In the United States Court of Federal Claims 

OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

SCOTT GERMAINE, Individually *

and on behalf of his minor grandson, * No. 18-800V

C.G., * Special Master Christian J. Moran

*

Petitioner, *

* Filed: March 9, 2020

v. *

* entitlement; rotavirus vaccine;

SECRETARY OF HEALTH * intussusception.

AND HUMAN SERVICES, *

*

Respondent. *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Sean F. Greenwood,Greenwood Law Firm, Houston, TX, for petitioner;

Ryan D. Pyles, United States Dep’t of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent. 

PUBLISHED DECISION DENYING COMPENSATION*

Scott Germainefiled a petition for compensation under the National 

Childhood Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. § 300aa—10 to 34 

(2012), alleging that the third dose of the rotavirus(RotaTeq) vaccine caused his 

grandson, C.G., to suffer intussusception. Pet., filed June 6, 2018. Because Mr. 

Germaine has not established a persuasive medical theory connecting the third 

dose of the RotaTeq vaccine with intussusception, Mr. Germaine is not entitled to 

compensation.

* The E-Government Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-347, 116 Stat. 2899, 2913 (Dec. 17, 

2002), requires that the Court post this decision on its website. Anyone will be able to access 

this decision via the internet (https://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/aggregator/sources/7). Pursuant to 

Vaccine Rule 18(b), the parties have 14 days to file a motion proposing redaction of medical 

information or other information described in 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4). Any redactions 

ordered by the special master will appear in the document posted on the website.
2

Facts

The parties do not dispute C.G.’s medical history. Pet’r’s Br., filed Mar. 18, 

2020, at 1-3; Resp’t’s Br., filed June 9, 2020, at 2-3. Thus, the recitation of facts 

will be abbreviated to include only the most relevant events.

C.G. was born on March 7, 2016, without any serious issues. Exhibit 2 at 4. 

At a two-month well-baby visit, C.G. was assessed as normal and received the first 

dose of a rotavirus vaccine in addition to other routine vaccinations. Exhibit 3 at 

37-39. C.G. was again assessed as normal during his four-month well-baby visit, 

where he received the second dose of a rotavirus vaccine among others. Id. at 33-

36. 

C.G. returned to his pediatrician on August 9, 2016, and Mr. Germaine 

reported that C.G. was experiencing congestion, cough, wheezing, rattling in chest, 

nasal discharge, fussiness, and fever. Id. at 31-32. The pediatrician diagnosed 

C.G. with acute bronchiolitis and prescribed a medication to treat it. 

At his six-month well-baby visit on September 7, 2016, C.G. was no longer 

suffering from bronchiolitis symptoms and assessed as normal. Id. at 27-29. C.G. 

received the third dose of a rotavirus vaccine with his other regularly scheduled 

vaccines. Mr. Germaine alleges this dose harmed C.G.

Eighteen days later, on September 25, 2016, Mr. Germaine attested that C.G. 

began vomiting and experiencing diarrhea. Exhibit 1 ¶ 4. Mr. Germaine suspected 

that C.G. may have had a “stomach flu”because he and another member of the 

household had a “stomach flu” earlier that week. Id. AfterC.G.’s diarrhea turned 

bloody, Mr. Germaine realized that something was seriously wrong with C.G. and 

took C.G. to the emergency room that afternoon. Id.

At the emergency department, the attending physician ran a gastrointestinal 

panel on C.G. and the results came back as a positive for C. difficile toxin and 

norovirus but negative for adenovirus and e. coli.1 Exhibit 4 at 15. The physician

diagnosed C.G. with vomiting/diarrhea, dehydration, and bloody diarrhea. Id. at 6.

1

In his brief, Mr. Germaine asserted that the Secretary is arguing that C.G. developed 

intussusception due to the adenovirus. Pet’r’s Br. at 14. This assertion appears to be a clerical 

mistake because Mr. Germaine correctly stated later in his brief that the Secretary is arguing that 

norovirus caused C.G.’s intussusception. Pet’r’s Br. at 16. The Secretary does not appear to 

have stated that C.G. suffered from an adenovirus infection, let alone that the adenovirus caused 

C.G.’s intussusception, in any of his filings. 
3

C.G. was transferred to another hospitalwith the specialists needed for a higherlevel of care. Id. at 5.

