# Patent

## Title
Cryptographic system configured to perform a mixed radix conversion with a priori defined statistical artifacts

## Abstract

A cryptographic system (CS) is provided. The CS (800) comprises a data stream receiving means (DSRM), a generator (702), a mixed radix converter (MRC) and an encryptor (908). The DSRM (902) is configured to receive a data stream (DS). The generator is configured to selectively generate a random number sequence (RNS) utilizing a punctured ring structure. The MRC (704) is coupled to the generator and configured to perform a mixed radix conversion to convert the RNS from a first number base to a second number base. The encryptor is coupled to the DSRM and MRC. The encryptor is configured to generate an altered data stream by combining the RNS in the second number base with the DS. The punctured ring structure and the MRC are configured in combination to produce an RNS in the second number base which contains a priori defined statistical artifacts after the mixed radix conversion.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Statement of the Technical Field
The inventive arrangements relate to cryptographic systems having ring generators. More particularly, the inventive arrangements relate to a cryptographic system comprising a ring generator configured for performing a mixed radix conversion absent of unwanted statistical artifacts.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many number theoretic based computational systems include ring generators. A ring generator is a simple structure over a finite field that exhaustively produces possible outputs through repeated mapping. The mapping is some combination of an additive and a multiplicative mapping, with irreducible polynomials being ideal. For example, a ring generator includes repeated computations of an irreducible polynomial f(x)=3x3+3x2+x on the finite Galois field, GF[11]. A finite or Galois field GF[M] is a field that contains only a finite number of elements {0, 1, 2, . . . , M−1}. The finite or Galois field GF[M] has a finite field size defined by the Galois characteristic M. M is most often chosen to be either a power of two (2) or an odd prime.
Despite the advantages of such a ring generator, it suffers from certain drawbacks. For example, the odd-sized ring generator's reliance on the Galois characteristic M is computationally inefficient in a digital (binary) domain. Also, lookup table operations performed in the finite or Galois field GF[M] are resource intensive. Moreover, the ring generator's orbits are highly deterministic. As such, knowledge of a mapping and current finite field conditions gives complete knowledge of an output sequence and in many applications it is desirable to mask this information. Such applications include, but are not limited to, a cryptographic application.
In view of the forgoing, there remains a need for a ring generator implementing an arithmetic operation that is computationally efficient in a digital (binary) domain. There is also a need for a ring generator having an implementation that is less hardware intensive than conventional ring generator implementations. There is further a need for a ring generator having orbits that are more robust in obscuring their deterministic characteristics for use in a cryptographic system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention concerns a cryptographic system. The cryptographic system is comprised of a data stream receiving means, a generator, a mixed radix converter and an encryptor. The data stream receiving means is configured to receive an input data stream. The generator is configured to selectively generate a random number sequence utilizing a ring structure which has been punctured. The mixed radix converter is coupled to the generator and configured to perform a mixed radix conversion. The mixed radix conversion is performed to convert the random number sequence from a first number base to a second number base. The ring structure which has been punctured and the mixed radix converter are configured in combination to produce a random number sequence in the second number base which is exclusive of any statistical artifacts associated with the mixed radix conversion. The encryptor is coupled to the data stream receiving means and the mixed radix converter. The encryptor is configured to generate a modified data stream by incorporating or combining the random number sequence in the second number base with the input data stream.
According to an aspect of the invention, the first number base is defined by a first Galois field characteristic or a compilation of Galois fields of mutually prime characteristic combined via a method similar to the Chinese Remainder Theorem. Similarly, the second number base is defined by a second Galois field characteristic or a compilation of Galois fields of mutually prime characteristic combined via a method similar to the Chinese Remainder Theorem. The first Galois field characteristic is mutually prime with respect to the second Galois field characteristic. The second Galois field characteristic is selected to be a finite field size which is smaller than a finite field size of a first Galois field.
According to another aspect of the invention, the ring structure has n element(s) removed therefrom to eliminate at least one statistical artifact in the random number sequence expressed in the second number base. n is determined based on a mathematical relation between a number of elements in the first Galois field and the number of elements in a second Galois field. More particularly, n is determined based on a remainder value resulting from a quotient of the number of elements in the first Galois field divided by the number of elements in the second Galois field.
According to another aspect of the invention, the mixed radix conversion produces a plurality of equivalence classes in the second number base. The n elements which are removed from the ring structure are selected to ensure that each equivalence class has an equal number of elements after the mixed radix conversion.
According to another aspect of the invention, the ring structure has m element(s) removed therefrom to induce a chosen non-uniform statistical artifact when expressed in a second number base. M is determined based on the characteristics of the two number bases and the mechanics of a combining method. The specific value of M is application dependent.
