt system to 

NATO’s needs, it was proposed that new ground station be built in Naples 

to operate with one under construction in the Netherlands and another 

operating in West Germany. In early 1968, satellite would be launched 

from US. site into synchronous orbit at 22,300-mi. (35,903-km.) 

altitude for alliance’s exclusive use. It could be built by consortium 

of member countries. Eventually, comsat system was envisaged whose 

relays would permit use of ground stations small enough to be carried 

on a truck which could be used by military units on the move. Cost of 

plan was said to be some $50 million. Proposal would be on agenda of 

next meeting of NATO’s foreign ministers, set tentatively for Dec. 15-16. 

(Mooney, NYT, 9/29/66, 1; Nossiter, Wash. Post, 9/29/66, A22) 

M2-F2 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by L/C Donald Sorlie (USAF), was 

air-launched from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft. altitude in ninth glide 

fight at Edwards AFB. Purposes of flight were to complete pilot checkout and to extend the M2-FZ’s flight envelope. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

Soviet physicians, according to Tass, had reported that highlanders or 

people who had lived for a long time in mountain areas made the best 

astronaut candidates since they “spend the energy of their organism 

much more ec~nomically.~~ They used less oxygen when doing physical 

work; had approximately 30 per cent greater resistance to oxygen shortage; and possessed “heightened resistance to infrared, ultraviolet, and 

cosmic radiations.” (Tass, 9/29/66) 

September 29: Crew for second manned Apollo mission, scheduled for 1967 

as open-ended earth orbital flight up to 14 days, was announced by NASA: 

Walter M. Schirra, Jr., command pilot; Donn F. Eisele, senior pilot; 

and Walter Cunningham, pilot. Backup crew: Frank Borman, command 

pilot; Thomas P. Stafford, senior pilot; and Michael Collins, pilot. It 

would be first space mission for Eisele and Cunningham. (NASA Release 

66-260) 

0 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center had awarded three new study contracts 

totaling $400,000 to investigate launch vehicle needs and best methods 

for sending manned spacecraft on planetary flyby trips : North American 

Aviation, Inc., received $100,000 to study feasibility of modifying 

Saturn V 2nd stage (S-11) for use as an orbital injection stage; Douglas 

Aircraft Co., $100,000 for feasibility of using Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IVB) 

as part of a planetary vehicle; and TRW Systems, Inc., $200,000 for 

alternate mission modes for manned Mars and Venus orbital and landing 

missions. (MSFC Release 66-223) 

0 Soviet scientists, in report distributed by Tass, said it was now possible 

to protect spacecraft from radiation with an electromagnetic field in 

place of heavy metal shielding that had begun to limit possibilities of 

space travel. “The proposed electrostatic protection is much lighter, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 307 

with its weight consisting only of the electrodes, insulators, and sources 

of power.” Tass also quoted Soviet scientists as saying that danger of 

man’s becoming overheated in space during prolonged work in an airtight suit would disappear if the suit were ventilated from within. 

Experiments had shown that man wearing an unventilated spacesuit 

might develop first symptoms of overheating on fourth day; on fifth 

day, body temperature might rise and heart rate increase, resulting in 

considerably decreased ability to work. (Tass, 9/29/66; AP, Wash. Post, 

9/29/66, Al) 

September 29: Boeing Co. unveiled a $2-million, full-scale mockup of 1,800- 

mph Sst-featuring variable-sweep wings, 350-passenger capacity, and a 

movable nose-built in Government-sponsored competition for Sst 

production contract. Specifications were suhmitted to FAA Sept. 6, for 

evaluation. (Boeing Photos; Clark, NYT, 9/30/66, 45; Wash. Eve. Star, 

9/30/66, B9) * AIA.4-sponsored tour of European aerospace companies began in Paris with 

briefing arranged by Eurospace, the Council of European Industrial 

Groups. AIAA President Raymond L. Bisplinghoff led the combined tour, 

which then broke into three groups for visits to facilities in France, 

U.K., Belgium, the Netherlands, West Germany, and Italy. 

In a welcoming address in Paris, Eurospace President Jean Delorme 

said his group would (1) urge establishment of a “European Space 

Authority” modeled after ESRO, (2) encourage greater national investment in cooperative R&D progress, and (3) point out discrepancy 

between Europe’s high economic potential and low investment in aerospace R&D. (Newbauer and Hersey, A&A, 1/67, 46-56) 

September 30: NASA’s Blossom Point, Md., tracking station, prototype station 

for Project Vanguard, was closed “because of technical progress in 

space communications.” Blossom Point Station, which had tracked 

every unmanned earth-orbiting NASA satellite since EXPLORER I was 

launched Jan. 31, 1958, would become part of STADAN Network Test 

and Training Facility at GSFC. Facility, to be operational by Jan. 1, 1967, 

would test equipment, modes, and procedures and train personnel for 

STADAN stations. (NASA Release 66-117) 

* Three earth-orbiting objects not identified “with any launching or country 

of origin” were reported by GSFC Satellite Situation Report. Two had 

inclination of 85” and the third, 35”. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/66; Clark, NYT, 

11/1/66, 19) 

September 30-October 2: Series of Nike-Cajun and one Nike-Apache sounding 

rocket were launched from NASA Wallops Station and Natal, Brazil, 

in GSFC experiment to obtain temperature, wind, pressure, and density 

data at intervals throughout 24-hr. periods near fall equinox. Using 

exploding grenade technique, experiment investigated thermally 

driven diurnal tide theory of upper atmosphere. Wind motion was 

studied by photographically tracking smoke puffs from upper grenade 

using Apache rocket motor. Rockets and instrumentation performed 

satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

During September: Vice President Hubert Humphrey, in an interview with 

Technology Week, predicted that U.S. would land men on the moon in 

1969-probably before U.S.S.R. He said the Johnson Administration 

had definite plans for “very active post-Apollo s~hedule,’~ but refused 

to “put a time schedule on what comes next.” Post-Apollo activities 

would include exploring the moon, increasing our knowledge of the 
308 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

planets, expanding earth-orbiting capability, both manned and unmanned, and developing maneuverable, reusable spacecraft. The Vice 

President foresaw no possibility of merging USAF’S Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory (Mol) program with any of NASA’s manned projects. (Tech. 

JYk., 9/5/66, 12, 13) 

During September: U.S. and U.S.S.R. were exchanging daily six to eight 

weather satellite photographs with nephanalyses. First U.S. transmittal 

began Sept. 6 with pictures from ESSA I meteorological satellite, launched 

Feb. 3. On Sept. 11, U.S.S.R. began sending pictures from COSMOS 

CXXII, launched June 25. Regions photographed-primarily Atlantic 

Ocean and Western Europe-had been matched so operations of satellite 

systems could be compared. Joint effort to improve transmission quality 

had been proposed since transmission seemed to degrade photographs : 

U.S. scientists found Soviet photos “poor” in quality; Soviet scientists 

described U.S. photos as “usable.” 

Receipt of photos from COSMOS CXXII had enabled U.S. to analyze 

satellite’s instrumentation: COSMOS CXXII carried pair of 48’ TV cameras 

canted 16.5” to each side of orbital plane to provide coverage of about 

690 mi. of earth. Cameras overlapped field of coverage by 1”; frames 

transmitted so far had 10 per cent overlap. (Av. Wk., 9/26/66, 26-7; 

Schmeck, NYT, 9/27/66, 15) 

Scientific and technological knowledge must be directed to the “making 

and keeping of peace,” Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Director of Office of 

Science and Technology and science adviser to the President, told 

General Electric Forum. 

ccScience will not be the sole contributor toward this end. . . . Its 

role must be to relieve those pressures that have traditionally been the 

causes of political, social, and economic instability-pressures which 

have always led to an upheaval of social order. By helping to alleviate 

poverty, ignorance and disease, and by improving food supplies and 

living conditions, science can help to remove the causes of war. . . .” 

(GE Forum, 7-9/66, 8) 0 Honors and elections reported by Aviation Week: (1) George Galipeau, 

president of Van Dusen Aircraft Supplies, was elected president of 

National Pilots Assn. (NPA) ; (2) Paul Poberezny, president of Experimental Aircraft Assn., was named 1966 NPA Pilot of the Year; and (3) 

H. M. Horner, United Aircraft Corp.’s chairman and chief executive 

officer, was named recipient of National Aviation Club’s Award for 

Achievement for his “life-long devotion to the advancement of air 

power and space power for world commerce and Free World Defense.” 

(Av. m., 9/12/66, 23) 0 Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.), chairman of House Science and Astronautics Committee’s Space Sciences Subcommittee, recommended in 

Astronautics & Aeronautics that manned and unmanned earth-orbital 

missions be given major emphasis in the next few years. He suggested 

lower priority be assigned manned planetary exploration and establishment of manned lunar bases, but that unmanned Voyager Mars and 

Venus missions be given more extensive support. (A&A, 9/66, 12-14) 

NASA released its 1,OOOth Tech Brief, one which described development of 

improved titanium alloy of possible value in field of medicine. 

Potential industrial uses of inorganic fibers developed as reinforcements in materials for spacecraft were discussed in Non-Glassy Inorganic 

Fibers and Composites, issued by NASA Office of Technology Utilization. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 309 

Techniques used to monitor astronauts’ blood pressure could be 

adapted to prolong the lives of persons with certain types of heart 

disease, concluded Westinghouse Research Laboratories engineers 

William J. Jones and Wyatt C. Simpson in monograph entitled NASA 

Contributions to Cardiovascular Monitoring. Study was conducted for 

NASA’s Office of Technology Utilization. (NASA Releases 66-238, 66-246, 

66-250) 

During September: USAF had begun evaluation studies of Adam (Air Deflection 

and Modulation) II-a revolutionary typeof aircraft with engines located 

inside the wings-at Wright-Patterson AFB. A full-span, powered model 

of the propulsive-wing V/Stol aircraft would be designed, built, and 

tested by LTV Aerospace Corp. under a ls-mo., $439,000 contract jointly 

funded by USAF and USA. Wind-tunnel tests would be made at LaRC. Aircraft could be used in both military tactical and commercial passenger 

versions. (AFSC Release 154.66) 
October 1966 

October 1: Eighth anniversary of NASA, established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958. 

Rufus E. Miles, Jr., director of mid-career programs at Princeton Univ.’s 

Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International AfTairs and former 

HEW Assistant Secretary for Administration, was sworn in as a NASA 

consultant on management operations. (NASA Release 66-277) 

October 2: ESSA 111 (Tos-A), third meteorological satellite in Tiros Operational Satellite (Tos) series and first to include Advanced Vidicon 

Camera System (Avcs), was successfully launched for ESSA by NASA 

from WTR using three-stage Thor-Delta booster on mission to provide 

daily global cloud-cover photos. Satellite achieved nearly polar, sunsynchronous orbit with 922-mi. (1,486-km.) apogee; 858-mi. (1,381- 

km.) perigee; 114.5-min. period; and 101” inclination. It was expected 

to transmit first photos to Gilmore Creek, Alaska, receiving station Oct. 

3. An advanced version of the cartwheel configuration, 325-1b. ESSA 111 

carried two Avcs systems to provide cloud coverage and an infrared 

sensor (Ir) to measure earth’s heat balance. Launch was first for ThorDelta booster from WTR. 

ESSA financed, managed, and operated the Tos system; GSFC was 

responsible for procurement, launch, and initial checkout of spacecraft 

in orbit. First two satellites in system-ESSA I and ESSA 11-were 

launched Feb. 3 and Feb. 28, respectively. (NASA Proj. Off.; AP, NYT, 

10/3/66, 11; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 10/3/66, A12) 

NASA ended series begun Sept. 30 of ten Nike-Cajun sounding rockets 

carrying acoustic grenades launched at six-hour intervals from Natal, 

Brazil, and NASA Wallops Station to gather meteorological information 

on atmosphere between 20-mi. and 60-mi. altitude. Grenades were 

ejected and detonated at programed altitudes to study diurnal variations 

in winds, temperatures, densities, and pressures. Launchings completed 

international series of experiments for meteorological research in the 

upper atmosphere carried out under Nov. 15, 1965, agreement between 

Brazilian Space Commission (CNAE) and NASA. (NASA Release 66-265; 

Wallops Release 66-52) 

Zenith Radio Gorp. demonstrated experimental systems for displaying 

television pictures which substituted laser beam for conventional 

cathode-ray tube. Small nozzle placed on one wall projected television 

image on opposite wall in same fashion as movie projector. Clarity of 

images produced by laser beam was only slightly below that of conventional TV sets. (Kotulak, Chic. Trib., 10/3/66) 

9 NAS Council approved statement urging scientists to “help maintain ICSU’S 

[International Council of Scientific Unions’] nonpolitical traditions by 

avoiding controversial nonscientific activities while participating in 

union-sponsored meetings.” (NAS-NRC-NAE News Report, 10/66, 11) 

310 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 311 

October 2: President of the Republic of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos was 

seeking to postpone Asian summit conference on Vietnam from Oct. 18 

to Oct. 24 to allow time for comsat, scheduled for launch over Pacific 

Oct. 19 by NASA for ComSatCorp, to become operative. Comsat would 

assure worldwide mass media coverage of event. (Reuters, Wash. Post, 

10/3/66) * “The answer to the housing problem lies on the way to the moon,” technologist and Southern Illinois Univ. research professor Buckminster 

Fuller told Wolf Von Eckardt of the Washington Post. Much of the 

complex apparatus used in development of closed ecological systems for 

long manned space flights could be used in terrestrial housing, Fuller 

said. He envisioned enclosing the necessary machinery in a “little 

black box. . . . We are investing $7 billion in it. It weighs 500 pounds. 

We can probably mass-produce it for $2 a pound. 

“That means we can give all the things they need foremost in a house 

-water, heat, cooling and waste regeneration-for $1000. And we can 

give it to them without tying them down to real estate with its wastefully expensive water pipes and sewers . . . with high-pressure sprays 

and chemical regeneration, a man can quench his thirst and clean himself for a long time with just a glass of water. 

“[It] . . . also solved the pollution problem. . . .” (Von Eckardt, 

Wash. Post, 10/2/66, G11) 

October 3: USC&GS ship Oceanographer, $9.2-million “floating laboratory,” 

left Jacksonville, Fla., on 11-week, 14,000-mi. expedition to conduct 

marine scientific studies off eastern coast of South America and participate in observations of total eclipse of the sun Nov. 12. Expedition was 

being conducted by ESSA. (ESSA Release 66-57) 

e Absence of statement by President Johnson and West German Chancellor 

Erhard after their September meeting in Washington, D.C., on suggested US.-Western Europe program of unmanned exploration of 

Jupiter indicated that the proposal had been “killed for the foreseeable 

future,” Technology Week speculated. (Tech. Wk., 10/3/66, 3) 0 Anticipating launching of Pacific satellite in late 1966, ComSatCorp filed 

tariff with FCC for Pacific services. Monthly rates ComSatCorp would 

charge authorized common carriers would be $2,700 between US. mainland and Hawaii; $4,900 from US. mainland to Japan; and $3,800 from 

Hawaii to Japan. Tariff for service to NASA for Project Apollo would be 

equivalent to level of charges applied to other commercial satellite 

channels. ComSatCorp also said it planned reduced rates for Atlantic 

services, to apply when second satellite became operational. (ComSatCorp Release) 

* M/G John D. Stevenson (USAF, Ret.), former commander of Joint Task 

Force Eight of the Defense Atomic Support Agency, was appointed 

Special Assistant to NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight Dr. George E. Mueller to assist with general management of 

manned space flight activities. (NASA Ann.) e Tonnage of US. bombs dropped on Vietnam in 1966 would surpass that 

dropped by US. in the entire Pacific during World War I1 or during 

three years of the Korean War, Ted Sell reported in the World Joud 

Tribune. U.S. planned to drop 638,000 tons of bombs in 1966 compared 

to 502,781 tons dropped by USAF in the Pacific between 1941 and 1945. 

(Sell, WJT, 10/3/66, 4) 
312 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

October 3-8: MsFc-sponsored space sciences exhibit tracing history of rocketry 

into the future of space exploration, with models of rockets, rocket 

engines, and spacecraft, was featured at Alabama State Fair in Birmingham. (MSFC Release 66-224) 

October 4: Ninth anniversary of orbiting of SPUTNIK I by U.S.S.R. 

* U.S.S.R.’s LUNA XI spacecraft, which entered lunar orbit Aug. 27, stopped 

transmitting at 2:30 GMT Oct. 1 when its batteries were exhausted, Tass 

reported. Spacecraft had completed 277 orbits around moon and had 

sent 137 transmissions of scientific information and trajectory data to 

monitoring stations on earth. Results would be published later. (Tass, 

10/4/66; Tass, Pravda, 10/5/66, 1, USS-T Trans.) 

NASA announced plans to launch two ion engines into polar orbit in late 

1968 satellite mission to advance development of ion engines as propulsion units for future long-duration space missions. Second part of LRC’S 

Space Electric Rocket Test (Sert) program, mission would evaluate 

inflight performance of electron-bombardment ion engines for six 

months or more and analyze effects of thrusters and their electric fields 

on other satellite components. LRC conducted first successful operation 

of ion engine in space July 20, 1964, in 50-min. Sert I ballistic flight 

from NASA Wallops Station. (NASA Release 66-262) 

e Dr. Ren6 Dubos, microbiologist and pathologist at Rockefeller Univ., was 

selected to receive Pacific Science Center’s 1966 Arches of Science 

Award for his “outstanding contribution to the public understanding of 

the meaning of science to contemporary man.” (Wash. Eve. Star, 

10/5/66, A8) 

* France exploded last nuclear device in its test series at Mururoa Atoll in 

the South Pacific. There was no official estimate on size of the explosion. 

Test series began July 2. (Reuters, Wash. Post, 10/5/66, A21; AP, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 10/5/66, A9) 

October 4-7: NASA-Lewis inspection held at LRC to commemorate 25th year 

of operation as aeronautical and space propulsion research laboratory; 

Lewis-managed launch vehicles and the GEMINI VII spacecraft were on 

display for congressional, Government, university, and industrial 

leaders touring facility. (LRC Release 66-60) 

October 5: Revised Soviet draft for space law treaty circulated to U.N. 

members contained three apparent concessions to U.S. position: (1) 

equal access to all nations’ tracking facilities would be arranged by 

bilateral negotiations; (2) all parties would inform U.N. Secretary 

General, the public, and international scientific community of nature 

and results of their activities in space “to the greatest extent feasible 

and practicable”; and (3) space stations and vehicles of any party on the 

moon and/or other celestial bodies would be open to visitors “on a 

basis of reciprocity” with “reasonable advance notice.” (Teltsch, NYT, 

10/6/66, 6; Wash. Post, 10/6/66, A20) 

USAF launched USA’s SECOB VIII geodetic satellite and unidentified satellite 

with Atlas-Agena D booster from WTR. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 

1966,156) 

M2-F2 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by L/C Donald Sorlie (USAF), was 

air-launched from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft. altitude in 10th glide 

flight at Edwards AFB; purpose was to explore lateral and longitudinal 

stability and control characteristics with dampers on and off. (NASA 

Proj. Off.) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 3 13 

October 5: NASA Astronaut Michael Collins presented U.S. flag carried on 

July 18-21 GEMINI x mission to St. Albans School in Washington, D.C., 

as ‘‘a token of my appreciation for getting me started on this road.” 

Collins and three other alumni were honored by St. Albans at a banquet 

and reception. (Adams, Wash. Eve. Star, 10/6/66, B1) 

October 6: In his first X-15 flight test, Maj. Michael J. Adams (USAF) flew 

X-15 No. 1 to 2,045 mph (mach 3.0) and 75,400-ft. altitude before 

making successful emergency landing at Cuddeback Dry Lake, Calif., 

when fuel tank unported SI0 sec. after launch. There was no aircraft 

damage or pilot injury. (X-15 Proj. Off.) 

* Press briefing was held at LaRc on results of NASA’s LUNAR ORBITER I 

mission, launched Aug. 10 from ETR to orbit the moon and photograph 

possible landing sites for Apollo astronauts. 

The more than 200 photos transmitted by the spacecraft revealed 

a rugged lunar landscape covered with thousands of craters. Ridges and 

hills were more gently sloped near moon’s center and became progressively smoother in the west. Presence of large rocks, or “blocks,” 

proved that surface was firm enough to support manned spacecraft. Of 

the nine sites photographed, the Ocean of Storms where SURVEYOR I was 

resting appeared safest for manned landing. Classified as a dark mareflat, waterless plain with relatively few craters-it had 20 per cent fewer 

craters than any of the other sites. 

U.S. Geological Survey scientists Dr. Harold Masursky and Dr. 

Lawrence Rowan suggested that the photos showed evidence of volcanic 

activity. Citing a small cone-shaped hill on line of a geologic rift near 

SURVEYOR I and a large crater on the back of the moon, apparently filled 

with congealed lava, Dr. Masursky said: “The moon is not a cold, dead, 

lifeless planet. It looks close to being as dynamic as the earth.” Dr. 

Rowan noted that major faults on the lunar surface seemed to run in 

two general directions-northeast-southwest and southeast-northwest 

-and concluded that much of the volcanic activity probably occurred 

along these lines. 

LaRC scientist William Michael said nonphotographic data on the 

satellite’s orbit indicated moon might turn flat side toward earth, not 

bulgy side as generally believed. He said displacement of moon’s center 

of mass toward earth could explain both a flat face and moon’s slight 

wobble, which had been accounted for previously by the ‘‘bulge” theory. 

Micrometeoroid detection experiment had not recorded any “hits” 

during satellite’s eight weeks in lunar orbit in contrast to earth-orbiting 

satellites which often registered a hit every two weeks. 

Project Manager Clifford H. Nelson announced that Lunar Orbiter 

E-second of five satellites in series-would be launched between Nov. 

6 and 11 to photograph area slightly north of that scanned by LUNAR 

ORBITER I. (Clark, NYT, 10/7/66, 5; Wash. Eve. Star, 10/7/66, A3; 

O’Toole, Tush. Post, 10/7/66, Al) 

* NASA Javelin sounding rocket Launched from NASA Wdlops Station reached 

404-mi. (650-km.) altitude in GsFC-Canadian Defence Research Board 

Telecommunications Establishment experiment to measure ion and 

electron density and temperature. Although rocket did not perform as 

expected, all instrumentation functioned normally and “excellentyy 

data were received. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* Apollo Command Module (Cm) hardware could be recovered and refurbished for use on extended earth-orbital missions and long stays on the 
314 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

lunar surface, North American Aviation, Inc., Vice President Dr. John 

McCarthy suggested at AIAA-AAS Forum discussing “After ApolloWhat Next?” in Washington, D.C. “Such refurbished hardware could 

be available within 18 months at no interference to the lunar landing 

program and would permit the gathering of vital data and experience 

for the more difficult task of exploring the planets,” Dr. McCarthy said. 

He recommended an integrated space program which would include 

developing one advanced earth reentry module, single basic laboratory 

module, and modular launch vehicle system; he emphasized the need 

to determine the Nation’s 10-yr. space objectives “as soon as possible.” 

(Text) 

October 6: U.S.S.R. might use data from published accounts of NASA’s 

Gemini space flights to “reap the benefits of our efforts” and “leapfrog” 

the U.S. into the next phase of the moon race, Astronaut Michael 

Collins told the Yale Club of Washington, D.C. As examples of data that 

would assist Soviet scientists, Collins noted that Gemini fights had 

demonstrated the feasibility of rendezvous and docking missions in 

space, as well as man’s capability to withstand long-duration space 

flights. (Wash. Eve. Star, 10/7/66, A7) 0 Because “procedural difficulties” had delayed approval for construction 

of new high-capacity ComSatCorp earth station at Moorefield, W. Va., 

ComSatCorp asked FCC to authorize construction of second large 

antenna at Andover, Me., “to meet pressing demands for greater 

satellite communications capacity.” ComSatCorp stressed that even if 

the Andover application were approved, it would shortly update the 

Moorefield application and “continue to seek approval of it,” because a 

second East Coast station site would be required for flexibility, diversity, 

and survivability. (ComSatCorp Release) 

Clark Univ.’s Robert Hutchings Goddard Library announced plans to bury 

a time capsule containing 100 “early Space Age” artifacts, including 

tape recording of former Astronaut John Glenn’s communications with 

ground control during his Feb. 20, 1962, MA-6 flight in FRIENDSHIP 7. 

Capsule would be set to be opened in 500 yrs. (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

10/6/66, A4) 0 Lockheed-Georgia Co. engineers Dr. W. C. J. Garrard, George K. Williams, 

and William W. Williams received Society of Automotive Engineers’ 

(SAE) Wright Brothers Medal for their group report on development of 

soft-field and rough-field landing gear. Presentation was made at SAE’S 

National Aeronautic and Space Engineering Meeting in Los Angeles. 

(Lockheed Southern Star, 9/15/66, 1) 

October 6-7: Conference on status of spectroscopic observations of Martian 

atmosphere was held at NASA’s request by NAS Space Science Board in 

Washington. Fktimate of atmospheric pressure would determine spacecraft design for Mars landing. If pressure were no lower than 15 milliarachute landing would be possible, but full retrothrust system bars,z woul be necessary at 5 millibars. Recommendations of the conference 

would be made available “in the near future.” (NAS-NRC-NAE News 

Report, 10/66, 4) 

October 7: NASA’s Eighth Annual Honor Awards Ceremony was held in 

Washington, D.C. 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb accepted from Mr. and Mrs. C. 

Thomas Clagett, Jr., for placement at KSC a replica of the bronze 

Kennedy bust sculpted by Felix de Weldon for the John F. Kennedy 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 315 

Memorial Library; and from the American Society of Civil Engineers, 

the 1966 Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award for KSC’S 

Launch Complex 39. Mr. Webb presented NASA’s Distinguished Public 

Service Medal to Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner, chairman, Graduate Research 

Center of the Southwest’s Board of Trustees, who emphasized the need 

for careful and immediate post-Apollo planning in his keynote address : 

“We now have a powerful machinery for the command of spacetrained specialists, mighty rockets, a technological dexterity that is unsurpassed. But to keep this capability, we must have new strategic objectives. And that there are many worthwhile and compelling objectives 

there can be no doubt. . . . “I would assert that it is now imperative that more advanced space 

strategies be adopted-and quickly-if our space program is to remain 

efficient and effective. And I would suggest that whatever this further 

strategy, it employ and advance our full capability in science, men, 

mechanisms, and skill. . . .” 

Recipients of Distinguished Service Medal: Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, 

former Deputy Administrator (posthumously) ; Dr. T. Keith Glennan, 

first NASA Administrator; and Gen. Bernard A. Schriever (USAF, Ret.), 

former AFSC Commander. Recipients of Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal: Richard F. Arenstorf, MSFC; Helmut J. Horn, MSFC; Norman 

F. Ness, GSFC; and George F. Pezdirtz, L~RC. Outstanding Leadership 

Medal: John F. Clark, GSFC; Edgar M. Cortright, Hq.; Robert L. Krieger, 

Wallops; George J. Vecchietti, Hq.; Harold B. Finger, Hq.; Harry H. 

Gorman, MSFC; Edmund F. O’Connor, MSFC; Eberhard F. M. Rees, 

MSFC; and Herman K. Weidner, MSFC. Exceptional Service Medal: M. 

Helen Davies, ARC; Herbert A. Wilson, LaRc; Robert A. Rushworth, 

WAF; Roll D. Ginter, Hq.; David S. Gabriel, LRC; Edmund R. Jonash, 

LRC; J. Cary Nettles, LRC; Wilfred E. Scull, GSFC; Harry Press, GSFC; 

Leland F. Belew, MSFC; Lee B. James, MSFC; William G. Johnson, MSFC; 

and Peter A. Minderman, KSC. Group Achievement Award: JPL; LRC; 

L~RC (2); and Hq. Space Nuclear Propulsion Office. Public Service 

Award: Grant L. Hansen, General Dynamics Corp. (Program; Text 

AF/SD, 1/67/54-5) 

October 7: NASA announced selection of Bendix Field Engineering Co. to provide maintenance and operations support of the Deep Space Network 

under a three-year, $37-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract to be 

managed by JPL. (NASA Release 66-268) 

* Willson H. Hunter, Assistant to the Director of LRC, had been appointed 

NASA’s Senior Scientific Representative to Australia, replacing Ray w. 

Hooker, who had been named Special Assistant for Industrial Affairs at 

WRC. (NASA Release 66-267; LRC Release 66-64) 

0 General Dynamics Corp. received eight-month, $275,000 MSFC contract to 

investigate concepts of large space structures having possible postApollo use. Three structures which could fly as Apollo Applications (Aa) 

payloads on Saturn launch vehicles would be selected, evaluated, and 

validated for immediate useful application in space. (MSFC Release 

* USAF awarded Univ. of Colorado a 15-m0., $300,000 research contract to 

“conduct independent investigations into unidentified flflq object (Ufo) 

reports.” Study would be headed by Dr. Edward U. Condon, a professor 

of physics at the university. (DOD Release 847-66) 

0 Arthur G. Wimer, Jr., assistant deputy chief of staff for science and tech66-245) 
316 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

nology in the Air Research and Development Command, was named 

chief scientist for AFSC, replacing Dr. Bernhard H. Goethert who had 

resigned to become director of Univ. of Tennessee Space Institute. 

(AFSC Release 206.66) 

October 8: NASA’s SURVEYOR I spacecraft, which softlanded on the moon’s 

Ocean of Storms June 2, responded to signals from Johannesburg tracking station almost three months after it had been turned off following 

successful completion of its mission. Batteries had been recharged 

during latter part of moon’s 14-day period of sunlight. JPL scientists said 

an attempt might be made to obtain additional photos of the lunar surface from the spacecraft before sun set about noon EDT Oct. 9. (Wash. 

Sun. Star, 10/9/66, A4) 

Executive Committee of International Council of Scientific Unions 

meeting in Monaco approved statement underlining importance of 

agreement that scientific meetings “shall not be disturbed by political 

statements or by any activities of a political nature.” (NAS-NRC-NAE 

News Report, 10/66, 11) 0 Small-scale lunar roughness resulted from impact of small meteorites, not 

from internal volcanic effects, according to J. A. Bastin, Queen Mary 

College, London, in a letter to Nutru-e. He advanced arguments that 

(1) roughness lacks horizontal directionality associated with vulcanism, 

and (2) from known distribution of meteorites by size, taken with 

estimates of age of lunar surface, “it can be shown that the surface 

should be virtually covered by craters of millimetre and centimetre 

size. . . .,, (Bastin, Nature, 10/8/66, 171-3) 

October 9: Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter (Cdr., USN), speaking at national 

convention of Naval Reserve Officers Assn. in Denver, described his 

astronaut-aquanaut occupation as a liaison between space and undersea 

exploration. He said there were plans to train astronauts under water to 

better withstand the tiring work of maneuvering outside spacecraft-a 

major problem of recent space flights. Models of spacecraft would be 

used; astronauts would wear spacesuits and would work without swim 

fins. Carpenter, who had volunteered in May 1964 for USN’s Project 

Sea Lab, said aquanauts could work in water until they became tired 

or hungry. (Denver Post, 10/9/66) 

October 10: NASA Administrator James E. Webb told press conference in 

New York that U.S.S.R. had “a better chance now than two years ago9’ 

to land a man on the moon before the US. Basing his view on the Soviet 

lead in payload-orbiting capability, Webb said: “They have been launching and recovering 10,000-pound spacecraft for four years. You cannot 

work in space without large booster^.^' He suggested that the 10-mo. 

period of Soviet inactivity in manned space flight would end “very 

soon.” (Loory, NYT, 10/11/66) 0 Gemini Astronauts Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and Neil A. Armstrong were 

received in Bogota by Colombian President Carlos Lleras Restrepo during 

their three-week tour of Latin America. (UPI, Wush. Post, 10/11/66, B2) 

* L~RC awarded Douglas Aircraft Co. a one-year, $145,204 contract for 

management services and facilities related to Design Criteria Program 

for space vehicle structures. Program-with total contract estimated at 

$500,000-was established by NASA to acquaint contractors and program 

managers with recommended design-problem solutions that had evolved 

from experience in space technology and alert them to possible pitfalls. 

(NASA Release 66-264) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 3 17 

October 10: Johnson Administration could not increase NASA’s FY 1968 budget 

because of Vietnam war, but it could make a policy decision on a postApollo program, wrote Robert Hotz, in Aviation Week. 

“What it will take to get this effort going is some political courage to 

restate the necessity of proceeding beyond Apollo, a decision to chart a 

specific course from the available alternatives and some modest Fiscal 

1968 funding to retain the technical resources that will be required for 

the future-particularly engineering and scientific manpower. This 

combination of activity has already been deferred one year beyond its 

critical moment by the Johnson Administration. Delay for another fiscal 

year could impose a braking effect from which eventual acceleration 

would be much more costly and much less effective.” (Hotz, Av. Wk., 

10/10/66, 21) 0 Dr. James A. Hootman, executive secretary of NASA’s Inventions and 

Contributions Board, retired after 30 years Government service to become a professor of physics at Pensacola (Fla.) Junior College. (NASA 

Ann.) 

October 10-15: XVIIth International Astronautical Federation Congress was 

held in Madrid. Opening ceremony, attended by Prince Juan Carlos, 

son of pretender to Spanish throne; Princess Sophia, his wife; and 

Queen Mother Fredericka of Greece, included speeches by IAF President 

Dr. William H. Pickering; International Academy of Astronautics 

President Dr. Charles Draper; International Institute of Space Law 

President Dr. I. PBpin; Spanish Astronautical Assn. President Pedro 

Huarte-Mendicoa y Larraga; and Spanish Air Minister Gen. Josk Lacalle 

Larraga. (GE Congress Reporter, 10/11/66, 1) 

Dr. Hilliard W. Paige, vice president of General Electric Co., reported 

first known satellite collision: in April 1965 two experimental gravitygradient-stabilized satellites launched pickaback by Naval Research 

Lab. March 9, 1965, locked booms in their 1,756th revolution. After 

collision, satellites separated and quickly were stabilized by gravitygrzdient systems. They were still in orbit. Paige said NASA was currently 

reviewing GE study to equip a Saturn V 3rd stage with three-axis 

gravity-gradient system to orient vehicle as manned space laboratory. 

(GE Congress Reporter, 10/11/66, 1, 2) 

Jack L. Bromberg and T. J. Gordon, Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., 

Missile and Space Systems Div., said the asteroids between Mars and 

Jupiter could be investigated by utilizing basic Apollo/Saturn launch 

vehicles, launch facilities, tracking system, and manufacturing and 

engineering expertise. Bromberg said a three-stage Saturn V could 

propel a 7,000-Ib. unmanned research payload into the asteroid belt 

and a four-stage Saturn V could propel a 22,000-lb. payload to same 

target. (GE Congress Reporter, 10/11/66, 3) 

Dr. Luis Tapis Salinas, president of IX Colloquium on Law of Outer 

Space, urged changing present laws to cover situations that could arise 

in outer space. (GE Congress Reporter, 10/13/66, 1) 

Richard Johnston, Chief of MSC Crew Systems Div., said that to work 

effectively in space, a future astronaut would require a more streamlined spacesuit, a better self-propulsion system, and an anchoring device 

such as “stable work platform which will permit his energies to be used 

in accomplishing the task and not in overcoming body instability.” He 

said that during extravehicular activity on NASA’s Gemini missions 

nearly 80 per cent of the astronauts’ energy had been expended to keep 
318 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

still and avoid tumbling. Johnston also recommended further investigation of metabolic expenditures required to perform work in space: twice 

Gemini astronauts had been forced to return to their spacecraft, overheated and exhausted, after struggling with relatively simple tasks. 

(Wilford, NYT, 10/12/66, 24) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, presented a comprehensive review of NASA’s Gemini program and Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and 

Operations at MSC, gave a detailed biomedical report on the Gemini 

missions. Observations on the effects of spaceflight on man’s system had 

revealed significant changes involving only cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and musculoskeletal systems, but even these changes appeared to be 

adaptive in nature and were no cause for concern, Dr. Berry said. Results of a study on red blood cell loss during spaceflight were inconclusive, Dr. Berry reported; hyperoxia, lack of inert diluent gas, relative 

immobility of crew, dietary factors, and weightlessness were being examined as possible causes. (Tech. Wk., 10/17/66, 16) 

Soviet scientists V. E. Belai, P. V. Vassilyev, and 6. D. Glod reported 

significant changes in the effect of various pharmaceutical preparations” under spaceflight conditions and emphasized that new medicines 

adapted and tested for space were necessary. Report indicated U.S.S.R. 

used drugs in manned spaceflight both for “therapeutic purposes or to 

increase the resistance of the human organism to unfavorable effects.” 

Drugs mentioned included narcotics, to relax cosmonauts; stimulants; 

cardiovascular preparations ; and antiradiation medications. (Tech. 

Wc., 10/24/66, 13) 

Soviet scientists A. A. Gurjian, A. V. Yeremin, and V. I. Stepanzov 

said the dynamics of men working in free space was one of the most important problems connected with manned spaceflight. They had developed a series of arm and leg movements for cosmonauts to maneuver 

into working position, which included raising one hand over the head 

and rotating arm in cone-like fashion to cause an opposite body reaction and enable cosmonaut to face about. (Au. Wk., 10/17/66,30-31) 

Phil Bono, Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Missile and Space Systems Div., 

encouraged by recovery, virtually undamaged, of forward section of 

GEMINI v-Titan I1 booster from the Atlantic in September 1965 and of 

an intact Atlas-Centaur insulation panel in November 1565, proposed a 

near-term technique for the land recovery of an earth-orbital stage” 

to be applied specifically to the Uprated Saturn 1’s 2nd stage (S-IVB). 

(Av. Wk., 10/24/66, 32) 

H. B. Bjurstedt, Karolinska Institute of Sweden, suggested that 

moon’s low gravity field might lead to an accompanying loss of normal 

g-tolerance. He acknowledged that this was an uncertain extrapolation 

and that physiological effects of such exposure were as yet unknown. 

(Tech. Wk., 10/24/66, 13-14) 

Soviet delegate Vassily V. Parin narrated new film showing postflight 

activities of space dogs Veterok and Ugolyek, launched Feb. 22, 1966, 

in COSMOS CX. Dogs, who lost up to one third of their preflight body 

weight during 22-day mission, appeared very weak and dazed when they 

emerged from capsule, but film sequence taken four months later 

showed them completely recovered. Parin said flight had studied neurological regulators of cardiovascular system. (Tech. Wk., 10/24/66, 13) 

cr 

cc 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 319 

Dr. Luigi Napolitano, Univ. of Naples, was elected new president of 

IAF. (Tech. Wk., 10/24/66, 13) 

October 11: NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from WSMR reached 

89-mi. (144km.) altitude in NASA-American Science and Engineering, 

Inc., experiment to make a high-resolution survey of celestial x-ray 

sources. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

0 NASC Executive Secretary Dr. Edward C. Welsh, speaking before Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade’s Science Industry Committee, replied to criticism that the national space program is highly expensive 

and wasteful: “The national space program is the largest concerted 

effort undertaken by any nation to advance the frontiers of human 

knowledge. As such, it is a seedbed of invention, a spur to our productivity, a source of insurance for our national security, a stimulus to 

learning, and a world-wide ambassador for peace. Because of it, our 

chances of improving medical research and finding a cure for cancer or 

heart disease are greater, not less. Because of it, our chances of improving our educational system and solving a vast range of social problems 

are greater, not less. 

“The issue is really not that of substituting space progress for progress in some other worthy field, because the space program contributes 

importantly to advances in practically all other lines of endeavor, and 

it stimulates the national economy at the same time. . . .” (Text) 

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. engineer Dede Sonnichsen claimed six 

new world records when he flew an AX-4 hot air balloon to 21,000-ft. 

altitude from Tracy, Calif., and landed it 15 mi. away. Of 10 hot air 

balloon classifications, Sonnichsen’s claims were to altitude records in 

AX-4, 5, 6,7, and 8 categories and to establishment of record for 15-mi. 

distance. (L.A. Times, 10/12/66) 

International cooperation on patents procedures and mechanized information retrieval was urged at Washington, D. C., meeting of National 

Association of Manufacturers’ Patents Committee. U.S. Commissioner 

of Patents Edward J. Brenner said that “most of the search or examining 

work in anywhere from 15% to 80% of the applications . . . could be 

eliminated” if patent offices exchanged information. (Beller, Tech. Wk., 

11/7/66, 20) 

October 12: M2-F2 wingless lifting body was launched from B-52 aircraft and 

flown by Capt. Jerauld R. Gentry (USAF) in 45,000-ft. glide to powerless 

landing at Edwards AFB; maximum speed was nearly 400 mph. This was 

11th test mission for 6,000-lb. research vehicle developed for NASA to 

study possible design for future spacecraft that could maneuver in atmosphere after reentry from orbit. (NASA Proj. Off.; L. A. Times, 10/ 

13/66) 

Dr. Lee Arnold, chairman of New York Univ.’s Dept. of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics and director of Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics, 

was sworn in as a consultant to NASA Administrator James E. Webb on 

technology utilization. (NASA Release 66-271) 

USAF launched two unidentified satellites with Atlas-Agena D booster from 

WTR. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 157) 0 Prof. Leonid I. Sedov, head of Soviet delegation to IAF Congress, told news 

conference in Madrid that U.S.S.R. had to investigate and solve a “number of difficult problems” before it could attempt a manned lunar mission. Asked if he believed US. and U.S.S.R. would ever join together 
320 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

October 12: MZ-FZ lifting body mated to B-52 launch aircraft at NASA Flight Research Center, in preparation for flight tests. 

for a space mission, Sedov said it would be economically and scientifically 

feasible, but “we don’t have any plans for joint launchings. The situation is not technical but political and I think the international situation 

in these days cann’ot change this.” (Wilford, NYT, 10/13/66,12) 

October 12: IAF conferees toured the NASA-INTA Robledo de Chavela Space 

Tracking Station outside Madrid. (GE Congress Reporter, 10/14/66, 1) 

* NAS Committee on Public Engineering Policy (COPEP) held first meeting 

in New York City; chairman was Dr. Chauncey Starr, president of 

Atomics International Division of North American Aviation, Inc., and 

as of January 1, 1967, UCLA Dean of Engineering. (NAS-NRC-NAE News 

Report, 10/66, 1,3) 

0 UCLA announced plans to build its own satellite to study earth’s magnetic 

field and interplanetary space. Feasibility studies financed by $55,000 

NASA grant were being conducted by Hughes Aircraft Co. and Philco 

Corp. (UPI, NYT, 10/15/66,33) 

October 13: U. S. and Brazil would cooperate in sounding rocket program to 

study total solar eclipse in South America Nov. 12. Nineteen sounding 

rockets would be launched to altitudes as high as 175 mi. (280 km.) 

from Rio Grande launch site located near path of total eclipse. Program 

was based on July 1965 agreement between NASA and Brazilian Space 

Commission (CNAE) . (Wallops Release 66-51) 

* Washington Post commented on report of satellite collision made by Dr. 

Hilliard Paige at IAF Congress in Madrid: “Belated disclosure that two 

Air Force space vehicles collided in space in April, 1965, ought to re- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 321 

mind the country that part of its space program is being carried on behind a cloak of secrecy as absolute as that which conceals space operations in the Soviet Union. The open policy of NASA, which has done so 

much to keep the whole nation interested in and excited about space 

progress, is in sharp contrast to the policy of the Air Force. . . .” [Ed. 

note: Satellites were USN, not USAF.] (Wash. Post, 10/13/66, A22) 

October 13: Western Union International, Inc., announced receipt of DOD 

order for 10 Pacific satellite communications channels, permitting company to file with FCC for rate reductions on all its cable and satellite 

service in the Pacific area. Order and rate reductions were dependent 

on FCC’S approving Western Union’s previously announced request to 

lease and operate up to 65 satellite channels in the Pacific area. (DJNS, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 10/13/66, A13) 

October 13-14: Use of satellite navigation and communications system to 

guide merchant ships was urged by General Electric Co. engineer Roy 

E. Anderson at Institute of Navigation meeting at U.S. Merchant Marine 

Academy, Kings Point, N.Y. Ships could be equipped for $2,000 to automatically obtain position fixes anywhere in the world, Anderson estimated. He believed operational system could be designed and built 

within two years. (NYT, 10/17/66, 60) 

October 14: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXXIX into earth orbit with 307-km. 

(191-mi.) apogee; 202-km. (126-mi.) perigee; 89.4-min. period; and 65” 

inclination. Equipment “for continuing explorations of outer space” 

was functioning normally. (Tass, 10/14/66) 

* Control of ESSA 111 meteorological satellite, launched by NASA Oct. 3 from 

WTR, was turned over to ESSA. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

NASA awarded IBM Corp.’s Federal Systems Div. a $51-million, sole-source 

contract to provide Saturn instrument unit launch support services at 

KSC through June 30, 1470. (NASA Release 66-275) 

0 Sixteenth-century manuscript “On Rockets” by Conrad Haas (circa 1550) 

received at IAF Congress in Madrid. Concepts of rocket construction included multistage rockets and a design of a house-like upper stage. 

(Text) 

MSC Director Dr. Robert R. Gilruth accepted the 1566 Daniel and Florence 

Guggenheim International Astronautics Award at the IAF Congress in 

Madrid. Dr. Gilruth said in his acceptance speech: “The spaceflight 

achievements of Mercury and Gemini, now entered in the history of 

man’s exploration of the universe, took origin in the ideas, aspirations, 

and technical contributions of many persons in many countries. Astronautics has an international birthright, just as its future has great meaning for all of mankind.” (A&A, 1/67, 66) 

Dr. Oleg G. Gazenko, member of Soviet delegation to IAF Congress, told 

press conference in Madrid that U.S.S.R. was “doing very serious 

preparatory work” for another manned mission that would be “a serious 

new step in space exploration.” He disclosed no details but indicated 

mission might include extravehicular activity. Asked why there had 

been no Soviet manned spaceflight since March 18, 1965, VOSKHOD 11 

mission, Gazenko explained it reflected Soviet desire to make a major 

advance with each flight rather than repeat proved techniques. (Wilford, 

NYT, 10/15/66, 11) 

October 15: President Johnson signed into law H.R. 15963 creating Cabinetlevel Department of Transportation. (Pres. Doc., 10/24/66, 1498) 
322 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

October 15: Close of IAF Congress was dramatized when Spain launched 

her first sounding rocket-Carabela &from Arencillo base, near 

Huelva. British-built rocket, which cost approximately $1,700, carried 

12-lb. instrumented payload to 81-km. (50-mi.) aItitude and then impacted LEO mi. downrange in the Atlantic. Two NASA officials-William 

Hausman, Assistant Administrator for International Affairs, and 

Clotaire Wood, NASA European Representative-observed the launch, 

first of six in a long-range program to study meteorology. (Wilford, 

NYT, 10/16/66, 78) 

Communist sources speculated that U.S.S.R. would launch “a large 

satellite carrying several men . . . just before the Nov. 7 anniversary of 

the Bolshevik Revolution,” and another, the world’s largest satellite 

and carrying eight men, by the end of 1966, AP reported. (AP, NYT, 

10/16/66,28) 

October 16: Third year in space began for two experimental Vela nuclear 

detection satellites launched by DOD Oct. 16, 1963, into near-circular 

orbit at 52,174-mi. (84,000-km.) altitude. Satellites had demonstrated 

successful R&D program and had provided effective capability to detect 

nuclear explosions in space. DOD had overall responsibility for Vela 

program; ARPA had overall direction with support of AEC. (AFSC Release 

205.66) 

October 17: NASA had begun study of how to keep two or more small monkeys 

in earth orbit for up to one year to assess long-term effects of weightlessness on primates and evaluate problems related to humans undertaking extensive work in space. Industrial firms had been asked to submit by Oct. 27 “preliminary design study” for Orbiting Primate Spacecraft capable of being carried into earth orbit during Apollo program. 

LaRC would manage study. (NASA Release 66-273) 

0 France’s Dragon sounding rocket was successfully launched from Norwegian range on Andoeya Island by Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales 

(CNES). (Tech. Wk., 10/31/66, 13) 

At dedication of Sherman Fairchild Technology Center, Germantown, Md., 

plans to use Nimbus B meteorological satellite-scheduled for launch 

late in 1966-in elephant-tracking experiment were revealed in speech 

prepared for delivery by MSFC Director Dr. Wernher von Braun and 

read in his absence by MSFC PAO Director, Bart J. Slattery, Jr. Satellite 

would home in on 25-lb. portable transponder strapped to back of an 

elephant. Experiment would test use of satellites to monitor wildlife, 

learn more about animal migration, and develop means of protecting 

species threatened with extinction. (Wash. Eve. Star, 10/18/66, A14; 

Wash. Post, 10/18/66; Balt. Sun, 10/18/66) 

* Mew studies of Martian atmosphere had rekindled hope of finding life on 

Mars, Dr. Lewis D. Kaplan of JPL reported at Western meeting of 

American Chemical Society in San Francisco. French scientists Drs. 

Pierre and Janine Connes of the Observatory of Haut-Provence, using 

improved spectroscopic equipment designed by Dr. Connes, had found 

concentration of hydrogen compounds around Mars 1,000 times greater 

than in earth’s atmosphere. Dr. Kaplan, who analyzed observations obtained, said the hydrogen compounds-considered necessary to lifeprobably included methane derivatives and perhaps methane itself. 

Methane appears on earth as gaseous hydrocarbon product of decomposed organic matter and is known to be produced by anaerobic bacteria not requiring the oxygen essential to most life on earth. Dr. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 323 

Kaplan’s work was sponsored by NASA and by France’s Centre National 

#Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the Meudon Observatory. (AP, NYT, 

10/18/66, 9) 

October 17: Boeing Co. announced it had awarded $10 million in subcontracts during planning phase (Phase 11-C) of Government-sponsored 

Sst design competition. Phase 11-C was being conducted under 18-1110. 

Government-industry cost-sharing contract which would end Dec. 31. 

Boeing and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. had submitted final airframe designs to FAA Sept. 6. (Boeing Release) 0 Plan for 500-mph, 80-passenger Vtol air-bus service, developed by MIT’S 

Flight Transportation Laboratory to ease transportation congestion on 

the East Coast in the 1970’s, was announced by the Commerce Dept. 

(UPI, NYT, 10/18/66, 76) 

During week of October 17: House Committee on Government Operations, in 

report based on August hearings by Subcommittee on Military Operations, urged a ten- to twenty-fold expansion of DOD’S initial comsat system by increasing number and improving performance of both satellites 

and ground terminals. “Neither the Communications Satellite Corporation nor the other commercial carriers need fear they will lose the 

Defense Department as a good customer” as a result of this expansion, 

the report said. (Av. Wk., 10/24/66, 29) 0 NASA’s Advanced Manned Missions program office issued Rfps on $300,000, 

nine-month analysis of economic potential of orbiting manned natural 

resources laboratory. It was specified that firms interested “must 

possess strong economic expertise at the national and international 

levels and must not be involved in the production of space or experimental hardware.” Replies were due at NASA Hq. Nov. 21. (Av. Wk., 

10/24/66,28) 0 MSC Director of Medical Research and Operations Dr. Charles A. Berry 

received AIAA’S 1566 John Jeffries Award “for outstanding contributions 

to the advancement of aeronautics through medical research.” Presentation was made at AIAA Military Aircraft Systems Meeting in Dallas. 

(MSC Roundup, 10/28/66, 1) 

October 18: NASA Administrator James E. Webb, in interview with Look, 

rejected report that U.S.S.R. had lost men in space: “Every bit of information we have shows that they have been as carefui with the lives 

of cosmonauts as we have been with astronauts. As far as I know, they 

have not lost a single man in flight. They have lost them on the ground, 

they have lost them in airplanes, just like we have.” (Look, 10/18/66) 

Research and development in essential space programs would not be 

seriously affected by demands of the Vietnam conflict, USAF Under 

Secretary Norman S. Paul told a National Space Club meeting in 

Washington, D.C. Asked during question and answer period for rough 

estimate of military manned spaceflight expenditures in the 1970s, Paul 

said that currently DOD was spending $1.3 billion of its $?-billion R&D 

budget on space and that it was “a safe guess this amount will go up.” 

Asked if there might be NASA programs competitive with USAF’S Mol, 

Paul said there was “not the slightest possibility.” (Text; MIS DuiZy, 

10/19/66, 20) 

DOD announced USAF would buy 99 improved F4E Phantom jet aircraft 

equipped for first time with internally mounted 20-mm. Gatling gun 

capable of firing 6,000 rounds a minute. Aircraft would give US. 

superiority over Soviet-made MiG-21s used by North Vietnam. (AP, 

NYT, 10/20/66, 27) 
324 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

October 18: Dr. Jan H. Oort, head of Leiden Observatory, the Netherlands, 

and former head of International Astronomical Union, received 1966 

Vetlesen Award in earth sciences. Administered by Columbia Univ. 

for the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation, the prize was awarded for ‘‘outstanding achievement in the sciences resulting in a clearer understanding of earth.” 

NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications 

Dr. Homer E. Newel1 noted in speech at award dinner that “through the 

space approach . . . the domain of the geosciences” had been strengthened and extended: “The theories, instruments,, and skills needed and 

developed to study the earth can now be applied to investigating the 

moon and planets at first hand. Comparative studies of the planets and 

their atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres, promise increased 

understanding of our own planet, earth.” (Text; Sullivan, NYT, 10/19/ 

66, 36) 

October 19: NASA Administrator James E. Webb and the late NASA Deputy 

Administrator Dr. Hugh L. Dryden were awarded the 1966 Robert J. 

Collier Trophy for “representing all of the Gemini program teams which 

significantly advance human experience in space flight,’’ at special 

ceremony in Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. 

Trophy was presented annually by Look and National Aeronautic Assn. 

for the greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America, 

with respect to improving the performance, efficiency, or safety of air 

or s ace vehicles.” 

V!ce President Hubert H. Humphrey, presenting the trophy, said: 

“I can think of no more fitting choice for this distinguished award than 

Project Gemini and all those who made it such a success.’’ He noted that 

Gemini manned s acecraft had spent 875 hrs. in space; Gemini was first 

four Gemini astronauts had walked in space for total 5 hrs. 52 min. 

Administrator Webb, accepting trophy, said: “Gemini has broadened 

our vision, validated our concepts, proved out our technology, and has 

provided a much sounder structure of knowledge as to the importance of 

not accepting a position of second best in space.” Attributing Gemini 

program’s success to “the application of our scheduling principles,” 

Webb noted crmilestones’’: beginning of unmanned flights in 1963; first 

manned flight in 1964; rendezvous, docking, and first extravehicular 

activity in 1965; first use of Agena for orbit change and first closed-loop 

guidance in 1966; completion of program in 1967. “We missed the 

first two milestones. From then on, with the exception of docking, we 

have accomplished each milestone ahead of or on schedule and we do 

expect to complete the Gemini program ahead of schedule next month.” 

(Text; NASA Ann.; NAA News, 10/16/66; Wash. Post, 10/20/66, B7) 

e Wilhelm Forster Observatory, West Berlin, reported U.S.S.R. had launched a satellite at 7:20 a.m. EDT from space center in Baikonur. Spokesman 

said it had not been determined whether spacecraft was manned. NASC 

Executive Secretary Dr. Edward C. Welsh said report appeared to be in 

error and had apparently stemmed from misinterpretation of Soviet 

transmissions associated with tracking of previously launched Cosmos 

spacecraft. He added that if the U.S.S.R. did attempt launching, nothing 

got into orbit. U.S.S.R. made no comment. (AP, Balt. Sun, 10/20/66) 

U.S. did not have women astronauts because “we have not yet been able to 

find an applicant sufficiently qualified in both scientific and engineering 

spacecraft to ren B ezvous and first to dock with another spacecraft; and 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 325 

background, who also possesses the required test pilot experience,” said 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. 

Mueller at dedication of Cedar Crest College’s science center in Allentown, Pa. He said NASA has always had the same requirements for both 

men and women; “there had never been any discrimination with regard 

to sex or on any other basis.” (Text) 

October 19: MSFC awarded Martin Co. a one-year, $100,000 contract for design 

feasibility study of 2,000-w nuclear power system consisting of four 

Snap-29 radioisotope generators-each delivering 500 w-for possible 

use on long duration post-Apollo missions. Study would be performed at 

Martin’s Baltimore plant. (MSFC Release 66-251) 

Study of Ufo’s had been “relegated to the bottom of the barrel” by USAF, 

Dr. James C. McDonald, Univ. of Arizona professor, charged at Washington, D.C., American Meteorological Society meeting. Attacking 

USAF’S Project Bluebook as “extremely superficial and of a low level of 

technical competence,” he urged that Ufo responsibility be taken away 

from USAF and put “into scientific hands.” The hypothesis that Ufo’s 

might be “extraterrestrial probes” could not be ruled out, he said. 

(Adams, Wash. Eve. Star, 10/20/66, C14) 

October 20: U.S.S.R.’s launch of two satellites was observed by leaders of 

eight Communist nations visiting U.S.S.R. for summit talks on Vietnam 

and Communist China. 

COSMOS CXXX, for continued space research, entered earth orbit with 

340-km. (211-mi.) apogee; 211-km. (131-mi.) perigee; 89.9-min. period; 

and 65” inclination. Equipment was functioning normally. 

Fourth MOLNIYA I comsat, for “further testing of. . . long range twoway television and telephonic-telegraphic radio communication,” had 

orbital parameters of apogee, 39,700 km. (24,658 mi.) ; perigee, 485 km. 

(301 mi.); period, 11 hrs. 53 min.; and inclination, 64.9”. Equipment, 

including broadcasting system, orientation system, orbital correction 

devices, and power supply, was functioning normally. (Tass, 10/20/66) 

Sounding rocket launched by Spain from Arencillo base fell to earth 

within a hundred yards of launching site. Officials blamed failure in 

guidance system. Launch was part of series begun Oct. 15 to collect 

meteorological data from region at 30- to 60-mi. (48- to 97-km.) altitude. 

(Chic. Trib., 10/21/66) 

No video information was on tape recorded by SURVEYOR I on Oct. 9 and 

transmitted to Deep Space Tracking Station, Johannesburg, South 

Africa, Oct. 10, JPL reported. Scientists said they had not been too hopeful, and had been surprised that spacecraft had responded at all on Oct. 

