* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and

collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent

with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

April 19, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

JIANLIN ZHANG,

Petitioner,

v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States

Attorney General,

Respondent.

No. 09-9528

(Petition for Review)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before KELLY, BALDOCK, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA or Board) affirmed an

Immigration Judge’s denial of Jianlin Zhang’s applications for adjustment of

status and cancellation of removal and denied his motion for reconsideration. He

petitions this court for review of the Board’s denial of his motion for

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 1 
-2-

reconsideration. We dismiss in part and deny in part Mr. Zhang’s petition for

review.

Background

Mr. Zhang, a Chinese citizen, was admitted to the United States on

January 9, 1995. He entered the United States as a nonimmigrant alien on a K-1

visa, solely to conclude a valid marriage to his fiancée, Sally Li, a United States

citizen. Under the terms of his K-1 visa, Mr. Zhang was not permitted to remain

in the United States for longer than ninety days, unless he married Ms. Li. 

Mr. Zhang never married Ms. Li, but he remained in the United States without

authorization, changing his address twice without notifying the Attorney General

and working at various times without authorization. In February 2001, Mr. Zhang

married a different United States citizen. He and his wife have two

United-States-citizen children.

The Department of Homeland Security placed Mr. Zhang in removal

proceedings in 2006. He conceded removability and filed applications for

cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b), for adjustment of status under

8 U.S.C. § 1255(i), and for voluntary departure. Mr. Zhang presented evidence in

support of his claims at a hearing before an Immigration Judge (IJ). The IJ

denied Mr. Zhang’s applications for adjustment of status and cancellation of

removal, but granted his request for voluntary departure. The BIA affirmed the

IJ’s decision and dismissed his appeal on November 10, 2008. Mr. Zhang did not

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 2 
-3-

file a petition for review. Instead, he filed a motion asking the Board to

reconsider its decision, which the Board denied on April 20, 2009. He then filed

a timely petition for review of the BIA’s denial of his motion for reconsideration.

Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

This court has jurisdiction to determine its jurisdiction. See Latu v.

Ashcroft, 375 F.3d 1012, 1017 (10th Cir. 2004). Our jurisdiction to review a final

order of removal arises under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), but a petition for review

must be filed within 30 days after the date of the final order of removal, 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(1). Therefore, although Mr. Zhang purports to raise issues related to

the BIA’s order affirming the IJ’s denial of his applications for adjustment of

status and cancellation of removal, we do not have jurisdiction to review that

decision because Mr. Zhang failed to file a timely petition for review. See

Infanzon v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1359, 1361 (10th Cir. 2004). We do have

jurisdiction to review the Board’s denial of Mr. Zhang’s motion for

reconsideration. See id. at 1361-62 (holding motions to reopen and reconsider are

subject to judicial review and reviewing denial of motion to reopen, despite lack

of jurisdiction to review underlying order that was not timely appealed). But our

jurisdiction extends only to issues that would have been reviewable on appeal of

the underlying order. Cf. id. at 1362. Here, Mr. Zhang’s claims on appeal relate

to his applications for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b and

adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255. While we are statutorily precluded

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 3 
-4-

from reviewing “any judgment regarding the granting of relief under” those

sections, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i), we nonetheless have jurisdiction to review

“constitutional claims or questions of law” regarding the BIA’s denial of his

applications, id. at § 1252(a)(2)(D).

We review the Board’s denial of a motion for reconsideration for an abuse

of discretion. See Belay-Gebru v. I.N.S., 327 F.3d 998, 1000 n.5 (10th Cir. 2003). 

Legal error by the Board is “presumptively an abuse of discretion.” S. Utah

Wilderness Alliance v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 425 F.3d 735, 750 (10th Cir.

2005). We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo. Lockett v. I.N.S.,

245 F.3d 1126, 1128 (10th Cir. 2001).

Discussion

Mr. Zhang applied for two forms of relief from removal: adjustment of

status to that of a lawful permanent resident alien, or alternatively, cancellation of

removal. We address Mr. Zhang’s claims regarding each of these applications in

turn.