After his transfer, an ultrasound verified intussusception as the cause of 

C.G.’s gastrointestinalsymptoms. Exhibit 5 at 9-10. Doctors unsuccessfully

attempted to reduce C.G.’s bowels by catheter. Id. at 11. At this time, the treating 

physician advised Mr. Germaine that C.G.would need surgery to address the 

intussusception. Id. The physician admitted C.G. and scheduled his surgery for 

the next day. Id. 

Intussusception occurs when the bowls either prolapse or telescope in on 

itself. Exhibit 6 at 5; exhibit A at 3. This unnatural movement of the bowls results 

in an intestinal obstruction causing symptoms of severe stomach pain, vomiting, 

and currant jelly stool. Young children under the age of two most frequently suffer 

from intussusception.

On September 26, 2016, the surgeon confirmed C.G.’s intussusception, 

removed a section of bowel, and performed an incidental appendectomy. Exhibit 5

at 31-33. On September 29, 2016, C.G. was discharged with final diagnoses of 

intussusception and status-post laparoscopic appendectomy. Id. at 71-73. 

At a follow-up with his pediatrician on October 5, 2016, the pediatrician 

recorded the active problem as, “Intussusception - Per dad no rotateq to be given 

due to emergency surgery from side effect.”

2

 Exhibit 3 at 25. The pediatrician did 

not comment on the vaccine, and his assessment only stated, “Intussusception –

recovery.” Id. 

Mr. Germaine brought C.G. for a post-surgical follow-up on October 18, 

2016, reporting that C.G. was eating regularly, having normal bowel movements, 

having no pain, and was not havingany fever. Exhibit 5 at 123-24. The physician 

noted that C.G. was doing well and that he would only need to return as needed.

In the most recently filed records, C.G. suffered from an ear infection in 

March 2018 but was well otherwise. Exhibit 26 at 16-18.

2 While the medical record states that C.G.’s father conveyed the information about the 

RotaTeq vaccine, the record also states that C.G. was referred by his grandparents for this visit. 

It is possible that C.G.’s grandfather actually accompanied him during the October 5, 2016 visit.
4

Procedural History

Mr. Germaine presented an off-Table claim that the third dose of a rotavirus 

vaccine caused his grandson, C.G, to develop intussusception. Pet., filed June 6, 

2018, at 1. Soon thereafter, Mr. Germaine confirmed submission of all medical 

records by filing a statement of completion.

Respondent opposed compensation. In the Rule 4 report, respondent argued 

that Mr. Germaine had not presented a medical theory to support intussusception 

following the third dose of the rotavirus vaccine, and that C.G. had a documented 

norovirus infection prior to his intussusception. Resp’t’s Rep., filed Oct. 1, 2018, 

at 4-5. At a status conference to discuss the report, Mr. Germaine proposed filing 

an expert report from a gastroenterologist to provide a medical theory. Order, 

issued Dec. 7, 2018. Finalized expert instructions subsequently issued. Order, 

issued Dec. 28, 2018.

On April 9, 2019, Mr. Germaine filed an expert report from Dr. John 

Santoro. Dr. Santoro noted that while the exact mechanism for the rotavirus 

vaccine to cause intussusception is unknown, epidemiological evidence supported 

a connection between rotavirus vaccines and intussusception. Exhibit 6 at 6-9.

On July 9, 2019, the Secretary filed an expert report from Dr. Chris 

Liacouras. Dr. Liacouras challenged Dr. Santoro’s interpretation of the 

epidemiological evidence and argued that a norovirus infection caused C.G.’s 

intussusception. Exhibit A at 5-6.

Mr. Germaine filed a supplemental expert report from Dr. Santoro on 

November 14, 2019. Dr. Santoro responded to Dr. Liacouras by reiterating his 

prior positions. Exhibit 22. In a status report, the Secretary stated that he did not 

intend to file a responsive expert report. Resp’t’s Status Rep., filed Dec. 12, 2019. 