According to another aspect of the invention, the encryptor includes at least one of a multiplier, an adder, a digital logic device and a feedback mechanism. In this regard, it should be appreciated that the encryptor is configured to perform a combination method for masking the input data stream. The combination method includes at least one of a standard multiplication operation, a multiplication in a Galois extension field operation, an addition modulo q operation, a subtraction modulo q operation and a bitwise logic operation.
According to another aspect of the invention, the cryptographic system is further comprised of a truncation device and/or a size converter. The truncation device is coupled to the mixed radix converter. The truncation device is configured to select a truncated portion of the random number sequence in the second number base. The size converter is coupled between the truncation device and the encryptor. The size converter is configured to convert the truncated portion from a size GF[M] to a size n if the input data stream is of a size GF[n] or GF[n/d], where d is an even divisor of n. The input data stream is expressed in the second number base.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, the cryptographic system is comprised of a modified data stream receiving means. The modified data receiving means is configured to receive the modified data stream. The cryptographic system is also comprised of a second ring structure and a second mixed radix converter. The second ring structure and a second mixed radix converter are configured in combination to produce a decryption sequence. The cryptographic system is further comprised of a decryptor. The decryptor is electronically connected to the modified data stream receiving means and the second mixed radix converter. The decryptor is configured to generate decrypted data by performing a decryption method utilizing the modified data stream and decryption sequence.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments will be described with reference to the following drawing figures, in which like numerals represent like items throughout the figures, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a conventional mixed radix conversion algorithm that is useful for understanding the invention.
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a method for removing unwanted statistical artifacts in a mixed radix conversion algorithm that is useful for understanding the invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a mixed radix conversion of elements from a Galois field GF[7] to a Galois field GF[3] that is useful for understanding the invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method for masking a process used in generating a random number sequence that is useful for understanding the invention.
FIG. 5 a flow diagram of a conventional method for altering a data stream that is useful for understanding the invention.
FIG. 6 a flow diagram of a method for increasing the security of cryptographic system that is useful for understanding the invention.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a sequence generation circuit having a punctured ring generator that is useful for understanding the invention.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a cryptographic system that is useful for understanding the invention.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the encryption device of FIG. 8 that is useful for understanding the invention.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the decryption device of FIG. 8 that is useful for understanding the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is provided a conceptual diagram of a conventional mixed radix conversion algorithm that is useful for understanding the invention. The phrase “mixed radix conversion” as used herein refers to a conversion of a value or number sequence from a first number base (or radix) to a second number base (or radix). For example, a number sequence expressed in a Galois field GF[7] base is converted to a number sequence expressed in a Galois field GF[3] base.
In cryptographic systems, various algorithms are employed for combining a number sequence with a data stream. This combining process can be performed for encrypting or masking the data stream prior to its transmission over a communications link. Such algorithms can include residue number system (RNS) operations for expressing each number of the number sequence in a Galois field [p] base. A Galois field GF[p] is a field that contains only a finite number of elements {0, 1, 2, . . . , p−1}. As such, all arithmetic operations performed in the finite or Galois field result in an element within that field. The finite or Galois field GF[p] has a finite field size defined by the Galois characteristic p. As such, a resulting sequence of a cyclic Galois field GF[p] operation must repeat every pth element. These RNS operations are well known to persons skilled in the art, and therefore will not be described in great detail herein.
Notably, there is a statistical non-uniformity in an element distribution resulting from a number sequence conversion from a first Galois field GF[p1k1] base to a second Galois field GF[p2k2] base when the two (2) number bases are not evenly divisible. For example, a number sequence expressed in a Galois field GF[7] base is mapped to a number sequence expressed in a Galois field GF[3] base. The random number sequence expressed in a Galois field GF[7] base is defined by the set of elements {0, 1, 2, . . . , 6}. Similarly, the number sequence expressed in a Galois field GF[3] base is defined by the set of elements {0, 1, 2}. Mapping the number sequence expressed in a Galois field GF[7] base to a number sequence expressed in the Galois field GF[3] base generally involves segmenting each element {0, 1, 2, . . . , 6} by their corresponding equivalence class modulo three (3). Since the Galois field GF[3] is a finite field that contains only a finite number of elements {0, 1, 2}, there is a corresponding equivalence class for the integers zero (0), one (1), and two (2).
The mapping operations of the elements from the Galois field GF[7] to elements in a Galois field GF[3] are listed in the following Table (1).