Adjustment of Status

In order to understand Mr. Zhang’s argument regarding his application for

adjustment of status, some background on the nature of his nonimmigrant status is

helpful. He entered the United States as a nonimmigrant alien on a K-1 visa, as

the “fiancé. . . of a citizen of the United States . . . who seeks to enter the United

States solely to conclude a valid marriage with [his citizen fiancée].” 8 U.S.C.

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 4 
1 Section 1101(a)(15)(K)(i) nonimmigrant status applies to both male and

female aliens and citizens. Because Mr. Zhang is male, we refer here to an alien

fiancé and a citizen fiancée. 

-5-

§ 1101(a)(15)(K)(i).1

 For such an alien to obtain adjustment of status to that of a

lawful permanent resident, he “must proceed through a detailed procedure

involving six steps.” Carpio v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1091, 1093 (10th Cir. 2010). 

The first three steps—the citizen fiancée’s petition for a K-1 visa for the alien

fiancé; the alien fiancé’s application for a K-1 visa; and the alien fiancé’s

entrance into the United States, see id. at 1093-94—are not at issue in this case. 

To satisfy the fourth step, the engaged alien and citizen are required to marry

within ninety days of the alien’s entry into the United States. See id. at 1094;

8 U.S.C. § 1184(d)(1). After the marriage has occurred, the alien spouse must

apply for adjustment to the status of lawful permanent resident, see Carpio,

592 F.3d at 1094; 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a), (d), a status that will initially be granted

only on a conditional basis, see 8 U.S.C. § 1186a(a)(1). At the sixth step, the

couple may petition to have the conditional basis of the alien’s lawful permanent

resident status removed. See Carpio, 592 F.3d at 1094; § 1186a(c)-(d).

An alien fiancé who does not satisfy the fourth step in the process, by

marrying his citizen fiancée within ninety days of when he enters the United

States, must depart the United States and is subject to removal if he does not do

so. See Carpio, 592 F.3d at 1094; § 1084(d)(1). There is no dispute that

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 5 
-6-

Mr. Zhang did not marry Sally Li, the United States citizen who petitioned to

accord him nonimmigrant status under § 1101(a)(15)(K)(i). Nor does he contend

that he is eligible to seek adjustment of status as the fiancé of a United States

citizen other than Ms. Li. Facing removal, he instead applied for adjustment of

status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i), but the IJ and the BIA determined he is not

eligible for relief under that subsection. He challenges the BIA’s refusal to

reconsider that decision as an error of law.

8 U.S.C. § 1255

Under 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a), an alien may apply to adjust his status to that of

a lawful permanent resident. But only certain aliens are eligible for adjustment of

status. Subsection (a) itself limits that relief to aliens who were inspected and

admitted or paroled into the United States. See id. As relevant here, two other

subsections of § 1255 list additional categories of aliens who are ineligible for

relief under subsection (a). Section 1255(c) provides that subsection (a) is not

applicable to eight defined classes of aliens, including aliens who have violated

the terms of their nonimmigrant visas. Section 1255(d) precludes K-1 visa

holders, like Mr. Zhang, from obtaining adjustment of status under subsection (a)

on any basis other than marriage to a petitioning fiancée. Subsection (d)

provides, in relevant part:

The Attorney General may not adjust, under subsection (a) of this

section, the status of a nonimmigrant alien described in section

1101(a)(15)(K) of this title except to that of an alien lawfully

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 6 
2 Mr. Zhang contends that he satisfies the requirements of § 1255(i) by

(1) being physically present in the United States both at the time of his

application and on December 21, 2000; (2) being within one of the

otherwise-ineligible alien classes enumerated in § 1255(c); and (3) being the

beneficiary of an application for labor certification filed after January 14, 1998,

but before April 30, 2001. See § 1255(i)(1)(A)(ii), (B)(ii), (C). Having held that

he was ineligible for adjustment of status under § 1255(i) as a matter of law,

neither the IJ nor the BIA determined whether Mr. Zhang sustained his burden to

establish these facts. 

