David Coan

Exploration EVA Systems & Operations

ISS EVA Flight Operations

Trevor Graff & Kelsey Young

Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science

Science Operations

Operational Field Testing for Human Exploration

(a.k.a., NASA Analog Projects)

September 14, 2016
David Coan 

Exploration Integration and Science – Extravehicular Activity (EVA)

Trevor Graff

Exploration Integration and Science – Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science

Kelsey Young

Exploration Integration and Science – Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science

Marc Reagan

Exploration Integration and Science – Exploration Mission Planning

Drew Hood

Engineering – EVA & Advanced Exploration Tools

Adam Naids

Engineering – EVA & Advanced Exploration Tools

Steve Chappell

Human Health and Performance – Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences 

Kara Beaton

Human Health and Performance – Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences 

2

Collaborators
Agenda

• What Are Operational Field Tests?

• Active EVA-Focused Operational Field Tests

• Past EVA-Focused Operational Field Tests

• Active Field Tests with Environments Applicable to EVA

• Past Field Tests with Environments Applicable to EVA

• Summary

3
WHAT ARE OPERATIONAL 

FIELD TESTS (“ANALOGS”)?

4
Background

• Future Exploration missions will potentially take humans to 

destinations where EVA work will be done on nonengineered natural bodies

• These missions will also be at distance that precludes 

instantaneous real-time communication with the crew

• There are numerous technology and operations gaps 

associated with translation and stabilization tools, science 

sampling tools, and operational techniques for dealing with 

comm latency

Operational Field Testing

An analog mission is an integrated multi-disciplinary 

operational field test that allows for early end-to-end testing of 

concepts of operations and hardware in a true operational 

scenario 

• Evaluates objectives mapped to specific needs and 

knowledge/technology gaps

• Has the crew in-situ and a ground team separated from 

them in a mission-like manner

• Provides an understanding of system and architectural 

interactions between Operations, Engineering, and Science

• Drives out results not found in standalone testing, including 

things that do and do not work in a mission environment

• Benefits programs from ISS to Exploration

What Are Operational Field Tests?

5
Goals for Operational Field Tests

EVA Goals

• Advance the future of the EVA system and operations

• Understand EVA gaps and concepts of operations for a wide range of 

Exploration destinations being considered by NASA

• Determine and document closures to gaps in EVA capabilities for 

Exploration missions and inform the EVA Systems Maturation Team 

(SMT) 

• Develop and document concepts of operations for EVA at the Exploration 

destinations

• Realize the needs of EVA tools and hardware and enable the 

development of requirements and designs

Benefits of Operational Field Testing

• Concepts of operations can be accurately tested to determine their 

viability and changes

• Utilization of real science allows for investigation of end-to-end concepts 

of operations, from both an Earth-based Science Team and the in-situ 

EVA crew

• Purpose-built prototype hardware can be evaluated in a field test to 

provide data for design maturation

• Communication latencies can be simulated in an operational 

environment in order to assess the con ops and needs associated with 

EVAs

• A range of destinations can be evaluated

6
Integrated Analog Testing: 

Inputs to Operationally Driven Design

• By developing and simulating integrated operations and evaluating 

systems and technologies within that operational environment we 

are able to:

– Understand what systems and technologies are required

– Understand what systems and technologies are not required

– Understand how the use and interactions of those systems 

and technologies affects their requirements and subsequent 

development

7
Planning and Executing Operational Field Tests

• Define questions of interest to close technological or architectural gaps

• Design and execute test to address questions of interest

• Rigorously/systematically evaluate results

• Use models to extend results (where applicable)

• Based on results, define/refine requirements & improve technology on the roadto-flight

• Distribute results via NASA documents, NASA technical presentations, reports, 

conferences, & journal articles

Example: Sample Stowage Capability Technology Evaluation & Evolution

NEEMO 16

Sample 

CLB

NEEMO 15 NEEMO 21

Integrated 

Sampling 

System

Sample

Bags

8
EVA Utilization of Operational Field Tests

The primary utilization of operational field tests for EVA is to evaluate potential closures for 

knowledge gaps (including the EVA SMT, CAPTEM, and FAST) while testing concepts of 

operations within a mission-like flexible environment

9

NEEMO 21 EVA Objectives EVA SMT Gap

EVA tools and hardware for science 

sampling 

(EVA Integrated Geology Sampling 

System)

