Present: Hassell, C.J., Keenan, Koontz, Kinser, Lemons and 

Agee, JJ., and Russell, S.J. 

ERNEST L. ELLIS, ET AL. OPINION BY 

 SENIOR JUSTICE CHARLES S. RUSSELL 

 v. Record No. 042842 September 16, 2005 

GARLAND P. SIMMONS, ET AL. 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BEDFORD COUNTY 

James W. Updike, Jr., Judge 

 This appeal presents the question whether a landowner, 

seeking to establish a prescriptive easement over the lands of 

neighboring owners, must show the boundaries of the land he 

claims to be the dominant estate. 

 The essential facts are undisputed. Reid Jones, Jr. 

acquired a number of contiguous parcels of land in the Diamond 

Hill area of Bedford County, beginning in the 1960’s. Jones 

died in 1996 and devised all of this property, then containing 

about 232 acres, to The Joco Foundation. Joco employed a 

surveyor, Donnie W. Slusher, who subdivided all of the 232 

acres into new tracts in 2002 and recorded the plat. The 

Slusher plat did not show the property lines of the numerous 

parcels Jones had originally acquired. The new tracts on the 

Slusher plat had boundary lines entirely different from those 

of the parent parcels Jones had acquired. 

 In 2003, Garland P. Simmons and Carolyn P. Simmons (the 

complainants) purchased 161 acres of the Joco property, shown 

as Tract 11 on the Slusher plat, at a public auction. The 
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plat showed an existing “old road bed” extending northward 

from a cemetery on Tract 11.*

 The “old road bed” connected to 

a “soil road” continuing northward to the northernmost point 

of the Joco property. From that point, the road departed from 

the Joco property and continued across three neighboring 

tracts to Diamond Hill Road (State Route 655). The owners of 

the three neighboring tracts were, respectively, Ernest Lee 

Ellis and Janet H. Ellis, Clayton P. Hurt and Emily F. Hurt, 

and Edwin C. Ellis and Elsie B. Ellis (collectively, the 

respondents.) 

 The complainants brought this suit, alleging that they 

and their predecessors in title had used the old road for a 

period in excess of 20 years under circumstances giving them a 

right to a prescriptive easement and that the respondents had 

obstructed the roadway by installing a locked gate. The 

complainants sought injunctive relief and a determination of 

their right to continuing and uninterrupted use of the road. 

The chancellor heard the evidence ore tenus and held that the 

complainants had met their burden of proving, by clear and 

convincing evidence, that the “right of way described in the 

Bill of Complaint is an easement appurtenant to the property 

 

* It is conceded by the parties before the court that 

those who may have an interest in the cemetery have not been 

made parties to the suit and that their interests are 

unaffected thereby. 
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now owned by the complainants,” fixing its width at twelve 

feet and enjoining the respondents from interfering with its 

use. We awarded the respondents an appeal. 

 There are two assignments of error: (1) That the 

complainants failed to establish by clear and convincing 

evidence that a prescriptive easement had been established, 

and (2) that the chancellor erred in failing to require proof 

of the boundaries of the property to which the easement was 

appurtenant. Because we find the second assignment of error 

to be dispositive, the evidence may be summarized briefly. 

 The evidence showed that Reid Jones, Jr., around 1986, 

asked permission from the respondents and their predecessors 

in title to continue the use of the old road for ingress and 

egress. They all agreed. Later, Jones asked them to sell him 

an easement over the road, but they refused. They never 

obstructed his use, but they and he evidently regarded his use 

as permissive. 

 The old roadway was shown on plats and was mentioned in 

descriptions in deeds as early as 1919. Its physical location 

was shown on a U. S. Geological Survey map of the area. The 

evidence showed that several families whose farms and homes 

had been dependent upon the road for ingress and egress had 

used it openly and continuously for many years prior to Jones’ 

 
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acquisition of their properties. One witness testified to 

personal knowledge of such use as early as 1937. Those 

families were some, but not all, of the complainants’ 

predecessors in title. There was no evidence that their use 

was permissive and no evidence that the respondents’ 

predecessors had ever objected to or interfered with it. 

 The Slusher plat, which had subdivided all of Jones’ 232 

acres and which showed the complainants’ land as “Tract 11,” 

failed to show the locations and boundaries of the lands of 

the several former owners who had used the road. Slusher 

testified at trial that Jones had owned “other land” that had 

been included in his subdivision of the Joco property but the 

evidence failed to show the area or location of such “other 

land.” The complainants’ Tract 11 contained more acreage than 

the combined area of the parent tracts shown by the evidence 

to have been the former dominant estates. The conclusion is 

inescapable that Tract 11 contains some “other land” which was 

never shown by the evidence to have been appurtenant to the 

prescriptive easement. 

 The chancellor found that the complainants had 

established, by clear and convincing evidence, that Jones’ 

predecessors had exercised open, visible, continuous and 

unmolested use of the roadway across the respondents’ property 

for a period in excess of 20 years, raising the presumption 
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that their use was under a claim of right. The chancellor 

further held that the presumption had not been rebutted, and 

that the prescriptive right they had obtained had become 

appurtenant to Jones’ predecessors’ lands before Jones 

acquired their properties and was not lost by Jones’ 

subsequent permissive use or by his effort to purchase an 

easement. The chancellor also found the evidence sufficient 

to establish the road’s location and 12-foot width. 

