UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

 TENTH CIRCUIT

MOUNTAIN BIRD, INC.; SPIRIT AIR, 

INC.,

 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

GOODRICH CORPORATION; CESSNA 

AIRCRAFT COMPANY,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 09-3017

(D.C. Nos. 2:06-CV-02365-KHV and 

2:05-MD-01721-KHV) 

(D. Kan.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before LUCERO, MURPHY, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges. 

 

Mountain Bird, Inc. and Spirit Air, Inc. appeal the district court’s dismissal of 

their tort claims under Idaho’s economic loss rule. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 

U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm. 

 

 

* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of 

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the 

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under 

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

March 23, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court

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I

 In June 1999, Spirit Air ordered a Cessna Model 208B aircraft from the Cessna 

Aircraft Company (“Cessna”). The plane featured an optional de-icing system “Certified 

for Flight in Icing Conditions” for which Spirit Air paid an extra $46,515. Shortly after 

the plane was delivered, Spirit Air purchased an after-market de-icing system that was 

installed by Western Aircraft, Inc. Spirit Air claims both de-icing systems were 

manufactured by the Goodrich Corporation (“Goodrich”).

Spirit Air then leased the plane to Mountain Bird, Inc. d/b/a Salmon Air, which 

operated an air cargo service. On December 6, 2004, the plane crashed near Bellevue, 

Idaho, killing the pilot and one passenger, and destroying the plane. Spirit Air1

 alleges 

that the crash was caused by ice accumulation. 

 In July 2006, Spirit Air filed suit against Cessna and Goodrich in the United States 

District Court for the District of Idaho asserting claims for strict products liability and 

negligence, and seeking $1.4 million in damages—the claimed value of the aircraft. The 

Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transferred the case to the District of Kansas, 

which maintains a master docket for Cessna 208 Series litigation. Both defendants filed 

dispositive motions arguing that Idaho’s economic loss rule barred Spirit Air’s claims. 

The district court agreed and entered summary judgment in favor of defendants. It later 

certified its judgment as final pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). Spirit Air timely 

 1

 For ease of reference, we use “Spirit Air” hereinafter to refer to both appellants. 

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appealed. 

II

 We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Farm 

Credit Bank of Wichita, 226 F.3d 1138, 1148 (10th Cir. 2000). A party is entitled to 

summary judgment only if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. 

The parties agree that Idaho law applies to this action. Idaho has adopted the 

economic loss rule, which bars the buyer of a product from recovering “economic losses” 

through tort. Blahd v. Richard B. Smith, Inc., 108 P.3d 996, 1000 (Idaho 2005). 

“Economic loss includes costs of repair and replacement of defective property which is 

the subject of the transaction, as well as commercial loss for inadequate value and 

consequent loss of profits or use.” Salmon Rivers Sportsman Camps, Inc., v. Cessna 

Aircraft Co., 544 P.2d 306, 309 (Idaho 1975). By contrast, “[p]roperty damage 

encompasses damage to property other than that which is the subject of the transaction.” 

Id. 

“Broadly speaking, the economic loss rule is intended to maintain the boundary 

between contract law and tort law.” Level 3 Commc’ns, LLC v. Liebert Corp., 535 F.3d 

1146, 1162 (10th Cir. 2008) (quotation omitted). In determining whether the economic 

loss rule bars a claim, Idaho courts have focused on the duty alleged to have been 

breached. “To found an action in tort, there must be a breach of duty apart from the 

nonperformance of a contract.” Taylor v. Herbold, 483 P.2d 664, 669 (Idaho 1971). 

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In Clark v. International Harvester Co., 581 P.2d 784 (Idaho 1978), the Idaho 

Supreme Court illustrated this point. There, plaintiff Clark attempted to recover 

economic losses based on his claim that an International Harvester tractor he purchased 

was negligently designed. Id. at 787. The court described the differing duties imposed 

under tort and contract, and the operation of the economic loss rule as follows: 

The law of negligence requires the defendant to exercise due care to build a 

tractor that does not harm person or property. If the defendant fails to 

exercise such due care it is of course liable for the resulting injury to person 

or property as well as other losses which naturally follow from that injury. 

However, the law of negligence does not impose on International Harvester 

a duty to build a tractor that plows fast enough and breaks down 

infrequently enough for Clark to make a profit in his custom farming 

business. This is not to say that such a duty could not arise by a warranty—

express or implied—by agreement of the parties or by representations of 

the defendant, but the law of negligence imposes no such duty. 