8. SURVEYOR I, which had landed on moon’s Ocean of Storms June 2, 

entered its fifth lunar night shortly after Oct. 8 telemetry was returned. 

It had completed its second lunar day operations on July 13. (Wash. 

Eve. Star, 10/20/66; Tech. Wk., 10/17/66, 10) 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), chairman of House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics, told Clear Lake (Tex.) Chamber of Commerce that he 

foresaw no curtailment of space program because of Vietnam war. If 

there were curtailment, “it will be aimed at all Government programs.” 

(Amerine, Houston Chron., 10/21/66) 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, visited MSFC to review technological and scientific progress 

on work being conducted by MSFC for OSSA projects, including Apollo 

Telescope Mount, x-ray astronomy experiment, and several other 
326 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

astronomy experiments. Accompanying Dr. Newel1 were his deputies, 

Edgar M. Cortright and Dr. John E. Naugle, and directors of OSSA 

World Weather Watch to be injtiated between 1968 and 1970-warned 

it would be “foolhardy” for man to attempt to modify weather on large 

scale with current limited knowledge of atmospheric forces. Plan called 

for use of satellites; a relatively dense network of land and ocean weather 

stations, manned and unmanned; drifting sea buoys; balloons; and 

other instruments to probe the world’s atmosphere. High-speed telecommunications systems would centralize findings for analysis and relay 

latest detailed information to meteorologists everywhere. This would 

enable them to forecast the weather “both with improved accuracy and 

for a longer time ahead.” (NYT, 10/22/66,, 12) 0 In a letter to Science, Dr. J. Allen Hynek of Northwestern Univ. said “we 

suffer, perhaps, from temporal provincialism” in dismissing the Ufo 

phenomenon with a shrug. He said that when he was scientific consultant 

to USAF’s Project Blue Book-Ufo registry at Wright-Patterson AFBsome of the most coherent reports had come from scientifically trained 

people. “Hard data” cases had contained frequent allusions to recurrent 

kinematic, geometric, and luminescent characteristics. “I have begun 

to feel that there is a tendency in 20th century science to forget that 

there will be a 21st century science, and indeed a 30th century science, 

from which vantage points our knowledge of the universe may appear 

quite different.” He had urged USAF “to ask physical and social scientists 

of stature to make a . . . scholarly study’’ of Ufo’s. Hynek‘s letter was 

written before Oct. 17 announcement of $300,000 USAF contract to 

Univ. of Colorado for Ufo investigation [see Aug. 11. (Science, 10/21/66, 

329; A&A, 12/66, 4) 

* Radar signature analysis (Rsa) for “spatial detective work” was discussed 

in Time. Using Rsa, scientists could reconstruct characteristics of 

foreign satellite from radar pulse pattern reflected to tracking station: 

by measuring amplitude of reflected pulses, satellite’s size could be 

calculated; by analyzing variations in pulse amplitude, satellite’s shape 

could be determined; by determining periodicity with which pulse 

pattern repeated itself, speed of tumbling, rolling, or spinning around 

spacecraft’s axes could be inferred. Computerized Rsa was being developed so that in event of war, warhead radar signatures could be spotted 

quickly enough to order interception and destruction by defending 

missiles. (Time, 10/21/66) 

USAF OAR had proved capability of new dust separation device which could 

provide longer engine life for gas-turbine-powered engines, especially 

helicopters being used in Vietnam. Device was designed to prevent 

erosion of compressor section in engine and glass formation on engine’s 

hot surfaces by removing dust particles and other foreign objects from 

air before they could be sucked into engine. Tests had demonstrated 

a.r.erage 92 per cent efficiency. (OAR Release) 

October 22: LUNA XII was launched by U.S.S.R. on trajectory toward the 

moon “to study the systems of the artificial satellite and near lunar 

space,” Tass announced. All systems were functioning normally, and 

spacecraft was traveling close to planned trajectory. (Tass, 10/23/66) * NASA Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR reached 93-mi. (149-km.) altitude 

in third mc-managed Project Luster experiment to collect meteoric 

rogram offices. (MSFC Release 66-256) 

Octo B er 21: U.N. World Meteorological Organization-in report on plan for 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 327 

debris during peak of Orionid meteor shower. Luster micrometeoroid 

sampling instrument deployed successfully during flight; debris was 

vacuum sealed at recovery. Rocket and instrumentation performed 

satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. sa) 

October 22: U.S.S.R. was seeking experienced scientists between ages 40 

and 50 as cosmonauts, AP reported Soviet scientist Pyotr Yegorov as 

saying. Yegorov claimed there were no medical reasons men in this age 

group could not participate in space flights. (AP, Phil. Sun. Bull., 

10/23/66) 

October 23: France had requested that Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., photograph sodium vapor trail of Centaure sounding rocket during NASA’s Gemini XI1 mission scheduled for launch Nov. 

9. Sounding rocket-to study winds up to 400 mph at high altitudeswould be launched from Hammaguir Range on signal from Gemini 

Mission Control at MSC. Experiment would be first by foreign government 

to be part of a US. manned space flight. (Wash. Post, 10/23/66, A10; 

AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 10/23/66, A7) 0 JPL had awarded $200,000 contract to Avco Corp.’s Space Div. for task 

work in JPL’S new $1.5 million Sterilization Assembly Development 

Laboratory (SADL) . Starting in mid-1967, SADL would be sterilization 

testing headquarters €or Voyager spacecraft, scheduled €or Mars landing 

in the 1970s. (JPL Release) 

October 24: NASA Director of Program Review William A. Fleming reiterated 

NASA hopes of landing a man on the moon by mid-1968 at IEEE conference 

in Milwaukee. Fleming said plans for post-Apollo space activity had not 

been completed but might include further exploration of moon, possibly 

with a roving vehicle; drilling to sample the subsurface of the lurain; 

or establishing manned space stations. Manned space flight to Mars was 

still at least 20 yrs. away, he said. (Milwaukee J., 10/25/66) 0 Miniature data recording system that could be strapped to pilot’s leg to 

record physiological information during aircraft flights in which missiles 

were fired was being developed at Naval Missile Center, Point Mugu, 

Calif. NMC electronic engineer and inventor of device Clifford Phipps 

said: “In testing the whole weapons system, it is important to know how 

the man reacts, too.” (PMR Release 1411-66) 

Fred W. Friendly, former president of CBS News and current television 

adviser to Ford Foundation, said at National Assn. of Educational 

Broadcasters convention in Kansas City that the nonprofit comsat proposed by the Foundation to FCC Aug. 1 would provide a “second service 

appealing to excellence.” He said educational broadcasting was now 

inefficient because it lacked “the interconnections to bring events to 

people as they hap en.” (AP, NYT, 10/20/66, 78) 

missions, effective with commercial operation of new Atlantic comsat 

in late 1966. Proposed rate for one-way, black-and-white transmission: 

$1,000 for first 10 min. and $30 each additional minute per half channel. 

Current rates varied from $1,800 for first 10 min. and $32 each additional minute during nonpeak hours, to $3,000 for first 10 min. and 

$48 each additional minute during peak hours. (ComSatCorp Release) 

0 Roll D. Ginter, NASA Centaur Program Manager, became Director of OART’S 

newly established Space Flight Programs Div. He would be responsible 

for mission planning, management, and coordination of technology 

space flight projects and experiments within OART. (NASA Release 66-276) 

0 ComSatCorp propose l to FCC a reduced, flat rate for transatlantic TV trans- 
328 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

October 24: Former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., was appointed chairman of 

the board of Royal Crown Cola International, Ltd. (AP, Wash. Post, 

10/25/66, C8) 

0 Dr. Ivan L. Bennett, Jr., Deputy Director of White House’s Office of 

Science and Technology, warned in speech at seminar on Research in 

the Service of Man in Oklahoma City that unless scientists “educated” 

the President and “other intelligent, concerned laymen” about the 

applicability of their work, their fields of research would suffer. Science, 

he said, could no longer hope to exist “through some mystique, without 

constraints or scrutiny in terms of material goals, and isolated from 

the competition for allocation of resources which are finite.” (Sullivan, 

NYT, 10/25/66, 78M) 

0 USAF was awarding Thiokol Chemical Corp. $1,075,507 contract for design, 

fabrication, and testing of thrust vector control system €or 156-in. 

solid rocket motor. (DOD Release 897-66) 

0 Proposed further reduction in NASA FY 1967 appropriation because of 

Vietnam war would amount to ‘(national disaster,” Ira C. Eaker wrote 

in Sun Antonio Express: “Such desertion of our present space program 

would give the Soviets an advantage they are now striving mightily to 

achieve. The U.S.S.R. is now spending about twice what the US. is 

spending for space research.” (Eaker, San Antonio Express, 10/24/66) 

October 25: Propellant tank rupture occurred on Apollo spacecraft 017 

service module during proof pressure test at 240 psi conducted by NAA 

at Downey, Calif.; inflight operating pressure would be 180 psi. No test 

personnel were injured. NASA had established board of inquiry to 

investigate. (NASA Release 66-285; NAA S&ID Skywriter, 10/28/66, 4; 

AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 10/28/66, D18) 0 U.K.’s Jodrell Bank Experimental Station reported that U.S.S.R.’s LUNA 

XII spacecraft had apparently entered orbit around moon and was transmitting telemetry but no photographic signals. U.S.S.R. had made no 

official statement since Oct. 22 launch. (UPI, NYT, 10/26/66, 10; Wash. 

Post, 10/26/66, A16) 0 NASA Aerobee 150 and Nike-Cajun sounding rockets launched 35 min. 

apart from WSMR reached 116-mi. (186-km.) and 74-mi. (119-km.) 

altitudes in GSFC-ESSA Institute for Telecommunication Sciences and 

Aeronomy experiment. Aerobee rocket and instrumentation, designed 

to measure micrometeoroid and cosmic dust impacts and electron densities, performed satisfactorily. Although Nike-Cajun did not reach 

predicted altitude and two of seven experiments to obtain data on ionospheric D-region did not function properly, satisfactory results were 

obtained. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

MSFC had awarded Univ. of Wisconsin a $679,101 contract to develop 

sensors for galactic x-ray mapping experiment to be flown on an Uprated Saturn I (Saturn IB) launch vehicle in 1968. Sensors would 

explore x-ray sources other than sun and Crab Nebula. (MSFC Release 

0 Potential for application of biomedical knowledge acquired in space 

research was discussed by Dr. Richard L. Lesher, NASA Assistant Administrator for Technology Utilization, at the Conference on Biomedical 

Knowledge, Oklahoma City. He described two experimental efforts 

conducted by NASA’s technology utilization program : (1) an agreement 

with Vocational Rehabilitation Administration to make available information from aerospace research to solve ‘problems of restoring the 

66-258) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 329 

disabled to productive life,” and (2) interdisciplinary biomedical application teams at research centers under NASA contract to define medical 

problems and identify aerospace technology applicable to their solution. 

(Text) 

October 25: British Research Council had offered to pay one half the $11.2- 

million cost of constructing a 150-in. telescope in Australia, largest in 

Southern Hemisphere. Similar offer from Univ. of California was 

pending before Australian Government. (NYT, 10/26/66, 1) 

October 25-28: 75th anniversary convocation, “Scientific Progress and 

Human Values,” was held at Cal Tech. Dr. Lee A. DuBridge in welcoming address noted meeting represented “a time for self appraisal. . . . We 

at Cal Tech are seriously seeking to take a hard look at ourselves, at the 

world of science and technology of which we are part, and at the world 

of human beings who may either benefit or possibly suffer from what 

we do.” 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. 

Mueller said that “through the creative use of the capabilities that we 

are building up, space may . . . be used as one of many approaches to 

alleviate” problems of “famine, disease, over-population, and the need 

for more and better education” facing developing nations. 

Dreams of eventual space travel were “pure fantasy,” according to 

Cal Tech astronautics professor Dr. Jesse L. Greenstein. He urged, 

however, that a greater portion of national expenditures be devoted to 

achieving interstellar communications-a task that ‘‘may ultimately 

become the greatest scientific adventure.” 

Dr. Robert P. Sharp, professor of geology at Cal Tech, noted that 

although “earth scientists” were playing important role in national 

space program, it was also important that they “look downward into 

our own planet. . . . Our understanding of these distant bodies will 

depend to a good degree upon how well we understand our own plain 

earth.” 

Likelihood that revolutionary improvement in communication on 

earth would transform society was suggested by John R. Pierce, research 

director of Bell Telephone Labs. Communications Sciences Div. Satellites would greatly expand potential of backward countries and would 

help build a sense of national identity in underdeveloped areas. 

“Technology is moving faster than our ability to assimilate it,” 

scientist and industrialist Dr. Simon Ram0 postulated. Dr. Ram0 urged 

development of new class of men called ~C~~cio-techn~logi~ts~7 who could 

“effectively link scientific developments with social betterment.” 

Dr. Murray Gell-Mann, professor of theoretical physics at Cal Tech, 

said society must give new direction to technology, diverting it from 

applications that yield higher productive efficiency into areas that 

yielded greater human satisfaction. A symbol of this sort of change 

would occur when man no longer wanted to channel resources into 

“building bigger, noisier aircraft” or when society decided to divert a 

new highway around a virgin forest rather than build through it. 

(Texts; Bart, NYT, 10/26/66, 23; Duscha, Wash. Post, 10/26/66, A9; 

NYT, 10/30/66, 52) 

October 26: NASA’s Atlas-Centaur 9 (AC-9) launch vehicle successfully 

carried out first full-thrust restart in space of liquid hydrogen engine 

during two-burn indirect ascent mission launched from ETR. Flighteighth and last planned Centaur development test flight-almost exactly 
330 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

followed prelaunch plans: AC-9 Centaur stage burned for 328 sec. and 

again for 107 sec., first to drive itself into temporary 100-mi. (161-km.) 

altitude parking orbit and then to inject mass model of Surveyor spacecraft on simulated lunar transfer trajectory. Preliminary tracking data 

indicated dummy spacecraft was aimed accurately and on course. 

Centaur project had been managed by LBC. (NASA Release 66-274; NASA 

Proj. Off.; LRC Release 66-69; AP, Vush. Post, 10/27/66, A7; Av. Vk., 

10/31/66,39) 

October 26: U.S.S.R.’s LUNA XII was probably less than 100 mi. from moon, 

reported director of U.K.’s Jodrell Bank Experimental Station Sir 

Bernard Lovell. He said: ‘Zast night the signals from the probe were 

steady and indicated that, contrary to LUNA x and XI, it was ejected into 

orbit without rotation. That means that potentially it was a more successful exercise.” (AP, Balt. Sun, 10/27/66) 

Four-stage USAF Trailblazer was launched from NASA Wallops Station in 

second of a series of six Air Force Avionics Laboratory launches to 

study communications blackout during space vehicle reentry. (Tech. 

Vk., 11/7/66, 10) 

Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov was quoted by Tass as saying that he was in 

favor of strict international law governing cooperation in space. Through 

agreement, all stations, equipment, and spacecraft sent to moon or the 

planets could be available for use by representatives of other states, he 

noted. “However, all this would be justified only if the moon and the 

other celestial bodies are used by all treaty participants for peaceful 

purposes.” (Tass, 10/26/66) 0 NASA awarded North American Aviation, he., a $37-million, cost-plusaward-fee contract supplement for launch preparation and checkout of 

ten Saturn V 2nd stages (S-11). (NASA Release 66-281) 0 W-F2 lifting body vehicle, piloted by Capt. Jerauld R. Gentry (USAF), 

made 12th glide flight at Edwards AFB after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft. altitude. Purposes of flight were to obtain data on 

stability and control at 7” and 11” angles of attack and on upper flap 

effectiveness. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

October 26-29: Second International Congress on Air Technology met at 

Hot Springs, Ark. 

Need to develop a V/Stol aircraft as an “air bus” for faster short-haul 

transportation of cargo and passengers within large urban areas was 

rapidly increasing with growth in population, asserted Jack D. Brewer, 

program manager for V/Stol research, NASA Hq. By 1985, according to 

prediction, more than 130 million persons-half the US. populationwould be living in super metropolitan areas at San Francisco-Los 

Angeles, Buffalo-Chicago, and Boston-New York-Washington, D.C. (NASA 

Release 66-282) 

Cooperation as well as competition would be necessary to meet challenges of future air transportation, John C. Brizendine, Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Aircraft Division vice president for engineering, told 

the Congress. He said progress in solving problems such as noise, 

limiting effects of weather, congestion of airports and airways, and rapid 

transportation needs between airports and cities, should be accelerated. 

. . if society is to realize the progress and benefits technology can 

offer, we as leaders of large segments of society also must display increasing unity of purpose in striving to overcome the major environmental problems common to all of us.” (CR, 1/23/67, 5729-31) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 331 

October 27: NASA launched ComSatCorp’s INTELSAT 11-A comsat from ETR by 

three-stage Thrust-Augmented Improved Delta booster into elliptical 

transfer orbit in preparation for geostationary orbit. Transfer orbit 

parameters: apogee, 23,382 mi. (37,646 km.) ; perigee, 186 mi. (299.9 

km.); period, 11 hr. 9 min.; inclination, 26.4’. At ninth apogee-on 

Oct. 30-ComSatCorp fired the apogee motor. Apparently the apogee 

motor nozzle was blown off shortly after the motor ignited, and INTELSAT 

11-A entered orbit with 23,330-mi. (37,545-km.) apogee; 2,072-mi. (3,334- 

km.) perigee; 12 hr. 16 min. period; and 17” inclination rather than 

planned 22,300-mi.-altitude synchronous orbit over Pacific. ComSatCorp announced that 192-lb. satellite, nicknamed “LANI BIRD,” could 

receive and transmit televisidn and other forms of communications, 

but that “significance of this potential remains to be assessed.” 

First satellite in ComSatCorp’s two-satellite Intelsat I1 system to 

provide transatlantic and transpacific comsat coverage, INTELSAT 11-A 

had been scheduled to extend commercial service to the Pacific; assist 

in fulfilling Project Apollo communications requirements; and provide 

capability for live transpacific TV by handling TV, data transmission, or up to 240 voice channels between “first class” ground stations. 

Intelsat 11-B was planned for launch in early 1967. INTELSAT I (“EARLY 

BIRD”) had been orbited April 6, 1965. (ComSatCorp Releases; NASA 

Proj. Off.) 0 No photographic signals had been detected by Western monitors from 

U.S.S.R.’s LUNA XII, which had apparently entered lunar orbit Oct. 25. 

It was speculated that spacecraft had been shut down temporarily to 

conserve battery power. U.S.S.R. had made no official statement since 

Oct. 22 launch. (UPI, NYT, 10/28/66, 21) 0 ComSatCorp asked FCC for authority to construct a $6,500,000 highcapacity earth station in Peach Tree Valley, Calif., to communicate 

with, and perform tracking, telemetry, and command duties for, orbiting 

satellites. ComSatCorp would withdraw Oct. 6 application for a second 

antenna at Andover, Me., station pending FCC action on California 

application. (ComSatCorp Release) 0 NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., accepting the 

New York Board of Trade’s 20th annual Business Speaks Award on 

behalf of NASA, noted “the most important lesson” learned in management of the space effort: “. . . when pressing forward and coordinating 

the efforts of a large group of teams and individuals . . . it is of paramount importance to provide objectives for each and to assure that 

these objectives are tailored to the mind and capability of the group 

attacking them. If the task is ever going to be accomplished, it must 

seem achievable . . . to the man undertaking it. And . . . each segment 

of the overall task must be accurately tracked and timed to be properly 

completed and fitted into the appropriate sequence even as the work 

goes on.’’ (Text) 0 Communist China exploded on target over its own territory a nuclear 

weapon carried by a guided missile. Test was fourth in series of nuclear 

explosions: first, Oct. 16, 1964; second, May 14, 1965; third, May 9, 

1966. (NYT, 10/28/66, 1, 18) 

October 28: USAF’S OV3-I1 research satellite was launched from Vandenberg 

AFB by Scout rocket into orbit with 991-mi. (1,595-km.) apogee; 198-mi. 

(319-km.) perigee; 104-min. period; and 82’ inclination. Launch was 

planned so satellite would be in orbit during Nov. 12 South American 
332 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

solar eclipse to provide data on charged particle variations in extreme 

upper atmosphere before, during, and after eclipse. Satellite, designed 

to remain active in space at least one year, would also extend knowledge 

of electron and ion density structure found in outer radiation belt by 

NASA’s DISCOVERER XVII. (Vandenberg AFB PIO; UPI, Phil. Sun. Bull., 

10/30/66) 

October 28: First manned Apollo spacecraft (AS-204) would be orbited in 

first quarter of 1967, NASA announced. Mission would verify spacecraft 

systems performance and crew operations. NASA had hoped for December 

launching, but modification of environmental control system (Ecs) 

would necessitate further ground testing of spacecraft. Prime crew 

would be Virgil I. Grissom, command pilot; Edward H. White 11, senior 

pilot; and Roger Chaffee, pilot. Backup crew would be James McDivitt, 

command pilot; David Scott, senior pilot; and Russell Schweikart, pilot. 

(NASA Release 66-284) 0 NASA awarded Boeing Co. a $4.5-million contract modification for design 

and procurement of Saturn V 1st stages. Hardware included propellant 

ducts and valves and pressurization switches and gauges. (NASA Release 

66-283) 0 General Electric Co. successfully tested prototype GE4 turbojet engine at 

52,600 lbs. thrust-believed to be record for air-breathing engines of 

all types. GE4 was developed in FAA competition with Pratt & Whitney 

Div., United Aircraft Corp., for Sst engine contract. (GE Release 66-51) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb said in a speech at Mills College, 

Oakland, Calif., that the “complex interdevelopment of technological 

power and of the social organization necessary to control, direct, and 

exploit it . . . is a central element of the space age. . . . The success of 

our space program is helping to pove to ourselves and to the world 

that we have the will and the capacity to establish far-reaching, difficult 

goals and bring them surely to fruition. This kind of proof is a major 

basis for national prestige and international cooperation.” (Text) * U.S. Army Corps of Engineers awarded $1,071,205 contract for construction of foundations at ERC to Coleman Bros. Corp., Boston. (MSC Roundup, 10/28/66, %; DOD Release 879-66) 

Recent “booming” in Chicago area precipitated editorial comment in 

Chicago Daily News: “We grant that the supersonic age is upon us. 

But it is also an age of human beings with human rights. One of these 

is the right not to be buffeted around by sonic booms, and it is evidently 

going to take eternal vigilance to keep that right from being obliterated 

in the name of some totally unsupportable need.” (Chic. Daily News, 

10/28/66) 

Plan to shift headquarters of USN’S manned spacecraft recovery fleet (Task 

Force 140) from Norfolk to Houston was under study by DOD, fleet 

commander R/Adm. Conrad Abhau told AP. Abhau said he and his 

staff had been absent from Norfolk on recovery operations 4+0 per cent 

of the time during the past 12 mos. (AP, Wash. Post, 10/29/66, E16) 

FCC had granted ITT World Communications, Inc., permission to provide 

facilities on U.S.S. Wasp for televising recovery of Gemini 12 spacecraft; three-day mission was scheduled for Nov. 9 launch. TV signals 

would be transmitted by EARLY BIRD I for relay. (Wash. Eve. Star, 

10/29/66, A16) 

October 29: LUNAR ORBITER I impacted on moon’s hidden side at 9:30 a.m. 

EDT on command from earth. The spacecraft was deliberately crashed 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 333 

to obviate possible interference with mission of second Lunar Orbiter 

(Lunar Orbiter B) scheduled for launch Nov. 6. First US. spacecraft 

to orbit and photograph moon, LUNAR ORBITER I, launched Aug. 10, 

became first satellite to be deliberately destroyed in space by NASA. (NASA 

Release 66-287; O’Toole, Push. Post, 10/30/66, A10) 

October 29: LUNA XII had photographed lurain with “a special phototelevision 

device,” Tass announced in first official statement relating to spacecraft 

since Oct. 22 launch. Satellite had entered lunar orbit Oct. 25 with 

1,740-km. (1,081-mi.) apolune; 100-km. (62-mi.) perilune; and 3 hr. 25 

min. period. First photos transmitted-shown on Moscow television less 

than an hour after announcement-showed clearly distinguishable 

details of craters and mountain ranges. 

LUNA XII was ninth photographic mission to moon. Five had been 

from US.: RANGERS VII, VIII, and IX, SURVEYOR I, and LUNAR ORBITER I; 

four from U.S.S.R.: LUNA 111, ZOND 111, LUNA IX, and LUNA XII. (Tass, 

10/29/66; AP, NYT, 10/30/66, 43) 

Dr. Serge A. Korff, director of New York Univ.’s cosmic research program, 

told a youth science seminar at the Explorer’s Club in New York that he 

believed many Ufo sightings had been of giant balloons sent aloft by 

NYU to test the upper atmosphere: “[They] are 300 to 400 feet across 

and because they are partly inflated, assume strange shapes as they 

ascend. At high altitudes they often reflect sunlight and become visible 

to viewers below in areas where the sun has set or before it has risen.” 

(NYT, 10/30/66, 45) 

“Whole towns” on the moon, complete with dome-like buildings linked 

by tunnels and parks under transparent hoods, might be constructed 

in 20th century, Soviet architect Nikolay Kolomiyets suggested in 

Krusnuyu Zvezdu. Kolomiyets said the moon town should provide a 

safe shelter for its inhabitants and be attractive as well. Best construction material would probably be lunar rocks. “It can be expected that 

after treatment with alkalis, lunar rocks can be used to build walls and 

roofs by pouring, just as they are made on earth by pouring concrete.” 

(Tass, 10/29/66) 

October 30: U.S.S.R. Antaeus cargo aircraft lifted 88 tons, 103 kg., in flight 

from Podmoskovnoye airport (Moscow) piloted by I. Y. Davidov, 

Krusnuyu Zvezdu announced. Previous cargo record had been 53 metric 

tons, 479 kg., lifted Dec. 16, 1958, by US. MATS C-133 Cargomaster 

piloted by Col. John M. Thompson (WAF). (Tass, 10/30/66) 

Sst would be limited to speed over land of 660 mph to avoid sonic booms, 

Evert Clark reported in New York Times. (Clark, NYT, 10/31/66, 1) 

October 31: NASA launched four-stage Pacemaker rocket from Wallops Station 

to test performaace of spacecraft heat shield design. First two stages 

lifted 135-lb. payload to 75,000-ft. altitude. As payload began to fall 

back to earth, last two stages were fired to drive it downward at about 

6,800 mph. Information was obtained by tracking and photography and 

from the payload itself, which was recovered after parachute descent 

into Atlantic. (Wallops PAO; UPI, NYT, 11/1/66) 

* Japan successfully launched four-stage Mu-1 rocket from Uchinoura 

Space Center, Kyushu Island, to test 1st-stage fuel combustion and 

booster propulsion. The 70-ft.-long7 solid-fueled launch vehicle was 

launched at 69” inclination and impacted in Pacific after 3-min. 20-sec. 

flight. Scientists called test ‘‘a success.” Mu was scheduled to orbit 

Japan’s first satellite by 1968. (AP, NYT, 11/1/66) 
334 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

October 31: Sst design proposal evaluations were submitted to FAA by 235- 

member Government team and 30 domestic and foreign airlines; FAA 

Administrator William F. McKee would study evaluations and make 

recommendation; President Johnson would make final decision by Jan. 

1, 1967. (Wash. Post, 11/1/66, B7) * A revolution in 1970’s of air transport industry that would ccchange its 

scope and character even more than the switch from piston-engine 

equipment to jets did in the 1960s,” was predicted by Robert Hotz in 

Aviation Week. Transformation would be stimulated by the “sharp spur 

of advanced technology arriving in the midst of changing economic and 

social problems.” Hotz observed that “no other major business in the 

industrial history of the world has had to cope with such a series of 

technical revolutions in such a short time span as the airlines.” (Hotz, 

Av. Wk., 10/31/66, 21) 

U.S.S.R. planned to build two additional satellite tracking stations in 

Cuba and had sited one near Santiago, Aviation Week reported. (Av. 

Wk., 10/31/66, 23) 

USAF had awarded Boeing Co. $142.3-million firm fixed-price incentive 

contract to develop and produce AGM-~~A Short Range Attack Missile 

(Sram) to be carried by FB-111 bombers and adaptable to late model 

B-52 bombers. (DOD Release 925-66) 

Franco-Soviet cooperative space agreement was being viewed with skepticism by French scientists who foresaw effort would break down for 

same lack of Soviet candor that had stymied useful information exchange 

between US. and U.S.S.R., Aviation Week reported. In addition, French 

Communists were protesting to Kremlin that high Soviet sanction of 

President De Gaulle’s space program was weakening Communist political 

stature in France. (Av. Wk., 10/31/66, 23) 

Cost-sharing dispute between DOD and NASA over use of ETR was reported 

by Aviation Week. DOD wanted NASA to pay share of continuing costspossibly as much as $100 million annually-instead of only expenses 

for launches. (Av. Wk., 10/31/66, 25) 

Discussing the manned spaceflight program in press interview at Texas 

Technical College, physicist and atomic scientist Dr. Edward Teller said: 

. . . to get to the moon first is not important, but who stays there and 

exploits the knowledge to be gained from the moon is more important.” 

Teller, attending symposium on arid and semi-arid land, said US. should 

settle a colony of scientists on moon to determine feasibility of using it 

as a base for reaching Mars. (AP, Balt. Sun, 11/1/66, 8) 0 NASA was planning total of 11 lunar landing missions, reported Technology 

Week, citing procurement request issued by MSC. Number of missions 

was included as guideline for firms asked to submit bids on development 

of crew recovery quarantine equipment. (Tech. Wk., 10/31/66, 3) 

FAA predicted flying activity at the 303 airports with FAA control towers 

would break all records in 1966: an estimated 45.1 million landings and 

takeoffs were foreseen-a 19 per cent increase over 1965. (FAA Release 

During October: NASA published Vacuum Technology and Space Simulation 

(SP-105) , a comprehensive manual available to public through the 

Superintendent of Documents, GPO. (NASA Release 66-279) 

FAA cautioned airline executives during briefing in Washington, D.C., not 

to let desire for a “fly-off competition’’ keep them from making as clearcut a first choice as possible for the supersonic transport. If they did 

tr 

66-95) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 335 

not, they might get aircraft they did not want or Congressional critics 

might use indecisiveness to stdl or kill program. Possibility that prototypes of both the Boeing and Lockheed airframe designs would be built 

was virtually ruled out. (Av. Wk., 10/31/66, 25) 

During October: Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Harold Brown summarized 

USAF’S position on its future in space in an interview with Armed Forces 

Management: “It is not a matter of desiring to conduct military campaigns in space but rather to preclude any aggressor from using space as 

an area of operations for launching attacks against the US. . . . “We should not be doing things just to be doing them. Rather, they 

must have direct relation to establishing military needs. 

“Space is not a mission but a place to perform a mission. When a 

mission can be performed from space, the Air Force will perform it from 

there. . . .” (Armed Forces Management, 10/66, 69) 

0 NASA made available a list of abstracts of NASA-owned inventions for 

foreign licensing through the Assistant General Counsel for Patent 

Matters, NASA Hq. (NASA Release 66-266) 

0 AFSC awarded 12-mo. study contracts totaling $900,000 to LockheedCalifornia Co., North American Aviation, Inc., and McDonnell Aircraft 

Corp. to develop a high-altitude, hypersonic Scramjet-powered cruise 

vehicle with potential military applications. (AFSC Release 188.66) 

NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., said in Znteravia 

that in addition to possible “definite and direct” economic and technological benefits, the “greatest impact the continuing exploration of 

space will have upon man will be upon his own philosophy: that is, his 

view of himself in relation to the universe as he imagines it.” (Znteravia, 

10/66, 1479) 0 USAF School of Aerospace Medicine had completed 46-day simulated spaceflight in which bite-size food diet was tested, Technology Week reported. 

Four airmen, divided into two teams, spent several days at ground-level 

conditions, then entered two high-altitude chambers at simulated 

27,000 ft. Atmosphere was 70% oxygen, 30% hydrogen for one team; 

70% oxygen, 30% nitrogen for second. Final sixteen days were spent 

at ground level. Results had not been released. (Tech. Wk., 10/31/66,4) 
November 1966 

November 1: X-15 No. 3 was flown by NASA test pilot William H. Dana to 

3,750 mph (mach 5.34) and 306,900-ft. altitude in flight test to collect 

micrometeoroids. As secondary mission, pilot performed maneuvers to 

check dual channel radiometer, tip-pod accelerometer, and precision 

attitude. (X-15 Proj. Off.) 

An 8,189-hr. test of cesium electron-bombardment engine performed for 

LRC by Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., ended when supply of cesium fuel 

was exhausted. Conducted in space simulation chamber, test was part 

of NASA’s electric engine research program. Studies had shown that such 

systems could result in increased payloads in unmanned and manned 

spaceflight missions. (NASA Release 66-306) 

U.S.S.R. successfully launched and recovered aerostat containing 7.6-ton 

high altitude automatic astronomic station,” to 20-km. (12-mi.) altitude for rcexploration of physical processes in the solar photosphere.” 

Equipment, including optical and radio-technical apparatuses, had 

functioned normally, and results were being processed. (Tass, 11/5/66; 

AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 11/6/66, E26) 0 Test-firings of XE nuclear rocket engine-last major step before developing hardware for flight-rated nuclear engine-would begin in latter half 

of 1968, Milton Klein, Deputy Manager, NASA-AEC Space Nuclear 

Propulsion Office, told Atomic Industrial Forum in Pittsburgh. Klein 

also disclosed that his office had begun preliminary design of new 

facilities with two test positions, each capable of testing a 200,000-1b.- 

thrust engine or an entire propulsion module under simulated altitude 

conditions. (Text) 

Gen. Jacob E. Smart (USAF, Ret.), former Deputy Commander-in-Chief of 

U.S. European Command, was sworn in as a special assistant to NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb. (NASA Release 66-288) 0 George C. White, Jr., chief of NASA Hq. Apollo Spacecraft and Vehicle 

Test Performance Office, was appointed Director of Apollo Reliability 

and Quality. (NASA Ann., 11/18/66) 0 Survival of 17 chimpanzees without permanent damage after 3% min. in 

simulated space environment offered hope that an astronaut outside 

his spacecraft could be rescued if his spacesuit were to spring a leak. 

In 18 tests conducted at Holloman AFB during one year, chimps placed 

in a decompression chamber for time periods that were gradually 

increased from 5 sec. to 3% min. suffered only temporary abnormalities. 

L/Col. C. H. Kratochvil, commander of Holloman’s aeromedical research 

laboratory, said close relationship bet%-een chimps and humans made it 

possible to assume that findings would be applicable to astronauts. 

(Nelson, Wush. Post, 11/2/66, ALE) * Dr. Hugh Odishaw was appointed executive secretary of the NRC Div. of 

Physical Sciences. Space Science Board, Geophysics Research Board, 

336 

rc 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 337 

and Committee on Polar Research-groups with which Dr. Odishaw 

had been closely associated-would be shifted into MC as joint responsibility of Div. of Earth Sciences and Div. of Physical Sciences. They 

previously had been among 12 NAS groups that functioned outside the 

formal NRC divisional structure. (NAS-RRC-NAE News Report, 11/66, 1) 

November 1: Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by AFCRL from WSMR 

reached 150 mi. (241 km.) in experiment to measure extreme ultraviolet 

solar radiation. (OAR Res. Rev., 1/67, 8) 0 ComSatCorp signed agreements to purchase 210-acre site in Montgomery 

County, Md., for $7- to $10-million Research and Development Center. 

Construction would begin in 1967. (ComSatCorp Release) 

November 2: U.S.S.R. launched spacecraft, possibly from Cosmos series, 

which exploded into 32 pieces detectable by radar. GSFC Satellite Situation 

Report would later reveal that 12 pieces of debris remained in orbit Nov. 

15; 20 had reentered. Spacecraft was second Soviet satellite to explode 

in six weeks [see Sept. 171. (GSFC SSR, 11/15/66) 

NASA had extended operational lifetimes of its three Pegasus meteoroid 

detection satellites 12 additional months because of their successful 

operation. Satellites would continue to provide meteoroid data, but 

researchers would concentrate on studying durability of spacecraft 

systems and components. PEGASUS I was launched Feb. 16, 1965: 

PEGASUS 11, May 27, 1965; and PEGASUS 111, July 30, 1965. All had been 

scheduled to operate 18 mos. (MSFC Release 66-264) 

USAF launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg AFB with AtlasAgena D booster. (Tech. Wk., 11/7/66, 10; U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 

1966, 157) 

* JPL selected Litton Industries, Inc., Guidance and Control Systems Div., 

for negotiation of a $3-million contract to design, fabricate, and check 

out data automatic subsystem (Das) for 1969 Mariner (unmanned) 

flights to Mars. JPL had management responsibility to NASA for Mariner/ 

Mars project. (NASA Release 66-289) 

* General Precision Equipment Corp. received $8.6-million NASA contract 

to provide three sets of equipment to modify Apollo simulators at KSC. 

(EY, 11/2/66, 3) * Man must learn to operate effectively and efficiently in space before he 

can reap the full benefits of space exploration, Dr. George E. Mueller, 

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, told the Wisconsin State Chamber of Commerce in Milwaukee: “TO employ Apollo 

flight hardware and capabilities beyond the manned lunar landing, and 

to extend the capability of the Apollo spacecraft would make efficient 

use of our national investment. Missions are available to make use of 

the equipment for flights in earth orbit, in lunar orbit, and to the moon’s 

surface. Experiments are being defined to determine the value of such 

missions. Users have expressed interest in the results of such experiments. But first we must develop the ability to operate in space. . . .” 

(Text) 

Leningrad Institute of Cytology scientists had designed special device to 

permit biologists to study effects on microorganisms of “pure” solar 

radiation. Device, called “Photostate I,” consisted primarily of 18-liter 

chamber in which wide temperature range could be created and observations made under any intensity of solar radiation in the field of visible 

and ultraviolet light. (Tass, 11/2/66) 
338 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

November 2: BCA received $2,500,000 fixed-price USN contract for fabrication, testing, and delivery of six navigation satellites. (DOD Release 

November 3: XB-70 No. 1 experimental supersonic bomber, piloted by L/Col. 

Joseph Cotton (USAF) and NASA test pilot Fitzhugh Fulton, reached 

mach 2.1 and 60,000-ft. altitude during two-hour flight to evaluate 

sonic booms and conduct noise measurements for FAA. Flight was first 

since June 8 crash of XB-70 No. 2 near Barstow, Calif. (XB-70 Proj. 

Off.; UPI, Chic. Trib., 11/4/66) 

0 USAF Titan 111-C booster launched from ETR released unmanned Gemini 

spacecraft on reentry trajectory and inserted canister containing nine 

experiments and three satellites into high, circular orbit in successful 

mission marking first flight test of hardware for DOD’S Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory (Mol). 

Power flight of Titan 111-C was close to planned parameters. Modified 

Gemini spacecraft was released at 125-mi. altitude in test to determine 

whether new heat shield with hatch could withstand reentry temperatures. Traveling 17,500 mph, spacecraft followed 5,500-mi. trajectory, 

landing only seven miles off target in the Atlantic. Recovery was made 

by U.S.S. LaSaZZe. Titan 111-C’s transtage restarted twice to achieve 

planned 184-mi.-altitude circular orbit and release 38-ft. experimental 

canister, proving booster’s ability to launch long payload. CanisterOV4-111-ejected OV4-IR and QV4-IT comsats and QVl-VI satellite, 

which achieved separate, circular orbits. Launch, sixth in series of 12 

designed to qualify composite Titan 111-6 for operational service, was 

characterized by USAF officials as a “major step” in the Mol program. 

(Wilford, NYT, 11/4/66, 1, 10; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/3/66, Al; 

AP, Wash. Post, 11/4/66, Al; Av. Wk., 11/14/66, 30; U.S. Aeron. & 

Space Act., 1966, 158) 0 Decisions on the direction of post-Apollo activities in space would require 

a “two-pronged effort by the part of our economy interested in the 

evolution of space products,” suggested Boeing Co. vice president 

George H. Stoner before AIAA Forum on “After Apollo, What Next?” in 

Washington, D.C.: “. . . industry must assist NASA and the federal 

government in formulating succeeding national space goals for the 

research that will produce fruitful progress toward understanding our 

universe and toward building a store of knowledge about specialized 

space techniques. . . . Industry and government agencies other than 

NASA must explore and continue to find ways to compete successfully in 

the world market place and in the international technological race on 

the large scale development projects that characterize our modern 

society. . . .” Stoner offered several specific suggestions for post-Apollo 

activities: (1) communications satellites that would take advantage of 

the natural access to anywhere on earth provided by spacecraft; (2) 

applications of space-based activities to ballistic missile defense; (3) 

expansion and refinement of equipment for survey of earth affairs from 

space; (4) dramatic reduction of launch costs; and (5) continuing 

exploration of space and its technologies by NASA astronauts and scientists to learn more about our universe. (Text) 0 Apparent inactivity in Soviet manned space program might reflect “growing dismay over the tremendously high cost of astronautics where men 

are involved,” wrote William Hines in the Washington Evening Star. 

“The Russians may feel they have better things to do with their money, 

just as the United States would have if the Kennedy ‘moon message’ of 

933-66) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 339 

1961 had not been hung like an albatross around the national neck as 

a commitment involving American prestige before the world.” Cost of 

Project Gemini was about $700,000 per man hour. (Hines, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 11/3/66, A12) 

November 3: 1966 Nobel Prizes for chemistry and physics were awarded to 

Drs. Robert S. Mulliken, Univ. of Chicago, and Alfred Kastler, Ecole 

Normale Superieure in Paris, respectively. Professor Mulliken was cited 

for “his functional work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic 

structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method”; Professor 

Kastler, for “the discovery and development of optical methods for 

studying Hertzian resonances in atoms.” (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/3/66, 

Al; Wiskari, NYT, 11/4/66, 1, 28) e U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency announced plans for a 

“field exercise” in Ariiona, Nevada, and California, to test methods of 

identifying underground nuclear explosions. Project, which would 

begin in late 1966 and continue through May 1967, would develop 

methods by which international inspection teams might police a ban on 

underground nuclear tests. (UPI, Wash. Post, 11/4/66, A23) 

November 4: U.S.S.R. had launched Yantar I ionospheric laboratory equipped 

with gas plasma ion engine to altitudes of 100 to 400 km. (62 to 249 mi.) 

in October “to study the outlook for guided flight in the upper layers 

of the atm~sphere,~’ Tass announced. Data on propulsion-system performance in electrically charged ionosphere would be analyzed and 

results published in magazines of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. 

Both NASA and USAF had already conducted several ground and flight 

tests of electric engines, and another series was scheduled to begin in 

late 1966. Jerome P. Mullin, of OART’S Nuclear Systems and Space 

Power Div., told the New York Times in a telephone interview that 

electric engines had “demonstrated their practical utility” for maneuvering and stabilizing spacecraft in flight. (Tass, 11/4/66; Grose, NYT, 

11/5/66, 12; Wilford, NYT, 11/5/66, 12) 

Cosmonaut-pilots would head crews of all spacecraft landing on the moon 

in the future because landing recannot be fully trusted to machines,” 

Soviet Cosmonaut Pave1 Belyayev predicted in Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika. 

Belyayev, who manually landed VOSKHOD 11 March 19, 1965, said that 

two methods of braking were possible: jet engines and use of aerodynamic forces. (Tass, 11/4/66) 

Fourth stage of Mu-1, Japan’s newest and most powerful booster, was 

successfully tested in low-pressure chamber in Noshiro, Univ. of Tokyo 

scientists reported. Mu was scheduled to orbit Japan’s first satellite by 

1968. (AP, Balt. Sun, 11/8/66) e U.S. Ambassador-at-Large and newly appointed Ambassador to U.S.S.R. 

Llewellyn E. Thompson and Soviet Minister for Civil Aviation Yevgeni 

F. Loginov signed agreement authorizing direct commercial airline 

flights between New York and Moscow at State De t. ceremony. Service 

Airways and U.S.S.R.’s Aeroflot. (Eder, NYT, 11/5/66, 1; Roberts, 

Wash. Post, 11/5/66, Al) a Radioastronomers were relying increasingly on ancient Oriental records 

of novae and supernovae because the phenomena could be observed so 

rarely, Xi Ze-zong and Po Shu-jen, Academia Sinica, Shanghai, reported 

in Science. Only one supernova had appeared within Milky Way during 

last 360 yrs., and few of the average of 50 novae that appeared annually 

could be seen with the naked eye. (Xi and Po, Science, 11/4/66, 597) 

would begin in spring 1967 with weekly flights by PP an American World 
340 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

November 5: NASA conducted first rocket-launched test of parachute landing 

system for Voyager spacecraft at WSMR. Honest John-Nike rocket boosted 

200-lb. experimental package to 104,000-ft. altitude, but ground command transmission did not correctly trigger deployment. Successful 

balloon-launched test in the LaRc-managed parachute experiment series 

had been completed Aug. 30. Voyager project was managed by JPL. 

(NASA Proj. Off.) 

Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., passed their 

medical examinations for the Gemini XI1 mission, scheduled for launch 

from ETR Nov. 9. (Tush. Post, 11/6/66, A17) 

November 5-6: FAA, Office of Emergency Planning, and New York City officials successfully staged “Metro Air Support ’66,” an exercise in which 

more than 200 Vtol aircraft and helicopters took off and landed at piers, 

parks, and streets with emergency supplies, technicians, and Government officials to demonstrate how aircraft could be used if other 

transportation were paralyzed during emergency or disaster. (FAA 

Releases 66-90, 66-96; Nevard, NYT, 11/6/66, 1) 

November 6: NASA’s LUNAR ORBITER 11 (Lunar Orbiter B) unmanned spacecraft was successfully launched by Atlas-Agena D booster from ETR in 

second US. attempt to orbit the moon and photograph possible landing 

sites for Apollo astronauts [see Nov. 10-301. 

Agena 2nd stage fired to boost 850-lb. spacecraft into 100-mi. (161- 

km.) altitude parking orbit, reignited after 14-min. coast period, 

injecting spacecraft on 94-hr., 232,000-mi. translunar trajectory, and 

separated. On schedule LUNAR ORBITER 11 deployed its four solar panels 

and two antennas and locked its five solar sensors on the sun. Only 

difficulty occurred when spacecraft’s star-tracker lost its fix on Canopus, 

delaying critical midcourse maneuver eight hours. Correction was 

accomplished at 44:09 GET and JPL predicted spacecraft would come 

very close to original aiming point. 

Primary objectives of NASA’s LUNAR ORBITER II mission, second in 

series of five, were (1) to place three-axis stabilized spacecraft into lunar 

orbit; and (2) to obtain high-resolution photos on various lunar surface 

areas to assess their suitability as landing sites for Apollo and Surveyor 

spacecraft, and to improve our knowledge of the moon. Photos would 

cover 13 primary target sites, located generally within northern half 

of the Apollo zone of interest on the moon’s front face. It would also 

monitor micrometeoroids and radiation intensity in lunar environment 

and refine definition of moon’s gravitational field. Lunar Orbiter program was managed by LaRC under direction of NASA’s OSSA. Tracking and 

communications were the responsibility of JPL-operated Deep Space 

Network. (NASA Proj. Off.; NASA Release 66-286; O’Toole, Wush. Post, 

11/7/66, Al, A3; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/7/66, A3; UPI, NYT, 

11/9/66, 77; AP, Tush. Post, 11/10/66, A2) 

President Johnson announced appointment of Under Secretary of Commerce Alan Boyd as Secretary of the new Cabinet-level Department of 

Transportation. (Pres. Doc., 11/14/66, 1620-21) 

GEMINI x spacecraft was viewed by more than 13,000 people when it was 

displayed for the day at a Tokyo department store. (Tush. Post, 11/7/66, 

November 7: Clarence C. Gay, Jr., Acting Director of Gemini Test, became 

Chief, Apollo Spacecraft Test, Apollo Test Directorate at NASA Hq. 

(NASA Ann., 11/18/66) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 341 

November 7: Western Union Telegraph Co. asked FCC’s permission to create 

domestic comsat system to transmit telegrams. Ground stations would 

be constructed in Oregon, Iowa, Colorado, Louisiana, Alabama, and, 

possibly, West Virginia. (WI, NYT, 11/8/66, 15) 

Moscow parade celebrating 49th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution 

included rocket which Russians claimed was immune to any antimissile 

defense system and could be dropped out of orbit from any direction. 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/7/66, Al, A6) a NASA Administrator James E. Webb was presented Gen. Benedict Crowell 

Gold Medal by American Ordnance Assn.’s Cleveland Post. (Lewis 

News, 11/10/66, 1) 

November 8: NASA’s SURVEYOR I spacecraft, which softlanded on the moon’s 

Ocean of Storms June 2, responded to JPL signals almost four months 

after scientists had announced its “death.” Spacecraft did not take 

additional photos of the lunar surface as commanded. (UPI, Wash. Post, 

11/10/66, A7) 

In test of hydrogen peroxide attitude control thrusters, INTELSAT 11-A 

( “LANI BIRD”) was moved into elliptical orbit with 23,306-mi. (37,523- 

km.) apogee; 2,609-mi. (4,201-km.) perigee; 17” inclination; and 12-hr. 

10-min. period. Systems would be used in future attempt to place comsat 

in “modified orbit with a 12 hour period,” to make possible communications with line-of-sight earth stations for a few hours daily. Preliminary 

investigations indicated that INTELSAT 11-A’S failure to achieve planned 

synchronous equatorial orbit Oct. 30 was due to apogee motor malfunction; launch of Intelsat 11-B, scheduled for Nov. 23, would be postponed until exact cause of malfunction was determined. (ComSatCorp 

Release) a NASA Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station 

reached 134-mi. (216-km.) altitude in GSFC experiment to evaluate the 

method of the double floating probe as a tool for monitoring ionospheric 

electric fields. Rocket performance was excellent, and data obtained by 

one of two independent antenna systems was in quantitative agreement 

with the double floating probe theory. Other antenna system failed to 

deploy properly. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

USAF launched an unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB with ThorAgena D booster. (UPI, NYT, 11/9/66, 4; U.S Aeron. & Space Act., 

1966, 158) 

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara was considering USAF proposal 

for an advanced manned strategic aircraft (Amsa) which would cost 

$1.5-$2 billion to develop, William Beecher reported in the New York 

Times. Bomber would reportedly be able to carry internally 25 nucleartipped short range attack missiles (Sram), plus nuclear bombs; have 

unrefueled range of 7,000 to 10,000 mi.; and be capable of traveling 

1,625 mph-about 2% times the speed of B-52 aircraft, the mainstay 

of current bomber force. (Beecher, NYT, 11/8/66, 1) 

Concept of “flying saucersyy violated physical laws of solar system, Rev. 

Francis J. Heyden, Georgetown Univ. astronomer, declared in Washingtan Post interview. Ufo reports, none of which could be adequately 

studied scientifically, were either misinterpretations or hoaxes, he said. 

(Casey, Wush. Post, 11/8/66, B3) 

FAA awarded $65,000 contract to North American Aviation, Inc., to study 

competing Boeing Co. and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Sst designs for 

possible size reduction that would reduce sonic boom. ( WSJ, 12/5/66,12) 
342 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

November 9: NASA launched from Wallops Station an Argentine-designed 

and -produced single-stage solid-fuel Orion I1 sounding rocket with 

ayload for upper atmosphere research. Reaching altitude of 51 mi., payroad was captured by helicopter as it descended by parachute to 2,500 

ft., marking Wallops’ first such mid-air recovery. Test was second 

successful Orion I1 flight in three-flight series which began Nov. 4; 

Nov. 7 launch failed. Six Argentine engineers and technicians from 

Aeronautical and Space Research Institute (IIAE) assisted Wallops personnel with launch operations. Arrangements were made by NASA and 

Argentine Space Commission (CNIE) . (NASA Release 66-291; Wallops 

Release 66-53) 0 USAF launched Arcas solid-fuel rocket from Vandenberg AFB to collect 

information on atmospheric temperature, pressure, and movement 

above 98,400-ft. altitude. Data collected would be used to plan glide 

paths of vehicles reentering earth atmosphere. (AP, Phil. Inq., ll/lO/ 

AFSC announced plans to use seven defense communications satellites, 

launched from ETR June 16, in series of experiments to gather data for 

design of improved communications systems between ground stations 

5,000 to 6,000 mi. apart. Using specially equipped (2-121 communications research aircraft, Air Force Avionics Lab. engineers would test: 

(1) relay of voice and teletype communications through satellite from 

either aircraft or ground station; and (2) transmission of airborne 

meteorological reconnaissance data to the ground via satellite. Signals 

often would travel 50,000 mi. between terminal points. (AFSC Release 

143.66) 

State Dept. disclosed that “a very small amount” of radioactivity had 

leaked into the atmosphere from AEC’S Sept. 12 underground nuclear 

test, but the incident did not violate limited nuclear test ban treaty 

because no radioactive debris had circulated outside U.S. Disclosure 

was in response to a Soviet inquiry. (WI, Wash. Post, 11/10/66, A2) 

November 10: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from Churchill 

Research Range reached 120-mi. (193-km.) altitude in flight to evaluate 

experiments for NASA-west German cooperative satellite program. Premature ejection of payload cylinder doors caused overheating and malfunction of an electron detector, but all other instruments performed 

satisfactorily. Rocket performance, though slightly in excess of predicted, was within normal tolerance range. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 XB-70 No. 1 experimental supersonic bomber, piloted by L/Col. Joseph 

Cotton (USAF) and NASA test pilot Fitzhugh Fulton, reached mach 2.52 

and 60,000-ft. altitude in flight from Edwards AFB for the national sonic 

boom program. (XB-70 Flight log) 

0 Dirty windows which obscured astronauts’ vision moderately to severely 

in many of NASA% Gemini missions had been caused by volatile vapors 

produced by silicones used in window seals, Gemini program director 

Charles W. Mathews told news briefing at MSC. Problem would be corrected by curing silicone seals in a vacuum. (Wash. Eve. Star, 11/11/66, 

A4) 

Groundbreaking ceremonies were held for ERC’S t6O-million headquarters 

complex in Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Her., 11/11/66; AIAA Daily, 

11/29/66, 1) 

0 Three USAF Athena missiles were successfully launched within three hours 

from Green River, Utah, to target area at WSMR, in test to determine 

66) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 343 

how to distinguish armed missile from decoy missile during reentry. 

(AP, NYT, 11/13/66, 23) 

November 10: Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, after conferring 

with President Johnson, told newsmen at the Texas White House that 

there was “considerable evidence” that U.S.S.R. was building and 

deploying an antiballistic missile system around its cities, which might 

require an increase in US. offensive capacity. He said the Administration would probably recommend to Congress that US. begin production 

and deployment of Poseidon missile-a large submarine-launched missile with greater power to penetrate sophisticated defense system than 

Polaris missile. The Secretary reported that no decision had yet been 

made on deployment of Nike-X antimissile missile, on which $500 

million had already been spent for research and development. (Semple, 

Jr., NYT, 11/11/66, 1, 19; Wilson, Wash. Post, 11/11/66, Al, A10; 

Horner, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/11/66, Al) 

MSFC had awarded General Electric Co. a $147,884, 12-&o. contract to 

study design and systems requirements of an electrically propelled 

space vehicle for manned Mars landing missions and to identify areas 

of technology in which concentrated research would produce maximum 

benefit to manned planetary program. (MSFC Release 66-271) 

Najeeb E. Halaby, vice president of Pan American World Airways and 

former FAA Administrator, suggested that Government build two Sst 

prototypes-one Boeing and one Lockheed-using same prototype 

power plant for both before selecting the final design. “There is no substitute for flight testing,” he said. “The whole world would benefit in 

the economics and safety of a flight-tested plane.” Airframe designs by 

Boeing Co. and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and engine designs by General 

Electric Co. and Pratt & Whitney Div. had been submitted to FAA Sept. 6 

for evaluation. President Johnson would announce final selection in 

late 1966. (NYT, 11/11/66, 73) 

Columbia Univ. announced creation of Institute for the Study of Science 

in Human Affairs which would seek to clarify present and potential roles 

of science in society. Funded by $1-million grant from Alfred P. Sloan 

Foundation, Institute would work through existing university structure, 

on both graduate and undergraduate levels, to stimulate teaching and 

research and possibly establish visiting professorships. The New York 

Times later editorialized: ‘‘Its goal is to increase public understanding 

of the basic issues arising from the scientific revolution-and to develop 

wise men to lead that revolution. “. . . Its beginnings are modest, but the need for it is great and so, too, 

we believe, is its promise.” (Sullivan, NYT, 11/11/66, 32; Aarons, 

Wash. Post, 11/13/66, L4; NYT, 11/13/66, 1OE) 

Sociological repercussions of the space age might be most important to 

historians, suggested Robert Toth in the Washington Post: ‘‘In just nine 

years since the first man-made moon went aloft, the fact that man can 

escape his Earth has become so accepted Americans are almost blase 

about new manned flights. 

“It is too early for anyone to guess how such developments may affect 

the deeper thoughts of self and one’s place in -the world and in the 

universe. But it is not too much to say that, even before man reaches 

the moon, he has begun to get a new perspective of himself and his place 

in the universe from the space adventure.” (Toth, Wash. Post, ll/lO/ 

66, P6) 
34 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

November 10-30: NASA’s LUNAR ORBITER 11, launched from ETR Nov. 6, became 

second US. spacecraft to enter lunar orbit; five days later it was successfully transferred to final close-in orbit for photography. Orbital 

parameters: apolune, 1,163 mi. (1,870 km.); perilune, 122 mi. (196 

km.) ; inclination, 12.2”; period, 3 hr. 38 min. Spacecraft recorded two 

micrometeoroid hits-first ever detected by US. spacecraft in moon’s 

vicinity. It performed 205 attitude changes and responded to 2,421 

commands. 

A total of 211 medium- and high-resolution photos of 13 potential 

Apollo landing sites were taken during mission’s photo acquisition 

phase. Readout would be completed Dec. 13. Among photos transmitted, 

described as “consistently high in quality,” was a picture of the crater 

Copernicus taken from an angle inaccessible to earth cameras. Dr. 

