================================================================================

                            ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

                                     Between

                           GTE CALIFORNIA INCORPORATED

                                       and

                           CITIZENS UTILITIES COMPANY

                                  May 27, 1999

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                                TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                           Page

ARTICLE 1   DEFINITIONS......................................................1

      1.1   Terms............................................................1

      1.2   Interpretation..................................................10

ARTICLE 2   PURCHASE AND SALE OF ASSETS.....................................10

      2.1   Purchase and Sale of Assets.....................................10

      2.2   Purchased Property..............................................10

      2.3   Excluded Property...............................................11

      2.4   Assumption of Liabilities.......................................11

      2.5   No Assignment Without Consent...................................14

ARTICLE 3   PURCHASE PRICE..................................................14

      3.1   Purchase Price..................................................14

      3.2   Closing Date Estimate...........................................15

      3.3   Closing Date Statement..........................................15

      3.4   Access Line Adjustment Amount...................................16

ARTICLE 4   REQUIRED APPROVALS, CONSENTS AND NOTIFICATIONS..................16

      4.1   State Regulatory Approval.......................................16

      4.2   Debtholder Consents.............................................17

      4.3   Landlord and Other Consents.....................................17

      4.4   FCC Consents....................................................17

      4.5   HSR Act Review..................................................17

      4.6   GTE/Bell  Atlantic Merger.......................................18

ARTICLE 5   PRE-CLOSING COVENANTS...........................................18

      5.1   Investigation by Buyer..........................................18

      5.2   Operation of the Business in the Ordinary Course................18

      5.3   Satisfaction of Conditions......................................20

      5.4   Approvals.......................................................20

      5.5   Audit or Review of Financial Statements.........................20

      5.6   Cooperation with Respect to Like-Kind Exchange..................21

      5.7   Interconnection Agreements......................................21


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      5.8   Leased Vehicles; Capital Leases.................................21

      5.9   Delivery of Interim Information.................................21

ARTICLE 6   CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE CLOSING.............................22

      6.1   Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Buyer....................22

      6.2   Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Seller...................23

ARTICLE 7   THE CLOSING.....................................................23

      7.1   The Closing.....................................................23

      7.2   Seller's Obligations at Closing.................................24

      7.3   Buyer's Obligations at Closing..................................24

ARTICLE 8   REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES..................................25

      8.1   Representations and Warranties of Seller........................25

      8.2   Representations and Warranties of Buyer.........................35

ARTICLE 9   CONTINUING BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS...............................37

      9.1   Transition Services Agreement...................................37

      9.2   Optional Services Agreement.....................................37

      9.3   Directory Publishing............................................37

      9.4   GTE Supply Relationship.........................................38

ARTICLE 10  ADDITIONAL COVENANTS OF THE PARTIES.............................38

      10.1  Intellectual Property...........................................38

      10.2  Effect of Due Diligence and Related Matters.....................40

      10.3  Confidentiality.................................................41

      10.4  Further Assurances..............................................41

      10.5  Prorations......................................................41

      10.6  Cost Studies/NECA Matters.......................................42

      10.7  Customer Deposits...............................................42

      10.8  Access to Books and Records.....................................42

      10.9  Purchase Price Allocation.......................................43

      10.10 Owned Real Property Transfers...................................43

      10.11 Transaction Taxes...............................................44


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      10.12 Bulk Sales Laws.................................................45

      10.13 Prepaid Non-Regulated Maintenance Agreements....................45

      10.14 Vehicle Registration............................................45

      10.15 Carrier Access Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition.......45

      10.16 End-User Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition.............45

ARTICLE 11  EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEE MATTERS..................................46

      11.1  Employment of Transferred Employees.............................46

      11.2  Transferred Employee Benefit Matters............................48

      11.3  Miscellaneous Benefits..........................................60

      11.4  Employee Rights.................................................61

      11.5  WARN Act Requirements...........................................61

      11.6  Indemnification.................................................61

ARTICLE 12  INDEMNIFICATION.................................................62

      12.1  Survival of Representations.....................................62

      12.2  Indemnification.................................................63

      12.3  Limitations on Liability........................................64

      12.4  Defense of Claims...............................................65

      12.5  No Indemnifiable Claims Resulting From Governmental
            Authority Action ...............................................67

ARTICLE 13  TERMINATION.....................................................67

      13.1  Termination Rights..............................................67

      13.2  Goodfaith Performance...........................................67

      13.3  Effect of Termination...........................................67

ARTICLE 14  MISCELLANEOUS...................................................68

      14.1  Notices.........................................................68

      14.2  Information Releases............................................69

      14.3  Expenses........................................................70

      14.4  Successors and Assigns..........................................70

      14.5  Amendments......................................................70

      14.6  Captions........................................................70


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      14.7  Entire Agreement................................................70

      14.8  Waiver..........................................................70

      14.9  Third Parties...................................................71

      14.10 Counterparts....................................................71

      14.11 Governing Law...................................................71

      14.12 Further Assurances..............................................71

      14.13 Severability....................................................71

      14.14 Representation by Counsel; Interpretation.......................72


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                               INDEX OF SCHEDULES

Schedule*    Title

1.1-A        Assigned Contracts
1.1-B        Excluded Contracts
1.1-C        Purchased Exchanges
1.1-D        License Agreement
2.3(g)       Other Excluded Property
4.4          FCC Consents / Waivers
5.2.1        Operation of the Business
5.2.2(c)     Material Increase to Transferred Employee Benefits
5.2.2(d)     Dispositions
6.1.1        Seller's Closing Certificate
6.2.1        Buyer's Closing Certificate
7.2(a)       Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement
7.2(b)       Legal Opinion of Seller's Counsel
7.2(g)       Affidavit as to Status of Foreign Person
7.3(c)       Legal Opinion of Buyer's Counsel
8.1.4        Violation of Law
8.1.7(a)     Owned Real Property
8.1.7(b)     Bondholders
8.1.8        Real Property Leases
8.1.9        Notices of Violations of Building / Zoning Ordinances
8.1.10       Material Adverse Changes
8.1.11(a-j)  Material Contracts
8.1.13       Exceptions to Tax Return Filings
8.1.14       State and Federal Claims/Suits
8.1.15(a)    Tariff Proceedings
8.1.15(b)    FCC Licenses
8.1.16(a)    Employee Matters - Seller Employee Benefit Plans
8.1.16(b)    Employee Matters - Seller Material Liabilities under ERISA
8.1.16(c)    Employee Matters - Seller ERISA Plans - Compliance
8.1.16(d)    Employee Matters - Seller Multiemployer Plans
8.1.16(e)    Employee Matters - Seller Union Representation
8.1.17       Telephone Plant
8.1.18       Real Property Interests List
8.1.19       Exceptions to Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements
8.1.20       Environmental Permits
8.1.21(a-c)  Financial Statements
8.1.23       Native American Authorizations
8.1.24       Loss of Major Customer
9.1          Transition Services Agreement
9.2          Optional Services Agreement
9.3.1        Directory Publishing Agreements
9.3.2        Co-Bound Directory Agreements

<PAGE>

11.1.2       Employees and Employee Matters - Employment Agreement Obligation
             Exceptions
11.3.1       Employees and Employee Matters - Vacation

* The Schedule numbers refer to the appropriate Section within the Agreement.

<PAGE>

                            ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

            THIS ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT (this "Agreement") is made and entered
into as of the 27th day of May, 1999, by and between Citizens Utilities Company,
a Delaware corporation ("Buyer"), and GTE California Incorporated, a California
corporation ("Seller").

                                    RECITALS

            WHEREAS, Seller is in the business of providing regulated local
exchange telephone service in certain areas of the states of California and
Arizona; and

            WHEREAS, Seller desires to sell, convey, assign, transfer and
deliver to Buyer, and Buyer desires to purchase and accept from Seller, certain
of its telephone properties and related assets used in the provision of such
service, upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.

            NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto, intending to be legally bound,
agree as follows:

                                   ARTICLE 1
                                   DEFINITIONS

      1.1 Terms. For purposes of this Agreement and any amendment hereto, the
following terms are defined as set out below or in the Section referenced below:

            "Access Line Adjustment Amount" is defined in Section 3.4.

            "Accounts Receivable Settlement Statement" is defined in Section
10.16(b).

            "Accounts Payable" means accounts payable owed by Seller arising
primarily from the operation of the Business.

            "Active Employees" is defined in Section 11.1.

            "Affiliate" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person
that, directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls, is
controlled by, or is under common control with, such Person.

            "Allocation" is defined in Section 10.9.

            "Ancillary Documents" means the Transition Services Agreement, the
Optional Services Agreement, the License Agreement, and the Bill of Sale and
Assignment and Assumption Agreement.

            "Assigned Contracts" means Contracts to which Seller or any of its
Affiliates is a party (i) which relate primarily to the operation of the
Business, other than the Excluded


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Contracts, Real Property Interests, Real Property Leases and Third Party
Intellectual Property Contracts, and (ii) any other contract to which Seller is
a party and is listed on Schedule 1.1-A.

            "Assigned Permits" means, to the extent assignable, all permits,
licenses, franchises, approvals and authorizations of Seller or any of its
Affiliates issued or granted by any Governmental Authority that relate primarily
to the operation of the Business, other than the FCC Licenses and the Excluded
Permits.

            "Assumed Liabilities" is defined in Section 2.4.1

            "Automated Assets" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "Bargained Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "BIA" is defined in Section 8.1.23.

            "Base Purchase Price" is defined in Section 3.1.

            "Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement" is defined in
Section 7.2(a).

            "Bondholders" means the Persons listed on Schedule 8.1.7(b).

            "Business" means the business of providing in the geographic area
comprising the Purchased Exchanges (i) local exchange, exchange access and
intra-LATA toll telecommunications services to end users, (ii) exchange access
telecommunications services to interexchange carriers and other local exchange
carriers, (iii) retail sales of telephone equipment and products, and (iv)
non-tariffed public communications (pay telephones), commercial
telecommunications services facilities leasing and other non-regulated services
and products.

            "Buyer Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(b).

            "Buyer Pension Plan" and "Buyer Pension Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.1(b).

            "Buyer Savings Plan" and "Buyer Savings Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.2(b).

            "Buyer Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Buyer's Actuary" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(ii).

            "Buyer's Closing Certificate" is defined in Section 6.2.1.

            "Calendar-Related" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "CERCLA" means the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended.


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            "Closing" is defined in Section 7.1.

            "Closing Date" is defined in Section 7.1.

            "Closing Date Access Line Count" is defined in Section 3.4.

            "Closing Date Amount" is defined in Section 3.2(b)

            "Closing Date Statement" is defined in Section 3.3

            "Confidentiality Agreement" means the Confidentiality Agreement
dated as of November 20, 1998, among Buyer, Seller and certain Affiliates of
Seller.

            "Construction Advances" means advances collected by Seller or any
Affiliate for the future performance of non-regulated construction in the
Purchased Exchanges.

            "Contracts" means all contracts, leases, indentures, agreements, and
other legally binding arrangements.

            "Customer Advances" means amounts arising from the operation of the
Business that have been billed and collected by Seller as of the Closing Date
but that are unearned because they relate to the provision of service after the
Closing Date.

            "Customer Deposits" is defined in Section 10.7.

            "Date Data" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "December 1998 Access Line Count" is defined in Section 3.4 and
shall be 45,568.

            "Direct Claim" is defined in Section 12.4(b).

            "Due Diligence Documents" means those documents contained in the
fifteen (15) volumes of information delivered to Buyer in connection with its
review of the Purchased Property.

            "Earned End-User Accounts Receivable" means accounts receivable
arising primarily from the operation of the Business that have been earned by
Seller's provision of service on or before the Closing Date excluding amounts
billed through the carrier access billing system to interexchange carriers.

            "Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount" means the aggregate
amount of all Earned Unbilled Accounts Receivable as of the Closing Date, less a
discount for anticipated uncollectible Earned End-User Accounts Receivable in an
amount equal to the Uncollectible Factor multiplied by Earned End-User Accounts
Receivable as of the Closing Date.

            "Employment Agreements" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).


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            "Environmental Requirements" means all federal, state, interstate
and local government or agency Laws relating to pollution or protection of human
health and safety or the environment (including, without limitation, air,
surface water, ground water, land surface and subsurface strata), including,
without limitation, laws and regulations relating to emissions, discharges,
releases or threatened releases of Regulated Materials; or otherwise relating to
the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal,
transportation or handling of Regulated Materials.

            "ERISA" means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974,
as amended.

            "ERISA Plans" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Estimated Access Line Adjustment Amount" is defined in Section
3.2(a).

            "Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount" is
defined in Section 3.2(a).

            "Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount" is defined in Section
3.2(a).

            "Evaluation Material" is defined in the first paragraph of the
Confidentiality Agreement.

            "Excluded Contracts" means (i) all billing and collection
agreements, interconnection agreements, national account agreements, billing
media agreements, vehicle leasing agreements, capital leases, Contracts between
Seller and Affiliates of Seller, except to the extent expressly listed on
Schedule 1.1-A, and (ii) such other agreements as are listed on Schedule 1.1-B.

            "Excluded Marks" means all trademarks, applications for trademark
registration, service marks, applications for service mark registration, trade
names, domain names and related registrations owned by Seller or an Affiliate of
Seller, or licensed to Seller or an Affiliate of Seller by any Person, and any
derivations of the foregoing.

            "Excluded Permits" means the permits, licenses, franchises,
approvals and authorizations of Seller or any Affiliates by Governmental
Authorities that relate to the Excluded Property.

            "Excluded Property" is defined in Section 2.3.

            "Executive Officer" of an entity means (i) in the case of Seller,
the regional president of the region that includes the Purchased Exchanges, the
general manager of infrastructure provisioning for the Purchased Exchanges and
the general manager of customer operations for the Purchased Exchanges, and (ii)
the case of Buyer, the executive officer(s) in charge of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement.


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<PAGE>

            "Existing Environmental Requirements" means those applicable
provisions of any Environmental Requirements that are both in effect and
required to be met by Seller prior to the Closing Date.

            "Expiration Date" is defined in Section 12.1(a).

            "FCC" means the Federal Communications Commission.

            "FCC Consents" is defined in Section 4.4.

            "FCC Licenses" means all licenses, certificates, permits or other
authorizations granted to Seller or any Affiliates by the FCC that are used
primarily in the operation of the Business.

            "Financial Statements" is defined in Section 8.1.21.

            "Final Order" shall mean action by any governmental or regulatory
authority as to which (i) no request for stay by any Governmental Authority of
the action is pending, no such stay is in effect, and if any deadline for any
such request is designated by statute or regulation, such deadline is passed;
(ii) no petition for rehearing or reconsideration of the action is pending
before any Governmental Authority, and the time for filing any such petition has
passed; (iii) the Governmental Authority does not have the action under
reconsideration or its own motion and the time for such reconsideration has
passed; and (iv) no appeal to a court, or request to stay by a court, of the
Governmental Authority's action is pending or in effect and, if any deadline of
filing any such appeal or request is designated by statute or rule, it has
passed.

            "FRP" is defined in Section 11.2.3(f).

            "Future Capital Expenditure Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(h).

            "Future Regulatory Obligations" is defined in Section 2.4.1(g).

            "GAAP" means United States generally accepted accounting principles.

            "GATT Grandfathered Participant" is defined in Section
11.2.1(c)(ii)(c).

            "Governmental Authority" means any court or any federal, state or
foreign governmental, legislative or regulatory body, agency, department,
authority or instrumentality.

            "GTE West Coast Agreement" is defined in Section 6.2.6.

            "HSR Act" means the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of
1976, as amended.

            "Indemnifiable Losses" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Indemnification Payment" is defined in Section 12.3(a).


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<PAGE>

            "Indemnifying Party" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Indemnitee" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Intellectual Property" means all inventions (whether patentable or
not and whether or not such inventions are described or claimed in any patent or
patent application), designs (useful or ornamental), and works subject to
copyright protection, invention disclosures, specifications, manuals, drawings,
functional or system block diagrams, flow charts, circuit diagrams, design or
user documentation, engineering notebooks, schematics, test programs, documented
procedures, documented processes, documented flows, devices, software (in any
form), or firmware, and all intellectual property rights therein or based
thereon, including patents, patent applications (including continuations,
continuations-in-part, divisions, reissues), reexamined patents and extensions
thereof, copyrights (whether registered or unregistered), and trade secrets.

            "Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(h).

            "IRC" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

            "IRS" means the Internal Revenue Service.

            "Law" or "Laws" means any statute, rule, regulation, ordinance,
judgment, order or decree of any Governmental Authority.

            "Leased Real Property" means the real property leased to Seller or
its Affiliates under the Real Property Leases.

            "License Agreement" means the license agreement attached hereto as
Schedule 1.1-D pursuant to which Seller grants to Buyer certain rights and
licenses under Licensed Intellectual Property.

            "Licensed Intellectual Property" means Intellectual Property owned
by Seller or its Affiliates, and Third Party Intellectual Property licensed to
Seller or its Affiliates which Seller or its Affiliates can sublicense to Buyer
without the payment of compensation or other consideration to any Person, and
which Intellectual Property and Third Party Intellectual Property are required
for the use or maintenance (to the extent not provided by the owner or licensor
of the Third Party Intellectual Property) of or are included in or with the
Purchased Property in the operation of the Business as of the Closing; provided
that Licensed Intellectual Property shall at all times be Excluded Property.

            "Lien" means any lien, charge, pledge, option, mortgage, security
interest or other encumbrance.

            "Material Adverse Effect" means a materially adverse effect on the
Business or the Purchased Property, taken as a whole, other than effects
relating to or arising from (i) the execution of this Agreement, (ii) the United
States economy generally or the states of California or Arizona in particular,
or (iii) events or circumstances that affect the Business in the same manner and
to the same extent as other businesses in the industry generally.


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<PAGE>

            "Material and Supply Inventory" is defined in the FCC's Part 32
Uniform System of Accounts.

            "Material Contracts" is defined in Section 8.1.11.

            "Material Permits" is defined in Section 8.1.15(b).

            "Merger" means the proposed merger involving GTE Corporation and
Bell Atlantic Corporation and their respective Subsidiaries.

            "Native American Authorizations" is defined in Section 8.1.23.

            "Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount" means the total
amount expended but not yet billed by Seller for non-regulated construction work
not completed prior to the Closing Date, minus any Construction Advances
outstanding as of the Closing Date. The Non-Regulated Construction Work in
Process Amount shall be billable by Buyer to third parties after the Closing
Date under open customer orders or other agreements.

            "Non-Union Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Optional Services Agreement" is defined in Section 9.2.

            "Owned Real Property" means the real property owned in fee by Seller
or its Affiliates and used primarily in the operation of the Business, including
all land, buildings, structures, appurtenances and improvements located thereon.

            "PBGC" means the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.

            "Pension Assets" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(i).

            "Periodic Taxes" is defined in Section 10.5.

            "Permitted Encumbrances" means (i) liens for current taxes and
assessments not yet delinquent, or the amount or validity of which is being
contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings during which collection or
enforcement against the relevant property is stayed, (ii) standard utility
easements, and covenants, conditions and restrictions of record that do not
individually or in the aggregate materially interfere with the operation of the
present Business on, or materially detract from the value of, the Owned Real
Property affected thereby, (iii) mechanics', carriers', workers', repairers' and
other statutory liens, (iv) existing zoning or similar laws or ordinances that
do not interfere with the operation of the Business, (v) leases otherwise
disclosed herein, and (vi) any other Liens and, in the case of Owned Real
Property, any title defects or exceptions, that do not materially interfere with
the operations of the Purchased Property in a manner consistent with the current
use by Seller or that do not materially detract from the value of, or materially
impair the marketability of, the Purchased Property affected.

            "Person" means an individual, corporation, partnership, trust,
association, limited liability company or similar entity or organization.


                                       7
<PAGE>

            "Plans" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Pole Attachment Agreement" is defined in Section 8.1.11(j).

            "Proration Periods" is defined in Section 10.5.

            "PUC" is defined in Section 4.1.

            "PUC Permits" is defined in Section 8.1.15(b).

            "Purchase Price" is defined in Section 3.3(c).

            "Purchased Exchanges" means the telephone exchanges listed in
Schedule 1.1-C and any cross-border community served from any such exchange.

            "Purchased Property" is defined in Section 2.2.

            "Real Property Interests" means all easements, rights of way,
licenses or other interests in real property of Seller or its Affiliates that
are used primarily in the operation of the Business, other than Owned Real
Property or Leased Real Property.

            "Real Property Leases" means the Leases set forth on Schedule 8.1.8.

            "Regulated Material" means (i) any "hazardous substance" as defined
in CERCLA, (ii) any petroleum or petroleum substance, and (iii) any other
pollutant, waste, contaminant, or other substance regulated under Environmental
Requirements.

            "Regulatory Approvals" is defined in Section 4.1.

            "Regulatory Obligation Amount" is defined in Section 3.1.

            "Retained Books and Records" means, collectively, all corporate
records and stock books of Seller and its Affiliates, the general ledger, all
records required by Law to be retained by Seller and all books and records
relating to (i) Tax Returns and Tax records, (ii) Excluded Property, (iii)
attorney work product, and (iv) the Retained Liabilities.

            "Retained Future Regulatory Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(g).

            "Retained Liabilities" is defined in Section 2.4.2.

            "SEC Financial Statements" is defined in Section 5.5.

            "Seller Hourly Pension Plan" is defined in Section 11.2.1(a)(ii).

            "Seller Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(b).

            "Seller Pension Plan" and "Seller Pension Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.1(a)(ii).


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<PAGE>

            "Seller Salaried Pension Plan" is defined in Section 11.2.1(a)(i).

            "Seller Savings Plans" are defined in Section 11.2.2(a).

            "Seller Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Seller's Actuary" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(ii).

            "Seller's Closing Certificate" is defined in Section 6.1.1.

            "Switch Software" shall mean software currently used by Seller to
operate telecommunications switching equipment that is part of the Telephone
Plant.

            "System Date" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "Tax Returns" means a report, return or other information statement
required to be supplied to or filed with a Governmental Authority with respect
to Taxes.

            "Tax(es)" means any foreign, federal, state, county or local income,
sales, use, transfer, excise, franchise, stamp duty, custom duty, real and
personal property, gross receipt, capital stock, business and occupation,
disability, employment, payroll, recording, ad valorem, unemployment
compensation, profits, registration, social security, estimated, add-on,
minimum, or withholding tax relating to the Business or the Purchased Exchanges
and any interest and penalties and additions to such taxes (civil or criminal)
related thereto or to the nonpayment thereof and related notarial fees.

            "Telephone Plant" means (i) Owned Real Property, (ii) Real Property
Interests, and (iii) the machinery, equipment, inventory, vehicles and all other
assets and properties used primarily in the operation of the Business, including
all plant, systems, structures, construction work in progress, telephone cable
(whether in service or under construction), microwave facilities (including
frequency spectrum assignment), telephone line facilities, machinery, furniture,
fixtures, tools, implements, conduits, stations, substations, equipment
(including central office equipment, subscriber station equipment and other
equipment in general), instruments and house wiring connections. Without
limiting the generality of the foregoing, Telephone Plant includes the assets
used primarily in the operation of the Business that would be properly included
in the fixed assets referenced in Part 32 of the FCC Rules and Regulations (47
CFR, Part 32), as such accounts are reflected in Schedule 8.1.17.

            "Third Party Claim" is defined in Section 12.4(a).

            "Third Party Intellectual Property" means Intellectual Property
owned by any Person, other than Seller, without regard as to whether Seller has
any rights therein or the right to assign such rights to Buyer.

            "Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts" is defined in Section
10.1.4.

            "Total Service Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(B).


                                       9
<PAGE>

            "Transaction Taxes" is defined in Section 10.11.

            "Transferred Books and Records" means all of Seller's or its
Affiliates' customer or subscriber lists and records, accounts and billing
records, plans, blueprints, specifications, drawings, surveys, engineering
reports, personnel records of Transferred Employees (where applicable) and all
other documents, computer data and records, in each case relating primarily to
the operation of the Business, except for the Retained Books and Records.

            "Transferred Employees" is defined in Section 11.1.

            "Transition Services Agreement" is defined in Section 9.1.

            "Uncollectible Factor" is defined in Section 10.16(b).

            "Year 2000 Compliant" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

      1.2 Interpretation.

                  (a) Unless the context otherwise requires, (i) all references
to Sections, Articles or Schedules are to Sections, Articles or Schedules of or
to this Agreement, (ii) each accounting term not otherwise defined in this
Agreement has the meaning assigned to it in accordance with GAAP, (iii) all
references to the "knowledge" of Seller are deemed to refer to the actual
knowledge of the Executive Officers of Seller, (iv) all references to the
"knowledge" of Buyer or "knowledge" obtained by Buyer are deemed to refer to the
actual knowledge of the Executive Officers of Buyer, except as otherwise
provided herein, (v) the term "primarily" means primarily or exclusively, and
(vi) the term "including" means including without limitation.

                  (b) No provision of this Agreement will be interpreted in
favor of or against either of the parties by reason of the extent to which any
such party or its counsel participated in the drafting thereof or by reason of
the extent to which any such provision is inconsistent with any prior draft of
such provision or of this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 2
                           PURCHASE AND SALE OF ASSETS

      2.1 Purchase and Sale of Assets. Upon the terms and subject to the
conditions of this Agreement, Seller hereby agrees to sell, convey, transfer,
assign and deliver to Buyer and Buyer hereby agrees to purchase, acquire and
accept from Seller, in each case effective as of the Closing, all of Seller's
and each of its Affiliates' right, title and interest in and to the Purchased
Property.

      2.2 Purchased Property. The term "Purchased Property" means all the
following business, properties, assets and rights of Seller and its Affiliates
on the Closing Date, other than the Excluded Property:

                  (i)   Telephone Plant;
                  (ii)  Earned End-User Accounts Receivable;
                  (iii) Material and Supply Inventories;


                                       10
<PAGE>

                  (iv)   Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process;
                  (v)    FCC Licenses and Assigned Permits;
                  (vi)   Assigned Contracts;
                  (vii)  Transferred Books and Records;
                  (viii) Real Property Leases; and
                  (ix)   all other business, property, assets, work in process
                         and rights of Seller on the Closing Date not described
                         above that relate primarily to the Purchased Exchanges.

      2.3 Excluded Property. For purposes of this Agreement, "Excluded Property"
means the following:

                  (a) Cash, cash equivalents and investments;

                  (b) All rights of Seller and its Affiliates under this
Agreement, the Ancillary Documents and the certificates and other documents
delivered to Seller by Buyer in connection with this Agreement;

                  (c) All records prepared in connection with the sale of the
Business, including bids received from third parties and analysis relating to
the Business;

                  (d) All rights related to the Retained Liabilities;

                  (e) The Retained Books and Records;

                  (f) Seller's and its Affiliates' interests in any business
other than the Business, including the provision of wireless service (cellular
and PCS), long distance and internet service or internet related services,
air-to-ground communications (air phone service), and any Excluded Permits
related thereto, and all assets of Seller and its Affiliates used in connection
with any such business or related thereto, and all assets used by Seller and its
Affiliates in rendering corporate services to Seller or the Business that are
located outside the geographic area comprising the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (g) Such other assets (i.e., encryption decoder devices, AWAS
terminals, SODA, etc.), if any, as set forth on Schedule 2.3(g);

                  (h) The Excluded Contracts;

                  (i) The Excluded Marks;

                  (j) All Intellectual Property, including the Licensed
Intellectual Property and Third Party Intellectual Property (except for such
rights to possess and use Third Party Intellectual Property as may be assigned
in accordance with Section 10.1.4); and

                  (k) All of Seller's and its Affiliates' insurance proceeds
arising in connection with the operation of the Business or the Purchased
Property prior to the Closing.


                                       11
<PAGE>

      2.4 Assumption of Liabilities.

            2.4.1 Assumed Liabilities. Upon the terms and subject to the
conditions of this Agreement, Buyer hereby agrees to assume, as of the Closing
Date, and agrees to pay, perform and discharge when due, all liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations, beginning on the day following the Closing
Date, relating to the Purchased Property other than the Retained Liabilities
(subject to any different allocation of liability set forth in clauses (b), (c),
(g) and (h) below) (the "Assumed Liabilities"), including the following:

                  (a) Ordinary Course. All liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations (including Taxes), arising out of or accruing or resulting from the
use or ownership of the Purchased Property in the ordinary course after the
Closing Date;

                  (b) Employment Matters. All liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations of Buyer as provided in Article 11 with respect to Transferred
Employees;

                  (c) Assigned Contracts, Real Property Interests and Real
Property Leases. All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations that arise in
connection with the performance of the Assigned Contracts, Real Property
Interests and the Real Property Leases, other than performance obligations of
Seller that mature prior to the Closing Date;

                  (d) Joint Construction Projects. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations to third parties that relate to arrangements
and commitments between Seller and a third party for the construction of mutual
transmission facilities between various switching points included in the
Purchased Exchanges;

                  (e) Construction in Progress. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations relating to post-Closing engineering and
construction required to complete scheduled construction and other capital
expenditure projects for the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (f) Customer Deposits and Construction Advances. All
liabilities, responsibilities and obligations relating to Customer Advances,
Customer Deposits and Construction Advances;

                  (g) Future Regulatory Obligations. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations, other than Future Capital Expenditure
Obligations, related to the Purchased Exchanges arising out of any rule,
regulation, law, mandate, decision or order of the FCC or the PUC after the
Closing Date regardless of whether the action taken by such Governmental
Authority is or purports to be based on conduct or actions that occurred at any
time prior to the Closing Date ("Future Regulatory Obligations"); provided that
Buyer shall not be liable for any such Future Regulatory Obligation arising
directly out of any intentional misconduct or material misstatement to the PUC
by Seller that occurred prior to the Closing Date, except for such statements as
may be based on reasonable interpretations of existing PUC regulations and
current industry practice ("Retained Future Regulatory Obligations");

                  (h) Future Capital Expenditure Obligations. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations related to the Purchased Exchanges arising out
of any rule,


                                       12
<PAGE>

regulation, law, mandate, decision or order of the FCC or the PUC (i) issued at
any time and requiring any capital expenditure after the Closing Date,
regardless of whether the action taken by such Governmental Authority is or
purports to be based on conduct, facts or actions that occurred at any time
prior to the Closing Date ("Future Capital Expenditure Obligations"); and (ii)
issued after the date of this Agreement and requiring any capital expenditure
after the date of this Agreement, regardless of whether the action taken by such
Governmental Authority is or purports to be based on conduct, facts or actions
that occurred at any time prior to the date of this Agreement ("Interim Capital
Expenditure Obligations"); provided that (i) Seller shall retain liability for
Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations incurred prior to Closing to the extent
related to (A) FCC or PUC orders that impose capital expenditure obligations as
a result of Seller's overearnings, (B) Seller's efforts to comply with FCC or
PUC rules, regulations, laws, mandates, decisions or orders existing as of the
date of this Agreement, or (C) capital expenditures already planned by Seller;
and (ii) Seller shall retain liability for all other Interim Capital Expenditure
Obligations to the extent Seller is fully reimbursed by Buyer at Closing for
such obligations. Prior to the Closing Date, Seller shall notify Buyer of all
potential Future or Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations within a reasonable
time after publication of said obligations by a Governmental Authority; and

                  (i) Litigation and Claims. All liabilities and obligations
arising out of (i) litigation and claims that arise out of an occurrence after
the Closing Date, (ii) litigation and claims in respect of Future Regulatory
Obligations (other than Retained Future Regulatory Obligations) regardless of
when filed, and (iii) claims of a Governmental Authority arising from or related
to a Future Regulatory Obligation (other than Retained Future Regulatory
Obligations).

Notwithstanding anything in this Section 2.4.1 to the contrary, "Assumed
Liabilities" shall not include any liabilities, responsibilities or obligations
expressly included in Retained Liabilities pursuant to Section 2.4.2.

            2.4.2 Retained Liabilities. Seller shall retain and shall pay,
perform and discharge when due, the following liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations of Seller (the "Retained Liabilities"):

                  (a) Subject to Section 10.5, all trade payables and other
accrued payment obligations of Seller as of the Closing Date;

                  (b) All long-term debt of Seller (including indebtedness to
the Bondholders) and debt of Seller owed to any one or more of its Affiliates;

                  (c) Subject to Section 10.5, all Taxes relating to the
operation of the Business on or before the Closing Date or the use, ownership or
operation of the Purchased Property on or before the Closing Date;

                  (d) Except to the extent otherwise provided in Article 11, all
liabilities and obligations arising on or before the Closing Date with respect
to the Transferred Employees, including (i) all liabilities responsibilities and
obligations arising on or before the Closing Date relating to collective
bargaining agreements or other union contracts, and (ii) any such liabilities


                                       13
<PAGE>

or obligations that arise after the Closing Date to the extent that such
liabilities and obligations relate to facts, circumstances or conditions arising
or occurring on or before the Closing Date, but excluding any Future Regulatory
Obligations with respect to the Transferred Employees;

                  (e) All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations arising
out of litigation and claims that arise out of an occurrence prior to the
Closing Date other than litigation and claims in respect of Future Regulatory
Obligations (other than Retained Future Regulatory Obligations);

                  (f) Any Retained Future Regulatory Obligations; and

                  (g) All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations with
respect to the Excluded Property and the Excluded Contracts.

      2.5 No Assignment Without Consent. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained in this Agreement, to the extent that the sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or delivery or attempted sale, conveyance, transfer,
assignment or delivery to Buyer of any Purchased Property (including any
Contract) is prohibited by any applicable Law or would require any governmental
or third-party authorizations, approvals, consents or waivers and such
authorizations, approvals, consents or waivers shall not have been obtained
prior to the Closing, this Agreement shall not constitute a sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or delivery, or an attempted sale, conveyance, transfer,
assignment or delivery thereof, if any of the foregoing would constitute a
breach of applicable Law or the rights of any third party; provided, however,
that, except to the extent that a condition to Closing set forth in Article 6
relating to the foregoing shall not be satisfied, the Closing shall occur
notwithstanding the foregoing without any adjustment to the Purchase Price on
account of such required authorization. Following the Closing, the parties shall
use their commercially reasonable efforts, and shall cooperate with each other,
to obtain promptly such authorizations, approvals, consents or waivers;
provided, however, that neither Seller nor Buyer nor any of their respective
Affiliates shall be required to pay any consideration therefor, other than
filing, recordation or similar fees payable to any Governmental Authority, which
fees shall be shared equally by Seller and Buyer. Pending or in the absence of
such authorization, approval, consent or waiver, the parties shall cooperate
with each other in any reasonable and lawful arrangements to provide to Buyer
the benefits and liabilities of use of such Purchased Property, including, if
permitted by the terms of any Real Property Lease or applicable Material
Contract, through a sublease or subcontract in accordance with Section 4.3. If
such authorization, approval, consent or waiver for the sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or delivery of any such Purchased Property is obtained,
Seller shall promptly convey, transfer, assign and deliver, or cause to be
conveyed, transferred, assigned and delivered, such Purchased Property to Buyer.

                                   ARTICLE 3
                                 PURCHASE PRICE

      3.1 Purchase Price. The purchase price for the Purchased Property shall be
the sum of (i) One Hundred Seventy Million Nine Hundred Twenty-One Thousand
dollars ($170,921,000) (the "Base Purchase Price"), (ii) amounts expended by
Seller to comply with Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations (the "Regulatory
Obligation Amount"), and (iii) the


                                       14
<PAGE>

Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount, minus (iv) any Access Line
Adjustment Amount calculated in accordance with Section 3.4. Payments from Buyer
to Seller for Earned End-User Accounts Receivable and from Seller to Buyer for
Customer Advances and Customer Deposits will occur subsequent to Closing in
accordance with Article 10.

      3.2 Closing Date Estimate.

                  (a) Not less than three (3) business days prior to the Closing
Date, Seller will give to Buyer a notice, setting forth Seller's good faith
estimate as of the Closing Date of (i) the Regulatory Obligation Amount (the
"Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount"), (ii) the Non-Regulated Construction
Work in Process Amount (the "Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in
Process Amount") and (iii) the Access Line Adjustment Amount (the "Estimated
Access Line Adjustment Amount").

                  (b) On the Closing Date, Buyer shall pay to Seller the sum of
(i) the Base Purchase Price, (ii) the Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount,
and (iii) the Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount, minus
(iv) any Estimated Access Line Adjustment Amount (the "Closing Date Amount").
The Closing Date Amount shall be paid by delivery on the Closing Date of
immediately available funds in U.S. dollars by wire transfer to an account that
Seller shall designate to Buyer at least two (2) business days prior to the
Closing Date.

      3.3 Closing Date Statement.

                  (a) Within sixty (60) days after Closing Date, Seller shall
prepare and deliver to Buyer a written statement of the Base Purchase Price,
Regulatory Obligation Amount, Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount
and any Access Line Adjustment Amount ("Closing Date Statement").

                  (b) Within fifteen (15) days after receipt of the Closing Date
Statement, Buyer shall, in a written notice to Seller, either accept the Closing
Date Statement or describe in reasonable detail any proposed adjustments to the
Closing Date Statement and the reasons therefore. If Seller shall not have
received a notice of proposed adjustments within such fifteen (15) day period,
Buyer will be deemed irrevocably to have accepted such Closing Date Statement.

                  (c) Upon the acceptance of any Closing Date Statement by
Buyer, the parties shall, based thereupon, calculate the amount equal to the sum
of the Base Purchase Price, Regulatory Obligation Amount and Non-Regulated
Construction Work in Process Amount, minus any Access Line Adjustment Amount
(collectively, the "Purchase Price"). If the Purchase Price as finally
determined above is greater than the Closing Date Amount, Buyer shall promptly,
but no later than three (3) business days after such acceptance, pay to Seller
the amount of such difference. If the Purchase Price as determined above is less
than the Closing Date Amount, Seller shall promptly, but no later than three (3)
business days after such acceptance, pay to Buyer the amount of such difference.


                                       15
<PAGE>

                  (d) Seller and Buyer shall negotiate in good faith to resolve
any disputes over any proposed adjustments to the Closing Date Statement,
provided that if any such dispute is not resolved within thirty (30) days
following Seller's receipt of the proposed adjustments, Buyer and Seller jointly
shall select an independent public accounting firm that is nationally recognized
in the United States to resolve such disputes in accordance with the standards
set forth in this Section 3.3, which resolution shall be final and binding. The
fees and expenses of such accounting firm shall be shared by Buyer and Seller in
inverse proportion to the relative amounts of the disputed amount determined to
be for the account of Buyer and Seller, respectively.

                  (e) If Buyer disputes any portion of the Closing Date
Statement, the parties shall calculate the portion of the Closing Statement that
is not the subject of any dispute or proposed adjustment. If the undisputed
portion of the Closing Statement (A) is greater than the respective estimated
amounts paid on the Closing Date, Buyer shall promptly pay Seller the amount of
such difference, or (B) is less than the respective estimated amounts paid on
the Closing Date, Seller shall promptly pay Buyer the amount of such difference.
Payments with respect to any undisputed portions of these adjustments shall be
made no later than three (3) business days after delivery of notice of the
proposed adjustments. Upon resolution of any dispute over any proposed
adjustments as described above in Section 3.3(d), a party which is determined to
owe the other party an amount shall pay that amount promptly, but no later than
three (3) business days after resolution.

                  (f) Any amount paid pursuant to this Section 3.3 after the
Closing Date shall bear interest from the Closing Date through but excluding the
date of payment, at a rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. Such interest shall
accrue daily on the basis of a year of three hundred sixty-five (365) days and
the actual number of days for which due and shall be payable together with the
amount payable pursuant to this Section 3.3. All amounts payable pursuant to
this Section 3.3 shall be paid by delivery of immediately available funds in
U.S. dollars by wire transfer to, in the case of amounts payable by Buyer, the
account identified by Seller as described in 3.2 above or to an alternate
account that Seller may designate on the Closing Date Statement and, in the case
of amounts payable by Seller, to such account of Buyer as Buyer shall designate
in writing to Seller.

      3.4 Access Line Adjustment Amount. The Purchase Price shall be subject to
reduction in accordance with Section 3.1 if the number of access lines
(including wholesale access lines) billed by Seller during the most recent month
ended prior to the Closing Date (the "Closing Date Access Line Count") has
decreased by more than ten percent (10%) from the number of access lines
(including wholesale access lines) billed by Seller for the month ended December
31, 1998 (the "December 1998 Access Line Count"). Such reduction, if any, shall
equal (a) the December 1998 Access Line Count minus the Closing Date Access Line
Count, multiplied by (b) the Base Purchase Price divided by the December 1998
Access Line Count (collectively, the "Access Line Adjustment Amount").


                                       16
<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE 4
                 REQUIRED APPROVALS, CONSENTS AND NOTIFICATIONS

      4.1 State Regulatory Approval. Promptly after the date of this Agreement,
Buyer and Seller shall file the appropriate applications and notices with the
Arizona Corporations Commission and the California Public Utilities Commission
(collectively, the "PUC"), seeking orders permitting the transfer of service in
the Purchased Exchanges to Buyer (collectively, the "Regulatory Approvals").
Buyer will be responsible for establishing the tariff for its post-Closing
operations in the Purchased Exchanges. Each party agrees to use its commercially
reasonable efforts to obtain the Regulatory Approvals and the parties agree to
cooperate fully with each other and with the applicable regulatory agency to
obtain the Regulatory Approvals at the earliest practicable date.

      4.2 Debtholder Consents. Seller shall use its commercially reasonable
efforts to obtain from its Bondholders the termination or release, at Closing,
of all security agreements, mortgages and financing statements relating to the
Purchased Property (such termination or release being hereinafter referred to as
the "Debtholder Consents").

      4.3 Landlord and Other Consents. Promptly after the date hereof, the
parties shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to mutually seek the
consent of (i) the lessor to any Leased Real Property that requires consent as a
condition to an assignment of the lease (which consents are identified in
Schedule 8.1.8) and (ii) the applicable third party with respect to certain
Material Contracts that require consent as a condition to assignment of such
Material Contract (which consents are identified on Schedule 8.1.11). If a
lessor refuses to consent to such an assignment, and if the applicable lease or
Material Contract permits a sublease or subcontract without the consent of the
lessor or other third party, the parties hereto shall, effective as of the
Closing, enter into a sublease or subcontract upon terms and conditions as
similar and comparable to an assignment of the lease or Material Contract as is
reasonably feasible.

      4.4 FCC Consents. Promptly after the date of this Agreement, the parties
shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to obtain (i) the FCC's consent
to the transfer of the FCC Licenses from Seller to Buyer, and (ii) the FCC
waivers set forth on Schedule 4.4 (all such consents or waivers are collectively
referred to as the "FCC Consents").

      4.5 HSR Act Review. By June 30, 1999, or such later date as the parties
may mutually agree, the parties will make such filings as may be required by the
HSR Act with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.
Thereafter, the parties will file as promptly as practicable all reports or
other documents required or requested by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission or
the U.S. Department of Justice pursuant to the HSR Act or otherwise and will
comply promptly with any requests by the Federal Trade Commission or the U.S.
Justice Department for additional information concerning such transactions, so
that the waiting period specified in the HSR Act will expire as soon as
reasonably possible after the execution and delivery of this Agreement. Without
limiting the foregoing, Seller and Buyer agree to use their commercially
reasonable efforts to cooperate and oppose any preliminary injunction sought by
any Governmental Authority preventing the consummation of the transactions
contemplated by


                                       17
<PAGE>

this Agreement. Buyer agrees to pay all application fees required in connection
with any filings under the HSR Act.

            Seller and Buyer shall cause their respective counsel to furnish
each other such necessary information and reasonable assistance as the other may
reasonably request in connection with its preparation of necessary filings or
submissions under the provisions of the HSR Act. Seller and Buyer will cause
their respective counsel to supply to each other copies of all correspondence,
filings or written communications by such party or its Affiliates with any
Governmental Authority or staff members thereof, with respect to the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any related or contemplated
transactions, except for documents filed pursuant to Item 4(c) of the
Hart-Scott-Rodino Notification and Report Form or communications regarding the
same documents or information submitted in response to any request for
additional information or documents pursuant to the HSR Act which reveal
Seller's or Buyer's negotiating objectives or strategies or purchase price
expectations.

      4.6 GTE/Bell Atlantic Merger. Notwithstanding anything else contained in
this Agreement, but without modification of the rights of Buyer under Sections
6.1, 11.6.2, 12.2(a) or 13.1, Seller shall not be obligated to take any action
that would violate the terms of its agreements regarding the Merger, or that
would interfere with, delay or prevent the consummation of the Merger. In the
event that the Closing does not occur as a direct result of the Merger, and not
through any fault of Buyer, Seller's liability to Buyer under this Agreement
shall be limited to the amount of Buyer's reasonable out-of-pocket expenses
incurred in connection with this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 5
                              PRE-CLOSING COVENANTS

      5.1 Investigation by Buyer. Prior to the Closing, upon reasonable notice
from Buyer to Seller given in accordance with this Agreement and subject to
approval by Seller's appointed representative, Seller will afford to the
authorized representatives of Buyer reasonable access during normal business
hours to the Transferred Books and Records, the Owned Real Property the Leased
Real Property and the other Purchased Property so as to afford Buyer the
opportunity to make such review, examination and investigation of the Business
and the Purchased Property as Buyer may reasonably request; provided, however,
that no environmental sampling or other testing shall be performed without
Seller's prior written consent, which consent may be given or withheld in
Seller's sole discretion. Buyer will not contact any employee, customer or
supplier of Seller with respect to this Agreement, the matters involved herein
or the Purchased Property without the prior written consent of Seller. Nothing
herein will obligate Seller to take actions that would unreasonably disrupt the
normal course of the business of Seller or violate the terms of any applicable
Law or any Contract to which Seller or any of its Affiliates is a party or to
which any of its assets is subject. Any information or documentation provided to
Buyer or acquired by Buyer during this investigation shall be deemed "Evaluation
Material" as that term is defined in the Confidentiality Agreement and shall be
subject in all cases to the terms of the Confidentiality Agreement.


                                       18
<PAGE>

      5.2 Operation of the Business in the Ordinary Course.

            5.2.1 Preservation of Business. Except as contemplated on Schedule
5.2.1 or as otherwise consented to by Buyer prior to the Closing, from the date
of this Agreement until the Closing Seller shall:

                  (a) Conduct the Business in the ordinary course consistent
with past practice and shall keep available to the Business its services and the
services of its Affiliates to the same extent generally available on the date
hereof;

                  (b) Operate the Business in substantially the same manner as
it is presently being conducted, and, with respect to the Business, refrain from
entering into any Contract that would be a Material Contract other than in the
ordinary course of business;

                  (c) Not institute any proceeding with respect to, or otherwise
change, amend or supplement any of its tariffs or make any other filings with
the PUC except in the ordinary course of business, and except as disclosed on
Schedule 8.1.15(a);

                  (d) Maintain the Purchased Property in good repair, order and
condition, reasonable wear and use excepted, and maintain the Materials and
Supply Inventory in the ordinary course of business consistent with past
practice;

                  (e) Maintain insurance with respect to the Purchased Property
consistent with past practice;

                  (f) Make capital expenditures sufficient to support normal
maintenance and customer growth in the Purchased Exchanges in a manner
consistent with established regulatory performance objectives, which
expenditures in (a) calendar year 1999 shall not be less than $4,145,000, and
(b) calendar year 2000 shall not be less than $345,000 per month; and

                  (g) Maintain the books and records of the Business
substantially in accordance with prior practice, except as changes are mandated
by Governmental Authorities or required by GAAP.

            5.2.2 No Material Changes. Except as contemplated by this Agreement
or as otherwise consented to by Buyer prior to the Closing, from the date of
this Agreement until the Closing, Seller will not:

                  (a) Make any material change in the general nature of the
Business;

                  (b) Sell, lease or dispose of, or make any Contract for the
sale, lease or disposition of any Purchased Property, other than in the ordinary
course of business;

                  (c) Increase the benefit provided under any plans concerning
employee benefits or increase the general rates of compensation of its
Transferred Employees, except (i) as required by Law, (ii) pursuant to any
Contract to which Seller is a party existing on the date hereof and listed on
Schedule 5.2.2(c), (iii) increases in base pay in the ordinary course of


                                       19
<PAGE>

business of Seller and in amounts consistent with the recent past practices of
Seller, or (iv) as listed or described on Schedule 5.2.2(c);

                  (d) (i) Materially amend, modify or terminate any Material
Contract or permit any of the foregoing to occur other than in the ordinary
course of business; or (ii) sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any Purchased
Property other than in the ordinary course of business or as listed or described
on Schedule 5.2.2(d), or encumber any Purchased Property, except for Permitted
Encumbrances; or

                  (e) Enter into any new written employment agreement, or union
agreement with, or commitment to, the Transferred Employees (including any new
commitment to pay retirement or other benefits or other amendments to Seller's
retirement plans), provided that Seller may enter into new union agreements to
the extent the new union agreements succeed any union agreement that expires
prior to the Closing. Prior to finalizing any such new union agreement, Seller
shall advise Buyer of its material terms and following the execution of any such
agreement, Seller shall deliver a copy to Buyer.

      5.3 Satisfaction of Conditions. Without limiting the generality or effect
of any provision of Article 6, the parties will use their commercially
reasonable efforts to satisfy promptly all the conditions required to be
satisfied prior to the Closing.

      5.4 Approvals.

                  (a) Between the date of this Agreement and the Closing Date,
Buyer and Seller will (i) cooperate with one another and take all reasonable
steps to obtain, as promptly as practicable, all consents, approvals,
authorizations, waivers and permits of any Governmental Authorities required of
either party to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and
(ii) provide such other information and communications to any Governmental
Authority as may be reasonably requested.

                  (b) To the extent that any consents, approvals, authorization
or waiver of a third party with respect to any (i) Assigned Contract, (ii)
Assigned Permit or (iii) any Pole Attachment Agreement, government grant or
railroad crossing agreement listed on Schedule 8.1.18, is required in connection
with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, Seller shall use its
commercially reasonable efforts to obtain such authorization, consent, approval
or waiver prior to the Closing Date.

      5.5 Audit or Review of Financial Statements. To the extent Buyer requires
an audit or review of financial statements with respect to the Business in order
to comply with the reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange
Commission under Regulations S-K and S-X, Seller will cooperate with the
independent auditors chosen by Buyer to audit or review the Financial Statements
delivered by Buyer in accordance with Section 8.1.21 and such other financial
statements as may be required by Buyer to comply with Regulations S-K and S-X
(collectively, the "SEC Financial Statements"). Seller's cooperation will
include such access to workpapers and other supporting documents used in the
preparation of the SEC Financial Statements and delivery of one or more
representation letters from Seller to such auditors as may be reasonably
required by such auditors to perform an audit in accordance with generally


                                       20
<PAGE>

accepted auditing standards or a review in accordance with AICPA standards and
to render an opinion acceptable to the SEC with respect to the audit or review
of the SEC Financial Statements, it being understood that such representation
letters shall acknowledge (i) Seller's extensive use of estimates and
allocations in the preparation of the SEC Financial Statements, and (ii)
Seller's belief that the SEC Financial Statements represent the financial
condition and results of operations of the Business, in accordance with GAAP,
and that such estimates and allocations were made on a reasonable basis and in
accordance with GAAP. However, Buyer acknowledges that because the Business
represents only a portion of Seller, Buyer is not acquiring significant support
elements located outside the Purchased Exchanges, and Buyer will operate under
new tariffs, carrier contracts and other conditions that will significantly
impact the future revenues of the Business, the Financial Statements may not be
representative of the financial performance of the Business during future
periods. Seller will bear the cost of the preparation of its financial
statements, including the SEC Financial Statements. Buyer will bear the cost of
the preparation of any other financial statements that it will be required to
file with the SEC, as well as the cost of the audit or review of the SEC
Financial Statements. Buyer acknowledges that the SEC Financial Statements and
any supporting documentation have been made available as an indication of the
historical financial performance and condition of the Business. Except to the
extent that the SEC Financial Statements reflect intentional misrepresentation
or fraud, Buyer agrees not to make any claim related to the performance of the
Business after the date of the SEC Financial Statements on the basis of a
comparison to the SEC Financial Statements.

      5.6 Cooperation with Respect to Like-Kind Exchange. Buyer agrees that
Seller's transfer of the Purchased Property may, at Seller's election, be
accomplished in a manner enabling such transfer to qualify as part of a
like-kind exchange of property covered by Section 1031 of the IRC. If Seller so
elects, Buyer shall cooperate with Seller (but without being required to incur
any out-of-pocket costs in the course thereof) in connection with Seller's
efforts to effect such like-kind exchange, which cooperation shall include,
without limitation, taking such actions as Seller requests in order to enable
Seller to qualify such transfer as part of a like-kind exchange of property
covered by Section 1031 of the IRC (including any actions required to facilitate
the use of a "qualified intermediary" within the meaning of the United States
Treasury Regulations), and Buyer agrees that Seller may assign all or part of
its rights (but no obligations) under this Agreement to a person or entity
acting as a qualified intermediary to qualify the transfer of the Purchased
Property as part of a like-kind exchange of property covered by Section 1031 of
the IRC. Buyer and Seller agree in good faith to use reasonable efforts to
coordinate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement with any other
transactions engaged in by either Buyer or Seller; provided that such efforts
are not required to include an unreasonable delay in the consummation of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      5.7 Interconnection Agreements. Seller shall furnish to Buyer such
necessary information as Buyer may reasonably request in connection with Buyer's
replacement of the interconnection agreements relating to the Purchased
Exchanges, including supplying to Buyer copies of such interconnection
agreements to the extent permissible.

      5.8 Leased Vehicles; Capital Leases. Seller or its Affiliates, as
applicable, will pay the remaining balances on any vehicle leases or any capital
leases relating to assets included in


                                       21
<PAGE>

the Purchased Property and at Closing will deliver to Buyer title to such
vehicles and assets, free and clear of all Liens.

      5.9 Delivery of Interim Information. From the date of this Agreement until
the Closing, Seller shall furnish Buyer monthly reports concerning the operating
performance of the Business. Such reports shall contain such data as are
typically reported to GTE management with respect to the Purchased Exchanges,
including access line counts and service measures. Seller shall provide Buyer
reasonable access to Seller's management in order to discuss such data. In the
event of any significant deterioration in operating performance, Seller shall
consult with Buyer concerning its response. All information provided in
accordance with this Section 5.9 shall be subject to the Confidentiality
Agreement and to compliance with applicable antitrust Laws.

                                   ARTICLE 6
                       CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE CLOSING

      6.1 Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Buyer. The obligations of Buyer
to consummate the Closing shall be subject to the satisfaction or waiver by
Buyer, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions, any one
or more of which may be waived at the option of Buyer:

            6.1.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants and Warranties.
Seller shall have complied in all material respects with its covenants to be
performed in whole or in part prior to the Closing, and the representations and
warranties of Seller in Section 8.1 shall be true and correct as of the Closing,
except for (i) such representations or warranties that are made expressly as of
an earlier date, which shall have been true and correct as of such date except
as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, and, (ii) to the extent that any
breach of such representations and warranties has not, individually or in the
aggregate, had a Material Adverse Effect; and Seller shall have delivered to
Buyer a certificate ("Seller's Closing Certificate") in the form attached as
Schedule 6.1.1, dated the Closing Date and signed by an Executive Officer of
Seller, certifying each of the foregoing, or specifying those respects in which
such covenants have not been performed or such representations and warranties
are not true and correct.

            6.1.2 Documents. Seller shall have delivered to Buyer all documents
required by Section 7.2.

            6.1.3 HSR. All required waiting periods under the HSR Act shall have
expired or been terminated.

            6.1.4 No Legal Obstruction. Each of the required Debtholder Consents
shall have been obtained, and each of the required Regulatory Approvals and FCC
Consents shall have been obtained, free of any special term, condition,
restriction, imposed liability or other provision that is reasonably likely to
have a Material Adverse Effect, and the FCC and PUC shall not otherwise have
taken any action with respect to the Purchased Property that is reasonably
likely to have a Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of this Section 6.1.4,
any tariff that is substantially similar in all material respects to the
existing tariff with respect to the applicable Purchased Exchange shall be
deemed not to have a Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of this


                                       22
<PAGE>

Agreement, all such approvals and consents shall be deemed to have been obtained
upon the granting of a Final Order. In addition, there shall not have been
entered a preliminary or permanent injunction, temporary restraining order or
other judicial or administrative order or decree in any competent jurisdiction,
the effect of which prohibits the Closing.

            6.1.5 No Material Adverse Effect. There shall not have occurred any
event or condition which individually or in the aggregate has resulted in a
Material Adverse Effect.

            6.1.6 Closing of GTE West Coast Transactions. The transactions
contemplated by the Asset Purchase Agreement between GTE West Coast Incorporated
and Citizens Utilities Company of even date herewith (the "GTE West Coast
Agreement") shall be closed simultaneously with the closing of those
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      6.2 Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Seller. The obligations of
Seller to consummate the Closing shall be subject to the satisfaction or waiver
by Seller, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions:

            6.2.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants and Warranties.
Buyer shall have complied in all material respects with its covenants to be
performed in whole or in part prior to the Closing, and the representations and
warranties of Buyer in Section 8.2 shall be true and correct in all material
respects as of the Closing, except (i) for such representations or warranties
made expressly as of and only as of an earlier date, which shall be true and
correct as of such date except as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, and
(ii) to the extent that any breach of such representations and warranties has
not, individually or in the aggregate, had a Material Adverse Effect; and Buyer
shall have delivered to Seller a certificate ("Buyer's Closing Certificate") in
the form attached as Schedule 6.2.1, dated the Closing Date and signed by an
Executive Officer of Buyer, certifying each of the foregoing or specifying those
respects in which such covenants have not been performed or such representations
and warranties are not true and correct.

            6.2.2 Documents. Buyer shall have delivered to Seller all documents
required by Section 7.3.

            6.2.3 Purchase Price. Buyer shall have delivered to Seller, in the
manner specified in Section 3.1, the Closing Date Amount.

            6.2.4 HSR. All required waiting periods under the HSR Act shall have
expired or been terminated.

            6.2.5 No Legal Obstruction. Each of the required Debtholder Consents
shall have been obtained, and each of the required Regulatory Approvals and FCC
Consents shall have been obtained free of any special terms, conditions or
restrictions that are materially adverse to Seller based upon good faith
business concerns that are not commercially unreasonable (other than any such
approvals or consents which, if not obtained, would not have a Material Adverse
Effect). For purposes of this Agreement, all such approvals and consents shall
be deemed to have been obtained upon the granting of a Final Order. In addition,
there shall not have been


                                       23
<PAGE>

entered a preliminary or permanent injunction, temporary restraining order or
other judicial or administrative order or decree in any jurisdiction, the effect
of which prohibits the Closing.

            6.2.6 Closing of GTE West Coast Transactions. The transactions
contemplated by the Asset Purchase Agreement between GTE West Coast Incorporated
and Citizens Utilities Company of even date herewith (the "GTE West Coast
Agreement") shall be closed simultaneously with the closing of those
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 7
                                   THE CLOSING

      7.1 The Closing. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement,
the closing of the purchase and sale of the Purchased Property and the
assumption of the Assumed Liabilities (the "Closing") shall be held at 9 A.M.
local time at the offices of GTE Network Services at 600 Hidden Ridge, Irving,
Texas 75038, on the date agreed upon by the parties, provided such date shall be
(i) the last business day of the month, and (ii) at least five (5) business
days, but not more than ninety (90) days, after the date that all required
Regulatory Approvals, Debtholder Consents and FCC Consents have been obtained,
or at such other time and place as the parties may agree (the "Closing Date").
Such Closing shall be deemed to have occurred as of 11:59 p.m., local time, on
the Closing Date.

      7.2 Seller's Obligations at Closing. At the Closing, Seller shall deliver
to Buyer the following documents:

                  (a) (i) Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement,
(ii) subject to Permitted Encumbrances (except as provided in Section 10.10),
special warranty deeds or their equivalent in respect of the Owned Real Property
and assignments of Real Property Leases to the extent any required consents have
been obtained pursuant to Section 4.3, and (iii) subject to Section 2.5,
assignments of the Assigned Contracts, the Real Property Interests and the
Assigned Permits. For purposes of this Agreement, the term "Bill of Sale and
Assignment and Assumption Agreement" means the form attached hereto as Schedule
7.2(a) executed by Seller;

                  (b) A legal opinion from William Mundy, general counsel for
GTE Network Services, as counsel for Seller, dated as of the Closing Date and in
the form of Schedule 7.2(b);

                  (c) Seller's Closing Certificate;

                  (d) Instruments of assignment or, to the extent set forth in
Section 4.3, subleases for the Leased Real Property;

                  (e) Mortgage satisfactions, UCC Form 3 Termination Statements
and other instruments necessary to remove, release and terminate all security
interests held by the Bondholders on the Purchased Property;


                                       24
<PAGE>

                  (f) All of the documents and papers required of Seller as
conditions to Closing pursuant to Section 6.1, including the Regulatory
Approvals, Debtholder Consents and FCC Consents;

                  (g) A certificate substantially in the form of Schedule 7.2(g)
certifying that Seller is not a "foreign person" within the meaning of Section
1445(b)(2) of the IRC;

                  (h) The License Agreement; and

                  (i) Such other documents and instruments as may be reasonably
necessary to effect the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      7.3 Buyer's Obligations at Closing. At the Closing, Buyer shall deliver to
Seller the following:

                  (a) The Closing Date Amount in the manner specified in Section
3.1;

                  (b) The Bill of Sale, Assignment and Assumption Agreement,
executed by Buyer;

                  (c) A legal opinion from L. Russell Mitten II, Vice President
and General Counsel of Buyer dated as of the Closing Date and in the form of
Schedule 7.3(c);

                  (d) Buyer's Closing Certificate;

                  (e) All other documents and papers required of Buyer as
conditions of Closing pursuant to Section 6.2, including the Regulatory
Approvals; and

                  (f) Such other documents and instruments as may be reasonably
necessary to effect the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 8
                         REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

      8.1 Representations and Warranties of Seller. Seller represents and
warrants to Buyer as follows:

            8.1.1 Authorization and Effect of Agreement. Seller has the
requisite corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements and to perform its obligations hereunder and
thereunder. The execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements and the fulfillment of its obligations under this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements have been duly authorized by all necessary
corporate action on the part of Seller. This Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by Seller and, assuming the due
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Buyer,
constitute valid and binding obligations of Seller enforceable in accordance
with their terms subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization,


                                       25
<PAGE>

moratorium and other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally
and subject to the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with principles
of equity.

            8.1.2 No Restrictions Against Sale of the Purchased Property. The
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Seller
does not, and the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements will not (i) conflict with or violate any provision
of its certificate of incorporation or bylaws, (ii) subject to obtaining the
approvals and or consents referred to in Section 2.5, Article 4 and Schedule
8.1.11(a-f), conflict with, violate or result in the breach of any provision of
any Material Contract, or (iii) result in the creation of any Lien (other than
Permitted Encumbrances) upon any of the Purchased Property under (a) any
Material Contract or (b) any Law applicable to any of the Purchased Property,
except in the case of clauses (ii) or (iii) for any such conflict, violation,
breach or Lien that would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

            8.1.3 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authorities. No
consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration, declaration or
filing with, any Governmental Authority is required to be obtained or made by or
with respect to Seller or in connection with the execution and delivery of this
Agreement by Seller or the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this
Agreement, except (i) FCC Consents and HSR Act clearance, (ii) the Regulatory
Approvals, and (iii) any consent approval, order or authorization or
registration declaration or filing, which if not obtained or made would not have
a Material Adverse Effect.

            8.1.4 No Material Violations. Except as indicated in Schedule 8.1.4
or as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, (a)
the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and
the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements will not violate any applicable Law, and (b) Seller is not
in violation of any Law relating to or affecting the operation, conduct or
ownership of the Business or the Purchased Property.

            8.1.5 Corporate Organization. Seller is a corporation duly
organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of
California, and is duly qualified to conduct business in California and Arizona.
Seller has full power and authority to own its properties and to carry on the
Business as it is now being conducted and to own, or hold under lease the
Purchased Property. Seller holds valid permits, licenses, franchises, approvals
and authorizations issued or granted by any Governmental Authority and adequate
for the operation of the Business as currently conducted, except to the extent
absence of any such permit, license, franchise, approval or authorization would
not have an Material Adverse Effect.

            8.1.6 Brokers. Seller has not paid or become obligated to pay any
fee or commission to any broker, finder, investment banker or other intermediary
in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in such a
manner as to give rise to a valid claim against Buyer for any broker's or
finder's fees or similar fees or expenses.

            8.1.7 Title to Owned Real Property. Seller has good fee simple title
to all of the Owned Real Property, free and clear of any Lien other than
Permitted Encumbrances and Liens of the Bondholders identified on Schedule
8.1.7(b). As of the date hereof, the address and a general description of each
item of Owned Real Property are set forth on Schedule 8.1.7(a).


                                       26
<PAGE>

Seller represents that the only creditors that have a Lien (other than any
Permitted Encumbrances) on any of the Owned Real Property are the Bondholders
identified on Schedule 8.1.7(b).

            8.1.8 Real Property Leases. As of the date hereof, set forth on
Schedule 8.1.8 is a list of the Real Property Leases. Each of the leases for the
Leased Real Property is enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to
bankruptcy, insolvency and other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors
generally and subject to the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with
the principles of equity, and except as otherwise disclosed in Schedule 8.1.8,
there is not under any lease any material default or a material breach of
covenant by Seller.

            8.1.9 Tangible Assets. All of the tangible Purchased Property is in
substantially good operating condition and repair, normal wear and tear
excepted. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.9 or elsewhere in this Agreement,
Seller has good title to each item of tangible Purchased Property (other than
Real Property Interests or office equipment or vehicles subject to leases) with
a fair market value in excess of $5,000, free and clear of any Lien (other than
Permitted Encumbrances). Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.9, Seller has not
received any written notice within the past twelve (12) months of a violation of
any ordinances, regulations or building, zoning and other similar laws with
respect to such assets that would have a Material Adverse Effect. EXCEPT AS
EXPRESSLY PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION 8.1.9, SELLER MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE CONDITION OR FITNESS OF THE TANGIBLE
PURCHASED PROPERTY AND HEREBY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR WARRANTY AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.

            8.1.10 No Material Adverse Change. Except as disclosed in Schedule
8.1.10, between December 31, 1997 and the date of this Agreement there has not
occurred (i) any event or condition that would have a Material Adverse Effect;
(ii) any increase in compensation payable or to become payable by Seller to any
of its Transferred Employees or agents, other than normal merit or promotional
increases other than payment under the retention pay program announced in
connection with the network business repositioning of Seller and its Affiliates;
(iii) any amendment or termination of, or delivery of written notice to amend or
terminate, any Material Contract; or (iv) any material change in any accounting
method, practice or policy of Seller with respect to the Business.

            8.1.11 Material Contracts. Except for the agreements set forth on
Schedule 8.1.11 subparts (b) through (j), there is no Assigned Contract (other
than the Assigned Contracts entered into after the date of this Agreement in the
ordinary course of business) that is:

                  (a) an agreement containing a non-compete agreement or other
covenant that in either case would by its terms limit the freedom of Buyer
following the Closing to compete in any material respect with respect to the
Business with any third party;

                  (b) an agreement granting a Lien (other than a Permitted
Encumbrance);


                                       27
<PAGE>

                  (c) an agreement for the sale of any material Purchased
Property or grant of any preferential rights to purchase any material Purchased
Property;

                  (d) an agreement for the provision of telephone service at
public pay telephone locations;

                  (e) an agreement made in the ordinary course of business other
than as set forth above with respect to which the aggregate amount to be
received or paid thereunder with respect to calendar year 1999 is expected to
exceed $100,000 based on the terms of such agreement or on the payments which
have been made under such agreement with respect to calendar year 1998, to the
extent applicable;

                  (f) an agreement not made in the ordinary course of business
with respect to which the aggregate amount to be received or paid thereunder
with respect to calendar year 1999 is expected to exceed $50,000 based on the
terms of such agreement or on the payments which have been made under such
agreement with respect to calendar year 1998, to the extent applicable;

                  (g) an agreement with respect to 911 services or E911
services;

                  (h) an agreement between Seller and a third party for the
construction of mutual transmission facilities between various switching points
included in the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (i) an agreement between Seller and a third party for the
third party's co-location of equipment in facilities included in the Purchased
Property pursuant to which Seller is currently providing facilities or a request
to provide facilities is currently pending; or

                  (j) an agreement with a third party in which the owner of
utility poles has agreed to allow the other party to attach its
telecommunications equipment or facilities to the utility poles (a "Pole
Attachment Agreement").

            Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.11, to the knowledge of Seller,
each Assigned Contract referred to in any of the clauses (a) to (j) above
(collectively the "Material Contracts") is valid, binding and in full force and
effect and is enforceable by Seller or Seller's Affiliate, as applicable, in
accordance with its terms, except for any such failure to be valid, binding, in
full force and effect or enforceable that is not reasonably likely to have a
Material Adverse Effect. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.11, to the
knowledge of Seller, Seller and Seller's Affiliates have performed all material
obligations required to be performed by them to date under the Material
Contracts, and they are not (with or without the lapse of time or the giving of
notice, or both) in breach or default thereunder and, to the knowledge of
Seller, no other party to any Material Contract is (with or without the lapse of
time or the giving of notice, or both) in breach or default in any respect
thereunder, in each case except for such noncompliance, breaches and defaults
that, individually or in the aggregate, are not reasonably likely to have a
Material Adverse Effect. As of the date hereof, neither Seller nor any Seller's
Affiliate has, except as disclosed on Schedule 8.1.11, received or given any
written notice of the intention of any party to terminate any Material Contract.
Complete and correct copies of all the Material Contracts,


                                       28
<PAGE>

together with all modifications and amendments thereto to the date of this
Agreement by Closing will, have been made available to Buyer or its
representatives.

            8.1.12 Insurance. The Purchased Property of an insurable nature and
of a character usually insured by companies carrying on similar businesses is
insured under insurance policies or self insured in such amounts and against
such losses or casualties as is usual in Seller's industry. On the Closing Date,
the coverage under the insurance policies and programs applicable to the
Purchased Property will be terminated, and Buyer will be responsible for
providing all insurance coverage for the Purchased Property.

            8.1.13 Taxes. Except as disclosed on Schedule 8.1.13, (i) all Tax
Returns required to be filed by Seller on or before the Closing Date have or
will have been filed, and all Taxes shown as due and payable on such Tax Returns
have been or will be paid by Seller when required by law; (ii) no deficiencies
or assessments for any Taxes have been asserted in writing or assessed against
Seller that remain unpaid and that individually or in the aggregate are material
to the Business; (iii) Seller has withheld all required federal, state and local
payroll taxes relating to the Business and has remitted or will remit all
amounts required to be remitted to the appropriate taxing authorities; (iv)
there are no tax liens upon any of the Purchased Property except for statutory
liens covering taxes not yet due and payable; (v) Seller is not a "foreign
person" within the meaning of Section 1445(b)(2) of the IRC and shall provide an
appropriate certificate for purposes of Section 1445(b)(2) of the IRC and (vi)
there are no material, current audits or material audits for which written
notice has been received (in either case, specifically with respect to the
Business).

            8.1.14 No Material Claims or Suits. Except as disclosed in Schedule
8.1.14 or with respect to Taxes, there are no claims, actions, lawsuits or legal
proceedings pending before any Governmental Authority, or, to the knowledge of
Seller threatened against or affecting the Business or Purchased Property that
in Seller's opinion, if determined adversely to Seller, would reasonably be
expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on the Business or materially
adversely affect ability of Seller to consummate the transactions contemplated
hereby.

            8.1.15 Tariffs; FCC Licenses.

                  (a) The regulatory tariffs applicable to the Business stand in
full force and effect on the date of this Agreement in accordance with all
terms, and there is no outstanding notice of cancellation or termination or, to
Seller's knowledge, any threatened cancellation or termination in connection
therewith, nor is Seller subject to any restrictions or conditions applicable to
its regulatory tariffs that limit or would limit the operation of the Business
(other than restrictions or conditions generally applicable to tariffs of that
type). Each such tariff has been duly and validly approved by Seller's
regulatory agency. Seller is not in material default under the terms and
conditions of any such tariff and there is no basis for any claim of default by
Seller in any material respect under any such tariff. Except as disclosed on
Schedule 8.1.15(a), there are no applications by Seller or petitions by others
or proceedings pending or threatened before the state regulatory authority
relating to the Business or its operations or the regulatory tariffs, other than
such applications, petitions or proceedings as may be brought in the ordinary
course of business or by end-users. To the knowledge of Seller, there are no
material violations


                                       29
<PAGE>

by subscribers or others under any such tariff. A true and correct copy of each
tariff applicable to the Business has been delivered or made available to Buyer.

                  (b) Listed on Schedule 8.1.15(b) are the FCC Licenses and
other material Assigned Permits (the "Material Permits") held by Seller and used
in the operation of the Business. Except as listed on Schedule 8.1.15(b), to
Seller's knowledge, each such FCC License or Material Permit is in full force
and effect on the date of this Agreement in accordance with its terms, and there
is no outstanding notice of cancellation or termination or, to Seller's
knowledge, any threatened cancellation or termination in connection therewith,
nor are any of such FCC Licenses or Material Permits subject to any restrictions
or conditions that limit the operation of the Business (other than restrictions
or conditions generally applicable to licenses or permits of that type). Subject
to the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, and the regulations thereunder,
the FCC Licenses are free from all security interests, liens, claims, or
encumbrances of any nature whatsoever. There are no applications by Seller or
petitions by others or proceedings pending or threatened before the FCC relating
to the Business or the FCC Licenses that, in Seller's opinion, would reasonably
be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on the Business, other than such
applications, petitions or proceedings as may be brought in the ordinary course
of business or by end-users.

            8.1.16 Employee Matters.

                  (a) Schedule 8.1.16(a) lists (and identifies the sponsor of)
each "Employee Pension Benefit Plan," as that term is defined in Section 3(2) of
ERISA, each "Employee Welfare Benefit Plan," as that term is defined in Section
3(1) of ERISA (such plans being hereinafter referred to collectively as the
"ERISA Plans"), and each other retirement, pension, profit-sharing, money
purchase, deferred compensation, incentive compensation, bonus, stock option,
stock purchase, severance pay, unemployment benefit, vacation pay, savings,
medical, dental, post-retirement medical, accident, disability, weekly income,
salary continuation, health, life or other insurance, fringe benefit, or other
employee benefit plan, program, agreement, or arrangement maintained or
contributed to by Seller or its Affiliates in respect of or for the benefit of
any Transferred Employee or former employee of Seller, excluding any such plan,
program, agreement, or arrangement maintained or contributed to solely in
respect of or for the benefit of Transferred Employees or former employees
employed or formerly employed by Seller outside of the United States, as of the
date hereof (collectively, together with the ERISA Plans, referred to
hereinafter as the "Plans"). Schedule 8.1.16(a) also includes a list of each
written employment, severance, termination or similar-type agreement between
Seller and its Affiliates and any Transferred Employee (the "Employment
Agreements"). Seller has delivered to Buyer accurate and complete copies of all
Plans and Employment Agreements (or representative samples in the case of form
agreements) and, if applicable, summary plan descriptions with respect to such
Plans and Employment Agreements and summary descriptions of any such Plan or
Employment Agreement that is not otherwise in writing. Except for retention
bonuses paid in connection with the closing of the transactions contemplated by
this Agreement and except as otherwise disclosed on Schedule 8.1.16(a), the
execution and delivery of this Agreement by Seller and the performance of this
Agreement by Seller will not directly result now or at any time in the future in
the payment to any Transferred


                                       30
<PAGE>

Employee of any severance, termination, or similar-type payments or benefits
being paid to any Transferred Employee.

                  (b) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(b):

                        (i) Neither Seller nor any of its Affiliates, any of the
ERISA Plans, any trust created thereunder, or any trustee or administrator
thereof, has engaged in any transaction as a result of which Seller or any of
its Affiliates could be subject to any material liability pursuant to Section
409 of ERISA or to either a civil penalty assessed pursuant to Section 502(i) of
ERISA or a tax imposed pursuant to Section 4975 of the IRC; and

                        (ii) Since the effective date of ERISA, no material
liability under Title IV of ERISA has been incurred or is reasonably expected to
be incurred by Seller or any of its Affiliates (other than liability for
premiums due to the PBGC), unless such liability has been, or prior to the
Closing Date will be, satisfied in full.

                  (c) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(c), with respect to
the ERISA Plans other than those ERISA Plans identified on Schedule 8.1.16(a) as
"multiemployer plans":

                        (i) the PBGC has not instituted proceedings to terminate
any Plan that is subject to Title IV of ERISA (the "Retirement Plans");

                        (ii) none of the ERISA Plans has incurred an
"accumulated funding deficiency" (as defined in Section 302 of ERISA and Section
412 of the IRC), whether or not waived, as of the last day of the most recent
fiscal year of each of the ERISA Plans ended prior to the date of this
Agreement;

                        (iii) each of the ERISA Plans has been operated and
administered in all material respects in accordance with its provisions and with
all applicable laws;

                        (iv) each of the ERISA Plans that is intended to be
"qualified" within the meaning of Section 401(a) of the IRC and, to the extent
applicable, Section 401(k) of the IRC, has been determined by the IRS to be so
qualified, and nothing has occurred since the date of the most recent such
determination (other than the effective date of certain amendments to the IRC,
the remedial amendment period for which has not yet expired) that would
adversely affect the qualified status of any of such ERISA Plans;

                        (v) there are no pending material claims by or on behalf
of any of the ERISA Plans, by any employee or beneficiary covered under any such
ERISA Plan, or otherwise involving any such ERISA Plan (other than routine
claims for benefits and routine expenses);

                        (vi) each ERISA Plan which is a group health plan has
been operated and administered in compliance with the continuation coverage
provisions of Section 498B of the IRC and Part 6 of Title I of ERISA;


                                       31
<PAGE>

                        (vii) all contributions and premiums that would normally
be made or paid with respect to any ERISA Plan or Employment Agreement on behalf
of Transferred Employees as of the Closing Date will have been made by the
Closing Date; and

                        (viii) as of the Closing Date no Transferred Employee
will be excluded from coverage under any employee welfare benefit plan (as
defined in Section 3(1) of ERISA) maintained or contributed to by Seller.

                  (d) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(d), none of the
ERISA Plans is a "multiemployer Plan," as that term is defined in Section 3(37)
of ERISA, and with respect to any such multiemployer plans (as so defined)
listed in Schedule 8.1.16(d), Seller has not made or incurred a "complete
withdrawal" or a "partial withdrawal," as such terms are respectively defined in
Sections 4203 and 4205 of ERISA that would result in the incurrence of a
material liability by Seller. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(d), neither
Seller nor any Affiliates of Seller has made or incurred a "complete withdrawal"
or a "partial withdrawal" (as such terms are defined in Sections 4203 and 4205,
respectively, of ERISA) that would result in the incurrence of liability by
Seller or its Affiliates, and the performance of this Agreement will not result
in such withdrawal(s) or liability.

                  (e) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(e), (i) none of the
Transferred Employees are represented by a labor union or labor organization;
(ii) Seller is not subject to any collective bargaining agreement covering any
Transferred Employee; (iii) there are no current, or to the best knowledge of
Seller, any pending or threatened strikes, slowdowns, picketing, or work
stoppages affecting the Business or with respect to any Transferred Employee
covered by collective bargaining; (iv) there is no pending lockout by Seller of
any employees of the Business, and no such action is contemplated by Seller; (v)
to the best knowledge of Seller, there is no pending or threatened organizing
activity or petition for certification of a collective bargaining representative
involving employees of the Business and there has been none within the twelve
(12) months preceding the date of the Agreement; (vi) to the best knowledge of
Seller, there is no pending or threatened charge, action, complaint, or
proceeding of any nature against Seller relating to the violation of any
applicable state or federal labor or employment law or regulation in connection
with the Business, including any charge or complaint filed by any employee or
labor organization with the National Labor Relations Board, the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission, or any other administrative governmental agency, nor is
there any other pending or threatened labor or employment dispute against or
affecting Seller in connection with the Business; (viii) with respect to
employees of the Business, Seller has complied in all respects with all laws
relating to employment, equal employment opportunity, nondiscrimination,
collective bargaining, wages, hours of work, employee benefits, occupational
safety and health, immigration, and plant closings; and (ix) Seller shall
provide employees of the Business with any required notices under any federal,
state, or municipal law or regulation concerning the termination of their
employment with Seller. Seller has delivered to Buyer accurate and complete
copies of all collective bargaining agreements affecting any of the Transferred
Employees.

                  (f) This Agreement shall not result in any Transferred
Employee becoming entitled to separation pay or severance which could be or
become an obligation of Buyer.


                                       32
<PAGE>

            8.1.17 Schedules of Telephone Plant. Schedule 8.1.17 sets forth, as
of December 31, 1998, a materially accurate summary of the book value of the
Telephone Plant as reflected in Seller's continuing property records. Schedule
8.1.17 also sets forth a materially accurate list of the vehicles, trailers and
other mobile tools and mobile equipment that are part of the Purchased Property
as of May 6, 1999.

            8.1.18 Schedule of Real Property Interests. To the knowledge of
Seller and as of the date of this Agreement, Schedule 8.1.18 sets forth a true
and accurate list of all its Real Property Interests.

            8.1.19 Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements. Except
as set forth in Schedule 8.1.19 or as would not have a Material Adverse Effect,
to the knowledge of Seller:

                  (a) Seller's operation of the Business and the Purchased
Property has been and is presently in substantial compliance with Existing
Environmental Requirements;

                  (b) No environmental remediation is occurring on any parcel of
Owned Real Property or Leased Real Property nor has Seller or any Affiliate
issued a request for proposal or otherwise requested an environmental
remediation contractor to begin plans for such environmental remediation;

                  (c) No underground storage tanks ("USTs") or aboveground
storage tanks ("ASTs") are located on the Owned Real Property or Leased Real
Property;

                  (d) None of the Owned Real Property or Leased Real Property is
situated in a state or federal "superfund" site or study area; and

                  (e) Seller has delivered, or within 60 days after the date of
this Agreement will deliver, to Buyer complete copies of all reports and studies
relating to Seller's liability under or non-compliance with any Existing
Environmental Requirements in connection with Seller's operation of the Business
or use or ownership of the Purchased Property.

            8.1.20 Environmental Permits. Except as set forth in Schedule
8.1.20, to the knowledge of Seller, it has obtained or filed for all necessary
environmental permits, authorizations and licenses required to operate the
Business or the Purchased Property, except where failure to obtain or file such
permits, authorizations and licenses would not have a Material Adverse Effect on
the Business.

            8.1.21 Financial Statements. Schedules 8.1.21(a), 8.1.21(b) and
8.1.21(c) present the income statements, balance sheets and statements of cash
flows, respectively, for the Business for the years ended December 31, 1997 and
December 31, 1998 (collectively, the "Financial Statements"). The Financial
Statements have been prepared based on the books and records of Seller. Such
books and records have been maintained in accordance with GAAP, and where
required by law, the applicable regulations of the FCC and PUC. However, because
the Business represents only a portion of Seller, the Financial Statements are
based on the extensive use of estimates and allocations. Seller believes these
estimates and allocations have been


                                       33
<PAGE>

performed on a reasonable basis in accordance with GAAP. However, Buyer
acknowledges that because the Business represents only a portion of Seller,
Buyer is not acquiring significant support elements located outside the
Purchased Exchanges, and the Buyer will operate under new tariffs, carrier
contracts and other conditions that will significantly impact the future
revenues of the Business, the Financial Statements may not be representative of
the financial performance of the Business during future periods.

            8.1.22 Year 2000 Compliance.

                  (a) As of the Closing Date, Seller shall have caused the
modification or remediation of the Automated Assets in accordance with
applicable manufacturer or vendor recommendations such that the Automated Assets
are Year 2000 Compliant; provided that any and all Buyer or third-party supplied
computer software, computer firmware and computer hardware that directly
interfaces with the Automated Assets, co-exists with the Automated Assets, or
indirectly influences the operation of the Automated Assets are also
demonstrated to be Year 2000 Compliant.

                  (b) Seller shall be deemed to be in satisfaction of the
requirements of subsection (a) of this Section 8.1.22 to the extent that Seller
has (i) performed on or before the Closing Date any modification or remediation
in accordance with applicable manufacturer or vendor recommendations for
achieving Year 2000 compliance or Year 2000 readiness, or (ii) received on or
before the Closing Date reasonable assurances from the applicable manufacturer
or vendor that an Automated Asset, without modification or remediation, is Year
2000 compliant or Year 2000 ready.

                  (c) When used in this Section 8.1.22, the following term shall
have the respective meanings given below:

                        "Automated Assets" means the computer software, computer
firmware, computer hardware (whether general or special purpose), documentation,
data, and other similar or related items of the automated, computerized, and/or
software system(s) that are provided by Seller to Buyer as part of the Purchased
Exchanges pursuant to this Agreement.

                        "Calendar-Related" refers to the date values based on
the Gregorian calendar, as defined in Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition,
1982, page 602, and to all uses in any manner of those date values, including
without limitation manipulations, calculations, conversions, comparisons and
presentations.

                        "Date Data" means any Calendar-Related data in the
inclusive range January 1, 1900 through December 31, 2050, which the Automated
Assets use in any manner.

                        "System Date" means any Calendar-Related data value in
the inclusive range January 1, 1985 through December 31, 2035 (including the
natural transition between such values) which the Automated Assets shall be able
to use as their current date while operating.


                                       34
<PAGE>

                        "Year 2000 Compliant" means:

                        (i) As of the Closing Date, in connection with
Calendar-Related data and Calendar-Related processing of Date Data or of any
System Date, the Automated Assets will not malfunction, will not cease to
function and will not produce incorrect results; and

                        (ii) As of the Closing Date, the Automated Assets will
represent dates without ambiguity as to century when providing Calendar-Related
data to and accepting Calendar-Related data from other automated, computerized
and/or software systems and users by way of user interfaces, electronic
interfaces and data storage.

            8.1.23 Native American and Federal Consents. Except as set forth on
Schedule 8.1.23 or as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, to the knowledge
of the Seller:

                  (a) Schedule 8.1.23 sets forth all material easements,
rights-of-way, franchises, licenses, permits, consents, approvals, certificates
and other authorizations of tribal authorities and the United States Bureau of
Indian Affairs (the "BIA") (collectively, the "Native American Authorizations")
held by Seller and relating to any Purchased Property located, or any operations
of the Business conducted, on Native American reservations;

                  (b) All such Native American Authorizations are in full force
and effect and Seller is not in default thereunder;

                  (c) There are no material claims, actions, lawsuits or other
proceedings pending or threatened with respect to any of the Purchased Property
located, or any operations of the Business conducted, on Native American
reservations, and no tribal authority has given written notice of any
cancellation, revocation, termination or material amendment or modification of
any Native American Authorization; and

                  (d) No material consent, approval or waiver from, or filing
with, any tribal authority or the BIA is required to be obtained or made in
connection with the execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement, or
Seller's fulfillment of its obligations under this Agreement.

            8.1.24 Loss of Major Customer. Except as set forth on Schedule
8.1.24, since January 1, 1997, Seller has not suffered the loss of any customer
of the Business for which Seller billed in excess of $50,000 annually during the
years ended December 31, 1997 or 1998.

            8.1.25 Records. The continuing property records and other records
related to the Purchased Property maintained by Seller conform in all material
respects with the applicable rules and regulations of the FCC and PUC. Seller
has retained substantially all original cost documentation relating to the
Purchased Property regarding the expenditures made by Seller for the Telephone
Plant within the period required by applicable Law.

      8.2 Representations and Warranties of Buyer. Buyer represents and warrants
to Seller as follows:


                                       35
<PAGE>

            8.2.1 Corporate Organization. Buyer is a corporation duly organized,
validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of Delaware
and is duly qualified to conduct business in California and Arizona and has the
requisite corporate power and authority to own, lease or otherwise hold the
assets owned, leased or held by it.

            8.2.2 Authorization and Effect of Agreement. Buyer has the requisite
corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements, to carry on the Business as presently conducted and to
fulfill all other obligations of Buyer under this Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements. The execution and delivery by Buyer of this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements, and the fulfillment by it of its obligations under this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements have been duly authorized by all
necessary corporate action on the part of Buyer. Buyer has the requisite legal
capacity to purchase, own and hold the Purchased Property upon the consummation
of the sale of the Purchased Property. This Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by Buyer and, assuming the due
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Seller,
constitute valid and binding obligations of Buyer enforceable in accordance with
their terms subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and
other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and subject to
the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with principles of equity.

            8.2.3 No Restrictions Against Purchase of the Purchased Properties.
The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by
Buyer do not, and the fulfillment by Buyer of its obligations under this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements will not, conflict with, violate or
result in the breach of any provision of the certificate of incorporation or
bylaws of Buyer or, conflict with, violate or result in the breach of any
contract to which Buyer is a party. No material consent, approval, order or
authorization of, or registration, declaration or filing with, any Governmental
Authority is required to be obtained or made by or with respect to Buyer in
connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement by Buyer or the
fulfillment by Buyer of its obligations under this Agreement, except the filings
and approvals described in Article 4.

            8.2.4 No Violation of Law. The execution and delivery of this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and the fulfillment by Buyer of its
obligations under this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements will not violate
any Law except to the extent any such violation would not have a material
adverse effect on the ability of Buyer to fulfill its obligations hereunder and
thereunder.

            8.2.5 Financial Capacity.

                  (a) Buyer has sufficient cash or other sources of funds to pay
the Purchase Price in the manner specified in Section 3.1 and all related fees
and expenses.

                  (b) Buyer has sufficient financial resources to operate the
Business after the Closing Date. Without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, Buyer has sufficient financial resources to satisfy any applicable
requirement relating to financial capacity or capital imposed by any
Governmental Authority in any state in which the Business is conducted. Buyer is
solvent, is able to pay its debts as they become due, and owns property that has
both a fair


                                       36
<PAGE>

value and a fair saleable value in excess of the amount required to pay its
debts as they become due.

            8.2.6 Brokers. Buyer has not paid or become obligated to pay any fee
or commission to any broker, finder, investment banker or other intermediary in
connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in such a manner
as to give rise to a valid claim against Seller for any broker's or finder's
fees or similar fees or expenses.

            8.2.7 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authority. Subject to
Article 4 with respect to Regulatory Approvals and FCC Consents, no consent,
approval or authorization of, or declaration, filing or registration with, any
Governmental Authority or regulatory authority is required in connection with
the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by Buyer or the
consummation by Buyer of the transactions contemplated herein, except for
filings with the Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice pursuant to
the HSR Act, if required.

                                   ARTICLE 9
                        CONTINUING BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS

      9.1 Transition Services Agreement. The parties agree to cooperate with
each other to ensure that the transition of the ownership of the Purchased
Property proceeds with minimal disruption to the services being provided to
subscribers. The parties agree that it may be necessary for Seller to assist
Buyer in converting Seller's systems and processes with respect to the Purchased
Property to Buyer's systems and processes. Seller and Buyer agree to execute a
separate "Transition Services Agreement" substantially in the form attached
hereto as Schedule 9.1 for the provision of such services.

      9.2 Optional Services Agreement. It is understood and agreed that Buyer
may not have for a period of time after Closing Date, certain systems or
processes necessary to provide some basic customer services. Seller will at
Buyer's request and for the fees described in Schedule 9.2 provide any or all of
the services described in a separate "Optional Services Agreement" signed by the
parties substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule 9.2.

      9.3 Directory Publishing.

            9.3.1 Assumption of Certain Directory Publishing Agreement Rights
and Obligations. Seller is party to a directories publishing agreement with [GTE
Directories Service Corporation n/k/a GTE Directories Corporation or GTE
Directories Corporation as purchaser of the rights and interests of Associated
Directory Services, Inc. f/k/a Mast Advertising and Publishing, Inc.] herein
"Publisher." This [These] agreement[s] is [are] identified in Schedule 9.3.1
attached hereto ("Publishing Agreement[s]"). Pursuant to this [these]
agreement[s] Publisher has the exclusive right and obligation to sell
advertising, and to publish, print and distribute directories containing
telephone numbers relating to the Purchased Exchanges.

            Buyer agrees to execute an agreement effective as of the Closing to
assume and appropriately amend the Publishing Agreement[s] as it[they] relate to
the Purchased Exchanges, including the extension of the Contel Publishing
Agreements expiring prior to the Seller's Master


                                       37
<PAGE>

Publishing Agreement which expires December 31, 2001, so that such extensions
expire on December 31, 2001. If the directories for any of the Purchased
Exchanges are published by a third party non-Affiliate of Seller, then to the
extent requested by Buyer, Seller agrees to assist Buyer in obtaining such third
party's consents to the continuation of such publishing arrangements; provided
that Seller shall have no obligation to pay compensation or other consideration
in connection with such assistance.

            9.3.2 Co-Bound Directories Acknowledgement. Buyer acknowledges that
Publisher may have a pre-existing obligation (which Publisher may choose to
continue) to sell advertising, publish, print and distribute the telephone
numbers of third party local exchange telephone companies in the same directory
as the Purchased Exchanges ("Co-Bound" directory). Co-Bound directory agreements
of which Seller is aware, if any, are identified on Schedule 9.3.2.

            9.3.3 Meeting to Discuss Directory Publication. Within ninety (90)
days following the date of this Agreement, Buyer agrees to meet with Seller and
Publisher for the purpose of having an initial discussion about the first
directory publication after the Closing Date. This meeting will be held at
Publisher's address unless otherwise agreed between the parties and Publisher.
All parties shall employ their respective commercially reasonable efforts to
ensure that directory publication is not interrupted following the Closing Date.

      9.4 GTE Supply Relationship. Within 90 days of this Agreement, Buyer
agrees to meet with representatives of GTE Supply for purposes of negotiating in
good faith an agreement for GTE Supply to provide ongoing procurement and
materials management functions for the Business on substantially the same terms
as contained in the Buyer's existing agreement with GTE Supply; provided that
Buyer may negotiate in good faith with respect to any volume discounts that may
be available from GTE Supply.

                                   ARTICLE 10
                       ADDITIONAL COVENANTS OF THE PARTIES

      10.1 Intellectual Property.

            10.1.1 No License. Buyer and Seller agree and understand that except
as expressly set forth in writing in the License Agreement and Section 10.1.3,
Seller has not granted any rights or licenses, express or implied, of, and
nothing shall constitute or be construed as a license of Seller under any
Intellectual Property now or hereafter owned, obtained or licensable by Seller
or under any Third Party Intellectual Property.