Since the expert report phase had concluded, the undersigned outlined the content 

for briefing. Order, issued Feb. 4, 2020.

On March 18, 2020, Mr. Germaine filed his brief and moved for a decision 

on the record. The Secretary filed his responsive brief on June 9, 2020. Mr. 

Germaine filed a reply brief without any substantive arguments but included a 

supplemental report from Dr. Santoro that contained substantive arguments. 

Exhibit 29. The Secretary stated via informal communications that he considered 

the briefing to be closed and did not believe that Dr. Santoro’s most recent 

supplemental report raised any new issues. 
5

After reviewing these submissions, the undersigned wanted to hear oral 

testimony from the experts. Order, filed Sep. 2, 2020. However, Mr. Germaine 

learned that his expert, Dr. Santoro, had died and Mr. Germaine decided to submit 

the case on the papers without retaining another expert. Pet’r’s Status Rep., filed 

Nov. 2, 2020. Thereafter, Mr. Germaine filed another motion for ruling on the 

record on February 4, 2021. The Secretary responded on February 17, 2021. Mr. 

Germaine did not file a reply within the time the Vaccine Rules permit. 

This matter is now ready for adjudication.

Standards for Finding Entitlement

A petitioner is required to establish his case by a preponderance of the 

evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–13(1)(a). The preponderance of the evidence 

standard requires a “trier of fact to believe that the existence of a fact is more 

probable than its nonexistence before [he] may find in favor of the party who has 

the burden to persuade the judge of the fact's existence.” Moberly v. Sec'y of 

Health & Human Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1322 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citations 

omitted). Proof of medical certainty is not required. Bunting v. Sec'y of Health & 

Human Servs., 931 F.2d 867, 873 (Fed. Cir. 1991).

Distinguishing between “preponderant evidence” and “medical certainty” is 

important because a special master should not impose an evidentiary burden that is 

too high. Andreu v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 569 F.3d 1367, 1379-80 

(Fed. Cir. 2009) (reversing special master's decision that petitioners were not 

entitled to compensation); see also Lampe v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 219 

F.3d 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2000); Hodges v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 9 F.3d 

958, 961 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (disagreeing with dissenting judge's contention that the 

special master confused preponderance of the evidence with medical certainty).

Petitioners bear a burden “to show by preponderant evidence that the 

vaccination brought about [the vaccinee’s] injury by providing: (1) a medical 

theory causally connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of 

cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) 

a showing of a proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury.” 

Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005). 

If a petitioner establishes a prima facie case, the Secretary can rebut by 

establishing an alternative cause of the petitioner’s injury by a preponderance of 

the evidence. Snyder/Harris v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 553 F. App'x 994, 

999 (Fed. Cir. 2014). A special master may also consider the evidence of an 
6

alternative cause when evaluating petitioner’s prima facie case. Stone v. Sec'y of 

Health & Human Servs., 676 F.3d 1373, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

Analysis

A critical issue is whether Mr. Germaine can establish a medical theory 

connecting the third dose of a rotavirus vaccine to intussusception. The Secretary 

also offers a norovirus infection as an alternative cause of C.G.’s intussusception.

As background for analyzing the rotavirus vaccine at issue, thehistory of 

rotavirus vaccines helps to understand which rotavirus vaccine(s) the medical 

literature is addressing. SeeCarda v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., No. 14-

191V, 2017 WL 6887368 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 16, 2017). The first rotavirus 

vaccine, RotaShield (RV4), was approved in 1998 (but then withdrawn in 1999) 

and was administered in three doses.3 The second rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq 

(RV5), was approved in 2006 and is administered in three doses.4 The third 

rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix (RV1), was approved in 2008 and is administered in two 

doses. Exhibit 9 (Rotarix Package Insert). 

The Secretary considered the epidemiological literature cited in this case 

when adding the first two doses of the available rotavirus vaccines to the Vaccine 

Table. Resp’t’s Br. at 9 n.9 (citing National Vaccine Injury Compensation 

Program: Addition of Intussusception as Injury for Rotavirus Vaccines to the 

Vaccine Injury Table, 80 Fed. Reg. 35848 (June 23, 2015) (codified at 42 C.F.R. § 

100.3)). The Secretary separately discussed the evidence supporting adding the 

RotaTeq and Rotarix vaccines to the Vaccine Table. 80 Fed. Reg. 35848.