Martin J. Swetnick, NASA Hq., describing the closeup as “one of the 

great pictures of the century,” said: “It provides new information, 

which certainly will lead to better understanding of the processes and 

structures on the moon.” (NASA Proj. Off.; AP, rush. Post, 11/16/66, 

A18; Sullivan, NYT, 12/1/66, 1, 36) 

November 11-15: GEMINI XII rendezvous-docking and Eva mission, last of 

Gemini series, began with launch of Gemini Agena Target Vehicle 

(GATV) by Atlas booster from ETR’S Complex 14, followed 1 hr. 38 min. 

later by launch of GEMINI XII with Titan I1 booster from Complex 19. 

Astronauts were James A. Lovell, Jr., command pilot, and Edwin A. 

Aldrin, Jr., pilot. GATV entered near-circular orbit with 188.5-mi. (303.5- 

km.) apogee and 182.8-mi. (294-km.) perigee. GEMINI XII entered orbit 

with 167.9-mi. (270-km.) apogee and 100-mi. (161-km.) perigee. 

Docking of spacecraft with GATV was in 2.3 revolutions-4:14 GET. 

After plans to use GATV propulsion system to place GEMINI XII into higher 

orbit had to be abandoned because of GATV malfunction, GEMINI XII 

rendezvoused with Nov. 12 total solar eclipse over South America and 

made motion and still pictures of eclipse through spacecraft windows. 

Aldrin then began first of two standup Evas: hatch opening was at 

19:29:01 GET with closure 2 hrs. 29 min. later. Nov. 13’s activities 

revolved around Aldrin’s umbilical Eva: hatch opening was at 42:46 GET 

with closing 2 hrs. 8 min. later. While on 30-ft. umbilical, Aldrin performed measured work tasks at Agena docking adapter and at work 

station in spacecraft adapter section. He also attached 100-ft. tether 

stowed in Agena adapter to Gemini docking bar in preparation for 

tethered operations. GEMINI XII backed out of Agena docking collar about 

47:37 GET and gravity gradient appeared to be established by one revolution later. Tether exercise lasted 4 hrs. 17 min. After failing twice to 

sight sodium vapor clouds released in upper atmosphere by French 

sounding rocket launched from Hammaguir Range and performing 

experiments with a space sextant, crew began experiencing problems 

with maneuvering thrusters on spacecraft. In second standup Eva, 

Aldrin jettisoned unused equipment and conducted additional experiments and photography. Hatch-open time was 66:04 GET for 51-min. 

duration. Total Eva time for GEMINI XII mission was 5 hrs. 28 min. 

Retrofire took place Nov. 15 at 94:OO:Ol GET; reentry in 59th revolution 

after 94 hrs. 34 min. in space was normal. Splashdown in the Atlantic 

was at 94:34:31 GET. GEMINI XII landed about three miles from recovery 

ship U.S.S. Vusp and about four miles from aiming point. Astronauts 

were picked up by helicopter within 20 min. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 345 

November 10-30: Two historic lunar photographs returned by NASA’s LUNAR ORBITER 11: 

one, the first close-up photograph of the crater Copernicus, taken Nov. 23, is an oblique 

view from 28-mi. altitude; the other, the first detailed view of lunar domes, taken Nov. 25, 

confirms the moon’s long history of volcanic activity. The domes range from 2 to 10 mi. 

in diameter and from 1,000 to 1,500 ft. high; they are best seen to the south and west of 

the crater Marius (upper right). 

White House announced promotion of Aldrin from USAF major to 

lieutenant colonel. Love11 had been promoted to USN captain after 

GEMINI VII mission. A Presidential statement read by Press Secretary Bill 

Moyers said the flight was “the culmination of a great team effort, 

stretching back to 1961, and directly involving more than 25,000 people 
346 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

November 11-15: Gemini Agena Target Vehicle is shown at the end of tether securing it 

to the GEMINI XII spacecraft. 

in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department 

of Defense, and other Government agencies ; in the universities and 

other research centers; and in American industry.” (NASA Proj. Off.; 

NASA Release 66-272; MSC Roundup, 11/25/66, 1, 2; Wilford, NYT, 

11/12/66, 1, 14; 11/13/66, 1, 34; 11/14/66, 1, 2; 11/15/66, 1, 17; 

11/16/66,1,30; O’Toole, Wush. Post, 11/12/66, Al, A4; 11/13/66, Al, 

A4; 11/14/66, AI.; 11/15/66, Al, A10; Pres. Doc., 11/21/66, 1701-2) 

November 12: Total solar eclipse which moved across South America at 

2,000 mph €or 2 hrs. 42 min. received extraordinary scientific scrutiny: 

800 scientists from 12 nations utilized $90 million of equipment. NASA’s 

activities were conducted in cooperation with Argentine and Brazilian 

scientists as part of an international program. Eclipse formed 55-mi. 

strip of total blackout beginning in Pacific Ocean west of Peru, crossing 

southern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, southern tip of Brazil, 

and extending into South Atlantic. NASA-hes Convair 990A jet aircraft 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 347 

“Galileo,” a flying research laboratory carrying 26 scientists, successfully rendezvoused with four other instrument-equipped aircraft and 

raced the eclipse at 575 mph as it moved out over the South Atlantic. 

Other NASA activities included: five NASA Nike-Apache sounding rockets 

launched within two hours from Cassino, Brazil, in Univ. of IllinoisGCA Corp. experiment to measure D and E region electron densities and 

temperatures, absorption profiles 1216 A and 1450 A, and collision 

frequencies. First rocket ejected trimethyl-aluminum (TMA) cloud for 

comparison of electron density profile with wind profile; however, no 

photographs of vapor cloud were obtained. Third rocket carried Brazilian 

experiment to study extreme ultraviolet. All rockets and instrumentation, except for mass spectrometer on third flight, performed satisfactorily. Specially constructed launch and tracking site was manned 

and operated by personnel of Wallops Station and the Brazilian Space 

Commission. Photographs were taken by NIMBUS 11 meteorological 

satellite and by Astronauts James Lovell, Jr., and Edwin Aldrin, Jr.? 

orbiting in GEMINI XII spacecraft. 

AFCRL launched three Nike-Hydac sounding rockets from a site near 

Rio Grande, Brazil. Instrumented payloads, which reached 71-mi. 

(115-km.) altitudes, measured positive-ion mass composition, solar 

radiation, electron density and temperature, and positive-ion density. 

Data were telemetered to ground receivers. 

Scientists from Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay, Japan, the Netherlands, U.K., New Zealand, and France participated in observations which 

would increase knowledge of the solar forces and their effects on earth’s 

atmosphere and provide data for use in space travel, radio communications, and weather prediction. (NASA Release 66-285; Wallops Release 

66-55; De Onis, NYT, 11/13/66, 35; A€’, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/13/66, 

A16; AP, Wash. Post, 11/12/66, A16; OAR Res. Rev., 1/67, 8; NASA 

Rpt. SEU) 

November 12: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXXXI for space research into earth 

orbit with 360-km. (224-mi.) apogee; 205-km. (127-mi.) perigee; 89.8- 

min. period; and 72.9” inclination. (U.N. Public Registry, 1/9/67) 0 NASA Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR reached 94-mi. (151-km.) altitude 

in GSFC experiment to obtain solar x-ray photographs; rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. 

NASA Aerobee 150 launched 25 min. later to 109-mi. (174-km.) 

altitude in NASA-Naval Research Laboratory experiment photographed 

outer solar corona with moon near edge of field of view and sunlit 

particles near the rocket. Flight also obtained heliograms showing inner 

corona and solar disc and data on solar flux in Lyman-alpha. Rocket and 

instrumentation, except for a spectroheliograph, performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

0 Deactivation of Gemini launch pad at ETR’S Complex 19 began. Equipment 

that could be used in other space programs would be salvaged; other 

components would be reduced to scrap. (0, Wash. Sun. Star, 11/13/66, 

0 New York Times praised success of NASA’s LUNAR ORBITER II and GEMINI XII 

missions: “This week has seen two impressive demonstrations of United 

States space capabilities. . . . re It is no derogation of the important Soviet contributions to conclude 

that the United States efforts have contributed most of what men now 

know about the moon and about the possibilities and problems of 

A61 
348 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

manned space flight. In part this lead is the result of the long and unexplained halt in the launching of Soviet passenger-carrying rockets.” 

(NYT, 11/12/66,28) 

November 12: Congress had “unwittingly” broadly endorsed Sst program by 

approving obscure phrase in Dept. of Transportation bill (H.R. 15963) 

empowering Secretary of Transportation to “develop and construct a 

civil supersonic aircraft,” Evert Clark reported in the New York Times. 

Action strengthened position of the Administration and other Sst supporters and lessened chances that congressional critics might abandon 

the multibillion dollar project. (Clark, NYT, 11/13/66, 77) 0 Satellite to be launched by U.S.S.R. in near future would carry French 

instrumentation, French Minister of Research Main Peyrefitte announced in Caen. France and U.S.S.R. had signed an agreement for 

joint scientific cooperation June 30. (Reuters, NYT, 11/13/66, 45) 

Photos and temperature data gathered by satellites could be used to study 

ice movements on Canada’s lakes and rivers, G. P. Williams, Canadian 

National Research Council, suggested to Canadian Press. Williams said 

predictions of the formation and breakup of ice would be valuable to 

forestry workers who used the waters to float logs, and aviators who 

landed on northern lakes. (Can. Press, NYT, 11/13/66, 46) 

November 13: Sunspots as large as 12 times the earth’s diameter were detected 

by Bochum Observatory, West Germany. One group reportedly measured about 97,200 mi. across; smaller sunspots were about 27,000 mi. 

wide. (Reuters, NYT, 11/15/66, 61; Reuters, Wash. Post, 11/14/66, 

A23) 

IBM Federal Systems Div. received $218,000 AFSC contract to investigate 

means of reducing operating costs and reaction time of future space 

missions through streamlined guidance and control procedures. (Wash. 

Sun. Star, 11/13/66, D15) 

November 14: Team of JPL scientists left Cal Tech on first NASA-sDonsored 

investigation of Antarctica. Scientists would spend 2% mos. i; Wright, 

Victoria, Taylor, and Beacon Valleys taking samples and conducting 

tests that might prove valuable in future unmanned exploration of Mars. 

(JPL Release, 11/13/66) 

NASA selected Martin Co. for negotiations on a $1-million, 18-1~10. contract 

to design, develop, fabricate, and test meteoroid detectors for future 

NASA experiments to study penetration hazard in space. Contract would 

be managed by URC. (NASA Release 66-293) 

ELDO successfully test-fired three-stage Europa rocket from Woomera 

Range, Australia. Booster was blown up over Simpson Desert 6 min. 42 

sec. after launch. (Tech. Wk., 11/21/66, 8) 

M2-F2 lifting body vehicle, piloted by Capt. Jerauld R. Gentry (WAF), was 

launched from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft. altitude in 13th glide flight 

at Edwards AFB. Purposes of this unpowered flight were tests of stability 

and control and determination of vehicle performance characteristics. 

(NASA Proj. Off.) 

Military should increase its interest in the Nation’s technological base 

rather than rely so heavily on the civilian sector for basic and exploratory research, suggested William Coughlin in Technology Week. He 

noted the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) program: “. . . . much of 

the technology on which this military effort is based was developed by 

the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on programs deliberately tied to the peaceful uses of space. It is a fair question to ask where 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 349 

a military space program would be today vis-a-vis the Soviet Union if 

the technological base had not been developed under NASA funding. 

“Other areas of military importance have not been as fortunate because they lack a civilian counterpart. Steps must be taken to see that 

development of a technical base in these areas is not overlooked. It is 

not easy to justify expenditure of manpower and funds in this somewhat 

invisible arena. . . .” (Coughlin, Tech. Wk., 11/14/66, 54) 

During week of November 14: Increasing application of engineering techniques developed in space program to medical problems was reported by 

participants at 19th Annual Conference in Medicine and Biology in 

San Francisco. Among developments reported: application of computer 

techniques to detection of pathological conditions and to mass diagnosis 

of heart disease; automation of classical laboratory techniques in 

hospital, resulting in increased accuracy and speed; use of new engineering devices to obtain information for better diagnoses; application of 

new engineering to treatment, including refinements on artificial heart 

and control of photosensitive epilepsy with a real-time computer. 

(Tech. Wk., 11/21/66, 30) 

November 15: NASA’s Project Gemini officially ended. From first manned 

flight in March 1965, Gemini had achieved its goals: demonstration of 

ability to rendezvous and dock with target vehicle; demonstration of 

value of manned spacecraft for scientific and technological experimentation; performance of work by astronauts in space; use of powered, 

fueled satellite to provide primary and secondary propulsion for docked 

spacecraft; long-duration space flights without ill effect on astronauts; 

and precision landing of spacecraft. Records set during Gemini program 

included: (1) longest manned space flight (330 hrs. 35 min.); (2) 

altitude (851 mi.); and (3) longest total of Eva (5 hrs. 28 min.) in one 

flight. Total U.S. man hours in space to date: 1,993 hrs. 34 min. MSC 

Director Dr. Robert R. Gilruth told a news conference: “We have done 

all the things we had to do as a preIude to Apollo. I believe the Gemini 

program has been most s~ccessful.~~ (NASA Proj. Off.; Wash. Post, 

11/16/66, A6; Tech. Wk., 11/21/66, 16; NYT, 11/20/66, 2E) 0 NASA announced that NIMBUS 11 meteorological satellite had taken nearly 

1 million photos since its launch from WTR May 15. “It has been working 

better than a finely tuned engine,” said GSFC project manager Harry 

Press. “Its performance has exceeded everyone’s expectation.” (GSFC 

Release G-19-66) 0 NAS Space Science Board chairman Harry H. Hess, Princeton Univ. 

geology professor, received Geological Society of America’s Penrose 

Medal “for distinguished achievement in the geologic science^^^ at 

society’s 79th annual meeting in San Francisco. (NAS-NRC-NAE News 

Report, 11/66, 6) 

November 16: GEMINI XII Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and Edwin E. 

Aldrin, Jr., arrived at KSC to begin debriefing. Addressing some 700 

workmen, Lovell said “everyone here has done an outstanding job to 

get us into space”; Aldrin described the four-day mission as a “treat to 

me as an individual that I would like to have shared with every person 

in the world.” (Sehlstedt, Balt. Sun, 11/17/66) 0 NASA released first 140 ft. of more than 1,500 ft. of color movies taken by 

Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., during their 

Nov. 11-15 space flight. Photography was of high quality. (AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 11/17/66, A4) 
350 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

November 16: Eighth Uprated Saturn I booster successfully underwent shortduration-35-sec.-static firing at MSFC. (MSFC Release 66-288) 

Site at Pakachoag Hill outside of Auburn, Mass., where Dr. Robert H. 

Goddard launched world’s fkst liquid-fuel rocket fight on March 16, 

1926, was approved as a national landmark by Secretary of the Interior 

Stewart Udall. (Dept. of Interior; SBD, 11/23/66, 119) e AFCRL launched Aerobee 150 sounding rocket from WSMR to 117-mi. 

(188-km.) altitude to collect micrometeorite particles during Leonid 

meteor shower. (OAR Res. Rev., 1/67, 8) 

ComSatCorp requested FCC permission to construct $6.5-million, highcapacity earth station at Barrio Monte Llano, Puerto Kco, to handle all 

types of communications in the Caribbean area via EARLY BIRD I and 

mTEuAT II-A comsats. April 25 a plication for station at St. Croix, 

Virgin Islands, was withdrawn \ ecause military communicationselectronics equipment there “might cause harmful interference. . . .” 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

Sst development might be delayed because of current pressures to limit 

Federal spending; growing apprehension that Sst would cause excessive 

property damage and noise from sonic booms; serious safety and technical problems; and Sst evaluators’ indecisiveness, Fred L. Zimmerman 

reported in the Wall Street Journal. (Zimmerman, WSJ, 11/16/66, 

23) * Possibility that US. astronauts might land on moon in 1968 rather than 

1969 “should serve to hasten agreement on international treaty aimed 

at making outer s ace exclusively a dimension of man’s peaceful 

activity,” postulates editorial in New York Times. “Hard decisions” 

about post-Apollo research should be made soon, especially since there 

were “far more possibilities for fruitful activities in space than even the 

United States can afford to carry on simultaneously.” (NYT, 11/16/66, 

42M) 

* Daniel J. Haughton, president of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., suggested at 

American Petroleum Institute meeting in New York that aerospace and 

petroleum industries combine their technical strengths for joint exploration of earth’s continental shelves. He said that within 35 yrs. the 

world’s population would have doubled and a large segment of this 

population would be hungry: “The oceans represent the last great source 

for feeding them and providing the chemicals and minerals and water 

to meet all the future needs of man.” (AI?, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/16/66, 

November 16-18: National Conference on the Management of Aerospace 

Programs was held in Columbia, Mo. 

NASA Apollo Program Director M/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), in 

report on CCManagement Scheme for Apollo,” concluded: “There is no 

single approach to program management that will guarantee success. 

The development of and experience with various management systems, 

techniques and tools in the past several years have contributed extensively to a more scientific approach. The ‘art’ element remains, however. 

The integrated implementation of those concepts and their associated 

procedures and disciplines is sometimes confronted with considerable 

resistance within an organization. This has merit, for it forces management to thoroughly screen new concepts as to validity, feasibility and 

salability. Once a new management system is approved, however, it 

deserves and requires the personal support of the program director 

C12) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 351 

through line channels to stimulate its overall implementation and 

acceptance at the 

DeMarquis D. $att, NASA Assistant Administrator for Programming, 

said that NASA7S cost model had “significantly facilitated management 

decision making in complex on-going programs by providing an overnight computational capability of great capacity. The computer program 

is capable of handling the interrelated cost influences of up to 60 different hardware configurations at an unlimited number of plants and an 

unlimited number of production lines within each plant. It can . . . summarize program costs for as many as 24 fiscal years and can subdivide and allocate these costs to up to 8 different funding sources or 

users.. .” (Text) 

Franklin P. Dixon, Director, Planetary Mission Studies, NASA OMSF, 

outlined manned Mars landing program for consideration as U.S. 

national space goal. Proposal called for seven-step program based 

principally on extension of mission-duration capability and including 

earth-orbital “Space Station/Mission Module,” Mars and Venus flybys, 

and Mars landing. Discussing long-range NASA planning, he noted: “At 

the present time planning for the Saturn Apollo Applications Program 

includes subsystem developments for long deration manned flights. . . . This provides a logicat growth pattern toward manned planetary travel 

with the easier flyby missions within technological reach by the 1975 to 

1980 time period for actual operational flights.” (Text) 

November 17: NASA announced schedule changes in manned Apollo flights 

because of launch vehicle and spacecraft development problems : second 

manned flight of an Apollo spacecraft (AS-205), schedded for spring 

1967, was postponed and no new date set; AS-205 prime crew Walter M. 

Schirra, Donn F. Eisele, and Walter Cunningham became backup crew 

for AS-204 mission-first manned Apollo flight-scheduled for fkst 

quarter of 1967. (NASA Release 66-295) 0 Some 1,000 meteors a minute were recorded at height of Leonid shower by 

Northwestern Univ.’s Observatory near Las Cruces, N. Mex., Dr. J. 

Allen Hynek reported. (Sullivan, NYT, 11/18/66, 39M) 0 Referring to successful completion of Gemini series of space flights as a 

“historic triumph for mankind,” editorial in Washington Post suggested 

that “as the conquest of space proceeds it . . . gives the world a nobler 

and higher destiny and purpose than fratricidal strife for nationalistic 

objectives.” (Wash. Post, 11/17/66, A22) 

November 18: Maj. William J. Knight (USAF) flew X-15 No. 2 to 4,250 mph 

(mach 6.33) and 98,900-ft. altitude during 9-min. flight, successfully 

using full external propellant tanks for first time and setting new speed 

record for X-15 aircraft. Previous 4,104-mph (mach 6.059) record had 

been set by the late Joseph A. Walker (NASA), June 27, 1962. (X-15 

Proj. Off.; UPI, NYT, 11/19/66, 24) e NASA Nike-Apache launched from WSMR to 100-mi. (161-km.) altitude 

carried NASA-Dudley Observatory (Albany, N.Y.) experiment to collect 

micrometeorite particles at time of 33-yr. maximum of Leonid meteor 

shower and GSFC experiment to determine vehicle slant ran e. Rocket 

recovered and no data were obtained. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

a US. had notified Government of Nigeria that, with conclusion of Gemini 

program, NASA would close tracking station at Kano. (NASA Release 

ass roots level. . . .’, (Text) 

and instrumentation performed satisfactorily, but payloa % was not 

66-296) 
352 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

November 18: George Cooper, ARC’S Chief Test Pilot and Chief of Flight 

Operations, received Admiral Luis de Florez Flight Safety Award at 

International Air Safety Seminar in Madrid. He was cited for “his 

contribution to the safety of air transportation through improved understanding of the relation between pilot and aircraft.” (ARC Release 66-17) 

November 19: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXXXII for continued space research 

into earth orbit with 280-km. (174-mi.) apogee; 207-km. (129-mi.) 

perigee; 89.3-min. period; and 65” inclination. Equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, 11/19/66) 

November 20: U.S.S.R. began new carrier rocket tests in the Pacific that 

would last until Dec. 30. Tass said area with 56-km. (35-mi.) radius 

had coordinates of O”5’ south latitude and 163”45‘ west longitude. 

Ships and aircraft were requested not to enter this area daily between 

noon and midnight local time. (Tass, 11/19/66) 

ESRO successfully launched France’s Centaure rocket from range at 

Paksuniemi, Sweden, to study the aurora borealis. (Reuters, Wush. 

Post, 11/21/66, A14) 0 High military potential of space was discussed by Hanson W. Baldwin in 

New York Times: “. . . the advent of the military man in space is inevitable. For man can supply the judgment that no machine can offer; he 

can monitor and correct and interpret the instruments and aids essential 

to space flight; he will be able to repair satellites and assemble space 

platforms. He will pilot tomorrow’s fighting machines in the cosmos. 

And in time he may actually be able, with a whole host of scientific 

aids, to control the weather with all the tremendous military and social 

consequences this implies.” (Baldwin, NYT, 11/20/66, A7) 

November 21: NASA successfully conducted second rocket-launched test 

[see Nov. 51 of a Mars entry parachute as part of an advanced technology effort to investigate possible parachute landing systems for 

Voyager program. Two-stage Honest John-Nike rocket launched from 

WSMR ejected parachute at 120,000-ft. altitude. Parachute descended 

to earth 40 min. later carrying 200-lb. payload with instrumentation 

for measuring shock of parachute opening and its oscillation characteristics. Ekperiment series was managed by L~RC. (NASA Release 66-298) 

MSFC awarded North American Aviation, Inc., a $l4l-million, cost-plusincentive-fee contract to provide 30 F-1 rocket engines, beginning in 

November 1967, and varied support services. (NASA Release 66-297) 0 NASA Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR to 102-mi. (164-km.) altitude 

carried GSFC experiment to obtain ultraviolet spectral scans of bright 

stars from 1110 A to 4000 A. Rocket and instrumentation performed 

satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

* Commenting on success of Project Gemini in developing techniques and 

experience vital for manned lunar landing, William J. Coughlin said 

in Technology Week: “Gemini technology will . . . be applied to the 

manned scientific space stations still to come. This fanning out of technology from the direct-line effort to effect a manned lunar landing is 

a dramatic demonstration of the rapid maturing of the national space 

program.” (Coughlin, Tech. Wk., 11/21/66, 50) 

Final glide flight of M2-F2 lifting body vehicle before installation of XLRll 

8,000-lb.-thrust rocket engine [see Dec. 301 was made at Edwards AFB 

with Capt. Jerauld R. Gentry as pilot. Purposes of flight, 14th in unpowered series, were testing of stability and control and determination 

of vehicle performance characteristics. (NASA Proj. Off.) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 353 

November 21: Reported that USAF Titan I1 launch vehicle, which launched 

12 out of 12 missions in the Gemini series, was expected to win a USAF 

incentive fee of over $2 million for Martin Co., the prime contractor 

for two-stage booster. (Av. Wk., 11/21/66, 28) 

* U.S.S.R. had orbited an atomic clock of the ammonia type in COSMOS 

XCVII, launched Nov. 26,1965, a brief article in Pravda disclosed. Soviet 

Academician N. G. Basov, explaining possible uses of an ammonia frequency standard in a satellite, said it ‘permits carrying on communications with space devices, control over them, and transmission of 

telemetric information for very great distances. In addition, there is in 

this case a considerable increase in the operating precision of program 

timer devices and systems for determining the trajectory of the satellite’s 

movement.” (Av. Wk., 11/21/66, 36) 

* Beryllium ball floating in electrostatic field and spinning at some 60,000 

rpm was part of new electrostatic gyroscope (Esg) being flight-tested 

by USAF at Wright-Patterson AFB aboard C-124 Globemaster aircraft. 

Instability formerly found in the spinning gyroscope had been eliminated 

in Esg since there was virtually no friction between the sphere and its 

cavity. Sphere would spin for three years without power source. (AFSC 

Release 221.66) 

* Pressure for early action to establish Canadian domestic comsat system 

was rising, both within the Canadian government and in telecommunications and broadcasting industries, Aviation reek reported. Government advisory team was planning to complete report by end of 1966 

making recommendations to Canadian Cabinet on technical aspects 

of system and on controversial policy issues. Team was under direction 

of Dr. J. H. Chapman, deputy chief superintendent, Defence Research 

Telecommunications Establishment, Dept. of National Defence. (Av. 

Wk., 11/21/66, 35) 

* Guy Warner Vaughn, president and chairman of Curtiss-Wright Corp. 

and among first to apply mass-production techniques to aviation 

industry, died in New Rochelle, N.Y., at 82. (NYT, 11/22/66, 39M) 

November 22: GSFC awarded Hughes Aircraft Co. a $4.275-million, cost-plusincentive-fee contract for reconfiguration of three gravity-gradient 

Applications Technology Satellites scheduled for launch in 1967 and 

1968. (NASA Release 66-299) 

* NASA awarded Perkin-Elmer Corp. and Chrysler Corp. nine-month, 

$250,000 contract extensions to continue evaluating optical experiments for possible future extended Apollo space flights. (NASA Release 

0 AFSC presented first USAF Craftsmanship Awards in Industrial Zero Defects 

Program to RCA’S Astro-Electronics Div., Communications Systems 

Div., and Missile and Surface Radar Div.; GE’s Flight Propulsion Div. 

and Evendale Facility; Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. ; AerojetGeneral Corp., Sacramento Plant; and Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., 

Missile and Space Systems Div. (AFSC Release 245.66) 

November 23: GEMINI XII pilot Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., told MSC news conference 

that with proper equipment, like the waist straps and foot restraints he 

used during Eva, a man could work outside with no fear of fatigue-if 

he were well trained. Following press conference, Astronauts James A. 

Lovell, Jr., and Aldrin together with a group of MSC, KSC, NASA Hq., and 

industry Gemini program participants flew to LBJ Ranch for visit with 

President Johnson, who said: “The splendid performance of man and 

66-300) 
354 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

machine in Gemini has been a product of the American system at its 

best. 

“The months ahead will not be easy as we reach toward the moon. . . . But with Gemini as the forerunner, I am confident that we will overcome the difficulties and achieve another success.” Group returned to 

MSC for formal awards ceremony. 

Receiving NASA Exceptional Service Medal were GEMINI XII crewmen 

James A. Lovell, Jr., and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.; Col. John G. Albert 

(USAF), ETR; Osro H. Covington, GSFC; and John D. Hodge, MSC. 

NASA Distinguished Service Medal: Dr. George E. Mueller, OMSF; 

and Charles W. Mathews, MSC. 

Outstanding Leadership Medal: Robert F. Thompson, MSC; John J. 

Williams, KSC; and M/G Vincent G. Houston (USAF), ETR. 

NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Award: James A. Chamberlin, MSC. 

NASA Public Service Award: John F. Yardley, McDonnell Aircraft 

Corp.; Bastian Hello, Martin Co.; Bernhard A. Hohmann, Aerospace 

Corp.; Walter D. Smith, Martin Co.; Walter F. Burke, McDonnell; 

Louis D. Wilson, Aerojet-General; Lawrence A. Smith, Lockheed; 

William B. Bergen, Martin Co.; George M. Bunker, Martin Marietta; 

B/G Paul T. Cooper, AFSC Space Systems Div.; Daniel J. Haughton, 

Lockheed; Roger Lewis, General Dynamics; James S. McDonnell, 

McDonnell Aircraft; R. I. McKenzie, Aerojet-General; L. Eugene Root, 

Lockheed; David S. Lewis, McDonnell; and Jack A. Bowers, Martin 

Marietta. 

NASA Superior Achievement Award: Arthur W. Vogeley, Richard J. 

Allen, LeRoy E. Day, John A. Edwards, Eldon W. Hall, Vearl N. Huff, 

and William A. Summerfelt, NASA Hq.; and Anthony L. Liccardi. 

NASA Group Achievement Award: Gemini Astronaut Team, Manned 

Spaceflight Network Team, Gemini Spacecraft Launch Team, Gemini 

Program Office at MSC, Gemini Program Office at NASA Hq., and Gemini 

Support Team at MSC. (MSC Roundup, 11/25/66, 1, 8; Sheehan, NYT, 

11/24/66, 36; Pres. Doc., 11/28/66, 1718-9) 

November 23: XB-70 No. 1 supersonic aircraft, piloted by North American 

Aviation, Inc., test pilot Van H. Shepard and L/Col. Joseph Cotton 

(USAF), reached mach 2.51 and 60,000-ft. altitude in flight from Edwards 

AFB for the national sonic boom program. (XB-70 Flight Log) 

November 24: European conference on satellite communication, meeting at 

The Hague, Netherlands, requested ESRO to study feasibility and desirability of European comsat. (NYT, 11/25/66, 4) * Airport built on artificial island on Goodwin’s Sandbank-12 mi. off 

coast of England in English Channel-was London consulting engineer 

G. E. Bratchell’s answer to noise problem anticipated from projected 

Anglo-French Concorde Sst and other planned supersonic jet aircraft, 

Reuters reported. Takeoffs and approaches would be made over sea, 

avoiding danger of crashes in populated areas. By time aircraft was 

over land, it would be at height where noise was no longer a problem. 

A natural gas fog-dispersal system would make the airport accessible 

every day of the year. (Reuters, Wash. Post, 11/24/66, K10) 

November 26: President Johnson established White House committee headed 

by Dr. Donald F. Hornig to study ways to help West European nations 

improve their technology. Serving with Dr. Hornig would be representatives of Depts. of State, Defense, and Commerce; NASA; AEC; and 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 355 

Council of Economic Advisers. (AP, NYT, 11/27/66, 41; Wash. Post, 

11/27/66, A6) 

November 26: U.S.S.R.’s LUNA XII, launched into lunar orbit Oct. 22, had completed 220 orbits, taken “unique photographs,” and was continuing its 

mission, Tass reported. Satellite had transmitted data on lunar x-ray 

and gamma radiation and micrometeoroids. (Tass, 11/26/66) 

U.S. and U.S.S.R. were reported to have reached basic agreement on text 

of treaty for free and peaceful exploration of moon and outer space. 

Text would be presented within next two or three weeks for approval 

of U.N. General Assembly. US. was said to have agreed that all countries 

-not just U.N. members-should be allowed to sign treaty. Communist 

China, East Germany, North Vietnam, and North Korea would then be 

free to adhere to it if they chose. (AP, NYT, 11/27/66, 78) 0 High-quality photographs of earth taken during Nov. 11-15 GEMINI XII 

mission had revealed substantial inaccuracies and omissions in geologic 

maps, GSFC scientist Paul D. Lowman, Jr., said in press interview. He 

added that space photography might someday help solve such geologic 

problems as continental drift, the relationship of volcanic activity to 

mountain building, and the formation of regional sand dune fields. 

(AP, NYT, 11/26/66, 26) 0 US. was studying feasibility of defense against nuclear missiles for all 

or part of Western Europe, New York Times reported. Administration 

officials said that although there would be political, financial, and 

technical problems, missile shield could be developed at estimated cost 

of $3-$12 billion. (NYT, 11/27/66, 9) 

November 27: Two propulsion developments emerging from engineering 

research might open Jupiter, the regions outside the solar system, and 

even the sun to closeup inspection during 1970s, said Dr. Homer Joe 

Stewart, manager of JPL’S Advanced Studies Office. Developments were 

use of planetary gravitational drag and solar-electric propulsion. When 

a spacecraft neared a planet, it would gain speed from gravitational pull. 

While traveling under planet’s gravitation attraction, it would pick up 

planet’s own sun-orbit speed. This, added to spacecraft’s momentum, 

would be enough to propel spacecraft past planet’s gravitational field 

and toward another planet. Travel between gravitational fields would 

be powered by spacecraft’s solar-electric system. Solar-electric propulsion would double useful payload for a Mars-orbiter mission, Dr. 

Stewart said, and it would offer the advantage of high specific impulse 

€or a Jupiter flyby. (JPL Release; A&A, 12/66, 26-31) 0 Gen. Bernard A. Schriever (USAF, Ret.) said on ABC-TV’S “Issues and 

Answers” that the US. should concentrate on developing better missiles 

rather than antimissile defense system. He said there was “a grave 

question with respect to the effectiveness” of an antimissile system 

aimed at stopping the sophisticated weapons the U.S.S.R. probably had. 

On the other hand, the US. could build a defense against the type of 

missile the Communist Chinese were presently capable of launching. 

Schriever said he believed US. missiles would get through the antimissile system reportedly being deployed in U.S.S.R. (AP, NYT, 

11/28/66, 53) 

Analysis of NASA LUNAR ORBITER 1’s orbit led to assumption that moon is 

homogeneous, not layered, Dr. 6. L. Goudas of Boeing Scientific. 

Research Laboratories said in an interview with Walter Sullivan of the 

New York Times, He said its shape--flattened at the poles with several 
356 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

bulges at the equator and slightly pear-like-was not “dominated by a 

‘frozen tide.’ ” Gamma ray recordings by U.S.S.R.’s LUNA x spacecraft 

indicated similar conclusion; lunar surface lacked emissions typical of 

granites, which are associated with layering. (Sullivan, NYT, 11/27/66, 

E71 

November 28: NASA’s MARINER IV had completed two years in space, flown 

1,025,082,830 mi., and continued to operate properly, reporting its 

condition to earth three times a week. Launched Nov. 28, 1964, spacecraft had completed primary mission Aug. 2, 1965, after transmitting 

to earth 22 pictures of Martian surface. Photos were made when it 

flew within 6,118 mi. of planet July 14, 1965. (NASA Release 66-304; 

JPL Release) 0 NASA awarded contracts totaling $825,000 for study of methods to explore 

the planets and to design advanced launch vehicles : Lockheed Missiles 

and Space Co., $200,000; Boeing Co., $150,000; Lockheed-California 

Co., $250,000; and North American Aviation, Inc., $225,000. Contract 

management would be performed by NASA Hq. Mission Analysis Div. 

(NASA Release 66-302) 0 White House announced agreement for establishment of an ESRO station 

near Fairbanks, Alaska, to receive telemetry from and send commands 

to ESRO scientific satellites. This would be first foreign ground station 

on US. soil. (Pres. Doc., 12/5/66, 1740) 

Partial nationalization of U.K.’s two large airframe manufacturersBritish Aircraft Corp. and Hawker Siddeley Aviation Go.-was being 

planned on grounds no real competition existed between the two firms, 

Aviation Week reported. Also, U.K.’s Ministry of Aviation would merge 

with Ministry of Technology and be represented on Cabinet by Minister 

of Technology Anthony Wedgewood Benn. (Av. Wk., 11/28/66, 23) 

U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXXXIII into earth orbit with 232-km. (144-mi.) 

apogee; 181-km. (112-mi.) perigee; 51.8” inclination; and 88.4-min. 

period. Equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, 11/28/66) 

U.S.S.R. was showing increasing signs of having conceded manned lunar 

landing race to US. as part of vastly revamped space program, Donald 

C. Winston postulated in Aviation Week. Significance of new program 

was that it reflected emphasis Premier Alexey Kosygin had fomented in 

Soviet planning. Brezhnev and Kosygin, who came to power while threeman VOSKHOD I was still in orbit in October 1964, ordered the spacecraft to earth prematurely as one of their first moves even before the 

overthrow of Nikita Khrushchev was made public. It was not long before 

Kosygin grounded the rest of the Voskhod series, which was to have 

continued with at least five launches through 1965. Only VOSKHOD II 

was permitted off the ground after Kosygin took power. The March 1965 

mission was conducted because planning had reached an advanced 

stage by the time Khrushchev was ousted and because Cosmonaut A.A. 

Leonov’s Eva-first in history-had high propaganda value. Winston 

theorized that the new space philosophy could produce a much less 

complex manned circumlunar mission without landing within the next 

year. (Av. Wk., 11/28/66, 22) 

NASA selected Bendix Corp. for negotiation of a $6.9-million MSFC contract 

to develop and produce three pointing-control-system (Pcs) units for 

the Apollo Telescope Mount (Atm) . (NASA Release 66-309) 

Week of November 28: French space officials reported partial success for 

first firing of an experimental Coralie rocket from Hammaguir Range. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTIC§, 1966 357 

Rocket, second stage of ELDO’S Europa booster, underwent nominal 

countdown, launch, and flight until T+62 sec., when circuit malfunction prevented monitoring to T+100 sec. as planned. (Av. E%., 

12/5/66, 30) 

November 29: President Johnson said at news conference at Texas White 

House that there would be $60-million program reduction in NASA FY 

1967 budget requiring some contract cancellations. About $30 million 

in expenditures was involved. Asked if changes in the NASA budget 

would cause postponement of target dates for any of the space programs, 

Johnson said: “. . . $30-million out of some several billion dollars 

wouldn’t cause a change in the target date of the moon schedule, if 

you are talking about that.” (Pres. Doc., 12/5/66, 1741; Transcript, 

NYT, 11/30/66, 18) 

X.15 No. 3 was flown by Maj. Michael J. Adams (USAF) to 3,204.5 mph 

(mach 4.65) and 92,100-ft. altitude in pilot familiarization flight. As 

secondary mission, pilot performed maneuvers to evaluate aircraft’s 

controllability and natural stability. (X-15 Proj. Off.) 

Canada’s ALOUETTE 11 had traveled about 135 million mi. in 4,037 orbits 

since launch Nov. 28, 1965, Defence Research Board announced. The 

32-lb. spacecraft had obeyed 11,200 commands; all experiments had 

been carried out as planned. (AP, NYT, 11/30/66, 9) 

Eighth Uprated Saturn I booster was static-fired successfully at MSFC for 

145 sec. First stage performed as expected, developing 1.6 million Ibs. 

thrust. (MSFC Release 66-288) 

November 29-December 2: AIAA’s Third Annual Meeting and Technical Display was held in Boston. In keynote address, NASC Executive Secretary 

Dr. Edward C. Welsh described the manned spaceflight program as the 

most successful technological feat ever undertaken by the Nation. 

Panel discussion followed on future of US. space program. 

Dr. Gordon J. F. MacDonald, Institute for Defense Analyses, predicted that man would be needed in space primarily as a ccrepairmany’ 

for scientific instruments. “The science . . . will be carried out on the 

ground where enormous facilities for computing, analysis, and discussion are a~ailable.~~ 

Gen. Bernard A. Schriever (USAF, Ret.) said emphasis on space 

activities should not be only on peaceful purposes but also on preservation of peace; this would inevitably require sending military men into 

space. With advances in technology, US. must convert from “throwaway” hardware concept to use of maneuverable reentry vehicles and 

recoverable boosters, he added. 

This idea was echoed by NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight Dr. George E. Mueller, who said: “. . . all of the hardware 

developed for futiwe projects would reflect our concern over . . . greater 

cost effectiveness, through the development of reusable launch vehicles 

and reusable spacecraft.” Mueller said there would be manned space 

stations that could stay in orbit a year or longer but said there was no 

need for crews to stay aloft for such periods. A ferry vehicle would be 

used for resupply of both equipment and crew. He listed potential 

benefits of space technology in the next decade, describing air traffic 

control towers in space, direct-to-home international TV broadcasting 

systems, and possibilities for predicting and controlling the weather. 

Rep. George P, Miller (D-Calif.) said one of the problems of the 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics-of which he was chair- 
358 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

man-was educating the people of the Nation to the benefits of the 

space program. It was a di5cult task, he said, to ‘ustify space expendiprojects. But, he insisted, ‘‘it is the translation of space technologies 

into useful benefits that is the overall value of the space program.” 

(Texts; AIAA Daily, 11/30/66, 1, 3; Wash. Eve. Star, 11/30/66, A7) 

Results from NASA’s EXPLOBEB XXXIII had shown for first time that 

tail of earth’s magnetosphere “extends more than 75,000 miles beyond 

the orbit of the moon,” reported GSFC scientist Dr. Norman F. Ness. 

Findings were contrary to those of Soviet scientist Dolginov and colleagues who had reported they were unable to detect magnetospheric 

tail at lunar distances on basis of data obtained from LUNA x between 

April 3 and May 4, 1966. Ness suggested as reason for this that LUNA x 

data were probably obtained when spacecraft was near or within neutral 

sheet region of magnetosphere where very low magnetic fields would be 

expected. (GSFC Release 20-66) 

In session on Future Large Subsonic Transports, John Borger of PAA 

said problems in air transport industry “are being created by the phenomenal growth rate of our business.” Since the growth rate showed 

no signs of slackening in the coming years, continued development and 

extensive use of large subsonic jet aircraft were not only desirable but 

essential. Borger pointed out that the engine for the Boeing 747- 

which would carry 2% times more passengers than present intercontinental transports-was being developed with only commercial 

airlines as potential customers. This was the first time in air history 

that a new aircraft powerplant had been undertaken on this basis. 

Borger noted that a major requirement for the “jumbo jets” was that 

they be available at least 5 to 6 yrs. ahead of the proposed Sst so that 

initial development and operation costs could be recovered. 

H. F. Klnmp, general manager of cargo traffic and sales for Deutsche 

Lufthansa Airlines, sounded a warning about the subsonic jet aircraft’s 

cargo capacity: unless airports expanded their freight handling facilities 

enormously, they would not be able to handle volume of material 

“dumped on them.” 

W. D. Perreault, program director €or Lockheed 500-a giant commercial cargo aircraft for the 1970s-discussed evolution of the 500 

from C-5A transport under development for USAF. After reviewing three 

proposed commercial versions of the aircraft, he said one of them “will 

provide for the first time a cargo plane with direct operating costs of 

less than 2# er ton statute mile.” (AIAA Daily, 11/30/66, 1,31; Hines, 

Wash. Eve. &ar, 11/29/66, A10) 

Commenting on the report of the AIAA Launch Vehicle and Missile 

Technical Committee, “The Next Generation of Launch VehiclesEvolution or Bold Step?” N. E. Golovin of the Office of Science and 

Technology said: “. . . if a family of reusable boosters is to be developed 

€or reasons of economy then development cost per booster must he so 

low that economical amortization must be possible over a relatively 

small number of flights for each type; or, if only a single reusable 

booster is to be developed its use must indeed be so cheap that it would 

pay to employ it for payloads which are but a small fraction of its orbiting capacity. This reasoning . . . casts considerable doubt on the Committee’s suggestion that a ‘bold step’ leading to the development of 

reusable boosters is justified at this time.” (Text) 

tures against the costs of Vietnam, foreign ai (i , and Great Society 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 359 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications Dr. Edgar M. Cortright, participating in a panel discussion on 

“DO We Need New Propulsion Systems for Lunar and Planetary 

Flight?”, concluded that unmanned missions during the next ten years 

would probably “not require either new propulsion systems or new 

launch vehicle stages. They probably will require adding a modified 

Centaur as an upper stage on the Saturn IB or the Titan IIIC. They may 

require and certainly could use a 260 inch solid first stage under the 

S-IV-B Centaur. . . .” Cortright recommended that current launch 

capability be put “to effective use in exploring space and in developing 

practical applications of space flight.” (Text) 

During panel on -Space and Public Policy, “poor communications” 

between scientists and the general public was suggested reason for 

death of Project Mohole-killed by Congress because it would have 

cost at least three times the original estimate. NAS president Frederick 

Seitz said such escalations in cost were “not unusual” for such scientific ventures and revealed the project would soon be renewed under a 

different name such as “deep ocean drilling.” 

“The goals of space exploration are primarily those of science, not 

technology,” asserted panelist Hunter Dupree, science historian and 

history professor at Univ. of California, Berkeley. Chairman of the 

President’s Science Advisory Committee’s Panel on Space Science 

Louis Branscomb replied that no one wanted to see the space program 

purely as a “spectator sport,” and that space programs should be conceived to “maximize their scientific returns.” Commenting on the same 

subject, NASA Deputy Administrator Robert C. Seamans, Jr., said: “We 

must grapple with the problem of what we will do with the moon. This 

is not an esoteric problem.” Concerned about the lack of AIAA advice to 

Congress on questions of scientific policy, Rep. Emilio Q. Daddario 

(D-Conn.) , member of House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 

said the loudest critics of the space program were scientists in other 

disciplines eying the space money. “I call on AIAA to come to Congress 

with a sharpened viewpoint. You can speak with the consensus of 

35,000 members.” 

Avco Corp. vice president Arthur Kantrowitz feared that “AIAA is 

not equipped” to do the suggested job because unanimity within the 

society could not be achieved on policy questions. And unless it could, 

the assignment r‘would induce strains within AIAA and change its complexion.” (AIAA Daily, 12/2/66, 1, 29) 

Four major AIAA awards were made at Honors Convocation: Dr. W. 

Randolph Lovelace I1 (posthumously), the Louis W. Hill Award “to 

honor his many outstanding contributions to the biomedical sciences 

in their applications to space and in particular his pioneering development of protective devices enabling the human body to function and 

operate safely in the aerospace environment”; Joe H. Engle of NASA 

FRC, the Lawrence Sperry Award for “outstanding contribution to 

aeronautics as the youngest pilot to fly the X-15 in various spaceprobing research programs since June 1963”; Warren J. North of MSC, 

the De Florez Training Award for “contribution to astronaut training 

and operational crew procedures development in support of the manned 

space flight program”; and Dr. A. K. Oppenheim, the 6. Edward Pendray 

Award for “outstanding contributions to the field of aeronautical and 
360 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

astronautical literature in the area of gaseous detonation and gas wave 

dynamics.” (AIAA Daily, 11/29/66, 30; Av. Wk., 11/28/66, 19) 

November 30: NASA launched two-stage, 30-ftAong Nike-Tomahawk sounding 

rocket from Wallops Station in cosmic ray and ionospheric experiment 

for Univ. of New Hampshire. 120-lb. payload reached altitude of 223 

mi. (359 km.) and impacted 142 mi. downrange in Atlantic Ocean. 

Measurements obtained were radioed back during flight and recorded 

at ground receiving stations. (Wallops Release 66-56; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

NASA Aerobee 150 launched from WSMR reached 136-mi. (219-km.) altitude 

in NASA-Univ. of Minnesota experiment to measure atmospheric temperature and composition from 62- to 124-mi. (100- to 200-km.) 

altitude. Rocket and instrumentation performed satisfactorily. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 0 Charles W. Mathews, MSC Gemini Program Manager, was named Director 

of Saturn-Apollo Applications in NASA Hq. Office of Manned Space 

Flight. He would replace M/G David M. Jones (USAF), Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Manned Space Flight Programs, who had been Acting 

Director. (NASA Release 66-310) 0 First AEC-NASA Tech Brief was published, launching joint program for 

announcing to US. industry useful technical innovations resulting 

from their research programs. Tech Briefs would be issued in five categories: electrical and electronic; energy sources; materials and chemistry; life sciences ; and mechanical. (NASA Release 66-307) 

National Science Foundation and National Foundation for the Advancement of Arts and Humanities urged in comments filed jointly with FCC 

that satellite system be devised that would “permit the distribution of 

high-quality programs in the arts, humanities, and sciences to remote 

areas in the Nation where educational and cultural opportunities are 

often minimal.” Comments were filed in response to FCC request for 

suggestions on establishment of comsat facilities by organizations other 

than Government and communications companies. (AP, Wash. Post, 

12/1/66, A18) 

During November: Two tests important to launch of NASA’S first manned 

Apollo mission had been successfully completed at MSC. First was sixday manned Apollo systems test of spacecraft 008 which was conducted 

in Space Environmental Simulation Laboratory chamber. Second was 

entry-egress training in Gulf of Mexico for AS-204 prime and backup 

crews. (MSC Roundup, 11/11/66, 8; NAA S&ID Skywriter, 11/11/66, 1, 2) 

ComSatCorp conducted test transmissions via INTELSAT 11-A (“LAN1 BIRD”) 

comsat, launched by NASA Oct. 27, which included: first live color 

programs between US. mainland and Hawaii, featuring Notre DameMichigan State, Army-Navy, and Green Bay Packers-Chicago Bears 

football games; first live news and public affairs programs between US. 

and Japan; and first live telecast between Great Britain and Australia. 

Comsat had failed to achieve desired synchronous orbit Oct. 30, but 

its communications system was functioning well and could be used 

for short periods of time when in line-of-sight of ground stations. Orbit 

would be adjusted in early December to maximize use of comsat for 

transmissions between ComSatCorp earth stations. (ComSatCorp 

Release; Reuters, Wash. Post, 11/26/66, A4; Wash. Eve. Star, 11/25/66, 

AS; AP, Wash. Post, 11/28/66, Al) 0 Management organization to direct Apollo Telescope Mount (Atm) project 

at MSFC was announced by MSFC Director Dr. Wernher von Braun: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 361 

Leland Belew, Program Manager; 

Keathley, Project Experiments 

Officer; and Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger, entist. MSFC’S Astrionics 

Lab., headed by Dr. Walter Haeussermann, Director, and William 

Horton, Assistant Director, would be responsible for overall technical 

aspects of Atm development. (MSFC Release 66-270) 

During November: Two experiments developed at ARC and flown on Nov. 11-15 

GEMINI XII mission were highly successful. Five runs with hand-held 

sextant proved it could deliver required accuracy of 10 see. of arc 

(1/360th of one degree of a circle) in actual space flight. In experiment 

to study effects of weightlessness on living cells using newly fertilized 

frog eggs, astronauts arrested cell growth at programed intervals during 

mission. Data were being analyzed. (ARC Releases 66-15, 66-16; ARC 

Astrogram, 11/23/66, 1, 4) 

NASA selected Westinghouse Electric Corp. for an $&million contract to 

install semiautomatic systems in tracking stations to speed compilation 

of satellite data. The data acquisition system would be used in NASA’s 

Applications Technology Satellite (Ats) program; it would make possible reduction of data within 90 days of satellite launch. Systems would 

be installed at Rosman, N.C., Goldstone facility, and Toowoomba, 

Australia, tracking stations. (WSJ, 12/1/66, 8) 0 NASA Hq. OSSA issued report for NRC Space Science Board describing past 

achievements and outlining plans for future missions. (Text) 

Boeing Co. awarded subcontracts totaling more than $25 million to Lockheed Aircraft Corp., General Precision Equipment Corp., Litton 

Industries, Inc., North American Aviation, Inc., General Telephone & 

Electronics Corp., and Universal Match Corp. for help in developing 

a short-range attack missile (Sram) . Boeing had received $142.3-million 

USAF contract Oct. 31. (WSJ, 11/8/66, 13) 0 Human voice was successfully relayed via DOD’s Initial Defense communications Satellite Project (Idcsp) from terminal in Nhatrang, South 

Vietnam, to Camp Roberts, Calif. US. Ambassador to South Vietnam 

would probably use military system to talk to President Johnson in 

times of crisis. (Wilson, Wash. Post, 11/10/66, M7) 

* French Minister of Research Alain Peyrefitte, commenting on the 1967 

space budget, disclosed that France planned to launch two D-1-type 

satellites from Hammaguir Range in February 1967 and one D-2-type 

satellite from Guiana Range in 1969, Technology Week reported. He 

said a Super Diamant booster was under development to launch Frenchbuilt satellites from Guiana, but stressed that main French effort was 

centered on continuing development of ELDO booster. (Tech. Wk., 

11/14/66, 3) 

* Joint PUS-NAE Committee had been established to provide continuing 

advisory services in science and engineering to ESSA. Verner Suomi, 

professor of meteorology at Univ. of Wisconsin, had been named 

chairman. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Report, 11/66, 3) 

Biologist Dr. Colin S. Pittendrigh, Dean of Princeton Univ. Graduate 

School, said in Astronautics & Aeronautics that biological exploration 

of the planets would be “a milestone in modern science,” but such an 

undertaking, he cautioned, would first require scientific readiness and 

organization. Without adequate preparation, outright commitment now 

would risk the political consequences that would attend failure of a 

major, costly project. “Could commitment now to the opportunities 
362 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

in mid-1970s fail to freeze an inadequately formulated strategy? Could 

it avoid outright assignment of responsibility and the authority for 

decision on design and tactical detail to one of several single laboratories, no one of which can marshal the necessary scientific talent to 

ensure a competent project? . . . The task immediately confronting 

those of us anxious to see Voyager go in the 1970s is thus more organizational than scientific. . . .” (A&A, 11/66, 76-89) 

During November: Department of Transportation would be the means and 

choice to begin a new era in transportation planning, Alan S. Boyd, 

Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation, wrote in Astronautics 

& Aeronautics. “. . . transportation policy-making today necessitates 

a resolving of three different elements: The methodology for planning 

and programming; the organization to parallel such methods; and the 

leadershi to carry them out. These three ingredients have never been 

tunity, benefits to the public and to the users of transportation will be 

tremendous.. . .” (A&A, 11/66, 112-116) * DOD was successfully using SYNCOM 11 comsat 12 hrs. daily and SYNCOM 111 

comsat 22 hrs. daily for military communications across the Pacific, 

Technology Week reported. DOD had assumed control of both satellites 

-launched by NASA July 26, 1963, and Aug. 19, 1964, respectivelyJuly 8, 1965. (Tech. Fk., 11/21/66, 9) * “The outstanding achievements of air transportation and associated social 

and economic gains have been paced in the main by the continued 

development of the gas-turbine propulsion system,” LRC Director Dr. 

Abe Silverstein wrote in Astronautics & Aeronautics. “Despite the outstanding developments of the past 20 years, however, there still remain 

large gains in performance and operational capability to be achieved.” 

Potential for major advances, Silverstein continued, existed in several 

areas : noise reduction, engine cooling, engine-inlet matching, development of improved materials, determination of engine temperature 

values, and use of liquid-methane fuel. (A&A, 11/66, 96-104) * Trendex poll indicated favorable attitude toward NASA’s Project Apollo 

had increased 13% over past three years; negative attitude had decreased 

40%. Sentiment to speed up program was greater than to slow down, 

but majority of respondents were content with present progress. While 

there was evidence of some increase in desire to reduce expenditures 

on space program, this attitude was in line with public’s increasing 

concern with governmental expenditures of all kinds because of the 

defense buildup. Public appeared receptive to news and information 

of further space programs and plans. (Text) 

* “In the last analysis, the only reason for having a space program is to 

satisfy the needs of society,” editorialized AIAA President Dr. Raymond 

L. Bisplinghoff in Astronautics & Aeronautics. ccUnless the space program 

serves people in a useful way, it will be transitory and fade into history 

as a curiosity. It will not even be enough for the program to serve people 

by measuring interesting scientific data. It must eventually serve the 

masses of people of the Earth, if it is to command substantial resources.” 

Communications, geodetic, navigation, and meteorological satellites, 

and other satellites designed to study and manage the world’s natural 

resources could, in Bisplinghoff‘s estimation, contribute to meeting 

man’s needs, but international cooperation would be essential. (A&A, 

combine B in an effective manner. . . . If the nation takes this oppor11/66, 54-55) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 363 

During November: Viewing space program in “historical perspective,” 

Solomon W. Golomb wrote in Astronautics & Aeronautics: “The Manhattan Project established that we could run a program for three years and 

two billion dollars. This was the size limit for maj or technological projects until Apollo escalated the level to ten years and thirty billion 

dollars. The next major goal will be the establishment of permanent 

colonies on other planets. This may mean a commitment of 50 to 90 

years and a price tag measured in Terabucks.” (A&A, 11/66, 14) 
December 1966 

December 1: Deadline for outlining major national space objectives as 

requested by House Science and Astronautics Committee’s NASA Oversight Subcommittee on Aug. 9. NASA told subcommittee chairman Rep. 

Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.) that “any detailed report on future goals must 

be made in light of our fiscal 1967 operating and the President’s fiscal 

1968 budget request. Since these budgetary considerations are not 

resolved now . . . any elaboration on future goals cannot be made. . . .” 

Representative Teague agreed NASA was powerless: “Until the Bureau 

of the Budget and the President make a decision, there isn’t much NASA 

can do. . . .” (NASA Hq. PAO; SBD, 12/2/66,159; Av. Wk., 12/5/66,22) 

Successful 384-sec. captive firing of first flight model of Saturn V 2nd 

stage (S-11) was conducted at MTF by North American Aviation, Inc., 

prime contractor. State was powered by five Rocketdyne 5-2 liquid-hydrogen-fueled engines capable of developing a total of 1 million lbs. 

thrust. (MSFC Release 66-290; UPI, Wash. Post, 12/1/66, A4; AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 12/1/66) 

* Problems of construction industry were discussed by William Rieke, NASA 

Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs, at Construction Industry 

Joint Conference in Washington, D.C. Rieke praised accomplishments 

such as KSC’S Vertical Assembly Building but urged management to 

increase its effectiveness, labor to expand apprentice programs and 

control rate escalation, and Government to examine labor policies and 

maintain knowledgeable labor relations staffs. (Text) 0 McDonnell Aircraft Corp. study prepared for FAA concluded that new 

family of 100-passenger V/Stol aircraft operating from small airports 

close to downtown city areas could offer both greater convenience and 

reduced ground travel time between city and airport than the present 

air travel system. (FAA Release 66-102) 

December 1-6: LUNAR ORBITER 11 continued transmitting photos of the lunar 

surface [see Nov. 10-301. On Dec. 6-one day early-spacecraft’s 

photography readout terminated when high-power transmitter failed. 

