**CHAPTER 1GENERAL WORKS**

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Alexander, T. "The Unexpected Payoff of Project Apollo."*Fortune*. 80 (July 1969): 114-117, 150, 153-154, 156. Writtenbefore the first lunar landing, this article argues that ProjectApollo had already restored the damaged self-esteem of the UnitedStates, its original purpose. It had also developed techniquesfor managing thousands of individuals from government, universities,and the private sector to achieve a fixed goal, and it appearedto have achieved that goal for very nearly the cost projectedat the outset of the project. The article goes on to discuss NASA'sproject management system that yielded so successful an outcome.

Anderton, David A. *Man in Space* [also entitled *Americain Space/The First Decade*]. Washington, DC: NASA EP-48, 1968.This pamphlet contains information on Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo,launch vehicles, test vehicles, astronauts, pressure suits, andspace medicine, but it treats each subject in overview fashion.

Andrews, John Williams. *A.D. Twenty-One Hundred: A Narrativeof Space*. Boston: Branden Press, 1969. This is an epic poemof Project Apollo. It contains a foreword by Walter Cronkite whoconcluded that Williams had turned the space "experienceinto meaningful felt reality, as Housman made us feel springtimein Shropshire, or Frost, wintertime in Vermont." *Apolloin its Historical Context*. Washington, DC: The George WashingtonUniversity Space Policy Institute, 1990. See under Logsdon, JohnM.

"Apollo Midstream." *Astronautics and Aeronautics*.3 (April 1965): 26-80. Features include: Joseph F. Shea, "TheApproach to Apollo," 26-29; Roy F. Brissenden, "LEMDocking in Lunar Orbit," pp. 30-32; Dale D. Myers, "ApolloSpacecraft--on the Mark," pp. 38-45; Jack G. Gavin, Jr.,"LEM Design Evolution," pp. 46-51; Owen G. Morris, "ApolloReliability Analysis," pp. 52-59; Max Faget, "Apollo--TheLong View," pp. 60-63; William E. Stoney, Jr., "TheDesigner Faces Up to Long Mission," pp. 64-69; Willard F.Libby, "Science and Manned Spacecraft," pp. 70-75; andDean N. Morris, "Third Manned Space Flight Meeting,"pp. 76-80.

Ashworth, William B. *The Face of the Moon: Galileo to Apollo,an Exhibition of Rare Books and Maps, October 13, 1989-February28, 1990*. Kansas City, MO: Linda Hall Library, 1989. Thisexhibition catalog shows "how the face of the moon has beenvariously delineated [over the centuries] as telescopes improved,new inventions such as photography were applied, and ultimately,as space travel led humankind to the very surface of the moon."

Benedict, Howard; Morse, Ralph; and Glenn, Christopher. "Full-CourtPress: Apollo Meets the Media." *Air and Space/Smithsonian*.4 (June/July 1989): 82-89. Three members of the media who coveredApollo and earlier space and missile efforts discuss their recollectionsof the American space efforts in the late 1950s and the 1960s.

Benson, Charles D. and Faherty, William Barnaby. *Moonport:A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations*. Washington,DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration SP-4204, 1978.An excellent history of the design and construction of the lunarlaunch facilities at Kennedy Space Center. Of *Moon- port*,a reviewer in the *Journal of American History* said in 1979,"The authors had access to official documents, letters, andmemoranda, and they have apparently consulted all the relevanthistorical, technological, and scientific secondary materials...allthe involved historians obviously spent considerable time studyingand intellectually digesting technical reports and manuals inorder to give their lay readers such lucid accounts of highlycomplex procedures and opera- tions...it is important to publicknowledge to have professionally trained historians employ historicalmethods to explain significant events and place them in a meaningfulhistorical context. Here is a broad lesson...that contemporarysociety can ill afford to ignore."

Bockstiegel, Karl-Heinz. Editor. *Manned Space Flight*. Cologne:Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1993. This collection of papers deliveredat the Institute of Air and Space Law's international colloquiumon human spaceflight in May 1992 is not specifically about Apollobut includes information about Apollo missions and an extensivebibliography.