-7-

admitted to the United States on a conditional basis under section

1186a of this title as a result of the marriage of the nonimmigrant . . .

to the citizen who filed the petition to accord that alien’s

nonimmigrant status under section 1101(a)(15)(K) of this title.

8 U.S.C. § 1255(d).

Mr. Zhang does not contend that he is eligible for adjustment of status

under § 1255(a). He argues instead that the Attorney General has discretion to

grant him adjustment of status under § 1255(i), a separate subsection that permits

certain aliens physically present in the United States to apply for that relief.2

 The

IJ denied Mr. Zhang’s application for adjustment of status, holding that the

Attorney General is precluded from granting him that relief except as permitted

by § 1255(d). The IJ reasoned that the plain language of subsection (d) bars a

K-1 visa holder from adjusting to permanent-resident status on any basis other

than marriage to the citizen who petitioned on his behalf. The Board adopted and

affirmed the IJ’s decision and, in response to Mr. Zhang’s motion for

reconsideration, did not alter its holding.

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 7 
-8-

The Board based its holding on decisions by the Ninth and Fourth Circuits

that addressed a K-1 visa holder’s eligibility to apply for adjustment of status

under § 1255(i). In Kalal v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 948 (9th Cir. 2005), the Ninth

Circuit considered circumstances nearly identical to this case: the alien had

entered the United States on a K-1 visa; she did not marry her petitioning

United-States-citizen fiancé within ninety days of her arrival; she remained in the

United States; and she later married a different United States citizen. See id. at

949-50. She nonetheless sought to avoid removal by applying for adjustment of

status under § 1255. The court construed subsection (d) to preclude the Attorney

General from granting her that relief. See id. at 951. As to her claim she could

nonetheless apply for adjustment of status under § 1255(i), the Ninth Circuit

examined the text of that subsection, which begins, “Nothwithstanding the

provisions of subsections (a) and (c) of this section . . . .” Noting the absence of

any reference to subsection (d), the court reasoned that subsection (i) therefore

only provides relief notwithstanding the restrictions stated in subsections (a) and

(c), and therefore the restrictions on obtaining adjustment of status in subsection

(d) remained in effect. See id. at 951-52.

Therefore, the court in Kalal concluded, a K-1 visa holder must still

comply with the “specific restrictive process for holders of that kind of visa,” and

that § 1255(i) did not, on its face, create any exception to that “carefully crafted

scheme that Congress created for the purpose of avoiding marriage fraud.” Id. at

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 8 
-9-

952. Because Ms. Kalal had not complied with the applicable statutory

requirements, she was properly ordered removed. See id.; see also Markovski v.

Gonzales, 486 F.3d 108, 110 (4th Cir. 2007) (following Kalal and holding that the

plain language of § 1255(d) precluded a K-1 visa holder from adjusting status on

any basis other than his marriage to the K-1 visa sponsor).

Mr. Zhang argues that the Board misconstrued §§ 1255(a), (d), and (i) to

preclude him from applying for adjustment of status. This argument is properly

before the court. See Brue v. Gonzales, 464 F.3d 1227, 1231 (10th Cir. 2006)

(reviewing question of law turning on interpretation of applicable statutory

section).

Statutory Construction

“We begin by analyzing the plain language employed by Congress, and we

must give words their ordinary or natural meaning.” Rosillo-Puga v. Holder,

580 F.3d 1147, 1153 (10th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). There is an argument

to be made that our sister circuits’ construction of § 1255(i) is supported by the

plain language of that subsection. It permits two clearly defined categories of

aliens, who would otherwise be precluded from applying for adjustment of status

under subsection (a), to apply for that relief outside of subsection (a) if they are

physically present in the United States. The aliens eligible for relief under

subsection (i) are those who are ineligible for adjustment of status under

§ 1255(a) because (1) they entered the United States without inspection, see

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 9 
-10-

§ 1255(i)(1)(A)(i); or (2) they fall into one of the eight classes of aliens listed in

subsection (c), see § 1255(i)(1)(A)(ii). These aliens may apply for relief under

subsection (i) “[n]otwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (c).” 