Breakdown resulted in loss of three medium-resolution and two highresolution photos of primary site I, but full coverage of site had been 

provided by medium-resolution photography readout. Environmental, 

engineering, and selenodesy tracking data continued to be received 

through low-power transmission. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

December 2: NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched from wSMR 

to 142-mi. (229-km.) altitude to measure atmospheric composition and 

temperature at 62- to 124-mi. (100- to 200-km.) altitude range. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

NASA announced sponsorship during 1967 of seven specialized summer 

programs of research and study for about 245 college and university 

faculty members in engineering and science. Developed by NASA and 

364 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 365 

American Society for Engineering Education, programs would combine 

space research at NASA centers and parallel seminar-type studies at 

adjacent universities. Fellowships would be available for about 225 

faculty members. Participating were: (1) Univ. of Alabama, Auburn 

Univ., and MSFC; (2) Case Institute of Technology and LRC; (3) Univ. 

of Houston, Texas A&M Univ., and MSC; (4) Univ. of Maryland, Catholic 

Univ., and GSFC; (5) Virginia Associated Research Center (Univ. of 

Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and College of William and 

Mary) and L~RC. Also, NASA would sponsor five-week summer faculty 

program in space physics at Yeshiva Univ. in cooperation with Goddard 

Institute of Space Studies. (NASA Release 66-305) 

December 2: The Washington Post commented on criticism of NASA spending: 

“What an uproar there was in 1957 when Sputnik showed us we were 

second in space! The Eisenhower Administration was roundly condemned. Congressmen and Senators clamored for a stepped-up space 

program and promised all the money needed. President Kennedy, in his 

1960 campaign . . . said repeatedly: ‘I am not satisfied to be second in 

space.’ 

“Well, we are no longer second in space. And the critics of the 

Johnson Administration are now not satisfied to be first in spaceunless it can be done cheap. As a result of the space program we are not 

only going to be first on the moon and first in space. We are going to 

be first in a thousand fields of science, education, and industry. 

“This country does not have to choose between a space program that 

will keep it in first place and a poverty program that will keep it first . . . in national exertion for the disadvantaged. It can be and ought to 

be first in both.” (Wash. Post, 12/2/66, A16) e First program to provide pilots with current satellite photos adapted for 

their use in flight planning began at Kennedy International Airport 

under ESSA direction. Photos transmitted by ESSA 11 and 111 and NIMBUS 

11 were composited by computer into a single picture showing cloud 

patterns over eastern North America and the North Atlantic and 

analyzed by meteorologists. (ESSA Release) e USAF awarded contracts totaling over $6 million to Lockheed-Georgia co. 

and North American Aviation, Inc., to advance Vtol aircraft development. NAA received $5,671,000 to develop and demonstrate a Vtol 

integrated flight system; Lockheed received $975,000 to modify XV-4A 

“Hummingbird” to new system with direct lift and diverted thrust 

engines. (AFSC Release 288.66) 

AEC Chairman Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg believed man could modify weather 

in this century through a global center operating a vast satellite system, 

AP reported. With international cooperation, he said, a worldwide 

forecasting system could become operational in 20 yrs.; later it might 

be possible to actually control the weather. (AP, NYT, 12/2/66) 

December 3: ComSatCorp’s INTELSAT 11-A (“LANI BIRD”) comsat, launched by 

NASA from ETR Oct. 27, began commercial service under temporary FCC 

authorization which would expire Feb. 2, 1967. Satellite, which had 

failed to achieve planned synchronous equatorial orbit Oct. 30, had 

been moved into modified 12-hr. orbit Dec. 1, to provide maximum 

visibility: eight to nine hours daily between US. mainland and Hawaii; 

over seven hours between U.S. and Japan; and about four hours between 

U.S. and Carnarvon, Australia. Authorized communications carriers 

could use satellite for television and telephone communications about 
366 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

t hours daily. (ComSatCorp Release; Wash. Post, 12/2/66, F1; 

WSJ, 12/5/66, 15; Wash. Eve. Star, 12/3/66, A3) 

December 3: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS cxxxw into earth orbit with 319-km. 

(197-mi.) apogee; 214-km. (133-mi.) perigee; 89.6-min. period; and 65” 

inclination. Equipment “for continuation of the exploration of outer 

space” was functioning normally. (Tass, 12/5/66) 

9 AEG conducted 350-ton nuclear detonation for DOD near Hattiesburg, 

Miss., in underground cavity formed by previous nuclear explosion. 

Purpose of test was to determine extent of decoupling-a reduction of 

ground shock and other seismic signals. (AEC Release 5-273) 

December 4: Secretary of the Air Force Dr. Harold Brown had indicaten 

that future US. military exploration of space would concentrate od 

existing and proved technologies, Dr. I. M. Levitt, director of Fels 

Planetarium, reported in the Philadelphia Inquirer. Dr. Brown had 

isolated three areas of vital interest to the military: (1) electronic 

systems which would ensure long life and reliability in orbit; (2) 

reusable materials for spacecraft, launch vehicles, and propulsion 

systems; and (3) space electrical power systems which would provide 

better power-to-weight ratios at reduced cost per kw for long duration 

missions. (Levitt, Phil. Znq., 12/4/66, 5) 

December 4-6: At 43rd annual convention, National League of Cities meeting 

in Las Vegas adopted resolution challenging priority given to US. 

space program and the Vietnam war and urged President Johnson to 

establish “a national rebirth of the American city.” Detroit Mayor 

Jerome P. Cavanagh argued that if funds for low-income housing, 

poverty, and education were restored by cutting NASA’s appropriation, 

space programs would be delayed only a few weeks. Budget requests 

for housing and urban development, he charged, had been cut 17 times 

as much as the NASA budget. (Janson, NYT, 12/5/66, 1; Wash. Post, 

12/6/66, A8) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb responded to accusations that 

he was more concerned with life on Mars than with life in Chicago or 

Los Angeles: “Neither I nor any other leader in the space program has 

ever suggested that the space program should have any priority over 

the needs of the American City. . . .” He agreed that cities needed more 

Federal funds, but suggested that they fust offer greater assurance that 

their pro ams would work well. Benefits in medical, industrial, and 

other fie1 f s added dimensions to mace Drogram far bevond the value of 

the lunar-landing program alone: he ;aid’: (TranscriGt ; Janson, NYT, 

12/6/66, C34) 

December 5: Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, cokented on national impact of US. s ace program in 

Foundation in Los Angeles: “Space exploration in its broadest meaning 

and in all of its ramifications has become a powerful force . . . socially, 

economically, politically, and even morally. . . . It is the creator of new 

technologies, new techniques, and new methods of management. It has 

great significance for our national security. It is a stimulus for our 

economic and national growth. It is a catalyst to the achievement of the 

goals of our society. And it provides us with the dimensions of a 

challenge-to explore space for the benefit of all mankind.” (E; 0 Project Makai-program to construct manned laboratories at various 

underwater depths near Honolulu to increase man’s ability to work 

a speech before ARCS (Achievement Rewards for Co P lege Scientists) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 367 

productively under the sea-was described in New York Times interview 

by Wayne Collins of Oceanic Institute, which was cosponsoring project 

with several industries. First phase was $3-million, 3-yr. effort to 

establish two test ranges at 70 and 200 ft. below sea level. Each range 

would consist of multilevel habitat and laboratory linked to shore by 

an “umbilical cord” and capable of housing four to six men for at least 

one month. Work environments under consideration for aquanauts 

included a simulated oil field, an experimental mining area, an underwater “weather” station, and instrument and material testing sites. 

(Brody, NYT, 12/5/66, 56) 

December 5: AFSC would offer research opportunities in 17 scientific disciplines 

through National Research Council postdoctoral resident research 

associateships during 1967 and 1968. Associateships would be suppsrted 

by ten separate AFSC laboratories and research centers located in Ohio, 

New Mexico, Texas, New York, and Alaska. (AFSC Release 249.66) 0 USAF launched unidentified satellite with Atlas-Agena D booster from WTR. 

(U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 159) 

December 6: NASA released summary of report on observatory-class earth 

satellites. Recommendations included: (1) redesign of outmoded electronic equipment that had performed poorly in space; (2) rigorous preflight testing with prototype models under simulated space conditions; 

(3) stronger management of observatory program within NASA; and (4) 

increased surveillance of performance at contractors’ plants. Report 

was compiled by five-man board appointed April 21 by NASA Associate 

Administrator for Space Science and Applications Dr. Homer E. Newel1 

and chaired by his Deputy for Engineering Robert F. Garbarini. It 

studied OAO I mission, which failed two days after April 8 launch because 

battery overheated, and reviewed Orbiting Solar Observatory (Oso), 

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (Ogo) , and Nimbus meteorological 

satellite project practices. All programs were managed by GSFC. (NASA 

Release 66-313; UPI, NYT, 12/8/66, 53) 

* US. must continue to press for advanced technology to ensure The 

fundamental strength of our society for all purposes,” Karl Harr, 

president of Aerospace Industries Assn., told Town Hall in Los Angeles. 

Because technological advance is largely indivisible, a nation either 

opts for technology or it doesn’t. As some sister nations have learned, 

you either move with the tide of technological advance or you fall 

behind on all fronts. . . . Today the question becomes the same for us. It is not should we as 

a nation have space or other things, but rather can we have the ‘other 

things’ if we reject the technological reach required by space. . . .” 

(Text) 

* USAF had successfully penetrated ion-sheath blackout phase of an Athena 

missile’s reentry in test at WSMR, AP reported. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

12/7/66) 0 All F-104G Starfighter aircraft in West Germany’s Air Force were grounded 

indefinitely as result of Nov. 28 air crash which killed pilot. Since 1962, 

65 of Luftwaffe’s 700 Starfighters had crashed, killing 37 pilots. Aircraft 

was manufactured by Lockheed Aircraft Corp. (Shabecoff, NYT, 

12/7/66, 15) 

December 6-7: NASA’s ATS I (Ats-B), first satellite in Applications Technology 

Satellite (Ats) program, was successfully launched from ETR by Atlasrc 

‘C 
368 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Agena D booster into elliptical transfer orbit with 22,831-mi. (36,758- 

km.) apogee; 114-mi. (183-km.) perigee; 650-min. period; and 31” 

inclination. At 16:30 GET, apogee motor was fired to place satellite into 

near-synchronous 22,300-mi.-altitude orbit. It would be allowed to 

drift 12 days to stationary position over the Pacific at 151” west longitude. 

One of the most versatile satellites ever developed, 775-1b. ATS I 

carried 15 communications, technology, and scientific experiments, 

including camera systems for cloud-cover photos; two-way VHF transponder for voice communications between ground stations and aircraft 

in flight; electronically despun antenna to continuously direct a radio 

beam toward earth; and low-thrust resistojet which produced thrust of 

450 millionths of a pound. Capable of multiple-access communications, 

satellite would be able to transmit TV and voice communications among 

stations in North America, Asia, and Australia. It would also be used to 

send weather data from ESSA facility at Suitland, Md., to Automatic 

Picture Transmission (Apt) stations in US., Japan, and Australia. 

Mission objectives were to inject spacecraft into synchronous orbit and 

place it on station; operate spacecraft for at least 30 days; and conduct 

experiments. Ats program-a five-satellite project managed by GSFC 

under OSSA direction-sought to investigate technology common to 

various spacecraft applications through flight experiments carried on 

spin-stabilized and gravity-gradient-stabilized spacecraft. (NASA Proj. 

Off.; NASA Release 66-308; Marshall Star, 12/7/66, 1, 4; Wash. Post, 

12/8/66, A2; UPI, NYT, 12/9/66, 57; UPI, Wash. Post, 12/21/66, A15) 

December 7: US. confusion and concern over U.S.S.R.’s space objectives 

had increased because of the “long gap” in Soviet manned space flights 

and three recent Soviet launches “surrounded by unusual secrecy,” 

Evert Clark reported in the New York Times. Two of the spacecraft, 

secretly launched Sept. 17 and Nov. 2, had exploded in orbit; the third, 

Nov. 28, had been announced as COSMOS CXXXIII but orbital inclination 

usually given in Cosmos launch reports was not disclosed. Clark warned 

that US. experts might be “underestimating the Soviet Union’s commitment to space exploration” and suggested U.S.S.R. was either: (1) 

preparing to secretly launch manned spacecraft with three- to six-man 

crew in early 1967; (2) conducting tests to precede new missions to 

Mars and Venus; (3) changing its emphasis from manned lunar exploration to manned earth-orbiting stations; or (4) trying to provide 

maximum coverage of US. by launching additional reconnaissance 

satellites. (Clark, NYT, 12/8/66, 1) 

FCC ruled that ComSatCorp must share ownership of its ground stations 

with US.-owned international common carriers. Effective until late 

1969, decision-which gave ComSatCorp controlling interest in existing 

and future ground stations-modified FCC’S May 12, 1965, interim 

ruling awarding ComSatCorp “sole responsibility” for stations at least 

during “critical early years.” (UPI, NYT, 12/8/66, 52; WSJ, 12/8/66, 

3) 0 AFSC awarded $B.S-miuion, fixed-price-incentive-fee contract to Douglas 

Aircraft Co., Inc., for design, development, and fabrication of Titan 

I11 launch vehicle components. (DOD Release 1029-66) 

December 8: President Johnson announced US. and U.S.S.R. had reached 

agreement on space law treaty under consideration by U.N. Committee 

on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space since May 7. Calling agreement 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 369 

“the most important arms control development since the Limited Test 

Ban Treaty of 1963,” the President said he would seek fast Senate 

approval so US. would be first nation to ratify it. Primary provisions: 

(1) moon and other celestial bodies should be free for exploration, use, 

and scientific research to all countries and international organizations 

exclusively for peaceful purposes; (2) no country should be ermitted 

a claim of sovereignty or appropriation; (3) no country sho up d be permitted to place weapons of mass destruction, establish military bases, 

or conduct military activities on moon and celestial bodies; (4) all 

outer space activities would be subject to international law and should 

be reported to U.N. Secretary General; (5) cooperative efforts should 

be made to avoid harmful contamination, conduct scientific research, 

and assist all astronauts in need of aid; and (6) all stations, installations, 

and space vehicles on moon and other celestial bodies should be open 

to other countries on reciprocity basis. Use of ICBM’s, reconnaissance 

satellites, and USAF’S Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) were not 

affected. 

Treaty would be considered by U.N. General Assembly Dec. 19. 

(Frankel, NYT, 12/9/66,1,18C; Gwertzman, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/9/66, 

Al; Pres. Doc., 12/12/66, 1781-2; Roberts, Wush. Post, 12/9/66, Al, 

A8, A10; NYT, 12/20/66, 6) 

December 8: LUNAR ORBITER 11 executed plane change-possibly the first ever 

accomplished by satellite in lunar orbit-to obtain information about 

moon’s gravity field and gain experience in flight operations at high 

indinations. (NASA Proj. Off.; NASA Release 66-316) 

December 9: NASA’s ATS I satellite took first U.S. high-quality photos of the 

earth from synchronous orbit altitudes. Photos showed changing cloudcover pattern over 40 per cent of the earth’s surface. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

NASA’s second Project Scanner instrument package was successfully 

launched by three-stage solid propellant Trailblazer booster from NASA 

Wallops Station on suborbital trajectory to gather information on 

earth’s horizon. Two-channel radiometers measured infrared energy 

emitted from earth’s horizon by carbon dioxide and water vapor; starmapper telescope provided data on attitude of spin-stabilized spacecraft. 

Project Scanner was a phase of horizon definition research conducted 

by LaRC. (Wallops Release 66-58) 

Complexities of modern society required a new concept of management, 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb told graduation class of Harvard 

Univ.’s Graduate School of Business Administration. “The kind of 

challenges that we in management are facing today . . . call for new and 

experimental approaches to organization. One . . . is the question of 

the chief executive function. In traditional thinking, the structure of 

an organization peaked in the chief executive. . . . However, as organizations have become more complex and their challenges more interdisciplinary . . . there has been an increasing tendency to experiment 

with the idea of the multiple executive. . . . We saw this kind of need 

at the very beginning of NASA’s history. We evolved, therefore, a partnership arrangement which included Dr. Hugh Dryden, Dr. Robert 

Seamans, and myself. We all had many common ideas, and yet each 

brought to our work on the critical decisions affecting the nation’s space 

effort certain specialized experience. To do it any other way would have 

deprived us of the kind of mutual support and broadly-based leadership 

that I think we achieved.” (Text) 
370 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

December 9: French President Charles de Gaulle and Soviet Premier Aleksey 

Kosygin signed extension of scientific, technical, commercial, and cultural cooperation between U.S.S.R. and France provided for by June 30 

agreement. Declaration followed eight-day visit to France by Kosygin 

who had toured the Center for Nuclear Studies and Air Liquide laboratory and inspected prototype of the Concorde supersonic aircraft. 

(Reuters, NYT, 12/10/66, 16; Nossiter, Wash. Post, 12/8/66, A32; 

Mooney, NYT, 12/6/66, C10) 

Report on national document-handling systems in science and technology 

prepared by Federal Council for Science and Technology’s Committee 

on Scientific and Technical Information (COSATI) was summarized in 

Science by Launor F. Carter, vice president of System Development 

Corp.-a participant in the study. Report had recommended that Office 

of Science and Technology: (1) accelerate its efforts to organize an 

integrated national network of information and document-handling 

systems in science and technology; (2) collaborate with other Federal 

agencies and private organizations to develop comprehensive, coordinated program and sponsor effective legislation; (3) encourage private 

sector to formulate plans for its consideration; and (4) encourage 

Federal support of experiments in information technology, including 

prototype information systems. (Carter, Science, 12/9/66, 1299-1304) 

December 10: Editorial comment on U.S.-U.S.S.R. agreement on space law 

treaty announced Dec. 8. 

New York Times: “No one has yet demonstrated that there would be 

any military advantage to placing bombs either in orbit or on celestial 

bodies. But there is a clear need both for space law and for reducing the 

wasteful competition in space exploration. The ability of Moscow and 

Washington to reach agreement . . . offers hope of further East-West 

cooperation on space problems.” (NYT, 12/10/66, 36C) 

Washington Daily News: “. . . reason and peacefulness have prevailed. 

And we will all benefit. There will be no military bases or forts, no 

testing of weapons and tactics-nor their threat or expense. And no 

claims to territory in space, and thus no arguments and battles over 

conflicting claims.” (Wash. Daily News, 12/10/66) 

Washington Post: “. . . the treaty can be applauded for the good that 

it has achieved as of today; and it can be praised for the larger good that 

it will do tomorrow when the practical aspects of space relations have 

become infinitely more pressing. The world will surely have occasion 

to look back to this day as one that set the nations on the right path 

and on which the great powers made a wise decision to shun the military 

exploitation of celestial bodies and of outer space for narrow, nationalistic purposes.” (Wash. Post, 12/10/66) 

0 NASA successfully completed third rocket-launched test [see Nov. 5 and 

211 of Lam-managed parachute landing system for Voyager spacecraft. 

Honest John-Nike rocket launched from WSMR deployed 30-ft.-dia. disc 

gap band parachute at approximately 130,000-ft. altitude. Voyager program was managed by JPL. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

December 11: USAF successfully launched OV1-IX and OV1-X research satellites pickaback from Vandenberg AFB with Atlas D booster. Each 220-lb. 

spacecraft carried 12 radiation-measuring experiments. (AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 12/12/66, Al; Tech. Wk., 12/19/66, 13) 

Ford Foundation President McGeorge Bundy announced $10-million 

grant to show potential of educational television through a series of 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 371 

national programs. Series would be carried by Nation’s 125 noncommercial educational TV stations joined by coaxial cable and microwave 

relay for the demonstration. In a brief to be fded with FCC, Bundy 

defended Foundation’s Aug. 1 request for formation of nonprofit nationwide satellite system that would carry extensive schedule of educational 

programs financed by transmission of commercial programs. (NYT, 

12/12/66, 1, 95; Wash. Post, 12/12/66, Al, A4; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

12/12/66, A3) 

December 11: Photograph of earth from ATS I, in 22,300-mi. synchronous orbit. This is one of seven pictures which together show changing cloud pattern over the earth for an entire day. ATS I began its photography Dec. 9. 

December 11: Aerospace rather than shipbuilding companies were competing 

for $1-billion Fast Deployment Logistic Fleet (Fdl) program because of 

USN’S new contract policy, Robert Wright reported in the New York 

Times. Under new policy, firms were required to bid for total packageconcept, design, and construction-instead of construction only. 

Vernon A. Johnson, a Lockheed Aircraft Corp. vice president, believed 

Lockheed, General Dynamics Corp., and Litton Industries, Inc., were 

competing exclusively for contract because shipbuilding industry lacked 

resources and experience for total-package systems design. Goal of Fdl 

program was fleet of 30-40 ships capable of remaining at sea for indefinite periods and making fast delivery of heavy supplies to fight small 

wars. (Wright, NYT, 12/11/66, 12) 
372 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

December 12: XB-70 No. 1 experimental research aircraft, piloted by NASA 

test pilot Fitzhugh Fulton and North American Aviation, Inc., pilot 

Van Shepard reached mach 2.52 and 60,000-ft. altitude during national 

sonic boom program flight. (NASA Proj. Off.) * Howard H. Haglund, formerly Deputy Project Manager and Spacecraft 

System Manager for Surveyor at JPL, had been named Manager of JPL’S 

Surveyor Project Office. He succeeded Robert J. Parks, who returned 

to his former position of JPL Assistant Director for Lunar and Planetary 

Projects. (JPL Release 426) 0 Efficient management in both industry and Government was the key to a 

continuing successful space effort, Dr. Edward C. Welsh, NASC Executive 

Secretary, told the Management Club at Patrick AFB. “The space challenge is unique. To face up to its imperatives calls for new ways of doing 

things. The pacing item is as much managerial competence as it is 

technology or money. . . . “Under the stress and pressure of getting the job done, there is 

imposed a harsh necessity which breeds innovation. So long as purposeful men accept such challenges, this nation will flourish and its economic 

and political systems will continue to lead the way. On the other hand, 

should we slip into the path of the familiar and decline to accept the 

challenge of the new, this nation will suffer a grievous loss and so will 

the eoples throughout the world. . . .” (Text) 

MSFC &rector Dr. Wernher von Braun discussed U.S. space objectives 

and accomplishments in US. News & World Report interview. Immediate objective, he explained, was “to land an American on the moon 

in this decade and bring him back alive”; far-reaching goal was “to 

develop a broad, national spaceflying capability.” He described Gemini 

program as ‘‘a smashing 100 per cent success. . . . The purpose of 

Gemini was to learn the kind of things you can’t learn on the ground . . . and we did make some surprise discoveries, for which we are more 

than grateful. . . .” Dr. von Braun said there was a “distinct possibility” 

US. might land a man on the moon in 1968. (US. News, 12/12/66,62-7) 

e U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS cxxxv into earth orbit with 662-km. (411-mi.) 

apogee, 259-km. (161-mi.) perigee, and 48.5” inclination. (U.N. Public 

Registry, 1/9/67) 

* New Soviet launch site near Archangel was discovered by British schoolboys after they had tracked several Cosmos satellites and fed information, including data on orbital intersections, into a computer. US. later 

confirmed U.S.S.R. had been launching satellites from large military 

base south of Archangel. Only two Soviet launch sites-Baikonur and 

Kapustin Yar-had previously been publicized. Schoolboys’ information, which appeared in Flight International, represented important 

break in secrecy surrounding Soviet reconnaissance satellites. (Wash. 

Post, 12/13/66; 12/19/66, Al, A8; NYT, 12/21/66, 25; Time, 12/ 

30/66) 

December 13: Versatility of ATS I satellite, launched by NASA from ETR Dec. 

6, was demonstrated in program at GSFC. In first test, satellite relayed 

color TV show from Goldstone, Calif., to GSFC via Rosman, N.C., 

ground station. In second test, voice signals transmitted from GSFC to 

Goldstone and beamed by dish antenna to satellite were successfully 

relayed to three aircraft in flight, demonstrating publicly for the first 

time that 50,000-mi. earth-to-space circuit could be used with existing 

airline radio equipment in VHF range. Concurrent with these tests, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 373 

satellite transmitted high-quality photos of weather over eastern Asia, 

Pacific Ocean, and western US. It had begun relaying photos Dec. 9. 

NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., told the press 

ATS I was ‘‘a major step forward” toward practical satellites and would 

have “an impact on everyone in the world.” (Clark, NYT, 12/14/66, 

38; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/14/66, A4; Reistrup, Fa&. Post, 

12/14/66, A12) 

December 13: NASA had eliminated final three Surveyors because of good 

results from Ranger series, SURVEYORS I and 11, and LUNAR ORBITERS I 

and 11. It had been determined that five remaining Surveyor spacecraft 

would provide necessary additional information about the moon to 

support Apollo manned lunar landing mission. (NASA Release 66-318) 

0 Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA and Brazilian Space Commission (CNAE) from mobile facility at Natal, Brazil, carried 225-113. 

payload of four x-ray detectors on ballistic trajectory to 120-mi. (193- 

km.) altitude. Payload, which impacted 66 mi. downrange in the 

Atlantic, telemetered scientific data to ground stations. First NASA x-ray 

astronomy experiment on a sounding rocket in the Southern Hemisphere, flight searched for specific galactic x-ray sources, observed 

Magellanic clouds for x-ray emissions, and obtained spectral information 

on known x-ray sources. (NASA Release 66-311) 0 Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N.Mex.), Chairman of the Senate Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee, told AP he saw “no urgency’’ 

in landing on the moon first. Discounting the theory that a manned 

lunar landing would have military significance, Senator Anderson said 

“had the United States and the Soviet Union cooperated from the start 

in space exploration, more knowledge at less expense might have resulted.” (AP, NYT, 12/15/66, 34) e Informed sources said U.S.S.R. had cut its nonmilitary space budget by 

one third and increased general military spending, according to AP. 

Report could not be confirmed. (AP, NYT, 12/14/66, 3; AP, Wash. 

Ewe. Star, 12/14/66, A7) e There might be a connection between period of inactivity in Soviet 

manned space flight and Soviet efforts to create an effective antimissile 

system, speculated Crosby S. Noyes in the Washington Evening Star. “. . . The Russians, in assessing the present state of the world, [might] 

have radically readjusted their priorities in favor of earthly defenses 

over celestial exploration.. . .” Noyes suggested US. might have to 

choose soon “between the astronomical costs of continuing exploration 

of space, and those of the best possible antimissile defense system. 

If the Russians have, in fact, already made their choice, our own 

dilemma should besasier to resolve. But in any event, the new Russian 

defense system raises military and political problems which cannot be 

simply ignored.” (Noyes, Wash. Ewe. Star, 12/13/66, All) 

December 14: U.S.S.R. had successfully completed series of carrier rocket 

tests in the Pacific 16 days early, Tass reported. Nov. 20 Tass statement 

had said that tests would continue until Dec. 30. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

12/14/66, D11) e USAF launched unidentified satellite with Titan 111-B-Agena booster from 

WTR. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 159) 

NASC Executive Secretary Dr. Edward 6. Welsh spoke at the dedication 

of Boeing Co.’s Industrial Research Center in Huntsville, Ala. “I 

believe that the next decade will find us marrying more closely the 
374 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

major features of aeronautics and astronautics so that manned spacecraft will take off and return to spaceports with reusable propulsion 

systems and reusable spacecraft. The near future will find us engaged 

in the exploration of the lunar surface, the development of manned 

earth orbiting permanent space stations, unmanned and then possibly 

manned travel to the planets, as well as in the progressive utilization 

of space technology in such fields as communications, navigation, 

meteorology, and observation. 

“In addition, I believe the next decade holds great promise for the 

utilization of space systems technology in the solution of many of the 

economic and social problems of this complex civilization. . . .” (Text) 

December 14: NASA Hq. released LUNAR ORBITER 11 photo of Ocean of Storms 

which confirmed moon’s history of volcanic activity. Taken Nov. 25 

from an oblique angle at 28-mi. altitude, photo showed an array of 

lunar dunes 2-10 mi. in diameter and about 1,000-1,500 ft. high 

which resembled volcanic domes of northern California and Oregon. 

Scientists believed they had been caused by upwelling of molten rock 

from moon’s interior “which warped the overlying rock and in some 

cases spilled out on the surface as lava.” Dr. Lawrence Rowan, U.S. 

Geological Survey, commented: “It is the most spectacular evidence 

of volcanism that we’ve had yet.” (O’Toole, Wash. Post, 12/15/66, E2; 

UPI, NYT, 12/15/66, 34; Tech. Wk., 12/9/66, 19) 

Skin from three Soviet researchers had been orbited in special sterilized 

bottles onboard LAMBDA satellite Aug. 19, 1960, and successfully grafted 

back three days later to test effects of space travel, Trud reported. 

Experiment had convinced Soviet scientists that human organisms 

would not be dangerously affected by cosmic rays. (Reuters, Wash. 

Post, 12/15/66, El) 

December 14-1 7: NASA’s BIOSATELLITE I (Biosatellite A) carrying more than 

10-million tiny living organisms was successfully launched from ETR 

by two-stage Thrust-Augmented Improved Thor-Delta booster on 

mission to study effects of weightlessness and space radiation on 

growth of plants and animals. Orbital parameters: 197-mi. (317-km.) 

apogee; 191-mi. (308-km.) perigee; 91 min. 16 sec. period; and 33.5” 

inclination. After 47 orbits, satellite had been scheduled to reenter 

earth’s atmosphere over the Pacific, deploy a parachute, and be recovered aerially for return to NASA laboratories. Retrorocket failed to 

fire, however, and satellite remained in orbit. 

First of three spacecraft in NASA’s Biosatellite program, 936.5413. 

BIOSATELLITE I carried 13 biological experiments to study physiological 

effects of weightlessness at three different levels: (1) growth and form 

of entire plants and animals; (2) structure and growth of cells and 

tissues; and (3) basic biochemistry of the cell. Mission also studied 

effects of radiation on organisms in weightless environment. Biosatellite program was managed by ARC under OSSA direction. (NASA Proj. 

Off.; NASA Release 66-312; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/15/66, A3; AP, 

NYT, 12/18/66, 86; WI, NYT, 12/19/66, 66) 

December 15: Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey presented 1966 Harmon 

International Aviator’s Trophy in Washington, D.C., to GEMINI VI 

Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and Thomas P. Stafford and GEMINI 

VII Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and Frank Borman for achieving 

first rendezvous in space by two separately launched maneuverable 

spacecraft Dec. 15, 1965. After the ceremony, the Vice President told 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 375 

newsmen he was one of those “manning the ramparts” against those 

who failed to see any direct public benefit from space exploration. He 

thought the space program had resulted in a superior educational 

system, increased industrial competence, new products, “and if it 

hasn’t done anything else it has taught us to manage” vast undertakings. (Clark, NYT, 12/16/66, 21) 

December 15: President Johnson’s waning interest in space was postponing 

NASA’s decision on a post-Apollo program, William Hines suggested in 

the Washington Evening Star. “NASA . . . is more to be pitied than censured for this silence. The agency has been led down the primrose path 

by . . . [President Johnson] who suddenly lost interest in the now shopworn ingenue. 

“NASA has no plans because . . . [he] has permitted it to make none; 

aspirations yes, but plans no. . . . ” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/15/66, 

A2 3) e NASA would negotiate $lS-million fixed-price incentive contract with 

Douglas Aircraft Co. for 14 improved 2nd stages for Delta launch 

vehicle. GSFC would manage contract. (NASA Release 66-321) e AFSC announced awards to four aerospace companies: Lockheed Missiles 

and Space Co., $2-million initial increment to a $14-million fixed-price 

contract for production of Agena launch vehicles; Douglas Aircraft Co., 

$2.5-million initial increment to a $17.5-million fixed-price letter 

contract for production of Thor launch vehicles; and Aerojet-General 

Corp., $2.9-million initial increment to a $54.5-million contract, and 

TRW Inc., $2.9-million initial increment to a $5O-million contract, 

both for R&D in an unmanned space technology program. (DOD Release 

1048-66; WSJ, 12/16/66, 4) 

December 15-16: ComSatCorp and AT&T filed separate plans with FCC to 

establish domestic comsat system. AT&T would orbit three synchronous 

satellites starting in 1969, eventually replacing them with four satellites 

of advanced design by 1976; under AT&T plan, ComSatCorp would 

own the satellites, and common carriers, the earth stations. ComSatCorp, in its filing, proposed launching four-satellite system beginning 

in 1969; more powerful comsats would be launched into synchronous 

orbit over equator and spaced over Nation’s time zones in 1973 and 

1978. Both AT&T and ComSatCorp objected to Ford Foundation’s 

Aug. 1 proposal for nonprofit comsat system whose income would be 

used to support educational TV. (ComSatCorp Release; NYT, 12/16/66, 

85M; 12/17/66, 59; Wash. Post, 12/17/66, C16; Wash. Eve. Star, 

12/16/66, A24) 0 News briefing on Project Apollo was held at MSC. Dr. Joseph Shea, manager 

of NASA Apollo Spacecraft Office at MSC, said NASA hoped to launch three 

manned Apollo missions in 1967 involving “essentially every test that 

needs to get done in order to insure that the lunar operation is proper.” 

He outlined the flights: (1) AS-20&three-man, earth-orbital mission 

of up to 14 days to check out crew, spacecraft, and ground equipment; 

(2) AS-205/208-10- to 12-day flight in which Uprated Saturn I 

boosters would launch an Apollo spacecraft with three-man crew and 

an unmanned Lunar Module (Lm) on successive days for rendezvous 

mission; and (3) AS-503-full-duration lunar mission rehearsal in 

earth orbit in which single Saturn V would launch manned Apollo 

spacecraft and Lm. Shea warned against undue optimism about a 

manned lunar landing in 1968. “It is literally true that there is no 
376 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

planned date at the present time for the lunar operation. . . and I 

don’t see how there can be until we have had hardware in orbit to 

understand what vestigial problems still remain.” 

Donald Slayton, MSC Director of Flight Crew Operations, said that 

third, nonflying crew had been added to each Apollo mission for additional ground support. He also revealed that training for astronauts 

selected for Apollo lunar missions would be 40 weeks-14 weeks 

longer than Gemini training course. 

Comparing Mercury and Apollo training programs, AS-204 Command 

Pilot Virgil I. Grissom said: “When we started training for Mercury, 

we didn’t know what to train for. So we did everything. . . . Training for 

Apollo has been pretty straight forward. We know what we need to 

know and we know that we have to learn about the spacecraft, how to 

operate it and get our flight plan and our mission rules squared away. 

Back early in Mercury.. . we were worried about whether a man 

could live and survive . . . so we did a lot of things like spinning around 

in 3 axis machines that we don’t feel you really need anymore. . . .” 

Grissom confirmed that AS-204 mission would carry camera for live 

television coverage. (Text; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/7/66, A3) 

December 16: XB-70 No. 1 experimental research aircraft, piloted by North 

American Aviation, Inc., test pilot Van Shepard and NASA test pilot 

Fitzhugh Fulton, reached mach 2.55 and 60,300-ft. altitude in national 

sonic boom program flight. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

Almost all orbiting West Ford dipoles (launched by USAF May 10, 1963) 

had reentered the atmosphere during period of several months centering 

on predicted Jan. 1 reentry date, Irving I. Shapiro wrote in Science. 

Some dipole clusters had remained in orbit, but these, with few exceptions, were expected to return to earth within two years. Experiments 

performed while dipoles were in orbit had verified calculations that 

predicted interference with optical and radio astronomical observations 

would be negligible. (Shapiro, Science, 12/16/66) 

* New York Times correspondent Evert Clark was selected for AAAS-Westinghouse science writing award for reporters on newspapers with 100,000 

or more circulation. Clark was cited for nine articles about NASA’s 

SURVEYOR I published between May 31 and July 14. (Science, 12/16/66, 

143 1) 

e U.S.S.R. would cooperate with “any country in developing space communications,” Deputy Communications Minister Nikolay Talyzin told 

Tass in a Moscow interview. He claimed that four Soviet Molniya I 

comsats could ensure multi-channel telephone, telegraph, and phototelegraph links between countries in the Northern Hemisphere such 

as US., Japan, Cuba, and Southeast Asia. (Wash. Post, 12/17/66, C16) 

0 DOD’S Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) announced establishment of an Office of Advanced Engineering under Dr. Chiao Jen Wang, 

former Booz-Allen Applied Research, Inc., executive. (DOD Release 

1053.66) 

* AEC had selected Weston, Ill., site near Chicago for proposed ZOO-billionelectron-volt (bev) proton accelerator. Six sites recommended by NAS 

had been under study since March. (AEC Release J-282) 

December 17: Dr. J. Allen Hynek, head of Northwestern Univ.’s Dept. of 

Astronomy and USAF consultant on Ufo’s, writing in Saturday Evening 

Post, offered four possible explanations for the Ufo phenomena: (1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 377 

hoaxes or hallucinations; (2) military weapons being tested in secret; 

(3) something from outer space; (4) unknown natural phenomena. Of 

the 15,000 cases that had come to his attention, Hynek considered 

several hundred “puzzling” and perhaps one in 25 of puzzling incidents 

“bewildering.” Because of these arresting cases, he urged serious 

study of Ufo’s and suggested, as two initial steps to help solve the 

problem, computerization of data and improved photography of Ufo’s. 

(Hynek, Sat. Eve. Post, 12/17/66) 

December 17: 63rd anniversary of first powered flights by Orville and Wilbur 

Wright from Kitty Hawk, N.C. 

December 18: USAF awarded Boeing Co. $6-millionY 2%-yr. contract to 

develop automatic flight control system that could double useful lifetime of large, flexible aircraft such as B-52, XB-70, and C-5A by dampening structural oscillations and reducing stresses from wind gusts and 

maneuvering loads, all of which caused metal fatigue. (AFSC Release 

234.66) 0 Dr. Jan H. Oort, recipient of Columbia Univ.’s 1966 Vetlesen Award for 

his work in earth sciences, told Washington Post that Univ. of Leiden 

Observatory, which he directed, was building world’s largest radiotelescope. A one-mile-long row of twelve 83-ft.-dia. parabolic disks in 

a remote area of the Netherlands, device would enable Oort and his 

colleagues to extend their explorations beyond earth’s galaxy. 1968 

was scheduled completion date. (Wash. Post, 12/18/66, B19) 

0 US. and Soviet scientists had advanced two related theories to explain 

radio emissions that made Venus seem lethally hot, Walter Sullivan 

reported in the New York Times. Soviet scientists V. M. Vakhnin and 

A. I. Lebedinsky, writing in Zemlya i Vselennaya, proposed that the 

two halves of Venus’ atmosphere, the sunlit and the dark, were of 

opposite electric charges, and, where the two halves met, lightning 

flashes could account for emissions. US. scientists Dr. Paul Harteck, 

Dr. Robert R. Reeves, Jr., Dr. Barbara A. Thompson, and D. C. Appleton of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Journal of Geophysical 

Research, reported on effects of electric discharges, such as lightning, 

in a simulated Venus atmosphere of carbon dioxide and sulphur 

dioxide. Investigation revealed that such discharges produced intense 

radio emissions in same region of microwave spectrum as observed 

emissions from Venus. (Sullivan, NYT, 12/18/66, 35) 

0 FAA announced allocations of $72.5 million in Federal matching funds 

to help local communities construct and improve 341 civil airports 

under Federal-Aid Airport Program for FY 1967. (FAA Release 66-107) 0 25th anniversary of Reaction Motors, Inc. Formed to develop James H. 

Wyld’s liquid-fueled rocket, corporation became in 1958 Reaction 

Motors Div. of Thiokol Chemical Corp. (Thiokol, Aerospace Facts, 

11-12/66, 2) 

December 19: U.N. General Assembly unanimously approved space law 

treaty agreed upon by US. and U.S.S.R. Dec. 8. Treaty would become 

effective when ratified by five nations which must include US., U.S.S.R., 

and U.K. (NYT, 12/20/66,6) 0 NASA personnel changes: (1) Samuel H. Hubbard, Director, Gemini 

Flight Operations, had been redesignated Special Assistant to the 

Director, Gemini Program Office; and (2) General Counsel Walter D. 

Sohier had resigned effective Dec. 31, to enter private practice. Deputy 
378 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

General Counsel Paul G. Dembling would succeed him. (NASA Ann.; 

NASA Release 66-322) 

December 19: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS CXXXVI for space research into 

earth orbit with 305-km. (190-mi.) apogee, 198-km. (123-mi.) perigee, 

and 64.6” inclination. (U.N. Public Registry, 1/9/67) 

December 20: XB-70 research aircraft, flown by Col. Joseph Cotton (USAF) 

and NAA pilot Van H. Shepard, reached mach 2.53 and 60,800-ft. 

altitude in flight to generate sonic booms over instrumented sites and 

test structures at Edwards AFB. (NASA Proj. Off.; UPI, NYT, 12/22/66, 

20) 0 NASA announced sponsorship of four institutes in the summer of 1967 to 

acquaint about 160 nationally selected undergraduates with problems 

of space science and engineering. The institutes will be carried out by 

the following universities and NASA field centers: Columbia Univ. and 

Goddard Institute for Space Studies (space physics), USC and JPL 

(spacecraft technology) , Univ. of Miami and KSC (environmental and 

planetary sciences) , and UCLA and ARC (space physiology). (NASA 

Release 66-324) 

0 MSFC awarded $7.2-million contract modification to Chrysler Corp. to 

begin procurement of long-lead-time items for 12 additional Uprated 

Saturn I 1st stages (S-IB). (MSFC Release 66-295) 

Japan’s second attempt to orbit a satellite failed when 4th stage of Lambda 

4s-2 booster failed to ignite. First failure was Sept. 26. Both launches 

were conducted from Uchinoura Range, Kyushu Island. ( Wush. Post, 

12/20/66, A13; UPI, Wush. Post, 12/21/66, A2, A24) 

Karl Harr, president of Aerospace Industries Assn., spoke before the 

Aviation/Space Writers’ Assn.: ‘?AS we stand at the end of one record 

year of achievements and at the beginning of a year that we confidently 

predict will establish new records on all fronts, will historians view 

this point of time as having any particular significance from an aerospace point of view? After all we’re not going to the moon next year 

and we didn’t inject man into space for the first time last year. . . . “I believe historians may come to regard about this point of time 

as being the point when the aerospace business completed its transition 

from a matter of only peripheral concern to the total public interest, 

into the mainstream of American life. . . .” (Text) 

0 West German Defense Ministry ordered limited resumption of flights by 

F-104G Starfighters-Lockheed-manufactured aircraft which had been 

grounded since Dec. 6 after 37 pilots had been killed in series of 65 

crashes. (AP, NYT, 12/21/66) 

December 21: USAF SV-5D lifting body was successfully launched from WTR 

by Atlas booster on reentry mission, but ‘qdue to an undetermined 

malfunction in the final phases of descent” was not recovered. Released 

at desired altitude, the 900-lb. vehicle had deployed parachute to slow 

its descent rate and reentered planned recovery area using lifting body 

principle. Goals of mission-first of four in USAF’S Precision Recovery 

Including Maneuvering Entry (Prime) program-were to study aerodynamic characteristics of SV-5D shape, heat shield performance, 

guidance and flight control systems, instrumentation, and recovery 

system. (WI, Wash. Post, 12/22/66, A4) 

U.S.S.R. launched two unmanned spacecraft. LUNA XIII, on mission to 

study the “moon and its close environments,” was following trajectory 

close to calculated one. COSMOS CXXXVII, carrying instruments for 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 379 

further investigation of outer space, was in orbit with 1,672-km. 

(1,032-mi.) apogee; 225-km. (140-mi.) perigee; 104-min. period; and 

49” inclination. (UPI, Wash. Post, 12/22/66, A3; Anderson, NYT, 

12/22/66, 20) 

December 22: NASA named crews for second and third manned Apollo 

missions, scheduled for 1967. Prime crewmen for AS-205/208 were 

James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell Schweickart; backup 

crew was Thomas P. Stafford, John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan. 

Prime crewmen for AS-503, first manned flight using Saturn V launch 

vehicle, were Frank Borman, Michael Collins, and William A. Anders ; 

backup crew was Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and 

C. C. Williams, Jr. (NASA Release 66-326) 

0 First free flight of NASA’s HL-10 lifting body vehicle was successfully 

conducted at Edwards AFB. Air-launched from B-52 bomber flying at 

45,000 ft. and 450 mph, vehicle was maneuvered by NASA test pilot 

Bruce A. Peterson to 200-mph landing three minutes later. Purpose of 

flight was complete design and systems checkout and evaluation of 

basic stability and control. NASA and AFFTC were studying lifting body 

concept inflight to help establish the technological base for design of 

future manned spacecraft capable of maneuvering inflight to pilotcontrolled ground landing. (FRC Release 29-66) 0 NASA announced sponsorship in 1967 of three specialized summer programs in systems engineering design for engineering faculty members. 

Undertaken as cooperative efforts between NASA research centers and 

adjacent universities, programs would enable faculty members from 

various engineering disciplines to work together as a team to design a 

complex space system. Fellowships would be available for about 70 

faculty members. Participating universities and cooperating NASA 

centers: Stanford Univ. and ARC; Auburn Univ., Univ. of Alabama, 

and MSFC; and Univ. of Houston, Rice Univ., and MSC. (NASA Release 

0 US. R&D funding in 1967 would total about $23.8 billion-$500 million 

more than in 1966-Battelle Memorial Institute said in its annual 

forecast. For the first time in a decade, the Government would not be 

the dominant factor in the growth; 80 per cent of predicted increase 

would come from industry, universities, and nonprofit institutions. 

(BMI Release 124-66) 

Static test of Saturn V 2nd stage (S-11) at MTF was postponed 2 min. 31 

sec. before ignition when electrical cable in one of its two engines 

short-circuited. (UPI, NYT, 12/23/66, 12; 12/25/66, 32; AP, Wash. 

Post, 12/23/66, A2) 0 Tests showed that as little as one or more inches of continuous snow 

cover could be reliably identified from satellite photos, ESSA’S Office of 

Hydrology reported. Associate Director of the Weather Bureau William 

E. Hiatt commented: “An increased capability of assessing snow 

accumulations, especially in remote sections where observation stations 

are limited, could result in faster appraisal of river conditions and 

contribute to more timely release of river forecasts and flooding 

warnings.” (ESSA Release 66-71) 

0 Inactivity in Soviet manned space program could be explained by “strict 

economy” and preparations for ambitious new manned missions, Radio 

Prague’s Moscow correspondent reported. The new missions--“flights 

of much higher standards”-would include “a flight of man to the 

66-325) 
380 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%6 

moon and the creation of a large orbiting laboratory.” Correspondent 

also predicted that the U.S.S.R. would launch a “group of rockets7,- 

presumably unmanned ones-toward Mars about Jan. 4. (NYT, 

12/23/66, 12) 

New York Times later editorialized: “. . . The possibility is raised 

that the Soviet strategy for a manned lunar landing may be based on a 

direct earth-moon trip. In that case there would be no need for the 

rendezvous and docking maneuvers.. . . Enormously powerful rockets 

would be required . . . but if Moscow has them they might make possible 

the spectacular achievement of a goal the Kremlin must want very 

much: a manned lunar landing on the moon by the fiftieth anniversary 

of the Bolshevik Revolution next Nov. 7.” (NYT, 12/26/66, 20) 

December 23: NASA announced Atlas-Centaur booster would replace AtlasAgena for launching Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (Oao) satellites and Applications Technology Satellites (Ats) D and E. Launches 

were scheduled to begin in 1968. Centaur stage-first to use liquid 

hydrogen as a fuel-was capable of boosting about 40 per cent greater 

payload than the Agena into near-earth orbit and about three times the 

payload on lunar trajectory. (NASA Release 66-328) 

0 NASA Administrator James E. Webb appointed B. L. Dorman, vice president of Aerojet-General Corp., Assistant Administrator for Industry 

Affairs, effective Jan. 16, 1967, and Gen. Jacob E. Smart (USAF, Ret.) 

Acting Administrator for Administration, effective Jan. 1, 1967. Both 

positions were formerly held by William B. Rieke, who resigned to 

return to Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. (NASA Release 66-327) 0 NASA awarded General Electric Co. $22.3 million to continue in its fourth 

year as general support contractor for NASA’s Mississippi Test Facility. 

Award was for period November 1966 to July 1967. (MSFC Release 

66-298) 

0 Bell Telephone Laboratories had developed experimental method of 

impressing over 57,000 two-way telephone conversations on single 

laser beam-a process essential for the commercial use of the laser in 

communications, Wall Street Journal reported. Researchers hoped to 

eventually replace coaxial cables, which could carry only about 32,000 

telephone conversations, with cables of laser beams. ( WSJ, 12/23/66, 

December 24: Tass reported that detailed chart of earth’s magnetic field 

which would enable cosmonauts to determine radiation conditions in 

earth’s environs had been compiled by scientists using data from 

Cosmos satellites. (Reuters, Wush. Post, 12/25/66, A3) 0 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Univ. of Chicago astrophysicist, was one 

of 11 scientists named by President Johnson to receive 1966 National 

Medal of Science. (Pres. Doc., 1/2/67, 1832-3) 

December 24-31: U.S.S.R. achieved her second soft-landing on the moon 

when LUNA XIII spacecraft landed an instrument package near Ocean of 

Storms to photograph and test the lunar surface. 

Landing sequence began when spacecraft was oriented vertically to 

the moon. At 43-mi. (69-km.) altitude, radar system aimed at lunar 

surface and turned on retrorocket, and shock-absorbing system was 

prepared. Less than one second before impact, after spacecraft had been 

slowed to 18 mph, instrument capsule was ejected and softlanded. 

Four minutes later, its petal-like covering opened, its antenna opened, 

and radio transmissions began. 

12) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 381 

18 hrs. after touchdown, LUNA XIII began photographing a panorama 

of the moon’s surface. Pictures showed barren, heavily pitted landscape littered with stones ranging upward in size from one inch, which 

Soviet scientists concluded had resulted from either volcanic eruptions 

or impacting meteoroids. There was no evidence of a thick layer of 

dust. 

In addition to photographic equipment, spacecraft also carried two 

mechanical manipulators to test firmness and density of lunar soil: 

(1) a rod which was driven into surface with specific force; and (2) a 

meter which measured soil’s resistance to radiation. Analysis of data 

indicated that lunar surface could bear manned spacecraft and that 

soil from 8- to 12-in. depth was similar to medium-density terrestrial 

soil. Also onboard were a dynograph which tested firmness of lunar 

surface by recording duration and force of impact impulse, and a 

radiation meter which revealed that moon’s surface reflected about 

25 per cent of electrically-charged particles which struck it. 

Tass commented on LUNA XIII’S successful mission: “There is no doubt 

now that it is these cosmic stations that can supply the information 

permitting a new approach to solve such important problems of science 

as the origin of the solar system, the origin and development of life on 

other planets, and the internal structure of celestial bodies.’’ (NYT, 

12/25/66, 1, 40; 12/26/66, 19; 12/31/66, 6; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

12/26/66, A3; 12/27/66, A4; UPI, Wash. Post, 12/27/66, Al; 12/31/66, 

1’ 7) December 25: Nationalist China would build $10-million ground communications station by early 1969 to participate in Intelsat’s planned worldwide 

satellite communications system, Reuters reported. (Reuters, NYT, 

12/25/66, 40) 

December 26: NASA, Japanese Science and Technology Agency, and Japanese 

Meteorological Agency agreed to launch jointly 10 Japanese MT-135 

sounding rockets beginning in March 1967 to study rocket and payload 

performance and gain information on diurnal cycles of wind and 

temperature in the stratosphere. MT-135 could boost 6.6-lb. payload 

to 200,000-ft. (322,000-km.) altitude. (NASA Release 66-331) 

December 27: Clear air turbulence (Cat)-unexplained disturbances encountered by pilots flying at high altitude in seemingly calm weathershould be studied by NASA, DOD, FAA, and Dept. of Commerce, National 

Committee for Clear Air Turbulence recommended. One committee 

official estimated that Cat had been “highly suspect” in six recent air 

crashes. (Balt. Sun, 12/28/66) 

0 NASA Administrator James E. Webb, speaking at Univ. of New Mexico, 

urged establishment of a seminar where experts could exchange 

scientific and industrial knowledge to bridge “the tremendous gap 

between physical development and social inventions.” Mr. Webb also 

recommended a national rocket foundation to provide facilities for 

amateur rocket enthusiasts. (AP, NYT, 12/28/66, 4) 0 “The American Space Outlook” for 1967 was summarized by Albert 

Sehlstedt, Jr., in the Baltimore Sun. “.. . 1967 shouId be a year of 

genuine accomplishments in space for men and machines. “. . . astronauts will begin to fly around the earth in the kind of 

spacecraft that will carry them to the moon in 1968 or 1969. . . . “New unmanned spacecraft will climb into orbit for additional views 

of the earth’s weather. Other craft will fly away to study the science of 
382 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

the sun; make further on-the-spot examinations of the moon’s surface, 

probe the nature of the stars and take another close look at Venus. 

cr. . . the Defense Department will lay the groundwork for the 1969 

launching of a manned orbiting laboratory to study possible military 

roles of men in space.. . the people who make airplanes will be 

planning the big jumbo jets and, in Europe, fashioning airliners that 

will go faster than the speed of sound. . . .” (Sehlstedt, Balt. Sun, 

12/28/66) 

December 27: Communist China exploded its fifth nuclear device at Lop Nor 

test site in Sinkiang Province. (Roberts, Wash. Post, 11/29/66, A17) 0 Astronaut Bruce McCandless 11, discussing role of manned space flight 

in science in address before Washington, D.C., Junior Academy of 

Sciences’ annual meeting, concluded: “Man is flexible; he is capable of 

responding to unforeseen situations intelligently and effectively. He 

has a limited and on-the-spot redesign capability built in and contributes to mission success through improved reliability. He is capable of 

evaluating and screening information and making decisions accordingly 

and independently. As long as these elements are required, man’s 

participation will be beneficial.” (Text) 

December 29: Aerospace industry believed 4,000-mph hypersonic transport 

(Hst) could be ready for commercial service in 1990’s-but only if 

Government would support its development, Richard Cooke reported 

in the Wall Street Journal. ccAerospace. . . officials agree that the rate 

at which new developments in air transportation come along will hinge 

in large measure on Government policy. They note that the military 

has sponsored the development of every large American jet engine. . . . A military version of the craft will almost certainly have to precede the 

commercial one-but right now there’s no driving military sponsor at 

high level behind these advanced materials and engines.” Development 

of Hst would require new heat-resistant materials, a more efficient fuel, 

and higher-capacity engine. (Cooke, WSJ, 12/29/66) 

American Astronautical Society (AAS) held symposium on the moon in 

Washington, D.C., as part of American Association for the Advancement of Science’s (AAAS) annual meeting. 

Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, U.S. Geological Survey, said NASA’s LUNAR 

ORBITER I photos had revealed “mass wasting” on the moon-a process similar to “downhill creep” which produced slopes of fragmented 

dirt and rock debris on earth. Accelerated by small local earthquakes 

caused by impacting meteorites, wasting process was rapidly covering 

all of moon’s small craters, Shoemaker said. He believed majority of 

lunar craters were caused by high-velocity explosive impacts of meteorites. 

Dr. Donald H. Menzel, Harvard Univ., told the press that man would 

make profound changes on the moon in 15-20 yrs.-particularly if 

lunar rock were found to contain water of crystallization. ccThere is a 

real possibility for man. . . to establish self-support expeditions on 

the moon. Using solar or atomic energy for melting rocks, man could 

get water and then use the debris for building blocks. Lunar gardens . could be established and animals could be raised there.” (Hines, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 12/29/66, Al, A6; Clark, NYT, 12/30/66, 8) 0 USAF launched unidentified satellite with Thor-Agena D booster from 

WTR. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 160) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 383 

December 29: National Aviation Hall of Fame announced six additions: 

Glenn L. Martin and William F. Boeing, both aircraft designers; Adm, 

John H. Towers, commander of first attempt at trans-Atlantic flight; 

B/G William Mitchell, pioneer advocate of aerial bombing; Robert 

Hutchings Goddard, US. rocket pioneer; and Lincoln Beachey, early 

designer of dirigibles. All were deceased. (AP, NYT, 12/29/66, 14) 

* Robert L. Hallett, Head of Communications and Control Section at NASA 

Wallops Station, retired after 20 yrs. with NACA and NASA. (Wallops 

Release 67-1) 

December 30: NASA and ESRO signed first agreement under which foreign 

country or organization would purchase satellite launch services from 

US. on reimbursable basis. ESRO would furnish flight-ready scientific 

spacecraft and NASA wodd provide launch vehicle, range and launching 

facilities, and other support including initial tracking and telemetry 

reception. ESRO would reimburse NASA for launch vehicles and all 

identifiable direct costs of equipment and services furnished by or 

through NASA. First launch-~s~O’s Heos-A interplanetary physics 

satellite-was scheduled for late 1968. (NASA Release 66-332) 

Successful full-duration static firing (364 sec.) of the S-11-1, first flight 

model of Saturn V’s 2nd stage, was conducted at MTF. This was second 

and last full-duration acceptance firing for the stage, which would now 

be shipped to KSC. (MSF Historian) 

NASA announced plans to begin powered flights of M-2 and HL-10 manned 

lifting bodies at Edwards AFB in early 1967. Equipped with 8,000-1b.- 

thrust rocket engine, vehicles would be flown at altitudes up to 80,000 

ft. and speeds of 1,000 mph in series of 8-min. test flights designed to 

simulate spacecraft reentry conditions. (NASA Release 66-329) 

0 John A. Edwards, NASA Deputy Director, Gemini Program, had been 

designated Director of Operations for Saturn/Apollo Applications in 

OMSF. (NASA Ann., 12/30/66) 

* MSFC awarded Douglas Aircraft Co. a $300,000 9-month contract to analyze 

needs of an orbital support facility for future astronomical research 

from space. (MSFC Release 66-302) 0 NASA awarded one-year, $360,094, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to Philco 

Corp. for engineering support services at Wallops Station. (Wallops 

Release 66-60) 

Dr. Robert M, Page, retired as chief scientist and director of research at 

Naval Research Laboratory after nearly 40 yrs. service. One of foremost US. experts on radar and a pioneer in space exploration and rocket 

astronomy, Dr. Page warned that US. research was being threatened 

by “dangerous trends and controls.. . . A complete lack of confidence 

is being shown in the integrity and judgement of responsible operating 

officials which will certainly lead to bad management of Federal programs.,’ (Naval Research Lab.; Kluttz, Vmh. Post, 1/8/67, A2) 

December 31: Boeing Co. and General Electric Co. had been selected to 

continue development and refinement of designs for first U.S. supersonic transport (Sst), FAA announced. Decision climaxed 30 mos. of 

intense competition between Boeing Co. and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. 

for airframe design; and GE and United Aircraft Corp.’s Pratt i?z 

Whitney Div. for engine design. Boeing’s 350-passenger, 1,800-mph, 

variable-sweep-wing model would be powered by four 4.5-ton GE 

engines capable of generating 600,000 lbs. thrust. Approval for proto- 
384 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

type construction was expected in early 1967. (FAA Release; AP, Wash. 