Booker, Peter Jeffrey; Frewer, G.C.; and, Pardoe, G.K.C. *ProjectApollo: The Way to the Moon*. New York: American Elsevier Pub.Co., 1969. A popular and readable account prepared in anticipationof and released just after the Apollo 11 mission in 1969, thisbook condenses the essential details of 10 years of American spaceactivities into a short narrative. It begins with a discussionof the enormous growth of NASA and the entire space effort inthe early 1960s and ends with speculation on future developmentsin human exploration of the Solar System.

Bradbury, Ray. "An Impatient Gulliver Above our Roofs."*Life*. 24 November 1967, pp. 31-37. 9 color photos. Storyby Ray Bradbury on assignment for *Life* at the Manned SpacecraftCenter in Houston and his impressions of the Saturn 5 launch.

Brian, William L., II. *Moongate: Suppressed Findings of theU.S. Space Program, the NASA-Military Cover-up*. Portland,OR: Future Science Research Pub. Co., 1982. As the title suggests,this is a sensationalistic expos‚ arguing that "thetrue circumstances surrounding the Apollo missions and relateddiscoveries were carefully suppressed from the public." Theauthor claims that far from NASA's space program being a civilianeffort as advertised, "the military had almost complete controlover it and...many NASA findings were withheld from the public."The title of Chapter 10, "Evidence of Extraterrestrial Interferencein the Space Program," will suggest the highly speculativeand tenuous tenor of the book, much of which is quite technical,to boot. Lightly footnoted with references alike to scholarlysources and *The National Enquirer*, the work should be consultedwith great caution by those without a solid grounding in spacehistory and technology.

Brueton, Diana. *Many Moons: The Myth and Magic, Fact and Fantasyof Our Nearest Heavenly Body*. New York: Prentice Hall Press,1991. An excellent discussion of the Moon in human legend, lore,science, and popular culture.

Bruno, Leonard C. *"We have a sporting chance": TheDecision to go to the Moon, An Exhibition at the Library of Congress,July 16-September 16, 1979*. Washington: Library of Congress,1979. This catalog for the tenth anniversary exhibit commemoratingApollo 11 provides an overview in narrative and photos of thebackground to the mission that carried out President Kennedy'spledge in 1961 to land Americans on the Moon within the decadeand return them safely to Earth. Also included is a retrospectivereflection on the mission. A good overview with excellent photographs.

Burgess, Eric. *Outpost on Apollo's Moon*. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1993. This heavily illustrated new book arguesthat employing Apollo hardware on the Moon could permit permanentsettlements that would benefit science, humanity, and business.Contains an evaluation of the successes and failures of Apolloas well as how they could be adapted to today's needs.

Burrows, William E. *Exploring Space: Voyages in the Solar Systemand Beyond*. New York: Random House, 1990. This journalisticaccount covers Apollo only in passing but has intelligent thingsto say about it.

Butler, S.T., and Messel, H. Editors. *Apollo and the Universe:Selected Lectures on the U.S. Manned Space Flight Program andSelected Fields of Modern Physics and Cosmology*. New York:Pergamon Press, 1968. Most of this small but not short book hasnothing to do with Apollo, but the first lecture, "SpaceRocketry and a Man on the Moon," by NASA Associate Administratorfor Manned Space Flight George E. Mueller devotes a chapter tothe Mercury and Gemini programs and another to Apollo as it hadevolved until 1968.

Chamberland, Dennis. "Splashdown!" *Proceedings ofthe U.S. Naval Institute*. 115 (1989): 36-43. Covers the evolutionof spacecraft recovery techniques from Mercury through Apollo.

Chappell, Russell E. *Apollo*. Washington, DC: National Aeronauticsand Space Administration, 1974. Heavy on spectacular photographs,this is an overview not only of Apollo through the lunar landingin July 1969 but also Mercury and Gemini before it.

Chester, Michael, and McClinton, David. *The Moon: Target forApollo*. New York: Putnam, 1963. Illustrated with photos andline drawings by Robert Bartram. A pre-Apollo 11 account of whathumans learned about the Moon from the third century B.C. to thelunar probes (Pioneer through Ranger).

