IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

July 14, 2009 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ROBERT COOPER

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 06-03933 James C. Beasley, Jr., Judge

No. W2008-01339-CCA-R3-CD - Filed September 29, 2010

The appellant, Robert Cooper, pled guilty to one count of possession of more than 300 grams

of cocaine with the intent to sell and one count of possession of more than 300 grams of

cocaine with the intent to deliver. The trial court imposed a total effective sentence of

eighteen years in the Tennessee Department of Correction. As a condition of his pleas, the

appellant reserved the following certified question of law:

Whether the stop of the [appellant] for a minor “cite and

release” traffic violation which provided for a fine only, the

detention of the [appellant], the placement of the [appellant] in

the secured area of the officer’s patrol car, the use of a drug dog

“run” around the [appellant’s] vehicle, and the subsequent

search of the [appellant’s] vehicle violated the rights of the

[appellant] under the federal and state constitutions and,

therefore, all evidence resulting from the seizure and search

should be suppressed.

Upon review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court are

Affirmed.

NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT

WILLIAMS and ALAN E. GLENN, JJ., joined.

William D. Massey and Lorna S. McClusky, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Robert

Cooper.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; J. Ross Dyer, Assistant Attorney

General; William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Chris Scruggs, Assistant

District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

I. Factual Background

The appellant’s convictions stem from the discovery of approximately eighty-five

pounds of cocaine in his vehicle during a traffic stop. Prior to trial, the appellant filed a

motion to suppress the evidence. At the suppression hearing, Memphis Police Officer Kevin

Perry, a member of the West Tennessee Violent Crime and Drug Task Force, testified that

on September 23, 2005, he was working drug interdiction on Interstate 40 with Officer Mike

Blair whom he was training. Officer Perry was sitting in his patrol car on the right shoulder

of eastbound Interstate 40, acting as backup for Officer Randolph who was finishing a traffic

stop. As Officer Perry watched traffic in his left mirror, he saw a burgundy-colored, twoseat, Nissan 350Z Roadster sports car pass by in the right lane without moving into the left

lane. Officer Perry said the driver of the Nissan was violating the “move over law.” He

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explained that a motorist approaching a law enforcement officer engaged in a stop in the

emergency lane is required to move their vehicle into the next lane if there is no obstruction

or, if there is an obstruction, to reduce the speed of the vehicle. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-8-

132(b). Officer Perry stated that there was no obstruction which would have impeded the

car’s shift into the left lane. Officer Perry acknowledged that at the time of the offense, a

 The statute in effect at the time of the offense specifically provided: 1

(b) Upon approaching a stationary authorized emergency vehicle, when

such vehicle is giving a signal by use of flashing lights, a person who drives

an approaching vehicle shall:

(1) Proceeding with due caution, yield the right-of-way by making a lane

change into a lane not adjacent to that of the authorized emergency vehicle,

if possible with due regard to safety and traffic conditions, if on a highway

having at least four (4) lanes with not less than two (2) lanes proceeding in

the same direction as the approaching vehicle; or

(2) Proceeding with due caution, reduce the speed of the vehicle,

maintaining a safe speed for road conditions, if changing lanes would be

impossible or unsafe.

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-8-132(b). The statute further provided that “[a]violation of this section is a Class

C misdemeanor punishable only by a fine of fifty dollars ($50.00).” Id. at (e).

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violation of the “move over law” was a Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fifty-dollar

fine. Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-8-132(e).

Officer Perry said the car passed him at sixty-five miles per hour, too fast for him to

see the race or gender of the driver. Officer Perry “pulled out” and followed the car

approximately two miles before the driver stopped. He did not see the driver commit any

additional violations during the pursuit. After a couple of miles, Officer Perry activated his

blue lights, stopped the vehicle, and parked behind it. Officer Perry explained that the video

camera in his police vehicle began recording the stop when he activated his blue lights.

Officer Perry approached the passenger side of the car and asked the driver, the

appellant, for his driver’s license and registration. Officer Perry saw three cellular

telephones in the front of the car, which he thought was “odd.” The appellant handed Officer

Perry his license and registration, which had been issued by the state of Maryland.