Post, 1/1/67, Al; Wash. Sun.. Star, 1/1/67, A10) 

December 31: New York Times characterized 1966: “In all future histories of 

lunar exploration the year 1966 will hold an honored and important 

place. In effect, it was the year of the moon, the year in which a dazzling 

array of Soviet and American instrumented capsules photographed, 

measured and probed the moon to an extent never before known. As a 

result of the successful flights of the Soviet Luna vehicles and of the 

American Surveyor and Lunar Orbiters, it is probable that more detailed 

information about earth’s natural satellite was gained in 1966 than in 

all the rest of human history. . . .” (NYT, 12/31/66, 18C) e Fourth earth-orbiting object [see Sept. 301 not identified “with any 

launching or country of origin” was reported by GSFC in Satellite Situation Report. Object apparently decayed Dec. 30. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/66) 

During December: NRC’S Space Science Board was studying possible harmful 

effects to astronomy and other sciences of proposed NASA project to 

orbit large reflecting mirror that could illuminate land masses at night, 

NAS announced. NASA’s support for the study was expressed by Associate 

Administrator for Space Science and Applications Dr. Homer E. 

Newell in a letter to Dr. Harry H. Hess, Chairman of NAS Space Science 

Board: “I am gratified that the committee has promptly undertaken 

work on this task and am looking forward to their review for guidance 

with regard to the possible adverse effects of such a project.” (NASNRC-NAE News Report, 12/66, 7) * Proposal for fleet of 25 stand-by spacecraft which could be launched 

within three hours of a distress signal to rescue astronauts stranded 

in orbit was submitted to NASA by MIT aeronautics students. Each 

13,000-lb., four-man Nero (Near Earth Rescue Operation) spacecraft, 

designed with wing-like lift similar to M2-F2 lifting-body vehicle, would 

be launched with Titan 111-C booster to rendezvous with target; it 

would glide to a landing at a jet airport. Vehicles could also repair 

crippled satellites, resupply manned orbiting laboratories, inspect 

unidentified satellites, and remove orbiting debris. System could be 

implemented with current technology and be in operation by early 

1970’s at total cost of $2 billion. (Wilford, NYT, 12/6/66, 60C) e NAS published History of the Proceedings of the National Academy of 

Sciences; 40-page study was prepared by Edwin B. Wilson, managing 

editor of Proceedings from 1915 until his death in 1964. (NAS-NRC-NAE 

News Report, 1/67, 8) 

* “Love as an emotion will play a very important role in the future in the 

populating of outer space,” Soviet scientist Igor Zabelin wrote in 

Moskva. “In the future when mankind will fulfill its mission of populating outer space, men and women will be sent in spacecraft somewhere 

for many years.” Noting that “when a couple lives together for five to 

seven years, they may get sick of each other and very often there is a 

divorce,” Zabelin warned that such coolness could cause grave problems 

in outer space. (mi, Wash. Post, 12/4/66, M7) 

During 1966: In 1966, NASA attempted 36 major launches with 34 successes. 

Of 29 NASA missions, 22 were successes. DOD orbited 70 payloads in 43 

launches. U.S.S.R. launched 43 payloads and France, one. 

Highlighting NASA space achievements were closeup photographs of 

the moon provided by SURVEYOR I and LUNAR ORBITERS I and 11, the softlanding on the moon by SURVEYOR I, and the five two-man Gemini space 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 385 

flights. SURVEYOR I transmitted more than 10,000 photographs of the 

moon; the two LUNAR ORBITERS returned a total of 635 lunar photo. 

graphs. Engineering data from these spacecraft indicated Apollo Lunar 

Module (Lm) could land and operate safely on the lunar surface. In 

Project Gemini, NASA conducted five two-man space flights, successfully 

concluding the project [see Nov. 151 and bringing US. manhours in 

space to 1,993 hrs. 34 min. (compared to 507 hrs. 16 min. for U.S.S.R.). 

Major ground and flight tests in Project Apollo accelerated preparatory 

to 1st three-man Apollo/Saturn spaceflight, planned for early 1967. 

Three Uprated Saturn 1’s were launched; Saturn V stages for the 1st 

flight model passed their final ground test firings. 

Atlas-Centaur liquid-hydrogen-fueled booster completed its development testing, demonstrating restart capability in space. 

Applications satellites launched were NIMBUS 11 meteorological satellite, three ESSA satellites inaugurating ESSA’s operational meteorological 

satellite system, and INTELSAT II-A communications satellite for ComSatCorp. The first Applications Technology Satellite, ATS I, was launched 

into synchronous orbit. Scientific achievements included orbiting of 

OGO 111, PAGEOS I, EXPLORERS XXXII and XXXIII satellites, and PIONEER VII 

interplanetary spacecraft. 

More than 300 meteorological sounding rockets and 100 scientific 

sounding rockets were launched. A total of 20 flights of the X-15 

research aircraft were conducted; X-15 No. 2 piloted by Maj. William 

J. Knight set a new record speed of 4,233 mph (mach 6.33). NASA-USAF 

flight research investigating sonic booms got underway in six flights 

with XB-70 aircraft; research for the U.S. supersonic transport program 

continued. M2-F2 lifting-body vehicle made 14 unpowered flights, and 

HL-10 lifting body made its first flight. 

Among the highlights in propulsion technology was static test firing 

of the 260-in.-dia. solid-propellant rocket motor, producing 3.5 million 

Ibs. of thrust. Two test series of Nerva nuclear reactors were conducted. 

One, in 110 min. of power operation, demonstrated stability and controllability of the hot-bleed cycle nuclear rocket engine. The other 

involved first successful full-power operation and a restart operation, 

ending the program with an accumulation of more than 105 min. of 

reactor operation at full or near-full power. 

USAF flight tested its powerful Titan 111 booster and used it to orbit 

the first seven Idcsp satellites of an eventual worldwide military comsat 

system. 

Of the 43 Soviet payloads, 34 were Cosmos satellites and five, Luna 

spacecraft. Notable among these were COSMOS CX, orbiting two dogs 

for prolonged period; COSMOS CXXII, apparently first Soviet weather satellite; LUNA IX, achieving first soft-landing on the moon; and LUNA X, 

achieving first orbit of the moon. Also orbited were two MOLNIYA 1 comsats and the 12-ton PROTON 111 unmanned spacecraft used for cosmic-ray 

research; Yantar I ion-engine payload was flown in suborbital spaceflight test. 

France orbited her first instrumented scientific satellite, DIAPASON I, 

the second satellite built and launched by France. (NASA Release 66-319; 

Major NASA Launches; NASC; Tass; US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, 

passim; A&A 1966, passim) 

During 1966: International space events were highlighted by the U.N.’s 

agreement on a space treaty to govern “activities of states in the explora- 
386 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

tion and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial 

bodies.” The draft treaty-suggested by President Johnson May 7-was 

negotiatedby the LegalSubcommitteeof theU.N. CommitteeonthePeaceful Uses of Outer Space. On December 19 the U.N. General Assembly 

adopted a resolution endorsing the treaty, subject to ratification by five 

nations including US., U.S.S.R., and U.K. 

By the end of 1966, 72 countries had cooperated with the US. in 

space research activities. 

Six countries joined the International Telecommunications Satellite 

Consortium (Intelsat), bringing the total membership to 54. 

France and U.S.S.R. entered into agreement on cooperative space 

research, including experiments in astronomy and communications. 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966, passim; A&A 1966, passim) 
Appendix A 

SATELLITES, §PACE PROBES, AND MANNED 

SPACE FLIGHTS 

A CHRONICLE FOR 1966 

The following tabulation was compiled from open sources by Dr. Frank 

W. Anderson, Jr., Deputy NASA Historian. Sources included the United 

Nations Public Registry; the Satellite Situation Report issued by the Space 

Operations Control Center at Goddard Space Flight Center; public information releases of the Department of Defense, NASA, and other agencies; and 

the Report to the Congress from the President of the United States: United States 

Aeronautics and Space Activities, 1966. Russian data are from the U.N. Public 

Registry, the Satellite Situation Report, translations from Tass News Agency, 

statements in the Soviet press, and international news services’ reports. 

It might be well to call attention to the terms of reference stated or implied 

in the title of this tabulation. This is a listing of payloads that have (a) 

orbited, (b) as probes, ascended to at least the 4,000-mile altitude that traditionally has distinguished probes from sounding rockets, etc., or (c) conveyed 

one or more human beings in space. Furthermore, only flights that succeeded 

-or at least are not known to have failed-in doing one of the above are 

listed. Date of launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. An 

asterisk by the date marks those dates that are one day earlier in this tabulation than in listings which reference to Greenwich time. 

This was the year in which world space activity leveled out. After a decade 

of virtual doubling of activity each year, 1966 showed only a slight rise in 

total launches-116 against 102 in 1965-and a decline in the total number 

of payloads orbited-143 against the record 160 in 1965. At first glance there 

seems to be an inconsistency in a rise in number of launches and a drop in 

number of payloads; the answer is found in the abrupt switch away from 

multiple payloads that was one of the notable changes of direction in 1966 

(DOD still flew16 multipayload flights totaling 42 individual payloads, including 

the 8-satellite Titan IIIC, but the Soviets launched none, compared with 7 

flights for a total of 23 payloads in 1965, and NASA none, compared with 3 

flights for a total of 6 payloads in 1965). Of the 1966 total, the U.S. launched 

92 boosters carrying 100 payloads (compared with 61/94 in 1965), the 

U.S.S.R. launched 43 (compared with 50 launches for a total of 66 payloads 

in 1965), and France joined the space club with one satellite in 1966. Of the 

U.S. total, DOD accounted for 70 payloads and 42 launches (compared with 

67/39 in 1965), NASA 30 (compared with 27 payloads in 22 launches in 1965; 

one of the 30 was a Don-NASA mission, INTELSAT II-A, launched by NASA for 

ComSatCorp). Two areas of concentration were again significant: the U.S. 

continued to dominate manned space flight, with 5 Gemini manned flights 

during the year, while the Soviets had no manned flights (compared with 

511 in 1965) ; the Soviets continued their numerical edge in lunar exploration 

with 5 lunar flights to 4 for the U.S. (compared with 5/2 in 1965). 

As we have cautioned in previous years, the “Remarks” column of these 

appendixes is never complete because of the inescapable lag behind each 

flight of the analysis and interpretation of scientific results. 

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Appendix B 

CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR NASA LAUNCHINGS 

JANUARY 1, 1966, THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 1966 

This chronology of major NASA launchings in 1966 is intended to provide 

an accurate and ready historical reference, one compiling and verifying 

information previously scattered over several sources. It includes launchings 

of all rocket vehicles larger than sounding rockets launched either by NASA 

or under “NASA direction” (e.g., NASA provided vehicle, launch facilities, 

and performed the launch for the ComSatCorp INTELSAT 11-A). 

An attempt has been made to classify the performance of both the launch 

vehicle and the payload and to summarize total results in terms of primary 

mission. Three categories have been used for vehicle performance and 

mission results-successful (S) , partially successful (P) , and unsuccessful 

(U). A fourth category, unknown (Unk), has been provided for payloads 

where vehicle malfunctions did not give the payload a chance to exercise its 

main experiments. These divisions are necessarily arbitrary, since many of 

the results cannot be neatly categorized. Also they ignore the fact that a 

great deal was learned from shots that may have been classified as unsuccessful. 

Date of launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. Sources used 

were all open ones, verified where in doubt from the project offices in NASA 

Hq. and from the NASA Centers. For further information on each item, see 

Appendix A of this volume and the entries in the main chronology as referenced in the index. Prepared January 1967 by Dr. Frank W. Anderson, Jr., 

Deputy NASA Historian (EH) . 

417 
418 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

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Appendix C 

CHRONOLOGY OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT, 1966 

This chronology contains basic information on all manned space flights 

in 1966. The information was compiled by William D. Putnam, Assistant 

NASA Historian for Manned Space Flight. 

The year 1966 was marked by the last five missions of the United States' 

Gemini program and continuation of the hiatus in Soviet manned space 

flights (since VOSKHOD 11 in March 1965). Major historic milestones in 

manned space flight were rendezvous and docking with another space vehicle 

on GEMINI VIII, the use of a propulsion unit placed separately into orbit to 

propel the assembled combined spacecraft to new altitude and speed records 

on GEMINI x and XI, and extensive astronaut extravehicular activity on 

GEMINI x, XI, XI. Numerous technological and scientific experiments conducted in Gemini made significant contributions to man's knowledge of the 

space environment, the earth as observed from the vantage point of space, 

and astronomical phenomena. 

By the end of 1966, the United States had conducted a total of 16 manned 

space flights, 14 of these orbital, with a total of 19 different crewmen. Seven 

of the 19 American astronauts had participated in two flights. The Soviet 

Union had conducted a total of eight manned flights, all orbital, with 11 

different crewmen. No Soviet cosmonaut had yet experienced two space 

flights. Cumulative totals for manned spacecraft hours in flight had reached 

1,023 hours 45 minutes for the United States and 432 hours 33 minutes for 

the Soviet Union. Cumulative total manhours in space were 1,993 hours 

36 minutes, and 507 hours 9 minutes, respectively. 

Data on United States flights are the latest available to date within NASA. 

Although details are subject to modification as information is refined, the 

major aspects of United States manned flihts have been subject to direct 

observation by the interested citizens of the world. 

Weight given is the weight of the total spacecraft as placed in orbit. 

Maximum altitude is chosen from many possible performance measurements 

because it represents a world-record category as recognized by the FBdQation 

AQonautique Internationale. 

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Appendix D 

ABBREVIATIONS OF REFERENCES 

Listed here are abbreviations for sources cited in the text. This list does 

not include all sources provided in the chronology, for some of the references cited are not abbreviated. Only those references which appear in 

abbreviated form are listed below. Abbreviations used in the chronology 

entries themselves are cross-referenced in the Index. 

A&A 

A&A 66 

ABC 

AEC Release 

AF Info. Pol. Ltr. 

AFISD 

AFOSR Release AFSC Release AGU Transactions AIAA Release 

AIP News 

AMR 

AP 

ARC Release 

Atlanta JIConst. 

Atomic Energy Programs, 1966 

Av. Daily 

Av. Wk. 

Balt. Sun 

CSM 

DAC Release 

DMSSD Apogee 

DOD Release 

EH 

ESSA Release 

FAA Release 

FonF 

FRC Release 

CTNS 

DJNS 

EPH 

AIAA’S magazine, Astronautics & Aeronautics 

NASA’s Astronautics and Aeronautics 1966 [this pubAmerican Broadcasting Com any 

Atomic Energy Commission %ews Release 

Air Force Information Policy Letter for Commanders 

Air Force and Space Digest magazine 

Air Force Office of Scientific Research News Release 

Air Force Systems Command News Release 

American Geophysical Union Transactions 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

American Institute of Physics News 

Applied Mechanics Reviews 

Associated Press NASA Ames Research Center News Release 

Atlanta Journal and Constitution news aper 

AEC, Major Activities in the Atomic Lergy Programs, 

Aviation Daily newsletter 

Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine 

Baltimore Sun newspaper 

Columbia Broadcasting System 

Chicago Tribune news aper 

Communications Sateylite Corporation News Release 

Congressional Record 

Christian Science Monitor newspaper 

Chicago Tribune News Service 

Douglas Aircraft Co. News Release 

Dow Jones News Service 

Douglas Missile and Space Systems Div. Apogee 

Dept. of Defense News Release 

NASA Historical Staff (former1 EPH) 

NASA Historical Staff (now E& 

Environmental Science Services Administration News 

Release 

Federal Aviation Agency News Release 

Facts on File 

NASA Flight Research Center News Release 

lication] 

News Release 

1966 

427 
42% ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

FRC X-Press 

GE Forum 

Goddard News 

GSFC Release 

Houston Chron. 

Int. Science and Tech. 

J /Armed Forces 

GSFC SSR 

ATNS 

JPL Release 

KB 

KSC Release 

Langley Researcher LaRc Release 

L.A. Times 

Lewis News 

LRC Release 

M&R 

Marshall Star 

Minn. Trib. MSC Release 

MSC Roundup 

MIS Daily 

MSFC Release 

NAA Skywriter 

NAA Release 

Nat’l. Aeron. Assn. Release 

NANA 

NASA Ann. 

NASA Auth. Hearings 

NASA Hq. Bull. 

NASA Hq. PB NASA LAR V 150 

NASA Off. Int. Aff. 

NASA Proj. Off. 

NASA Release 

NASA X-15 Proj. Off. NASC Release 

NAS-NRC Release 

NAS-NRC-NAE News Report 

NASA R t. SRL 

NASA SF-4006 

NBC 

NMINN 

NSC Release 

N.Y. Her. Trib. 

N.Y. J IAmer. 

NYT 

NYTNS 

OAR Release 

Orl. Sent. P&W Release 

Phil. Eve. Bull. 

Phil. Inq. 

Pres. Doc. 

Sat. Eve. Post 

SBD 

Sci. Amer. 

Sci. Serv. 

NASA Flight Research Center’s FRC X-Press 

General Electric Forum magazine NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Goddard News NASA Goddard Space Flight Center News Release 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Satellite Situation 

Houston Chronicle newspaper 

New York Herald Tribune News Service 

International Science and Technology magazine Journal of the Armed Forces 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory News Release NASA Inventions and Contributions Board 

John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA, News Release NASA Langley Research Center’s Langley Researcher NASA Langley Research Center News Release 

Los Angeles Times newspaper NASA Lewis Research Center’s Lewis News NASA Lewis Research Center News Release 

Missiles and Rockets magazine NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center’s MarMinnea olis Tribune newspaper NASA dnned Spacecraft Center News Release NASA Manned Spacecraft Center’s Space News Roundup 

Missile Space Dail newsletter NASA George C. drshall S ace Flight Center Release 

North American Aviation, Pnc., Los Angeles Skywriter 

North American Aviation, Inc., News Release 

National Aeronautic Association News Release 

North American Newspaper Alliance NASA Announcement 

NASA Authorization FY 19671 Hearings NASA Headquarters’ Weekly Bulletin NASA Headquarters Personnel Bulletin NASA Legislative Activities Report, Vol. V, No. 50 NASA Office of International Affairs 

NASA Project Office NASA (Hq.) News Release NASA Report of Sounding Rocket Launching NASA S ecial Publication #4006 NASA (6s.) X-15 Project Office 

National Aeronautics and Space Council News Release 

National Academy of Sciences-National Research 

Council News Release 

National Academ of Sciences-National Research 

Council-Nationd Academy of Engineering News 

Report 

National Broadcasting Company NASA Management InstructionNASA Notice 

National S ace Club News Release 

New York herald Tribune newspaper 

New York Journal-American newspaper 

New York Times newspa er 

New York Times News gervice 

Office of Aerospace Research (USAF) News Release 

Orlando Sentinel newspa er Pratt & Whitney Div. Jews Release 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin newspaper 

Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper 

National Archives and Records Service’s Weekly ComSaturda Evenin Post magazine 

space dsiness Aily newsletter 

Scientijc American magazine 

Science Service 

Report 

shall Star 

pilation of Presidential Documents 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 429 

S.F. Chron. 

SR 

Tech. Wk. 

Testimony 

Text 

Transcript 

UP1 

U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1966 

U.S. Naval Inst. Proc. 

U.S. News 

Wallops Release 

Wash. Daily News 

Wash. Eve. StarlWash. Sun. Star 

Wash. Post WBE Sci. Serv. 

WSJ 

USS--T 

San Francisco Chronicle newspaper 

Saturda Review magazine 

Technol?l 

Congressional testimony, prepared statements 

Prepared report or speech text 

Official transcript of news conference or congressional 

hearing 

United Press International 

President’s Re ort to Congress, United States Aeronautics and 8pace Activities, 1966 

U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings magazine US. News and World Report magazine 

Translation by NASA Scientific and Technical InforNASA Wallops Station News Release 

Washington Daily News newspaper 

Washington Evening /Sunday Star newspaper 

Washin ton Post newspaper 

World gook Encyclopedia Science Service 

Wall Street Journal newspaper 

Week magazine (formerly Missiles and 

Rockeg 

mation Div., Translators 

INDEX 

A-1 (French satellite), 56, 94 

Aa. See Apollo Applications program. 

MAS. See American Association for the 

Advancement of Science. 

AAS. See American Astronautical Society. ABC. See American Broadcasting Co. 

Abelson, Dr. Philip H., 1 

Abhau, R /A&. Conrad (USN), 332 

Able, Charles R., 167 

Abraham, Karl, 18 

Abres. See Advanced Ballistic Reentry 

Academia Sinica, 339 

Accelerator, 376 

Accident (see also Aircraft, accident), 25, 

55, 129, 183, 281 

Acv. See Air-cushion vehicle. 

Adam (Air Deflection and Modulation) I1 

(V/Stol aircraft), 309 

Adams, Rep. Brock, 90 

Adams, Dr. Mac C., 1, 62, 92, 111 

Adams, Maj. Michael J. (USAF), 313, 357 

Adams, Dr. Thomas W., 55 

Adcsp. See Advanced Defense CommuAdelaide, Australia, 162 

Adler, Fred, 250 

Administrative History of NASA, 1958-63, 

231 

Advanced Ballistic Reentry Systems 

(Abres), 54 

Advanced Defense Communications 

Satellite Project (Adcsp), 200 

Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft 

(Amsa), 72, 341 

Advanced Research Projects Agency 

(ARPA), 15, 322, 376 

Advanced Vidicon Camera System (Avcs), 

178, 283, 310 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. AEDC. See Arnold Engineering Development Center. 

Aegean Sea, 87 

Aerial Coast Patrol (US. Coast Guard), 

Aerobee (sounding rocket) 

booster test, 297 

micrometeoroid sampling, 326, 328, 

radar test, 171 

solar astronomy, 156, 187, 337, 347 

ultraviolet astronomy, 145, 190, 241, 

upper atmosphere data, 60, 138, 277, 

Systems. 

nications Satellite Project. 

278 

150 

350 

242> 295,352 

360 

x-ray astronomy, 89, 219, 319 

150-A 

ultraviolet astronomy, 18, 182 

upper atmosphere data, 79, 84, 276 

350-269 

Aeroiot, 50, 339 

Aerojet-General Corp., 62, 103, 110, 235, 

Aeronautical and Space Research Institute 

Aeronautical Research Associates of 

Aeronautics, 66, 208, 223, 280, 323 

Aeronomy satellite (see also EXPLORER 

Aerospace, 200 

Aerospace Corp., 354 

Aerospace Education Foundation, 36 

Aerospace Industries Assn., 97, 122, 160, 

230, 295, 367, 378 

Aerospace industry, 97, 230, 295, 350, 

Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, 

Aerospace medicine. See Space biology. 

Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Third, 26 

Aerospace Systems Conference, 238 

AFA. See Air Force Assn. AFCRL.. See Air Force Cambridge Research 

Laboratories. AFFTC. See Air Force Flight Test Center, 

Edwards AFB, Calif. AFL-CIO. See American Federation of 

Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations. 

See Air Force S stems Command. 

259, 283, 295, 353, 375 

(IIAE), 342 

Princeton, Inc., 151 

X~XII), 192,289 

372,378,382 

203 

AFSC. 

Agaltsov, Air Marshal $: A., 270 

Agena (booster) (see also Atlas-Agena, 

Thor-Agena), 54, 67, 92 

Agena Tar et Vebcle. See Gemini Agena 

Agency for International Development 

High-reliabilit 213 

Target gehicle. 

-(AID), 34 

AGM-69A (Short Range Attack Missile), 334 _. 

Agreement, 179, 208 

FAA-AID, 34 

international, 125, 155, 198, 220, 236, 

NAs-Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 

285, 330 

231 

-Argentina, 253 

-Brazil, 14, 161, 310, 320 

-ComSatCorp, 235 

-Department of Commerce, 103 

NASA 

-DOD,7,29,43,110,150,198,305,334 

43 1 
432 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

-ESRO, 383 

-France, 195 

-Naval Oceanographic Office, 19 

-Spain, 15, 137-138 

-USAF, 128-129 

-USN, 8 

-Vocational Rehabilitation Admin- 

-U.S.S.R., 90, 156 

istration. 222. 328 

370, 386 

Agriculture, Dept. of, 3, 117 AGU. See American Geophysical Union. 

Ahmedabad, India, 235 AIAA. 

AIAA-USN Marine Systems Conference, 271 AID. See Agency for International 

Aimp. See Anchored Interplanetary 

Air cargo, 197 

Air-cushion vehicle (Acv), If8 

Air et Cosmos, 22, 82 

Air Force Academy, 139 

Air Force Assn. (AFA) , 36, 58,60, 113, 294 

Air Force Avionics Laboratory, 330, 342 

Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories 

(AFCRL), 79, 84, 124, 146, 161, 337, 350 

Air Force Flight Test Center (AFFTC), 

Edwards AFB, Calif., 3, 180, 264 

Air Force Man of the Year, 60 

Air Force Systems Command (AFSC), 6, 57, 

66, 77, 87, 111, 129, 172, 188, 285, 

295,316 

See American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 

Development. 

Monitoring Platform. 

Aeronautical Systems Div., 114 

arresting gear, aircraft, 180 

associateships, 367 

award, 168, 268, 294, 315, 353 

contract, 72, 88, 159, 177, 220,225,284, 

Electronic Systems Div., 283 

experiment, 342 

Flight Dynamics Laboratory, 87 

personnel, 146, 148 

Space Systems Div., 255, 268 

Systems Engineering Group, 284 

Air-Launched Air-Recoverable Rocket 

(Alarr), 118-119 

Air Line Pilots Assn., 64 

L’Air Liquide, 370 

Air Museum Act, 49 

Air pollution, 142, 194 

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 114, 257 

Air Proving Ground Center (Eglin AFB, 

Air Research and Development Command, 

Air traffic control. 18 

335,348,368, 375 

Fla.), 131 

316 

Air Transport Association of America 

Air University Review, 253 

(ATA), 165, 197, 250, 265 

Aircraft (see also individual aircraft, such as B-52, X-15, etc.), 139-150, 267, 

282.329 ---, ~- 

accident, 3,28,58,64,76,159,211,214, 

250, 263, 367, 378 

liability, 43, 165 

prevention, 159, 262, 265, 284 

anniversarv. 259. 377 

bomber, 6i,’ 72,153,270, 341 

cargo, 164,333, 358 

carrier, 228 

fighter, 94, 111, 116, 119, 168, 195, 256, 

262. 288.323. 367. 378 

foreign, 43; 50, ‘58, 118, 196, 226, 235, 

general-aviation, 250, 295 

helicopter, 60, 132, 187, 194, 290, 291, 

270,333 

326.340.344 

hypersonic; 66, 382 

interceptor, 27 

personal, 37, 134 

reconnaissance, 27, 28, 251, 253 

record, 62, 132, 134, 187, 250, 251, 253, 

291, 302, 333, 351, 385 

research, 5, 16, 47, 62, 114, 129, 158, 

211, 223, 225, 338, 378, 385 

statistics, 172, 210 

tracking, 128 

training, 76, 85 

trans ort (see also Aircraft, V/Stol, 

JeTtol; Supersonic transport) 

250, 285, 330, 334, 358 

air-bus, 323, 330 

jet, 58, 137, 143, 145, 149, 153, 235, 

military, 57, 281 

38.1 

variable-sweep-wing, 61, 116, 168, 215, 

V/stl, 72, 106, 131, 185, 194, 253, 309, 

Vtol. 94, 284, 340, 365 

330,364 

Airlessness‘, 61 

Airlines, 180, 223,272,334, 339 

anniversary, 159 

forecast, 11, 172, 197 

statistics, 165, 209, 250 

strike, 236, 254, 257, 272 

377 

Airlock, 272 

Airports, 91, 155, 217, 243, 330, 354, 364, 

AiResearch Manufacturing Div., 156 

Alabama, 341 

Alabama, Univ. of, 365, 379 

Alarr. See Air-Launched Air-Recoverable 

Rocket. 

356,367 

Alaska, 161, 216, 221, 226, 260, 265, 

Albert, Col. John G. (USAF), 354 

Albuquer ue, N. Mex., 221 

Aldrin, LqC Edwin E., Jr. (USAF), 110, 

327, 340, 344, 349, 353 

Alexander, George, 261 

Alfven Propulsion Engine (Ape), 152 

All-weather landing system (Awls), 66 

Allen, Alice S., 154 

Allen, H. Julian, 145 

Allen, Richard J., 354 

* 

310, 

219, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 433 

Allentown, Pa., 325 

"Alleviation of Jet Aircraft Noise Near Air- 

~rts'' (report), 107 

ied Research Associates, Inc., 214, 275 

Allmanna Svenska Elektriska, A.B., 239 ALOUETTE 11 (Canadian satellite), 63, 357 

Alpha L ae (star), 241 

Alph a v4" irginis (star), 40 

Alsep. 

AMA. See American Medical Association. 

America Illustrated, 304 

American Academy of Political and Social 

Science, 141 

American Association for the Advancement 

of Science (AAAS), 22, 382 

American Association of School Administrators, 52 

American Astronautical Society (AAS), 61, 

121, 134, 160, 189,221,225,314,382 

American Broadcasting Co. (ABC), 46, 256, 

287, 355 

American Chemical Society, 322 

American Federation of Government 

Employees (AFGE), 33, 258 

American Federation of Labor-Congress of 

Industrial Organizations, 271 

American Geophysical Union (AGU), 38, 79, 

144, 215 

American Institute of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics (AIAA), 74, 159, 307 

award, 323 

fellows, 235, 289 

meeting, 26-27,89-90,119-120,134,162, 

Center for History and Philosophy of 

See Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package. 

235, 271, 314, 338, 357-359 

American Institute of Physics, 4647 

Physics, 229 

American Legion, 137 

American Medical Assn. (AMA), 8 

American Meteorological Society, 325 

American Optical Co., 209 

American Ordnance Assn., 168, 341 

American Petroleum Institute, 350 

American Philosophical Society, 147 

American Physical Society, 31-32, 150-152 

American Science and Engineering, lnc., 

89,.219, 229, 319 

American Society for Engineering Education, 365 

American Society for Microbiology, 166 

American Society for Public Administration (ASPA), 21-22, 140 

American Society of Civil Engineers, 315 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers 

(ASME), 166 

American Society of Tool & Manufacturing 

Engineers, 108 

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 

(AT&T), 114, 126,131, 152,256,278,375 

Ames, Milton B., Jr., 99 

Ames Research Center (ARC), 258, 378 

award, 20, 145, 352 

H erveIocit Free Flight Facility, 246 

r%e, 79,2&, 301 

groject Luster, 326 

research, 74,152-153,271,347,361,374 

Amsa. See Advanced Manned Strategic 

AMTRAN. See Automatic Mechanical 

Amu. See Astronaut Maneuvering Unit. 

An-2 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 256 

An-10 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 256 

An-22 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 50 

An-154 (U.S.S.R. double-decked airliner), 

Anaheim, Calif., 189 

Anchored Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (AimD). 231 

Aircraft. 

Translator. 

50 

Anders, Edw&d, 144 

Anders, William A., 110, 379 

Anderson, Sen. Clinton P., 157, 208, 373 

Anderson, Roy E., 321 

Anderson, Wendell, 82 

Andoeya, Norway, 111, 124,322 

Andover, Me., 122, 278, 314,331 

Andrews AFB, Md., 131 

Andrews, Rep. Mark, 104 ANL. See Argonne National Laboratory. 

Ann Arbor, Mich., 110, 113, 116 

Anna (geodetic satellite), 162 

Anniversary, 15, 193, 278, 304 

manned, 107, 135,259 

unmanned, 103, 240 

Government, 123, 217, 224, 302,310 

industry, 159, 241, 347 

institution, 217, 329 

LRC, 23,312 

satellite, 28, 35, 106, 227, 312, 322 

Anosov, Aleksey, 291 

Antaeus (U.S.S.R. cargo aircraft), 333 

Antarctica, 157, 170, 348 

Antenna, 88, 157, 197, 372 

Antimissile missile, 72, 170, 343, 355 

Antioch, Calif., 237 

Antiparticles, 225 

Antonov, Oleg K., 50 

AP. See Associated Press. 

Ape. See Alfven Propulsion Engine. 

Apollo (program), 238,246 

flight 

astronaut, 57, 110, 144, 241, 243, 269, 

306,375,379 

ex eriment, 15, 29, 255, 322 

iydrogen tank conversion, 167, 272 

facilities, 122, 176, 311, 331 

funds for, 24, 288, 301 

launch (see also Apollo spacecraft) 

AS-201, 67 

AS-202,274 

AS-203; 233 

lunar exploration, 5, 11, 25, 314 

landing site, 96, 296, 313 

management, 268,289,291 

plans for, 5,64,72,75,93,127,167,229, 

332,350,375 

progress, 95, 167, 179, 193, 362 

test, 127, 167, 375, 384-385 

tracking, 30, 81, 128 

training, 40, 144, 360, 376 

Command Module (Cm), 21, 25, 40, 67, 

' 

Apollo (spacecraft), 25, 193, 332, 351 

93,156,272,274; 298; 313 
434 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

heat shield, 67, 112, 274 

launch 

launch vehicle. See Saturn. 

Lunar Module (Lm), 25,40,%, 272,375, 

AS-201, 51, 67, 93 

AS-202,274 

385 

Service Module (Sm), 25, 132,272, 274, 

328 

test, 328, 360, 385 

Launch Escape System (Les), 19, 21, 

recovery, 35 

contract, 195, 315 

funds for, 23, 138, 149, 171, 278 

management, 235,239 

plans for, 13, 52, 59, 261 

proposed merger, 111, 137,307 

(Alse ), 6, 29,83, 104, 221 

42 

Apollo Applications (Aa) program 

Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package 

Apollo kange Instrumentation Aircraft 

Apollo Telescope Mount (Atm), 239, 289, 

303, 325, 356, 360 

Appleton, D. C., 377 

Applications Technology Satellite (Ats) (see 

also ATS I), 77, 84, 295,353,361, 372, 

380,385 

launch, 367 

iopkins bniversity), 162 

(A /Ria), 7 

Ap lied Ph sics Laboratory (APL) (Johns 

Apt. See Automatic Picture Transmission. 

Aquanaut, 316,367 

ARC. See Ames Research Center. 

Arcas (sounding rocket) (see also BoostedArchangel, U.S.S.R., 227, 372 

Arcas), 15, 65, 87, 117, 173, 342 

Arches of Science Award, 312 

Arm, Ida., 276 

ARCS (Achievement Rewards for College 

Scientists) Foundation, 366 

Arctic Circle, 299 

Arencillo, Spain, 322, 325 

Arendt, Dr. Paul R., 254 

Arenstorf, Richard F., 315 

Argentina, 14, 60, 154, 253, 297, 342, 346 

Argentine Space Commission (CNIE), 154, 

253,342 

Argo D4 (sounding rocket). See Javelin. 

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL.), 142, 

240 

A /Rim. See Apollo /Range Instrumentation Aircraft. 

ARINC Research Corp., 165 

Arizona, 12,339 

Arizona, Univ. of, 44,96,116,187,224, 325 

Arlington National Cemetery, 85 

Armed Forces Communications and 

Armed Forces Management, 335 

Armed Forces Management Assn., 172 

Armstrong, Neil A., 110,137,208,214,297, 

117 

m( 101,104,105,106, 

Electronics Assn., 212 

3 16 

107, 112, 117, 131 

training, 90, 131 

(AWABS), 156 

Army Aviation Materiel Laboratories 

Army Corps of En ‘neers, 11, 114,154,332 

Army Electronic roommand Labs., 254 

Arnold Air Society, 129 

Arnold Engineering Development Center 

(AEDC), 8, 53, 54, 67, 86, 121, 126, 

132, 189, 221 

Rocket Propulsion Research Laboratory, 

111 

Arnold, Gen. Henry H. (“Ha 

Arnold, Henr H., Gold Medi: 168 

Arons, DanieKM., 282 

Arp, Dr. Halton C., 93 ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects 

Asahi Shimbun, 109 

Ascension Island, 69 

Asia, 54, 61, 95, 152 

Asia-Pacific Seminar, 25 

Asia, Southeast, 376 

ASME. 

cal Engineers. 

Aso, Japan, 299 

Asp (booster), 236 

ASPA. 

Administration. 

Assembly of the Western European Union, 

210 

Associated Electrical Industries, Ltd., 136 

Associated Press (AP), 55, 149, 161, 264, 

322, 327, 332, 365, 367, 373 

Associated Universities, 257 

Asteroid, 69, 317 

Astronaut (see also Extravehicular 

), 168 

Agency. 

See American Society of MechaniSee American Society for Public 

activity), 25, 98, 109, 189, 203, 213, 

217,246,248,313,323,381,382 

Apollo mission, 106, 110, 351, 360, 376, 

379 

contract, life story, 161 

death, 72,76, 85 

flights 

GEMINI IV, 9, 105,208, 232 

GEMINI v. 9. 105. 304 

GEMiNI vi-A (Gemini VI), 8,30,54, 86, 

226,259,374 

GEMINI VU, 12, 54, 86, 87, 170, 203, 

208,226,259,374 

GEMINI VIII, 17, 53,86,96,99,100,104, 

105,145,162,226 

GEMINI IX-A (Gemini IX), 85,105,110, 

192, 178, 180, 206-207, 208, 209, 

213, 218, 236 GEMINI x, 27,226, 240,243-244, 247, 

248, 249,255 

304 

GEMINI XI, 110,290,293,294,297,301, 

GEMINI XII, 218,327,340, 344,347 

former, 54, 60, 105, 169, 191, 242, 314, 

328 

good-will tour, 54,60,69, 72, 169,297 

honors, 9, 12, 16, 22, 30, 69, 87, 191, 

208,209,225,232,236,255,259,304, 

374 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 435 

performance, 7, 69, 243 

physiolog 

press congrenee, 92,218,257,301,353, 

375 

166, 243, 273, 285, 308 

record, 251 

rescue, 78, 111, 145, 164, 192, 250, 269, 

297, 336. 384 

scientist-astronaut, 302 

selection, 7, 127, 134 

training, 14, 76, 122, 130, 198, 240, 

vision, 7, 57, 78, 236, 294, 342 women as, 7, 107, 324 

304 

229,253,281, 308,361, 362,363 

375-376 

Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (Amu), 206, 

Astronautics & Aeronautics, 37,73, 159,200. 

Astronautics Engineer Award, 103 

Astronomical clock, 169 

Astronomisches Rechen Institut, (HeidelAstronomy (see also Radioastronomy; 

Star), 39, 40, 63, 65, 95, 121, 125, 

339, 384 

berg, W. Germany), 220 

gamma-ray, 151, 263 

optical, 95, 219 

solar, 11, 79,87, 137, 156, 174,187, 274, 

star catalog, 107 

ultraviolet, 18, 79, 138, 145, 182, 190, 

x-ray, 79,89,96,219, 229, 319,328,347, 

See Air Transport Association of 

278, 337, 341, 346, 347 

241, 242, 295, 352 

373 

America. 

graph Co. 

AdaDter. 

Astrophysical Journal, 141, 229 ATA. 

AT&T. See American Telephone & TeleAtacama Desert, Chile, 202 

Atda. See Augmented Target Docking 

Athen; (missile), 342, 367 

Athens, Greece, 206 

Atlantic City, N. I., 52, 136, 233 

Atlantic Ocean, 235, 247, 269, 290, 308 

Atlantic Research Co 117 

Atlas (booster), 92, 9z'i21, 180, 182, 193, 

202, 213, 243, 290, 378 

D, 320 

Atlas (missile), 54 

D, 108 

F, 261 

Atlas-Agena (booster), 92, 380 

Gatv 9, 180-181 

launch, 180 

Agena B (OGO 111), 209 

Agena D ATS I, 367 

Ers satellites, 212, 272 

Lunar Orbiters, 257, 263, 340 

OVl-IV, v, 121 

Secor sateliites, 212, 272, 312 

unidentified, 20, 54, 106, 121, 132, 

143, 178,208,238,268,293,319, 

337, 367 

high-reliability Agena, 213 

Atlas-Centaur (booster) (see also Centaur), 

58,238,380,385 

AC-7, 296 

AC-8, 120, 131, 164 

AC-9, 329 

AC-10, 164, 196 

See A 0110 Telescope Mount. 

artilcial, 12, 13, 285, 339 

meteorological experiments, 3, 221, 260, 

Atm. 

Atmos here tee also Ionos here) 

265. 276. 342. 360. 364 

grenade, 23,39,51,161,164,216,226, 

upper, study of, 59, 79, 237, 267, 276, 

3.77 

260, 307, 310 

Atomicbomb, 232, 246 

Atomic clock, 353 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (see also NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion 

Office, Snap, Nerva, Rover, and Vela 

programs), 19, 41, 128, 147, 165 

accelerator, 10, 376 

annual re ort 35 

Argonne kational Laboratory, 142, 240 

award. 259 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 10, 

budget, 24, 171 

225, 257 

coniiract, 112 

cooperation, 42, 82, 240, 336, 360 

National Reactor Testing Station, 13, 276 

nuclear reactor, 13, 56-57 

nuclear rocket engine, 42, 52, 82, 103, 

nuclear test, 49, 342, 366 

Oak Ridge National Institute, 243 

radioisoto e generator, 83, 112, 227 

space nucrear ower, 27, 56, 273 

Atomic Industria! Forum, 336 

Ats. See Applications Technology 

Satellite. ATS I (Ats-B) (Applications Technology 

Satellite), 367, 369, 372, 385 

Auburn, Mass., 103, 263, 350 

Auburn Univ., 365, 379 

Augmented Target Docking Adapter (Atda), 

AURORA 7 (spacecraft), 107 

Aurora borealis, 95, 137, 299, 352 

Austin, Tex., 287 

Australia, 288, 315 

115, 14.5, 211, 336, 385 

8, 181, 202,206 

good-will tour, 54, 95 

INTELSAT 11-A transmissions, 360, 365 

international cooperation, 123, 191, 

267, 329 

tracking stations, 64, 162, 234 

Automatic Mechanical Translator 

(AMTRAN), 81 

Automatic Picture Transmission (Apt), 70, 

178, 284, 368 

Avco Corp., 230,264,327, 359 * 

AVCS. See Advanced Vidicon Camera 

System. 

Aven. Alex P.. 173 

AviaGon /Spa&Writers' Assn., 166, 

191-192, 223, 275, 378 
436 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Aviatwn Week and Space Technology 

aviation, 143, 197, 308 

defense, 49,72, 213,243 

Government, 19,128,317 

international, 220,285, 334, 356 

space, 2,11,96,149,150, 171,232-233, 

250, 261, 273, 295 

Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika, 55 AVLABS. See Army Aviation Materiel 

Laboratories. 

Awards 

civic, 331 

Government, 43, 50, 57, 77, 117, 218, 

223, 259, 304, 314, 380 

institutions, 22, 140, 324, 377 

societv 

aerAnautics, 20, 166, 188, 208, 235, 

astronautics, 103, 225, 235, 321 

engineering, 145, 213, 230, 296 

medical. 215 

298, 301, 308, 323, 374 

military, 168, 294 

science, 376, 380 

Awls. See All-weather landing system. 

Ax-4 (balloon), 319 

Aykovlev, Col. Gen. Alexander (U.S.S.R.), 

B 

118 

B-52 (Stratofortress), 168, 377 

M2-F2 flights, 114, 237, 244, 264, 274, 

284,293, 297,298,306,312, 319, 330, 

348 

Bacchus, Utah, 226 

Backus, George E., 52 

Bahrein Island, 219 

Baikonur, U.S.S.R., 121, 223, 324, 372 

Bailey, F. John, 149 

Baja California, 297 

Bak-11 (barrier arresting component 

device), 180 

Baldwin, Robert H. B., 13 

Ball, Robert S., Memorial Award, 166 

Balloon, 185,251 

accident, 161 

award. 225 

high-h&de, 152, 153, 242, 263, 275 

record, 40, 237, 319 

weather, 3, 89, 141, 168, 195, 287, 333 

Baltimore, Md., 134, 167, 325 

Baltimore Sun, 5, 210, 381 

Bangkok, Thailand, 72 

Barabashov, Nikolay, 47 

Barber, Richard J., 165 

Barbon, Dr. Roberto, 287 

Barium, 299, 301 

Barnes, Tracy, 289 

Barron, Paul A., 139,396 

Barstow, Calif., 211, 263 

Bartholemew, C. S., 134 

Bascom, Willard N., 154 

Bassett, Capt. Charles A., I1 (USAF), 14, 72, 

Bastin, J. A., 316 

Battelle Memorial Institute, 379 

76, 85, 110 

Baum, Dr. Werner A., 293 

Bazykin, Prof. Victor, 12 

BBC. See British Broadcasting Corp. 

Beachey, Lincoln, 383 

Beale AFB, Calif., 9 

Beaudry, Col. Emil G. (USAF), 78 

Becker, H. S., 284 

Becklin, Eric E., 277 

Beecher, William, 200 

Belai. U. E.. 318 

Belew, Leland F., 235, 315 

Belgium, 125, 191,210,220 

Belka (dog), 154 

Bell AerosDace CorD., 78, 106. 225 

Bell AeroGstems Ck.; 168 . Bell, Rep. Alphonzo, 128 

Bell Telephone Laboratories, 31, 51, 329, 

mn 

Bei& William S., 232 

Belossov, Dr. Vladimir V., 251 

Belton, M. J. S., 9 

Belyayev, Col. Pave1 (U.S.S.R.), 92, 107 

Bendix Corp., 104, 210, 244, 261, 288 

Bendix Field Engineering Co., 315 

Bennett, Dr. Ivan L., Jr., 111, 328 

Bennett, Robert A., 251 

Benton, Dr. George S., 111 

Bergeron, Prof. Tor, 210 

Berkeley, Calif., 221, 283 

Berkner, Dr. Lloyd V., 146, 251, 315 

Berlin, Germany, 324 

Berman, Col. Robert A. (USAF) 294, 

Blue Book, Project, 326 

Berry, Dr. Charles A., 8,134,166,208,225, 

Berry, William R., 237 

Beverly Hills, Calif., 299 

Bhabha, Dr. Homi J., 46,85 

Bhagavantam, Dr. S., 106 

Binder, Alan B., 187 

Bioastronautics. See Space biolog . Biology and the Exploration of Mars Jeport), 

294, 318, 323 

199 

Biosatellite (program), 84, 187 BIOSATELLITE I (Biosatellite A), 374 

Bioscience. See Space biology. 

Birmin ham, Ala., 312 

BIS. !ee British Interplanetary Society 

Bisplinghoff, Dr. Raymond L., 26, 74, 128, 

B'urstedt, H. B., 318 

Bl ack and Decker Tool Co., 78 

Blackman, A. W., 27 

Blagonravov, Dr. Anatoli A., 28, 46, 173, 

159, 223, 280, 307, 362 

175. 287 

Blanchard, Gen. William H. (USAF), 199 

Blessley, L/C R. C. W. (USAF), 116 

Bleymaier, B /G Joseph S. (USAF), 113 .. Blobm, Harold L., 192 

Blossom Point, Md., 307 

Blue Book, Project, 112,118,130, 325,326 

Blue Streak (British rocket), 190 BMWF. See German Ministry of Scientific 

Research. 

Service. 

BNS. See Broadcasters Nonprofit Satellite 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 437 

BOAC. See British Overseas Airways Corp. BOB. See Budget, Bureau of. 

Bochum Observatory (W. Germany), 45, 

104, 109, 126 

Boeing Co., 134 

anniversary, 241 

booster, 223 

contract, 3, 85, 115, 194, 244, 249, 332 

‘et engine inlet, 199 

kunar Orbiter, 49 

supersonic transport, 85, 215, 225, 264, 

286, 296, 299, 307, 323, 334, 341, 

383 

Vertol Div., 17 

Boeing 707 (jet aircraft), 143, 145 

Boeing 720 (jet aircraft), 143 

Boeing 727 (jet aircraft), 64 

Boeing 747 (jet aircraft), 137, 143, 250 

Boeing, William F., 383 

Bogard, Dr. Howard M., 88 

Boggs, Rep. Hale, 224 

Bogotl, Colombia, 316 

Bolivia, 297 

Bollerud, Col. Jsck (USAF), 54 

Bolling AFB (D. C.), 123 

Bomarc (missile), 275 

Bomber aircraft, 61, 72, 153, 168 

Bonn, W. Germany, 303 

Bonney, Walter T., 36 

Bono, Phil, 318 

Boone, Adm. William F., 1, 198 

Boosted Arcas (sounding rocket), 15, 87, 

178, 185, 187, 249, 253, 277, 

Boosted Dart (sounding rocket), 14,15,253 

Booz-Allen Applied Research, Inc., 376 

Borman, L/C Frank (USAF), 87, 144, 203 

award, 208, 226, 259, 374 

good-will tour, 54, 61, 66, 69, 72, 95 

interview, 12, 16, 170 

306, 379 

Boron fiber, 77 

Boston Globe, 21 

Boston, Mass., 235, 330, 332 

Boulder, Colo., 133 

Boushey, Homer A., 259 

Bow, Re . Frank T., 84 

Bowers, fack A., 354 

Boy Scouts of America, 169 

Boyd, Alan S., 362 

Boynton, Melbourne W., Award, 225 

Bozajian, John, 250 

Bradner, Hugh, 52 

Bradt, Hale, 229 

Branch, M /G Irving H. (USAF), 3 

Brand, Vance D., 127 

Bratchell, G. E., 354 

Brazil, 14,22,154, 161,252,260,265,297, 

310,320, 347, 373 

Brazilian Space Commission (CNAE), 14, 

161,252,310, 320, 347, 373 

Brenner, Edward J., 319 

Bretign Tracking Center (France), 56 

Brevarl (County) Building and Construction Trades Council, 240 

Brewer, Frank G., Trophy, 210 

Brewer, Jack D., 330 

Brewer, L /C Martin H. (USAF), 294 

Brewster, Sen. Daniel B., 20 

Brewster Flat, Wash., 179 

Brezhnev, Leonid I., 94, 356 

Brighton, U. K., 189 

Bristol Siddeley Engines, Ltd., 235 

British Aircraft Corp., 356 

British Assn. for the Advancement of 

British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC), 287 

British Interplanetary Society (BIS), 45 

British Meteorological Office, 199 

British National Space Research CommitBritish Overseas Airways Corp. (BOAC), 

British Research Council, 329 

Brizendine, John C., 330 

Broadcasters Nonprofit Satellite Service 

Bromberg, Jack L., 317 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 10, 116, 

Brooks AFB, Tex., 203 

Brooks, Col. Allison (WAF), 164 

Brooks, Melvin, 115 

Brown, Ed, 111, 183 

Brown, Gov. Edmund, 275 

Brown Engineering Co., 130 

Brown, Rep. George E., 246 

Brown, Dr. Harold, 113, 122, 130, 138, 

Brownell, Charles, 78 

Brush Instruments Co., 216 

Buchwald, Dr. Julius, 88 

Buckley, Edmond C., 1, 83, 157 

Budget, Bureau of (BOB), 112, 128, 258, 

Buenos Aires, Argentina, 60 

Buffalo, N. Y.. 330 

Science, 285 

tee, 114, 118 

143, 145 

(BNS), 256 

225, 257 

150, 199, 219, 232, 264, 335, 366 

278, 364 

Bulgaria, 214. 

Bull, Lt. John S. (USN), 127 

Bundy, McGeorge, 270, 370 

Bunker, George M., 354 

Burcham, Dr. Donald P., 198 

Bureau of Ships (USN), 13 

Burke, Walter F., 354 

Burma. 60 

Burroughs, Richard Hansford, Test Pilot 

Bush, Edgar G., 208 

Bush, Dr. Vannevar, 155 

Butler, Herbert I., 43 

Butler, Stuart Thomas, 251 

Bykovsk Valery F., 55 

Byram, I? T., 80 

Byrd, Sen. Harry F., Jr., 12 

Award, 20 

C 

C-5A (cargo transport), 35, 58, 37? 

C-124 (cargo aircraft), 7 

C-133 (Cargomaster), 333 

C-141 Starlifter (cargo iet), 66 CAAGS. See Civil -A&ation Assistance 

Groups. 
$38 ASTRONAUTICS AND 

California Institute of Technology (Cal 

Tech), 2,29,90,96,124,128,152,230, 

Los Angeles (UCLA), 32,128,142,320,837 

San Diego, 7, 27 

Callaghan, Richard L., 2 

Cal. Tech. See California Institute of 

Technology. 

Calvin, Melvin, 90 

Cambridge Astro hysical Observatory. See 

Smithsonian eambridge Astrophysical 

Observator . Cambridge latalog of Radio Objects, 

Third, 253 

Cambridge, Mass., 37, 342 

Cambridge Research Laboratories. See Air 

Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. 

Cambridge Univ., 57 

Camera (see also Advanced Vidicon 

Camera System; Automatic Picture 

Transmission System; SURVEYOR I; 

LUNAR ORBITERS I and 11) 

COSMOS CXXII, 308 GEMINI VIII, 107 

K-24 ballistic, 114, 118 

reconnaissance, 289 

lunar, 11,12,252 

miniature, 234 

Cameron, Roy E., 202 

Camm. Sir Svdnev. -, 94 ~ -,> - 

Camp Roberts, Calif., 361 

Canada, 43, 63, 94, 252, 353, 357 

Canadian Aeronautics and Soace Institute, 94 

Canadian Defence Research Board Telecommunications Establishment, 313 

Canadian National Research Council, 252, 

348 

Canadian Overseas Telecommunication 

Corp., 126 

Canberra, Australia, 64 

Cannon, Dr. Robert H., Jr., 298, 362 

Canopus (star), 203, 262, 340 

Cape Canaveral National Seashore, 15 

Ca e Kenned , Fla. (see also Eastern Test 

iange and kennedy Space Center), 244, 

303 

Catholic Univ., 365 

Causse, Jean-Pierre, 188 

Cavanagh, Mayor Jerome P., 366 CBS. See Columbia Broadcasting System. 

Cedar Crest College, 325 

Celestial mechanics, 83 

Centaur (booster) (see also Atlas-Centaur), 

298 

Centaure (French sounding rocket), 87, 

Center for Nuclear Studies, 370 

Centre National #Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 

Centre National #Etudes des T61BcomCentre National de la Recherche Scienti124, 253, 299, 327, 352 

188,195,323 

munications, 20 

fique, 264 

Research. CEBN. See European Center for Nuclear 

training, 14, 178, 198 

Cesium en ine, 336 

Cessna 2Of (li ht aircraft), 134 

Cetus (constelfation), 287 

Chaffee, Dr. R. R., 136 

Chaffee, LCdr. Roger B. (USN), 00" 

Cernan, LCdr. Eugene A. (USN), 379 

award, 251 

GEMINI IX-A (Gemini IX), 110, 180, 

209, 213, 219,236, 

110, 

206, 

144, 331 

Chamberlin, James A., 354 

Chamical Rocket Range, Argentina, 154, 

Cham ine, Robert, 253 

ChanJasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 380 

Chaparral (missile), 267 

Chapman, Dr. J. H., 353 

Charyk, Dr. Joseph V., 131, 172, 221 

Chavanac, Mayor Albert, 191 

Chemistry, 1 

Cheng, Dr. Chu-yuan, 30 

Cheng, Richard, 250 

Chevalier, Roger, 188 

Chew, Peter, 13 

Cheyenne Mountain, Colo., 32 

Chicago American, 294 

253 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 439 

Chile, 94, 162,202, 297 

Chimpanzee, 336 

China, 381 

China, Communist, 325 

engineers, 30 

missile, 331, 355 

nuclear test, 172, 331, 382 

scientist exchange, 77 

scientists, 30 

Christchurch, New Zealand, 89, 168 

Christian Science Monitor, 28, 122 

Chrysler Corp., 5, 22, 122, 178, 250, 255, 

Chubb, T. A., 80 

Churchill Research Range, Canada, 252 

263,267,353,378 

__--_- laiinrh 

Aerobee, 60, 150 

Nike-Apache, 50, 55, 95, 237, 245, 

Nike-Cajun, 23, 39,51, 161,164,216, 

260,274,284,292 

221.226. 260. 265 

Nike-Tomahawk; 137, 283, 293 

Churchman’s Club, Baltimore, 167 

Cincinnati, Univ. of, 252 

“Cit of San Francisco” (balloon), 237 

6‘ ivi .r Aeronautics Board (CAB), 159, 180, 

Civil Aviation Assistance Groups (CAAGS), 

Claggett, C. Thomas, Jr., 314 

Claremont, Calif., 232 

Clark, Evert, 57, 95, 294, 333, 348, 368, 

227 

34 

376 

Clark, Dr. John F., 44, 166, 264,315 

Clark, Sen. Joseph, 190 

Clark Univ., 208, 314 

Clear air turbulence (Cat), 23, 3 881 

Clear Lake (Tex.) Chamber of Commerce, 

325 

Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and 

Technical Information, 235 

Cleaver, Arthur V., 189 

Clemence, Dr. Gerald M., 252 

Clock, atomic, 353 

Cloud, 267 

noctilucent, 252, 260, 266 

photographs, 7, 310,365, 369 

Cloud, James D., 250 

Cm. See Command module. 

CNAE (Comissao Nacional de Atividades 

Espaciais) . See Brazilian Space Commission. 