Closets, Francois de. *La lune est ... vendre; essai*.Paris: Denoel, 1969. Entitled in English "the Moon is forsale; essay," this little book provides readers of Frenchsome thoughtful reflections on humanity's conquest of lunar space.

Collins, Michael. *Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventurein Space*. New York: Grove Press, 1988. This book, a generalhistory of the U.S. space program for a popular audience writtenby one of the three participating astronauts in the Apollo 11flight. He begins with an account of that flight, then flashesback to the post- World War II beginnings of the United States'interest in space and traces the evolution of the space programthrough the founding of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) in 1958 and its launching of the Mercury and Gemini programsto the history of the Apollo program itself. These sections accountfor roughly two-thirds of the book, with the remainder takingthe story of U.S. space exploration through Skylab to the Challengeraccident and the prospects for space efforts as they looked inthe late 1980s.

Cooke, Hereward Lester, with the collaboration of Dean, JamesD. Foreword by J. Carter Brown. Preface by Thomas O. Paine. *Eyewitnessto Space: Paintings and Drawings Related to the Apollo Missionto the Moon Selected, with a Few Exceptions, from the Art Programof the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1963 to1969)*. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1971. A collection of 258 paintingsand drawings in reproduction, created by a variety of artistsranging from Norman Rockwell to Chesley Bonestell. A magnificentand variegated collection.

Cortright, Edgar M. Editor. *Apollo Expeditions to the Moon*.Washington, DC: NASA SP-350, 1975. This large-formatted volume,with numerous illustrations in both color and black and white,contains essays by numerous luminaries ranging from NASA administratorJames E. Webb ("A Perspective on Apollo") to astronautsMichael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. ("'The Eagle HasLanded'"). By no means a scholarly work, this collectionconsists rather of the recollections of participants and one correspondent(Robert Sherrod). Among the perspectives offered are those ofRobert R. Gilruth on engineering, Wernher von Braun on Saturn,George M. Low on the spaceships, Christopher C. Kraft on missioncontrol, Samuel C. Phillips on the shakedown cruises, and GeorgeE. Mueller on "Getting It All Together."

*The Early Years: Mercury to Apollo-Soyuz*. Washington, DC:National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988. This 14-pageinformation summery contains brief accounts of projects Mercury,Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, and Apollo-Soyuz with appendices aboutmanned spacecraft and launch vehicles.

Fairley, Peter. *Man on the Moon*. London: Arthur BarkerLimited, 1969. Yet another popular, undocumented account publishedsoon after Apollo 11's conclusion, this volume covers not onlythat mission but the background to it, the Apollo 204 fire, andthe missions yet on the agenda. It also discusses the race withthe Soviets.

Freeman, Marsha. *How We Got to the Moon: The Story of the GermanSpace Pioneers*. Washington, DC: 21st Century Associates, 1993.The author of this book tries to make the German emigrees whocame to the United States with Wernher von Braun in 1945 the centralforce behind the success of Project Apollo. Freeman traces allspaceflight ideals and imagination to a German group formed byHermann Oberth and Willy Ley and including Wernher von Braun,among others, in the first part of the twentieth century, whocreated the U.S. space program and the "glory" of Apollo.In so doing, she concentrates on such ancillary stories as thedevelopment of the V-2 by von Braun's "rocket team"for Germany in World War II, totally ignoring the contributionsof other people and nations to the overall space effort.

Fries, Sylvia D. *NASA Engineers and the Age of Apollo*.Washington, DC: NASA SP-4104, 1992. This book is a socioculturalanalysis of a selection of engineers at NASA who worked on ProjectApollo. It analyzes the manner in which different personalities,perspectives, backgrounds, and priorities came together to informthe direction of NASA during the 1960s. The author makes extensiveuse of oral history in this study, providing both a significantappraisal of NASA during its "golden age" and importantdocumentary material for future explorations.

Furniss, Tim, *"One Small Step"--The Apollo Missions,the Astronauts, the Aftermath: A Twenty Year Perspective*.Somerset, England: G.T. Foulis & Co., 1989. Developed fora retrospective celebration on the twentieth anniversary of thelunar landing, this book tries to recreate the exhilaration ofthe Apollo missions.

