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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

KATTI A. HOFSTETTER,

a single woman,

Appellant,

v.

CITY OF BELLINGHAM,

a municipal corporation,

Respondent.

NO. 68156-7-1

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: August 12, 2013

Lau, J. — Katti Hofstetter sustained catastrophic injuries after falling from a cliff

above a popularswimming hole, known as the "whirlpool," in the City of Bellingham's

Whatcom Falls Park. Hofstetter sued the City of Bellingham, alleging its negligence

proximately caused her injuries and damages. The City claimed immunity from liability

under the recreational use statute, RCW 4.24.210. The jury returned a verdict finding

no recreational use immunity because itfound the whirlpool area was closed when

Hofstetter was injured. It also found the City not negligenton Hofstetter's premises

liability claim. Hofstetter contends the trial court erroneously denied her partial

summary judgment motion, which sought to remove the issue ofrecreational use

immunity from the jury's consideration. Finding no error, we affirm.

The City denied negligence and asserted recreational use immunity as an

affirmative defense to Hofstetter's personal injury complaint. The recreational use
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statute provides that landowners who "allow" members of the public to use their land for

outdoor recreation "shall not be liable for unintentional injuries to such users."

RCW 4.24.210(1). Its purpose is "to encourage owners or others in lawful possession

and control of land ... to make them available to the public for recreational purposes by

limiting their liability toward persons entering thereon and toward persons who may be

injured or otherwise damaged by the acts or omissions of persons entering thereon."

RCW 4.24.200.

The City moved for summary judgment, invoking recreational use immunity.1 It

argued immunity from liability as a matter of law because Whatcom Falls Park charged

no fee for public outdoor recreational use. Hofstetter opposed the motion, arguing that

material fact issues remained as to whether the City "allowed" public recreation in the

whirlpool area.2 She argued, "The evidence in the record supports a finding of fact that

the City did not intend to hold the area where plaintiffwas injured open to the public for

outdoor recreation."

The trial court denied the motion, agreeing with Hofstetter that questions of fact

existed over whether the City allowed the public to use the whirlpool area on the day

Hofstetter was injured. It signed Hofstetter's proposed form of order, which stated, "The

record demonstrates that a genuine issue of material fact exists concerning whether

1After conducting additional discovery, the City filed a second summary

judgment motion. Neither party raises any issue related to this motion.

2Hofstetter filed no cross motion for partial summary judgment on this issue.

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defendant intended to hold the area where plaintiff was injured open to the public for

recreational use."3

Approximately one month before the scheduled trial date, Hofstetter filed a

motion for partial summary judgment, asking the court to "strike" the City's recreational

use immunity affirmative defense. Contrary to her earlier position opposing the City's

summary judgment motion on factual issues, she now argued summary judgment

should be granted in her favor because no material fact issues remained because the

whirlpool area was undisputedly closed. To support this contention, she submitted the

deposition of park operations manager Marvin Harris. She claimed his testimony

showed the City closed the whirlpool area due to possible contamination from a 1999

pipeline explosion. She argued that since the area was undisputedly closed as a matter

of law, the City was not entitled to present its immunity defense at trial.

The City opposed Hofstetter's motion, observing that Hofstetter's argument

conflicted with her previous assertion that the jury should decide the City's entitlement

to immunity. The City argued, "For [Hofstetter] to wait until this period of time right

before trial to then assert that just the opposite of that, that no material issue of fact

exists on that immunity defense, is just, it's not fair, and there should be judicial

estoppel in that respect."4 VRP (Dec. 17, 2010) at 6.

3We have noted, "The summary judgment procedure is designed to avoid

useless trials. Where there is a genuine issue as to any material fact, however, a trial is

not useless, but is absolutely necessary." Moore v. Pac. Nw. Bell, 34 Wn. App. 448,

456, 662 P.2d 398 (1983).

4The City does not argue on appeal that judicial estoppel or invited errorapplies

here.

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The City also argued that genuine issues of material fact remained as to whether

it allowed public recreation in the whirlpool area on the date of the accident. It

acknowledged that "active use" of the whirlpool area had been restricted "for a relatively

short period of time immediately following the [1999] pipeline explosion . . . ." VRP (Jan.

14, 2011) at 16. But it claimed that concerns over petroleum contamination had

subsided before Hofstetter's accident, prompting city officials to allow the public to

resume recreation in the whirlpool area.

The court denied Hofstetter's motion. It noted the motion presented the "same

issues" as those underlying the City's earlier summary judgment motion. VRP (Jan. 14,

2011) at 23. It explained,

Ijust went back, and I put up the order that the Court entered the first time on

summary judgment, and the Court said, the order says, "The Court finds that the

record demonstrates a genuine issue of material fact concerning whether the

Defendant intended to hold the area where Plaintiff was injured open to the

public for recreational use . . . ."

. . . The issues of who got to go in there and whether it was open or closed

were argued to the Court the first time. I really don't think we've progressed,

even through your recent discovery, past the point that Ithink we were at the last

time when we had the first summary judgment, which Ithink that these are still

issues of fact on both sides.