CNES. See Centre National #Etudes 

Spatiales. 

CNIE (Comisi6n Nacional de Investigaci6nes .Espaciales). See Argentine Space 

Commission. 

Cobb, Dr. James C., 116 

Cobb, Roland W., 151 

Cocoa Beach, Fla., 89 

COESA. See Committee on Extension to the 

Standard Atmosphere. 

Coggan, B. F., 34 

Colbert, Ralph, 250 

Coleman Bros. Co 332 

Coleman, Paul J.,%: 151 

Col ate Univ., 117 

Colfege of William and Mary, 365 

College Park, Md., 273 

Collier, Robert J., Trophy, 324 

Collins, Maj. Michael (USAF), 27, 240, 246, 

Collins, Wayne, 367 

Collision, 263-264, 284, 317-318, 320 

Colloquium of Law of Outer Space, 317 

Colombia, 297, 316 

Colorado, 341 

Colorado S rings, Colo., 139, 215 

Colorado, 8niv. of, 315 

Colorado Women’s College, 107, 138 

Columbia, Mo., 350 

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 256, 

287,327 

Columbia Univ., 10, 57, 150, 163, 258, 

279, 286, 302, 3%, 343, 377, 378 

Nevis Laboratory, 225 

Columbus, Christopher, 298 

Columbus Da , 298 

Columbus, Olio, 134 

Colwell, Arch T., Merit Award, 213 

Comet, 235, 260,277, 287 

Comisi6n Nacional de Investigaci6n del 

Espacio (CONIE) (Spain), 15 

Comisi6n Nacional de Investigacibnes Espaciales (CNIE). See Argentine Space 

Commission. 

Comissao Nacional de Atividades Espaciais 

(CNAE). See Brazilian Space Commission. 

Command module (Cm), 21, 25, 40, 67, 

93, 156, 272, 274, 313 

Commerce, Dept. of, 80, 103, 111, 323, 

354, 381 

Committee on Extension to the Standard 

Atmosphere (COESA), 121 

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), 

173 

Communications. 

dee space, 3, 9, 84, 157, 263 

glolal, 67, 73, 83, 96, 172 

international, 118, 120, 139, 152, 162, 

198, 210, 221, 235, 281, 386 

laser use in, 51, 126, 209 

military use, 35, 200, 220, 323, 362 

Communications satellite (see also individual satellites: EARLY BIRD I, MOLMYA 

I, INTELSAT 11-A, etc.), 180, 223 

248,249,255,306,379 

aeronautical, 91, 120 

agreement, 40, 65, 235 

contract. 20. 142 

cooperaiion,’65, 331 

military, 40,52,200,216,220,321, 323, 

international, 40, 155, 237, 354 

362, 376 

system, 20,83 

domestic, special purpose, 81, 131, 

foreign, 149; 271, 325, 353 

global, 67, 172, 287, 331, 376 

182,287,360 

INTELSAT 11-A, 331 

146, 256, 270, 278, 288, 375 

transmission via, 46, 152, 154, 162-163, 

launch 
MO ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Initial Defense Communications SatMOLNIYA I (3), 149 

MOLNNA I (4), 325 

ellite Program, 216 

use of, 98, 118, 162-163, 278, 338 

Corp), 83,118, 125, 165, 199 

contract, 20, 142, 179, 232 

Communications Satellite Corp. (ComSatEARLY BIRD I, 65, 67, 83, 122, 252, 331 

revenue, 125,252 

transmission, 237, 278, 350 

Gemini recovery, 86,179,207,290, 

332 

grounditation, 122, 131, 152, 199, 314, 

331,350,368 

INTELSAT 11-A (((‘LANI BIRD”), 331, 341, 

360, 365, 385 

rates, 311, 327 

Research and Development Center, 221, 

337 

sat-eiiite program, 46, 67, 73, 114, 136, 

146,197,256,278,287,288,375 

services, 237, 311, 365 

test, 237, 360 

Communications blackout, 88, 330, 367 

Communist Party Con ress, 125 

Compania Telefhnica 8acionale de Espana 

Compagnie Francaise Thomson-Houston, 

Comprehensive Designers, Inc., 288 

Computer Sciences Corp., 169, 223 

Computers, 348 

(CTNE), 97 

239 

foreign use, 372 

NASA, 9, 81, 104, 165, 169, 233, 262, 

universities, 220 

Concorde (U.K. - France) supersonic 

transport, 19, 21, 43, 123, 143, 189 

194,226,233,289,354 

Condon, Dr. Edward U., 315 

Condor (missile), 227 

Conference on Biomedical Knowledge, 

Congress, 80, 83, 119, 131, 138 

265, 267, 273, 275, 291-292, 298 

328 

AEC report to, 35 

budget request, President’s 23-24 

NASA budget, 23-24 

State of Union message to, 14 

Congress, House of Re resentatives, 12, 

19, 49, 119, 171, 2f1, 215, 224, 227, 

244, 274, 359 

bills introduced, 84, 288 

bills assed, 163, 171, 172, 228, 244, 

24$ 247, 279 

Committee on Ap ropriations, 54-55, 

166, 171, 182, 2f1, 213, 

Committee on Armed Services, 87, 116, 

130 

Committee on Civil Service, Subcommittee on Manpower, 258-259 

Committee on Government Operations, 

Subcommittee on Military Operations, 111, 323 

Committee on Science and Astronautics, 

10, 28-29, 59, 76, 90, 91, 92, 116, 

127, 143, 232-233, 281, 291, 325, 

357-358. 359 

Subcommittee on Advanced Research 

and Technology, 62, 66, 81, 83-84 

88-89 

Subcommittee on Manned Space 

Flight, 59,64A5,273 

Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, 

180. 272.280 

Subcommikee on S ace Science and 

Applications, 56, 82-64, 65-66, 71, 

75-76, 113, 200, 244, 275, 308 

Congress, Senate, 20, 32, 34, 89, 187, 212, 

227,247,261,266,273 

bills introduced, 21, 167 

bills passed, 190, 227, 247, 263 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences, 12, 70-71, 80-81, 91, 176, 

208, 373 

Committee on Appropriations, 122, 257, 

263 

Committee on Armed Services, 72, 122, 

145 

Commitee on Commerce, Subcommittee on Communications, 270 

Committee on Foreign Relations, 271 

Committee on Finance, 21 

Committee on Government Operations, 

Subcommittee on Government Research, 179 

Committee on Judiciary, 268 

gaci6n del Espacio. 

Congressional Record, 12, 119 CONIE. See Comisi6n Nacional de InvestiConnes, Dr . Pierre, 264, 322 

Connes, Dr. Janine, 264, 322 

Connor, John T., 77, 111 

Conrad, LCdr. Charles, Jr. (USN), 7,54, 60, 

Construction Industry Joint Conference, 

Contamination, 75 

Contract (see also under agencies, such as NASA, USAF, etc.) 

cost-plus-award-fee, 223, 235, 257, 315, 

cost-plus-fixed-fee, 224, 257,262, 383 

cost-plus-incentive-fee, 130, 257, 165- 

fixed-price, 85, 142, 145, 176, 195, 215, 

fixed-price-incentive-fee, 334, 368, 375 

fixed-price letter, 375 

incentive-fee, 85, 90, 244, 353 

sole source, 321 

university, 247, 251, 315, 328 

Control Data Corp., 157, 165, 215, 258 

Convair 990 (jet aircraft), 153, 154 

Cooke, Richard, 382 

Cooper, George, 352 

Cooper, L/C L. Gordon (USAF), 7, 54, 60, 

Cooper,. B /G Paul T. (USAF), 268,354 

Copernicus (moon crater), 344 

Coralie (rocket engine), 356-357 

Cornell Univ., 10 

110,290,293,294,304,379 

364 

330 

166, 169, 224, 255, 352, 353 

220,223,298,338,375 

105,219 
41 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Corona, 241, 272 

Co s pf Engineers. See Army Corps of 

Cortright, Edgar M., 56, 75-76, 120, 315, 

Cosmic dust, 9, 328 

Cosmic rays, 85, 86, 133, 151, 264, 279, 

“Cosmic rubble,” 279 

Cosmology, 47 

Cosmonaut, 20, 55,6041, 70, 92, 

Zggmeers. 

325-326,359 

336 

169-170, 193,306, 323 

anniversary, 135-136 

extravehicular activity, 20, 107, 318 

interview, 135-136, 214, 237, 330 

scientists as, 327 

space coo eration, 10,109-110,248-249 

space fliglt, effects of, 60, 285 

Cosmonautics Da 135-136 

CosMpOs Lxxx (u. 2 S. R. satellite), 2 

VOSKHOD I1 ilight, 12-13, 107 

COSMOS LXXXI, 2 COSMOS LXXXII, 2 COSMOS LXXXIII, 2 COSMOS LXXXIV, 2 COSMOS C, 2 

COSMOS CP, 22 COSMOS CIV, 8 

COSMOS CVI, 27 COSMOS CVII, 51 COSMOS CVIII, 51 

COSMOS cx, 60-61, 69, 84, 91, 102, 138 

COSMOS CXII, 104 

COSMOS CXIV, 130 

COSMOS CXVI, 152 COSMOS CXVII, 168 COSMOS CXVIII, 175 

COSMOS cm, 218 

COSMOS CXXIII, 235 

COSMOS CXXV, 246 

COSMOS CXXVII, 261 COSMOS CXXVIII, 277 

COSMOS cxxx, 325 

COSMOS CXXXIII, 356 COSMOS cxmv, 366 COSMOS cxxxv, 372 

COSMOS CXXXVII, 378 COSPAR. See Committee on Space 

Cotton, Col. Joseph F. (USAF), 136, 158, 

Coughlin, William J., 25, 112, 162, 214, 

COSMOS CIX, 59 

COSMOS CXI, 75 

COSMOS CXIII, 110, 121 

COSMOS CXV, 144 

COSMOS CXIX, 190 COSMOS CXX, 211 

COSMOS CXXII, 223, 269, 271, 308 

COSMOS CXXIV, 240 

COSMOS CXXVI, 252 

COSMOS CXXIX, 321 

COSMOS CXXXI, 347 COSMOS CXXXII, 352 

COSMOS CXXXVI, 378 

Research. 

264, 338, 354, 378 

272,348, 352 

Council of Economic Advisers, 350-355 

Council on Higher Education (D. C.), 55 

Courant, Dr. Richard, 52 

Courter, Robert F., 78 

Cousins, Frank, 51 

Covington, Osro H., 354 

Crab Nebula, 263 

Craig, E. B., 361 

Crater Lake, Ore., 299 

Crawler-transporter. See Kennedy Space 

Center (NASA). 

Cronkite, Walter, 17 

Crowell, Gen. Benedict, Gold Medal, 341 

Cryogenics, 55, 77, 114 

Crystal fibers, 250 CTNE. See Compania Telefdnica 

Nacional de Espana. 

Cuba, 193, 334,376 

Cuddeback Dry Lake, Calif., 313 

Culver City, Calif., 132 

Cunningham, R. Walter, 144,306,351 

Curtis, Sen. Carl T., 227-228 

Curtiss-Wright Corp.. 72. 353 

Cygnus (co&teUatibi), radiation sources, 

79-80. 151 

Czechosiovak Academy of Sciences, 231 

Czechoslovakia, 92 

D 

D-1 (French satellite), 361 

D-2 (French satellite), 361 

Daddario, Rep. Emilio Q., 64, 214, 359 

Dade County, Fla., 62, 63, 110 

Dallas, Tex., 14, 113, 297 

Dana, William H., 47, 242, 258, 271, 292, 

Daniel, L/C Walter F. (USAF), 251 

Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics, 

Das. See Data automatic subsystem. 

Data, 229, 281 

Data automatic subsystem (Das), 337 

Davies, M. Helen, 315 

Davies, Merton E., 73 

Davies, Richard W., 162, 202 

Davis, Richard, 250 

Day, LeRoy E., 232,354 

Day, Melvin S., 209, 243 

Dayglow, 277 

Dayton, Ohio, 383 

Deep Space Facilities, Goldstone, Calif., 

Debus, Dr. Kurt H., 198, 215, 283 

Deep Space Network (DSN) (NASA), 34484, 

Defense Atomic Support Agency, 311 

Defense Communications Agency (DCA), 

Defense, Dept. of (DOD), 22, 57, 90-91, 

Advanced Research Projects Agency, 

aircraft, 131, 253, 288, 323 

budget, 23-24, 145, 246 

336 

319 

226 

157,261, 263,315 

222,232 

110, 134, 147-148, 178, 236, 251, 

291-292, 332, 382 

322, 376 
42 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

communications satellite system, 40, 

contract, 54 

cooperation, 40, 295, 354 

missile program, 170 

nuclear detection satellite, 322 

s ace rogram, 153, 384 

Degnse Electronics, Inc., 128 

DeFlorez Training Award, 359 

DeGaulle, President Charles (France), 221, 

223, 334, 370 

Delamar Dry Lake, Nev., 168 

Delorme, Jean, 307 

Delta (booster) (see also Thor-Delta and 

Thrust-Augmented Improved Delta), 

192,374 

Delta Scor ii (star), 241 

Dembling, Saul G., 282,378 

Denmark, 125 

Denver, Colo., 107, 177, 315 

Denver Moonwatch, 284-285 

Denver Post, 11 8 

Detroit, Mich., 177, 296 

Deutsche Lufthansa Airlines, 358 

Devons, S., 10 

Diamant (French booster), 52, 55-56, 261 

DIAPASON I (D-IA) (French satellite), 55-56 

Dick, John M., 78 

Dineen, Col. Richard E. (USAF), 218 

Disarmament, 84-85, 97, 302, 304 

DISCOVERER XVII (satellite), 332 

Distance Measuring Equi ment-Instrument Landing System fDme-Ils), 131 

District of Columbia Teachers College, 225 

Djerfisherite (mineral), 287 

Dmu. See Dual-purpose Maneuvering Unit. 

Docking, 17, 99-102, 104, 105-106, 108, 

202, 212, 243, 290, 291, 294, 314, 344 

Documentation, Inc., 273-274 DOD. See Defense, Dept. of. 

Dog experiment, 60-61,84,102, 179, 237, 

Dol 'nov, A. I., 358 

D$ 01 Ronald, 164 

Doolittle, Gen. James H. (USAFR), 27 

Doppler effect, 254 

Dorman, B. L., 380 

Doty, L. L., 285 

Douglas Aircraft Co., 34, 384 

contract, 2, 5, 145, 167, 224, 263, 306, 

316,368, 375, 383 

Delta launch vehicle, 375 

Missile and Space Systems Div., 318, 

353 s ace equipment, 78, 383 

&cramento Test Center, 107, 202 

Saturn V, 107, 202, 224, 252, 261, 306 

200,306,323,361, 

NASA, 7, 29, 43, 110-111, 150, 198, 

303, 334 

R&D, 154, 165, 220,323 

DMS, InC., 172 

318 

Douglass, Howard W., 258 

Dounreay, Scotland, 51 

Dow Chemical Co., 262 

Downey, Calif., 167, 215, 257, 328 

Dragon (French sounding rocket), 322 

Dra er, Dr. Charles S., 26, 317 

Drefl, Dr. Sidne D., 111 

Drinkwater, Freg J., III, 20 

Drummond. Roscoe. 160 

Dr den, Dr: Hugh, L., 20,27,50,148,193, 

l19,225, 305, 315,369 

Dryden, Mrs. Hugh L., 305 

Dryden, Dr. Huh L., Memorial Fund. 305 

DSG. See Dee Space Network. 

Dual- urpose ganeuvering Unit (Dmu) , 22Q 

Duart, Calif., 221 

DuBridge, Dr. Lee A., 29, 329 

Dubrovin, Leonid I., 157 

Dudley, Dr. Seibert, 7 

D:+y Observatory (Albany, N. Y.), 267, 

Duke, Capt. Charles M., Ir. (USAF), 127 

Duke Univ., 25 

Dulles International Airport. 217 

Dunning, Dr. John R., $7 

Dupree, Prof. A. Hunter, 359 

Durant, Okla., 89 

Duthie, J. G. M., 151 

Dynatronics, Inc., 176 

. 

E 

Eaker, L /G Ira C. (USAF, Ret.), 328 

Early, Benjamin N., 103 EARLY BIRD I (INTELSAT I) (communications 

revenue, 125-126, 252 

transmission, 237, 278, 350 

satellite), 65, 67, 83, 122, 252, 331 

Gemini recovery, 86, 179, 207, 290, 

332 

Earth, 150, 302, 305 

infrared data, 176, 178, 251, 257, 

magnetic field, 86, 146 

magnetic tail, 86, 301, 358 

photographs of, 7, 265, 294, 297, 355, 

East Central Florida Planning Council, 15 

East Grand Forks, Minn., 228 

Eastern Air Lines, 144, 194 

Eastern Test Range (ETR) (see also Cape 

Kennedy and Kennedy Space Center), 

334 

launch 

Apollo /Saturn 

AS-202,274 

283-284 

369 

AS-201, 6749, 93 

AS-203, 233 

AC-7. 296 

Atlas-Centaur 

AC-8; 131-132 

AC-9. 329 --- -> --- AC-10, 196 

(Atda), 202 

Augmented Target Docking Adapter 

GEMINI VIII. 99-102 

GEMINI IX, 206 

GEMIEPI x, 243, 248 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 43 

GEMINl XI, 248,290 

GEBSINI XII, 340, 344 

Minuteman, 255 

PIONEER VI, 214,301 

satellite, 69-70, 132, 213, 249, 262, 

265, 269, 296, 313, 331, 342, 344, 

365,367 

Titan 111-C, 216, 276 

Eastman Kodak, 284 

Easton, Pa., 140 

Eckert, Dr. Wallace J., 150 

Ecli se, solar, 87, 178, 187, 311, 320, 

Ecole Normale Supkrieure, 339 

“Ecological Technology-Space, Earth, 

Economic Club of Detroit, 296 

Ecs. See Environmental control system. 

Ecuador, 297 

Eddington Gold Medal, 82 

Education, 28-29, 32, 35, 53, 238-239 

Edwards AFB, Calif. (see also Air Force 

3fl-332, 344, 346 

Sea” (symposium), 54 

Flight Test Center) 

flight 

C-130B, 119 

F-104, 111 

F-111A, 116 

M-2-F2 (lifting body vehicle), 

284, 293, 298, 306, 312, 319, 

348, 352, 383 

342, 354,372,376,378 

152-153, 237-238, 244, 264, 

SR-71, 28 

XB-70,5, 16, 136, 158, 184, 211, 

strike, 35 

Edwards. John A.. 354. ,- 383 

Eglin AFB,-FI~., 131 

Egy t. 

EisJe, Donn F., 351 

See United Arab Republic. 

114, 

274, 

330, 

338, 

ELDO. See European Launcher Development Organization. 

Electric rgpulsion. See Engine, electric. 

Electro-8ptical S stems, Inc., 62, 336 

Electron, 237,277,287,292,293,313,328 

auroral producing, 55, 95 

measurement, 237, 277, 283, 287, 292, 

293, 313,328, 346-347 

ELECTRON I (U.S.S.R. satellite), 2 

Electronics Research Center (EBC) (NASA), 

37, 288, 332, 342 

Electrostatic gyroscope (Esg), 353 

Elliott-Automation, 239 

Elms, James C., 288 

Emerson Electric Go., 247 

ENEA. See European Nuclear Energy 

ELECTRON 111, 2 

-_ Agen 

aircraft, 27, 77, 137, 143 

Engine Tee also individual engines, such as F-1, M-1, etc.) 

gas turbine, 143, 326, 362 

jet, 77, 137, 143, 199-200, 249, 273, 

1113 

su ersonic transport, 85-86,109,123, 

599-200, 226, 250, 273, 286, 296, 

383 

chemical, 258 

electric, 27-28, 82, 119-120, 

ion, 89-90. 312, 339 

cesium, 336 

336, 

89-90, 194, 355 

hydromagnetic, 151-152 

nuclear (see also Nerva), 62, 92, 

rocket, 27, 34, 39, 110, 114, 168, 

251, 336,385 

383 

343 

1, 

145, 

241, 

turbo-rocket, 285 

vernier, 296 

Engle, Capt. Joe H. (USAF), 47, 127, 246, 

--. 2SQ 

Environmental control system (Ecs), 332 

Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), 43, 199, 240, 293, 

361, 368 

budget, 24 

cooperation, 103, 127, 168, 267, 321 

Institute for Telecommunications 

Sciences and Aeronomy, 328 

Institutes for Environmental Research, 

111 

Na&al Disaster Warning System, 77 

Office of Hydrology, 379 

Project Stormfur 267 

satellite, 41, 69-& 103, 310, 321, 365, 

385 

solar eclipse expedition, 311 

sounding rocket, 127, 328 

195 

Eole (meteorological forecasting project), 

Epsilon Canis Majoris (star), 295 

Epstein, L. M., 289 

EBC. See Electronics Research Center 

Eremea, George, 302 

Erkd, Chancellor Ludwig (W. Ger.), 303, 311 

Eros (Earth Resources Observation 

ERS-xv (research satellite), 272 

ERS XVI, 212 

Es See Electrostatic gyroscope. 

Et s leman, Dr. von R., 199 

ESRO. See European Space Research 

ESSA. See Environmental Science 

ESSA I (meteorological satellite), 41,43,82, 

ESSA II, 70, 79, 103, 365 

ESSA III, 310, 321, 365 

ETR. See Eastern Test Range. 

Euboea (Greek island), 87 

Euratom. See European Atomic Energy 

Europa (booster), 348, 357 

Europa I (ELDO booster), 190, 214, 236, 

Europe (see also European Launcher 

Development Organization; European 

Satellite) project, 297 

Organization. 

Services Administration. 

308 

Community. 

348,357 
444 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Space Research Organization; Eurospace), 15,41, 239, 257, 275, 307 

cooperation, 73 

European Atomic Energy Community 

(Euratom), 133,189,285-286,303,307, 

311 

European Broadcasting Union, 287 

European Center for Nuclear Research 

European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), 41, 189, 285, 361 

(CERN), 286 

launch, 190,348,356-357 

policy, 156, 211, 214, 220, 236 

European Satellite Team, 239 

European Space Research Organization 

(ESRO), 11, 87, 124, 133, 208, 299, 307, 

352, 354,356, 383 

European Space Symposium, le3 

Eurospace, 96, 307 

Eva. See Extravehicular activity. 

Evans, LCdr. Ronald E. (USN), 127 

EXAMETNET. See Inter-American Experimental Meteoroloeical Rocket Network. 

Exce tional Service"Medal (NASA), 218, 

223, 255 

Exhibit, 312 

Exobiology, 198-199 

Experimental Aircraft Assn., 308 

EXPLORER XXVIII (Imp-C) (satellite), 

EXPLORER xxx (IQSY Solar Explorer) 

EXPLORER XXXII (AE-B) (aeronomy 

150-151 

(satellite), 174 

satellite). 192. 276. 385 

EXPLORER 'XXXIII (Imp-D) (satellite), 231, 

Explorer's Club, 383 

Extraterrestrial life, 40, 74, 141, 171, 174, 

Extra-terrestrial Research Agency, 154 

Extravehicular activity (Eva), 104, 316, 

358, 385 

189,241,264,322,366 

374 

eqirment, 12,17,78-79,225,251,301, 

3&-305, 317, 353-354 GEMINI VIII, 92, 100 

GEMINI IX-A, 202, 207, 218 

GEMINI x, 243-244, 248, 255 

GEMINI XI, 290,293, 294,301 

GEMINI XII, 344, 353-354 

hydrogen 'tank. conversion experiment, 

U.S.S.R., 20, 107, 318 

167, 272 

F 

F-1 (rocket engine), 115, 352 

F-4B (Phantom 11) (fighter aircraft), 211 

F-104 (Starfighter) (aircraft), 111, 211, 

F-4E, 323 

F-4J. 195 

263 

F-l04G, 183, 256, 367, 378 

F-106 (Delta Dart), 198 

F-111 (supersonic fighter), 61, 288 

F-111A, 77, 116, 288 

F-111B, 21, 

FAA. See Federal Aviation Agency. 

Fabbrica Italiana A arecchi Radio, 239 

Faget, Dr. Maxime g., 166 

Fairbanks, Alaska, 257, 356 

Fairchild Hiller Corp., 77, 264 FAITH 7 (spacecraft), 105 

Fairchild, Sherman, Technology Center, 

Falcon (fan-jet aircraft), 302 

Falmouth, Mass., 5 

Farnsworth, Clyde H., 136 

Fast Deployment Logistic Fleet (Fdl) proFad, Dr. Henry, 139, 208 

FB-111 (su ersonic bomber), 72 FCC. See iederal Communications ComFdl. See Fast Development Logistic Fleet 

322 

gram, 371 

mission. 

" 

Fe!z%Ed Airport Program, 377 

Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), 22, 24, 80, 

143, 227, 261, 340, 343 

air traffic control, 13, 18, 91, 233 

airports, 243, 364, 377 

annual report, 131 

contract, 233, 341 

cooperation, 284, 381 

criticism, 64 

landing system, 66 

noise, aircraft, 133 

statistics, 11, 91, 155, 209, 250 

transport, supersonic (see also Supersonic Transport), 24,84,112, 122- 

123, 128, 131, 143, 200-201, 296 

design and development, 85-86, 286, 

299, 307, 323, 332, 334, 343, 383 

(FCC), 81, 179 

Federal Communications Commission 

approvals, 126, 332, 365 

briefs filed with, 256, 288, 360, 371, 375 

ComSatCorp, 142, 146, 152, 176, 197, 

199, 233, 235, 311, 314, 327, 331, 

350, 365, 368, 375 

mound stations. 278. 314 

yequests to, 46; 67,' 73, 90, 122, 152, 

Federal Council for Science and Technol176,270,321,331, 341,365 

ogy, 31, 34 

Federal Electric Corp., 261 

Federal Executive Board. 238 

Federal Woman's Award; 77 

FkdCration ACronautique Internationale 

F&iorenko, Ambassador Nikolay T., 198 

Fels Planetarium, 366 

Feoktisov, Konstantin Petrovich, 136 

Ferguson, Gen. James (USAF), 283 

Fermi, Erico, Award, 259 

Fermi, Enrico, Institute, 141 

Field Enterprises Educational Corp., 161 

Finger, Harold B., 82, 83, 315 

Fink, Daniel J., 111, 153, 220 

Finland, 174 

Fire 

(FAI), 187, 253 

aircraft, 159 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 445 

electrical, 177 

escape system, 250 

Firebee (tar et missile), 267 

“First Soft 8tep” (TV rogram), 198 

Fisher, Adrian S., 85, 87 

Fitch, John, 198 

Flax, Alexander H., 225 

Fleming, William A., 327 

Flemming, Arthur S., Award, 57 

Flight Dynamics Laboratory (AFSC), 87-88 

Flight International, 372 

Flight Research Center (FRC) (NASA) (see 

also Lifting body vehicle; X-15; XB-70) 

14.47. 200 

Flight Safety Foundation, 20 

Flight Safety Review Board, 180-181 

Flight Test Center. See Air Force Flight 

Test Center. 

Florida, 62, 63 

Florida, Univ. of, 29-30 

Flying saucers. See Unidentified flying 

Forster, Wilhelm, Observatory, 121, 324 

Fokker, 239 

Ford Foundation, 229, 256, 270, 288, 327, 

v 

objects (Ufo). 

370 

Ford, Rep. Gerald R., 116 

Ford, Henr , 11, 247 

Foreign Odce (U.K.), 211 

Forman, Edward S., ’124 

Ft. Campbell, Ky., 131 

Ft. Eustis, Va., 253 

Ft. Greely, Alaska, 119 

Ft. Monmouth, N. J., 254 

Foster, Dr. John S., Jr., 29, 43, 90-91, 

Foster, Leslie D., 288 

Foster, Willis B., 61 

Fourier spectroscopy, 264 

France, 20, 43, 264 

200 

atomic bomb, 232, 246, 312 

Concorde (France-U.K. supersonic 

cooperation, 63, 73, 125, 133, 190, 195, 

210, 214, 220, 221, 239, 261, 299, 

348, 370 

U.S.S.R., 227, 261, 281, 334, 348, 

370, 385 

missile, 82, 201 

satellite, 52, 55-56, 94, 384, 385 

sounding rocket, 322, 327, 352 

transport) 43, 233 

launch, 11, 52 

satellite, 233 

space program, 334, 361 

Franklin Institute, 82 

Franzini, Dr. Juliet Lee-, 225, 286 

Franzini, Dr. Paolo, 225, 286 

Frascati, Italy, 37 

FRC. 

Fredericka, Queen Mother (Greece), 317 

Freeman, Orville, 117 

Freeport, Tex., 196 

Freitag, Capt. Robert F. (USN, Ret.), 143, 

French Guiana, 82, 261 

Frese, Col. Gregory C., Jr. (WAF), 294 

See Flight Research Center (NASA). 

177 

Friedman, Dr. Herbert, 79-80, 109, 174 

Friendly, Fred W., 270, 327 

FRIENDSHIP 7 ( acecraft), 105 

Frutkin, Am08 W., 2, 32, 74, 141 

FS-3 (nuclear reactor power system), 

27-28 

Fuchs, Dr. Louis H., 287 

Fuel, 55 

aircraft, liquid methane, 293, 362 

carbon dioxide-water, 120 

cesium, 336 

hydrogen-peroxide, 78 

liquid hydrogen, 55, 222, 385 

liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen, 114,120, 

liquid oxygen-kerosene, 285 

alutonium. 83. 112 

liquid, 57-58 

168, 252 

hush hydrogen, 9-10 

solid, 42, 57-58, 62, 90, 92, 110, 176, 

190, 219, 226, 241, 297, 385 

tank, 328 

liquid hydrogen, 167, 168, 195, 198, 

liquid oxygen, 272, 277 

210, 272, 283 

Fulbright, Sen. J. William, 32, 190 

Fuller, Prof. Buckminster, 311 

Fulton County (Georgia) Airport, 251 

Fulton, Fitzhugh, 338, 372 

Fulton, Rep. James G., 163, 214 

Fulton Recovery System, 164 

Funk, M IG Ben I. (USAF), 268 

G 

Gabriel, David S., 315 

Gagarin, Col. Yuri A. (U.S.S.R.), 20, 

60-61, 135, 193, 214 

Galaxy, 79-80 

Galiko (jet aircraft), 347 

Galveston Island, 36 

Galipeau, George, 308 

Gamma ray, 136137,263 

GAO. See General Accounting 05ce. 

Garbarini, Robert F., 44, 149, 204, 250, 

Gardner, Richard N., 163 

Garmire, Gordon, 229 

Garrard, Dr. W. C. J., 296, 314 

Garrett Corp., 238 

Gary, Ind., 16 

Gas turbine. See Engine. 

Gatv. 

Gaudry, Roger, 229 

Gautschi, Theodore F., 250 

Gay, Clarence C., Jr., 340 

Gazenko, Dr. Ofeg G., 321 

GCA Corp., 19, 214, 239, 274, 292 

GE. See General Electric Co. 

GE 4 (turbo’et engine), 273, 332, 3?3 

Gell-Mann, br. Murray, 152, 329 

Gemini (program), 16, 64, 218, 314, 318, 

367 

See Gemini Agena Target Vehicle. 

338, 352,372 

award, 27, 218, 324 

completion, 344, 349, 384-85 

management, 43 
446 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Gemini (spacecraft), 7-8, 121, 164, 177, 

338 

exhibit, 60,312, 340 

GEMINI WI, 7, 90, 94 

GEMINI V (&pt 7, 105 

GEMINI VI-A fli t), 8, 126 

GEWM W (flig t), 203 

GEMINX IV (fli ht), 105 

GEMIMVIII (fli ht), 8,53,86,104,118,145, 

162, 22 

launch, 99 

preparations, 7, 90, 94, 96 

GEMINI 1x4 (Gemini Ix) (flight), 210,215, 

236 

crew, 72, 85, 110, 

Gatv, 180 

launch, 206 

preparations, 105, 

GEWM x (flight), 27, 

launch. 243 

208,219 

172, 178, 195 

226, 240, 247, 

GEMINI xi (flight), 248, 294, 297 

GEMINI HII (flight), 327, 355, 361 

crew, 110, 293, 301, 304 

launch, 290 

crew, 219, 340, 347, 349 

launch. 344 

248 

Gemini Agena Target Vehicle (Gatv), 8, 

53, 86, 126 

248,255 GATV VIII, 99-100, 104, 115, 118, 243, 

GATV 9, 180 GATV X, 243-244, 248,255 

GATV XI, 290, 297 

GATV XII, 344 

Gemini Mid-Program Conference, 64 

General Accountin Office (GAO), 202 

General Aviation fit Training Standards 

General Dynamics Corp., 11 

Board, 131 

award, 354 

contract, 30, 268, 284, 315, 371 

Convair Div., 54 

missile system, 119 

trackin communications vessel, 47, 214 

General Aectric Co. (GE), 111, 317, 321 

award, 103, 353 

contract, 72, 77, 90, 222, 343, 380 

Industrial Electronics Div., 157 

Missile and Space Div., 239 

Re-Entry Systems Div.. 192 

research, 126, 174, 190 

supersonic transport engine, 86, 249, 

XB-70 accident, 211 

F-111A, 116 

273, 286, 296, 299, 332, 383 

General Electric Co., Ltd., 136 

General Electric Forum, 30% 

General Precision Equipment Corp., 337, 

General Telephone & Electronics Corp., 

361 

361 __- Geneva, Switzerland, 135, 199, 221, 237, 

Gentry, Capt. Jerauld R., 319, 318, 352 

Geodetic satellite, 162, 212,272, 312 

Geological Society of America, 349 

248, 250, 258, 286, 287 

George Washington Univ., 287 

Georgetown Univ., 18 

Gerdes, Ron, 253 

Germantown, Md., 322 

Germany, East, 174, 355 

Germany, West, 25, 210, 307 

aircraft, 53, 183, 256, 367, 378 

Bochum Observatory, 45,104, 109, 126, 

24.R 

cooperation, 73, 125, 190, 191,220, 240, 

Ministry of Scientific Research 

satellite, 176, 342 

sounding rocket, 240, 299, 342 

Wilhelm Forster Observator 121, 324 

Ghost. See Global HorizontaT) Sounding 

Techni ue. Giacconi,(kiccardo, 229 

Giannini Corp., 221 

Giberson, W. Eu ene, 250 

Gill, Dr. Jocelyn%., 77, 215 

Gillespie, Rollin W., 26 

Gilmore Creek, Alaska, 41, 310 

Gilruth, Dr. Robert R., 93-94, 104, 117, 

Ginter, Roll D., 315, 327 

Giordmaine, Dr. Joseph A., 51 

Givens, Maj. Edward G., Jr. (USAF), 127 GISS. 

299, 303, 304, 311 

(BMWF), 299, 301 

321 

See Goddard Institute for Space 

Studies. 

60, 105, 169, 191, 241, 314, 328 

Glenn, Col. John H., Jr. (USMC, Ret.), 54, 

Glennan, Dr. T. Keith, 257,315 

Glider, 124 

Global Horizontal Sounding Technique 

Glod, G. D., 318 

Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), 

(Ghost), 2, 89, 168 

159, 235, 365, 378 

Goddard, Dr. Robert Hutchings, 103, 209, 

Goddard, Robert H.. Award. 27 

263, 350, 383 

Goddard; Robert .H., Historical Essay 

Goddard, Dr. Robert H., Lecture, 97 

Goddard, Robert Hutchings, Library, 314 

Goddard, Robert H., Memorial Trophy 

Goddard Space Center (GSFC), 151, 187, 

Award, 103 

Award, 102 

231, 260, 288, 355, 358, 375 

aeronomy satellite, 192 

award, 57, 315, 354 

contract, 216, 353 

Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H., 

management, 264,289 

personnel, 9, 86, 166, 208, 232 

satellite monitoring 

ATS I, 367, 372 ESSAS I, II, 111, 41, 69-70, 310 NIMBUS 11, 178, 185,349 

Observatory class, 63-64, 181, 209, 

visit, 79 

218, 264, 367 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 447 

Satellite Situation Report, 294, 307, 

337. 384 

Tiros,.145 

astronomical, 18, 80-81, 185, 190, 

atmosphericdata, 50, 55,95,111, 245, 

meteorological, 19, 69, 161, 221, 241, 

micrometeorite collection, 328, 351 

sounding rocket experiments, 80-81 

295 

260,276, 277, 284,313, 341 

265, 276 

grenade, 23, 164,216,252 

radar, 171 

Goethert, Dr. Bernhard H., 316 

Gold, Dr. Thomas, 128 

Goldberg, Arthur J., 237, 246, 258, 271, 

Goldstein, Dr. Richard, 175 

Goldstone Tracking Station, 3, 7, 157, 194, 

291, 298 

226. 372 

Golomb, Solomon W., 363 

Golovin, Dr. Nicholas E., 57, 358 

Goodrich, B. F., Co., 87-88 

Goodwin’s Sandbank, U. K., 354 

Goodyear Aeros ace Cor 

Gordon, LCdr. &chard 8: Jr. (USN), 1 

78, 159 

297, 379 

10, 

award, 304 GEMINI XI, 285, 290, 293 

Eva, 294,301 

Gordon, T. J., 317 

Gorenstein, Paul, 229 

Gorkin, Jess, 10, 248 

Gorman, Harry H., 315 

Goudas, Dr. C. L., 355 

Gould, R. Gordon, 258 

Government Printin Office (GPO), 107 

Graduate Research Eenter of the SouthGrand Canary Island, 97 

Grand Forks AFB, N. Dak., 165 

Grants 

research, 28, 55 

facilities, 128, 147, 287 

Great Silver Medal of Paris, 191 

Greece, 87, 178, 187 

Greek National Committee for Space 

Research, 87, 185 

Green, Re . William, 90 

Green, Wiyliam L., Jr., 202 

Green River, Utah, 342 

Greenstein, Dr. Jesse L., 329 

Gregory, Prof. Richard L., 57 

Grigorov, Prof. Naum, 140 

Grissom, L/C Virgil I. (USAF), 105, 110, 

Gromyko, Andrey A., 227 

Gross, Courtland S., 170 

Gross, F. R., 159 

Gross, Re . H. R., 172 

Grubbs, Jaydon Y., Jr., 60,91 

Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., 145, 

GSFC. See Goddard Space Flight Center. 

Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory, 235 

west, 127, 139 

144, 332 

press conference, 94, 257, 376 

167 

Guggenheim, Daniel, Medal, 94,321 

Guiana Range, Guiana, 361 

Gulf of Mexico, 36, 287 

Gunter, Richard, 250 

Gurjian, A. A., 318 

Gursky, Herbert, 229 

Guthrie, Sir Giles, 143 

H 

H-1 (rocket engine), 130, 169, 227 

Haas, Conrad, 231 

Haeussermann, Dr. Walter, 361 

Hagge, Dr. Donald E., 151 

Haggert James J., Jr., 87, 134, 219 

Haglunz Howard H., 372 

The Ha ue, Netherlands, 354 

Hahn, fir. Otto, 259 

Haise, Fred W., Jr., 127 

Halaby, Najeeb E., 343 

Haley, Andrew G., 281, 289 

Hall, Eldon W., 354 

Hall, Floyd D., 194 

Hall of Aeronautical Propulsion, 236 

Hallett, Robert L., 383 

Halpern, Dr. Irwin P., 195 

Hamma uir Range, Algeria, 52, 55, 94, 

327, $44, 356, 361 

Hammarsk’old, Knut, 156 

Ham ton, ba., 121-122 

Hanier, Prof. Philip, 25 

Haney, Paul P., 76 

Hanscom Field, Mass., 294 

Hansen, Grant L., 315 

Harmon, Col. Clifford B., 259 

Harmon International Aviator’s Trophy, 

Harper, Charles W., 37, 66 

Harr, Dr. Karl G., Jr., 97, 160, 367, 378 

Harris, Sen. Fred R., 89 

Harris poll, 249 

Harris, S dne 242 

Harteck, $r. &uI, 377 

Hartfard Times, 248 

Harvard Univ., 22, 131, 260, 382 

Harvard Univ. Graduate School of 

Business Administration, 369 

Hasp (meteorological rocket), 173 

Haughton, Daniel J., 350, 354 

Hausman, William, 322 

Haut-Provence Observatory, 322 

Hawaii, 83, 222, 311, 360 

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, 38 

Hawaii, Univ. of, 39, 144 

Hawker Siddeley Aviation Co., 356 

Hawker Siddeley Dynamics, Ltd., 191 

Haworth, Dr. Leland J., 34 

Haworth, Michael, 33 

Hayes International Cor 130 

HG130H (cargo aircrafte;’36, 164 . Heale Denis, 40, 61 

Healtz, Education, and Welfare (HEW), 

De t. of, 177, 284 

Hechfer, Rep. Ken, 214 

Hedges, Fielding, 250 

Heidelberg, W. Germany, 220 

259, 374 
448 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Helicopter, 132, 228, 290, 344 

commercial use, 340 

military use, 60, 187, 326 

record, 187, 291 

Heliport, 155 

Helium, 12, 237, 242, 245, 263 

Hello, Bastian, 354 

Henry, William, 118 

Henty, Denham, 64, 123, 162 

Heos (Highly Eccentric Orbiting Satellite), 

Heos A (interplanetary physics satellite), 

Hercules (constellation), 260 

Hercules, Inc., 226 

Herget, Dr. Paul, 252 

Hess, Dr. Harry H., 280, 349, 384 

Hess, Dr. Wilmot N., 57 HEW. See Health, Education, and 

Welfare, Dept. of. 

Hewlett, William R., 111 

Heydon, Rev. Francis J., 160, 341 

Hiatt, William E., 379 

Hibex (High-E Boost Experiment), 15 

High Altitude Background and Signal to 

Noise (Hitab) program, 108, 115-116 

High Resolution Infrared Radiometer 

(Hrir), 178, 284 

Highly Eccentric Orbiting Satellite. See 

Heos. 

208 

383 

Hiibuin, Earl D., 1, 202, 270 

Hill, Gladwin, 93 

Hill, Louis W., Award, 359 

Hill. William. 131 

Hillsdale. Mich.. 116 

Himme1,’Dr. Seymour C., 16 

Hines, William, 7, 154-155, 166, 185 

boosters, 57-58, 241 

manned space flight, 145-146, 193, 295, 

305 

NASA, 37, 123, 220, 375 

Signal to Noise rogram. 

383, 385 

U.S.S.R., 106, 125, 138, 338-339 

Hitab. See High Altitude Background and 

H’ornevik, Wesle E., 166 

Hk-10 (lifting-bo$ vehicle), 19, 135,379, 

Hodge, John D., 100, 115, 354 

Hohmann, Bernhard A., 354 

Holifield, Rep. Chet, 227 

Holland, Sen. Spessard L., 190 

Holloman AFB, N. Mex., 40, 175, 185, 283, 

Holmes, D. Brainerd, 53 

Honest John-Nike (rocket), 275, 340,352, 

342, 336 

37n -.- 

Honeywell, Inc., 60, 92, 264, 298 

Hong Kong, 219 

Honolulu. Hawaii. 77. 106, 134, ,. 366 

Hooker, Ray W., 315‘ 

Hootman, Dr. James A., 317 

Hope, Bob, 129 

Horn, Helmut J., 315 

Horne, Walter B., 213 

Homer, H. M., 308 

Ho; S ring;, Aik,. 330 

Hotz, gobert, 19, 180, 220, 273, 317, 334 

Hough, Richard, 270 

House of Commons, U. K., 289 

Housing and Urban Development, Dept. 

Houston, Tex., 165, 213, 216, 332 

Houston Post, 76, 220, 269 

Houston, Univ. of, 365, 379 

Houston, M /G Vincent G. (USAF), 354 

Hovercraft, 168 

Howick, George J., 12 

Hrir. See High Resolution Infrared Radiof, 80 

ometer. 

HS-303A (communications satellite), 65 

Hsinhua (Chinese ress agency), 172 

Hubbard. Samuel 8.. 377 

ometer. 

HS-303A (communications satellite), 65 

Hsinhua (Chinese ress agency), 172 

Hubbard. Samuel 8.. 377 

Huff, Vearl N., 354 ’ 

Hugh, W. F., 241 

Hughes Aircraft Co., 39, 132, 176, 227, 

260,297, 320,353 

Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H., 28, 

139 

Assistant for Aeronautics and Space 

award by, 215, 324, 374 NASA visit, 43, 79, 125 

science. 239 

Matters, 54 

space program, 44, 103, 119, 125, 302, 

307, 374 

Humphrey, Mrs. Hubert H., 247 

Hunn, Col. Spencer S. (USAF), 294 

Hunter, Willson H., 315 

Huntington Beach, Calif., 202 

Huntsville, Ala., 373 

Hurricane Beulah, 267 

Hurricane control, 267 

Hurricane Esther, 267 

Hutchingson, Henry P., 254 

Hydrogen (see also Fuel), 335 

Hyman, William A., 237 

Hynek, Dr. J. Allen, 112-113, 116, 122, 

255,326,351, 376 

Hypersonic flight, 66 

Hypersonic transport (Hst), 382 

I 

IAF. See International Astronautical FedIAM. See International Association of 

IATA. See International Air Transport 

IAU. See International Astronomical Union. IBM. See International Business Machines 

ICAO. See International Civil Aviation 

Icarus (asteroid), 251 

eration. 

Machinists. 

Association. 

Corp. 

Organization. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 449 

Unions. 

IDA. See Institute for Defense Anal ses. 

IDB. See Inter-American Develo ment iank 

Idcsp. See Initial Defense 8ommunications Satellite Project. IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 

IGY. See International Geophysical Year. 

Ike a-Seki (comet), 277 

I1-[8 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 256 

Illinois, Univ. of, 111, 214 

Im roved capability missile (Icm.), 219 

IC! n la, 106, 163 

Indian Atomic Energ Commission, 46 

Indian Institute of Tecgnology, 253 

Indian National Commission for Space 

Indian Radioastronomy Group, 46 

Indiana, 16 

Information technology, 31, 370 

Infrared. See Earth, infrared data; Instrument, radiometer. 

Initial Defense Communications Satellite 

Project (Idcsp), 40, 200, 216, 276, 361 

Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), 214, 

357 

Institute for the Study of Science in 

Human Affairs, 343 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics 

Engineers (IEEE), 112, 238, 327 

Institute of Geophysics and Planetary 

Physics (UCLA), 17 

Institute of Navigation, 321 

Instituto de Investigacihnes de Geolhgicas 

de Chile, 94 

Instituto Nacional de TCcnica Aeroespacial 

(INTA) (Spain), 15, 137 

Instrument 

Research (INCOSPAR), 234 

__ 

Langmuir probe, 234, 292 

magnetometer, 29,56,83, 129, 221, 234 

microscope, 260 

photometer, 83 

Pitot-static probe, 260, 263, 276 

radiation detector, 83, 129 

radiometer, 2, 176, 178, 238, 257, 268, 

260 

sei&, 21, 61, 175, 289 

spectrometer, 2, 18, 111, 129, 238, 274, 

277. 347 INTA. See Instituto Nacional de TCcnica 

Intelsat. See International TelecommuniINTELSAT I. See EARLY BIRD I. 

BIRD”) (communica41,350,360,365,385 

launch, 331 

Inter-Agency Bird Hazard Committee, 284 

Inter-American Experimental Meteorological Rocket Network (EXAMETNET), 154, 

253 

Znterauia, 335 

Aeroespacial. 

cations Satellite Consortium. 

International Airline Pilots Association, 

International Assn. of Machinists (IAM), 

International Astronautical Federation 

165 

144, 236, 242, 254, 257, 259, 272 

Congress, 188, 317, 319, 320, 321 

171, 324 

Federal Systems Div., 321, 348 

(ICAO), 43 

288 

196 

(m), 289 

International Astronomical Union (IAU) , 

International Business Machines Corp. 

(ISM), 61-62, 103, 165, 233, 257 

International Civil Aviation Organization 

International Conference of Social Work, 

International Conference on Selenodesy, 

International conference on outer space 

International Congress on Air Technology, 

(proposed), 20, 28, 32, 287 

xin 

I-- 

International Congress on Oceanography, 

International Council of Scientific Unions 

Second, 189 

(ICSU), 46 

aircraft, 188, 255 

astronomy, 40, 125, 171, 251, 329, 346 

communications, 40, 162-163, 376, 381 

meteorolog , 8, 14, 15, 21, 89, 96, 133, 

154, 18z 195, 210, 298, 308, 326, 

346-347 

militarv, 40, 306 

International coo eration, 84-85, 291 

oceanography, 240 

science and technology, 15, 49, 77, 133, 

221, 231, 251, 303, 346-347 

International cooperation, space (see also 

European Launcher Development Oranization; European Space Research 

Lganization; space law treaty), 10, 

96. 111-112. 119 

confirence (pro osed), 20, 28, 32 

satellite, 11, 388 

Europe, 237, 239 NASA-‘ESRO, 383 

-France, 195 

-West Germany, 176,342 

U.S.-Canada, 63 

U.S.S.R.-France, 221, 226, 227, 261, 

U.S.-U.K., 40 

U.S.-U.S.S.R., 308 

281. 334. 348. 370. ,, 386 

soundiqg rocket 

ESRO, 124,235, 299 

NASA-Ar entina, 154,342, 346-347 

-Brazf, 14, 161, 252, 310,320, 347, 

373 

-Canada, 313 

-France, 327 
450 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

-Greece, 178, 185, 187 

-India, 234 

Ja an, 381 

-P& stan, 69, 114-115 

-S ain, 15, 138 

-$est Germany, 191, 299 

space research, 141, 155-156, 152 

Euro e, 37, 73, 189, 210, 214, 

28! 

220, 

NlrsA-Sweden, 51 

US.-Australia, 123 

-West Germany, 303 

-New Zealand, 89 

-U.K., 123 

-U.S.S.R., 74, 90 

tracking, 81 

NASA-S ain, 137 

U.S. -1 ustralia, 64 

-ESRO, 356 

(ICSU) 46, 310, 316 

Sciences (ICAS), 291, 293 

188 

260 

317 

-U.S.S.R., 90, 293, 298, 299 

International Council of Scientific Unions 

International Council of the Aeronautical 

International Flat Earth Society, 282 

International Galabert Astronautical Prize, 

International Geophysical Year (IGY), 251, 

International Institute of Space Law, 289, 

International Scientific Radio Union, 199 

International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (Intelsat), 120, 126, 

139, 159, 165, 197, 386 

International Telecommunications Union 

(mu), 181) 

International Telecommunications Union 

Conference, 135 

International Telephone and Telegraph 

Corp. (ITT), 126, 145, 179, 210, 236 

International Union of Electrical Workers 

(IUEW), 142, 144, 150 

International Year of the Quiet Sun 

(IQSY), 64, 80, 251, 260 

“Internationale” (U.S.S.R. anthem), 157, 

171 

Inventions, 16, 156, 199, 285, 288, 335 

Ion propulsion. See Engine, electric, ion. 

Ionosphere 

composition, 111, 274, 277 

properties of, 79, 127, 234, 301, 328, 

seasonal changes, 10 

341,347 

Iowa, 341 

IQSY. 

Sun. 

Iranian Poets Association, 49 

Irwin, Maj. James B. (USAF), 127 

Isaacs, John, 52 

Ise, Reine, 361 

Italy, 239 

See International Year of the Quiet 

cooperation, 191, 210, 220 

ground station, 306 

satellite, 133, 174 

ITT. See International Telephone and TeleITT $odd Communications, Inc., 86, 222, 

gra h Corp. 

332 ITU. See International TelecommunicaIUEW. See International Union of Electrical 

Iverson, Richard, 250 

Zzvestia, 44, 59,82, 115, 157 

tions Union. 

Workers. 

J 

J-2 (rocket en ine), 2, 85, 168, 195, 233, 

Jackass Flats, Nev., 52,82, 104, 115, 211, 

252, 257, 3t4 

222 

Jackson, Mich., 298 

Jackson, Nelson P., Aerospace Award, 103 

Jacksonville, Fla., 311 

Jaffe, Leonard, 203, 228, 295 

James, Jack N., 149 

Japan, 45,222,224,237,311,347,360,365 

astronaut visit to, 54,61,66 

booster, 333, 339 

probe, 3 

satellite, 3, 74, 123, 301, 333, 378 

Satellite Navigation Research Office, 123 

sounding rocket, 109, 149, 257 

Japan-U.S.S.R. outh festival, 237 

Jastrow, Dr. Rofjcrt, 235 

Javelin (sounding rocket) (Argo D-4), 79, 

161,185,237,267,299,313 

Jeffries, John, Award, 323 

Jet-assisted takeoff (Jato), 259 

Jet engine. See Engine, jet. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) (Cal Tech), 

2,45, 177, 261,378 

anniversarv. 124 

award, 14f,’166 

contract, 227, 239, 261, 327, 337 

Dee Space Network, 261, 263, 340 

Goljstone Tracking Station, 3,138, 157, 

194. 203. 226. 372 

Lunar‘Orbiter (see also LUNAR ORBITERS 

I, 11), 265,340 

Mariner project (see also MARINER 11, IV), 

9,175,238 

radar, 154, 171 

research, 89, 162, 175, 189, 202, 253- 

254, 322,348,355 

Surveyor project (see also SURVEYORS I, 

11), 39, 340, 372 

Voya er project, 9, 198, 243, 279, 352, 

378 

“Jet shoes,” 78 

Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, 160, 

209 

Lunaspacecraft, 41, 47, 115, 126, 278, 

-U.S.S.R. Venus exDeriment. 9, 47 

328, 330 

.. VENUS 111, 75 

Johannesburg, S. Africa, 316,325 

Johns Hopkins Univ., 60, 111, 181, 145, 

162 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 451 

Johnson, Arthur W., 286 

Johnson, Clarence L., 27, 135 

Johnson, David S., 43 

Johnson, Dr. Gerald W., 49 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 131, 159, 

214, 298 

air pollution, 194 

appointment, 111, 293, 340 

astronaut, 54, 66, 117, 293, 345, 354 

awards by, 50, 251, 380 

budget, 23-24, 259, 286, 357, 364 

communications satellite system, 83,361 

defense, 343 

disarmament, 97, 304 GEMINI VIII, 101 GEMINI XII, 344 

international cooperation, 10, 73, 258, 

303, 311, 354 LUNA ix, 42 

meteorolog 59, 113 

oceanograpty, 219, 240 

science and technolog 

space program, 35, 1&, 169, 259, 297, 

space treaty, 169-170, 276, 277, 368, 

State of the Union Message, 19 

supersonic transport, 112, 281, 334 SURVEYOR I, 205,212 

Transportation, Dept. of, 80, 321, 340 

Johnson, Marshall, 250 

Johnson, Vernon A., 371 

Johnson, Dr. William G., 235, 315 

Johnston, Richard, 226, 317 

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 72 

Jonash, Edmund R., 315 

Jones, M /G David M. (USAP), 229, 360 

Jones, Robert F., 199 

Jones, WilIiam J., 309 

Journal of Air Law and Commerce, 282 

Journal of Geophysical Research, 377 

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 159 

Journal of the Armed Forces, 87, 1343, 219 

Joyner, Upshur T., 213 JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

JT9D (turbofan engine), 137, 143 

JTF-17A (turbofan engine), 109 

Junior Academy of Sciences, 382 

Junkers Flugzeug-und Motorenwerke A. 

Jupiter (planet), 29,74,1S0,210,281,311, 

33, 303, 354 

303, 375 

386 

G., 208 

355 

K 

Kai-shek, President Chiang, 72 

Kakol, Stanley J., 106 

Kaminski, Heinz, 45, 104 

Kano, Nigeria, 351 

Kansas City, Mo., 327 

Kansas City Star, 303 

Kansas, Univ. of, 200 

Kantrowitz, Arthur, 359 

Kapitsa, Dr. Pyotr L., 21, 30, 165 

Kaplan, Dr. Lewis D., 264, 322 

Kapustin Yar, U.S.S.R., 294,372 

Karo, VIAdm. H. Arnold (USN), 293 

Karolinska Institute, 318 

Karth, Re . Joseph E., 19, 98, 113, 200, 

214,258,275,308 

Kastler. Dr. Alfred. 339 

Kazakhkan, U.S.S.k., 121, 223 

KC-135 (Stratolifter), 106 

Keathley, William, 361 

Keldysh, Mstislav V., 20, 50, 82, 140, 224 

Keller, K. T., 22 

Kelley, Dr. Albert J., 149 

Kemmerer, Dr. Walter, 64 

Kennedy, Harvey M., Jr., 139 

Kennedy International Air ort, N. Y., 365 

Kennedy, President John l!, 193, 365 

Kennedy, John F., Center for Special 

Warfare. 156 

Kennedy, ‘John F., Memorial Library, 

314-315 

Kenned S ace Center (KSC) (NASA), 125, 

Apollo /Saturn, 69, 134, 193, 383 

astronauts at, 112, 213, 247, 249, 293, 

152 lh, 215,258,283 

349 

award, 314-315 

contract, 223, 262, 321, 337 

crawler-transporter, 33, 86, 248 

facilities, 86, 220, 364 

personnel, 258 

spacecraft delivery, 49 

strike, 142, 144, 150, 242, 268, 271, 272 

KergnBlen, 227 

Kerr, Breene M., 2, 88, 195, 209 

Kerster, Geor e, 250 

Keyhoe, Maj.%onald E. (USMC, Ret.), 119 

Kilston (comet), 260 

Kilston, Ste hen, 260 

Kincheloe, Ken C., Award, 301 

King, Jose h C., 120 

King, Ludgw, 249 

King, Robert E., 6 

King’s Medal (U.K.), 2 

Kin s Point, N. Y., 321 

K?? irt and APB, N. Mex., 119 

Kitt Peak National Observatory, 9 

Kitty Hawk, N. C., 377 

mass, Phillip J., 272 

Klein, Milton, 336 

Klein, Murray, 9 

Kleinman, Dr. David A., 51 

Kliore, Dr. Arvydas J., 175 

Klump, H. F., 358 

Knight, Maj. William J. (USAF), 237, 247, 

257,263,278,351,385 

Knowles, Gov. Warren P., 69 

Kock, Dr. Winston E., 288 

Koesterer, M. G., 174 

Kok, Dr. Bessel, 174 

Kolman, Prof. E., 201 

Kolomiyets, Nikola 333 

Komarov, L /C Vlazmir (U.S.S.R.], 237 

Kommunist, 40 

Komsomolskaya Pravda, 21 

Konecci, Dr. Eugene B., 54, 79, 221, 252 

Konstantinov, Boris, 236 

Korad Gorp., 135 
452 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Korea, 54 

Korea, North, 355 

Korean War, 311 

Korff, Dr. Serge A., 333 

Kormanyos, Steven W., 142 

Korolev, Sergey Pavlovich, 16 

Koroni, Greece, 87, 178. 187 

Kosygh, Premier hlexey N. (U.S.S.R.), 

94. 356. 370 

Koteiniko;, Vladimir, 9 

Koval, Ivan, 46 

Kraft, Christopher C., Jr., 166, 235 

Krakatau, Indonesia, 299 

Kratochvil. L IC C.H. (USAP). 336 

isGh, Dr. Alan D., 142 KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. 