Gregory, William H. "Project Apollo in Retrospect."In Ordway, Frederick I., III and Liebermann, Randy. *Blueprintsfor Space: Science Fiction to Science Fact*. Washington, DC:Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. Pp. 155-65. Provides a good,brief overview of the entire Apollo program from background throughinception to its completion with the splashdown of Apollo 17 on19 December 1972. It covers the major management decisions, technologicalachievements, and political contexts as well as providing perspectiveon the program from the vantage point of two decades after theevents. Also includes a brief bibliography.

Hallion, Richard P., and Crouch, Tom D. Editors. *Apollo: TenYears Since Tranquility Base*. Washington, DC: SmithsonianInstitution Press, 1979. This is a collection of essays developedfor the National Air and Space Museum, commemorat- ing the tenthanniversary of the first landing on the Moon, July 20, 1969. Itconsists of sixteen articles, mostly written directly for theNational Air and Space Museum by a variety of experts, that rangefrom Roger E. Bilstein's overview entitled, "The Saturn LaunchVehicle Family," to Kerry M. Jo‰ls' "Apollo andthe 'Two Cultures'." Other contributions by such luminariesas John M. Logsdon; Frederick C. Durant, III; Farouk El-Baz; andRocco A. Petrone, not to mention the two editors, attempt to setthe Apollo missions in historical perspective and to explain suchmatters as operational support, the command and service modules,the lunar module, and the Apollo space suit. Dominick A. Pisanohas provided a selective bibliography at the conclusion of thevolume.

Hechler, Ken. *Toward the Endless Frontier: History of the Committeeon Science and Technology, 1959-1979*. Washington, DC: U.S.House of Representa- tives, 1980. This lengthy tome contains thebest account to date of Congressional wrangling over Project Apollo,and demonstrates the bipartisan nature of both Apollo supportand opposition.

Hirsch, Richard, and Trento, Joseph John. *The National Aeronauticsand Space Administration*. New York: Praeger, 1973. A popularlywritten overview of the agency in Praeger's Library of U.S. GovernmentDepartments and Agencies, this critical but by no means scholarlyaccount offers one chapter and scattered other references to Apollo.

Holmes, Jay. *America on the Moon*. Philadelphia: L.B. Lippincott,1962. This popular account without scholarly apparatus providesan early look at the Apollo program and its background. Usefulfor its perspective on how Apollo in its beginnings looked toone investigator.

"How An Idea No One Wanted Grew Up To Be the LEM." *Life*.14 March 1969, pp. cover, 20-27. 8 color photos, 1 color painting,4 B&W sketches. A fascinating look at the evolution or theLunar Excursion Module. Also discusses how the lunar rendezvousscheme was picked.

Hoyt, Edwin P. *The Space Dealers: A Hard Look at the Role ofBusiness in the U.S. Space Effort*. New York: The John DayCo., 1971. This book describes the intricate interrelationshipsbetween government organizations such as NASA and the aerospaceindustry. Not specifically focused on Apollo, it uses that programas a test case in looking at the larger question of government/industryrelations.

Hurt, Harry, III. *For All Mankind*. New York: Atlantic MonthlyPress, 1988. Another attempt, really quite a lame one by a correspondentfor *Newsweek*, to provide a compelling and convincing narrativeof Project Apollo.

Kane, Francis X. "The NASA Program." *Air UniversityReview*. 14 (Winter- Spring 1962-3): 189-204. This undocumentedarticle by an Air Force officer discusses especially Air Forcesupport for NASA programs, including but not focussing exclusivelyon Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo.

Kaysing, Bill and Reid, Randy. *We Never Went to the Moon: America's30 Billion Dollar Swindle*. Cornville, AZ: Desert Publications,1981. This curious and cheaply-put-together compilation concludeswithout documentation or real evidence that "THE TRIP TOTHE MOON WAS A HOAX"--to use the typography as well as thewords in the authors' conclusions. Hardly definitive!

Knight, David C. Compiler. *American Astronauts and Spacecraft:A Pictorial History from Project Mercury through Apollo 13*.New York: F. Watts, 1970. This (mostly black and white) pictorialhistory consists almost entirely of photos, some of them withlengthy captions. It does contain useful biographies of the astronautsand a lengthy glossary of space terms.