TABLE 1





Elements From A
Mapping
Equivalent Elements In


Galois Field GF[7]:
Operations:
A Galois Field GF[3]:







0
0 modulo 3
0


1
1 modulo 3
1


2
2 modulo 3
2


3
3 modulo 3
0


4
4 modulo 3
1


5
5 modulo 3
2


6
6 modulo 3
0









As illustrated in Table 1, the mapping operations result in a non-uniform distribution of the elements over the Galois field GF[3]. Specifically, the resulting sequence of the mapping operations is defined as {0 1 2 0 1 2 0}. There are three elements {0, 3, 6} from the Galois field GF[7] in an equivalence class for the integer zero (0). There are two (2) elements {1, 4} from the Galois field GF[7] in an equivalence class for the integer one (1). There are two (2) elements {2, 5} from the Galois field GF[7] in an equivalence class for the integer two (2). The non-uniformity is apparent since different equivalence classes contain different numbers of elements.

By utilizing a statistical analysis, an attacker of a cryptographic system implementing the conventional mixed radix conversion algorithm (described above in relation to FIG. 1) can more easily identify an original number sequence from a data stream altered by a resulting number sequence of the mapping operations. For example, if one knows the sizes of the two (2) number bases, then the attacker can use the statistical proportion of elements in the various equivalence classes to identify the original number sequence from the altered data stream. As such, it is desirable to remove statistical artifacts from results derived by a mixed radix conversion algorithm so that identifying an original number sequence from an altered data stream is more difficult.
Accordingly, some embodiments of the present invention provide a method for removing unwanted statistical artifacts in a mixed radix conversion. This method generally includes puncturing a Galois field GF[2k]. As used herein, the term “puncturing” means discarding one or more elements in a Galois field GF[2k] that exceed an integer multiple of a desired range characteristic. The “puncturing” is performed to maintain a perfectly uniform distribution over a desired number base. Alternatively, the puncturing is performed to induce specific non-uniformities in the statistical output distribution. The desired number base includes, but is not limited to, prime number bases that are smaller than the Galois field GF[2k] base. The Galois field GF[2k] base is preferably mutually prime with respect to the desired number base. The phrase “mutually prime” as used herein refers to two or more integers having no common divisor except one (1). This method can be used in a variety of applications. For example, such a method can be implemented in a cryptographic system. In such a scenario, the method can be used to increase a security feature of a cryptographic system. All arithmetic of the initial sequence generation process is performed in the first number base prior to puncturing,
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to accompanying drawings, in which illustrative embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention, may however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. For example, the present invention can be embodied as a method, a data processing system, or a computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention can take the form as an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or a hardware/software embodiment.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is provided a conceptual diagram of a method for removing unwanted statistical artifacts in a mixed radix conversion that is useful for understanding the invention. The mixed radix conversion begins with a structure defined by a Galois field GF[pk], where pk is a number defining a finite field size of the Galois field GF[pk]. According to an embodiment of the invention, p is advantageously selected to have a value other than two (2). Still, the invention is not limited in this regard. As should be understood, the Galois field GF[pk] is a field that contains only a finite number of elements {0, 1, 2, . . . , pk−1}. In order to guarantee a mapping having a uniform distribution over a Galois field GF[q], at least one element of the Galois field GF[pk] is discarded. In other words, the Galois field GF[pk] is punctured at one or more elements so as to have a mapping defined by an integer number of complete cycles in a Galois field GF[q]. The elements discarded need not be contiguous or chosen in any specific order besides their resulting equivalence class in the second Galois field, GF[q]. Moreover, a larger number of elements than the minimum necessary to remove statistical artifacts may be removed in order to more completely mask the attributes of the conversion.
In this regard, it should be appreciated that the number of cycles in the Galois field GF[q] can be defined by a mathematical Equation (1).

NOC=(pk−n)/q  (1)

where NOC is the number of cycles in a punctured Galois field GF[pk−n]. pk−n is a positive integer defining a finite field size of a punctured Galois field GF[pk−n]. q is a positive integer defining a finite field size of a Galois field GF[q].

By substituting the values for pk, n, and q into the mathematical Equation (1), the NOC for the Galois field GF[q] can be computed. For example, if pk equals twenty-seven (27), q equals five (5), and the number of punctures n is seven (7), then the NOC for the Galois field GF[5] equals four (4). In accordance with the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the Galois field GF[33] (or Galois field GF[27]) could be punctured at elements {1, 5, 9, 17, 18, 20, 26}. Alternatively, the same Galois field GF[27] ring could be punctured at elements {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Still, the invention is not limited in this regard.
The mixed radix conversion continues with repeated computations of a polynomial equation f(x) modulo pk on a punctured Galois field GF′[pk], which contains pk−n elements. The results of the computations are numbers expressed in a number base defined by the punctured Galois field GF′[pk] modulo the second number base q. For example, if the punctured Galois field GF′[pk] is selected as a Galois field GF[10] punctured at element nine (9), then the resulting sequence can have a size GF′[10] (which is isomorphic to GF[9]). As such, the resulting sequence is defined by the elements {0, 1, 2, . . . , 8}. The elements of this resulting sequence are mapped to elements in a Galois field GF[q].
The following Examples are provided in order to further illustrate the present invention. The scope of the present invention, however, is not to be considered limited in any way thereby.
EXAMPLE 1
Referring now to FIG. 3, a ring generator is selected to include repeated computations of the trivial polynomial equation f(x)=x on a Galois field GF[7]. The Galois field GF[7] is a field that contains only a finite number of elements {0, 1, 2, . . . , 6}. The elements of the Galois field GF[7] are mapped to elements in a Galois field GF[3]. In order to guarantee a uniform distribution over a structure defined by the Galois field GF[3], the element of the Galois field GF[7] having a value of six (6) is discarded. In other words, the Galois field GF(7) is punctured at element six (6) so as to have a mapping defined by two (i.e., 6/3=2) complete cycles in the Galois field GF[3]. It should be noted that an equivalent puncturing operation could be obtained by choosing to puncture GF[7] at element zero (0) or element three (3) instead of element six (6).
In this regard, it should be appreciated that the number of cycles in the Galois field GF[3] is defined by the previously discussed mathematical Equation (1), repeated below.

