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          Farms and Agricultural Production Systems
          Organic ProductionOrganic Production

  Organic Agriculture
        

          
            Organic production is a system that integrates cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.
On this page, find subject guides, legislation and regulations, production information, oral histories, and other resources for farmers and ranchers.

  Find Information
        
                  External links relative to organic agriculture
    
    ATTRA Organic [attra.ncat.org]
              National resource for producers interested in organic production.


      SARE Organic Production [sare.org]
              Topic rooms provide organic information, and publications on pest management, seed and stock selection, whole-farming systems, marketing, conservation practices, transitioning to organic, organic certification, and more.


      eOrganic
              A website for farmers, ranchers, agricultural professionals, certifiers, researchers and educators seeking information on organic agriculture, published research results, farmer experiences, and certification.
      
              Agricultural Marketing Resource Center - Livestock, Dairy, Poultry [agmrc.org]
              Provides market overviews, organic certification requirements, and links to additional resources for the marketing, processing, and production of organic livestock animals including beef, dairy, lamb, pork, and poultry.


      Introduction to Organic Farming [usda.gov]
              An overview of common practices organic producers and handlers use to ensure organic integrity and operation sustainability.


  Find Funding Resources for Organic AgricultureHow does USDA support Organic Farms and Businesses? [usda.gov, pdf, 4.5mb] details USDA programs available for organic certification guidance, biodiversity and natural resources conservation, financial and production assistance and marketing.
Consult Growing Opportunity: A Guide to USDA Sustainable Farming Programs [fas.usda.gov] for an overview of key Farm Bill programs offered by USDA that can help sustainable agriculture farmers and ranchers.
Review the Grass Roots Guide to Federal Farm and Food Programs [sustainableagriculture.net] for an in-depth look at federal programs and policies important to sustainable agriculture.  Fine details on access for farmers, ranchers, and grassroots organizations nationwide.
Building Sustainable Farms, Ranches and Communities [sare.org] is the*Guide to Federal Programs for Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry, Entrepreneurship, Conservation, Food Systems and Community Development.*Find more Agricultural Funding Resources.

  Crops and Gardening Techniques
    

      
Organic Farming and Gardening Skills (ucsc.edu)


      Weed Management on Organic Farms (ncsu.edu)


      Organic Management Practices (uga.edu)


      Seed and Seed Production in Organic Farming Systems [eOrganic]
      
              Organic Seed Resources
    

      
Organic Seed Alliance [seedalliance.org]


      Organic Seed Resource Guide [eorganic.org]


      Organic seeds, Heirloom seed, un-treated seed, seed saving, seed suppliers [greenpeople.org]


      State of Organic Seed 2022

  Explore Books Online
    
    New Roots for Agriculture (1980)Wes Jackson
    Read the Book
      
              The Organic Method on the Farm (1949)J. J. Rodale
    Access the Text
      
              The Soil and Health: A Study of Organic Agriculture (1947)Sir Albert Howard
    View the Book
      
              Tracing the History of Organic/ Sustainable Agriculture (1988)Jane Potter Gates
    Trace the Origins of Organic


  Explore the History of Organic AgricultureA Brief Overview of the History and Philosophy of Organic Agriculture [kerrcenter.com. pdf, 605kb] reports on the origins of the organic agriculture movement, legislative developments and regulations, and organic farming and foods.
The 1980 Report and Recommendations on Organic Farming [usda.gov, pdf, 10.4kb] summarizes findings of a comprehensive study and assessment of organic farming in the United States and Europe.
Cultivating a Movement: An Oral History Series on Sustainable Agriculture and Organic Farming on California's Central Coast [ucsc.edu] features interviews with farmers, activists, researchers, and educators. It covers encompasses 1960's through 2010.
The Organic Farming Research Foundation's 2004 survey of organic farmers in the United States offered insight into "organic farmers' experiences, attitudes and needs around marketing organic products." Read the Final Results of the Fourth National Organic Farmers' Survey: Sustaining Organic Farms in a Changing Organic Marketplace [agmrc.org, pdf, 761kb].
Selected Literature on the Origins of Organic Agriculture
Discover the philosophical and scientific roots of sustainable, regenerative agriculture through readings dating from the 1500s.  Below are selected resources from the National Agricultural Library's *Tracing the Evolution of Organic/Sustainable Agriculture* (2007 updated and expanded; archived) and (1988, archived)

**Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry. [archive.org]** Tusser, Thomas (1524?-1580). London: H. Denham, 1580. 4p., 289 numbered leaves, 2p. Complete title: *Fiue hundred pointes of good husbandrie, as well for the champion, or open countrie, as also for the woodland, or seuerall, mixed in eurie month with huswiferie, ouer and besides the booke of huswiferie, corrected, better ordered, and newly augmented to a fourth part more, with diuers other lessons, as a diet for the farmer, or the properties of winds, planets, hope, herbes, bees, and approoued remedies for sheepe and cattle, with many other matters both profitable and not vnpleasant for the reader: also a table of husbandrie at the beginning of this book: and another of huswiforie at the end: for the better and easier finding of any matter contained in the same*. In verse.**NAL Call no:** 30.8 T87 1580**Full-text:** Internet Archive**Annotation:** This classic has been reprinted almost every century since its original publication. Tusser’s maxims include observations of human behavior - “Still crop’ upon crop many farmers do take and reap little profit, for greediness sake... 11, observations concerning the land” and “land (overburdened) is clean out of heart,” or “if land be unlusty, the crop is not great.” He also gives advice by the month, frequently in rhyme. “Octobers Abstract” is about the rotation of crops: “Where barlie did growe, laie wheat to sowe, yet better I thinke, sowe pease, after drinke. And then if ye please, sowe wheat after pease.” [Annotated by Jane Potter Gates]