            10.1.2 Infringement.

                  (a) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the
contrary, Seller shall have no obligation to defend, indemnify or hold harmless
Buyer or any of its Affiliates, from any damages, costs or expenses resulting
from any obligation, proceeding or suit based upon any claim that any activity
subsequent to the Closing Date engaged in by Buyer, a customer of Buyer's or
anyone claiming under Buyer, constitutes direct or contributory infringement,


                                       38
<PAGE>

misuse of, or misappropriation of, or inducement to infringe, any Third Party
Intellectual Property.

                  (b) Buyer shall defend, indemnify and hold harmless Seller and
its Affiliates from and against any and all Indemnifiable Losses resulting from
any obligation, proceeding or suit based upon any claim alleging or asserting
direct or contributory infringement, or misuse or misappropriation of or
inducement to infringe by Seller or any of its Affiliates of any Third Party
Intellectual Property, to the extent that such claim is based on, or would not
have arisen but for, activity conducted or engaged in subsequent to the Closing
Date by Buyer, a customer of Buyer's, or anyone claiming under Buyer.

            10.1.3 Trademark Phaseout.

                  (a) Buyer acknowledges that Seller or its Affiliates are the
owners of Excluded Marks that qualify as Excluded Property under Section 2.3.
Buyer understands and agrees that the Excluded Marks, or any right to or license
of the Excluded Marks, are not being transferred pursuant to this Agreement.
Buyer acknowledges the exclusive and proprietary rights of Seller and its
Affiliates in the use of the Excluded Marks, and Buyer agrees that it shall not
use the Excluded Marks (or any names, domain names, marks or indicia confusingly
similar to the Excluded Marks) except and to the extent expressly set forth in
this Section 10.1.3 or assert any rights or claims in such Excluded Marks (or in
any names, domain names, marks or when confusingly similar to the Excluded
Marks). After the Closing, all Excluded Marks of Seller and its Affiliates shall
be replaced by Buyer, at Buyer's expense, as soon as possible, but in no event
later than one hundred twenty (120) days after the Closing Date for items with
Excluded Marks affixed to them which Buyer has continued to use in Buyer's
operation of the Business, including buildings, vehicles, heavy equipment, hard
hats, tools, tool boxes, kits (safety and others), signs, public (pay)
telephones, manual covers and notebooks. After the Closing, Buyer will not use,
and will destroy or deliver to Seller, all such items with Excluded Marks
affixed to them that have no valid continuing use in Buyer's operation of the
Business, including items affecting customer or employee relations or items that
do not reflect Buyer's true identity. Specific items to be destroyed or returned
include items with Excluded Marks affixed to them including giveaways; order,
purchase or materials forms; requisitions; invoices; statements; time
sheets/labor reports; bill inserts; stationery; personalized note pads; maps;
organization charts; bulletins/releases; sales/price literature; manuals or
catalogs; report covers/folders; program materials; and materials such as media
contact lists/cards. The one hundred twenty (120) day time period for
replacement of Excluded Marks affixed to telephone directories that were already
published or closed for publication at the Closing Date shall be extended to the
expiration date of such directories.

                  (b) Buyer recognizes the great value of the goodwill
associated with the Excluded Marks, and acknowledges that the Excluded Marks and
all rights therein and the goodwill pertaining thereto belong exclusively to
Seller and that the Excluded Marks have a secondary meaning in the minds of the
public. Buyer further agrees that any and all permitted use of the Excluded
Marks pursuant to this Agreement shall inure to the sole and exclusive benefit
of Seller.


                                       39
<PAGE>

                  (c) Buyer agrees that any permitted use of the Excluded Marks
in the operation of the Business after the Closing shall be provided in
accordance with all applicable federal, state and local laws, and that the same
shall not reflect adversely upon the good name of Seller or its Affiliates, and
that the operation of the Business will be of a high standard and skill.

                  (d) Buyer acknowledges that its failure to cease use of the
Excluded Marks as provided in this Agreement, or its improper use of the
Excluded Marks, will result in immediate and irreparable harm to Seller and its
Affiliates. Buyer acknowledges and admits that there is no adequate remedy at
law for such failure to terminate use of the Excluded Marks, or for such
improper use of the Excluded Marks. Buyer agrees that in the event of such
failure or improper use, Seller and its Affiliates shall be entitled to
equitable relief by way of temporary restraining order, or preliminary or
permanent injunction, or any other relief available under this Agreement.

                  (e) Buyer will not contest the ownership or validity of any
rights of Seller or its Affiliates in the Excluded Marks.

            10.1.4 Third Party Software. To the extent that the transfer of
Purchased Property by Seller to Buyer under this Agreement results in the
transfer of possession to Buyer of software that at the Closing Date is Third
Party Intellectual Property, which software was located in and rightfully used
by Seller in the geographical area of the Purchased Exchanges prior to the
Closing Date in the normal and ordinary operation of the Business pursuant to
Contracts with the owners or licensors of such software ("Third Party
Intellectual Property Contracts"), then subject to Section 2.5, effective as of
the Closing and provided that no payments to any Person other than a Switch
Software vendor (which, if any, shall be paid by Seller) are thereby required,
at Closing Seller shall assign to Buyer, and Buyer shall accept all rights and
licenses if any to posses and use such software pursuant to such Third Party
Intellectual Property Contracts. Buyer agrees that the acceptance by Buyer of
such assignment of the Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts includes the
assumption by Buyer of obligations under such Third Party Intellectual Property
Contracts, including all obligations necessary or incidental to the transfer of
such rights and licenses. Buyer understands and agrees that except as provided
above in this Section 10.1.4, or as expressly provided elsewhere in this
Agreement or in another written agreement between Buyer and Seller, no rights or
licenses to use or possess such software or any Third Party Intellectual
Property are transferred to Buyer. Buyer shall properly dispose of, and shall
not use, any software of which Buyer acquires possession in connection with
Purchased Property and (i) which, after the Closing Date, Buyer knows, or
reasonably should know, is not the subject of a Third Party Intellectual
Property Contract that has been rightfully transferred to Buyer or for (ii)
which Buyer does not have a separate license. Seller makes no warranty or
representation that any Third Party Intellectual Property Contract or any right
therein is assignable in whole or in part to Buyer.

      10.2 Effect of Due Diligence and Related Matters.

                  (a) Buyer represents that it is a sophisticated entity that
was advised by knowledgeable counsel and financial advisors and, to the extent
it deemed necessary, other advisors in connection with this Agreement and has
conducted its own independent review and evaluation of the Purchased Property.
Accordingly, Buyer covenants and agrees that (i) except


                                       40
<PAGE>

for the representations and warranties set forth in this Agreement, Buyer has
not relied and will not rely upon any document or written or oral information
furnished to or discovered by it or its representatives, including any financial
data, (ii) there are no representations or warranties by or on behalf of Seller
or its Affiliates or representatives except for those expressly set forth in
this Agreement, and (iii) to the fullest extent permitted by law, Buyer's rights
and obligations with respect to all of the foregoing matters will be solely as
set forth in this Agreement.

                  (b) Upon the Closing, Buyer shall be deemed to have waived any
claim with respect to a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or
obligation of Seller, or any failure of a condition, hereunder of which Buyer
had knowledge; provided that Buyer shall be deemed to have knowledge of the
information made available to Buyer and/or its representatives during its review
of the Purchased Property prior to the date of this Agreement, which information
is contained in the Due Diligence Documents.

                  (c) After the date of this Agreement and prior to the Closing
Date, Buyer shall promptly notify Seller if Buyer obtains knowledge of any
actual breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or obligation of Seller
or any actual or prospective failure of a condition, hereunder of which Buyer
obtains knowledge. Failure to provide timely notice shall be deemed to
constitute a waiver of any claim with respect to such breach.

      10.3 Confidentiality. Whether or not the Closing occurs, the parties
hereto and their respective officers, directors, employees and representatives
will comply with the Confidentiality Agreement, the provisions of which are
expressly incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.

      10.4 Further Assurances. After the Closing, Seller will use its
commercially reasonable efforts to furnish to Buyer such other instruments and
information as Buyer may reasonably request in order to convey to Buyer title to
the Purchased Property, to be delivered from time to time upon Buyer's
reasonable request.

      10.5 Prorations. The following liabilities shall be prorated between
Seller and Buyer: (i) utility charges (which shall include water, sewer,
electricity, gas and other utility charges) with respect to the Owned Real
Property, the property subject to the Real Property Leases and customer owned
equipment, (ii) rental charges (which shall include rental charges and other
lease payments under the Real Property Leases), (iii) personal services (these
services are charged for a period which includes the Closing Date; this shall
include contract labor), and (iv) real and personal property taxes, ad valorem
taxes, and franchise fees or taxes (collectively, "Periodic Taxes"). With
respect to measurement periods during which the Closing Date occurs (all such
periods of time being hereinafter called "Proration Periods"), the liabilities
described in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of the preceding sentence shall be
apportioned between Seller and Buyer as of the Closing Date, with Buyer bearing
only the expense thereof in the proportion that the number of days remaining in
the applicable Proration Period on and after the Closing Date bears to the total
number of days covered by such Proration Period. Periodic Taxes attributable to
Proration Periods shall be prorated between Buyer and Seller based on the
relative periods the Purchased Property was owned by each respective party
during the fiscal period of the taxing jurisdiction for which such taxes were
imposed by such jurisdiction (as such fiscal period is or may be reflected on
the bill rendered by such taxing jurisdiction). On the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller


                                       41
<PAGE>

shall pay or be reimbursed, on this prorated basis, for Periodic Taxes that have
been paid before the Closing Date. On the Closing Date, Buyer and Seller shall
also be reimbursed, on this prorated basis, for Periodic Taxes that are to be
paid on or after the Closing Date. The reimbursement of Periodic Taxes that are
to be paid on or after the Closing Date shall be based on a reasonable estimate
of the amount of such Periodic Taxes to be paid (based on past experience). To
the extent that Buyer or Seller are not reimbursed on the Closing Date for
Periodic Taxes that are paid after the Closing Date, or, in the event the
estimated amount of the preceding sentence proves to have been inaccurate, Buyer
or Seller shall promptly forward an invoice to the other party for its
reimbursable pro rata share, if any. If the other party does not pay the invoice
within thirty (30) calendar days of receipt, the amount of such payment shall
bear interest at the rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. Similarly, all
prepayments made or received by Seller or Buyer with respect to service or
maintenance agreements with third parties or license or other fees payable to or
by third parties and relating to the Business shall be prorated on an
appropriate basis between Seller and Buyer.

      10.6 Cost Studies/NECA Matters.

            10.6.1 Prior to Closing. Seller agrees that, with respect to all
toll revenues, settlements, pools, separations studies or similar activities,
Seller shall be responsible for (and shall receive the benefit or suffer the
burden of) any adjustments to contributions, or receipt of funds, by Seller
resulting from any such activities that are related to the operation of the
Business or the ownership or operation of the Purchased Property prior to the
Closing Date. Specifically, this paragraph shall apply, but shall not be limited
to, any matters related to the National Exchange Carrier Association ("NECA")
including the Universal Service Fund ("USF"), Long Term Support ("LTS"), and
Telecommunications Relay Services funds.

            10.6.2 From and After Closing.

                  (a) Buyer shall receive a pro rata share of USF funds received
by Seller, under Seller's methodology of computing USF, pursuant to FCC Rules
and Regulations as stated in Part 36.601(c) for rural carriers. The USF Funds
due to Buyer shall be determined by multiplying the number of lines sold times a
per-line amount of USF support received by Seller prior to the date of sale of
the Business. The resulting Buyer's annual USF amount shall be prorated in
proportion to the number of months in the year from and after the Closing Date.
Beginning July 1, 1999 or a date thereafter determined by the FCC, non-rural
carriers shall not receive USF pursuant to Part 36, but will receive support in
accordance with guidelines using forward-looking economic cost. Buyer shall make
its own filing in accordance with said FCC Rules and Regulations, Part 36.611
and Part 36.612 for rural carriers and Part 54 for non-rural carriers. Within a
reasonable time after Buyer's written request, Seller shall furnish to Buyer
such necessary information regarding Seller's ownership of the Purchased
Property during the partial calendar year prior to the Closing Date and such
reasonable assistance as required in connection with Buyer's preparation of
necessary filings or submissions.

                  (b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, Buyer's right to receive a
pro rata share of USF is conditioned upon Buyer's payment, from and after the
Closing Date, of a pro rata share of the annual universal service contribution
liability assessed by the Universal Service Administrative Company (USAC) based
on end-user retail revenues for the previous year


                                       42
<PAGE>

generated by assets being sold. The resulting Buyer's annual USF obligation for
assets purchased shall be prorated in proportion to the number of months in the
year from and after the Closing Date.

      10.7 Customer Deposits. Within thirty (30) days after Closing, Seller
agrees to transfer to Buyer the customer deposits together with any interest
accrued thereon (collectively "Customer Deposits"), together with all of
Seller's obligations and rights to hold the Customer Deposits of the Business,
up to the Closing Date, and Buyer agrees to hold, disburse and retain such
deposits so delivered to it as if it were Seller.

      10.8 Access to Books and Records.

                  (a) After the Closing, Seller will retain all Retained Books
and Records for a period of three (3) years.

                  (b) After the Closing, upon reasonable notice and subject to
the Confidentiality Agreement, the parties will give to the representatives,
employees, counsel and accountants of the other, access, during normal business
hours, to books and records relating to the Business and the Purchased Property,
and will permit such persons to examine and copy such records, in each case to
the extent reasonably requested by the other party in connection with tax and
financial reporting matters (including any Tax Returns and related information,
but not attorney work product or similar work product prepared by accountants),
audits, legal proceedings, governmental investigations and other business
purposes (including such financial information and any receipts evidencing
payment of taxes as may be reasonably requested by Seller to substantiate any
claim for tax credits or refunds); provided, however, that nothing herein will
obligate any party to take actions that would unreasonably disrupt the normal
course of its business or violate the terms of any Contract to which it is a
party or to which it or any of its assets is subject. Seller and Buyer will
cooperate with each other in the conduct of any Tax audit or similar proceedings
involving or otherwise relating to the Business (or the income therefrom or
assets thereof) with respect to any Tax and each will execute and deliver such
powers of attorney and other documents as are necessary to carry out the intent
of this Section 10.8(b).

      10.9 Purchase Price Allocation. Prior to the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall use their good faith efforts to agree to the allocation (the
"Allocation") of the Purchase Price, the Assumed Liabilities and other relevant
items (including, for example, adjustments to the Purchase Price) to the
individual assets or classes of assets within the meaning of Section 1060 of the
IRC. If Buyer and Seller agree to such Allocation prior to Closing, Buyer and
Seller covenant and agree that (i) the values assigned to the assets by the
parties' mutual agreement shall be conclusive and final for all purposes, and
(ii) neither Buyer nor Seller will take any position before any Governmental
Authority or in any judicial proceeding that is in any way inconsistent with
such Allocation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if Buyer and Seller cannot agree
to an Allocation, Buyer and Seller covenant and agree to file and to cause their
respective Affiliates to file, all Tax Returns and schedules thereto (including,
for example, amended returns, claims for refund, and those returns and forms
required under Section 1060 of the IRC and any Treasury regulations promulgated
thereunder) consistent with each of Buyer and Seller's good faith Allocations,
unless otherwise required because of a change in applicable Law.


                                       43
<PAGE>

      10.10 Owned Real Property Transfers. Within sixty (60) days of the date of
this Agreement, Seller shall deliver to Buyer copies of all existing title
insurance policies in Seller's possession covering the Owned Real Property.
Thereafter, no later than thirty (30) days before the Closing Date, Seller shall
deliver (at Seller's expense) to Buyer title commitments for owners' policies of
title insurance prepared by a title insurance company reasonably acceptable to
Buyer and a certified current survey, with respect to all Owned Real Property
included in the Purchased Property and in which Seller purports to own fee
title. Buyer acknowledges that such title commitments shall be for CLTA owners'
policies of title insurance (or its equivalent) unless Buyer has requested in
writing, prior to the date hereof, that such commitments be issued for other
forms of title insurance (in which event, Buyer shall bear all costs and
premiums for such title insurance to the extent attributable to such coverage
being in excess of CLTA coverage or its equivalent). Such title commitments
shall reflect that upon the consummation of the sale to Buyer contemplated by
this Agreement and the payment of all premiums and charges due for such title
insurance, Buyer will be vested with good, fee simple title to such Owned Real
Property, subject only to the exceptions show thereon, the title company's
standard exceptions and exclusions, and such matters that arise after the date
and time of such title commitment. Except as provided in the following sentence,
in the event that Buyer requires endorsements to such title commitments or the
applicable title insurance policies, such endorsements shall be obtained at
Buyer's sole cost and expense and shall not be a condition to Closing. On the
Closing Date, Seller shall convey the Owned Real Property to be transferred to
Buyer subject only to Permitted Encumbrances, provided that Seller may transfer
such property subject to one or more exceptions that are not Permitted
Encumbrances if Seller commits in writing, in form and substance reasonably
acceptable to Buyer on or before the Closing Date, to cause any such exception
that is not a Permitted Encumbrance to be removed, insured or bonded over to
Buyer's reasonable satisfaction, or if Seller indemnifies Buyer with respect to
such exceptions to Buyer's reasonable satisfaction on or before the Closing
Date. With respect to each parcel of Owned Real Property covered by a title
commitment referenced above, the amount of title insurance provided under the
applicable title insurance policy shall be the fair market value of the
applicable property, which shall be determined by Buyer at its sole cost and
expense using commercially reasonable methods of valuation, provided that all
such valuations shall be consistent with all allocations of the Purchase Price
made hereunder or pursuant to this Agreement, and shall be acceptable to the
title insurance company. The determination of fair market value shall be made in
a timely manner such that the title commitments can be issued in a timely manner
prior to the Closing Date. Seller agrees that prior to Closing it will provide
the title company with such instructions, authorizations, affidavits, and
indemnities as may be reasonably necessary for the title company to issue title
policies to Buyer, dated as of the Closing Date, for all of the Owned Real
Property with so-called non-imputation endorsements. By no later than forty-five
(45) days after the Closing Date, Seller shall deliver to Buyer a final title
insurance policy covering each parcel of the Owned Real Property covered by the
title commitments. Buyer will use its commercially reasonable efforts to work
with the title company between the date hereof and fifty-five (45) days after
Closing Date to resolve any issues with respect to such title commitments.
Seller shall be responsible for the payment of all title insurance premiums
attributable to the CLTA portion of the coverage afforded by each such policy
obtained, and Buyer shall be responsible for the payment of all title insurance
premiums in excess of such amount and for the payment of all endorsement charges
and other fees and costs imposed by the title company.


                                       44
<PAGE>

      10.11 Transaction Taxes. Buyer shall bear and be responsible for paying
any sales, use, transfer, documentary, registration, business and occupation and
other similar taxes (including related penalties (civil or criminal), additions
to tax and interest) imposed by any Governmental Authorities with respect to the
transfer of Purchased Property to Buyer (including the Owned Real Property)
("Transaction Taxes"), regardless of whether the tax authority seeks to collect
the such taxes from Seller or Buyer. Seller shall prepare all tax filings
related to any sales, use, transfer, documentary, registration, business and
occupation and other similar taxes. Seller, fifteen (15) days prior to making
such filings shall provide to the Buyer Seller's work papers for the Buyer's
review and approval. Buyer shall provide to the Seller ten (10) days prior to
the filing date approval of such work papers. Buyer shall also be responsible
for (i) administering the payment of such Transaction Taxes, (ii) defending or
pursuing any proceedings related thereto, and (iii) paying any expenses related
thereto. Seller shall give prompt written notice to Buyer of any proposed
adjustment or assessment of any Transaction Taxes with respect to the
transaction, or of any examination of said transaction in a sales, use, transfer
or similar tax audit. In any proceedings, whether formal or informal, Seller
shall permit Buyer to participate and control the defense of such proceeding,
and shall take all actions and execute all documents required to allow such
participation. Seller shall not negotiate a settlement or compromise of any
Transaction Taxes without the written consent of Buyer, which consent shall not
be unreasonably withheld.

      10.12 Bulk Sales Laws. Seller and Buyer waive compliance with applicable
laws under any version of Article 6 of the Uniform Commercial Code adopted by
any state or any similar law relating to the sale of inventory, equipment or
other assets in bulk in connection with the sale of the Purchased Property.

      10.13 Prepaid Non-Regulated Maintenance Agreements. Within thirty (30)
days following Closing, Seller shall pay to Buyer an amount equal to the pro
rata portion of all prepaid but unearned revenues from Seller's customers for
all non-regulated maintenance agreements as of the Closing Date.

      10.14 Vehicle Registration. Buyer agrees to use its commercially
reasonable efforts to file promptly the appropriate vehicle title applications
and registrations to change the name of the titled owner on each vehicle title
certificate and change the motor vehicle registration (with respect to license
plate information) on each vehicle being transferred to Buyer from Seller
pursuant to this Agreement. Buyer agrees that it shall remove and destroy
Seller's existing license plates from all vehicles received upon the earlier of
receipt of new license plates or sixty (60) days following Closing.

      10.15 Carrier Access Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition. Seller
shall render its own final carrier access bills to its interexchange carriers
for minutes, messages and other applicable charges up to the Closing Date.
Seller shall be responsible for collecting and settling any disputes associated
with its final bills to the interexchange carriers.

      10.16 End-User Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition. Buyer agrees to
purchase Seller's Earned End-User Accounts Receivable and make payment to Seller
for those accounts in the manner described below:


                                       45
<PAGE>

                  (a) Seller shall transfer to Buyer, as soon as reasonably
available after Closing, all open end-user customer account records to Buyer as
of the end of business on the Closing Date. Following the Closing, Buyer shall
be responsible for administering those records including the application of cash
receipts to customer accounts, whether related to services rendered before or
after the Closing. Seller shall promptly forward to Buyer all customer payments
and related remittance documents received by Seller after the Closing for
processing by Buyer.

                  (b) Within twenty (20) days following the Closing, Seller
shall provide an accounting to Buyer of the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable
Amount and the Customer Advances as well as the most recent twelve (12) month
history of Seller's uncollectible net writeoffs expressed as a percentage of
billings for the Business (the "Uncollectible Factor"). This data and the
resulting calculation of the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount shall be
summarized in an accounts receivable settlement statement (the "Accounts
Receivable Settlement Statement"). Within thirty (30) days following the
Closing, Buyer shall remit to Seller an amount equal to 80% of the Earned
End-User Accounts Receivable Amount less 100% of the Customer Advances. Within
sixty (60) days following the Closing, Buyer shall remit an additional 15% of
the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount and within ninety (90) days will
remit the final 5%.

                  (c) Not later than ten (10) days prior to the due dates for
the sixty (60) and ninety (90) day payments referred to in Section 10.16(b),
Seller will provide Buyer with an updated Accounts Receivable Settlement
Statement reflecting any adjustments based upon non-sufficient funds checks,
billing adjustments or other facts that relate to pre-closing activity that
became known after the preparation of the original statement.

                  (d) If at any time during the ninety (90) day period following
the Closing, Buyer or Seller discovers any material discrepancy in the Accounts
Receivable Settlement Statement, both parties agree to use commercially
reasonable efforts to resolve any discrepancy in a timely manner, and also agree
to make payments related to any undisputed amounts as set forth above.

                  (e) At any time between ninety (90) and two hundred seventy
(270) days following the Closing, Buyer may, at its discretion, prepare an
analysis of actual bad debt write-off experience related to the Earned End-User
Accounts Receivable purchased from Seller. If such analysis reasonably
demonstrates that write-offs have exceeded the estimated amount in the final
Accounts Receivable Settlement Statement (as had been calculated using the
Uncollectible Factor) by more than 10%, Seller will pay to Buyer the full amount
of the difference within thirty (30) days of receipt of Buyer's request for
payment, together with Buyer's write-off analysis, Buyer will provide Seller
sufficient detail in its write-off analysis, and as reasonably necessary, access
to billing and collection records, to allow Seller to validate the accuracy of
Buyer's request. Any disputes regarding the amounts of such request shall be
settled using the procedure described in Section 3.3(d).


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<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE 11
                         EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEE MATTERS

      11.1 Employment of Transferred Employees. Subject to the other provisions
of this Section 11.1, all Active Employees of Seller employed in the Business,
and all Active Employees of Seller and its Affiliates whose duties relate
primarily to the Business, on the Closing Date (hereinafter collectively
referred to as "Transferred Employees") shall be employed by (or become the
responsibility of, as applicable) Buyer as of the Closing Date in the same or
comparable positions, and at the same or comparable total compensation
(including base pay and bonus), as were in effect on the Closing Date, except as
otherwise provided in this Agreement. For purposes of the preceding sentence,
the term "Active Employees" shall include all full-time and part-time employees,
employees on military leave, maternity leave, leave under the Family and Medical
Leave Act of 1993, short-term disability, on layoff with recall rights, and
employees on other approved leaves of absence with a legal or contractual right
to reinstatement. For a period of twelve (12) months following the Closing Date,
Buyer shall not actively solicit either directly or indirectly through any
agents, and Buyer shall not permit any of its Affiliates to actively solicit
either directly or indirectly through any agents, any person who retires or
otherwise terminates from any employment at or in association with Seller during
the six-month period beginning three (3) months before the Closing Date, and
Buyer shall neither employ nor permit any of its Affiliates to employ any
individuals who are identified to Buyer by Seller as individuals who terminated
from any employment or association with Seller during such six-month period. On
or before the execution date of this Agreement, Seller shall have delivered to
Buyer a list of the persons who would have been Transferred Employees had the
Closing Date occurred on March 31, 1999, showing the following information for
each such person: (i) the name of each such person; (ii) the name of his or her
current employer; (iii) his or her current base pay, 1998 bonus and projected
1999 bonus; (iv) his or her hire date, any rehire date (if available) and years
of service; (v) his or her then-current position; (vi) whether such employee is
(x) subject to a collective bargaining agreement or represented by a labor
organization, if any, and including the name and date of each such bargaining
agreement or (y) on military leave, maternity leave, leave under the Family and
Medical Leave Act of 1993, short-term disability, on layoff with recall rights
or on other approved leave of absence with a legal or contractual right to
reinstatement; and (vii) for any employee who is not employed exclusively in the
Business, a description of the nature of his or her employment and the
percentage of his or her time actually allocated to the Business in calendar
year 1998. Seller shall update such list at such time or times requested by
Buyer, but not more often than as of the end of each calendar quarter occurring
between the execution date hereof and the Closing Date, commencing with the
quarter ending June 30, 1999, and as of the month ending immediately prior to
the Closing Date, in each case assuming the Closing Date had occurred on such
date, and shall deliver such updated lists to Buyer within ten (10) days after
the end of each such calendar quarter or month-end, as applicable. Any person
who is not on such list as updated as of the end of the month immediately
preceding the Closing Date shall not be a Transferred Employee, and for all
purposes under this Agreement the Transferred Employees shall include only those
persons on such list as updated as of such month-end who continue to be Active
Employees of Seller employed in the Business or Active Employees of Seller and
its Affiliates whose duties relate primarily to the Business, on the Closing
Date.


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<PAGE>

            11.1.1 Assumption of Collective Bargaining Agreement Obligations. On
and after the Closing Date, Buyer, as successor employer to Seller, shall assume
all of the employer's obligations under, and be bound by the provisions of, each
collective bargaining agreement to the extent of provisions covering Transferred
Employees. Seller shall cooperate with Buyer in Buyer's efforts to contact the
unions representing Transferred Employees.

            11.1.2 Assumption of Employment and Other Agreements. On and after
the Closing Date, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or in Schedule
11.1.2, Buyer, as successor employer to Seller, shall assume all obligations of
each employment agreement or any other agreement by Seller relating to
conditions of employment, employment separation, severance, or employee benefits
in connection with the Transferred Employees, but only to the extent that they
have been disclosed to Buyer on Schedule 8.1.16(a) and copies have been
furnished to Buyer as soon as administratively practicable prior to the
execution of this Agreement. To the extent that Buyer assumes any obligations
under this Article 11, Buyer may reduce or eliminate benefits under any
agreement, plan, policy or program only to the extent required to comply with
applicable law, or to the extent that Seller, its Affiliates, or any successors
or assigns, make amendments or changes to its benefit plans, policies or
programs to eliminate or reduce benefits. Until the fifth anniversary of the
Closing Date, Seller promptly shall deliver to Buyer a copy of each material
amendment or change that Seller makes to its Plans and Employment Agreements to
eliminate or reduce benefits thereunder and shall confirm to Buyer on an annual
basis whether, and the extent to which, it has amended its Plans and Employment
Agreements and provide sufficient detail to enable Buyer to determine whether
Seller has reduced or eliminated benefits thereunder. After the fifth
anniversary of the Closing Date, Buyer may amend such plans, policies, and
programs in any manner it determines, consistent with applicable law and
collective bargaining agreements.

            11.1.3 Recognition of Transferred Employee Service. On and after the
Closing Date, and subject to the provisions of any applicable collective
bargaining agreement, and except as otherwise provided in this Article 11, Buyer
shall recognize the service of each Transferred Employee for all
employment-related purposes determined in accordance with the practices and
procedures of Seller in effect on the Closing Date, as if such service had been
rendered to Buyer.

            11.1.4 Assumption of Obligation to Pay Bonuses. Transferred
Employees shall not accrue benefits under any employee benefit policies, plans,
arrangements, programs, practices, or agreements of Seller or any of its
Affiliates after the Closing Date. Buyer shall assume the obligation to pay to
Transferred Employees any bonuses that would have been payable to the
Transferred Employees with respect to the calendar year in which the Closing
Date occurs had the Transferred Employees remained employees of Seller or one of
its Affiliates, in accordance with the provisions of the policy, plan,
arrangement, program, practice or agreement under which the bonus would have
been paid.

            11.1.5 No Duplicate Benefits. Nothing in this Agreement shall cause
duplicate benefits to be paid or provided to or with respect to a Transferred
Employee under any employee benefit policies, plans, arrangements, programs,
practices, or agreements.

            11.1.6 Affiliate Employees. If any employee identified in the list
provided pursuant to Section 11.1 is an employee of an Affiliate of Seller whose
duties relate primarily to


                                       48
<PAGE>

the Business, he or she shall be considered a Transferred Employee and shall be
treated under this Agreement in a manner that is comparable to the treatment
given to the Transferred Employees who are employed by Seller, except that his
or her service as of the Closing Date shall be determined in accordance with the
practices and procedures of his or her employer, as disclosed to Buyer in
accordance with Section 11.1.2.

      11.2 Transferred Employee Benefit Matters.

            11.2.1 Defined Benefit Plans.

                  (a) Seller Pension Plans. As of the date of this Agreement,
Seller participates in the following single-employer defined benefit pension
plans maintained in the United States:

                        (i) the GTE Service Corporation Plan for Employees'
Pensions (the "Seller Salaried Pension Plan"); and

                        (ii) the GTE California/GTE Northwest Plans for
Hourly-Paid Employees' Pensions (collectively, the "Seller Hourly Pension
Plan").

            The plans identified in this Section 11.2.1(a) shall be referred to
collectively in this Agreement as the "Seller Pension Plans," and each such plan
shall be referred to individually as a "Seller Pension Plan."

                  (b) Buyer Obligations. Buyer shall take all actions necessary
and appropriate to ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date,
Buyer maintains or adopts one or more pension plans (hereinafter referred to in
the aggregate as the "Buyer Pension Plans" and individually as the "Buyer
Pension Plan") effective as of the Closing Date and to ensure that each Buyer
Pension Plan satisfies the following requirements as of the Closing Date: (i)
the Buyer Pension Plan is a qualified, single-employer defined benefit plan
under Section 401(a) of the IRC; (ii) any Buyer Pension Plan that was in effect
before the Closing Date shall not have any "accumulated funding deficiency," as
defined in Section 302 of ERISA and Section 412 of the IRC, whether or not
waived, immediately before the Closing Date; (iii) the Buyer Pension Plan is not
the subject of termination proceedings or a notice of termination under Title IV
of ERISA; (iv) the Buyer Pension Plan does not exclude Transferred Employees
from eligibility to participate therein; (v) the Buyer Pension Plan does not
violate the requirements of any applicable collective bargaining agreement; and
(vi) with respect to Transferred Employees who were participants in the Seller
Hourly Pension Plan by virtue of their coverage under a collective bargaining
agreement on the Closing Date, the terms of the Buyer Pension Plan are
substantially identical in all material respects to the terms of the Seller
Hourly Pension Plan. For purposes of this Section 11.2.1, Transferred Employees
who were participants in the Seller Hourly Pension Plan other than by virtue of
their coverage under a collective bargaining agreement on the Closing Date shall
be treated as Transferred Employees who, on the Closing Date, participate in the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan. Within the 30-day period immediately preceding any
transfer of assets and liabilities from a Seller Pension Plan to a Buyer Pension
Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.1(b), Buyer shall provide Seller with a
written certification, in


                                       49
<PAGE>

a form acceptable to Seller, that the Buyer Pension Plan satisfies each of the
requirements set forth in this Section 11.2.1(b).

                  (c) Transfer of Liabilities.

                        (i) In accordance with the provisions of this Section
11.2.1, Buyer shall cause the Buyer Pension Plans to accept all liabilities for
benefits under the Seller Pension Plans, whether or not vested, that would have
been paid or payable (but for the transfer of assets and liabilities pursuant to
this Section 11.2.1) to or with respect to the Transferred Employees under the
terms of the Seller Pension Plans and that are "Section 411(d)(6) protected
benefits" (as defined by Section 411(d)(6) of the IRC and the regulations
thereunder) that have accrued under the Seller Pension Plan to or with respect
to the Transferred Employees based on accredited service and compensation under
the Seller Pension Plans as of the Closing Date. For a period of not less than
five (5) years after the Closing Date, and unless otherwise required to comply
with applicable law or permitted by Section 11.1.2, Buyer shall not amend the
Buyer Pension Plans, or permit the Buyer Pension Plans to be amended, to
eliminate any benefit, whether or not vested, with respect to which liabilities
are transferred pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this subsection (i), to
the extent any such benefit is a "Section 411(d)(6) protected benefit" (as
defined by Section 411(d)(6) of the IRC and the regulations thereunder). On or
before the Closing Date, Seller or an Affiliate thereof shall take action to
fully vest Transferred Employees in their benefits (if any) under the Seller
Pension Plans.

                        (ii) (A) For purposes of eligibility and vesting under
the Buyer Pension Plans, each Transferred Employee whose accrued benefit is
transferred from a Seller Pension Plan to a Buyer Pension Plan shall be credited
with service as of the Closing Date as determined under the terms of the Seller
Pension Plan. The benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan for each Transferred
Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller Hourly Pension
Plan by virtue of his or her coverage under a collective bargaining agreement,
shall be calculated under terms of the Buyer Pension Plan that are substantially
identical in all material respects to the terms of the Seller Hourly Pension
Plan. The benefit for each Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date,
participates in the Seller Salaried Pension Plan, shall not be less than the
greater of (x) the sum of the Transferred Employee's "Seller Pension" and "Buyer
Pension," or (y) the Transferred Employee's "Total Service Pension," each as
determined under the rules set forth in subsection (c)(iii) of this Section
11.2.1.

                              (B) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below,
each Transferred Employee who, as of the Closing Date, participates or formerly
participated in the Seller Salaried Pension Plan and who, under the terms of the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan, has at least 15 years of accredited service and
combined years of age and accredited service of at least 74 as of the Closing
Date shall be eligible, after the Transferred Employee's employment with the
Buyer and its Affiliates is terminated and after the Transferred Employee's
combined years of age and years of accredited service equal or exceed 76, to
receive his or her "Seller Pension" (as determined under the rules set forth in
subsection (c)(iii) of this Section 11.2.1) as an immediate early retirement
pension under the applicable Buyer Pension Plan in accordance with early
retirement provisions that are no less favorable to the Transferred Employee
than the early retirement provisions of the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of
the Closing Date. For a period of at least five (5) years following the Closing
Date, the Buyer shall cause any agreement, pursuant


                                       50
<PAGE>

to which the accrued benefit of any Transferred Employee under a Buyer Pension
Plan is transferred to another pension plan, to incorporate a provision in
substance identical to this subsection (ii)( B).

                              (C) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below,
the benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan of a GATT Grandfathered Participant,
when expressed in the form of a lump sum, shall not be less than the benefit
under the Buyer Pension Plan determined without regard to the changes to Section
417 of the IRC made by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act. The method used to
convert a GATT Grandfathered Participant's accrued benefit into a lump-sum
amount under the Buyer Pension Plan after 1999 shall be not less favorable to a
GATT Grandfathered Participant than the method used for similar purposes by the
Seller Pension Plan. For purposes of this paragraph (c)(ii)(C), "GATT
Grandfathered Participant" shall mean a Transferred Employee (x) with respect to
whom liabilities are transferred pursuant to this subsection (c) and (y) who,
taking service from Buyer into account as service with Seller, would have been
eligible under the Seller Pension Plan, but for the transfer of liabilities
pursuant to this subsection (c), to have his benefit under the Seller Pension
Plan (when expressed in the form of a lump sum) determined without regard to the
changes to Section 417 of the IRC made by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act.

                              (D) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below,
each Transferred Employee who, as of the Closing Date, participates or formerly
participated in the Seller Hourly Pension Plan shall be eligible, after the
Transferred Employee's employment with Buyer and its Affiliates is terminated,
to receive an early retirement pension under the Buyer Pension Plan in
accordance with early retirement provisions that are no less favorable to the
Transferred Employee than the early retirement provisions of the Seller Hourly
Pension Plan as of the Closing Date.

                              (E) Notwithstanding paragraphs (B), (C), and (D),
above, if the actuary for the Buyer Pension Plan certifies in writing (with a
copy to Seller) that the Buyer Pension Plan will violate the requirements
imposed by Treasury Regulation section 1.401(a)(4)-4 unless certain benefits
otherwise called for by such paragraphs are not provided by the Buyer Pension
Plan, Buyer shall cause such benefits to be provided under a nonqualified
deferred compensation plan, rather than under the Buyer Pension Plan, at the
same time and in the same form as they otherwise would have been provided under
the Buyer Pension Plan; provided that (1) such benefits shall be provided by the
Buyer Pension Plan to the maximum extent possible without causing the Buyer
Pension Plan to violate Treasury Regulation section 1.401(a)(4)-4; and (2) to
the extent that any benefit payable outside of the Buyer Pension Plan pursuant
to this paragraph (E) is payable to an individual who is not a member of a
"select group of management or highly compensated employees" within the meaning
of Sections 201(2), 301(a)(3), and 401(a)(1) of ERISA, Buyer shall cause a cash
payment or payments to be made to each such individual within 24 months of the
termination of the individual's employment with Buyer, in addition to all other
payments due or otherwise payable to such individual, in an amount that is
reasonably calculated to be actuarially equivalent, on a pre-tax basis, to the
value of such benefit.

                        (iii) (A) The Buyer Pension Plan benefit of a
Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller Hourly
Pension Plan by virtue of


                                       51
<PAGE>

his or her coverage under a collective bargaining agreement, shall be calculated
as set forth in paragraph (c)(ii)(A) of this Section 11.2.1.

                              (B) The Buyer Pension Plan benefit of a
Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller
Salaried Pension Plan, shall be calculated by applying the benefit formula set
forth in paragraph (c)(ii)(A) of this Section 11.2.1, in accordance with the
rules described in the remainder of this paragraph (B). A Transferred Employee's
"Seller Pension" shall be calculated by applying the benefit formula under the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan (as in effect on the Closing Date) to the
Transferred Employee's service and compensation credited under the Seller
Salaried Pension Plan as of the Closing Date. A Transferred Employee's "Buyer
Pension" shall be not less than an amount calculated by applying the benefit
formula under the Buyer Pension Plan to the Transferred Employee's total
accredited service and compensation under the Buyer Pension Plan (including
service and compensation credited under the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of
the Closing Date as if such service and compensation had been earned under the
Buyer Pension Plan and service and compensation credited under the Buyer Pension
Plan after the Closing Date), multiplied by the ratio of accredited service
earned after the Closing Date to such total accredited service; provided that
for a period of at least five (5) years following the Closing Date, Buyer shall
cause the benefit formula used in determining such "Buyer Pension" to provide
"section 411(d)(6)" benefits at least as valuable as were provided under the
benefit formula applicable to the Transferred Employee under the Seller Salaried
Pension Plan on the Closing Date. A Transferred Employee's "Total Service
Pension" shall be calculated by applying the benefit formula under the Buyer
Pension Plan (before its amendment to reflect the five (5) year inclusion of
Seller's formula) to the Transferred Employee's accredited service (including
service and compensation credited with the Seller under the Seller Salaried
Pension Plan as of the Closing Date as if such service and compensation was
earned under the Buyer Pension Plan and service and compensation credited under
the Buyer Pension Plan on and after the Closing Date). For purposes of computing
a Transferred Employee's "Total Service Pension," compensation received by such
a Transferred Employee from the Seller shall be treated as compensation received
from the Buyer. The Seller Pension, the Buyer Pension, and the Total Service
Pension shall take into account the Transferred Employee's actual age and entire
period of service (including service credited under the Seller Salaried Pension
Plan as of the Closing Date and service credited under the Buyer Pension Plan on
and after the Closing Date) for vesting and benefit eligibility purposes.

                              (C) Each Transferred Employee who is eligible to
receive a benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan may elect to receive the portion
of said benefit that is equal to the Seller Pension in any form, and with any
early retirement or other actuarial subsidy, that was available under the Seller
Pension Plan on the Closing Date, without regard to whether the Transferred
Employee is eligible to elect or receive, or does elect or receive, the same
form of payment or early retirement or actuarial subsidy for the remainder of
the pension under the Buyer Pension Plan.

                        (iv) Within sixty (60) days after the Closing Date,
Seller shall deliver to Buyer a list reflecting each Transferred Employee's
service and compensation under


                                       52
<PAGE>

each of the Seller Pension Plans and each Transferred Employee's accrued benefit
thereunder as of the Closing Date.

                  (d) Transfer of Assets.

                        (i) In accordance with the provisions of subsection
(d)(i) of this Section 11.2.1 and subject to the provisions of subsection
(d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1, Seller shall direct the trustee of the Seller
Pension Plans to transfer to the trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Pension
Plan the amount required to be transferred by Section 414(l) of the IRC and the
regulations thereunder for all Transferred Employees whose accrued benefits are
transferred to a Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to Section (c) of this Section
11.2.1, determined using the following assumptions (the "Pension Assets"):

            Interest Rate: Rate used to value annuities under PBGC Regulation
            ss. 4044.52(a)(1) for the month in which the Closing Date occurs

            Annual Rate of Increase in Salaries: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Social Security Taxable Wage Base: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Consumer Price Index: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Limits on Benefits and Compensation: 0%

            Mortality: Rates specified under PBGC Regulation ss. 4044.53(c)

            Termination: None

            Disability: None

            Retirement: Expected retirement age as specified under PBGC
            Regulation ss. 4044.55

            Lump Sums: None

            All other demographic assumptions to match those used by Seller in
            the preparation of financial statement disclosures under Statement
            of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87 for the 1998 fiscal year.

            In no event shall the amount of Pension Assets transferred be less
            than the Projected Benefit Obligation associated with all the
            liabilities being assumed in the aggregate in Section 11.2.1(c)
            using the assumptions specified by Seller in the preparation of its
            financial statement disclosures under Statement of Financial
            Accounting Standards No. 87 for the 1998 fiscal year.

The Pension Assets shall be transferred in cash. Except in the case of an
arithmetical error in the calculation of the amount of Pension Assets to be
transferred, under no circumstances shall Seller or the Seller Pension Plans be
liable to transfer any additional amount to Buyer or a Buyer


                                       53
<PAGE>

Pension Plan or any other person in respect of the accrued benefits transferred
to a Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to Section (c) of this Section 11.2.1,
including but not limited to any circumstance under which any person (including
a governmental agency) states a claim to some portion or all of the Pension
Assets.

                        (ii) Seller shall appoint an actuary ("Seller's
Actuary") to determine the amount to be transferred pursuant to subsection
(d)(i) of this Section 11.2.1 and shall provide such determination to Buyer,
together with a computer file containing all of the data used by Seller's
actuary to calculate Pension Assets, within ninety (90) days after the Closing
Date. Buyer shall appoint an actuary ("Buyer's Actuary") who shall have the
right to audit and review the determination made by Seller's Actuary. If Buyer's
Actuary is unable to agree with Seller's Actuary on the amount of the transfer
within ninety (90) days after Seller informs Buyer of the amount to be
transferred and provides Buyer with the computer file containing all of the data
used by Seller's actuary to calculate Pension Assets, Seller and Buyer shall
jointly select a third actuary, whose determination shall be binding on Seller
and Buyer. Each of Seller and Buyer shall bear the fees, costs and expenses of
their respective actuaries, and the fees, costs, and expenses of the third
actuary shall be borne one-half by Seller and one-half by Buyer.

                        (iii) Interest on the Pension Assets shall accrue from
the Closing Date to the actual date of transfer at the assumed discount rate
used in accordance with paragraph (i) of this Section (d); provided that any
Pension Assets that are distributed from the Seller Pension Plans before the
date of transfer pursuant to subsection (d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1 shall be
credited with interest (such interest to be credited to the Buyer Pension Plans)
only from the Closing Date to the date of distribution.

                        (iv) Under the terms of each Buyer Pension Plan, the
accrued benefit of each Transferred Employee immediately after the transfer of
assets and liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall not be less than
the sum of each Transferred Employee's accrued benefits under the Seller Pension
Plan and the Buyer Pension Plan immediately before the transfer of assets and
liabilities. Neither Seller nor its Affiliates nor the Seller Pension Plans nor
any trustee thereof shall retain any liability for benefits under the Seller
Pension Plans for any Transferred Employee with respect to whom cash has been
transferred to a Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 or
distributed pursuant to subsection (d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1.

                        (v) In connection with the transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.1, Seller and Buyer shall cooperate
with each other in making all appropriate filings required by the IRC or ERISA
and the regulations thereunder, and the transfer of assets and liabilities
pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall not take place until as soon as
practicable after the latest of (i) the expiration of the 30-day period
following the filing of any required notices with the IRS pursuant to Section
6058(b) of the IRC, or (ii) the date Buyer has delivered to Seller (xx) a copy
of the Buyer Pension Plan and a copy of the most recent determination letter
from the IRS to the effect that the Buyer Pension Plan is qualified under
Section 401(a) of the IRC, together with documentation reasonably satisfactory
to Seller of the due adoption of any amendments to the Buyer Pension Plan
required by the IRS as a condition to


                                       54
<PAGE>

such qualification and a certification from Buyer that no events have occurred
that adversely affect the continued validity of such determination letter (apart
from the enactment of any Federal law for which the remedial amendment period
under Section 401(b) of the IRC has not yet expired), and (yy) information
enabling the enrolled actuary for the Buyer Pension Plan to issue the
certification required by Section 6058(b) of the IRC.

                        (vi) (A) If, after the Closing Date and before the date
of transfer of assets and liabilities from the Seller Pension Plans pursuant to
this Section 11.2.1, the accrued benefit as of the Closing Date becomes payable
under a Seller Pension Plan to or with respect to a Transferred Employee, Buyer
shall (xx) furnish GTE Service Corporation with a copy of a properly completed
application for such benefits, and (yy) direct GTE Service Corporation to
instruct the trustee of the Seller Pension Plan to make benefit payments in the
form and amount determined by GTE Service Corporation in accordance with the
properly completed application for benefits. Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to comply with any such direction.

                              (B) Notwithstanding anything herein to the
contrary, the assets and liabilities to be transferred from the trustee of the
Seller Pension Plans to the trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Pension Plan
pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall be reduced, as provided in this subsection
(vi), to reflect any benefit payments made pursuant to this subsection (vi)
regardless of the form in which paid and any expenses described in paragraph (B)
of this subsection (vi) that have not otherwise been paid pursuant to this
subsection (vi).

            11.2.2 Savings Plans.

                  (a) As of the date of this Agreement, Seller participates in
the GTE Savings Plan and the GTE Hourly Savings Plan (collectively referred to
as the "Seller Savings Plans"). Except as provided in Section (g) of this
Section 11.2.2, Transferred Employees shall not be entitled to make
contributions to or to benefit from matching or other contributions under the
Seller Savings Plans on and after the Closing Date.

                  (b) Buyer shall take all action necessary and appropriate to
ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Buyer maintains or
adopts one or more savings plans (hereinafter referred to in the aggregate as
the "Buyer Savings Plans" and individually as the "Buyer Savings Plan")
effective as of the Closing Date and to ensure that each Buyer Savings Plan
satisfies the following requirements as of the Closing Date: (i) the Buyer
Savings Plan is a qualified, single-employer individual account plan under
Section 401(a) of the IRC; (ii) the Buyer Savings Plan does not exclude
Transferred Employees from eligibility to participate therein; (iii) the Buyer
Savings Plan permits Transferred Employees to make before-tax contributions
(under Section 401(k) of the IRC) and provides for matching contributions by the
Buyer; and (iv) the Buyer Savings Plan does not violate the requirements of any
applicable collective bargaining agreement. Within the thirty (30) day period
immediately preceding any transfer of assets and liabilities from a Seller
Savings Plan to a Buyer Savings Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Buyer
shall provide Seller with a written certification, in a form acceptable to
Seller, that the Buyer Savings Plan satisfies each of the requirements set forth
in this Section (b).


                                       55
<PAGE>

                  (c) (i) Seller shall fully vest the Transferred Employees in
their account balances under the Seller Savings Plan as of the Closing Date and
shall direct the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans to transfer to the trustee
or funding agent of the Buyer Savings Plans an amount in cash equal in value to
the account balances of the Transferred Employees covered by the Seller Savings
Plans as of the date of the transfer; provided that to the extent the account
balances to be transferred consist in whole or in part of outstanding loans,
Seller shall direct the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans to transfer to the
trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Savings Plans, in lieu of cash, the
promissory notes and related documents evidencing such loans. Buyer and Seller
shall take such actions as may be required to effect the assignment of such
loans by the trustee of the Seller Savings Plan to the trustee or funding agent
of the Buyer Savings Plan, and Buyer shall cause the trustee or funding agent of
the Buyer Savings Plan to accept the assignment of such loans.

                        (ii) After the date of the transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Buyer shall assume all liabilities
for the benefits payable to or with respect to such Transferred Employees under
the Seller Savings Plans, and Seller and the Seller Savings Plans and their
implementing trust shall retain no liability for such benefits.

                  (d) For purposes of eligibility and vesting under the Buyer
Savings Plans, each Transferred Employee shall be credited with service as of
the Closing Date as determined under the terms of the Seller Savings Plans. As
soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees covered by
the Seller Savings Plans, together with each Transferred Employee's service
under each of the Seller Savings Plans as of the Closing Date.

                  (e) In connection with the transfer of assets and liabilities
pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Seller and Buyer shall cooperate with each
other in making all appropriate filings required by the IRC or ERISA and the
regulations thereunder, and the transfer of assets and liabilities pursuant to
this Section 11.2.2 shall not take place until as soon as practicable after the
latest of (i) the expiration of the thirty (30) day period following the filing
of any required notices with the IRS pursuant to Section 6058(b) of the IRC, and
(ii) the date Buyer has delivered to Seller (xx) a copy of the Buyer Savings
Plan and a copy of the most recent determination letter from the IRS to the
effect that the Buyer Savings Plan is qualified under Sections 401(a) and 401(k)
of the IRC, together with documentation reasonably satisfactory to Seller of the
due adoption of any amendments to the Buyer Savings Plan required by the IRS as
a condition to such qualification and a certification from Buyer that no events
have occurred that adversely affect the continued validity of such determination
letter (apart from the enactment of any Federal law for which the remedial
amendment period under Section 401(b) of the IRC has not yet expired).

                  (f) As of the Closing Date, Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees who have
outstanding loans under the Seller Savings Plans, together with copies of said
Transferred Employees' notes, disclosure statements, and security agreements
under the Seller Savings Plans. Seller shall also notify Buyer within thirty
(30) days after the Closing Date of any Transferred Employee who initiated a
loan within thirty (30) days before the Closing Date. Subject to obtaining the
consent of the applicable Transferred Employee if required by law, from the
Closing Date until the earliest of (i) the actual


                                       56
<PAGE>

date of transfer of assets and liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.2; (ii)
the full amortization of the Transferred Employee's indebtedness; (iii) the
distribution of the entire balance of the Transferred Employee's accounts; or
(iv) the last date on which Buyer or one of its Affiliates pays remuneration to
the Transferred Employee, Buyer or its Affiliate shall (x) continue the payroll
deductions pursuant to which each such Transferred Employee is discharging
indebtedness to a Seller Savings Plan and (y) remit the deducted funds to
Fidelity Management Trust Company, the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans, as
soon as practicable, but in no event more than thirty (30) days, after the date
of deduction, together with an accounting that identifies the Transferred
Employees with respect to whom the funds were deducted and the amount deducted
for each Transferred Employee. All such remitted funds shall be transferred to
the appropriate Seller Savings Plan and applied to reduce the appropriate
Transferred Employee's outstanding indebtedness. Buyer's obligations under this
Section (f) are limited to payroll deductions of loan repayments by the
Transferred Employees and remittance of those funds, and nothing herein shall be
construed to obligate Buyer to repay to Seller any portion of the outstanding
indebtedness of the Transferred Employees that are not otherwise discharged by
the Transferred Employees themselves.

                  (g) Seller shall make all required matching contributions with
respect to the Transferred Employees' contributions made to the Seller Savings
Plan by the Transferred Employees in respect of the period ending on or before
the Closing Date in the year containing the Closing Date that would have been
eligible for matching contributions without regard to any continued service
(e.g., last day of the year employment or 1000 hours) requirements. Such
matching contributions shall be made not later than the date on which all other
matching contributions are made to the Seller Savings Plans with respect to
contributions made at the same time as the Transferred Employees' contributions.
For not less than five (5) calendar years following the Closing Date (including
the year in which the Closing occurs), Buyer shall, subject to applicable plan
qualification requirements, provide salaried Transferred Employees with a
matching contribution in the Buyer's Savings Plan equal to $.75 for each $1
contributed by Transferred Employees up to six percent (6%) of compensation (as
defined in Buyer's Savings Plan).

            11.2.3 Welfare Plans.

                  (a) Buyer shall take all action necessary and appropriate to
ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Buyer maintains or
adopts, as of the Closing Date, one or more employee welfare benefit plans,
including medical, health, dental, flexible spending account, accident, life,
short-term disability, and long-term disability and other employee welfare
benefit plans providing preretirement welfare benefits for the benefit of (i)
the non-bargained Transferred Employees (the "Non-union Welfare Plans") and (ii)
the union-represented Transferred Employees in accordance with the provisions of
applicable collective bargaining agreements (the "Bargained Welfare Plans"). The
Non-union Welfare Plans and the Bargained Welfare Plans are hereinafter referred
to collectively as the "Buyer Welfare Plans." The Buyer Welfare Plans shall
provide as of the Closing Date pre-retirement benefits to Transferred Employees
(and their dependents and beneficiaries) that, in the aggregate, are comparable
to the pre-retirement benefits to which they were entitled under the
corresponding employee welfare benefit plans maintained by Seller on the Closing
Date. For purposes of determining eligibility


                                       57
<PAGE>

to participate in each Buyer Welfare Plan, each Transferred Employee shall be
credited with service, determined under the terms of the corresponding welfare
plans maintained by Seller on the Closing Date (hereinafter referred to
collectively as the "Seller Welfare Plans"). Any restrictions on coverage for
pre-existing conditions or requirements for evidence of insurability under the
Buyer Welfare Plans shall be waived for Transferred Employees, and Transferred
Employees shall receive credit under the Buyer Welfare Plans for co-payments and
payments under a deductible limit made by them and for out-of-pocket maximums
applicable to them during the plan year of the Seller Welfare Plan in accordance
with the corresponding Seller Welfare Plans. As soon as practicable after the
Closing Date, Seller shall deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees
who had credited service under a Seller Welfare Plan, together with each such
Transferred Employee's service, co-payment amounts, and deductible and
out-of-pocket limits under such plan.

                  (b) (i) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b)(ii) or
(b)(iii) of this Section (b) or in an applicable collective bargaining
agreement, Buyer shall provide or cause to be provided retiree medical, health,
and life benefits to each Transferred Employee (or the dependents or
beneficiaries of such Transferred Employee, as the case may be) under the same
terms and conditions as apply to comparable employees of Buyer, and Seller shall
have no obligation to provide retiree medical, health, and life benefits in
respect of any Transferred Employee on or after the Closing Date.

                        (ii) Subject to Section 11.4, below, following the
retirement from Buyer and its Affiliates or any successor thereof of a
Transferred Employee who is not subject to a collective bargaining agreement as
of the Closing Date, who has combined age and years of accredited service
(within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) as of the Closing Date equal to
at least 66, and who as of his or her retirement has combined age and years of
accredited service (within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) equal to at
least 76 and at least 15 years of accredited service (within the meaning of the
Seller Pension Plan) (a "Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee"), Seller shall
provide or cause to be provided to each such Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee (and/or his or her dependents and beneficiaries) retiree medical,
health, and life benefits under terms and conditions that are substantially
identical to the terms and conditions under the corresponding programs offered
by Seller to its similarly situated noncollectively bargained employees retiring
as of the Closing Date; provided that nothing in this subsection (b)(ii) shall
be construed to prevent any Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee (or his or her
dependents or beneficiaries) from voluntarily relinquishing such benefits. For a
period of five (5) years following the retirement of each Retired Nonunion
Transferred Employee from Buyer and its Affiliates or any successor thereof,
Buyer shall reimburse Seller, in accordance with this subsection (b)(ii), for
the cost of the retiree medical, health, and life coverage for which Seller is
responsible and that Seller actually provides pursuant to this subsection
(b)(ii). The five (5) year time period for this reimbursement obligation shall
be determined separately in respect of each Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee. For each year for which Buyer is required to reimburse Seller under
this subsection (b)(ii), Buyer shall pay Seller annually in arrears, within 30
days after Seller provides a statement therefor to Buyer, (A) $4,000 with
respect to each Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee who has not yet attained
age 65 during the year for which the payment is made and $4,000 with respect to
each spouse who is covered with respect to a Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee and who has not yet


                                       58
<PAGE>

attained age 65 during the year for which the payment is made, and (B) $1,800
with respect to each Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee who has attained at
least age 65 during the year for which the payment is made and $1,800 with
respect to each spouse who is covered with respect to a Retired Nonunion
Transferred Employee and who has attained at least age 65 during the year for
which the payment is made. No reimbursement shall be due with respect to any
dependent, other than a spouse, covered with respect to a Retired Nonunion
Transferred Employee. The reimbursement obligation for partial years shall be
prorated based on the portion of the year covered by the obligation. Each
Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee (or his or her dependent or beneficiary,
as the case may be) who is provided benefits by Seller under this subsection
(b)(ii) shall be required to pay to Seller any premium, contribution or other
payment required under, and shall be subject to any copayment or deductible
required under, the terms of Seller's applicable retiree medical, health, or
life benefit plan; to the extent that any amount constituting such a payment is
deducted from any plan, program, or arrangement maintained by Buyer or one of
its Affiliates or is otherwise paid to Buyer or one of its Affiliates by such
person, Buyer shall cause such amount to be paid to Seller as soon as
administratively practicable.

                        (iii) In addition to any other benefits to be provided
pursuant to this Article XI, following the retirement from Buyer and its
Affiliates or any successor thereof of a Transferred Employee who is subject to
a collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing Date and who as of his or
her retirement has combined age and years of accredited service (within the
meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) equal to at least 76 and at least 15 years
of accredited service (within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) (a
"Retired Union Transferred Employee"), Buyer shall provide or cause to be
provided to each such Retired Union Transferred Employee (and/or his or her
dependents and beneficiaries) retiree medical, health, and life benefits, for a
period of at least five (5) years following the Closing Date, under terms and
conditions that are substantially identical to the terms and conditions under
the corresponding programs offered by Seller to its similarly situated
collectively bargained employees retiring as of the Closing Date. As of the date
of this Agreement, Seller maintains one or more voluntary employees' beneficiary
associations (within the meaning of Section 501(c)(9) of the IRC) to fund
retiree medical, health, and life benefits with respect to the Transferred
Employees who are subject to a collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing
Date (the "Seller VEBA"). Within 90 days following the Closing Date, Seller
shall direct the trustee of the Seller VEBA to transfer an amount in cash from
the Seller VEBA to the trustee of one or more voluntary employees' beneficiary
associations (within the meaning of Section 501(c)(9) of the IRC) that Buyer
maintains or shall cause to be maintained to fund retiree medical, health, and
life benefits with respect to the Transferred Employees who are subject to a
collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing Date. The amount to be
transferred pursuant to the preceding sentence shall be equal, based on the
actuarial assumptions set forth in Schedule 11.2.3(b)(iii) (which shall be the
actuarial assumptions used by Seller in developing the level of expense under
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 106 for the 1999 fiscal year),
to the aggregate Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation (as defined in
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 106) as of the Closing Date
attributable to retiree medical, health, and life benefits for Transferred
Employees who are subject to a collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing
Date.


                                       59
<PAGE>

                        (iv) Benefits provided pursuant to subsections (b)(ii)
and (b)(iii) of this Section (b) (including for this purpose, the determination
of who is eligible for such benefits) shall take into account service with Buyer
or any of its Affiliates on and after the Closing Date in the same manner as if
such post-Closing Date service was performed with Seller. Buyer shall provide
Seller with such information as shall be reasonably required to implement the
immediately preceding sentence with respect to subsection (b)(ii) of this
Section (b).

                  (c) Buyer shall refer to GTE Service Corporation and GTE
Service Corporation shall assume responsibility for any valid claim under a
Seller Welfare Plan for disability, medical, or dental benefits made by a
Transferred Employee on or after the Closing Date arising from a disability or
loss incurred on or before the Closing Date. Nothing in this Section 11.2.3
shall require Seller, any Affiliate of Seller, or the Seller Welfare Plans to
make any payment or to provide any benefit not otherwise provided by the terms
of the Seller Welfare Plans.

                  (d) Seller, Buyer, their respective Affiliates, and the Seller
Welfare Plans and the Buyer Welfare Plans shall assist and cooperate with each
other in the disposition of claims made under the Seller Welfare Plans pursuant
to subsection (c) of this Section 11.2.3, and in providing each other with any
records, documents, or other information within its control or to which it has
access that is reasonably requested by any other as necessary or appropriate to
the disposition, settlement, or defense of such claims.

                  (e) Except as otherwise provided in Section 11.2.3(b)(iii) or
in Section 11.2.3(f), nothing in this Agreement shall require Seller or its
Affiliates to transfer assets or reserves with respect to the Seller Welfare
Plans to Buyer or the Buyer Welfare Plans.

                  (f) Seller will make available to Buyer, prior to the Closing
Date, a list of those Transferred Employees that have participated in the health
or dependent care reimbursement accounts of Seller under the GTE Flexible
Reimbursement Plan (the "FRP"), together with the elections made prior to the
Closing Date with respect to such accounts through the Closing Date, any
balances standing to the credit of Transferred Employees, and the corresponding
amounts being transferred to the corresponding Buyer's plan in accordance with
the following sentence. As of the Closing Date, Seller shall cause the portion
of the FRP applicable to Transferred Employees to be segregated into a separate
component and all account balances of the Transferred Employees in the FRP shall
be transferred to a flexible reimbursement plan that Buyer shall cause to be
maintained for the duration of the calendar year in which the Closing Date
occurs.

                  (g) On and for a period of at least three (3) years after the
Closing Date, Transferred Employees not subject to a collective bargaining
agreement shall be eligible for benefits under a Buyer severance or separation
pay policy or plans that are the same as or comparable to the severance or
separation pay policy benefits that are provided by Seller (or the applicable
Affiliate, if the Transferred Employee is employed by an employer other than the
Seller) or a Seller Pension Plan as of the Closing Date. Buyer shall recognize
the service of each such Transferred Employee with Seller and its Affiliates for
eligibility, vesting, and benefit determinations under the Buyer severance or
separation pay policy or plan. Transferred Employees subject to a collective
bargaining agreement shall be eligible for severance or


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<PAGE>

separation pay benefits in accordance with the terms of the applicable
collective bargaining agreement.

      11.3 Miscellaneous Benefits.

            11.3.1 Vacation.

                  (a) On or after the Closing Date, Buyer shall allow
Transferred Employees to receive paid time off in the calendar year of the
Closing for any unused vacation time accrued prior to the Closing Date. Seller
and its Affiliates shall have no liability to Transferred Employees for the
vacation payments described in this Section 11.3.1. Seller shall pay Transferred
Employees any banked vacation on or before the Closing Date. Schedule 11.3.1 to
be prepared by Seller and submitted to Buyer on or before the Closing Date shall
list the accrued but unused vacation pay, as of the Closing Date, of each
Transferred Employee for the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs.

                  (b) For purposes of determining a Transferred Employee's
eligibility for vacation under Buyer's vacation plan, a Transferred Employee
shall be credited, as of the first day of the first calendar year that begins
after the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs, with service for the
calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs in an amount equal to the
aggregate of the Transferred Employee's service with both Seller and Buyer
during the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs.

            11.3.2 Transferred Employee Statements. Within sixty (60) days after
the Closing Date, Seller shall prepare and distribute to all Transferred
Employees an accurate and complete statement of their accrued benefits under
Seller's Pension Plans as of the Closing Date and shall provide Buyer with a
true and complete copy of the same. Such statements shall be sufficiently
detailed to readily permit Buyer and the Transferred Employees to determine the
accuracy thereof.

      11.4 Employee Rights.

            Nothing herein expressed or implied shall confer upon any employee
of Seller or its Affiliates, or Buyer or its Affiliates, or upon any legal
representative of such employee, or upon any collective bargaining agent, any
rights or remedies, including any right to employment or continued employment
for any specified period, of any nature or kind whatsoever under or by reason of
this Agreement.

            Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to confer upon any person
(nor any beneficiary thereof) any rights under or with respect to any plan,
program, or arrangement described in or contemplated by this Agreement, and each
person (and any beneficiary thereof) shall be entitled to look only to the
express terms of any such plan, program, or arrangement for his or her rights
thereunder.

            Nothing in this Agreement shall cause Buyer or its Affiliates, nor
Seller or its Affiliates to have any obligation to provide employment or any
employee benefits to any individual who is not a Transferred Employee or, except
as otherwise provided in Section 11.1.2


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<PAGE>

with respect to employment agreements, to continue to employ any Transferred
Employee for any period of time following the Closing Date.

      11.5 WARN Act Requirements.

            On and after the Closing Date, Buyer shall be responsible with
respect to Transferred Employees and their beneficiaries for compliance with the
Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 and any other
applicable law, including any requirement to provide for and discharge any and
all notifications, benefits, and liabilities to Transferred Employees and
government agencies that might be imposed as a result of the consummation of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise.

      11.6 Indemnification.

            11.6.1 Indemnification of Seller. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in Article 12 of this Agreement, Buyer shall indemnify and hold
harmless Seller, its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers,
employees, agents, and assigns, and each employee benefit plan or arrangement
maintained or contributed to by Seller or an Affiliate thereof (whether or not
such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of
Section 3(3) of ERISA) and its administrators, fiduciaries, and agents, from and
against any and all claims, demands, actions, administrative or other
proceedings, causes of action, liability, loss, cost, damage, and expense
(including reasonable attorneys' fees) (i) in any way arising out of or incurred
as a result of any action by Buyer, its Affiliates, their respective directors,
officers, employees, or agents, the administrators or fiduciaries of any
employee benefit plan maintained or contributed to by Buyer or an Affiliate
thereof (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan"
within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), or any of their successors, except
as otherwise expressly permitted under this Agreement, to change, reduce
contributions to, terminate, fail to continue, fail to pay benefits under, or
fail to manage or administer properly any employee benefit plan or arrangement
(whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within
the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA) on or after the Closing Date, or (ii) in
any way arising out of or incurred as a result of any action that is a breach of
any the covenants, representations, warranties, or obligations of any such
person under this Agreement.

            11.6.2 Indemnification of Buyer. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in Article 12 of the Agreement, Seller shall indemnify and hold
harmless Buyer, its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers,
employees, agents, and assigns, and each employee benefit plan or arrangement
maintained or contributed to by Buyer or an Affiliate thereof (whether or not
such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of
Section 3(3) of ERISA) and its administrators, fiduciaries, and agents, from and
against any and all claims, demands, actions, administrative or other
proceedings, causes of action, liability, loss, cost, damage, and expense
(including reasonable attorneys' fees) (i) in any way arising out of or incurred
as a result of any action by Seller, its Affiliates, their respective directors,
officers, employees, or agents, the administrators or fiduciaries of any
employee benefit plan maintained or contributed to by Seller or an Affiliate
thereof (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan"
within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), or any of their successors, to
fail to pay benefits under, or fail to manage or administer properly any
employee


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<PAGE>

benefit plan or arrangement (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an
"employee benefit plan" within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA) before the
Closing Date, or (ii) in any way arising out of or incurred as a result of any
action that is a breach of any the covenants, representations, warranties, or
obligations of any such person under this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 12
                                 INDEMNIFICATION

      12.1 Survival of Representations. Warranties and Covenants.

                  (a) The representations and warranties contained in Sections
8.1.6 and 8.2.6 will survive the Closing and remain in full force and effect
indefinitely. Each of the other representations and warranties contained in
Article 8 will terminate, without further action, on the date which is fifteen
(15) months following the Closing Date (the "Expiration Date").

                  (b) This Article 12 shall survive any termination of this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and the indemnification contained in this
Article 12 shall survive the Closing and shall remain in effect (i)
indefinitely, with respect to any Indemnifiable Claim related to the breach of
any representation or warranty which pursuant to Section 12.1(a) survives
indefinitely, (ii) indefinitely or for the applicable period of performance for
such covenant (provided that in the case of covenants, the Indemnitee shall have
60 days after the end of such performance period to provide notice to the
Indemnifying Party of a claim for indemnification arising during the performance
period), with respect to any Indemnifiable Claim arising under Section
12.2(a)(ii)(B) (post closing covenants), (iii) indefinitely, with respect to any
Indemnifiable Claim arising under Section 12.2(a)(iii) (Retained Liabilities) or
12.2(b)(iii) (Assumed Liabilities), and (iv) until the Expiration Date for any
Indemnifiable Claims that are not specified in any of the preceding clauses.
Unless a claim for indemnification with respect to any alleged breach of any
representation or warranty is asserted by notice given as herein provided that
specifically identifies a particular breach and the underlying facts relating
thereto, which notice is given within the applicable period of survival for such
representation or warranty, such claim may not be pursued and is irrevocably
waived after such time. Without limiting the generality or effect of the
foregoing, no claim for indemnification with respect to any representation or
warranty will be deemed to have been properly made except (i) to the extent it
is based upon a Third Party Claim made or brought prior to the expiration of the
survival period for such representation or warranty, or (ii) to the extent based
on Indemnifiable Losses actually incurred by an Indemnitee prior to the
expiration of the survival period for such representation or warranty.

      12.2 Indemnification.

                  (a) Following the Closing and subject to the other sections of
this Article 12, Seller will indemnify, defend and hold harmless Buyer and its
Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, and agents from and against
all Indemnifiable Losses relating to, resulting from or arising out of (i) any
inaccuracy in any of the representations and warranties made by Seller in
Section 8.1 of this Agreement, (ii) a breach by Seller of any covenant of Seller
contained in this Agreement, which covenant requires performance by Seller (A)
prior to or at the Closing, or (B) after the Closing, and (iii) any of the
Retained Liabilities.


                                       63
<PAGE>

                  (b) Following the Closing and subject to the other sections of
this Article 12, Buyer will indemnify, defend and hold harmless Seller and its
Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, and agents from and against
all Indemnifiable Losses relating to, resulting from or arising out of (i) any
inaccuracy in any of the representations or warranties made by Buyer in Section
8.2 of this Agreement, (ii) a breach by Buyer of any covenant of Buyer contained
in this Agreement, which covenant requires performance by Buyer prior to, at or
after the Closing, and (iii) any of the Assumed Liabilities.

                  (c) Payments made under this Section 12.2 shall be treated by
Buyer and Seller as purchase price adjustments and Buyer and Seller shall file
all Tax Returns consistent with such treatment. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained herein, neither party shall be indemnified or reimbursed for
any Tax consequences arising from the receipt or accrual of an indemnity payment
hereunder including any Tax consequences arising from adjustments to the basis
of any asset resulting from an adjustment to the Purchase Price or any
additional or reduced taxes resulting from any such basis adjustment.

                  (d) In the event that a claim against an Indemnifying Party
arises under both Section 12.2(a)(i) and Section 12.2(a)(ii), or under both
Section 12.2(b)(i) and Section 12.2(b)(ii), then the Indemnitee's rights to
pursue its claim under Section 12.2(a)(ii) or Section 12.29b)(ii), as
applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions of Section 12.3(d).

                  (e) In the event that a claim against an Indemnifying Party
arises under both Section 12.2(a)(i) and Section 12.2(a)(iii), or under both
Section 12.2(b)(i) and Section 12.2(b)(iii), then the Indemnitee's rights to
pursue the claim under Section 12.2(a)(iii) or Section 12.2(b)(iii), as
applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 12.3(d).

                  (f) In the event a claim against an Indemnifying Party arises
under both Section 12.2(a)(ii) and 12.2(a)(iii), or under both Section
12.2(b)(ii) and 12.2(b)(iii), then the Indemnitee's rights to pursue the claim
under Section 12.2(a)(iii) or Section 12.2(b)(iii), as applicable, will exist
notwithstanding the provisions of Section 12.3(d).

      12.3 Limitations on Liability.

                  (a) For purposes of this Agreement, (i) "Indemnification
Payment" means any amount of Indemnifiable Losses required to be paid pursuant
to this Agreement, (ii) "Indemnitee" means any person or entity entitled to
indemnification under this Agreement, (iii) "Indemnifying Party" means any
person or entity required to provide indemnification under this Agreement, and
(iv) "Indemnifiable Losses" means any losses, liabilities, damages, costs and
expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses) actually incurred
in connection with any actions, suits, demands, assessments, judgments and
settlements, in any such case (x) reduced by the amount of insurance proceeds
recovered from any person or entity with respect thereto, and (y) excluding any
such losses, liabilities damages, costs and expenses to the extent that the
underlying liability or obligation is the result of any action taken or omitted
to be taken by any Indemnitee.

                  (b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this
Agreement, if the Closing occurs, (i) no claim for indemnification may be
asserted under Section


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<PAGE>

12.2(a) with respect to any matter discovered by or known to Buyer on or before
the date of this Agreement, or after the date of this Agreement and on or before
the Closing Date to the extent that Buyer has not provided timely notice to
Seller of the existence of such claim in accordance with Section 10.2, and (ii)
no claim for indemnification may be asserted under Section 12.2(b) with respect
to any matter discovered by or known to Seller on or before the Closing Date.

                  (c) As between Seller and any Affiliate of Seller, on the one
hand, and Buyer and any Affiliate of Buyer, on the other hand, the remedies,
rights and obligations set forth in this Article 12, Sections 10.1.2, 11.2.2,
11.6, 13.3 and the Ancillary Agreements will be the exclusive remedies, rights
and obligations with respect to the liabilities and obligations referred to in
Section 12.2 and any breach of the representations, warranties or covenants set
forth in this Agreement. Without limiting the foregoing, as a material
inducement to entering into this Agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by
law, each of the parties waives any claim or cause of action that it otherwise
might assert, and any breach of the representations, warranties or covenants set
forth in this Agreement, except for claims or causes of action brought under and
subject to the terms and conditions of this Article 12 and Sections 10.1.2, 11.6
and 13.3 or any Indemnifiable Losses arising out of actual fraud.

                  (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement or
of any applicable Law, no Indemnitee will be entitled to make a claim against an
Indemnifying Party under Sections 11.2.2, 11.6, 12.2(a)(i) or 12.2(b)(i) until:

                        (i) the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses
incurred by the Indemnitee for any individual occurrence or related series of
occurrences giving rise to such Indemnifiable Losses exceeds $25,000, and

                        (ii) the aggregate amount of claims that may be asserted
for such Indemnifiable Losses pursuant to Section 12.3(d)(i) exceeds an amount
equal to 2% of the Purchase Price, but only to the extent such amount, if any,
(a) exceeds an amount equal to 2% of the Purchase Price and (b) is less than the
amount set forth in Section 12.3(e).

                  (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the
indemnification obligations of Seller under Section 12.2(a) (except with respect
to indemnification for inaccuracies of the representations contained in Sections
8.1.1 through 8.1.6) or the indemnification obligation of Buyer under Section
12.2(b) will not exceed the amount of an amount equal to 6.5% of the Purchase
Price respectively.

                  (f) No Indemnifying Party shall be liable to or obligated to
indemnify any Indemnitee hereunder for any consequential, special, multiple,
punitive or exemplary damages including, but not limited to, damages arising
from loss or interruption of business, profits, business opportunities or
goodwill, loss of use of facilities, loss of capital, claims of customers, or
any cost or expense related thereto, except to the extent such damages have been
recovered by a third person and are the subject of a Third Party Claim for which
indemnification is available under the express terms of this Section 12.

                  (g) Seller and Buyer shall cooperate with each other with
respect to resolving any claim or liability with respect to which one party is
obligated to indemnify the


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<PAGE>

other party hereunder, including by making commercially reasonable efforts to
mitigate or resolve any such claim or liability.

      12.4 Defense of Claims.

                  (a) If any Indemnitee receives notice of the assertion of any
claim or of the commencement of any action or proceeding by any entity that is
not a party to this Agreement or an Affiliate of such a party (a "Third Party
Claim") against such Indemnitee, with respect to which an Indemnifying Party is
obligated to provide indemnification under this Agreement, the Indemnitee will
give such Indemnifying Party reasonably prompt written notice thereof, but in
any event not later than ten (10) calendar days after receipt of notice of such
Third Party Claim; provided, however, that the failure of the Indemnitee to
notify the Indemnifying Party shall only relieve the Indemnifying Party from its
obligation to indemnify the Indemnitee pursuant to this Article 12 to the extent
that the Indemnifying Party is materially prejudiced by such failure (whether as
a result of the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses or otherwise). Upon
receipt of notification of a Third Party Claim, the Indemnifying Party shall be
entitled, upon written notice to the Indemnitee, to assume the investigation and
defense thereof with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnitee. Whether
or not the Indemnifying Party elects to assume the investigation and defense of
any Third Party Claim, the Indemnitee shall have the right to employ separate
counsel and to participate in the investigation and defense thereof; provided,
however, that the Indemnitee shall pay the fees and disbursements of such
separate counsel unless (i) the employment of such separate counsel has been
specifically authorized in writing by the Indemnifying Party, (ii) the
Indemnifying Party has failed to assume the defense of such Third Party Claim
within reasonable time after receipt of notice thereof with counsel reasonably
satisfactory to such Indemnitee, or (iii) the named parties to the proceeding in
which such claim, demand, action or cause of action has been asserted include
both the Indemnifying Party and such Indemnitee and, in the reasonable judgment
of counsel to such Indemnitee, there exists one or more defenses that may be
available to the Indemnitee that are in conflict with those available to the
Indemnifying Party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Indemnifying Party shall
not be liable for the fees and disbursements of more than one counsel for all
Indemnified Parties in connection with any one proceeding or any similar or
related proceedings arising from the same general allegations or circumstances.
Without the prior written consent of the Indemnitee, the Indemnifying Party will
not enter into any settlement of any Third Party Claim that would lead to
liability or create any financial or other obligation on the part of the
Indemnitee unless such settlement includes as an unconditional term thereof the
release of the Indemnitee from all liability in respect of such Third Party
Claim. If a settlement offer solely for money damages is made by the applicable
third party claimant, and the Indemnifying Party notifies the Indemnitee in
writing of the Indemnifying Party's willingness to accept the settlement offer
and pay the amount called for by such offer without reservation of any rights or
defenses against the Indemnitee, the Indemnitee may continue to contest such
claim, free of any participation by the Indemnifying Party, and the amount of
any ultimate liability with respect to such Third Party Claim that the
Indemnifying Party has an obligation to pay hereunder shall be limited to the
lesser of (A) the amount of the settlement offer that the Indemnitee declined to
accept plus the Losses of the Indemnitee relating to such Third Party Claim
through the date of its rejection of the settlement offer or (B) the aggregate
Losses of the Indemnitee with respect to such claim.


                                       66
<PAGE>

                  (b) Any claim by an Indemnitee on account of an Indemnifiable
Loss that does not result from a Third Party Claim (a "Direct Claim") will be
asserted by giving the Indemnifying Party reasonably prompt written notice
thereof, but in any event not later than thirty (30) calendar days after an
Executive Officer of the Indemnitee becomes actually aware of the incurrence
thereof, and the Indemnifying Party will have a period of thirty (30) calendar
days within which to respond in writing to such Direct Claim. If the
Indemnifying Party does not so respond within such thirty (30) calendar day
period, the Indemnifying Party will be deemed to have rejected such claim, in
which event the Indemnitee will be free to pursue such remedies as may be
available to the Indemnitee on the terms and subject to the provisions of this
Article 12.

                  (c) If after the making of any Indemnification Payment the
amount of the Indemnifiable Loss to which such payment relates is reduced by
recovery, settlement or otherwise under any insurance coverage, or pursuant to
any claim, recovery, settlement or payment by or against any other entity, the
amount of such reduction (less any costs, expenses, premiums or taxes incurred
in connection therewith) will promptly be repaid by the Indemnitee to the
Indemnifying Party. Upon making any Indemnification Payment, the Indemnifying
Party will, to the extent of such Indemnification Payment, be subrogated to all
rights of the Indemnitee against any third party that is not an Affiliate of the
Indemnitee in respect of the Indemnifiable Loss to which the Indemnification
Payment relates; provided that (i) the Indemnifying Party shall then be in
compliance with its obligations under this Agreement in respect of such
Indemnifiable Loss, and (ii) until the Indemnitee recovers full payment of its
Indemnifiable Loss, all claims of the Indemnifying Party against any such third
party on account of said Indemnification Payment will be subrogated and
subordinated in right of payment to the Indemnitee's rights against such third
party. Without limiting the generality or effect of any other provision of this
Article 12, each such Indemnitee and Indemnifying Party will duly execute upon
request all instruments reasonably necessary to evidence and perfect the
above-described subrogation and subordination rights.

      12.5 No Indemnifiable Claims Resulting From Governmental Authority Action.
Buyer has no indemnifiable or otherwise compensable claim that any of Seller's
representations or warranties in Section 8.1 (other than Sections 8.1.4(b),
8.1.15 and 8.1.25) is inaccurate, or that any covenant has been breached, to the
extent that such claim is predicated on any action by the FCC or PUC undertaken
after Closing or any action the FCC or PUC requires Seller to undertake after
Closing. Buyer may only bring such a claim to the extent that its basis is
independent of any such FCC or PUC action.

                                   ARTICLE 13
                                   TERMINATION

      13.1 Termination Rights. This Agreement may be terminated at any time
prior to the Closing Date:

                  (a) at any time by mutual written consent of the parties;

                  (b) by Buyer if any of the conditions provided in Section 6.1
of this Agreement have not been met within eighteen (18) months after execution
of this Agreement and have not been waived by Buyer;


                                       67
<PAGE>

                  (c) by Seller if any of the conditions provided in Section 6.2
of this Agreement have not been met within eighteen (18) months after execution
of this Agreement and have not been waived by Seller;

                  (d) by Seller if any obligations of Buyer provided in Article
3 become incapable of being fulfilled; or

                  (e) by either party immediately upon written notice to the
other party if any Governmental Authority issues an order forbidding or
enjoining the consummation of the transaction contemplated hereby and such order
has become final and non-appealable, or if the GTE West Coast Agreement has been
terminated.

      13.2 Goodfaith Performance. Neither party shall be entitled to exercise
any right of termination pursuant to subsection 13.1(b), (c) or (d) above if
such party shall not have performed diligently and in good faith the obligations
required to be performed by such party hereunder prior to the date of
termination.

      13.3 Effect of Termination.

                  (a) If this Agreement is terminated as a result of a Material
Adverse Effect or Section 13.1(a), this Agreement shall be of no further force
and effect and there shall be no further liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates,
directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives.

                  (b) If this Agreement is terminated by Buyer pursuant to
Section 13.1(b), this Agreement shall be of no further force and effect and
there shall be no further obligations or liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates,
directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives; provided,
however, that no such termination shall relieve Seller of liability for any
claims, damages or losses suffered by Buyer as a result of the negligent or
willful failure of Seller to perform any obligations required to be performed by
it hereunder on or prior to the date of termination. Notwithstanding anything
herein to the contrary, in no event shall the any act or omission of Seller in
connection with the Merger be deemed to be a breach of the terms and conditions
of this Agreement for purposes of this Section 13.3(b).

                  (c) If this Agreement is terminated by Seller pursuant to
Section 13.1(c) or (d), this Agreement shall be of no further force and effect
and there shall be no further obligations or liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates,
directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives; provided,
however, that in the event such termination is the result of the breach by Buyer
of any of its obligations required to be performed by it hereunder on or prior
to the date of termination, and Buyer has failed to cure such non-performance
within a reasonable period after notice from Seller, then Buyer shall pay to
Seller liquidated damages in an amount equal to ten (10) percent of the Purchase
Price. Such liquidated damages amount is designed to compensate Seller for its
lost


                                       68
<PAGE>

opportunity costs and reliance damages caused by such termination. Buyer shall
promptly pay such amount to Seller in immediately available funds following such
termination.

                  (d) Upon any termination of the Agreement, each of the parties
shall promptly comply with the obligations of the Confidentiality Agreement
regarding return or destruction of Evaluation Material of the other party.

                  (e) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein,
the provisions of this Section 13.3 and of Sections 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.8,
14.11, 14.13 and 14.14, shall survive any termination of this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 14
                                  MISCELLANEOUS

      14.1 Notices. All notices and other communications required or permitted
hereunder shall be in writing and, unless otherwise provided in this Agreement,
will be deemed to have been given when delivered in person or dispatched by
electronic facsimile transfer (confirmed in writing by certified mail,
concurrently dispatched) or one business day after having been dispatched for
next-day delivery by a nationally recognized overnight courier service to the
appropriate party at the address specified below:

            (a)   If to Buyer, to:

                  Citizens Utilities Company
                  High Ridge Park
                  Stamford, Connecticut  06905
                  Attention:  Donald P. Weinstein
                  Facsimile No.: (203) 614-4625

                  With a copy to:

                  Citizens Utilities Company
                  High Ridge Park
                  Stamford, Connecticut  06905
                  Attention:  L. Russell Mitten, II, Esq.
                  Facsimile No.: (203) 614-4625

                  Fleischman and Walsh, L.L.P.
                  1400 Sixteenth Street, N.W.
                  Washington, D.C.  20036
                  Attention:  Jeffry L. Hardin, Esq.
                  Facsimile No.: (202) 387-3467


                                       69
<PAGE>

            (b)   If to Seller, to:

                  William M. Edwards, III
                  Vice President - Property Repositioning
                  600 Hidden Ridge, HQE02J27
                  Irving, TX 75038
                  Facsimile No. (972) 719-7062

                  With a copy to:

                  Dale R. Chamberlain
                  Legal Counsel - Property Repositioning
                  600 Hidden Ridge, HQE02J34
                  Irving, TX  75038
                  Facsimile No. (972) 719-7162

            or to such other address or addresses as any such party may from
time to time designate for itself by like notice.

      14.2 Information Releases. The parties shall consult with each other (and
allow the other party notice, and a reasonable time to comment) in preparing any
employee announcement, press release, public announcement, news media response
or other form of release of information concerning this Agreement or the
transactions contemplated hereby that is intended to provide such information to
the employees generally, news media or the public. Neither party shall issue or
cause the publication of any press release, public announcement or media
response without the prior written consent of the other party; provided,
however, that, after allowing the other party notice and a reasonable time to
comment prior to issuance, nothing herein will prohibit either party from making
an employee announcement, or issuing or causing publication of any press
release, public announcement or media response to the extent that such action is
required by applicable Law or the rules of any national stock exchange
applicable to such party or its Affiliates.

      14.3 Expenses. Whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby are
consummated and except as otherwise expressly provided herein, each party will
pay any expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by it incidental to this
Agreement and in consummating the transactions provided for herein.

      14.4 Successors and Assigns. This Agreement will be binding upon and inure
to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and
permitted assigns, but is not assignable or delegable by any party without the
prior written consent of the other party; provided, that (a) Seller may assign
this Agreement to an Affiliate of Seller without the consent of Buyer including,
on and after the closing of the Merger, the ultimate parent entity of the
successor corporation to such merger or any entity controlled thereby; and (b)
Buyer may assign this Agreement, without the prior written consent of Seller, to
any directly or indirectly wholly owned subsidiary of Buyer provided such
subsidiary assumes in writing all the duties and obligations of Buyer hereunder.
No such assignment by Buyer shall in any way operate to enlarge, alter or change
any obligation due to Seller or relieve Buyer of its obligations hereunder


                                       70
<PAGE>

if such subsidiary fails to perform such obligations, with the understanding
that Buyer shall be jointly and severally liable with such subsidiary for any
non-performance of Buyer's obligations hereunder.

      14.5 Amendments. This Agreement may be amended or modified only by a
subsequent writing signed by authorized representatives of both parties.

      14.6 Captions. The captions set forth in this Agreement are for
convenience only and shall not be considered as part of this Agreement, nor as
in any way limiting or amplifying the terms and provisions hereof.

      14.7 Entire Agreement. The term " Agreement" shall mean collectively this
document, the Schedules hereto and any agreements expressly incorporated herein,
including that certain letter agreement between the parties of even date
herewith. This Agreement supersedes and revokes any prior discussions and
representations, other agreements, commitments, arrangements or understandings
of any sort whatsoever, whether oral or written, that may have been made or
entered into by the parties relating to the matters contemplated hereby. This
Agreement, the Confidentiality Agreement and the Ancillary Documents constitute
the entire agreement by and among the parties with respect to the subject matter
hereof, and there are no representations, warranties, agreements, commitments,
arrangements or understandings except as expressly set forth herein.

      14.8 Waiver. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement,
neither the failure nor any delay on the part of any party to exercise any
right, power or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall
any single or partial exercise or waiver of any such right, power or privilege
preclude any other or further exercise thereof, or the exercise of any other
right, power or privilege available to each party at law or in equity.

      14.9 Third Parties. Except as expressly provided herein, nothing contained
in this Agreement is intended to confer upon any Person, other than the parties
hereto and their successors and permitted assigns, any rights or remedies under
or by reason of this Agreement.

      14.10 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more
counterparts, any or all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument.

      14.11 Governing Law. This Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements shall in
all respects be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the
State of New York (except that no effect shall be given to any conflicts of law
principles of the State of New York that would require the application of the
laws of any other jurisdiction). The parties irrevocably submit to the exclusive
jurisdiction of any New York State Court or any Federal Court located in the
borough of Manhattan in the City of New York for purposes of any suit, action or
other proceeding arising out of this Agreement, the Ancillary Agreements or any
transaction contemplated hereby or thereby. The parties agree that service of
process, summons or notice or document by U.S. registered mail to such party's
respective address set forth in Section 14.1 shall be effective service of
process for any action, suit or proceeding in New York with respect to any
matters to which it has submitted to jurisdiction as set forth above in the
immediately preceding sentence. The parties hereto irrevocably and
unconditionally waive trial by jury in any


                                       71
<PAGE>

legal action or proceeding relating to this Agreement or any other agreement
entered into in connection therewith and for any counterclaim with respect
thereto. In the event of any breach of the provisions of this Agreement or any
other agreement entered into in connection therewith, the non-breaching party
shall be entitled to equitable relief, including in the form of injunctions and
orders for specific performance, where the applicable legal standards for such
relief in such courts are met, in addition to all other remedies available to
the non-breaching party with respect thereto at law or in equity.

      14.12 Further Assurances. From time to time, as and when requested by one
of the parties, the other party will use its commercially reasonable efforts to
execute and deliver, or cause to be executed and delivered, all such documents
and instruments as may be reasonably necessary or appropriate, in the reasonable
opinion of counsel for Seller and Buyer, to consummate and make effective the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      14.13 Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is determined to be
invalid, illegal or unenforceable by any Governmental Authority, the remaining
provisions of this Agreement to the extent permitted by Law shall remain in full
force and effect provided that the essential terms and conditions of this
Agreement for both parties remain valid, binding and enforceable and provided
that the economic and legal substance of the transactions contemplated is not
affected in any manner materially adverse to any party. In the event of any such
determination, the parties agree to negotiate in good faith to modify this
Agreement to fulfill as closely as possible the original intents and purposes
hereof. To the extent permitted by Law, the parties hereby to the same extent
waive any provision of Law that renders any provision hereof prohibited or
unenforceable in any respect.

      14.14 Representation by Counsel; Interpretation. Seller and Buyer each
acknowledge that each party to this Agreement has been represented by counsel in
connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this
Agreement. Accordingly, any rule of Law or any legal decision that would require
interpretation of any claimed ambiguities in this Agreement against the party
that drafted it has no application and is expressly waived. The provisions of
this Agreement shall be interpreted in a reasonable manner to effect the intent
of Buyer and Seller.


                                       72
<PAGE>

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties, acting through their duly authorized
agents, have caused this Agreement to be duly executed and delivered as of the
date first above written.