§ 1255(i)(1). As construed by the Ninth and Fourth circuits, this prefatory text is

qualifying language, waiving for purposes of an application under subsection (i)

only the restrictions in subsections (a) and (c), but not other restrictions, such as

those in subsection (d). Indeed, subsection (i) makes no reference to subsection

(d). Nor does it provide that the aliens specifically restricted from adjustment of

status by subsection (d) are eligible to apply for adjustment under subsection (i). 

Thus, there is no indication in subsection (i) of an intent to grant the Attorney

General discretion to adjust the status of a K-1 visa holder under subsection (i). 

At best, such intent would be implicit. Under the Ninth and Fourth circuits’

reading, subsection (i) explicitly sets aside two--but not all--of the bases for

ineligibility under subsection (a), making them inapplicable under subsection (i). 

And K-1 visa holders must still pursue adjustment of status under subsection (a),

subject to the limitations of subsection (d).

Mr. Zhang counters that this construction of § 1255(i) is flawed because

§ 1255(d), on its face, only limits the Attorney General’s discretion to adjust his

status under subsection (a). He contends that, if he otherwise establishes

eligibility under subsection (i), the Attorney General has discretion to adjust his

status under that subsection, regardless of any limitations that would restrict his

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 10 
-11-

ability to obtain that relief under subsection (a). He asserts there was no reason

for Congress to include subsection (d) in the “nothwithstanding” language in

subsection (i), because, again, subsection (d) has no relevance except in

applications under subsection (a). He argues further that the reference to

subsection (a) in subsection (i) “exempts him from the requirements and

prohibitions that may attach to an application for adjustment of status under

[§] 1255(a),” Pet. Opening Br. at 16, apparently including even restrictions

imposed on subsection (a) applications by other subsections, such as subsection

(d).

Neither our sister circuits’ construction nor Mr. Zhang’s construction is

wholly without merit, and we are unable to conclude that the statutory language is

clear and unambiguous with respect to whether a K-1 visa holder is restricted

from obtaining adjustment of status under § 1255 except as provided in subsection

(d). The Attorney General argues that the applicable regulations are consistent

with the BIA’s construction of the relevant provisions of § 1255 in this case and

are entitled to Chevron deference. See Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources

Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-43 (1984). An agency’s construction of

a statute it administers may be owed deference by a court when the statute is

ambiguous on the issue in question and the agency’s reading represents a

permissible construction of the statute. See Rosillo-Puga, 580 F.3d at 1153 

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 11 
-12-

(addressing Attorney General’s construction of a separate section of Title 8);

Hernandez-Carrera v. Carlson, 547 F.3d 1237, 1244 (10th Cir. 2008) (same).

In implementing 8 U.S.C. § 1255, the Attorney General promulgated

8 C.F.R. §§ 245.1 and 1245.1. Both regulations include the following language:

(c) Ineligible aliens. The following categories of aliens are ineligible

to apply for adjustment of status to that of a lawful permanent

resident alien under section 245 of the Act:

. . . .

(6) Any alien admitted to the United States as a nonimmigrant

defined in section 101(a)(15)(K) of the Act, unless:

(i) In the case of a K-1 fiancé(e) . . . , the alien is applying for

adjustment of status based upon the marriage of the K-1 fiancé(e)

which was contracted within 90 days of entry with the United States

citizen who filed a petition on behalf of the K-1 fiancé(e)[.]”

8 C.F.R. §§ 245.1(c)(6)(i); 1245.1(c)(6)(i). Through these regulations, the

Attorney General has construed 8 U.S.C. § 1255 to permit a K-1 visa holder to

apply for adjustment of status only based upon marriage to the petitioning United

States citizen fiancé(e). The agency’s reading is reasonable and is a permissible

construction of the statute. We therefore defer to the agency’s construction,

which is also consistent with that of the Ninth and Fourth circuits. See United

States v. Atandi, 376 F.3d 1186, 1189 (10th Cir. 2004) (deferring to regulation as

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 12 
3 Mr. Zhang’s reliance on our decision in Padilla-Caldera v. Gonzales,

453 F.3d 1237 (10th Cir. 2005), is misplaced. That case involved ambiguity

created within § 1255(i) because all applicants for adjustment of status under

subsection (i) must be admissible, see § 1255(i)(2)(A), yet applicants who are

eligible under § 1255(i)(1)(A) are also defined as inadmissible under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1182(a). See Padilla-Caldera, 453 F.3d at 1241; §§ 1182(a)(6), (a)(9)(B)&(C). 

