NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ELITE LOGISTICS CORPORATION,

and on behalf of all others similarly

situated,

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

HANJIN SHIPPING CO., LTD.,

 Defendant - Appellant.

No. 12-56238

D.C. No. 2:11-cv-02961-DDPPLA

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Dean D. Pregerson, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted April 10, 2014

Pasadena, California

Before: THOMAS, M. SMITH, Jr., and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges.

Hanjin Shipping Co. (“Hanjin”) appeals the district court’s order denying

Hanjin’s motion to compel arbitration. We affirm. Because the parties are familiar

with the history of this case, we need not recount it here.

FILED

SEP 19 2014

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
I

Following submission of this appeal, the district court entered an order

resolving certain claims. We requested the parties to brief the question of whether

or not the district court order rendered this appeal moot. Both parties agree that it

did not and, after reviewing their submissions we conclude that the appeal is

justiciable.

II

The district court did not err in holding that the arbitration agreement was

unconscionable under California law and, therefore, that the motion to compel

arbitration should be denied.1In California, a contract clause is unconscionable if

both procedurally and substantively unconscionable. See Armendariz v. Found.

Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., 6 P.3d 669, 689–90 (Cal. 2000) (articulating

“general principles” of unconscionability). California law utilizes a sliding scale to

determine the ultimate question of unconscionability—greater substantive

unconscionability may compensate for lesser procedural unconscionability. Id. at

690. In California, “the core concern of unconscionability doctrine is the ‘absence

of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties together with contract terms

1 The parties agree that there are no material factual disputes; however, they

disagree as to the legal significance of the undisputed facts. 

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which are unreasonably favorable to the other party.’” Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v.

Moreno, 311 P.3d 184, 202 (Cal. 2013) (quoting Williams v. Walker-Thomas

Furniture Co., 350 F.2d 445, 449 (D.C. Cir. 1965)). 

A

The district court did not err in concluding that the arbitration agreement

was procedurally unconscionable under California law. Whether an arbitration

agreement is procedurally unconscionable depends on “‘the manner in which the

contract was negotiated and the circumstances of the parties at that time.’” Ingle v.

Circuit City Stores, Inc., 328 F.3d 1165, 1171 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Kinney v.

United HealthCare Servs., Inc., 83 Cal. Rptr. 2d 348, 352–53 (Cal.App. 1999)). 

Procedural unconscionability generally takes the form of a contract of adhesion, in

which a contract drafted by the party of superior bargaining strength is imposed on

the other without the opportunity to negotiate the terms. Shroyer v. New Cingular

Wireless Servs., Inc., 498 F.3d 976, 982 (9th Cir. 2007). Here, the record supports

the district court’s conclusion that Elite Logistics Corp. (“Elite”) did not take part

in any contract negotiations and had no choice but to sign the agreement if it

wished to conduct business as an intermodal carrier. Without a meaningful

opportunity for Elite to negotiate, and with Elite faced with a “take it or leave it”

proposition, the district court did not err in concluding that the contract was

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procedurally unconscionable under California law. See Pokorny v. Quixtar, 601

F.3d 987, 994 (9th Cir. 2010) (explaining federal courts apply state-law principles

to determine the validity of arbitration agreement).2

B

The district court also did not err in concluding that the arbitration provision

was substantively unreasonable. Under California law, “[s]ubstantive

unconscionability focuses on the one-sidedness or overly harsh effect of the

contract term or clause.” Harper v. Ultimo, 7 Cal. Rptr. 3d 418, 423 (Cal. App.

2003). “Substantive unconscionability addresses the fairness of the term in

dispute.” Szetela v. Discover Bank, 118 Cal. Rptr. 2d 862, 867 (Cal. App. 2002). 