Evaluate EVA hardware and operations for science sampling in a surface/partial-g 

environment

• Loosely adhered particles (surface, float, soil)

• Chip samples

• Subsurface samples (core)

107: Tools for Surface EVA

New: Tools for Science Sampling on a Surface EVA

Evaluate EVA hardware and operations for transporting and stowing tools and 

samples

107: Tools for Surface EVA

108: Tools (tool caddy device)

Hardware and tools to assist EVA 

operations

Examine uses of robotic assets for EVA operations 128: EVA Integration

New: Man-Machine Work System 

Assess tool needs (hardware and software) for short distance navigation data to 

support rover based geology/science

92: Avionics Systems for EVA Tasks

96: Navigation (short distance nav data)

Tools (software and hardware) and 

techniques needed to effectively 

communicate over a comm latency 

during an EVA

Examine how EVA operations will be directed/controlled at destinations with comm 

latencies, including EVA interaction with a Science Team and crew-driven multi-day 

planning of EVAs

128: EVA Integration

New: EVA Flight Control

Evaluate the tools (hardware and software) MCC, the IV, and the EVA crew will need 

in order to conduct operations at destinations with comm latencies; including texting, 

file transfer, audio, video, still imagery, suit data (placeholder), and an EVA tool for 

identifying and relaying information about samples

128: EVA Integration

New: Tools for Interacting with EVA Over a Comm 

Latency

92: Avionics Systems for EVA Tasks

93: Display (integrated camera)

Evaluate what kind of tools (support system) the IV crewmember will need in order to 

effectively handle the amount of information and tasking the IV crewmember must 

contend with while actively directing the EVA

128: EVA Integration

New: IV Support System for EVA Operations

Flexible execution methodology for EVA 

science operations (“flexecution”)

Develop a flexible execution methodology (“flexecution”) for the Exploration EVA 

System, Crew, and Flight Control Team to operate in natural environments where 

things are not well defined and may require significant deviation from any plan

128: EVA Integration

Flexible Execution Methodology for EVA Science 

Operations in Undefined Environments
EQUIPMENT

SCIENCE

OPERATIONS

Integrated EVA Operations

Astromaterials Research &

Exploration Science (ARES)

XI

EVA Strategic Planning & 

Architecture

XX

Crew & Thermal

Systems - Tools

EC

Integrated EVA Science Operations

The goal for EVA in an operational field test is to explore the combined aspects of Science, Operations, and 

Equipment in a mission-like environment in order to evaluate:

• Concepts of operations on a natural surface

• Hardware and tools for pioneering and science tasks

• Tools and techniques that enable effective and efficient communication and operations between the 

ground (including MCC and Science Team) and the crew (including IV and EVA) over an appropriate 

communication latency utilizing a flexible execution methodology 

10
NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations

- Utilizes unique facility & environment; rapid prototyping; Evaluations of both IVA and EVA objectives

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Research and Technology Studies

- Utilizes terrain appropriate for geo-science tasks; Suit and robotic test-bed

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Apollo Surface Operations

- Exploration traverses were planned in advance using imagery gathered from precursor satellites

- Crews had significant training in geology and science tasks

- An Earth-based science team (ST) supported EVAs (Precursor plans, Feedback during EVA, and changes between EVAs)

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

MER A - Spirit

MER B - Opportunity 

MSL - Curiosity

Science Field Campaigns

- Science focused

- Funded though grant programs

- Utilized as analogs

Low communication latency (~1.25 sec OWLT) 

High communication latency for Mars (~4-22 min OWLT)

Tested-bed for a variety of communication latency for detailed EVA/Science evaluations

