*

 This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of

the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its

persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

** After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge

panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material

assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th

Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

1

 We construe Rodriguez’s “pro se pleadings and other papers liberally, but

we do not assume the role of advocate, and his pro se status does not relieve him

of his obligation . . . to comply with the fundamental requirements of the Federal

Rules of Civil and Appellate Procedure.” Merryfield v. Jordan, 584 F.3d 923,

924 n.1 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal punctuation omitted).

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

April 9, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

RAMON RODRIGUEZ,

Petitioner-Appellant, No. 10-3015

v. (D. of Kan.)

RAY ROBERTS, STEPHEN N. SIX,

Attorney General of the State of

Kansas,

Respondents-Appellees.

(D.C. No. 5:09-CV-3034-RDR)

ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*

Before HARTZ, ANDERSON, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.** 

Ramon Rodriguez, a Kansas state prisoner proceeding pro se,1

 seeks to

challenge the federal district court’s denial of his habeas petition. Rodriguez

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 1 
-2-

contends numerous errors during his state court trial and appeal require

overturning his conviction. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and

2253. Because we conclude Rodriguez fails to demonstrate that reasonable jurists

would find the district court’s assessment of his constitutional claims debatable or

wrong, see Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000), we DENY a certificate

of appealability (COA) and DISMISS the petition.

I. Background

In 1997, Kansas state prosecutors charged Rodriguez with rape, aggravated

criminal sodomy, and criminal restraint. The government presented evidence at

trial that the victim, J.S., fell asleep at an acquaintance’s house after drinking at a

nearby nightclub. J.S. testified she fell asleep fully clothed but awoke naked

below the waist with Rodriguez on top of her. J.S. claimed Rodriguez threatened

her, then sexually assaulted her. J.S. emerged from the bedroom extremely

agitated and accused Rodriguez of raping her, according to J.S. and two other

witnesses who testified at trial. J.S. left the house and drove to a gas station

where she called the police. Officers recorded J.S.’s statement regarding what

had occurred and performed a rape kit procedure, although no physical evidence

implicating Rodriguez was found. A jury convicted Rodriguez on all but one

count. He was sentenced to 300 months’ imprisonment.

Rodriguez began his post-conviction litigation with a direct appeal in state

court. The Kansas Court of Appeals overturned the criminal restraint conviction

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 2 
-3-

because it held the conviction should have been subsumed in the rape offense. 

The court rejected Rodriguez’s remaining claims, and the Kansas Supreme Court

denied review. 

Rodriguez then filed a habeas petition in state court alleging discrimination

during jury selection, prosecutorial misconduct, insufficiency of the evidence, and

ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel, among other claims. The

state district court denied Rodriguez’s habeas petition, the state appeals court

affirmed, and the state supreme court denied review. 

Rodriguez filed a federal habeas petition on grounds similar to those in his

state petition. Like the state court, the federal district court denied his petition. 

Rodriguez subsequently filed this appeal.

II. Discussion

Rodriguez’s habeas petition alleges five sets of errors: (1) unconstitutional

jury selection, (2) improper admission of certain evidence, (3) insufficient

evidence to sustain his conviction, (4) ineffective assistance of trial and appellate

counsel, and (5) prosecutorial misconduct. To obtain a COA, he must show the

state court’s rulings were “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application

of, clearly established Federal law,” or were “based on an unreasonable

determination of the facts . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). We may only grant a COA

if reasonable jurists would find the district court’s merits and procedural rulings

debatable or wrong. See Slack, 529 U.S. at 484.

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 3 
-4-

A. Jury Selection

Liberally construed, Rodriguez’s appeal challenges the denial of two claims

related to jury selection. First, he argues the state trial court’s refusal to strike

two jurors during voir dire violated his right to a fair trial. Second, he claims

prosecutors discriminated on the basis of sex when they exercised their

peremptory challenges. We hold the district court’s judgment of Rodriguez’s

jury-related claims is correct and beyond reasonable debate.

Rodriguez’s first jury selection claim centers on two jurors. Rodriguez

argues the district court should have disqualified one juror because he was

preoccupied with business dealings that occurred during trial and, initially, he did

not understand the government’s burden of proof. Similarly, Rodriguez

complains that a second juror also misunderstood the appropriate burden of proof. 

The Sixth Amendment provides that “a defendant has the right to be tried

by an impartial jury. Included in that right is the right to a jury capable and

willing to decide the case solely on the evidence before it.” United States v.

Brooks, 569 F.3d 1284, 1288 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal citation and punctuation

omitted). The Supreme Court has cautioned, however, that courts have “come a

long way from the time when all trial error was presumed prejudicial and

reviewing courts were considered ‘citadels of technicality.’” McDonough Power

Equip., Inc. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 553 (1984). Indeed, Congress codified

harmless error review more than 60 years ago. See 28 U.S.C. § 2111.