Mutuality is the “paramount” consideration when assessing substantive

unconscionability. Abramson v. Juniper Networks, Inc., 9 Cal. Rptr. 3d 422, 436

2 The dissent argues that under AT & T Mobility L.L.C. v. Concepcion, 131

S.Ct. 1740 (2011), an arbitration clause may not be found procedurally

unconscionable because it appears in a contract of adhesion. However, this

characterization strips the Court’s language of its contextual framework. In

Concepcion, the Court concluded that arbitration clauses contained in some

adhesion contracts—namely, those contained in adhesive consumer

contracts—may still be valid. Id. at 1750. However, the Court did not hold that 

that arbitration clauses may never be found procedurally unconscionable merely

because they appear in a contract of adhesion. Indeed, we have held that

Concepcion did not fundamentally alter the legal landscape of procedural

unconscionabilty. Coneff v. AT & T, 673 F.3d 1155, 1161 (9th Cir. 2012)

(procedural unconscionability is “an inquiry for which Concepcion gives little

guidance beyond a recognition of the doctrine’s continued vitality”).

-4-
(Cal. App. 2004). “Agreements to arbitrate must contain at least a modicum of

bilaterality to avoid unconscionability.” Id. at 437 (internal quotes and citation

omitted). 

Here, the district court properly concluded that the contract was

substantively unconscionable under California law. Under the agreement, the

invoiced party must provide written notice of its dispute as to an invoice within 30

days, which is shorter than California’s four-year statute of limitations. The burden

to dispute an invoice is on the invoiced party. After receiving the dispute response

from the invoicing party, the invoiced party has 15 days to pay the invoice or seek

arbitration. If an invoiced party proceeds to arbitration, it must submit all of its

arguments to the arbitration panel first. Further, the arbitration panel lacks the

authority to enjoin wrongful conduct, which is a significant burden in cases such as

the one at bar where recurring invoice problems are at issue. 

C

The district court did not fail to apply the principles of the Federal

Arbitration Act, as claimed by Hanjin. “The Federal Arbitration Act (‘FAA’), 9

U.S.C. §§ 1, et seq., reflects a ‘liberal federal policy’ in favor of arbitration.” Davis

v. Nordstrom, Inc., 755 F.3d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting AT&T Mobility

LLC v. Concepcion, 131 S. Ct. 1740, 1745 (2011)). Pursuant to the Supremacy

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Clause of the United States Constitution, “the FAA preempts contrary state law.”

Mortensen v. Bresnan Commc'ns, LLC, 722 F.3d 1151, 1158 (9th Cir. 2013). 

However, the FAA does not preempt California’s procedural unconscionability

rules. Chavarria v. Ralphs Grocery, Co., 733 F.3d 916, 926 (9th Cir. 2013); see

also Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v. Moreno, 311 P.3d 184, 188 (Cal. 2013)

(confirming that “state courts may continue to enforce unconscionability rules that

do not ‘interfere[] with fundamental attributes of arbitration’”) (quoting AT&T

Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 131 S. Ct. 1740, 1748 (2011)). Although the FAA

may preempt state laws having a “disproportionate impact” on arbitration, it

“cannot be read to immunize all arbitration agreements from invalidation.”

Chavarria, 733 F.3d at 927. Insofar as an application of state substantive

unconscionability rules do not discriminate unfavorably against arbitration, they do

not offend the FAA. Id.

Here, the district court appropriately considered the FAA’s policy and

preemptive reach in concluding that the arbitration agreement was unconscionable

under California law.

III

In sum, the appeal is not moot. The district court properly concluded that

the arbitration agreement was unconscionable under California law and, therefore,

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properly denied the motion to compel arbitration. We need not, and do not, reach

any other question urged by the parties on appeal.

AFFIRMED.

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Elite Logistics v. Hanjin Shipping, 12-56238

M. SMITH, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

I respectfully dissent. In holding that the district court correctly voided the

arbitration clause as unconscionable under California law, the majority relies on

Pokorny v. Quixtar, 601 F.3d 987 (9th Cir. 2010), Shroyer v. New Cingular

Wireless Services, Inc., 498 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2007), Abramson v. Juniper

Networks, Inc., 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 422 (Cal. App. 2004), Ingle v. Circuit City Stores,

Inc., 328 F.3d 1165 (9th Cir. 2003), Harper v. Ultimo, 7 Cal.Rptr.3d 418 (Cal.

App. 2003), Szetela v. Discover Bank, 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 862 (Cal. App. 2002), and

Armendariz v. Found. Health Psychcare Services, Inc., 6 P.3d 669 (Cal. 2000).