Since the rotavirus vaccines differ, it is relevant to determine which 

rotavirus vaccine C.G. received. Broekelschen v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 

618 F.3d 1339, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“petitioner must provide a reputable 

medical or scientific explanation that pertains specifically to the petitioner's case”); 

Davis v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 07-451V, 2010 WL 1444056, at 

*11 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 16, 2010) (finding that petitioner must establish that 

3 Rotavirus Vaccine (RotaShield®) and Intussusception, Center for Disease 

Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/rotavirus/vacrotashield-historical.htm#(concurrently filed as court exhibit 1001). 

4 RotaTeq Package Insert, Merck & Co., Inc., 

https://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi circulars/r/rotateq/rotateq pi.pdf

(concurrently filed as court exhibit 1002). 
7

information about one vaccine is transferable to another vaccine), mot. for rev. 

denied, 94 Fed. Cl. 53 (2010), aff'd, 420 F. App'x 973 (Fed. Cir. 2011). While the

vaccine administration records do not specify which brand of rotavirus vaccine 

C.G. received, the person accompanying C.G. at the October 5, 2016 appointment 

reported that C.G. should receive no RotaTeq vaccinations. Exhibit 3 at 25. It can 

also be inferred that C.G. received RotaTeq because RotaTeq was the only threedose rotavirus vaccine being offered during the relevant time period.

Having found that C.G. received the RotaTeq vaccine, the undersigned turns 

to whether Mr. Germaine has established a medical theory connecting the third 

dose of the RotaTeq vaccine and intussusception.

A. Althen Prong One – Medical Theory

1. Arguments and Evidence concerning a Medical Theory

Mr. Germaine’s attempt to meet his burden of proof to establish that the 

third dose of the RotaTeq vaccine can cause intussusception relies upon two 

different methods.5 First, Mr. Germaine supports his position by offering Dr. 

Santoro’s opinion to propose a medical theory. Second, Mr. Germaine offers 

epidemiologic evidence that purportedly shows an increased risk of intussusception 

following the third dose of rotavirus vaccine. 

For a biological mechanism on how the third dose of the RotaTeq vaccine 

can cause intussusception, Mr. Germaine is not clear. Mr. Germaine recognizes

that the mechanism is unknown but also proposes that intussusception is caused by 

an inflammatory response in the lymphatic tissue or intestines from the replication 

5

In his brief, Mr. Germaine presented contradictory positions on the evidentiary standard 

of a medical theory. Mr. Germaine initially presented the preponderance of the evidence 

standard for a medical theory from Althen but then asserted that a medical theory need only be 

biologically plausible. Compare Pet’r’s Br. at 4 with Pet’r’s Br. at 5 (citing Andreu v. Sec’y of 

Health and Human Services, 569 F.3d 1367, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). However, Dr. Santoro more 

clearly stated his opinions about the medical theory to “a reasonable degree of medical and 

scientific probability” and to “a high degree of medical certainty.” Exhibit 6 at 11. Thus, despite 

the discrepancy, Mr. Germain appears to be seeking to establish his medical theory in line with 

the level of proof confirmed by the Federal Circuit. Boatmon v. Sec’y of Health & Human 

Servs., 941 F.3d 1351, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (holding that a “plausible” medical theory did not 

satisfy petitioner’s burden of proof); see also Kottenstette v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 

No. 15-1016V, 2020 WL 953484, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Feb. 12, 2020) (deeming the “biologic 

credibility” standard as akin to the invalid “plausibility” standard and striking it down in 

accordance with Boatmon), appeal docketed No. 2020-2282 (Fed. Cir. Sep. 17, 2020). 
8

of the rotavirus. Pet’r’s Br. at 8 (citing exhibit 10 at 4), 12-13 (citing exhibit 15 at 

7).

6

 

The Secretary agrees that the biological mechanism is unknown but does not 

address Mr. Germaine’s proposed mechanism of “inflammatory response.” 