 We will assume, without deciding, that the evidence 

supported the chancellor’s ruling in all the foregoing 

respects. Nevertheless, the complainants’ failure to prove 

the boundaries of the dominant estate is fatal to their claim. 

 The chancellor’s decree established a prescriptive 

easement over the lands of the respondents for the benefit of 

all the land owned by the complainants. The decree thus had 

the effect of making Tract 11, as shown on the Slusher plat, 

the dominant estate to which the easement was appurtenant. 

The evidence, however, lacked any means of relating the modern 

Tract 11 to the parent parcels whose owners had used the road 

for ingress and egress to their respective farms and homes. 

Tract 11 contained additional land that had not belonged to 

the owners of those parent parcels, but the evidence failed to 

specify the location or area of such additional land. The 

chancellor, therefore, was unable to tailor the final decree 
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to restrict the dominant estate to the property to which the 

easement had, historically, been appurtenant. The result was 

to increase the burden of the easement upon the servient 

estates to an unknown extent. 

 The imposition of a prescriptive easement is the taking 

of a property right of the servient owner without payment of 

compensation. Amstutz v. Everett Jones Lumber Corp., 268 Va. 

551, 562, 604 S.E.2d 437, 443, (2004). For that reason, we 

said, in Eagle Lodge, Inc. v. Hofmeyer, 193 Va. 864, 877, 71 

S.E.2d 195, 202 (1952), “[T]he law is jealous of a claim to an 

easement.” It is also one of the reasons underlying our 

decision in Pettus v. Keeling, 232 Va. 483, 485-87, 352 S.E.2d 

321, 323-24 (1987), to hold a claimant to a prescriptive 

easement to the burden of proving his case by clear and 

convincing evidence. Amstutz, 268 Va. at 562-63 604 S.E.2d at 

443. 

 The foregoing reason underlies the rule that the owner of 

the dominant estate may not increase the burden of the 

easement upon the servient estate. Indeed, such an increase 

may, in some circumstances, cause the easement to be 

extinguished. “[I]f the easement arises by prescription, a 

change in the dominant estate calling for a burden upon the 

servient land exceeding that devolving upon it by its 

customary use during the prescriptive period, if the increased 
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use is inseparable from the former use, will operate an 

extinguishment of the easement.” 1 Frederick D.G. Ribble, 

Minor on Real Property § 110, at 150 (2d ed. 1928) (emphasis 

in original). 

 In Va. Hot Springs Co. v. Lowman, 126 Va. 424, 430, 101 

S.E. 326, 328 (1919), we held that the proposed future uses of 

a prescriptive easement must be of the “same nature and 

character” as those exercised during the prescriptive period 

and that an increase “in degree only” would be within the 

prescriptive use but only if “no additional burden is put upon 

the servient estate.” In McNeil v. Kingrey, 237 Va. 400, 406, 

377 S.E.2d 430, 433 (1989), however, we went further and 

placed upon the claimant to a prescriptive easement the burden 

of showing affirmatively that any proposed change in his use 

of the easement will impose no additional burden upon the 

servient estate. Indeed, we noted in Mobley v. Saponi Corp., 

215 Va. 643, 645, 212 S.E.2d 287, 289 (1975), that “injunctive 

relief is routinely afforded to restrain the overburdening of 

easements.” 

 An increase in the area of the dominant estate increases 

the burden of an easement upon the servient estate as a matter 

of law. In Clark v. Reynolds, 125 Va. 626, 634, 100 S.E. 468, 

470-71 (1919), we held that a party entitled to the use of a 

prescriptive easement could not “use it as an easement for the 
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benefit of any other place than that for which it was 

originally established.” In Robertson v. Robertson, 214 Va. 

76, 81, 197 S.E.2d 183, 187 (1973), we held that the owner of 

a dominant estate cannot use an easement for that tract to 

benefit any additional lands he may own because “such a 

result, which would necessarily enlarge the burden on the 

original right of way, is impermissible.” Accord, Conrad v. 

Strickler, 215 Va. 454, 461, 211 S.E.2d 248, 253 (1975). 

Thus, any increase in the burden of a prescriptive easement 

upon the servient estate, whether caused by a change of use or 

by an increase in the area of the dominant estate, is 

prohibited in Virginia. 

 Here, the burden was upon the complainants to prove, by 

clear and convincing evidence, the boundaries of those lands 

of their predecessors in title that had become entitled to a 

prescriptive easement over the lands of the respondents. The 

complainants failed to carry their burden of proof. Instead 

of showing the boundaries of the original dominant estate, and 

thus enabling the chancellor to restrict the benefit of the 

easement to those boundaries, the complainants’ evidence, by 

showing that additional land had been annexed to the original 

dominant estate, showed an impermissible increase in the 

easement’s burden upon the servient estates. The chancellor 
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therefore erred in declaring the easement to be "appurtenant 

to the property now owned by the complainants." 

 For the foregoing reason, we will reverse the 

chancellor’s decree and enter final judgment for the 

respondents. 

Reversed and final judgment.