FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

FEB 2, 2007

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 06-11387

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 05-00076-CR-FTM-33-DNF

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

ANDREW CRUMBLY, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(February 2, 2007)

Before BIRCH, BLACK and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Andrew Crumbly appeals his convictions for possession with intent to

distribute cocaine base. On appeal, Crumbly argues that the trial court erred by
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limiting cross-examination of a government witness, Gabriel Whitfield, as to

Whitfield’s bias, prior untruthfulness, and prior convictions. Because we find no

reversible error, we AFFIRM.

I. BACKGROUND

A federal grand jury indicted Crumbly on three counts of knowingly and

willfully possessing with intent to distribute and for distributing crack cocaine, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. The

indictment charged sales on three separate dates in 2005: 21 May, 1 June, and 4

June.

At trial, the prosecutor advised the jury in his opening statement that it

would be hearing first from Gabriel Whitfield, a paid informant for the Drug

Enforcement Administration (“DEA”), who had known Crumbly for several years

before he bought the crack cocaine from him on the three dates in question.

Crumbly’s counsel’s opening statement focused on the credibility of Whitfield,

outlining a burglary he committed in 1990. Whitfield had provided the

government with information about others involved in the burglary and had only

received two and a half years of prison, rather than a possible life sentence. When

defense counsel began to outline a 1997 offense, the prosecutor objected that

“defense counsel [was] making highly prejudicial statements about [the]
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underlying conduct of a Government witness.” R6 at 134. The government

indicated that it had not been given advanced notice about Crumbly’s intent to rely

upon this 1990 conviction. The prosecutor also argued that the details of

Whitfield’s prior criminal conduct, particularly to the extent that it was eight or

nine years old, had no bearing on his bias. Defense counsel responded that

Whitfield’s relationship with the police department over a number of years was

relevant to show bias. The district court sustained the objection to the opening

statement, advising defense counsel that he had crossed the line into argument.

On direct examination, Whitfield testified that the DEA paid him in

connection with the purchases that he made from Crumbly and that he was not

subject to any criminal charges at that time. Whitfield identified the audiotapes of

the telephone calls he made to Crumbly before the buys and testified that they were

accurate. The videos show that the actual exchanges lasted only seconds, and none

of the videos captured the exchange of money and drugs.

The issue of Whitfield’s prior offenses came up again during Crumbly’s

counsel’s cross-examination of Whitfield. The district court advised defense

counsel that he could not ask Whitfield about convictions more than ten years old.

With respect to the convictions the defense could ask about, the district court

instructed counsel to “stick to the basic facts,” that is, the fact of the conviction and
4

the nature of the crime. Id. at 185-86. On cross-examination, defense counsel

brought out that Whitfield was charged with burglary and grand theft in 2002, that

he eventually pled guilty to grand theft, and that he received probation. Whitfield

agreed that he received probation, which normally was reserved for first offenders,

even though he “had been through the system before.” Id. at 198-99. Whitfield

also testified that he was arrested for selling counterfeit drugs, in violation of the

terms of his probation, he gave a false name when he was arrested, and he received

a year for the offense.

After Whitfield testified, defense counsel proffered that he would have

elicited on cross-examination that on 31 October 1990, Whitfield and another

person with a gun entered a store after it closed, held a gun to the employees,

ordered them down to the floor, took $9,000 from the office, and then locked the

employees in a meat locker. Crumbly’s defense counsel continued that when the

investigation focused on Whitfield, he provided the government with the identities

of the gunman and a former store employee who had given them information. 

Whitfield then received a sentence of two and a half years. Defense counsel also

wanted to cross-examine Whitfield about a 1997 traffic stop and 2002 burglary. 

During the 1997 traffic stop he tried to run away on foot, even after officers tackled

him, handcuffed him, and sprayed him with pepper spray. Whitfield was charged
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with escape, a felony, but was allowed to plead to a misdemeanor of resisting arrest

without violence. In 2002, defense counsel continued, Whitfield stole a diamond

necklace from the home of someone he knew. Whitfield lied to the victim when

she confronted him but later admitted to police that he had sold the necklace. 

Defense counsel conceded that he was permitted to establish that Whitfield was

convicted of grand theft, instead of burglary, and was sentenced to probation.

Defense counsel also conceded that he was able to elicit that Whitfield was arrested

later that year for selling drugs, but proffered that the police records indicated that

Whitfield stated that he sold “fake crack cocaine to white boys because [they were]

too dumb to know the difference.” Id. at 224. Defense counsel argued that this

behavior was relevant to Crumbly’s defense that Whitfield was a dishonest con

man who orchestrated the crime Crumbly allegedly committed.