NOC=(pk−n)/q 

where NOC is the number of cycles in the Galois field GF[3]. Values for the variables are p=7, k=1, n=1, and q=3.

The mappings of the elements in the punctured Galois field GF′[7] to elements in a Galois field GF[3] are listed in the following Table (2).









TABLE 2





Elements From A Punctured
Mapping
Elements In A Galois


Galois Field GF′[7]:
Operations:
Field GF[3]:







0
0 modulo 3
0


1
1 modulo 3
1


2
2 modulo 3
2


3
3 modulo 3
0


4
4 modulo 3
1


5
5 modulo 3
2









As illustrated in Table 3, the mapping operations result in a uniform distribution of the elements over the Galois field GF[3]. Specifically, the resulting sequence of the mapping operations is defined as {0 1 2 0 1 2}. There are two elements {0, 3} from the Galois field GF [7] in an equivalence class for the integer zero (0). There are two (2) elements {1, 4} from the Galois field GF[7] in an equivalence class for the integer one (1). There are two (2) elements {2, 5} from the Galois field GF[7] in an equivalence class for the integer two (2).

EXAMPLE 2
A ring generator is selected to include repeated computations of a polynomial equation f(x) on a Galois field GF[233]. The Galois field GF[233] is a field that contains only a finite number of elements {0, 1, 2, . . . , 232}. The elements of the Galois field GF[233] are mapped to elements in a Galois field GF[5]. In order to guarantee a uniform distribution over a Galois field GF[5], thirteen (13) elements of the Galois field GF[233] are discarded. Chosen arbitrarily, the last thirteen (13) elements are discarded via puncturing. In other words, the Galois field GF[233] is punctured at element two hundred twenty (220) through element two hundred thirty two (232) so as to have a mapping defined by forty-four (i.e., 220/5=44) complete cycles in a Galois field GF[5].
In this regard, it should be appreciated that the number of cycles in the Galois field GF[5] is defined by a mathematical Equation (2).

NOC=p1/p2  (2)

where NOC is the number of cycles in the Galois field GF[5]. p1 is a positive integer number defining a finite field size of a first punctured Galois field GF[233]. p2 is a positive integer number defining a finite field size of a second Galois field GF[5].

By substituting the values for pk, n, and q into the mathematical Equation (1), the NOC for the Galois field GF[5] can be computed as follows: NOC=(2331−13)/5=44. Accordingly, there are forty four (44) complete cycles through the Galois field GF[5].
The mappings of the elements of the punctured Galois field GF′[233] to elements in a Galois field GF[5] are listed in the following Table (3).









TABLE 3





Elements From A Punctured
Mapping
Elements In A Galois


Galois Field GF′[233]:
Operations:
Field GF[5]:

















0
0 modulo 5
0


1
1 modulo 5
1


2
2 modulo 5
2


3
3 modulo 5
3


4
4 modulo 5
4


5
5 modulo 5
0


. . .


215
215 modulo 5 
0


216
216 modulo 5 
1


217
217 modulo 5 
2


218
218 modulo 5 
3


219
219 modulo 5 
4









As illustrated in Table 3, the mapping operations result in a uniform distribution of the elements over the Galois field GF[5]. Specifically, the resulting sequence of the mapping operations is defined as {0 1 2 3 4 . . . 0 1 2 3 4}. There are the same number of elements from the Galois field GF[5] in each of the equivalence classes for the integers zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), and four (4).