Id. at 794 (footnote omitted). 

 Spirit Air contends that its claims are rescued by three exceptions to the economic 

loss rule: (1) the “special relationship” exception; (2) the “unique circumstances” 

exception; and (3) the “parasitic loss” exception. We consider each infra. 

A

“Ordinarily, a breach of contract is not a tort. A contract may, however, create a 

state of things which furnishes the occasion for a tort.” Taylor, 483 P.2d at 669. 

Recognizing “the relation of the plaintiff and the defendants” can give rise to a “duty to 

take due care,” the Idaho courts sometimes permit the recovery of economic losses 

otherwise barred by the economic loss rule under the special relationship exception. Id. 

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This exception arises when “the relationship between the parties is such that it would be 

equitable to impose such a duty. In other words, there is an extremely limited group of 

cases where the law of negligence extends its protections to a party’s economic interest.” 

Duffin v. Idaho Crop Improvement Ass’n, 895 P.2d 1195, 1201 (Idaho 1995). 

Idaho has recognized only two special relationships as exceptions to the economic 

loss rule: (1) “where a professional or quasi-professional performs personal services”; 

and (2) “where an entity holds itself out to the public as having expertise regarding a 

specialized function, and by so doing, knowingly induces reliance on its performance of 

that function.” Blahd, 108 P.3d at 1001. 

Spirit Air argues that the latter type of special relationship exists here with respect 

to its claims against Cessna because Cessna self-certified that its de-icing system 

complied with Federal Aviation Administration regulations. This argument relies 

primarily on the Duffin case. There, plaintiffs purchased seed potatoes that had been 

certified by the Idaho Crop Improvement Association (“ICIA”), a private, non-profit 

corporation that was statutorily authorized as the sole potato-certifier in Idaho. 895 P.2d 

at 1198, 1201. Potatoes grown from these seed potatoes were found to be diseased and 

damaged plaintiffs’ crop. Id. at 1198. Although the trial court applied the economic loss 

rule, the Idaho Supreme Court reversed: 

ICIA has held itself out as having expertise in the performance of a 

specialized function; it is the only entity which can certify seed potatoes in 

the state of Idaho. ICIA knows that seed is sold at a higher price based on 

the fact that it is certified. Indeed, it has engaged in a marketing campaign, 

for the benefit of its members, the very purpose of which is to induce 

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reliance by purchasers on the fact that seed has been certified. Under such 

circumstances, ICIA occupies a special relationship with those whose 

reliance it has knowingly induced. 

Id. at 1201. However, the court refused to permit tort claims to proceed against the 

Federal-State Inspection Service, which conducted a shipping point inspection of the 

potatoes, because there was no evidence “that it has actively sought to induce reliance on 

the part of purchasers.” Id. at 1198, 1201. 

We agree with the district court that Spirit Air has failed to create a genuine issue 

of material fact as to the application of the special relationship exception. Spirit Air 

argues that Cessna held itself out as having expertise in certifying aircraft for flight in 

icing conditions. It relies on two pieces of evidence. First, Spirit Air’s president 

submitted an affidavit stating that if the plane had “not been certified for flight into 

known icing conditions, I would not have purchased the aircraft. I relied on that 

certification in making my decision to buy the aircraft.” Second, Spirit Air points to the 

aircraft specifications form, which states that the plane is “Certified for Flight in Icing 

Conditions.” 

Based on these evidentiary items, Spirit Air contends that we can reasonably infer 

Cessna marketed itself as an expert in de-icing certification services. We disagree. 

Cessna certainly informed Spirit Air that its product was certified, but that materially 

differs from claiming that it was a certification expert. Neither the affidavit nor the 

specification document says anything about Cessna conducting a certification; each 

simply notes that the plane was certified. As Cessna persuasively argues, we would not 

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infer that a car manufacturer held itself out as a vehicle safety certification expert by 

advertising that its cars complied with federal safety regulations. To do so would permit 

the special relationship exception to swallow the rule by allowing tort claims against 

every manufacturer of a regulated product. See Duffin, 895 P.2d at 1201 (describing the 

special relationship exception as applying in an “extremely limited group of cases”). 

Because Spirit Air has not presented evidence showing that Cessna held “itself out to the 

public as having expertise regarding a specialized function,” we cannot conclude a 

special relationship arose between the parties. Blahd, 108 P.3d at 1001.2

 

Further, the special relationship exception applies only when “the relationship 

between the parties is such that it would be equitable to impose” independent tort duties. 