In so doing, the majority fails to acknowledge that in AT&T Mobility LLC v.

Concepcion, –– U.S. ––, 131 S.C. 1740, 1747 (2011), the Supreme Court held that

the Federal Arbitration Act preempts certain state law contract defenses that have a

disproportionate effect on arbitration clauses. The Supreme Court also clarified

that an arbitration clause is not procedurally unconscionable merely because it

appears in a contract of adhesion. Id. at 1750–53.

Following Concepcion, the California Supreme Court expressly

reconsidered how its unconscionability jurisprudence applies to arbitration

agreements. Sonic-Calabasas A. Inc. v. Moreno, 311 P.3d 184, 1140–49 (Cal.

FILED

SEP 19 2014

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

1
2013).1

In Sonic-Calabasas, the California Supreme Court explained that in order

to hold that an arbitration clause is void under California law, we must engage in a

fact-intensive inquiry as to both procedural and substantive unconscionability. See

id. at 204–05. When considering procedural unconscionabilty, we must find that

the arbitration provision was the result of “oppression or surprise due to unequal

bargaining power.” Id. at 194. When considering substantive unconscionability, we

must find that the provision “is unreasonably favorable to one party, considering in

context ‘its commercial setting, purpose, and effect.’” Id. at 205 (internal citation

omitted). 

Under Sonic-Calabasas, the party asserting that an arbitration clause is void

bears the burden of proving that the clause is unenforceable. Id. Moreover, the

Supreme Court of California emphasized that under California law discovery is

generally necessary to assess whether an arbitration clause is unconscionable:

[California Civil Code] section 1670.5, subdivision (b) provides that

“[w]hen it is claimed or appears to the court that the contract or any

clause thereof may be unconscionable the parties shall be afforded a

reasonable opportunity to present evidence asto its commercial setting,

purpose, and effect to aid the court in making the determination,” and we

1 The majority also cites to Chavarria v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 733 F.3d 916,

926 (9th Cir. 2013) for the proposition that the FAA does not preempt California’s

“unconscionability rules,” but this case does not discuss the manner in which the

California Supreme Court changed its unconscionability jurisprudence in light of

Concepcion. Indeed, it was issued two months prior to Sonic-Calabasas.

2
have said, in construing [the California Civil Code], that “a claim of

unconscionability often cannot be determined merely by examining the

face of the contract.” Perdue v. Crocker Nat’l Bank, 702 P.2d 503, 512

(Cal. 1985).

Id. at 204 (emphasis added).

In my view, the district court did not have enough facts before it to engage

in the analysis that the California Supreme Court requires. The district court did

not permit the parties to engage in factual discovery before voiding the arbitration

clause. Rather, the court resolved Hanjin’s motion based solely on the pleadings

and a bare-bones affidavit. And in so doing, the court erroneously resolved all

disputed facts in Hanjin’s favor. See Cox v. Ocean View Hotel Corp., 533 F.3d

1114, 1119 (9th Cir. 2008) (a motion to compel arbitration is the “functional

equivalent” of a motion for summary judgment); see also Guidotti v. Legal Helpers

Debt Resolution, L.L.C., 716 F.3d 764, 774–76 (3d Cir. 2013).

Because the district court did not permit factual discovery before ruling on

the motion to compel arbitration, the factual record is not adequately developed,

and I cannot locate within it those facts that are necessary to determine: (1)

whether the arbitration provision was the result of “oppression or surprise due to

unequal bargaining power;” or (2) whether the provision “is unreasonably

favorable to one party, considering in context ‘its commercial setting, purpose, and

effect.’” Sonic-Calabasas, 311 P.3d at 194, 205 (internal citation omitted). For this

3
reason, I believe that a remand is required to develop a factual record that would

permit the district court to engage in this analysis in the first instance.2

I respectfully dissent. 

2

In reaching this conclusion, I acknowledge that the district court issued its

opinion prior to Sonic-Calabasas’ publication. Nevertheless, “[t]he general rule . . .

is that an appellate court must apply the law in effect at the time it renders its

decision.” Clabourne v. Ryan, 745 F.3d 362, 380 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted). 

4