Referring now to FIG. 4, there is provided a flow diagram of a method 400 for masking a process used in generating a random number sequence. As shown in FIG. 4, the method 400 begins with step 402 and continues with step 404. In step 404, a first number base and second number base are selected. The first number base defines a size of a first finite field. The first finite field can be defined by a first Galois field GF[pk] or a first Galois field GF[M]. The second number base defines a size of a second finite field. The second finite field can be defined by a second Galois field GF[q]. The first Galois field can be selected so that it is mutually prime with respect to the second Galois field. The second Galois field can be selected so that it has a finite field size smaller than a finite field size of the first Galois field.
After step 404, the method 400 continues with step 406. In step 406, a ring structure is punctured by removing at least one element therefrom. The ring structure is defined by the first finite field or a first Galois field. This puncturing is performed to eliminate or intentionally induce a statistical artifact in a random number sequence expressed in the second number base. The statistical artifact can include a statistical artifact of a mixed radix conversion (described below in relation to step 410). This step can further involve removing n elements from the ring structure. n is determined based on a mathematical relation between a number of elements in the first finite field or Galois field and a number of elements in the second finite field or Galois field. More particularly, n is determined based on a remainder value resulting from a quotient of the number of elements in the first finite field or Galois field GF divided by the number of elements in the second finite field or Galois field.
Subsequently, step 408 is performed where a random number sequence is generated. This step can involve selectively generating the random number sequence utilizing the ring structure which has been punctured. It should be appreciated that the random number sequence generated in this step is computed and expressed in the first number base. In step 410, a mixed radix conversion is performed to convert the random number sequence from the first number base to the second number base. It should be understood that the mixed radix conversion produces a plurality of equivalent classes in the second number base. The n elements which are removed from the ring structure are selected to ensure that each equivalence class has a chosen number of elements after performing this step. Thereafter, step 412 is performed where the method 400 ends.
A person skilled in the art will appreciate that method 400 is one method for masking a process used in generating a random number sequence. However, the invention is not limited in this regard and any other method for masking a process used in generating a random number sequence can be used without limitation.
Method for Altering A Data Stream
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is provided a flow diagram of a conventional method 500 for altering a data stream that is useful for understanding the invention. As shown in FIG. 5, the method 500 begins with step 502 and continues with step 504. In step 504, a random number sequence is generated. It should be understood that the sequence of random numbers are contained within a relatively large Galois field GF[M]. After generating the random number sequence, step 506 is performed where a portion of the random number sequence is selected.
After step 506, the method 500 continues with step 508. In step 508, the portion of the random number sequence is communicated to a device employing a combination method. Such devices include a multiplier, an adder, a digital logic device, a feedback mechanism, or similar combining function device. Thereafter, the portion of the random number sequence is incorporated or combined with a data stream thereby altering the data stream. In this regard, it should be understood that the portion of the random number sequence and data stream have the same size, i.e., they are expressed in the same number base (or radix) and contain the same number of digits. As such, the method 500 can be modified accordingly. For example, the method 500 can include a conversion step prior to the step 508. The conversion step can involve converting the portion of the random number sequence from a size GF[M] to a size n if the data stream is of a size GF[n] or GF[n/d], where d is an even divisor of n. Subsequently, step 512 is performed where the method 500 ends.
As should be understood, a relatively large Galois field GF[M] provides a certain degree of security to the conventional method 500. In this regard, it should be appreciated that the Galois field GF[M] is a field that contains only a finite number of elements {0, 1, 2, . . . , M−1}. As such, an output sequence can repeat every Mth element. This repetitive behavior can produce correlations thereby making a decoding of an altered data stream relatively easy when M is small. Consequently, it is desirable to select a relatively large Galois field GF[M].
It should also be appreciated that selecting a truncated portion of the random number sequence also provides a certain degree of security to the conventional method 500. For example, a random number sequence is generated on a Galois field GF[M], where M is a large multiplicative compilation of mutually prime numbers. If the random number sequence contains five hundred (500) independent p-adic digits and a portion of the random number sequence is selected to include only sixteen (16) of the five hundred (500) digits to alter a data stream, then it becomes more difficult to determine the deterministic rule employed for generating the random number sequence. Still, it is desirable to further increase the security of the method.
Referring now to FIG. 6, there is provided a method 600 for increasing the security of a cryptographic system that is useful for understanding the invention. As shown in FIG. 6, the method 600 begins with step 602 and continues with step 604. In step 604, a relatively large Galois field GF[M] is selected. As should be understood, a large Galois field can minimize the likelihood that an attacker of a cryptographic system can determine the Galois field GF[M] employed for generating an original random number sequence from an altered data stream. In effect, the large Galois field GF[M] can provide a certain degree of security to a cryptographic system implementing method 600.
Thereafter, step 606 is performed where certain elements are removed from the Galois field GF[M]. The elements are selected as elements that can provide a statistical artifact useful for identifying the Galois field GF[M] from an altered data stream. For example, the elements are selected so that a mixed radix conversion of the same is defined by a set of complete cycles in a Galois field GF[q]. As a result, this step assures that a subsequent mixed radix conversion will be absent of unwanted statistical artifacts. In effect, this step provides an increased degree of security to a cryptographic system implementing method 600 by making the deterministic rule defining the output sequence dependant on a non-advertised mutually prime number base.
Subsequently, the method 600 continues with step 608. In step 608, a random number sequence is generated on the punctured Galois field GF′[M]. Each random number of the sequence is defined by an element of the punctured Galois field GF′[M].
In step 610, a mixed-radix conversion is performed from a Galois field GF[M] to a Galois field GF[q]. This step involves selecting a portion of the random number sequence. This step also involves converting the selected portion of the random number sequence from a punctured Galois field GF′[M] to the resulting output number base represented by the Galois field GF[q]. This step provides an even higher degree of security to a cryptographic system implementing method 600. In this regard, it should be appreciated that it becomes more difficult to determine the Galois field GF[M] and the underlying random number sequence when a mixed-radix conversion is used prior to altering a data stream.
After step 610, step 612 is performed where the resulting value from step 610 mapped on the Galois field GF[q] is communicated to a device employing a combination method for masking a data stream. The combination method may be standard multiplication, multiplication in a Galois extension field, addition modulo q, subtraction modulo q, bitwise logic operations, or any other standard combination method. In this regard, it should be understood that the Galois field GF[q] output and input data stream need not have the same size if proper combination techniques are used. In step 614, the resulting value from step 610 is combined with a data stream to form an altered data stream. Thereafter, step 616 is performed where the method 600 ends.
A person skilled in the art will appreciate that method 600 is one method for increasing a security of a cryptographic system. However, the invention is not limited in this regard and any other method implementing the present invention can be used without limitation.
Hardware Implementation
Referring now to FIG. 7, there is provided a sequence generation circuit (SGC) 700 that is useful for understanding the invention. As shown in FIG. 7, the SGC 700 is comprised of a punctured ring generator 702 and a mixed radix converter 704. It should be understood that the punctured ring generator 702 and the mixed radix converter 704 are configured in combination to produce a random number sequence in a second number base which is exclusive of any undesired statistical artifacts associated with a mixed radix conversion.
As shown in FIG. 7, the punctured ring generator 702 is comprised of hardware and software configured to generate a random number sequence expressed in a first number base. The punctured ring generator 702 is also comprised of hardware and software configured to selectively generate the random number sequence utilizing a ring structure which has been punctured. The ring structure can be a punctured Galois field GF′[M]. Each of the random numbers can each be defined by or as an element from the punctured Galois field GF′[M]. The ring structure has at least one element removed therefrom to eliminate a statistical artifact in a random number expressed in a second number base. The punctured ring generator 702 is further comprised of hardware and software configured to communicate random numbers to the mixed radix converter 704.
The mixed radix converter 704 is comprised of hardware and software configured to perform mixed radix conversion. The mixed radix conversion involves performing arithmetic operations to convert a random number J from a first number base to a second number base. According to an aspect of the invention, the first number base is defined by a first Galois field GF[M]. Similarly, the second number base is defined by a second Galois field GF[q]. The first Galois field GF[M] can be mutually prime with respect to the second Galois field GF[q]. The second Galois field GF[q] has a finite field size smaller than the finite field size of the first Galois field GF[M].
The arithmetic operations can involve performing modulo operations. Modulo operations are well known to those skilled in the art, and therefore will not be described in great detail herein. However, it should be appreciated that modulo operations can generally be defined by a mathematical Equation (2).