Resp’t’s Br. at 8-9; exhibit A at 5. Rather than focus on the mechanism, the 

Secretary noted that the relationship between some (but not all) doses of rotavirus 

vaccines and intussusception has been established by epidemiology. Resp’t’s Br. 

at 8-9. When amending the Vaccine Table, the Secretary believed that the time 

ranges for intussusception following the first two doses of the rotavirus vaccines 

(1-21 days) were “generous.” 80 Fed. Reg. at 35848. On the broadest level, by 

placing some doses of the rotavirus vaccines on the Vaccine Table, the Secretary 

has implicitly acknowledged that a biological mechanism of rotavirus vaccines 

causing intussusception exists in some circumstances. However, a biological 

mechanism is not the end, because the Vaccine Table distinguishes between the 

rotavirus vaccine doses based on epidemiology. The undersigned finds that Mr. 

Germaine has not carried his burden of proof based on the biological mechanism 

alone and now looks to the epidemiological evidence.

Beyond proposing a biological mechanism, Mr. Germaine cites 

epidemiological evidence to support a connection between the third dose of the 

RotaTeq vaccine and intussusception. While the undersigned has reviewed and 

considered all the medical literature, the following articles are the most substantive 

evaluations of the relevant issue. The list of articles summarized below does not 

include studies solely focused on the (two-dose) Rotarix vaccine. See Appendix 1. 

Mr. Germaine has not presented any persuasive explanation for why studies about 

a two-dose rotavirus vaccine inform an analysis of a vaccine given in three doses. 

Thus, this literature focused solely on the Rotarix vaccine has little impact on the 

issue of adverse effects following the third dose of the RotaTeq vaccine. See

Kottenstette v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-1016V, 2020 WL 953484, 

at *5 (Fed. Cl. Feb. 12, 2020) (studies related to one formulation of a vaccine 

cannot automatically be attributed to a different formulation of the vaccine).

6 To support this mechanism, Mr. Germaine also cites, without discussion, exhibits 7, 10, 

11. Pet’r’s Br. at 8 n.2. These citations do not add any support to Mr. Germaine’s proposed 

mechanism. Exhibit 7 is Dr. Santoro’s curriculum vitae, exhibit 10 (Patel) was already cited in 

the body of Mr. Germaine’s brief, and exhibit 11 (Greenberg) discusses Patel but does not 

address a biological mechanism.
9

a) Weintraub (exhibit 12)

Weintraub accessedmedical records from several integrated health care 

organizations to identify intussusception after rotavirus vaccinations. Weintraub 

searched for occurrences of intussusception in the medical records and followed 

patients with weekly updated records to track any adverse events. Weintraub 

compared the risks between the (two-dose) Rotarix vaccine (over 200,000 doses) 

and the (three-dose) RotaTeq vaccine (nearly 1.3 million doses). Exhibit 12 at 1.

Weintraub reached different conclusions for the different vaccines. 

Following the Rotarix vaccine, risk of intussusception increased significantly. But,

following the RotaTeqvaccine, there was no significant increased risk of 

intussusception. Id. at 6-7. Qualifying the conclusion about Rotarix vaccine, 

Weintraub noted that the increased risk of intussusception could be a result of 

chance due to the small number of intussusception cases. Id. at 7.

Mr. Germaine focused entirely on Weintraub’s conclusion about the Rotarix 

vaccine without addressing the qualification that the increased risk of 

intussusception may be entirely a result of chance. Pet’r’s Br. at 6-7. Moreover, 

Mr. Germaine does not even mention Weintraub’s conclusion that there was no 

significant increased risk of intussusception following the RotaTeq vaccine, the 

vaccine relevant to this case.

b) Yih (exhibit 13, A-4)

Yih used data from three American health insurance carriers to study 

instances of intussusception. Yih identified the instances through procedural and 

diagnostic codes. Medical record review then confirmed the rotavirus vaccination 

and the intussusception events.

Yih primarily concluded that “there was no significant increase in reporting 

after dose 2 or dose 3 [of the RotaTeq vaccine].” Exhibit 13 at 1. Yih did qualify 

that conclusion adding that “an increased risk associated with [the second and 

third] doses cannot be ruled out, given the overlapping confidence intervals of the 

risk estimates for doses 1, 2, and 3.” Id. at 7. 