Mars Robotic Missions

- Remote science operations

- Instrumentation / sample selection 

Tested a variety of communication latencies for geo-science operations

Science

Science

Heritage & Background

11

Other NASA Analog Programs

- Each exploring various aspects of exploration

- Funded though grant programs

- Science focused

ISRU

Test a variety of communication latencies
SCIENCE PLANETARY SCIENCE RELEVANCE

 Sampling Procedures

 Sampling Techniques

 Collection Tools

 Contamination

 Storage & Transport 

Curation

Research

Exploration

Astromaterials 

 Remote Sensing

 In-situ 

Instrumentation

 High-grading Samples 

 Context Descriptions

 Documentation

 Science Operations

 Operational Flexibility

 Human-Robot Ops

 Crew Science Training

 EVA science activities include 

deployment of handheld 

instrumentation, context 

descriptions, imaging, and 

sampling

 Operational field testing allows 

for evaluations of sample 

collection tools, deployable 

instruments, and EVA concepts 

of operations

 Geoscience activities at 

analogs such as RATS and RISE 

directly correlate to planetary 

exploration

 The marine science activities 

and associated research 

objectives at NEEMO serve as a 

appropriate proxy for 

planetary surface exploration 

activities

 Integration, coordination, and 

education from diverse 

disciplines and organizations

Science at Operational Field Tests

12
INTEGRATED EVA SCIENCE 

OPERATIONS

 Examine con ops that enable

interaction between the MCC &

the crew over a long comm

latency including:

• Interaction with an 

integrated Science Team

• Authentic scientific 

objectives and hypothesis

• “Flexecution” 

methodology

PIONEERING TASKS

 Evaluate early prototype

construction hardware and

techniques

 Deploy, test, and evaluate a

prototype comm system

 Simulated a multi-phased

“pioneering” task

JOINT ROBOTIC-EVA 

OPERATIONS

 Joint human-robot operations

 Autonomous site navigation and

precision execution for tool

handoff/delivery & diver leading

 IV-control for localization,

detailed navigation, situational

awareness, inspection, and

intervention

NAVIGATION, MAP, & 

TRAVERSE PLANNING

 Assess tool needs (hardware &

software) for navigation

OPERATIONS

WITH COMMUNICATION LATENCY CON OPS

CONCEPTS OF OPS AT NEEMO

ST

IV

EV

IV

= voice

= text

= data

13

Operations at Integrated Field Tests
ELECTRONIC CUE CARDS

 Evaluate electronic cue cards for

EVA crew that allow them to

operate more effectively and

offload IV tasks

 Additional crew autonomy

requires further access to

information in their hands

 Potential “one-device” for cue

cards/procedures, images/video,

instrument control, etc.

TRANSPORTATION & 

STOWAGE OF TOOLS

 Appraise EVA hardware and

operations for transporting and

stowing tools and samples

 Sled/cart options for large

equipment transport (drill/tank,

PAM instrumentation, sample

collection/preservation box)

 Sling bag options for small items

& easy access (sample markers,

hand tools, electronics, etc.)

SCIENCE SAMPLING TOOLS 

& GEOLOGY SAMPLING KIT

 Test EVA tools and hardware for

science sampling

 Evaluate Integrated Geology

Sampling System for collecting

geology & astrobiology samples

 Sample Briefcase houses various

end effectors with two different

drivers (manual and powered)

 Analyze methods to minimize EV

crew contaminating an area

IV SUPPORT SYSTEM

 Evaluate what kind of tools the

IV crewmember needs to

effectively handle the large

amount of EVA information while

actively directing the EVA

 Evaluating effective setup in a

constrained location

 Multiple displays include camera

feeds, timeline, nav/comm/sub

systems, procedures, logs, etc.)

EQUIPMENT HARDWARE EVALUATIONS AT NEEMO

DEMO

14

Hardware at Operational Field Tests
ACTIVE EVA-FOCUSED 

OPERATIONAL FIELD TESTS

15
NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations

NEEMO is a project that utilizes Aquarius, the only operational undersea research facility in

the world, as a setting for accomplishing a host of NASA and synergistic partner objectives

• Funded by partners and collaborators from across NASA centers, DoD, universities, and 

industry

• 1-2 missions/year, 10 – 20 days in length

• Shore side Mission Control, staffed by experienced operators

• Crew largely consists of astronauts from CB and IPs, along with PIs and engineers

• Missions have high operational rigor by design (timelines, procedures, etc.)