R=J modulo(q)  (2)

where R is a remainder derived from a modulo operation. J is a random number input to the mixed radix converter 704. q is a modulus having a value selected to be a positive integer defining a finite field size of a Galois field GF[q]. It should be noted that the range of values for J are {0, 1, 2, . . . , M} and the range of values for R are {0, 1, 2, . . . , q−1}.

The mapping operations can also involve lookup table operations. In such a scenario, the mixed radix converter 704 can query a data store (not shown) for information necessary to map a random number J modulo q. The mixed radix converter 704 is also comprised of hardware and software configured to communicate a random number J expressed in a Galois field GF[q] base to an external device (not shown).
According to an aspect of the invention, the ring structure has n elements removed therefrom. By removing the n elements from the ring structure, at least one statistical artifact is eliminated or intentionally induced in the random number sequence expressed in the second number base. It should be understood that n is determined based on a mathematical relation between a number of elements in the first Galois field and a number of elements in a second Galois field.
According to another aspect of the invention, the mixed radix conversion produces a plurality of equivalence classes in the second number base. The n elements which are removed from the ring structure are selected to ensure that each equivalence class has the desired number of elements after the mixed radix conversion.
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is illustrated one embodiment of a cryptographic system 800 which could be used to implement the inventive arrangements. Notably, the cryptographic system 800 has an increased security feature as compared to conventional cryptographic systems. In this regard, it should be understood that the cryptographic system 800 includes a means to encrypt a data stream utilizing a random number sequence which is exclusive of any statistical artifacts associated with a mixed radix conversion. In effect, reverse engineering of mathematical patterns present in an encrypted data stream generated by the cryptographic system 800 is more difficult than mathematical patterns present in an encrypted data stream generated by a conventional cryptographic system.
Referring again to FIG. 8, the cryptographic system 800 is comprised of a data stream source 802, an encryption device 804 and a decryption device 806. The data stream source 802 can be comprised of hardware and/or software configured to generate a data stream. The data stream can include payload data, such as voice data, video data, user identification data, signature data and/or the like. The data stream can also be a digital data stream. The data stream source 802 is also comprised of hardware and/or software configured to communicate the data stream to the encryption device 804.
The encryption device 804 is comprised of hardware and/or software configured to generate an encryption sequence. The encryption sequence is a random number sequence which is exclusive of any statistical artifacts associated with a mixed radix conversion. The encryption device 804 is also comprised of hardware and/or software configured to perform actions to encrypt (or modify) the data stream using the encryption sequence. The encryption device 804 is further comprised of hardware and/or software configured to communicate a modified data stream to the decryption device 806. The encryption device 804 will be described in greater detail below in relation to FIG. 9.
The decryption device 806 is comprised of hardware and/or software configured to generate a decryption sequence. The decryption sequence is a random number sequence expressed in a second number base which is exclusive of any statistical artifacts associated with a mixed radix conversion. The decryption sequence can be the same as the encryption sequence generated by the encryption device 804 or may be different based on the combining method. The decryption device 806 is also comprised of hardware and/or software configured to perform actions to decrypt the received modified data stream. Such decryption actions are well known to persons skilled in the art, and therefore will not be described in great detail herein. The decryption device 806 is also comprised of hardware and/or software configured to communicate the decrypted data to an external device (not shown). The decryption device 806 will be described in greater detail below in relation to FIG. 10.
Referring now to FIG. 9, there is provided a block diagram of the encryption device 802 of FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 9, the encryption device 802 is comprised of a data stream receiving means (DSRM) 902, a sequence generation circuit (SGC) 700, an optional truncation device 904, an optional size converter 906 and an encryptor 908. Each of the components 902, 904, 906, 908 is well known to persons skilled in the art, and therefore will not be described in great detail herein. However, a brief discussion of the encryption device 802 is provided to assist a reader in understanding the present invention.
Referring again to FIG. 9, the DSRM 902 is configured to receive an input data stream. The DSRM is also configured to communicate the input data stream to the encryptor 908. The SGC 700 is generally configured to generate an encryption sequence. The encryption sequence is a random number sequence which is exclusive of any statistical artifacts associated with a mixed radix conversion. In this regard, it should be appreciated that the SGC 700 is comprised of a punctured ring generator 702 and a mixed-radix converter 704. The discussion provided above in relation to FIG. 7 is sufficient for understanding the SGC 700.