GTE CALIFORNIA INCORPORATED              CITIZENS UTILITIES COMPANY

By:  _____________________________       By:  ____________________________

Name:  ___________________________       Name:  __________________________

Title:  __________________________       Title:  _________________________


By:  _____________________________

Name:  ___________________________

Title:  __________________________


                                       73
<PAGE>

================================================================================

                            ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

                                     Between

                            GTE MIDWEST INCORPORATED

                                       and

                           CITIZENS UTILITIES COMPANY

                               September 21, 1999

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                           Page

ARTICLE 1   DEFINITIONS......................................................1

      1.1   Terms............................................................1

      1.2   Interpretation..................................................10

ARTICLE 2   PURCHASE AND SALE OF ASSETS.....................................10

      2.1   Purchase and Sale of Assets.....................................10

      2.2   Purchased Property..............................................10

      2.3   Excluded Property...............................................10

      2.4   Assumption of Liabilities.......................................11

            2.4.1 Assumed Liabilities.......................................11

            2.4.2 Retained Liabilities......................................13

      2.5   No Assignment Without Consent...................................13

ARTICLE 3   PURCHASE PRICE..................................................14

      3.1   Purchase Price..................................................14

      3.2   Closing Date Estimate...........................................14

      3.3   Closing Date Statement..........................................15

ARTICLE 4   REQUIRED APPROVALS, CONSENTS AND NOTIFICATIONS..................16

      4.1   State Regulatory Approval.......................................16

      4.2   Debtholder Consents.............................................16

      4.3   Landlord and Other Consents.....................................16

      4.4   FCC Consents....................................................16

      4.5   HSR Act Review..................................................16

      4.6   GTE/Bell Atlantic Merger........................................17

ARTICLE 5   PRE-CLOSING COVENANTS...........................................17

      5.1   Investigation by Buyer..........................................17

      5.2   Operation of the Business in the Ordinary Course................18

            5.2.1 Preservation of Business..................................18

            5.2.2 No Material Changes.......................................18

      5.3   Satisfaction of Conditions......................................19

      5.4   Approvals.......................................................19


                                      -i-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)

                                                                           Page

      5.5   Audit  or Review of Financial Statements........................19

      5.6   Cooperation with Respect to Like-Kind Exchange..................20

      5.7   Interconnection Agreements......................................21

      5.8   Leased Vehicles; Capital Leases.................................21

      5.9   Delivery of Interim Information.................................21

ARTICLE 6   CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE CLOSING.............................21

      6.1   Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Buyer....................21

            6.1.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants
                  and Warranties ...........................................21

            6.1.2 Documents.................................................21

            6.1.3 HSR.......................................................21

            6.1.4 No Legal Obstruction......................................22

            6.1.5 No Material Adverse Effect................................22

      6.2   Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Seller...................22

            6.2.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants
                  and Warranties ...........................................22

            6.2.2 Documents.................................................22

            6.2.3 Purchase Price............................................22

            6.2.4 HSR.......................................................22

            6.2.5 No Legal Obstruction......................................22

ARTICLE 7   THE CLOSING.....................................................23

      7.1   The Closing.....................................................23

      7.2   Seller's Obligations at Closing.................................23

      7.3   Buyer's Obligations at Closing..................................24

ARTICLE 8   REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES..................................24

      8.1   Representations and Warranties of Seller........................24

            8.1.1 Authorization and Effect of Agreement.....................24

            8.1.2 No Restrictions Against Sale of the Purchased Property....24

            8.1.3 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authorities........25

            8.1.4 No Material Violations....................................25

            8.1.5 Corporate Organization....................................25


                                      -ii-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)

                                                                           Page

            8.1.6 Brokers...................................................25

            8.1.7 Title to Owned Real Property..............................25

            8.1.8 Real Property Leases......................................25

            8.1.9 Tangible Assets...........................................26

            8.1.10 No Material Adverse Change ..............................26

            8.1.11 Material Contracts ......................................26

            8.1.12 Insurance ...............................................27

            8.1.13 Taxes ...................................................28

            8.1.14 No Material Claims or Suits .............................28

            8.1.15 Tariffs; FCC Licenses ...................................28

            8.1.16 Employee Matters ........................................29

            8.1.17 Schedules of Telephone Plant ............................31

            8.1.18 Schedule of Real Property Interests .....................32

            8.1.19 Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements .....32

            8.1.20 Environmental Permits ...................................32

            8.1.21 Financial Statements ....................................32

            8.1.22 Year 2000 Compliance ....................................33

            8.1.23 Native American and Federal Consents ....................34

            8.1.24 Loss of Major Customer ..................................34

            8.1.25 Records .................................................34

      8.2   Representations and Warranties of Buyer.........................34

            8.2.1 Corporate Organization....................................34

            8.2.2 Authorization and Effect of Agreement.....................35

            8.2.3 No Restrictions Against Purchase of the
                  Purchased Properties .....................................35

            8.2.4 No Violation of Law.......................................35

            8.2.5 Financial Capacity........................................35

            8.2.6 Brokers...................................................35

            8.2.7 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authority..........36


                                      -iii-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)

                                                                           Page

ARTICLE 9   CONTINUING BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS...............................36

      9.1   Transition Services Agreement...................................36

      9.2   Optional Services Agreement.....................................36

      9.3   Directory Publishing............................................36

            9.3.1 Assumption of Certain Directory Publishing Agreement
                  Rights and Obligations....................................36

            9.3.2 Co-Bound Directories Acknowledgement......................37

            9.3.3 Meeting to Discuss Directory Publication..................37

      9.4   GTE Supply Relationship.........................................37

ARTICLE 10  ADDITIONAL COVENANTS OF THE PARTIES.............................37

      10.1  Intellectual Property...........................................37

            10.1.1. No License..............................................37

            10.1.2. Infringement............................................37

            10.1.3. Trademark Phaseout......................................38

            10.1.4 Third Party Software.....................................39

      10.2  Effect of Due Diligence and Related Matters.....................39

      10.3  Confidentiality.................................................40

      10.4  Further Assurances..............................................40

      10.5  Prorations......................................................40

      10.6  Cost Studies/NECA Matters.......................................41

            10.6.1. Prior to Closing .......................................41

            10.6.2. From and After Closing .................................41

      10.7  Customer Deposits...............................................41

      10.8  Access to Books and Records.....................................41

      10.9  Purchase Price Allocation.......................................42

      10.10 Owned Real Property Transfers...................................42

      10.11 Transaction Taxes...............................................43

      10.12 Bulk Sales Laws.................................................44

      10.13 Prepaid Non-Regulated Maintenance Agreements....................44


                                      -iv-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)

                                                                           Page

      10.14 Vehicle Registration............................................44

      10.15 Carrier Access Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition.......44

      10.16 End-User Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition.............44

ARTICLE 11  EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEE MATTERS..................................45

      11.1  Employment of Transferred Employees.............................45

            11.1.1 Assumption of Collective Bargaining Agreement
                   Obligations .............................................46

            11.1.2 Assumption of Employment and Other Agreements ...........46

            11.1.3 Recognition of Transferred Employee Service .............47

            11.1.4 Assumption of Obligation to Pay Bonuses .................47

            11.1.5 No Duplicate Benefits ...................................47

            11.1.6 Affiliate Employees .....................................47

      11.2  Transferred Employee Benefit Matters............................47

            11.2.1 Defined Benefit Plans ...................................47

            11.2.2 Savings Plans ...........................................54

            11.2.3 Welfare Plans ...........................................56

      11.3  Miscellaneous Benefits..........................................59

            11.3.1 Vacation ................................................59

            11.3.2 Transferred Employee Statements .........................59

      11.4  Employee Rights.................................................60

      11.5  WARN Act Requirements...........................................60

      11.6  Indemnification.................................................60

            11.6.1 Indemnification of Seller ...............................60

            11.6.2 Indemnification of Buyer ................................61

ARTICLE 12  INDEMNIFICATION.................................................61

      12.1  Survival of Representations.....................................61

      12.2  Indemnification.................................................62

      12.3  Limitations on Liability........................................63

      12.4  Defense of Claims...............................................64

      12.5  No Indemnifiable Claims Resulting From Governmental
            Authority Action ...............................................66


                                      -v-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)

                                                                           Page

ARTICLE 13  TERMINATION.....................................................66

      13.1  Termination Rights..............................................66

      13.2  Goodfaith Performance...........................................66

      13.3  Effect of Termination...........................................66

ARTICLE 14  MISCELLANEOUS...................................................67

      14.1  Notices.........................................................67

      14.2  Information Releases............................................68

      14.3  Expenses........................................................69

      14.4  Successors and Assigns..........................................69

      14.5  Amendments......................................................69

      14.6  Captions........................................................69

      14.7  Entire Agreement................................................69

      14.8  Waiver..........................................................69

      14.9  Third Parties...................................................69

      14.10 Counterparts....................................................70

      14.11 Governing Law...................................................70

      14.12 Further Assurances..............................................70

      14.13 Severability....................................................70

      14.14 Representation by Counsel; Interpretation.......................71

<PAGE>

                               INDEX OF SCHEDULES
Schedule*   Title

1.1-A       Assigned Contracts
1.1-B       Excluded Contracts
1.1-C       Purchased Exchanges
1.1-D       License Agreement
2.3(g)      Other Excluded Property
4.4         FCC Consents / Waivers
5.2.1       Operation of the Business
5.2.2(c)    Material Increase to Transferred Employee Benefits
5.2.2(d)    Dispositions
6.1.1       Seller's Closing Certificate
6.2.1       Buyer's Closing Certificate
7.2(a)      Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement
7.2(b)      Legal Opinion of Seller's Counsel
7.2(g)      Affidavit as to Status of Foreign Person
7.3(c)      Legal Opinion of Buyer's Counsel
8.1.4       Violation of Law
8.1.7(a)    Owned Real Property
8.1.7(b)    Bondholders
8.1.8       Real Property Leases
8.1.9       Notices of Violations of Building / Zoning Ordinances
8.1.10      Material Adverse Changes
8.1.11(a-j) Material Contracts
8.1.13      Exceptions to Tax Return Filings
8.1.14      State and Federal Claims/Suits
8.1.15(a)   Tariff Proceedings
8.1.15(b)   FCC Licenses
8.1.16(a)   Employee Matters - Seller Employee Benefit Plans
8.1.16(b)   Employee Matters - Seller Material Liabilities under ERISA
8.1.16(c)   Employee Matters - Seller ERISA Plans - Compliance
8.1.16(d)   Employee Matters - Seller Multiemployer Plans
8.1.16(e)   Employee Matters - Seller Union Representation
8.1.17      Telephone Plant
8.1.18      Real Property Interests List
8.1.19      Exceptions to Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements
8.1.20      Environmental Permits
8.1.21(a-c) Financial Statements
8.1.23      Native American Authorizations
8.1.24      Loss of Major Customer
9.1         Transition Services Agreement
9.2         Optional Services Agreement
9.3.1       Directory Publishing Agreements
9.3.2       Co-Bound Directory Agreements


                                      vii
<PAGE>

11.1.2      Employees and Employee Matters - Employment Agreement Obligation
            Exceptions
11.3.1      Employees and Employee Matters - Vacation

* The Schedule numbers refer to the appropriate Section within the Agreement.


                                      viii
<PAGE>

                            ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

            THIS ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT (this "Agreement") is made and entered
into as of the 21st day of September, 1999, by and between Citizens Utilities
Company, a Delaware corporation ("Buyer"), and GTE Midwest Incorporated, a
Delaware corporation ("Seller").

                                    RECITALS

            WHEREAS, Seller is in the business of providing regulated local
exchange telephone service in certain areas of the state of Nebraska; and

            WHEREAS, Seller desires to sell, convey, assign, transfer and
deliver to Buyer, and Buyer desires to purchase and accept from Seller, certain
of its telephone properties and related assets used in the provision of such
service, upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.

            NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto, intending to be legally bound,
agree as follows:

                                   ARTICLE 1
                                   DEFINITIONS

      1.1 Terms. For purposes of this Agreement and any amendment hereto, the
following terms are defined as set out below or in the Section referenced below:

            "Accounts Receivable Settlement Statement" is defined in Section
10.16(b).

            "Accounts Payable" means accounts payable owed by Seller arising
primarily from the operation of the Business.

            "Active Employees" is defined in Section 11.1.

            "Affiliate" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person
that, directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls, is
controlled by, or is under common control with, such Person.

            "Allocation" is defined in Section 10.9.

            "Ancillary Documents" means the Transition Services Agreement, the
Optional Services Agreement, the License Agreement, and the Bill of Sale and
Assignment and Assumption Agreement.

            "Assigned Contracts" means Contracts to which Seller or any of its
Affiliates is a party (i) which relate primarily to the operation of the
Business, other than the Excluded


                                       1
<PAGE>

Contracts, Real Property Interests, Real Property Leases and Third Party
Intellectual Property Contracts, and (ii) any other contract to which Seller is
a party and is listed on Schedule 1.1-A.

            "Assigned Permits" means, to the extent assignable, all permits,
licenses, franchises, approvals and authorizations of Seller or any of its
Affiliates issued or granted by any Governmental Authority that relate primarily
to the operation of the Business, other than the FCC Licenses and the Excluded
Permits.

            "Assumed Liabilities" is defined in Section 2.4.1

            "Automated Assets" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "Bargained Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "BIA" is defined in Section 8.1.23.

            "Base Purchase Price" is defined in Section 3.1.

            "Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement" is defined in
Section 7.2(a).

            "Bondholders" means the Persons listed on Schedule 8.1.7(b).

            "Business" means the business of providing in the geographic area
comprising the Purchased Exchanges (i) local exchange, exchange access and
intra-LATA toll telecommunications services to end users, (ii) exchange access
telecommunications services to interexchange carriers and other local exchange
carriers, (iii) retail sales of telephone equipment and products, and (iv)
non-tariffed public communications (pay telephones), commercial
telecommunications services facilities leasing and other non-regulated services
and products.

            "Buyer Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(B).

            "Buyer Pension Plan" and "Buyer Pension Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.1(b).

            "Buyer Savings Plan" and "Buyer Savings Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.2(b).

            "Buyer Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Buyer's Actuary" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(ii).

            "Buyer's Closing Certificate" is defined in Section 6.2.1.

            "Calendar-Related" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "CERCLA" means the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended.


                                       2
<PAGE>

            "Closing" is defined in Section 7.1.

            "Closing Date" is defined in Section 7.1.

            "Closing Date Amount" is defined in Section 3.2(b)

            "Closing Date Statement" is defined in Section 3.3

            "Confidentiality Agreement" means the Confidentiality Agreement
dated as of November 20, 1998, among Buyer, Seller and certain Affiliates of
Seller.

            "Construction Advances" means advances collected by Seller or any
Affiliate for the future performance of non-regulated construction in the
Purchased Exchanges.

            "Contracts" means all contracts, leases, indentures, agreements, and
other legally binding arrangements.

            "Customer Advances" means amounts arising from the operation of the
Business that have been billed and collected by Seller as of the Closing Date
but that are unearned because they relate to the provision of service after the
Closing Date.

            "Customer Deposits" is defined in Section 10.7.

            "Date Data" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "Direct Claim" is defined in Section 12.4(b).

            "Due Diligence Documents" means those documents contained in the six
volumes of information delivered to Buyer in connection with its review of the
Purchased Property.

            "Earned End-User Accounts Receivable" means accounts receivable
arising primarily from the operation of the Business that have been earned by
Seller's provision of service on or before the Closing Date excluding amounts
billed through the carrier access billing system to interexchange carriers.

            "Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount" means the aggregate
amount of all Earned Unbilled Accounts Receivable as of the Closing Date, less a
discount for anticipated uncollectible Earned End-User Accounts Receivable in an
amount equal to the Uncollectible Factor multiplied by Earned End-User Accounts
Receivable as of the Closing Date.

            "Employment Agreements" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Environmental Requirements" means all federal, state, interstate
and local government or agency Laws relating to pollution or protection of human
health and safety or the environment (including, without limitation, air,
surface water, ground water, land surface and subsurface strata), including,
without limitation, laws and regulations relating to emissions, discharges,
releases or threatened releases of Regulated Materials; or otherwise relating to
the

                                       3
<PAGE>

manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal,
transportation or handling of Regulated Materials.

            "ERISA" means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974,
as amended.

            "ERISA Plans" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount" is
defined in Section 3.2(a).

            "Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount" is defined in Section
3.2(a).

            "Evaluation Material" is defined in the first paragraph of the
Confidentiality Agreement.

            "Excluded Contracts" means (i) all billing and collection
agreements, interconnection agreements, national account agreements, billing
media agreements, vehicle leasing agreements, capital leases, Contracts between
Seller and Affiliates of Seller, except to the extent expressly listed on
Schedule 1.1-A, and (ii) such other agreements as are listed on Schedule 1.1-B.

            "Excluded Marks" means all trademarks, applications for trademark
registration, service marks, applications for service mark registration, trade
names, domain names and related registrations owned by Seller or an Affiliate of
Seller, or licensed to Seller or an Affiliate of Seller by any Person, and any
derivations of the foregoing.

            "Excluded Permits" means the permits, licenses, franchises,
approvals and authorizations of Seller or any Affiliates by Governmental
Authorities that relate to the Excluded Property.

            "Excluded Property" is defined in Section 2.3.

            "Executive Officer" of an entity means (i) in the case of Seller,
the regional president of the region that includes the Purchased Exchanges, the
general manager of infrastructure provisioning for the Purchased Exchanges and
the general manager of customer operations for the Purchased Exchanges, and (ii)
the case of Buyer, the executive officer(s) in charge of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement.

            "Existing Environmental Requirements" means those applicable
provisions of any Environmental Requirements that are both in effect and
required to be met by Seller prior to the Closing Date.

            "Expiration Date" is defined in Section 12.1(a).

            "FCC" means the Federal Communications Commission.

            "FCC Consents" is defined in Section 4.4.


                                       4
<PAGE>

            "FCC Licenses" means all licenses, certificates, permits or other
authorizations granted to Seller or any Affiliates by the FCC that are used
primarily in the operation of the Business.

            "Financial Statements" is defined in Section 8.1.21.

            "Final Order" shall mean action by any governmental or regulatory
authority as to which (i) no request for stay by any Governmental Authority of
the action is pending, no such stay is in effect, and if any deadline for any
such request is designated by statute or regulation, such deadline is passed;
(ii) no petition for rehearing or reconsideration of the action is pending
before any Governmental Authority, and the time for filing any such petition has
passed; (iii) the Governmental Authority does not have the action under
reconsideration or its own motion and the time for such reconsideration has
passed; and (iv) no appeal to a court, or request to stay by a court, of the
Governmental Authority's action is pending or in effect and, if any deadline of
filing any such appeal or request is designated by statute or rule, it has
passed.

            "FRP" is defined in Section 11.2.3(f).

            "Future Capital Expenditure Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(h).

            "Future Regulatory Obligations" is defined in Section 2.4.1(g).

            "GAAP" means United States generally accepted accounting principles.

            "GATT Grandfathered Participant" is defined in Section
11.2.1(c)(ii)(C).

            "Governmental Authority" means any court or any federal, state or
foreign governmental, legislative or regulatory body, agency, department,
authority or instrumentality.

            "HSR Act" means the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of
1976, as amended.

            "Indemnifiable Losses" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Indemnification Payment" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Indemnifying Party" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Indemnitee" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Intellectual Property" means all inventions (whether patentable or
not and whether or not such inventions are described or claimed in any patent or
patent application), designs (useful or ornamental), and works subject to
copyright protection, invention disclosures, specifications, manuals, drawings,
functional or system block diagrams, flow charts, circuit diagrams, design or
user documentation, engineering notebooks, schematics, test programs, documented
procedures, documented processes, documented flows, devices, software (in any
form), or firmware, and all intellectual property rights therein or based
thereon, including patents, patent applications (including continuations,
continuations-in-part, divisions, reissues),


                                       5
<PAGE>

reexamined patents and extensions thereof, copyrights (whether registered or
unregistered), and trade secrets.

            "Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(h).

            "IRC" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

            "IRS" means the Internal Revenue Service.

            "Law" or "Laws" means any statute, rule, regulation, ordinance,
judgment, order or decree of any Governmental Authority.

            "Leased Real Property" means the real property leased to Seller or
its Affiliates under the Real Property Leases.

            "License Agreement" means the license agreement attached hereto as
Schedule 1.1-D pursuant to which Seller grants to Buyer certain rights and
licenses under Licensed Intellectual Property.

            "Licensed Intellectual Property" means Intellectual Property owned
by Seller or its Affiliates, and Third Party Intellectual Property licensed to
Seller or its Affiliates which Seller or its Affiliates can sublicense to Buyer
without the payment of compensation or other consideration to any Person, and
which Intellectual Property and Third Party Intellectual Property are required
for the use or maintenance (to the extent not provided by the owner or licensor
of the Third Party Intellectual Property) of or are included in or with the
Purchased Property in the operation of the Business as of the Closing; provided
that Licensed Intellectual Property shall at all times be Excluded Property.

            "Lien" means any lien, charge, pledge, option, mortgage, security
interest or other encumbrance.

            "Material Adverse Effect" means a materially adverse effect on the
Business or the Purchased Property, taken as a whole, other than effects
relating to or arising from (i) the execution of this Agreement, (ii) the United
States economy generally or the state of Nebraska in particular, or (iii) events
or circumstances that affect the Business in the same manner and to the same
extent as other businesses in the industry generally.

            "Material and Supply Inventory" is defined in the FCC's Part 32
Uniform System of Accounts.

            "Material Contracts" is defined in Section 8.1.11.

            "Material Permits" is defined in Section 8.1.15(b).

            "Merger" means the proposed merger involving GTE Corporation and
Bell Atlantic Corporation and their respective Subsidiaries.

            "Native American Authorizations" is defined in Section 8.1.23(a).


                                       6
<PAGE>

            "Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount" means the total
amount expended but not yet billed by Seller for non-regulated construction work
not completed prior to the Closing Date, minus any Construction Advances
outstanding as of the Closing Date. The Non-Regulated Construction Work in
Process Amount shall be billable by Buyer to third parties after the Closing
Date under open customer orders or other agreements.

            "Non-Union Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Optional Services Agreement" is defined in Section 9.2.

            "Owned Real Property" means the real property owned in fee by Seller
or its Affiliates and used primarily in the operation of the Business, including
all land, buildings, structures, appurtenances and improvements located thereon.

            "PBGC" means the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.

            "Pension Assets" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(i).

            "Periodic Taxes" is defined in Section 10.5.

            "Permitted Encumbrances" means (i) liens for current taxes and
assessments not yet delinquent, or the amount or validity of which is being
contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings during which collection or
enforcement against the relevant property is stayed, (ii) standard utility
easements, and covenants, conditions and restrictions of record that do not
individually or in the aggregate materially interfere with the operation of the
present Business on, or materially detract from the value of, the Owned Real
Property affected thereby, (iii) mechanics', carriers', workers', repairers' and
other statutory liens, (iv) existing zoning or similar laws or ordinances that
do not interfere with the operation of the Business, (v) leases otherwise
disclosed herein, and (vi) any other Liens and, in the case of Owned Real
Property, any title defects or exceptions, that do not materially interfere with
the operations of the Purchased Property in a manner consistent with the current
use by Seller or that do not materially detract from the value of, or materially
impair the marketability of, the Purchased Property affected.

            "Person" means an individual, corporation, partnership, trust,
association, limited liability company or similar entity or organization.

            "Plans" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Pole Attachment Agreement" is defined in Section 8.1.11(j).

            "Proration Periods" is defined in Section 10.5.

            "PSC" is defined in Section 4.1.

            "Purchase Price" is defined in Section 3.3(c).

            "Purchased Exchanges" means the telephone exchanges listed in
Schedule 1.1-C and any cross-border community served from any such exchange.


                                       7
<PAGE>

            "Purchased Property" is defined in Section 2.2.

            "Real Property Interests" means all easements, rights of way,
licenses or other interests in real property of Seller or its Affiliates that
are used primarily in the operation of the Business, other than Owned Real
Property or Leased Real Property.

            "Real Property Leases" means the Leases set forth on Schedule 8.1.8.

            "Regulated Material" means (i) any "hazardous substance" as defined
in CERCLA, (ii) any petroleum or petroleum substance, and (iii) any other
pollutant, waste, contaminant, or other substance regulated under Environmental
Requirements.

            "Regulatory Approvals" is defined in Section 4.1.

            "Regulatory Obligation Amount" is defined in Section 3.1.

            "Retained Books and Records" means, collectively, all corporate
records and stock books of Seller and its Affiliates, the general ledger, all
records required by Law to be retained by Seller and all books and records
relating to (i) Tax Returns and Tax records, (ii) Excluded Property, (iii)
attorney work product, and (iv) the Retained Liabilities.

            "Retained Future Regulatory Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(g).

            "Retained Liabilities" is defined in Section 2.4.2.

            "SEC Financial Statements" is defined in Section 5.5.

            "Seller Hourly Pension Plan" is defined in Section 11.2.1(a)(ii).

            "Seller Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(B).

            "Seller Pension Plan" and "Seller Pension Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.1(a)(ii).

            "Seller Salaried Pension Plan" is defined in Section 11.2.1(a)(i).

            "Seller Savings Plans" are defined in Section 11.2.2(a).

            "Seller Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Seller's Actuary" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(ii).

            "Seller's Closing Certificate" is defined in Section 6.1.1.

            "Switch Software" shall mean software currently used by Seller to
operate telecommunications switching equipment that is part of the Telephone
Plant.

            "System Date" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).


                                       8
<PAGE>

            "Tax Returns" means a report, return or other information statement
required to be supplied to or filed with a Governmental Authority with respect
to Taxes.

            "Tax(es)" means any foreign, federal, state, county or local income,
sales, use, transfer, excise, franchise, stamp duty, custom duty, real and
personal property, gross receipt, capital stock, business and occupation,
disability, employment, payroll, recording, ad valorem, unemployment
compensation, profits, registration, social security, estimated, add-on,
minimum, or withholding tax relating to the Business or the Purchased Exchanges
and any interest and penalties and additions to such taxes (civil or criminal)
related thereto or to the nonpayment thereof and related notarial fees.

            "Telephone Plant" means (i) Owned Real Property, (ii) Real Property
Interests, and (iii) the machinery, equipment, inventory, vehicles and all other
assets and properties used primarily in the operation of the Business, including
all plant, systems, structures, construction work in progress, telephone cable
(whether in service or under construction), microwave facilities (including
frequency spectrum assignment), telephone line facilities, machinery, furniture,
fixtures, tools, implements, conduits, stations, substations, equipment
(including central office equipment, subscriber station equipment and other
equipment in general), instruments and house wiring connections. Without
limiting the generality of the foregoing, Telephone Plant includes the assets
used primarily in the operation of the Business that would be properly included
in the fixed assets referenced in Part 32 of the FCC Rules and Regulations (47
CFR, Part 32), as such accounts are reflected in Schedule 8.1.17.

            "Third Party Claim" is defined in Section 12.4(a).

            "Third Party Intellectual Property" means Intellectual Property
owned by any Person, other than Seller, without regard as to whether Seller has
any rights therein or the right to assign such rights to Buyer.

            "Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts" is defined in Section
10.1.4.

            "Total Service Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(B).

            "Transaction Taxes" is defined in Section 10.11.

            "Transferred Books and Records" means all of Seller's or its
Affiliates' customer or subscriber lists and records, accounts and billing
records, plans, blueprints, specifications, drawings, surveys, engineering
reports, personnel records of Transferred Employees (where applicable) and all
other documents, computer data and records, in each case relating primarily to
the operation of the Business, except for the Retained Books and Records.

            "Transferred Employees" is defined in Section 11.1.

            "Transition Services Agreement" is defined in Section 9.1.

            "Uncollectible Factor" is defined in Section 10.16(b).

            "Year 2000 Compliant" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).


                                       9
<PAGE>

      1.2 Interpretation.

                  (a) Unless the context otherwise requires, (i) all references
to Sections, Articles or Schedules are to Sections, Articles or Schedules of or
to this Agreement, (ii) each accounting term not otherwise defined in this
Agreement has the meaning assigned to it in accordance with GAAP, (iii) all
references to the "knowledge" of Seller are deemed to refer to the actual
knowledge of the Executive Officers of Seller, (iv) all references to the
"knowledge" of Buyer or "knowledge" obtained by Buyer are deemed to refer to the
actual knowledge of the Executive Officers of Buyer, except as otherwise
provided herein, (v) the term "primarily" means primarily or exclusively, and
(vi) the term "including" means including without limitation.

                  (b) No provision of this Agreement will be interpreted in
favor of or against either of the parties by reason of the extent to which any
such party or its counsel participated in the drafting thereof or by reason of
the extent to which any such provision is inconsistent with any prior draft of
such provision or of this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 2
                           PURCHASE AND SALE OF ASSETS

      2.1 Purchase and Sale of Assets. Upon the terms and subject to the
conditions of this Agreement, Seller hereby agrees to sell, convey, transfer,
assign and deliver to Buyer and Buyer hereby agrees to purchase, acquire and
accept from Seller, in each case effective as of the Closing, all of Seller's
and each of its Affiliates' right, title and interest in and to the Purchased
Property.

      2.2 Purchased Property. The term "Purchased Property" means all the
following business, properties, assets and rights of Seller and its Affiliates
on the Closing Date, other than the Excluded Property:

            (i)   Telephone Plant;

            (ii)  Earned End-User Accounts Receivable;

            (iii) Material and Supply Inventories;

            (iv)  Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process;

            (v)   FCC Licenses and Assigned Permits;

            (vi)  Assigned Contracts;

            (vii) Transferred Books and Records;

            (viii) Real Property Leases; and

            (ix)  all other business, property, assets, work in process and
                  rights of Seller on the Closing Date not described above that
                  relate primarily to the Purchased Exchanges.

      2.3 Excluded Property. For purposes of this Agreement, "Excluded Property"
means the following:

                  (a) Cash, cash equivalents and investments;


                                       10
<PAGE>

                  (b) All rights of Seller and its Affiliates under this
Agreement, the Ancillary Documents and the certificates and other documents
delivered to Seller by Buyer in connection with this Agreement;

                  (c) All records prepared in connection with the sale of the
Business, including bids received from third parties and analysis relating to
the Business;

                  (d) All rights related to the Retained Liabilities;

                  (e) The Retained Books and Records;

                  (f) Seller's and its Affiliates' interests in any business
other than the Business, including the provision of wireless service (cellular
and PCS), long distance and internet service or internet related services,
air-to-ground communications (air phone service), and any Excluded Permits
related thereto, and all assets of Seller and its Affiliates used in connection
with any such business or related thereto, and all assets used by Seller and its
Affiliates in rendering corporate services to Seller or the Business that are
located outside the geographic area comprising the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (g) Such other assets (i.e., encryption decoder devices, AWAS
terminals, SODA, etc.), if any, as set forth on Schedule 2.3(g);

                  (h) The Excluded Contracts;

                  (i) The Excluded Marks;

                  (j) All Intellectual Property, including the Licensed
Intellectual Property and Third Party Intellectual Property (except for such
rights to possess and use Third Party Intellectual Property as may be assigned
in accordance with Section 10.1.4); and

                  (k) All of Seller's and its Affiliates' insurance proceeds
arising in connection with the operation of the Business or the Purchased
Property prior to the Closing.

      2.4 Assumption of Liabilities.

            2.4.1 Assumed Liabilities. Upon the terms and subject to the
conditions of this Agreement, Buyer hereby agrees to assume, as of the Closing
Date, and agrees to pay, perform and discharge when due, all liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations, beginning on the day following the Closing
Date, relating to the Purchased Property other than the Retained Liabilities
(subject to any different allocation of liability set forth in clauses (b), (c),
(g) and (h) below) (the "Assumed Liabilities"), including the following:

                  (a) Ordinary Course. All liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations (including Taxes), arising out of or accruing or resulting from the
use or ownership of the Purchased Property in the ordinary course after the
Closing Date;

                  (b) Employment Matters. All liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations of Buyer as provided in Article 11 with respect to Transferred
Employees;


                                       11
<PAGE>

                  (c) Assigned Contracts, Real Property Interests and Real
Property Leases. All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations that arise in
connection with the performance of the Assigned Contracts, Real Property
Interests and the Real Property Leases, other than performance obligations of
Seller that mature prior to the Closing Date;

                  (d) Joint Construction Projects. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations to third parties that relate to arrangements
and commitments between Seller and a third party for the construction of mutual
transmission facilities between various switching points included in the
Purchased Exchanges;

                  (e) Construction in Progress. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations relating to post-Closing engineering and
construction required to complete scheduled construction and other capital
expenditure projects for the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (f) Customer Deposits and Construction Advances. All
liabilities, responsibilities and obligations relating to Customer Advances,
Customer Deposits and Construction Advances;

                  (g) Future Regulatory Obligations. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations, other than Future Capital Expenditure
Obligations, related to the Purchased Exchanges arising out of any rule,
regulation, law, mandate, decision or order of the FCC or the PSC after the
Closing Date regardless of whether the action taken by such Governmental
Authority is or purports to be based on conduct or actions that occurred at any
time prior to the Closing Date ("Future Regulatory Obligations"); provided that
Buyer shall not be liable for any such Future Regulatory Obligation arising
directly out of any intentional misconduct or material misstatement to the PSC
by Seller that occurred prior to the Closing Date, except for such statements as
may be based on reasonable interpretations of existing PSC regulations and
current industry practice ("Retained Future Regulatory Obligations");

                  (h) Future Capital Expenditure Obligations. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations related to the Purchased Exchanges arising out
of any rule, regulation, law, mandate, decision or order of the FCC or the PSC
(i) issued at any time and requiring any capital expenditure after the Closing
Date, regardless of whether the action taken by such Governmental Authority is
or purports to be based on conduct, facts or actions that occurred at any time
prior to the Closing Date ("Future Capital Expenditure Obligations"); and (ii)
issued after the date of this Agreement and requiring any capital expenditure
after the date of this Agreement, regardless of whether the action taken by such
Governmental Authority is or purports to be based on conduct, facts or actions
that occurred at any time prior to the date of this Agreement ("Interim Capital
Expenditure Obligations"); provided that (i) Seller shall retain liability for
Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations incurred prior to Closing to the extent
related to (A) FCC or PSC orders that impose capital expenditure obligations as
a result of Seller's overearnings, (B) Seller's efforts to comply with FCC or
PSC rules, regulations, laws, mandates, decisions or orders existing as of the
date of this Agreement, or (C) capital expenditures already planned by Seller;
and (ii) Seller shall retain liability for all other Interim Capital Expenditure
Obligations to the extent Seller is fully reimbursed by Buyer at Closing for
such obligations. Prior to the Closing Date, Seller shall notify Buyer of all
potential Future or


                                       12
<PAGE>

Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations within a reasonable time after
publication of said obligations by a Governmental Authority; and

                  (i) Litigation and Claims. All liabilities and obligations
arising out of (i) litigation and claims that arise out of an occurrence after
the Closing Date, (ii) litigation and claims in respect of Future Regulatory
Obligations (other than Retained Future Regulatory Obligations) regardless of
when filed, and (iii) claims of a Governmental Authority arising from or related
to a Future Regulatory Obligation (other than Retained Future Regulatory
Obligations).

Notwithstanding anything in this Section 2.4.1 to the contrary, "Assumed
Liabilities" shall not include any liabilities, responsibilities or obligations
expressly included in Retained Liabilities pursuant to Section 2.4.2.

            2.4.2 Retained Liabilities. Seller shall retain and shall pay,
perform and discharge when due, the following liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations of Seller (the "Retained Liabilities"):

                  (a) Subject to Section 10.5, all trade payables and other
accrued payment obligations of Seller as of the Closing Date;

                  (b) All long-term debt of Seller (including indebtedness to
the Bondholders) and debt of Seller owed to any one or more of its Affiliates;

                  (c) Subject to Section 10.5, all Taxes relating to the
operation of the Business on or before the Closing Date or the use, ownership or
operation of the Purchased Property on or before the Closing Date;

                  (d) Except to the extent otherwise provided in Article 11, all
liabilities and obligations arising on or before the Closing Date with respect
to the Transferred Employees, including (i) all liabilities responsibilities and
obligations arising on or before the Closing Date relating to collective
bargaining agreements or other union contracts, and (ii) any such liabilities or
obligations that arise after the Closing Date to the extent that such
liabilities and obligations relate to facts, circumstances or conditions arising
or occurring on or before the Closing Date, but excluding any Future Regulatory
Obligations with respect to the Transferred Employees;

                  (e) All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations arising
out of litigation and claims that arise out of an occurrence prior to the
Closing Date other than litigation and claims in respect of Future Regulatory
Obligations (other than Retained Future Regulatory Obligations);

                  (f) Any Retained Future Regulatory Obligations; and

                  (g) All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations with
respect to the Excluded Property and the Excluded Contracts.

      2.5 No Assignment Without Consent. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained in this Agreement, to the extent that the sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or


                                       13
<PAGE>

delivery or attempted sale, conveyance, transfer, assignment or delivery to
Buyer of any Purchased Property (including any Contract) is prohibited by any
applicable Law or would require any governmental or third-party authorizations,
approvals, consents or waivers and such authorizations, approvals, consents or
waivers shall not have been obtained prior to the Closing, this Agreement shall
not constitute a sale, conveyance, transfer, assignment or delivery, or an
attempted sale, conveyance, transfer, assignment or delivery thereof, if any of
the foregoing would constitute a breach of applicable Law or the rights of any
third party; provided, however, that, except to the extent that a condition to
Closing set forth in Article 6 relating to the foregoing shall not be satisfied,
the Closing shall occur notwithstanding the foregoing without any adjustment to
the Purchase Price on account of such required authorization. Following the
Closing, the parties shall use their commercially reasonable efforts, and shall
cooperate with each other, to obtain promptly such authorizations, approvals,
consents or waivers; provided, however, that neither Seller nor Buyer nor any of
their respective Affiliates shall be required to pay any consideration therefor,
other than filing, recordation or similar fees payable to any Governmental
Authority, which fees shall be shared equally by Seller and Buyer. Pending or in
the absence of such authorization, approval, consent or waiver, the parties
shall cooperate with each other in any reasonable and lawful arrangements to
provide to Buyer the benefits and liabilities of use of such Purchased Property,
including, if permitted by the terms of any Real Property Lease or applicable
Material Contract, through a sublease or subcontract in accordance with Section
4.3. If such authorization, approval, consent or waiver for the sale,
conveyance, transfer, assignment or delivery of any such Purchased Property is
obtained, Seller shall promptly convey, transfer, assign and deliver, or cause
to be conveyed, transferred, assigned and delivered, such Purchased Property to
Buyer.

                                   ARTICLE 3
                                 PURCHASE PRICE

      3.1 Purchase Price. The purchase price for the Purchased Property shall be
the sum of (i) Two Hundred and Four Million dollars ($204 million) (the "Base
Purchase Price"), (ii) amounts expended by Seller to comply with Interim Capital
Expenditure Obligations (the "Regulatory Obligation Amount"), and (iii) the
Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount. Payments from Buyer to Seller
for Earned End-User Accounts Receivable and from Seller to Buyer for Customer
Advances and Customer Deposits will occur subsequent to Closing in accordance
with Article 10.

      3.2 Closing Date Estimate.

                  (a) Not less than three (3) business days prior to the Closing
Date, Seller will give to Buyer a notice, setting forth Seller's good faith
estimate as of the Closing Date of (i) the Regulatory Obligation Amount (the
"Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount") and (ii) the Non-Regulated
Construction Work in Process Amount (the "Estimated Non-Regulated Construction
Work in Process Amount").

                  (b) On the Closing Date, Buyer shall pay to Seller the sum of
(i) the Base Purchase Price, (ii) the Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount,
and (iii) the Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount, (the
"Closing Date Amount"). The Closing Date Amount shall be paid by delivery on the
Closing Date of immediately available


                                       14
<PAGE>

funds in U.S. dollars by wire transfer to an account that Seller shall designate
to Buyer at least two (2) business days prior to the Closing Date.

      3.3 Closing Date Statement.

                  (a) Within sixty (60) days after Closing Date, Seller shall
prepare and deliver to Buyer a written statement of the Base Purchase Price,
Regulatory Obligation Amount and the Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process
Amount ("Closing Date Statement").

                  (b) Within fifteen (15) days after receipt of the Closing Date
Statement, Buyer shall, in a written notice to Seller, either accept the Closing
Date Statement or describe in reasonable detail any proposed adjustments to the
Closing Date Statement and the reasons therefore. If Seller shall not have
received a notice of proposed adjustments within such fifteen (15) day period,
Buyer will be deemed irrevocably to have accepted such Closing Date Statement.

                  (c) Upon the acceptance of any Closing Date Statement by
Buyer, the parties shall, based thereupon, calculate the amount equal to the sum
of the Base Purchase Price, Regulatory Obligation Amount and Non-Regulated
Construction Work in Process Amount (collectively, the "Purchase Price"). If the
Purchase Price as finally determined above is greater than the Closing Date
Amount, Buyer shall promptly, but no later than three (3) business days after
such acceptance, pay to Seller the amount of such difference. If the Purchase
Price as determined above is less than the Closing Date Amount, Seller shall
promptly, but no later than three (3) business days after such acceptance, pay
to Buyer the amount of such difference.

                  (d) Seller and Buyer shall negotiate in good faith to resolve
any disputes over any proposed adjustments to the Closing Date Statement,
provided that if any such dispute is not resolved within thirty (30) days
following Seller's receipt of the proposed adjustments, Buyer and Seller jointly
shall select an independent public accounting firm that is nationally recognized
in the United States to resolve such disputes in accordance with the standards
set forth in this Section 3.3, which resolution shall be final and binding. The
fees and expenses of such accounting firm shall be shared by Buyer and Seller in
inverse proportion to the relative amounts of the disputed amount determined to
be for the account of Buyer and Seller, respectively.

                  (e) If Buyer disputes any portion of the Closing Date
Statement, the parties shall calculate the portion of the Closing Statement that
is not the subject of any dispute or proposed adjustment. If the undisputed
portion of the Closing Statement (A) is greater than the respective estimated
amounts paid on the Closing Date, Buyer shall promptly pay Seller the amount of
such difference, or (B) is less than the respective estimated amounts paid on
the Closing Date, Seller shall promptly pay Buyer the amount of such difference.
Payments with respect to any undisputed portions of these adjustments shall be
made no later than three (3) business days after delivery of notice of the
proposed adjustments. Upon resolution of any dispute over any proposed
adjustments as described above in Section 3.3(d), a party which is determined to
owe the other party an amount shall pay that amount promptly, but no later than
three (3) business days after resolution.


                                       15
<PAGE>

                  (f) Any amount paid pursuant to this Section 3.3 after the
Closing Date shall bear interest from the Closing Date through but excluding the
date of payment, at a rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. Such interest shall
accrue daily on the basis of a year of three hundred sixty-five (365) days and
the actual number of days for which due and shall be payable together with the
amount payable pursuant to this Section 3.3. All amounts payable pursuant to
this Section 3.3 shall be paid by delivery of immediately available funds in
U.S. dollars by wire transfer to, in the case of amounts payable by Buyer, the
account identified by Seller as described in 3.2 above or to an alternate
account that Seller may designate on the Closing Date Statement and, in the case
of amounts payable by Seller, to such account of Buyer as Buyer shall designate
in writing to Seller.

                                   ARTICLE 4
                 REQUIRED APPROVALS, CONSENTS AND NOTIFICATIONS

      4.1 State Regulatory Approval. Promptly after the date of this Agreement,
Buyer and Seller shall file the appropriate applications and notices with the
Nebraska Public Service Commission (collectively, the "PSC"), seeking orders
permitting the transfer of service in the Purchased Exchanges to Buyer
(collectively, the "Regulatory Approvals"). Buyer will be responsible for
establishing the tariff for its post-Closing operations in the Purchased
Exchanges. Each party agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts to
obtain the Regulatory Approvals and the parties agree to cooperate fully with
each other and with the applicable regulatory agency to obtain the Regulatory
Approvals at the earliest practicable date.

      4.2 Debtholder Consents. Seller shall use its commercially reasonable
efforts to obtain from its Bondholders the termination or release, at Closing,
of all security agreements, mortgages and financing statements relating to the
Purchased Property (such termination or release being hereinafter referred to as
the "Debtholder Consents").

      4.3 Landlord and Other Consents. Promptly after the date hereof, the
parties shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to mutually seek the
consent of (i) the lessor to any Leased Real Property that requires consent as a
condition to an assignment of the lease (which consents are identified in
Schedule 8.1.8) and (ii) the applicable third party with respect to certain
Material Contracts that require consent as a condition to assignment of such
Material Contract (which consents are identified on Schedule 8.1.11). If a
lessor refuses to consent to such an assignment, and if the applicable lease or
Material Contract permits a sublease or subcontract without the consent of the
lessor or other third party, the parties hereto shall, effective as of the
Closing, enter into a sublease or subcontract upon terms and conditions as
similar and comparable to an assignment of the lease or Material Contract as is
reasonably feasible.

      4.4 FCC Consents. Promptly after the date of this Agreement, the parties
shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to obtain (i) the FCC's consent
to the transfer of the FCC Licenses from Seller to Buyer, and (ii) the FCC
waivers set forth on Schedule 4.4 (all such consents or waivers are collectively
referred to as the "FCC Consents").

      4.5 HSR Act Review. Within thirty (30) days after the date hereof, or such
later date as the parties may mutually agree, the parties will make such filings
as may be required by the


                                       16
<PAGE>

HSR Act with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.
Thereafter, the parties will file as promptly as practicable all reports or
other documents required or requested by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission or
the U.S. Department of Justice pursuant to the HSR Act or otherwise and will
comply promptly with any requests by the Federal Trade Commission or the U.S.
Justice Department for additional information concerning such transactions, so
that the waiting period specified in the HSR Act will expire as soon as
reasonably possible after the execution and delivery of this Agreement. Without
limiting the foregoing, Seller and Buyer agree to use their commercially
reasonable efforts to cooperate and oppose any preliminary injunction sought by
any Governmental Authority preventing the consummation of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement. Buyer agrees to pay all application fees
required in connection with any filings under the HSR Act.

            Seller and Buyer shall cause their respective counsel to furnish
each other such necessary information and reasonable assistance as the other may
reasonably request in connection with its preparation of necessary filings or
submissions under the provisions of the HSR Act. Seller and Buyer will cause
their respective counsel to supply to each other copies of all correspondence,
filings or written communications by such party or its Affiliates with any
Governmental Authority or staff members thereof, with respect to the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any related or contemplated
transactions, except for documents filed pursuant to Item 4(c) of the
Hart-Scott-Rodino Notification and Report Form or communications regarding the
same documents or information submitted in response to any request for
additional information or documents pursuant to the HSR Act which reveal
Seller's or Buyer's negotiating objectives or strategies or purchase price
expectations.

      4.6 GTE/Bell Atlantic Merger. Notwithstanding anything else contained in
this Agreement, but without modification of the rights of Buyer under Sections
6.1, 11.6.2, 12.2(a) or 13.1, Seller shall not be obligated to take any action
that would violate the terms of its agreements regarding the Merger, or that
would interfere with, delay or prevent the consummation of the Merger. In the
event that the Closing does not occur as a direct result of the Merger, and not
through any fault of Buyer, Seller's liability to Buyer under this Agreement
shall be limited to the amount of Buyer's reasonable out-of-pocket expenses
incurred in connection with this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 5
                              PRE-CLOSING COVENANTS

      5.1 Investigation by Buyer. Prior to the Closing, upon reasonable notice
from Buyer to Seller given in accordance with this Agreement and subject to
approval by Seller's appointed representative, Seller will afford to the
authorized representatives of Buyer reasonable access during normal business
hours to the Transferred Books and Records, the Owned Real Property the Leased
Real Property and the other Purchased Property so as to afford Buyer the
opportunity to make such review, examination and investigation of the Business
and the Purchased Property as Buyer may reasonably request; provided, however,
that no environmental sampling or other testing shall be performed without
Seller's prior written consent, which consent may be given or withheld in
Seller's sole discretion. Buyer will not contact any employee, customer or
supplier of Seller with respect to this Agreement, the matters involved herein
or the Purchased Property without the prior written consent of Seller. Nothing
herein will obligate Seller to take actions


                                       17
<PAGE>

that would unreasonably disrupt the normal course of the business of Seller or
violate the terms of any applicable Law or any Contract to which Seller or any
of its Affiliates is a party or to which any of its assets is subject. Any
information or documentation provided to Buyer or acquired by Buyer during this
investigation shall be deemed "Evaluation Material" as that term is defined in
the Confidentiality Agreement and shall be subject in all cases to the terms of
the Confidentiality Agreement.

      5.2 Operation of the Business in the Ordinary Course.

            5.2.1 Preservation of Business. Except as contemplated on Schedule
5.2.1 or as otherwise consented to by Buyer prior to the Closing, from the date
of this Agreement until the Closing Seller shall:

                  (a) Conduct the Business in the ordinary course consistent
with past practice and shall keep available to the Business its services and the
services of its Affiliates to the same extent generally available on the date
hereof;

                  (b) Operate the Business in substantially the same manner as
it is presently being conducted, and, with respect to the Business, refrain from
entering into any Contract that would be a Material Contract other than in the
ordinary course of business;

                  (c) Not institute any proceeding with respect to, or otherwise
change, amend or supplement any of its tariffs or make any other filings with
the PSC except in the ordinary course of business, and except as disclosed on
Schedule 8.1.15(a);

                  (d) Maintain the Purchased Property in good repair, order and
condition, reasonable wear and use excepted, and maintain the Materials and
Supply Inventory in the ordinary course of business consistent with past
practice;

                  (e) Maintain insurance with respect to the Purchased Property
consistent with past practice;

                  (f) Make capital expenditures sufficient to support normal
maintenance and customer growth in the Purchased Exchanges in a manner
consistent with established regulatory performance objectives, which
expenditures in (a) calendar year 1999 shall not be less than $4,881,000, and
(b) calendar year 2000 shall not be less than $300,000 per month; and

                  (g) Maintain the books and records of the Business
substantially in accordance with prior practice, except as changes are mandated
by Governmental Authorities or required by GAAP.

            5.2.2 No Material Changes. Except as contemplated by this Agreement
or as otherwise consented to by Buyer prior to the Closing, from the date of
this Agreement until the Closing, Seller will not:

                  (a) Make any material change in the general nature of the
Business;


                                       18
<PAGE>

                  (b) Sell, lease or dispose of, or make any Contract for the
sale, lease or disposition of any Purchased Property, other than in the ordinary
course of business;

                  (c) Increase the benefit provided under any plans concerning
employee benefits or increase the general rates of compensation of its
Transferred Employees, except (i) as required by Law, (ii) pursuant to any
Contract to which Seller is a party existing on the date hereof and listed on
Schedule 5.2.2(c), (iii) increases in base pay in the ordinary course of
business of Seller and in amounts consistent with the recent past practices of
Seller, or (iv) as listed or described on Schedule 5.2.2(c);

                  (d) (i) Materially amend, modify or terminate any Material
Contract or permit any of the foregoing to occur other than in the ordinary
course of business; or (ii) sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any Purchased
Property other than in the ordinary course of business or as listed or described
on Schedule 5.2.2(d), or encumber any Purchased Property, except for Permitted
Encumbrances; or

                  (e) Enter into any new written employment agreement, or union
agreement with, or commitment to, the Transferred Employees (including any new
commitment to pay retirement or other benefits or other amendments to Seller's
retirement plans), provided that Seller may enter into new union agreements to
the extent the new union agreements succeed any union agreement that expires
prior to the Closing. Prior to finalizing any such new union agreement, Seller
shall advise Buyer of its material terms and following the execution of any such
agreement, Seller shall deliver a copy to Buyer.

      5.3 Satisfaction of Conditions. Without limiting the generality or effect
of any provision of Article 6, the parties will use their commercially
reasonable efforts to satisfy promptly all the conditions required to be
satisfied prior to the Closing.

      5.4 Approvals.

                  (a) Between the date of this Agreement and the Closing Date,
Buyer and Seller will (i) cooperate with one another and take all reasonable
steps to obtain, as promptly as practicable, all consents, approvals,
authorizations, waivers and permits of any Governmental Authorities required of
either party to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and
(ii) provide such other information and communications to any Governmental
Authority as may be reasonably requested.

                  (b) To the extent that any consents, approvals, authorization
or waiver of a third party with respect to any (i) Assigned Contract, (ii)
Assigned Permit or (iii) any Pole Attachment Agreement, government grant or
railroad crossing agreement listed on Schedule 8.1.18, is required in connection
with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, Seller shall use its
commercially reasonable efforts to obtain such authorization, consent, approval
or waiver prior to the Closing Date.

      5.5 Audit or Review of Financial Statements. To the extent Buyer requires
an additional audit or review of financial statements with respect to the
Business in order to comply with the reporting requirements of the Securities
and Exchange Commission under Regulations


                                       19
<PAGE>

S-K and S-X, Seller will cooperate with the independent auditors chosen by Buyer
to audit or review the Financial Statements delivered by Buyer in accordance
with Section 8.1.21 and such other financial statements as may be required by
Buyer to comply with Regulations S-K and S-X (collectively, the "SEC Financial
Statements"). Seller's cooperation will include such access to workpapers and
other supporting documents used in the preparation of the SEC Financial
Statements and delivery of one or more representation letters from Seller to
such auditors as may be reasonably required by such auditors to perform an audit
in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards or a review in
accordance with AICPA standards and to render an opinion acceptable to the SEC
with respect to the audit or review of the SEC Financial Statements, it being
understood that such representation letters shall acknowledge (i) Seller's
extensive use of estimates and allocations in the preparation of the SEC
Financial Statements, and (ii) Seller's belief that the SEC Financial Statements
represent the financial condition and results of operations of the Business, in
accordance with GAAP, and that such estimates and allocations were made on a
reasonable basis and in accordance with GAAP. However, Buyer acknowledges that
because the Business represents only a portion of Seller, Buyer is not acquiring
significant support elements located outside the Purchased Exchanges, and Buyer
will operate under new tariffs, carrier contracts and other conditions that will
significantly impact the future revenues of the Business, the Financial
Statements may not be representative of the financial performance of the
Business during future periods. Seller will bear the cost of the preparation of
its financial statements, including the SEC Financial Statements. Buyer will
bear the cost of the preparation of any other financial statements that it will
be required to file with the SEC, as well as the cost of the audit or review of
the SEC Financial Statements. Buyer acknowledges that the SEC Financial
Statements and any supporting documentation have been made available as an
indication of the historical financial performance and condition of the
Business. Except to the extent that the SEC Financial Statements reflect
intentional misrepresentation or fraud, Buyer agrees not to make any claim
related to the performance of the Business after the date of the SEC Financial
Statements on the basis of a comparison to the SEC Financial Statements.

      5.6 Cooperation with Respect to Like-Kind Exchange. Buyer agrees that
Seller's transfer of the Purchased Property may, at Seller's election, be
accomplished in a manner enabling such transfer to qualify as part of a
like-kind exchange of property covered by Section 1031 of the IRC. If Seller so
elects, Buyer shall cooperate with Seller (but without being required to incur
any out-of-pocket costs in the course thereof) in connection with Seller's
efforts to effect such like-kind exchange, which cooperation shall include,
without limitation, taking such actions as Seller requests in order to enable
Seller to qualify such transfer as part of a like-kind exchange of property
covered by Section 1031 of the IRC (including any actions required to facilitate
the use of a "qualified intermediary" within the meaning of the United States
Treasury Regulations), and Buyer agrees that Seller may assign all or part of
its rights (but no obligations) under this Agreement to a person or entity
acting as a qualified intermediary to qualify the transfer of the Purchased
Property as part of a like-kind exchange of property covered by Section 1031 of
the IRC. Buyer and Seller agree in good faith to use reasonable efforts to
coordinate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement with any other
transactions engaged in by either Buyer or Seller; provided that such efforts
are not required to include an unreasonable delay in the consummation of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.


                                       20
<PAGE>

      5.7 Interconnection Agreements. Seller shall furnish to Buyer such
necessary information as Buyer may reasonably request in connection with Buyer's
replacement of the interconnection agreements relating to the Purchased
Exchanges, including supplying to Buyer copies of such interconnection
agreements to the extent permissible.

      5.8 Leased Vehicles; Capital Leases. Seller or its Affiliates, as
applicable, will pay the remaining balances on any vehicle leases or any capital
leases relating to assets included in the Purchased Property and at Closing will
deliver to Buyer title to such vehicles and assets, free and clear of all Liens.

      5.9 Delivery of Interim Information. From the date of this Agreement until
the Closing, Seller shall furnish Buyer monthly reports concerning the operating
performance of the Business. Such reports shall contain such data as are
typically reported to GTE management with respect to the Purchased Exchanges,
including access line counts and service measures. Seller shall provide Buyer
reasonable access to Seller's management in order to discuss such data. In the
event of any significant deterioration in operating performance, Seller shall
consult with Buyer concerning its response. All information provided in
accordance with this Section 5.9 shall be subject to the Confidentiality
Agreement and to compliance with applicable antitrust Laws.

                                   ARTICLE 6
                       CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE CLOSING

      6.1 Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Buyer. The obligations of Buyer
to consummate the Closing shall be subject to the satisfaction or waiver by
Buyer, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions, any one
or more of which may be waived at the option of Buyer:

            6.1.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants and Warranties.
Seller shall have complied in all material respects with its covenants to be
performed in whole or in part prior to the Closing, and the representations and
warranties of Seller in Section 8.1 shall be true and correct as of the Closing,
except for (i) such representations or warranties that are made expressly as of
an earlier date, which shall have been true and correct as of such date except
as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, and, (ii) to the extent that any
breach of such representations and warranties has not, individually or in the
aggregate, had a Material Adverse Effect; and Seller shall have delivered to
Buyer a certificate ("Seller's Closing Certificate") in the form attached as
Schedule 6.1.1, dated the Closing Date and signed by an Executive Officer of
Seller, certifying each of the foregoing, or specifying those respects in which
such covenants have not been performed or such representations and warranties
are not true and correct.

            6.1.2 Documents. Seller shall have delivered to Buyer all documents
required by Section 7.2.

            6.1.3 HSR. All required waiting periods under the HSR Act shall have
expired or been terminated.


                                       21
<PAGE>

            6.1.4 No Legal Obstruction. Each of the required Debtholder Consents
shall have been obtained, and each of the required Regulatory Approvals and FCC
Consents shall have been obtained, free of any special term, condition,
restriction, imposed liability or other provision that is reasonably likely to
have a Material Adverse Effect, and the FCC and PSC shall not otherwise have
taken any action with respect to the Purchased Property that is reasonably
likely to have a Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of this Section 6.1.4,
any tariff that is substantially similar in all material respects to the
existing tariff with respect to the applicable Purchased Exchange shall be
deemed not to have a Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of this Agreement,
all such approvals and consents shall be deemed to have been obtained upon the
granting of a Final Order. In addition, there shall not have been entered a
preliminary or permanent injunction, temporary restraining order or other
judicial or administrative order or decree in any competent jurisdiction, the
effect of which prohibits the Closing.

            6.1.5 No Material Adverse Effect. There shall not have occurred any
event or condition which individually or in the aggregate has resulted in a
Material Adverse Effect.

      6.2 Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Seller. The obligations of
Seller to consummate the Closing shall be subject to the satisfaction or waiver
by Seller, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions:

            6.2.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants and Warranties.
Buyer shall have complied in all material respects with its covenants to be
performed in whole or in part prior to the Closing, and the representations and
warranties of Buyer in Section 8.2 shall be true and correct in all material
respects as of the Closing, except (i) for such representations or warranties
made expressly as of and only as of an earlier date, which shall be true and
correct as of such date except as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, and
(ii) to the extent that any breach of such representations and warranties has
not, individually or in the aggregate, had a Material Adverse Effect; and Buyer
shall have delivered to Seller a certificate ("Buyer's Closing Certificate") in
the form attached as Schedule 6.2.1, dated the Closing Date and signed by an
Executive Officer of Buyer, certifying each of the foregoing or specifying those
respects in which such covenants have not been performed or such representations
and warranties are not true and correct.

            6.2.2 Documents. Buyer shall have delivered to Seller all documents
required by Section 7.3.

            6.2.3 Purchase Price. Buyer shall have delivered to Seller, in the
manner specified in Section 3.1, the Closing Date Amount.

            6.2.4 HSR. All required waiting periods under the HSR Act shall have
expired or been terminated.

            6.2.5 No Legal Obstruction. Each of the required Debtholder Consents
shall have been obtained, and each of the required Regulatory Approvals and FCC
Consents shall have been obtained free of any special terms, conditions or
restrictions that are materially adverse to Seller based upon good faith
business concerns that are not commercially unreasonable (other than any such
approvals or consents which, if not obtained, would not have a Material Adverse


                                       22
<PAGE>

Effect). For purposes of this Agreement, all such approvals and consents shall
be deemed to have been obtained upon the granting of a Final Order. In addition,
there shall not have been entered a preliminary or permanent injunction,
temporary restraining order or other judicial or administrative order or decree
in any jurisdiction, the effect of which prohibits the Closing.

                                   ARTICLE 7
                                   THE CLOSING

      7.1 The Closing. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement,
the closing of the purchase and sale of the Purchased Property and the
assumption of the Assumed Liabilities (the "Closing") shall be held at 9 A.M.
local time at the offices of GTE Network Services at 600 Hidden Ridge, Irving,
Texas 75038, on the date agreed upon by the parties, provided such date shall be
(i) the last business day of the month, and (ii) at least five (5) business
days, but not more than ninety (90) days, after the date that all required
Regulatory Approvals, Debtholder Consents and FCC Consents have been obtained,
or at such other time and place as the parties may agree (the "Closing Date").
Such Closing shall be deemed to have occurred as of 11:59 p.m., local time, on
the Closing Date.

      7.2 Seller's Obligations at Closing. At the Closing, Seller shall deliver
to Buyer the following documents:

                  (a) (i) Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement,
(ii) subject to Permitted Encumbrances (except as provided in Section 10.10),
special warranty deeds or their equivalent in respect of the Owned Real Property
and assignments of Real Property Leases to the extent any required consents have
been obtained pursuant to Section 4.3, and (iii) subject to Section 2.5,
assignments of the Assigned Contracts, the Real Property Interests and the
Assigned Permits. For purposes of this Agreement, the term "Bill of Sale and
Assignment and Assumption Agreement" means the form attached hereto as Schedule
7.2(a) executed by Seller;

                  (b) A legal opinion from William Mundy, general counsel for
GTE Network Services, as counsel for Seller, dated as of the Closing Date and in
the form of Schedule 7.2(b);

                  (c) Seller's Closing Certificate;

                  (d) Instruments of assignment or, to the extent set forth in
Section 4.3, subleases for the Leased Real Property;

                  (e) Mortgage satisfactions, UCC Form 3 Termination Statements
and other instruments necessary to remove, release and terminate all security
interests held by the Bondholders on the Purchased Property;

                  (f) All of the documents and papers required of Seller as
conditions to Closing pursuant to Section 6.1, including the Regulatory
Approvals, Debtholder Consents and FCC Consents;


                                       23
<PAGE>

                  (g) A certificate substantially in the form of Schedule 7.2(g)
certifying that Seller is not a "foreign person" within the meaning of Section
1445(b)(2) of the IRC;

                  (h) The License Agreement; and

                  (i) Such other documents and instruments as may be reasonably
necessary to effect the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      7.3 Buyer's Obligations at Closing. At the Closing, Buyer shall deliver to
Seller the following:

                  (a) The Closing Date Amount in the manner specified in Section
3.2.(b);

                  (b) The Bill of Sale, Assignment and Assumption Agreement,
executed by Buyer;

                  (c) A legal opinion from L. Russell Mitten II, Vice President
and General Counsel of Buyer dated as of the Closing Date and in the form of
Schedule 7.3(c);

                  (d) Buyer's Closing Certificate;

                  (e) All other documents and papers required of Buyer as
conditions of Closing pursuant to Section 6.2, including the Regulatory
Approvals; and

                  (f) Such other documents and instruments as may be reasonably
necessary to effect the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 8
                         REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

      8.1 Representations and Warranties of Seller. Seller represents and
warrants to Buyer as follows:

            8.1.1 Authorization and Effect of Agreement. Seller has the
requisite corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements and to perform its obligations hereunder and
thereunder. The execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements and the fulfillment of its obligations under this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements have been duly authorized by all necessary
corporate action on the part of Seller. This Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by Seller and, assuming the due
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Buyer,
constitute valid and binding obligations of Seller enforceable in accordance
with their terms subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium
and other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and subject
to the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with principles of equity.

            8.1.2 No Restrictions Against Sale of the Purchased Property. The
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Seller
does not, and the


                                       24
<PAGE>

fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements will not (i) conflict with or violate any provision of its
certificate of incorporation or bylaws, (ii) subject to obtaining the approvals
and or consents referred to in Section 2.5, Article 4 and Schedule 8.1.11(a-f),
conflict with, violate or result in the breach of any provision of any Material
Contract, or (iii) result in the creation of any Lien (other than Permitted
Encumbrances) upon any of the Purchased Property under (a) any Material Contract
or (b) any Law applicable to any of the Purchased Property, except in the case
of clauses (ii) or (iii) for any such conflict, violation, breach or Lien that
would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

            8.1.3 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authorities. No
consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration, declaration or
filing with, any Governmental Authority is required to be obtained or made by or
with respect to Seller or in connection with the execution and delivery of this
Agreement by Seller or the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this
Agreement, except (i) FCC Consents and HSR Act clearance, (ii) the Regulatory
Approvals, and (iii) any consent approval, order or authorization or
registration declaration or filing, which if not obtained or made would not have
a Material Adverse Effect.

            8.1.4 No Material Violations. Except as indicated in Schedule 8.1.4
or as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, (a)
the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and
the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements will not violate any applicable Law, and (b) Seller is not
in violation of any Law relating to or affecting the operation, conduct or
ownership of the Business or the Purchased Property.

            8.1.5 Corporate Organization. Seller is a corporation duly
organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of
Delaware, and is duly qualified to conduct business in Nebraska. Seller has full
power and authority to own its properties and to carry on the Business as it is
now being conducted and to own, or hold under lease the Purchased Property.
Seller holds valid permits, licenses, franchises, approvals and authorizations
issued or granted by any Governmental Authority and adequate for the operation
of the Business as currently conducted, except to the extent absence of any such
permit, license, franchise, approval or authorization would not have an Material
Adverse Effect.

            8.1.6 Brokers. Seller has not paid or become obligated to pay any
fee or commission to any broker, finder, investment banker or other intermediary
in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in such a
manner as to give rise to a valid claim against Buyer for any broker's or
finder's fees or similar fees or expenses.

            8.1.7 Title to Owned Real Property. Seller has good fee simple title
to all of the Owned Real Property, free and clear of any Lien other than
Permitted Encumbrances and Liens of the Bondholders identified on Schedule
8.1.7(b). As of the date hereof, the address and a general description of each
item of Owned Real Property are set forth on Schedule 8.1.7(a). Seller
represents that the only creditors that have a Lien (other than any Permitted
Encumbrances) on any of the Owned Real Property are the Bondholders identified
on Schedule 8.1.7(b).


                                       25
<PAGE>

            8.1.8 Real Property Leases. As of the date hereof, set forth on
Schedule 8.1.8 is a list of the Real Property Leases. Each of the leases for the
Leased Real Property is enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to
bankruptcy, insolvency and other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors
generally and subject to the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with
the principles of equity, and except as otherwise disclosed in Schedule 8.1.8,
there is not under any lease any material default or a material breach of
covenant by Seller.

            8.1.9 Tangible Assets. All of the tangible Purchased Property is in
substantially good operating condition and repair, normal wear and tear
excepted. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.9 or elsewhere in this Agreement,
Seller has good title to each item of tangible Purchased Property (other than
Real Property Interests or office equipment or vehicles subject to leases) with
a fair market value in excess of $5,000, free and clear of any Lien (other than
Permitted Encumbrances). Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.9, Seller has not
received any written notice within the past twelve (12) months of a violation of
any ordinances, regulations or building, zoning and other similar laws with
respect to such assets that would have a Material Adverse Effect. EXCEPT AS
EXPRESSLY PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION 8.1.9, SELLER MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE CONDITION OR FITNESS OF THE TANGIBLE
PURCHASED PROPERTY AND HEREBY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR WARRANTY AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.

            8.1.10 No Material Adverse Change. Except as disclosed in Schedule
8.1.10, between December 31, 1997 and the date of this Agreement there has not
occurred (i) any event or condition that would have a Material Adverse Effect;
(ii) any increase in compensation payable or to become payable by Seller to any
of its Transferred Employees or agents, other than normal merit or promotional
increases other than payment under the retention pay program announced in
connection with the network business repositioning of Seller and its Affiliates;
(iii) any amendment or termination of, or delivery of written notice to amend or
terminate, any Material Contract; or (iv) any material change in any accounting
method, practice or policy of Seller with respect to the Business.

            8.1.11 Material Contracts. Except for the agreements set forth on
Schedule 8.1.11 subparts (b) through (j), there is no Assigned Contract (other
than the Assigned Contracts entered into after the date of this Agreement in the
ordinary course of business) that is:

                  (a) an agreement containing a non-compete agreement or other
covenant that in either case would by its terms limit the freedom of Buyer
following the Closing to compete in any material respect with respect to the
Business with any third party;

                  (b) an agreement granting a Lien (other than a Permitted
Encumbrance);

                  (c) an agreement for the sale of any material Purchased
Property or grant of any preferential rights to purchase any material Purchased
Property;

                  (d) an agreement for the provision of telephone service at
public pay telephone locations;


                                       26
<PAGE>

                  (e) an agreement made in the ordinary course of business other
than as set forth above with respect to which the aggregate amount to be
received or paid thereunder with respect to calendar year 1999 is expected to
exceed $100,000 based on the terms of such agreement or on the payments which
have been made under such agreement with respect to calendar year 1998, to the
extent applicable;

                  (f) an agreement not made in the ordinary course of business
with respect to which the aggregate amount to be received or paid thereunder
with respect to calendar year 1999 is expected to exceed $50,000 based on the
terms of such agreement or on the payments which have been made under such
agreement with respect to calendar year 1998, to the extent applicable;

                  (g) an agreement with respect to 911 services or E911
services;

                  (h) an agreement between Seller and a third party for the
construction of mutual transmission facilities between various switching points
included in the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (i) an agreement between Seller and a third party for the
third party's co-location of equipment in facilities included in the Purchased
Property pursuant to which Seller is currently providing facilities or a request
to provide facilities is currently pending; or

                  (j) an agreement with a third party in which the owner of
utility poles has agreed to allow the other party to attach its
telecommunications equipment or facilities to the utility poles (a "Pole
Attachment Agreement").

            Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.11, to the knowledge of Seller,
each Assigned Contract referred to in any of the clauses (a) to (j) above
(collectively the "Material Contracts") is valid, binding and in full force and
effect and is enforceable by Seller or Seller's Affiliate, as applicable, in
accordance with its terms, except for any such failure to be valid, binding, in
full force and effect or enforceable that is not reasonably likely to have a
Material Adverse Effect. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.11, to the
knowledge of Seller, Seller and Seller's Affiliates have performed all material
obligations required to be performed by them to date under the Material
Contracts, and they are not (with or without the lapse of time or the giving of
notice, or both) in breach or default thereunder and, to the knowledge of
Seller, no other party to any Material Contract is (with or without the lapse of
time or the giving of notice, or both) in breach or default in any respect
thereunder, in each case except for such noncompliance, breaches and defaults
that, individually or in the aggregate, are not reasonably likely to have a
Material Adverse Effect. As of the date hereof, neither Seller nor any Seller's
Affiliate has, except as disclosed on Schedule 8.1.11, received or given any
written notice of the intention of any party to terminate any Material Contract.
Complete and correct copies of all the Material Contracts, together with all
modifications and amendments thereto to the date of this Agreement by Closing
will, have been made available to Buyer or its representatives.

            8.1.12 Insurance. The Purchased Property of an insurable nature and
of a character usually insured by companies carrying on similar businesses is
insured under insurance policies or self insured in such amounts and against
such losses or casualties as is usual in


                                       27
<PAGE>

Seller's industry. On the Closing Date, the coverage under the insurance
policies and programs applicable to the Purchased Property will be terminated,
and Buyer will be responsible for providing all insurance coverage for the
Purchased Property.

            8.1.13 Taxes. Except as disclosed on Schedule 8.1.13, (i) all Tax
Returns required to be filed by Seller on or before the Closing Date have or
will have been filed, and all Taxes shown as due and payable on such Tax Returns
have been or will be paid by Seller when required by law; (ii) no deficiencies
or assessments for any Taxes have been asserted in writing or assessed against
Seller that remain unpaid and that individually or in the aggregate are material
to the Business; (iii) Seller has withheld all required federal, state and local
payroll taxes relating to the Business and has remitted or will remit all
amounts required to be remitted to the appropriate taxing authorities; (iv)
there are no tax liens upon any of the Purchased Property except for statutory
liens covering taxes not yet due and payable; (v) Seller is not a "foreign
person" within the meaning of Section 1445(b)(2) of the IRC and shall provide an
appropriate certificate for purposes of Section 1445(b)(2) of the IRC and (vi)
there are no material, current audits or material audits for which written
notice has been received (in either case, specifically with respect to the
Business).

            8.1.14 No Material Claims or Suits. Except as disclosed in Schedule
8.1.14 or with respect to Taxes, there are no claims, actions, lawsuits or legal
proceedings pending before any Governmental Authority, or, to the knowledge of
Seller threatened against or affecting the Business or Purchased Property that
in Seller's opinion, if determined adversely to Seller, would reasonably be
expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on the Business or materially
adversely affect ability of Seller to consummate the transactions contemplated
hereby.

            8.1.15 Tariffs; FCC Licenses.

                  (a) The regulatory tariffs applicable to the Business stand in
full force and effect on the date of this Agreement in accordance with all
terms, and there is no outstanding notice of cancellation or termination or, to
Seller's knowledge, any threatened cancellation or termination in connection
therewith, nor is Seller subject to any restrictions or conditions applicable to
its regulatory tariffs that limit or would limit the operation of the Business
(other than restrictions or conditions generally applicable to tariffs of that
type). Each such tariff has been duly and validly approved by Seller's
regulatory agency. Seller is not in material default under the terms and
conditions of any such tariff and there is no basis for any claim of default by
Seller in any material respect under any such tariff. Except as disclosed on
Schedule 8.1.15(a), there are no applications by Seller or petitions by others
or proceedings pending or threatened before the state regulatory authority
relating to the Business or its operations or the regulatory tariffs, other than
such applications, petitions or proceedings as may be brought in the ordinary
course of business or by end-users. To the knowledge of Seller, there are no
material violations by subscribers or others under any such tariff. A true and
correct copy of each tariff applicable to the Business has been delivered or
made available to Buyer.

                  (b) Listed on Schedule 8.1.15(b) are the FCC Licenses and
other material Assigned Permits (the "Material Permits") held by Seller and used
in the operation of the Business. Except as listed on Schedule 8.1.15(b), to
Seller's knowledge, each such FCC License or Material Permit is in full force
and effect on the date of this Agreement in accordance


                                       28
<PAGE>

with its terms, and there is no outstanding notice of cancellation or
termination or, to Seller's knowledge, any threatened cancellation or
termination in connection therewith, nor are any of such FCC Licenses or
Material Permits subject to any restrictions or conditions that limit the
operation of the Business (other than restrictions or conditions generally
applicable to licenses or permits of that type). Subject to the Communications
Act of 1934, as amended, and the regulations thereunder, the FCC Licenses are
free from all security interests, liens, claims, or encumbrances of any nature
whatsoever. There are no applications by Seller or petitions by others or
proceedings pending or threatened before the FCC relating to the Business or the
FCC Licenses that, in Seller's opinion, would reasonably be expected to have a
Material Adverse Effect on the Business, other than such applications, petitions
or proceedings as may be brought in the ordinary course of business or by
end-users.

            8.1.16 Employee Matters.

                  (a) Schedule 8.1.16(a) lists (and identifies the sponsor of)
each "Employee Pension Benefit Plan," as that term is defined in Section 3(2) of
ERISA, each "Employee Welfare Benefit Plan," as that term is defined in Section
3(1) of ERISA (such plans being hereinafter referred to collectively as the
"ERISA Plans"), and each other retirement, pension, profit-sharing, money
purchase, deferred compensation, incentive compensation, bonus, stock option,
stock purchase, severance pay, unemployment benefit, vacation pay, savings,
medical, dental, post-retirement medical, accident, disability, weekly income,
salary continuation, health, life or other insurance, fringe benefit, or other
employee benefit plan, program, agreement, or arrangement maintained or
contributed to by Seller or its Affiliates in respect of or for the benefit of
any Transferred Employee or former employee of Seller, excluding any such plan,
program, agreement, or arrangement maintained or contributed to solely in
respect of or for the benefit of Transferred Employees or former employees
employed or formerly employed by Seller outside of the United States, as of the
date hereof (collectively, together with the ERISA Plans, referred to
hereinafter as the "Plans"). Schedule 8.1.16(a) also includes a list of each
written employment, severance, termination or similar-type agreement between
Seller and its Affiliates and any Transferred Employee (the "Employment
Agreements"). Seller has delivered to Buyer accurate and complete copies of all
Plans and Employment Agreements (or representative samples in the case of form
agreements) and, if applicable, summary plan descriptions with respect to such
Plans and Employment Agreements and summary descriptions of any such Plan or
Employment Agreement that is not otherwise in writing. Except for retention
bonuses paid in connection with the closing of the transactions contemplated by
this Agreement and except as otherwise disclosed on Schedule 8.1.16(a), the
execution and delivery of this Agreement by Seller and the performance of this
Agreement by Seller will not directly result now or at any time in the future in
the payment to any Transferred Employee of any severance, termination, or
similar-type payments or benefits being paid to any Transferred Employee.

                  (b) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(b):

                        (i) Neither Seller nor any of its Affiliates, any of the
ERISA Plans, any trust created thereunder, or any trustee or administrator
thereof, has engaged in any transaction as a result of which Seller or any of
its Affiliates could be subject to any material


                                       29
<PAGE>

liability pursuant to Section 409 of ERISA or to either a civil penalty assessed
pursuant to Section 502(i) of ERISA or a tax imposed pursuant to Section 4975 of
the IRC; and

                        (ii) Since the effective date of ERISA, no material
liability under Title IV of ERISA has been incurred or is reasonably expected to
be incurred by Seller or any of its Affiliates (other than liability for
premiums due to the PBGC), unless such liability has been, or prior to the
Closing Date will be, satisfied in full.

                  (c) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(c), with respect to
the ERISA Plans other than those ERISA Plans identified on Schedule 8.1.16(a) as
"multiemployer plans":

                        (i) the PBGC has not instituted proceedings to terminate
any Plan that is subject to Title IV of ERISA (the "Retirement Plans");

                        (ii) none of the ERISA Plans has incurred an
"accumulated funding deficiency" (as defined in Section 302 of ERISA and Section
412 of the IRC), whether or not waived, as of the last day of the most recent
fiscal year of each of the ERISA Plans ended prior to the date of this
Agreement;

                        (iii) each of the ERISA Plans has been operated and
administered in all material respects in accordance with its provisions and with
all applicable laws;

                        (iv) each of the ERISA Plans that is intended to be
"qualified" within the meaning of Section 401(a) of the IRC and, to the extent
applicable, Section 401(k) of the IRC, has been determined by the IRS to be so
qualified, and nothing has occurred since the date of the most recent such
determination (other than the effective date of certain amendments to the IRC,
the remedial amendment period for which has not yet expired) that would
adversely affect the qualified status of any of such ERISA Plans;

                        (v) there are no pending material claims by or on behalf
of any of the ERISA Plans, by any employee or beneficiary covered under any such
ERISA Plan, or otherwise involving any such ERISA Plan (other than routine
claims for benefits and routine expenses);

                        (vi) each ERISA Plan which is a group health plan has
been operated and administered in compliance with the continuation coverage
provisions of Section 498B of the IRC and Part 6 of Title I of ERISA;

                        (vii) all contributions and premiums that would normally
be made or paid with respect to any ERISA Plan or Employment Agreement on behalf
of Transferred Employees as of the Closing Date will have been made by the
Closing Date; and

                        (viii) as of the Closing Date no Transferred Employee
will be excluded from coverage under any employee welfare benefit plan (as
defined in Section 3(1) of ERISA) maintained or contributed to by Seller.


                                       30
<PAGE>

                  (d) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(d), none of the
ERISA Plans is a "multiemployer Plan," as that term is defined in Section 3(37)
of ERISA, and with respect to any such multiemployer plans (as so defined)
listed in Schedule 8.1.16(d), Seller has not made or incurred a "complete
withdrawal" or a "partial withdrawal," as such terms are respectively defined in
Sections 4203 and 4205 of ERISA that would result in the incurrence of a
material liability by Seller. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(d), neither
Seller nor any Affiliates of Seller has made or incurred a "complete withdrawal"
or a "partial withdrawal" (as such terms are defined in Sections 4203 and 4205,
respectively, of ERISA) that would result in the incurrence of liability by
Seller or its Affiliates, and the performance of this Agreement will not result
in such withdrawal(s) or liability.

                  (e) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(e), (i) none of the
Transferred Employees are represented by a labor union or labor organization;
(ii) Seller is not subject to any collective bargaining agreement covering any
Transferred Employee; (iii) there are no current, or to the best knowledge of
Seller, any pending or threatened strikes, slowdowns, picketing, or work
stoppages affecting the Business or with respect to any Transferred Employee
covered by collective bargaining; (iv) there is no pending lockout by Seller of
any employees of the Business, and no such action is contemplated by Seller; (v)
to the best knowledge of Seller, there is no pending or threatened organizing
activity or petition for certification of a collective bargaining representative
involving employees of the Business and there has been none within the twelve
(12) months preceding the date of the Agreement; (vi) to the best knowledge of
Seller, there is no pending or threatened charge, action, complaint, or
proceeding of any nature against Seller relating to the violation of any
applicable state or federal labor or employment law or regulation in connection
with the Business, including any charge or complaint filed by any employee or
labor organization with the National Labor Relations Board, the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission, or any other administrative governmental agency, nor is
there any other pending or threatened labor or employment dispute against or
affecting Seller in connection with the Business; (viii) with respect to
employees of the Business, Seller has complied in all respects with all laws
relating to employment, equal employment opportunity, nondiscrimination,
collective bargaining, wages, hours of work, employee benefits, occupational
safety and health, immigration, and plant closings; and (ix) Seller shall
provide employees of the Business with any required notices under any federal,
state, or municipal law or regulation concerning the termination of their
employment with Seller. Seller has delivered to Buyer accurate and complete
copies of all collective bargaining agreements affecting any of the Transferred
Employees.

                  (f) This Agreement shall not result in any Transferred
Employee becoming entitled to separation pay or severance which could be or
become an obligation of Buyer.

            8.1.17 Schedules of Telephone Plant. Schedule 8.1.17 sets forth, as
of June 30, 1999, a materially accurate summary of the book value of the
Telephone Plant as reflected in Seller's continuing property records. Schedule
8.1.17 also sets forth a materially accurate list of the vehicles, trailers and
other mobile tools and mobile equipment that are part of the Purchased Property
as of September 3, 1999.


                                       31
<PAGE>

            8.1.18 Schedule of Real Property Interests. To the knowledge of
Seller and as of the date of this Agreement, Schedule 8.1.18 sets forth a true
and accurate list of all its Real Property Interests.

            8.1.19 Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements. Except
as set forth in Schedule 8.1.19 or as would not have a Material Adverse Effect,
to the knowledge of Seller:

                  (a) Seller's operation of the Business and the Purchased
Property has been and is presently in substantial compliance with Existing
Environmental Requirements;

                  (b) No environmental remediation is occurring on any parcel of
Owned Real Property or Leased Real Property nor has Seller or any Affiliate
issued a request for proposal or otherwise requested an environmental
remediation contractor to begin plans for such environmental remediation;

                  (c) No underground storage tanks ("USTs") or aboveground
storage tanks ("ASTs") are located on the Owned Real Property or Leased Real
Property;

                  (d) None of the Owned Real Property or Leased Real Property is
situated in a state or federal "superfund" site or study area; and

                  (e) Seller has delivered, or within 60 days after the date of
this Agreement will deliver, to Buyer complete copies of all reports and studies
relating to Seller's liability under or non-compliance with any Existing
Environmental Requirements in connection with Seller's operation of the Business
or use or ownership of the Purchased Property.

            8.1.20 Environmental Permits. Except as set forth in Schedule
8.1.20, to the knowledge of Seller, it has obtained or filed for all necessary
environmental permits, authorizations and licenses required to operate the
Business or the Purchased Property, except where failure to obtain or file such
permits, authorizations and licenses would not have a Material Adverse Effect on
the Business.

            8.1.21 Financial Statements. Seller has furnished to Buyer its
audited balance sheets as of December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998 and the
related statements of income and cash flows for the years ended December 31,
1997 and December 31, 1998 (collectively, the "Financial Statements"). The
Financial Statements have been prepared based on the books and records of
Seller. Such books and records have been maintained in accordance with GAAP, and
where required by law, the applicable regulations of the FCC and PSC. However,
because the Business represents only a portion of a larger entity, the Financial
Statements are based on the extensive use of estimates and allocations. Seller
believes these estimates and allocations have been performed on a reasonable
basis in accordance with GAAP. However, Buyer acknowledges that because Buyer is
not acquiring significant support elements located outside the Purchased
Exchanges, and the Buyer will operate under new tariffs, carrier contracts and
other conditions that will significantly impact the future revenues of the
Business, the Financial Statements may not be representative of the financial
performance of the Business during future periods.


                                       32
<PAGE>

            8.1.22 Year 2000 Compliance.

                  (a) As of the Closing Date, Seller shall have caused the
modification or remediation of the Automated Assets in accordance with
applicable manufacturer or vendor recommendations such that the Automated Assets
are Year 2000 Compliant; provided that any and all Buyer or third-party supplied
computer software, computer firmware and computer hardware that directly
interfaces with the Automated Assets, co-exists with the Automated Assets, or
indirectly influences the operation of the Automated Assets are also
demonstrated to be Year 2000 Compliant.

                  (b) Seller shall be deemed to be in satisfaction of the
requirements of subsection (a) of this Section 8.1.22 to the extent that Seller
has (i) performed on or before the Closing Date any modification or remediation
in accordance with applicable manufacturer or vendor recommendations for
achieving Year 2000 compliance or Year 2000 readiness, or (ii) received on or
before the Closing Date reasonable assurances from the applicable manufacturer
or vendor that an Automated Asset, without modification or remediation, is Year
2000 compliant or Year 2000 ready.

                  (c) When used in this Section 8.1.22, the following term shall
have the respective meanings given below:

                        "Automated Assets" means the computer software, computer
firmware, computer hardware (whether general or special purpose), documentation,
data, and other similar or related items of the automated, computerized, and/or
software system(s) that are provided by Seller to Buyer as part of the Purchased
Exchanges pursuant to this Agreement.

                        "Calendar-Related" refers to the date values based on
the Gregorian calendar, as defined in Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition,
1982, page 602, and to all uses in any manner of those date values, including
without limitation manipulations, calculations, conversions, comparisons and
presentations.

                        "Date Data" means any Calendar-Related data in the
inclusive range January 1, 1900 through December 31, 2050, which the Automated
Assets use in any manner.

                        "System Date" means any Calendar-Related data value in
the inclusive range January 1, 1985 through December 31, 2035 (including the
natural transition between such values) which the Automated Assets shall be able
to use as their current date while operating.

                        "Year 2000 Compliant" means:

                        (i) As of the Closing Date, in connection with
Calendar-Related data and Calendar-Related processing of Date Data or of any
System Date, the Automated Assets will not malfunction, will not cease to
function and will not produce incorrect results; and


                                       33
<PAGE>

                        (ii) As of the Closing Date, the Automated Assets will
represent dates without ambiguity as to century when providing Calendar-Related
data to and accepting Calendar-Related data from other automated, computerized
and/or software systems and users by way of user interfaces, electronic
interfaces and data storage.

            8.1.23 Native American and Federal Consents. Except as set forth on
Schedule 8.1.23 or as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, to the knowledge
of the Seller:

                  (a) Schedule 8.1.23 sets forth all material easements,
rights-of-way, franchises, licenses, permits, consents, approvals, certificates
and other authorizations of tribal authorities and the United States Bureau of
Indian Affairs (the "BIA") (collectively, the "Native American Authorizations")
held by Seller and relating to any Purchased Property located, or any operations
of the Business conducted, on Native American reservations;

                  (b) All such Native American Authorizations are in full force
and effect and Seller is not in default thereunder;

                  (c) There are no material claims, actions, lawsuits or other
proceedings pending or threatened with respect to any of the Purchased Property
located, or any operations of the Business conducted, on Native American
reservations, and no tribal authority has given written notice of any
cancellation, revocation, termination or material amendment or modification of
any Native American Authorization; and

                  (d) No material consent, approval or waiver from, or filing
with, any tribal authority or the BIA is required to be obtained or made in
connection with the execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement, or
Seller's fulfillment of its obligations under this Agreement.

            8.1.24 Loss of Major Customer. Except as set forth on Schedule
8.1.24, since January 1, 1997, Seller has not suffered the loss of any customer
of the Business for which Seller billed in excess of $50,000 annually during the
years ended December 31, 1997 or 1998.

            8.1.25 Records. The continuing property records and other records
related to the Purchased Property maintained by Seller conform in all material
respects with the applicable rules and regulations of the FCC and PSC. Seller
has retained substantially all original cost documentation relating to the
Purchased Property regarding the expenditures made by Seller for the Telephone
Plant within the period required by applicable Law.

      8.2 Representations and Warranties of Buyer. Buyer represents and warrants
to Seller as follows:

            8.2.1 Corporate Organization. Buyer is a corporation duly organized,
validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of Delaware
and is or will be by Closing Date duly qualified to conduct business in Nebraska
and has the requisite corporate power and authority to own, lease or otherwise
hold the assets owned, leased or held by it.


                                       34
<PAGE>

            8.2.2 Authorization and Effect of Agreement. Buyer has the requisite
corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements, to carry on the Business as presently conducted and to
fulfill all other obligations of Buyer under this Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements. The execution and delivery by Buyer of this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements, and the fulfillment by it of its obligations under this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements have been duly authorized by all
necessary corporate action on the part of Buyer. Buyer has the requisite legal
capacity to purchase, own and hold the Purchased Property upon the consummation
of the sale of the Purchased Property. This Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by Buyer and, assuming the due
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Seller,
constitute valid and binding obligations of Buyer enforceable in accordance with
their terms subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and
other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and subject to
the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with principles of equity.

            8.2.3 No Restrictions Against Purchase of the Purchased Properties.
The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by
Buyer do not, and the fulfillment by Buyer of its obligations under this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements will not, conflict with, violate or
result in the breach of any provision of the certificate of incorporation or
bylaws of Buyer or, conflict with, violate or result in the breach of any
contract to which Buyer is a party. No material consent, approval, order or
authorization of, or registration, declaration or filing with, any Governmental
Authority is required to be obtained or made by or with respect to Buyer in
connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement by Buyer or the
fulfillment by Buyer of its obligations under this Agreement, except the filings
and approvals described in Article 4.

            8.2.4 No Violation of Law. The execution and delivery of this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and the fulfillment by Buyer of its
obligations under this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements will not violate
any Law except to the extent any such violation would not have a material
adverse effect on the ability of Buyer to fulfill its obligations hereunder and
thereunder.

            8.2.5 Financial Capacity.

                  (a) Buyer has sufficient cash or other sources of funds to pay
the Purchase Price in the manner specified in Section 3.1 and all related fees
and expenses.

                  (b) Buyer has sufficient financial resources to operate the
Business after the Closing Date. Without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, Buyer has sufficient financial resources to satisfy any applicable
requirement relating to financial capacity or capital imposed by any
Governmental Authority in any state in which the Business is conducted. Buyer is
solvent, is able to pay its debts as they become due, and owns property that has
both a fair value and a fair saleable value in excess of the amount required to
pay its debts as they become due.

            8.2.6 Brokers. Buyer has not paid or become obligated to pay any fee
or commission to any broker, finder, investment banker or other intermediary in
connection with


                                       35
<PAGE>

the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in such a manner as to give rise
to a valid claim against Seller for any broker's or finder's fees or similar
fees or expenses.

            8.2.7 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authority. Subject to
Article 4 with respect to Regulatory Approvals and FCC Consents, no consent,
approval or authorization of, or declaration, filing or registration with, any
Governmental Authority or regulatory authority is required in connection with
the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by Buyer or the
consummation by Buyer of the transactions contemplated herein, except for
filings with the Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice pursuant to
the HSR Act, if required.

                                   ARTICLE 9
                        CONTINUING BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS

      9.1 Transition Services Agreement. The parties agree to cooperate with
each other to ensure that the transition of the ownership of the Purchased
Property proceeds with minimal disruption to the services being provided to
subscribers. The parties agree that it may be necessary for Seller to assist
Buyer in converting Seller's systems and processes with respect to the Purchased
Property to Buyer's systems and processes. Seller and Buyer agree to execute a
separate "Transition Services Agreement" substantially in the form attached
hereto as Schedule 9.1 for the provision of such services.

      9.2 Optional Services Agreement. It is understood and agreed that Buyer
may not have for a period of time after Closing Date, certain systems or
processes necessary to provide some basic customer services. Attached hereto as
Schedule 9.2 are Seller's standard form contracts for provision of several
optional services (the "Optional Services"). Subject to negotiation of an
agreement or agreements as described hereinafter, Seller will at Buyer's request
provide any or all of the Optional Services at the fees indicated in Schedule
9.2. To the extent Buyer requests such services, the parties agree to negotiate
in good faith separate agreements, on commercially reasonable terms similar to
those in Schedule 9.2.

      9.3 Directory Publishing.

            9.3.1 Assumption of Certain Directory Publishing Agreement Rights
and Obligations. Seller is party to a directories Master Publishing Agreement
("Master Publishing Agreement") with GTE Directories Service Corporation n/k/a
GTE Directories Corporation herein "Publisher." Publisher is also party to a
publishing agreement with US West Dex, Inc. These agreements are identified in
Schedule 9.3.1 attached hereto ("Publishing Agreement"). Pursuant to the Master
Publishing Agreement Publisher has the exclusive right and obligation to sell
advertising, and to publish, print and distribute directories containing
telephone numbers relating to the Purchased Exchanges.

            Buyer agrees to execute an agreement effective as of the Closing to
assume and appropriately amend the Master Publishing Agreement as it relates to
the Purchased Exchanges, so that such extension expires on December 31, 2001. If
the directories for any of the Purchased Exchanges are published by a third
party non-Affiliate of Seller, then to the extent requested by Buyer, Seller
agrees to assist Buyer in obtaining such third party's consents to the
continuation


                                       36
<PAGE>

of such publishing arrangements; provided that Seller shall have no obligation
to pay compensation or other consideration in connection with such assistance.

            9.3.2 Co-Bound Directories Acknowledgement. Buyer acknowledges that
Publisher may have a pre-existing obligation (which Publisher may choose to
continue) to sell advertising, publish, print and distribute the telephone
numbers of third party local exchange telephone companies in the same directory
as the Purchased Exchanges ("Co-Bound" directory). Co-Bound directory agreements
of which Seller is aware, if any, are identified on Schedule 9.3.2.

            9.3.3 Meeting to Discuss Directory Publication. Within ninety (90)
days following the date of this Agreement, Buyer agrees to meet with Seller and
Publisher for the purpose of having an initial discussion about the first
directory publication after the Closing Date. This meeting will be held at
Publisher's address unless otherwise agreed between the parties and Publisher.
All parties shall employ their respective commercially reasonable efforts to
ensure that directory publication is not interrupted following the Closing Date.

      9.4 GTE Supply Relationship. Within 90 days of this Agreement, Buyer
agrees to meet with representatives of GTE Supply for purposes of negotiating in
good faith an agreement for GTE Supply to provide ongoing procurement and
materials management functions for the Business on substantially the same terms
as contained in the Buyer's existing agreement with GTE Supply; provided that
Buyer may negotiate in good faith with respect to any volume discounts that may
be available from GTE Supply.