Launius, Roger D. *NASA: A History of the U.S. Civil Space Program*.Melbourne, FL: Krieger, 1994. A short book in the Anvil Series,this history of U.S. civilian space efforts consists half of narrativeand half of documents. It contains three chapters on the Apolloprogram plus two others on the Sputnik crisis and the events leadingup to the creation of NASA and one dealing with the rise of spacescience and technology. While coverage consists more of overviewthan detailed analysis, the approach is broadly analytical andprovides the most recent general treatment of its topic, designedmore for the student or general reader than for the specialist.

Levine, Arthur L. *The Future of the U.S. Space Program*.New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975. Despite its somewhat misleadingtitle, most of this book by a long- time NASA employee who latermoved to academia deals with the history of the agency. Chapters4 and 5 cover the space program during roughly the Apollo period.

Lewis, Richard S. *Appointment on the Moon: The Inside Storyof America's Space Adventure*. New York: Viking, 1969. Perhapsthe first book to capitalize on the success of Apollo 11 in 1969,this history appeared within days of the "splashdown."

_____. *The Voyages of Apollo: The Exploration of the Moon*.New York: Quadrangle, 1974. This popularly written but not nontechnicalaccount covers the background to the Apollo mission seen as anexploration of the Moon. It then discusses the changes in ourperceptions of that heavenly body as succeeding Apollo missionsadded to our knowledge. Without scholarly apparatus, this is clearlya non- scientist's interpretation of lunar science, but it presentsan informed series of perspectives as of the time it was written.

*Life in Space*. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1983. A lookat the U.S. space program from Project Mercury through the SpaceShuttle and planetary explorers. Tremendous collection of photos,most culled from the *Life* collection. Covers all mannedmissions.

Lindbergh, Anne Morrow. *Earth Shine*. New York: Harcourt,Brace & World, 1969. A republication of the article describedbelow and one on East Africa together with some reflections onhow the two are linked together.

_____. "The Heron and the Astronaut." *Life*. 28February 1969, pp. 1, 14-27. Impressionistic story about CapeKennedy, the launch of Apollo 8, and what Apollo 11 means formankind, complete with a number of photographs.

Logsdon, John M., et al. *Apollo in its Historical Context*.Washington, DC: George Washington University Space Policy Institute,1990. This edited version of remarks presented at a 1989 symposiumincludes articles by Logsdon on "Evaluating Apollo";Walter A. McDougall on "Apollo and Technocracy"; DanielJ. Boorstin on "The Rise of Public Discovery"; and FrankWhite on "Apollo in a Millennial Perspective." Concludeswith a discussion based on questions from the audience at thesymposium. Useful for the perspectives offered by the four eminentparticipants.

_____. "An Apollo Perspective." *Astronautics &Aeronautics*. 17 (December 1979): 112-116. This brief articleanalyzes the situation facing the U. S. space program in 1979in the light of Apollo and concludes that the base of supportfor a major national investment in space, such as the one thatexisted for Apollo in 1961 simply did not exist 18 years laterand was unlikely to emerge again for a consider- able time inthe future.

_____. "From Apollo to Shuttle: Policy Making in the PostApollo Era." Unpublished typescript, Spring 1983, copy inNASA History Office Reference Collection. This lengthy "Partialand Preliminary Manuscript" is concerned primarily with the"decisions taken during the 1969-1972 period on what theUnited States would do in space *after* landing on the moon."However, since these decisions were made in the context of Apollothe author does discuss it as well.

_____. "What Made Apollo a Success? Introduction." *Astronauticsand Aeronautics*. (March 1970): 36-45. This brief article bythe NASA deputy administrator at the time and former manager ofthe Apollo spacecraft program discusses a range of issues involvedin Apollo's successes to date, including spacecraft design anddevelopment, mission design and planning, flight-crew and flightoperations, spacecraft test activities, and management's controlof spacecraft changes. Although not entirely free of jargon, thisis generally a readable and well- written analysis. It concludesthat the preeminent factor in Apollo's success was attention todetail coupled with dedication.