The SGC 700 is electronically coupled to the optional truncation device 904. However, it should be appreciated that the SGC 700 can alternatively be directly coupled to the encryptor 908. The optional truncation device 904 is configured to select a truncated portion of the encryption sequence generated by the SGC 700. The phrase “truncated portion” as used herein refers to the random numbers that remain after selected random numbers are removed from a random number sequence. The optional truncation device 904 is electronically coupled to the optional size converter 906. The optional size converter 906 is configured to convert the portion of the encryption sequence from a size GF[M] to a size n if the input data stream is of a size GF[n] or GF[n/d], where d is an even divisor of n. The optional size converter 906 is electronically coupled to the encryptor 908.
The encryptor 908 is configured to generate a modified data stream by incorporating or combining the encryption sequence with the input data stream. More particularly, the encryptor 908 is configured to perform a combination method for masking a data stream. The combination method may be a standard multiplication, multiplication within a Galois extension field, addition modulo q, subtraction modulo q, bitwise logic operations or any other standard combination method. In this regard, it should be appreciated that the encryptor 908 can include a multiplier, an adder, a digital logic device, a feedback mechanism or a similar combining function device.
A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the encryption device 804 illustrates an exemplary architecture of an encryption device implementing the present invention. However, the invention is not limited in this regard and any other encryption device architecture can be used without limitation.
Referring now to FIG. 10, there is illustrated one embodiment of the decryption device 806 of FIG. 8. The decryption device 806 is comprised of a modified data stream receiving means (MDSRM) 1002, a sequence generation circuit (SGC) 700 and a decryptor 1004. Each of the listed components 1002, 1004 is well known to persons skilled in the art, and therefore will not be described in great detail herein. However, a brief description of the decryption device 806 is provided to assist a reader in understanding the present invention.
Referring again to FIG. 10, the MDSRM 1002 is comprised of hardware and/or software configured to receive a modified data stream from an external device, such as the encryption device 804 (described above in relation to FIG. 8). The MDSRM 1002 is also comprised of hardware and/or software configured to communicate the modified data stream to the decryptor 1004. In this regard, it should be appreciated that the modified data stream receiving means 1002 is electronically connected to the decryptor 1004.
The SGC 700 is generally configured to generate a decryption sequence. The decryption sequence is a random number sequence which is exclusive of any statistical artifacts associated with a mixed radix conversion. In this regard, it should be appreciated that the SGC 700 is comprised of a punctured ring generator 702 and a mixed-radix converter. The discussion provided above in relation to FIG. 7 is sufficient for understanding the SGC 700. The SGC 700 is electronically coupled to the decryptor 1004.
The decryptor 1004 is configured to generate decrypted data by performing a decryption method utilizing the modified data stream and the decryption sequence. Decryption methods are well known to persons skilled in the art, and therefore will not be described in great detail herein.
A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the decryption device 806 illustrates an exemplary architecture of a decryption device implementing the present invention. However, the invention is not limited in this regard and any other decryption device architecture can be used without limitation.
In light of the foregoing description of the invention, it should be recognized that the present invention can be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. A method of puncturing the output elements of a ring generator according to the present invention can be realized in a centralized fashion in one processing system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected processing systems. Any kind of computer system, or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein, is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software could be a general purpose computer processor, with a computer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computer processor such that it carries out the methods described herein. Of course, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and/or an FPGA could also be used to achieve a similar result.
The present invention can also be embedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which, when loaded in a computer system, is able to carry out these methods. Computer program or application in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form. Additionally, the description above is intended by way of example only and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, except as set forth in the following claims.
The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the preferred embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A cryptographic system, comprising:
a data stream receiving means configured for receiving an input data stream;
a generator configured for selectively generating a random number sequence utilizing a ring structure which has been punctured;
a mixed radix converter coupled to said generator and configured for performing a mixed radix conversion to convert said random number sequence from a first number base to a second number base;
an encryptor coupled to said data stream receiving means and said mixed radix converter, said encryptor configured for generating an modified data stream by combining said random number sequence in said second number base with said input data stream; and
wherein said ring structure which has been punctured and said mixed radix converter are configured in combination to produce a random number sequence in said second number base which is exclusive of any statistical artifacts associated with said mixed radix conversion.