Officer Perry asked the appellant to step out and walk to the rear of the car so he could

explain the reason for the stop. The appellant complied, and Officer Perry told him that he

had violated the “move over law.” In response to questioning by Officer Perry, the appellant

stated that he had purchased the car approximately one month earlier. When Officer Perry

asked the appellant if his driver’s license was valid, the appellant responded that it was. He

stated that he had previously had “child support issues” but that those issues had been

resolved.

Officer Perry stated that during the conversation, the appellant “blatted his body,”

which he described as

turn[ing] in like in a sideways position, kind of almost like a

stance a police officer takes when they’re talking to a suspect,

you know, kind of with their body turned to the right. You’re

not exactly facing head on. You’re more facing at an angle.

. . . .

It’s kind of unusual to see that on a normal person cause

usually that’s something you see on a police officer cause it’s

something we do for, you know, survival, you know, just for

officer safety. It’s a defensive stance.

He said that the appellant began “spinning his car keys in his hand” and that he “fidget[ed],”

putting his hand in and out of his pocket. Officer Perry said that because of the appellant’s

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nervousness, his stance, and his fidgeting, he believed the appellant was becoming defensive

about the conversation.

Officer Perry also questioned the appellant about his travel itinerary. The appellant

said he was returning to Baltimore, Maryland, from Dallas, Texas, where he had helped a

family from Louisiana relocate after Hurricane Katrina. Officer Perry said the appellant did

not know many details about the family or the relocation, which he found suspicious. Officer

Perry asked the appellant to sit in the back of his police sport utility vehicle (SUV), a Ford

Expedition, while he checked the appellant’s driver’s license and registration. Officer Perry

said that he put the appellant in the SUV “for safety” and that he was “trained to actually put

[offenders] in the car” while doing a license check. Officer Perry sat in the front seat of the

SUV; the appellant was placed in the middle seat; and Xena, Officer Perry’s drug dog, was

in a cage in the rear compartment. Officer Perry did not frisk the appellant before placing

him in the patrol vehicle. On cross-examination, Officer Perry acknowledged that the

appellant appeared to have “[a]ppropriate papers” and that he had no reason to believe

another crime was being committed. He said he “thought that [the appellant’s] travel

itinerary was a little suspicious but at that time it was just a suspicion.”

After the appellant got into the officer’s SUV, Officer Perry radioed Memphis Police

Department’s “Station B” to request a check of the appellant’s driver’s license and vehicle

information. Officer Perry said he was placed on “stand by,” meaning he was essentially “in

line” with other officers who were likewise requesting information.

While waiting for Station B to contact him, Officer Perry engaged the appellant in

conversation. Officer Perry said that the appellant “began to contradict himself about his

job.” Officer Perry explained, for example, that the appellant said he had a contractor’s

license from the city of Baltimore to do demolition and renovation but then stated that he did

not have certification. When Officer Perry asked the appellant if he had anything illegal in

his car, the appellant said no and began talking about his church and the guitar he played in

the church band.

Officer Perry said he became suspicious that the appellant might be involved in

criminal activity because of his defensive stance, nervousness, and fidgeting. Officer Perry

specifically found suspicious the appellant’s possession of three cellular telephones, his

unnecessarily lengthy answers to some questions, and his eagerness to talk about God and

charity work. Officer Perry opined that the appellant “seemed like he was going out of his

way to try to validate that he was a good guy.” Officer Perry also noted that the appellant

was evasive when answering questions about his travel to Texas, noting that it was a “source

state,” meaning that “a lot of illegal narcotics cross from Mexico into the State of Texas.”

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Officer Perry showed the appellant a consent to search form, explained the form to

him, and asked for permission to search the appellant’s car. The appellant responded that he

was in a hurry and did not agree to a search. Officer Perry then retrieved Xena from the back

of the SUV. When Officer Perry walked toward the appellant’s car with the dog, the

appellant said, “[N]o, you can go ahead and search it.” Officer Perry told the appellant “not

to worry about it.” On cross-examination, Officer Perry acknowledged that he was trained

to use the time while he waited for a license verification “to ferret out criminal indicators”

and possibly obtain permission to search. Officer Perry acknowledged that he was aware that

if the appellant did not grant consent to search, he could utilize the drug dog.