Kuiper, Dr. Gerard P., 44, 96 

Kuo. T. K.. 152 

Ku permadn,l)r. Aron, 128 

Kugrt, Wesley A., 98 

ErFniv., 45 

Kyushu Island, Japan, 149, 301, 333, 378 

Dr. Hermann H., 81 

L 

Labor, Dept. of, 6 

Labor relations (see also strike), 6, 

Lafayette College, 140 

Lagerfeld Base, Munich, Germany, 

Lagos, Nigeria, 134 

La Jolla, Calif., 159 

Lakehurst, N. J., 134 

Lam, S. H., 151 

Lambda (Japanese booster), 74 

Lambda Scorpii (star), 241 LAMBDA (U.S.S.R. satellite), 374 

Lamont Geological Observatory, 94 

Lancaster, Calif., 214 

Lancaster, Dr. Otis E., 298 

Les Landes (missile launching site), 

Landing gear, aircraft, 158, 296, 314 

“Landing on the Moon” (TV program), 198 

Lange, Dr. Oswald H., 192 

Langley Research Center (L~RC) (NASA), 

271, 364 

4s-1, 301 

4s-2, 378 

France, 82 

309 

award, 213,315 

computer, 165, 215 

contract, 19, 90, 92, 135, 177, 284, 316 

lifting body research (see also HL-lo), 

Lunar Orbiter program, 262, 265, 281, 

19,135 

313,340,344 

PAGEOS I, 222 

259, 

183 

arawing, 156 

{lanetar y Reentry Parachute Program, 

153, 242-243, 279, 284, 340, 352, 

370 

49. 90 

contract, 275 

Project Scanner, 92, 268, 369 

Scout Reentry Heating Project, Langmuir p:obe, 234, 292 

“LANI BIRD. See INTELSAT 11-A. 

Larraga, Gen. Jose Lacalle, 317 

Las Cruces, N. Mex., 235, 351 

Las Vegas, Nev., 145,366 

Laser, 135 

chemical, 221, 289 

patent, 126, 258 

use of, 51, 97, 126, 209,310, 380 

Lasilla, Chile, 125 

Lasswell, Harold D., 190 

Launch Complex 14, 243 

Launch Complex 17A, 269 

Launch Complex 37, 233 

Launch Complex 39, 15,268, 315 

Launch Complex 41, 276 

Launch Escape S stem (Les), 19, 21, 42 

Launch UmbilicdTower, 86 

Launch vehicle (see also individual launch 

vehicles such as Atlas-Centaur, Saturn, 

etc.) 

reusable, 99, 221, 358 

Lausche, Sen. Frank J., 137 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratories, 49 

Learned, Dr. Edmund P., 131 

Lebedinsky, Dr. Alexander I., 50,174,377 

Lederberg, Joshua, 260 

Lederman, Leon, 286 

Lee, Ca t Chester M. (USN, Ret.), 267 

Leiden,%niv. of, Observatory, 324, 377 

Leighton, Dr. Robert B., 90, 236 

Lem (Lunar excursion module). See Lunar 

Lemke, George A., 268 

Leningrad Institute of Cytology, 337 

Leningrad Jet Study Group, 10 

Leningradshya Prauda, 10 

Leonid meteor shower, 220, 267, 350, 351 

Leonov, L/C Aleksey (U.S.S.R.), 92, 107, 

Le Poole, Rudol h S., 116 

Les. See Launci Escape System, 

Lesher, Dr. Richard L., 12 

Levitt, Dr. I. M., 366 

Levy, Lawrence, 275 

Lewis, David S., 354 

Lewis, Dr. George W., 23 

Lewis Research Center (LRC) (NASA), 258, 

anniversary, 23,312 

Atlas-Centaur, 197,296,329-330 

award, 315 

contract, 251, 283, 298 

research, 120, 194, 293 

rocket engine 

hydro en-fueled, 125 

sert, $12 

turbo ump, 114 

Lewis, &chard, 261 

Lewis, Roger, 354 

Li-2 (U.S.S.R. aircraft), 256 

Libby, Dr. Willard F., 128 

Library of Congress, 243 

 module. 

330, 356 

281 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 453 

LIBERTY BELL 7 (spacecraft), 105 

Liccardi, Anthony L., 354 

Lick Observatory, 260 

Life, artificial, 18-19 

Lije magazine, 125 

Life science. See Space biology. 

Life su port system, 11, 94, 120, 273 

Liftingtody vehicle, 99, 383 

HL-10, 19, 135, 379 

M2-F2, 114, 237, 244, 264, 274, 284, 

293, 297, 298, 306, 312, 319, 330, 

352 

SV-5D, 378 

SVdP, 152 

Lin, Prof. Shao-Chi, 27 

Lind, Dr. Don L., 127 

Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV) Aerospace Corp., 

194, 264, 267, 309 

Lipski, Prof. Yuri, 305 

Lisbon, Portugal, 302 

Little Joe I1 (booster), 19, 21 

Little Luke (NASA barge), 74 

Litton Industries, Inc., 337, 361, 371 

Livermore, Calif., 237 

Lm. See Lunar Module. 

Lockheed Aircraft Corn.. 284 

award, 27, 135, 354' ' 

C-5A (cargo transport), 35, 58, 377 

C-141 (,;go jet),-66 

contract, 5, 66, 77, 208, 361 

F-104G (Starfighter), 53, 256, 367 

500 (car o aircraft), 358 

HC-l30€f, 164 

Launch Escape System rocket motor, 42 

supersonic transport, 85, 170, 224, 286, 

296, 299, 323, 341, 343, 383 

Lockheed-California Go., 111, 335, 356 

Lockheed-Georgia Co., 58, 314, 365 

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., 179, 195, 

Lockheed Propulsion Co., 16, 90 

Loewy, Dr. Robert G., 298, 362 

Loginov, Yevgeni F., 339 

Logistics Management Symposium, First, 

London Times, 251, 260 

London, U.K., 41, 77, 170, 262, 293, 354 

Long Tank Thor, 6 

Look, 323 

Loosbrock, John, 36 

Lop Nor, Communist China, 382 LORHO (test facility), 221 

Lorsch, H. G., 174 

Los Angeles, Calif., 188, 221, 238, 330 

213, 319, 353, 356, 375 

291 

meeting in, 166, 241, 271, 273, 275,314, 

366 

Los Angeles Times, 82, 142, 248 

Louisiana, 341 

Lousma, Capt. Jack R. (USMC), 127 

Lovelace, Dr. W. Randolph, 11, 36, 54, 359 

Lovelace, Dr. W. Randolph, 11, Award, 225 

Lovell, Sir Bernard, 16, 44, 75, 115, 126, 

Lovell, Capt. James A., Jr. (USN), 110 

160, 209, 330 

award, 69, 226, 259, 354, 374 GEMINI XII (fight), 219, 327, 340, 345, 

349 

Low, George M., 235 

Lowenfeld, Andreas F., 43 

Lowman, Paul D., Jr., 7, 355 LRC. See Lewis Research Center. LTV. See Ling-Temco-Vought Aerospace 

Luee, Adm. Sir David, 61 

Luckey, Dr. T. D., 166 

Ludlow Kin Associates, 249 

Luedecke, d/G Alvin R. (USAF-Ret.), 9 

Luftwaffe, 111 LUNA 111 (U.S.S.R. lunar probe), 333 LUNA IX, 41-42, 130, 203 

Corp. 

launch, 35 

photographs, 44,47, 48,49, 50,59, 115, 

116. 213. 228 

soft-kinding, 42, 45, 50,146,385 

launch, 122 

lunar orbit, 126-127 

results, 129, 133, 136, 159, 181, 356, 

LUNA x, 125, 146, 171, 279, 385 

358 LUNA XI, 279, 330 

launch, 273 

lunar orbit, 278 

results, 292, 303, 312 

launch, 326 

lunar orbit, 328, 330, 331 

results, 333, 355 LUNA XIII, 380 

launch, 378 

Lunar Excursion Module (Lem). See 

Lunar Module. 

Lunar Module (Lm), 6, 11, 96, 104, 167, 

LUNA XI1 

198,203, 206, 221, 298,375 

contract, 40 

test, 54, 189 

Lunar Orbiter ( rogram), 47, 49, 176, 246 

Lunar Orbiter f (Lunar Orbiter A), 279, 

282, 332, 384-385 

launch, 262 

lunar orbit, 265 

results, 275, 313, 355, 382 

347, 373, 384 

launch, 340 

lunar orbit, 344, 364, 369 

simulated cabin, 60, 91, 138 

163, 171,172,176,255 

Lunar Orbiter I1 (Lunar Orbiter B), 333, 

Lunar roving vehicle, 6 

Lunar Sample Receiving Laboratory (MSC), 

Lund, Thomas, 250 

Lurain. See Moon, photographs and 

Luster, Project, 326 

Luxembourg, 210 

Lyman-alpha radiation experiment, 267, 

Lyons, Dick, 289 

Lytton Systems, 287 

LyVere, Capt. Gerald T. (USAF), 164 

surface. 

274, 347 
454 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

M 

M-1 (rocket engine), 114 

M2-F2 (lifting-body vehicle), 384, 385 

flights, 114,237,244,264,274,284,293, 

297,298,301,306,312,319,330,352 

M-87 (celestial bod radiation source), 79 

MA-25s (silicon abyator), 15 

MacDonald, Dr. Gordon J. F., 32,128,142, 

McCall. G. T. H.. 299 

214,357 .___ I ___.__ I_. 

McCall, Dr. Jerry C., 1 

McCandless, Lt. Bruce, I1 (USN), 127, 382 

McCarthy, Sen. Eugene J., 288 

McCarthy, Dr. John, 314 

McCollom, John S., 264 

McConnell, Gen. JohnP. (USAF),72,113,282 

McCormack, James, 146, 199, 270 

McCormack, Rep. John W., 112 

McCulloch, Re . William M., 137 

McDivitt, L /C fames A.(usAF), 54,93,105, 

110. 144. 216. 332. 379 

.___ I ___.__ I_. 

McCall, Dr. Jerry C., 1 

McCandless, Lt. Bruce, I1 (USN), 127, 382 

McCarthy, Sen. Eugene J., 288' 

McCarthy, Dr. John, 314 

McCollom, John S., 264 

McConnell, Gen. JohnP. (USAF),72,113,282 

McCormack, James, 146, 199, 270 

McCormack, Rep. John W., 112 

McCulloch, Re . William M., 137 

McDivitt, L /C fames A.(usAF), 54,93,105, 

110. 144. 216. 332. 379 > ~~ , 

McDi&ttl Mrs. James' A., 216 

McDonald, Adm. David L. (USN), 251 

McDonald, Dr. James C., 325 

McDonneli Aircraft Cor ., 7, 103, 145, 

McDonnell, James S., 354 

McGregor-Werner Co., 272 

McInturff, Ra mond M., 199 

McKay, John g., 47,168,252,263,275,288 

McKee. Gen. William F. (USAF. Ret.). 128. 

157, 167,177,272,3351 354, 364 

. , ,, , 

131,296,334 

McKenzie, R. I., 354 

McKnew, Dr. Thomas W., 232 

McNamara, Secretary of Defense Robert 

S., 40, 43, 57, 72, 170, 264, 303, 341, 

343 

McWilliams, William J., 73 

Madison, Wis. 69 

Madras, India, 253 

Madrid, Spain, 317, 319, 320, 321, 352 

Magellanic Gold Medal, 147 

Magnesium, 221 

Magnetic field (see also Earth; Moon) 

earth, 86, 161, 320, 380 

interplanetary, 86 

Magnetic hammer, 288 

Magnetohydrodynamics, 222 

Magnetometer, 29, 56, 83, 129, 221, 234 

Magnuson, Sen. Warren G., 219, 286 

Mahon, Rep. George H., 213 

Maiman, Dr. Theodore, 135 

Makai, Pro-ect, 366 

Malaysia, 24, 165 

Mali, 139, 174 

Malina, Frank J., 124 

Rodion Y., 125 

"Man an Materials" (symposium), 147 

Management, 77, 172, 291, 294, 331, 350, 

369. 372 

Management Club, 372 

Management Services, Inc., 130 

Manchester, U. K., 196 

Manhattan Pro'ect, 363 

Manley, Oscar h., 229 

Manned Orbital 0 erations Safety EquipManned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol), 87, 

121, 150, 153,167, a%, 323,348,369 

ment (Moose), f92 

appropriations, 23-24, 87, 227 

contract, 157, 177 

cooperation, 111, 138, 307 

launch plans, 11, 243, 381 

test, 87, 111, 167, 338, 381 

Manned space flight (see also Apollo ro- gram, Gemini program and fligits; 

Astronaut; Cosmonaut; Manned Orbiting Laboratory; and Space Biology), 

382 

achievements, 23, 99-100, 100-102, 

award, 103,259,324 

cooperation, 10, 73, 111, 319-320 

criticism, 109 

Eva. See Extravehicular activity. 

hazards, 105,107,111-12,120,145,182- 

183,255 

long-duration, 120, 351 

lunar landing, manned. See Moon landing, manned. 

manpower required, 56, 149 

military potential, 352, 373, 381-382 

policy and plans for 

105-106, 212, 248, 291, 324, 384 

U.S., 49, 93,229, 238,262,307-308, 

323, 334, 338 

schedule, 93,257,269,332,351,375 

380 

U.S.S.R. 135-136, 303, 316, 319, 

321, 338, 348, 356, 368, 373, 379- 

space simulation testing, 130, 203, 273 

lunar-roving vehicle cabin, 60, 91-92, 

138 

Manned S ace Flight Policy Committee, 43 

Manned {pacecraft Center (MSC) (NASA), 

Apollo Spacecraft Office, 167, 375 

astronauts at, 22,27,104,117,218,246, 

award, 103, 255, 323, 354 

contract, 40, 104, 270 

Crew Systems Div., 317 

Gemini Mid-Program Conference, 64 

Lunar Sam le Receiving Laboratory, 

management, 166,235 

manned spacecraft missions. See Gemini 

Mission Control Center, 244, 247, 327 

bhili Prince, visit, 93 

Real %me Computer Complex, 258 

spacecraft test. See Apollo (spacecraft). 

146, 293, 334, 349 

249,255 

163, 171, $72, 176,255 

flights. 

ersonnel, 64 

Marbarger, Dr. John P., 90 

Marble, Prof. Frank E., 235 

March Field, Calif., 259 * 

Marcos, President Ferdinand E. (PhilipMarine Resources and Engineering DevelMarine Science, Engineering and Repines), 292, 311 

opment Act, 219 

sources Commission, 219 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 455 1966 

Mariner (program), 32, 73, 281, 337 

Mariner (spacecraft), 83, 238, 239, 264 

MARINER 11 (Venus probe), 65, 75, 86, 151 

MARINER IV (Mars probe), 33, 166 

photogra hs, 240, 241, 262, 299, 356 

results, 35-32,86,151,175,199,236,241 

signal, 3, 84, 194 

Mariner E (Venus probe), 7 

Marion Power Shovel Co., 33 

Mark 12 (reentry vehicle), 255 

Mark, Dr. Herman F., 52 

Mars (planet) (see also MARINER IV; Voyager rogram), 86, 157, 173, 212, 239 

atmospgere, 80, 199, 236, 264, 314,322 

craters, 187, 299 

exploration, 23, 73, 290, 334, 348, 368, 

manned, 69, 146-147, 229, 268, 327 

plans for, 26, 65, 281 

solar-electric ropulsion, 89, 355 

spacecraft, 25%-254, 268, 279 

unmanned, recommendation, 17, 198, 

380 

281 

life on, 53, 65, 189, 241, 366 

surface, 162, 175, 187, 202 

water on, 236 

Marshall, Gen. George C., 22 

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

Apollo Telescope Mount, 239, 289, 325, 

Automatic Mathematical Translator, 81 

award, 315 

Computation Laboratory 169, 223 

contract, 5,129, 165, 244,247,249, 268, 

306, 328, 343,383 

Saturn, 129, 165-166, 255, 378 

launch vehicle. See Saturn. 

management, 1, 125, 235, 360 

marine transportation, 74 

gat urn Manufacturing Review meeting, 

space science exhibit, 312 

test (see also Saturn), 55, 60, 91, 138 

Marshall, Mrs. Jane, 210 

Martin Co., 14,40, 78, 103, 112, 135, 152, 

177, 195, 210, 264, 270, 275, 325, 354 

Martin, Glenn L., 383 

Martin, Dr. James S., Jr., 262 

Martin, Joseph W., 214 

Martin Marietta Corp., 5, 177, 220, 251, 

Maryland, Univ. of, 241, 252, 293, 365 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

(MIT), 26, 31, 47, 214, 223, 258, 280 

(NASA), 119, 168, 194, 241 

360 

ersonnel, 1, 235, 284, 360 

191 

354 

experiment, 89, 229 

research, 323, 384 

Masursky, Dr. Harold, 313 

Materials, aerospace, research, 77,250,382 

Mathews, Charles W., 17,64,86,103, 162, 

342, 354, 360 

Mattingly, Lt. Thomas K. (USN), 127 

Maxwell, BIG Jewel1 C. (USAF, Ret.), 85, 

122,200-201 

May, T. R., 58 

May Day (U.S.S.R.), 154, 161 

Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer 

(Mrir), 178,257 

Mayhew, Christopher, 61 

Mbelouson, Yuri, 46 

Mdta. See Modulation, demodulation, 

terminal and associated equipment. 

Meitner, Dr. Lise, 259 

Memorandum of understanding, 15,40,43, 

51,138,195 

Menzel, Dr. Donald H., 382 

Mercury ( lanet), 17 

k::ygnest J., 190 

Metal fatigue, 377 

“Metalaw,” 289 

Meteor, 149, 351 

Meteorite 

crater, 94 

origin. 116. 144 

jroject, 7, 103, 321 

,- ,- 

lu& im act, 299, 316, 382 

Meteoroid jetection satellite, 205,247,337 

Meteorology, 3, 23 

award, 210 

balloon use in, 3, 89, 168, 287, 326 

cooperation, 8, 43, 89, 210 

ESSA-USN, 267 

NASA-Argentina, 154 

-Brazil, 154, 161 

-France, 195 

-Spain, 15 

U.S.-U.S.S.R., 96, 156, 269, 271, 308 

forecasting, 3, 79, 195 

National Natural Disaster Warning 

satekte. See Meteorological satellite. 

S stem, 77 

sounding rocket experiments (see also 

individual sounding rockets), 154, 

173.265.360 

chaff. ,- ’14- ,-- fS 

grenade, 23, 39, 51, 114, 117, 

161, 164, 216, 226, 260, 307 

Japan, 109, 149 

m$lar- sDhere, 25. 42 

$ot-st&ic probe; 69, 260, 276 

S.S.R., 174 

vapor cloud, 19, 69, 152, 239, 

292, 299, 301, 347 

Stormfury, Project, 267 

weather modification. See Weather 

152, 

’, 310 

242, 

modWorld Meteorolo ical Day, 113 

World Weather batch, 114, 133, 326 

Meteorological satellite, 43, 70, 79, 173, 

298, 385 

cooperation 

NASA-France, 195 

Nimbus program, 367 

ification. 

U.S.-U.S.S.R., 96, 156, 269, 271, 308 

NIMBUS I, 3, 264 NIMBUS I1,178,185,240,257,28S, 347, 

349,365 

321, 365 

contract, 176 

Tiros program, 24,41,69,145,220,310, 

U.S.S.R., 269,271, 385 
456 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Methane 

“Metro Air Support ’66” (air transport 

Meudon Observatory, 323 MI-1 (U.S.S.R. helicopter), 291 

Miami, Univ. of, 378 

Michael, William, 313 

Michigan, 110, 113, 116, 122 

Michigan Assn. of the Professions, 177 

Michigan Technological Univ., 22 

Michigan, Univ. of, 25, 30, 42, 69, 142, 

237,251,260,276,277 

Michoud Assembly Facility (MSFC), 15, 22, 

34, 191, 298 

Microelectronics, 77, 177 

“Microeye” (camera), 234 

Microflora, 162 

Micrometeorite, 86, 267, 328, 350, 351 

Micrometeoroid, 288, 327, 336 

collection experiment, 252, 263, 275, 

Micrometeoroid detection experiment 

GEMINI x, 243, 248 

LUNAR ORBITER I, 313 

Microscope, 260 

Midas (satellite), 172 

Midway Island, 149, 233 

Midwest Research Institute, 12,200 

Midwest Slavic Congress, 117 

Midwest S ace Exposition, 298 

MiG-21 ($S.S.R. fighter aircraft), 323 

Mikhailov, Prof. Alexandr I., 140 

Mikoyan, Anastas I., 94 

Miles, Marvin, 82 

Miles, Rufus E., Jr., 310 

Milky Way (constellation), 292 

Miller, Rep. George P., 64, 157, 171, 291, 

Martian atmosphere, 322 

liquid, 293, 362 

exercise), 340 

292 

297.325.357 

Mills Coilege, 332 

Milwaukee, Wis., 69, 327, 337 

Milwitzky, Benjamin, 250 

Minderman, Peter A., 315 

Minneapolis, Minn., 138, 287 

Minneapolis Tribune, 34 

Minnesota, Univ. of, 169, 360 

Minuteman (ICBM), 22, 66 

Minuteman 11, 165, 255 

Mirny Antarctic station, 157 

Mirovaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnyye 

Otnosheniye, 201 

Missile, 97, 113, 153, 219 

air-to-surface, 334, 341, 361 

antiaircraft, 119, 267 

antimissile, 170, 355, 373 

ballistic, intercontinental (ICBM), 115, 

foreign 

165, 261, 369 

Communist China, 331 

France, 82,201 

India, 106 

U.K., 31 

U.S.S.R., 181, 261 

medium-range, 227 

nuclear, 355 

passenger, 34 

short range attack (Sram), 334, 341, 361 

launch, 22, 66, 255, 275, 342, 367 

submarine, missile car ing, 247, 302 

Missiles and Rockets. See yechnotogy Week. 

Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) (MSFC), 114, 

Missouri, Univ. of, 55, 136, 166, 350 MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Tech147, 181,283,364,380 

nolo 

Mitcher’LCdr. Edgar D. (USN), 127 

Mitchell. Gen. William E.. 383 

Mitchell; Gen. William’ E., Memorial 

Miyamoto, Dr. Shotaro, 45 

Mock, Mrs. Geraldine, 134 

Mohole, Project, 150, 155, 182, 247, 359 

Mol. See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. 

Molniya I (U.S.S.R. communications 

MOLNIYA I (3) (U.S.S.R. communications 

MOLNIYA I (4), 325 

Mombasa, E. Africa, 174 

Monkey ex eriment, 187, 322 

Montreal, 6niv. of, 229 

Moon 

Award, 137 

satellite program), 376, 385 

satellite), 149, 152, 154, 182. 224 

atlas, 305 

crater, 187, 299, 305,313, 333, 344, 382 

exploration of, 1, 29, 56-57, 95, 180, 

198, 255, 307, 369 

equipment, 40, 244-245, 252 

manned 

ravitational field, 265 

fanding 

US., 95, 96, 134, 219, 352 

plans for, 23, 229, 327, 334, 350, 

320 

375-376 

U.S.S.R., 50, 125, 157, 285, 319- 

380-381,385’ 

magnetic field, 133, 173 

photographs LUNA rx, 44, 46, 47, 48, 59, 174, 

213. 228 

203, 

LUNA XI, 278,279 

LUNA XIII, 380-381 LUNAR ORBITER I, 262-263, 265, 279, 

LUNAR ORBITER 11, 344,*364, 374 SURVEYOR I, 203-204, 208, 226, 228, 

probe. See individual probes: LUNAS 111, 

LUNA XII, 333 

281-282,313,382,384 

234, 341 

ZOND 111, 305 

IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, LUNAR ORBITERS I, 11, 

RANGER M, SURVEYORS I, 11, ZOND 111. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 457 

radiation, 51,133, 173 

sha e, 275, 313, 355-356 

surface 

composition, 136, 173, 228, 355 

texture, 49, 50, 96, 174, 203, 228 

topography, 47, 313, 316, 374 

temperature, 50, 203 

volcanism, 299, 313, 316, 374 

Moorefield, W. Ya., 122, 176, 314 

Moorestown, N. J., 194 

Moose. See Manned Orbital Operations 

Safety Equipment. 

Moraes, Carlos de, 189 

Morehead Planetarium (Univ. of North 

Morozov, Platon D. 218, 237, 248, 258, 

Morrison, Dr. Philip, 28, 47 

Moscow (U.S.S.R.), 95, 161, 254, 379 

airline service, 339 

airport, 58 

comsat transmission to, 152, 154 

meeting in, 125, 189, 227 

press conference, 50, 82, 140 

television, 47, 48, 135, 147, 333 

weather data exchange, 156 

Moscow State Univ., U.S.S.R., 221 

Mosher, Rep. Charles A., 214 

Moskva, 384 

Carolina), 14 

291, 293 

Motor, rocket (solid-propellant), 16, 62, 

Motorola, Inc.. 239 

iio,i77,za3,297,385 

Mt. Palomar Observatory, 28, 93, 219 287 

Mt. Wilson Observatory, 219, 287 

Moyers, Bill, 212 

Mrir. See Medium Resolution Infrared 

Radiometer. 

MSC, See Manned Spacecraft Center. 

MSFC, See Marshall Space Flight Center. 

MT-135 (Japanese sounding rocket), 

MTF. See Mississippi Test Facility. 

Mu-1 Uaoanese booster). 333. 339 

381 

Muellei, br. George E.,’i, 31i 

Apollo, 69, 275, 291 

Aiollo. A plications, 52 

award. 3f4 

Gemini, 108, 207, 318 

manned spaceflight, 30, 56, 64, 93, 110, 

space program, 56, 93, 162, 191, 196, 

269 

329. 337. 366 

technology ’utilization, 357, 366 

Mulholland, Donald R., 188 

Mullin, Jerome P., 339 

Mullins, George C., 128 

“Multiple Sclerosis Woman of the Year,” 

215 

Mundt, Sen. Karl, 179 

Murphy, Charles, 180 

Murphy, Franklin D., 128 

Murphy, Dr. Thomas P., 55 

Murray, Dr. Bruce C., 73, 236 

Mururoa Atoll, 232,246, 312 

N 

N*3245 (nuclear particle), 142 

NAC. See National Aviation Club. 

NACA. See National Advisory Committee 

Nadge. See NATO Air Defense Ground 

NAE. See National Academy of EngiNaples, Italy, 306 

Naples, Univ. of, 319 

Napolitano, Dr. Luigi, 319 

Narodna Armiya, 214 NAS. See National Academy of Sciences. NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration. 

NASA Headquarters 

Inventions and Contributions Board, 16 

Natural Resources Program Office, 33 

Office of Advanced Research and Technology (OART), 60, 66, 99, 232, 234, 

238,258,327,334 

Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), 

18, 26, 53, 125, 143, 232, 233 

Office of Space Science and Applications 

(OSSA), 3, 18, 32-33, 43-44, 75, 113, 

269, 281, 296, 325, 340, 367, 374 

Office of Technology Utilization, 3 

Planetary Quarantine Committee, 308 

Scientific and Technical Information 

NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office 

NASA Contributions to Cardiovascular MonNASA Pasadena Office (NaPO), 261 

NASAS ace Radiation Effects Laboratory, 19 NASC. gee National Aeronautics and Space 

Nasher, Raymond D., 258 

Natal, Brazil, 14, 161, 164, 252, 260, 265, 

Nathan, Dr. Robert, 262 

National Academy of Engineering (NAE), 

National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 39, 

53, 85, 123, 133, 150,173,231,302, 

305, 310, 320,361, 376, 384 

Physics Survey Committee, 95 

Space Science Board (see also National 

Research Council), 17, 53, 95, 198, 

251, 280,314,349 

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 36, 270 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (see also NASA centers, 

programs, satellites, and related headings, such as Ames Research Center, 

Apollo rogram, LUNAR ORBITER I, etc.) 

accompliskments, 23-24, 35, 47, 62-63, 

156,203,205,207,246,24%, 265,294, 

349, 384-385 

for Aeronautics. 

Environment Project. 

125, 178, 215, 222, 231, 261, 263, 

Facility, 273 

(SNPO), 42, 83, 336 

itoring, 309 

Council. 

307,310, 373 

145, 155 

65, 83-84, 88-89, 92, 99-100, 155- 
458 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

agreement. See Agreement. 

anniversary, 23, 35, 310 

astronaut. See Astronaut. 

awards and honors, 20, 22, 30, 43, 50, 

57, 77, 103, 117, 140, 145, 188, 191, 

208, 213, 215, 218, 223, 225, 232, 

235,236,255,259,301,304,314-315, 

321,323,324,331,352,354,359,374 

ap ro riations, 127, 143, 163, 166, 172, 

!7< 190,214,244,247,257,259,261, 

263,271,273,286,328 

budget, 23, 26-27, 28, 59, 64, 70-71, 

75-76,80,91, 93, 113, 138, 143, 149, 

171, 187, 262, 278, 317, 357, 364 

conference, 5, 64, 191, 291 

contract 

administration, 239 

engine, 2, 5, 16, 85, 90, 115, 145,224, 

238,255, 257-258, 330, 332, 356, 

575 

fa%ies, 255, 257, 258, 273 

space e uipment, 54, 92, 104, 117, 

175,1?6,177,179,194,221,234,264, 

271, 325, 337, 348, 353, 356 

spacecraft, 5, 77, 90, 176, 227, 275 

space medicine, 64 

study, 2, 5, 176, 179, 195, 356 

support services, 9, 165-166, 195, 

223, 235, 244, 262, 298, 315, 321, 

380, 383 

tracking, 261, 315, 361 

AEC, 42,82-83, 211, 336, 360 

American Society for Engineering 

Education, 364-365 

ComSatCorp, 235 

DOD, 7, 29, 43, 110, 150, 198, 225, 

304-305,334 

ESSA, 43, 103 

FAA, 128 

NAS-NRC, 302 

Naval Oceanographic Office, 19 

Small Business Administration, 89 

USAF, 90-91, 111, 114, 128-129, 150, 

cooperation, 284 

203 

USDA, 3,117 

USN, 8 

cooperation, international. See International cooperation, space and Sounding rocket, international programs. 

criticism of, 7, 37, 108, 109, 123, 165, 

202, 220, 232-233, 258, 260, 264, 

266, 273, 280-281, 319, 365, 366 

exhibit, 60, 253, 312 

facilities, 19, 23, 83, 220, 247, 257,258, 

273-274 

construction, 97, 255, 364 

history, 231 

Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H., 

Inventions and Contributions Board, 317 

labor relations, 6, 258, 271, 364 

launch, 120, 131 

failure, 162, 164, 180, 182, 193 

manned 

GEMINI VIII, 99 

GEMINI X, 243 

GEMINI XII, 344 

GEMINI IX-A, 206 

GEMINI XI, 290 

postponed, 61, 67, 96, 121, 180, 202 

probe PIONEER VII, 269 

SURVEYOR r, 196, 232 

SURVEYOR 11 296 

ATS I, 367-8, 371 

ESSAS I, 11, and 111, 41, 69, 310 

EXPLORERS XXXII and XXXIII, 192,231 

INTELSAT 11-A, 331 LUNAR ORBITERS I and 11, 262, 340 

NIMBUS Ir, 178 

satellite 

BIOSATELLITE I, 374 

OAO I. 132 

OGO I~I, 209 

PAGEOS I, 222 

Scanner, Proiect, 268 

test 

Apollo-Saturn, 67, 88, 233, 274 

Augmented Target Docking AdapLaunch Escape S stem, 21 

Scout Reentry dating Project, 50 

Aerobee 150,60,89, 138,156,277, 

364, 373 

Aerobee 150A, 18,79,84, 182,276 

Aerobee 350, 269 

Arcas, 173 

Boosted Arcas, 185, 277 

JH””? ave in, 173 79, 161, 237, 267, 299 

Nike-Apache, 10, 19, 42, 55, 56, 95, 

111,117,127,132,214,234,237, 

239,240,242,245,276,292,307, 

ter, 202 

sounding rocket 

351 

3 10 

Nike-Cajun, 39, 42, 51, 161, 307, 

Nike-Tomahawk, 276, 301, 360 

Orion 11, 342 

Pacemaker, 333 

Wasp, 210 

management, 9,125,258,268,289-290, 

291, 331, 350, 360 

manpower, 93 

organization, 1, 16, 43-44, 139, 

235,261,327 

atents, 16, 335 

gbservatory Class Spacecraft Rt 

Board, 149 

personnel, 9, 32, 34, 36, 105, 106, 

128,132,202,203,208,209,214, 

235,249,258,264,267,268,270, 

336,340,360,377,383 

ap ointments, 6, 12, 54, 55, 73, 

!73, 195, 243, 246, 249, 275, 

283, 284, 298, 310, 311, 315, 

380 

288,289-290,305,316,317,327, 

188, 

:view 

127, 

232, 

283, 

328, 

166, 

279, 

319, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 459 

programs (see also s ecific programs, 

such as Apollo, (emini, etc. and 

Space program, national) 

aeronautics, 62, 66, 208 

astronom 39, 62-63, 65, 150-151, 

278, 2& 

international, 62-64, 80-81, 90, 133, 

141, 155, 386 

manned space flight, 52, 64-65, 71, 

93, 167, 238, 261, 269, 318, 324, 

meteorology, 3, 381, 384-385 

nuclear propulsion, 42,62, 82-83 

sounding rocket, 65,80-81,310,384.- 

327,332,349,351,375-376 

285 --- 

space medicine, 187, 317-318, 361, 

374 

space science, 59, 62-64, 71, 83, 133, 

technology utilization, 88-89, 281, 

229, 238, 264, 359, 384-385 

328, 334 

tracking and data a 

191 

isition, 81, 83 

Saturn ManufacturingTeview meeting, 

Science Advisory Committee, 95 

Space Science Steering Committee, 83 

supersonic transport, 92, 128, 224 

test 

Agena target vehicle, 67, 86 

booster, 14,22,64, 84, 107, 114, 122, 

147, 181, 185, 195, 210, 227, 233, 

252, 350, 357, 364, 382, 383 

motor, solid propellant, 62, 110 

nuclear, 42, 52, 82, 103-104, 115, 

211.222 

parachute, 279, 284, 340, 352, 370 

spacecraft, 19, 35-36, 39, 42, 175, 

universities, 53, 71, 238-239, 298, 364, 

185, 328 

378, 379 

grants; 55, 97, 287 

X-15. See X-15. 

ing Meeting, 314 

310 

National Aeronautic and Space EngineerNational Aeronautic Assn., 210, 237, 324 

National Aeronautics and Space Act, 288, 

National Aeronautics and Space Council 

(NASC), 35, 44, 46, 53, 79, 99, 102, 167, 

180, 212, 252, 319, 324, 357, 372, 373 

Nat&al Aerospace Education Council, LIW 

National Air and Space Museum, 49, 169, 

National Air Museum, 227 

National Assn. of Broadcasters, 118 

National Assn. of Educational BroadNational Assn. of Manufacturers, 256, 319 

National Assn. of Science Writers, Inc., 47 

National Aviation Club (NAC), 208, 268, 

National Aviation Hall of Fame, 383 

National Broadcasting Co. (NBC), 136,256. 

National Bureau of Standards, 9 

227, 324 

casters, 327 

308 

287 

National Center for Atmospheric*Researcb 

ee for Clear Air TurNational Conference of Lieutenant Governors, 223-224 

National Council of Marine Resources and 

Engineerin Development, 219 

National Cowghoy Hall of Fame, 236 

National Cybernetics Foundation, 54 

National Dair Council, 25 

National DeLnse Transportation Assn. 

Award, 297 

National Environmental Satellite Center, 

96 

National Foundation on the Arts and 

Humanities, 147, 360 

National Geographic Society, 132, 155, 

232 

National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), 119 

National Labor Relations Board, 271 

National Lea e of Cities, 366 

National Medrof Science, 50, 380 

National Natural Disaster Warning SysNational Observer, 13 

National Oceanography Assn. (NOA), 224 

National Park Service, 15 

National Pilots Assn. 308 

National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 

National Reactor Testing Station, Ida., 13, 

National Research Council (NRC), 302,336 

National Referral Center, 243 

National Satellite Center, 286 

National Science Board, 10, 243 

National Science Foundation (NSF), 10,24, 

30, 38, 54-55, 59, 96-97, 104, 223, 

243,247, 257, 360 

Special Commission on Weather Modand Information, 89, 133, 168, 263 

tem, 77 

257 

276 

Space Science Board, 336, 384 

ification, 21 

“The National Science Foundation - Its 

Present and Future” (report), 223 

National security, 83, 130, 135, 196, 366 

National sonic boom program (see also 

Supersonic transport; X-15), 338, 342, 

354,372, 376,378 

National Space Club (NSC), 19, 53, 102, 

National Suace Club Press Award. 103 

153, 221,269,297,323 

National &ace program. See Space proNational Survey of Historic Sites, 263 

National Youth Science Camp program, 

NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty OrganizaNATO. Air Defense Ground Environment 

NATO’s 15 Nations, 199,282 

Nature, 289 

Naugle, Dr. John E., 44, 326 

gram, national. 

239 

tion. 

(Nadge) Project, 227 
460 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Naval Electronics Laboratory, 13 

Naval Laboratories, 49 

Naval Missile Center, 327 

Naval Research Laboratory, 79, 109, 156, 

174,242,317 

Naval Reserve Officers Assn., 316 

La Nazione, 45 NBC. See National Broadcasting Co . Neher, H. Victor, 152 

Nelson, Clifford H., 313 

Nero (Near Earth Rescue Operation) 

spacecraft, 384 

Nema. See Nuclear Engine for Rocket 

Vehicle Application. 

Ness, Dr. Norman F., 86, 315, 358 

Netherlands, 125, 190-191, 210, 220, 239, 

306, 324, 347, 377 

Nettles, J. Cary, 315 

Nevada, 215, 339 

New Delhi, India, 34 

New Hampshire, Univ. of, 274, 360 

New Mexico, 367 

New Mexico, Univ. of, 89, 381 

New Rochelle, N. Y., 353 

New York Board of Trade, 331 

New York, N. Y., 18, 97, 191, 246, 258, 

316,319,330,340,367 

New York Times, 57, 355, 376 

science and technology, 30, 260, 367, 

377 

space law treaty, 250, 277, 299 

space program 

348 

U.S., 44, 47, 52, 105, 182, 279, 347- 

U.S.S.R., 20, 82, 95, 130, 157, 279, 

294,339 

space technology, 33, 69, 96, 109, 136, 

339,352,384 

supersonic transport, 281, 289, 333 

New York Univ., 52, 97, 293, 319, 333 

New York, Univ. of (Stony Brook), 225 

New York World Telegram, 110 

New York Zoological Society, 96 

New Zealand, 54, 89, 347 

New Zealand Weather Service. 168 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Univ. of, U. K., 150 

Newell, Dr. Homer E., 1, 26, 44, 95, 110, 

149,235,251,325,367 

space astronomy, 121, 384 

space programs, scientific, 59,62,65, 71, 

Newport News, Va., 87 

News conference. See Press conference. 

Ney, Edward P., 241 

Nhatrang, South Vietnam, 361 NICAP. See National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena. 

N' eria, 351 

Nxe-Apache (sounding rocket), 65, 342 

electron measurement, 50, 55, 95, 127, 

121, 324 

214.240.292.293.347 ,.., ionosphere experiments, 10, 56, 111, 

127, 234,274 

micrometeoroid sampling, 267, 351 

Polar cap absorption data, 245, 284 

upper atmosphere data, 19,69, 117, 152, 

237, 260, 276, 307 

Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket), 6566 

radar test, 25, 42 

up er atmosphere data, 23, 114, 328 

fall, 307 

summer, 161,164,216,221,226,260, 

265 

winter, 39, 51 

Nike-Hydac (sounding rocket), 347 

Nike-Javelin (sounding rocket), 108, 115 

Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket), 137, 

Nike-X (antimissile missile system), 191, 

276,277,283,287,293,341 

343 

Nikoiayev, L /C Andrian G. (U.S.S.R.), 60 

Nikolayeva-Tereshkova, Maj. Valentina 

Nilsson, Carl, 288-289 

(U.S.S.R.), 90 

NIMBUS I (meteorological satellite), 2, 264 NIMBUS II(Nimbus 6) 2, 178, 185,240,257, 

283, 347, 349, 365, 385, 

launch, 178 

Nimbus B, 2, 322 

Nininger, Dr. Harvey H., 232 

Nippon Electric Co., 179 

Nitrogen, 335 NOA. See National Oceanography Assn. 

Nobel Prize, 339 

Noervich, W. Germany, 256 

Noise, aircraft, 164, 274, 279, 284, 288, 

332 

No&k, Va., 332 

Normyle, William, 149 

North American Air Defense Command 

(NORAD), 32,43, 194 

North American Aviation, Inc. 136, 158, 

Apollo spacecraft, 93, 313-314, 328 

Atomics International Div., 320 

contract, 2, 5, 115, 130, 264, 268, 284, 

306, 330,335,341,356, 361 

labor, 35 

rocket engine 

H-1, 130 

215, 268, 283-284, 302 

F-1, 115, 352 

J-2,2, 85, 168,233, 252,257 

Rocketdyne Div., 35,111, 168,233,252 

Saturn, 5, 14, 306, 330, 364 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 

199, 227, 275, 306, 

North Carolina. Univ. of. ,- 14 

North, Warren'J., 359 

Northrop Corp., 19, 130, 227, 264, 306 

Northrop Space Laboratories, 270 

Northwestern Univ., 255, 326, 351, 376 

Norway, 227, 322 

Norwegian Defense Research Establishment. 11 1 

NoshirS,japan, 339 

Nottingham, U.K., 285 

Novae,-339 

Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R., 117 

Novosti Press Agency (U.S.S.R.), 224 

Noyes, Mrs. Blanche W., 22 

Noyes, Crosby S., 373 NRC. See National Research Council. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 461 

NRDS. See Nuclear Rocket Development 

NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory. 

NRX-A~ (nuclear reactor), 211, 222 NSC. See National Space Club. 

NSF. See National Science Foundation. 

Nuclear detection satellite (see also Vela), 

24, 35, 322 

Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applitest, 42, 52, 82-83, 103-104, 115, 145, 

Station. 

cation (Nerva), 145, 385, 

211, 222 

Nuclear fission, 259 

Nuclear power, 177 

Nuclear propulsion, 83 

Nuclear reactor, 35, 51, 57, 211, 222 

Nuclear Rocket Development Station 

Nuclear submarine, 87, 125 

Nuclear test, 31, 35, 172, 312, 331, 342, 

(NRDS), 42, 52, 82, 104, 115 

382 

Nuclear test ban treaty, 58, 109, 259, 304, 

342,369 

0 

Oahu, Hawaii, 179 

Oakland, Calif., 332 

Oak Ridge National Institute, 243 

Oao. See Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. 

OAR. See Office of Aerospace Research. OART. See NASA Headquarters Office of 

Advanced Research and Technology. 

O’Brien, Edward W., 269 

Observatoire de Meudon, 264 

Observatory class satellite. See Orbiting 

Astronomical Observator ; Orbiting 

Geophysical Observatory; &biting Solar 

Observatory. 

Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum) 

(moon), 48,203,313,316,325,341,380 

Ocean Science and Engineering, Inc., 154 

Oceanic Institute, 367 

Oceanographer (oceanographic research 

Oceanography, 13, 19, 154, 182, 219, 224, 

Oceanus Procellarum (moon). See Ocean 

ship), 240, 311 

240,247,271,302,366-367 

of Storms. 

Ochao, Dr. Severo, 52 

O’Connell, James D., 163 

O’Connor, B /G Edmund F. (WAF), 315 

Odishaw, Dr. Hugh, 337 

OECD. See Organisation for Economic CoO’dllon, John R., 142 

Office of Aerospace Research (OAR), 326 

Office National #Etudes et de Recherches 

Office o?Aircraft Noise Control and AbateOffice of Emergency Planning, 340 

Office of Naval Research (ONR), 13, 166 

Office of Science and Technology (President’s), 28, 33, 57, 106, 328, 358, 370 

o eration and Development. 

Akros atiales (ONEBA), 201 

ment ( roposed), 274, 279 

Offik, Wolfgang G., 250 

O’Gallagher, J. J., 151 

Oglesby Ca t. Charles, 194 

Ogo. $e &biting Geophysical ObservaOGO 11 (Ogo-C, Orbiting Geophysical ObserOGO 111 (Ogo-B, Orbiting Geophysical 

tory. 

vatory), 289 

Observatory), 209,213, 218, 248 

elicopter), 132, 187 

Ohio, 142, 367 

Okinawa, 106 

Oklahoma City, Okla., 236, 328 

Old Moore’s Almanack, 281 

Oliver, Dr. Bernard M., 112 

OMSF. See NASA Headquarters. Office of 

Manned Sqace Flight. 

“On Rockets ’ (manuscript), 321 

ONERA. See Office National d’Etudes 

Recherches ACros atiales. ONR. See Office of &aval Research. 

Oort, Dr. Jan H., 324, 377 

Opik, Dr. Ernst J., 241 

Oppenheim, Dr. A. K., 359 

Optical Society of America, 97 

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (Oao) 

5, 39, 47, 121, 132, 181, 264, 380 

Orbiting Data Relay System (Ords), 179 

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (Ogo) 

(see also OGOS 11, 111), 5, 25, 63-64, 150- 

151, 248, 264 

Orbiting Primate Spacecraft, 322 

Orbiting Solar Observatory (Oso) (see also 

os0 11), 5, 39, 367 

Ords. See Orbiting Data Relay System. 

Oregon, 341 

Orenburg region, Ural Mts., U.S.S.R., 291 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation 

Orion (conste5ation), 11 

Orion (NASA bar e), 74 

Orion I1 (soungng rocket), 342 

Orionid meteor shower, 327 

Orlando, Fla., 78 

Orlov, Vladimir, 279 

Ormand Beach, Fla., 132 

Oso. See Orbitin Solar Observatory. oso 11 (Orbiting jolar Observatory), 212 

OSSA. See NASA Headquarters. Office of ace Science and Applications. 0 us sf ey, Gilbert W., 232 

OV-1 Mohawk (surveillance aircraft), 253 

OV1-IV (reseach satellite), 121 ov1-v, 121 

and Develo ment (OECD), 15, 49 

OV1-VI, 338 

ov1-VIIIT, 240 

OV1-IX, 370 

OV1-X, 370 

OV3-11, 331 

OV3-111, 258 

OV3-IV, 213 

OV4-IT9 338 

OV4-111, 338 

OV3-I, 146 

OV4-IR (communications satellite), 338 
462 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Owens-Cornin Fiberglas Corp., 249 

Oxygen (see $so Fuel), 11, 12 174, 285, 

306, 335 

Ozonide, 11 

P 

P-1127 (U.K. Vtol aircraft), 94, 131 

Pacemaker (booster), 333 

Pacific Ocean, 232, 247, 261, 311, 373 

communications satenite, 235, 287, 311, 

321 

U.Sr5.R. rocket test, 149, 193, 233, 

275, 287, 302, 352, 373 

Pacific Science Center. 312 

Paffell, Col. Donald W. (USAF), 54 

Pacific Area Travel Association Conference, 53 

Pacific Missile Range see also Western 

Test Ranee). 176. 22 r, Page Comm%cations, Inc., 139 

PAGEOS I (Pageos A Passive Geodetic 

Earth-Orbiting Satellite), 222, 385 

Paige, Dr. Hilliard W., 317 

Pakachoag Hill, Mass., 263, 350 

Pakistan, 69, 114, 117-118, 174, 271 

Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere 

Research Committee (SUPARCO), 69,114, 

152 

Paksuniemi, Sweden, 352 

Palaemon (NASA barge), 74 

Palestine, Tex., 263 

Pan American World Airways, Inc. (Pan 

Am), 137, 143, 297, 302, 339, 343 

Parachute, 275, 278 

fatality, 278 

test, 40-41, 161 

Voyager, 153, 242-243, 340, 352, 370 

Parade, 10, 109-110, 248-249 

Paraguay, 297 

Parawin 156 

Parin, $assily V., 232, 318 

Paris, France, 11, 15, 188, 220, 287, 339 

Parks, Robert J., 197, 250, 372 

Parry, Albert, 117 

Parsons, John W., 124 

Particles, char ed, 225 

Pastore, Sen. fohn O., 270 

Patent Law Assn. of Chicago, 154 

Patents, 126, 254, 268, 319, 335 

Patrick AFB, Fla., 113, 372 

Patuxent Naval Air Station, Md., 106,131 

Paul, Norman S., 213,323 

PCS. See Pointing-control system. 

Peach Tree Valley, Calif., 331 

Pearl River (NASA barge), 74 

Pearson, Drew, 314 

Pecora, Dr. William T., 297 

Peebles, P. J. E., 31 

PEGASUS I (meteoroid detection satellite), 

205-206, 337 

PEGASUS 11,205-206, 337 

PEGASUS ~n, 205-206, 247,337 

Pelly, Rep. Thomas M., 76 

Pendray, G. Edward, Award, 359 

Pennsylvania, 141 

Pennsylvania State Univ., 298 

Penrose Medal, 349 

Pensacola, Fla., 234 

Pensacola (Ha.) Junior College, 317 

Pentagon, 251 

Phpin, Dr. Eugene, 317 

Perkin-Elmer Corp., 175, 353 

Perm, U.S.S.R., 107 

Peroxide, 11 

Perreault, W. D., 358 

Pert. See Program Evaluation Review 

Technique. 

Peru, 297, 347 

Peterson, Bruce A., 293, 298, 379 

Peterson, L/C Harry W. (USAF, Ret.), 283 

Petit Jean Air Service, 302 

Petranek, Jan, 254 

Petrocelli, Dr. A. W., 11 

Petroleum Today, 281 

Peyrefitte, Alain, 348, 361 

Pezdirtz, George F., 315 

Pfund, Edward, 250 

Philadelphia, Pa., 82, 147 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 18, 282 

Philadelphia Inquirer, 366 

Philco Corp., 221, 233,244, 247,261 320, 

Philip, Prince (U.K.), 93-94, 291 

Philippines, 54, 222, 292-293, 311 

Phillips, Col. Donald Boyer (USA, Ret.), 124 

Phillips, M/G Samuel C. (USAF) 229, 350 

Phipps, Clifford, 327 

Phoenix, Ariz., 17, 242 

Phoenix (missile), 176 

Phoenix Gazette, 96 

Photography. See Advanced Vidicon Cam- era System; ATS I; Automatic Picture 

Transmission System; Cloud, photographs; Earth, photographs; LUNAR 

ORBITERS I, 11; MARINER IV; Moon, photographs; SURVEYOR I. 

Photometer, 83 

“Photostate I” (radiation measurement 

382 

device), 337 

abad, India), 234 

Physical Research Laboratory (AhmedPhysical Review Letters, 143, 225 

Physics, 85, 95-96, 229 

Piantanida, Nick, 40-41, 161, 278 

Piccard, Don, 237 

Piccard, Dr. Jeanette Ridlon, 225 

Pickering, Dr. William H., 147, 157, 166, 

Pierce, John R., 329 

Piloted Low Speed Tests (Pilot) project, 

208-209,317 

153 

Pioneer (program), 269 

PIONEER VI (interplanetary probe), 32, 269 

results, 32,79, 144,183,214-215,301 PIONEER vn (Pioneer B), 269,301,385 

Pitot-static probe, 260, 263 

Pittendri , Colin S., 361-362 

Pittsburgt Pa., 336 

Pittsburgh, Univ. of, 237 

Planetarium, 12, 14 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 463 

Planetary Reentry Parachute Progam, 

Pluto (planet), 17 

PUR. See Pacific Missile Range. 

Po, Shu-jen, 339-340 

Pogo Stick, rocket pro elled, 78-79 

Pogue, Maj, William 2 (USAF), 127 

Point Barrow, Alaska, 38-40, 51,161,164, 

Point Mugu, Calif., 327 

Pointing-control system (PCS), 356 

Poland, 231 

Polar Cap Absorption, 245, 277, 284 

Polaris (ICBM), 31, 247, 343 

“Policy Planning for Aeronautical Research and Development” (report), 208 

The Politics o Research, 165 

Pomona College, 232 

Pope, David P., 260 

Popovich, Pave1 R., 60 

Porter, D. C., 134, 173 

Porter, Dr. Richard W., 173 

Poseidon (ICBM), 343 

Poseidon (NASA barge), 15, 74, 298 

Potrero, Calif., 16 

Prather, Victor A., Award, 226 

Pratt & Whitney Div. 

Pravda, 135-136, 279,353 

Presidential Medal of Merit, 2 

President’s Science Advisory Committee 

Press conference, 80, 106, 131, 194, 319 

216,226,252,260,265,321 

Polytechnic f nstitute of Brooklyn, 52 

See United Aircraft Corp., Pratt & Whitney Div. 

(PSAC), 25, 34, 111, 248 

Gemini ilights, 16 

GEMINI VIII, 17, 92, 104, 117 

GEMINI x, 255 

GEMINI XI, 301 

GEMINI IX-A, 207, 208,218 

GEMINI XII, 353-354 

LUNAIX,~O-~~ 

LUNAR ORBITER I, 313 

NIMBUS 11, 185 

U.S. space program, 14, 162, 196, 258, 

LUNA X, 126-127, 140-141 

3.14 

U.SIS.R. space activities, 14, 50-51, 

82, 139, 140-141, 162, 232-233, 285, 

316, 322 

SURVEYOR I, 203 

Press, Har 2-3, 315, 349 

Price, Don%., 22 

Princeton Univ., 11, 40, 295, 349 

Prishchep, A. G, 173-174 

x, XI, XII, XIII; 

Mars, 173,380 

Propulsion’ Joint Specialist Conference, 

Propulsion Module. See Service Module. 

Propulsive wing aircraft (V/Stol), 309 

Proton, 287 PROTON III (U.S.S.R. space station), 233, 

Protostar, 229 

Proxmire, Sen. William F., 261 

Pryor, Harold E., 139 

PSAC. See President’s Science Advisory 

Committee. 25, 34, 111, 

Puerto Rico, 90,152, 267,350 

Pulkovo Observatory (U.S.S.R.), 199, 

224,292 

Second, 215 

236, 285, 385 

Punch, 32 

Pushkov, N. V., 251 

Q 

Quark (matter theory), 236 

Quasar (quasi-stellar object), 31, 92-93, 

171,230,253 

R 

Radar, 18,42-43,51,57,95,199,203,210, 

planetary soundin technique, 153, 171 

Radar signature auafysis (Rsa), 326 

Radcliffe, Capt. Chester R., Jr. (USAF), 291 

Radistion, 61 

cosmic, 85, 99, 133-134, 136-137, 151, 

effects, 121,243,337,374 

gamma, 129, 136-137, 151 

measurement, 51,146, 199,370 

resistant cell, 259-260 

shielding from, 306-307 

solar, 7, 79, 173, 199, 289, 337 s ace, 12-13, 121, 213 s an Allen belts, 102, 168,213,260, 332 

Radio Cor oration of America (RCA), 9, 

126, 176: 177, 222, 255, 259, 338, 353 

Radio Liberty, 226 

Radio Moscow, 107 

Radio Prague, 379 

Radio signal, 9, 118 

Radioactive fallout, 342 

337 

190, 295, 306, 374 

ues. 94 

See Royal Aeronautical Society. 15, 
464 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

RAF. See Ro al Air Force. 61 

Raman, Dr. C! V., 253 

Ramo, Dr. Simon, 329 

Ramse Dr. Norman F., 132 

Rand &p., 73, 273 

Randolph, Sen. Jennings, 227 

Ranger (pro ram), 262,373 

RANGER VI1 (funar probe), 333 

Rangoon, Burma, 60 

Ratner, Lazarus G., 142 

Ray, Dr. Carleton, 96-97 

Raytheon Cor 53 

Razumov, Vla%nir Vasilyevich, 10 

RCA. See Radio Corporation of America. 9, 

RCA Service Co., 130 

Rcs. See Reentry Control System. 100 

Reaction Motors, Inc., 377 

Reader's Di est, 37 

Real Time [omputer Complex (RTCC), 258 

Reconnaissance satellite, 22, 61-62, 369, 

RANGER VIII, 333 

RANGER IX, 333 

126 

372 

Record 

aircraft, 134, 250, 253, 302, 351 

balloon. 319 

helicopter, 187, 291 

spacecraft, 207, 251, 294, 349 

speed, 201, 302, 351, 385 

women's, 134 

Redeye (missile), 119 

Reflector satellite, 249, 384 

Redlands, Calif., 42 

Redstone (rocket), 123, 267 

Redstone Arsenal, Ala., 192 

Reentry 

control, 105, 180,207, 290-291 

Gemini, 99-100,207,244,290-291,344 

heating, 88, 258 

Scout Reentry Heating Project, 49-50 

test, 238, 367 

vehicle, 267, 271, 330, 378 

Reentr Control System (Rcs), 100 

Rees, Jberhard F. M., 315 

Reeves, Dr. Robert R., Jr., 377 

Reid, Re . Ogden, 288 

Reid, S hanus Albert, Award, 27 

Reiff, denn, 32-33 

Reinartz, Stanley R., 1 

Reistrup, J. V., 294 

Remote Maneuvering Unit (Rmu), 225 

Rendezvous, 34,212,314 

GEMINI VI-A (Gemini VI), 226, 259, 374 

GEMINI VIII, 17, 99-102, 107-108 

GEMINI IX-A (Gemini Ix), 202, 206-207 

GEMINI X, 243-244,255 

GEMINI XI, 290,291, 294 

GEMXNI XII, 344 

Rendezvous Docking Simulator, 130-131 

Rensselaer Pol echnic Institute, 147, 377 

Republic Suppc Co., 73 

Research, Inc., Barrier Arresting CompoResearch and development 

nent, 180 

aeronautics, 291 

benefits, 97, 119, 154 

Federal support, 22,30,34,55,104,165 

funds for, 33, 179, 257, 323 

geographic distribution, 104 

information, distribution of, 370 

management, 154 

Research Institute for Advanced Studies, 

174 

Research Review, 229 

Research satellite, DOD, 212,213, 331-332, 

Research Societ of America, 123-124 

Restrepo, PresiKent Carlos LIeras (Colom370 

bia). 316 

Review of Popular Astronomy, 224 

Reynolds, Dr. Orr E., 90 

Rice Univ., 56, 139 

Rickover, VIA Hyman G. (USN), 206 

Rieke, William B., 188, 364, 380 

Rigel (star), 18 

Rio Grande. Brazil. 347 

Rio Grande; N. J.,'289 

Risso, William P., 139 

Ritchie, Donald W., 89 

RL.10 (rocket engine), 125, 132, 169 

Rmu. See Remote Maneuvering Unit. 