2. The cryptographic system according to claim 1, wherein said first number base and said second number base are respectively defined by a first Galois field characteristic and a second Galois field characteristic.

3. The cryptographic system according to claim 2, wherein said first Galois field characteristic is mutually prime with respect to said second Galois field characteristic.

4. The cryptographic system according to claim 2, wherein said second Galois field characteristic is selected as a finite field size which is smaller as compared to a finite field size of a first Galois field.

5. The cryptographic system according to claim 4, wherein said ring structure which has been punctured comprised n element(s) which have been removed therefrom to eliminate at least one statistical artifact in said random number sequence expressed in said second number base, wherein n is determined based on a mathematical relation between a number of elements in said first Galois field and a number of elements in a second Galois field.

6. The cryptographic system according to claim 5, wherein n is determined based on a remainder value resulting from a quotient of said number of elements in said first Galois field divided by said number of elements in said second Galois field.

7. The cryptographic system according to claim 6, wherein said mixed radix conversion produces a plurality of equivalence classes in said second number base, and said n elements which have been removed from said ring structure are selected to ensure that each equivalence class has an equal or desired number of elements after said mixed radix conversion.

8. The cryptographic system according to claim 1, wherein said encryptor includes at least one of a multiplier, an adder, a digital logic device and a feedback mechanism.

9. The cryptographic system according to claim 1, where in said encryptor is configured for performing at least one of a standard multiplication operation, a multiplication in a Galois extension field operation, an addition modulo q operation, a subtraction modulo q operation and a bitwise logic operation.

10. The cryptographic system according to claim 1, further comprising a truncation device coupled to said mixed radix converter and configured for selecting a truncated portion of said random number sequence in said second number base.

11. The cryptographic system according to claim 10, further comprising a size converter coupled between said truncation device and said encryptor, said size converter configured for converting said truncated portion from a size GF[M] to a size n if said input data stream is of a size GF[n] or GF[n/d], where d is an even divisor of n.

12. The cryptographic system according to claim 1, wherein said input data stream is expressed in said second number base.

13. The cryptographic system according to claim 1, wherein chosen statistical artifacts with a priori defined statistical distributions are induced into said random number sequence expressed in said second number base.

14. The cryptographic system according to claim 1, further comprising a second ring structure and a second mixed radix converter configured in combination to produce a decryption sequence.

15. The cryptographic system according to claim 14, further comprising a modified data stream receiving means, a decryptor electronically connected to said modified data stream receiving means, and said second mixed radix converter, wherein said decryptor is configured for generating decrypted data by performing a decryption method utilizing said modified data stream and said decryption sequence.

16. A cryptographic system, comprising:
a data stream receiving means configured for receiving an input data stream;
a generator configured for selectively generating a random number sequence utilizing a ring structure which has been punctured;
a mixed radix converter coupled to said generator and configured for performing a mixed radix conversion to convert said random number sequence from a first number base to a second number base;
a truncation device coupled to said mixed radix converter and configured for selecting a truncated portion of said random number sequence in said second number base
an encryptor coupled to said data stream receiving means and said truncation device, said encryptor configured for generating a modified data stream by combining said random number sequence in said second number base with said input data stream; and
wherein said ring structure which has been punctured and said mixed radix converter are configured in combination to produce a random number sequence in said second number base which is exclusive of any undesired statistical artifacts associated with said mixed radix conversion.

17. The cryptographic system according to claim 16, further comprising a second ring structure and a second mixed radix converter configured in combination to produce a decryption sequence.

18. The cryptographic system according to claim 17, further comprising a modified data stream receiving means, a decryptor electronically connected to said modified data stream receiving means, and said second mixed radix converter, wherein said decryptor is configured for generating decrypted data by performing a decryption method utilizing said modified data stream and said decryption sequence.

19. The cryptographic system according to claim 16, further comprising a size converter coupled between said truncation device and said encyrptor, said size converter configured for converting said truncated portion from a size GF[M] to a size n if said input data stream is of a size GF[n] or GF[n/d], where d is an even divisor of n.