                                   ARTICLE 10
                       ADDITIONAL COVENANTS OF THE PARTIES

      10.1 Intellectual Property.

            10.1.1 No License. Buyer and Seller agree and understand that except
as expressly set forth in writing in the License Agreement and Section 10.1.3,
Seller has not granted any rights or licenses, express or implied, of, and
nothing shall constitute or be construed as a license of Seller under any
Intellectual Property now or hereafter owned, obtained or licensable by Seller
or under any Third Party Intellectual Property.

            10.1.2 Infringement.

                  (a) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the
contrary, Seller shall have no obligation to defend, indemnify or hold harmless
Buyer or any of its Affiliates, from any damages, costs or expenses resulting
from any obligation, proceeding or suit based upon any claim that any activity
subsequent to the Closing Date engaged in by Buyer, a customer of Buyer's or
anyone claiming under Buyer, constitutes direct or contributory infringement,
misuse of, or misappropriation of, or inducement to infringe, any Third Party
Intellectual Property.

                  (b) Buyer shall defend, indemnify and hold harmless Seller and
its Affiliates from and against any and all Indemnifiable Losses resulting from
any obligation, proceeding or suit based upon any claim alleging or asserting
direct or contributory infringement,


                                       37
<PAGE>

or misuse or misappropriation of or inducement to infringe by Seller or any of
its Affiliates of any Third Party Intellectual Property, to the extent that such
claim is based on, or would not have arisen but for, activity conducted or
engaged in subsequent to the Closing Date by Buyer, a customer of Buyer's, or
anyone claiming under Buyer.

            10.1.3 Trademark Phaseout.

                  (a) Buyer acknowledges that Seller or its Affiliates are the
owners of Excluded Marks that qualify as Excluded Property under Section 2.3.
Buyer understands and agrees that the Excluded Marks, or any right to or license
of the Excluded Marks, are not being transferred pursuant to this Agreement.
Buyer acknowledges the exclusive and proprietary rights of Seller and its
Affiliates in the use of the Excluded Marks, and Buyer agrees that it shall not
use the Excluded Marks (or any names, domain names, marks or indicia confusingly
similar to the Excluded Marks) except and to the extent expressly set forth in
this Section 10.1.3 or assert any rights or claims in such Excluded Marks (or in
any names, domain names, marks or when confusingly similar to the Excluded
Marks). After the Closing, all Excluded Marks of Seller and its Affiliates shall
be replaced by Buyer, at Buyer's expense, as soon as possible, but in no event
later than one hundred twenty (120) days after the Closing Date for items with
Excluded Marks affixed to them which Buyer has continued to use in Buyer's
operation of the Business, including buildings, vehicles, heavy equipment, hard
hats, tools, tool boxes, kits (safety and others), signs, public (pay)
telephones, manual covers and notebooks. After the Closing, Buyer will not use,
and will destroy or deliver to Seller, all such items with Excluded Marks
affixed to them that have no valid continuing use in Buyer's operation of the
Business, including items affecting customer or employee relations or items that
do not reflect Buyer's true identity. Specific items to be destroyed or returned
include items with Excluded Marks affixed to them including giveaways; order,
purchase or materials forms; requisitions; invoices; statements; time
sheets/labor reports; bill inserts; stationery; personalized note pads; maps;
organization charts; bulletins/releases; sales/price literature; manuals or
catalogs; report covers/folders; program materials; and materials such as media
contact lists/cards. The one hundred twenty (120) day time period for
replacement of Excluded Marks affixed to telephone directories that were already
published or closed for publication at the Closing Date shall be extended to the
expiration date of such directories.

                  (b) Buyer recognizes the great value of the goodwill
associated with the Excluded Marks, and acknowledges that the Excluded Marks and
all rights therein and the goodwill pertaining thereto belong exclusively to
Seller and that the Excluded Marks have a secondary meaning in the minds of the
public. Buyer further agrees that any and all permitted use of the Excluded
Marks pursuant to this Agreement shall inure to the sole and exclusive benefit
of Seller.

                  (c) Buyer agrees that any permitted use of the Excluded Marks
in the operation of the Business after the Closing shall be provided in
accordance with all applicable federal, state and local laws, and that the same
shall not reflect adversely upon the good name of Seller or its Affiliates, and
that the operation of the Business will be of a high standard and skill.

                  (d) Buyer acknowledges that its failure to cease use of the
Excluded Marks as provided in this Agreement, or its improper use of the
Excluded Marks, will result in


                                       38
<PAGE>

immediate and irreparable harm to Seller and its Affiliates. Buyer acknowledges
and admits that there is no adequate remedy at law for such failure to terminate
use of the Excluded Marks, or for such improper use of the Excluded Marks. Buyer
agrees that in the event of such failure or improper use, Seller and its
Affiliates shall be entitled to equitable relief by way of temporary restraining
order, or preliminary or permanent injunction, or any other relief available
under this Agreement.

                  (e) Buyer will not contest the ownership or validity of any
rights of Seller or its Affiliates in the Excluded Marks.

            10.1.4 Third Party Software. To the extent that the transfer of
Purchased Property by Seller to Buyer under this Agreement results in the
transfer of possession to Buyer of software that at the Closing Date is Third
Party Intellectual Property, which software was located in and rightfully used
by Seller in the geographical area of the Purchased Exchanges prior to the
Closing Date in the normal and ordinary operation of the Business pursuant to
Contracts with the owners or licensors of such software ("Third Party
Intellectual Property Contracts"), then subject to Section 2.5, effective as of
the Closing and provided that no payments to any Person other than a Switch
Software vendor (which, if any, shall be paid by Seller) are thereby required,
at Closing Seller shall assign to Buyer, and Buyer shall accept all rights and
licenses if any to posses and use such software pursuant to such Third Party
Intellectual Property Contracts. Buyer agrees that the acceptance by Buyer of
such assignment of the Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts includes the
assumption by Buyer of obligations under such Third Party Intellectual Property
Contracts, including all obligations necessary or incidental to the transfer of
such rights and licenses. Buyer understands and agrees that except as provided
above in this Section 10.1.4, or as expressly provided elsewhere in this
Agreement or in another written agreement between Buyer and Seller, no rights or
licenses to use or possess such software or any Third Party Intellectual
Property are transferred to Buyer. Buyer shall properly dispose of, and shall
not use, any software of which Buyer acquires possession in connection with
Purchased Property and (i) which, after the Closing Date, Buyer knows, or
reasonably should know, is not the subject of a Third Party Intellectual
Property Contract that has been rightfully transferred to Buyer or for (ii)
which Buyer does not have a separate license. Seller makes no warranty or
representation that any Third Party Intellectual Property Contract or any right
therein is assignable in whole or in part to Buyer.

      10.2 Effect of Due Diligence and Related Matters.

                  (a) Buyer represents that it is a sophisticated entity that
was advised by knowledgeable counsel and financial advisors and, to the extent
it deemed necessary, other advisors in connection with this Agreement and has
conducted its own independent review and evaluation of the Purchased Property.
Accordingly, Buyer covenants and agrees that (i) except for the representations
and warranties set forth in this Agreement, Buyer has not relied and will not
rely upon any document or written or oral information furnished to or discovered
by it or its representatives, including any financial data, (ii) there are no
representations or warranties by or on behalf of Seller or its Affiliates or
representatives except for those expressly set forth in this Agreement, and
(iii) to the fullest extent permitted by law, Buyer's rights and obligations
with respect to all of the foregoing matters will be solely as set forth in this
Agreement.


                                       39
<PAGE>

                  (b) Upon the Closing, Buyer shall be deemed to have waived any
claim with respect to a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or
obligation of Seller, or any failure of a condition, hereunder of which Buyer
had knowledge; provided that Buyer shall be deemed to have knowledge of the
information made available to Buyer and/or its representatives during its review
of the Purchased Property prior to the date of this Agreement, which information
is contained in the Due Diligence Documents.

                  (c) After the date of this Agreement and prior to the Closing
Date, Buyer shall promptly notify Seller if Buyer obtains knowledge of any
actual breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or obligation of Seller
or any actual or prospective failure of a condition, hereunder of which Buyer
obtains knowledge. Failure to provide timely notice shall be deemed to
constitute a waiver of any claim with respect to such breach.

      10.3 Confidentiality. Whether or not the Closing occurs, the parties
hereto and their respective officers, directors, employees and representatives
will comply with the Confidentiality Agreement, the provisions of which are
expressly incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.

      10.4 Further Assurances. After the Closing, Seller will use its
commercially reasonable efforts to furnish to Buyer such other instruments and
information as Buyer may reasonably request in order to convey to Buyer title to
the Purchased Property, to be delivered from time to time upon Buyer's
reasonable request.

      10.5 Prorations. The following liabilities shall be prorated between
Seller and Buyer: (i) utility charges (which shall include water, sewer,
electricity, gas and other utility charges) with respect to the Owned Real
Property, the property subject to the Real Property Leases and customer owned
equipment, (ii) rental charges (which shall include rental charges and other
lease payments under the Real Property Leases), (iii) personal services (these
services are charged for a period which includes the Closing Date; this shall
include contract labor), and (iv) real and personal property taxes, ad valorem
taxes, and franchise fees or taxes (collectively, "Periodic Taxes"). With
respect to measurement periods during which the Closing Date occurs (all such
periods of time being hereinafter called "Proration Periods"), the liabilities
described in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of the preceding sentence shall be
apportioned between Seller and Buyer as of the Closing Date, with Buyer bearing
only the expense thereof in the proportion that the number of days remaining in
the applicable Proration Period on and after the Closing Date bears to the total
number of days covered by such Proration Period. Periodic Taxes attributable to
Proration Periods shall be prorated between Buyer and Seller based on the
relative periods the Purchased Property was owned by each respective party
during the fiscal period of the taxing jurisdiction for which such taxes were
imposed by such jurisdiction (as such fiscal period is or may be reflected on
the bill rendered by such taxing jurisdiction). On the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall pay or be reimbursed, on this prorated basis, for Periodic Taxes
that have been paid before the Closing Date. On the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall also be reimbursed, on this prorated basis, for Periodic Taxes that
are to be paid on or after the Closing Date. The reimbursement of Periodic Taxes
that are to be paid on or after the Closing Date shall be based on a reasonable
estimate of the amount of such Periodic Taxes to be paid (based on past
experience). To the extent that Buyer or Seller are not reimbursed on the
Closing Date for Periodic Taxes that are paid after the Closing Date, or, in the
event the estimated amount of the


                                       40
<PAGE>

preceding sentence proves to have been inaccurate, Buyer or Seller shall
promptly forward an invoice to the other party for its reimbursable pro rata
share, if any. If the other party does not pay the invoice within thirty (30)
calendar days of receipt, the amount of such payment shall bear interest at the
rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. Similarly, all prepayments made or
received by Seller or Buyer with respect to service or maintenance agreements
with third parties or license or other fees payable to or by third parties and
relating to the Business shall be prorated on an appropriate basis between
Seller and Buyer.

      10.6 Cost Studies/NECA Matters.

            10.6.1 Prior to Closing. Seller agrees that, with respect to all
toll revenues, settlements, pools, separations studies or similar activities,
Seller shall be responsible for (and shall receive the benefit or suffer the
burden of) any adjustments to contributions, or receipt of funds, by Seller
resulting from any such activities that are related to the operation of the
Business or the ownership or operation of the Purchased Property prior to the
Closing Date. Specifically, this paragraph shall apply, but shall not be limited
to, any matters related to the National Exchange Carrier Association ("NECA")
including the Universal Service Fund ("USF"), Long Term Support ("LTS"), and
Telecommunications Relay Services funds.

            10.6.2 From and After Closing.

                  (a) Buyer shall receive any USF funds, from and after the
Closing Date, as determined by USAC from data submitted by Seller prior to
Closing Date pursuant to FCC Rules and Regulations as stated in Part 36.611 and
Part 36.612 for rural carriers and Part 54 for non-rural carriers. After Closing
Date Buyer shall make all submissions and filings for USF funds for all years
for which Seller had not made a submission prior to Closing Date in accordance
with FCC Rules and Regulations. Within a reasonable time after Buyer's written
request, Seller shall furnish to Buyer such necessary information regarding
Seller's ownership of the Purchased Property during any year for which Buyer
shall make a submission, and such reasonable assistance as required in
connection with Buyer's preparation of necessary filings or submissions.

                  (b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, Buyer's right to receive
all USF revenue is conditioned upon Buyer's payment, from and after the Closing
Date, of all universal service contribution liability assessed by USAC based on
end-user retail revenues for the previous year generated by assets being sold.

      10.7 Customer Deposits. Within thirty (30) days after Closing, Seller
agrees to transfer to Buyer the customer deposits together with any interest
accrued thereon (collectively "Customer Deposits"), together with all of
Seller's obligations and rights to hold the Customer Deposits of the Business,
up to the Closing Date, and Buyer agrees to hold, disburse and retain such
deposits so delivered to it as if it were Seller.

      10.8 Access to Books and Records.

                  (a) After the Closing, Seller will retain all Retained Books
and Records for a period of three (3) years.


                                       41
<PAGE>

                  (b) After the Closing, upon reasonable notice and subject to
the Confidentiality Agreement, the parties will give to the representatives,
employees, counsel and accountants of the other, access, during normal business
hours, to books and records relating to the Business and the Purchased Property,
and will permit such persons to examine and copy such records, in each case to
the extent reasonably requested by the other party in connection with tax and
financial reporting matters (including any Tax Returns and related information,
but not attorney work product or similar work product prepared by accountants),
audits, legal proceedings, governmental investigations and other business
purposes (including such financial information and any receipts evidencing
payment of taxes as may be reasonably requested by Seller to substantiate any
claim for tax credits or refunds); provided, however, that nothing herein will
obligate any party to take actions that would unreasonably disrupt the normal
course of its business or violate the terms of any Contract to which it is a
party or to which it or any of its assets is subject. Seller and Buyer will
cooperate with each other in the conduct of any Tax audit or similar proceedings
involving or otherwise relating to the Business (or the income therefrom or
assets thereof) with respect to any Tax and each will execute and deliver such
powers of attorney and other documents as are necessary to carry out the intent
of this Section 10.8(b).

      10.9 Purchase Price Allocation. Prior to the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall use their good faith efforts to agree to the allocation (the
"Allocation") of the Purchase Price, the Assumed Liabilities and other relevant
items (including, for example, adjustments to the Purchase Price) to the
individual assets or classes of assets within the meaning of Section 1060 of the
IRC. If Buyer and Seller agree to such Allocation prior to Closing, Buyer and
Seller covenant and agree that (i) the values assigned to the assets by the
parties' mutual agreement shall be conclusive and final for all purposes, and
(ii) neither Buyer nor Seller will take any position before any Governmental
Authority or in any judicial proceeding that is in any way inconsistent with
such Allocation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if Buyer and Seller cannot agree
to an Allocation, Buyer and Seller covenant and agree to file and to cause their
respective Affiliates to file, all Tax Returns and schedules thereto (including,
for example, amended returns, claims for refund, and those returns and forms
required under Section 1060 of the IRC and any Treasury regulations promulgated
thereunder) consistent with each of Buyer and Seller's good faith Allocations,
unless otherwise required because of a change in applicable Law.

      10.10 Owned Real Property Transfers. Within sixty (60) days of the date of
this Agreement, Seller shall deliver to Buyer copies of all existing title
insurance policies in Seller's possession covering the Owned Real Property.
Thereafter, no later than thirty (30) days before the Closing Date, Seller shall
deliver (at Seller's expense) to Buyer title commitments for owners' policies of
title insurance prepared by a title insurance company reasonably acceptable to
Buyer and a certified current survey, with respect to all Owned Real Property
included in the Purchased Property and in which Seller purports to own fee
title. Buyer acknowledges that such title commitments shall be for CLTA owners'
policies of title insurance (or its equivalent) unless Buyer has requested in
writing, prior to the date hereof, that such commitments be issued for other
forms of title insurance (in which event, Buyer shall bear all costs and
premiums for such title insurance to the extent attributable to such coverage
being in excess of CLTA coverage or its equivalent). Such title commitments
shall reflect that upon the consummation of the sale to Buyer contemplated by
this Agreement and the payment of all premiums and charges due for such title
insurance, Buyer will be vested with good, fee simple title to such Owned Real


                                       42
<PAGE>

Property, subject only to the exceptions show thereon, the title company's
standard exceptions and exclusions, and such matters that arise after the date
and time of such title commitment. Except as provided in the following sentence,
in the event that Buyer requires endorsements to such title commitments or the
applicable title insurance policies, such endorsements shall be obtained at
Buyer's sole cost and expense and shall not be a condition to Closing. On the
Closing Date, Seller shall convey the Owned Real Property to be transferred to
Buyer subject only to Permitted Encumbrances, provided that Seller may transfer
such property subject to one or more exceptions that are not Permitted
Encumbrances if Seller commits in writing, in form and substance reasonably
acceptable to Buyer, on or before the Closing Date, to cause any such exception
that is not a Permitted Encumbrance to be removed, insured or bonded over to
Buyer's reasonable satisfaction, or if Seller indemnifies Buyer with respect to
such exceptions to Buyer's reasonable satisfaction on or before the Closing
Date. With respect to each parcel of Owned Real Property covered by a title
commitment referenced above, the amount of title insurance provided under the
applicable title insurance policy shall be the fair market value of the
applicable property, which shall be determined by Buyer at its sole cost and
expense using commercially reasonable methods of valuation, provided that all
such valuations shall be consistent with all allocations of the Purchase Price
made hereunder or pursuant to this Agreement, and shall be acceptable to the
title insurance company. The determination of fair market value shall be made in
a timely manner such that the title commitments can be issued in a timely manner
prior to the Closing Date. Seller agrees that prior to Closing it will provide
the title company with such instructions, authorizations, affidavits, and
indemnities as may be reasonably necessary for the title company to issue title
policies to Buyer, dated as of the Closing Date, for all of the Owned Real
Property with so-called non-imputation endorsements. By no later than forty-five
(45) days after the Closing Date, Seller shall deliver to Buyer a final title
insurance policy covering each parcel of the Owned Real Property covered by the
title commitments. Buyer will use its commercially reasonable efforts to work
with the title company between the date hereof and fifty-five (45) days after
Closing Date to resolve any issues with respect to such title commitments.
Seller shall be responsible for the payment of all title insurance premiums
attributable to the CLTA portion of the coverage afforded by each such policy
obtained, and Buyer shall be responsible for the payment of all title insurance
premiums in excess of such amount and for the payment of all endorsement charges
and other fees and costs imposed by the title company.

      10.11 Transaction Taxes. Buyer shall bear and be responsible for paying
any sales, use, transfer, documentary, registration, business and occupation and
other similar taxes (including related penalties (civil or criminal), additions
to tax and interest) imposed by any Governmental Authorities with respect to the
transfer of Purchased Property to Buyer (including the Owned Real Property)
("Transaction Taxes"), regardless of whether the tax authority seeks to collect
the such taxes from Seller or Buyer. Seller shall prepare all tax filings
related to any sales, use, transfer, documentary, registration, business and
occupation and other similar taxes. Seller, fifteen (15) days prior to making
such filings shall provide to the Buyer Seller's work papers for the Buyer's
review and approval. Buyer shall provide to the Seller ten (10) days prior to
the filing date approval of such work papers. Buyer shall also be responsible
for (i) administering the payment of such Transaction Taxes, (ii) defending or
pursuing any proceedings related thereto, and (iii) paying any expenses related
thereto. Seller shall give prompt written notice to Buyer of any proposed
adjustment or assessment of any Transaction Taxes with respect


                                       43
<PAGE>

to the transaction, or of any examination of said transaction in a sales, use,
transfer or similar tax audit. In any proceedings, whether formal or informal,
Seller shall permit Buyer to participate and control the defense of such
proceeding, and shall take all actions and execute all documents required to
allow such participation. Seller shall not negotiate a settlement or compromise
of any Transaction Taxes without the written consent of Buyer, which consent
shall not be unreasonably withheld.

      10.12 Bulk Sales Laws. Seller and Buyer waive compliance with applicable
laws under any version of Article 6 of the Uniform Commercial Code adopted by
any state or any similar law relating to the sale of inventory, equipment or
other assets in bulk in connection with the sale of the Purchased Property.

      10.13 Prepaid Non-Regulated Maintenance Agreements. Within thirty (30)
days following Closing, Seller shall pay to Buyer an amount equal to the pro
rata portion of all prepaid but unearned revenues from Seller's customers for
all non-regulated maintenance agreements as of the Closing Date.

      10.14 Vehicle Registration. Buyer agrees to use its commercially
reasonable efforts to file promptly the appropriate vehicle title applications
and registrations to change the name of the titled owner on each vehicle title
certificate and change the motor vehicle registration (with respect to license
plate information) on each vehicle being transferred to Buyer from Seller
pursuant to this Agreement. Buyer agrees that it shall remove and destroy
Seller's existing license plates from all vehicles received upon the earlier of
receipt of new license plates or sixty (60) days following Closing.

      10.15 Carrier Access Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition. Seller
shall render its own final carrier access bills to its interexchange carriers
for minutes, messages and other applicable charges up to the Closing Date.
Seller shall be responsible for collecting and settling any disputes associated
with its final bills to the interexchange carriers.

      10.16 End-User Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition. Buyer agrees to
purchase Seller's Earned End-User Accounts Receivable and make payment to Seller
for those accounts in the manner described below:

                  (a) Seller shall transfer to Buyer, as soon as reasonably
available after Closing, all open end-user customer account records to Buyer as
of the end of business on the Closing Date. Following the Closing, Buyer shall
be responsible for administering those records including the application of cash
receipts to customer accounts, whether related to services rendered before or
after the Closing. Seller shall promptly forward to Buyer all customer payments
and related remittance documents received by Seller after the Closing for
processing by Buyer.

                  (b) Within twenty (20) days following the Closing, Seller
shall provide an accounting to Buyer of the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable
Amount and the Customer Advances as well as the most recent twelve (12) month
history of Seller's uncollectible net writeoffs expressed as a percentage of
billings for the Business (the "Uncollectible Factor"). This data and the
resulting calculation of the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount


                                       44
<PAGE>

shall be summarized in an accounts receivable settlement statement (the
"Accounts Receivable Settlement Statement"). Within thirty (30) days following
the Closing, Buyer shall remit to Seller an amount equal to 80% of the Earned
End-User Accounts Receivable Amount less 100% of the Customer Advances. Within
sixty (60) days following the Closing, Buyer shall remit an additional 15% of
the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount and within ninety (90) days will
remit the final 5%.

                  (c) Not later than ten (10) days prior to the due dates for
the sixty (60) and ninety (90) day payments referred to in Section 10.16(b),
Seller will provide Buyer with an updated Accounts Receivable Settlement
Statement reflecting any adjustments based upon non-sufficient funds checks,
billing adjustments or other facts that relate to pre-closing activity that
became known after the preparation of the original statement.

                  (d) If at any time during the ninety (90) day period following
the Closing, Buyer or Seller discovers any material discrepancy in the Accounts
Receivable Settlement Statement, both parties agree to use commercially
reasonable efforts to resolve any discrepancy in a timely manner, and also agree
to make payments related to any undisputed amounts as set forth above.

                  (e) At any time between ninety (90) and two hundred seventy
(270) days following the Closing, Buyer may, at its discretion, prepare an
analysis of actual bad debt write-off experience related to the Earned End-User
Accounts Receivable purchased from Seller. If such analysis reasonably
demonstrates that write-offs have exceeded the estimated amount in the final
Accounts Receivable Settlement Statement (as had been calculated using the
Uncollectible Factor) by more than 10%, Seller will pay to Buyer the full amount
of the difference within thirty (30) days of receipt of Buyer's request for
payment, together with Buyer's write-off analysis, Buyer will provide Seller
sufficient detail in its write-off analysis, and as reasonably necessary, access
to billing and collection records, to allow Seller to validate the accuracy of
Buyer's request. Any disputes regarding the amounts of such request shall be
settled using the procedure described in Section 3.3(d).

                                   ARTICLE 11
                         EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEE MATTERS

      11.1 Employment of Transferred Employees. Subject to the other provisions
of this Section 11.1, all Active Employees of Seller employed in the Business,
and all Active Employees of Seller and its Affiliates whose duties relate
primarily to the Business, on the Closing Date (hereinafter collectively
referred to as "Transferred Employees") shall be employed by (or become the
responsibility of, as applicable) Buyer as of the Closing Date in the same or
comparable positions, and at the same or comparable total compensation
(including base pay and bonus), as were in effect on the Closing Date, except as
otherwise provided in this Agreement. For purposes of the preceding sentence,
the term "Active Employees" shall include all full-time and part-time employees,
employees on military leave, maternity leave, leave under the Family and Medical
Leave Act of 1993, short-term disability, on layoff with recall rights, and
employees on other approved leaves of absence with a legal or contractual right
to reinstatement. For a period of twelve (12) months following the Closing Date,
Buyer shall not actively solicit either directly or indirectly through any
agents, and Buyer shall not permit any of its Affiliates to


                                       45
<PAGE>

actively solicit either directly or indirectly through any agents, any person
who retires or otherwise terminates from any employment at or in association
with Seller during the six-month period beginning three (3) months before the
Closing Date, and Buyer shall neither employ nor permit any of its Affiliates to
employ any individuals who are identified to Buyer by Seller as individuals who
terminated from any employment or association with Seller during such six-month
period. On or before the execution date of this Agreement, Seller shall have
delivered to Buyer a list of the persons who would have been Transferred
Employees had the Closing Date occurred on August 31, 1999, showing the
following information for each such person: (i) the name of each such person;
(ii) the name of his or her current employer; (iii) his or her current base pay,
1998 bonus and projected 1999 bonus; (iv) his or her hire date, any rehire date
(if available) and years of service; (v) his or her then-current position; (vi)
whether such employee is (x) subject to a collective bargaining agreement or
represented by a labor organization, if any, and including the name and date of
each such bargaining agreement or (y) on military leave, maternity leave, leave
under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, short-term disability, on layoff
with recall rights or on other approved leave of absence with a legal or
contractual right to reinstatement; and (vii) for any employee who is not
employed exclusively in the Business, a description of the nature of his or her
employment and the percentage of his or her time actually allocated to the
Business in calendar year 1998. Seller shall update such list at such time or
times requested by Buyer, but not more often than as of the end of each calendar
quarter occurring between the execution date hereof and the Closing Date,
commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 1999, and as of the month
ending immediately prior to the Closing Date, in each case assuming the Closing
Date had occurred on such date, and shall deliver such updated lists to Buyer
within ten (10) days after the end of each such calendar quarter or month-end,
as applicable. Any person who is not on such list as updated as of the end of
the month immediately preceding the Closing Date shall not be a Transferred
Employee, and for all purposes under this Agreement the Transferred Employees
shall include only those persons on such list as updated as of such month-end
who continue to be Active Employees of Seller employed in the Business or Active
Employees of Seller and its Affiliates whose duties relate primarily to the
Business, on the Closing Date.

            11.1.1 Assumption of Collective Bargaining Agreement Obligations. On
and after the Closing Date, Buyer, as successor employer to Seller, shall assume
all of the employer's obligations under, and be bound by the provisions of, each
collective bargaining agreement to the extent of provisions covering Transferred
Employees. Seller shall cooperate with Buyer in Buyer's efforts to contact the
unions representing Transferred Employees.

            11.1.2 Assumption of Employment and Other Agreements. On and after
the Closing Date, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or in Schedule
11.1.2, Buyer, as successor employer to Seller, shall assume all obligations of
each employment agreement or any other agreement by Seller relating to
conditions of employment, employment separation, severance, or employee benefits
in connection with the Transferred Employees, but only to the extent that they
have been disclosed to Buyer on Schedule 8.1.16(a) and copies have been
furnished to Buyer as soon as administratively practicable prior to the
execution of this Agreement. To the extent that Buyer assumes any obligations
under this Article 11, Buyer may reduce or eliminate benefits under any
agreement, plan, policy or program only to the extent required to comply with
applicable law, or to the extent that Seller, its Affiliates, or any


                                       46
<PAGE>

successors or assigns, make amendments or changes to its benefit plans, policies
or programs to eliminate or reduce benefits. Until the fifth anniversary of the
Closing Date, Seller promptly shall deliver to Buyer a copy of each material
amendment or change that Seller makes to its Plans and Employment Agreements to
eliminate or reduce benefits thereunder and shall confirm to Buyer on an annual
basis whether, and the extent to which, it has amended its Plans and Employment
Agreements and provide sufficient detail to enable Buyer to determine whether
Seller has reduced or eliminated benefits thereunder. After the fifth
anniversary of the Closing Date, Buyer may amend such plans, policies, and
programs in any manner it determines, consistent with applicable law and
collective bargaining agreements.

            11.1.3 Recognition of Transferred Employee Service. On and after the
Closing Date, and subject to the provisions of any applicable collective
bargaining agreement, and except as otherwise provided in this Article 11, Buyer
shall recognize the service of each Transferred Employee for all
employment-related purposes determined in accordance with the practices and
procedures of Seller in effect on the Closing Date, as if such service had been
rendered to Buyer.

            11.1.4 Assumption of Obligation to Pay Bonuses. Transferred
Employees shall not accrue benefits under any employee benefit policies, plans,
arrangements, programs, practices, or agreements of Seller or any of its
Affiliates after the Closing Date. Buyer shall assume the obligation to pay to
Transferred Employees any bonuses that would have been payable to the
Transferred Employees with respect to the calendar year in which the Closing
Date occurs had the Transferred Employees remained employees of Seller or one of
its Affiliates, in accordance with the provisions of the policy, plan,
arrangement, program, practice or agreement under which the bonus would have
been paid.

            11.1.5 No Duplicate Benefits. Nothing in this Agreement shall cause
duplicate benefits to be paid or provided to or with respect to a Transferred
Employee under any employee benefit policies, plans, arrangements, programs,
practices, or agreements.

            11.1.6 Affiliate Employees. If any employee identified in the list
provided pursuant to Section 11.1 is an employee of an Affiliate of Seller whose
duties relate primarily to the Business, he or she shall be considered a
Transferred Employee and shall be treated under this Agreement in a manner that
is comparable to the treatment given to the Transferred Employees who are
employed by Seller, except that his or her service as of the Closing Date shall
be determined in accordance with the practices and procedures of his or her
employer, as disclosed to Buyer in accordance with Section 11.1.2.

      11.2 Transferred Employee Benefit Matters.

            11.2.1 Defined Benefit Plans.

                  (a) Seller Pension Plans. As of the date of this Agreement,
Seller participates in the following single-employer defined benefit pension
plans maintained in the United States:

                        (i) the GTE Service Corporation Plan for Employees'
Pensions (the "Seller Salaried Pension Plan"); and


                                       47
<PAGE>

                        (ii) the GTE Midwest Incorporated Plan for Hourly-Paid
Employees' Pensions (the "Seller Hourly Pension Plan").

            The plans identified in this Section 11.2.1(a) shall be referred to
collectively in this Agreement as the "Seller Pension Plans," and each such plan
shall be referred to individually as a "Seller Pension Plan."

                  (b) Buyer Obligations. Buyer shall take all actions necessary
and appropriate to ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date,
Buyer maintains or adopts one or more pension plans (hereinafter referred to in
the aggregate as the "Buyer Pension Plans" and individually as the "Buyer
Pension Plan") effective as of the Closing Date and to ensure that each Buyer
Pension Plan satisfies the following requirements as of the Closing Date: (i)
the Buyer Pension Plan is a qualified, single-employer defined benefit plan
under Section 401(a) of the IRC; (ii) any Buyer Pension Plan that was in effect
before the Closing Date shall not have any "accumulated funding deficiency," as
defined in Section 302 of ERISA and Section 412 of the IRC, whether or not
waived, immediately before the Closing Date; (iii) the Buyer Pension Plan is not
the subject of termination proceedings or a notice of termination under Title IV
of ERISA; (iv) the Buyer Pension Plan does not exclude Transferred Employees
from eligibility to participate therein; (v) the Buyer Pension Plan does not
violate the requirements of any applicable collective bargaining agreement; and
(vi) with respect to Transferred Employees who were participants in the Seller
Hourly Pension Plan by virtue of their coverage under a collective bargaining
agreement on the Closing Date, the terms of the Buyer Pension Plan are
substantially identical in all material respects to the terms of the Seller
Hourly Pension Plan. For purposes of this Section 11.2.1, Transferred Employees
who were participants in the Seller Hourly Pension Plan other than by virtue of
their coverage under a collective bargaining agreement on the Closing Date shall
be treated as Transferred Employees who, on the Closing Date, participate in the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan. Within the 30-day period immediately preceding any
transfer of assets and liabilities from a Seller Pension Plan to a Buyer Pension
Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.1(b), Buyer shall provide Seller with a
written certification, in a form acceptable to Seller, that the Buyer Pension
Plan satisfies each of the requirements set forth in this Section 11.2.1(b).

                  (c) Transfer of Liabilities.

                        (i) In accordance with the provisions of this Section
11.2.1, Buyer shall cause the Buyer Pension Plans to accept all liabilities for
benefits under the Seller Pension Plans, whether or not vested, that would have
been paid or payable (but for the transfer of assets and liabilities pursuant to
this Section 11.2.1) to or with respect to the Transferred Employees under the
terms of the Seller Pension Plans and that are "Section 411(d)(6) protected
benefits" (as defined by Section 411(d)(6) of the IRC and the regulations
thereunder) that have accrued under the Seller Pension Plan to or with respect
to the Transferred Employees based on accredited service and compensation under
the Seller Pension Plans as of the Closing Date. For a period of not less than
five (5) years after the Closing Date, and unless otherwise required to comply
with applicable law or permitted by Section 11.1.2, Buyer shall not amend the
Buyer Pension Plans, or permit the Buyer Pension Plans to be amended, to
eliminate any benefit, whether or not vested, with respect to which liabilities
are transferred pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this subsection (i), to
the extent any such benefit is a "Section 411(d)(6) protected


                                       48
<PAGE>

benefit" (as defined by Section 411(d)(6) of the IRC and the regulations
thereunder). On or before the Closing Date, Seller or an Affiliate thereof shall
take action to fully vest Transferred Employees in their benefits (if any) under
the Seller Pension Plans.

                        (ii) (A) For purposes of eligibility and vesting under
the Buyer Pension Plans, each Transferred Employee whose accrued benefit is
transferred from a Seller Pension Plan to a Buyer Pension Plan shall be credited
with service as of the Closing Date as determined under the terms of the Seller
Pension Plan. The benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan for each Transferred
Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller Hourly Pension
Plan by virtue of his or her coverage under a collective bargaining agreement,
shall be calculated under terms of the Buyer Pension Plan that are substantially
identical in all material respects to the terms of the Seller Hourly Pension
Plan. The benefit for each Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date,
participates in the Seller Salaried Pension Plan, shall not be less than the
greater of (x) the sum of the Transferred Employee's "Seller Pension" and "Buyer
Pension," or (y) the Transferred Employee's "Total Service Pension," each as
determined under the rules set forth in subsection (c)(iii) of this Section
11.2.1.

                              (B) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below,
each Transferred Employee who, as of the Closing Date, participates or formerly
participated in the Seller Salaried Pension Plan and who, under the terms of the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan, has at least 15 years of accredited service and
combined years of age and accredited service of at least 74 as of the Closing
Date shall be eligible, after the Transferred Employee's employment with the
Buyer and its Affiliates is terminated and after the Transferred Employee's
combined years of age and years of accredited service equal or exceed 76, to
receive his or her "Seller Pension" (as determined under the rules set forth in
subsection (c)(iii) of this Section 11.2.1) as an immediate early retirement
pension under the applicable Buyer Pension Plan in accordance with early
retirement provisions that are no less favorable to the Transferred Employee
than the early retirement provisions of the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of
the Closing Date. For a period of at least five (5) years following the Closing
Date, the Buyer shall cause any agreement, pursuant to which the accrued benefit
of any Transferred Employee under a Buyer Pension Plan is transferred to another
pension plan, to incorporate a provision in substance identical to this
subsection (ii)( B).

                              (C) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below,
the benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan of a GATT Grandfathered Participant,
when expressed in the form of a lump sum, shall not be less than the benefit
under the Buyer Pension Plan determined without regard to the changes to Section
417 of the IRC made by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act. The method used to
convert a GATT Grandfathered Participant's accrued benefit into a lump-sum
amount under the Buyer Pension Plan after 1999 shall be not less favorable to a
GATT Grandfathered Participant than the method used for similar purposes by the
Seller Pension Plan. For purposes of this paragraph (c)(ii)(C), "GATT
Grandfathered Participant" shall mean a Transferred Employee (x) with respect to
whom liabilities are transferred pursuant to this subsection (c) and (y) who,
taking service from Buyer into account as service with Seller, would have been
eligible under the Seller Pension Plan, but for the transfer of liabilities
pursuant to this subsection (c), to have his benefit under the Seller Pension
Plan (when


                                       49
<PAGE>

expressed in the form of a lump sum) determined without regard to the changes to
Section 417 of the IRC made by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act.

                              (D) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below,
each Transferred Employee who, as of the Closing Date, participates or formerly
participated in the Seller Hourly Pension Plan shall be eligible, after the
Transferred Employee's employment with Buyer and its Affiliates is terminated,
to receive an early retirement pension under the Buyer Pension Plan in
accordance with early retirement provisions that are no less favorable to the
Transferred Employee than the early retirement provisions of the Seller Hourly
Pension Plan as of the Closing Date.

                              (E) Notwithstanding paragraphs (B), (C), and (D),
above, if the actuary for the Buyer Pension Plan certifies in writing (with a
copy to Seller) that the Buyer Pension Plan will violate the requirements
imposed by Treasury Regulation section 1.401(a)(4)-4 unless certain benefits
otherwise called for by such paragraphs are not provided by the Buyer Pension
Plan, Buyer shall cause such benefits to be provided under a nonqualified
deferred compensation plan, rather than under the Buyer Pension Plan, at the
same time and in the same form as they otherwise would have been provided under
the Buyer Pension Plan; provided that (1) such benefits shall be provided by the
Buyer Pension Plan to the maximum extent possible without causing the Buyer
Pension Plan to violate Treasury Regulation section 1.401(a)(4)-4; and (2) to
the extent that any benefit payable outside of the Buyer Pension Plan pursuant
to this paragraph (E) is payable to an individual who is not a member of a
"select group of management or highly compensated employees" within the meaning
of Sections 201(2), 301(a)(3), and 401(a)(1) of ERISA, Buyer shall cause a cash
payment or payments to be made to each such individual within 24 months of the
termination of the individual's employment with Buyer, in addition to all other
payments due or otherwise payable to such individual, in an amount that is
reasonably calculated to be actuarially equivalent, on a pre-tax basis, to the
value of such benefit.

                        (iii) (A) The Buyer Pension Plan benefit of a
Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller Hourly
Pension Plan by virtue of his or her coverage under a collective bargaining
agreement, shall be calculated as set forth in paragraph (c)(ii)(A) of this
Section 11.2.1.

                              (B) The Buyer Pension Plan benefit of a
Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller
Salaried Pension Plan, shall be calculated by applying the benefit formula set
forth in paragraph (c)(ii)(A) of this Section 11.2.1, in accordance with the
rules described in the remainder of this paragraph (B). A Transferred Employee's
"Seller Pension" shall be calculated by applying the benefit formula under the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan (as in effect on the Closing Date) to the
Transferred Employee's service and compensation credited under the Seller
Salaried Pension Plan as of the Closing Date. A Transferred Employee's "Buyer
Pension" shall be not less than an amount calculated by applying the benefit
formula under the Buyer Pension Plan to the Transferred Employee's total
accredited service and compensation under the Buyer Pension Plan (including
service and compensation credited under the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of
the Closing Date as if such service and compensation had been earned under the
Buyer Pension Plan and service and compensation credited under the Buyer Pension
Plan after the Closing Date), multiplied by the ratio of


                                       50
<PAGE>

accredited service earned after the Closing Date to such total accredited
service; provided that for a period of at least five (5) years following the
Closing Date, Buyer shall cause the benefit formula used in determining such
"Buyer Pension" to provide "section 411(d)(6)" benefits at least as valuable as
were provided under the benefit formula applicable to the Transferred Employee
under the Seller Salaried Pension Plan on the Closing Date. A Transferred
Employee's "Total Service Pension" shall be calculated by applying the benefit
formula under the Buyer Pension Plan (before its amendment to reflect the five
(5) year inclusion of Seller's formula) to the Transferred Employee's accredited
service (including service and compensation credited with the Seller under the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of the Closing Date as if such service and
compensation was earned under the Buyer Pension Plan and service and
compensation credited under the Buyer Pension Plan on and after the Closing
Date). For purposes of computing a Transferred Employee's "Total Service
Pension," compensation received by such a Transferred Employee from the Seller
shall be treated as compensation received from the Buyer. The Seller Pension,
the Buyer Pension, and the Total Service Pension shall take into account the
Transferred Employee's actual age and entire period of service (including
service credited under the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of the Closing Date
and service credited under the Buyer Pension Plan on and after the Closing Date)
for vesting and benefit eligibility purposes.

                              (C) Each Transferred Employee who is eligible to
receive a benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan may elect to receive the portion
of said benefit that is equal to the Seller Pension in any form, and with any
early retirement or other actuarial subsidy, that was available under the Seller
Pension Plan on the Closing Date, without regard to whether the Transferred
Employee is eligible to elect or receive, or does elect or receive, the same
form of payment or early retirement or actuarial subsidy for the remainder of
the pension under the Buyer Pension Plan.

                        (iv) Within sixty (60) days after the Closing Date,
Seller shall deliver to Buyer a list reflecting each Transferred Employee's
service and compensation under each of the Seller Pension Plans and each
Transferred Employee's accrued benefit thereunder as of the Closing Date.

                  (d) Transfer of Assets.

                        (i) In accordance with the provisions of subsection
(d)(i) of this Section 11.2.1 and subject to the provisions of subsection
(d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1, Seller shall direct the trustee of the Seller
Pension Plans to transfer to the trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Pension
Plan the amount required to be transferred by Section 414(l) of the IRC and the
regulations thereunder for all Transferred Employees whose accrued benefits are
transferred to a Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to Section (c) of this Section
11.2.1, determined using the following assumptions (the "Pension Assets"):

            Interest Rate: Rate used to value annuities under PBGC Regulation
            ss. 4044.52(a)(1) for the month in which the Closing Date occurs

            Annual Rate of Increase in Salaries: 0%


                                       51
<PAGE>

            Annual Rate of Increase in Social Security Taxable Wage Base: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Consumer Price Index: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Limits on Benefits and Compensation: 0%

            Mortality: Rates specified under PBGC Regulationss.4044.53(c)

            Termination: None

            Disability: None

            Retirement: Expected retirement age as specified under PBGC
            Regulation ss. 4044.55

            Lump Sums: None

            All other demographic assumptions to match those used by Seller in
            the preparation of financial statement disclosures under Statement
            of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87 for the 1998 fiscal year.

            In no event shall the amount of Pension Assets transferred be less
            than the Projected Benefit Obligation associated with all the
            liabilities being assumed in the aggregate in Section 11.2.1(c)
            using the assumptions specified by Seller in the preparation of its
            financial statement disclosures under Statement of Financial
            Accounting Standards No. 87 for the 1998 fiscal year.

The Pension Assets shall be transferred in cash. Except in the case of an
arithmetical error in the calculation of the amount of Pension Assets to be
transferred, under no circumstances shall Seller or the Seller Pension Plans be
liable to transfer any additional amount to Buyer or a Buyer Pension Plan or any
other person in respect of the accrued benefits transferred to a Buyer Pension
Plan pursuant to Section (c) of this Section 11.2.1, including but not limited
to any circumstance under which any person (including a governmental agency)
states a claim to some portion or all of the Pension Assets.

                        (ii) Seller shall appoint an actuary ("Seller's
Actuary") to determine the amount to be transferred pursuant to subsection
(d)(i) of this Section 11.2.1 and shall provide such determination to Buyer,
together with a computer file containing all of the data used by Seller's
actuary to calculate Pension Assets, within ninety (90) days after the Closing
Date. Buyer shall appoint an actuary ("Buyer's Actuary") who shall have the
right to audit and review the determination made by Seller's Actuary. If Buyer's
Actuary is unable to agree with Seller's Actuary on the amount of the transfer
within ninety (90) days after Seller informs Buyer of the amount to be
transferred and provides Buyer with the computer file containing all of the data
used by Seller's actuary to calculate Pension Assets, Seller and Buyer shall
jointly select a third actuary, whose determination shall be binding on Seller
and Buyer. Each of Seller and Buyer shall bear the fees, costs and expenses of
their respective actuaries, and


                                       52
<PAGE>

the fees, costs, and expenses of the third actuary shall be borne one-half by
Seller and one-half by Buyer.

                        (iii) Interest on the Pension Assets shall accrue from
the Closing Date to the actual date of transfer at the assumed discount rate
used in accordance with paragraph (i) of this Section (d); provided that any
Pension Assets that are distributed from the Seller Pension Plans before the
date of transfer pursuant to subsection (d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1 shall be
credited with interest (such interest to be credited to the Buyer Pension Plans)
only from the Closing Date to the date of distribution.

                        (iv) Under the terms of each Buyer Pension Plan, the
accrued benefit of each Transferred Employee immediately after the transfer of
assets and liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall not be less than
the sum of each Transferred Employee's accrued benefits under the Seller Pension
Plan and the Buyer Pension Plan immediately before the transfer of assets and
liabilities. Neither Seller nor its Affiliates nor the Seller Pension Plans nor
any trustee thereof shall retain any liability for benefits under the Seller
Pension Plans for any Transferred Employee with respect to whom cash has been
transferred to a Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 or
distributed pursuant to subsection (d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1.

                        (v) In connection with the transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.1, Seller and Buyer shall cooperate
with each other in making all appropriate filings required by the IRC or ERISA
and the regulations thereunder, and the transfer of assets and liabilities
pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall not take place until as soon as
practicable after the latest of (i) the expiration of the 30-day period
following the filing of any required notices with the IRS pursuant to Section
6058(b) of the IRC, or (ii) the date Buyer has delivered to Seller (xx) a copy
of the Buyer Pension Plan and a copy of the most recent determination letter
from the IRS to the effect that the Buyer Pension Plan is qualified under
Section 401(a) of the IRC, together with documentation reasonably satisfactory
to Seller of the due adoption of any amendments to the Buyer Pension Plan
required by the IRS as a condition to such qualification and a certification
from Buyer that no events have occurred that adversely affect the continued
validity of such determination letter (apart from the enactment of any Federal
law for which the remedial amendment period under Section 401(b) of the IRC has
not yet expired), and (yy) information enabling the enrolled actuary for the
Buyer Pension Plan to issue the certification required by Section 6058(b) of the
IRC.

                        (vi) (A) If, after the Closing Date and before the date
of transfer of assets and liabilities from the Seller Pension Plans pursuant to
this Section 11.2.1, the accrued benefit as of the Closing Date becomes payable
under a Seller Pension Plan to or with respect to a Transferred Employee, Buyer
shall (xx) furnish GTE Service Corporation with a copy of a properly completed
application for such benefits, and (yy) direct GTE Service Corporation to
instruct the trustee of the Seller Pension Plan to make benefit payments in the
form and amount determined by GTE Service Corporation in accordance with the
properly completed application for benefits. Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to comply with any such direction.


                                       53
<PAGE>

                              (B) Notwithstanding anything herein to the
contrary, the assets and liabilities to be transferred from the trustee of the
Seller Pension Plans to the trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Pension Plan
pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall be reduced, as provided in this subsection
(vi), to reflect any benefit payments made pursuant to this subsection (vi)
regardless of the form in which paid and any expenses described in paragraph (B)
of this subsection (vi) that have not otherwise been paid pursuant to this
subsection (vi).

            11.2.2 Savings Plans.

                  (a) As of the date of this Agreement, Seller participates in
the GTE Savings Plan and the GTE Hourly Savings Plan (collectively referred to
as the "Seller Savings Plans"). Except as provided in Section (g) of this
Section 11.2.2, Transferred Employees shall not be entitled to make
contributions to or to benefit from matching or other contributions under the
Seller Savings Plans on and after the Closing Date.

                  (b) Buyer shall take all action necessary and appropriate to
ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Buyer maintains or
adopts one or more savings plans (hereinafter referred to in the aggregate as
the "Buyer Savings Plans" and individually as the "Buyer Savings Plan")
effective as of the Closing Date and to ensure that each Buyer Savings Plan
satisfies the following requirements as of the Closing Date: (i) the Buyer
Savings Plan is a qualified, single-employer individual account plan under
Section 401(a) of the IRC; (ii) the Buyer Savings Plan does not exclude
Transferred Employees from eligibility to participate therein; (iii) the Buyer
Savings Plan permits Transferred Employees to make before-tax contributions
(under Section 401(k) of the IRC) and provides for matching contributions by the
Buyer; and (iv) the Buyer Savings Plan does not violate the requirements of any
applicable collective bargaining agreement. Within the thirty (30) day period
immediately preceding any transfer of assets and liabilities from a Seller
Savings Plan to a Buyer Savings Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Buyer
shall provide Seller with a written certification, in a form acceptable to
Seller, that the Buyer Savings Plan satisfies each of the requirements set forth
in this Section (b).

                  (c) (i) Seller shall fully vest the Transferred Employees in
their account balances under the Seller Savings Plan as of the Closing Date and
shall direct the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans to transfer to the trustee
or funding agent of the Buyer Savings Plans an amount in cash equal in value to
the account balances of the Transferred Employees covered by the Seller Savings
Plans as of the date of the transfer; provided that to the extent the account
balances to be transferred consist in whole or in part of outstanding loans,
Seller shall direct the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans to transfer to the
trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Savings Plans, in lieu of cash, the
promissory notes and related documents evidencing such loans. Buyer and Seller
shall take such actions as may be required to effect the assignment of such
loans by the trustee of the Seller Savings Plan to the trustee or funding agent
of the Buyer Savings Plan, and Buyer shall cause the trustee or funding agent of
the Buyer Savings Plan to accept the assignment of such loans.

                        (ii) After the date of the transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Buyer shall assume all liabilities
for the benefits payable to or with respect to such Transferred Employees under
the Seller Savings Plans, and Seller and the Seller Savings Plans and their
implementing trust shall retain no liability for such benefits.


                                       54
<PAGE>

                  (d) For purposes of eligibility and vesting under the Buyer
Savings Plans, each Transferred Employee shall be credited with service as of
the Closing Date as determined under the terms of the Seller Savings Plans. As
soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees covered by
the Seller Savings Plans, together with each Transferred Employee's service
under each of the Seller Savings Plans as of the Closing Date.

                  (e) In connection with the transfer of assets and liabilities
pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Seller and Buyer shall cooperate with each
other in making all appropriate filings required by the IRC or ERISA and the
regulations thereunder, and the transfer of assets and liabilities pursuant to
this Section 11.2.2 shall not take place until as soon as practicable after the
latest of (i) the expiration of the thirty (30) day period following the filing
of any required notices with the IRS pursuant to Section 6058(b) of the IRC, and
(ii) the date Buyer has delivered to Seller (xx) a copy of the Buyer Savings
Plan and a copy of the most recent determination letter from the IRS to the
effect that the Buyer Savings Plan is qualified under Sections 401(a) and 401(k)
of the IRC, together with documentation reasonably satisfactory to Seller of the
due adoption of any amendments to the Buyer Savings Plan required by the IRS as
a condition to such qualification and a certification from Buyer that no events
have occurred that adversely affect the continued validity of such determination
letter (apart from the enactment of any Federal law for which the remedial
amendment period under Section 401(b) of the IRC has not yet expired).

                  (f) As of the Closing Date, Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees who have
outstanding loans under the Seller Savings Plans, together with copies of said
Transferred Employees' notes, disclosure statements, and security agreements
under the Seller Savings Plans. Seller shall also notify Buyer within thirty
(30) days after the Closing Date of any Transferred Employee who initiated a
loan within thirty (30) days before the Closing Date. Subject to obtaining the
consent of the applicable Transferred Employee if required by law, from the
Closing Date until the earliest of (i) the actual date of transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.2; (ii) the full amortization of the
Transferred Employee's indebtedness; (iii) the distribution of the entire
balance of the Transferred Employee's accounts; or (iv) the last date on which
Buyer or one of its Affiliates pays remuneration to the Transferred Employee,
Buyer or its Affiliate shall (x) continue the payroll deductions pursuant to
which each such Transferred Employee is discharging indebtedness to a Seller
Savings Plan and (y) remit the deducted funds to Fidelity Management Trust
Company, the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans, as soon as practicable, but in
no event more than thirty (30) days, after the date of deduction, together with
an accounting that identifies the Transferred Employees with respect to whom the
funds were deducted and the amount deducted for each Transferred Employee. All
such remitted funds shall be transferred to the appropriate Seller Savings Plan
and applied to reduce the appropriate Transferred Employee's outstanding
indebtedness. Buyer's obligations under this Section (f) are limited to payroll
deductions of loan repayments by the Transferred Employees and remittance of
those funds, and nothing herein shall be construed to obligate Buyer to repay to
Seller any portion of the outstanding indebtedness of the Transferred Employees
that are not otherwise discharged by the Transferred Employees themselves.


                                       55
<PAGE>

                  (g) Seller shall make all required matching contributions with
respect to the Transferred Employees' contributions made to the Seller Savings
Plan by the Transferred Employees in respect of the period ending on or before
the Closing Date in the year containing the Closing Date that would have been
eligible for matching contributions without regard to any continued service
(e.g., last day of the year employment or 1000 hours) requirements. Such
matching contributions shall be made not later than the date on which all other
matching contributions are made to the Seller Savings Plans with respect to
contributions made at the same time as the Transferred Employees' contributions.
For not less than five (5) calendar years following the Closing Date (including
the year in which the Closing occurs), Buyer shall, subject to applicable plan
qualification requirements, provide salaried Transferred Employees with a
matching contribution in the Buyer's Savings Plan equal to $.75 for each $1
contributed by Transferred Employees up to six percent (6%) of compensation (as
defined in Buyer's Savings Plan).

            11.2.3 Welfare Plans.

                  (a) Buyer shall take all action necessary and appropriate to
ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Buyer maintains or
adopts, as of the Closing Date, one or more employee welfare benefit plans,
including medical, health, dental, flexible spending account, accident, life,
short-term disability, and long-term disability and other employee welfare
benefit plans providing preretirement welfare benefits for the benefit of (i)
the non-bargained Transferred Employees (the "Non-union Welfare Plans") and (ii)
the union-represented Transferred Employees in accordance with the provisions of
applicable collective bargaining agreements (the "Bargained Welfare Plans"). The
Non-union Welfare Plans and the Bargained Welfare Plans are hereinafter referred
to collectively as the "Buyer Welfare Plans." The Buyer Welfare Plans shall
provide as of the Closing Date pre-retirement benefits to Transferred Employees
(and their dependents and beneficiaries) that, in the aggregate, are comparable
to the pre-retirement benefits to which they were entitled under the
corresponding employee welfare benefit plans maintained by Seller on the Closing
Date. For purposes of determining eligibility to participate in each Buyer
Welfare Plan, each Transferred Employee shall be credited with service,
determined under the terms of the corresponding welfare plans maintained by
Seller on the Closing Date (hereinafter referred to collectively as the "Seller
Welfare Plans"). Any restrictions on coverage for pre-existing conditions or
requirements for evidence of insurability under the Buyer Welfare Plans shall be
waived for Transferred Employees, and Transferred Employees shall receive credit
under the Buyer Welfare Plans for co-payments and payments under a deductible
limit made by them and for out-of-pocket maximums applicable to them during the
plan year of the Seller Welfare Plan in accordance with the corresponding Seller
Welfare Plans. As soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Seller shall
deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees who had credited service
under a Seller Welfare Plan, together with each such Transferred Employee's
service, co-payment amounts, and deductible and out-of-pocket limits under such
plan.

                  (b) (i) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b)(ii) or
(b)(iii) of this Section (b) or in an applicable collective bargaining
agreement, Buyer shall provide or cause to be provided retiree medical, health,
and life benefits to each Transferred Employee (or the dependents or
beneficiaries of such Transferred Employee, as the case may be) under the


                                       56
<PAGE>

same terms and conditions as apply to comparable employees of Buyer, and Seller
shall have no obligation to provide retiree medical, health, and life benefits
in respect of any Transferred Employee on or after the Closing Date.

                        (ii) Subject to Section 11.4, below, following the
retirement from Buyer and its Affiliates or any successor thereof of a
Transferred Employee who is not subject to a collective bargaining agreement as
of the Closing Date, who has combined age and years of accredited service
(within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) as of the Closing Date equal to
at least 66, and who as of his or her retirement has combined age and years of
accredited service (within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) equal to at
least 76 and at least 15 years of accredited service (within the meaning of the
Seller Pension Plan) (a "Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee"), Seller shall
provide or cause to be provided to each such Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee (and/or his or her dependents and beneficiaries) retiree medical,
health, and life benefits under terms and conditions that are substantially
identical to the terms and conditions under the corresponding programs offered
by Seller to its similarly situated noncollectively bargained employees retiring
as of the Closing Date; provided that nothing in this subsection (b)(ii) shall
be construed to prevent any Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee (or his or her
dependents or beneficiaries) from voluntarily relinquishing such benefits. For a
period of five (5) years following the retirement of each Retired Nonunion
Transferred Employee from Buyer and its Affiliates or any successor thereof,
Buyer shall reimburse Seller, in accordance with this subsection (b)(ii), for
the cost of the retiree medical, health, and life coverage for which Seller is
responsible and that Seller actually provides pursuant to this subsection
(b)(ii). The five (5) year time period for this reimbursement obligation shall
be determined separately in respect of each Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee. For each year for which Buyer is required to reimburse Seller under
this subsection (b)(ii), Buyer shall pay Seller annually in arrears, within 30
days after Seller provides a statement therefor to Buyer, (A) $4,000 with
respect to each Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee who has not yet attained
age 65 during the year for which the payment is made and $4,000 with respect to
each spouse who is covered with respect to a Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee and who has not yet attained age 65 during the year for which the
payment is made, and (B) $1,800 with respect to each Retired Nonunion
Transferred Employee who has attained at least age 65 during the year for which
the payment is made and $1,800 with respect to each spouse who is covered with
respect to a Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee and who has attained at least
age 65 during the year for which the payment is made. No reimbursement shall be
due with respect to any dependent, other than a spouse, covered with respect to
a Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee. The reimbursement obligation for
partial years shall be prorated based on the portion of the year covered by the
obligation. Each Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee (or his or her dependent
or beneficiary, as the case may be) who is provided benefits by Seller under
this subsection (b)(ii) shall be required to pay to Seller any premium,
contribution or other payment required under, and shall be subject to any
copayment or deductible required under, the terms of Seller's applicable retiree
medical, health, or life benefit plan; to the extent that any amount
constituting such a payment is deducted from any plan, program, or arrangement
maintained by Buyer or one of its Affiliates or is otherwise paid to Buyer or
one of its Affiliates by such person, Buyer shall cause such amount to be paid
to Seller as soon as administratively practicable.


                                       57
<PAGE>

                        (iii) In addition to any other benefits to be provided
pursuant to this Article XI, following the retirement from Buyer and its
Affiliates or any successor thereof of a Transferred Employee who is subject to
a collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing Date and who as of his or
her retirement has combined age and years of accredited service (within the
meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) equal to at least 76 and at least 15 years
of accredited service (within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) (a
"Retired Union Transferred Employee"), Buyer shall provide or cause to be
provided to each such Retired Union Transferred Employee (and/or his or her
dependents and beneficiaries) retiree medical, health, and life benefits, for a
period of at least five (5) years following the Closing Date, under terms and
conditions that are substantially identical to the terms and conditions under
the corresponding programs offered by Seller to its similarly situated
collectively bargained employees retiring as of the Closing Date.

                        (iv) Benefits provided pursuant to subsections (b)(ii)
and (b)(iii) of this Section (b) (including for this purpose, the determination
of who is eligible for such benefits) shall take into account service with Buyer
or any of its Affiliates on and after the Closing Date in the same manner as if
such post-Closing Date service was performed with Seller. Buyer shall provide
Seller with such information as shall be reasonably required to implement the
immediately preceding sentence with respect to subsection (b)(ii) of this
Section (b).

                  (c) Buyer shall refer to GTE Service Corporation and GTE
Service Corporation shall assume responsibility for any valid claim under a
Seller Welfare Plan for disability, medical, or dental benefits made by a
Transferred Employee on or after the Closing Date arising from a disability or
loss incurred on or before the Closing Date. Nothing in this Section 11.2.3
shall require Seller, any Affiliate of Seller, or the Seller Welfare Plans to
make any payment or to provide any benefit not otherwise provided by the terms
of the Seller Welfare Plans.

                  (d) Seller, Buyer, their respective Affiliates, and the Seller
Welfare Plans and the Buyer Welfare Plans shall assist and cooperate with each
other in the disposition of claims made under the Seller Welfare Plans pursuant
to subsection (c) of this Section 11.2.3, and in providing each other with any
records, documents, or other information within its control or to which it has
access that is reasonably requested by any other as necessary or appropriate to
the disposition, settlement, or defense of such claims.

                  (e) Except as otherwise provided in Section 11.2.3(f), nothing
in this Agreement shall require Seller or its Affiliates to transfer assets or
reserves with respect to the Seller Welfare Plans to Buyer or the Buyer Welfare
Plans.

                  (f) Seller will make available to Buyer, prior to the Closing
Date, a list of those Transferred Employees that have participated in the health
or dependent care reimbursement accounts of Seller under the GTE Flexible
Reimbursement Plan (the "FRP"), together with the elections made prior to the
Closing Date with respect to such accounts through the Closing Date, any
balances standing to the credit of Transferred Employees, and the corresponding
amounts being transferred to the corresponding Buyer's plan in accordance with
the following sentence. As of the Closing Date, Seller shall cause the portion
of the FRP


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<PAGE>

applicable to Transferred Employees to be segregated into a separate component
and all account balances of the Transferred Employees in the FRP shall be
transferred to a flexible reimbursement plan that Buyer shall cause to be
maintained for the duration of the calendar year in which the Closing Date
occurs.

                  (g) On and for a period of at least three (3) years after the
Closing Date, Transferred Employees not subject to a collective bargaining
agreement shall be eligible for benefits under a Buyer severance or separation
pay policy or plans that are the same as or comparable to the severance or
separation pay policy benefits that are provided by Seller (or the applicable
Affiliate, if the Transferred Employee is employed by an employer other than the
Seller) or a Seller Pension Plan as of the Closing Date. Buyer shall recognize
the service of each such Transferred Employee with Seller and its Affiliates for
eligibility, vesting, and benefit determinations under the Buyer severance or
separation pay policy or plan. Transferred Employees subject to a collective
bargaining agreement shall be eligible for severance or separation pay benefits
in accordance with the terms of the applicable collective bargaining agreement.

      11.3 Miscellaneous Benefits.

            11.3.1 Vacation.

                  (a) On or after the Closing Date, Buyer shall allow
Transferred Employees to receive paid time off in the calendar year of the
Closing for any unused vacation time accrued prior to the Closing Date. Seller
and its Affiliates shall have no liability to Transferred Employees for the
vacation payments described in this Section 11.3.1. Seller shall pay Transferred
Employees any banked vacation on or before the Closing Date. Schedule 11.3.1 to
be prepared by Seller and submitted to Buyer on or before the Closing Date shall
list the accrued but unused vacation pay, as of the Closing Date, of each
Transferred Employee for the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs.

                  (b) For purposes of determining a Transferred Employee's
eligibility for vacation under Buyer's vacation plan, a Transferred Employee
shall be credited, as of the first day of the first calendar year that begins
after the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs, with service for the
calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs in an amount equal to the
aggregate of the Transferred Employee's service with both Seller and Buyer
during the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs.

            11.3.2 Transferred Employee Statements. Within sixty (60) days after
the Closing Date, Seller shall prepare and distribute to all Transferred
Employees an accurate and complete statement of their accrued benefits under
Seller's Pension Plans as of the Closing Date and shall provide Buyer with a
true and complete copy of the same. Such statements shall be sufficiently
detailed to readily permit Buyer and the Transferred Employees to determine the
accuracy thereof.


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<PAGE>

      11.4 Employee Rights.

            Nothing herein expressed or implied shall confer upon any employee
of Seller or its Affiliates, or Buyer or its Affiliates, or upon any legal
representative of such employee, or upon any collective bargaining agent, any
rights or remedies, including any right to employment or continued employment
for any specified period, of any nature or kind whatsoever under or by reason of
this Agreement.

            Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to confer upon any person
(nor any beneficiary thereof) any rights under or with respect to any plan,
program, or arrangement described in or contemplated by this Agreement, and each
person (and any beneficiary thereof) shall be entitled to look only to the
express terms of any such plan, program, or arrangement for his or her rights
thereunder.

            Nothing in this Agreement shall cause Buyer or its Affiliates, nor
Seller or its Affiliates to have any obligation to provide employment or any
employee benefits to any individual who is not a Transferred Employee or, except
as otherwise provided in Section 11.1.2 with respect to employment agreements,
to continue to employ any Transferred Employee for any period of time following
the Closing Date.

      11.5 WARN Act Requirements.

            On and after the Closing Date, Buyer shall be responsible with
respect to Transferred Employees and their beneficiaries for compliance with the
Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 and any other
applicable law, including any requirement to provide for and discharge any and
all notifications, benefits, and liabilities to Transferred Employees and
government agencies that might be imposed as a result of the consummation of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise.

      11.6 Indemnification.

            11.6.1 Indemnification of Seller. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in Article 12 of this Agreement, Buyer shall indemnify and hold
harmless Seller, its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers,
employees, agents, and assigns, and each employee benefit plan or arrangement
maintained or contributed to by Seller or an Affiliate thereof (whether or not
such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of
Section 3(3) of ERISA) and its administrators, fiduciaries, and agents, from and
against any and all claims, demands, actions, administrative or other
proceedings, causes of action, liability, loss, cost, damage, and expense
(including reasonable attorneys' fees) (i) in any way arising out of or incurred
as a result of any action by Buyer, its Affiliates, their respective directors,
officers, employees, or agents, the administrators or fiduciaries of any
employee benefit plan maintained or contributed to by Buyer or an Affiliate
thereof (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan"
within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), or any of their successors, except
as otherwise expressly permitted under this Agreement, to change, reduce
contributions to, terminate, fail to continue, fail to pay benefits under, or
fail to manage or administer properly any employee benefit plan or arrangement
(whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within
the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA) on or


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<PAGE>

after the Closing Date, or (ii) in any way arising out of or incurred as a
result of any action that is a breach of any the covenants, representations,
warranties, or obligations of any such person under this Agreement.

            11.6.2 Indemnification of Buyer. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in Article 12 of the Agreement, Seller shall indemnify and hold
harmless Buyer, its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers,
employees, agents, and assigns, and each employee benefit plan or arrangement
maintained or contributed to by Buyer or an Affiliate thereof (whether or not
such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of
Section 3(3) of ERISA) and its administrators, fiduciaries, and agents, from and
against any and all claims, demands, actions, administrative or other
proceedings, causes of action, liability, loss, cost, damage, and expense
(including reasonable attorneys' fees) (i) in any way arising out of or incurred
as a result of any action by Seller, its Affiliates, their respective directors,
officers, employees, or agents, the administrators or fiduciaries of any
employee benefit plan maintained or contributed to by Seller or an Affiliate
thereof (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan"
within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), or any of their successors, to
fail to pay benefits under, or fail to manage or administer properly any
employee benefit plan or arrangement (whether or not such plan or arrangement is
an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA) before
the Closing Date, or (ii) in any way arising out of or incurred as a result of
any action that is a breach of any the covenants, representations, warranties,
or obligations of any such person under this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 12
                                 INDEMNIFICATION

      12.1 Survival of Representations. Warranties and Covenants.

                  (a) The representations and warranties contained in Sections
8.1.6 and 8.2.6 will survive the Closing and remain in full force and effect
indefinitely. Each of the other representations and warranties contained in
Article 8 will terminate, without further action, on the date which is fifteen
(15) months following the Closing Date (the "Expiration Date").

                  (b) This Article 12 shall survive any termination of this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and the indemnification contained in this
Article 12 shall survive the Closing and shall remain in effect (i)
indefinitely, with respect to any Indemnifiable Claim related to the breach of
any representation or warranty which pursuant to Section 12.1(a) survives
indefinitely, (ii) indefinitely or for the applicable period of performance for
such covenant (provided that in the case of covenants, the Indemnitee shall have
60 days after the end of such performance period to provide notice to the
Indemnifying Party of a claim for indemnification arising during the performance
period), with respect to any Indemnifiable Claim arising under Section
12.2(a)(ii)(B) (post closing covenants), (iii) indefinitely, with respect to any
Indemnifiable Claim arising under Section 12.2(a)(iii) (Retained Liabilities) or
12.2(b)(iii) (Assumed Liabilities), and (iv) until the Expiration Date for any
Indemnifiable Claims that are not specified in any of the preceding clauses.
Unless a claim for indemnification with respect to any alleged breach of any
representation or warranty is asserted by notice given as herein provided that
specifically identifies a particular breach and the underlying facts relating
thereto, which notice is given within the applicable period of survival for such
representation or warranty, such claim may not be pursued and is irrevocably
waived after such time. Without limiting the generality or effect of the
foregoing, no claim for indemnification with respect to any representation or


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<PAGE>

warranty will be deemed to have been properly made except (i) to the extent it
is based upon a Third Party Claim made or brought prior to the expiration of the
survival period for such representation or warranty, or (ii) to the extent based
on Indemnifiable Losses actually incurred by an Indemnitee prior to the
expiration of the survival period for such representation or warranty.

      12.2 Indemnification.

                  (a) Following the Closing and subject to the other sections of
this Article 12, Seller will indemnify, defend and hold harmless Buyer and its
Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, and agents from and against
all Indemnifiable Losses relating to, resulting from or arising out of (i) any
inaccuracy in any of the representations and warranties made by Seller in
Section 8.1 of this Agreement, (ii) a breach by Seller of any covenant of Seller
contained in this Agreement, which covenant requires performance by Seller (A)
prior to or at the Closing, or (B) after the Closing, and (iii) any of the
Retained Liabilities.

                  (b) Following the Closing and subject to the other sections of
this Article 12, Buyer will indemnify, defend and hold harmless Seller and its
Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, and agents from and against
all Indemnifiable Losses relating to, resulting from or arising out of (i) any
inaccuracy in any of the representations or warranties made by Buyer in Section
8.2 of this Agreement, (ii) a breach by Buyer of any covenant of Buyer contained
in this Agreement, which covenant requires performance by Buyer prior to, at or
after the Closing, and (iii) any of the Assumed Liabilities.

                  (c) Payments made under this Section 12.2 shall be treated by
Buyer and Seller as purchase price adjustments and Buyer and Seller shall file
all Tax Returns consistent with such treatment. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained herein, neither party shall be indemnified or reimbursed for
any Tax consequences arising from the receipt or accrual of an indemnity payment
hereunder including any Tax consequences arising from adjustments to the basis
of any asset resulting from an adjustment to the Purchase Price or any
additional or reduced taxes resulting from any such basis adjustment.

                  (d) In the event that a claim against an Indemnifying Party
arises under both Section 12.2(a)(i) and Section 12.2(a)(ii), or under both
Section 12.2(b)(i) and Section 12.2(b)(ii), then the Indemnitee's rights to
pursue its claim under Section 12.2(a)(ii) or Section 12.2(b)(ii), as
applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions of Section 12.3(d).

                  (e) In the event that a claim against an Indemnifying Party
arises under both Section 12.2(a)(i) and Section 12.2(a)(iii), or under both
Section 12.2(b)(i) and Section 12.2(b)(iii), then the Indemnitee's rights to
pursue the claim under Section 12.2(a)(iii) or Section 12.2(b)(iii), as
applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 12.3(d).

                  (f) In the event a claim against an Indemnifying Party arises
under both Section 12.2(a)(ii) and 12.2(a)(iii), or under both Section
12.2(b)(ii) and 12.2(b)(iii), then


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<PAGE>

the Indemnitee's rights to pursue the claim under Section 12.2(a)(iii) or
Section 12.2(b)(iii), as applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions
of Section 12.3(d).

      12.3 Limitations on Liability.

                  (a) For purposes of this Agreement, (i) "Indemnification
Payment" means any amount of Indemnifiable Losses required to be paid pursuant
to this Agreement, (ii) "Indemnitee" means any person or entity entitled to
indemnification under this Agreement, (iii) "Indemnifying Party" means any
person or entity required to provide indemnification under this Agreement, and
(iv) "Indemnifiable Losses" means any losses, liabilities, damages, costs and
expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses) actually incurred
in connection with any actions, suits, demands, assessments, judgments and
settlements, in any such case (x) reduced by the amount of insurance proceeds
recovered from any person or entity with respect thereto, and (y) excluding any
such losses, liabilities damages, costs and expenses to the extent that the
underlying liability or obligation is the result of any action taken or omitted
to be taken by any Indemnitee.

                  (b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this
Agreement, if the Closing occurs, (i) no claim for indemnification may be
asserted under Section 12.2(a) with respect to any matter discovered by or known
to Buyer on or before the date of this Agreement, or after the date of this
Agreement and on or before the Closing Date to the extent that Buyer has not
provided timely notice to Seller of the existence of such claim in accordance
with Section 10.2, and (ii) no claim for indemnification may be asserted under
Section 12.2(b) with respect to any matter discovered by or known to Seller on
or before the Closing Date.

                  (c) As between Seller and any Affiliate of Seller, on the one
hand, and Buyer and any Affiliate of Buyer, on the other hand, the remedies,
rights and obligations set forth in this Article 12, Sections 10.1.2, 11.2.2,
11.6, 13.3 and the Ancillary Agreements will be the exclusive remedies, rights
and obligations with respect to the liabilities and obligations referred to in
Section 12.2 and any breach of the representations, warranties or covenants set
forth in this Agreement. Without limiting the foregoing, as a material
inducement to entering into this Agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by
law, each of the parties waives any claim or cause of action that it otherwise
might assert, and any breach of the representations, warranties or covenants set
forth in this Agreement, except for claims or causes of action brought under and
subject to the terms and conditions of this Article 12 and Sections 10.1.2, 11.6
and 13.3 or any Indemnifiable Losses arising out of actual fraud.

                  (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement or
of any applicable Law, no Indemnitee will be entitled to make a claim against an
Indemnifying Party under Sections 11.2.2, 11.6, 12.2(a)(i) or 12.2(b)(i) until:

                        (i) the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses
incurred by the Indemnitee for any individual occurrence or related series of
occurrences giving rise to such Indemnifiable Losses exceeds $25,000, and

                        (ii) the aggregate amount of claims that may be asserted
for such Indemnifiable Losses pursuant to Section 12.3(d)(i) exceeds an amount
equal to 2% of the


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<PAGE>

Purchase Price, but only to the extent such amount, if any, (a) exceeds an
amount equal to 2% of the Purchase Price and (b) is less than the amount set
forth in Section 12.3(e).

                  (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the
indemnification obligations of Seller under Section 12.2(a) (except with respect
to indemnification for inaccuracies of the representations contained in Sections
8.1.1 through 8.1.6) or the indemnification obligation of Buyer under Section
12.2(b) will not exceed the amount of an amount equal to 6.5% of the Purchase
Price respectively.

                  (f) No Indemnifying Party shall be liable to or obligated to
indemnify any Indemnitee hereunder for any consequential, special, multiple,
punitive or exemplary damages including, but not limited to, damages arising
from loss or interruption of business, profits, business opportunities or
goodwill, loss of use of facilities, loss of capital, claims of customers, or
any cost or expense related thereto, except to the extent such damages have been
recovered by a third person and are the subject of a Third Party Claim for which
indemnification is available under the express terms of this Section 12.

                  (g) Seller and Buyer shall cooperate with each other with
respect to resolving any claim or liability with respect to which one party is
obligated to indemnify the other party hereunder, including by making
commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate or resolve any such claim or
liability.

      12.4 Defense of Claims.

                  (a) If any Indemnitee receives notice of the assertion of any
claim or of the commencement of any action or proceeding by any entity that is
not a party to this Agreement or an Affiliate of such a party (a "Third Party
Claim") against such Indemnitee, with respect to which an Indemnifying Party is
obligated to provide indemnification under this Agreement, the Indemnitee will
give such Indemnifying Party reasonably prompt written notice thereof, but in
any event not later than ten (10) calendar days after receipt of notice of such
Third Party Claim; provided, however, that the failure of the Indemnitee to
notify the Indemnifying Party shall only relieve the Indemnifying Party from its
obligation to indemnify the Indemnitee pursuant to this Article 12 to the extent
that the Indemnifying Party is materially prejudiced by such failure (whether as
a result of the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses or otherwise). Upon
receipt of notification of a Third Party Claim, the Indemnifying Party shall be
entitled, upon written notice to the Indemnitee, to assume the investigation and
defense thereof with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnitee. Whether
or not the Indemnifying Party elects to assume the investigation and defense of
any Third Party Claim, the Indemnitee shall have the right to employ separate
counsel and to participate in the investigation and defense thereof; provided,
however, that the Indemnitee shall pay the fees and disbursements of such
separate counsel unless (i) the employment of such separate counsel has been
specifically authorized in writing by the Indemnifying Party, (ii) the
Indemnifying Party has failed to assume the defense of such Third Party Claim
within reasonable time after receipt of notice thereof with counsel reasonably
satisfactory to such Indemnitee, or (iii) the named parties to the proceeding in
which such claim, demand, action or cause of action has been asserted include
both the Indemnifying Party and such Indemnitee and, in the reasonable judgment
of counsel to such Indemnitee, there exists one or more defenses that may be
available to the Indemnitee that are in conflict with those


                                       64
<PAGE>

available to the Indemnifying Party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the
Indemnifying Party shall not be liable for the fees and disbursements of more
than one counsel for all Indemnified Parties in connection with any one
proceeding or any similar or related proceedings arising from the same general
allegations or circumstances. Without the prior written consent of the
Indemnitee, the Indemnifying Party will not enter into any settlement of any
Third Party Claim that would lead to liability or create any financial or other
obligation on the part of the Indemnitee unless such settlement includes as an
unconditional term thereof the release of the Indemnitee from all liability in
respect of such Third Party Claim. If a settlement offer solely for money
damages is made by the applicable third party claimant, and the Indemnifying
Party notifies the Indemnitee in writing of the Indemnifying Party's willingness
to accept the settlement offer and pay the amount called for by such offer
without reservation of any rights or defenses against the Indemnitee, the
Indemnitee may continue to contest such claim, free of any participation by the
Indemnifying Party, and the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to
such Third Party Claim that the Indemnifying Party has an obligation to pay
hereunder shall be limited to the lesser of (A) the amount of the settlement
offer that the Indemnitee declined to accept plus the Losses of the Indemnitee
relating to such Third Party Claim through the date of its rejection of the
settlement offer or (B) the aggregate Losses of the Indemnitee with respect to
such claim.

                  (b) Any claim by an Indemnitee on account of an Indemnifiable
Loss that does not result from a Third Party Claim (a "Direct Claim") will be
asserted by giving the Indemnifying Party reasonably prompt written notice
thereof, but in any event not later than thirty (30) calendar days after an
Executive Officer of the Indemnitee becomes actually aware of the incurrence
thereof, and the Indemnifying Party will have a period of thirty (30) calendar
days within which to respond in writing to such Direct Claim. If the
Indemnifying Party does not so respond within such thirty (30) calendar day
period, the Indemnifying Party will be deemed to have rejected such claim, in
which event the Indemnitee will be free to pursue such remedies as may be
available to the Indemnitee on the terms and subject to the provisions of this
Article 12.

                  (c) If after the making of any Indemnification Payment the
amount of the Indemnifiable Loss to which such payment relates is reduced by
recovery, settlement or otherwise under any insurance coverage, or pursuant to
any claim, recovery, settlement or payment by or against any other entity, the
amount of such reduction (less any costs, expenses, premiums or taxes incurred
in connection therewith) will promptly be repaid by the Indemnitee to the
Indemnifying Party. Upon making any Indemnification Payment, the Indemnifying
Party will, to the extent of such Indemnification Payment, be subrogated to all
rights of the Indemnitee against any third party that is not an Affiliate of the
Indemnitee in respect of the Indemnifiable Loss to which the Indemnification
Payment relates; provided that (i) the Indemnifying Party shall then be in
compliance with its obligations under this Agreement in respect of such
Indemnifiable Loss, and (ii) until the Indemnitee recovers full payment of its
Indemnifiable Loss, all claims of the Indemnifying Party against any such third
party on account of said Indemnification Payment will be subrogated and
subordinated in right of payment to the Indemnitee's rights against such third
party. Without limiting the generality or effect of any other provision of this
Article 12, each such Indemnitee and Indemnifying Party will duly execute upon
request all instruments reasonably necessary to evidence and perfect the
above-described subrogation and subordination rights.


                                       65
<PAGE>

      12.5 No Indemnifiable Claims Resulting From Governmental Authority Action.
Buyer has no indemnifiable or otherwise compensable claim that any of Seller's
representations or warranties in Section 8.1 (other than Sections 8.1.4(b),
8.1.15 and 8.1.25) is inaccurate, or that any covenant has been breached, to the
extent that such claim is predicated on any action by the FCC or PSC undertaken
after Closing or any action the FCC or PSC requires Seller to undertake after
Closing. Buyer may only bring such a claim to the extent that its basis is
independent of any such FCC or PSC action.

                                   ARTICLE 13
                                   TERMINATION

      13.1 Termination Rights. This Agreement may be terminated at any time
prior to the Closing Date:

                  (a) at any time by mutual written consent of the parties;

                  (b) by Buyer if any of the conditions provided in Section 6.1
of this Agreement have not been met within eighteen (18) months after execution
of this Agreement and have not been waived by Buyer;

                  (c) by Seller if any of the conditions provided in Section 6.2
of this Agreement have not been met within eighteen (18) months after execution
of this Agreement and have not been waived by Seller;

                  (d) by Seller if any obligations of Buyer provided in Article
3 become incapable of being fulfilled; or

                  (e) by either party immediately upon written notice to the
other party if any Governmental Authority issues an order forbidding or
enjoining the consummation of the transaction contemplated hereby and such order
has become final and non-appealable.

      13.2 Goodfaith Performance. Neither party shall be entitled to exercise
any right of termination pursuant to subsection 13.1(b), (c) or (d) above if
such party shall not have performed diligently and in good faith the obligations
required to be performed by such party hereunder prior to the date of
termination.

      13.3 Effect of Termination.

                  (a) If this Agreement is terminated as a result of a Material
Adverse Effect or Section 13.1(a), this Agreement shall be of no further force
and effect and there shall be no further liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates,
directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives.

                  (b) If this Agreement is terminated by Buyer pursuant to
Section 13.1(b), this Agreement shall be of no further force and effect and
there shall be no further obligations or liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective


                                       66
<PAGE>

Affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives;
provided, however, that no such termination shall relieve Seller of liability
for any claims, damages or losses suffered by Buyer as a result of the negligent
or willful failure of Seller to perform any obligations required to be performed
by it hereunder on or prior to the date of termination. Notwithstanding anything
herein to the contrary, in no event shall the any act or omission of Seller in
connection with the Merger be deemed to be a breach of the terms and conditions
of this Agreement for purposes of this Section 13.3(b).

                  (c) If this Agreement is terminated by Seller pursuant to
Section 13.1(c) or (d), this Agreement shall be of no further force and effect
and there shall be no further obligations or liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates,
directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives; provided,
however, that in the event such termination is the result of the breach by Buyer
of any of its obligations required to be performed by it hereunder on or prior
to the date of termination, and Buyer has failed to cure such non-performance
within a reasonable period after notice from Seller, then Buyer shall pay to
Seller liquidated damages in an amount equal to ten (10) percent of the Purchase
Price. Such liquidated damages amount is designed to compensate Seller for its
lost opportunity costs and reliance damages caused by such termination. Buyer
shall promptly pay such amount to Seller in immediately available funds
following such termination.

                  (d) Upon any termination of the Agreement, each of the parties
shall promptly comply with the obligations of the Confidentiality Agreement
regarding return or destruction of Evaluation Material of the other party.

                  (e) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein,
the provisions of this Section 13.3 and of Sections 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.8,
14.11, 14.13 and 14.14 shall survive any termination of this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 14
                                  MISCELLANEOUS

      14.1 Notices. All notices and other communications required or permitted
hereunder shall be in writing and, unless otherwise provided in this Agreement,
will be deemed to have been given when delivered in person or dispatched by
electronic facsimile transfer (confirmed in writing by certified mail,
concurrently dispatched) or one business day after having been dispatched for
next-day delivery by a nationally recognized overnight courier service to the
appropriate party at the address specified below:

            (a)   If to Buyer, to:

                  Citizens Utilities Company
                  High Ridge Park
                  Stamford, Connecticut  06905
                  Attention:  Donald P. Weinstein
                  Facsimile No.: (203) 614-4625


                                       67
<PAGE>

                  With a copy to:

                  Citizens Utilities Company
                  High Ridge Park
                  Stamford, Connecticut  06905
                  Attention:  L. Russell Mitten, II, Esq.
                  Facsimile No.: (203) 614-4625

                  Fleischman and Walsh, L.L.P.
                  1400 Sixteenth Street, N.W.
                  Washington, D.C.  20036
                  Attention:  Jeffry L. Hardin, Esq.
                  Facsimile No.: (202) 387-3467

            (b)   If to Seller, to:

                  William M. Edwards, III
                  Vice President - Property Repositioning
                  600 Hidden Ridge, HQE02J27
                  Irving, TX  75038
                  Facsimile No. (972) 719-7062

                  With a copy to:

                  Dale R. Chamberlain
                  Legal Counsel - Property Repositioning
                  600 Hidden Ridge, HQE02J34
                  Irving, TX  75038
                  Facsimile No. (972) 719-7162

            or to such other address or addresses as any such party may from
time to time designate for itself by like notice.

      14.2 Information Releases. The parties shall consult with each other (and
allow the other party notice, and a reasonable time to comment) in preparing any
employee announcement, press release, public announcement, news media response
or other form of release of information concerning this Agreement or the
transactions contemplated hereby that is intended to provide such information to
the employees generally, news media or the public. Neither party shall issue or
cause the publication of any press release, public announcement or media
response without the prior written consent of the other party; provided,
however, that, after allowing the other party notice and a reasonable time to
comment prior to issuance, nothing herein will prohibit either party from making
an employee announcement, or issuing or causing publication of any press
release, public announcement or media response to the extent that such action is
required by applicable Law or the rules of any national stock exchange
applicable to such party or its Affiliates.


                                       68
<PAGE>

      14.3 Expenses. Whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby are
consummated and except as otherwise expressly provided herein, each party will
pay any expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by it incidental to this
Agreement and in consummating the transactions provided for herein.

      14.4 Successors and Assigns. This Agreement will be binding upon and inure
to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and
permitted assigns, but is not assignable or delegable by any party without the
prior written consent of the other party; provided, that (a) Seller may assign
this Agreement to an Affiliate of Seller without the consent of Buyer including,
on and after the closing of the Merger, the ultimate parent entity of the
successor corporation to such merger or any entity controlled thereby; and (b)
Buyer may assign this Agreement, without the prior written consent of Seller, to
any directly or indirectly wholly owned subsidiary of Buyer provided such
subsidiary assumes in writing all the duties and obligations of Buyer hereunder.
No such assignment by Buyer shall in any way operate to enlarge, alter or change
any obligation due to Seller or relieve Buyer of its obligations hereunder if
such subsidiary fails to perform such obligations, with the understanding that
Buyer shall be jointly and severally liable with such subsidiary for any
non-performance of Buyer's obligations hereunder.

      14.5 Amendments. This Agreement may be amended or modified only by a
subsequent writing signed by authorized representatives of both parties.

      14.6 Captions. The captions set forth in this Agreement are for
convenience only and shall not be considered as part of this Agreement, nor as
in any way limiting or amplifying the terms and provisions hereof.

      14.7 Entire Agreement. The term "Agreement" shall mean collectively this
document, the Schedules hereto and any agreements expressly incorporated herein.
This Agreement supersedes and revokes any prior discussions and representations,
other agreements, commitments, arrangements or understandings of any sort
whatsoever, whether oral or written, that may have been made or entered into by
the parties relating to the matters contemplated hereby. This Agreement, the
Confidentiality Agreement and the Ancillary Documents constitute the entire
agreement by and among the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof,
and there are no representations, warranties, agreements, commitments,
arrangements or understandings except as expressly set forth herein.

      14.8 Waiver. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement,
neither the failure nor any delay on the part of any party to exercise any
right, power or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall
any single or partial exercise or waiver of any such right, power or privilege
preclude any other or further exercise thereof, or the exercise of any other
right, power or privilege available to each party at law or in equity.

      14.9 Third Parties. Except as expressly provided herein, nothing contained
in this Agreement is intended to confer upon any Person, other than the parties
hereto and their successors and permitted assigns, any rights or remedies under
or by reason of this Agreement.


                                       69
<PAGE>

      14.10 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more
counterparts, any or all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument.

      14.11 Governing Law. This Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements shall in
all respects be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the
State of New York (except that no effect shall be given to any conflicts of law
principles of the State of New York that would require the application of the
laws of any other jurisdiction). The parties irrevocably submit to the exclusive
jurisdiction of any New York State Court or any Federal Court located in the
borough of Manhattan in the City of New York for purposes of any suit, action or
other proceeding arising out of this Agreement, the Ancillary Agreements or any
transaction contemplated hereby or thereby. The parties agree that service of
process, summons or notice or document by U.S. registered mail to such party's
respective address set forth in Section 14.1 shall be effective service of
process for any action, suit or proceeding in New York with respect to any
matters to which it has submitted to jurisdiction as set forth above in the
immediately preceding sentence. The parties hereto irrevocably and
unconditionally waive trial by jury in any legal action or proceeding relating
to this Agreement or any other agreement entered into in connection therewith
and for any counterclaim with respect thereto. In the event of any breach of the
provisions of this Agreement or any other agreement entered into in connection
therewith, the non-breaching party shall be entitled to equitable relief,
including in the form of injunctions and orders for specific performance, where
the applicable legal standards for such relief in such courts are met, in
addition to all other remedies available to the non-breaching party with respect
thereto at law or in equity.

      14.12 Further Assurances. From time to time, as and when requested by one
of the parties, the other party will use its commercially reasonable efforts to
execute and deliver, or cause to be executed and delivered, all such documents
and instruments as may be reasonably necessary or appropriate, in the reasonable
opinion of counsel for Seller and Buyer, to consummate and make effective the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      14.13 Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is determined to be
invalid, illegal or unenforceable by any Governmental Authority, the remaining
provisions of this Agreement to the extent permitted by Law shall remain in full
force and effect provided that the essential terms and conditions of this
Agreement for both parties remain valid, binding and enforceable and provided
that the economic and legal substance of the transactions contemplated is not
affected in any manner materially adverse to any party. In the event of any such
determination, the parties agree to negotiate in good faith to modify this
Agreement to fulfill as closely as possible the original intents and purposes
hereof. To the extent permitted by Law, the parties hereby to the same extent
waive any provision of Law that renders any provision hereof prohibited or
unenforceable in any respect.


                                       70
<PAGE>

      14.14 Representation by Counsel; Interpretation. Seller and Buyer each
acknowledge that each party to this Agreement has been represented by counsel in
connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this
Agreement. Accordingly, any rule of Law or any legal decision that would require
interpretation of any claimed ambiguities in this Agreement against the party
that drafted it has no application and is expressly waived. The provisions of
this Agreement shall be interpreted in a reasonable manner to effect the intent
of Buyer and Seller.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties, acting through their duly authorized
agents, have caused this Agreement to be duly executed and delivered as of the
date first above written.

GTE MIDWEST INCORPORATED                 CITIZENS UTILITIES COMPANY

By: ______________________________       By: ______________________________

Name: ____________________________       Name: ____________________________

Title: ___________________________       Title: ___________________________


                                       71

<PAGE>

================================================================================

                            ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

                                     Between

                            CONTEL OF MINNESOTA, INC.