Mr. Germaine appears to have incorrectly characterized the primary 

conclusion in Yih relating to the third dose of rotavirus vaccine stating that, 

“nearly all the results ... yielded a statistically significant increase in attributable 

risk of intussusception after rotavirus infection.” Pet’r’s Br. at 12. As noted 

above, Yih found no significant increased risk of intussusception following the 

third dose of RotaTeq vaccine. While Mr. Germaine highlighted that Yih noted “a

major challenge in studying rotavirus vaccines and intussusception is the strong 
10

confounding effect of age,” exhibit 13 at 2, the Secretary countered that Yih 

accounted for age in the statistical analysis. Resp’t’s Br. at 10-11 (citing exhibit 13

at 3-4). 

c) Haber (exhibit 8, A-7)

Haber is a statistical analysis of intussusception events reported to the 

Vaccine Adverse Event Report Systems (VAERS). Haber analyzed

intussusception events related to the three-dose rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq, and to 

the two-dose rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix. Haber focused on determining whether 

the incidence of intussusception increased after a rotavirus vaccine, how many 

days after, and after which doses. Exhibit 8 at 1.

Haber concluded that “there was no significant increase in reporting after 

dose 2 or dose 3 [of the RotaTeq vaccine].” Id. Haber concluded that there only 

was only a small increase in intussusception events for three to six days after the 

first dose of the RotaTeq vaccine.7 

Mr. Germaine concedes that the VAERS data analyzed in Haber is “not as 

reliable as controlled studies,” but asserts that the data shows a “consistent 

relationship between rotavirus vaccine and intussusception.” Pet’r’s Br. at 7. Mr. 

Germaine does not address Haber’s conclusion that there was no significant 

increase in intussusception after the third dose of the RotaTeq vaccine.

d) Koch (exhibit 14, A-6)

Koch is a systemic literature review and meta-analysis of studies on the 

relationship between rotavirus vaccines and intussusception. Koch used the data 

underlying these studies to calculate the risk of intussusception from rotavirus

vaccine. Some of the studies underlying Koch’s analysis were cited by the parties: 

Haber (exhibit 8), Patel (exhibit 10), Yih (exhibit 13), and Escolano (exhibit A-5).

Koch concluded that “there is no increase in risk after the third dose of the 

[RotaTeq] vaccine.” Exhibit 14 at 6. Koch does not list any attributable risk for 

the third dose in a table of calculations. Id., Table 2. In the “Key Messages” 

section, Koch does not mention any risk of intussusception from the third dose of 

the RotaTeq vaccine. Id. at 7.

7

 Because there were insufficient numbers of intussusception events reported after the 

Rotarix vaccine, Haber was unable to conduct a statistical analysis and could only offer a 

descriptive analysis.
11

Mr. Germaine apparently disputes Koch’s conclusion stating that Koch 

“found an increase in risk of intussusception after all three doses of the [rotavirus]

vaccination.” Pet’r’s Br. at 12 (citing exhibit 14 at 5). Mr. Germaine does not 

explain why Koch’s conclusion is incorrect or how it can co-exist with his own 

conclusion. From Mr. Germaine’s citation, he may be referencing Koch’s

statement that “the pooled estimate of the [relative risk] after the third dose of RV5 

was 1.14 [0.75; 1.74].” Exhibit 14 at 5. Neither Mr. Germain nor Dr. Santoro 

explain the significance of this quotation or anything other statistical calculations 

made by Koch. 

The undersigned finds that the weight of epidemiological evidence does not 

support the third dose of RotaTeq vaccine causing intussusception for any period 

of time following vaccination, let alone eighteen days following vaccination. 

2. Evaluation of Evidence concerning the Medical Theory

The weight of epidemiological evidence does not support the third dose of 

RotaTeq vaccine causing intussusception for any period of time following 

vaccination, let alone eighteen days following vaccination. For a lengthy 

discussion of the value of epidemiologic studies in the Vaccine Program, see Tullio 

v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-51V, 2019 WL 7580149, at *5-8 (Fed. 

Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 19, 2019), mot. for rev. denied, 149 Fed. Cl. 448, 475 (2020). 

Mr. Germaine admitted that the biological mechanism for rotavirus vaccine 

causing intussusception is unknown and presented minimal evidence to support a 

mechanism. The undersigned finds that Mr. Germaine has not established a 

persuasive theory by a preponderance of the evidence and, thus, he cannot 

establish all the elements to prevail on his claim.

B. Alternative Causation

The Secretary argued in the alternative that C.G. developed intussusception 

because of his norovirus infection. Resp’t’s Br. at 16. Mr. Germaine admitted that 

he and another member of the household were sick with a gastrointestinal illness 

days prior to C.G. developing diarrhea and vomiting. Exhibit 1 ¶ 4. C.G. tested 

positive for norovirus on the day that he developed hissymptoms. Exhibit 4 at 15. 

The Secretary asserted that norovirushas been associated with severe 

gastrointestinal symptoms, including intussusception. Respt’s Br. at 17 (citing 

exhibit A-10 (Petragnani) at 8, exhibit A-11 (Okimoto) at 3); exhibit A at 4. 

Addressing the Okimoto study, Dr. Santoro noted that few of the patients with 

intussusception also had norovirus(4 of 44) and suggested that even this 

correlation may be exaggerated since norovirus is a very common infection. 
12

Exhibit 22 at 4. Dr. Santoro emphasized that the adenovirus in the Okimoto study 

showed a much higher correlation with intussusception (22 of 44) than norovirus. 

Id. Mr. Germaine critiqued the literature review in Petragnani for including a 

majority of data about patients five years or older, not stating a definition of 

intussusception to confirm diagnosis, and finding only four papers (of 176 

reviewed) that mentioned intussusception. Pet’r’s Br. at 16-17.

Because Mr. Germaine has not carried his burden regarding the elements of 

his case, the burden has not shifted to the Secretary to present an alternative cause 

for C.G.’s intussusception. LaLonde v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 746 F.3d 

1334, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Accordingly, the undersigned reaches no finding as 

to whether norovirus can cause intussusception. 

Conclusion

Mr. Germaine has not established that he is entitled to compensation on 

behalf of C.G. The Clerk’s Office is directed to enter judgment in accord with this 

decision unless a motion for review is filed. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/Christian J. Moran

Christian J. Moran

Special Master
13

Appendix 1:

Medical literature that substantively analyzes 

the three-dose RotaTeq (RV5) vaccine

Exhibit # Citation

8, A-7

Penina Haber et al., Intussusception After Rotavirus Vaccines 

Reported to US VAERS, 2006–2012, 131 Pediatrics 1042 (2013).

12

Eric Weintraub et al., Risk of Intussusception after Monovalent 

Rotavirus Vaccination, 370 New Engl. J. Med. 513 (2014).

13, A-4

W. Katherine Yih, Intussusception Risk after Rotavirus Vaccination 

in U.S. Infants, 370 New Engl. J. Med. 503 (2014).

14, A-6

Judith Koch, The Risk of Intussusception after Rotavirus 

Vaccination- a systemic literature review and meta-analysis, 114 

Dtsch Arztebl. Int. 255 (2017).

15

Catherine Yen, Rotavirus vaccination and intussusception – Science, 

surveillance, and safety: A review of evidence and recommendations 

for future research priorities in low and middle income countries, 12 

Hum. Vacc. & Immunotherapeutics 2580 (2016).

21

Stephan Foster, Rotavirus Vaccine and Intussusception, 12 J. Pedia. 

Pharmacological Therapeutics 4 (2007).

A-5

Sylvie Escolano et al., Intussusception risk after RotaTeq 

vaccination: Evaluation from worldwide spontaneous reporting data 

using a self-controlled case series approach, 33 Vaccine 1017 (2015).