After hearing defense counsel’s proffer and argument from both parties, the

district court concluded that the facts of the 1990 conviction for armed robbery and

the 1997 misdemeanor conviction for resisting arrest were not relevant and that,

even if they were, their prejudicial effect outweighed any probative value under

Federal Rule of Evidence 403. The court further found that defense counsel had

been given sufficient opportunity to cross-examine Whitfield with respect to his

bias and motive.
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The government next called Emmanuel Noudewo, the DEA agent who

worked with Whitfield on the alleged transactions with Crumbly. Noudewo

testified that he instructed Whitfield to call Crumbly each time, recorded the

telephone conversations, and placed a hidden video camera on Whitfield's person.

Before the 21 May 2005 transaction, Noudewo searched Whitfield, including his

person, pockets, shoes, and socks to ensure that he did not have any drugs or

weapons. Noudewo drove Whitfield to a location a block away from Crumbly’s

residence, and Whitfield called Crumbly to tell him that he was in the vicinity.

Noudewo did not see the actual transaction because it took place while he was

turning his car around. Noudewo did see Whitfield walk away from a man whom

Noudewo believed to be Crumbly and return to the car with suspected crack

cocaine.

Before the second transaction, Noudewo again had Whitfield call Crumbly’s

residence to arrange a drug purchase, searched Whitfield, and determined that he

was not carrying any drugs or weapon before giving him the audio and video

equipment. On the second and third transactions, on June 1st and 4th, Noudewo

parked so that he could observe the exchanges and identify Crumbly. On June 1st

and 4th, Whitfield was given $300 and $400, respectively, and he returned with

suspected crack cocaine. 
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On cross-examination, defense counsel elicited that the searches of

Whitfield were not strip searches and they were conducted in front of a female

officer. Defense counsel also had Noudewo acknowledge the disparities in the

amounts of crack cocaine that Whitfield received on each occasion. Noudewo

explained on redirect that the market was complicated, and that it depended not just

upon the weight of the drugs but upon the pieces and the relationship between the

seller and buyer.

 The jury found Crumbly guilty of all three counts, and the district court

sentenced him to 235 months’ imprisonment on each count, to run concurrently. 

This appeal followed.

I. DISCUSSION

“We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s exclusion of testimony

about ‘collateral crimes impinging solely on a witness’s credibility and bearing no

relation to the subject matter of his or her direct examination.’” United States v.

Edwards, 968 F.2d 1148, 1152 (11th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted). Under Federal

Rule of Evidence 403, “relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues,

or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or

needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
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On appeal, Crumbly first argues that the trial court erred by limiting crossexamination as to Whitfield’s bias. Specifically, Crumbly argues that the district

court’s refusal to allow cross-examination on Whitfield’s 1990 and 1997

convictions, and its requirement that Crumbly’s counsel limit his crossexamination regarding Whitfield’s 2002 convictions did not allow Crumbly to

show how exceptionally and leniently Whitfield was treated.

Because the Federal Rules of Evidence do not specifically address the

admissibility of evidence regarding a witness’s bias, admissibility is limited only

by the relevance standard of Rule 402. United States v. Lindemann, 85 F.3d 1232,

1243 (7th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted). Moreover, a limitation on a defendant’s

cross-examination on a prototypical type of bias may constitute a violation of the

Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S.

673, 680, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 1436 (1986). 

Subject to the Sixth Amendment, the district court has the discretion to limit

such cross-examination. United States v. Beale, 921 F.2d 1412, 1424 (11th Cir.

1991) (citation omitted). We have repeatedly recognized the importance of the

right to full cross-examination when applied to the government’s star witness or a

witness who provides an essential link in the government’s case. See e.g., United

States v. Lankford, 955 F.2d 1545, 1548 (11th Cir. 1992). Nevertheless, the right
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is not without limitation, as the Sixth Amendment only protects cross-examination

that is relevant. United States v. Lyons, 403 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th Cir.) (citation

omitted), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 732 (2005). 

We have held that a criminal defendant 

is entitled only to an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not

cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever

extent, the defense might wish. Trial judges retain wide latitude

insofar as the Confrontation Clause is concerned to impose reasonable

limits on cross-examination based on concerns about, among other

things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’

safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.

United States v. Baptista-Rodriguez, 17 F.3d 1354, 1366 (11th Cir. 1994) (internal

quotations alterations and citations omitted). As such, the Confrontation Clause is

satisfied as long as a district court permits cross-examination that exposes the jury

to facts sufficient to evaluate a witness’ credibility and enables a criminal

defendant to establish a sufficient record from which he can argue why a witness is

less than reliable. Id. at 1371 (citations omitted). “[O]nce there is sufficient crossexamination to satisfy the Confrontation Clause, further questioning is within the

district court’s discretion. The test for the Confrontation Clause is whether a

reasonable jury would have received a significantly different impression of the

witness’ credibility had counsel pursued the proposed line of cross-examination.” 