                                       and

                           CITIZENS UTILITIES COMPANY

                                  May 27, 1999

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                           Page

ARTICLE 1   DEFINITIONS......................................................1

      1.1   Terms............................................................1

      1.2   Interpretation..................................................10

ARTICLE 2   PURCHASE AND SALE OF ASSETS.....................................10

      2.1   Purchase and Sale of Assets.....................................10

      2.2   Purchased Property..............................................10

      2.3   Excluded Property...............................................11

      2.4   Assumption of Liabilities.......................................12

            2.4.1 Assumed Liabilities.......................................12

            2.4.2 Retained Liabilities......................................13

      2.5   No Assignment Without Consent...................................14

ARTICLE 3   PURCHASE PRICE..................................................14

      3.1   Purchase Price..................................................14

      3.2   Closing Date Estimate...........................................15

      3.3   Closing Date Statement..........................................15

      3.4   Access Line Adjustment Amount...................................16

ARTICLE 4   REQUIRED APPROVALS, CONSENTS AND NOTIFICATIONS..................16

      4.1   State Regulatory Approval.......................................16

      4.2   Debtholder Consents.............................................17

      4.3   Landlord and Other Consents.....................................17

      4.4   FCC Consents....................................................17

      4.5   HSR Act Review..................................................17

      4.6   GTE/Bell  Atlantic Merger.......................................18

ARTICLE 5   PRE-CLOSING COVENANTS...........................................18

      5.1   Investigation by Buyer..........................................18

      5.2   Operation of the Business in the Ordinary Course................18

            5.2.1 Preservation of Business..................................18

            5.2.2 No Material Changes.......................................19

      5.3   Satisfaction of Conditions......................................20


                                      -i-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)
                                                                           Page

      5.4   Approvals.......................................................20

      5.5   Audit or Review of Financial Statements.........................20

      5.6   Cooperation with Respect to Like-Kind Exchange..................21

      5.7   Interconnection Agreements......................................21

      5.8   Leased Vehicles; Capital Leases.................................21

      5.9   Delivery of Interim Information.................................21

ARTICLE 6   CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE CLOSING.............................22

      6.1   Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Buyer....................22

            6.1.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants
                  and Warranties ...........................................22

            6.1.2 Documents.................................................22

            6.1.3 HSR.......................................................22

            6.1.4 No Legal Obstruction......................................22

            6.1.5 No Material Adverse Effect................................22

      6.2   Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Seller...................23

            6.2.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants
                  and Warranties ...........................................23

            6.2.2 Documents.................................................23

            6.2.3 Purchase Price............................................23

            6.2.4 HSR.......................................................23

            6.2.5 No Legal Obstruction......................................23

ARTICLE 7   THE CLOSING.....................................................23

      7.1   The Closing.....................................................23

      7.2   Seller's Obligations at Closing.................................24

      7.3   Buyer's Obligations at Closing..................................24

ARTICLE 8   REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES..................................25

      8.1   Representations and Warranties of Seller........................25

            8.1.1 Authorization and Effect of Agreement.....................25

            8.1.2 No Restrictions Against Sale of the Purchased Property....25

            8.1.3 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authorities........25

            8.1.4 No Material Violations....................................26


                                      -ii-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)
                                                                           Page

            8.1.5 Corporate Organization....................................26

            8.1.6 Brokers...................................................26

            8.1.7 Title to Owned Real Property..............................26

            8.1.8 Real Property Leases......................................26

            8.1.9 Tangible Assets...........................................26

            8.1.10 No Material Adverse Change ..............................27

            8.1.11 Material Contracts ......................................27

            8.1.12 Insurance ...............................................28

            8.1.13 Taxes ...................................................28

            8.1.14 No Material Claims or Suits .............................29

            8.1.15 Tariffs; FCC Licenses ...................................29

            8.1.16 Employee Matters ........................................29

            8.1.17 Schedules of Telephone Plant ............................32

            8.1.18 Schedule of Real Property Interests .....................32

            8.1.19 Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements .....32

            8.1.20 Environmental Permits ...................................33

            8.1.21 Financial Statements ....................................33

            8.1.22 Year 2000 Compliance ....................................33

            8.1.23 Native American and Federal Consents ....................34

            8.1.24 Loss of Major Customer ..................................35

            8.1.25 Records .................................................35

      8.2   Representations and Warranties of Buyer.........................35

            8.2.1 Corporate Organization....................................35

            8.2.2 Authorization and Effect of Agreement.....................35

            8.2.3 No Restrictions Against Purchase of the
                  Purchased Properties .....................................35

            8.2.4 No Violation of Law.......................................36

            8.2.5 Financial Capacity........................................36

            8.2.6 Brokers...................................................36

            8.2.7 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authority..........36


                                     -iii-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)
                                                                           Page

ARTICLE 9   CONTINUING BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS...............................36

      9.1   Transition Services Agreement...................................36

      9.2   Optional Services Agreement.....................................37

      9.3   Directory Publishing............................................37

            9.3.1 Assumption of Certain Directory Publishing
                  Agreement Rights and Obligations..........................37

            9.3.2 Co-Bound Directories Acknowledgement......................37

            9.3.3 Meeting to Discuss Directory Publication..................37

      9.4   GTE Supply Relationship.........................................37

ARTICLE 10  ADDITIONAL COVENANTS OF THE PARTIES.............................38

      10.1  Intellectual Property...........................................38

            10.1.1 No License ..............................................38

            10.1.2 Infringement ............................................38

            10.1.3 Trademark Phaseout ......................................38

            10.1.4 Third Party Software ....................................39

      10.2  Effect of Due Diligence and Related Matters.....................40

      10.3  Confidentiality.................................................40

      10.4  Further Assurances..............................................41

      10.5  Prorations......................................................41

      10.6  Cost Studies/NECA Matters.......................................41

            10.6.1 Prior to Closing ........................................41

            10.6.2 From and After Closing ..................................42

      10.7  Customer Deposits...............................................42

      10.8  Access to Books and Records.....................................42

      10.9  Purchase Price Allocation.......................................43

      10.10 Owned Real Property Transfers...................................43

      10.11 Transaction Taxes...............................................44

      10.12 Bulk Sales Laws.................................................44

      10.13 Prepaid Non-Regulated Maintenance Agreements....................44


                                      -iv-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)
                                                                           Page

      10.14 Vehicle Registration............................................45

      10.15 Carrier Access Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition.......45

      10.16 End-User Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition.............45

ARTICLE 11  EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEE MATTERS..................................46

      11.1  Employment of Transferred Employees.............................46

            11.1.1 Assumption of Collective Bargaining
                   Agreement Obligations ...................................47

            11.1.2 Assumption of Employment and Other Agreements ...........47

            11.1.3 Recognition of Transferred Employee Service .............47

            11.1.4 Assumption of Obligation to Pay Bonuses .................48

            11.1.5 No Duplicate Benefits ...................................48

            11.1.6 Affiliate Employees .....................................48

      11.2  Transferred Employee Benefit Matters............................48

            11.2.1 Defined Benefit Plans ...................................48

            11.2.2 Savings Plans ...........................................54

            11.2.3 Welfare Plans ...........................................57

      11.3  Miscellaneous Benefits..........................................60

            11.3.1 Vacation ................................................60

            11.3.2 Transferred Employee Statements..........................60

      11.4  Employee Rights.................................................61

      11.5  WARN Act Requirements...........................................61

      11.6  Indemnification.................................................61

            11.6.1 Indemnification of Seller ...............................61

            11.6.2 Indemnification of Buyer ................................62

ARTICLE 12  INDEMNIFICATION.................................................62

      12.1  Survival of Representations.....................................62

      12.2  Indemnification.................................................63

      12.3  Limitations on Liability........................................64

      12.4  Defense of Claims...............................................65

      12.5  No Indemnifiable Claims Resulting From Governmental
            Authority Action ...............................................67


                                       -v-
<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (continued)
                                                                           Page

ARTICLE 13  TERMINATION.....................................................67

      13.1  Termination Rights..............................................67

      13.2  Goodfaith Performance...........................................67

      13.3  Effect of Termination...........................................67

ARTICLE 14  MISCELLANEOUS...................................................68

      14.1  Notices.........................................................68

      14.2  Information Releases............................................69

      14.3  Expenses........................................................70

      14.4  Successors and Assigns..........................................70

      14.5  Amendments......................................................70

      14.6  Captions........................................................70

      14.7  Entire Agreement................................................70

      14.8  Waiver..........................................................70

      14.9  Third Parties...................................................70

      14.10 Counterparts....................................................71

      14.11 Governing Law...................................................71

      14.12 Further Assurances..............................................71

      14.13 Severability....................................................71

      14.14 Representation by Counsel; Interpretation.......................71

      14.15 Covenants of GTE Corporation....................................72


                                      -vi-
<PAGE>

                               INDEX OF SCHEDULES
Schedule*   Title

1.1-A       Assigned Contracts
1.1-B       Excluded Contracts
1.1-C       Purchased Exchanges
1.1-D       License Agreement
2.3(g)      Other Excluded Property
4.4         FCC Consents / Waivers
5.2.1       Operation of the Business
5.2.2(c)    Material Increase to Transferred Employee Benefits
5.2.2(d)    Dispositions
6.1.1       Seller's Closing Certificate
6.2.1       Buyer's Closing Certificate
7.2(a)      Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement
7.2(b)      Legal Opinion of Seller's Counsel
7.2(g)      Affidavit as to Status of Foreign Person
7.3(c)      Legal Opinion of Buyer's Counsel
8.1.4       Violation of Law
8.1.7(a)    Owned Real Property
8.1.7(b)    Bondholders
8.1.8       Real Property Leases
8.1.9       Notices of Violations of Building / Zoning Ordinances
8.1.10      Material Adverse Changes
8.1.11(a-j) Material Contracts
8.1.13      Exceptions to Tax Return Filings
8.1.14      State and Federal Claims/Suits
8.1.15(a)   Tariff Proceedings
8.1.15(b)   FCC Licenses
8.1.16(a)   Employee Matters - Seller Employee Benefit Plans
8.1.16(b)   Employee Matters - Seller Material Liabilities under ERISA
8.1.16(c)   Employee Matters - Seller ERISA Plans - Compliance
8.1.16(d)   Employee Matters - Seller Multiemployer Plans
8.1.16(e)   Employee Matters - Seller Union Representation
8.1.17      Telephone Plant
8.1.18      Real Property Interests List
8.1.19      Exceptions to Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements
8.1.20      Environmental Permits
8.1.21(a-c) Financial Statements
8.1.23      Native American Authorizations
8.1.24      Loss of Major Customer
9.1         Transition Services Agreement
9.2         Optional Services Agreement
9.3.1       Directory Publishing Agreements
9.3.2       Co-Bound Directory Agreements


                                      vii
<PAGE>

11.1.2      Employees and Employee Matters - Employment Agreement Obligation
            Exceptions
11.3.1      Employees and Employee Matters - Vacation

*     The Schedule numbers refer to the appropriate Section within the
      Agreement.


                                      viii
<PAGE>

                            ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

            THIS ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT (this "Agreement") is made and entered
into as of the 27th day of May, 1999, by and between Citizens Utilities Company,
a Delaware corporation ("Buyer"), and Contel of Minnesota, Inc., a Minnesota
corporation ("Seller") and for the limited purpose of Section 14.15 only, GTE
Corporation, a New York corporation ("GTE Corporation").

                                    RECITALS

            WHEREAS, Seller is in the business of providing regulated local
exchange telephone service in certain areas of the state of Minnesota; and

            WHEREAS, Seller desires to sell, convey, assign, transfer and
deliver to Buyer, and Buyer desires to purchase and accept from Seller, certain
of its telephone properties and related assets used in the provision of such
service, upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.

            NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto, intending to be legally bound,
agree as follows:

                                   ARTICLE 1
                                   DEFINITIONS

      1.1 Terms. For purposes of this Agreement and any amendment hereto, the
following terms are defined as set out below or in the Section referenced below:

            "Access Line Adjustment Amount" is defined in Section 3.4.

            "Accounts Receivable Settlement Statement" is defined in Section
10.16(b).

            "Accounts Payable" means accounts payable owed by Seller arising
primarily from the operation of the Business.

            "Active Employees" is defined in Section 11.1.

            "Affiliate" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person
that, directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls, is
controlled by, or is under common control with, such Person.

            "Allocation" is defined in Section 10.9.

            "Ancillary Documents" means the Transition Services Agreement, the
Optional Services Agreement, the License Agreement, and the Bill of Sale and
Assignment and Assumption Agreement.


                                       1
<PAGE>

            "Assigned Contracts" means Contracts to which Seller or any of its
Affiliates is a party (i) which relate primarily to the operation of the
Business, other than the Excluded Contracts, Real Property Interests, Real
Property Leases and Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts, and (ii) any
other contract to which Seller is a party and is listed on Schedule 1.1-A.

            "Assigned Permits" means, to the extent assignable, all permits,
licenses, franchises, approvals and authorizations of Seller or any of its
Affiliates issued or granted by any Governmental Authority that relate primarily
to the operation of the Business, other than the FCC Licenses and the Excluded
Permits.

            "Assumed Liabilities" is defined in Section 2.4.1

            "Automated Assets" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "Bargained Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "BIA" is defined in Section 8.1.23.

            "Base Purchase Price" is defined in Section 3.1.

            "Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement" is defined in
Section 7.2(a).

            "Bondholders" means the Persons listed on Schedule 8.1.7(b).

            "Business" means the business of providing in the geographic area
comprising the Purchased Exchanges (i) local exchange, exchange access and
intra-LATA toll telecommunications services to end users, (ii) exchange access
telecommunications services to interexchange carriers and other local exchange
carriers, (iii) retail sales of telephone equipment and products, and (iv)
non-tariffed public communications (pay telephones), commercial
telecommunications services facilities leasing and other non-regulated services
and products.

            "Buyer Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(b).

            "Buyer Pension Plan" and "Buyer Pension Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.1(b).

            "Buyer Savings Plan" and "Buyer Savings Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.2(b).

            "Buyer Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Buyer's Actuary" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(ii).

            "Buyer's Closing Certificate" is defined in Section 6.2.1.

            "Calendar-Related" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).


                                       2
<PAGE>

            "CERCLA" means the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended.

            "Closing" is defined in Section 7.1.

            "Closing Date" is defined in Section 7.1.

            "Closing Date Access Line Count" is defined in Section 3.4.

            "Closing Date Amount" is defined in Section 3.2(b)

            "Closing Date Statement" is defined in Section 3.3

            "Confidentiality Agreement" means the Confidentiality Agreement
dated as of November 20, 1998, among Buyer, Seller and certain Affiliates of
Seller.

            "Construction Advances" means advances collected by Seller or any
Affiliate for the future performance of non-regulated construction in the
Purchased Exchanges.

            "Contracts" means all contracts, leases, indentures, agreements, and
other legally binding arrangements.

            "Customer Advances" means amounts arising from the operation of the
Business that have been billed and collected by Seller as of the Closing Date
but that are unearned because they relate to the provision of service after the
Closing Date.

            "Customer Deposits" is defined in Section 10.7.

            "Date Data" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "December 1998 Access Line Count" is defined in Section 3.4 and
shall be 127,962.

            "Direct Claim" is defined in Section 12.4(b).

            "Due Diligence Documents" means those documents contained in the
eleven (11) volumes of information delivered to Buyer in connection with its
review of the Purchased Property.

            "Earned End-User Accounts Receivable" means accounts receivable
arising primarily from the operation of the Business that have been earned by
Seller's provision of service on or before the Closing Date excluding amounts
billed through the carrier access billing system to interexchange carriers.

            "Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount" means the aggregate
amount of all Earned Unbilled Accounts Receivable as of the Closing Date, less a
discount for anticipated uncollectible Earned End-User Accounts Receivable in an
amount equal to the Uncollectible Factor multiplied by Earned End-User Accounts
Receivable as of the Closing Date.


                                       3
<PAGE>

            "Employment Agreements" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Environmental Requirements" means all federal, state, interstate
and local government or agency Laws relating to pollution or protection of human
health and safety or the environment (including, without limitation, air,
surface water, ground water, land surface and subsurface strata), including,
without limitation, laws and regulations relating to emissions, discharges,
releases or threatened releases of Regulated Materials; or otherwise relating to
the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal,
transportation or handling of Regulated Materials.

            "ERISA" means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974,
as amended.

            "ERISA Plans" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Estimated Access Line Adjustment Amount" is defined in Section
3.2(a).

            "Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount" is
defined in Section 3.2(a).

            "Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount" is defined in Section
3.2(a).

            "Evaluation Material" is defined in the first paragraph of the
Confidentiality Agreement.

            "Excluded Contracts" means (i) all billing and collection
agreements, interconnection agreements, national account agreements, billing
media agreements, vehicle leasing agreements, capital leases, Contracts between
Seller and Affiliates of Seller, except to the extent expressly listed on
Schedule 1.1-A, and (ii) such other agreements as are listed on Schedule 1.1-B.

            "Excluded Marks" means all trademarks, applications for trademark
registration, service marks, applications for service mark registration, trade
names, domain names and related registrations owned by Seller or an Affiliate of
Seller, or licensed to Seller or an Affiliate of Seller by any Person, and any
derivations of the foregoing.

            "Excluded Permits" means the permits, licenses, franchises,
approvals and authorizations of Seller or any Affiliates by Governmental
Authorities that relate to the Excluded Property.

            "Excluded Property" is defined in Section 2.3.

            "Executive Officer" of an entity means (i) in the case of Seller,
the regional president of the region that includes the Purchased Exchanges, the
general manager of infrastructure provisioning for the Purchased Exchanges and
the general manager of customer operations for the Purchased Exchanges, and (ii)
the case of Buyer, the executive officer(s) in charge of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement.


                                       4
<PAGE>

            "Existing Environmental Requirements" means those applicable
provisions of any Environmental Requirements that are both in effect and
required to be met by Seller prior to the Closing Date.

            "Expiration Date" is defined in Section 12.1(a).

            "FCC" means the Federal Communications Commission.

            "FCC Consents" is defined in Section 4.4.

            "FCC Licenses" means all licenses, certificates, permits or other
authorizations granted to Seller or any Affiliates by the FCC that are used
primarily in the operation of the Business.

            "Financial Statements" is defined in Section 8.1.21.

            "Final Order" shall mean action by any governmental or regulatory
authority as to which (i) no request for stay by any Governmental Authority of
the action is pending, no such stay is in effect, and if any deadline for any
such request is designated by statute or regulation, such deadline is passed;
(ii) no petition for rehearing or reconsideration of the action is pending
before any Governmental Authority, and the time for filing any such petition has
passed; (iii) the Governmental Authority does not have the action under
reconsideration or its own motion and the time for such reconsideration has
passed; and (iv) no appeal to a court, or request to stay by a court, of the
Governmental Authority's action is pending or in effect and, if any deadline of
filing any such appeal or request is designated by statute or rule, it has
passed.

            "FRP" is defined in Section 11.2.3(f).

            "Future Capital Expenditure Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(h).

            "Future Regulatory Obligations" is defined in Section 2.4.1(g).

            "GAAP" means United States generally accepted accounting principles.

            "GATT Grandfathered Participant" is defined in Section
11.2.1(c)(ii)(c).

            "Governmental Authority" means any court or any federal, state or
foreign governmental, legislative or regulatory body, agency, department,
authority or instrumentality.

            "HSR Act" means the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of
1976, as amended.

            "Indemnifiable Losses" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Indemnification Payment" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Indemnifying Party" is defined in Section 12.3(a).


                                       5
<PAGE>

            "Indemnitee" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Intellectual Property" means all inventions (whether patentable or
not and whether or not such inventions are described or claimed in any patent or
patent application), designs (useful or ornamental), and works subject to
copyright protection, invention disclosures, specifications, manuals, drawings,
functional or system block diagrams, flow charts, circuit diagrams, design or
user documentation, engineering notebooks, schematics, test programs, documented
procedures, documented processes, documented flows, devices, software (in any
form), or firmware, and all intellectual property rights therein or based
thereon, including patents, patent applications (including continuations,
continuations-in-part, divisions, reissues), reexamined patents and extensions
thereof, copyrights (whether registered or unregistered), and trade secrets.

            "Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(h).

            "IRC" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

            "IRS" means the Internal Revenue Service.

            "Law" or "Laws" means any statute, rule, regulation, ordinance,
judgment, order or decree of any Governmental Authority.

            "Leased Real Property" means the real property leased to Seller or
its Affiliates under the Real Property Leases.

            "License Agreement" means the license agreement attached hereto as
Schedule 1.1-D pursuant to which Seller grants to Buyer certain rights and
licenses under Licensed Intellectual Property.

            "Licensed Intellectual Property" means Intellectual Property owned
by Seller or its Affiliates, and Third Party Intellectual Property licensed to
Seller or its Affiliates which Seller or its Affiliates can sublicense to Buyer
without the payment of compensation or other consideration to any Person, and
which Intellectual Property and Third Party Intellectual Property are required
for the use or maintenance (to the extent not provided by the owner or licensor
of the Third Party Intellectual Property) of or are included in or with the
Purchased Property in the operation of the Business as of the Closing; provided
that Licensed Intellectual Property shall at all times be Excluded Property.

            "Lien" means any lien, charge, pledge, option, mortgage, security
interest or other encumbrance.

            "Material Adverse Effect" means a materially adverse effect on the
Business or the Purchased Property, taken as a whole, other than effects
relating to or arising from (i) the execution of this Agreement, (ii) the United
States economy generally or the state of Minnesota in particular, or (iii)
events or circumstances that affect the Business in the same manner and to the
same extent as other businesses in the industry generally.


                                       6
<PAGE>

            "Material and Supply Inventory" is defined in the FCC's Part 32
Uniform System of Accounts.

            "Material Contracts" is defined in Section 8.1.11.

            "Material Permits" is defined in Section 8.1.15(b).

            "Merger" means the proposed merger involving GTE Corporation and
Bell Atlantic Corporation and their respective Subsidiaries.

            "Native American Authorizations" is defined in Section 8.1.23.

            "Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount" means the total
amount expended but not yet billed by Seller for non-regulated construction work
not completed prior to the Closing Date, minus any Construction Advances
outstanding as of the Closing Date. The Non-Regulated Construction Work in
Process Amount shall be billable by Buyer to third parties after the Closing
Date under open customer orders or other agreements.

            "Non-Union Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Optional Services Agreement" is defined in Section 9.2.

            "Owned Real Property" means the real property owned in fee by Seller
or its Affiliates and used primarily in the operation of the Business, including
all land, buildings, structures, appurtenances and improvements located thereon.

            "PBGC" means the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.

            "Pension Assets" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(i).

            "Periodic Taxes" is defined in Section 10.5.

            "Permitted Encumbrances" means (i) liens for current taxes and
assessments not yet delinquent, or the amount or validity of which is being
contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings during which collection or
enforcement against the relevant property is stayed, (ii) standard utility
easements, and covenants, conditions and restrictions of record that do not
individually or in the aggregate materially interfere with the operation of the
present Business on, or materially detract from the value of, the Owned Real
Property affected thereby, (iii) mechanics', carriers', workers', repairers' and
other statutory liens, (iv) existing zoning or similar laws or ordinances that
do not interfere with the operation of the Business, (v) leases otherwise
disclosed herein, and (vi) any other Liens and, in the case of Owned Real
Property, any title defects or exceptions, that do not materially interfere with
the operations of the Purchased Property in a manner consistent with the current
use by Seller or that do not materially detract from the value of, or materially
impair the marketability of, the Purchased Property affected.

            "Person" means an individual, corporation, partnership, trust,
association, limited liability company or similar entity or organization.


                                       7
<PAGE>

            "Plans" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Pole Attachment Agreement" is defined in Section 8.1.11(j).

            "Proration Periods" is defined in Section 10.5.

            "PSC" is defined in Section 4.1.

            "PSC Permits" is defined in Section 8.1.15(b).

            "Purchase Price" is defined in Section 3.3(c).

            "Purchased Exchanges" means the telephone exchanges listed in
Schedule 1.1-C and any cross-border community served from any such exchange.

            "Purchased Property" is defined in Section 2.2.

            "Real Property Interests" means all easements, rights of way,
licenses or other interests in real property of Seller or its Affiliates that
are used primarily in the operation of the Business, other than Owned Real
Property or Leased Real Property.

            "Real Property Leases" means the Leases set forth on Schedule 8.1.8.

            "Regulated Material" means (i) any "hazardous substance" as defined
in CERCLA, (ii) any petroleum or petroleum substance, and (iii) any other
pollutant, waste, contaminant, or other substance regulated under Environmental
Requirements.

            "Regulatory Approvals" is defined in Section 4.1.

            "Regulatory Obligation Amount" is defined in Section 3.1.

            "Retained Books and Records" means, collectively, all corporate
records and stock books of Seller and its Affiliates, the general ledger, all
records required by Law to be retained by Seller and all books and records
relating to (i) Tax Returns and Tax records, (ii) Excluded Property, (iii)
attorney work product, and (iv) the Retained Liabilities.

            "Retained Future Regulatory Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(g).

            "Retained Liabilities" is defined in Section 2.4.2.

            "SEC Financial Statements" is defined in Section 5.5.

            "Seller Hourly Pension Plan" is defined in Section 11.2.1(a)(ii).

            "Seller Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(b).

            "Seller Pension Plan" and "Seller Pension Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.1(a)(ii).


                                       8
<PAGE>

            "Seller Salaried Pension Plan" is defined in Section 11.2.1(a)(i).

            "Seller Savings Plans" are defined in Section 11.2.2(a).

            "Seller Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Seller's Actuary" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(ii).

            "Seller's Closing Certificate" is defined in Section 6.1.1.

            "Switch Software" shall mean software currently used by Seller to
operate telecommunications switching equipment that is part of the Telephone
Plant.

            "System Date" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "Tax Returns" means a report, return or other information statement
required to be supplied to or filed with a Governmental Authority with respect
to Taxes.

            "Tax(es)" means any foreign, federal, state, county or local income,
sales, use, transfer, excise, franchise, stamp duty, custom duty, real and
personal property, gross receipt, capital stock, business and occupation,
disability, employment, payroll, recording, ad valorem, unemployment
compensation, profits, registration, social security, estimated, add-on,
minimum, or withholding tax relating to the Business or the Purchased Exchanges
and any interest and penalties and additions to such taxes (civil or criminal)
related thereto or to the nonpayment thereof and related notarial fees.

            "Telephone Plant" means (i) Owned Real Property, (ii) Real Property
Interests, and (iii) the machinery, equipment, inventory, vehicles and all other
assets and properties used primarily in the operation of the Business, including
all plant, systems, structures, construction work in progress, telephone cable
(whether in service or under construction), microwave facilities (including
frequency spectrum assignment), telephone line facilities, machinery, furniture,
fixtures, tools, implements, conduits, stations, substations, equipment
(including central office equipment, subscriber station equipment and other
equipment in general), instruments and house wiring connections. Without
limiting the generality of the foregoing, Telephone Plant includes the assets
used primarily in the operation of the Business that would be properly included
in the fixed assets referenced in Part 32 of the FCC Rules and Regulations (47
CFR, Part 32), as such accounts are reflected in Schedule 8.1.17.

            "Third Party Claim" is defined in Section 12.4(a).

            "Third Party Intellectual Property" means Intellectual Property
owned by any Person, other than Seller, without regard as to whether Seller has
any rights therein or the right to assign such rights to Buyer.

            "Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts" is defined in Section
10.1.4.

            "Total Service Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(B).


                                       9
<PAGE>

            "Transaction Taxes" is defined in Section 10.11.

            "Transferred Books and Records" means all of Seller's or its
Affiliates' customer or subscriber lists and records, accounts and billing
records, plans, blueprints, specifications, drawings, surveys, engineering
reports, personnel records of Transferred Employees (where applicable) and all
other documents, computer data and records, in each case relating primarily to
the operation of the Business, except for the Retained Books and Records.

            "Transferred Employees" is defined in Section 11.1.

            "Transition Services Agreement" is defined in Section 9.1.

            "Uncollectible Factor" is defined in Section 10.16(b).

            "Year 2000 Compliant" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

      1.2 Interpretation.

                  (a) Unless the context otherwise requires, (i) all references
to Sections, Articles or Schedules are to Sections, Articles or Schedules of or
to this Agreement, (ii) each accounting term not otherwise defined in this
Agreement has the meaning assigned to it in accordance with GAAP, (iii) all
references to the "knowledge" of Seller are deemed to refer to the actual
knowledge of the Executive Officers of Seller, (iv) all references to the
"knowledge" of Buyer or "knowledge" obtained by Buyer are deemed to refer to the
actual knowledge of the Executive Officers of Buyer, except as otherwise
provided herein, (v) the term "primarily" means primarily or exclusively, and
(vi) the term "including" means including without limitation.

                  (b) No provision of this Agreement will be interpreted in
favor of or against either of the parties by reason of the extent to which any
such party or its counsel participated in the drafting thereof or by reason of
the extent to which any such provision is inconsistent with any prior draft of
such provision or of this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 2
                           PURCHASE AND SALE OF ASSETS

      2.1 Purchase and Sale of Assets. Upon the terms and subject to the
conditions of this Agreement, Seller hereby agrees to sell, convey, transfer,
assign and deliver to Buyer and Buyer hereby agrees to purchase, acquire and
accept from Seller, in each case effective as of the Closing, all of Seller's
and each of its Affiliates' right, title and interest in and to the Purchased
Property.

      2.2 Purchased Property. The term "Purchased Property" means all the
following business, properties, assets and rights of Seller and its Affiliates
on the Closing Date, other than the Excluded Property:

                  (i)   Telephone Plant;
                  (ii)  Earned End-User Accounts Receivable;
                  (iii) Material and Supply Inventories;


                                       10
<PAGE>

                  (iv)  Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process;
                  (v)   FCC Licenses and Assigned Permits;
                  (vi)  Assigned Contracts;
                  (vii) Transferred Books and Records;
                  (viii) Real Property Leases; and
                  (ix)  all other business, property, assets, work in process
                        and rights of Seller on the Closing Date not described
                        above that relate primarily to the Purchased Exchanges.

      2.3 Excluded Property. For purposes of this Agreement, "Excluded Property"
means the following:

                  (a) Cash, cash equivalents and investments;

                  (b) All rights of Seller and its Affiliates under this
Agreement, the Ancillary Documents and the certificates and other documents
delivered to Seller by Buyer in connection with this Agreement;

                  (c) All records prepared in connection with the sale of the
Business, including bids received from third parties and analysis relating to
the Business;

                  (d) All rights related to the Retained Liabilities;

                  (e) The Retained Books and Records;

                  (f) Seller's and its Affiliates' interests in any business
other than the Business, including the provision of wireless service (cellular
and PCS), long distance and internet service or internet related services,
air-to-ground communications (air phone service), and any Excluded Permits
related thereto, and all assets of Seller and its Affiliates used in connection
with any such business or related thereto, and all assets used by Seller and its
Affiliates in rendering corporate services to Seller or the Business that are
located outside the geographic area comprising the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (g) Such other assets (i.e., encryption decoder devices, AWAS
terminals, SODA, etc.), if any, as set forth on Schedule 2.3(g);

                  (h) The Excluded Contracts;

                  (i) The Excluded Marks;

                  (j) All Intellectual Property, including the Licensed
Intellectual Property and Third Party Intellectual Property (except for such
rights to possess and use Third Party Intellectual Property as may be assigned
in accordance with Section 10.1.4); and

                  (k) All of Seller's and its Affiliates' insurance proceeds
arising in connection with the operation of the Business or the Purchased
Property prior to the Closing.


                                       11
<PAGE>

      2.4 Assumption of Liabilities.

            2.4.1 Assumed Liabilities. Upon the terms and subject to the
conditions of this Agreement, Buyer hereby agrees to assume, as of the Closing
Date, and agrees to pay, perform and discharge when due, all liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations, beginning on the day following the Closing
Date, relating to the Purchased Property other than the Retained Liabilities
(subject to any different allocation of liability set forth in clauses (b), (c),
(g) and (h) below) (the "Assumed Liabilities"), including the following:

                  (a) Ordinary Course. All liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations (including Taxes), arising out of or accruing or resulting from the
use or ownership of the Purchased Property in the ordinary course after the
Closing Date;

                  (b) Employment Matters. All liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations of Buyer as provided in Article 11 with respect to Transferred
Employees;

                  (c) Assigned Contracts, Real Property Interests and Real
Property Leases. All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations that arise in
connection with the performance of the Assigned Contracts, Real Property
Interests and the Real Property Leases, other than performance obligations of
Seller that mature prior to the Closing Date;

                  (d) Joint Construction Projects. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations to third parties that relate to arrangements
and commitments between Seller and a third party for the construction of mutual
transmission facilities between various switching points included in the
Purchased Exchanges;

                  (e) Construction in Progress. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations relating to post-Closing engineering and
construction required to complete scheduled construction and other capital
expenditure projects for the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (f) Customer Deposits and Construction Advances. All
liabilities, responsibilities and obligations relating to Customer Advances,
Customer Deposits and Construction Advances;

                  (g) Future Regulatory Obligations. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations, other than Future Capital Expenditure
Obligations, related to the Purchased Exchanges arising out of any rule,
regulation, law, mandate, decision or order of the FCC or the PSC after the
Closing Date regardless of whether the action taken by such Governmental
Authority is or purports to be based on conduct or actions that occurred at any
time prior to the Closing Date ("Future Regulatory Obligations"); provided that
Buyer shall not be liable for any such Future Regulatory Obligation arising
directly out of any intentional misconduct or material misstatement to the PSC
by Seller that occurred prior to the Closing Date, except for such statements as
may be based on reasonable interpretations of existing PSC regulations and
current industry practice ("Retained Future Regulatory Obligations");

                  (h) Future Capital Expenditure Obligations. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations related to the Purchased Exchanges arising out
of any rule,


                                       12
<PAGE>

regulation, law, mandate, decision or order of the FCC or the PSC (i) issued at
any time and requiring any capital expenditure after the Closing Date,
regardless of whether the action taken by such Governmental Authority is or
purports to be based on conduct, facts or actions that occurred at any time
prior to the Closing Date ("Future Capital Expenditure Obligations"); and (ii)
issued after the date of this Agreement and requiring any capital expenditure
after the date of this Agreement, regardless of whether the action taken by such
Governmental Authority is or purports to be based on conduct, facts or actions
that occurred at any time prior to the date of this Agreement ("Interim Capital
Expenditure Obligations"); provided that (i) Seller shall retain liability for
Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations incurred prior to Closing to the extent
related to (A) FCC or PSC orders that impose capital expenditure obligations as
a result of Seller's overearnings, (B) Seller's efforts to comply with FCC or
PSC rules, regulations, laws, mandates, decisions or orders existing as of the
date of this Agreement, or (C) capital expenditures already planned by Seller;
and (ii) Seller shall retain liability for all other Interim Capital Expenditure
Obligations to the extent Seller is fully reimbursed by Buyer at Closing for
such obligations. Prior to the Closing Date, Seller shall notify Buyer of all
potential Future or Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations within a reasonable
time after publication of said obligations by a Governmental Authority; and

                  (i) Litigation and Claims. All liabilities and obligations
arising out of (i) litigation and claims that arise out of an occurrence after
the Closing Date, (ii) litigation and claims in respect of Future Regulatory
Obligations (other than Retained Future Regulatory Obligations) regardless of
when filed, and (iii) claims of a Governmental Authority arising from or related
to a Future Regulatory Obligation (other than Retained Future Regulatory
Obligations).

Notwithstanding anything in this Section 2.4.1 to the contrary, "Assumed
Liabilities" shall not include any liabilities, responsibilities or obligations
expressly included in Retained Liabilities pursuant to Section 2.4.2.

            2.4.2 Retained Liabilities. Seller shall retain and shall pay,
perform and discharge when due, the following liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations of Seller (the "Retained Liabilities"):

                  (a) Subject to Section 10.5, all trade payables and other
accrued payment obligations of Seller as of the Closing Date;

                  (b) All long-term debt of Seller (including indebtedness to
the Bondholders) and debt of Seller owed to any one or more of its Affiliates;

                  (c) Subject to Section 10.5, all Taxes relating to the
operation of the Business on or before the Closing Date or the use, ownership or
operation of the Purchased Property on or before the Closing Date;

                  (d) Except to the extent otherwise provided in Article 11, all
liabilities and obligations arising on or before the Closing Date with respect
to the Transferred Employees, including (i) all liabilities responsibilities and
obligations arising on or before the Closing Date relating to collective
bargaining agreements or other union contracts, and (ii) any such liabilities


                                       13
<PAGE>

or obligations that arise after the Closing Date to the extent that such
liabilities and obligations relate to facts, circumstances or conditions arising
or occurring on or before the Closing Date, but excluding any Future Regulatory
Obligations with respect to the Transferred Employees;

                  (e) All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations arising
out of litigation and claims that arise out of an occurrence prior to the
Closing Date other than litigation and claims in respect of Future Regulatory
Obligations (other than Retained Future Regulatory Obligations);

                  (f) Any Retained Future Regulatory Obligations; and

                  (g) All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations with
respect to the Excluded Property and the Excluded Contracts.

      2.5 No Assignment Without Consent. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained in this Agreement, to the extent that the sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or delivery or attempted sale, conveyance, transfer,
assignment or delivery to Buyer of any Purchased Property (including any
Contract) is prohibited by any applicable Law or would require any governmental
or third-party authorizations, approvals, consents or waivers and such
authorizations, approvals, consents or waivers shall not have been obtained
prior to the Closing, this Agreement shall not constitute a sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or delivery, or an attempted sale, conveyance, transfer,
assignment or delivery thereof, if any of the foregoing would constitute a
breach of applicable Law or the rights of any third party; provided, however,
that, except to the extent that a condition to Closing set forth in Article 6
relating to the foregoing shall not be satisfied, the Closing shall occur
notwithstanding the foregoing without any adjustment to the Purchase Price on
account of such required authorization. Following the Closing, the parties shall
use their commercially reasonable efforts, and shall cooperate with each other,
to obtain promptly such authorizations, approvals, consents or waivers;
provided, however, that neither Seller nor Buyer nor any of their respective
Affiliates shall be required to pay any consideration therefor, other than
filing, recordation or similar fees payable to any Governmental Authority, which
fees shall be shared equally by Seller and Buyer. Pending or in the absence of
such authorization, approval, consent or waiver, the parties shall cooperate
with each other in any reasonable and lawful arrangements to provide to Buyer
the benefits and liabilities of use of such Purchased Property, including, if
permitted by the terms of any Real Property Lease or applicable Material
Contract, through a sublease or subcontract in accordance with Section 4.3. If
such authorization, approval, consent or waiver for the sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or delivery of any such Purchased Property is obtained,
Seller shall promptly convey, transfer, assign and deliver, or cause to be
conveyed, transferred, assigned and delivered, such Purchased Property to Buyer.

                                   ARTICLE 3
                                 PURCHASE PRICE

      3.1 Purchase Price. The purchase price for the Purchased Property shall be
the sum of (i) $Four Hundred Forty Million dollars ($440 million) (the "Base
Purchase Price"), (ii) amounts expended by Seller to comply with Interim Capital
Expenditure Obligations (the "Regulatory Obligation Amount"), and (iii) the
Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process


                                       14
<PAGE>

Amount, minus (iv) any Access Line Adjustment Amount calculated in accordance
with Section 3.4. Payments from Buyer to Seller for Earned End-User Accounts
Receivable and from Seller to Buyer for Customer Advances and Customer Deposits
will occur subsequent to Closing in accordance with Article 10.

      3.2 Closing Date Estimate.

                  (a) Not less than three (3) business days prior to the Closing
Date, Seller will give to Buyer a notice, setting forth Seller's good faith
estimate as of the Closing Date of (i) the Regulatory Obligation Amount (the
"Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount"), (ii) the Non-Regulated Construction
Work in Process Amount (the "Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in
Process Amount") and (iii) the Access Line Adjustment Amount (the "Estimated
Access Line Adjustment Amount").

                  (b) On the Closing Date, Buyer shall pay to Seller the sum of
(i) the Base Purchase Price, (ii) the Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount,
and (iii) the Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount, minus
(iv) any Estimated Access Line Adjustment Amount (the "Closing Date Amount").
The Closing Date Amount shall be paid by delivery on the Closing Date of
immediately available funds in U.S. dollars by wire transfer to an account that
Seller shall designate to Buyer at least two (2) business days prior to the
Closing Date.

      3.3 Closing Date Statement.

                  (a) Within sixty (60) days after Closing Date, Seller shall
prepare and deliver to Buyer a written statement of the Base Purchase Price,
Regulatory Obligation Amount, Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount
and any Access Line Adjustment Amount ("Closing Date Statement").

                  (b) Within fifteen (15) days after receipt of the Closing Date
Statement, Buyer shall, in a written notice to Seller, either accept the Closing
Date Statement or describe in reasonable detail any proposed adjustments to the
Closing Date Statement and the reasons therefore. If Seller shall not have
received a notice of proposed adjustments within such fifteen (15) day period,
Buyer will be deemed irrevocably to have accepted such Closing Date Statement.

                  (c) Upon the acceptance of any Closing Date Statement by
Buyer, the parties shall, based thereupon, calculate the amount equal to the sum
of the Base Purchase Price, Regulatory Obligation Amount and Non-Regulated
Construction Work in Process Amount, minus any Access Line Adjustment Amount
(collectively, the "Purchase Price"). If the Purchase Price as finally
determined above is greater than the Closing Date Amount, Buyer shall promptly,
but no later than three (3) business days after such acceptance, pay to Seller
the amount of such difference. If the Purchase Price as determined above is less
than the Closing Date Amount, Seller shall promptly, but no later than three (3)
business days after such acceptance, pay to Buyer the amount of such difference.


                                       15
<PAGE>

                  (d) Seller and Buyer shall negotiate in good faith to resolve
any disputes over any proposed adjustments to the Closing Date Statement,
provided that if any such dispute is not resolved within thirty (30) days
following Seller's receipt of the proposed adjustments, Buyer and Seller jointly
shall select an independent public accounting firm that is nationally recognized
in the United States to resolve such disputes in accordance with the standards
set forth in this Section 3.3, which resolution shall be final and binding. The
fees and expenses of such accounting firm shall be shared by Buyer and Seller in
inverse proportion to the relative amounts of the disputed amount determined to
be for the account of Buyer and Seller, respectively.

                  (e) If Buyer disputes any portion of the Closing Date
Statement, the parties shall calculate the portion of the Closing Statement that
is not the subject of any dispute or proposed adjustment. If the undisputed
portion of the Closing Statement (A) is greater than the respective estimated
amounts paid on the Closing Date, Buyer shall promptly pay Seller the amount of
such difference, or (B) is less than the respective estimated amounts paid on
the Closing Date, Seller shall promptly pay Buyer the amount of such difference.
Payments with respect to any undisputed portions of these adjustments shall be
made no later than three (3) business days after delivery of notice of the
proposed adjustments. Upon resolution of any dispute over any proposed
adjustments as described above in Section 3.3(d), a party which is determined to
owe the other party an amount shall pay that amount promptly, but no later than
three (3) business days after resolution.

                  (f) Any amount paid pursuant to this Section 3.3 after the
Closing Date shall bear interest from the Closing Date through but excluding the
date of payment, at a rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. Such interest shall
accrue daily on the basis of a year of three hundred sixty-five (365) days and
the actual number of days for which due and shall be payable together with the
amount payable pursuant to this Section 3.3. All amounts payable pursuant to
this Section 3.3 shall be paid by delivery of immediately available funds in
U.S. dollars by wire transfer to, in the case of amounts payable by Buyer, the
account identified by Seller as described in 3.2 above or to an alternate
account that Seller may designate on the Closing Date Statement and, in the case
of amounts payable by Seller, to such account of Buyer as Buyer shall designate
in writing to Seller.

      3.4 Access Line Adjustment Amount. The Purchase Price shall be subject to
reduction in accordance with Section 3.1 if the number of access lines
(including wholesale access lines) billed by Seller during the most recent month
ended prior to the Closing Date (the "Closing Date Access Line Count") has
decreased by more than ten percent (10%) from the number of access lines
(including wholesale access lines) billed by Seller for the month ended December
31, 1998 (the "December 1998 Access Line Count"). Such reduction, if any, shall
equal (a) the December 1998 Access Line Count minus the Closing Date Access Line
Count, multiplied by (b) the Base Purchase Price divided by the December 1998
Access Line Count (collectively, the "Access Line Adjustment Amount").


                                       16
<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE 4
                 REQUIRED APPROVALS, CONSENTS AND NOTIFICATIONS

      4.1 State Regulatory Approval. Promptly after the date of this Agreement,
Buyer and Seller shall file the appropriate applications and notices with the
Minnesota Public Service Commission (collectively, the "PSC"), seeking orders
permitting the transfer of service in the Purchased Exchanges to Buyer
(collectively, the "Regulatory Approvals"). Buyer will be responsible for
establishing the tariff for its post-Closing operations in the Purchased
Exchanges. Each party agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts to
obtain the Regulatory Approvals and the parties agree to cooperate fully with
each other and with the applicable regulatory agency to obtain the Regulatory
Approvals at the earliest practicable date.

      4.2 Debtholder Consents. Seller shall use its commercially reasonable
efforts to obtain from its Bondholders the termination or release, at Closing,
of all security agreements, mortgages and financing statements relating to the
Purchased Property (such termination or release being hereinafter referred to as
the "Debtholder Consents").

      4.3 Landlord and Other Consents. Promptly after the date hereof, the
parties shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to mutually seek the
consent of (i) the lessor to any Leased Real Property that requires consent as a
condition to an assignment of the lease (which consents are identified in
Schedule 8.1.8) and (ii) the applicable third party with respect to certain
Material Contracts that require consent as a condition to assignment of such
Material Contract (which consents are identified on Schedule 8.1.11). If a
lessor refuses to consent to such an assignment, and if the applicable lease or
Material Contract permits a sublease or subcontract without the consent of the
lessor or other third party, the parties hereto shall, effective as of the
Closing, enter into a sublease or subcontract upon terms and conditions as
similar and comparable to an assignment of the lease or Material Contract as is
reasonably feasible.

      4.4 FCC Consents. Promptly after the date of this Agreement, the parties
shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to obtain (i) the FCC's consent
to the transfer of the FCC Licenses from Seller to Buyer, and (ii) the FCC
waivers set forth on Schedule 4.4 (all such consents or waivers are collectively
referred to as the "FCC Consents").

      4.5 HSR Act Review. By June 30, 1999, or such later date as the parties
may mutually agree, the parties will make such filings as may be required by the
HSR Act with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.
Thereafter, the parties will file as promptly as practicable all reports or
other documents required or requested by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission or
the U.S. Department of Justice pursuant to the HSR Act or otherwise and will
comply promptly with any requests by the Federal Trade Commission or the U.S.
Justice Department for additional information concerning such transactions, so
that the waiting period specified in the HSR Act will expire as soon as
reasonably possible after the execution and delivery of this Agreement. Without
limiting the foregoing, Seller and Buyer agree to use their commercially
reasonable efforts to cooperate and oppose any preliminary injunction sought by
any Governmental Authority preventing the consummation of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement. Buyer agrees to pay all application fees
required in connection with any filings under the HSR Act.


                                       17
<PAGE>

            Seller and Buyer shall cause their respective counsel to furnish
each other such necessary information and reasonable assistance as the other may
reasonably request in connection with its preparation of necessary filings or
submissions under the provisions of the HSR Act. Seller and Buyer will cause
their respective counsel to supply to each other copies of all correspondence,
filings or written communications by such party or its Affiliates with any
Governmental Authority or staff members thereof, with respect to the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any related or contemplated
transactions, except for documents filed pursuant to Item 4(c) of the
Hart-Scott-Rodino Notification and Report Form or communications regarding the
same documents or information submitted in response to any request for
additional information or documents pursuant to the HSR Act which reveal
Seller's or Buyer's negotiating objectives or strategies or purchase price
expectations.

      4.6 GTE/Bell Atlantic Merger. Notwithstanding anything else contained in
this Agreement, but without modification of the rights of Buyer under Sections
6.1, 11.6.2, 12.2(a) or 13.1, Seller shall not be obligated to take any action
that would violate the terms of its agreements regarding the Merger, or that
would interfere with, delay or prevent the consummation of the Merger. In the
event that the Closing does not occur as a direct result of the Merger, and not
through any fault of Buyer, Seller's liability to Buyer under this Agreement
shall be limited to the amount of Buyer's reasonable out-of-pocket expenses
incurred in connection with this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 5
                              PRE-CLOSING COVENANTS

      5.1 Investigation by Buyer. Prior to the Closing, upon reasonable notice
from Buyer to Seller given in accordance with this Agreement and subject to
approval by Seller's appointed representative, Seller will afford to the
authorized representatives of Buyer reasonable access during normal business
hours to the Transferred Books and Records, the Owned Real Property the Leased
Real Property and the other Purchased Property so as to afford Buyer the
opportunity to make such review, examination and investigation of the Business
and the Purchased Property as Buyer may reasonably request; provided, however,
that no environmental sampling or other testing shall be performed without
Seller's prior written consent, which consent may be given or withheld in
Seller's sole discretion. Buyer will not contact any employee, customer or
supplier of Seller with respect to this Agreement, the matters involved herein
or the Purchased Property without the prior written consent of Seller. Nothing
herein will obligate Seller to take actions that would unreasonably disrupt the
normal course of the business of Seller or violate the terms of any applicable
Law or any Contract to which Seller or any of its Affiliates is a party or to
which any of its assets is subject. Any information or documentation provided to
Buyer or acquired by Buyer during this investigation shall be deemed "Evaluation
Material" as that term is defined in the Confidentiality Agreement and shall be
subject in all cases to the terms of the Confidentiality Agreement.

      5.2 Operation of the Business in the Ordinary Course.

            5.2.1 Preservation of Business. Except as contemplated on Schedule
5.2.1 or as otherwise consented to by Buyer prior to the Closing, from the date
of this Agreement until the Closing Seller shall:


                                       18
<PAGE>

                  (a) Conduct the Business in the ordinary course consistent
with past practice and shall keep available to the Business its services and the
services of its Affiliates to the same extent generally available on the date
hereof;

                  (b) Operate the Business in substantially the same manner as
it is presently being conducted, and, with respect to the Business, refrain from
entering into any Contract that would be a Material Contract other than in the
ordinary course of business;

                  (c) Not institute any proceeding with respect to, or otherwise
change, amend or supplement any of its tariffs or make any other filings with
the PSC except in the ordinary course of business, and except as disclosed on
Schedule 8.1.15(a);

                  (d) Maintain the Purchased Property in good repair, order and
condition, reasonable wear and use excepted, and maintain the Materials and
Supply Inventory in the ordinary course of business consistent with past
practice;

                  (e) Maintain insurance with respect to the Purchased Property
consistent with past practice;

                  (f) Make capital expenditures sufficient to support normal
maintenance and customer growth in the Purchased Exchanges in a manner
consistent with established regulatory performance objectives, which
expenditures in (a) calendar year 1999 shall not be less than $15,000,000, and
(b) calendar year 2000 shall not be less than $1,250,000 per month; and

                  (g) Maintain the books and records of the Business
substantially in accordance with prior practice, except as changes are mandated
by Governmental Authorities or required by GAAP.

            5.2.2 No Material Changes. Except as contemplated by this Agreement
or as otherwise consented to by Buyer prior to the Closing, from the date of
this Agreement until the Closing, Seller will not:

                  (a) Make any material change in the general nature of the
Business;

                  (b) Sell, lease or dispose of, or make any Contract for the
sale, lease or disposition of any Purchased Property, other than in the ordinary
course of business;

                  (c) Increase the benefit provided under any plans concerning
employee benefits or increase the general rates of compensation of its
Transferred Employees, except (i) as required by Law, (ii) pursuant to any
Contract to which Seller is a party existing on the date hereof and listed on
Schedule 5.2.2(c), (iii) increases in base pay in the ordinary course of
business of Seller and in amounts consistent with the recent past practices of
Seller, or (iv) as listed or described on Schedule 5.2.2(c);

                  (d) (i) Materially amend, modify or terminate any Material
Contract or permit any of the foregoing to occur other than in the ordinary
course of business; or (ii) sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any Purchased
Property other than in the ordinary course of


                                       19
<PAGE>

business or as listed or described on Schedule 5.2.2(d), or encumber any
Purchased Property, except for Permitted Encumbrances; or

                  (e) Enter into any new written employment agreement, or union
agreement with, or commitment to, the Transferred Employees (including any new
commitment to pay retirement or other benefits or other amendments to Seller's
retirement plans), provided that Seller may enter into new union agreements to
the extent the new union agreements succeed any union agreement that expires
prior to the Closing. Prior to finalizing any such new union agreement, Seller
shall advise Buyer of its material terms and following the execution of any such
agreement, Seller shall deliver a copy to Buyer.

      5.3 Satisfaction of Conditions. Without limiting the generality or effect
of any provision of Article 6, the parties will use their commercially
reasonable efforts to satisfy promptly all the conditions required to be
satisfied prior to the Closing.

      5.4 Approvals.

                  (a) Between the date of this Agreement and the Closing Date,
Buyer and Seller will (i) cooperate with one another and take all reasonable
steps to obtain, as promptly as practicable, all consents, approvals,
authorizations, waivers and permits of any Governmental Authorities required of
either party to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and
(ii) provide such other information and communications to any Governmental
Authority as may be reasonably requested.

                  (b) To the extent that any consents, approvals, authorization
or waiver of a third party with respect to any (i) Assigned Contract, (ii)
Assigned Permit or (iii) any Pole Attachment Agreement, government grant or
railroad crossing agreement listed on Schedule 8.1.18, is required in connection
with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, Seller shall use its
commercially reasonable efforts to obtain such authorization, consent, approval
or waiver prior to the Closing Date.

      5.5 Audit or Review of Financial Statements. To the extent Buyer requires
an additional audit or review of financial statements with respect to the
Business in order to comply with the reporting requirements of the Securities
and Exchange Commission under Regulations S-K and S-X, Seller will cooperate
with the independent auditors chosen by Buyer to audit or review the Financial
Statements delivered by Buyer in accordance with Section 8.1.21 and such other
financial statements as may be required by Buyer to comply with Regulations S-K
and S-X (collectively, the "SEC Financial Statements"). Seller's cooperation
will include such access to workpapers and other supporting documents used in
the preparation of the SEC Financial Statements and delivery of one or more
representation letters from Seller to such auditors as may be reasonably
required by such auditors to perform an audit in accordance with generally
accepted auditing standards or a review in accordance with AICPA standards and
to render an opinion acceptable to the SEC with respect to the audit or review
of the SEC Financial Statements, it being understood that such representation
letters shall acknowledge (i) Seller's extensive use of estimates and
allocations in the preparation of the SEC Financial Statements, and (ii)
Seller's belief that the SEC Financial Statements represent the financial
condition and results of operations of the Business, in accordance with GAAP,
and that such estimates and


                                       20
<PAGE>

allocations were made on a reasonable basis and in accordance with GAAP.
However, Buyer acknowledges that because the Business represents only a portion
of Seller, Buyer is not acquiring significant support elements located outside
the Purchased Exchanges, and Buyer will operate under new tariffs, carrier
contracts and other conditions that will significantly impact the future
revenues of the Business, the Financial Statements may not be representative of
the financial performance of the Business during future periods. Seller will
bear the cost of the preparation of its financial statements, including the SEC
Financial Statements. Buyer will bear the cost of the preparation of any other
financial statements that it will be required to file with the SEC, as well as
the cost of the audit or review of the SEC Financial Statements. Buyer
acknowledges that the SEC Financial Statements and any supporting documentation
have been made available as an indication of the historical financial
performance and condition of the Business. Except to the extent that the SEC
Financial Statements reflect intentional misrepresentation or fraud, Buyer
agrees not to make any claim related to the performance of the Business after
the date of the SEC Financial Statements on the basis of a comparison to the SEC
Financial Statements.

      5.6 Cooperation with Respect to Like-Kind Exchange. Buyer agrees that
Seller's transfer of the Purchased Property may, at Seller's election, be
accomplished in a manner enabling such transfer to qualify as part of a
like-kind exchange of property covered by Section 1031 of the IRC. If Seller so
elects, Buyer shall cooperate with Seller (but without being required to incur
any out-of-pocket costs in the course thereof) in connection with Seller's
efforts to effect such like-kind exchange, which cooperation shall include,
without limitation, taking such actions as Seller requests in order to enable
Seller to qualify such transfer as part of a like-kind exchange of property
covered by Section 1031 of the IRC (including any actions required to facilitate
the use of a "qualified intermediary" within the meaning of the United States
Treasury Regulations), and Buyer agrees that Seller may assign all or part of
its rights (but no obligations) under this Agreement to a person or entity
acting as a qualified intermediary to qualify the transfer of the Purchased
Property as part of a like-kind exchange of property covered by Section 1031 of
the IRC. Buyer and Seller agree in good faith to use reasonable efforts to
coordinate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement with any other
transactions engaged in by either Buyer or Seller; provided that such efforts
are not required to include an unreasonable delay in the consummation of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      5.7 Interconnection Agreements. Seller shall furnish to Buyer such
necessary information as Buyer may reasonably request in connection with Buyer's
replacement of the interconnection agreements relating to the Purchased
Exchanges, including supplying to Buyer copies of such interconnection
agreements to the extent permissible.

      5.8 Leased Vehicles; Capital Leases. Seller or its Affiliates, as
applicable, will pay the remaining balances on any vehicle leases or any capital
leases relating to assets included in the Purchased Property and at Closing will
deliver to Buyer title to such vehicles and assets, free and clear of all Liens.

      5.9 Delivery of Interim Information. From the date of this Agreement until
the Closing, Seller shall furnish Buyer monthly reports concerning the operating
performance of the Business. Such reports shall contain such data as are
typically reported to GTE management with respect to the Purchased Exchanges,
including access line counts and service measures.


                                       21
<PAGE>

Seller shall provide Buyer reasonable access to Seller's management in order to
discuss such data. In the event of any significant deterioration in operating
performance, Seller shall consult with Buyer concerning its response. All
information provided in accordance with this Section 5.9 shall be subject to the
Confidentiality Agreement and to compliance with applicable antitrust Laws.

                                   ARTICLE 6
                       CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE CLOSING

      6.1 Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Buyer. The obligations of Buyer
to consummate the Closing shall be subject to the satisfaction or waiver by
Buyer, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions, any one
or more of which may be waived at the option of Buyer:

            6.1.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants and Warranties.
Seller shall have complied in all material respects with its covenants to be
performed in whole or in part prior to the Closing, and the representations and
warranties of Seller in Section 8.1 shall be true and correct as of the Closing,
except for (i) such representations or warranties that are made expressly as of
an earlier date, which shall have been true and correct as of such date except
as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, and, (ii) to the extent that any
breach of such representations and warranties has not, individually or in the
aggregate, had a Material Adverse Effect; and Seller shall have delivered to
Buyer a certificate ("Seller's Closing Certificate") in the form attached as
Schedule 6.1.1, dated the Closing Date and signed by an Executive Officer of
Seller, certifying each of the foregoing, or specifying those respects in which
such covenants have not been performed or such representations and warranties
are not true and correct.

            6.1.2 Documents. Seller shall have delivered to Buyer all documents
required by Section 7.2.

            6.1.3 HSR. All required waiting periods under the HSR Act shall have
expired or been terminated.

            6.1.4 No Legal Obstruction. Each of the required Debtholder Consents
shall have been obtained, and each of the required Regulatory Approvals and FCC
Consents shall have been obtained, free of any special term, condition,
restriction, imposed liability or other provision that is reasonably likely to
have a Material Adverse Effect, and the FCC and PSC shall not otherwise have
taken any action with respect to the Purchased Property that is reasonably
likely to have a Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of this Section 6.1.4,
any tariff that is substantially similar in all material respects to the
existing tariff with respect to the applicable Purchased Exchange shall be
deemed not to have a Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of this Agreement,
all such approvals and consents shall be deemed to have been obtained upon the
granting of a Final Order. In addition, there shall not have been entered a
preliminary or permanent injunction, temporary restraining order or other
judicial or administrative order or decree in any competent jurisdiction, the
effect of which prohibits the Closing.

            6.1.5 No Material Adverse Effect. There shall not have occurred any
event or condition which individually or in the aggregate has resulted in a
Material Adverse Effect.


                                       22
<PAGE>

      6.2 Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Seller. The obligations of
Seller to consummate the Closing shall be subject to the satisfaction or waiver
by Seller, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions:

            6.2.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants and Warranties.
Buyer shall have complied in all material respects with its covenants to be
performed in whole or in part prior to the Closing, and the representations and
warranties of Buyer in Section 8.2 shall be true and correct in all material
respects as of the Closing, except (i) for such representations or warranties
made expressly as of and only as of an earlier date, which shall be true and
correct as of such date except as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, and
(ii) to the extent that any breach of such representations and warranties has
not, individually or in the aggregate, had a Material Adverse Effect; and Buyer
shall have delivered to Seller a certificate ("Buyer's Closing Certificate") in
the form attached as Schedule 6.2.1, dated the Closing Date and signed by an
Executive Officer of Buyer, certifying each of the foregoing or specifying those
respects in which such covenants have not been performed or such representations
and warranties are not true and correct.

            6.2.2 Documents. Buyer shall have delivered to Seller all documents
required by Section 7.3.

            6.2.3 Purchase Price. Buyer shall have delivered to Seller, in the
manner specified in Section 3.1, the Closing Date Amount.

            6.2.4 HSR. All required waiting periods under the HSR Act shall have
expired or been terminated.

            6.2.5 No Legal Obstruction. Each of the required Debtholder Consents
shall have been obtained, and each of the required Regulatory Approvals and FCC
Consents shall have been obtained free of any special terms, conditions or
restrictions that are materially adverse to Seller based upon good faith
business concerns that are not commercially unreasonable (other than any such
approvals or consents which, if not obtained, would not have a Material Adverse
Effect). For purposes of this Agreement, all such approvals and consents shall
be deemed to have been obtained upon the granting of a Final Order. In addition,
there shall not have been entered a preliminary or permanent injunction,
temporary restraining order or other judicial or administrative order or decree
in any jurisdiction, the effect of which prohibits the Closing.

                                    ARTICLE 7
                                   THE CLOSING

      7.1 The Closing. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement,
the closing of the purchase and sale of the Purchased Property and the
assumption of the Assumed Liabilities (the "Closing") shall be held at 9 A.M.
local time at the offices of GTE Network Services at 600 Hidden Ridge, Irving,
Texas 75038, on the date agreed upon by the parties, provided such date shall be
(i) the last business day of the month, and (ii) at least five (5) business
days, but not more than ninety (90) days, after the date that all required
Regulatory Approvals, Debtholder Consents and FCC Consents have been obtained,
or at such other time and place as the parties


                                       23
<PAGE>

may agree (the "Closing Date"). Such Closing shall be deemed to have occurred as
of 11:59 p.m., local time, on the Closing Date.

      7.2 Seller's Obligations at Closing. At the Closing, Seller shall deliver
to Buyer the following documents:

                  (a) (i) Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement,
(ii) subject to Permitted Encumbrances (except as provided in Section 10.10),
special warranty deeds or their equivalent in respect of the Owned Real Property
and assignments of Real Property Leases to the extent any required consents have
been obtained pursuant to Section 4.3, and (iii) subject to Section 2.5,
assignments of the Assigned Contracts, the Real Property Interests and the
Assigned Permits. For purposes of this Agreement, the term "Bill of Sale and
Assignment and Assumption Agreement" means the form attached hereto as Schedule
7.2(a) executed by Seller;

                  (b) A legal opinion from William Mundy, general counsel for
GTE Network Services, as counsel for Seller, dated as of the Closing Date and in
the form of Schedule 7.2(b);

                  (c) Seller's Closing Certificate;

                  (d) Instruments of assignment or, to the extent set forth in
Section 4.3, subleases for the Leased Real Property;

                  (e) Mortgage satisfactions, UCC Form 3 Termination Statements
and other instruments necessary to remove, release and terminate all security
interests held by the Bondholders on the Purchased Property;

                  (f) All of the documents and papers required of Seller as
conditions to Closing pursuant to Section 6.1, including the Regulatory
Approvals, Debtholder Consents and FCC Consents;

                  (g) A certificate substantially in the form of Schedule 7.2(g)
certifying that Seller is not a "foreign person" within the meaning of Section
1445(b)(2) of the IRC;

                  (h) The License Agreement; and

                  (i) Such other documents and instruments as may be reasonably
necessary to effect the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      7.3 Buyer's Obligations at Closing. At the Closing, Buyer shall deliver to
Seller the following:

                  (a) The Closing Date Amount in the manner specified in Section
3.1;

                  (b) The Bill of Sale, Assignment and Assumption Agreement,
executed by Buyer;


                                       24
<PAGE>

                  (c) A legal opinion from L. Russell Mitten II, Vice President
and General Counsel of Buyer dated as of the Closing Date and in the form of
Schedule 7.3(c);

                  (d) Buyer's Closing Certificate;

                  (e) All other documents and papers required of Buyer as
conditions of Closing pursuant to Section 6.2, including the Regulatory
Approvals; and

                  (f) Such other documents and instruments as may be reasonably
necessary to effect the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 8
                         REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

      8.1 Representations and Warranties of Seller. Seller represents and
warrants to Buyer as follows:

            8.1.1 Authorization and Effect of Agreement. Seller has the
requisite corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements and to perform its obligations hereunder and
thereunder. The execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements and the fulfillment of its obligations under this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements have been duly authorized by all necessary
corporate action on the part of Seller. This Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by Seller and, assuming the due
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Buyer,
constitute valid and binding obligations of Seller enforceable in accordance
with their terms subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium
and other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and subject
to the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with principles of equity.

            8.1.2 No Restrictions Against Sale of the Purchased Property. The
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Seller
does not, and the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements will not (i) conflict with or violate any provision
of its certificate of incorporation or bylaws, (ii) subject to obtaining the
approvals and or consents referred to in Section 2.5, Article 4 and Schedule
8.1.11(a-f), conflict with, violate or result in the breach of any provision of
any Material Contract, or (iii) result in the creation of any Lien (other than
Permitted Encumbrances) upon any of the Purchased Property under (a) any
Material Contract or (b) any Law applicable to any of the Purchased Property,
except in the case of clauses (ii) or (iii) for any such conflict, violation,
breach or Lien that would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

            8.1.3 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authorities. No
consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration, declaration or
filing with, any Governmental Authority is required to be obtained or made by or
with respect to Seller or in connection with the execution and delivery of this
Agreement by Seller or the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this
Agreement, except (i) FCC Consents and HSR Act clearance, (ii) the Regulatory
Approvals, and (iii) any consent approval, order or authorization or
registration declaration or filing, which if not obtained or made would not have
a Material Adverse Effect.


                                       25
<PAGE>

            8.1.4 No Material Violations. Except as indicated in Schedule 8.1.4
or as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, (a)
the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and
the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements will not violate any applicable Law, and (b) Seller is not
in violation of any Law relating to or affecting the operation, conduct or
ownership of the Business or the Purchased Property.

            8.1.5 Corporate Organization. Seller is a corporation duly
organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of
Minnesota, and is duly qualified to conduct business in Minnesota. Seller has
full power and authority to own its properties and to carry on the Business as
it is now being conducted and to own, or hold under lease the Purchased
Property. Seller holds valid permits, licenses, franchises, approvals and
authorizations issued or granted by any Governmental Authority and adequate for
the operation of the Business as currently conducted, except to the extent
absence of any such permit, license, franchise, approval or authorization would
not have an Material Adverse Effect.

            8.1.6 Brokers. Seller has not paid or become obligated to pay any
fee or commission to any broker, finder, investment banker or other intermediary
in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in such a
manner as to give rise to a valid claim against Buyer for any broker's or
finder's fees or similar fees or expenses.

            8.1.7 Title to Owned Real Property. Seller has good fee simple title
to all of the Owned Real Property, free and clear of any Lien other than
Permitted Encumbrances and Liens of the Bondholders identified on Schedule
8.1.7(b). As of the date hereof, the address and a general description of each
item of Owned Real Property are set forth on Schedule 8.1.7(a). Seller
represents that the only creditors that have a Lien (other than any Permitted
Encumbrances) on any of the Owned Real Property are the Bondholders identified
on Schedule 8.1.7(b).

            8.1.8 Real Property Leases. As of the date hereof, set forth on
Schedule 8.1.8 is a list of the Real Property Leases. Each of the leases for the
Leased Real Property is enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to
bankruptcy, insolvency and other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors
generally and subject to the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with
the principles of equity, and except as otherwise disclosed in Schedule 8.1.8,
there is not under any lease any material default or a material breach of
covenant by Seller.

            8.1.9 Tangible Assets. All of the tangible Purchased Property is in
substantially good operating condition and repair, normal wear and tear
excepted. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.9 or elsewhere in this Agreement,
Seller has good title to each item of tangible Purchased Property (other than
Real Property Interests or office equipment or vehicles subject to leases) with
a fair market value in excess of $5,000, free and clear of any Lien (other than
Permitted Encumbrances). Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.9, Seller has not
received any written notice within the past twelve (12) months of a violation of
any ordinances, regulations or building, zoning and other similar laws with
respect to such assets that would have a Material Adverse Effect. EXCEPT AS
EXPRESSLY PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION 8.1.9, SELLER MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE CONDITION OR FITNESS OF THE TANGIBLE
PURCHASED PROPERTY AND


                                       26
<PAGE>

HEREBY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE OR WARRANTY AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.

            8.1.10 No Material Adverse Change. Except as disclosed in Schedule
8.1.10, between December 31, 1997 and the date of this Agreement there has not
occurred (i) any event or condition that would have a Material Adverse Effect;
(ii) any increase in compensation payable or to become payable by Seller to any
of its Transferred Employees or agents, other than normal merit or promotional
increases other than payment under the retention pay program announced in
connection with the network business repositioning of Seller and its Affiliates;
(iii) any amendment or termination of, or delivery of written notice to amend or
terminate, any Material Contract; or (iv) any material change in any accounting
method, practice or policy of Seller with respect to the Business.

            8.1.11 Material Contracts. Except for the agreements set forth on
Schedule 8.1.11 subparts (b) through (j), there is no Assigned Contract (other
than the Assigned Contracts entered into after the date of this Agreement in the
ordinary course of business) that is:

                  (a) an agreement containing a non-compete agreement or other
covenant that in either case would by its terms limit the freedom of Buyer
following the Closing to compete in any material respect with respect to the
Business with any third party;

                  (b) an agreement granting a Lien (other than a Permitted
Encumbrance);

                  (c) an agreement for the sale of any material Purchased
Property or grant of any preferential rights to purchase any material Purchased
Property;

                  (d) an agreement for the provision of telephone service at
public pay telephone locations;

                  (e) an agreement made in the ordinary course of business other
than as set forth above with respect to which the aggregate amount to be
received or paid thereunder with respect to calendar year 1999 is expected to
exceed $100,000 based on the terms of such agreement or on the payments which
have been made under such agreement with respect to calendar year 1998, to the
extent applicable;

                  (f) an agreement not made in the ordinary course of business
with respect to which the aggregate amount to be received or paid thereunder
with respect to calendar year 1999 is expected to exceed $50,000 based on the
terms of such agreement or on the payments which have been made under such
agreement with respect to calendar year 1998, to the extent applicable;

                  (g) an agreement with respect to 911 services or E911
services;

                  (h) an agreement between Seller and a third party for the
construction of mutual transmission facilities between various switching points
included in the Purchased Exchanges;


                                       27
<PAGE>

                  (i) an agreement between Seller and a third party for the
third party's co-location of equipment in facilities included in the Purchased
Property pursuant to which Seller is currently providing facilities or a request
to provide facilities is currently pending; or

                  (j) an agreement with a third party in which the owner of
utility poles has agreed to allow the other party to attach its
telecommunications equipment or facilities to the utility poles (a "Pole
Attachment Agreement").

            Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.11, to the knowledge of Seller,
each Assigned Contract referred to in any of the clauses (a) to (j) above
(collectively the "Material Contracts") is valid, binding and in full force and
effect and is enforceable by Seller or Seller's Affiliate, as applicable, in
accordance with its terms, except for any such failure to be valid, binding, in
full force and effect or enforceable that is not reasonably likely to have a
Material Adverse Effect. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.11, to the
knowledge of Seller, Seller and Seller's Affiliates have performed all material
obligations required to be performed by them to date under the Material
Contracts, and they are not (with or without the lapse of time or the giving of
notice, or both) in breach or default thereunder and, to the knowledge of
Seller, no other party to any Material Contract is (with or without the lapse of
time or the giving of notice, or both) in breach or default in any respect
thereunder, in each case except for such noncompliance, breaches and defaults
that, individually or in the aggregate, are not reasonably likely to have a
Material Adverse Effect. As of the date hereof, neither Seller nor any Seller's
Affiliate has, except as disclosed on Schedule 8.1.11, received or given any
written notice of the intention of any party to terminate any Material Contract.
Complete and correct copies of all the Material Contracts, together with all
modifications and amendments thereto to the date of this Agreement by Closing
will, have been made available to Buyer or its representatives.

            8.1.12 Insurance. The Purchased Property of an insurable nature and
of a character usually insured by companies carrying on similar businesses is
insured under insurance policies or self insured in such amounts and against
such losses or casualties as is usual in Seller's industry. On the Closing Date,
the coverage under the insurance policies and programs applicable to the
Purchased Property will be terminated, and Buyer will be responsible for
providing all insurance coverage for the Purchased Property.

            8.1.13 Taxes. Except as disclosed on Schedule 8.1.13, (i) all Tax
Returns required to be filed by Seller on or before the Closing Date have or
will have been filed, and all Taxes shown as due and payable on such Tax Returns
have been or will be paid by Seller when required by law; (ii) no deficiencies
or assessments for any Taxes have been asserted in writing or assessed against
Seller that remain unpaid and that individually or in the aggregate are material
to the Business; (iii) Seller has withheld all required federal, state and local
payroll taxes relating to the Business and has remitted or will remit all
amounts required to be remitted to the appropriate taxing authorities; (iv)
there are no tax liens upon any of the Purchased Property except for statutory
liens covering taxes not yet due and payable; (v) Seller is not a "foreign
person" within the meaning of Section 1445(b)(2) of the IRC and shall provide an
appropriate certificate for purposes of Section 1445(b)(2) of the IRC and (vi)
there are no material, current audits or material audits for which written
notice has been received (in either case, specifically with respect to the
Business).


                                       28
<PAGE>

            8.1.14 No Material Claims or Suits. Except as disclosed in Schedule
8.1.14 or with respect to Taxes, there are no claims, actions, lawsuits or legal
proceedings pending before any Governmental Authority, or, to the knowledge of
Seller threatened against or affecting the Business or Purchased Property that
in Seller's opinion, if determined adversely to Seller, would reasonably be
expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on the Business or materially
adversely affect ability of Seller to consummate the transactions contemplated
hereby.

            8.1.15 Tariffs; FCC Licenses.

                  (a) The regulatory tariffs applicable to the Business stand in
full force and effect on the date of this Agreement in accordance with all
terms, and there is no outstanding notice of cancellation or termination or, to
Seller's knowledge, any threatened cancellation or termination in connection
therewith, nor is Seller subject to any restrictions or conditions applicable to
its regulatory tariffs that limit or would limit the operation of the Business
(other than restrictions or conditions generally applicable to tariffs of that
type). Each such tariff has been duly and validly approved by Seller's
regulatory agency. Seller is not in material default under the terms and
conditions of any such tariff and there is no basis for any claim of default by
Seller in any material respect under any such tariff. Except as disclosed on
Schedule 8.1.15(a), there are no applications by Seller or petitions by others
or proceedings pending or threatened before the state regulatory authority
relating to the Business or its operations or the regulatory tariffs, other than
such applications, petitions or proceedings as may be brought in the ordinary
course of business or by end-users. To the knowledge of Seller, there are no
material violations by subscribers or others under any such tariff. A true and
correct copy of each tariff applicable to the Business has been delivered or
made available to Buyer.

                  (b) Listed on Schedule 8.1.15(b) are the FCC Licenses and
other material Assigned Permits (the "Material Permits") held by Seller and used
in the operation of the Business. Except as listed on Schedule 8.1.15(b), to
Seller's knowledge, each such FCC License or Material Permit is in full force
and effect on the date of this Agreement in accordance with its terms, and there
is no outstanding notice of cancellation or termination or, to Seller's
knowledge, any threatened cancellation or termination in connection therewith,
nor are any of such FCC Licenses or Material Permits subject to any restrictions
or conditions that limit the operation of the Business (other than restrictions
or conditions generally applicable to licenses or permits of that type). Subject
to the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, and the regulations thereunder,
the FCC Licenses are free from all security interests, liens, claims, or
encumbrances of any nature whatsoever. There are no applications by Seller or
petitions by others or proceedings pending or threatened before the FCC relating
to the Business or the FCC Licenses that, in Seller's opinion, would reasonably
be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on the Business, other than such
applications, petitions or proceedings as may be brought in the ordinary course
of business or by end-users.

            8.1.16 Employee Matters.

                  (a) Schedule 8.1.16(a) lists (and identifies the sponsor of)
each "Employee Pension Benefit Plan," as that term is defined in Section 3(2) of
ERISA, each "Employee Welfare Benefit Plan," as that term is defined in Section
3(1) of ERISA (such plans being hereinafter referred to collectively as the
"ERISA Plans"), and each other retirement,


                                       29
<PAGE>

pension, profit-sharing, money purchase, deferred compensation, incentive
compensation, bonus, stock option, stock purchase, severance pay, unemployment
benefit, vacation pay, savings, medical, dental, post-retirement medical,
accident, disability, weekly income, salary continuation, health, life or other
insurance, fringe benefit, or other employee benefit plan, program, agreement,
or arrangement maintained or contributed to by Seller or its Affiliates in
respect of or for the benefit of any Transferred Employee or former employee of
Seller, excluding any such plan, program, agreement, or arrangement maintained
or contributed to solely in respect of or for the benefit of Transferred
Employees or former employees employed or formerly employed by Seller outside of
the United States, as of the date hereof (collectively, together with the ERISA
Plans, referred to hereinafter as the "Plans"). Schedule 8.1.16(a) also includes
a list of each written employment, severance, termination or similar-type
agreement between Seller and its Affiliates and any Transferred Employee (the
"Employment Agreements"). Seller has delivered to Buyer accurate and complete
copies of all Plans and Employment Agreements (or representative samples in the
case of form agreements) and, if applicable, summary plan descriptions with
respect to such Plans and Employment Agreements and summary descriptions of any
such Plan or Employment Agreement that is not otherwise in writing. Except for
retention bonuses paid in connection with the closing of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement and except as otherwise disclosed on Schedule
8.1.16(a), the execution and delivery of this Agreement by Seller and the
performance of this Agreement by Seller will not directly result now or at any
time in the future in the payment to any Transferred Employee of any severance,
termination, or similar-type payments or benefits being paid to any Transferred
Employee.

                  (b) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(b):

                        (i) Neither Seller nor any of its Affiliates, any of the
ERISA Plans, any trust created thereunder, or any trustee or administrator
thereof, has engaged in any transaction as a result of which Seller or any of
its Affiliates could be subject to any material liability pursuant to Section
409 of ERISA or to either a civil penalty assessed pursuant to Section 502(i) of
ERISA or a tax imposed pursuant to Section 4975 of the IRC; and

                        (ii) Since the effective date of ERISA, no material
liability under Title IV of ERISA has been incurred or is reasonably expected to
be incurred by Seller or any of its Affiliates (other than liability for
premiums due to the PBGC), unless such liability has been, or prior to the
Closing Date will be, satisfied in full.

                  (c) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(c), with respect to
the ERISA Plans other than those ERISA Plans identified on Schedule 8.1.16(a) as
"multiemployer plans":

                        (i) the PBGC has not instituted proceedings to terminate
any Plan that is subject to Title IV of ERISA (the "Retirement Plans");

                        (ii) none of the ERISA Plans has incurred an
"accumulated funding deficiency" (as defined in Section 302 of ERISA and Section
412 of the IRC), whether or not waived, as of the last day of the most recent
fiscal year of each of the ERISA Plans ended prior to the date of this
Agreement;


                                       30
<PAGE>

                        (iii) each of the ERISA Plans has been operated and
administered in all material respects in accordance with its provisions and with
all applicable laws;

                        (iv) each of the ERISA Plans that is intended to be
"qualified" within the meaning of Section 401(a) of the IRC and, to the extent
applicable, Section 401(k) of the IRC, has been determined by the IRS to be so
qualified, and nothing has occurred since the date of the most recent such
determination (other than the effective date of certain amendments to the IRC,
the remedial amendment period for which has not yet expired) that would
adversely affect the qualified status of any of such ERISA Plans;

                        (v) there are no pending material claims by or on behalf
of any of the ERISA Plans, by any employee or beneficiary covered under any such
ERISA Plan, or otherwise involving any such ERISA Plan (other than routine
claims for benefits and routine expenses);

                        (vi) each ERISA Plan which is a group health plan has
been operated and administered in compliance with the continuation coverage
provisions of Section 498B of the IRC and Part 6 of Title I of ERISA;

                        (vii) all contributions and premiums that would normally
be made or paid with respect to any ERISA Plan or Employment Agreement on behalf
of Transferred Employees as of the Closing Date will have been made by the
Closing Date; and

                        (viii) as of the Closing Date no Transferred Employee
will be excluded from coverage under any employee welfare benefit plan (as
defined in Section 3(1) of ERISA) maintained or contributed to by Seller.

                  (d) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(d), none of the
ERISA Plans is a "multiemployer Plan," as that term is defined in Section 3(37)
of ERISA, and with respect to any such multiemployer plans (as so defined)
listed in Schedule 8.1.16(d), Seller has not made or incurred a "complete
withdrawal" or a "partial withdrawal," as such terms are respectively defined in
Sections 4203 and 4205 of ERISA that would result in the incurrence of a
material liability by Seller. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(d), neither
Seller nor any Affiliates of Seller has made or incurred a "complete withdrawal"
or a "partial withdrawal" (as such terms are defined in Sections 4203 and 4205,
respectively, of ERISA) that would result in the incurrence of liability by
Seller or its Affiliates, and the performance of this Agreement will not result
in such withdrawal(s) or liability.

                  (e) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(e), (i) none of the
Transferred Employees are represented by a labor union or labor organization;
(ii) Seller is not subject to any collective bargaining agreement covering any
Transferred Employee; (iii) there are no current, or to the best knowledge of
Seller, any pending or threatened strikes, slowdowns, picketing, or work
stoppages affecting the Business or with respect to any Transferred Employee
covered by collective bargaining; (iv) there is no pending lockout by Seller of
any employees of the Business, and no such action is contemplated by Seller; (v)
to the best knowledge of Seller, there is no pending or threatened organizing
activity or petition for certification of a collective


                                       31
<PAGE>

bargaining representative involving employees of the Business and there has been
none within the twelve (12) months preceding the date of the Agreement; (vi) to
the best knowledge of Seller, there is no pending or threatened charge, action,
complaint, or proceeding of any nature against Seller relating to the violation
of any applicable state or federal labor or employment law or regulation in
connection with the Business, including any charge or complaint filed by any
employee or labor organization with the National Labor Relations Board, the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or any other administrative
governmental agency, nor is there any other pending or threatened labor or
employment dispute against or affecting Seller in connection with the Business;
(viii) with respect to employees of the Business, Seller has complied in all
respects with all laws relating to employment, equal employment opportunity,
nondiscrimination, collective bargaining, wages, hours of work, employee
benefits, occupational safety and health, immigration, and plant closings; and
(ix) Seller shall provide employees of the Business with any required notices
under any federal, state, or municipal law or regulation concerning the
termination of their employment with Seller. Seller has delivered to Buyer
accurate and complete copies of all collective bargaining agreements affecting
any of the Transferred Employees.

                  (f) This Agreement shall not result in any Transferred
Employee becoming entitled to separation pay or severance which could be or
become an obligation of Buyer.

            8.1.17 Schedules of Telephone Plant. Schedule 8.1.17 sets forth, as
of December 31, 1998, a materially accurate summary of the book value of the
Telephone Plant as reflected in Seller's continuing property records. Schedule
8.1.17 also sets forth a materially accurate list of the vehicles, trailers and
other mobile tools and mobile equipment that are part of the Purchased Property
as of May 14, 1999.

            8.1.18 Schedule of Real Property Interests. To the knowledge of
Seller and as of the date of this Agreement, Schedule 8.1.18 sets forth a true
and accurate list of all its Real Property Interests.

            8.1.19 Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements. Except
as set forth in Schedule 8.1.19 or as would not have a Material Adverse Effect,
to the knowledge of Seller:

                  (a) Seller's operation of the Business and the Purchased
Property has been and is presently in substantial compliance with Existing
Environmental Requirements;\
                  (b) No environmental remediation is occurring on any parcel of
Owned Real Property or Leased Real Property nor has Seller or any Affiliate
issued a request for proposal or otherwise requested an environmental
remediation contractor to begin plans for such environmental remediation;

                  (c) No underground storage tanks ("USTs") or aboveground
storage tanks ("ASTs") are located on the Owned Real Property or Leased Real
Property;


                                       32
<PAGE>

                  (d) None of the Owned Real Property or Leased Real Property is
situated in a state or federal "superfund" site or study area; and

                  (e) Seller has delivered, or within 60 days after the date of
this Agreement will deliver, to Buyer complete copies of all reports and studies
relating to Seller's liability under or non-compliance with any Existing
Environmental Requirements in connection with Seller's operation of the Business
or use or ownership of the Purchased Property.

            8.1.20 Environmental Permits. Except as set forth in Schedule
8.1.20, to the knowledge of Seller, it has obtained or filed for all necessary
environmental permits, authorizations and licenses required to operate the
Business or the Purchased Property, except where failure to obtain or file such
permits, authorizations and licenses would not have a Material Adverse Effect on
the Business.

            8.1.21 Financial Statements. Seller has furnished to Buyer its
audited balance sheets as of December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998 and the
related statements of income and cash flows for the years ended December 31,
1997 and December 31, 1998 (collectively, the "Financial Statements"). The
Financial Statements have been prepared based on the books and records of
Seller. Such books and records have been maintained in accordance with GAAP, and
where required by law, the applicable regulations of the FCC and PSC. However,
because the Business represents only a portion of a larger entity, the Financial
Statements are based on the extensive use of estimates and allocations. Seller
believes these estimates and allocations have been performed on a reasonable
basis in accordance with GAAP. However, Buyer acknowledges that because Buyer is
not acquiring significant support elements located outside the Purchased
Exchanges, and the Buyer will operate under new tariffs, carrier contracts and
other conditions that will significantly impact the future revenues of the
Business, the Financial Statements may not be representative of the financial
performance of the Business during future periods.

            8.1.22 Year 2000 Compliance.

                  (a) As of the Closing Date, Seller shall have caused the
modification or remediation of the Automated Assets in accordance with
applicable manufacturer or vendor recommendations such that the Automated Assets
are Year 2000 Compliant; provided that any and all Buyer or third-party supplied
computer software, computer firmware and computer hardware that directly
interfaces with the Automated Assets, co-exists with the Automated Assets, or
indirectly influences the operation of the Automated Assets are also
demonstrated to be Year 2000 Compliant.

                  (b) Seller shall be deemed to be in satisfaction of the
requirements of subsection (a) of this Section 8.1.22 to the extent that Seller
has (i) performed on or before the Closing Date any modification or remediation
in accordance with applicable manufacturer or vendor recommendations for
achieving Year 2000 compliance or Year 2000 readiness, or (ii) received on or
before the Closing Date reasonable assurances from the applicable manufacturer
or vendor that an Automated Asset, without modification or remediation, is Year
2000 compliant or Year 2000 ready.


                                       33
<PAGE>

                  (c) When used in this Section 8.1.22, the following term shall
have the respective meanings given below:

                        "Automated Assets" means the computer software, computer
firmware, computer hardware (whether general or special purpose), documentation,
data, and other similar or related items of the automated, computerized, and/or
software system(s) that are provided by Seller to Buyer as part of the Purchased
Exchanges pursuant to this Agreement.

                        "Calendar-Related" refers to the date values based on
the Gregorian calendar, as defined in Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition,
1982, page 602, and to all uses in any manner of those date values, including
without limitation manipulations, calculations, conversions, comparisons and
presentations.

                        "Date Data" means any Calendar-Related data in the
inclusive range January 1, 1900 through December 31, 2050, which the Automated
Assets use in any manner.

                        "System Date" means any Calendar-Related data value in
the inclusive range January 1, 1985 through December 31, 2035 (including the
natural transition between such values) which the Automated Assets shall be able
to use as their current date while operating.

                        "Year 2000 Compliant" means:

                        (i) As of the Closing Date, in connection with
Calendar-Related data and Calendar-Related processing of Date Data or of any
System Date, the Automated Assets will not malfunction, will not cease to
function and will not produce incorrect results; and

                        (ii) As of the Closing Date, the Automated Assets will
represent dates without ambiguity as to century when providing Calendar-Related
data to and accepting Calendar-Related data from other automated, computerized
and/or software systems and users by way of user interfaces, electronic
interfaces and data storage.

            8.1.23 Native American and Federal Consents. Except as set forth on
Schedule 8.1.23 or as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, to the knowledge
of the Seller:

                  (a) Schedule 8.1.23 sets forth all material easements,
rights-of-way, franchises, licenses, permits, consents, approvals, certificates
and other authorizations of tribal authorities and the United States Bureau of
Indian Affairs (the "BIA") (collectively, the "Native American Authorizations")
held by Seller and relating to any Purchased Property located, or any operations
of the Business conducted, on Native American reservations;

                  (b) All such Native American Authorizations are in full force
and effect and Seller is not in default thereunder;

                  (c) There are no material claims, actions, lawsuits or other
proceedings pending or threatened with respect to any of the Purchased Property
located, or any operations of


                                       34
<PAGE>

the Business conducted, on Native American reservations, and no tribal authority
has given written notice of any cancellation, revocation, termination or
material amendment or modification of any Native American Authorization; and

                  (d) No material consent, approval or waiver from, or filing
with, any tribal authority or the BIA is required to be obtained or made in
connection with the execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement, or
Seller's fulfillment of its obligations under this Agreement.

            8.1.24 Loss of Major Customer. Except as set forth on Schedule
8.1.24, since January 1, 1997, Seller has not suffered the loss of any customer
of the Business for which Seller billed in excess of $50,000 annually during the
years ended December 31, 1997 or 1998.

            8.1.25 Records. The continuing property records and other records
related to the Purchased Property maintained by Seller conform in all material
respects with the applicable rules and regulations of the FCC and PSC. Seller
has retained substantially all original cost documentation relating to the
Purchased Property regarding the expenditures made by Seller for the Telephone
Plant within the period required by applicable Law.

      8.2 Representations and Warranties of Buyer. Buyer represents and warrants
to Seller as follows:

            8.2.1 Corporate Organization. Buyer is a corporation duly organized,
validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of Delaware
and is duly qualified to conduct business in Minnesota and has the requisite
corporate power and authority to own, lease or otherwise hold the assets owned,
leased or held by it.

            8.2.2 Authorization and Effect of Agreement. Buyer has the requisite
corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements, to carry on the Business as presently conducted and to
fulfill all other obligations of Buyer under this Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements. The execution and delivery by Buyer of this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements, and the fulfillment by it of its obligations under this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements have been duly authorized by all
necessary corporate action on the part of Buyer. Buyer has the requisite legal
capacity to purchase, own and hold the Purchased Property upon the consummation
of the sale of the Purchased Property. This Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by Buyer and, assuming the due
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Seller,
constitute valid and binding obligations of Buyer enforceable in accordance with
their terms subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and
other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and subject to
the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with principles of equity.

            8.2.3 No Restrictions Against Purchase of the Purchased Properties.
The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by
Buyer do not, and the fulfillment by Buyer of its obligations under this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements will not, conflict with, violate or
result in the breach of any provision of the certificate of incorporation or
bylaws of Buyer or, conflict with, violate or result in the breach of any
contract


                                       35
<PAGE>

to which Buyer is a party. No material consent, approval, order or authorization
of, or registration, declaration or filing with, any Governmental Authority is
required to be obtained or made by or with respect to Buyer in connection with
the execution and delivery of this Agreement by Buyer or the fulfillment by
Buyer of its obligations under this Agreement, except the filings and approvals
described in Article 4.

            8.2.4 No Violation of Law. The execution and delivery of this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and the fulfillment by Buyer of its
obligations under this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements will not violate
any Law except to the extent any such violation would not have a material
adverse effect on the ability of Buyer to fulfill its obligations hereunder and
thereunder.

            8.2.5 Financial Capacity.

                  (a) Buyer has sufficient cash or other sources of funds to pay
the Purchase Price in the manner specified in Section 3.1 and all related fees
and expenses.

                  (b) Buyer has sufficient financial resources to operate the
Business after the Closing Date. Without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, Buyer has sufficient financial resources to satisfy any applicable
requirement relating to financial capacity or capital imposed by any
Governmental Authority in any state in which the Business is conducted. Buyer is
solvent, is able to pay its debts as they become due, and owns property that has
both a fair value and a fair saleable value in excess of the amount required to
pay its debts as they become due.

            8.2.6 Brokers. Buyer has not paid or become obligated to pay any fee
or commission to any broker, finder, investment banker or other intermediary in
connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in such a manner
as to give rise to a valid claim against Seller for any broker's or finder's
fees or similar fees or expenses.

            8.2.7 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authority. Subject to
Article 4 with respect to Regulatory Approvals and FCC Consents, no consent,
approval or authorization of, or declaration, filing or registration with, any
Governmental Authority or regulatory authority is required in connection with
the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by Buyer or the
consummation by Buyer of the transactions contemplated herein, except for
filings with the Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice pursuant to
the HSR Act, if required.

                                   ARTICLE 9
                        CONTINUING BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS

      9.1 Transition Services Agreement. The parties agree to cooperate with
each other to ensure that the transition of the ownership of the Purchased
Property proceeds with minimal disruption to the services being provided to
subscribers. The parties agree that it may be necessary for Seller to assist
Buyer in converting Seller's systems and processes with respect to the Purchased
Property to Buyer's systems and processes. Seller and Buyer agree to execute a


                                       36
<PAGE>

separate "Transition Services Agreement" substantially in the form attached
hereto as Schedule 9.1 for the provision of such services.

      9.2 Optional Services Agreement. It is understood and agreed that Buyer
may not have for a period of time after Closing Date, certain systems or
processes necessary to provide some basic customer services. Seller will at
Buyer's request and for the fees described in Schedule 9.2 provide any or all of
the services described in a separate "Optional Services Agreement" signed by the
parties substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule 9.2.

      9.3 Directory Publishing.

            9.3.1 Assumption of Certain Directory Publishing Agreement Rights
and Obligations. Seller is party to a directories publishing agreement with [GTE
Directories Service Corporation n/k/a GTE Directories Corporation or GTE
Directories Corporation as purchaser of the rights and interests of Associated
Directory Services, Inc. f/k/a Mast Advertising and Publishing, Inc.] herein
"Publisher." This [These] agreement[s] is [are] identified in Schedule 9.3.1
attached hereto ("Publishing Agreement[s]"). Pursuant to this [these]
agreement[s] Publisher has the exclusive right and obligation to sell
advertising, and to publish, print and distribute directories containing
telephone numbers relating to the Purchased Exchanges.

            Buyer agrees to execute an agreement effective as of the Closing to
assume and appropriately amend the Publishing Agreement[s] as it[they] relate to
the Purchased Exchanges, including the extension of the Contel Publishing
Agreements expiring prior to the Seller's Master Publishing Agreement which
expires December 31, 2001, so that such extensions expire on December 31, 2001.
If the directories for any of the Purchased Exchanges are published by a third
party non-Affiliate of Seller, then to the extent requested by Buyer, Seller
agrees to assist Buyer in obtaining such third party's consents to the
continuation of such publishing arrangements; provided that Seller shall have no
obligation to pay compensation or other consideration in connection with such
assistance.

            9.3.2 Co-Bound Directories Acknowledgement. Buyer acknowledges that
Publisher may have a pre-existing obligation (which Publisher may choose to
continue) to sell advertising, publish, print and distribute the telephone
numbers of third party local exchange telephone companies in the same directory
as the Purchased Exchanges ("Co-Bound" directory). Co-Bound directory agreements
of which Seller is aware, if any, are identified on Schedule 9.3.2.

            9.3.3 Meeting to Discuss Directory Publication. Within ninety (90)
days following the date of this Agreement, Buyer agrees to meet with Seller and
Publisher for the purpose of having an initial discussion about the first
directory publication after the Closing Date. This meeting will be held at
Publisher's address unless otherwise agreed between the parties and Publisher.
All parties shall employ their respective commercially reasonable efforts to
ensure that directory publication is not interrupted following the Closing Date.

      9.4 GTE Supply Relationship. Within 90 days of this Agreement, Buyer
agrees to meet with representatives of GTE Supply for purposes of negotiating in
good faith an agreement for GTE Supply to provide ongoing procurement and
materials management functions for the


                                       37
<PAGE>

Business on substantially the same terms as contained in the Buyer's existing
agreement with GTE Supply; provided that Buyer may negotiate in good faith with
respect to any volume discounts that may be available from GTE Supply.