A-9

Guadalupe Quintero-Ochoa et al., Viral agents of gastroenteritis and 

their correlation with clinical symptoms in rotavirus-vaccinated 

children, 73 Infect., Genet. & Evol. 190 (2019).
14

Appendix 2:

Medical literature that does not substantively analyze

the three-dose RotaTeq (RV5) vaccine

Exhibit # Citation Vaccine Analyzed

(if any)

9

Rotarix® Package Insert,GlaxoSmithKline

(2019).

Two-dose Rotarix 

vaccine

10

Manish Patel et al., Intussusception Risk and 

Health Benefits of Rotavirus Vaccination in 

Mexico and Brazil, 364 New Engl.J. Med. 

2283 (2011).

Two-dose Rotarix 

vaccine

11

Harry Greenberg, Rotavirus Vaccination and 

Intussusception —Act Two, 364 New Engl. J. 

Med. 2354 (2011).

Two-dose Rotarix 

vaccine

16

Kelly Warfield et al., Rotavirus Infection 

Enhances Lipopolysacchande-Induced

Intussusception in a Mouse Model, 80 J. 

Virology 12377 (2006).

Three-dose 

Rotashield vaccine

17

Christine Robinson et al., Evaluation of 

Anatomic Changes in Young Children with 

Natural Rotavirus Infection: Is Intussusception 

Biologically Plausible?, 189 J. Infect. Disease 

1382 (2004).

Three-dose 

Rotashield vaccine

18

Shinichiro Hirokawa, Ileoileal Intussusception 

and Ileal Stricture Associated with Necrotizing 

Enterocolitis in a Premature Infant: Report of a 

Case, 31 Surg. Today 1097 (2001).

none

19 Emrah Aydin, Intussusception in a preterm 

newborn, 59 Pedia. & Neonatology 312 (2018). none

20

Jeannette Guarner et al., Intestinal 

Intussusception Associated With Adenovirus 

Infection in Mexican Children, 120 Am.J.

Clin. Pathol. 845 (2003).8

none

8 Mr. Germaine submitted an incomplete version of this exhibit that contains little text. 

Upon review of the complete article, Guarner discusses an association between adenovirus and 
15

23

Jae Hyun Park et al., Intussusception 

Associated With Pseudomembranous Colitis, 

46 J. Pedia. Gastro. & Nutrition 470 (2008).9

none

A-1

Anthony Manning, Intussusception in Infants 

and Children in Pediatric Gastrointestinal and 

Liver Disease (Robert Wyllie et al. eds., 5th ed. 

2016) at 607.

none

A-2

H.M.L. Carty, Paediatric emergencies: nontraumatic abdominal emergencies, 12 Europ. 

Radiol. 2835 (2002).

none

A-3

Shobhit Jain et al., Child Intussusception, 

NCBI Bookshelf, National Library of 

Medicine, National Institutes of Health (2019).

none

A-8

Z.A. Marsh et al., The unwelcome houseguest: 

secondary household transmission of 

norovirus, 146 J. Epidemiol. Infect. 159 

(2018).

none

A-10

Mariska Petrignani et al., Chronic sequelae and 

severe complications of norovirus infection: A 

systematic review of literature, 105 J. Clin. 

Virology 1 (2018).

none

A-11

Satoshi Okimoto et al., Association of viral 

isolates from stool samples with 

intussusception in children, 15 Int. J. Infect. 

Diseases e641 (2011).

none

A-12

David Galloway et al., Infectious Diarrhea, 

Clostridium Difficilein Pediatric 

Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease (Robert 

Wyllie et al. eds., 5th ed. 2016) at 458.

none

A-13 Priya Farooq et al., Pseudomembranous colitis, 

61 Disease-a-Month 181 (2015). none

A-14 Evon Zoog et al., Adult Intussusception 

Caused by Ileocecal Clostridillm difficile none

intussusception but does not address any vaccines. A complete copy of the Guarner article is 

filed concurrently as court exhibit 1003.

9 While Mr. Germaine cited the first author of exhibit 23 to be J. Kim, the first author 

actually appears to be Jae Hyun Park.
16

Pseudomembranous Colitis, 82 Am. Surg. 

E153 (2016).

A-15

Gé-Ann Kuiper et al., Clostridium difficile 

infections in young infants: Case presentations 

and literature review, 10 IDCases 7 (2017).

none