Officer Perry explained that Xena was a “passive alert dog. So we would go to the

back of the vehicle and I’d give her the command and she’d just start making laps, starts

making laps around the vehicle.” According to Officer Perry, the dog alerted near the

driver’s door and underneath the rear bumper. Specifically, Officer Perry said, “As she got

around the driver’s side of it she slowed down, her ears started to tilt back, her breathing

started to change and . . . she started taking an interest right around the back, back behind the

driver’s door near the rear tire.” Because of the alerts, Officer Perry asked the appellant if

anyone had been using drugs in or near the car. The appellant said “his cousins had

borrowed the vehicle and had been smoking marijuana.”

Officer Perry said he, Officer Blair, and Officer Randolph, who had joined the stop,

began searching the appellant’s car. Officer Perry explained that the car did not have a

backseat and that the car’s glove box was located behind the passenger seat. Officer Perry

said “the glove box had glue going all the way around it . . . [that] was seeping out from the

edges and stuff.” He stated that the glue did not “look professional” and was “not consistent

with factory.” Officer Perry pried open the tray and discovered a “green saran wrapped

package that had the shape and appearance of contraband.” He cut open the package and

found a white powder inside. The appellant was arrested, and the car was taken back to the

interdiction office for a more thorough search. The subsequent search revealed that the tray

in the glove box led to a secret compartment which had been installed beside the glove box

and behind the speakers. In total, police found thirty-three packages containing

approximately eighty-five pounds of cocaine in the car.

Officer Perry estimated the entire stop lasted approximately ten minutes. He

acknowledged that during the stop he did not make another call to Station B and that Station

B never contacted him about checking the appellant’s driver’s information. Officer Perry

also acknowledged that he normally contacted the Blue Lightning Operation Center (BLOC),

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a customs agency, in Gulfport, Mississippi, for that information. He further acknowledged

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that he once had to wait forty-five minutes for a response from Station B. He said that he

would not have let the appellant leave until he received information from Station B

concerning the appellant’s license.

The motion to suppress is not included in the record. However, in the memorandum

supporting the appellant’s motion to suppress the appellant challenged the constitutionality

of the placement of the appellant in the police car without probable cause during the stop for

a “cite and release offense.” The appellant specifically relied upon State v. Berrios, 235

S.W.3d 99 (Tenn. 2007), in which our supreme court suppressed evidence discovered when

a defendant who had been stopped for a traffic offense gave consent to search after being

placed in the back of a police cruiser. The appellant contended that he was illegally detained

when Officer Perry placed him in the back of the police vehicle and that the illegal detention

tainted the canine sweep of his car. The State argued that Berrios was distinguishable in that

the instant search was not conducted pursuant to consent and that the dog sniff did not

constitute a search.

The trial court found that the appellant was in violation of the “move over law”;

therefore, the initial stop was valid. The court noted that although Officer Perry stated that

the appellant was nervous and defensive, the video of the stop did not depict the appellant

acting in a nervous and defensive manner. Indeed, the trial court noted “that most people are

nervous when they get stopped by police.” However, the trial court found that the appellant

“talked too much” and “answered questions . . . beyond the norm, expounding on things that

were not necessary, going into extremely greater detail than it would appear to be necessary.”

The court said the appellant’s manner of conversation would lead “a normal person to think

that there’s something amiss.” The court also noted that the appellant’s responses to the

officer’s questions about his driver’s license and child support issues raised a question

regarding the validity of the appellant’s license and justified further inquiry.