Thus, Padilla-Caldera addressed a conflict between two sub-parts of § 1255(i)

and a separate statutory section, none of which are at issue in this case. 

Moreover, we noted in a later case that Padilla-Caldera was decided without the

benefit of a subsequent BIA decision resolving the statutory ambiguity with

respect to a different subsection of § 1182(a). See Herrera-Castillo v. Holder,

573 F.3d 1004, 1009 (10th Cir. 2009), petition for cert. filed (Jan. 25, 2010).

-13-

reasonable interpretation of statute and following other Courts of Appeals

addressing same issue).3

We conclude that Mr. Zhang is ineligible for adjustment of status under

§ 1255, except to that of an alien lawfully admitted to the United States on a

conditional basis under 8 U.S.C. § 1186a as a result of a marriage to Sally Li, the

citizen who filed the petition to accord him nonimmigrant status under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(15)(K)(i). See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(d), 8 C.F.R. § 245.1(c)(6)(i). Because

he failed to marry Ms. Li within ninety days of entering the United States, the

BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying Mr. Zhang’s motion for

reconsideration with respect to its denial of his application for adjustment of

status.

Cancellation of Removal

The BIA also affirmed the IJ’s denial of Mr. Zhang’s application for

cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b). In his motion for

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 13 
-14-

reconsideration, Mr. Zhang argued that the Board applied an incorrect legal

standard. We have jurisdiction to review that claim. See Brue, 464 F.3d at 1232

(holding court has jurisdiction to review “whether the BIA applied the correct

legal standard in making its determination” (quotation omitted)).

Under § 1229b(b)(1), Mr. Zhang was required to satisfy four criteria, only

one of which is relevant here. He failed to establish that his removal “would

result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to [his] spouse, parent, or

child, who is a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for

permanent residence.” § 1229b(b)(1)(D). Mr. Zhang contends that the BIA

required him to prove an unconscionable level of hardship, thereby applying a

heightened and erroneous legal standard. Based on our review of the record,

however, it is clear that the Board applied the correct standard. See Admin. R. at

16 (“[W]e cannot find that the Immigration Judge erred in ruling that he failed to

sustain his burden of proof with regard to establishing the ‘exceptional and

extremely unusual hardship’ requirement.”); id. at 17 (“In sum, even considering

all of the factors presented cumulatively, we agree with the Immigration Judge’s

determination that the evidence of record does not indicate that whatever

difficulties the respondent’s qualifying relatives might face upon his removal to

China would rise to the heightened exceptional and extremely unusual

standard.”).

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 14 
-15-

The gist of Mr. Zhang’s argument appears to be that, based on evidence he

cites in his appeal brief, (but for which he did not provide citations in his motion

for reconsideration), he established unconscionable hardship far exceeding the

level required to qualify for cancellation of removal. But the point at which

hardship is exceptional and extremely unusual is not a legal standard. It is a

judgment call subject to the Attorney General’s discretion and therefore is not

within our jurisdiction to review. See Morales Ventura v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d

1259, 1262 (10th Cir. 2003). Therefore, we dismiss for lack of jurisdiction

Mr. Zhang’s petition for review, to the extent he challenges the Board’s

conclusion regarding his failure to establish the requisite level of hardship in

support of his petition for cancellation of removal.

The petition for review is DISMISSED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.

Entered for the Court

Bobby R. Baldock

Circuit Judge

Appellate Case: 09-9528 Document: 01018404741 Date Filed: 04/19/2010 Page: 15