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 4 
2

 In passing, Rodriguez’s habeas appeal attempts to state a racial

discrimination claim, as well. This argument was not made in his habeas

(continued...)

-5-

It is beyond reasonable debate that regardless of Rodriguez’s concerns

about jury selection, the jurors did not jeopardize his right to a fair trial. During

voir dire, both jurors expressed some confusion about the burden of proof. 

Nonetheless, the jurors were properly instructed regarding the burden of proof. 

See Instruction No. 6 (“The State has the burden to prove the defendant is guilty. 

The defendant is not required to prove he is not guilty.”). “We presume jurors

will conscientiously follow the trial court’s instructions,” United States v.

Cardinas Garcia, 596 F.3d 788, 798 (10th Cir. 2010) (internal punctuation

omitted), and Rodriguez gives us no reason to depart from that presumption here. 

Rodriguez’s contention that outside business preoccupied a juror during

trial has minimal support in the record. The juror admitted he had business

obligations during the trial week, but did not ask to be excused. To the contrary,

under direct questioning from Rodriguez’s counsel, the juror intimated he would

be able to put his business dealings out of his mind during trial. Nor does

Rodriguez explain how the juror’s business prejudiced his right to a fair trial.

Rodriguez’s second jury selection claim involves the government’s use of

peremptory challenges. Rodriguez argues the government committed sex

discrimination when it used its peremptory challenges disproportionately to strike

male veniremen.2

 

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 5 
2

(...continued)

petition—nor in his direct appeal—and therefore we decline to address it. See

Cummings v. Norton, 393 F.3d 1186, 1190–91 (10th Cir. 2005).

-6-

The Equal Protection Clause prohibits “[p]urposeful racial discrimination in

selection of the venire . . . .” Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 86 (1986). The

Supreme Court later extended equal protection to prohibit peremptory challenges

based on sex. See J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127, 130–31 (1994). Batson

challenges based on race or sex are analyzed using a three-step, burden-shifting

process. First, the defendant must show “the totality of the relevant facts gives

rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose.” United States v. Barrett, 496

F.3d 1079, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007). If the defendant is successful, the government

must provide gender-neutral reasons for its peremptory strikes. See id. “Finally,

if the government tenders a []neutral explanation, the trial court must then

decide . . . whether the opponent of the strike has proved purposeful []

discrimination.” Id. (internal punctuation omitted).

The district court’s denial of Rodriguez’s Batson challenges is correct and

beyond reasonable debate. The government presented gender-neutral

explanations for its peremptory strikes, including intelligence, demeanor,

aggressiveness, and age. Rodriguez disputed the legitimacy of the government’s

reasons, but the trial judge credited the government. “The district court’s answer

to the ultimate question of discriminatory intent represents a finding of fact of the

sort accorded great deference on appeal, because such a finding largely turns on

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 6 
-7-

the trial court’s evaluation of the prosecutor’s credibility.” United States v.

Nelson, 450 F.3d 1201, 1207 (10th Cir. 2006) (internal punctuation omitted). On

appeal, Rodriguez only makes conclusory allegations concerning the

government’s motives. The voir dire record gives us no additional reasons to

overturn the trial court’s considered judgment.

B. Admission of Evidence

Rodriguez also alleges the state trial court committed numerous evidentiary

errors. Liberally construed, Rodriguez contends the victim’s out-of-court

statements were improper hearsay, an officer’s testimony about bedroom lighting

was based on improper hearsay, the victim impact statement was unfairly

prejudicial, evidence related to the restraint charge should have been barred as it

related to the other charges, and the trial court admitted cumulative evidence. 

Ordinarily, state courts’ evidentiary rulings cannot be challenged in a

federal habeas petition because they do not involve “clearly established Federal

law.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); see also Smallwood v. Gibson, 191 F.3d 1257,

1275 (10th Cir. 1999) (“Federal habeas review is not available to correct state law

evidentiary errors; rather it is limited to violations of constitutional rights.”). In

extreme cases, however, if “evidence is introduced that is so unduly prejudicial

that it renders the trial fundamentally unfair, the Due Process Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment provides a mechanism for relief.” Payne v. Tennessee,

501 U.S. 808, 825 (1991).

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 7 
-8-

The federal district court concluded that the state trial court’s evidentiary

rulings did not violate Rodriguez’s due process rights. The district court’s ruling

is correct and beyond reasonable debate. The victim testified extensively at trial,

and her testimony related to the allegedly improper out-of-court statements, the

lighting and other conditions in the bedroom, and how the rape disturbed her. 

Although we do not pass on the state law evidentiary ruling, we are confident

given the victim’s testimony that even if the trial court had erred in admitting

certain evidence, the errors did not render the trial unconstitutionally unfair. 