The court stated that initially the instant case appeared to be “pretty much all square

on Berrios.” However, after careful review the court concluded that Berrios was

distinguishable. The court stated that for Berrios to be applicable “there needs to be some

type of improper action by the police that caused . . . [the appellant] to give up his Fourth

Amendment right[s].” The court found that Officer Perry did not unreasonably delay the stop

and that the drug dog alerted on the car during the legitimate course of the stop, giving the

officer probable cause to search the car. The court concluded that even if the appellant

should not have been placed in the patrol vehicle, the placement “did [not] lead to the

 Officer Perry was not asked to explain why he chose to contact Station B rather than BLOC. 2

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subsequent finding of the drugs.” Accordingly, the trial court denied the appellant’s motion

to suppress the evidence discovered during the search of his car.

After the trial court denied the motion to suppress, the appellant pled guilty to both

counts of possession of cocaine. As a condition of his guilty pleas, the appellant properly

reserved the following certified question of law, which the State, the appellant, and the trial

court agreed was dispositive of the case:

Whether the stop of the [appellant] for a minor “cite and

release” traffic violation which provided for a fine only, the

detention of the [appellant], the placement of the [appellant] in

the secured area of the officer’s patrol car, the use of a drug dog

“run” around the [appellant’s] vehicle, and the subsequent

search of the [appellant’s] vehicle violated the rights of the

[appellant] under the federal and state constitutions and,

therefore, all evidence resulting from the seizure and search

should be suppressed.

See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 37(b)(2)(i).

II. Analysis

In reviewing a trial court’s determinations regarding a suppression hearing,

“[q]uestions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and

resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of

fact.” State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). Thus, “a trial court’s findings of fact

in a suppression hearing will be upheld unless the evidence preponderates otherwise.” Id.

Nevertheless, appellate courts will review the trial court’s application of law to the facts

purely de novo. See State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn. 2001). Furthermore, the

State, as the prevailing party, is “entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence

adduced at the suppression hearing as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences that

may be drawn from that evidence.” Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23.

Initially, we note that both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

and article I, section 7 of the Tennessee Constitution provide protection for citizens against

“unreasonable searches and seizures.” Generally, a warrantless search is considered

presumptively unreasonable, thus violative of constitutional protections. See State v. Walker,

12 S.W.3d 460, 467 (Tenn. 2000); see also State v. Hicks, 55 S.W.3d 515, 527 (Tenn. 2001).

Under both constitutions, evidence discovered as a result of a warrantless search is “‘subject

to suppression unless the State demonstrates that the search or seizure was conducted

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pursuant to one of the narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.’” State v.

Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 218 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 629

(Tenn. 1997)); see also Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 454-55 (1971).

The United States Supreme Court announced one such exception to the warrant

requirement in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968), holding that a law enforcement officer

may conduct a brief investigatory stop of an individual if the officer has a reasonable

suspicion based upon specific and articulable facts that a criminal offense has been, is being,

or is about to be committed. See also State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 865 (Tenn. 1998). This

standard also applies to the investigatory stop of a vehicle. Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S.

648, 663 (1979); State v. Watkins, 827 S.W.2d 293, 294 (Tenn. 1992). In other words, a law

enforcement officer may stop a vehicle if the officer possesses a reasonable suspicion

supported by specific and articulable facts that an offense has been, is being, or is about to

be committed. Watkins, 827 S.W.2d at 294.

The Supreme Court has observed that “[a]rticulating precisely what ‘reasonable

suspicion’ . . . mean[s] is not possible.” Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 695 (1996);

see also State v. Smith, 21 S.W.3d 251, 256 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). “Reasonable

suspicion is a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the subject of a stop of

criminal activity.” Binette, 33 S.W.3d at 218 (citing Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 696). “The specific

and articulable facts must be judged by an objective standard, not the subjective beliefs of

the officer making the stop.” State v. Norwood, 938 S.W.2d 23, 25 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996)

(citing United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18 (1981)). Accordingly, in evaluating

the validity of an investigatory stop, a court must consider the totality of the circumstances.

United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 8 (1989); Watkins, 827 S.W.2d at 294. These

circumstances include, but are not limited to, “[the officer’s] objective observations,

information obtained from other police officers or agencies, information obtained from

citizens, and the pattern of operation of certain offenders. A court must also consider the

rational inferences and deductions that a trained police officer may draw from the facts and

circumstances known to him.” Watkins, 827 S.W.2d at 294 (citation omitted).