• Enables evaluation of both IVA and EVA objectives

• Allows for evaluations of end-to-end concepts of operations with crew that are in-situ in a 

true extreme environment

• Provides for flight-like interactions between the crew and an MCC Science Team, including 

over comm latencies

• Enables a testing ground for hardware and tool concepts on the start of the road to flight

• Analog Testing Details:

– Previous mission: July 21- Aug 5, 2016

– Next mission: TBD (July 2017)

• Points of Contact: 

– Project Manager & Mission Management: Bill Todd (USRA/NASA JSC)

– Mission Director & Mission Management: Marc Reagan (NASA JSC)

– EVA Lead & Mission Management: David Coan (EVA/SGT/NASA JSC)

– Science Lead & Mission Management: Trevor Graff (ARES/Jacobs/NASA JSC)

– Metrics & Mission Management: Steve Chappell (Wyle/NASA JSC)

– https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/index.html

16
Recent Objectives Evaluated at NEEMO

• EVA tools and hardware for science sampling 

(EVA Integrated Geology Sampling System)

• Science Team integrated with EVA operations and 

providing input during an EVA

• Flexible execution methodology

• Electronic cue cards for EVA crew

• IV support system workstation

• Joint robotics-EVA operations

• EVA navigation and planning data

• Integrated Geographic Information System (GIS)

• EVA hardware and operations for transporting 

and stowing tools and samples

• EVA tools for marking and high grading samples 

• Incapacitated crew rescue 

• Building EVA hardware in situ (3D printer)

• Multi-day crew self-scheduling of EVAs

• Phobos habitat EVA-deployable boom

17
Example of Progression Across Missions

• Objective: 

– Evaluate EVA hardware and operations for science sampling (EVA Integrated Geology Sampling System)

• Gaps addressed

– EVA SMT: Tools for Science Sampling on a Surface EVA

– EVA SMT: Micro-g tool for chip samples

– CAPTEM: Collection of 1000 g from two sites

• Summary Take-Away for EVA

– Concept proved feasible for EVA collection of geology and astrobiology samples

– Provides a viable method for minimizing sample contamination

– Tool improvements will be incorporated into designs for the next generation of hardware on the road-to-flight

18

Pneumatic chip 

hammer - NEEMO 

17 (SEATEST 2)

Pneumatic 

chip hammer -

NBL/MACES

Pneumatic chip 

hammer - NEEMO 

18/19

Pneumatic chip hammer - NEEMO 

20

Pneumatic chip hammer 

- NEEMO 21

Powered rock chip hammer/core drill concepts (ARM DRM animation)
PAST EVA-FOCUSED 

OPERATIONAL FIELD TESTS

19
Research and Technology Studies (RATS)

• Research & Technology Studies

– Mission tested techniques, tools, planning, and communication 

protocols

– Matured operational concepts and technologies through 

integrated demonstrations

– Exercised overall ‘MCC style’ coordination between hardware, 

procedures, crew operations, mission control operations, science 

team operations, and engineering team

• RATS 2012 was an asteroid analog mission

– Took place at NASA JSC

– EVAs conducted in VR Lab and on ARGOS

– Vehicle/asteroid sim was tied to VR lab/EVA sim to allow vehicle 

and EV interaction

– Reliable and cost-efficient test and validation of NASA nextgeneration human exploration mission concepts

• Analog Testing Details

– Mission took place in 2012

• Points of Contact

– Mission Manager: Barbara Janoiko (NASA JSC)

– Exploration EVA Testing: David Coan (EVA/SGT/NASA JSC)

– Science Operations: Trevor Graff (ARES/Jacobs/NASA JSC) & 

Kelsey Young (ARES/UTEP/NASA JSC)

– https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/analogs/desertrats/

20
Desert RATS

• Desert RATS missions were a planetary analog

– Took place at the Black Point Lava Flow near Flagstaff, AZ

– Provided environment analogous to Moon and/or Mars, with 

crew conducting geoscience operations

– Allowed immersion of whole team, both flight crew and flight 

controllers

– Geoscience data still utilized for research

• Analog Testing Details

– Final Desert RATS mission took place in 2011

• Points of Contact

– Mission Manager: Barbara Janoiko (NASA JSC)

– Exploration EVA Testing: David Coan (EVA/SGT/NASA JSC)

– Science Operations: Trevor Graff (ARES/Jacobs/NASA JSC) 

& Kelsey Young (ARES/UTEP/NASA JSC)