Duffin, 895 P.2d at 1201. In Duffin, the certifying body and the purchasing party were 

not in privity—the plaintiff bought ICIA-certified seed potatoes from a third party. Id. at 

1198. As a result, the plaintiffs could not sue ICIA for breach of contract; tort law was 

the only potential cause of action. Here, Spirit Air can sue the certifying entity, Cessna, 

for breach of contract or breach of warranty. Spirit Air and Cessna are sophisticated 

business entities that engaged in an arms-length transaction. We discern no equitable 

basis to impose additional duties on Cessna. 

B

In addition to the special relationship rule, Idaho courts permit tort claims 

 2

 Spirit Air also cites to two deposition excerpts as evidence that Cessna held itself 

out as being an expert de-icing certifier, but neither witness discussed the issue. 

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normally barred by the economic loss rule when “unique circumstances requir[e] a 

different allocation of risk.” Blahd, 108 P.3d at 1002 (quotation omitted). As appellees 

point out, however, the Idaho courts have never applied this exception. Id. 

Spirit Air primarily relies on Union Oil Co. v. Oppen, 501 F.2d 558 (9th Cir. 

1974), in fashioning its argument that the unique circumstances exception applies. 

Although that case has not been adopted wholesale by the Idaho courts, it was cited in 

Just’s, Inc. v. Arrington Construction Co., 583 P.2d 997 (Idaho 1978), which discussed 

certain exceptions to the economic loss rule recognized in other jurisdictions. Id. at 1005. 

In Union Oil, the Ninth Circuit recited several factors California courts consider in 

determining whether economic losses are recoverable, and Spirit Air urges that those 

factors be applied here. But the factors cited by Spirit Air are used to determine “whether 

in a specific case the defendant will be held liable to a third person not in privity.” Union 

Oil Co., 501 F.2d at 566 (emphasis added). They do not apply to cases such as the one at 

bar.3

 The district court correctly declined to utilize the Union Oil test. 

 Spirit Air also complains that the district court improperly treated this case in the 

abstract by refusing to apply the unique circumstances exception on the ground that 

“[p]urchases of planes are commonplace,” rather than looking to the equities involved in 

this specific case. However, the district court’s analysis closely tracks that employed by 

 3

 Several of the Union Oil factors cannot be applied here in a sensible fashion. For 

example, the first two factors are “the extent to which the transaction was intended to 

affect the plaintiff, [and] the foreseeability of harm to him.” Id. These factors would 

always weigh in favor of plaintiff when it has a contract with the defendant. 

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the Idaho courts. In Duffin, the court declined to apply the exception because “the 

certification of seed potatoes is not a unique circumstance.” 895 P.2d at 1200-01 

(quotation omitted). Similarly, in Blahd, the court held that the “purchase of a residential 

house is an everyday occurrence and does not create the type of unique circumstance 

required to justify a different allocation of risk.” 108 P.3d at 1002. 

By focusing on the nature of the transaction at issue in determining whether to 

apply the unique circumstances exception, the Idaho courts remain faithful to the purpose 

of the economic loss rule. In most circumstances, the “risk of harm to the product itself 

due to the condition of the product would seem to be a type of risk that the parties to a 

purchase and sale contract should be allowed to allocate pursuant to the terms of the 

contract.” Tusch Enters. v. Coffin, 740 P.2d 1022, 1035 n.8 (Idaho 1987) (quotation 

omitted). Although the unique circumstances exception recognizes this may not always 

be the case, Spirit Air has failed to demonstrate that we should abandon the allocation of 

risk to which it agreed when it purchased the plane at issue. 

We do not discount the notion that the specific equities in a case may favor 

application of the unique circumstances exception. Nonetheless, Spirit Air simply claims 

that defendants committed negligence that resulted in economic loss. Far from being 

unique, this type of claim is precisely that for which the economic loss rule was designed. 

C

 Finally, an exception to the economic loss rule exists when the alleged economic 

loss is “parasitic to an injury to person or property.” Duffin, 895 P.2d at 1200. The 

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Idaho Supreme Court described this exception as follows: 

[C]ase[s] in which the plaintiff seeks recovery for purely economic losses 

without alleging any attending personal injury or property damage must be 

distinguished from cases involving the recovery of economic losses which 

are parasitic to an injury to person or property. It is well established that in 

the latter case economic losses are recoverable in a negligence action. 

Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 766C, comment b, and illustration 5 

(Tent. Draft No. 23, 1977). 

Just’s, 583 P.2d at 1004 n.1 (additional citations omitted). 

 Spirit Air claims it fits within this exception because the pilot and a passenger 

were killed in the crash.4

 But Spirit Air did not suffer these personal injuries. Just’s

would seem to require that the “plaintiff . . . allege[] any attending personal injury or 

property damage.” Id. (emphasis added). Courts in other jurisdictions have been more 

explicit. See Turbomeca, S.A. v. French Aircraft Agency, Inc., 913 So. 2d 714, 716 (Fla. 

Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (“Physical injury to third parties is insufficient to satisfy this 

[parasitic] economic loss doctrine exception.”); Am. Drug Stores, Inc. v. A T & T Techs., 

Inc., 583 N.E.2d 694, 696 (Ill. Ct. App. 1991) (rejecting argument “that as long as some 

person was injured or someone’s property was damaged by a sudden, calamitous event, 

anyone else sustaining damage because of the event may seek recovery in tort, even if 

 4

 Spirit Air also argues that because the plane and the after-market de-icing 

equipment were purchased separately, destruction of the plane constitutes property 

damage rather than economic loss with respect to the claims against Goodrich and thus 

the claims against Cessna are parasitic on that property damage. However, Spirit Air did 

not advance this argument before the district court. Accordingly, Spirit Air has waived 

this contention and we will not consider it on appeal. See Cummings v. Norton, 393 F.3d 

1186, 1190 (10th Cir. 2005) (arguments generally may not be raised for the first time on 

appeal). 

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those damages are strictly economic”). 

 The Restatement illustration cited in Just’s is consistent with a rule requiring 

personal injury or property damage to the plaintiff: 

A is engaged in the business of producing and selling mushrooms. Under a 

contract with B Power Company, he is supplied with electric power to keep 

his mushroom cellars at a uniform temperature. C, installing a pole for a 

telephone line near the power line of B Company, negligently allows the 

pole to fall on the power line and break it. Before the line can be repaired, 

A’s mushrooms are killed by freezing. In an action for harm to the 

mushrooms, C is subject to liability to A for their value, and also for 

pecuniary loss to A’s business, if the loss is proved with reasonable 

certainty. 

Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 766C, comment b, illustration 5. The Restatement 

(Third) of Torts, Products Liability, which was not yet published when Just’s was 

decided, similarly requires loss to “the plaintiff’s person” or “the plaintiff’s property 

other than the defective product itself.” Id. § 21(a), (c). 

 In light of these authorities, we affirm the district court’s conclusion that Idaho’s 

parasitic loss exception does not apply when a third party suffers the host injury to person 

or property upon which the economic loss is parasitic. 

III 

 Spirit Air moved to certify to the Idaho Supreme Court “the issues raised in 

Appellants’ brief.” This court has discretion as to whether to certify a question to a state 

court. Oliveros v. Mitchell, 449 F.3d 1091, 1093 (10th Cir. 2006). Certification is 

appropriate “where the question before us (1) may be determinative of the case at hand 

and (2) is sufficiently novel that we feel uncomfortable attempting to decide it without 

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further guidance.” Pino v. United States, 507 F.3d 1233, 1236 (10th Cir. 2007). 

However, “we will not trouble our sister state courts every time an arguably unsettled 

question of state law comes across our desks. When we see a reasonably clear and 

principled course, we will seek to follow it ourselves.” Id. We generally will not certify 

a question if the moving party seeks certification only after losing in district court. 

Enfield ex rel. Enfield v. A.B. Chance Co., 228 F.3d 1245, 1255 (10th Cir. 2000). 

 Certification would be inappropriate here for three reasons. First, Spirit Air did 

not seek to certify until after an adverse decision below. See id. Second, Spirit Air does 

not provide a legal question for certification; it simply claims that the Idaho courts have 

been unclear as to when the “unique circumstances” exception applies and with respect to 

the meaning of “subject of the transaction.” Third, the issues cited by Spirit Air in its 

motion for certification are neither determinative nor “sufficiently novel that we feel 

uncomfortable attempting to decide [them] without further guidance.” Pino, 507 F.3d at 

1236. 

IV

 The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. Spirit Air’s motion for 

certification of questions of state law is DENIED. 

ENTERED FOR THE COURT 

Carlos F. Lucero 

Circuit Judge 

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