Roberts, W. Cameron, Jr., 117 

Roberts, Dr. Leonard, 258 

Roberts, Walter Orr, 133 

Robillard, Geoffrey, 9 

Robledo de Chavela (Spain) Space Tracking Station, 265,320 

Rochester Conference, 286 

Rochester, Univ. of, 151 

Rock, Dr. Vincent P., 163 

Rocketdyne Division. See North American 

Aviation, Inc. 

Rocket engine. See Engine, chemical, 

electric, nuclear, rocket, etc., and individual rocket engines such as F-1, M-1, 

J-2, etc. 

Rodana Research Corp., 40 

Roderick, R. L., 250 

Rogallo, Francis M., 156, 235 

Rogallo, Gertrude S., 156 

Rogers Dry Lake, Calif., 135 

Ro ers, Dr. Thomas F.. 219 o 1s-Ro ce, Ltd. 189, 285 

Roman, 6 r. James A., 200 

Roman, Dr. Nancy G., 107, 121 

Romania, 165, 174, 231 

Roney, Robert, 250 

Roosa, Ca t. Stuart A. (USAF), 127 

Root, L. gugene, 354 

Rose, V/Adm. Rufus E. (USN, Ret.), 214 

Rosenthal, Re . Ben'amin J., 274, 279 

Rosholt, Dr. feobert i., 331 

Rosman, N. C. 257, 361, 372 

Ross, Stanle , 26 

Rostow, Wai: W., 258 . Rota, Spain, 135 

Rotary Club, 77 

Roth, Herbert E., 285 

Roth, J. Reece, 120 

Rover (program), 24, 211 

Row, Dr. Ronald, 88 

Rf 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAU'FICS, 1966 465 

Royal National Foundation, 206 

Royal Society of Great Britain, 77 

Rsa. See Radar signature analysis. 

RU Camelo ardalis (star), 230 

Ruby, Charyes H., 165 

Ruddick, Keith, 142 

Ruderman, M. A., 152 

Ruina, Dr. J. P., 214 

Rumsfeld, Re Donald, 12 

Runcorn, S. I!:, 150 

Runyan, Thorne L., 78 

Rushworth, L/Col. Robert A. (USAF), 47, 

182,223, 231, 315 

Rusk, Secretary of State Dean, 137-138 

Russell, Sen. Richard B., 145 

Rust Engineering Co., 130 

S 

Sabha, Ebrahim, 49 

Sabreliner (twin-jet), 302 

Sacramento, Calif., 252 SADL. See Sterilization Assembly Development Laboratory. 

sAE. See Society of Automotive Engineers. 

Sagan, Dr. Carl, 98 

Saigon, Vietnam, 302 

St. Albans School, 313 

St. Croix, V. I., 152 

St. John's Newfoundland, 302 

St. Louis, Mo., 95 

St. Thomas, V. I., 152 

Salinas, Dr. Luis Tapis, 317 

Salto di Quirra Test Range, Sardinia, 235 

Samos (satellite), 289 

Sun Antonio Express, 328 

San Diego, Calif., 7,61, 160, 289 

San Fernando State College, 302 

San Francisco, Calif., 150, 322, 330, 349 

San Francisco Examiner und Chronicle, 242 

San Jose, Calif., 260 

San Marco (Italian satellite), 174 

Sanchez, Joa in, 94 

Sandri, G., 1% 

Santa Susana, Calif., 85 

Santiago, Chile, 125, 334 

Saros (French communications satellite), 

Satellite. See individual satellites, sat233 

Satellite Educational and Informational 

Satellite unidentified 

1 

Thor-Agena D, 40, 50, 91, 121, 

188, 221, 262, 297, 341, 382 

Thor-Altair. 9 

143, 

293, 

132, 

Thrust-Augmented Thor-Agena B, 

Titan 111-B-Agena D, 252, 305, 373 

Satellite, weather. See Meteorological 

178, 222 

satellite. 

Sato, Premier Eisaku, 66 

Satterthwaite, Jose h C., 53 

Saturday Evening &st, 376, 377 

Saturday Review, 1 

Saturn I, U rated (Saturn IB) (booster), 

144, 158, 177, 178, 194, 261, 328 

capability, 25,58,241 

contract, 2, 19, 255, 378 

enh?{ 130, 169 

launch, 51, 60-61, 67, 88, 385 

J-2, 2, 85, 168, 195, 233, 252, 257, 

364 

AS-201,67 

AS-202, 274 

AS-203, 233 

program, 72, 92 

St?!-:B, 88, 255, 263, 378 

test, 227 

test, 233 

S-IVB, 88, 224, 263, 272 

test, 122, 350, 357 

Saturn V (booster), 72, 86, 125, '."* 193, 261, LIL 

capability, 18,25,58,119-120,241,317 

contract, 8, 9, 85, 115, 145, 224, 330, 

333 --- 

crawler-transporter, 33, 86, 248 en ine, 2 

equipment, 9 

facilities, 272, 277 

f-1, 115, 210, 352 

J-2,2,85, 168, 192,233,252,257,364 

.. stage 

1st (S-IC), 85, 115, 213, 292, 332 test. 210 

2nd-(S-I1), 2, 213, 292, 306, 330 

explosion, 195, 198, 283 

test, 85, 147, 181, 185, 364, 383 

3rd (S-IVB), 2, 8, 145, 178, 202, 213, 

224, 292, 306 

test, 107, 252 

transport, marine, 74 

191 

Saturn Manufacturing Review meeting, 

Scanner, Project, 92, 

Schawlow, Dr. Arthu 

Scheer, Julian W., 1, 213 

Scherer, Lee R., 176 

Schirra, Capt. Walter M., Jr. (USN), 8, 95, 

140 
466 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Apollo, 144,306,381 

award, 30,225-226,374 

ood-will tour, 54, 61, 66, 69 

Scbichter, Dr. Louis B., 128 

Schmeck, Harold M., Jr., 33, 52 

Schneider, William C., 195 

Schneiderman, Dan, 9 

Schreiber. Dr. Carl. 270 

Schriever; Gen. Bernard A. (USAF, R 

111, 148, 211, 215, 295, 355 

award, 129, 137, 168, 315 

et.), 

military technology, 77, 191, 357 

retirement, 146, 153,283,285 

Schurmeier, Harris M., 9 

Schwartz, Murray L., 163 

Schweickart, Russell L., 110, 144,332,379 

Schwinghamer, Robert J., 288 

Science, 98, 312, 343 

benefits, 167-168,206, 308 

human needs, 74, 113, 147, 159, 223, 

329 

287, 328 

Science, 1,33-34,51,85,133,370 

astronomy, 46, 92-93, 339-340 

geology, 150, 208 

interplanetary physics, 86, 1 

241, 288 

Mars, 187, 241-242, 264 

moon, 115, 187 

Ufo’s, 255, 326 

Science Advisory Committee (President’s). 

See President’s Science Advisory Com33-134, 

mittee. 

“Science Frontiers” (seminar), 221 

“Science ReDorter” (Tv series). 198 

“Scientific and Enbeering Manpower in 

Communist China, 1949-1963,” 31-32 

“Scientific Progress and Human Values” 

(Cal Tech convocation), 329 

Scientist-astronaut, 302 ’ 

Scientist-cosmonaut, 327 

Scientists, 21, 34, 50-51, 327 

Scorpius, 89, 188, 241 

Scott, L/Col. David R. (USAF), 8, 144 

Apollo (mission), 110, 332, 379 

award. 117 

Scientist-astronaut, 302 ’ 

Scientist-cosmonaut, 327 

Scientists, 21, 34, 50-51, 327 

Scorpius, 89, 188, 241 

Scott, L/Col. David R. (USAF), 8, 144 

Apollo (mission), 110, 332, 379 

award. 117 

GEMINI vIII (flight), 99-102, 104-106, 

107-108, 112, 117, 130-131 

plans for, 17, 78-79, 92, 94 

trahin 90, 130-131 

Scott, Cof: James G. (USAF), 264 

Sco X-1 (x-ray source), 219, 229 

Scout (booster), 174, 176, 195, 223, 261 

launch ._ __ ._ 

Reentry E, 49-50 

USAF satellite, 183,213,258,271,331- *.-I” 

JJd 

Reentry Heating Project, 50, 90 

Scri ps Institute of Oceanography, 52,247 

SCUH, Wilf red E., 315 SDS Data Systems, 175 

Seaborg, Dr. Glenn T., 18-19, 56-57, 147, 

273. 365 

Sealab 11, 13 

Sealab 111. 13 

Seamans, ’Dr. Ro 

157, 331, 354, SOY 

Apollo Applications, 59, 171, 229, 278 

appointment, 1, 32,43 

award given b , 117, 218, 255 

budget, 24, 24 71 

space program, significance, 238-239, 

U.S.S.R., 44-45 

“Search” (deep-sea retrieval system), 

154-155 

241,335 

“The Search for Extraterrestrial Life” 

Sears, €!. E. 250 

Seattle Times, 176 

Seattle, Wash., 238 

SECOR VI (geodetic satellite), 212 

SECOR VII, 378 

SECOR VII, 378 

(sym osium), 189-190 

SECOR VIIJ, 312 

Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 319-320 

See, Elliot M.. Jr. Kdr.. USNRL 14.72.76 

Segr;, Emilio, 85 

Sehlstedt, Albert, Jr., 

SEIT. See Satellite Educational and Informational Television. 

Seitz, Dr. Frederick, 8, 85, 123-124, 305 

Sekkujokki, Sweden, 299 

Sell, Ted, 311 

Sellman, Mrs. John, 57 

Sells, Dr. S. B., 120 

Senghor, President Leopold Sedar (ScneSensor, 3, 21, 61, 153, 175,200 

SEREB. See Soci6tk pour 1’Etude et la 

Service Module (Sm), 25, 272, 274, 328 SETP. See Society of Experimental Test 

Shanghai, China, 339 

Shapiro, Prof. Aschcr H., 235 

Shapiro, Irving I., 376 

Shapley, Willis H., 1 

Sharp, Dr. Robert P., 329 

Shastak, Dr. Arnold, 166 

Shea, Dr. Joseph F., 17, 72, 93, 375 

Sheely, Horace, 263 

Sheldon, Dr. Charles S., 11, 99 

Shelton, Dr. Russel D., 120 

Shen, C. S., 152 

Shenton, Sam, 282 

Shepanek, Capt. Raymond A. (IJSNR), 133 

Shepard, Capt. Alan B., Jr. (USN), 76, 248- 

Shepard, Van H., 354,376, 378 

Shepherd, Dr. L. E., 45 

Sherwin, Dr. Chalmers W.,. 154 

Shoemaker, Dr. Eugene M., 228, 305, 382 

Short Range Attack Missile (Sram), 334, 

Shultze, Charles, 258 

Sikorsky, Igor I., 60 

Silverstein, Dr. Abe, 293-294, 362 

gal), 131 

Rkalisation d’Engins Balistiques. 

Pilots. 

249 

341 

Seal, 96-97 

Seal Beach, Calif., 86 

Sealab Project, 316 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 467 

n, 230 

348 

Simpson, J. Wesley, 279 

Simpson, Dr. John A., 151 

Simpson, Wyatt C., 309 

Sinkiang Province, Communist China, 382 

Sioux Falls, S. Dak., 40 

Sirius (star), 18, 203 

Sisakian, Dr. Norair M., 94 

and Telescope, 230 Er kyhook,” 52 

Skylark (U.K. sounding rocket), 235, 299 

SL-1 (solid rocket motor), 62 

SL-2 (solid rocket motor), 62, 110 

Sla. See S acecraft Lem Adapter. 

Slattery, -tp art J., Jr., 322 

Sla ton, Maj. Donald K. (USAF, Ret.), 22, 

Sloan, Alfred P., ,pundation, 343 

“Slush h drogen, 9-10 

Sm. See gervice module. 25 

Small Business Administration, 89 

Smart, Gen. Jacob E. (USAF, Ret), 336, 380 

Smirnov, Leonid, 20 

Smith, Dr. Alexander G., 29-30 

Smith, Francis B., 149 

Smith, Lawrence A., 354 

Smith, Sen. Margaret Chase, 187 

Smith, Walter D., 354 

Smith’s Ranch, Nev., 288 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 

&, 116, 376 

(Cambridge, Mass.), 251, 260, 287 

catalog, 107 

research, 22, 144, 284-285 

236, 253, 284, 324 

Power) program, 83, 273 

Smithsonian Institution, 49, 104, 169, 

Smull, Dr. Thomas L. K., 128,264 

Snap (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary 

Snap-8 (nuclear reactor), 24, 244 

Snap-1OA (nuclear reactor), 13, 28 

Snap27 (thermoelectric generator), 83 

Snap-29 (radioisotope generator), 112, 325 

Snow, Lord Charles (C. P.), 28-29 SNPO. See NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office. 

Sociktk pour 1’Etude et la Rkalisation 

d’Engins Balistiques (SEREB), 188 

Society of American Scientists, 170 

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 

213, 296,314, 

Society of Experimental Test Pilots 

(SETP), 299 

SNAF’TRAN-2 (AEC test), 13 

Solar T 

XB-70, 338, 342, 354, 372, 376, 378 

Sonmiani, Pakistan, 69, 114, 117, 152 

Sonnichsen, Dede, 319 

Sophia, Princess (Spain), 317 

Sorlie, L/C Donald (USAF), 297, 306, 312 

Sounding rocket (see also individual 

sounding rockets: Aerobee 150, Aerobee 150A, Aerobee 350, Arcas, 

Boosted Arcas, Hasp, Javelin, NikeA ache, Nike-Cajun, Nike-Tomahawk, 

dke-Hydac, Orion 11, Wasp), 39-40, 

65-66 

foreign 

Fr&ce, 322, 327 

Japan, 109, 123, 149,257 

Spain, 322, 325 

ESRO. 124. 235. 299 

international programs, 155-156 

NASAIAr entina, 154, 342, 347 

-Brad, 14, 161, 252,310,320,347, 

373 

-Fiance, 327 

-Greece, 178, 185, 187 

-India, 235 

-Ja an, 381 

-Pa%istan, 69, 114-115, 152 

-S ain, 15-16, 138 

-$est Germany, 191, 299 

South Africa, 7 

South America, 7, 139, 152 

Southeastern State College, Okla., 89 

“Southern Cross” (USN program), 13 

Southern Illinois Univ., 311 

SOVCOMSAT, 149 

Soviet Civil Aircraft Research Institute, 

Soviet Academy of Sciences, 21, 50, 82, 

255 

140, 174,201, 224,236 

cooperation, 90, 171, 231 new members, 52-53 

Use of Outer Space, 46 

animal experiments, 232, 374 

Soviet Commission for Exploration and 

Space biology 

dog, 60-61, 84, 102, 179, 237, 318 

mouse, 71 

primate, 187, 322, 336 

atmospheres, artificial, 11,273,285,335 

helium in. 12. 13 

award, 226,323. 

biotelemetry, 91, 102, 254 

drugs, use of, 318 

environment, effects of, 60, 179, 187, 

318, 

hibernation state, 96-97, 136 
468 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

life support s stem, 11, 94, 120, 285 

nutrition, 20$, 335 

physiological monitoring, 60, 254, 433- 

434 

weightlessness 

effects of, 102, 179, 226, 294-295, 

work during, 61, 170, 294-295, 317- 

318, 322, 361, 374 

318 

S ace Business Daily, 278 

$ace debris, 194, 225 

S ace Digest, 280 

$ace Electric Rocket Test (Sert), 312 

Space General Cor 177 

Space law, 289, 38' 

S ace Law and Government, 289 

$ace law treaty, 330 

U.N. consideration, 246, 248, 250, 276, 

U.S. draft proposal, 169, 171, 205, 216, 

291, 368-369, 370, 377, 386 

218 

U.S.S.R. draft, 312 

Space medicine. See S ace biology. 

Space, military use of, H35-136, 147-148, 

221, 248 

communications, 306 

manned space flight, 357, 381-382 

nuclear detection, 24, 35, 322 

potential uses, 200, 216, 220, 335, 370 

reconnaissance, 289 

space station, 368 

Space Nuclear Propulsion Office. See 

NASA-AEC S ace Pro ulsion Office. 

Space, eace&l use oE 23, 60-61, 291- 

292, %7-358. 

Space rogram, national (see also indivilual programs, such as Apollo 

program, etc.) 

accomplishments, 35, 53, 70, 125, 319, 

international, 141, 304 

management, 249 

manned s ace flight, 95,246,314,344, 

324 

357.3ip2 

budget, 23-24,26-27,41, 70, 224 

criticism, 7, 32, 109-110, 131, 210-211, 

education, benefits to, 20, 35, 53, 54, 

cost Of, 338-339, 362 

220,232-234,266267,366 

238-239 

education, benefits to, 20, 35, 53, 54, 

238-239 

employment, 13,56,93,295 

international cooperation. See International coo eiation. 

169, 258, 297. 303, 375 

Johnson, Presignt Lyndon B., 35, 162, 

lunar landing. See Moon, landing. 

manned space flight. See Manned space 

military, 35, 111, 135, 153, 196, 200 

fight. 

objectives, 26-27, 70-71, 167, 196, 372 

scientific and technological, 39, 53, 

187-188. 359 

social, 12,25, 160,280,362-363 

policy, 25, 95, 143, 179, 193, 199, 220 

PO~t-A~ollo, 54, 74, 248. 261, 269. 350 - bu&et decision, 70, '108,. 2101211, 

suggested rograms, 17, 92, 99, 103, 

significance, 32, 160, 167-168, 177-178, 

267, 272-273, 317, 364 

281, 33f 

367 

187-188, 238-239, 297, 335, 343, 

international, 141, 148-149,162, 241, 

U.S. vs. U.S.S.R. 

Vietnam war, effect of, 24, 138, 275, 

317, 323, 325 

Space race, 109-110, 209, 212, 279, 286, 

303, 373 

booster, 380 

criticism, 301, 328, 365 

manned space flight, 79, 316, 334, 356, 

moon, 44, 314 

Space rescue, 262,269 

need for, 111-112, 145-146, 273 

proposal, 78, 297 

test, 164-165, 192, 336 

332 

See Space race. 

373 

post-Apollo, 70, 138, 162, 307 

Space results (see also Earth; Moon; Mars; 

Venus; individual probes satellites, 

sounding rockets, and Apollo and 

Gemini flights) 

astronomy, 92, 151-152, 174, 188, 219, 

229, 230, 348 

communications, 20, 88, 163, 372-373 

earth science, 144, 228, 236, 313 

medicine, 177, 309 

meteoroid detection, 205-206 

meteorolog 185, 257, 271 

oceanograpty, 33 

ph sics, 133-134, 140-141, 144, radiation, 51, 136-137, 173 

social science, 297, 329, 343, 366 

technology, 25, 88-89, 92, 209, 238- 

Space Research: Directions for the Future, 

17, 39, 53 

Space station (see also Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory), 180,352,357,368,373-374 

Space suit, 203, 226, 301, 317-318, 336 

Space tools, 17-18, 40, 78-79, 270 

Space Tracking and Data Acquisition 

Network (STADAN), 70, 257, 307 

Spacecraft (see also individual spacecraft, 

such as Apollo, Gemini, Lunar Orbiter, Luna, Mariner, Surveyor, etc.), 

78, 170, 

braking, 279, 339 

design, 46, 127, 132, 167, 176, 192, 197, 

204, 368 

development testing, 30, 39, 42, 132, 

175, 185, 328 

electrical systems, 27, 82, 119-120, 134 

emergency equipment, 40, 78 

239,329, 351-360 
equipment, 6, 11, 12, 57, 

149, 178, 234, 

extravehicular equipment, 29, 78, 246 

heatina. 112. 307 

instruGentation, 117, 213, 236 

landing system, 35-36, 39, 86, 88, 279, 

284. 380 ---> --- life support system, 11, 120 

propulsion. See Engine; Motor, rocket; and individual launch vehicles, 

such as Saturn, etc. 

reentry control system (see also reen- try), 100, 105, 207, 290 

reusable, 5, 313-314, 374 

space tool, 17-18, 40, 78-79 

window, 236 

Spacecraft Lem Adapter (Sla), 177 

Spacetrack, 225 

Spaco, Inc., 41, 130 

Spain, 15-16, 58-59, 137-138, 265, 322, 

325 

Spanish Astronautical Assn., 317 

Spanish S ace Commission. See Comisi6n 

Nacioni de Investigaci6n del Espacio 

(CONIE) . Sparkman, Sen. John J., 212 

Sparta (reentry measurement program), 

267 

Spectrometer, 18, 111, 129, 274, 277, 347 

Sperry, Lawrence, Award, 359 

Sperry Rand Corp., 130 

Univac Div., 157, 223 

Spica (star). See Alpha Virginis. 

Spilhaus, Dr. Athelstan F., 169 

Spirit of St. Louis Medal, 166 

Spohn, Dr. Clifford A., 286 SPUTNIK i (U.S.S.R. satellite), 17, 312 SPUTNIK v, 154 

SR-71 (long-range reconnaissance aircraft), 129 

SR-71B (training aircraft), 9 

Sram. See Short Range Attack Missile. 

Sreekantan, B. V., 229 SSRC. See Swedish Space Research Committee. 

Sst. See Supersonic transport. 

STADAN. See S ace Tracking and Data 

Acquisition dtwork. 70 

Stafford, Ma’ Thomas P. (USAF), 72 

Gemini IkA, 206-207, 209, 213, 218, 

236 

preparation for, 178, 180-181, 198, 

757 

honors,. 225-226, 236, 374-375 

“Stepping Stones to Mars” meeting, 119- 

170 --- 

Sterilizatio Development Laboratory 

Sternberg, 

Stevenson, D. (USAF, Ret.) 311 

Stewart, D e, 355 

Stewart, Joseph, 151 

Stoddard, Dr. David H., 254 

Stoltenberg, Minister of Science (W. 

Gennany), 303 

Stoner, George H., 338 

Stoolman, Leo, 250 

Stormfur , Project, 267 

Strang, f. J., 189 

Strap. See Star Tracking Rocket Attitude 

Strassman, Dr. Fritz, 259 

Strategic Air Command (SAC), 9, 165 

Strelka (dog), 154 

Strike 236, 257, 259 

Edwards AFB, 35 

Kennedy Space Center, 142, 144, 150, 

United Technology Center, 145, 150 

Positioning. 

239-240, 242, 268, 271 

Strom, Robert G., 116 

Strong, Dr. John, 141 

Stru hold, Dr. Hubertus, 295 

Stuhfinger, Dr. Ernst, 73, 120, 361 

Submarine, missile-carr ing, 247, 302 

Sub-Aviation (France), i89 

Sudden Ranch, Calif., 11 

Suitland, Md., 268 

Sullivan, Walter, 82, 109, 168, 355-356, 

377 

Sumi, Ukraine, U.S.S.R., 291 

Summer Conference on Lunar Exploration 

Summerfelt, William A., 354 

Sun (see also Ecli se, solar; Solar cell; 

and Science, 5-6 

Solar wind), 2f6, 239, 287 

IQSY, 251 

radiation, 79, 173, 199, 289, 337 

research, 109, 278, 336, 355 

satellite data, 79, 269 

Sun, K. H., 289 

Sunspots, 129,174, 199,347 

Suomi, Prof. Verner, 361 

contract, 249, 286, 296, 383 

cost, 122-123, 289 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 469 
470 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

criticism, 142, 185, 267, 281 

desi and development, 14,16,80,85- 

897, 122-123, 184, 215, 224-225, 

343, 350, 385 

foreign, 19, 20-21, 43, 118, 143, 189, 

194, 196,226,233,289,370 

funds, for, 19, 24, 80,84, 112, 167, 348 

reservations, 118, 144,272 

sonic boom, 57, 203, 333, 341, 350. 

Supersonic Transport Authority (pro- 

“&re-Fire,” Project, 126 

Surveyor (program), 5, 39, 75-76, 196- 

Surveyor (spacecraft), 39,4445,131-132, 

SURVEYOR I (lunar probe), 209, 212, 215, 

226,273,297-298,299,307,332,334, 

osed), 84, 167 

197, 202, 232-233, 340, 372, 373 

175,185,330 

246,262,313,333, 373 

instrumentation, 202, 296 

launch, 197-198 

lunar landing, 203-204, 38&385 

photograph enhancement, 263 

reactivation, 226, 316, 325, 341 

results, 228, 235,249 

“Surveyor I-A Preliminary Report,” 235 SURVEYOR II (Surveyor B), 2% 

SV-SD (lifting-body vehicle), 378 

SV-SP (manned lifting-body vehicle), 152- 1 Cn 

133 

Sweden, 125, 174, 210, 239, 299, 318 

Swedish Space Research Committee (SSRC), 

Swetnick, Dr. Martin J., 344 

Swigert, John L., Jr., 127 

Sydney, Australia, 96 

Sydney (Australia) Univ., 251 

Sylvania Electronic Systems, 254 

Symington, Sen. Stuart, 288 SYNCOM I1 (communications satellite), 133- 

Syracuse Univ., 237 

System Development Corp., 370 

Systems engineering, approach to social 

problems, 252 

Syvertson, Clarence A., 258 

51 

134,362 SYNCOM 111, 362 

T 

T-38 (jet trainer), 211 

Tabanera, Te6lo M., 253 

Tad. See Thrust-Augmented Delta. 

Taipei, 72 

Taiwan, 54 

Talyzin, Nikolay, 376 

Tass 

- 

cosmonaut, 307-308, 330 

Cosmos launchings, 60-61,75,110,152, 

223 

LUNAS IX, X, XI, ~n, and XIII, 41-42, 47, 

48-49, 122, 127, 129, 312, 326-327, 

355, 381 

US. s ace program, 104 

u.S.S!k. space program, 16-17, 139, 

233,236,287,302,306-307,352,373, 

376 

U.S.S.R. wea ons, 270 

VENUS n, 8&7 ZOND III. 81 

Tata Institute, Bombay, 46, 85 

Taub, William P., 103 

Taylor, Hal, 225 

Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D. (USAF), 214 

TD-1 (research satellite), 11, 239 

TD-2 (research satellite), 11, 239 

Teague, Rep. Olin E., 180, 211, 214, 273, 

364 

Technology, 28, 98, 187, 233, 329 

benefits, 66, 74, 113-114, 159, 191, 215, 

253,334 

mi itary, 77 

misuse of, 206 

sharing of, 355 

gap 15 

Technoltgy utilization, space, 61-62, 88- 

89, 167, 238-239, 281, 286, 287, 308, 

328. 329 

Technolog- Week (formerly Missiles and 

Rocketsf 

Mol, 348 

Pert, 268 

space medicine, 335 

France, 361 

Japan, 3 

US., 11, 24, 72, 76, 112, 

273. 307-308. 334. 352 

U.S.S:R., 232, 285 ‘ 

Webb, James E., 249 

Tektite, 139, 208, 324 

Teledyne Systems Co., 234 

Telescope, 28, 39, 46, 47, 239, 

Television 

268, 289-290, 303, 329 

214, 272- 

241, 263, 

educational, 256, 270, 370-371 

laser beam use in, 310 

space probe, use of, 11, 59-60, 86-87 

via satellite, 12, 69, 86, 96, 162-163, 

179, 287 

Teller, Dr. Edward, 334 

Tempel-Tuttle Comet, 220 

Temperature, 61-62, 141 

II Tempo, 205 

Tennessee, Univ. of, Space Institute, 316 

Teplinskiy, M /G B. (U.S.S.R.), 147 

Tepper, Dr. Morris, 43 

Tereshkova, Valentina. See NikolayevaTereshkova, Valentina. 

Test ban treaty. See Nuclear test ban 

treaty. 

Texas, 297 

Texas A&M Univ., 365 

Texas Atomic Energy Commission, 196 

Texas Christian Univ., 120 

Texas Instruments. Inc.. 239. 

Texas Technical College; 334 

Texas, Univ. of, 56 

Teweles, Sidney, 199 

Thailand, 54, 72, 165,222 

Thiokol Chemical CorD.. 112. 177,265.328 ,I 

Reaction Motors Dh:, 377 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 471 

Thomas, Rep. Albert D., 54-55 

Thomas, David F., 78 

Thome, P. G., 190 

Thompson, Dr. Barbara A., 377 

Thompson, Col. John M. (USAF), 333 

Thompson, Llewellyn E., 339 

Thompson, Milton O., 47, 237-238, 244, 

264,274,284, 301 

Thompson, R. P., 253 

Thom son, Robert F., 354 

Tht) or booster) (see also Long Tank Thor), ".- 17s 

Thor-Agena (booster), 61 

B. 178 

D; 50, 91, 121, 132, 188, 221,262, 297, 

341, 382 

Thor-Altair (booster), 9 

Thor-Burner I1 (booster), 292 

Thor-Delta (booster), 11, 41, 70, 310 

Thrust-Augmented Improved Delta (Tad), 

Tiros (meteorological satellite), 24 TIROS VII (meteorological satellite), 220 

Tiros Operational Satellite (Tos), 41, 70, 

Titan I1 (booster), 99, 164, 202, 206, 248, 

269, 331 

176, 310 

318. 353 

Titan-h (booster), 24, 220, 305, 368 

Titan 111-B-Agena, 252, 373 

Titan 111-C (booster), 113, 216, 219, 276, 

338. 359, 385 

Titanium, 224, 308 

Titov, L/C Gherman S. (U.S.S.R.),135 

Tokyo, Japan, 179, 340 

Tokyo Observatory, 219 

Tokyo Univ., 109, 149, 257, 301, 339 

Tonkin, Leo S., 55 

Toowoomba, Australia, 361 

Toronto, Canada, 194 

Toronto, Univ. of, 229 

Torrance, Calif., 156 

Tos. See Tiros Operational Satellite. 

Toth, Robert, 343 

Towers, Adm. John H. (USN), 383 

Townes, Dr. Charles H., 31, 97 

Townes-Schawlow patent, 258 

Trac Calif., 319 

TZ ra c control, 247 

Trailblazer (booster), 330, 369 

Trans World Airlines (TWA), 159,223,236, 

242 

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching 

Station (India), 234 

Thursday Island, 162 

Tidbinbilla, Australia, 234 

Time measurement, 166 

stations 

2$1$::299, 307,361 

U.S.S.R., 299, 334 

Transit (nav' ational satellite), 302 TRANSIT IV-A ?navigation satellite), 227 

Transportation, Dept. of, 80, 227, 274, 

Trendex oll, 265,362 

Trimethy!-alurninum (m), 117, 152, 292, 

Trip e, Juan T,, 137, 297 

Truj 196,285,294,374 

ski, Gerald M., 81 

Ti:rc., 235, 375 TRW Systems, Inc., 24-25, 142, 267, 306 

Tsara kin, Sem on K., 85,97 

Tu-& (U.S.S.6. airliner), 256 

Tu-114 (U.S.S.R. transport aircraft), 58 

Tu-144 (U.S.S.R. supersonic transport), 

Tu-154 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 256 

Tulsa, Okla., 177 

Tupolev, Andrei N., 196 

Turkey, 227 

Twiss, Robert L., 176 

Tydings, Sen. Joseph D., 12 

Tyler, Gordon H., 283 

Tyura Tam, U.S.S.R., 294 

279,321, 340,348, 362 

347 

196, 226 

U 

U-2 (reconnaissance aircraft), 27 

Uchinoura Range, Kyushu, Japan, 109, 

UCLA. See California, Univ. of, at Los 

Udall, Secretary of the Interior Stewart L., 

Ufo. See Unidentified fl . g objects. 

Ugolyek (dog), 6061, g84,91, 102,141, 

U.K. See United Kingdom. U.N. See United Nations. 

Unidentified flying objects (Ufo), 160,176- 

177, 299, 333, 341, 377 

Georgia, 251 

Michigan, 112-113, 116, 122 

Ohio, 142 

Pennsylvania, 200 

USAF, 130,255, 272, 325,326, 

149, 301, 333, 378 

Angeles. 

297, 350 

147, 179, 318 

contract, 172, 315 

, 16, 27, 286, 296, 

ort engine, 109,123, 

273, 286, 296, 299, 

United Aircraft Research Laboratories, 98 

United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), 139 

United Auto Workers (UAW), 35 
472 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

United Kingdom (U.K.), 42, 43, 44, 46, 

115, 136, 330, 347 

aircraft, 61, 356 

Concorde, 20-21, 43, 285, 289 

cooperation, defense, 40 

cooperation, space, 73, 133, 155-156, 

239, 267, 287, 299, 322, 329, 377 

236, 285 

ELDO, 156, 189, 190, 211, 214, 220, 

House of Commons, 31 

Ministry of Aviation, 356 

Ministry of Technology, 28, 356 

nuclear reactor, 51 

nuclear test, 31 

science and technology, 25-26, 28-29 

United Nations (U.N.), 135, 169, 171, 216, 

218,221, 277, 299, 312 

Commission to Study the Organization 

of Peace, 181 

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of 

Outer Space, 20,28, 32, 94, 258, 282, 

Legal Subcommittee, 237, 246, 248, 

General Assembly, 298, 355, 369, 377 

World Meteorological Organization, 89, 

United Press International (UPI), 76, 134, 

233 

United States (see also appropriate Govern287, 291, 386 

250 

113-114 

ment agencies). 

Asian summit conference, 311 

budget, 19,23-24, 33 

communications, 83 

contract policy, 128 

criticism, 85-86, 131, 288 

defense, 40,170,191-192,341,342,343, 

disarmament, 304 

international cooperation, 15-16, 113- 

114, 133, 226, 231, 240, 303 

nuclear weapons, 58,84-85, 342 

research and development, 15, 55, 119, 

science and technology, 1,13,22,28-29, 

355 

154, 179 

33-34,70-71,97-98,99,133,150, 

182, 219, 240, 348-349, 370 * 

space law treaty. See Space law treaty. 

space program. See Space program, 

transportation (see also Supersonic 

United Technology Center, 150 

Univac Div. See Sperry Rand Corp., 

Universal Match Corp., 361 

Universe, origin, 31, 4647 

UPI. See United Press International. 

Uprated Saturn I. See Saturn I, Uprated. 

Ural Mountains, U.S.S.R., 107 

Urban Renewal Administration, 37 

national. 

transport), 80, 340, 348 

Univac Div., 223 

e (USAF) (see also individual 

bases, centers, and commands, such as Air Force Systems Command, Arnold 

Engineering Development Center, 

Edwards AFB, etc.) 

aircraft (see also individual aircraft, 

such as C-5A, F-111A, X-15, XB70, etc.), 9, 113, 166169,253,282, 

309, 323, 341, 365 

accident, 28, 211, 214 

anniversary, 302 

award, 113, 129, 137, 168, 232,251 

booster, 6, 94, 216, 218, 385 

contract, 88, 122, 138-139, 195, 255, 

268, 315, 328, 334, 335, 377 

V/Stol and Vtol aircraft, 194, 365 coo eration, 128-129, 203, 281, 385 

Fligit Safety Review Board, 180, 193 

launch . booster, 213, 276, 329-330, 338 

Hitab test. 108. 115 

missile, 255, 241, 342-343, 367 

lifting-body vehicle, 152-153, 378 

missile program, 22, 108, 113, 165, 261, 

275, 355 

Mol. See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. 

177 

motor. solid urouellant. 90. 177 

Office'of AerbGce Research, 326 

personnel, 54, 57, 127, 146, 199, 259, 

283, 298, 311, 336, 345 

research, 113, 209, 263 

satellite (see also Satellite, unidentified), 

sounding rocket, 342 

Scientific Advisory Board, 172 

spac;lFgram, 90-91, 283, 320-321, 335, 

s acecraft recovery, 100 

Jfo, 116, 119, 130, 142, 172, 255, 272, 

Vietnam war, 311 

121, 146, 216, 331-332, 338, 370 

315, 325, 376-377 

USAF. See U.S. Air Force. 

USAF Aero Propulsion Laboratory, 78 USAF Aerospace Medical Div., 295 

USAF Air Rescue Service, 78 USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, 12, 

273, 335 

U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament 

Agency, 339 

U.S. Army (USA), 156, 284 

aircraft, 106, 131, 187, 253, 281, 309 

missile, 119, 267 

satellite, 212, 272, 312 

training, 150 

U.S. Coast Guard, 114, 278 

U.S. Comptroller General, 236 

U.S. Congress. See Congress. 

US. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 

U.S. Geological Survey, 297; 313, 382 

U.S. Information Agency (USIA), 304 

U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce, 9 

U.S. Marine Corps (USMC), 150, 195 

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, 321 

US. Military Academy, 203 

258 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 473 

U.S. Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, 

234 

U.S: Naval Oceanographic Office, 14 

U.S. Navy (USN), 206, 207, 228 

agreement, 8, 179 

aircraft, 106, 131, 195 

contract. 30. 77. 338 

macecraft recoven, 207, 244, 

291, 332, 344 

U.S. News & World Report, 372 USNS Croatan, 80-81 USNS Kingsport, 134-135 USNS Point Barrow, 74, 86 USNS Ran e Recoverer, 87, 178, 185, 187 

U.S. P ub f IC Health Service, 64 

U.S.S. Benjamin Franklin, 87 

U.S.S. Bennington, 185 

U.S.S. Boxer, 86 

U.S.S. Guadalcanal, 244, 247 

U.S.S. Guam, 290, 293 

U.S.S. La Solle, 338 

U.S.S. Leonard F. Mason, 100, 106 

U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (see also Soviet Academy 

of Sciences, etc.) 219-220, 289, 294 

aircraft, 50, 58, 226, 251, 255-256,291, 

323, 333 

antiaircraft defense. 125. 161 

171, 17&175, 305, 377 i%;tZ;Ji, i3a,212,29o, 316 

communications satellite, 149, 152,154, 

324, 353, 376 coo eration, 10, 251, 269, 330, 376 

gance, 221, 226, 227, 261, 334, 348, 

370. 386 

171, 17&175, 305, 377 i%;tZ;Ji, i3a,212,29o, 316 

communications satellite, 149, 152,154, 

324, 353, 376 

gance, 221, 226, 227, 261, 334, 348, coo eration, 10, 251, 269, 330, 376 

370. 386 

U.S.,-bO, 96, 109-110, 155-156, 271, 

303, 308, 339 

cosmonaut. See Cosmonaut. 

Cosmonaut’s Day, 135-136 

disarmament, 58-59, 84-85, 97 

launch 

aerostat, 336 

Luna spacecraft, 35, 122, 273, 326- 

327, 378-379 

satellite 

Cosmos, 8, 22, 27, 51, 59, 60-61, 

75, 104, 110, 130, 144, 152, 175, 

190,218,223,235,240,246,252, 

261,277,294,321,325,337,347, 

352, 356, 366, 372, 378-379 

Yantar I (ion propulsion system test), 

Molniya, 149, 325 

Proton, 233 

3.19 

launchsite, 372 

life science, 11,12-13,60-61,69,84,90, 

91, 94, 102, 136-137, 154, 179, 232, 

lunar exploration (see also LUNA IX, etc.), 

manned, 55, 125, 130, 131, 162, 214, 

unmanned, 41-42, 44-45, 46, 47, 48, 

285, 306-307, 318, 374 

285, 286, 319-320 

157, 204-205,380-381 

meteorolo y, 96, 174, 269, 271, 385 

missile ani rocket program, 10,181,270, 

planet exploration 2, 40, 75, 81-82, 

rocket test, 147-148,193,233,275,287, 

science, 21, 25-26, 117, 146, 337, 377 

space law treaty. See Space law treaty. 

space program. (see also individual robe 

and satellite pro rams, SUCK as Cosmos, Luna, dolniya, Proton, 

Venus, Voskhod, etc.), 16-17, 20, 

70, 130, 173, 201, 212, 237, 303, 

manned s ace flight, 79, 92, 135-136, 

138, 1&, 303, 314, 338-339, 356, 

302, 341,355 

86-% 126, 173, i36 

302, 352, 373 

312, 318, 320-321, 368, 373, 385 

379-380 

spacecraft, 17, 254, 285, 306, 321 

submarines, 125 

supersonic transport, 118,196, 226 

tracking station, 9, 16, 48, 139, 334 

weapons, 84-85,97, 161, 181, 191-192, 

198, 270, 341, 355,373 

U.S.S. Redstone, 214 

U.S.S. Silas Bent, 189 

U.S.S. Wasp, 179, 207, 209, 332, 334 

US. Weather Bureau, 5, 41 

U Thant, U.N. Secretary Gen., 198 

V 

Vaccaro, Michael J., 60, 91 

Vacuum Technology and Space Simulation, 

Van Allen, Dr. James A., 134 

Van Allen radiation belts, 102, 120, 213, 

Van Dusen Aircraft Sup lies, 308 

Vandenberg AFB, Calif. tee also Western 

Test Range), 11, 195, 294 

launch, 108, 115 

missile, 275 

rocket, Arcas, 342 

satellite launch vehicle 

Atlas-Agena, 213 

Atlas-Agena D, 54, 92, 121, 272, 

334 

260 

Q-V 

53 I 

Atlas D, 240, 370 

Scout, 146, 183 

Thor-A ena D, 40, 341 

Thor-Atair, 9 

Titan 111-B-Agena D, 252, 

Missile, 22, 66, 115-116 VANGUARD I (satellite), 106 

Varo, Inc., 61 

Vashkov, V. I., 173 

Veis, Dr. George, 22 

Vela (nuclear detection satellite), 

Vem (research ship), 302 

Venezuela, 297 

306 

I 35, 322 
474 ASTRONAUTICS ANI D AERONAUTICS, 1966 

95, 

Venus (planet), 142,145,157 

atmosphere, 251, 377 

ex loration, 17, 26, 73, 75, 82, 

!47, 159, 268,281, 351, 368 

life on, 26, 141 

rotation, 175 

surface, 16,175 

temperature, 26, 159 

51, 75, 86-87, 95 

(U.S.S.R.), 136-137 

craft. See V/Stol and Vtol aircraft. 

147, 179, 318 

VENUS 11 (U.S.S.R. interplanetary probe), 

Vershinin, Air Marshal Konstantin 

Vertical and short takeoff and landing airVeterok (dog), 60, 69, 84, 91, 102, 141, 

Vetlesen Award, 324, 377 

Vetlesen, G. Unger, Foundation, 324 

Vienna, Austria, 171, 287 

Vietnam, 216 

Vietnam, North, 355 

Vietnam, South, 361 

Vietnam war, 228, 311, 325 

aircraft, 326 

effects on space budget, 24, 138, 275, 

317, 323, 325, 328 

effects on space law treaty, 237, 277 

opposition to, 246, 366 

VENUS 111, 51, 75, 82, 86-87, 95, 

Vine, Allyn C., 52 

Vinogradov, Aleksandr, 50, 140 

Virgin Islands, 152 

Virginia Associated Research Center, 19, 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 365 

Virus control, 64 

Vitro Gorp. of America, 130 

Vivian, Rep. Weston E., 110 

Vladivostok, U.S.S.R., 154 

Vocational Rehabilitation Administration, 

Vogel, Col. Lawrence W. (USA), 1 

Vogeley, Arthur W., 354 

Volcano, 299, 313, 316, 374 

Volunteer Flight Officers Network, 284 

Von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 1,241,298,322, 

365 

222,328 

372 

Von Eckardt, Wolf, 311 

Von Khmh, Dr. Theodore, 124,259 

Von Markatz, Dr. Hans-Joachim, 210 

Von Ohain, Hans J. P., 27 

VOSKHOD I (U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 285, 356 VOSKHOD 11, 92, 107, 321,339, 356 

Voyager (program), 113, 171, 198, 244, 

279,281, 308, 352, 362 

Planetary Reentry Parachute Program, 

VOSTOK VI, 90 

, 242-243, 279, 340, 352 

contract, 275 

Voyager (spacecraft), 327 

Vreeland, Thad, Jr., 260 

V/Stol aircraft, 106, 131, 185, 194, 253, 

Vtol aircraft, 94, 284, 309, 323, 365 

364 

w 

WA-50 (light aircraft), 118 

Walker AFB, N. Mex., 279, 284 

Walker, Cliff W., 58 

Walker, Dr. Eric A., 155 

Walker, Jose h A., 47, 211, 214, 

Wall Street $urnal, 28, 219, 250, 

Wallops Station (NASA), 41, 312, 

launch 

Pacemaker, 333 

351 

350, 

315, 

380 

383 

satellite 

Scanner, Project, 268, 369 

Scout (Reentry E), 49 

sounding rocket, 252 

Aerobee 150A, 79, 84, 182, 276 

Aerobee 350,269 

Boosted-Dart. 14 

OV3-IV, 213 

Javelin, 79, 185, 237,267,299, 313 

Nike-Apache, 10, 19,56, 127, 132- 

133,214,239,240,274,276,293, 

207 

Nse-Cajun, 25, 39-40, 42-43, 51, 

Nike-Tomahawk, 276, 277, 301, 

161,260,265,307,310 

341. 360 

Orjon'I1,- 342 

Wasp, 210 

Trailblazer, 330 

personnel, 382 

Wang, Dr. Chiao Jen, 376 

Wapakoneta, 137 

Warrior Constructors, Inc., 255 

Warsaw Convention, 43, 157 

Washington Board of Trade, 319 

Washington, D.C., 140,172,271,289,293, 

311, 313, 330, 334 

awards presented at, 208, 215,232, 294, 

314-315 

meetings, 19, 56, 136, 140, 143, 144, 

221, 269, 271, 288, 297, 338, 382 

museum, 49,236 news conference, 80, 119 

Washington, D.C. Business Council, 56 

Washington Daily News, 370 

Washin ton Evening Star (see also Hines, 

editorial,76,106,109,170,183,210-211 

Washington (D.C.) National Airport, 13, 

149, 217 

150,162-163,172,199,212,214-215, 

Wiiiam), 373 

Washington Post, 82, 143, 225, 260-261, ~_. 289. 343 . __ editork, 105, 183, 246, 320-321, 351, 

interview, 294-295, 311, 341 

Washington Society of Investment AnaWashington Sunah Star, 26"; 294, 301 

Washington (state{ 83 

Washin on, Univ. of, 287 

wasp. i? ee Weightless Analysis Sounding 

Wassmer Aviation, 118 

Water, 105, 274 

365, 370 

lysts, 199 

Probe. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 475 

Waters, John R., 229 

Watertown (N.Y.) Dail Times, 248 

Watson, James Craig, Gedal, 150 

Watson Laboratory, 150 

Weapon systems, 72, 125, 147-148, 161 

Wa5her modification, 8, 59, 62, 99, 261, J1sU 

Webb, Alvin B., 178 

Webb, James E., 1, 60, 73, 79, 132, 140, 

Ap:!? applications, 70, 138, 196, 210- 

147,381-382 

ALL 

appointments by, 166-167,173,275,319, 

award by, 304, 315 

award to, 314, 341 

labor a reement, 33 

mannet space flight, 43 

nuclear propulsion, 145 

space cooperation, 133, 138, 289, 303, 

spac;iFgram, 95, 108, 147, 297, 332, 

tribute to, 102,249 

336 

304 

U.S.S.R., 70, 301, 316, 323 

Weaner. Herman K.. 315 

Wei htlek -Anal si; Sounding Probe 

(#as ), 210, 2T4 

We' htgssness 

ezects of, 102, 179, 210, 226, 295, 318, 

322. 361. 374 

West Ford, Project, 35, 376 

West Palm Beach Facility, Fla., 123, 226 

West Virginia, 341 

Westbury, N.Y., 108 

Western Air Lines, 159 

Western Operations Office (WOO) (NASA), 

Western Support Office (WSO) (NASA), 215 

Western Test Range (WTR) (see also 

215 

Vandenberg AFB, Calif.) 

lifting body, SV-5D, 378 

missile, 66 

satellite, 153, 178,222, 284, 310, 321, 

launch 

349 

Atlas-Agena D, 20, 54, 106, 143, 

178, 208, 212, 238, 268, 293, 

312,319, 367 

launch vehicle 

Scout, 33, 116, 258, 271 

132, 

382 

gena 

Titan 111-B-Agena D, 373 

Western Union International, Inc., 176, 

321 

Western Union Telegraph Co., 341 

Westinghouse Electric Corp., 103, 222, 

Westinghouse Research Laborafories, 289, 

249, 361, 376 

309 

Weston, Ill., 376 

Westphal, James A., 277 

Whitaker, Ewen A., 116 

White, Alvin S., 36, 158, 211 

White, L /C Edward H., I1 (USAF), 92, 144 

Apollo flight, 110,332 

European visit, 54 GEMINI IV flight, 17, 104,216-217 

honors, 9, 208, 232 

293, 301, 303, 328, 354, 356 

Cooperation, 258 

White, George C., Jr., 336 

White House, 50, 77, 101-102, 146, 212, 

White House Committee on Meteorology, 3 

White House Conference on International 

White, John Michael, 128 

White, L/C Robert M. (USAF), 47 

White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), N. Mex. 

atmospheric data, 360, 364 

booster test, 297 

dayglow measurement, 138 

micrometeoroid sampling, 326-327, 

launch 

Aerobee 150 

350 

radar test, 171 

solar astronomy, 187, 331 

ultraviolet astronomy, 40,145, 190, 

x-ray astronomy, 89, 188, 219, 319 

Air-Launched, Air-Recoverable Rocket 

(Alarr), 118-119 

Boosted Arcas, 249, 277 

Nike-Apache, 267, 351 

Athena, 342-343, 367 

Chaparral, 267 

Voyager parachute, 279, 284, 340, 

352, 370 

White, Gen. Thomas D., Space Trophy, 

241, 242, 295, 352 

test 

___ 

2.12 

Whitten, James R., 126 

Wildt, Ru ert, 82 

Wilford, 6hn Noble, 4-5 

Will Rogers (missile-carrymng submarine), 

247 

Williams, Clifton C., Jr., 379 

Williams, G. P., 348 

Williams, George K., 296, 314 

Williams, John J., 354 

Williams, B /G Robert R. (USA), 281 

Williams. William W.. .. 296.314 

Wilson, Andrew, 143 
476 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 

Wing, aircraft 

delta, 225 

flexible, 156 

variable-swe 116, 215 

Wingert, Low~~T., 114 

Wings Club, 137 

Winston, Donald C., 356 

Winter, Frank H., 103 

Wisconsin, 69 

Wisconsin State Chamber 

227 

, 307, 383 

of Commerce, 

W&yonsin, Univ. of, 132,182,328,361 

WMO. See World Meteorological OrganizaWolff, Rep. Lester L., 165 

Women as astronauts, 7, 107, 324-325 

WOO. See NASA Western Operations Office. 

Wood, Clotaire, 232, 322 

Wood, David S., 260 

Woodcock, Gordon R., 22 

Woodland, Ga., 176 

Woods Hole, Mass., 39, 53 

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 52 

Woodward and Lothrop, Inc., 77 

Wooldridge, Dean E., 235 

Woollard, Dr. George P., 38, 39 

Woomera Rocket Range, Australia, 123, 

Worden, Capt. Alfred M. (USAF), 127 

World Affairs Council, 241 

World Federation of Democratic Youth 

World Journal Tribune, 311 

World Magnetic Surve 64 

World Meteorological Zay, 89, 113, 133 

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 

World War 11, 311 

World Weather Watch, 114, 133, 326 

Worthin ton, Minn., 161 

Wright Ifrothers Lecture, 26 

Wright Brothers Medal, 296, 314 

Wright, Orville, 377 

Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 27, 203, 284, 

294, 309, 326, 353 

Wright, Robert, 371 

Wright, Wilbur, 377 

WSMR. See White Sands Missile Range. 

wso. See NASA Western Support Office. 

Wyatt, DeMarquis D., 1, 351 

Wydler, Rep. John W., 108, 164, 279 

Wyld, James H., 377 

Wyndham, Dr. John D., 230,253 

tion. 

190, 348 

congress, 214 

113-114, 210, 326 

x 

XV-4A hummingbird") (Vtol aircraft), 

XV-SA (V/Stol aircraft), 253 

XV-6A (V/Stol aircraft), 131 

X-15 (rocket research aircraft), 15, 129 

365 

fiight, 47, 62,282,385 

No. 1, 168, 238, 252, 263, 275, 288, 

313 

No. 2, 182, 231, 247, 257, 263, 278, 

351 

No. 3, 242, 258, 271, 292, 351, 357 

pilots, 47, 211, 246, 359 

record, 62, 211, 351,385 

test, 182 

accelerometer, 279, 336 

base dra ,247, 278-279 

electricaf loads, 237, 275 

lass, nonglare, 237, 252 

feat, 278 

horizon scanner, 252, 263, 275 

micrometeoroid, 252, 263, 275, 292 

pilot checkout, 258, 313, 357 

radiometer, 292, 336 

stability, 182, 279, 357 

star tracker, 247, 263 

X-22A (V/Stol aircraft), 106 

XB-70 (supersonic aircraft), 114, 385 

accident, 211, 263-264 

flight, 5,16,136,158-159,183-184,338, 

342, 354, 372, 376, 378 

XC-142A (V/Stol aircraft), 182 

XE (nuclear rocket engine), 336 Xi, Ze-zong, 339 

X-ray (see also Astronomy, x-ray), 79, 174, 

XB-7OA, 183 

187, 219, 373, 385 

flux, 87 

sources, 89, 188, 229 

Y 

Yak-40 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 256 

Yale Club, 314 

Yale Univ.. 190. 252 

Yale Univ.'Observatory, 220 

Yangel, Mikhail K., a4 

Yantar I (U.S.S.R. automatic ionospheric 

laboratory), 339, 385 

Yardley, John F., 354 

Yarymovich, Dr. Michael, 150 

Yegorov, Dr. Boris B., 84, 147, 249, 285 

Yegorov, Pyotr, 327 

Yegorychev, Nikola 20 

Yeremin, A. V., 31g 

Yeshiva Univ., 365 

YF-12A (reconnaissance aircraft), 28, 251 

Yomiuri Shimbun. 45 

Young, Dr. C. Gilbert, 209 

Young, Cdr. John W. (USN), 240, 246, 249, 

Young, John D., 27, 188 

Young Men's Business Club of Greater 

255, 299, 379 

New Orleans. 247 

Young, Sen. Milton R., 167 

Young, Robert B., 235 

Yttrium-aluminum-gaet crystal (Yag), -". 9no 

Yugoslavia, 165, 231 

Yurovsky, Vladimir, 46 

Z 

Zabelin, Igor, 384 

Zahner, Donald, 224 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1966 477 

Zemlya i Vseknmya, 377 

Zenith Radio Corp., 310 

Zero Defects Achievement Award, 131 

Zero Defects Program, 353 

Zero (zero gravity) (see also WeightlessZero Length Launch (Zell) platform, 111 

Zeta Ophiuchi (star), 190, 241 

Zia Corp., 235 

Zimmerman, Fred L., 350 

Zimmet, Donald, 250 

Zond (U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 73 

ZOND 111 (U.S.S.R. space probe), 8142,305, 

Zuckert, Eugene M., Trophy, 129 

Zwayer, James T., 28 

ness), 121, 179, 210, 299 333 

NASA HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS 

HISTORIES: 

Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, with 

Foreword by James E. Webb, NASA SP-4101, 1966; for sale by Supt. 

of Documents ($4.00). 

Loyd S. Swenson, James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New 

Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP.4201, 1966; for sale 

by Supt. of Documents ($5.50). 

CKRONOLOGIES AND SPECIAL STUDIES : 

Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and 

Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960, compiled by Eugene 

M. Emme with Foreword by Hugh L. Dryden, Washington: NASA, 1961 

(out of print). 

Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1961, with Foreword by James E. 

Webb, published by the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 

1962 (out of print). 

Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1962, with Foreword by George L. 

Simpson, Jr., published by the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 1963; for sale by Supt. of Documents ($1.00). 

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1963, with Foreword by Hugh L. Dryden, NASA 

SP-4004,1964; for sale by Supt. of Documents ($1.75). 

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1964, with Foreword by Robert C. Seamans, Jr., 

SP-4005, 1965; for sale by Supt. of Documents ($1.75). 

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1965, with Foreword by James E. Webb, NASA 

SP-4006, 1966; for sale by Supt. of Documents ($2.25). 

Project Mercury: A Chronology, by James M. Grimwood with Foreword by Hugh 

L. Dryden, NASA SP-4001, 1963; for sale by Supt. of Documents 

($1.50). 

Mae Mills Link, Space Medicine in Project Mercury, with Foreword by 

Hugh L. Dryden and Introduction by W. Randolph Lovelace 11, NASA 

SP-4003, 1965; for sale by Supt. of Documents ($1.00). 

Historical Sketch of NASA, NASA EP-29, 1965; for sale by Supt. of Documents ($.25). 

*US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: l967--0 261-497 

479 
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