– https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/analogs/desertrats

– https://www.nasa.gov/analogs/desert-rats

21
ACTIVE FIELD TESTS WITH 

ENVIRONMENTS APPLICABLE TO EVA

22
SSERVI RIS

4

E

• RIS

4E: Remote, In Situ and Synchrotron Studies for Science and 

Exploration

• SSERVI-funded project that investigates the effects of 

incorporating field portable instrumentation into scientific EVA 

timelines

• New science investigation – Fundamental science questions serve as basis for 

understanding how to operate on planetary surfaces

– RIS

4E analog work at Kilauea, HI, and Potrillo Volcanic 

Field, NM

• Evaluate role of new technologies – Portable instruments for in situ measurements – How they integrate with the larger mission architecture – What are the most effective instruments for answering 

science questions

• Recommendations for science operations, technology 

development and crew training

• Analog Testing Details – Previous field tests at December 1974 flow, Kilauea 

Volcano, HI, in 2014, 2015, 2016, and Potrillo Volcanic 

Field, NM, in 2016

– Future field tests at Kilauea in Fall 2016 and at Potrillo 

Volcanic Field in 2017 and 2018

• Points of Contact: – Jacob Bleacher (NASA GSFC) – Kelsey Young (ARES/UTEP/NASA JSC) – ris4e.labs.stonybrook.edu/

23
• Objectives: Investigate terrestrial volcanic terrains and their habitability as analog 

environments for early and present-day Mars through 4 field deployments in 2015–

2019.

• Science: Seek, identify, and characterize life and life-related chemistry in basaltic 

environments representing these two epochs of Martian history.

• Science Operations: Conduct the science within simulated Mars exploration 

conditions based on current architectural assumptions. Identify which humanrobotic ConOps and supporting capabilities enable scientific return and discovery.

– Do the baseline ConOps, systems, and communication protocols developed and tested during 

previous NASA analogs work acceptably during real scientific exploration? Do they remain 

acceptable across the range of Mars mission comm latencies and bandwidth considerations?

– Which capabilities (utilized by EV, IV, Science Team, and MCC) are enabling and significantly 

enhancing for Mars scientific exploration? Does the degree of enabling and enhancing vary as 

comm latency and bandwidth availability changes?

• Technology: Incorporate and evaluate technologies directly relevant to conducting 

the science, including mobile science platforms, extravehicular informatics, display 

technologies, communication and navigation packages, remote sensing, advanced 

science mission planning tools, and scientifically-relevant instrument package

• Funded by NASA SMD ROSES-2014 Program Element C.14 (PSTAR) 

• Analog Testing Details

– Prior field test in June 2016 in Craters of the Moon, Idaho

– Future field tests in Idaho and in Hawai'i (2016 and 2017)

• Points of Contact

– PI: Darlene Lim (NASA ARC)

– Deputy PI: Andrew Abercromby (NASA JSC)

– Leads: Steve Chappell (Wyle/NASA JSC) & Kara Beaton (Wyle/NASA JSC)

Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains

Craters of the Moon National 

Monument, Idaho: “Present-Day Mars”

Big Island, Hawai’i:

“Early Mars”

24
PAST FIELD TESTS WITH 

ENVIRONMENTS APPLICABLE TO EVA

25
In-Situ Resource Utilization

• Summary

– Planetary analog mission

– Hardware tested under stressful 

environmental conditions

• Objectives

– Expand scope of international 

involvement and mission criticality 

for hardware and remote test 

operations

– Expand integration of science and 

technology 

– Streamline path to flight

• Analog Testing Details

• Hawai’i deployment in July 2012

• Point of Contact

• www.nasa.gov/exploration/analogs/isru/

26

Analog Site for 3rd International 

Hawaii Field Testing: “Apollo 

Valley” in Mauna Kea Hawaii

Pu’u haiwahini in Hawaii
Pavilion Lake Research Project

27

• Summary: 

– An international, multi-disciplinary, 

science and exploration effort to explain 

the origin of freshwater microbialites in 

Pavilion Lake, British Columbia, Canada

• Objectives

– Used DeepWorker submersibles as 

analogs to the MMSEV

– Evaluated comm delays and the effects 

on doing effective science

– Evaluated pilot workload and effects on 

doing effective science

• Analog Testing Details

– Final mission took place in 2015

• Points of Contact

– PI: Darlene Lim (NASA ARC)
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONAL 