United States v. Diaz, 26 F.3d 1533, 1539-40 (11th Cir. 1994) (internal citations
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and quotations omitted).

Crumbly’s attorney was able to achieve his desired purpose by arguing to

the jury that Whitfield had an incentive to lie and eliciting on cross-examination

that Whitfield was charged with burglary and grand theft in 2002, but that he

received only probation, which normally was reserved for first offenders, despite

the fact that he “had been through the system before.” R6 at 198-99. Whitfield

also testified on cross-examination that he was arrested for selling counterfeit

drugs, in violation of the terms of his probation, that he gave a false name when he

was arrested, and that he received a year for the offense. Despite these wrongful

acts, on cross-examination defense counsel queried: 

Q: So in 2000, 2001, you’re working for the police. In 2002, you’re

commiting crimes? 

A: Yeah. 

Q: For which you get a year? 

A: Yeah. 

Q: And nothing really all that bad had happened to you? 

A: No. 

Q: You’d pretty much gotten away pretty much clean? 

A: Yeah. 

Id. at 202. The district court was within its discretion in limiting crossexamination on the details of Whitfield’s prior offenses under Rule 403 because

the jury heard evidence that Whitfield had received sentences normally reserved

for first-time offenders after working as a paid informant. Had defense counsel
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elicited the desired testimony regarding Whitfield’s prior convictions, the jury

would not have had a significantly different impression of Whitfield’s credibility,

motivation, or bias.

Crumbly next argues that the trial court erred by denying cross-examination

regarding Whitfield’s prior untruthfulness on two occasions. Specifically,

Crumbly sought to cross-examine Whitfield regarding his lie to his female friend

regarding his participation in the burglary of her residence and the theft of her

diamond necklace, and Whitfield’s practice of selling fake crack cocaine.

Rule 608(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides:

Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of

attacking or supporting the witness’ character for truthfulness, other

than conviction of crime as provided in rule 609, may not be proved

by extrinsic evidence. They may, however, in the discretion of the

court, if probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired into

on cross-examination of the witness (1) concerning the witness’

character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, or (2) concerning the

character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of another witness as to

which character the witness being cross-examined has testified. 

Although Crumbly complains that he was unable to elicit Whitfield’s prior

untruthfulness with respect to selling counterfeit crack cocaine, Whitfield testified

that he was arrested for selling counterfeit drugs and that he lied to police when he

was arrested by giving a false name. The district court acted within its discretion

in excluding this additional evidence, because Whitfield testified as to the two acts
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of dishonesty that Crumbly sought to elicit, and selling fake cocaine necessarily

implies deceit. Cross-examination on the additional fact that Whitfield sold the

fake crack cocaine to white people, who he believed were “too dumb to know the

difference,” R6 at 224, would have been gratuitous and thus not probative of

untruthfulness.

Crumbly also argues that the trial court erred by denying cross-examination

of Whitfield regarding his 1990 and 1997 convictions under Rule 609. The 1990

armed robbery conviction was relevant to credibility, Crumbly argues, because it

was a violent crime. Although Crumbly did not provide written notice of intent to

use Whitfield’s 1990 conviction as impeachment under Rule 609(b), he contends

that the failure to do so did not prejudice the government and that advance written

notice would have compromised Crumbly’s theory of defense.

Rule 609(a) states that for the purpose of attacking the credibility of a

witness:

(1) evidence that a witness . . . has been convicted of a crime shall

be admitted . . . if the crime was punishable by death or

imprisonment in excess of one year[, and if] the probative value

of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the

accused; and 

(2) evidence that any witness has been convicted of a crime shall be

admitted if it involved dishonesty or false statement, regardless

of the punishment.
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We have held that “Rule 609 requires that evidence of prior convictions of a nondefendant witness be admitted if (1) the convictions are for crimes punishable by

death or imprisonment in excess of one year, (2) the convictions are less than ten

years old, and (3) the evidence is being used to attack the witness’ credibility.” 

United States v. Burston, 159 F.3d 1328, 1335 (11th Cir. 1998). In addition, Rule

609(b) requires the proponent to give “sufficient advance written notice of intent to

use [ ] evidence” of a conviction more than ten years old. 

Crumbly did not provide advance written notice of his intention to use the

1990 conviction. Thus, under the mandatory language of Rule 609(b), the district

court did not err in excluding evidence of the 1990 conviction for purposes of Rule

609(a). The 1997 misdemeanor conviction for resisting arrest did not involve

dishonesty or false statement. Thus, Rule 609(a) did not provide a basis of

admissibility.

II. CONCLUSION

Upon review of the record and consideration of the parties’ briefs, we find

no reversible error. Accordingly, we affirm Crumbly’s convictions.

AFFIRMED.