                                   ARTICLE 10
                       ADDITIONAL COVENANTS OF THE PARTIES

      10.1 Intellectual Property.

            10.1.1 No License. Buyer and Seller agree and understand that except
as expressly set forth in writing in the License Agreement and Section 10.1.3,
Seller has not granted any rights or licenses, express or implied, of, and
nothing shall constitute or be construed as a license of Seller under any
Intellectual Property now or hereafter owned, obtained or licensable by Seller
or under any Third Party Intellectual Property.

            10.1.2 Infringement.

                  (a) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the
contrary, Seller shall have no obligation to defend, indemnify or hold harmless
Buyer or any of its Affiliates, from any damages, costs or expenses resulting
from any obligation, proceeding or suit based upon any claim that any activity
subsequent to the Closing Date engaged in by Buyer, a customer of Buyer's or
anyone claiming under Buyer, constitutes direct or contributory infringement,
misuse of, or misappropriation of, or inducement to infringe, any Third Party
Intellectual Property.

                  (b) Buyer shall defend, indemnify and hold harmless Seller and
its Affiliates from and against any and all Indemnifiable Losses resulting from
any obligation, proceeding or suit based upon any claim alleging or asserting
direct or contributory infringement, or misuse or misappropriation of or
inducement to infringe by Seller or any of its Affiliates of any Third Party
Intellectual Property, to the extent that such claim is based on, or would not
have arisen but for, activity conducted or engaged in subsequent to the Closing
Date by Buyer, a customer of Buyer's, or anyone claiming under Buyer.

            10.1.3 Trademark Phaseout.

                  (a) Buyer acknowledges that Seller or its Affiliates are the
owners of Excluded Marks that qualify as Excluded Property under Section 2.3.
Buyer understands and agrees that the Excluded Marks, or any right to or license
of the Excluded Marks, are not being transferred pursuant to this Agreement.
Buyer acknowledges the exclusive and proprietary rights of Seller and its
Affiliates in the use of the Excluded Marks, and Buyer agrees that it shall not
use the Excluded Marks (or any names, domain names, marks or indicia confusingly
similar to the Excluded Marks) except and to the extent expressly set forth in
this Section 10.1.3 or assert any rights or claims in such Excluded Marks (or in
any names, domain names, marks or when confusingly similar to the Excluded
Marks). After the Closing, all Excluded Marks of Seller and its Affiliates shall
be replaced by Buyer, at Buyer's expense, as soon as possible, but in no event
later than one hundred twenty (120) days after the Closing Date for items with
Excluded Marks affixed to them which Buyer has continued to use in Buyer's
operation of the Business, including


                                       38
<PAGE>

buildings, vehicles, heavy equipment, hard hats, tools, tool boxes, kits (safety
and others), signs, public (pay) telephones, manual covers and notebooks. After
the Closing, Buyer will not use, and will destroy or deliver to Seller, all such
items with Excluded Marks affixed to them that have no valid continuing use in
Buyer's operation of the Business, including items affecting customer or
employee relations or items that do not reflect Buyer's true identity. Specific
items to be destroyed or returned include items with Excluded Marks affixed to
them including giveaways; order, purchase or materials forms; requisitions;
invoices; statements; time sheets/labor reports; bill inserts; stationery;
personalized note pads; maps; organization charts; bulletins/releases;
sales/price literature; manuals or catalogs; report covers/folders; program
materials; and materials such as media contact lists/cards. The one hundred
twenty (120) day time period for replacement of Excluded Marks affixed to
telephone directories that were already published or closed for publication at
the Closing Date shall be extended to the expiration date of such directories.

                  (b) Buyer recognizes the great value of the goodwill
associated with the Excluded Marks, and acknowledges that the Excluded Marks and
all rights therein and the goodwill pertaining thereto belong exclusively to
Seller and that the Excluded Marks have a secondary meaning in the minds of the
public. Buyer further agrees that any and all permitted use of the Excluded
Marks pursuant to this Agreement shall inure to the sole and exclusive benefit
of Seller.

                  (c) Buyer agrees that any permitted use of the Excluded Marks
in the operation of the Business after the Closing shall be provided in
accordance with all applicable federal, state and local laws, and that the same
shall not reflect adversely upon the good name of Seller or its Affiliates, and
that the operation of the Business will be of a high standard and skill.

                  (d) Buyer acknowledges that its failure to cease use of the
Excluded Marks as provided in this Agreement, or its improper use of the
Excluded Marks, will result in immediate and irreparable harm to Seller and its
Affiliates. Buyer acknowledges and admits that there is no adequate remedy at
law for such failure to terminate use of the Excluded Marks, or for such
improper use of the Excluded Marks. Buyer agrees that in the event of such
failure or improper use, Seller and its Affiliates shall be entitled to
equitable relief by way of temporary restraining order, or preliminary or
permanent injunction, or any other relief available under this Agreement.

                  (e) Buyer will not contest the ownership or validity of any
rights of Seller or its Affiliates in the Excluded Marks.

            10.1.4 Third Party Software. To the extent that the transfer of
Purchased Property by Seller to Buyer under this Agreement results in the
transfer of possession to Buyer of software that at the Closing Date is Third
Party Intellectual Property, which software was located in and rightfully used
by Seller in the geographical area of the Purchased Exchanges prior to the
Closing Date in the normal and ordinary operation of the Business pursuant to
Contracts with the owners or licensors of such software ("Third Party
Intellectual Property Contracts"), then subject to Section 2.5, effective as of
the Closing and provided that no payments to any Person other than a Switch
Software vendor (which, if any, shall be paid by Seller) are thereby required,
at Closing Seller shall assign to Buyer, and Buyer shall accept all rights and
licenses if any to


                                       39
<PAGE>

posses and use such software pursuant to such Third Party Intellectual Property
Contracts. Buyer agrees that the acceptance by Buyer of such assignment of the
Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts includes the assumption by Buyer of
obligations under such Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts, including
all obligations necessary or incidental to the transfer of such rights and
licenses. Buyer understands and agrees that except as provided above in this
Section 10.1.4, or as expressly provided elsewhere in this Agreement or in
another written agreement between Buyer and Seller, no rights or licenses to use
or possess such software or any Third Party Intellectual Property are
transferred to Buyer. Buyer shall properly dispose of, and shall not use, any
software of which Buyer acquires possession in connection with Purchased
Property and (i) which, after the Closing Date, Buyer knows, or reasonably
should know, is not the subject of a Third Party Intellectual Property Contract
that has been rightfully transferred to Buyer or for (ii) which Buyer does not
have a separate license. Seller makes no warranty or representation that any
Third Party Intellectual Property Contract or any right therein is assignable in
whole or in part to Buyer.

      10.2 Effect of Due Diligence and Related Matters.

                  (a) Buyer represents that it is a sophisticated entity that
was advised by knowledgeable counsel and financial advisors and, to the extent
it deemed necessary, other advisors in connection with this Agreement and has
conducted its own independent review and evaluation of the Purchased Property.
Accordingly, Buyer covenants and agrees that (i) except for the representations
and warranties set forth in this Agreement, Buyer has not relied and will not
rely upon any document or written or oral information furnished to or discovered
by it or its representatives, including any financial data, (ii) there are no
representations or warranties by or on behalf of Seller or its Affiliates or
representatives except for those expressly set forth in this Agreement, and
(iii) to the fullest extent permitted by law, Buyer's rights and obligations
with respect to all of the foregoing matters will be solely as set forth in this
Agreement.

                  (b) Upon the Closing, Buyer shall be deemed to have waived any
claim with respect to a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or
obligation of Seller, or any failure of a condition, hereunder of which Buyer
had knowledge; provided that Buyer shall be deemed to have knowledge of the
information made available to Buyer and/or its representatives during its review
of the Purchased Property prior to the date of this Agreement, which information
is contained in the Due Diligence Documents.

                  (c) After the date of this Agreement and prior to the Closing
Date, Buyer shall promptly notify Seller if Buyer obtains knowledge of any
actual breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or obligation of Seller
or any actual or prospective failure of a condition, hereunder of which Buyer
obtains knowledge. Failure to provide timely notice shall be deemed to
constitute a waiver of any claim with respect to such breach.

      10.3 Confidentiality. Whether or not the Closing occurs, the parties
hereto and their respective officers, directors, employees and representatives
will comply with the Confidentiality Agreement, the provisions of which are
expressly incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.


                                       40
<PAGE>

      10.4 Further Assurances. After the Closing, Seller will use its
commercially reasonable efforts to furnish to Buyer such other instruments and
information as Buyer may reasonably request in order to convey to Buyer title to
the Purchased Property, to be delivered from time to time upon Buyer's
reasonable request.

      10.5 Prorations. The following liabilities shall be prorated between
Seller and Buyer: (i) utility charges (which shall include water, sewer,
electricity, gas and other utility charges) with respect to the Owned Real
Property, the property subject to the Real Property Leases and customer owned
equipment, (ii) rental charges (which shall include rental charges and other
lease payments under the Real Property Leases), (iii) personal services (these
services are charged for a period which includes the Closing Date; this shall
include contract labor), and (iv) real and personal property taxes, ad valorem
taxes, and franchise fees or taxes (collectively, "Periodic Taxes"). With
respect to measurement periods during which the Closing Date occurs (all such
periods of time being hereinafter called "Proration Periods"), the liabilities
described in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of the preceding sentence shall be
apportioned between Seller and Buyer as of the Closing Date, with Buyer bearing
only the expense thereof in the proportion that the number of days remaining in
the applicable Proration Period on and after the Closing Date bears to the total
number of days covered by such Proration Period. Periodic Taxes attributable to
Proration Periods shall be prorated between Buyer and Seller based on the
relative periods the Purchased Property was owned by each respective party
during the fiscal period of the taxing jurisdiction for which such taxes were
imposed by such jurisdiction (as such fiscal period is or may be reflected on
the bill rendered by such taxing jurisdiction). On the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall pay or be reimbursed, on this prorated basis, for Periodic Taxes
that have been paid before the Closing Date. On the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall also be reimbursed, on this prorated basis, for Periodic Taxes that
are to be paid on or after the Closing Date. The reimbursement of Periodic Taxes
that are to be paid on or after the Closing Date shall be based on a reasonable
estimate of the amount of such Periodic Taxes to be paid (based on past
experience). To the extent that Buyer or Seller are not reimbursed on the
Closing Date for Periodic Taxes that are paid after the Closing Date, or, in the
event the estimated amount of the preceding sentence proves to have been
inaccurate, Buyer or Seller shall promptly forward an invoice to the other party
for its reimbursable pro rata share, if any. If the other party does not pay the
invoice within thirty (30) calendar days of receipt, the amount of such payment
shall bear interest at the rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. Similarly, all
prepayments made or received by Seller or Buyer with respect to service or
maintenance agreements with third parties or license or other fees payable to or
by third parties and relating to the Business shall be prorated on an
appropriate basis between Seller and Buyer.

      10.6 Cost Studies/NECA Matters.

            10.6.1 Prior to Closing. Seller agrees that, with respect to all
toll revenues, settlements, pools, separations studies or similar activities,
Seller shall be responsible for (and shall receive the benefit or suffer the
burden of) any adjustments to contributions, or receipt of funds, by Seller
resulting from any such activities that are related to the operation of the
Business or the ownership or operation of the Purchased Property prior to the
Closing Date. Specifically, this paragraph shall apply, but shall not be limited
to, any matters related to the National


                                       41
<PAGE>

Exchange Carrier Association ("NECA") including the Universal Service Fund
("USF"), Long Term Support ("LTS"), and Telecommunications Relay Services funds.

            10.6.2 From and After Closing.

                  (a) Buyer shall receive all USF funds, from and after the
Closing Date, as determined by USAC from data submitted by Seller prior to
Closing Date pursuant to FCC Rules and Regulations as stated in Part 36.611 and
Part 36.612 for rural carriers and Part 54 for non-rural carriers. After Closing
Date Buyer shall make all submissions and filings for USF funds for all years
for which Seller had not made a submission prior to Closing Date in accordance
with FCC Rules and Regulations. Within a reasonable time after Buyer's written
request, Seller shall furnish to Buyer such necessary information regarding
Seller's ownership of the Purchased Property during any year for which Buyer
shall make a submission, and such reasonable assistance as required in
connection with Buyer's preparation of necessary filings or submissions.

                  (b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, Buyer's right to receive
all USF revenue is conditioned upon Buyer's payment, from and after the Closing
Date, of all universal service contribution liability assessed by USAC based on
end-user retail revenues for the previous year generated by assets being sold.

      10.7 Customer Deposits. Within thirty (30) days after Closing, Seller
agrees to transfer to Buyer the customer deposits together with any interest
accrued thereon (collectively "Customer Deposits"), together with all of
Seller's obligations and rights to hold the Customer Deposits of the Business,
up to the Closing Date, and Buyer agrees to hold, disburse and retain such
deposits so delivered to it as if it were Seller.

      10.8 Access to Books and Records.

                  (a) After the Closing, Seller will retain all Retained Books
and Records for a period of three (3) years.

                  (b) After the Closing, upon reasonable notice and subject to
the Confidentiality Agreement, the parties will give to the representatives,
employees, counsel and accountants of the other, access, during normal business
hours, to books and records relating to the Business and the Purchased Property,
and will permit such persons to examine and copy such records, in each case to
the extent reasonably requested by the other party in connection with tax and
financial reporting matters (including any Tax Returns and related information,
but not attorney work product or similar work product prepared by accountants),
audits, legal proceedings, governmental investigations and other business
purposes (including such financial information and any receipts evidencing
payment of taxes as may be reasonably requested by Seller to substantiate any
claim for tax credits or refunds); provided, however, that nothing herein will
obligate any party to take actions that would unreasonably disrupt the normal
course of its business or violate the terms of any Contract to which it is a
party or to which it or any of its assets is subject. Seller and Buyer will
cooperate with each other in the conduct of any Tax audit or similar proceedings
involving or otherwise relating to the Business (or the income therefrom


                                       42
<PAGE>

or assets thereof) with respect to any Tax and each will execute and deliver
such powers of attorney and other documents as are necessary to carry out the
intent of this Section 10.8(b).

      10.9 Purchase Price Allocation. Prior to the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall use their good faith efforts to agree to the allocation (the
"Allocation") of the Purchase Price, the Assumed Liabilities and other relevant
items (including, for example, adjustments to the Purchase Price) to the
individual assets or classes of assets within the meaning of Section 1060 of the
IRC. If Buyer and Seller agree to such Allocation prior to Closing, Buyer and
Seller covenant and agree that (i) the values assigned to the assets by the
parties' mutual agreement shall be conclusive and final for all purposes, and
(ii) neither Buyer nor Seller will take any position before any Governmental
Authority or in any judicial proceeding that is in any way inconsistent with
such Allocation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if Buyer and Seller cannot agree
to an Allocation, Buyer and Seller covenant and agree to file and to cause their
respective Affiliates to file, all Tax Returns and schedules thereto (including,
for example, amended returns, claims for refund, and those returns and forms
required under Section 1060 of the IRC and any Treasury regulations promulgated
thereunder) consistent with each of Buyer and Seller's good faith Allocations,
unless otherwise required because of a change in applicable Law.

      10.10 Owned Real Property Transfers. Within sixty (60) days of the date of
this Agreement, Seller shall deliver to Buyer copies of all existing title
insurance policies in Seller's possession covering the Owned Real Property.
Thereafter, no later than thirty (30) days before the Closing Date, Seller shall
deliver (at Seller's expense) to Buyer title commitments for owners' policies of
title insurance prepared by a title insurance company reasonably acceptable to
Buyer and a certified current survey, with respect to all Owned Real Property
included in the Purchased Property and in which Seller purports to own fee
title. Buyer acknowledges that such title commitments shall be for CLTA owners'
policies of title insurance (or its equivalent) unless Buyer has requested in
writing, prior to the date hereof, that such commitments be issued for other
forms of title insurance (in which event, Buyer shall bear all costs and
premiums for such title insurance to the extent attributable to such coverage
being in excess of CLTA coverage or its equivalent). Such title commitments
shall reflect that upon the consummation of the sale to Buyer contemplated by
this Agreement and the payment of all premiums and charges due for such title
insurance, Buyer will be vested with good, fee simple title to such Owned Real
Property, subject only to the exceptions show thereon, the title company's
standard exceptions and exclusions, and such matters that arise after the date
and time of such title commitment. Except as provided in the following sentence,
in the event that Buyer requires endorsements to such title commitments or the
applicable title insurance policies, such endorsements shall be obtained at
Buyer's sole cost and expense and shall not be a condition to Closing. On the
Closing Date, Seller shall convey the Owned Real Property to be transferred to
Buyer subject only to Permitted Encumbrances, provided that Seller may transfer
such property subject to one or more exceptions that are not Permitted
Encumbrances if Seller commits in writing, in form and substance reasonably
acceptable to Buyer, on or before the Closing Date, to cause any such exception
that is not a Permitted Encumbrance to be removed, insured or bonded over to
Buyer's reasonable satisfaction, or if Seller indemnifies Buyer with respect to
such exceptions to Buyer's reasonable satisfaction on or before the Closing
Date. With respect to each parcel of Owned Real Property covered by a title
commitment referenced above, the amount of title insurance provided under the
applicable title insurance policy shall be the fair market value of the


                                       43
<PAGE>

applicable property, which shall be determined by Buyer at its sole cost and
expense using commercially reasonable methods of valuation, provided that all
such valuations shall be consistent with all allocations of the Purchase Price
made hereunder or pursuant to this Agreement, and shall be acceptable to the
title insurance company. The determination of fair market value shall be made in
a timely manner such that the title commitments can be issued in a timely manner
prior to the Closing Date. Seller agrees that prior to Closing it will provide
the title company with such instructions, authorizations, affidavits, and
indemnities as may be reasonably necessary for the title company to issue title
policies to Buyer, dated as of the Closing Date, for all of the Owned Real
Property with so-called non-imputation endorsements. By no later than forty-five
(45) days after the Closing Date, Seller shall deliver to Buyer a final title
insurance policy covering each parcel of the Owned Real Property covered by the
title commitments. Buyer will use its commercially reasonable efforts to work
with the title company between the date hereof and fifty-five (45) days after
Closing Date to resolve any issues with respect to such title commitments.
Seller shall be responsible for the payment of all title insurance premiums
attributable to the CLTA portion of the coverage afforded by each such policy
obtained, and Buyer shall be responsible for the payment of all title insurance
premiums in excess of such amount and for the payment of all endorsement charges
and other fees and costs imposed by the title company.

      10.11 Transaction Taxes. Buyer shall bear and be responsible for paying
any sales, use, transfer, documentary, registration, business and occupation and
other similar taxes (including related penalties (civil or criminal), additions
to tax and interest) imposed by any Governmental Authorities with respect to the
transfer of Purchased Property to Buyer (including the Owned Real Property)
("Transaction Taxes"), regardless of whether the tax authority seeks to collect
the such taxes from Seller or Buyer. Seller shall prepare all tax filings
related to any sales, use, transfer, documentary, registration, business and
occupation and other similar taxes. Seller, fifteen (15) days prior to making
such filings shall provide to the Buyer Seller's work papers for the Buyer's
review and approval. Buyer shall provide to the Seller ten (10) days prior to
the filing date approval of such work papers. Buyer shall also be responsible
for (i) administering the payment of such Transaction Taxes, (ii) defending or
pursuing any proceedings related thereto, and (iii) paying any expenses related
thereto. Seller shall give prompt written notice to Buyer of any proposed
adjustment or assessment of any Transaction Taxes with respect to the
transaction, or of any examination of said transaction in a sales, use, transfer
or similar tax audit. In any proceedings, whether formal or informal, Seller
shall permit Buyer to participate and control the defense of such proceeding,
and shall take all actions and execute all documents required to allow such
participation. Seller shall not negotiate a settlement or compromise of any
Transaction Taxes without the written consent of Buyer, which consent shall not
be unreasonably withheld.

      10.12 Bulk Sales Laws. Seller and Buyer waive compliance with applicable
laws under any version of Article 6 of the Uniform Commercial Code adopted by
any state or any similar law relating to the sale of inventory, equipment or
other assets in bulk in connection with the sale of the Purchased Property.

      10.13 Prepaid Non-Regulated Maintenance Agreements. Within thirty (30)
days following Closing, Seller shall pay to Buyer an amount equal to the pro
rata portion of all


                                       44
<PAGE>

prepaid but unearned revenues from Seller's customers for all non-regulated
maintenance agreements as of the Closing Date.

      10.14 Vehicle Registration. Buyer agrees to use its commercially
reasonable efforts to file promptly the appropriate vehicle title applications
and registrations to change the name of the titled owner on each vehicle title
certificate and change the motor vehicle registration (with respect to license
plate information) on each vehicle being transferred to Buyer from Seller
pursuant to this Agreement. Buyer agrees that it shall remove and destroy
Seller's existing license plates from all vehicles received upon the earlier of
receipt of new license plates or sixty (60) days following Closing.

      10.15 Carrier Access Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition. Seller
shall render its own final carrier access bills to its interexchange carriers
for minutes, messages and other applicable charges up to the Closing Date.
Seller shall be responsible for collecting and settling any disputes associated
with its final bills to the interexchange carriers.

      10.16 End-User Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition. Buyer agrees to
purchase Seller's Earned End-User Accounts Receivable and make payment to Seller
for those accounts in the manner described below:

                  (a) Seller shall transfer to Buyer, as soon as reasonably
available after Closing, all open end-user customer account records to Buyer as
of the end of business on the Closing Date. Following the Closing, Buyer shall
be responsible for administering those records including the application of cash
receipts to customer accounts, whether related to services rendered before or
after the Closing. Seller shall promptly forward to Buyer all customer payments
and related remittance documents received by Seller after the Closing for
processing by Buyer.

                  (b) Within twenty (20) days following the Closing, Seller
shall provide an accounting to Buyer of the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable
Amount and the Customer Advances as well as the most recent twelve (12) month
history of Seller's uncollectible net writeoffs expressed as a percentage of
billings for the Business (the "Uncollectible Factor"). This data and the
resulting calculation of the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount shall be
summarized in an accounts receivable settlement statement (the "Accounts
Receivable Settlement Statement"). Within thirty (30) days following the
Closing, Buyer shall remit to Seller an amount equal to 80% of the Earned
End-User Accounts Receivable Amount less 100% of the Customer Advances. Within
sixty (60) days following the Closing, Buyer shall remit an additional 15% of
the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount and within ninety (90) days will
remit the final 5%.

                  (c) Not later than ten (10) days prior to the due dates for
the sixty (60) and ninety (90) day payments referred to in Section 10.16(b),
Seller will provide Buyer with an updated Accounts Receivable Settlement
Statement reflecting any adjustments based upon non-sufficient funds checks,
billing adjustments or other facts that relate to pre-closing activity that
became known after the preparation of the original statement.


                                       45
<PAGE>

                  (d) If at any time during the ninety (90) day period following
the Closing, Buyer or Seller discovers any material discrepancy in the Accounts
Receivable Settlement Statement, both parties agree to use commercially
reasonable efforts to resolve any discrepancy in a timely manner, and also agree
to make payments related to any undisputed amounts as set forth above.

                  (e) At any time between ninety (90) and two hundred seventy
(270) days following the Closing, Buyer may, at its discretion, prepare an
analysis of actual bad debt write-off experience related to the Earned End-User
Accounts Receivable purchased from Seller. If such analysis reasonably
demonstrates that write-offs have exceeded the estimated amount in the final
Accounts Receivable Settlement Statement (as had been calculated using the
Uncollectible Factor) by more than 10%, Seller will pay to Buyer the full amount
of the difference within thirty (30) days of receipt of Buyer's request for
payment, together with Buyer's write-off analysis, Buyer will provide Seller
sufficient detail in its write-off analysis, and as reasonably necessary, access
to billing and collection records, to allow Seller to validate the accuracy of
Buyer's request. Any disputes regarding the amounts of such request shall be
settled using the procedure described in Section 3.3(d).

                                   ARTICLE 11
                         EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEE MATTERS

      11.1 Employment of Transferred Employees. Subject to the other provisions
of this Section 11.1, all Active Employees of Seller employed in the Business,
and all Active Employees of Seller and its Affiliates whose duties relate
primarily to the Business, on the Closing Date (hereinafter collectively
referred to as "Transferred Employees") shall be employed by (or become the
responsibility of, as applicable) Buyer as of the Closing Date in the same or
comparable positions, and at the same or comparable total compensation
(including base pay and bonus), as were in effect on the Closing Date, except as
otherwise provided in this Agreement. For purposes of the preceding sentence,
the term "Active Employees" shall include all full-time and part-time employees,
employees on military leave, maternity leave, leave under the Family and Medical
Leave Act of 1993, short-term disability, on layoff with recall rights, and
employees on other approved leaves of absence with a legal or contractual right
to reinstatement. For a period of twelve (12) months following the Closing Date,
Buyer shall not actively solicit either directly or indirectly through any
agents, and Buyer shall not permit any of its Affiliates to actively solicit
either directly or indirectly through any agents, any person who retires or
otherwise terminates from any employment at or in association with Seller during
the six-month period beginning three (3) months before the Closing Date, and
Buyer shall neither employ nor permit any of its Affiliates to employ any
individuals who are identified to Buyer by Seller as individuals who terminated
from any employment or association with Seller during such six-month period. On
or before the execution date of this Agreement, Seller shall have delivered to
Buyer a list of the persons who would have been Transferred Employees had the
Closing Date occurred on March 31, 1999, showing the following information for
each such person: (i) the name of each such person; (ii) the name of his or her
current employer; (iii) his or her current base pay, 1998 bonus and projected
1999 bonus; (iv) his or her hire date, any rehire date (if available) and years
of service; (v) his or her then-current position; (vi) whether such employee is
(x) subject to a collective bargaining agreement or represented by a labor
organization, if any,


                                       46
<PAGE>

and including the name and date of each such bargaining agreement or (y) on
military leave, maternity leave, leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act of
1993, short-term disability, on layoff with recall rights or on other approved
leave of absence with a legal or contractual right to reinstatement; and (vii)
for any employee who is not employed exclusively in the Business, a description
of the nature of his or her employment and the percentage of his or her time
actually allocated to the Business in calendar year 1998. Seller shall update
such list at such time or times requested by Buyer, but not more often than as
of the end of each calendar quarter occurring between the execution date hereof
and the Closing Date, commencing with the quarter ending June 30, 1999, and as
of the month ending immediately prior to the Closing Date, in each case assuming
the Closing Date had occurred on such date, and shall deliver such updated lists
to Buyer within ten (10) days after the end of each such calendar quarter or
month-end, as applicable. Any person who is not on such list as updated as of
the end of the month immediately preceding the Closing Date shall not be a
Transferred Employee, and for all purposes under this Agreement the Transferred
Employees shall include only those persons on such list as updated as of such
month-end who continue to be Active Employees of Seller employed in the Business
or Active Employees of Seller and its Affiliates whose duties relate primarily
to the Business, on the Closing Date.

            11.1.1 Assumption of Collective Bargaining Agreement Obligations. On
and after the Closing Date, Buyer, as successor employer to Seller, shall assume
all of the employer's obligations under, and be bound by the provisions of, each
collective bargaining agreement to the extent of provisions covering Transferred
Employees. Seller shall cooperate with Buyer in Buyer's efforts to contact the
unions representing Transferred Employees.

            11.1.2 Assumption of Employment and Other Agreements. On and after
the Closing Date, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or in Schedule
11.1.2, Buyer, as successor employer to Seller, shall assume all obligations of
each employment agreement or any other agreement by Seller relating to
conditions of employment, employment separation, severance, or employee benefits
in connection with the Transferred Employees, but only to the extent that they
have been disclosed to Buyer on Schedule 8.1.16(a) and copies have been
furnished to Buyer as soon as administratively practicable prior to the
execution of this Agreement. To the extent that Buyer assumes any obligations
under this Article 11, Buyer may reduce or eliminate benefits under any
agreement, plan, policy or program only to the extent required to comply with
applicable law, or to the extent that Seller, its Affiliates, or any successors
or assigns, make amendments or changes to its benefit plans, policies or
programs to eliminate or reduce benefits. Until the fifth anniversary of the
Closing Date, Seller promptly shall deliver to Buyer a copy of each material
amendment or change that Seller makes to its Plans and Employment Agreements to
eliminate or reduce benefits thereunder and shall confirm to Buyer on an annual
basis whether, and the extent to which, it has amended its Plans and Employment
Agreements and provide sufficient detail to enable Buyer to determine whether
Seller has reduced or eliminated benefits thereunder. After the fifth
anniversary of the Closing Date, Buyer may amend such plans, policies, and
programs in any manner it determines, consistent with applicable law and
collective bargaining agreements.

            11.1.3 Recognition of Transferred Employee Service. On and after the
Closing Date, and subject to the provisions of any applicable collective
bargaining agreement, and except


                                       47
<PAGE>

as otherwise provided in this Article 11, Buyer shall recognize the service of
each Transferred Employee for all employment-related purposes determined in
accordance with the practices and procedures of Seller in effect on the Closing
Date, as if such service had been rendered to Buyer.

            11.1.4 Assumption of Obligation to Pay Bonuses. Transferred
Employees shall not accrue benefits under any employee benefit policies, plans,
arrangements, programs, practices, or agreements of Seller or any of its
Affiliates after the Closing Date. Buyer shall assume the obligation to pay to
Transferred Employees any bonuses that would have been payable to the
Transferred Employees with respect to the calendar year in which the Closing
Date occurs had the Transferred Employees remained employees of Seller or one of
its Affiliates, in accordance with the provisions of the policy, plan,
arrangement, program, practice or agreement under which the bonus would have
been paid.

            11.1.5 No Duplicate Benefits. Nothing in this Agreement shall cause
duplicate benefits to be paid or provided to or with respect to a Transferred
Employee under any employee benefit policies, plans, arrangements, programs,
practices, or agreements.

            11.1.6 Affiliate Employees. If any employee identified in the list
provided pursuant to Section 11.1 is an employee of an Affiliate of Seller whose
duties relate primarily to the Business, he or she shall be considered a
Transferred Employee and shall be treated under this Agreement in a manner that
is comparable to the treatment given to the Transferred Employees who are
employed by Seller, except that his or her service as of the Closing Date shall
be determined in accordance with the practices and procedures of his or her
employer, as disclosed to Buyer in accordance with Section 11.1.2.

      11.2 Transferred Employee Benefit Matters.

            11.2.1 Defined Benefit Plans.

                  (a) Seller Pension Plans. As of the date of this Agreement,
Seller participates in the following single-employer defined benefit pension
plans maintained in the United States:

                        (i) the GTE Service Corporation Plan for Employees'
Pensions (the "Seller Salaried Pension Plan"); and

                        (ii) the GTE Midwest Incorporated Plan for Hourly-Paid
Employees' Pensions (the "Seller Hourly Pension Plan").

            The plans identified in this Section 11.2.1(a) shall be referred to
collectively in this Agreement as the "Seller Pension Plans," and each such plan
shall be referred to individually as a "Seller Pension Plan."

                  (b) Buyer Obligations. Buyer shall take all actions necessary
and appropriate to ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date,
Buyer maintains or adopts one or more pension plans (hereinafter referred to in
the aggregate as the "Buyer Pension Plans" and individually as the "Buyer
Pension Plan") effective as of the Closing Date and to


                                       48
<PAGE>

ensure that each Buyer Pension Plan satisfies the following requirements as of
the Closing Date: (i) the Buyer Pension Plan is a qualified, single-employer
defined benefit plan under Section 401(a) of the IRC; (ii) any Buyer Pension
Plan that was in effect before the Closing Date shall not have any "accumulated
funding deficiency," as defined in Section 302 of ERISA and Section 412 of the
IRC, whether or not waived, immediately before the Closing Date; (iii) the Buyer
Pension Plan is not the subject of termination proceedings or a notice of
termination under Title IV of ERISA; (iv) the Buyer Pension Plan does not
exclude Transferred Employees from eligibility to participate therein; (v) the
Buyer Pension Plan does not violate the requirements of any applicable
collective bargaining agreement; and (vi) with respect to Transferred Employees
who were participants in the Seller Hourly Pension Plan by virtue of their
coverage under a collective bargaining agreement on the Closing Date, the terms
of the Buyer Pension Plan are substantially identical in all material respects
to the terms of the Seller Hourly Pension Plan. For purposes of this Section
11.2.1, Transferred Employees who were participants in the Seller Hourly Pension
Plan other than by virtue of their coverage under a collective bargaining
agreement on the Closing Date shall be treated as Transferred Employees who, on
the Closing Date, participate in the Seller Salaried Pension Plan. Within the
30-day period immediately preceding any transfer of assets and liabilities from
a Seller Pension Plan to a Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to this Section
11.2.1(b), Buyer shall provide Seller with a written certification, in a form
acceptable to Seller, that the Buyer Pension Plan satisfies each of the
requirements set forth in this Section 11.2.1(b).

                  (c) Transfer of Liabilities.

                        (i) In accordance with the provisions of this Section
11.2.1, Buyer shall cause the Buyer Pension Plans to accept all liabilities for
benefits under the Seller Pension Plans, whether or not vested, that would have
been paid or payable (but for the transfer of assets and liabilities pursuant to
this Section 11.2.1) to or with respect to the Transferred Employees under the
terms of the Seller Pension Plans and that are "Section 411(d)(6) protected
benefits" (as defined by Section 411(d)(6) of the IRC and the regulations
thereunder) that have accrued under the Seller Pension Plan to or with respect
to the Transferred Employees based on accredited service and compensation under
the Seller Pension Plans as of the Closing Date. For a period of not less than
five (5) years after the Closing Date, and unless otherwise required to comply
with applicable law or permitted by Section 11.1.2, Buyer shall not amend the
Buyer Pension Plans, or permit the Buyer Pension Plans to be amended, to
eliminate any benefit, whether or not vested, with respect to which liabilities
are transferred pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this subsection (i), to
the extent any such benefit is a "Section 411(d)(6) protected benefit" (as
defined by Section 411(d)(6) of the IRC and the regulations thereunder). On or
before the Closing Date, Seller or an Affiliate thereof shall take action to
fully vest Transferred Employees in their benefits (if any) under the Seller
Pension Plans.

                        (ii) (A) For purposes of eligibility and vesting under
the Buyer Pension Plans, each Transferred Employee whose accrued benefit is
transferred from a Seller Pension Plan to a Buyer Pension Plan shall be credited
with service as of the Closing Date as determined under the terms of the Seller
Pension Plan. The benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan for each Transferred
Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller Hourly Pension
Plan by virtue of his or her coverage under a collective bargaining agreement,
shall be


                                       49
<PAGE>

calculated under terms of the Buyer Pension Plan that are substantially
identical in all material respects to the terms of the Seller Hourly Pension
Plan. The benefit for each Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date,
participates in the Seller Salaried Pension Plan, shall not be less than the
greater of (x) the sum of the Transferred Employee's "Seller Pension" and "Buyer
Pension," or (y) the Transferred Employee's "Total Service Pension," each as
determined under the rules set forth in subsection (c)(iii) of this Section
11.2.1.

                              (B) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below,
each Transferred Employee who, as of the Closing Date, participates or formerly
participated in the Seller Salaried Pension Plan and who, under the terms of the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan, has at least 15 years of accredited service and
combined years of age and accredited service of at least 74 as of the Closing
Date shall be eligible, after the Transferred Employee's employment with the
Buyer and its Affiliates is terminated and after the Transferred Employee's
combined years of age and years of accredited service equal or exceed 76, to
receive his or her "Seller Pension" (as determined under the rules set forth in
subsection (c)(iii) of this Section 11.2.1) as an immediate early retirement
pension under the applicable Buyer Pension Plan in accordance with early
retirement provisions that are no less favorable to the Transferred Employee
than the early retirement provisions of the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of
the Closing Date. For a period of at least five (5) years following the Closing
Date, the Buyer shall cause any agreement, pursuant to which the accrued benefit
of any Transferred Employee under a Buyer Pension Plan is transferred to another
pension plan, to incorporate a provision in substance identical to this
subsection (ii)( B).

                              (C) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below,
the benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan of a GATT Grandfathered Participant,
when expressed in the form of a lump sum, shall not be less than the benefit
under the Buyer Pension Plan determined without regard to the changes to Section
417 of the IRC made by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act. The method used to
convert a GATT Grandfathered Participant's accrued benefit into a lump-sum
amount under the Buyer Pension Plan after 1999 shall be not less favorable to a
GATT Grandfathered Participant than the method used for similar purposes by the
Seller Pension Plan. For purposes of this paragraph (c)(ii)(C), "GATT
Grandfathered Participant" shall mean a Transferred Employee (x) with respect to
whom liabilities are transferred pursuant to this subsection (c) and (y) who,
taking service from Buyer into account as service with Seller, would have been
eligible under the Seller Pension Plan, but for the transfer of liabilities
pursuant to this subsection (c), to have his benefit under the Seller Pension
Plan (when expressed in the form of a lump sum) determined without regard to the
changes to Section 417 of the IRC made by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act.

                              (D) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below,
each Transferred Employee who, as of the Closing Date, participates or formerly
participated in the Seller Hourly Pension Plan shall be eligible, after the
Transferred Employee's employment with Buyer and its Affiliates is terminated,
to receive an early retirement pension under the Buyer Pension Plan in
accordance with early retirement provisions that are no less favorable to the
Transferred Employee than the early retirement provisions of the Seller Hourly
Pension Plan as of the Closing Date.


                                       50
<PAGE>

                              (E) Notwithstanding paragraphs (B), (C), and (D),
above, if the actuary for the Buyer Pension Plan certifies in writing (with a
copy to Seller) that the Buyer Pension Plan will violate the requirements
imposed by Treasury Regulation section 1.401(a)(4)-4 unless certain benefits
otherwise called for by such paragraphs are not provided by the Buyer Pension
Plan, Buyer shall cause such benefits to be provided under a nonqualified
deferred compensation plan, rather than under the Buyer Pension Plan, at the
same time and in the same form as they otherwise would have been provided under
the Buyer Pension Plan; provided that (1) such benefits shall be provided by the
Buyer Pension Plan to the maximum extent possible without causing the Buyer
Pension Plan to violate Treasury Regulation section 1.401(a)(4)-4; and (2) to
the extent that any benefit payable outside of the Buyer Pension Plan pursuant
to this paragraph (E) is payable to an individual who is not a member of a
"select group of management or highly compensated employees" within the meaning
of Sections 201(2), 301(a)(3), and 401(a)(1) of ERISA, Buyer shall cause a cash
payment or payments to be made to each such individual within 24 months of the
termination of the individual's employment with Buyer, in addition to all other
payments due or otherwise payable to such individual, in an amount that is
reasonably calculated to be actuarially equivalent, on a pre-tax basis, to the
value of such benefit.

                        (iii) (A) The Buyer Pension Plan benefit of a
Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller Hourly
Pension Plan by virtue of his or her coverage under a collective bargaining
agreement, shall be calculated as set forth in paragraph (c)(ii)(A) of this
Section 11.2.1.

                              (B) The Buyer Pension Plan benefit of a
Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller
Salaried Pension Plan, shall be calculated by applying the benefit formula set
forth in paragraph (c)(ii)(A) of this Section 11.2.1, in accordance with the
rules described in the remainder of this paragraph (B). A Transferred Employee's
"Seller Pension" shall be calculated by applying the benefit formula under the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan (as in effect on the Closing Date) to the
Transferred Employee's service and compensation credited under the Seller
Salaried Pension Plan as of the Closing Date. A Transferred Employee's "Buyer
Pension" shall be not less than an amount calculated by applying the benefit
formula under the Buyer Pension Plan to the Transferred Employee's total
accredited service and compensation under the Buyer Pension Plan (including
service and compensation credited under the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of
the Closing Date as if such service and compensation had been earned under the
Buyer Pension Plan and service and compensation credited under the Buyer Pension
Plan after the Closing Date), multiplied by the ratio of accredited service
earned after the Closing Date to such total accredited service; provided that
for a period of at least five (5) years following the Closing Date, Buyer shall
cause the benefit formula used in determining such "Buyer Pension" to provide
"section 411(d)(6)" benefits at least as valuable as were provided under the
benefit formula applicable to the Transferred Employee under the Seller Salaried
Pension Plan on the Closing Date. A Transferred Employee's "Total Service
Pension" shall be calculated by applying the benefit formula under the Buyer
Pension Plan (before its amendment to reflect the five (5) year inclusion of
Seller's formula) to the Transferred Employee's accredited service (including
service and compensation credited with the Seller under the Seller Salaried
Pension Plan as of the Closing Date as if such service and


                                       51
<PAGE>

compensation was earned under the Buyer Pension Plan and service and
compensation credited under the Buyer Pension Plan on and after the Closing
Date). For purposes of computing a Transferred Employee's "Total Service
Pension," compensation received by such a Transferred Employee from the Seller
shall be treated as compensation received from the Buyer. The Seller Pension,
the Buyer Pension, and the Total Service Pension shall take into account the
Transferred Employee's actual age and entire period of service (including
service credited under the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of the Closing Date
and service credited under the Buyer Pension Plan on and after the Closing Date)
for vesting and benefit eligibility purposes.

                              (C) Each Transferred Employee who is eligible to
receive a benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan may elect to receive the portion
of said benefit that is equal to the Seller Pension in any form, and with any
early retirement or other actuarial subsidy, that was available under the Seller
Pension Plan on the Closing Date, without regard to whether the Transferred
Employee is eligible to elect or receive, or does elect or receive, the same
form of payment or early retirement or actuarial subsidy for the remainder of
the pension under the Buyer Pension Plan.

                        (iv) Within sixty (60) days after the Closing Date,
Seller shall deliver to Buyer a list reflecting each Transferred Employee's
service and compensation under each of the Seller Pension Plans and each
Transferred Employee's accrued benefit thereunder as of the Closing Date.

                  (d) Transfer of Assets.

                        (i) In accordance with the provisions of subsection
(d)(i) of this Section 11.2.1 and subject to the provisions of subsection
(d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1, Seller shall direct the trustee of the Seller
Pension Plans to transfer to the trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Pension
Plan the amount required to be transferred by Section 414(l) of the IRC and the
regulations thereunder for all Transferred Employees whose accrued benefits are
transferred to a Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to Section (c) of this Section
11.2.1, determined using the following assumptions (the "Pension Assets"):

            Interest Rate: Rate used to value annuities under PBGC Regulation
            ss. 4044.52(a)(1) for the month in which the Closing Date occurs

            Annual Rate of Increase in Salaries: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Social Security Taxable Wage Base: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Consumer Price Index: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Limits on Benefits and Compensation: 0%

            Mortality: Rates specified under PBGC Regulationss.4044.53(c)

            Termination: None

            Disability: None


                                       52
<PAGE>

            Retirement: Expected retirement age as specified under PBGC
            Regulation ss. 4044.55

            Lump Sums: None

            All other demographic assumptions to match those used by Seller in
            the preparation of financial statement disclosures under Statement
            of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87 for the 1998 fiscal year.

            In no event shall the amount of Pension Assets transferred be less
            than the Projected Benefit Obligation associated with all the
            liabilities being assumed in the aggregate in Section 11.2.1(c)
            using the assumptions specified by Seller in the preparation of its
            financial statement disclosures under Statement of Financial
            Accounting Standards No. 87 for the 1998 fiscal year.

The Pension Assets shall be transferred in cash. Except in the case of an
arithmetical error in the calculation of the amount of Pension Assets to be
transferred, under no circumstances shall Seller or the Seller Pension Plans be
liable to transfer any additional amount to Buyer or a Buyer Pension Plan or any
other person in respect of the accrued benefits transferred to a Buyer Pension
Plan pursuant to Section (c) of this Section 11.2.1, including but not limited
to any circumstance under which any person (including a governmental agency)
states a claim to some portion or all of the Pension Assets.

                        (ii) Seller shall appoint an actuary ("Seller's
Actuary") to determine the amount to be transferred pursuant to subsection
(d)(i) of this Section 11.2.1 and shall provide such determination to Buyer,
together with a computer file containing all of the data used by Seller's
actuary to calculate Pension Assets, within ninety (90) days after the Closing
Date. Buyer shall appoint an actuary ("Buyer's Actuary") who shall have the
right to audit and review the determination made by Seller's Actuary. If Buyer's
Actuary is unable to agree with Seller's Actuary on the amount of the transfer
within ninety (90) days after Seller informs Buyer of the amount to be
transferred and provides Buyer with the computer file containing all of the data
used by Seller's actuary to calculate Pension Assets, Seller and Buyer shall
jointly select a third actuary, whose determination shall be binding on Seller
and Buyer. Each of Seller and Buyer shall bear the fees, costs and expenses of
their respective actuaries, and the fees, costs, and expenses of the third
actuary shall be borne one-half by Seller and one-half by Buyer.

                        (iii) Interest on the Pension Assets shall accrue from
the Closing Date to the actual date of transfer at the assumed discount rate
used in accordance with paragraph (i) of this Section (d); provided that any
Pension Assets that are distributed from the Seller Pension Plans before the
date of transfer pursuant to subsection (d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1 shall be
credited with interest (such interest to be credited to the Buyer Pension Plans)
only from the Closing Date to the date of distribution.

                        (iv) Under the terms of each Buyer Pension Plan, the
accrued benefit of each Transferred Employee immediately after the transfer of
assets and liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall not be less than
the sum of each Transferred Employee's


                                       53
<PAGE>

accrued benefits under the Seller Pension Plan and the Buyer Pension Plan
immediately before the transfer of assets and liabilities. Neither Seller nor
its Affiliates nor the Seller Pension Plans nor any trustee thereof shall retain
any liability for benefits under the Seller Pension Plans for any Transferred
Employee with respect to whom cash has been transferred to a Buyer Pension Plan
pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 or distributed pursuant to subsection (d)(vi) of
this Section 11.2.1.

                        (v) In connection with the transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.1, Seller and Buyer shall cooperate
with each other in making all appropriate filings required by the IRC or ERISA
and the regulations thereunder, and the transfer of assets and liabilities
pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall not take place until as soon as
practicable after the latest of (i) the expiration of the 30-day period
following the filing of any required notices with the IRS pursuant to Section
6058(b) of the IRC, or (ii) the date Buyer has delivered to Seller (xx) a copy
of the Buyer Pension Plan and a copy of the most recent determination letter
from the IRS to the effect that the Buyer Pension Plan is qualified under
Section 401(a) of the IRC, together with documentation reasonably satisfactory
to Seller of the due adoption of any amendments to the Buyer Pension Plan
required by the IRS as a condition to such qualification and a certification
from Buyer that no events have occurred that adversely affect the continued
validity of such determination letter (apart from the enactment of any Federal
law for which the remedial amendment period under Section 401(b) of the IRC has
not yet expired), and (yy) information enabling the enrolled actuary for the
Buyer Pension Plan to issue the certification required by Section 6058(b) of the
IRC.

                        (vi) (A) If, after the Closing Date and before the date
of transfer of assets and liabilities from the Seller Pension Plans pursuant to
this Section 11.2.1, the accrued benefit as of the Closing Date becomes payable
under a Seller Pension Plan to or with respect to a Transferred Employee, Buyer
shall (xx) furnish GTE Service Corporation with a copy of a properly completed
application for such benefits, and (yy) direct GTE Service Corporation to
instruct the trustee of the Seller Pension Plan to make benefit payments in the
form and amount determined by GTE Service Corporation in accordance with the
properly completed application for benefits. Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to comply with any such direction.

                              (B) Notwithstanding anything herein to the
contrary, the assets and liabilities to be transferred from the trustee of the
Seller Pension Plans to the trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Pension Plan
pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall be reduced, as provided in this subsection
(vi), to reflect any benefit payments made pursuant to this subsection (vi)
regardless of the form in which paid and any expenses described in paragraph (B)
of this subsection (vi) that have not otherwise been paid pursuant to this
subsection (vi).

            11.2.2 Savings Plans.

                  (a) As of the date of this Agreement, Seller participates in
the GTE Savings Plan and the GTE Hourly Savings Plan (collectively referred to
as the "Seller Savings Plans"). Except as provided in Section (g) of this
Section 11.2.2, Transferred Employees shall not be entitled to make
contributions to or to benefit from matching or other contributions under the
Seller Savings Plans on and after the Closing Date.


                                       54
<PAGE>

                  (b) Buyer shall take all action necessary and appropriate to
ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Buyer maintains or
adopts one or more savings plans (hereinafter referred to in the aggregate as
the "Buyer Savings Plans" and individually as the "Buyer Savings Plan")
effective as of the Closing Date and to ensure that each Buyer Savings Plan
satisfies the following requirements as of the Closing Date: (i) the Buyer
Savings Plan is a qualified, single-employer individual account plan under
Section 401(a) of the IRC; (ii) the Buyer Savings Plan does not exclude
Transferred Employees from eligibility to participate therein; (iii) the Buyer
Savings Plan permits Transferred Employees to make before-tax contributions
(under Section 401(k) of the IRC) and provides for matching contributions by the
Buyer; and (iv) the Buyer Savings Plan does not violate the requirements of any
applicable collective bargaining agreement. Within the thirty (30) day period
immediately preceding any transfer of assets and liabilities from a Seller
Savings Plan to a Buyer Savings Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Buyer
shall provide Seller with a written certification, in a form acceptable to
Seller, that the Buyer Savings Plan satisfies each of the requirements set forth
in this Section (b).

                  (c) (i) Seller shall fully vest the Transferred Employees in
their account balances under the Seller Savings Plan as of the Closing Date and
shall direct the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans to transfer to the trustee
or funding agent of the Buyer Savings Plans an amount in cash equal in value to
the account balances of the Transferred Employees covered by the Seller Savings
Plans as of the date of the transfer; provided that to the extent the account
balances to be transferred consist in whole or in part of outstanding loans,
Seller shall direct the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans to transfer to the
trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Savings Plans, in lieu of cash, the
promissory notes and related documents evidencing such loans. Buyer and Seller
shall take such actions as may be required to effect the assignment of such
loans by the trustee of the Seller Savings Plan to the trustee or funding agent
of the Buyer Savings Plan, and Buyer shall cause the trustee or funding agent of
the Buyer Savings Plan to accept the assignment of such loans.

                        (ii) After the date of the transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Buyer shall assume all liabilities
for the benefits payable to or with respect to such Transferred Employees under
the Seller Savings Plans, and Seller and the Seller Savings Plans and their
implementing trust shall retain no liability for such benefits.

                  (d) For purposes of eligibility and vesting under the Buyer
Savings Plans, each Transferred Employee shall be credited with service as of
the Closing Date as determined under the terms of the Seller Savings Plans. As
soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees covered by
the Seller Savings Plans, together with each Transferred Employee's service
under each of the Seller Savings Plans as of the Closing Date.

                  (e) In connection with the transfer of assets and liabilities
pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Seller and Buyer shall cooperate with each
other in making all appropriate filings required by the IRC or ERISA and the
regulations thereunder, and the transfer of assets and liabilities pursuant to
this Section 11.2.2 shall not take place until as soon as practicable after the
latest of (i) the expiration of the thirty (30) day period following the filing
of any required notices with the IRS pursuant to Section 6058(b) of the IRC, and
(ii) the date Buyer has delivered to Seller (xx) a copy of the Buyer Savings
Plan and a copy of the most recent


                                       55
<PAGE>

determination letter from the IRS to the effect that the Buyer Savings Plan is
qualified under Sections 401(a) and 401(k) of the IRC, together with
documentation reasonably satisfactory to Seller of the due adoption of any
amendments to the Buyer Savings Plan required by the IRS as a condition to such
qualification and a certification from Buyer that no events have occurred that
adversely affect the continued validity of such determination letter (apart from
the enactment of any Federal law for which the remedial amendment period under
Section 401(b) of the IRC has not yet expired).

                  (f) As of the Closing Date, Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees who have
outstanding loans under the Seller Savings Plans, together with copies of said
Transferred Employees' notes, disclosure statements, and security agreements
under the Seller Savings Plans. Seller shall also notify Buyer within thirty
(30) days after the Closing Date of any Transferred Employee who initiated a
loan within thirty (30) days before the Closing Date. Subject to obtaining the
consent of the applicable Transferred Employee if required by law, from the
Closing Date until the earliest of (i) the actual date of transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.2; (ii) the full amortization of the
Transferred Employee's indebtedness; (iii) the distribution of the entire
balance of the Transferred Employee's accounts; or (iv) the last date on which
Buyer or one of its Affiliates pays remuneration to the Transferred Employee,
Buyer or its Affiliate shall (x) continue the payroll deductions pursuant to
which each such Transferred Employee is discharging indebtedness to a Seller
Savings Plan and (y) remit the deducted funds to Fidelity Management Trust
Company, the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans, as soon as practicable, but in
no event more than thirty (30) days, after the date of deduction, together with
an accounting that identifies the Transferred Employees with respect to whom the
funds were deducted and the amount deducted for each Transferred Employee. All
such remitted funds shall be transferred to the appropriate Seller Savings Plan
and applied to reduce the appropriate Transferred Employee's outstanding
indebtedness. Buyer's obligations under this Section (f) are limited to payroll
deductions of loan repayments by the Transferred Employees and remittance of
those funds, and nothing herein shall be construed to obligate Buyer to repay to
Seller any portion of the outstanding indebtedness of the Transferred Employees
that are not otherwise discharged by the Transferred Employees themselves.

                  (g) Seller shall make all required matching contributions with
respect to the Transferred Employees' contributions made to the Seller Savings
Plan by the Transferred Employees in respect of the period ending on or before
the Closing Date in the year containing the Closing Date that would have been
eligible for matching contributions without regard to any continued service
(e.g., last day of the year employment or 1000 hours) requirements. Such
matching contributions shall be made not later than the date on which all other
matching contributions are made to the Seller Savings Plans with respect to
contributions made at the same time as the Transferred Employees' contributions.
For not less than five (5) calendar years following the Closing Date (including
the year in which the Closing occurs), Buyer shall, subject to applicable plan
qualification requirements, provide salaried Transferred Employees with a
matching contribution in the Buyer's Savings Plan equal to $.75 for each $1
contributed by Transferred Employees up to six percent (6%) of compensation (as
defined in Buyer's Savings Plan).


                                       56
<PAGE>

            11.2.3 Welfare Plans.

                  (a) Buyer shall take all action necessary and appropriate to
ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Buyer maintains or
adopts, as of the Closing Date, one or more employee welfare benefit plans,
including medical, health, dental, flexible spending account, accident, life,
short-term disability, and long-term disability and other employee welfare
benefit plans providing preretirement welfare benefits for the benefit of (i)
the non-bargained Transferred Employees (the "Non-union Welfare Plans") and (ii)
the union-represented Transferred Employees in accordance with the provisions of
applicable collective bargaining agreements (the "Bargained Welfare Plans"). The
Non-union Welfare Plans and the Bargained Welfare Plans are hereinafter referred
to collectively as the "Buyer Welfare Plans." The Buyer Welfare Plans shall
provide as of the Closing Date pre-retirement benefits to Transferred Employees
(and their dependents and beneficiaries) that, in the aggregate, are comparable
to the pre-retirement benefits to which they were entitled under the
corresponding employee welfare benefit plans maintained by Seller on the Closing
Date. For purposes of determining eligibility to participate in each Buyer
Welfare Plan, each Transferred Employee shall be credited with service,
determined under the terms of the corresponding welfare plans maintained by
Seller on the Closing Date (hereinafter referred to collectively as the "Seller
Welfare Plans"). Any restrictions on coverage for pre-existing conditions or
requirements for evidence of insurability under the Buyer Welfare Plans shall be
waived for Transferred Employees, and Transferred Employees shall receive credit
under the Buyer Welfare Plans for co-payments and payments under a deductible
limit made by them and for out-of-pocket maximums applicable to them during the
plan year of the Seller Welfare Plan in accordance with the corresponding Seller
Welfare Plans. As soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Seller shall
deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees who had credited service
under a Seller Welfare Plan, together with each such Transferred Employee's
service, co-payment amounts, and deductible and out-of-pocket limits under such
plan.

                  (b) (i) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b)(ii) or
(b)(iii) of this Section (b) or in an applicable collective bargaining
agreement, Buyer shall provide or cause to be provided retiree medical, health,
and life benefits to each Transferred Employee (or the dependents or
beneficiaries of such Transferred Employee, as the case may be) under the same
terms and conditions as apply to comparable employees of Buyer, and Seller shall
have no obligation to provide retiree medical, health, and life benefits in
respect of any Transferred Employee on or after the Closing Date.

                        (ii) Subject to Section 11.4, below, following the
retirement from Buyer and its Affiliates or any successor thereof of a
Transferred Employee who is not subject to a collective bargaining agreement as
of the Closing Date, who has combined age and years of accredited service
(within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) as of the Closing Date equal to
at least 66, and who as of his or her retirement has combined age and years of
accredited service (within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) equal to at
least 76 and at least 15 years of accredited service (within the meaning of the
Seller Pension Plan) (a "Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee"), Seller shall
provide or cause to be provided to each such Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee (and/or his or her dependents and beneficiaries) retiree medical,
health, and life benefits under terms and conditions that are substantially
identical to the terms


                                       57
<PAGE>

and conditions under the corresponding programs offered by Seller to its
similarly situated noncollectively bargained employees retiring as of the
Closing Date; provided that nothing in this subsection (b)(ii) shall be
construed to prevent any Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee (or his or her
dependents or beneficiaries) from voluntarily relinquishing such benefits. For a
period of five (5) years following the retirement of each Retired Nonunion
Transferred Employee from Buyer and its Affiliates or any successor thereof,
Buyer shall reimburse Seller, in accordance with this subsection (b)(ii), for
the cost of the retiree medical, health, and life coverage for which Seller is
responsible and that Seller actually provides pursuant to this subsection
(b)(ii). The five (5) year time period for this reimbursement obligation shall
be determined separately in respect of each Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee. For each year for which Buyer is required to reimburse Seller under
this subsection (b)(ii), Buyer shall pay Seller annually in arrears, within 30
days after Seller provides a statement therefor to Buyer, (A) $4,000 with
respect to each Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee who has not yet attained
age 65 during the year for which the payment is made and $4,000 with respect to
each spouse who is covered with respect to a Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee and who has not yet attained age 65 during the year for which the
payment is made, and (B) $1,800 with respect to each Retired Nonunion
Transferred Employee who has attained at least age 65 during the year for which
the payment is made and $1,800 with respect to each spouse who is covered with
respect to a Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee and who has attained at least
age 65 during the year for which the payment is made. No reimbursement shall be
due with respect to any dependent, other than a spouse, covered with respect to
a Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee. The reimbursement obligation for
partial years shall be prorated based on the portion of the year covered by the
obligation. Each Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee (or his or her dependent
or beneficiary, as the case may be) who is provided benefits by Seller under
this subsection (b)(ii) shall be required to pay to Seller any premium,
contribution or other payment required under, and shall be subject to any
copayment or deductible required under, the terms of Seller's applicable retiree
medical, health, or life benefit plan; to the extent that any amount
constituting such a payment is deducted from any plan, program, or arrangement
maintained by Buyer or one of its Affiliates or is otherwise paid to Buyer or
one of its Affiliates by such person, Buyer shall cause such amount to be paid
to Seller as soon as administratively practicable.

                        (iii) In addition to any other benefits to be provided
pursuant to this Article XI, following the retirement from Buyer and its
Affiliates or any successor thereof of a Transferred Employee who is subject to
a collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing Date and who as of his or
her retirement has combined age and years of accredited service (within the
meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) equal to at least 76 and at least 15 years
of accredited service (within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) (a
"Retired Union Transferred Employee"), Buyer shall provide or cause to be
provided to each such Retired Union Transferred Employee (and/or his or her
dependents and beneficiaries) retiree medical, health, and life benefits, for a
period of at least five (5) years following the Closing Date, under terms and
conditions that are substantially identical to the terms and conditions under
the corresponding programs offered by Seller to its similarly situated
collectively bargained employees retiring as of the Closing Date. As of the date
of this Agreement, Seller maintains one or more voluntary employees' beneficiary
associations (within the meaning of Section 501(c)(9) of the IRC) to fund
retiree medical, health, and life benefits with respect to the Transferred
Employees who are subject to a collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing
Date (the "Seller VEBA"). Within


                                       58
<PAGE>

90 days following the Closing Date, Seller shall direct the trustee of the
Seller VEBA to transfer an amount in cash from the Seller VEBA to the trustee of
one or more voluntary employees' beneficiary associations (within the meaning of
Section 501(c)(9) of the IRC) that Buyer maintains or shall cause to be
maintained to fund retiree medical, health, and life benefits with respect to
the Transferred Employees who are subject to a collective bargaining agreement
as of the Closing Date. The amount to be transferred pursuant to the preceding
sentence shall be equal, based on the actuarial assumptions set forth in
Schedule 11.2.3(b)(iii), to the aggregate Accumulated Postretirement Benefit
Obligation (as defined in Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 106)
as of the Closing Date (which shall be the actuarial assumptions used by seller
in developing the level of expense under Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 106 for the 1999 fiscal year) attributable to retiree medical,
health, and life benefits for Transferred Employees who are subject to a
collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing Date.

                        (iv) Benefits provided pursuant to subsections (b)(ii)
and (b)(iii) of this Section (b) (including for this purpose, the determination
of who is eligible for such benefits) shall take into account service with Buyer
or any of its Affiliates on and after the Closing Date in the same manner as if
such post-Closing Date service was performed with Seller. Buyer shall provide
Seller with such information as shall be reasonably required to implement the
immediately preceding sentence with respect to subsection (b)(ii) of this
Section (b).

                  (c) Buyer shall refer to GTE Service Corporation and GTE
Service Corporation shall assume responsibility for any valid claim under a
Seller Welfare Plan for disability, medical, or dental benefits made by a
Transferred Employee on or after the Closing Date arising from a disability or
loss incurred on or before the Closing Date. Nothing in this Section 11.2.3
shall require Seller, any Affiliate of Seller, or the Seller Welfare Plans to
make any payment or to provide any benefit not otherwise provided by the terms
of the Seller Welfare Plans.

                  (d) Seller, Buyer, their respective Affiliates, and the Seller
Welfare Plans and the Buyer Welfare Plans shall assist and cooperate with each
other in the disposition of claims made under the Seller Welfare Plans pursuant
to subsection (c) of this Section 11.2.3, and in providing each other with any
records, documents, or other information within its control or to which it has
access that is reasonably requested by any other as necessary or appropriate to
the disposition, settlement, or defense of such claims.

                  (e) Except as otherwise provided in Section 11.2.3(b)(iii) or
in Section 11.2.3(f), nothing in this Agreement shall require Seller or its
Affiliates to transfer assets or reserves with respect to the Seller Welfare
Plans to Buyer or the Buyer Welfare Plans.

                  (f) Seller will make available to Buyer, prior to the Closing
Date, a list of those Transferred Employees that have participated in the health
or dependent care reimbursement accounts of Seller under the GTE Flexible
Reimbursement Plan (the "FRP"), together with the elections made prior to the
Closing Date with respect to such accounts through the Closing Date, any
balances standing to the credit of Transferred Employees, and the corresponding
amounts being transferred to the corresponding Buyer's plan in accordance with
the following sentence. As of the Closing Date, Seller shall cause the portion
of the FRP


                                       59
<PAGE>

applicable to Transferred Employees to be segregated into a separate component
and all account balances of the Transferred Employees in the FRP shall be
transferred to a flexible reimbursement plan that Buyer shall cause to be
maintained for the duration of the calendar year in which the Closing Date
occurs.

                  (g) On and for a period of at least three (3) years after the
Closing Date, Transferred Employees not subject to a collective bargaining
agreement shall be eligible for benefits under a Buyer severance or separation
pay policy or plans that are the same as or comparable to the severance or
separation pay policy benefits that are provided by Seller (or the applicable
Affiliate, if the Transferred Employee is employed by an employer other than the
Seller) or a Seller Pension Plan as of the Closing Date. Buyer shall recognize
the service of each such Transferred Employee with Seller and its Affiliates for
eligibility, vesting, and benefit determinations under the Buyer severance or
separation pay policy or plan. Transferred Employees subject to a collective
bargaining agreement shall be eligible for severance or separation pay benefits
in accordance with the terms of the applicable collective bargaining agreement.

      11.3 Miscellaneous Benefits.

            11.3.1 Vacation.

                  (a) On or after the Closing Date, Buyer shall allow
Transferred Employees to receive paid time off in the calendar year of the
Closing for any unused vacation time accrued prior to the Closing Date. Seller
and its Affiliates shall have no liability to Transferred Employees for the
vacation payments described in this Section 11.3.1. Seller shall pay Transferred
Employees any banked vacation on or before the Closing Date. Schedule 11.3.1 to
be prepared by Seller and submitted to Buyer on or before the Closing Date shall
list the accrued but unused vacation pay, as of the Closing Date, of each
Transferred Employee for the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs.

                  (b) For purposes of determining a Transferred Employee's
eligibility for vacation under Buyer's vacation plan, a Transferred Employee
shall be credited, as of the first day of the first calendar year that begins
after the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs, with service for the
calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs in an amount equal to the
aggregate of the Transferred Employee's service with both Seller and Buyer
during the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs.

            11.3.2 Transferred Employee Statements. Within sixty (60) days after
the Closing Date, Seller shall prepare and distribute to all Transferred
Employees an accurate and complete statement of their accrued benefits under
Seller's Pension Plans as of the Closing Date and shall provide Buyer with a
true and complete copy of the same. Such statements shall be sufficiently
detailed to readily permit Buyer and the Transferred Employees to determine the
accuracy thereof.


                                       60
<PAGE>

      11.4 Employee Rights.

            Nothing herein expressed or implied shall confer upon any employee
of Seller or its Affiliates, or Buyer or its Affiliates, or upon any legal
representative of such employee, or upon any collective bargaining agent, any
rights or remedies, including any right to employment or continued employment
for any specified period, of any nature or kind whatsoever under or by reason of
this Agreement.

            Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to confer upon any person
(nor any beneficiary thereof) any rights under or with respect to any plan,
program, or arrangement described in or contemplated by this Agreement, and each
person (and any beneficiary thereof) shall be entitled to look only to the
express terms of any such plan, program, or arrangement for his or her rights
thereunder.

            Nothing in this Agreement shall cause Buyer or its Affiliates, nor
Seller or its Affiliates to have any obligation to provide employment or any
employee benefits to any individual who is not a Transferred Employee or, except
as otherwise provided in Section 11.1.2 with respect to employment agreements,
to continue to employ any Transferred Employee for any period of time following
the Closing Date.

      11.5 WARN Act Requirements.

            On and after the Closing Date, Buyer shall be responsible with
respect to Transferred Employees and their beneficiaries for compliance with the
Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 and any other
applicable law, including any requirement to provide for and discharge any and
all notifications, benefits, and liabilities to Transferred Employees and
government agencies that might be imposed as a result of the consummation of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise.

      11.6 Indemnification.

            11.6.1 Indemnification of Seller. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in Article 12 of this Agreement, Buyer shall indemnify and hold
harmless Seller, its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers,
employees, agents, and assigns, and each employee benefit plan or arrangement
maintained or contributed to by Seller or an Affiliate thereof (whether or not
such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of
Section 3(3) of ERISA) and its administrators, fiduciaries, and agents, from and
against any and all claims, demands, actions, administrative or other
proceedings, causes of action, liability, loss, cost, damage, and expense
(including reasonable attorneys' fees) (i) in any way arising out of or incurred
as a result of any action by Buyer, its Affiliates, their respective directors,
officers, employees, or agents, the administrators or fiduciaries of any
employee benefit plan maintained or contributed to by Buyer or an Affiliate
thereof (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan"
within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), or any of their successors, except
as otherwise expressly permitted under this Agreement, to change, reduce
contributions to, terminate, fail to continue, fail to pay benefits under, or
fail to manage or administer properly any employee benefit plan or arrangement
(whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within
the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA) on or


                                       61
<PAGE>

after the Closing Date, or (ii) in any way arising out of or incurred as a
result of any action that is a breach of any the covenants, representations,
warranties, or obligations of any such person under this Agreement.

            11.6.2 Indemnification of Buyer. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in Article 12 of the Agreement, Seller shall indemnify and hold
harmless Buyer, its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers,
employees, agents, and assigns, and each employee benefit plan or arrangement
maintained or contributed to by Buyer or an Affiliate thereof (whether or not
such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of
Section 3(3) of ERISA) and its administrators, fiduciaries, and agents, from and
against any and all claims, demands, actions, administrative or other
proceedings, causes of action, liability, loss, cost, damage, and expense
(including reasonable attorneys' fees) (i) in any way arising out of or incurred
as a result of any action by Seller, its Affiliates, their respective directors,
officers, employees, or agents, the administrators or fiduciaries of any
employee benefit plan maintained or contributed to by Seller or an Affiliate
thereof (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan"
within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), or any of their successors, to
fail to pay benefits under, or fail to manage or administer properly any
employee benefit plan or arrangement (whether or not such plan or arrangement is
an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA) before
the Closing Date, or (ii) in any way arising out of or incurred as a result of
any action that is a breach of any the covenants, representations, warranties,
or obligations of any such person under this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 12
                                 INDEMNIFICATION

      12.1 Survival of Representations. Warranties and Covenants.

                  (a) The representations and warranties contained in Sections
8.1.6 and 8.2.6 will survive the Closing and remain in full force and effect
indefinitely. Each of the other representations and warranties contained in
Article 8 will terminate, without further action, on the date which is fifteen
(15) months following the Closing Date (the "Expiration Date").

                  (b) This Article 12 shall survive any termination of this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and the indemnification contained in this
Article 12 shall survive the Closing and shall remain in effect (i)
indefinitely, with respect to any Indemnifiable Claim related to the breach of
any representation or warranty which pursuant to Section 12.1(a) survives
indefinitely, (ii) indefinitely or for the applicable period of performance for
such covenant (provided that in the case of covenants, the Indemnitee shall have
60 days after the end of such performance period to provide notice to the
Indemnifying Party of a claim for indemnification arising during the performance
period), with respect to any Indemnifiable Claim arising under Section
12.2(a)(ii)(B) (post closing covenants), (iii) indefinitely, with respect to any
Indemnifiable Claim arising under Section 12.2(a)(iii) (Retained Liabilities) or
12.2(b)(iii) (Assumed Liabilities), and (iv) until the Expiration Date for any
Indemnifiable Claims that are not specified in any of the preceding clauses.
Unless a claim for indemnification with respect to any alleged breach of any
representation or warranty is asserted by notice given as herein provided that
specifically identifies a particular breach and the underlying facts relating
thereto, which notice is given within the applicable period of survival for such
representation or


                                       62
<PAGE>

warranty, such claim may not be pursued and is irrevocably waived after such
time. Without limiting the generality or effect of the foregoing, no claim for
indemnification with respect to any representation or warranty will be deemed to
have been properly made except (i) to the extent it is based upon a Third Party
Claim made or brought prior to the expiration of the survival period for such
representation or warranty, or (ii) to the extent based on Indemnifiable Losses
actually incurred by an Indemnitee prior to the expiration of the survival
period for such representation or warranty.

      12.2 Indemnification.

                  (a) Following the Closing and subject to the other sections of
this Article 12, Seller will indemnify, defend and hold harmless Buyer and its
Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, and agents from and against
all Indemnifiable Losses relating to, resulting from or arising out of (i) any
inaccuracy in any of the representations and warranties made by Seller in
Section 8.1 of this Agreement, (ii) a breach by Seller of any covenant of Seller
contained in this Agreement, which covenant requires performance by Seller (A)
prior to or at the Closing, or (B) after the Closing, and (iii) any of the
Retained Liabilities.

                  (b) Following the Closing and subject to the other sections of
this Article 12, Buyer will indemnify, defend and hold harmless Seller and its
Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, and agents from and against
all Indemnifiable Losses relating to, resulting from or arising out of (i) any
inaccuracy in any of the representations or warranties made by Buyer in Section
8.2 of this Agreement, (ii) a breach by Buyer of any covenant of Buyer contained
in this Agreement, which covenant requires performance by Buyer prior to, at or
after the Closing, and (iii) any of the Assumed Liabilities.

                  (c) Payments made under this Section 12.2 shall be treated by
Buyer and Seller as purchase price adjustments and Buyer and Seller shall file
all Tax Returns consistent with such treatment. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained herein, neither party shall be indemnified or reimbursed for
any Tax consequences arising from the receipt or accrual of an indemnity payment
hereunder including any Tax consequences arising from adjustments to the basis
of any asset resulting from an adjustment to the Purchase Price or any
additional or reduced taxes resulting from any such basis adjustment.

                  (d) In the event that a claim against an Indemnifying Party
arises under both Section 12.2(a)(i) and Section 12.2(a)(ii), or under both
Section 12.2(b)(i) and Section 12.2(b)(ii), then the Indemnitee's rights to
pursue its claim under Section 12.2(a)(ii) or Section 12.29b)(ii), as
applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions of Section 12.3(d).

                  (e) In the event that a claim against an Indemnifying Party
arises under both Section 12.2(a)(i) and Section 12.2(a)(iii), or under both
Section 12.2(b)(i) and Section 12.2(b)(iii), then the Indemnitee's rights to
pursue the claim under Section 12.2(a)(iii) or Section 12.2(b)(iii), as
applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 12.3(d).

                  (f) In the event a claim against an Indemnifying Party arisses
under both Section 12.2(a)(ii) and 12.2(a)(iii), or under both Section
12.2(b)(ii) and 12.2(b)(iii), then


                                       63
<PAGE>

the Indemnitee's rights to pursue the claim under Section 12.2(a)(iii) or
Section 12.2(b)(iii), as applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions
of Section 12.3(d).

      12.3 Limitations on Liability.

                  (a) For purposes of this Agreement, (i) "Indemnification
Payment" means any amount of Indemnifiable Losses required to be paid pursuant
to this Agreement, (ii) "Indemnitee" means any person or entity entitled to
indemnification under this Agreement, (iii) "Indemnifying Party" means any
person or entity required to provide indemnification under this Agreement, and
(iv) "Indemnifiable Losses" means any losses, liabilities, damages, costs and
expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses) actually incurred
in connection with any actions, suits, demands, assessments, judgments and
settlements, in any such case (x) reduced by the amount of insurance proceeds
recovered from any person or entity with respect thereto, and (y) excluding any
such losses, liabilities damages, costs and expenses to the extent that the
underlying liability or obligation is the result of any action taken or omitted
to be taken by any Indemnitee.

                  (b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this
Agreement, if the Closing occurs, (i) no claim for indemnification may be
asserted under Section 12.2(a) with respect to any matter discovered by or known
to Buyer on or before the date of this Agreement, or after the date of this
Agreement and on or before the Closing Date to the extent that Buyer has not
provided timely notice to Seller of the existence of such claim in accordance
with Section 10.2, and (ii) no claim for indemnification may be asserted under
Section 12.2(b) with respect to any matter discovered by or known to Seller on
or before the Closing Date.

                  (c) As between Seller and any Affiliate of Seller, on the one
hand, and Buyer and any Affiliate of Buyer, on the other hand, the remedies,
rights and obligations set forth in this Article 12, Sections 10.1.2, 11.2.2,
11.6, 13.3 and the Ancillary Agreements will be the exclusive remedies, rights
and obligations with respect to the liabilities and obligations referred to in
Section 12.2 and any breach of the representations, warranties or covenants set
forth in this Agreement. Without limiting the foregoing, as a material
inducement to entering into this Agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by
law, each of the parties waives any claim or cause of action that it otherwise
might assert, and any breach of the representations, warranties or covenants set
forth in this Agreement, except for claims or causes of action brought under and
subject to the terms and conditions of this Article 12 and Sections 10.1.2, 11.6
and 13.3 or any Indemnifiable Losses arising out of actual fraud.

                  (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement or
of any applicable Law, no Indemnitee will be entitled to make a claim against an
Indemnifying Party under Sections 11.2.2, 11.6, 12.2(a)(i) or 12.2(b)(i) until:

                        (i) the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses
incurred by the Indemnitee for any individual occurrence or related series of
occurrences giving rise to such Indemnifiable Losses exceeds $25,000, and

                        (ii) the aggregate amount of claims that may be asserted
for such Indemnifiable Losses pursuant to Section 12.3(d)(i) exceeds an amount
equal to 2% of the


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<PAGE>

Purchase Price, but only to the extent such amount, if any, (a) exceeds an
amount equal to 2% of the Purchase Price and (b) is less than the amount set
forth in Section 12.3(e).

                        (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this
Agreement, the indemnification obligations of Seller under Section 12.2(a)
(except with respect to indemnification for inaccuracies of the representations
contained in Sections 8.1.1 through 8.1.6) or the indemnification obligation of
Buyer under Section 12.2(b) will not exceed the amount of an amount equal to
6.5% of the Purchase Price respectively.

                        (f) No Indemnifying Party shall be liable to or
obligated to indemnify any Indemnitee hereunder for any consequential, special,
multiple, punitive or exemplary damages including, but not limited to, damages
arising from loss or interruption of business, profits, business opportunities
or goodwill, loss of use of facilities, loss of capital, claims of customers, or
any cost or expense related thereto, except to the extent such damages have been
recovered by a third person and are the subject of a Third Party Claim for which
indemnification is available under the express terms of this Section 12.

                        (g) Seller and Buyer shall cooperate with each other
with respect to resolving any claim or liability with respect to which one party
is obligated to indemnify the other party hereunder, including by making
commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate or resolve any such claim or
liability.

      12.4 Defense of Claims.

                        (a) If any Indemnitee receives notice of the assertion
of any claim or of the commencement of any action or proceeding by any entity
that is not a party to this Agreement or an Affiliate of such a party (a "Third
Party Claim") against such Indemnitee, with respect to which an Indemnifying
Party is obligated to provide indemnification under this Agreement, the
Indemnitee will give such Indemnifying Party reasonably prompt written notice
thereof, but in any event not later than ten (10) calendar days after receipt of
notice of such Third Party Claim; provided, however, that the failure of the
Indemnitee to notify the Indemnifying Party shall only relieve the Indemnifying
Party from its obligation to indemnify the Indemnitee pursuant to this Article
12 to the extent that the Indemnifying Party is materially prejudiced by such
failure (whether as a result of the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses
or otherwise). Upon receipt of notification of a Third Party Claim, the
Indemnifying Party shall be entitled, upon written notice to the Indemnitee, to
assume the investigation and defense thereof with counsel reasonably
satisfactory to the Indemnitee. Whether or not the Indemnifying Party elects to
assume the investigation and defense of any Third Party Claim, the Indemnitee
shall have the right to employ separate counsel and to participate in the
investigation and defense thereof; provided, however, that the Indemnitee shall
pay the fees and disbursements of such separate counsel unless (i) the
employment of such separate counsel has been specifically authorized in writing
by the Indemnifying Party, (ii) the Indemnifying Party has failed to assume the
defense of such Third Party Claim within reasonable time after receipt of notice
thereof with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such Indemnitee, or (iii) the
named parties to the proceeding in which such claim, demand, action or cause of
action has been asserted include both the Indemnifying Party and such Indemnitee
and, in the reasonable judgment of counsel to such Indemnitee, there exists one
or more defenses that may be available to the Indemnitee that are in conflict
with those


                                       65
<PAGE>

available to the Indemnifying Party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the
Indemnifying Party shall not be liable for the fees and disbursements of more
than one counsel for all Indemnified Parties in connection with any one
proceeding or any similar or related proceedings arising from the same general
allegations or circumstances. Without the prior written consent of the
Indemnitee, the Indemnifying Party will not enter into any settlement of any
Third Party Claim that would lead to liability or create any financial or other
obligation on the part of the Indemnitee unless such settlement includes as an
unconditional term thereof the release of the Indemnitee from all liability in
respect of such Third Party Claim. If a settlement offer solely for money
damages is made by the applicable third party claimant, and the Indemnifying
Party notifies the Indemnitee in writing of the Indemnifying Party's willingness
to accept the settlement offer and pay the amount called for by such offer
without reservation of any rights or defenses against the Indemnitee, the
Indemnitee may continue to contest such claim, free of any participation by the
Indemnifying Party, and the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to
such Third Party Claim that the Indemnifying Party has an obligation to pay
hereunder shall be limited to the lesser of (A) the amount of the settlement
offer that the Indemnitee declined to accept plus the Losses of the Indemnitee
relating to such Third Party Claim through the date of its rejection of the
settlement offer or (B) the aggregate Losses of the Indemnitee with respect to
such claim.

                        (b) Any claim by an Indemnitee on account of an
Indemnifiable Loss that does not result from a Third Party Claim (a "Direct
Claim") will be asserted by giving the Indemnifying Party reasonably prompt
written notice thereof, but in any event not later than thirty (30) calendar
days after an Executive Officer of the Indemnitee becomes actually aware of the
incurrence thereof, and the Indemnifying Party will have a period of thirty (30)
calendar days within which to respond in writing to such Direct Claim. If the
Indemnifying Party does not so respond within such thirty (30) calendar day
period, the Indemnifying Party will be deemed to have rejected such claim, in
which event the Indemnitee will be free to pursue such remedies as may be
available to the Indemnitee on the terms and subject to the provisions of this
Article 12.

                        (c) If after the making of any Indemnification Payment
the amount of the Indemnifiable Loss to which such payment relates is reduced by
recovery, settlement or otherwise under any insurance coverage, or pursuant to
any claim, recovery, settlement or payment by or against any other entity, the
amount of such reduction (less any costs, expenses, premiums or taxes incurred
in connection therewith) will promptly be repaid by the Indemnitee to the
Indemnifying Party. Upon making any Indemnification Payment, the Indemnifying
Party will, to the extent of such Indemnification Payment, be subrogated to all
rights of the Indemnitee against any third party that is not an Affiliate of the
Indemnitee in respect of the Indemnifiable Loss to which the Indemnification
Payment relates; provided that (i) the Indemnifying Party shall then be in
compliance with its obligations under this Agreement in respect of such
Indemnifiable Loss, and (ii) until the Indemnitee recovers full payment of its
Indemnifiable Loss, all claims of the Indemnifying Party against any such third
party on account of said Indemnification Payment will be subrogated and
subordinated in right of payment to the Indemnitee's rights against such third
party. Without limiting the generality or effect of any other provision of this
Article 12, each such Indemnitee and Indemnifying Party will duly execute upon
request all instruments reasonably necessary to evidence and perfect the
above-described subrogation and subordination rights.


                                       66
<PAGE>

      12.5 No Indemnifiable Claims Resulting From Governmental Authority Action.
Buyer has no indemnifiable or otherwise compensable claim that any of Seller's
representations or warranties in Section 8.1 (other than Sections 8.1.4(b),
8.1.15 and 8.1.25) is inaccurate, or that any covenant has been breached, to the
extent that such claim is predicated on any action by the FCC or PSC undertaken
after Closing or any action the FCC or PSC requires Seller to undertake after
Closing. Buyer may only bring such a claim to the extent that its basis is
independent of any such FCC or PSC action.

                                   ARTICLE 13
                                   TERMINATION

      13.1 Termination Rights. This Agreement may be terminated at any time
prior to the Closing Date:

                  (a) at any time by mutual written consent of the parties;

                  (b) by Buyer if any of the conditions provided in Section 6.1
of this Agreement have not been met within eighteen (18) months after execution
of this Agreement and have not been waived by Buyer;

                  (c) by Seller if any of the conditions provided in Section 6.2
of this Agreement have not been met within eighteen (18) months after execution
of this Agreement and have not been waived by Seller;

                  (d) by Seller if any obligations of Buyer provided in Article
3 become incapable of being fulfilled; or

                  (e) by either party immediately upon written notice to the
other party if any Governmental Authority issues an order forbidding or
enjoining the consummation of the transaction contemplated hereby and such order
has become final and non-appealable.

      13.2 Goodfaith Performance. Neither party shall be entitled to exercise
any right of termination pursuant to subsection 13.1(b), (c) or (d) above if
such party shall not have performed diligently and in good faith the obligations
required to be performed by such party hereunder prior to the date of
termination.

      13.3 Effect of Termination.

                  (a) If this Agreement is terminated as a result of a Material
Adverse Effect or Section 13.1(a), this Agreement shall be of no further force
and effect and there shall be no further liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates,
directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives.

                  (b) If this Agreement is terminated by Buyer pursuant to
Section 13.1(b), this Agreement shall be of no further force and effect and
there shall be no further obligations or liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective


                                       67
<PAGE>

Affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives;
provided, however, that no such termination shall relieve Seller of liability
for any claims, damages or losses suffered by Buyer as a result of the negligent
or willful failure of Seller to perform any obligations required to be performed
by it hereunder on or prior to the date of termination. Notwithstanding anything
herein to the contrary, in no event shall the any act or omission of Seller in
connection with the Merger be deemed to be a breach of the terms and conditions
of this Agreement for purposes of this Section 13.3(b).

                  (c) If this Agreement is terminated by Seller pursuant to
Section 13.1(c) or (d), this Agreement shall be of no further force and effect
and there shall be no further obligations or liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates,
directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives; provided,
however, that in the event such termination is the result of the breach by Buyer
of any of its obligations required to be performed by it hereunder on or prior
to the date of termination, and Buyer has failed to cure such non-performance
within a reasonable period after notice from Seller, then Buyer shall pay to
Seller liquidated damages in an amount equal to ten (10) percent of the Purchase
Price. Such liquidated damages amount is designed to compensate Seller for its
lost opportunity costs and reliance damages caused by such termination. Buyer
shall promptly pay such amount to Seller in immediately available funds
following such termination.

                  (d) Upon any termination of the Agreement, each of the parties
shall promptly comply with the obligations of the Confidentiality Agreement
regarding return or destruction of Evaluation Material of the other party.

                  (e) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein,
the provisions of this Section 13.3 and of Sections 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.8,
14.11, 14.13 and 14.14, shall survive any termination of this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 14
                                  MISCELLANEOUS

      14.1 Notices. All notices and other communications required or permitted
hereunder shall be in writing and, unless otherwise provided in this Agreement,
will be deemed to have been given when delivered in person or dispatched by
electronic facsimile transfer (confirmed in writing by certified mail,
concurrently dispatched) or one business day after having been dispatched for
next-day delivery by a nationally recognized overnight courier service to the
appropriate party at the address specified below:

            (a)   If to Buyer, to:

                  Citizens Utilities Company
                  High Ridge Park
                  Stamford, Connecticut 06905
                  Attention: Donald P. Weinstein
                  Facsimile No.: (203) 614-4625


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<PAGE>

                  With a copy to:

                  Citizens Utilities Company
                  High Ridge Park
                  Stamford, Connecticut 06905
                  Attention: L. Russell Mitten, II, Esq.
                  Facsimile No.: (203) 614-4625

                  Fleischman and Walsh, L.L.P.
                  1400 Sixteenth Street, N.W.
                  Washington, D.C. 20036
                  Attention: Jeffry L. Hardin, Esq.
                  Facsimile No.: (202) 387-3467

            (b)   If to Seller, to:

                  William M. Edwards, III
                  Vice President - Property Repositioning
                  600 Hidden Ridge, HQE02J27
                  Irving, TX 75038
                  Facsimile No. (972) 719-7062

                  With a copy to:

                  Dale R. Chamberlain
                  Legal Counsel - Property Repositioning
                  600 Hidden Ridge, HQE02J34
                  Irving, TX  75038
                  Facsimile No. (972) 719-7162

            or to such other address or addresses as any such party may from
time to time designate for itself by like notice.

      14.2 Information Releases. The parties shall consult with each other (and
allow the other party notice, and a reasonable time to comment) in preparing any
employee announcement, press release, public announcement, news media response
or other form of release of information concerning this Agreement or the
transactions contemplated hereby that is intended to provide such information to
the employees generally, news media or the public. Neither party shall issue or
cause the publication of any press release, public announcement or media
response without the prior written consent of the other party; provided,
however, that, after allowing the other party notice and a reasonable time to
comment prior to issuance, nothing herein will prohibit either party from making
an employee announcement, or issuing or causing publication of any press
release, public announcement or media response to the extent that such action is
required by applicable Law or the rules of any national stock exchange
applicable to such party or its Affiliates.


                                       69
<PAGE>

      14.3 Expenses. Whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby are
consummated and except as otherwise expressly provided herein, each party will
pay any expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by it incidental to this
Agreement and in consummating the transactions provided for herein.

      14.4 Successors and Assigns. This Agreement will be binding upon and inure
to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and
permitted assigns, but is not assignable or delegable by any party without the
prior written consent of the other party; provided, that (a) Seller may assign
this Agreement to an Affiliate of Seller without the consent of Buyer including,
on and after the closing of the Merger, the ultimate parent entity of the
successor corporation to such merger or any entity controlled thereby; and (b)
Buyer may assign this Agreement, without the prior written consent of Seller, to
any directly or indirectly wholly owned subsidiary of Buyer provided such
subsidiary assumes in writing all the duties and obligations of Buyer hereunder.
No such assignment by Buyer shall in any way operate to enlarge, alter or change
any obligation due to Seller or relieve Buyer of its obligations hereunder if
such subsidiary fails to perform such obligations, with the understanding that
Buyer shall be jointly and severally liable with such subsidiary for any
non-performance of Buyer's obligations hereunder.

      14.5 Amendments. This Agreement may be amended or modified only by a
subsequent writing signed by authorized representatives of both parties.

      14.6 Captions. The captions set forth in this Agreement are for
convenience only and shall not be considered as part of this Agreement, nor as
in any way limiting or amplifying the terms and provisions hereof.

      14.7 Entire Agreement. The term " Agreement" shall mean collectively this
document, the Schedules hereto and any agreements expressly incorporated herein.
This Agreement supersedes and revokes any prior discussions and representations,
other agreements, commitments, arrangements or understandings of any sort
whatsoever, whether oral or written, that may have been made or entered into by
the parties relating to the matters contemplated hereby. This Agreement, the
Confidentiality Agreement and the Ancillary Documents constitute the entire
agreement by and among the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof,
and there are no representations, warranties, agreements, commitments,
arrangements or understandings except as expressly set forth herein.

      14.8 Waiver. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement,
neither the failure nor any delay on the part of any party to exercise any
right, power or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall
any single or partial exercise or waiver of any such right, power or privilege
preclude any other or further exercise thereof, or the exercise of any other
right, power or privilege available to each party at law or in equity.

      14.9 Third Parties. Except as expressly provided herein, nothing contained
in this Agreement is intended to confer upon any Person, other than the parties
hereto and their successors and permitted assigns, any rights or remedies under
or by reason of this Agreement.


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<PAGE>

      14.10 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more
counterparts, any or all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument.

      14.11 Governing Law. This Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements shall in
all respects be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the
State of New York (except that no effect shall be given to any conflicts of law
principles of the State of New York that would require the application of the
laws of any other jurisdiction). The parties irrevocably submit to the exclusive
jurisdiction of any New York State Court or any Federal Court located in the
borough of Manhattan in the City of New York for purposes of any suit, action or
other proceeding arising out of this Agreement, the Ancillary Agreements or any
transaction contemplated hereby or thereby. The parties agree that service of
process, summons or notice or document by U.S. registered mail to such party's
respective address set forth in Section 14.1 shall be effective service of
process for any action, suit or proceeding in New York with respect to any
matters to which it has submitted to jurisdiction as set forth above in the
immediately preceding sentence. The parties hereto irrevocably and
unconditionally waive trial by jury in any legal action or proceeding relating
to this Agreement or any other agreement entered into in connection therewith
and for any counterclaim with respect thereto. In the event of any breach of the
provisions of this Agreement or any other agreement entered into in connection
therewith, the non-breaching party shall be entitled to equitable relief,
including in the form of injunctions and orders for specific performance, where
the applicable legal standards for such relief in such courts are met, in
addition to all other remedies available to the non-breaching party with respect
thereto at law or in equity.

      14.12 Further Assurances. From time to time, as and when requested by one
of the parties, the other party will use its commercially reasonable efforts to
execute and deliver, or cause to be executed and delivered, all such documents
and instruments as may be reasonably necessary or appropriate, in the reasonable
opinion of counsel for Seller and Buyer, to consummate and make effective the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      14.13 Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is determined to be
invalid, illegal or unenforceable by any Governmental Authority, the remaining
provisions of this Agreement to the extent permitted by Law shall remain in full
force and effect provided that the essential terms and conditions of this
Agreement for both parties remain valid, binding and enforceable and provided
that the economic and legal substance of the transactions contemplated is not
affected in any manner materially adverse to any party. In the event of any such
determination, the parties agree to negotiate in good faith to modify this
Agreement to fulfill as closely as possible the original intents and purposes
hereof. To the extent permitted by Law, the parties hereby to the same extent
waive any provision of Law that renders any provision hereof prohibited or
unenforceable in any respect.

      14.14 Representation by Counsel; Interpretation. Seller and Buyer each
acknowledge that each party to this Agreement has been represented by counsel in
connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this
Agreement. Accordingly, any rule of Law or any legal decision that would require
interpretation of any claimed ambiguities in this Agreement against the party
that drafted it has no application and is expressly waived. The provisions of
this Agreement shall be interpreted in a reasonable manner to effect the intent
of Buyer and Seller.


                                       71
<PAGE>

      14.15 Covenants of GTE Corporation. GTE Corporation agrees to cause Seller
to perform each of Seller's agreements and covenants contained in this
Agreement. GTE Corporation further agrees that to the extent Seller shall sell
or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its assets, GTE Corporation
shall be liable to the same extent as Seller (but only to that extent) for any
non-performance of Seller's agreements and covenants contained in this
Agreement.


                                       72
<PAGE>

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties, acting through their duly authorized
agents, have caused this Agreement to be duly executed and delivered as of the
date first above written.