VRP (Jan. 14, 2011) at 22. The court properly ruled, as it did the first time, that the

issue ofrecreational use immunity was a jury question.5 It is well settled that "[a]

summary judgment denial cannot be appealed following a trial ifthe denial was based

upon a determination that material facts are disputed and must be resolved by the fact

finder." Brothers v. Pub. Sch. Emps. of Wash., 88 Wn. App. 398, 409, 945 P.2d 208

(1997).

5Our review of the record shows material fact issues on the question of whether

the whirlpool area was open to the public for recreation on the injury date.

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The jury answered questions in the special verdict form6 that addressed the

recreational use immunity and common law negligence issues.7 Hofstetter prevailed on

the issue of recreational use immunity:

Question No. 1: At the time of Plaintiff's accident, did the City of

Bellingham allow the public to use the Whirlpool Falls area of Whatcom Falls

Park for outdoor recreation?

Answer: No (Write "yes or "no")

(Formatting and capitalization omitted.) The City prevailed on the issue of negligence:

Question No. 3: At the time of her injury what was Plaintiff Katti

Hofstetter's status on the land in the Whirlpool Falls area of Whatcom Falls Park?

ANSWER: Invitee: . . . Licensee: [X]

Question No. 3: Was the Defendant City of Bellingham negligent?

Answer: No (Write "yes or "no")

(Formatting and capitalization omitted.)

Under the circumstances here, we find no error.8

Hofstetter claims the denial of her partial summary judgment motion "deprived

her of the opportunity and right to effectively present the evidence establishing her

6 Hofstetter did not object to any of the questions or the form of the special

verdict.

7Hofstetter assigns errorto the trial court's denial of her motion for judgment as a

matter of law, which she brought at the close of all evidence at trial. She acknowledges

this challenge "entails the same issues and launches essentially the same analysis as

the question as to whether the court erred in denying the motion for partial summary

judgment." Br. of Appellant at 33. The challenge fails for the reasons discussed below.

We also note that Hofstetter's opening briefing on this issue purports to argue using

incorporation by reference. We do not allow this form of argument. Diversified Wood

Recycling, Inc. v. Johnson, 161 Wn. App. 859, 890, 251 P.3d 293, review denied, 172

Wn.2d 1025 (2011).

8We do not address the question of whether immunity exists if a member of the

public enters land that is open for public recreational use but sustains an injury in a

portion of the land that is closed to the public.

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theory of the case." Br. of Appellant at 49. She explains, "[l]t is submitted that a

thorough examination of the record in this case reflects that, based on her theory of the

case, the plaintiff's lawsuit against the City has considerable merit and, accordingly,

deserves a trial that is not infiltrated by confusing and distracting evidence relating to

recreational use immunity." Br. of Appellant at 34. We are not persuaded by this

speculative and unsupported claim. Hofstetter cites nothing in the record to support jury

confusion. This claim fails.

Plaintiff's Proposed Jury Instruction 38

Hofstetter also challenges the trial court's refusal to give proposed instruction 38,

which identified an agency relationship between the City and its employees:

PLAINTIFF'S PROPOSED INSTRUCTION NO. 38

An agent is a person employed to perform services for another called the

principal. In this case the employees of the City of Bellingham who testified at

trial were agents of the City.

The City is charged with, and bound by, the knowledge of or notice to its

employees received while they were acting within the scope of their employment.

Without the instruction, she argues, some jurors might refuse to consider the testimony

of park employees when deciding whether the City was negligent. This challenge fails

because our record shows Hofstetter offered a different rationale for the instruction

below. We need not review a rationale presented for the first time on appeal. See

Stewart v. State, 92 Wn.2d 285, 298, 597 P.2d 101 (1979) ("objection [to instruction or

refusal to give instruction] must apprise the trial judge of the precise points of law

involved and when it does not, those points will not be considered on appeal.");

Siqurdson v. City of Seattle, 48 Wn.2d 155, 163-64, 292 P.2d 214 (1956) (declining to

review instructional challenge on ground that, at the time exception was taken, "the
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reason given the trial court was not the reason urged before this court."). In any event,

the court properly exercised its discretion in declining to give this instruction. Whether

employees were agents of the City was not disputed at trial. Hofstetter fails to establish

that the court's failure to instruct the jury on agency deprived her of the opportunity to

argue her case to the jury. The trial court had no duty to give an irrelevant or

unsupported instruction.9 Jaeger v. Cleaver Constr., Inc., 148 Wn. App. 698, 716, 201

P.3d 1028 (2009); Ethridge v. Hwang, 105 Wn. App. 447, 456, 20 P.3d 958 (2001).

We affirm.

WE CONCUR:

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9To the extent Hofstetter raised a challenge regarding instruction 18, the issue is

waived. Hofstetter concedes she assigned no error to the court's provision of

Instruction 18. Under RAP 10.3(g), "[a] separate assignment of error for each

instruction which a party contends was improperly given or refused must be included

with reference to each instruction or proposed instruction by number. ..." Further, the

record shows Hofstetter took no exception to instruction 18 below. Generally, the failure

to take exception waives any challenge on appeal. Estate of Ryder v. Kelly-Springfield

Tire Co., 91 Wn.2d 111, 114, 587 P.2d 160 (1978).