Similarly, even assuming the government’s evidence was cumulative, Rodriguez

does not explain how its admission was so egregious as to violate his due process

rights. 

Finally, the Kansas Court of Appeals’ ruling that the restraint charge was

duplicative does not require that Rodriguez be given a new trial. The state court

merely held that the restraint was part of the rape. Thus, the restraint evidence

was evidence of the rape, and the state court’s ruling did not require a new trial.

C. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Rodriguez claims there was insufficient evidence to support a verdict of

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Rodriguez’s primary argument seems to be that

there was no physical evidence linking him to the crime. “When reviewing the

sufficiency of the evidence on a habeas corpus petition, the relevant question is

‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 8 
-9-

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of

the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Turrentine v. Mullin, 390 F.3d 1181, 1197

(10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). 

Circumstantial evidence alone may support a criminal conviction. See Desert

Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90, 100 (2003) (“[W]e have never questioned the

sufficiency of circumstantial evidence in support of a criminal conviction, even

though proof beyond a reasonable doubt is required.”).

The district court held there was sufficient evidence to support Rodriguez’s

conviction. We agree, and the district court’s ruling is beyond reasonable debate. 

The victim testified extensively at trial, and other witnesses corroborated parts of

her testimony. She reported the crime almost immediately to police, and her

description of events at that time was largely consistent with her testimony. In

short, there was sufficient evidence to convict Rodriguez.

D. Effective Assistance of Counsel

Rodriguez argues that both his trial and appellate counsel were

unconstitutionally ineffective. Among other claims, Rodriguez contends his trial

counsel should have impeached the victim by introducing various tax information,

ordered DNA tests of hair at the crime scene, provided an English-Spanish

interpreter, and advised Rodriguez to testify. Rodriguez contends his appellate

counsel should have argued the voir dire issues relating to the two jurors

discussed above.

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 9 
-10-

The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants “Assistance of

Counsel” that is “effective.” See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685–86

(1984). To show counsel was ineffective in violation of the Sixth Amendment, a

criminal defendant must demonstrate both that “counsel’s performance was

deficient” and “the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Id. at 687. 

Elaborating on the prejudice requirement, the Supreme Court explained the

“defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” 

Id. at 694.

The district court held Rodriguez’s trial and appellate counsel were not

unconstitutionally ineffective. The district court’s ruling is correct and beyond

reasonable debate. Rodriguez alleges his trial counsel committed numerous

errors, but he does not provide any reason to suspect he would have been

acquitted had any of the alleged errors—individually or collectively—not been

committed. Mere speculation about a different outcome cannot satisfy

Strickland’s prejudice requirement. See United States v. Boone, 62 F.3d 323, 327

(10th Cir. 1995) (holding “speculation, not a reasonable probability that the

outcome would have been different[,] . . . cannot establish prejudice”). In Part

II.A. of this Order, we addressed the jury voir dire. Because we held voir dire did

not jeopardize Rodriguez’s right to a fair trial, appellate counsel’s failure to argue

the issue did not prejudice Rodriguez’s defense.

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 10 
-11-

E. Prosecutorial Misconduct

Finally, Rodriguez alleges numerous instances of prosecutorial misconduct. 

Some of Rodriguez’s allegations, such as one concerning peremptory strikes, are

restatements of his other habeas claims. Others, such as Rodriguez’s allegation

that the prosecutor fabricated evidence, are speculation. The remaining

allegations concern statements the government made during its opening and

closing arguments. Rodriguez essentially conceded that he did not raise

prosecutorial misconduct claims on direct appeal, and therefore the state court

held the claims were waived. A state procedural bar will be upheld unless “cause

and prejudice” excuses the bar or refusing to consider the defaulted claims

“result[s] in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Neill v. Gibson, 278 F.3d

1044, 1057 (10th Cir. 2001).

The district court held the state procedural bar was valid. The district

court’s decision is correct and beyond reasonable debate. Liberally construed, the

only cause for the procedural default Rodriguez alleges is the ineffective

assistance of his counsel. However, assuming arguendo that his counsel

performed deficiently, Rodriguez has not demonstrated “there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. 

Rodriguez is left with the argument that enforcing the default would work a

fundamental miscarriage of justice. That argument fails because nothing in

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 11 
-12-

Rodriguez’s petition or brief lead us to believe, more likely than not, he is

actually innocent. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 748 (1991)

(describing a fundamental miscarriage of justice as when “a constitutional

violation has probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually

innocent”).

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we DENY a certificate of appealability (COA)

and DISMISS the petition.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Timothy M. Tymkovich

Circuit Judge

Appellate Case: 10-3015 Document: 01018399541 Date Filed: 04/09/2010 Page: 12