FIELD TESTS FOR EVA

28
Benefits of Operational Field Tests

• Provide a means of advancing Human Spaceflight objectives by evaluating Exploration EVA concepts of 

operations and hardware/tool prototypes

• Enable authentic science objectives by directly conducting geoscience operations or utilizing proxy science 

to test relevant operations concepts

• Allow for end-to-end testing of techniques and hardware in an operational scenario

– Has the crew in-situ and a ground team separated from them in a mission-like manner

– Provides an understanding of system and architectural interactions between Operations, Engineering, 

and Science

– Drives out results for things that do and do not work in a mission environment

• Evaluate objectives mapped to specific needs and knowledge/technology gaps

– Informs updates to the NASA Exploration EVA Concepts of Operations document by having 

crewmembers test relevant concepts in mission environments

– Facilitates SMT gap closures by tying all EVA-relevant objectives to specific gaps and testing potential 

closures

– Addresses CAPTEM findings by assessing tools and techniques for science sample collection

– Provides data for hardware design maturation to assist in road-to-flight, especially the EVA science 

sample collection tools

• Evaluations of prototype EVA hardware are directly leading towards more refined tools that allow for 

sample containment and a more flight-like contamination protocol

– Assesses concepts of operations associated with science EVAs that require input from an MCC 

Science Team over a comm latency

• Ties in the right expertise to evaluate concepts being worked on across the agency

• Benefits programs from ISS to Exploration

• Enhances relationships with international partners, academia, and other NASA orgs

• Highlights work in Exploration in a visible and tangible way (e.g. national media, social media, events like 

SpaceCom) 

29
Future of Operational Field Tests

• EVA Office

– Currently looking at next round of integrated testing

– Continued focus on objectives that facilitate closure of SMT 

gaps and updates to the Exploration EVA Concepts of 

Operations document 

– Will further evaluation different types of EVA tasks

• Science operations 

• Pioneering

– Will start putting together objectives for NEEMO 22 in 

anticipation of securing funding

– Examining other potential testing opportunities

• NEEMO

– Potential mission in July 2017 (and subsequent years)

– Significant focus on EVA and Science objectives

• SSERVI RIS4E

– Upcoming deployments in 2016, 2017, and 2018

– EVA will be looking at possible collaboration 

• BASALT

– Upcoming deployments in 2016 and 2017

30
Collaborating with Operational Field Tests

• NASA is always looking for collaboration with external groups to help facilitate development of the next generation 

spaceflight systems for EVA

– https://www.nasa.gov/suitup

– Primary EVA POCs: Brian Johnson (EVA/NASA JSC) and Jesse Buffington (EVA/NASA JSC)

• Current NASA operational testing programs

– EVA will continue to evaluate concepts for closing knowledge gaps

– Possible testing during NEEMO 22

– Link to list of existing NASA analog projects: https://www.nasa.gov/analogs

– Primary EVA POC: David Coan (EVA/SGT/NASA JSC)

– Primary Science Operations POCs: Trevor Graff (ARES/Jacobs/NASA JSC) and Kelsey Young (ARES/UTEP/NASA JSC)

• Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI)

– Addresses basic and applied scientific questions fundamental to understanding the Moon, Near Earth Asteroids, the Martian 

moons Phobos and Deimos, and the near space environments of these target bodies

– Funds investigators at a broad range of domestic institutions, bringing them together along with international partners via virtual

technology to enable new scientific efforts

– http://sservi.nasa.gov/

– Continuing EVA relevant testing through RIS4E

• Planetary Science and Technology Through Analog Research (PSTAR)

– Exploring objectives to further development in science, technology, and operations

– https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/solicitations/summary.do?method=init&solId={B0EE1F61-F9A7-AB2B-1695-

ACD354C484E0}&path=open

• Human Exploration Research Opportunities (HERO)

– Examining objectives related to human factors and physiology

– https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/solicitations/summary.do?method=init&solId={9927D6DC-C2F9-5D3E-8BF1-

EA4EE3EE0A37}&path=open

31