CONTEL OF MINNESOTA, INC.                CITIZENS UTILITIES COMPANY

By:___________________________           By: _____________________________

Name:_________________________           Name: ___________________________

Title:________________________           Title: __________________________


By:___________________________           For the limited purpose of Section
                                         14.15 only:
Name:_________________________

Title:________________________           GTE CORPORATION


                                         By: _____________________________

                                         Name: ___________________________

                                         Title: __________________________


<PAGE>

================================================================================
                            ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

                                     Between

                           GTE WEST COAST INCORPORATED

                                       and

                           CITIZENS UTILITIES COMPANY

                                  May 27, 1999
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

<PAGE>

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                            Page
                                                                            ----
ARTICLE 1   DEFINITIONS......................................................1

      1.1   Terms............................................................1

      1.2   Interpretation..................................................10

ARTICLE 2     PURCHASE AND SALE OF ASSETS...................................10

      2.1   Purchase and Sale of Assets.....................................10

      2.2   Purchased Property..............................................10

      2.3   Excluded Property...............................................11

      2.4   Assumption of Liabilities.......................................12

      2.5   No Assignment Without Consent...................................14

ARTICLE 3     PURCHASE PRICE................................................14

      3.1   Purchase Price..................................................14

      3.2   Closing Date Estimate...........................................15

      3.3   Closing Date Statement..........................................15

      3.4   Access Line Adjustment Amount...................................16

ARTICLE 4     REQUIRED APPROVALS, CONSENTS AND NOTIFICATIONS................16

      4.1   State Regulatory Approval.......................................16

      4.2   Debtholder Consents.............................................17

      4.3   Landlord and Other Consents.....................................17

      4.4   FCC Consents....................................................17

      4.5   HSR Act Review..................................................17

      4.6   GTE/Bell  Atlantic Merger.......................................18

ARTICLE 5     PRE-CLOSING COVENANTS.........................................18

      5.1   Investigation by Buyer..........................................18

      5.2   Operation of the Business in the Ordinary Course................18

      5.3   Satisfaction of Conditions......................................20

      5.4   Approvals.......................................................20

      5.5   Audit  or Review of Financial Statements........................20

      5.6   Cooperation with Respect to Like-Kind Exchange..................21

      5.7   Interconnection Agreements......................................21


                                       -i-
<PAGE>

      5.8   Leased Vehicles; Capital Leases.................................21

      5.9   Delivery of Interim Information.................................21

ARTICLE 6     CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE CLOSING...........................22

      6.1   Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Buyer....................22

      6.2   Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Seller...................23

ARTICLE 7     THE CLOSING...................................................24

      7.1   The Closing.....................................................24

      7.2   Seller's Obligations at Closing.................................24

      7.3   Buyer's Obligations at Closing..................................25

ARTICLE 8     REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES................................25

      8.1   Representations and Warranties of Seller........................25

      8.2   Representations and Warranties of Buyer.........................35

ARTICLE 9     CONTINUING BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS.............................37

      9.1   Transition Services Agreement...................................37

      9.2   Optional Services Agreement.....................................37

      9.3   Directory Publishing............................................37

      9.4   GTE Supply Relationship.........................................38

ARTICLE 10    ADDITIONAL COVENANTS OF THE PARTIES...........................38

      10.1  Intellectual Property...........................................38

      10.2  Effect of Due Diligence and Related Matters.....................40

      10.3  Confidentiality.................................................41

      10.4  Further Assurances..............................................41

      10.5  Prorations......................................................41

      10.6  Cost Studies/NECA Matters.......................................42

      10.7  Customer Deposits...............................................42

      10.8  Access to Books and Records.....................................42

      10.9  Purchase Price Allocation.......................................43

      10.10 Owned Real Property Transfers...................................43

      10.11 Transaction Taxes...............................................44


                                      -ii-
<PAGE>

      10.12 Bulk Sales Laws.................................................45

      10.13 Prepaid Non-Regulated Maintenance Agreements....................45

      10.14 Vehicle Registration............................................45

      10.15 Carrier Access Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition.......45

      10.16 End-User Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition.............45

ARTICLE 11    EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEE MATTERS................................46

      11.1  Employment of Transferred Employees.............................46

      11.2  Transferred Employee Benefit Matters............................48

      11.3  Miscellaneous Benefits..........................................60

      11.4  Employee Rights.................................................61

      11.5  WARN Act Requirements...........................................61

      11.6  Indemnification.................................................61

ARTICLE 12    INDEMNIFICATION...............................................62

      12.1  Survival of Representations.....................................62

      12.2  Indemnification.................................................63

      12.3  Limitations on Liability........................................64

      12.4  Defense of Claims...............................................65

      12.5  No Indemnifiable Claims Resulting From Governmental Authority
            Action..........................................................67

ARTICLE 13    TERMINATION...................................................67

      13.1  Termination Rights..............................................67

      13.2  Goodfaith Performance...........................................67

      13.3  Effect of Termination...........................................67

ARTICLE 14    MISCELLANEOUS.................................................68

      14.1  Notices.........................................................68

      14.2  Information Releases............................................69

      14.3  Expenses........................................................70

      14.4  Successors and Assigns..........................................70

      14.5  Amendments......................................................70

      14.6  Captions........................................................70


                                     -iii-
<PAGE>

      14.7  Entire Agreement................................................70

      14.8  Waiver..........................................................70

      14.9  Third Parties...................................................71

      14.10 Counterparts....................................................71

      14.11 Governing Law...................................................71

      14.12 Further Assurances..............................................71

      14.13 Severability....................................................71

      14.14 Representation by Counsel; Interpretation.......................72

      14.15 Covenants of GTE Northwest......................................72



                                      -iv-

<PAGE>
                               INDEX OF SCHEDULES

Schedule*   Title

1.1-A       Assigned Contracts
1.1-B       Excluded Contracts
1.1-C       Purchased Exchanges
1.1-D       License Agreement
2.3(g)      Other Excluded Property
4.4         FCC Consents / Waivers
5.2.1       Operation of the Business
5.2.2(c)    Material Increase to Transferred Employee Benefits
5.2.2(d)    Dispositions
6.1.1       Seller's Closing Certificate
6.2.1       Buyer's Closing Certificate
7.2(a)      Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement
7.2(b)      Legal Opinion of Seller's Counsel
7.2(g)      Affidavit as to Status of Foreign Person
7.3(c)      Legal Opinion of Buyer's Counsel
8.1.4       Violation of Law
8.1.7(a)    Owned Real Property
8.1.7(b)    Bondholders
8.1.8       Real Property Leases
8.1.9       Notices of Violations of Building / Zoning Ordinances
8.1.10      Material Adverse Changes
8.1.11(a-j) Material Contracts
8.1.13      Exceptions to Tax Return Filings
8.1.14      State and Federal Claims/Suits
8.1.15(a)   Tariff Proceedings
8.1.15(b)   FCC Licenses
8.1.16(a)   Employee Matters - Seller Employee Benefit Plans
8.1.16(b)   Employee Matters - Seller Material Liabilities under ERISA
8.1.16(c)   Employee Matters - Seller ERISA Plans - Compliance
8.1.16(d)   Employee Matters - Seller Multiemployer Plans
8.1.16(e)   Employee Matters - Seller Union Representation
8.1.17      Telephone Plant
8.1.18      Real Property Interests List
8.1.19      Exceptions to Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements
8.1.20      Environmental Permits
8.1.21(a-c) Financial Statements
8.1.23      Native American Authorizations
8.1.24      Loss of Major Customer
9.1         Transition Services Agreement
9.2         Optional Services Agreement
9.3.1       Directory Publishing Agreements
9.3.2       Co-Bound Directory Agreements


                                      -v-
<PAGE>

11.1.2      Employees and Employee Matters - Employment Agreement Obligation
            Exceptions
11.3.1      Employees and Employee Matters - Vacation

* The Schedule numbers refer to the appropriate Section within the Agreement.


                                      -vi-
<PAGE>

                            ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

            THIS ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT (this "Agreement") is made and entered
into as of the 27th day of May, 1999, by and between Citizens Utilities Company,
a Delaware corporation ("Buyer"), and GTE West Coast Incorporated, a California
corporation ("Seller") and for the limited purpose of Section 14.15 only, GTE
Northwest Incorporated, a Washington corporation ("GTE Northwest").

                                    RECITALS

            WHEREAS, Seller is in the business of providing regulated local
exchange telephone service in certain areas of the state of California; and

            WHEREAS, Seller desires to sell, convey, assign, transfer and
deliver to Buyer, and Buyer desires to purchase and accept from Seller, certain
of its telephone properties and related assets used in the provision of such
service, upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.

            NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto, intending to be legally bound,
agree as follows:

                                   ARTICLE 1
                                   DEFINITIONS

      1.1 Terms. For purposes of this Agreement and any amendment hereto, the
following terms are defined as set out below or in the Section referenced below:

            "Access Line Adjustment Amount" is defined in Section 3.4.

            "Accounts Receivable Settlement Statement" is defined in Section
10.16(b).

            "Accounts Payable" means accounts payable owed by Seller arising
primarily from the operation of the Business.

            "Active Employees" is defined in Section 11.1.

            "Affiliate" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person
that, directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls, is
controlled by, or is under common control with, such Person.

            "Allocation" is defined in Section 10.9.

            "Ancillary Documents" means the Transition Services Agreement, the
Optional Services Agreement, the License Agreement, and the Bill of Sale and
Assignment and Assumption Agreement.


                                       1
<PAGE>

            "Assigned Contracts" means Contracts to which Seller or any of its
Affiliates is a party (i) which relate primarily to the operation of the
Business, other than the Excluded Contracts, Real Property Interests, Real
Property Leases and Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts, and (ii) any
other contract to which Seller is a party and is listed on Schedule 1.1-A.

            "Assigned Permits" means, to the extent assignable, all permits,
licenses, franchises, approvals and authorizations of Seller or any of its
Affiliates issued or granted by any Governmental Authority that relate primarily
to the operation of the Business, other than the FCC Licenses and the Excluded
Permits.

            "Assumed Liabilities" is defined in Section 2.4.1

            "Automated Assets" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "Bargained Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "BIA" is defined in Section 8.1.23.

            "Base Purchase Price" is defined in Section 3.1.

            "Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement" is defined in
Section 7.2(a).

            "Bondholders" means the Persons listed on Schedule 8.1.7(b).

            "Business" means the business of providing in the geographic area
comprising the Purchased Exchanges (i) local exchange, exchange access and
intra-LATA toll telecommunications services to end users, (ii) exchange access
telecommunications services to interexchange carriers and other local exchange
carriers, (iii) retail sales of telephone equipment and products, and (iv)
non-tariffed public communications (pay telephones), commercial
telecommunications services facilities leasing and other non-regulated services
and products.

            "Buyer Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(b).

            "Buyer Pension Plan" and "Buyer Pension Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.1(b).

            "Buyer Savings Plan" and "Buyer Savings Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.2(b).

            "Buyer Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Buyer's Actuary" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(ii).

            "Buyer's Closing Certificate" is defined in Section 6.2.1.

            "Calendar-Related" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).


                                       2
<PAGE>

            "CERCLA" means the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended.

            "Closing" is defined in Section 7.1.

            "Closing Date" is defined in Section 7.1.

            "Closing Date Access Line Count" is defined in Section 3.4.

            "Closing Date Amount" is defined in Section 3.2(b)

            "Closing Date Statement" is defined in Section 3.3

            "Confidentiality Agreement" means the Confidentiality Agreement
dated as of November 20, 1998, among Buyer, Seller and certain Affiliates of
Seller.

            "Construction Advances" means advances collected by Seller or any
Affiliate for the future performance of non-regulated construction in the
Purchased Exchanges.

            "Contracts" means all contracts, leases, indentures, agreements, and
other legally binding arrangements.

            "Customer Advances" means amounts arising from the operation of the
Business that have been billed and collected by Seller as of the Closing Date
but that are unearned because they relate to the provision of service after the
Closing Date.

            "Customer Deposits" is defined in Section 10.7.

            "Date Data" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "December 1998 Access Line Count" is defined in Section 3.4 and
shall be 13,309.

            "Direct Claim" is defined in Section 12.4(b).

            "Due Diligence Documents" means those documents contained in the ten
(10) volumes of information delivered to Buyer in connection with its review of
the Purchased Property.

            "Earned End-User Accounts Receivable" means accounts receivable
arising primarily from the operation of the Business that have been earned by
Seller's provision of service on or before the Closing Date excluding amounts
billed through the carrier access billing system to interexchange carriers.

            "Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount" means the aggregate
amount of all Earned Unbilled Accounts Receivable as of the Closing Date, less a
discount for anticipated uncollectible Earned End-User Accounts Receivable in an
amount equal to the Uncollectible Factor multiplied by Earned End-User Accounts
Receivable as of the Closing Date.

            "Employment Agreements" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).


                                       3
<PAGE>

            "Environmental Requirements" means all federal, state, interstate
and local government or agency Laws relating to pollution or protection of human
health and safety or the environment (including, without limitation, air,
surface water, ground water, land surface and subsurface strata), including,
without limitation, laws and regulations relating to emissions, discharges,
releases or threatened releases of Regulated Materials; or otherwise relating to
the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal,
transportation or handling of Regulated Materials.

            "ERISA" means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974,
as amended.

            "ERISA Plans" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Estimated Access Line Adjustment Amount" is defined in Section
3.2(a).

            "Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount" is
defined in Section 3.2(a).

            "Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount" is defined in Section
3.2(a).

            "Evaluation Material" is defined in the first paragraph of the
Confidentiality Agreement.

            "Excluded Contracts" means (i) all billing and collection
agreements, interconnection agreements, national account agreements, billing
media agreements, vehicle leasing agreements, capital leases, Contracts between
Seller and Affiliates of Seller, except to the extent expressly listed on
Schedule 1.1-A, and (ii) such other agreements as are listed on Schedule 1.1-B.

            "Excluded Marks" means all trademarks, applications for trademark
registration, service marks, applications for service mark registration, trade
names, domain names and related registrations owned by Seller or an Affiliate of
Seller, or licensed to Seller or an Affiliate of Seller by any Person, and any
derivations of the foregoing.

            "Excluded Permits" means the permits, licenses, franchises,
approvals and authorizations of Seller or any Affiliates by Governmental
Authorities that relate to the Excluded Property.

            "Excluded Property" is defined in Section 2.3.

            "Executive Officer" of an entity means (i) in the case of Seller,
the regional president of the region that includes the Purchased Exchanges, the
general manager of infrastructure provisioning for the Purchased Exchanges and
the general manager of customer operations for the Purchased Exchanges, and (ii)
the case of Buyer, the executive officer(s) in charge of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement.


                                       4
<PAGE>

            "Existing Environmental Requirements" means those applicable
provisions of any Environmental Requirements that are both in effect and
required to be met by Seller prior to the Closing Date.

            "Expiration Date" is defined in Section 12.1(a).

            "FCC" means the Federal Communications Commission.

            "FCC Consents" is defined in Section 4.4.

            "FCC Licenses" means all licenses, certificates, permits or other
authorizations granted to Seller or any Affiliates by the FCC that are used
primarily in the operation of the Business.

            "Financial Statements" is defined in Section 8.1.21.

            "Final Order" shall mean action by any governmental or regulatory
authority as to which (i) no request for stay by any Governmental Authority of
the action is pending, no such stay is in effect, and if any deadline for any
such request is designated by statute or regulation, such deadline is passed;
(ii) no petition for rehearing or reconsideration of the action is pending
before any Governmental Authority, and the time for filing any such petition has
passed; (iii) the Governmental Authority does not have the action under
reconsideration or its own motion and the time for such reconsideration has
passed; and (iv) no appeal to a court, or request to stay by a court, of the
Governmental Authority's action is pending or in effect and, if any deadline of
filing any such appeal or request is designated by statute or rule, it has
passed.

            "FRP" is defined in Section 11.2.3(f).

            "Future Capital Expenditure Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(h).

            "Future Regulatory Obligations" is defined in Section 2.4.1(g).

            "GAAP" means United States generally accepted accounting principles.

            "GATT Grandfathered Participant" is defined in Section
11.2.1(c)(ii)(c).

            "GTE California Agreement" is defined in Section 6.2.6.

            "Governmental Authority" means any court or any federal, state or
foreign governmental, legislative or regulatory body, agency, department,
authority or instrumentality.

            "HSR Act" means the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of
1976, as amended.

            "Indemnifiable Losses" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Indemnification Payment" is defined in Section 12.3(a).


                                       5
<PAGE>

            "Indemnifying Party" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Indemnitee" is defined in Section 12.3(a).

            "Intellectual Property" means all inventions (whether patentable or
not and whether or not such inventions are described or claimed in any patent or
patent application), designs (useful or ornamental), and works subject to
copyright protection, invention disclosures, specifications, manuals, drawings,
functional or system block diagrams, flow charts, circuit diagrams, design or
user documentation, engineering notebooks, schematics, test programs, documented
procedures, documented processes, documented flows, devices, software (in any
form), or firmware, and all intellectual property rights therein or based
thereon, including patents, patent applications (including continuations,
continuations-in-part, divisions, reissues), reexamined patents and extensions
thereof, copyrights (whether registered or unregistered), and trade secrets.

            "Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(h).

            "IRC" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

            "IRS" means the Internal Revenue Service.

            "Law" or "Laws" means any statute, rule, regulation, ordinance,
judgment, order or decree of any Governmental Authority.

            "Leased Real Property" means the real property leased to Seller or
its Affiliates under the Real Property Leases.

            "License Agreement" means the license agreement attached hereto as
Schedule 1.1-D pursuant to which Seller grants to Buyer certain rights and
licenses under Licensed Intellectual Property.

            "Licensed Intellectual Property" means Intellectual Property owned
by Seller or its Affiliates, and Third Party Intellectual Property licensed to
Seller or its Affiliates which Seller or its Affiliates can sublicense to Buyer
without the payment of compensation or other consideration to any Person, and
which Intellectual Property and Third Party Intellectual Property are required
for the use or maintenance (to the extent not provided by the owner or licensor
of the Third Party Intellectual Property) of or are included in or with the
Purchased Property in the operation of the Business as of the Closing; provided
that Licensed Intellectual Property shall at all times be Excluded Property.

            "Lien" means any lien, charge, pledge, option, mortgage, security
interest or other encumbrance.

            "Material Adverse Effect" means a materially adverse effect on the
Business or the Purchased Property, taken as a whole, other than effects
relating to or arising from (i) the execution of this Agreement, (ii) the United
States economy generally or the state of California in particular, or (iii)
events or circumstances that affect the Business in the same manner and to the
same extent as other businesses in the industry generally.


                                       6
<PAGE>

            "Material and Supply Inventory" is defined in the FCC's Part 32
Uniform System of Accounts.

            "Material Contracts" is defined in Section 8.1.11.

            "Material Permits" is defined in Section 8.1.15(b).

            "Merger" means the proposed merger involving GTE Corporation and
Bell Atlantic Corporation and their respective Subsidiaries.

            "Native American Authorizations" is defined in Section 8.1.23.

            "Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount" means the total
amount expended but not yet billed by Seller for non-regulated construction work
not completed prior to the Closing Date, minus any Construction Advances
outstanding as of the Closing Date. The Non-Regulated Construction Work in
Process Amount shall be billable by Buyer to third parties after the Closing
Date under open customer orders or other agreements.

            "Non-Union Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Optional Services Agreement" is defined in Section 9.2.

            "Owned Real Property" means the real property owned in fee by Seller
or its Affiliates and used primarily in the operation of the Business, including
all land, buildings, structures, appurtenances and improvements located thereon.

            "PBGC" means the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.

            "Pension Assets" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(i).

            "Periodic Taxes" is defined in Section 10.5.

            "Permitted Encumbrances" means (i) liens for current taxes and
assessments not yet delinquent, or the amount or validity of which is being
contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings during which collection or
enforcement against the relevant property is stayed, (ii) standard utility
easements, and covenants, conditions and restrictions of record that do not
individually or in the aggregate materially interfere with the operation of the
present Business on, or materially detract from the value of, the Owned Real
Property affected thereby, (iii) mechanics', carriers', workers', repairers' and
other statutory liens, (iv) existing zoning or similar laws or ordinances that
do not interfere with the operation of the Business, (v) leases otherwise
disclosed herein, and (vi) any other Liens and, in the case of Owned Real
Property, any title defects or exceptions, that do not materially interfere with
the operations of the Purchased Property in a manner consistent with the current
use by Seller or that do not materially detract from the value of, or materially
impair the marketability of, the Purchased Property affected.

            "Person" means an individual, corporation, partnership, trust,
association, limited liability company or similar entity or organization.


                                       7
<PAGE>

            "Plans" is defined in Section 8.1.16(a).

            "Pole Attachment Agreement" is defined in Section 8.1.11(j).

            "Proration Periods" is defined in Section 10.5.

            "PUC" is defined in Section 4.1.

            "PUC Permits" is defined in Section 8.1.15(b).

            "Purchase Price" is defined in Section 3.3(c).

            "Purchased Exchanges" means the telephone exchanges listed in
Schedule 1.1-C and any cross-border community served from any such exchange.

            "Purchased Property" is defined in Section 2.2.

            "Real Property Interests" means all easements, rights of way,
licenses or other interests in real property of Seller or its Affiliates that
are used primarily in the operation of the Business, other than Owned Real
Property or Leased Real Property.

            "Real Property Leases" means the Leases set forth on Schedule 8.1.8.

            "Regulated Material" means (i) any "hazardous substance" as defined
in CERCLA, (ii) any petroleum or petroleum substance, and (iii) any other
pollutant, waste, contaminant, or other substance regulated under Environmental
Requirements.

            "Regulatory Approvals" is defined in Section 4.1.

            "Regulatory Obligation Amount" is defined in Section 3.1.

            "Retained Books and Records" means, collectively, all corporate
records and stock books of Seller and its Affiliates, the general ledger, all
records required by Law to be retained by Seller and all books and records
relating to (i) Tax Returns and Tax records, (ii) Excluded Property, (iii)
attorney work product, and (iv) the Retained Liabilities.

            "Retained Future Regulatory Obligations" is defined in Section
2.4.1(g).

            "Retained Liabilities" is defined in Section 2.4.2.

            "SEC Financial Statements" is defined in Section 5.5.

            "Seller Hourly Pension Plan" is defined in Section 11.2.1(a)(ii).

            "Seller Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(b).

            "Seller Pension Plan" and "Seller Pension Plans" are defined in
Section 11.2.1(a)(ii).


                                       8
<PAGE>

            "Seller Salaried Pension Plan" is defined in Section 11.2.1(a)(i).

            "Seller Savings Plans" are defined in Section 11.2.2(a).

            "Seller Welfare Plans" is defined in Section 11.2.3(a).

            "Seller's Actuary" is defined in Section 11.2.1(d)(ii).

            "Seller's Closing Certificate" is defined in Section 6.1.1.

            "Switch Software" shall mean software currently used by Seller to
operate telecommunications switching equipment that is part of the Telephone
Plant.

            "System Date" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

            "Tax Returns" means a report, return or other information statement
required to be supplied to or filed with a Governmental Authority with respect
to Taxes.

            "Tax(es)" means any foreign, federal, state, county or local income,
sales, use, transfer, excise, franchise, stamp duty, custom duty, real and
personal property, gross receipt, capital stock, business and occupation,
disability, employment, payroll, recording, ad valorem, unemployment
compensation, profits, registration, social security, estimated, add-on,
minimum, or withholding tax relating to the Business or the Purchased Exchanges
and any interest and penalties and additions to such taxes (civil or criminal)
related thereto or to the nonpayment thereof and related notarial fees.

            "Telephone Plant" means (i) Owned Real Property, (ii) Real Property
Interests, and (iii) the machinery, equipment, inventory, vehicles and all other
assets and properties used primarily in the operation of the Business, including
all plant, systems, structures, construction work in progress, telephone cable
(whether in service or under construction), microwave facilities (including
frequency spectrum assignment), telephone line facilities, machinery, furniture,
fixtures, tools, implements, conduits, stations, substations, equipment
(including central office equipment, subscriber station equipment and other
equipment in general), instruments and house wiring connections. Without
limiting the generality of the foregoing, Telephone Plant includes the assets
used primarily in the operation of the Business that would be properly included
in the fixed assets referenced in Part 32 of the FCC Rules and Regulations (47
CFR, Part 32), as such accounts are reflected in Schedule 8.1.17.

            "Third Party Claim" is defined in Section 12.4(a).

            "Third Party Intellectual Property" means Intellectual Property
owned by any Person, other than Seller, without regard as to whether Seller has
any rights therein or the right to assign such rights to Buyer.

            "Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts" is defined in Section
10.1.4.

            "Total Service Pension" is defined in Section 11.2.1(c)(iii)(B).


                                       9
<PAGE>

            "Transaction Taxes" is defined in Section 10.11.

            "Transferred Books and Records" means all of Seller's or its
Affiliates' customer or subscriber lists and records, accounts and billing
records, plans, blueprints, specifications, drawings, surveys, engineering
reports, personnel records of Transferred Employees (where applicable) and all
other documents, computer data and records, in each case relating primarily to
the operation of the Business, except for the Retained Books and Records.

            "Transferred Employees" is defined in Section 11.1.

            "Transition Services Agreement" is defined in Section 9.1.

            "Uncollectible Factor" is defined in Section 10.16(b).

            "Year 2000 Compliant" is defined in Section 8.1.22(c).

      1.2 Interpretation.

                  (a) Unless the context otherwise requires, (i) all references
to Sections, Articles or Schedules are to Sections, Articles or Schedules of or
to this Agreement, (ii) each accounting term not otherwise defined in this
Agreement has the meaning assigned to it in accordance with GAAP, (iii) all
references to the "knowledge" of Seller are deemed to refer to the actual
knowledge of the Executive Officers of Seller, (iv) all references to the
"knowledge" of Buyer or "knowledge" obtained by Buyer are deemed to refer to the
actual knowledge of the Executive Officers of Buyer, except as otherwise
provided herein, (v) the term "primarily" means primarily or exclusively, and
(vi) the term "including" means including without limitation.

                  (b) No provision of this Agreement will be interpreted in
favor of or against either of the parties by reason of the extent to which any
such party or its counsel participated in the drafting thereof or by reason of
the extent to which any such provision is inconsistent with any prior draft of
such provision or of this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 2
                           PURCHASE AND SALE OF ASSETS

      2.1 Purchase and Sale of Assets. Upon the terms and subject to the
conditions of this Agreement, Seller hereby agrees to sell, convey, transfer,
assign and deliver to Buyer and Buyer hereby agrees to purchase, acquire and
accept from Seller, in each case effective as of the Closing, all of Seller's
and each of its Affiliates' right, title and interest in and to the Purchased
Property.

      2.2 Purchased Property. The term "Purchased Property" means all the
following business, properties, assets and rights of Seller and its Affiliates
on the Closing Date, other than the Excluded Property:

                  (i)    Telephone Plant;
                  (ii)   Earned End-User Accounts Receivable;
                  (iii)  Material and Supply Inventories;

                                       10
<PAGE>

                  (iv)   Non-Regulated Construction Work in Progress;
                  (v)    FCC Licenses and Assigned Permits;
                  (vi)   Assigned Contracts;
                  (vii)  Transferred Books and Records;
                  (viii) Real Property Leases; and
                  (ix)   all other business, property, assets, work in process
                         and rights of Seller on the Closing Date not described
                         above that relate primarily to the Purchased Exchanges.

      2.3 Excluded Property. For purposes of this Agreement, "Excluded Property"
means the following:

                  (a) Cash, cash equivalents and investments;

                  (b) All rights of Seller and its Affiliates under this
Agreement, the Ancillary Documents and the certificates and other documents
delivered to Seller by Buyer in connection with this Agreement;

                  (c) All records prepared in connection with the sale of the
Business, including bids received from third parties and analysis relating to
the Business;

                  (d) All rights related to the Retained Liabilities;

                  (e) The Retained Books and Records;

                  (f) Seller's and its Affiliates' interests in any business
other than the Business, including the provision of wireless service (cellular
and PCS), long distance and internet service or internet related services,
air-to-ground communications (air phone service), and any Excluded Permits
related thereto, and all assets of Seller and its Affiliates used in connection
with any such business or related thereto, and all assets used by Seller and its
Affiliates in rendering corporate services to Seller or the Business that are
located outside the geographic area comprising the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (g) Such other assets (i.e., encryption decoder devices, AWAS
terminals, SODA, etc.), if any, as set forth on Schedule 2.3(g);

                  (h) The Excluded Contracts;

                  (i) The Excluded Marks;

                  (j) All Intellectual Property, including the Licensed
Intellectual Property and Third Party Intellectual Property (except for such
rights to possess and use Third Party Intellectual Property as may be assigned
in accordance with Section 10.1.4); and

                  (k) All of Seller's and its Affiliates' insurance proceeds
arising in connection with the operation of the Business or the Purchased
Property prior to the Closing.


                                       11
<PAGE>

      2.4 Assumption of Liabilities.

            2.4.1 Assumed Liabilities. Upon the terms and subject to the
conditions of this Agreement, Buyer hereby agrees to assume, as of the Closing
Date, and agrees to pay, perform and discharge when due, all liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations, beginning on the day following the Closing
Date, relating to the Purchased Property other than the Retained Liabilities
(subject to any different allocation of liability set forth in clauses (b), (c),
(g) and (h) below) (the "Assumed Liabilities"), including the following:

                  (a) Ordinary Course. All liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations (including Taxes), arising out of or accruing or resulting from the
use or ownership of the Purchased Property in the ordinary course after the
Closing Date;

                  (b) Employment Matters. All liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations of Buyer as provided in Article 11 with respect to Transferred
Employees;

                  (c) Assigned Contracts, Real Property Interests and Real
Property Leases. All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations that arise in
connection with the performance of the Assigned Contracts, Real Property
Interests and the Real Property Leases, other than performance obligations of
Seller that mature prior to the Closing Date;

                  (d) Joint Construction Projects. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations to third parties that relate to arrangements
and commitments between Seller and a third party for the construction of mutual
transmission facilities between various switching points included in the
Purchased Exchanges;

                  (e) Construction in Progress. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations relating to post-Closing engineering and
construction required to complete scheduled construction and other capital
expenditure projects for the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (f) Customer Deposits and Construction Advances. All
liabilities, responsibilities and obligations relating to Customer Advances,
Customer Deposits and Construction Advances;

                  (g) Future Regulatory Obligations. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations, other than Future Capital Expenditure
Obligations, related to the Purchased Exchanges arising out of any rule,
regulation, law, mandate, decision or order of the FCC or the PUC after the
Closing Date regardless of whether the action taken by such Governmental
Authority is or purports to be based on conduct or actions that occurred at any
time prior to the Closing Date ("Future Regulatory Obligations"); provided that
Buyer shall not be liable for any such Future Regulatory Obligation arising
directly out of any intentional misconduct or material misstatement to the PUC
by Seller that occurred prior to the Closing Date, except for such statements as
may be based on reasonable interpretations of existing PUC regulations and
current industry practice ("Retained Future Regulatory Obligations");

                  (h) Future Capital Expenditure Obligations. All liabilities,
responsibilities and obligations related to the Purchased Exchanges arising out
of any rule,


                                       12
<PAGE>

regulation, law, mandate, decision or order of the FCC or the PUC (i) issued at
any time and requiring any capital expenditure after the Closing Date,
regardless of whether the action taken by such Governmental Authority is or
purports to be based on conduct, facts or actions that occurred at any time
prior to the Closing Date ("Future Capital Expenditure Obligations"); and (ii)
issued after the date of this Agreement and requiring any capital expenditure
after the date of this Agreement, regardless of whether the action taken by such
Governmental Authority is or purports to be based on conduct, facts or actions
that occurred at any time prior to the date of this Agreement ("Interim Capital
Expenditure Obligations"); provided that (i) Seller shall retain liability for
Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations incurred prior to Closing to the extent
related to (A) FCC or PUC orders that impose capital expenditure obligations as
a result of Seller's overearnings, (B) Seller's efforts to comply with FCC or
PUC rules, regulations, laws, mandates, decisions or orders existing as of the
date of this Agreement, or (C) capital expenditures already planned by Seller;
and (ii) Seller shall retain liability for all other Interim Capital Expenditure
Obligations to the extent Seller is fully reimbursed by Buyer at Closing for
such obligations. Prior to the Closing Date, Seller shall notify Buyer of all
potential Future or Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations within a reasonable
time after publication of said obligations by a Governmental Authority; and

                  (i) Litigation and Claims. All liabilities and obligations
arising out of (i) litigation and claims that arise out of an occurrence after
the Closing Date, (ii) litigation and claims in respect of Future Regulatory
Obligations (other than Retained Future Regulatory Obligations) regardless of
when filed, and (iii) claims of a Governmental Authority arising from or related
to a Future Regulatory Obligation (other than Retained Future Regulatory
Obligations).

Notwithstanding anything in this Section 2.4.1 to the contrary, "Assumed
Liabilities" shall not include any liabilities, responsibilities or obligations
expressly included in Retained Liabilities pursuant to Section 2.4.2.

            2.4.2 Retained Liabilities. Seller shall retain and shall pay,
perform and discharge when due, the following liabilities, responsibilities and
obligations of Seller (the "Retained Liabilities"):

           (a) Subject to Section 10.5, all trade payables and other accrued
payment obligations of Seller as of the Closing Date;

           (b) All long-term debt of Seller (including indebtedness to the
Bondholders) and debt of Seller owed to any one or more of its Affiliates;

           (c) Subject to Section 10.5, all Taxes relating to the operation of
the Business on or before the Closing Date or the use, ownership or operation of
the Purchased Property on or before the Closing Date;

           (d) Except to the extent otherwise provided in Article 11, all
liabilities and obligations arising on or before the Closing Date with respect
to the Transferred Employees, including (i) all liabilities responsibilities and
obligations arising on or before the Closing Date relating to collective
bargaining agreements or other union contracts, and (ii) any such liabilities


                                       13
<PAGE>

or obligations that arise after the Closing Date to the extent that such
liabilities and obligations relate to facts, circumstances or conditions arising
or occurring on or before the Closing Date, but excluding any Future Regulatory
Obligations with respect to the Transferred Employees;

           (e) All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations arising out of
litigation and claims that arise out of an occurrence prior to the Closing Date
other than litigation and claims in respect of Future Regulatory Obligations
(other than Retained Future Regulatory Obligations);

           (f) Any Retained Future Regulatory Obligations; and

           (g) All liabilities, responsibilities and obligations with respect to
the Excluded Property and the Excluded Contracts.

      2.5 No Assignment Without Consent. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained in this Agreement, to the extent that the sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or delivery or attempted sale, conveyance, transfer,
assignment or delivery to Buyer of any Purchased Property (including any
Contract) is prohibited by any applicable Law or would require any governmental
or third-party authorizations, approvals, consents or waivers and such
authorizations, approvals, consents or waivers shall not have been obtained
prior to the Closing, this Agreement shall not constitute a sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or delivery, or an attempted sale, conveyance, transfer,
assignment or delivery thereof, if any of the foregoing would constitute a
breach of applicable Law or the rights of any third party; provided, however,
that, except to the extent that a condition to Closing set forth in Article 6
relating to the foregoing shall not be satisfied, the Closing shall occur
notwithstanding the foregoing without any adjustment to the Purchase Price on
account of such required authorization. Following the Closing, the parties shall
use their commercially reasonable efforts, and shall cooperate with each other,
to obtain promptly such authorizations, approvals, consents or waivers;
provided, however, that neither Seller nor Buyer nor any of their respective
Affiliates shall be required to pay any consideration therefor, other than
filing, recordation or similar fees payable to any Governmental Authority, which
fees shall be shared equally by Seller and Buyer. Pending or in the absence of
such authorization, approval, consent or waiver, the parties shall cooperate
with each other in any reasonable and lawful arrangements to provide to Buyer
the benefits and liabilities of use of such Purchased Property, including, if
permitted by the terms of any Real Property Lease or applicable Material
Contract, through a sublease or subcontract in accordance with Section 4.3. If
such authorization, approval, consent or waiver for the sale, conveyance,
transfer, assignment or delivery of any such Purchased Property is obtained,
Seller shall promptly convey, transfer, assign and deliver, or cause to be
conveyed, transferred, assigned and delivered, such Purchased Property to Buyer.

                                   ARTICLE 3
                                 PURCHASE PRICE

      3.1 Purchase Price. The purchase price for the Purchased Property shall be
the sum of (i) Fifty-Two Million Five Hundred Seventy-One Thousand dollars
($52,571,000) (the "Base Purchase Price"), (ii) amounts expended by Seller to
comply with Interim Capital Expenditure Obligations (the "Regulatory Obligation
Amount"), and (iii) the Non-Regulated Construction


                                       14
<PAGE>

Work in Process Amount, minus (iv) any Access Line Adjustment Amount calculated
in accordance with Section 3.4. Payments from Buyer to Seller for Earned
End-User Accounts Receivable and from Seller to Buyer for Customer Advances and
Customer Deposits will occur subsequent to Closing in accordance with Article
10.

      3.2 Closing Date Estimate.

                  (a) Not less than three (3) business days prior to the Closing
Date, Seller will give to Buyer a notice, setting forth Seller's good faith
estimate as of the Closing Date of (i) the Regulatory Obligation Amount (the
"Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount"), (ii) the Non-Regulated Construction
Work in Process Amount (the "Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in
Process Amount") and (iii) the Access Line Adjustment Amount (the "Estimated
Access Line Adjustment Amount").

                  (b) On the Closing Date, Buyer shall pay to Seller the sum of
(i) the Base Purchase Price, (ii) the Estimated Regulatory Obligation Amount,
and (iii) the Estimated Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount, minus
(iv) any Estimated Access Line Adjustment Amount (the "Closing Date Amount").
The Closing Date Amount shall be paid by delivery on the Closing Date of
immediately available funds in U.S. dollars by wire transfer to an account that
Seller shall designate to Buyer at least two (2) business days prior to the
Closing Date.

      3.3 Closing Date Statement.

                  (a) Within sixty (60) days after Closing Date, Seller shall
prepare and deliver to Buyer a written statement of the Base Purchase Price,
Regulatory Obligation Amount, Non-Regulated Construction Work in Process Amount
and any Access Line Adjustment Amount ("Closing Date Statement").

                  (b) Within fifteen (15) days after receipt of the Closing Date
Statement, Buyer shall, in a written notice to Seller, either accept the Closing
Date Statement or describe in reasonable detail any proposed adjustments to the
Closing Date Statement and the reasons therefore. If Seller shall not have
received a notice of proposed adjustments within such fifteen (15) day period,
Buyer will be deemed irrevocably to have accepted such Closing Date Statement.

                  (c) Upon the acceptance of any Closing Date Statement by
Buyer, the parties shall, based thereupon, calculate the amount equal to the sum
of the Base Purchase Price, Regulatory Obligation Amount and Non-Regulated
Construction Work in Process Amount, minus any Access Line Adjustment Amount
(collectively, the "Purchase Price"). If the Purchase Price as finally
determined above is greater than the Closing Date Amount, Buyer shall promptly,
but no later than three (3) business days after such acceptance, pay to Seller
the amount of such difference. If the Purchase Price as determined above is less
than the Closing Date Amount, Seller shall promptly, but no later than three (3)
business days after such acceptance, pay to Buyer the amount of such difference.


                                       15
<PAGE>

                  (d) Seller and Buyer shall negotiate in good faith to resolve
any disputes over any proposed adjustments to the Closing Date Statement,
provided that if any such dispute is not resolved within thirty (30) days
following Seller's receipt of the proposed adjustments, Buyer and Seller jointly
shall select an independent public accounting firm that is nationally recognized
in the United States to resolve such disputes in accordance with the standards
set forth in this Section 3.3, which resolution shall be final and binding. The
fees and expenses of such accounting firm shall be shared by Buyer and Seller in
inverse proportion to the relative amounts of the disputed amount determined to
be for the account of Buyer and Seller, respectively.

                  (e) If Buyer disputes any portion of the Closing Date
Statement, the parties shall calculate the portion of the Closing Statement that
is not the subject of any dispute or proposed adjustment. If the undisputed
portion of the Closing Statement (A) is greater than the respective estimated
amounts paid on the Closing Date, Buyer shall promptly pay Seller the amount of
such difference, or (B) is less than the respective estimated amounts paid on
the Closing Date, Seller shall promptly pay Buyer the amount of such difference.
Payments with respect to any undisputed portions of these adjustments shall be
made no later than three (3) business days after delivery of notice of the
proposed adjustments. Upon resolution of any dispute over any proposed
adjustments as described above in Section 3.3(d), a party which is determined to
owe the other party an amount shall pay that amount promptly, but no later than
three (3) business days after resolution.

                  (f) Any amount paid pursuant to this Section 3.3 after the
Closing Date shall bear interest from the Closing Date through but excluding the
date of payment, at a rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. Such interest shall
accrue daily on the basis of a year of three hundred sixty-five (365) days and
the actual number of days for which due and shall be payable together with the
amount payable pursuant to this Section 3.3. All amounts payable pursuant to
this Section 3.3 shall be paid by delivery of immediately available funds in
U.S. dollars by wire transfer to, in the case of amounts payable by Buyer, the
account identified by Seller as described in 3.2 above or to an alternate
account that Seller may designate on the Closing Date Statement and, in the case
of amounts payable by Seller, to such account of Buyer as Buyer shall designate
in writing to Seller.

      3.4 Access Line Adjustment Amount. The Purchase Price shall be subject to
reduction in accordance with Section 3.1 if the number of access lines
(including wholesale access lines) billed by Seller during the most recent month
ended prior to the Closing Date (the "Closing Date Access Line Count") has
decreased by more than ten percent (10%) from the number of access lines
(including wholesale access lines) billed by Seller for the month ended December
31, 1998 (the "December 1998 Access Line Count"). Such reduction, if any, shall
equal (a) the December 1998 Access Line Count minus the Closing Date Access Line
Count, multiplied by (b) the Base Purchase Price divided by the December 1998
Access Line Count (collectively, the "Access Line Adjustment Amount").


                                       16
<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE 4
                      REQUIRED APPROVALS, CONSENTS AND NOTIFICATIONS

      4.1 State Regulatory Approval. Promptly after the date of this Agreement,
Buyer and Seller shall file the appropriate applications and notices with the
California Public Utilities Commission (the "PUC"), seeking orders permitting
the transfer of service in the Purchased Exchanges to Buyer (collectively, the
"Regulatory Approvals"). Buyer will be responsible for establishing the tariff
for its post-Closing operations in the Purchased Exchanges. Each party agrees to
use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain the Regulatory Approvals and
the parties agree to cooperate fully with each other and with the applicable
regulatory agency to obtain the Regulatory Approvals at the earliest practicable
date.

      4.2 Debtholder Consents. Seller shall use its commercially reasonable
efforts to obtain from its Bondholders the termination or release, at Closing,
of all security agreements, mortgages and financing statements relating to the
Purchased Property (such termination or release being hereinafter referred to as
the "Debtholder Consents").

      4.3 Landlord and Other Consents. Promptly after the date hereof, the
parties shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to mutually seek the
consent of (i) the lessor to any Leased Real Property that requires consent as a
condition to an assignment of the lease (which consents are identified in
Schedule 8.1.8) and (ii) the applicable third party with respect to certain
Material Contracts that require consent as a condition to assignment of such
Material Contract (which consents are identified on Schedule 8.1.11). If a
lessor refuses to consent to such an assignment, and if the applicable lease or
Material Contract permits a sublease or subcontract without the consent of the
lessor or other third party, the parties hereto shall, effective as of the
Closing, enter into a sublease or subcontract upon terms and conditions as
similar and comparable to an assignment of the lease or Material Contract as is
reasonably feasible.

      4.4 FCC Consents. Promptly after the date of this Agreement, the parties
shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to obtain (i) the FCC's consent
to the transfer of the FCC Licenses from Seller to Buyer, and (ii) the FCC
waivers set forth on Schedule 4.4 (all such consents or waivers are collectively
referred to as the "FCC Consents").

      4.5 HSR Act Review. By June 30, 1999, or such later date as the parties
may mutually agree, the parties will make such filings as may be required by the
HSR Act with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.
Thereafter, the parties will file as promptly as practicable all reports or
other documents required or requested by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission or
the U.S. Department of Justice pursuant to the HSR Act or otherwise and will
comply promptly with any requests by the Federal Trade Commission or the U.S.
Justice Department for additional information concerning such transactions, so
that the waiting period specified in the HSR Act will expire as soon as
reasonably possible after the execution and delivery of this Agreement. Without
limiting the foregoing, Seller and Buyer agree to use their commercially
reasonable efforts to cooperate and oppose any preliminary injunction sought by
any Governmental Authority preventing the consummation of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement. Buyer agrees to pay all application fees
required in connection with any filings under the HSR Act.


                                       17
<PAGE>

            Seller and Buyer shall cause their respective counsel to furnish
each other such necessary information and reasonable assistance as the other may
reasonably request in connection with its preparation of necessary filings or
submissions under the provisions of the HSR Act. Seller and Buyer will cause
their respective counsel to supply to each other copies of all correspondence,
filings or written communications by such party or its Affiliates with any
Governmental Authority or staff members thereof, with respect to the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any related or contemplated
transactions, except for documents filed pursuant to Item 4(c) of the
Hart-Scott-Rodino Notification and Report Form or communications regarding the
same documents or information submitted in response to any request for
additional information or documents pursuant to the HSR Act which reveal
Seller's or Buyer's negotiating objectives or strategies or purchase price
expectations.

      4.6 GTE/Bell Atlantic Merger. Notwithstanding anything else contained in
this Agreement, but without modification of the rights of Buyer under Sections
6.1, 11.6.2, 12.2(a) or 13.1, Seller shall not be obligated to take any action
that would violate the terms of its agreements regarding the Merger, or that
would interfere with, delay or prevent the consummation of the Merger. In the
event that the Closing does not occur as a direct result of the Merger, and not
through any fault of Buyer, Seller's liability to Buyer under this Agreement
shall be limited to the amount of Buyer's reasonable out-of-pocket expenses
incurred in connection with this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 5
                              PRE-CLOSING COVENANTS

      5.1 Investigation by Buyer. Prior to the Closing, upon reasonable notice
from Buyer to Seller given in accordance with this Agreement and subject to
approval by Seller's appointed representative, Seller will afford to the
authorized representatives of Buyer reasonable access during normal business
hours to the Transferred Books and Records, the Owned Real Property the Leased
Real Property and the other Purchased Property so as to afford Buyer the
opportunity to make such review, examination and investigation of the Business
and the Purchased Property as Buyer may reasonably request; provided, however,
that no environmental sampling or other testing shall be performed without
Seller's prior written consent, which consent may be given or withheld in
Seller's sole discretion. Buyer will not contact any employee, customer or
supplier of Seller with respect to this Agreement, the matters involved herein
or the Purchased Property without the prior written consent of Seller. Nothing
herein will obligate Seller to take actions that would unreasonably disrupt the
normal course of the business of Seller or violate the terms of any applicable
Law or any Contract to which Seller or any of its Affiliates is a party or to
which any of its assets is subject. Any information or documentation provided to
Buyer or acquired by Buyer during this investigation shall be deemed "Evaluation
Material" as that term is defined in the Confidentiality Agreement and shall be
subject in all cases to the terms of the Confidentiality Agreement.

      5.2 Operation of the Business in the Ordinary Course.

            5.2.1 Preservation of Business. Except as contemplated on Schedule
5.2.1 or as otherwise consented to by Buyer prior to the Closing, from the date
of this Agreement until the Closing Seller shall:


                                       18
<PAGE>

                  (a) Conduct the Business in the ordinary course consistent
with past practice and shall keep available to the Business its services and the
services of its Affiliates to the same extent generally available on the date
hereof;

                  (b) Operate the Business in substantially the same manner as
it is presently being conducted, and, with respect to the Business, refrain from
entering into any Contract that would be a Material Contract other than in the
ordinary course of business;

                  (c) Not institute any proceeding with respect to, or otherwise
change, amend or supplement any of its tariffs or make any other filings with
the PUC except in the ordinary course of business, and except as disclosed on
Schedule 8.1.15(a);

                  (d) Maintain the Purchased Property in good repair, order and
condition, reasonable wear and use excepted, and maintain the Materials and
Supply Inventory in the ordinary course of business consistent with past
practice;

                  (e) Maintain insurance with respect to the Purchased Property
consistent with past practice;

                  (f) Make capital expenditures sufficient to support normal
maintenance and customer growth in the Purchased Exchanges in a manner
consistent with established regulatory performance objectives, which
expenditures in (a) calendar year 1999 shall not be less than $627,000, and (b)
calendar year 2000 shall not be less than $52,000 per month; and

                  (g) Maintain the books and records of the Business
substantially in accordance with prior practice, except as changes are mandated
by Governmental Authorities or required by GAAP.

            5.2.2 No Material Changes. Except as contemplated by this Agreement
or as otherwise consented to by Buyer prior to the Closing, from the date of
this Agreement until the Closing, Seller will not:

                  (a) Make any material change in the general nature of the
Business;

                  (b) Sell, lease or dispose of, or make any Contract for the
sale, lease or disposition of any Purchased Property, other than in the ordinary
course of business;

                  (c) Increase the benefit provided under any plans concerning
employee benefits or increase the general rates of compensation of its
Transferred Employees, except (i) as required by Law, (ii) pursuant to any
Contract to which Seller is a party existing on the date hereof and listed on
Schedule 5.2.2(c), (iii) increases in base pay in the ordinary course of
business of Seller and in amounts consistent with the recent past practices of
Seller, or (iv) as listed or described on Schedule 5.2.2(c);

                  (d) (i) Materially amend, modify or terminate any Material
Contract or permit any of the foregoing to occur other than in the ordinary
course of business; or (ii) sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any Purchased
Property other than in the ordinary course of


                                       19
<PAGE>

business or as listed or described on Schedule 5.2.2(d), or encumber any
Purchased Property, except for Permitted Encumbrances; or

                  (e) Enter into any new written employment agreement, or union
agreement with, or commitment to, the Transferred Employees (including any new
commitment to pay retirement or other benefits or other amendments to Seller's
retirement plans), provided that Seller may enter into new union agreements to
the extent the new union agreements succeed any union agreement that expires
prior to the Closing. Prior to finalizing any such new union agreement, Seller
shall advise Buyer of its material terms and following the execution of any such
agreement, Seller shall deliver a copy to Buyer.

      5.3 Satisfaction of Conditions. Without limiting the generality or effect
of any provision of Article 6, the parties will use their commercially
reasonable efforts to satisfy promptly all the conditions required to be
satisfied prior to the Closing.

      5.4 Approvals.

                  (a) Between the date of this Agreement and the Closing Date,
Buyer and Seller will (i) cooperate with one another and take all reasonable
steps to obtain, as promptly as practicable, all consents, approvals,
authorizations, waivers and permits of any Governmental Authorities required of
either party to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and
(ii) provide such other information and communications to any Governmental
Authority as may be reasonably requested.

                  (b) To the extent that any consents, approvals, authorization
or waiver of a third party with respect to any (i) Assigned Contract, (ii)
Assigned Permit or (iii) any Pole Attachment Agreement, government grant or
railroad crossing agreement listed on Schedule 8.1.18, is required in connection
with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, Seller shall use its
commercially reasonable efforts to obtain such authorization, consent, approval
or waiver prior to the Closing Date.

      5.5 Audit or Review of Financial Statements. To the extent Buyer requires
an audit or review of financial statements with respect to the Business in order
to comply with the reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange
Commission under Regulations S-K and S-X, Seller will cooperate with the
independent auditors chosen by Buyer to audit or review the Financial Statements
delivered by Buyer in accordance with Section 8.1.21 and such other financial
statements as may be required by Buyer to comply with Regulations S-K and S-X
(collectively, the "SEC Financial Statements"). Seller's cooperation will
include such access to workpapers and other supporting documents used in the
preparation of the SEC Financial Statements and delivery of one or more
representation letters from Seller to such auditors as may be reasonably
required by such auditors to perform an audit in accordance with generally
accepted auditing standards or a review in accordance with AICPA standards and
to render an opinion acceptable to the SEC with respect to the audit or review
of the SEC Financial Statements, it being understood that such representation
letters shall acknowledge (i) Seller's extensive use of estimates and
allocations in the preparation of the SEC Financial Statements, and (ii)
Seller's belief that the SEC Financial Statements represent the financial
condition and results of operations of the Business, in accordance with GAAP,
and that such estimates and


                                       20
<PAGE>

allocations were made on a reasonable basis and in accordance with GAAP.
However, Buyer acknowledges that because the Business represents only a portion
of Seller, Buyer is not acquiring significant support elements located outside
the Purchased Exchanges, and Buyer will operate under new tariffs, carrier
contracts and other conditions that will significantly impact the future
revenues of the Business, the Financial Statements may not be representative of
the financial performance of the Business during future periods. Seller will
bear the cost of the preparation of its financial statements, including the SEC
Financial Statements. Buyer will bear the cost of the preparation of any other
financial statements that it will be required to file with the SEC, as well as
the cost of the audit or review of the SEC Financial Statements. Buyer
acknowledges that the SEC Financial Statements and any supporting documentation
have been made available as an indication of the historical financial
performance and condition of the Business. Except to the extent that the SEC
Financial Statements reflect intentional misrepresentation or fraud, Buyer
agrees not to make any claim related to the performance of the Business after
the date of the SEC Financial Statements on the basis of a comparison to the SEC
Financial Statements.

      5.6 Cooperation with Respect to Like-Kind Exchange. Buyer agrees that
Seller's transfer of the Purchased Property may, at Seller's election, be
accomplished in a manner enabling such transfer to qualify as part of a
like-kind exchange of property covered by Section 1031 of the IRC. If Seller so
elects, Buyer shall cooperate with Seller (but without being required to incur
any out-of-pocket costs in the course thereof) in connection with Seller's
efforts to effect such like-kind exchange, which cooperation shall include,
without limitation, taking such actions as Seller requests in order to enable
Seller to qualify such transfer as part of a like-kind exchange of property
covered by Section 1031 of the IRC (including any actions required to facilitate
the use of a "qualified intermediary" within the meaning of the United States
Treasury Regulations), and Buyer agrees that Seller may assign all or part of
its rights (but no obligations) under this Agreement to a person or entity
acting as a qualified intermediary to qualify the transfer of the Purchased
Property as part of a like-kind exchange of property covered by Section 1031 of
the IRC. Buyer and Seller agree in good faith to use reasonable efforts to
coordinate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement with any other
transactions engaged in by either Buyer or Seller; provided that such efforts
are not required to include an unreasonable delay in the consummation of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      5.7 Interconnection Agreements. Seller shall furnish to Buyer such
necessary information as Buyer may reasonably request in connection with Buyer's
replacement of the interconnection agreements relating to the Purchased
Exchanges, including supplying to Buyer copies of such interconnection
agreements to the extent permissible.

      5.8 Leased Vehicles; Capital Leases. Seller or its Affiliates, as
applicable, will pay the remaining balances on any vehicle leases or any capital
leases relating to assets included in the Purchased Property and at Closing will
deliver to Buyer title to such vehicles and assets, free and clear of all Liens.

      5.9 Delivery of Interim Information. From the date of this Agreement until
the Closing, Seller shall furnish Buyer monthly reports concerning the operating
performance of the Business. Such reports shall contain such data as are
typically reported to GTE management with respect to the Purchased Exchanges,
including access line counts and service measures.


                                       21
<PAGE>

Seller shall provide Buyer reasonable access to Seller's management in order to
discuss such data. In the event of any significant deterioration in operating
performance, Seller shall consult with Buyer concerning its response. All
information provided in accordance with this Section 5.9 shall be subject to the
Confidentiality Agreement and to compliance with applicable antitrust Laws.

                                   ARTICLE 6
                       CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE CLOSING

      6.1 Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Buyer. The obligations of Buyer
to consummate the Closing shall be subject to the satisfaction or waiver by
Buyer, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions, any one
or more of which may be waived at the option of Buyer:

            6.1.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants and Warranties.
Seller shall have complied in all material respects with its covenants to be
performed in whole or in part prior to the Closing, and the representations and
warranties of Seller in Section 8.1 shall be true and correct as of the Closing,
except for (i) such representations or warranties that are made expressly as of
an earlier date, which shall have been true and correct as of such date except
as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, and, (ii) to the extent that any
breach of such representations and warranties has not, individually or in the
aggregate, had a Material Adverse Effect; and Seller shall have delivered to
Buyer a certificate ("Seller's Closing Certificate") in the form attached as
Schedule 6.1.1, dated the Closing Date and signed by an Executive Officer of
Seller, certifying each of the foregoing, or specifying those respects in which
such covenants have not been performed or such representations and warranties
are not true and correct.

            6.1.2 Documents. Seller shall have delivered to Buyer all documents
required by Section 7.2.

            6.1.3 HSR. All required waiting periods under the HSR Act shall have
expired or been terminated.

            6.1.4 No Legal Obstruction. Each of the required Debtholder Consents
shall have been obtained, and each of the required Regulatory Approvals and FCC
Consents shall have been obtained, free of any special term, condition,
restriction, imposed liability or other provision that is reasonably likely to
have a Material Adverse Effect, and the FCC and PUC shall not otherwise have
taken any action with respect to the Purchased Property that is reasonably
likely to have a Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of this Section 6.1.4,
any tariff that is substantially similar in all material respects to the
existing tariff with respect to the applicable Purchased Exchange shall be
deemed not to have a Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of this Agreement,
all such approvals and consents shall be deemed to have been obtained upon the
granting of a Final Order. In addition, there shall not have been entered a
preliminary or permanent injunction, temporary restraining order or other
judicial or administrative order or decree in any competent jurisdiction, the
effect of which prohibits the Closing.

            6.1.5 No Material Adverse Effect. There shall not have occurred any
event or condition which individually or in the aggregate has resulted in a
Material Adverse Effect.


                                       22
<PAGE>

            6.1.6 Closing of GTE California Transactions. The transactions
contemplated the Asset Purchase Agreement between GTE California Incorporated
and Citizens Utilities Company of even date herewith (the "GTE California
Agreement") shall be closed simultaneously with the closing of those
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      6.2 Conditions Precedent to Obligations of Seller. The obligations of
Seller to consummate the Closing shall be subject to the satisfaction or waiver
by Seller, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions:

            6.2.1 No Misrepresentation or Breach of Covenants and Warranties.
Buyer shall have complied in all material respects with its covenants to be
performed in whole or in part prior to the Closing, and the representations and
warranties of Buyer in Section 8.2 shall be true and correct in all material
respects as of the Closing, except (i) for such representations or warranties
made expressly as of and only as of an earlier date, which shall be true and
correct as of such date except as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, and
(ii) to the extent that any breach of such representations and warranties has
not, individually or in the aggregate, had a Material Adverse Effect; and Buyer
shall have delivered to Seller a certificate ("Buyer's Closing Certificate") in
the form attached as Schedule 6.2.1, dated the Closing Date and signed by an
Executive Officer of Buyer, certifying each of the foregoing or specifying those
respects in which such covenants have not been performed or such representations
and warranties are not true and correct.

            6.2.2 Documents. Buyer shall have delivered to Seller all documents
required by Section 7.3.

            6.2.3 Purchase Price. Buyer shall have delivered to Seller, in the
manner specified in Section 3.1, the Closing Date Amount.

            6.2.4 HSR. All required waiting periods under the HSR Act shall have
expired or been terminated.

            6.2.5 No Legal Obstruction. Each of the required Debtholder Consents
shall have been obtained, and each of the required Regulatory Approvals and FCC
Consents shall have been obtained free of any special terms, conditions or
restrictions that are materially adverse to Seller based upon good faith
business concerns that are not commercially unreasonable (other than any such
approvals or consents which, if not obtained, would not have a Material Adverse
Effect). For purposes of this Agreement, all such approvals and consents shall
be deemed to have been obtained upon the granting of a Final Order. In addition,
there shall not have been entered a preliminary or permanent injunction,
temporary restraining order or other judicial or administrative order or decree
in any jurisdiction, the effect of which prohibits the Closing.

            6.2.6 Closing of GTE California Transactions. The transactions
contemplated the Asset Purchase Agreement between GTE California Incorporated
and Citizens Utilities Company of even date herewith (the "GTE California
Agreement") shall be closed simultaneously with the closing of those
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.


                                       23
<PAGE>

                                    ARTICLE 7
                                  THE CLOSING

      7.1 The Closing. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement,
the closing of the purchase and sale of the Purchased Property and the
assumption of the Assumed Liabilities (the "Closing") shall be held at 9 A.M.
local time at the offices of GTE Network Services at 600 Hidden Ridge, Irving,
Texas 75038, on the date agreed upon by the parties, provided such date shall be
(i) the last business day of the month, and (ii) at least five (5) business
days, but not more than ninety (90) days, after the date that all required
Regulatory Approvals, Debtholder Consents and FCC Consents have been obtained,
or at such other time and place as the parties may agree (the "Closing Date").
Such Closing shall be deemed to have occurred as of 11:59 p.m., local time, on
the Closing Date.

      7.2 Seller's Obligations at Closing. At the Closing, Seller shall deliver
to Buyer the following documents:

                  (a) (i) Bill of Sale and Assignment and Assumption Agreement,
(ii) subject to Permitted Encumbrances (except as provided in Section 10.10),
special warranty deeds or their equivalent in respect of the Owned Real Property
and assignments of Real Property Leases to the extent any required consents have
been obtained pursuant to Section 4.3, and (iii) subject to Section 2.5,
assignments of the Assigned Contracts, the Real Property Interests and the
Assigned Permits. For purposes of this Agreement, the term "Bill of Sale and
Assignment and Assumption Agreement" means the form attached hereto as Schedule
7.2(a) executed by Seller;

                  (b) A legal opinion from William Mundy, general counsel for
GTE Network Services, as counsel for Seller, dated as of the Closing Date and in
the form of Schedule 7.2(b);

                  (c) Seller's Closing Certificate;

                  (d) Instruments of assignment or, to the extent set forth in
Section 4.3, subleases for the Leased Real Property;

                  (e) Mortgage satisfactions, UCC Form 3 Termination Statements
and other instruments necessary to remove, release and terminate all security
interests held by the Bondholders on the Purchased Property;

                  (f) All of the documents and papers required of Seller as
conditions to Closing pursuant to Section 6.1, including the Regulatory
Approvals, Debtholder Consents and FCC Consents;

                  (g) A certificate substantially in the form of Schedule 7.2(g)
certifying that Seller is not a "foreign person" within the meaning of Section
1445(b)(2) of the IRC;

                  (h) The License Agreement; and

                  (i) Such other documents and instruments as may be reasonably
necessary to effect the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.


                                       24
<PAGE>

      7.3 Buyer's Obligations at Closing. At the Closing, Buyer shall deliver to
Seller the following:

                  (a) The Closing Date Amount in the manner specified in Section
3.1;

                  (b) The Bill of Sale, Assignment and Assumption Agreement,
executed by Buyer;

                  (c) A legal opinion from L. Russell Mitten II, Vice President
and General Counsel of Buyer dated as of the Closing Date and in the form of
Schedule 7.3(c);

                  (d) Buyer's Closing Certificate;

                  (e) All other documents and papers required of Buyer as
conditions of Closing pursuant to Section 6.2, including the Regulatory
Approvals; and

                  (f) Such other documents and instruments as may be reasonably
necessary to effect the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 8
                         REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

      8.1 Representations and Warranties of Seller. Seller represents and
warrants to Buyer as follows:

            8.1.1 Authorization and Effect of Agreement. Seller has the
requisite corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements and to perform its obligations hereunder and
thereunder. The execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements and the fulfillment of its obligations under this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements have been duly authorized by all necessary
corporate action on the part of Seller. This Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by Seller and, assuming the due
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Buyer,
constitute valid and binding obligations of Seller enforceable in accordance
with their terms subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium
and other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and subject
to the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with principles of equity.

            8.1.2 No Restrictions Against Sale of the Purchased Property. The
execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by Seller
does not, and the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this Agreement
and the Ancillary Agreements will not (i) conflict with or violate any provision
of its certificate of incorporation or bylaws, (ii) subject to obtaining the
approvals and or consents referred to in Section 2.5, Article 4 and Schedule
8.1.11(a-f), conflict with, violate or result in the breach of any provision of
any Material Contract, or (iii) result in the creation of any Lien (other than
Permitted Encumbrances) upon any of the Purchased Property under (a) any
Material Contract or (b) any Law applicable


                                       25
<PAGE>

to any of the Purchased Property, except in the case of clauses (ii) or (iii)
for any such conflict, violation, breach or Lien that would not have a Material
Adverse Effect.

            8.1.3 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authorities. No
consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration, declaration or
filing with, any Governmental Authority is required to be obtained or made by or
with respect to Seller or in connection with the execution and delivery of this
Agreement by Seller or the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this
Agreement, except (i) FCC Consents and HSR Act clearance, (ii) the Regulatory
Approvals, and (iii) any consent approval, order or authorization or
registration declaration or filing, which if not obtained or made would not have
a Material Adverse Effect.

            8.1.4 No Material Violations. Except as indicated in Schedule 8.1.4
or as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, (a)
the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and
the fulfillment by Seller of its obligations under this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements will not violate any applicable Law, and (b) Seller is not
in violation of any Law relating to or affecting the operation, conduct or
ownership of the Business or the Purchased Property.

            8.1.5 Corporate Organization. Seller is a corporation duly
organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of
California, and is duly qualified to conduct business in California. Seller has
full power and authority to own its properties and to carry on the Business as
it is now being conducted and to own, or hold under lease the Purchased
Property. Seller holds valid permits, licenses, franchises, approvals and
authorizations issued or granted by any Governmental Authority and adequate for
the operation of the Business as currently conducted, except to the extent
absence of any such permit, license, franchise, approval or authorization would
not have an Material Adverse Effect.

            8.1.6 Brokers. Seller has not paid or become obligated to pay any
fee or commission to any broker, finder, investment banker or other intermediary
in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in such a
manner as to give rise to a valid claim against Buyer for any broker's or
finder's fees or similar fees or expenses.

            8.1.7 Title to Owned Real Property. Seller has good fee simple title
to all of the Owned Real Property, free and clear of any Lien other than
Permitted Encumbrances and Liens of the Bondholders identified on Schedule
8.1.7(b). As of the date hereof, the address and a general description of each
item of Owned Real Property are set forth on Schedule 8.1.7(a). Seller
represents that the only creditors that have a Lien (other than any Permitted
Encumbrances) on any of the Owned Real Property are the Bondholders identified
on Schedule 8.1.7(b).

            8.1.8 Real Property Leases. As of the date hereof, set forth on
Schedule 8.1.8 is a list of the Real Property Leases. Each of the leases for the
Leased Real Property is enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to
bankruptcy, insolvency and other similar laws affecting the rights of creditors
generally and subject to the exercise of judicial discretion in accordance with
the principles of equity, and except as otherwise disclosed in Schedule 8.1.8,
there is not under any lease any material default or a material breach of
covenant by Seller.


                                       26
<PAGE>

            8.1.9 Tangible Assets. All of the tangible Purchased Property is in
substantially good operating condition and repair, normal wear and tear
excepted. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.9 or elsewhere in this Agreement,
Seller has good title to each item of tangible Purchased Property (other than
Real Property Interests or office equipment or vehicles subject to leases) with
a fair market value in excess of $5,000, free and clear of any Lien (other than
Permitted Encumbrances). Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.9, Seller has not
received any written notice within the past twelve (12) months of a violation of
any ordinances, regulations or building, zoning and other similar laws with
respect to such assets that would have a Material Adverse Effect. EXCEPT AS
EXPRESSLY PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION 8.1.9, SELLER MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE CONDITION OR FITNESS OF THE TANGIBLE
PURCHASED PROPERTY AND HEREBY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR WARRANTY AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.

            8.1.10 No Material Adverse Change. Except as disclosed in Schedule
8.1.10, between December 31, 1997 and the date of this Agreement there has not
occurred (i) any event or condition that would have a Material Adverse Effect;
(ii) any increase in compensation payable or to become payable by Seller to any
of its Transferred Employees or agents, other than normal merit or promotional
increases other than payment under the retention pay program announced in
connection with the network business repositioning of Seller and its Affiliates;
(iii) any amendment or termination of, or delivery of written notice to amend or
terminate, any Material Contract; or (iv) any material change in any accounting
method, practice or policy of Seller with respect to the Business.

            8.1.11 Material Contracts. Except for the agreements set forth on
Schedule 8.1.11 subparts (b) through (j), there is no Assigned Contract (other
than the Assigned Contracts entered into after the date of this Agreement in the
ordinary course of business) that is:

                  (a) an agreement containing a non-compete agreement or other
covenant that in either case would by its terms limit the freedom of Buyer
following the Closing to compete in any material respect with respect to the
Business with any third party;

                  (b) an agreement granting a Lien (other than a Permitted
Encumbrance);

                  (c) an agreement for the sale of any material Purchased
Property or grant of any preferential rights to purchase any material Purchased
Property;

                  (d) an agreement for the provision of telephone service at
public pay telephone locations;

                  (e) an agreement made in the ordinary course of business other
than as set forth above with respect to which the aggregate amount to be
received or paid thereunder with respect to calendar year 1999 is expected to
exceed $100,000 based on the terms of such agreement or on the payments which
have been made under such agreement with respect to calendar year 1998, to the
extent applicable;


                                       27
<PAGE>

                  (f) an agreement not made in the ordinary course of business
with respect to which the aggregate amount to be received or paid thereunder
with respect to calendar year 1999 is expected to exceed $50,000 based on the
terms of such agreement or on the payments which have been made under such
agreement with respect to calendar year 1998, to the extent applicable;

                  (g) an agreement with respect to 911 services or E911
services;

                  (h) an agreement between Seller and a third party for the
construction of mutual transmission facilities between various switching points
included in the Purchased Exchanges;

                  (i) an agreement between Seller and a third party for the
third party's co-location of equipment in facilities included in the Purchased
Property pursuant to which Seller is currently providing facilities or a request
to provide facilities is currently pending; or

                  (j) an agreement with a third party in which the owner of
utility poles has agreed to allow the other party to attach its
telecommunications equipment or facilities to the utility poles (a "Pole
Attachment Agreement").

            Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.11, to the knowledge of Seller,
each Assigned Contract referred to in any of the clauses (a) to (j) above
(collectively the "Material Contracts") is valid, binding and in full force and
effect and is enforceable by Seller or Seller's Affiliate, as applicable, in
accordance with its terms, except for any such failure to be valid, binding, in
full force and effect or enforceable that is not reasonably likely to have a
Material Adverse Effect. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.11, to the
knowledge of Seller, Seller and Seller's Affiliates have performed all material
obligations required to be performed by them to date under the Material
Contracts, and they are not (with or without the lapse of time or the giving of
notice, or both) in breach or default thereunder and, to the knowledge of
Seller, no other party to any Material Contract is (with or without the lapse of
time or the giving of notice, or both) in breach or default in any respect
thereunder, in each case except for such noncompliance, breaches and defaults
that, individually or in the aggregate, are not reasonably likely to have a
Material Adverse Effect. As of the date hereof, neither Seller nor any Seller's
Affiliate has, except as disclosed on Schedule 8.1.11, received or given any
written notice of the intention of any party to terminate any Material Contract.
Complete and correct copies of all the Material Contracts, together with all
modifications and amendments thereto to the date of this Agreement by Closing
will, have been made available to Buyer or its representatives.

            8.1.12 Insurance. The Purchased Property of an insurable nature and
of a character usually insured by companies carrying on similar businesses is
insured under insurance policies or self insured in such amounts and against
such losses or casualties as is usual in Seller's industry. On the Closing Date,
the coverage under the insurance policies and programs applicable to the
Purchased Property will be terminated, and Buyer will be responsible for
providing all insurance coverage for the Purchased Property.

            8.1.13 Taxes. Except as disclosed on Schedule 8.1.13, (i) all Tax
Returns required to be filed by Seller on or before the Closing Date have or
will have been filed, and all


                                       28
<PAGE>

Taxes shown as due and payable on such Tax Returns have been or will be paid by
Seller when required by law; (ii) no deficiencies or assessments for any Taxes
have been asserted in writing or assessed against Seller that remain unpaid and
that individually or in the aggregate are material to the Business; (iii) Seller
has withheld all required federal, state and local payroll taxes relating to the
Business and has remitted or will remit all amounts required to be remitted to
the appropriate taxing authorities; (iv) there are no tax liens upon any of the
Purchased Property except for statutory liens covering taxes not yet due and
payable; (v) Seller is not a "foreign person" within the meaning of Section
1445(b)(2) of the IRC and shall provide an appropriate certificate for purposes
of Section 1445(b)(2) of the IRC and (vi) there are no material, current audits
or material audits for which written notice has been received (in either case,
specifically with respect to the Business).

            8.1.14 No Material Claims or Suits. Except as disclosed in Schedule
8.1.14 or with respect to Taxes, there are no claims, actions, lawsuits or legal
proceedings pending before any Governmental Authority, or, to the knowledge of
Seller threatened against or affecting the Business or Purchased Property that
in Seller's opinion, if determined adversely to Seller, would reasonably be
expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on the Business or materially
adversely affect ability of Seller to consummate the transactions contemplated
hereby.

            8.1.15 Tariffs; FCC Licenses.

                  (a) The regulatory tariffs applicable to the Business stand in
full force and effect on the date of this Agreement in accordance with all
terms, and there is no outstanding notice of cancellation or termination or, to
Seller's knowledge, any threatened cancellation or termination in connection
therewith, nor is Seller subject to any restrictions or conditions applicable to
its regulatory tariffs that limit or would limit the operation of the Business
(other than restrictions or conditions generally applicable to tariffs of that
type). Each such tariff has been duly and validly approved by Seller's
regulatory agency. Seller is not in material default under the terms and
conditions of any such tariff and there is no basis for any claim of default by
Seller in any material respect under any such tariff. Except as disclosed on
Schedule 8.1.15(a), there are no applications by Seller or petitions by others
or proceedings pending or threatened before the state regulatory authority
relating to the Business or its operations or the regulatory tariffs, other than
such applications, petitions or proceedings as may be brought in the ordinary
course of business or by end-users. To the knowledge of Seller, there are no
material violations by subscribers or others under any such tariff. A true and
correct copy of each tariff applicable to the Business has been delivered or
made available to Buyer.

                  (b) Listed on Schedule 8.1.15(b) are the FCC Licenses and
other material Assigned Permits (the "Material Permits") held by Seller and used
in the operation of the Business. Except as listed on Schedule 8.1.15(b), to
Seller's knowledge, each such FCC License or Material Permit is in full force
and effect on the date of this Agreement in accordance with its terms, and there
is no outstanding notice of cancellation or termination or, to Seller's
knowledge, any threatened cancellation or termination in connection therewith,
nor are any of such FCC Licenses or Material Permits subject to any restrictions
or conditions that limit the operation of the Business (other than restrictions
or conditions generally applicable to licenses or permits of that type). Subject
to the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, and the regulations thereunder,
the FCC Licenses are free from all security interests, liens, claims, or


                                       29
<PAGE>

encumbrances of any nature whatsoever. There are no applications by Seller or
petitions by others or proceedings pending or threatened before the FCC relating
to the Business or the FCC Licenses that, in Seller's opinion, would reasonably
be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on the Business, other than such
applications, petitions or proceedings as may be brought in the ordinary course
of business or by end-users.

            8.1.16 Employee Matters.

                  (a) Schedule 8.1.16(a) lists (and identifies the sponsor of)
each "Employee Pension Benefit Plan," as that term is defined in Section 3(2) of
ERISA, each "Employee Welfare Benefit Plan," as that term is defined in Section
3(1) of ERISA (such plans being hereinafter referred to collectively as the
"ERISA Plans"), and each other retirement, pension, profit-sharing, money
purchase, deferred compensation, incentive compensation, bonus, stock option,
stock purchase, severance pay, unemployment benefit, vacation pay, savings,
medical, dental, post-retirement medical, accident, disability, weekly income,
salary continuation, health, life or other insurance, fringe benefit, or other
employee benefit plan, program, agreement, or arrangement maintained or
contributed to by Seller or its Affiliates in respect of or for the benefit of
any Transferred Employee or former employee of Seller, excluding any such plan,
program, agreement, or arrangement maintained or contributed to solely in
respect of or for the benefit of Transferred Employees or former employees
employed or formerly employed by Seller outside of the United States, as of the
date hereof (collectively, together with the ERISA Plans, referred to
hereinafter as the "Plans"). Schedule 8.1.16(a) also includes a list of each
written employment, severance, termination or similar-type agreement between
Seller and its Affiliates and any Transferred Employee (the "Employment
Agreements"). Seller has delivered to Buyer accurate and complete copies of all
Plans and Employment Agreements (or representative samples in the case of form
agreements) and, if applicable, summary plan descriptions with respect to such
Plans and Employment Agreements and summary descriptions of any such Plan or
Employment Agreement that is not otherwise in writing. Except for retention
bonuses paid in connection with the closing of the transactions contemplated by
this Agreement and except as otherwise disclosed on Schedule 8.1.16(a), the
execution and delivery of this Agreement by Seller and the performance of this
Agreement by Seller will not directly result now or at any time in the future in
the payment to any Transferred Employee of any severance, termination, or
similar-type payments or benefits being paid to any Transferred Employee.

                  (b) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(b):

                        (i) Neither Seller nor any of its Affiliates, any of the
ERISA Plans, any trust created thereunder, or any trustee or administrator
thereof, has engaged in any transaction as a result of which Seller or any of
its Affiliates could be subject to any material liability pursuant to Section
409 of ERISA or to either a civil penalty assessed pursuant to Section 502(i) of
ERISA or a tax imposed pursuant to Section 4975 of the IRC; and

                        (ii) Since the effective date of ERISA, no material
liability under Title IV of ERISA has been incurred or is reasonably expected to
be incurred by Seller or any of its Affiliates (other than liability for
premiums due to the PBGC), unless such liability has been, or prior to the
Closing Date will be, satisfied in full.


                                       30
<PAGE>

                  (c) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(c), with respect to
the ERISA Plans other than those ERISA Plans identified on Schedule 8.1.16(a) as
"multiemployer plans":

                        (i) the PBGC has not instituted proceedings to terminate
any Plan that is subject to Title IV of ERISA (the "Retirement Plans");

                        (ii) none of the ERISA Plans has incurred an
"accumulated funding deficiency" (as defined in Section 302 of ERISA and Section
412 of the IRC), whether or not waived, as of the last day of the most recent
fiscal year of each of the ERISA Plans ended prior to the date of this
Agreement;

                        (iii) each of the ERISA Plans has been operated and
administered in all material respects in accordance with its provisions and with
all applicable laws;

                        (iv) each of the ERISA Plans that is intended to be
"qualified" within the meaning of Section 401(a) of the IRC and, to the extent
applicable, Section 401(k) of the IRC, has been determined by the IRS to be so
qualified, and nothing has occurred since the date of the most recent such
determination (other than the effective date of certain amendments to the IRC,
the remedial amendment period for which has not yet expired) that would
adversely affect the qualified status of any of such ERISA Plans;

                        (v) there are no pending material claims by or on behalf
of any of the ERISA Plans, by any employee or beneficiary covered under any such
ERISA Plan, or otherwise involving any such ERISA Plan (other than routine
claims for benefits and routine expenses);

                        (vi) each ERISA Plan which is a group health plan has
been operated and administered in compliance with the continuation coverage
provisions of Section 498B of the IRC and Part 6 of Title I of ERISA;

                        (vii) all contributions and premiums that would normally
be made or paid with respect to any ERISA Plan or Employment Agreement on behalf
of Transferred Employees as of the Closing Date will have been made by the
Closing Date; and

                        (viii) as of the Closing Date no Transferred Employee
will be excluded from coverage under any employee welfare benefit plan (as
defined in Section 3(1) of ERISA) maintained or contributed to by Seller.

                  (d) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(d), none of the
ERISA Plans is a "multiemployer Plan," as that term is defined in Section 3(37)
of ERISA, and with respect to any such multiemployer plans (as so defined)
listed in Schedule 8.1.16(d), Seller has not made or incurred a "complete
withdrawal" or a "partial withdrawal," as such terms are respectively defined in
Sections 4203 and 4205 of ERISA that would result in the incurrence of a
material liability by Seller. Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(d), neither
Seller nor any Affiliates of Seller has made or incurred a "complete withdrawal"
or a "partial withdrawal" (as


                                       31
<PAGE>

such terms are defined in Sections 4203 and 4205, respectively, of ERISA) that
would result in the incurrence of liability by Seller or its Affiliates, and the
performance of this Agreement will not result in such withdrawal(s) or
liability.

                  (e) Except as set forth on Schedule 8.1.16(e), (i) none of the
Transferred Employees are represented by a labor union or labor organization;
(ii) Seller is not subject to any collective bargaining agreement covering any
Transferred Employee; (iii) there are no current, or to the best knowledge of
Seller, any pending or threatened strikes, slowdowns, picketing, or work
stoppages affecting the Business or with respect to any Transferred Employee
covered by collective bargaining; (iv) there is no pending lockout by Seller of
any employees of the Business, and no such action is contemplated by Seller; (v)
to the best knowledge of Seller, there is no pending or threatened organizing
activity or petition for certification of a collective bargaining representative
involving employees of the Business and there has been none within the twelve
(12) months preceding the date of the Agreement; (vi) to the best knowledge of
Seller, there is no pending or threatened charge, action, complaint, or
proceeding of any nature against Seller relating to the violation of any
applicable state or federal labor or employment law or regulation in connection
with the Business, including any charge or complaint filed by any employee or
labor organization with the National Labor Relations Board, the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission, or any other administrative governmental agency, nor is
there any other pending or threatened labor or employment dispute against or
affecting Seller in connection with the Business; (viii) with respect to
employees of the Business, Seller has complied in all respects with all laws
relating to employment, equal employment opportunity, nondiscrimination,
collective bargaining, wages, hours of work, employee benefits, occupational
safety and health, immigration, and plant closings; and (ix) Seller shall
provide employees of the Business with any required notices under any federal,
state, or municipal law or regulation concerning the termination of their
employment with Seller. Seller has delivered to Buyer accurate and complete
copies of all collective bargaining agreements affecting any of the Transferred
Employees.

                  (f) This Agreement shall not result in any Transferred
Employee becoming entitled to separation pay or severance which could be or
become an obligation of Buyer.

            8.1.17 Schedules of Telephone Plant. Schedule 8.1.17 sets forth, as
of December 31, 1998, a materially accurate summary of the book value of the
Telephone Plant as reflected in Seller's continuing property records. Schedule
8.1.17 also sets forth a materially accurate list of the vehicles, trailers and
other mobile tools and mobile equipment that are part of the Purchased Property
as of May 7, 1999.

            8.1.18 Schedule of Real Property Interests. To the knowledge of
Seller and as of the date of this Agreement, Schedule 8.1.18 sets forth a true
and accurate list of all its Real Property Interests.

            8.1.19 Compliance with Existing Environmental Requirements. Except
as set forth in Schedule 8.1.19 or as would not have a Material Adverse Effect,
to the knowledge of Seller:


                                       32
<PAGE>

                  (a) Seller's operation of the Business and the Purchased
Property has been and is presently in substantial compliance with Existing
Environmental Requirements;

                  (b) No environmental remediation is occurring on any parcel of
Owned Real Property or Leased Real Property nor has Seller or any Affiliate
issued a request for proposal or otherwise requested an environmental
remediation contractor to begin plans for such environmental remediation;

                  (c) No underground storage tanks ("USTs") or aboveground
storage tanks ("ASTs") are located on the Owned Real Property or Leased Real
Property;

                  (d) None of the Owned Real Property or Leased Real Property is
situated in a state or federal "superfund" site or study area; and

                  (e) Seller has delivered, or within 60 days after the date of
this Agreement will deliver, to Buyer complete copies of all reports and studies
relating to Seller's liability under or non-compliance with any Existing
Environmental Requirements in connection with Seller's operation of the Business
or use or ownership of the Purchased Property.

            8.1.20 Environmental Permits. Except as set forth in Schedule
8.1.20, to the knowledge of Seller, it has obtained or filed for all necessary
environmental permits, authorizations and licenses required to operate the
Business or the Purchased Property, except where failure to obtain or file such
permits, authorizations and licenses would not have a Material Adverse Effect on
the Business.

            8.1.21 Financial Statements. Schedules 8.1.21(a), 8.1.21(b) and
8.1.21(c) present the income statements, balance sheets and statements of cash
flows, respectively, for the Business for the years ended December 31, 1997 and
December 31, 1998 (collectively, the "Financial Statements"). The Financial
Statements have been prepared based on the books and records of Seller. Such
books and records have been maintained in accordance with GAAP, and where
required by law, the applicable regulations of the FCC and PUC. However, because
the Business represents only a portion of a larger entity, the Financial
Statements are based on the extensive use of estimates and allocations. Seller
believes these estimates and allocations have been performed on a reasonable
basis in accordance with GAAP. However, Buyer acknowledges that because Buyer is
not acquiring significant support elements located outside the Purchased
Exchanges, and the Buyer will operate under new tariffs, carrier contracts and
other conditions that will significantly impact the future revenues of the
Business, the Financial Statements may not be representative of the financial
performance of the Business during future periods.

            8.1.22 Year 2000 Compliance.

                  (a) As of the Closing Date, Seller shall have caused the
modification or remediation of the Automated Assets in accordance with
applicable manufacturer or vendor recommendations such that the Automated Assets
are Year 2000 Compliant; provided that any and all Buyer or third-party supplied
computer software, computer firmware and computer hardware that directly
interfaces with the Automated Assets, co-exists with the Automated


                                       33
<PAGE>

Assets, or indirectly influences the operation of the Automated Assets are also
demonstrated to be Year 2000 Compliant.

                  (b) Seller shall be deemed to be in satisfaction of the
requirements of subsection (a) of this Section 8.1.22 to the extent that Seller
has (i) performed on or before the Closing Date any modification or remediation
in accordance with applicable manufacturer or vendor recommendations for
achieving Year 2000 compliance or Year 2000 readiness, or (ii) received on or
before the Closing Date reasonable assurances from the applicable manufacturer
or vendor that an Automated Asset, without modification or remediation, is Year
2000 compliant or Year 2000 ready.

                  (c) When used in this Section 8.1.22, the following term shall
have the respective meanings given below:

                        "Automated Assets" means the computer software, computer
firmware, computer hardware (whether general or special purpose), documentation,
data, and other similar or related items of the automated, computerized, and/or
software system(s) that are provided by Seller to Buyer as part of the Purchased
Exchanges pursuant to this Agreement.

                        "Calendar-Related" refers to the date values based on
the Gregorian calendar, as defined in Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition,
1982, page 602, and to all uses in any manner of those date values, including
without limitation manipulations, calculations, conversions, comparisons and
presentations.

                        "Date Data" means any Calendar-Related data in the
inclusive range January 1, 1900 through December 31, 2050, which the Automated
Assets use in any manner.

                        "System Date" means any Calendar-Related data value in
the inclusive range January 1, 1985 through December 31, 2035 (including the
natural transition between such values) which the Automated Assets shall be able
to use as their current date while operating.

                        "Year 2000 Compliant" means:

                        (i) As of the Closing Date, in connection with
Calendar-Related data and Calendar-Related processing of Date Data or of any
System Date, the Automated Assets will not malfunction, will not cease to
function and will not produce incorrect results; and

                        (ii) As of the Closing Date, the Automated Assets will
represent dates without ambiguity as to century when providing Calendar-Related
data to and accepting Calendar-Related data from other automated, computerized
and/or software systems and users by way of user interfaces, electronic
interfaces and data storage.

            8.1.23 Native American and Federal Consents. Except as set forth on
Schedule 8.1.23 or as would not have a Material Adverse Effect, to the knowledge
of the Seller:


                                       34
<PAGE>

                  (a) Schedule 8.1.23 sets forth all material easements,
rights-of-way, franchises, licenses, permits, consents, approvals, certificates
and other authorizations of tribal authorities and the United States Bureau of
Indian Affairs (the "BIA") (collectively, the "Native American Authorizations")
held by Seller and relating to any Purchased Property located, or any operations
of the Business conducted, on Native American reservations;

                  (b) All such Native American Authorizations are in full force
and effect and Seller is not in default thereunder;

                  (c) There are no material claims, actions, lawsuits or other
proceedings pending or threatened with respect to any of the Purchased Property
located, or any operations of the Business conducted, on Native American
reservations, and no tribal authority has given written notice of any
cancellation, revocation, termination or material amendment or modification of
any Native American Authorization; and

                  (d) No material consent, approval or waiver from, or filing
with, any tribal authority or the BIA is required to be obtained or made in
connection with the execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement, or
Seller's fulfillment of its obligations under this Agreement.

            8.1.24 Loss of Major Customer. Except as set forth on Schedule
8.1.24, since January 1, 1997, Seller has not suffered the loss of any customer
of the Business for which Seller billed in excess of $50,000 annually during the
years ended December 31, 1997 or 1998.

            8.1.25 Records. The continuing property records and other records
related to the Purchased Property maintained by Seller conform in all material
respects with the applicable rules and regulations of the FCC and PUC. Seller
has retained substantially all original cost documentation relating to the
Purchased Property regarding the expenditures made by Seller for the Telephone
Plant within the period required by applicable Law.

      8.2 Representations and Warranties of Buyer. Buyer represents and warrants
to Seller as follows:

            8.2.1 Corporate Organization. Buyer is a corporation duly organized,
validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of Delaware
and is duly qualified to conduct business in California and has the requisite
corporate power and authority to own, lease or otherwise hold the assets owned,
leased or held by it.

            8.2.2 Authorization and Effect of Agreement. Buyer has the requisite
corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements, to carry on the Business as presently conducted and to
fulfill all other obligations of Buyer under this Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements. The execution and delivery by Buyer of this Agreement and the
Ancillary Agreements, and the fulfillment by it of its obligations under this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements have been duly authorized by all
necessary corporate action on the part of Buyer. Buyer has the requisite legal
capacity to purchase, own and hold the Purchased Property upon the consummation
of the sale of the Purchased Property. This Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by Buyer and,


                                       35
<PAGE>

assuming the due execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary
Agreements by Seller, constitute valid and binding obligations of Buyer
enforceable in accordance with their terms subject to bankruptcy, insolvency,
reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws affecting the rights of
creditors generally and subject to the exercise of judicial discretion in
accordance with principles of equity.

            8.2.3 No Restrictions Against Purchase of the Purchased Properties.
The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements by
Buyer do not, and the fulfillment by Buyer of its obligations under this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements will not, conflict with, violate or
result in the breach of any provision of the certificate of incorporation or
bylaws of Buyer or, conflict with, violate or result in the breach of any
contract to which Buyer is a party. No material consent, approval, order or
authorization of, or registration, declaration or filing with, any Governmental
Authority is required to be obtained or made by or with respect to Buyer in
connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement by Buyer or the
fulfillment by Buyer of its obligations under this Agreement, except the filings
and approvals described in Article 4.

            8.2.4 No Violation of Law. The execution and delivery of this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and the fulfillment by Buyer of its
obligations under this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements will not violate
any Law except to the extent any such violation would not have a material
adverse effect on the ability of Buyer to fulfill its obligations hereunder and
thereunder.

            8.2.5 Financial Capacity.

                  (a) Buyer has sufficient cash or other sources of funds to pay
the Purchase Price in the manner specified in Section 3.1 and all related fees
and expenses.

                  (b) Buyer has sufficient financial resources to operate the
Business after the Closing Date. Without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, Buyer has sufficient financial resources to satisfy any applicable
requirement relating to financial capacity or capital imposed by any
Governmental Authority in any state in which the Business is conducted. Buyer is
solvent, is able to pay its debts as they become due, and owns property that has
both a fair value and a fair saleable value in excess of the amount required to
pay its debts as they become due.

            8.2.6 Brokers. Buyer has not paid or become obligated to pay any fee
or commission to any broker, finder, investment banker or other intermediary in
connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in such a manner
as to give rise to a valid claim against Seller for any broker's or finder's
fees or similar fees or expenses.

            8.2.7 Consents and Approvals of Governmental Authority. Subject to
Article 4 with respect to Regulatory Approvals and FCC Consents, no consent,
approval or authorization of, or declaration, filing or registration with, any
Governmental Authority or regulatory authority is required in connection with
the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by Buyer or the
consummation by Buyer of the transactions contemplated herein, except for
filings


                                       36
<PAGE>

with the Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice pursuant to the HSR
Act, if required.

                                   ARTICLE 9
                        CONTINUING BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS

      9.1 Transition Services Agreement. The parties agree to cooperate with
each other to ensure that the transition of the ownership of the Purchased
Property proceeds with minimal disruption to the services being provided to
subscribers. The parties agree that it may be necessary for Seller to assist
Buyer in converting Seller's systems and processes with respect to the Purchased
Property to Buyer's systems and processes. Seller and Buyer agree to execute a
separate "Transition Services Agreement" substantially in the form attached
hereto as Schedule 9.1 for the provision of such services.

      9.2 Optional Services Agreement. It is understood and agreed that Buyer
may not have for a period of time after Closing Date, certain systems or
processes necessary to provide some basic customer services. Seller will at
Buyer's request and for the fees described in Schedule 9.2 provide any or all of
the services described in a separate "Optional Services Agreement" signed by the
parties substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule 9.2.

      9.3 Directory Publishing.

            9.3.1 Assumption of Certain Directory Publishing Agreement Rights
and Obligations. Seller is party to a directories publishing agreement with [GTE
Directories Service Corporation n/k/a GTE Directories Corporation or GTE
Directories Corporation as purchaser of the rights and interests of Associated
Directory Services, Inc. f/k/a Mast Advertising and Publishing, Inc.] herein
"Publisher." This [These] agreement[s] is [are] identified in Schedule 9.3.1
attached hereto ("Publishing Agreement[s]"). Pursuant to this [these]
agreement[s] Publisher has the exclusive right and obligation to sell
advertising, and to publish, print and distribute directories containing
telephone numbers relating to the Purchased Exchanges.

            Buyer agrees to execute an agreement effective as of the Closing to
assume and appropriately amend the Publishing Agreement[s] as it[they] relate to
the Purchased Exchanges, including the extension of the Contel Publishing
Agreements expiring prior to the Seller's Master Publishing Agreement which
expires December 31, 2001, so that such extensions expire on December 31, 2001.
If the directories for any of the Purchased Exchanges are published by a third
party non-Affiliate of Seller, then to the extent requested by Buyer, Seller
agrees to assist Buyer in obtaining such third party's consents to the
continuation of such publishing arrangements; provided that Seller shall have no
obligation to pay compensation or other consideration in connection with such
assistance.

            9.3.2 Co-Bound Directories Acknowledgement. Buyer acknowledges that
Publisher may have a pre-existing obligation (which Publisher may choose to
continue) to sell advertising, publish, print and distribute the telephone
numbers of third party local exchange telephone companies in the same directory
as the Purchased Exchanges ("Co-Bound" directory). Co-Bound directory agreements
of which Seller is aware, if any, are identified on Schedule 9.3.2.


                                       37
<PAGE>

            9.3.3 Meeting to Discuss Directory Publication. Within ninety (90)
days following the date of this Agreement, Buyer agrees to meet with Seller and
Publisher for the purpose of having an initial discussion about the first
directory publication after the Closing Date. This meeting will be held at
Publisher's address unless otherwise agreed between the parties and Publisher.
All parties shall employ their respective commercially reasonable efforts to
ensure that directory publication is not interrupted following the Closing Date.

      9.4 GTE Supply Relationship. Within 90 days of this Agreement, Buyer
agrees to meet with representatives of GTE Supply for purposes of negotiating in
good faith an agreement for GTE Supply to provide ongoing procurement and
materials management functions for the Business on substantially the same terms
as contained in the Buyer's existing agreement with GTE Supply; provided that
Buyer may negotiate in good faith with respect to any volume discounts that may
be available from GTE Supply.

                                   ARTICLE 10
                       ADDITIONAL COVENANTS OF THE PARTIES

      10.1 Intellectual Property.

            10.1.1 No License. Buyer and Seller agree and understand that except
as expressly set forth in writing in the License Agreement and Section 10.1.3,
Seller has not granted any rights or licenses, express or implied, of, and
nothing shall constitute or be construed as a license of Seller under any
Intellectual Property now or hereafter owned, obtained or licensable by Seller
or under any Third Party Intellectual Property.