In the instant case, the appellant does not challenge the validity of the initital stop and

the record is clear that Officer Perry had probable cause to justify the traffic stop because he

witnessed the appellant violate the “move over law.” See State v. Harris, 280 S.W.3d 832,

840 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008). Additionally, we note that “[r]equests for driver’slicenses and

vehicle registration documents, inquiries concerning travel plans and vehicle ownership,

computer checks, and the issuance of citations are investigative methods or activities

consistent with the lawful scope of any traffic stop,” making Officer Perry’s questions in this

regard permissible. Id. (citation and internal quotations omitted).

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However, the appellant assertsthat Officer Perry illegally detained him by placing him

in the police vehicle; therefore, the discovery of the drugs in his car was a result of the illegal

detention and should be suppressed. During an investigatory traffic stop, an officer’s actions

must reasonably relate to the circumstances prompting the stop. State v. Troxell, 78 S.W.3d

866, 871 (Tenn. 2002). Additionally, the detention must not last longer than needed to

effectuate the reason underlying the stop, with the officer “‘diligently pursu[ing] a means of

investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly.’” Id. (quoting

State v. Simpson, 968 S.W.2d 776, 783 (Tenn. 1998)). Further detention will be justified if,

during a valid stop, law enforcement officers develop a reasonable suspicion that the

individual was engaged in other criminal activity. See United States v. Erwin, 155 F.3d 818,

822 (6th Cir. 1998).

The appellant argues that the instant case is controlled by State v. Berrios, 235 S.W.3d

99 (Tenn. 2007), while the State contends the instant case is more akin to State v. England,

19 S.W.3d 762, 766 (Tenn. 2000). As we stated earlier, Berrios concerned a search

conducted pursuant to consent given after a traffic offender was stopped, frisked, and placed

in a locked patrol car. Berrios, 235 S.W.3d at 107-10. In England, our supreme court held

that canine sweeps are not a “search” under the Fourth Amendment and are reasonable if

performed during the time necessary to effectuate the traffic stop. England, 19 S.W.3d at

766-68.

In making its ruling, the trial court observed it did not believe “that you’re any safer

sitting in the back of a squad car than you are standing off to the side of the road” but noted

that “courts have said . . . officers can do that for safety purposes.” The trial court stated:

Even if, at least in my mind, my analysis of the law, even

if that action was illegal in placing him in the back of that squad

car, I don’t see that [the appellant] did anything that caused the

officer to violate his rights to have his car searched. It would

appear that he refused to consent, the officer still in a timely

fashion, searched – didn’t search, but ran his dog around the car,

got an indication of drugs, and then subsequently searched.

I think the question would be more akin to Berrios if [the

appellant] had given a consent. . . .

You know, again, when I started this, I looked at this as

being pretty much all square on Berrios. But the more I dug into

Berrios and the more I looked at it, I can obviously see a

distinction there. And, to me, again, if this same activity had

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occurred without putting [the appellant] in the car, I think it

would have been legal. No question about it. The only

difference is, they put him in the back of a squad car for another

minute or two.

The evidence adduced at the suppression hearing revealed that the stop lasted

approximately ten minutes, with the appellant being “in the back of [the police vehicle] for

two minutes, two-and-a-half minutes before the officer’s dog alerted on the car.” Officer

Perry testified that he placed the appellant in the police vehicle because of safety concerns

and then waited on “standby” for Station B to respond to his request for information

regarding the appellant’s driver’s license and vehicle registration. During the wait, Officer

Perry ran his drug dog around the appellant’s vehicle, and the dog “alerted” on the vehicle.

We agree with the State that England is controlling in the instant case. Here, the dog sniff

occurred during a time reasonably required for the officer to complete the traffic stop. See

Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407-08 (2005). The dog’s alerts gave the officer probable

cause to search the appellant’s car. Therefore, we conclude that there is no basis on which

to suppress the drugs discovered during that search.

III. Conclusion

Based upon the foregoing, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

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NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE

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