**Organic Chemistry and its Application to Agriculture and Physiology. [archive.org]**  Liebig, Justus Freiherr von (1803-1873). London: Taylor and Walton, 1840. 407p. Edited from the manuscript of the author by Lyon Playfair. Translated from the German, *Organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie*. Includes bibliographical references.**NAL Call no:** 395 L62O**Full-text:** Internet Archive**Annotation:** Liebig’s work established basic chemical requirements for agricultural production and plant nutrition. His discoveries, coupled with those of Sir Humphrey Davy (*Elements of Agricultural Chemistry,* 1813) reduced the soil-plant relationship to chemical reactions and an agricultural “revolution” was begun. By the 1940s, large-scale use of synthetic chemical fertilizers had become mainstream. Liebig’s legacy marks the divergent paths of “conventional” and organic agriculture. [Annotated by Mary V. Gold.]

**The Field Book of Manures, or, the American Muck Book: Treating of the Nature, Properties, Sources, History, and Operations of All the Principal Fertilisers and Manures in Common Use, with Specific Directions for Their Preparation, Preservation, and Application to the Soil and to Crops; as Combined with the Leading Principles of Practical and Scientific Agriculture; Drawn from Authentic Sources, Actual Experience, and Personal Observation.[archive.org]** Browne, Daniel Jay (1804-1867?).  New York: C.M. Saxton and Company, Agricultural Book Publishers, 1855 (oldest edition held by the National Agricultural Library). xii, 5, 422p. Illustrated with engravings.**NAL Call no:** 57 B81**Full-text:** Internet Archive (accessed 2021-11-09)**Annotation:** As the book title indicates, Browne presents information pertaining to soil productivity through incorporation of organic matter. He served as head of the agricultural division of the Patent Office from June 9, 1853, through 1859. He also published a book calling for native tree planting directed especially at farmers. [Annotated by Mary V. Gold.]

**The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms with Observations on their Habits. [archive.org]** Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882).  London: Murray, 1945. Reprint of the 1881 publication.**NAL Call no:** 56.12 D45**Full-text:** Soil and Health Library, Steve Solomon (accessed 2021-11-09)**Annotation:** The real foundation for “the study of the principles underlying farming and gardening...” [Annotated by Jane Potter Gates.]

**The Conservation of Natural Resources. [archive.org]** Pinchot, Gifford (1865-1946).  Washington DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1908. 12p. (Farmers’ Bulletin, 327)**NAL Call no:** 1 Ag84F no.327**Full-text:** Organic Roots, Organic Agriculture Information Access.**Annotation:** “We shall decide whether their [our children] lives, on the average, are to be lived in a flourishing country, full of all that helps to make men comfortable, happy, and strong, and effective, or whether their lives are to be lived in a country like the miserable outworn regions of the earth which other nations before us have possessed without foresight and turned in to hopeless deserts. We are no more exempt from the operation of natural laws than are the people of any other part of the world.” p. 12. Pinchot addresses not only the status and future of forest and soil resources in the United States, but “Waste through piecemeal planning” and the “Danger of monopoly.” [Annotated by Mary V. Gold.]

**Bio-dynamic Farming and Gardening: Soil Fertility Renewal and Preservation. [cornell.edu]**  Pfeiffer, Ehrenfried (1899-1961).  New York; London: Anthroposophic Press; Rudoff Steiner Pub. Co., 1938. vii, 2 leaves, 220p. Translated from the German, *Die Fruchtbarkeit der Erde* (1937), by Fred Heckel. Bibliography, p. 217-220. 18 illustrations.**NAL Call no:** 30 P47**Full-text:** (American edition) Core Historical Literature of Agriculture, Cornell University, (accessed 2021-11-17)**Annotation:** Based on Steiner’s approach, this book stresses the importance of the “life process (biological process),” with the farm or garden a biological organic unit, not a series of unconnected processes. [Annotated by Jane Potter Gold.]

  Access to Research Articles
  

      Effect of Production System (Organic versus Conventional) on Olive Fruit and Oi...
      Who buys crop insurance? Predictors of the participation gap between organic an...
      Plant-Parasitic and Free-Living Nematodes from Organically Farmed Fields in Ill...
      Traits and underlying genetics important for low‐input organic sorghum producti...
      Differences in Processing Quality Traits, Protein Content and Composition betwe...See all 7,024 results
      
              Search the NAL Collections
  

      Organic Crop Production Management.
      Organic agriculture in the United States: A 30-year retrospective.
      Reduced plant water use can explain higher soil moisture in organic compared to...
      Farmers’ Perception and Factors Influencing Adoption of Organic Farming.
      Research advancments in organic farming.
      Markups, organic agriculture and downstream concentration at the example of Eur...See all 27,941 results

  Featured Resources
    
    National Agricultural Law Centereyeglasses on a book
    
    The Center connects users to legislation, research, resources and publications pertinent to organic agriculture.

    Visit the Ag Law Center
      
              Organic Roots Collectionchard
    
    This digital collection aims to harness the information from our agrarian roots to ensure the sustainability and longevity of today’s small farms.

    Search the Collection
      
              Pioneers in Sustainable Agriculturefarmland, farm buildings, and crops
    
    Oral history interviews with individuals who have provided leadership, influence, or inspiration in the disciplines of alternative and/or sustainable agriculture.

    View the Videos


  Important Links
    
    USDA Organic Website
      NAL Sustainable Agriculture
      Census of  Agriculture Organic Survey
      USDA National Organic ProgramPage Content Curated By
    

      Agricultural Law Information Partnership
    Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC)
    Special Collections
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