            10.1.2 Infringement.

                  (a) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the
contrary, Seller shall have no obligation to defend, indemnify or hold harmless
Buyer or any of its Affiliates, from any damages, costs or expenses resulting
from any obligation, proceeding or suit based upon any claim that any activity
subsequent to the Closing Date engaged in by Buyer, a customer of Buyer's or
anyone claiming under Buyer, constitutes direct or contributory infringement,
misuse of, or misappropriation of, or inducement to infringe, any Third Party
Intellectual Property.

                  (b) Buyer shall defend, indemnify and hold harmless Seller and
its Affiliates from and against any and all Indemnifiable Losses resulting from
any obligation, proceeding or suit based upon any claim alleging or asserting
direct or contributory infringement, or misuse or misappropriation of or
inducement to infringe by Seller or any of its Affiliates of any Third Party
Intellectual Property, to the extent that such claim is based on, or would not
have arisen but for, activity conducted or engaged in subsequent to the Closing
Date by Buyer, a customer of Buyer's, or anyone claiming under Buyer.

            10.1.3 Trademark Phaseout.

                  (a) Buyer acknowledges that Seller or its Affiliates are the
owners of Excluded Marks that qualify as Excluded Property under Section 2.3.
Buyer understands and


                                       38
<PAGE>

agrees that the Excluded Marks, or any right to or license of the Excluded
Marks, are not being transferred pursuant to this Agreement. Buyer acknowledges
the exclusive and proprietary rights of Seller and its Affiliates in the use of
the Excluded Marks, and Buyer agrees that it shall not use the Excluded Marks
(or any names, domain names, marks or indicia confusingly similar to the
Excluded Marks) except and to the extent expressly set forth in this Section
10.1.3 or assert any rights or claims in such Excluded Marks (or in any names,
domain names, marks or when confusingly similar to the Excluded Marks). After
the Closing, all Excluded Marks of Seller and its Affiliates shall be replaced
by Buyer, at Buyer's expense, as soon as possible, but in no event later than
one hundred twenty (120) days after the Closing Date for items with Excluded
Marks affixed to them which Buyer has continued to use in Buyer's operation of
the Business, including buildings, vehicles, heavy equipment, hard hats, tools,
tool boxes, kits (safety and others), signs, public (pay) telephones, manual
covers and notebooks. After the Closing, Buyer will not use, and will destroy or
deliver to Seller, all such items with Excluded Marks affixed to them that have
no valid continuing use in Buyer's operation of the Business, including items
affecting customer or employee relations or items that do not reflect Buyer's
true identity. Specific items to be destroyed or returned include items with
Excluded Marks affixed to them including giveaways; order, purchase or materials
forms; requisitions; invoices; statements; time sheets/labor reports; bill
inserts; stationery; personalized note pads; maps; organization charts;
bulletins/releases; sales/price literature; manuals or catalogs; report
covers/folders; program materials; and materials such as media contact
lists/cards. The one hundred twenty (120) day time period for replacement of
Excluded Marks affixed to telephone directories that were already published or
closed for publication at the Closing Date shall be extended to the expiration
date of such directories.

                  (b) Buyer recognizes the great value of the goodwill
associated with the Excluded Marks, and acknowledges that the Excluded Marks and
all rights therein and the goodwill pertaining thereto belong exclusively to
Seller and that the Excluded Marks have a secondary meaning in the minds of the
public. Buyer further agrees that any and all permitted use of the Excluded
Marks pursuant to this Agreement shall inure to the sole and exclusive benefit
of Seller.

                  (c) Buyer agrees that any permitted use of the Excluded Marks
in the operation of the Business after the Closing shall be provided in
accordance with all applicable federal, state and local laws, and that the same
shall not reflect adversely upon the good name of Seller or its Affiliates, and
that the operation of the Business will be of a high standard and skill.

                  (d) Buyer acknowledges that its failure to cease use of the
Excluded Marks as provided in this Agreement, or its improper use of the
Excluded Marks, will result in immediate and irreparable harm to Seller and its
Affiliates. Buyer acknowledges and admits that there is no adequate remedy at
law for such failure to terminate use of the Excluded Marks, or for such
improper use of the Excluded Marks. Buyer agrees that in the event of such
failure or improper use, Seller and its Affiliates shall be entitled to
equitable relief by way of temporary restraining order, or preliminary or
permanent injunction, or any other relief available under this Agreement.

                  (e) Buyer will not contest the ownership or validity of any
rights of Seller or its Affiliates in the Excluded Marks.


                                       39
<PAGE>

            10.1.4 Third Party Software. To the extent that the transfer of
Purchased Property by Seller to Buyer under this Agreement results in the
transfer of possession to Buyer of software that at the Closing Date is Third
Party Intellectual Property, which software was located in and rightfully used
by Seller in the geographical area of the Purchased Exchanges prior to the
Closing Date in the normal and ordinary operation of the Business pursuant to
Contracts with the owners or licensors of such software ("Third Party
Intellectual Property Contracts"), then subject to Section 2.5, effective as of
the Closing and provided that no payments to any Person other than a Switch
Software vendor (which, if any, shall be paid by Seller) are thereby required,
at Closing Seller shall assign to Buyer, and Buyer shall accept all rights and
licenses if any to posses and use such software pursuant to such Third Party
Intellectual Property Contracts. Buyer agrees that the acceptance by Buyer of
such assignment of the Third Party Intellectual Property Contracts includes the
assumption by Buyer of obligations under such Third Party Intellectual Property
Contracts, including all obligations necessary or incidental to the transfer of
such rights and licenses. Buyer understands and agrees that except as provided
above in this Section 10.1.4, or as expressly provided elsewhere in this
Agreement or in another written agreement between Buyer and Seller, no rights or
licenses to use or possess such software or any Third Party Intellectual
Property are transferred to Buyer. Buyer shall properly dispose of, and shall
not use, any software of which Buyer acquires possession in connection with
Purchased Property and (i) which, after the Closing Date, Buyer knows, or
reasonably should know, is not the subject of a Third Party Intellectual
Property Contract that has been rightfully transferred to Buyer or for (ii)
which Buyer does not have a separate license. Seller makes no warranty or
representation that any Third Party Intellectual Property Contract or any right
therein is assignable in whole or in part to Buyer.

      10.2 Effect of Due Diligence and Related Matters.

                  (a) Buyer represents that it is a sophisticated entity that
was advised by knowledgeable counsel and financial advisors and, to the extent
it deemed necessary, other advisors in connection with this Agreement and has
conducted its own independent review and evaluation of the Purchased Property.
Accordingly, Buyer covenants and agrees that (i) except for the representations
and warranties set forth in this Agreement, Buyer has not relied and will not
rely upon any document or written or oral information furnished to or discovered
by it or its representatives, including any financial data, (ii) there are no
representations or warranties by or on behalf of Seller or its Affiliates or
representatives except for those expressly set forth in this Agreement, and
(iii) to the fullest extent permitted by law, Buyer's rights and obligations
with respect to all of the foregoing matters will be solely as set forth in this
Agreement.

                  (b) Upon the Closing, Buyer shall be deemed to have waived any
claim with respect to a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or
obligation of Seller, or any failure of a condition, hereunder of which Buyer
had knowledge; provided that Buyer shall be deemed to have knowledge of the
information made available to Buyer and/or its representatives during its review
of the Purchased Property prior to the date of this Agreement, which information
is contained in the Due Diligence Documents.

                  (c) After the date of this Agreement and prior to the Closing
Date, Buyer shall promptly notify Seller if Buyer obtains knowledge of any
actual breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or obligation of Seller
or any actual or prospective failure of a


                                       40
<PAGE>

condition, hereunder of which Buyer obtains knowledge. Failure to provide timely
notice shall be deemed to constitute a waiver of any claim with respect to such
breach.

      10.3 Confidentiality. Whether or not the Closing occurs, the parties
hereto and their respective officers, directors, employees and representatives
will comply with the Confidentiality Agreement, the provisions of which are
expressly incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.

      10.4 Further Assurances. After the Closing, Seller will use its
commercially reasonable efforts to furnish to Buyer such other instruments and
information as Buyer may reasonably request in order to convey to Buyer title to
the Purchased Property, to be delivered from time to time upon Buyer's
reasonable request.

      10.5 Prorations. The following liabilities shall be prorated between
Seller and Buyer: (i) utility charges (which shall include water, sewer,
electricity, gas and other utility charges) with respect to the Owned Real
Property, the property subject to the Real Property Leases and customer owned
equipment, (ii) rental charges (which shall include rental charges and other
lease payments under the Real Property Leases), (iii) personal services (these
services are charged for a period which includes the Closing Date; this shall
include contract labor), and (iv) real and personal property taxes, ad valorem
taxes, and franchise fees or taxes (collectively, "Periodic Taxes"). With
respect to measurement periods during which the Closing Date occurs (all such
periods of time being hereinafter called "Proration Periods"), the liabilities
described in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of the preceding sentence shall be
apportioned between Seller and Buyer as of the Closing Date, with Buyer bearing
only the expense thereof in the proportion that the number of days remaining in
the applicable Proration Period on and after the Closing Date bears to the total
number of days covered by such Proration Period. Periodic Taxes attributable to
Proration Periods shall be prorated between Buyer and Seller based on the
relative periods the Purchased Property was owned by each respective party
during the fiscal period of the taxing jurisdiction for which such taxes were
imposed by such jurisdiction (as such fiscal period is or may be reflected on
the bill rendered by such taxing jurisdiction). On the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall pay or be reimbursed, on this prorated basis, for Periodic Taxes
that have been paid before the Closing Date. On the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall also be reimbursed, on this prorated basis, for Periodic Taxes that
are to be paid on or after the Closing Date. The reimbursement of Periodic Taxes
that are to be paid on or after the Closing Date shall be based on a reasonable
estimate of the amount of such Periodic Taxes to be paid (based on past
experience). To the extent that Buyer or Seller are not reimbursed on the
Closing Date for Periodic Taxes that are paid after the Closing Date, or, in the
event the estimated amount of the preceding sentence proves to have been
inaccurate, Buyer or Seller shall promptly forward an invoice to the other party
for its reimbursable pro rata share, if any. If the other party does not pay the
invoice within thirty (30) calendar days of receipt, the amount of such payment
shall bear interest at the rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. Similarly, all
prepayments made or received by Seller or Buyer with respect to service or
maintenance agreements with third parties or license or other fees payable to or
by third parties and relating to the Business shall be prorated on an
appropriate basis between Seller and Buyer.


                                       41
<PAGE>

      10.6 Cost Studies/NECA Matters.

            10.6.1 Prior to Closing. Seller agrees that, with respect to all
toll revenues, settlements, pools, separations studies or similar activities,
Seller shall be responsible for (and shall receive the benefit or suffer the
burden of) any adjustments to contributions, or receipt of funds, by Seller
resulting from any such activities that are related to the operation of the
Business or the ownership or operation of the Purchased Property prior to the
Closing Date. Specifically, this paragraph shall apply, but shall not be limited
to, any matters related to the National Exchange Carrier Association ("NECA")
including the Universal Service Fund ("USF"), Long Term Support ("LTS"), and
Telecommunications Relay Services funds.

            10.6.2 From and After Closing.

                  (a) Buyer shall receive all USF funds, from and after the
Closing Date, as determined by USAC from data submitted by Seller prior to
Closing Date pursuant to FCC Rules and Regulations as stated in Part 36.611 and
Part 36.612 for rural carriers and Part 54 for non-rural carriers. After Closing
Date Buyer shall make all submissions and filings for USF funds for all years
for which Seller had not made a submission prior to Closing Date in accordance
with FCC Rules and Regulations. Within a reasonable time after Buyer's written
request, Seller shall furnish to Buyer such necessary information regarding
Seller's ownership of the Purchased Property during any year for which Buyer
shall make a submission, and such reasonable assistance as required in
connection with Buyer's preparation of necessary filings or submissions.

                  (b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, Buyer's right to receive
all USF revenue is conditioned upon Buyer's payment, from and after the Closing
Date, of all universal service contribution liability assessed by USAC based on
end-user retail revenues for the previous year generated by assets being sold.

      10.7 Customer Deposits. Within thirty (30) days after Closing, Seller
agrees to transfer to Buyer the customer deposits together with any interest
accrued thereon (collectively "Customer Deposits"), together with all of
Seller's obligations and rights to hold the Customer Deposits of the Business,
up to the Closing Date, and Buyer agrees to hold, disburse and retain such
deposits so delivered to it as if it were Seller.

      10.8 Access to Books and Records.

                  (a) After the Closing, Seller will retain all Retained Books
and Records for a period of three (3) years.

                  (b) After the Closing, upon reasonable notice and subject to
the Confidentiality Agreement, the parties will give to the representatives,
employees, counsel and accountants of the other, access, during normal business
hours, to books and records relating to the Business and the Purchased Property,
and will permit such persons to examine and copy such records, in each case to
the extent reasonably requested by the other party in connection with tax and
financial reporting matters (including any Tax Returns and related information,
but not attorney work product or similar work product prepared by accountants),
audits, legal


                                       42
<PAGE>

proceedings, governmental investigations and other business purposes (including
such financial information and any receipts evidencing payment of taxes as may
be reasonably requested by Seller to substantiate any claim for tax credits or
refunds); provided, however, that nothing herein will obligate any party to take
actions that would unreasonably disrupt the normal course of its business or
violate the terms of any Contract to which it is a party or to which it or any
of its assets is subject. Seller and Buyer will cooperate with each other in the
conduct of any Tax audit or similar proceedings involving or otherwise relating
to the Business (or the income therefrom or assets thereof) with respect to any
Tax and each will execute and deliver such powers of attorney and other
documents as are necessary to carry out the intent of this Section 10.8(b).

      10.9 Purchase Price Allocation. Prior to the Closing Date, Buyer and
Seller shall use their good faith efforts to agree to the allocation (the
"Allocation") of the Purchase Price, the Assumed Liabilities and other relevant
items (including, for example, adjustments to the Purchase Price) to the
individual assets or classes of assets within the meaning of Section 1060 of the
IRC. If Buyer and Seller agree to such Allocation prior to Closing, Buyer and
Seller covenant and agree that (i) the values assigned to the assets by the
parties' mutual agreement shall be conclusive and final for all purposes, and
(ii) neither Buyer nor Seller will take any position before any Governmental
Authority or in any judicial proceeding that is in any way inconsistent with
such Allocation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if Buyer and Seller cannot agree
to an Allocation, Buyer and Seller covenant and agree to file and to cause their
respective Affiliates to file, all Tax Returns and schedules thereto (including,
for example, amended returns, claims for refund, and those returns and forms
required under Section 1060 of the IRC and any Treasury regulations promulgated
thereunder) consistent with each of Buyer and Seller's good faith Allocations,
unless otherwise required because of a change in applicable Law.

      10.10 Owned Real Property Transfers. Within sixty (60) days of the date of
this Agreement, Seller shall deliver to Buyer copies of all existing title
insurance policies in Seller's possession covering the Owned Real Property.
Thereafter, no later than thirty (30) days before the Closing Date, Seller shall
deliver (at Seller's expense) to Buyer title commitments for owners' policies of
title insurance prepared by a title insurance company reasonably acceptable to
Buyer and a certified current survey, with respect to all Owned Real Property
included in the Purchased Property and in which Seller purports to own fee
title. Buyer acknowledges that such title commitments shall be for CLTA owners'
policies of title insurance (or its equivalent) unless Buyer has requested in
writing, prior to the date hereof, that such commitments be issued for other
forms of title insurance (in which event, Buyer shall bear all costs and
premiums for such title insurance to the extent attributable to such coverage
being in excess of CLTA coverage or its equivalent). Such title commitments
shall reflect that upon the consummation of the sale to Buyer contemplated by
this Agreement and the payment of all premiums and charges due for such title
insurance, Buyer will be vested with good, fee simple title to such Owned Real
Property, subject only to the exceptions show thereon, the title company's
standard exceptions and exclusions, and such matters that arise after the date
and time of such title commitment. Except as provided in the following sentence,
in the event that Buyer requires endorsements to such title commitments or the
applicable title insurance policies, such endorsements shall be obtained at
Buyer's sole cost and expense and shall not be a condition to Closing. On the
Closing Date, Seller shall convey the Owned Real Property to be transferred to
Buyer subject only to Permitted Encumbrances, provided that Seller may transfer
such property subject to one


                                       43
<PAGE>

or more exceptions that are not Permitted Encumbrances if Seller commits in
writing, in form and substance reasonably acceptable to Buyer, on or before the
Closing Date, to cause any such exception that is not a Permitted Encumbrance to
be removed, insured or bonded over to Buyer's reasonable satisfaction, or if
Seller indemnifies Buyer with respect to such exceptions to Buyer's reasonable
satisfaction on or before the Closing Date. With respect to each parcel of Owned
Real Property covered by a title commitment referenced above, the amount of
title insurance provided under the applicable title insurance policy shall be
the fair market value of the applicable property, which shall be determined by
Buyer at its sole cost and expense using commercially reasonable methods of
valuation, provided that all such valuations shall be consistent with all
allocations of the Purchase Price made hereunder or pursuant to this Agreement,
and shall be acceptable to the title insurance company. The determination of
fair market value shall be made in a timely manner such that the title
commitments can be issued in a timely manner prior to the Closing Date. Seller
agrees that prior to Closing it will provide the title company with such
instructions, authorizations, affidavits, and indemnities as may be reasonably
necessary for the title company to issue title policies to Buyer, dated as of
the Closing Date, for all of the Owned Real Property with so-called
non-imputation endorsements. By no later than forty-five (45) days after the
Closing Date, Seller shall deliver to Buyer a final title insurance policy
covering each parcel of the Owned Real Property covered by the title
commitments. Buyer will use its commercially reasonable efforts to work with the
title company between the date hereof and fifty-five (45) days after Closing
Date to resolve any issues with respect to such title commitments. Seller shall
be responsible for the payment of all title insurance premiums attributable to
the CLTA portion of the coverage afforded by each such policy obtained, and
Buyer shall be responsible for the payment of all title insurance premiums in
excess of such amount and for the payment of all endorsement charges and other
fees and costs imposed by the title company.

      10.11 Transaction Taxes. Buyer shall bear and be responsible for paying
any sales, use, transfer, documentary, registration, business and occupation and
other similar taxes (including related penalties (civil or criminal), additions
to tax and interest) imposed by any Governmental Authorities with respect to the
transfer of Purchased Property to Buyer (including the Owned Real Property)
("Transaction Taxes"), regardless of whether the tax authority seeks to collect
the such taxes from Seller or Buyer. Seller shall prepare all tax filings
related to any sales, use, transfer, documentary, registration, business and
occupation and other similar taxes. Seller, fifteen (15) days prior to making
such filings shall provide to the Buyer Seller's work papers for the Buyer's
review and approval. Buyer shall provide to the Seller ten (10) days prior to
the filing date approval of such work papers. Buyer shall also be responsible
for (i) administering the payment of such Transaction Taxes, (ii) defending or
pursuing any proceedings related thereto, and (iii) paying any expenses related
thereto. Seller shall give prompt written notice to Buyer of any proposed
adjustment or assessment of any Transaction Taxes with respect to the
transaction, or of any examination of said transaction in a sales, use, transfer
or similar tax audit. In any proceedings, whether formal or informal, Seller
shall permit Buyer to participate and control the defense of such proceeding,
and shall take all actions and execute all documents required to allow such
participation. Seller shall not negotiate a settlement or compromise of any
Transaction Taxes without the written consent of Buyer, which consent shall not
be unreasonably withheld.


                                       44
<PAGE>

      10.12 Bulk Sales Laws. Seller and Buyer waive compliance with applicable
laws under any version of Article 6 of the Uniform Commercial Code adopted by
any state or any similar law relating to the sale of inventory, equipment or
other assets in bulk in connection with the sale of the Purchased Property.

      10.13 Prepaid Non-Regulated Maintenance Agreements. Within thirty (30)
days following Closing, Seller shall pay to Buyer an amount equal to the pro
rata portion of all prepaid but unearned revenues from Seller's customers for
all non-regulated maintenance agreements as of the Closing Date.

      10.14 Vehicle Registration. Buyer agrees to use its commercially
reasonable efforts to file promptly the appropriate vehicle title applications
and registrations to change the name of the titled owner on each vehicle title
certificate and change the motor vehicle registration (with respect to license
plate information) on each vehicle being transferred to Buyer from Seller
pursuant to this Agreement. Buyer agrees that it shall remove and destroy
Seller's existing license plates from all vehicles received upon the earlier of
receipt of new license plates or sixty (60) days following Closing.

      10.15 Carrier Access Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition. Seller
shall render its own final carrier access bills to its interexchange carriers
for minutes, messages and other applicable charges up to the Closing Date.
Seller shall be responsible for collecting and settling any disputes associated
with its final bills to the interexchange carriers.

      10.16 End-User Billing and Accounts Receivable Transition. Buyer agrees to
purchase Seller's Earned End-User Accounts Receivable and make payment to Seller
for those accounts in the manner described below:

                  (a) Seller shall transfer to Buyer, as soon as reasonably
available after Closing, all open end-user customer account records to Buyer as
of the end of business on the Closing Date. Following the Closing, Buyer shall
be responsible for administering those records including the application of cash
receipts to customer accounts, whether related to services rendered before or
after the Closing. Seller shall promptly forward to Buyer all customer payments
and related remittance documents received by Seller after the Closing for
processing by Buyer.

                  (b) Within twenty (20) days following the Closing, Seller
shall provide an accounting to Buyer of the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable
Amount and the Customer Advances as well as the most recent twelve (12) month
history of Seller's uncollectible net writeoffs expressed as a percentage of
billings for the Business (the "Uncollectible Factor"). This data and the
resulting calculation of the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount shall be
summarized in an accounts receivable settlement statement (the "Accounts
Receivable Settlement Statement"). Within thirty (30) days following the
Closing, Buyer shall remit to Seller an amount equal to 80% of the Earned
End-User Accounts Receivable Amount less 100% of the Customer Advances. Within
sixty (60) days following the Closing, Buyer shall remit an additional 15% of
the Earned End-User Accounts Receivable Amount and within ninety (90) days will
remit the final 5%.


                                       45
<PAGE>

                  (c) Not later than ten (10) days prior to the due dates for
the sixty (60) and ninety (90) day payments referred to in Section 10.16(b),
Seller will provide Buyer with an updated Accounts Receivable Settlement
Statement reflecting any adjustments based upon non-sufficient funds checks,
billing adjustments or other facts that relate to pre-closing activity that
became known after the preparation of the original statement.

                  (d) If at any time during the ninety (90) day period following
the Closing, Buyer or Seller discovers any material discrepancy in the Accounts
Receivable Settlement Statement, both parties agree to use commercially
reasonable efforts to resolve any discrepancy in a timely manner, and also agree
to make payments related to any undisputed amounts as set forth above.

                  (e) At any time between ninety (90) and two hundred seventy
(270) days following the Closing, Buyer may, at its discretion, prepare an
analysis of actual bad debt write-off experience related to the Earned End-User
Accounts Receivable purchased from Seller. If such analysis reasonably
demonstrates that write-offs have exceeded the estimated amount in the final
Accounts Receivable Settlement Statement (as had been calculated using the
Uncollectible Factor) by more than 10%, Seller will pay to Buyer the full amount
of the difference within thirty (30) days of receipt of Buyer's request for
payment, together with Buyer's write-off analysis, Buyer will provide Seller
sufficient detail in its write-off analysis, and as reasonably necessary, access
to billing and collection records, to allow Seller to validate the accuracy of
Buyer's request. Any disputes regarding the amounts of such request shall be
settled using the procedure described in Section 3.3(d).

                                   ARTICLE 11
                         EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEE MATTERS

      11.1 Employment of Transferred Employees. Subject to the other provisions
of this Section 11.1, all Active Employees of Seller employed in the Business,
and all Active Employees of Seller and its Affiliates whose duties relate
primarily to the Business, on the Closing Date (hereinafter collectively
referred to as "Transferred Employees") shall be employed by (or become the
responsibility of, as applicable) Buyer as of the Closing Date in the same or
comparable positions, and at the same or comparable total compensation
(including base pay and bonus), as were in effect on the Closing Date, except as
otherwise provided in this Agreement. For purposes of the preceding sentence,
the term "Active Employees" shall include all full-time and part-time employees,
employees on military leave, maternity leave, leave under the Family and Medical
Leave Act of 1993, short-term disability, on layoff with recall rights, and
employees on other approved leaves of absence with a legal or contractual right
to reinstatement. For a period of twelve (12) months following the Closing Date,
Buyer shall not actively solicit either directly or indirectly through any
agents, and Buyer shall not permit any of its Affiliates to actively solicit
either directly or indirectly through any agents, any person who retires or
otherwise terminates from any employment at or in association with Seller during
the six-month period beginning three (3) months before the Closing Date, and
Buyer shall neither employ nor permit any of its Affiliates to employ any
individuals who are identified to Buyer by Seller as individuals who terminated
from any employment or association with Seller during such six-month period. On
or before the execution date of this Agreement, Seller shall have delivered to
Buyer a list of the persons who would have been Transferred Employees had the
Closing Date


                                       46
<PAGE>

occurred on March 31, 1999, showing the following information for each such
person: (i) the name of each such person; (ii) the name of his or her current
employer; (iii) his or her current base pay, 1998 bonus and projected 1999
bonus; (iv) his or her hire date, any rehire date (if available) and years of
service; (v) his or her then-current position; (vi) whether such employee is (x)
subject to a collective bargaining agreement or represented by a labor
organization, if any, and including the name and date of each such bargaining
agreement or (y) on military leave, maternity leave, leave under the Family and
Medical Leave Act of 1993, short-term disability, on layoff with recall rights
or on other approved leave of absence with a legal or contractual right to
reinstatement; and (vii) for any employee who is not employed exclusively in the
Business, a description of the nature of his or her employment and the
percentage of his or her time actually allocated to the Business in calendar
year 1998. Seller shall update such list at such time or times requested by
Buyer, but not more often than as of the end of each calendar quarter occurring
between the execution date hereof and the Closing Date, commencing with the
quarter ending June 30, 1999, and as of the month ending immediately prior to
the Closing Date, in each case assuming the Closing Date had occurred on such
date, and shall deliver such updated lists to Buyer within ten (10) days after
the end of each such calendar quarter or month-end, as applicable. Any person
who is not on such list as updated as of the end of the month immediately
preceding the Closing Date shall not be a Transferred Employee, and for all
purposes under this Agreement the Transferred Employees shall include only those
persons on such list as updated as of such month-end who continue to be Active
Employees of Seller employed in the Business or Active Employees of Seller and
its Affiliates whose duties relate primarily to the Business, on the Closing
Date.

            11.1.1 Assumption of Collective Bargaining Agreement Obligations. On
and after the Closing Date, Buyer, as successor employer to Seller, shall assume
all of the employer's obligations under, and be bound by the provisions of, each
collective bargaining agreement to the extent of provisions covering Transferred
Employees. Seller shall cooperate with Buyer in Buyer's efforts to contact the
unions representing Transferred Employees.

            11.1.2 Assumption of Employment and Other Agreements. On and after
the Closing Date, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or in Schedule
11.1.2, Buyer, as successor employer to Seller, shall assume all obligations of
each employment agreement or any other agreement by Seller relating to
conditions of employment, employment separation, severance, or employee benefits
in connection with the Transferred Employees, but only to the extent that they
have been disclosed to Buyer on Schedule 8.1.16(a) and copies have been
furnished to Buyer as soon as administratively practicable prior to the
execution of this Agreement. To the extent that Buyer assumes any obligations
under this Article 11, Buyer may reduce or eliminate benefits under any
agreement, plan, policy or program only to the extent required to comply with
applicable law, or to the extent that Seller, its Affiliates, or any successors
or assigns, make amendments or changes to its benefit plans, policies or
programs to eliminate or reduce benefits. Until the fifth anniversary of the
Closing Date, Seller promptly shall deliver to Buyer a copy of each material
amendment or change that Seller makes to its Plans and Employment Agreements to
eliminate or reduce benefits thereunder and shall confirm to Buyer on an annual
basis whether, and the extent to which, it has amended its Plans and Employment
Agreements and provide sufficient detail to enable Buyer to determine whether
Seller has reduced or eliminated benefits thereunder. After the fifth
anniversary of the Closing


                                       47
<PAGE>

Date, Buyer may amend such plans, policies, and programs in any manner it
determines, consistent with applicable law and collective bargaining agreements.

            11.1.3 Recognition of Transferred Employee Service. On and after the
Closing Date, and subject to the provisions of any applicable collective
bargaining agreement, and except as otherwise provided in this Article 11, Buyer
shall recognize the service of each Transferred Employee for all
employment-related purposes determined in accordance with the practices and
procedures of Seller in effect on the Closing Date, as if such service had been
rendered to Buyer.

            11.1.4 Assumption of Obligation to Pay Bonuses. Transferred
Employees shall not accrue benefits under any employee benefit policies, plans,
arrangements, programs, practices, or agreements of Seller or any of its
Affiliates after the Closing Date. Buyer shall assume the obligation to pay to
Transferred Employees any bonuses that would have been payable to the
Transferred Employees with respect to the calendar year in which the Closing
Date occurs had the Transferred Employees remained employees of Seller or one of
its Affiliates, in accordance with the provisions of the policy, plan,
arrangement, program, practice or agreement under which the bonus would have
been paid.

            11.1.5 No Duplicate Benefits. Nothing in this Agreement shall cause
duplicate benefits to be paid or provided to or with respect to a Transferred
Employee under any employee benefit policies, plans, arrangements, programs,
practices, or agreements.

            11.1.6 Affiliate Employees. If any employee identified in the list
provided pursuant to Section 11.1 is an employee of an Affiliate of Seller whose
duties relate primarily to the Business, he or she shall be considered a
Transferred Employee and shall be treated under this Agreement in a manner that
is comparable to the treatment given to the Transferred Employees who are
employed by Seller, except that his or her service as of the Closing Date shall
be determined in accordance with the practices and procedures of his or her
employer, as disclosed to Buyer in accordance with Section 11.1.2.

      11.2 Transferred Employee Benefit Matters.

            11.2.1 Defined Benefit Plans.

                  (a) Seller Pension Plans. As of the date of this Agreement,
Seller participates in the following single-employer defined benefit pension
plans maintained in the United States:

                        (i) the GTE Service Corporation Plan for Employees'
Pensions (the "Seller Salaried Pension Plan"); and

                        (ii) the GTE Northwest/GTE California Plan for
Hourly-Paid Employees' Pensions (collectively, the "Seller Hourly Pension
Plan").

            The plans identified in this Section 11.2.1(a) shall be referred to
collectively in this Agreement as the "Seller Pension Plans," and each such plan
shall be referred to individually as a "Seller Pension Plan."


                                       48
<PAGE>

                  (b) Buyer Obligations. Buyer shall take all actions necessary
and appropriate to ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date,
Buyer maintains or adopts one or more pension plans (hereinafter referred to in
the aggregate as the "Buyer Pension Plans" and individually as the "Buyer
Pension Plan") effective as of the Closing Date and to ensure that each Buyer
Pension Plan satisfies the following requirements as of the Closing Date: (i)
the Buyer Pension Plan is a qualified, single-employer defined benefit plan
under Section 401(a) of the IRC; (ii) any Buyer Pension Plan that was in effect
before the Closing Date shall not have any "accumulated funding deficiency," as
defined in Section 302 of ERISA and Section 412 of the IRC, whether or not
waived, immediately before the Closing Date; (iii) the Buyer Pension Plan is not
the subject of termination proceedings or a notice of termination under Title IV
of ERISA; (iv) the Buyer Pension Plan does not exclude Transferred Employees
from eligibility to participate therein; (v) the Buyer Pension Plan does not
violate the requirements of any applicable collective bargaining agreement; and
(vi) with respect to Transferred Employees who were participants in the Seller
Hourly Pension Plan by virtue of their coverage under a collective bargaining
agreement on the Closing Date, the terms of the Buyer Pension Plan are
substantially identical in all material respects to the terms of the Seller
Hourly Pension Plan. For purposes of this Section 11.2.1, Transferred Employees
who were participants in the Seller Hourly Pension Plan other than by virtue of
their coverage under a collective bargaining agreement on the Closing Date shall
be treated as Transferred Employees who, on the Closing Date, participate in the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan. Within the 30-day period immediately preceding any
transfer of assets and liabilities from a Seller Pension Plan to a Buyer Pension
Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.1(b), Buyer shall provide Seller with a
written certification, in a form acceptable to Seller, that the Buyer Pension
Plan satisfies each of the requirements set forth in this Section 11.2.1(b).

                  (c) Transfer of Liabilities.

                        (i) In accordance with the provisions of this Section
11.2.1, Buyer shall cause the Buyer Pension Plans to accept all liabilities for
benefits under the Seller Pension Plans, whether or not vested, that would have
been paid or payable (but for the transfer of assets and liabilities pursuant to
this Section 11.2.1) to or with respect to the Transferred Employees under the
terms of the Seller Pension Plans and that are "Section 411(d)(6) protected
benefits" (as defined by Section 411(d)(6) of the IRC and the regulations
thereunder) that have accrued under the Seller Pension Plan to or with respect
to the Transferred Employees based on accredited service and compensation under
the Seller Pension Plans as of the Closing Date. For a period of not less than
five (5) years after the Closing Date, and unless otherwise required to comply
with applicable law or permitted by Section 11.1.2, Buyer shall not amend the
Buyer Pension Plans, or permit the Buyer Pension Plans to be amended, to
eliminate any benefit, whether or not vested, with respect to which liabilities
are transferred pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this subsection (i), to
the extent any such benefit is a "Section 411(d)(6) protected benefit" (as
defined by Section 411(d)(6) of the IRC and the regulations thereunder). On or
before the Closing Date, Seller or an Affiliate thereof shall take action to
fully vest Transferred Employees in their benefits (if any) under the Seller
Pension Plans.

                        (ii) (A) For purposes of eligibility and vesting under
the Buyer Pension Plans, each Transferred Employee whose accrued benefit is
transferred from a


                                       49
<PAGE>

Seller Pension Plan to a Buyer Pension Plan shall be credited
with service as of the Closing Date as determined under the terms of the Seller
Pension Plan. The benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan for each Transferred
Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller Hourly Pension
Plan by virtue of his or her coverage under a collective bargaining agreement,
shall be calculated under terms of the Buyer Pension Plan that are substantially
identical in all material respects to the terms of the Seller Hourly Pension
Plan. The benefit for each Transferred Employee who, on the Closing Date,
participates in the Seller Salaried Pension Plan, shall not be less than the
greater of (x) the sum of the Transferred Employee's "Seller Pension" and "Buyer
Pension," or (y) the Transferred Employee's "Total Service Pension," each as
determined under the rules set forth in subsection (c)(iii) of this Section
11.2.1.

                        (B) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below, each
Transferred Employee who, as of the Closing Date, participates or formerly
participated in the Seller Salaried Pension Plan and who, under the terms of the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan, has at least 15 years of accredited service and
combined years of age and accredited service of at least 74 as of the Closing
Date shall be eligible, after the Transferred Employee's employment with the
Buyer and its Affiliates is terminated and after the Transferred Employee's
combined years of age and years of accredited service equal or exceed 76, to
receive his or her "Seller Pension" (as determined under the rules set forth in
subsection (c)(iii) of this Section 11.2.1) as an immediate early retirement
pension under the applicable Buyer Pension Plan in accordance with early
retirement provisions that are no less favorable to the Transferred Employee
than the early retirement provisions of the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of
the Closing Date. For a period of at least five (5) years following the Closing
Date, the Buyer shall cause any agreement, pursuant to which the accrued benefit
of any Transferred Employee under a Buyer Pension Plan is transferred to another
pension plan, to incorporate a provision in substance identical to this
subsection (ii)(B).

                        (C) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below, the
benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan of a GATT Grandfathered Participant, when
expressed in the form of a lump sum, shall not be less than the benefit under
the Buyer Pension Plan determined without regard to the changes to Section 417
of the IRC made by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act. The method used to convert
a GATT Grandfathered Participant's accrued benefit into a lump-sum amount under
the Buyer Pension Plan after 1999 shall be not less favorable to a GATT
Grandfathered Participant than the method used for similar purposes by the
Seller Pension Plan. For purposes of this paragraph (c)(ii)(C), "GATT
Grandfathered Participant" shall mean a Transferred Employee (x) with respect to
whom liabilities are transferred pursuant to this subsection (c) and (y) who,
taking service from Buyer into account as service with Seller, would have been
eligible under the Seller Pension Plan, but for the transfer of liabilities
pursuant to this subsection (c), to have his benefit under the Seller Pension
Plan (when expressed in the form of a lump sum) determined without regard to the
changes to Section 417 of the IRC made by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act.

                        (D) Except as provided in paragraph (E), below, each
Transferred Employee who, as of the Closing Date, participates or formerly
participated in the Seller Hourly Pension Plan shall be eligible, after the
Transferred Employee's employment with Buyer and its Affiliates is terminated,
to receive an early retirement pension under the Buyer


                                       50
<PAGE>

Pension Plan in accordance with early retirement provisions that are no less
favorable to the Transferred Employee than the early retirement provisions of
the Seller Hourly Pension Plan as of the Closing Date.

                        (E) Notwithstanding paragraphs (B), (C), and (D), above,
if the actuary for the Buyer Pension Plan certifies in writing (with a copy to
Seller) that the Buyer Pension Plan will violate the requirements imposed by
Treasury Regulation section 1.401(a)(4)-4 unless certain benefits otherwise
called for by such paragraphs are not provided by the Buyer Pension Plan, Buyer
shall cause such benefits to be provided under a nonqualified deferred
compensation plan, rather than under the Buyer Pension Plan, at the same time
and in the same form as they otherwise would have been provided under the Buyer
Pension Plan; provided that (1) such benefits shall be provided by the Buyer
Pension Plan to the maximum extent possible without causing the Buyer Pension
Plan to violate Treasury Regulation section 1.401(a)(4)-4; and (2) to the extent
that any benefit payable outside of the Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to this
paragraph (E) is payable to an individual who is not a member of a "select group
of management or highly compensated employees" within the meaning of Sections
201(2), 301(a)(3), and 401(a)(1) of ERISA, Buyer shall cause a cash payment or
payments to be made to each such individual within 24 months of the termination
of the individual's employment with Buyer, in addition to all other payments due
or otherwise payable to such individual, in an amount that is reasonably
calculated to be actuarially equivalent, on a pre-tax basis, to the value of
such benefit.

            (iii) (A) The Buyer Pension Plan benefit of a Transferred Employee
who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller Hourly Pension Plan by
virtue of his or her coverage under a collective bargaining agreement, shall be
calculated as set forth in paragraph (c)(ii)(A) of this Section 11.2.1.

                        (B) The Buyer Pension Plan benefit of a Transferred
Employee who, on the Closing Date, participates in the Seller Salaried Pension
Plan, shall be calculated by applying the benefit formula set forth in paragraph
(c)(ii)(A) of this Section 11.2.1, in accordance with the rules described in the
remainder of this paragraph (B). A Transferred Employee's "Seller Pension" shall
be calculated by applying the benefit formula under the Seller Salaried Pension
Plan (as in effect on the Closing Date) to the Transferred Employee's service
and compensation credited under the Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of the
Closing Date. A Transferred Employee's "Buyer Pension" shall be not less than an
amount calculated by applying the benefit formula under the Buyer Pension Plan
to the Transferred Employee's total accredited service and compensation under
the Buyer Pension Plan (including service and compensation credited under the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of the Closing Date as if such service and
compensation had been earned under the Buyer Pension Plan and service and
compensation credited under the Buyer Pension Plan after the Closing Date),
multiplied by the ratio of accredited service earned after the Closing Date to
such total accredited service; provided that for a period of at least five (5)
years following the Closing Date, Buyer shall cause the benefit formula used in
determining such "Buyer Pension" to provide "section 411(d)(6)" benefits at
least as valuable as were provided under the benefit formula applicable to the
Transferred Employee under the Seller Salaried Pension Plan on the Closing Date.
A Transferred Employee's "Total Service Pension" shall be calculated by applying
the benefit formula under


                                       51
<PAGE>

the Buyer Pension Plan (before its amendment to reflect the five (5) year
inclusion of Seller's formula) to the Transferred Employee's accredited service
(including service and compensation credited with the Seller under the Seller
Salaried Pension Plan as of the Closing Date as if such service and compensation
was earned under the Buyer Pension Plan and service and compensation credited
under the Buyer Pension Plan on and after the Closing Date). For purposes of
computing a Transferred Employee's "Total Service Pension," compensation
received by such a Transferred Employee from the Seller shall be treated as
compensation received from the Buyer. The Seller Pension, the Buyer Pension, and
the Total Service Pension shall take into account the Transferred Employee's
actual age and entire period of service (including service credited under the
Seller Salaried Pension Plan as of the Closing Date and service credited under
the Buyer Pension Plan on and after the Closing Date) for vesting and benefit
eligibility purposes.

                        (C) Each Transferred Employee who is eligible to receive
a benefit under the Buyer Pension Plan may elect to receive the portion of said
benefit that is equal to the Seller Pension in any form, and with any early
retirement or other actuarial subsidy, that was available under the Seller
Pension Plan on the Closing Date, without regard to whether the Transferred
Employee is eligible to elect or receive, or does elect or receive, the same
form of payment or early retirement or actuarial subsidy for the remainder of
the pension under the Buyer Pension Plan.

                        (iv) Within sixty (60) days after the Closing Date,
Seller shall deliver to Buyer a list reflecting each Transferred Employee's
service and compensation under each of the Seller Pension Plans and each
Transferred Employee's accrued benefit thereunder as of the Closing Date.

                  (d) Transfer of Assets.

                        (i) In accordance with the provisions of subsection (d)
(i) of this Section 11.2.1 and subject to the provisions of subsection (d)(vi)
of this Section 11.2.1, Seller shall direct the trustee of the Seller Pension
Plans to transfer to the trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Pension Plan the
amount required to be transferred by Section 414(l) of the IRC and the
regulations thereunder for all Transferred Employees whose accrued benefits are
transferred to a Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to Section (c) of this Section
11.2.1, determined using the following assumptions (the "Pension Assets"):

            Interest Rate: Rate used to value annuities under PBGC Regulation
            ss. 4044.52(a)(1) for the month in which the Closing Date occurs

            Annual Rate of Increase in Salaries: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Social Security Taxable Wage Base: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Consumer Price Index: 0%

            Annual Rate of Increase in Limits on Benefits and Compensation: 0%


                                       52
<PAGE>

            Mortality: Rates specified under PBGC Regulation ss. 4044.53(c)

            Termination: None

            Disability: None

            Retirement: Expected retirement age as specified under PBGC
            Regulation ss. 4044.55

            Lump Sums: None

            All other demographic assumptions to match those used by Seller in
            the preparation of financial statement disclosures under Statement
            of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87 for the 1998 fiscal year.

            In no event shall the amount of Pension Assets transferred be less
            than the Projected Benefit Obligation associated with all the
            liabilities being assumed in the aggregate in Section 11.2.1(c)
            using the assumptions specified by Seller in the preparation of its
            financial statement disclosures under Statement of Financial
            Accounting Standards No. 87 for the 1998 fiscal year.

The Pension Assets shall be transferred in cash. Except in the case of an
arithmetical error in the calculation of the amount of Pension Assets to be
transferred, under no circumstances shall Seller or the Seller Pension Plans be
liable to transfer any additional amount to Buyer or a Buyer Pension Plan or any
other person in respect of the accrued benefits transferred to a Buyer Pension
Plan pursuant to Section (c) of this Section 11.2.1, including but not limited
to any circumstance under which any person (including a governmental agency)
states a claim to some portion or all of the Pension Assets.

                        (ii) Seller shall appoint an actuary ("Seller's
Actuary") to determine the amount to be transferred pursuant to subsection
(d)(i) of this Section 11.2.1 and shall provide such determination to Buyer,
together with a computer file containing all of the data used by Seller's
actuary to calculate Pension Assets, within ninety (90) days after the Closing
Date. Buyer shall appoint an actuary ("Buyer's Actuary") who shall have the
right to audit and review the determination made by Seller's Actuary. If Buyer's
Actuary is unable to agree with Seller's Actuary on the amount of the transfer
within ninety (90) days after Seller informs Buyer of the amount to be
transferred and provides Buyer with the computer file containing all of the data
used by Seller's actuary to calculate Pension Assets, Seller and Buyer shall
jointly select a third actuary, whose determination shall be binding on Seller
and Buyer. Each of Seller and Buyer shall bear the fees, costs and expenses of
their respective actuaries, and the fees, costs, and expenses of the third
actuary shall be borne one-half by Seller and one-half by Buyer.

                        (iii) Interest on the Pension Assets shall accrue from
the Closing Date to the actual date of transfer at the assumed discount rate
used in accordance with paragraph (i) of this Section (d); provided that any
Pension Assets that are distributed from the Seller Pension Plans before the
date of transfer pursuant to subsection (d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1


                                       53
<PAGE>

shall be credited with interest (such interest to be credited to the Buyer
Pension Plans) only from the Closing Date to the date of distribution.

                        (iv) Under the terms of each Buyer Pension Plan, the
accrued benefit of each Transferred Employee immediately after the transfer of
assets and liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall not be less than
the sum of each Transferred Employee's accrued benefits under the Seller Pension
Plan and the Buyer Pension Plan immediately before the transfer of assets and
liabilities. Neither Seller nor its Affiliates nor the Seller Pension Plans nor
any trustee thereof shall retain any liability for benefits under the Seller
Pension Plans for any Transferred Employee with respect to whom cash has been
transferred to a Buyer Pension Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 or
distributed pursuant to subsection (d)(vi) of this Section 11.2.1.

                        (v) In connection with the transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.1, Seller and Buyer shall cooperate
with each other in making all appropriate filings required by the IRC or ERISA
and the regulations thereunder, and the transfer of assets and liabilities
pursuant to this Section 11.2.1 shall not take place until as soon as
practicable after the latest of (i) the expiration of the 30-day period
following the filing of any required notices with the IRS pursuant to Section
6058(b) of the IRC, or (ii) the date Buyer has delivered to Seller (xx) a copy
of the Buyer Pension Plan and a copy of the most recent determination letter
from the IRS to the effect that the Buyer Pension Plan is qualified under
Section 401(a) of the IRC, together with documentation reasonably satisfactory
to Seller of the due adoption of any amendments to the Buyer Pension Plan
required by the IRS as a condition to such qualification and a certification
from Buyer that no events have occurred that adversely affect the continued
validity of such determination letter (apart from the enactment of any Federal
law for which the remedial amendment period under Section 401(b) of the IRC has
not yet expired), and (yy) information enabling the enrolled actuary for the
Buyer Pension Plan to issue the certification required by Section 6058(b) of the
IRC.

                        (vi) (A) If, after the Closing Date and before the date
of transfer of assets and liabilities from the Seller Pension Plans pursuant to
this Section 11.2.1, the accrued benefit as of the Closing Date becomes payable
under a Seller Pension Plan to or with respect to a Transferred Employee, Buyer
shall (xx) furnish GTE Service Corporation with a copy of a properly completed
application for such benefits, and (yy) direct GTE Service Corporation to
instruct the trustee of the Seller Pension Plan to make benefit payments in the
form and amount determined by GTE Service Corporation in accordance with the
properly completed application for benefits. Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to comply with any such direction.

                            (B) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary,
the assets and liabilities to be transferred from the trustee of the Seller
Pension Plans to the trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Pension Plan pursuant
to this Section 11.2.1 shall be reduced, as provided in this subsection (vi), to
reflect any benefit payments made pursuant to this subsection (vi) regardless of
the form in which paid and any expenses described in paragraph (B) of this
subsection (vi) that have not otherwise been paid pursuant to this subsection
(vi).


                                       54
<PAGE>

            11.2.2 Savings Plans.

                  (a) As of the date of this Agreement, Seller participates in
the GTE Savings Plan and the GTE Hourly Savings Plan (collectively referred to
as the "Seller Savings Plans"). Except as provided in Section (g) of this
Section 11.2.2, Transferred Employees shall not be entitled to make
contributions to or to benefit from matching or other contributions under the
Seller Savings Plans on and after the Closing Date.

                  (b) Buyer shall take all action necessary and appropriate to
ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Buyer maintains or
adopts one or more savings plans (hereinafter referred to in the aggregate as
the "Buyer Savings Plans" and individually as the "Buyer Savings Plan")
effective as of the Closing Date and to ensure that each Buyer Savings Plan
satisfies the following requirements as of the Closing Date: (i) the Buyer
Savings Plan is a qualified, single-employer individual account plan under
Section 401(a) of the IRC; (ii) the Buyer Savings Plan does not exclude
Transferred Employees from eligibility to participate therein; (iii) the Buyer
Savings Plan permits Transferred Employees to make before-tax contributions
(under Section 401(k) of the IRC) and provides for matching contributions by the
Buyer; and (iv) the Buyer Savings Plan does not violate the requirements of any
applicable collective bargaining agreement. Within the thirty (30) day period
immediately preceding any transfer of assets and liabilities from a Seller
Savings Plan to a Buyer Savings Plan pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Buyer
shall provide Seller with a written certification, in a form acceptable to
Seller, that the Buyer Savings Plan satisfies each of the requirements set forth
in this Section (b).

                  (c) (i) Seller shall fully vest the Transferred Employees in
their account balances under the Seller Savings Plan as of the Closing Date and
shall direct the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans to transfer to the trustee
or funding agent of the Buyer Savings Plans an amount in cash equal in value to
the account balances of the Transferred Employees covered by the Seller Savings
Plans as of the date of the transfer; provided that to the extent the account
balances to be transferred consist in whole or in part of outstanding loans,
Seller shall direct the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans to transfer to the
trustee or funding agent of the Buyer Savings Plans, in lieu of cash, the
promissory notes and related documents evidencing such loans. Buyer and Seller
shall take such actions as may be required to effect the assignment of such
loans by the trustee of the Seller Savings Plan to the trustee or funding agent
of the Buyer Savings Plan, and Buyer shall cause the trustee or funding agent of
the Buyer Savings Plan to accept the assignment of such loans.

                        (ii)  After the date of the transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Buyer shall assume all liabilities
for the benefits payable to or with respect to such Transferred Employees under
the Seller Savings Plans, and Seller and the Seller Savings Plans and their
implementing trust shall retain no liability for such benefits.

                  (d) For purposes of eligibility and vesting under the Buyer
Savings Plans, each Transferred Employee shall be credited with service as of
the Closing Date as determined under the terms of the Seller Savings Plans. As
soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees covered by
the Seller Savings Plans, together with each Transferred Employee's service
under each of the Seller Savings Plans as of the Closing Date.


                                       55
<PAGE>

                  (e) In connection with the transfer of assets and liabilities
pursuant to this Section 11.2.2, Seller and Buyer shall cooperate with each
other in making all appropriate filings required by the IRC or ERISA and the
regulations thereunder, and the transfer of assets and liabilities pursuant to
this Section 11.2.2 shall not take place until as soon as practicable after the
latest of (i) the expiration of the thirty (30) day period following the filing
of any required notices with the IRS pursuant to Section 6058(b) of the IRC, and
(ii) the date Buyer has delivered to Seller (xx) a copy of the Buyer Savings
Plan and a copy of the most recent determination letter from the IRS to the
effect that the Buyer Savings Plan is qualified under Sections 401(a) and 401(k)
of the IRC, together with documentation reasonably satisfactory to Seller of the
due adoption of any amendments to the Buyer Savings Plan required by the IRS as
a condition to such qualification and a certification from Buyer that no events
have occurred that adversely affect the continued validity of such determination
letter (apart from the enactment of any Federal law for which the remedial
amendment period under Section 401(b) of the IRC has not yet expired).

                  (f) As of the Closing Date, Seller shall cause GTE Service
Corporation to deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees who have
outstanding loans under the Seller Savings Plans, together with copies of said
Transferred Employees' notes, disclosure statements, and security agreements
under the Seller Savings Plans. Seller shall also notify Buyer within thirty
(30) days after the Closing Date of any Transferred Employee who initiated a
loan within thirty (30) days before the Closing Date. Subject to obtaining the
consent of the applicable Transferred Employee if required by law, from the
Closing Date until the earliest of (i) the actual date of transfer of assets and
liabilities pursuant to this Section 11.2.2; (ii) the full amortization of the
Transferred Employee's indebtedness; (iii) the distribution of the entire
balance of the Transferred Employee's accounts; or (iv) the last date on which
Buyer or one of its Affiliates pays remuneration to the Transferred Employee,
Buyer or its Affiliate shall (x) continue the payroll deductions pursuant to
which each such Transferred Employee is discharging indebtedness to a Seller
Savings Plan and (y) remit the deducted funds to Fidelity Management Trust
Company, the trustee of the Seller Savings Plans, as soon as practicable, but in
no event more than thirty (30) days, after the date of deduction, together with
an accounting that identifies the Transferred Employees with respect to whom the
funds were deducted and the amount deducted for each Transferred Employee. All
such remitted funds shall be transferred to the appropriate Seller Savings Plan
and applied to reduce the appropriate Transferred Employee's outstanding
indebtedness. Buyer's obligations under this Section (f) are limited to payroll
deductions of loan repayments by the Transferred Employees and remittance of
those funds, and nothing herein shall be construed to obligate Buyer to repay to
Seller any portion of the outstanding indebtedness of the Transferred Employees
that are not otherwise discharged by the Transferred Employees themselves.

                  (g) Seller shall make all required matching contributions with
respect to the Transferred Employees' contributions made to the Seller Savings
Plan by the Transferred Employees in respect of the period ending on or before
the Closing Date in the year containing the Closing Date that would have been
eligible for matching contributions without regard to any continued service
(e.g., last day of the year employment or 1000 hours) requirements. Such
matching contributions shall be made not later than the date on which all other
matching contributions are made to the Seller Savings Plans with respect to
contributions made at the same


                                       56
<PAGE>

time as the Transferred Employees' contributions. For not less than five (5)
calendar years following the Closing Date (including the year in which the
Closing occurs), Buyer shall, subject to applicable plan qualification
requirements, provide salaried Transferred Employees with a matching
contribution in the Buyer's Savings Plan equal to $.75 for each $1 contributed
by Transferred Employees up to six percent (6%) of compensation (as defined in
Buyer's Savings Plan).

            11.2.3 Welfare Plans.

                  (a) Buyer shall take all action necessary and appropriate to
ensure that, as soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Buyer maintains or
adopts, as of the Closing Date, one or more employee welfare benefit plans,
including medical, health, dental, flexible spending account, accident, life,
short-term disability, and long-term disability and other employee welfare
benefit plans providing preretirement welfare benefits for the benefit of (i)
the non-bargained Transferred Employees (the "Non-union Welfare Plans") and (ii)
the union-represented Transferred Employees in accordance with the provisions of
applicable collective bargaining agreements (the "Bargained Welfare Plans"). The
Non-union Welfare Plans and the Bargained Welfare Plans are hereinafter referred
to collectively as the "Buyer Welfare Plans." The Buyer Welfare Plans shall
provide as of the Closing Date pre-retirement benefits to Transferred Employees
(and their dependents and beneficiaries) that, in the aggregate, are comparable
to the pre-retirement benefits to which they were entitled under the
corresponding employee welfare benefit plans maintained by Seller on the Closing
Date. For purposes of determining eligibility to participate in each Buyer
Welfare Plan, each Transferred Employee shall be credited with service,
determined under the terms of the corresponding welfare plans maintained by
Seller on the Closing Date (hereinafter referred to collectively as the "Seller
Welfare Plans"). Any restrictions on coverage for pre-existing conditions or
requirements for evidence of insurability under the Buyer Welfare Plans shall be
waived for Transferred Employees, and Transferred Employees shall receive credit
under the Buyer Welfare Plans for co-payments and payments under a deductible
limit made by them and for out-of-pocket maximums applicable to them during the
plan year of the Seller Welfare Plan in accordance with the corresponding Seller
Welfare Plans. As soon as practicable after the Closing Date, Seller shall
deliver to Buyer a list of the Transferred Employees who had credited service
under a Seller Welfare Plan, together with each such Transferred Employee's
service, co-payment amounts, and deductible and out-of-pocket limits under such
plan.

                  (b)    (i) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b)(ii)
or (b)(iii) of this Section (b) or in an applicable collective bargaining
agreement, Buyer shall provide or cause to be provided retiree medical, health,
and life benefits to each Transferred Employee (or the dependents or
beneficiaries of such Transferred Employee, as the case may be) under the same
terms and conditions as apply to comparable employees of Buyer, and Seller shall
have no obligation to provide retiree medical, health, and life benefits in
respect of any Transferred Employee on or after the Closing Date.

                        (ii) Subject to Section 11.4, below, following the
retirement from Buyer and its Affiliates or any successor thereof of a
Transferred Employee who is not subject to a collective bargaining agreement as
of the Closing Date, who has combined age and years of accredited service
(within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) as of the Closing Date

                                       57
<PAGE>

equal to at least 66, and who as of his or her retirement has combined age and
years of accredited service (within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan)
equal to at least 76 and at least 15 years of accredited service (within the
meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) (a "Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee"),
Seller shall provide or cause to be provided to each such Retired Nonunion
Transferred Employee (and/or his or her dependents and beneficiaries) retiree
medical, health, and life benefits under terms and conditions that are
substantially identical to the terms and conditions under the corresponding
programs offered by Seller to its similarly situated noncollectively bargained
employees retiring as of the Closing Date; provided that nothing in this
subsection (b)(ii) shall be construed to prevent any Retired Nonunion
Transferred Employee (or his or her dependents or beneficiaries) from
voluntarily relinquishing such benefits. For a period of five (5) years
following the retirement of each Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee from
Buyer and its Affiliates or any successor thereof, Buyer shall reimburse Seller,
in accordance with this subsection (b)(ii), for the cost of the retiree medical,
health, and life coverage for which Seller is responsible and that Seller
actually provides pursuant to this subsection (b)(ii). The five (5) year time
period for this reimbursement obligation shall be determined separately in
respect of each Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee. For each year for which
Buyer is required to reimburse Seller under this subsection (b)(ii), Buyer shall
pay Seller annually in arrears, within 30 days after Seller provides a statement
therefor to Buyer, (A) $4,000 with respect to each Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee who has not yet attained age 65 during the year for which the payment
is made and $4,000 with respect to each spouse who is covered with respect to a
Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee and who has not yet attained age 65 during
the year for which the payment is made, and (B) $1,800 with respect to each
Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee who has attained at least age 65 during
the year for which the payment is made and $1,800 with respect to each spouse
who is covered with respect to a Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee and who
has attained at least age 65 during the year for which the payment is made. No
reimbursement shall be due with respect to any dependent, other than a spouse,
covered with respect to a Retired Nonunion Transferred Employee. The
reimbursement obligation for partial years shall be prorated based on the
portion of the year covered by the obligation. Each Retired Nonunion Transferred
Employee (or his or her dependent or beneficiary, as the case may be) who is
provided benefits by Seller under this subsection (b)(ii) shall be required to
pay to Seller any premium, contribution or other payment required under, and
shall be subject to any copayment or deductible required under, the terms of
Seller's applicable retiree medical, health, or life benefit plan; to the extent
that any amount constituting such a payment is deducted from any plan, program,
or arrangement maintained by Buyer or one of its Affiliates or is otherwise paid
to Buyer or one of its Affiliates by such person, Buyer shall cause such amount
to be paid to Seller as soon as administratively practicable.

                        (iii) In addition to any other benefits to be provided
pursuant to this Article XI, following the retirement from Buyer and its
Affiliates or any successor thereof of a Transferred Employee who is subject to
a collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing Date and who as of his or
her retirement has combined age and years of accredited service (within the
meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) equal to at least 76 and at least 15 years
of accredited service (within the meaning of the Seller Pension Plan) (a
"Retired Union Transferred Employee"), Buyer shall provide or cause to be
provided to each such Retired Union Transferred Employee (and/or his or her
dependents and beneficiaries) retiree medical, health, and life benefits, for a
period of at least five (5) years following the Closing Date, under terms and


                                       58
<PAGE>

conditions that are substantially identical to the terms and conditions under
the corresponding programs offered by Seller to its similarly situated
collectively bargained employees retiring as of the Closing Date. As of the date
of this Agreement, Seller maintains one or more voluntary employees' beneficiary
associations (within the meaning of Section 501(c)(9) of the IRC) to fund
retiree medical, health, and life benefits with respect to the Transferred
Employees who are subject to a collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing
Date (the "Seller VEBA"). Within 90 days following the Closing Date, Seller
shall direct the trustee of the Seller VEBA to transfer an amount in cash from
the Seller VEBA to the trustee of one or more voluntary employees' beneficiary
associations (within the meaning of Section 501(c)(9) of the IRC) that Buyer
maintains or shall cause to be maintained to fund retiree medical, health, and
life benefits with respect to the Transferred Employees who are subject to a
collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing Date. The amount to be
transferred pursuant to the preceding sentence shall be equal, based on the
actuarial assumptions set forth in Schedule 11.2.3(b)(iii), to the aggregate
Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation (as defined in Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards No. 106) as of the Closing Date (which shall be
the actuarial assumptions used by seller in developing the level of expense
under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 106 for the 1999 fiscal
year) attributable to retiree medical, health, and life benefits for Transferred
Employees who are subject to a collective bargaining agreement as of the Closing
Date.

                        (iv) Benefits provided pursuant to subsections (b)(ii)
and (b)(iii) of this Section (b) (including for this purpose, the determination
of who is eligible for such benefits) shall take into account service with Buyer
or any of its Affiliates on and after the Closing Date in the same manner as if
such post-Closing Date service was performed with Seller. Buyer shall provide
Seller with such information as shall be reasonably required to implement the
immediately preceding sentence with respect to subsection (b)(ii) of this
Section (b).

                  (c) Buyer shall refer to GTE Service Corporation and GTE
Service Corporation shall assume responsibility for any valid claim under a
Seller Welfare Plan for disability, medical, or dental benefits made by a
Transferred Employee on or after the Closing Date arising from a disability or
loss incurred on or before the Closing Date. Nothing in this Section 11.2.3
shall require Seller, any Affiliate of Seller, or the Seller Welfare Plans to
make any payment or to provide any benefit not otherwise provided by the terms
of the Seller Welfare Plans.

                  (d) Seller, Buyer, their respective Affiliates, and the Seller
Welfare Plans and the Buyer Welfare Plans shall assist and cooperate with each
other in the disposition of claims made under the Seller Welfare Plans pursuant
to subsection (c) of this Section 11.2.3, and in providing each other with any
records, documents, or other information within its control or to which it has
access that is reasonably requested by any other as necessary or appropriate to
the disposition, settlement, or defense of such claims.

                  (e) Except as otherwise provided in Section 11.2.3(b)(iii) or
in Section 11.2.3(f), nothing in this Agreement shall require Seller or its
Affiliates to transfer assets or reserves with respect to the Seller Welfare
Plans to Buyer or the Buyer Welfare Plans.


                                       59
<PAGE>

                  (f) Seller will make available to Buyer, prior to the Closing
Date, a list of those Transferred Employees that have participated in the health
or dependent care reimbursement accounts of Seller under the GTE Flexible
Reimbursement Plan (the "FRP"), together with the elections made prior to the
Closing Date with respect to such accounts through the Closing Date, any
balances standing to the credit of Transferred Employees, and the corresponding
amounts being transferred to the corresponding Buyer's plan in accordance with
the following sentence. As of the Closing Date, Seller shall cause the portion
of the FRP applicable to Transferred Employees to be segregated into a separate
component and all account balances of the Transferred Employees in the FRP shall
be transferred to a flexible reimbursement plan that Buyer shall cause to be
maintained for the duration of the calendar year in which the Closing Date
occurs.

                  (g) On and for a period of at least three (3) years after the
Closing Date, Transferred Employees not subject to a collective bargaining
agreement shall be eligible for benefits under a Buyer severance or separation
pay policy or plans that are the same as or comparable to the severance or
separation pay policy benefits that are provided by Seller (or the applicable
Affiliate, if the Transferred Employee is employed by an employer other than the
Seller) or a Seller Pension Plan as of the Closing Date. Buyer shall recognize
the service of each such Transferred Employee with Seller and its Affiliates for
eligibility, vesting, and benefit determinations under the Buyer severance or
separation pay policy or plan. Transferred Employees subject to a collective
bargaining agreement shall be eligible for severance or separation pay benefits
in accordance with the terms of the applicable collective bargaining agreement.

      11.3 Miscellaneous Benefits.

            11.3.1 Vacation.

                  (a) On or after the Closing Date, Buyer shall allow
Transferred Employees to receive paid time off in the calendar year of the
Closing for any unused vacation time accrued prior to the Closing Date. Seller
and its Affiliates shall have no liability to Transferred Employees for the
vacation payments described in this Section 11.3.1. Seller shall pay Transferred
Employees any banked vacation on or before the Closing Date. Schedule 11.3.1 to
be prepared by Seller and submitted to Buyer on or before the Closing Date shall
list the accrued but unused vacation pay, as of the Closing Date, of each
Transferred Employee for the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs.

                  (b) For purposes of determining a Transferred Employee's
eligibility for vacation under Buyer's vacation plan, a Transferred Employee
shall be credited, as of the first day of the first calendar year that begins
after the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs, with service for the
calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs in an amount equal to the
aggregate of the Transferred Employee's service with both Seller and Buyer
during the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs.

            11.3.2 Transferred Employee Statements. Within sixty (60) days after
the Closing Date, Seller shall prepare and distribute to all Transferred
Employees an accurate and complete statement of their accrued benefits under
Seller's Pension Plans as of the Closing Date and shall


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provide Buyer with a true and complete copy of the same. Such statements shall
be sufficiently detailed to readily permit Buyer and the Transferred Employees
to determine the accuracy thereof.

      11.4 Employee Rights.

            Nothing herein expressed or implied shall confer upon any employee
of Seller or its Affiliates, or Buyer or its Affiliates, or upon any legal
representative of such employee, or upon any collective bargaining agent, any
rights or remedies, including any right to employment or continued employment
for any specified period, of any nature or kind whatsoever under or by reason of
this Agreement.

            Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to confer upon any person
(nor any beneficiary thereof) any rights under or with respect to any plan,
program, or arrangement described in or contemplated by this Agreement, and each
person (and any beneficiary thereof) shall be entitled to look only to the
express terms of any such plan, program, or arrangement for his or her rights
thereunder.

            Nothing in this Agreement shall cause Buyer or its Affiliates, nor
Seller or its Affiliates to have any obligation to provide employment or any
employee benefits to any individual who is not a Transferred Employee or, except
as otherwise provided in Section 11.1.2 with respect to employment agreements,
to continue to employ any Transferred Employee for any period of time following
the Closing Date.

      11.5 WARN Act Requirements.

            On and after the Closing Date, Buyer shall be responsible with
respect to Transferred Employees and their beneficiaries for compliance with the
Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 and any other
applicable law, including any requirement to provide for and discharge any and
all notifications, benefits, and liabilities to Transferred Employees and
government agencies that might be imposed as a result of the consummation of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise.

      11.6 Indemnification.

            11.6.1 Indemnification of Seller. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in Article 12 of this Agreement, Buyer shall indemnify and hold
harmless Seller, its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers,
employees, agents, and assigns, and each employee benefit plan or arrangement
maintained or contributed to by Seller or an Affiliate thereof (whether or not
such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of
Section 3(3) of ERISA) and its administrators, fiduciaries, and agents, from and
against any and all claims, demands, actions, administrative or other
proceedings, causes of action, liability, loss, cost, damage, and expense
(including reasonable attorneys' fees) (i) in any way arising out of or incurred
as a result of any action by Buyer, its Affiliates, their respective directors,
officers, employees, or agents, the administrators or fiduciaries of any
employee benefit plan maintained or contributed to by Buyer or an Affiliate
thereof (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan"
within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), or any of their


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<PAGE>

successors, except as otherwise expressly permitted under this Agreement, to
change, reduce contributions to, terminate, fail to continue, fail to pay
benefits under, or fail to manage or administer properly any employee benefit
plan or arrangement (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee
benefit plan" within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA) on or after the
Closing Date, or (ii) in any way arising out of or incurred as a result of any
action that is a breach of any the covenants, representations, warranties, or
obligations of any such person under this Agreement.

            11.6.2 Indemnification of Buyer. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in Article 12 of the Agreement, Seller shall indemnify and hold
harmless Buyer, its Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers,
employees, agents, and assigns, and each employee benefit plan or arrangement
maintained or contributed to by Buyer or an Affiliate thereof (whether or not
such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of
Section 3(3) of ERISA) and its administrators, fiduciaries, and agents, from and
against any and all claims, demands, actions, administrative or other
proceedings, causes of action, liability, loss, cost, damage, and expense
(including reasonable attorneys' fees) (i) in any way arising out of or incurred
as a result of any action by Seller, its Affiliates, their respective directors,
officers, employees, or agents, the administrators or fiduciaries of any
employee benefit plan maintained or contributed to by Seller or an Affiliate
thereof (whether or not such plan or arrangement is an "employee benefit plan"
within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA), or any of their successors, to
fail to pay benefits under, or fail to manage or administer properly any
employee benefit plan or arrangement (whether or not such plan or arrangement is
an "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA) before
the Closing Date, or (ii) in any way arising out of or incurred as a result of
any action that is a breach of any the covenants, representations, warranties,
or obligations of any such person under this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 12
                                 INDEMNIFICATION

      12.1 Survival of Representations. Warranties and Covenants.

                  (a) The representations and warranties contained in Sections
8.1.6 and 8.2.6 will survive the Closing and remain in full force and effect
indefinitely. Each of the other representations and warranties contained in
Article 8 will terminate, without further action, on the date which is fifteen
(15) months following the Closing Date (the "Expiration Date").

                  (b) This Article 12 shall survive any termination of this
Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements and the indemnification contained in this
Article 12 shall survive the Closing and shall remain in effect (i)
indefinitely, with respect to any Indemnifiable Claim related to the breach of
any representation or warranty which pursuant to Section 12.1(a) survives
indefinitely, (ii) indefinitely or for the applicable period of performance for
such covenant (provided that in the case of covenants, the Indemnitee shall have
60 days after the end of such performance period to provide notice to the
Indemnifying Party of a claim for indemnification arising during the performance
period), with respect to any Indemnifiable Claim arising under Section
12.2(a)(ii)(B) (post closing covenants), (iii) indefinitely, with respect to any
Indemnifiable Claim arising under Section 12.2(a)(iii) (Retained Liabilities) or
12.2(b)(iii) (Assumed Liabilities), and (iv) until the Expiration Date for any
Indemnifiable Claims that are


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<PAGE>

not specified in any of the preceding clauses. Unless a claim for
indemnification with respect to any alleged breach of any representation or
warranty is asserted by notice given as herein provided that specifically
identifies a particular breach and the underlying facts relating thereto, which
notice is given within the applicable period of survival for such representation
or warranty, such claim may not be pursued and is irrevocably waived after such
time. Without limiting the generality or effect of the foregoing, no claim for
indemnification with respect to any representation or warranty will be deemed to
have been properly made except (i) to the extent it is based upon a Third Party
Claim made or brought prior to the expiration of the survival period for such
representation or warranty, or (ii) to the extent based on Indemnifiable Losses
actually incurred by an Indemnitee prior to the expiration of the survival
period for such representation or warranty.

      12.2 Indemnification.

                  (a) Following the Closing and subject to the other sections of
this Article 12, Seller will indemnify, defend and hold harmless Buyer and its
Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, and agents from and against
all Indemnifiable Losses relating to, resulting from or arising out of (i) any
inaccuracy in any of the representations and warranties made by Seller in
Section 8.1 of this Agreement, (ii) a breach by Seller of any covenant of Seller
contained in this Agreement, which covenant requires performance by Seller (A)
prior to or at the Closing, or (B) after the Closing, and (iii) any of the
Retained Liabilities.

                  (b) Following the Closing and subject to the other sections of
this Article 12, Buyer will indemnify, defend and hold harmless Seller and its
Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, and agents from and against
all Indemnifiable Losses relating to, resulting from or arising out of (i) any
inaccuracy in any of the representations or warranties made by Buyer in Section
8.2 of this Agreement, (ii) a breach by Buyer of any covenant of Buyer contained
in this Agreement, which covenant requires performance by Buyer prior to, at or
after the Closing, and (iii) any of the Assumed Liabilities.

                  (c) Payments made under this Section 12.2 shall be treated by
Buyer and Seller as purchase price adjustments and Buyer and Seller shall file
all Tax Returns consistent with such treatment. Notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained herein, neither party shall be indemnified or reimbursed for
any Tax consequences arising from the receipt or accrual of an indemnity payment
hereunder including any Tax consequences arising from adjustments to the basis
of any asset resulting from an adjustment to the Purchase Price or any
additional or reduced taxes resulting from any such basis adjustment.

                  (d) In the event that a claim against an Indemnifying Party
arises under both Section 12.2(a)(i) and Section 12.2(a)(ii), or under both
Section 12.2(b)(i) and Section 12.2(b)(ii), then the Indemnitee's rights to
pursue its claim under Section 12.2(a)(ii) or Section 12.29b)(ii), as
applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions of Section 12.3(d).

                  (e) In the event that a claim against an Indemnifying Party
arises under both Section 12.2(a)(i) and Section 12.2(a)(iii), or under both
Section 12.2(b)(i) and Section 12.2(b)(iii), then the Indemnitee's rights to
pursue the claim under Section 12.2(a)(iii) or Section 12.2(b)(iii), as
applicable, will exist notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 12.3(d).


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<PAGE>

                  (f) In the event a claim against an Indemnifying Party arises
under both Section 12.2(a)(ii) and 12.2(a)(iii), or under both Section
12.2(b)(ii) and 12.2(b)(iii), then the Indemnitee's rights to pursue the claim
under Section 12.2(a)(iii) or Section 12.2(b)(iii), as applicable, will exist
notwithstanding the provisions of Section 12.3(d).

      12.3 Limitations on Liability.

                  (a) For purposes of this Agreement, (i) "Indemnification
Payment" means any amount of Indemnifiable Losses required to be paid pursuant
to this Agreement, (ii) "Indemnitee" means any person or entity entitled to
indemnification under this Agreement, (iii) "Indemnifying Party" means any
person or entity required to provide indemnification under this Agreement, and
(iv) "Indemnifiable Losses" means any losses, liabilities, damages, costs and
expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses) actually incurred
in connection with any actions, suits, demands, assessments, judgments and
settlements, in any such case (x) reduced by the amount of insurance proceeds
recovered from any person or entity with respect thereto, and (y) excluding any
such losses, liabilities damages, costs and expenses to the extent that the
underlying liability or obligation is the result of any action taken or omitted
to be taken by any Indemnitee.

                  (b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this
Agreement, if the Closing occurs, (i) no claim for indemnification may be
asserted under Section 12.2(a) with respect to any matter discovered by or known
to Buyer on or before the date of this Agreement, or after the date of this
Agreement and on or before the Closing Date to the extent that Buyer has not
provided timely notice to Seller of the existence of such claim in accordance
with Section 10.2, and (ii) no claim for indemnification may be asserted under
Section 12.2(b) with respect to any matter discovered by or known to Seller on
or before the Closing Date.

                  (c) As between Seller and any Affiliate of Seller, on the one
hand, and Buyer and any Affiliate of Buyer, on the other hand, the remedies,
rights and obligations set forth in this Article 12, Sections 10.1.2, 11.2.2,
11.6, 13.3 and the Ancillary Agreements will be the exclusive remedies, rights
and obligations with respect to the liabilities and obligations referred to in
Section 12.2 and any breach of the representations, warranties or covenants set
forth in this Agreement. Without limiting the foregoing, as a material
inducement to entering into this Agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by
law, each of the parties waives any claim or cause of action that it otherwise
might assert, and any breach of the representations, warranties or covenants set
forth in this Agreement, except for claims or causes of action brought under and
subject to the terms and conditions of this Article 12 and Sections 10.1.2, 11.6
and 13.3 or any Indemnifiable Losses arising out of actual fraud.

                  (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement or
of any applicable Law, no Indemnitee will be entitled to make a claim against an
Indemnifying Party under Sections 11.2.2, 11.6, 12.2(a)(i) or 12.2(b)(i) until:

                        (i) the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses
incurred by the Indemnitee for any individual occurrence or related series of
occurrences giving rise to such Indemnifiable Losses exceeds $25,000, and


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<PAGE>

                        (ii) the aggregate amount of claims that may be asserted
for such Indemnifiable Losses pursuant to Section 12.3(d)(i) exceeds an amount
equal to 2% of the Purchase Price, but only to the extent such amount, if any,
(a) exceeds an amount equal to 2% of the Purchase Price and (b) is less than the
amount set forth in Section 12.3(e).

                  (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the
indemnification obligations of Seller under Section 12.2(a) (except with respect
to indemnification for inaccuracies of the representations contained in Sections
8.1.1 through 8.1.6) or the indemnification obligation of Buyer under Section
12.2(b) will not exceed the amount of an amount equal to 6.5% of the Purchase
Price respectively.

                  (f) No Indemnifying Party shall be liable to or obligated to
indemnify any Indemnitee hereunder for any consequential, special, multiple,
punitive or exemplary damages including, but not limited to, damages arising
from loss or interruption of business, profits, business opportunities or
goodwill, loss of use of facilities, loss of capital, claims of customers, or
any cost or expense related thereto, except to the extent such damages have been
recovered by a third person and are the subject of a Third Party Claim for which
indemnification is available under the express terms of this Section 12.

                  (g) Seller and Buyer shall cooperate with each other with
respect to resolving any claim or liability with respect to which one party is
obligated to indemnify the other party hereunder, including by making
commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate or resolve any such claim or
liability.

      12.4 Defense of Claims.

                  (a) If any Indemnitee receives notice of the assertion of any
claim or of the commencement of any action or proceeding by any entity that is
not a party to this Agreement or an Affiliate of such a party (a "Third Party
Claim") against such Indemnitee, with respect to which an Indemnifying Party is
obligated to provide indemnification under this Agreement, the Indemnitee will
give such Indemnifying Party reasonably prompt written notice thereof, but in
any event not later than ten (10) calendar days after receipt of notice of such
Third Party Claim; provided, however, that the failure of the Indemnitee to
notify the Indemnifying Party shall only relieve the Indemnifying Party from its
obligation to indemnify the Indemnitee pursuant to this Article 12 to the extent
that the Indemnifying Party is materially prejudiced by such failure (whether as
a result of the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses or otherwise). Upon
receipt of notification of a Third Party Claim, the Indemnifying Party shall be
entitled, upon written notice to the Indemnitee, to assume the investigation and
defense thereof with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnitee. Whether
or not the Indemnifying Party elects to assume the investigation and defense of
any Third Party Claim, the Indemnitee shall have the right to employ separate
counsel and to participate in the investigation and defense thereof; provided,
however, that the Indemnitee shall pay the fees and disbursements of such
separate counsel unless (i) the employment of such separate counsel has been
specifically authorized in writing by the Indemnifying Party, (ii) the
Indemnifying Party has failed to assume the defense of such Third Party Claim
within reasonable time after receipt of notice thereof with counsel reasonably
satisfactory to such Indemnitee, or (iii) the named parties to the proceeding in
which such claim, demand, action or cause of action has been asserted include
both the Indemnifying Party and such Indemnitee and, in the reasonable judgment
of counsel to such Indemnitee, there exists one or more defenses that may be
available to the Indemnitee that are in conflict with those available to the
Indemnifying Party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Indemnifying Party shall
not be liable for the fees and disbursements of more than one counsel for all
Indemnified Parties in connection with any one proceeding or any similar or
related proceedings arising from the same general allegations or circumstances.
Without the prior written consent of the Indemnitee, the Indemnifying Party will
not enter into any settlement of any Third Party Claim that would lead to
liability or create any financial or other obligation on the part of the
Indemnitee unless such settlement includes as an unconditional term thereof the
release of the Indemnitee from all liability in respect of such Third Party
Claim. If a settlement offer solely for money damages is made by the applicable
third party claimant, and the Indemnifying


                                       65
<PAGE>

Party notifies the Indemnitee in writing of the Indemnifying Party's willingness
to accept the settlement offer and pay the amount called for by such offer
without reservation of any rights or defenses against the Indemnitee, the
Indemnitee may continue to contest such claim, free of any participation by the
Indemnifying Party, and the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to
such Third Party Claim that the Indemnifying Party has an obligation to pay
hereunder shall be limited to the lesser of (A) the amount of the settlement
offer that the Indemnitee declined to accept plus the Losses of the Indemnitee
relating to such Third Party Claim through the date of its rejection of the
settlement offer or (B) the aggregate Losses of the Indemnitee with respect to
such claim.

                  (b) Any claim by an Indemnitee on account of an Indemnifiable
Loss that does not result from a Third Party Claim (a "Direct Claim") will be
asserted by giving the Indemnifying Party reasonably prompt written notice
thereof, but in any event not later than thirty (30) calendar days after an
Executive Officer of the Indemnitee becomes actually aware of the incurrence
thereof, and the Indemnifying Party will have a period of thirty (30) calendar
days within which to respond in writing to such Direct Claim. If the
Indemnifying Party does not so respond within such thirty (30) calendar day
period, the Indemnifying Party will be deemed to have rejected such claim, in
which event the Indemnitee will be free to pursue such remedies as may be
available to the Indemnitee on the terms and subject to the provisions of this
Article 12.

                  (c) If after the making of any Indemnification Payment the
amount of the Indemnifiable Loss to which such payment relates is reduced by
recovery, settlement or otherwise under any insurance coverage, or pursuant to
any claim, recovery, settlement or payment by or against any other entity, the
amount of such reduction (less any costs, expenses, premiums or taxes incurred
in connection therewith) will promptly be repaid by the Indemnitee to the
Indemnifying Party. Upon making any Indemnification Payment, the Indemnifying
Party will, to the extent of such Indemnification Payment, be subrogated to all
rights of the Indemnitee against any third party that is not an Affiliate of the
Indemnitee in respect of the Indemnifiable Loss to which the Indemnification
Payment relates; provided that (i) the Indemnifying Party shall then be in
compliance with its obligations under this Agreement in respect of such
Indemnifiable Loss, and (ii) until the Indemnitee recovers full payment of its
Indemnifiable Loss, all claims of the Indemnifying Party against any such third
party on account of said Indemnification Payment will be subrogated and
subordinated in right of payment to the Indemnitee's rights against such third
party. Without limiting the generality or effect of any other provision of this
Article 12, each such Indemnitee and Indemnifying Party will duly execute upon
request all instruments


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<PAGE>

reasonably necessary to evidence and perfect the above-described subrogation and
subordination rights.

      12.5 No Indemnifiable Claims Resulting From Governmental Authority Action.
Buyer has no indemnifiable or otherwise compensable claim that any of Seller's
representations or warranties in Section 8.1 (other than Sections 8.1.4(b),
8.1.15 and 8.1.25) is inaccurate, or that any covenant has been breached, to the
extent that such claim is predicated on any action by the FCC or PUC undertaken
after Closing or any action the FCC or PUC requires Seller to undertake after
Closing. Buyer may only bring such a claim to the extent that its basis is
independent of any such FCC or PUC action.

                                   ARTICLE 13
                                   TERMINATION

      13.1 Termination Rights. This Agreement may be terminated at any time
prior to the Closing Date:

                  (a) at any time by mutual written consent of the parties;

                  (b) by Buyer if any of the conditions provided in Section 6.1
of this Agreement have not been met within eighteen (18) months after execution
of this Agreement and have not been waived by Buyer;

                  (c) by Seller if any of the conditions provided in Section 6.2
of this Agreement have not been met within eighteen (18) months after execution
of this Agreement and have not been waived by Seller;

                  (d) by Seller if any obligations of Buyer provided in Article
3 become incapable of being fulfilled; or

                  (e) by either party immediately upon written notice to the
other party if any Governmental Authority issues an order forbidding or
enjoining the consummation of the transaction contemplated hereby and such order
has become final and non-appealable, or if the GTE California Agreement has been
terminated.

      13.2 Goodfaith Performance. Neither party shall be entitled to exercise
any right of termination pursuant to subsection 13.1(b), (c) or (d) above if
such party shall not have performed diligently and in good faith the obligations
required to be performed by such party hereunder prior to the date of
termination.

      13.3 Effect of Termination.

                  (a) If this Agreement is terminated as a result of a Material
Adverse Effect or Section 13.1(a), this Agreement shall be of no further force
and effect and there shall be no further liability hereunder (except the
obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of
such obligations) on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates,
directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives.


                                       67
<PAGE>

            (b) If this Agreement is terminated by Buyer pursuant to Section
13.1(b), this Agreement shall be of no further force and effect and there shall
be no further obligations or liability hereunder (except the obligations under
the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of such obligations)
on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates, directors, officers,
shareholders, agents or other representatives; provided, however, that no such
termination shall relieve Seller of liability for any claims, damages or losses
suffered by Buyer as a result of the negligent or willful failure of Seller to
perform any obligations required to be performed by it hereunder on or prior to
the date of termination. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, in no
event shall the any act or omission of Seller in connection with the Merger be
deemed to be a breach of the terms and conditions of this Agreement for purposes
of this Section 13.3(b).

            (c) If this Agreement is terminated by Seller pursuant to Section
13.1(c) or (d), this Agreement shall be of no further force and effect and there
shall be no further obligations or liability hereunder (except the obligations
under the Confidentiality Agreement and the liability for breach of such
obligations) on the part of either party or their respective Affiliates,
directors, officers, shareholders, agents or other representatives; provided,
however, that in the event such termination is the result of the breach by Buyer
of any of its obligations required to be performed by it hereunder on or prior
to the date of termination, and Buyer has failed to cure such non-performance
within a reasonable period after notice from Seller, then Buyer shall pay to
Seller liquidated damages in an amount equal to ten (10) percent of the Purchase
Price. Such liquidated damages amount is designed to compensate Seller for its
lost opportunity costs and reliance damages caused by such termination. Buyer
shall promptly pay such amount to Seller in immediately available funds
following such termination.

            (d) Upon any termination of the Agreement, each of the parties shall
promptly comply with the obligations of the Confidentiality Agreement regarding
return or destruction of Evaluation Material of the other party.

            (e) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the
provisions of this Section 13.3 and of Sections 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.8, 14.11,
14.13 and 14.14, shall survive any termination of this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE 14
                                  MISCELLANEOUS

      14.1 Notices. All notices and other communications required or permitted
hereunder shall be in writing and, unless otherwise provided in this Agreement,
will be deemed to have been given when delivered in person or dispatched by
electronic facsimile transfer (confirmed in writing by certified mail,
concurrently dispatched) or one business day after having been dispatched for
next-day delivery by a nationally recognized overnight courier service to the
appropriate party at the address specified below:


                                       68
<PAGE>

            (a)   If to Buyer, to:

                  Citizens Utilities Company
                  High Ridge Park
                  Stamford, Connecticut  06905
                  Attention:  Donald P. Weinstein
                  Facsimile No.: (203) 614-4625

                  With a copy to:

                  Citizens Utilities Company
                  High Ridge Park
                  Stamford, Connecticut  06905
                  Attention:  L. Russell Mitten, II, Esq.
                  Facsimile No.: (203) 614-4625

                  Fleischman and Walsh, L.L.P.
                  1400 Sixteenth Street, N.W.
                  Washington, D.C.  20036
                  Attention:  Jeffry L. Hardin, Esq.
                  Facsimile No.: (202) 387-3467

            (b)   If to Seller, to:

                  William M. Edwards, III
                  Vice President - Property Repositioning
                  600 Hidden Ridge, HQE02J27
                  Irving, TX 75038
                  Facsimile No. (972) 719-7062

                  With a copy to:

                  Dale R. Chamberlain
                  Legal Counsel - Property Repositioning
                  600 Hidden Ridge, HQE02J34
                  Irving, TX  75038
                  Facsimile No. (972) 719-7162

            or to such other address or addresses as any such party may from
time to time designate for itself by like notice.

            14.2 Information Releases. The parties shall consult with each other
(and allow the other party notice, and a reasonable time to comment) in
preparing any employee announcement, press release, public announcement, news
media response or other form of release of information concerning this Agreement
or the transactions contemplated hereby that is intended to provide such
information to the employees generally, news media or the public. Neither party
shall issue


                                       69
<PAGE>

or cause the publication of any press release, public announcement or media
response without the prior written consent of the other party; provided,
however, that, after allowing the other party notice and a reasonable time to
comment prior to issuance, nothing herein will prohibit either party from making
an employee announcement, or issuing or causing publication of any press
release, public announcement or media response to the extent that such action is
required by applicable Law or the rules of any national stock exchange
applicable to such party or its Affiliates.

      14.3 Expenses. Whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby are
consummated and except as otherwise expressly provided herein, each party will
pay any expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by it incidental to this
Agreement and in consummating the transactions provided for herein.

      14.4 Successors and Assigns. This Agreement will be binding upon and inure
to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and
permitted assigns, but is not assignable or delegable by any party without the
prior written consent of the other party; provided, that (a) Seller may assign
this Agreement to an Affiliate of Seller without the consent of Buyer including,
on and after the closing of the Merger, the ultimate parent entity of the
successor corporation to such merger or any entity controlled thereby; and (b)
Buyer may assign this Agreement, without the prior written consent of Seller, to
any directly or indirectly wholly owned subsidiary of Buyer provided such
subsidiary assumes in writing all the duties and obligations of Buyer hereunder.
No such assignment by Buyer shall in any way operate to enlarge, alter or change
any obligation due to Seller or relieve Buyer of its obligations hereunder if
such subsidiary fails to perform such obligations, with the understanding that
Buyer shall be jointly and severally liable with such subsidiary for any
non-performance of Buyer's obligations hereunder.

      14.5 Amendments. This Agreement may be amended or modified only by a
subsequent writing signed by authorized representatives of both parties.

      14.6 Captions. The captions set forth in this Agreement are for
convenience only and shall not be considered as part of this Agreement, nor as
in any way limiting or amplifying the terms and provisions hereof.

      14.7 Entire Agreement. The term " Agreement" shall mean collectively this
document, the Schedules hereto and any agreements expressly incorporated herein.
This Agreement supersedes and revokes any prior discussions and representations,
other agreements, commitments, arrangements or understandings of any sort
whatsoever, whether oral or written, that may have been made or entered into by
the parties relating to the matters contemplated hereby. This Agreement, the
Confidentiality Agreement and the Ancillary Documents constitute the entire
agreement by and among the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof,
and there are no representations, warranties, agreements, commitments,
arrangements or understandings except as expressly set forth herein.

      14.8 Waiver. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement,
neither the failure nor any delay on the part of any party to exercise any
right, power or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall
any single or partial exercise or waiver of any such


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right, power or privilege preclude any other or further exercise thereof, or the
exercise of any other right, power or privilege available to each party at law
or in equity.

      14.9 Third Parties. Except as expressly provided herein, nothing contained
in this Agreement is intended to confer upon any Person, other than the parties
hereto and their successors and permitted assigns, any rights or remedies under
or by reason of this Agreement.

      14.10 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more
counterparts, any or all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument.

      14.11 Governing Law. This Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements shall in
all respects be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the
State of New York (except that no effect shall be given to any conflicts of law
principles of the State of New York that would require the application of the
laws of any other jurisdiction). The parties irrevocably submit to the exclusive
jurisdiction of any New York State Court or any Federal Court located in the
borough of Manhattan in the City of New York for purposes of any suit, action or
other proceeding arising out of this Agreement, the Ancillary Agreements or any
transaction contemplated hereby or thereby. The parties agree that service of
process, summons or notice or document by U.S. registered mail to such party's
respective address set forth in Section 14.1 shall be effective service of
process for any action, suit or proceeding in New York with respect to any
matters to which it has submitted to jurisdiction as set forth above in the
immediately preceding sentence. The parties hereto irrevocably and
unconditionally waive trial by jury in any legal action or proceeding relating
to this Agreement or any other agreement entered into in connection therewith
and for any counterclaim with respect thereto. In the event of any breach of the
provisions of this Agreement or any other agreement entered into in connection
therewith, the non-breaching party shall be entitled to equitable relief,
including in the form of injunctions and orders for specific performance, where
the applicable legal standards for such relief in such courts are met, in
addition to all other remedies available to the non-breaching party with respect
thereto at law or in equity.

      14.12 Further Assurances. From time to time, as and when requested by one
of the parties, the other party will use its commercially reasonable efforts to
execute and deliver, or cause to be executed and delivered, all such documents
and instruments as may be reasonably necessary or appropriate, in the reasonable
opinion of counsel for Seller and Buyer, to consummate and make effective the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

      14.13 Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is determined to be
invalid, illegal or unenforceable by any Governmental Authority, the remaining
provisions of this Agreement to the extent permitted by Law shall remain in full
force and effect provided that the essential terms and conditions of this
Agreement for both parties remain valid, binding and enforceable and provided
that the economic and legal substance of the transactions contemplated is not
affected in any manner materially adverse to any party. In the event of any such
determination, the parties agree to negotiate in good faith to modify this
Agreement to fulfill as closely as possible the original intents and purposes
hereof. To the extent permitted by Law, the parties hereby to the same extent
waive any provision of Law that renders any provision hereof prohibited or
unenforceable in any respect.


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      14.14 Representation by Counsel; Interpretation. Seller and Buyer each
acknowledge that each party to this Agreement has been represented by counsel in
connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this
Agreement. Accordingly, any rule of Law or any legal decision that would require
interpretation of any claimed ambiguities in this Agreement against the party
that drafted it has no application and is expressly waived. The provisions of
this Agreement shall be interpreted in a reasonable manner to effect the intent
of Buyer and Seller.

      14.15 Covenants of GTE Northwest. GTE Northwest agrees to cause Seller to
perform each of Seller's agreements and covenants contained in this Agreement.
GTE Northwest further agrees that to the extent Seller shall sell or otherwise
dispose of all or substantially all of its assets, GTE Northwest shall be liable
to the same extent as Seller (but only to that extent) for any non-performance
of Seller's agreements and covenants contained in this Agreement.


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<PAGE>

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties, acting through their duly authorized
agents, have caused this Agreement to be duly executed and delivered as of the
date first above written.

GTE WEST COAST INCORPORATED              CITIZENS UTILITIES COMPANY

By:                                      By:
   -------------------------                -------------------------------

Name:                                    Name:
     -----------------------                  -----------------------------

Title:                                   Title:
      ----------------------                   ----------------------------


By:                                      For the limited purpose of Section
   -------------------------             14.15 only:

Name:                                    GTE NORTHWEST INCORPORATED
     -----------------------

Title:                                   By:
      ----------------------                -------------------------------

                                         Name:
                                              -----------------------------

                                        Title:
                                               ----------------------------


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