Lutman, C. C. "The Apollo Program." *Air UniversityReview*. 16 (May-June 1965): 16-21. This short, undocumentedarticle by an Air Force officer who had served in NASA concentrateson spacecraft, guidance and navigation systems, instrumentationand scientific equipment, and operations with emphasis on thefact "that the Apollo program is not aimed solely at thesuccessful completion of a lunar landing but rather is a toolemployed to obtain and keep U.S. supremacy in space."

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. *Apollo Program Summary Report*.Houston, TX: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1975. This lengthyreport summarizes the principal activities during Apollo and providesreferences for those seeking greater detail. It is divided intosections on the flight program, science, vehicle development andperformance, spacecraft development testing, the flight crew,mission operations, biomedical matters, spacecraft manufacturingand testing, launch facilities and operations, and the lunar receivinglaboratory, which initially quarantined astronaut crews and handledlunar samples. Illustrations and appendices supplement the text.This report probably gives the most complete overview of the programto be found anywhere and may be the best single place for researchersnew to Apollo to begin.

Mailer, Norman. "A Dream of the Future's Face." *Life*.9 January 1970, pp. 56- 57, 60, 62, 62-63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72,74. 2 color photos. Part III of Norman Mailer's *Fire on theMoon* examines some "philosophical" questions onwhere society is headed.

______. "A Fire on the Moon." *Life*. 29 August1969, pp. cover, 1, 24-42. 4 color photos. Part I of Norman Mailer'spersonal study of the U.S. space program. Includes transcriptsof the Public Affairs Officer's Apollo 11 countdown. Also, "MenIn Space," p. 46A.

______. *Of a Fire on the Moon*. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970. New York: New AmericanLibrary, 1971. One of the foremost contemporary American writers,Mailer was commissioned to comment on the first lunar landing.What he wrote was this rather confused and confusing account thatis written as a series of almost stream-of-consciousness ruminationsabout spaceflight. They do provide some insights, most importantlyas Mailer with his 1960s countercultural mindset meets its antithesis,a NASA steeped in middle class values and reverence for the Americanflag and culture. Mailer was forced, grudgingly, to admit thatNASA's approach to task accomplishment--which he sees as the embodimentof the Protestant Work Ethic--and its technological and scientificcapability got results with Apollo. He rails at NASA's closedand austere society, one where he says outsiders are distrustedand held at arm's length with a bland and faceless courtesy thatbetrays nothing. For all of its skepticism, for all of its esotericism,the book captures some interesting insights into rocket technologyand the people who produced it in Project Apollo, but it is heavygoing to extract them from this dense book.

Manno, Jack. *Arming the Heavens*. New York: Dodd, Mead,1988. This sparsely documented volume with an extensive annotatedbibliography begins the account by tracing the "Nazi legacy"of the space program back to Wernher von Braun and the ballisticmissile program at Peenemnde. The book's thrust is suggestedby the concluding paragraph to Chapter 16, "The Space WarriorsReturn," referring to the presidency of Ronald Reagan andthe end it signalled to "U.S. efforts even to pretend thatAmerican space activities would be devoted to peaceful purposes.That paragraph reads: "The new arms race in space is butanother example--perhaps the last one--of leaders refusing toaccept the limits of military power, of trying therefore to bringmilitary solutions to bear on what are global political and socialcrises. The only real hope for national security in the SpaceAge lies in international security. Global social and politicalsolutions must be sought for the global social and political problemsthat lead to war." Many readers may disagree with this approach,but the author presents a reasoned if not scholarly argument insupport of it.

Mansfield, John M. *Man on the Moon*. New York: Stein andDay, 1969. Written by a BBC television producer, this book beginswith ancient conceptions of the Moon and continues with theoreticalfoundations for the space age in the works of science fictionauthors and theoreticians. The book's capstone is a discussionof NASA and Project Apollo.

Masursky, Harold; Colton, G.W.; and El-Baz, Farouk. *ApolloOver the Moon: A View from Orbit*. Washington, DC: NationalAeronautics and Space Administration SP- 362, 1978. This is anexcellent encapsulation of the Apollo program with striking photography.A large-formatted book, it contains an introduction discussingthe objectives, methods, and results of Apollo lunar photography.It follows this with discussions of the regions of the Moon andexplanations of individual photographs. Contains a glossary andbibliography.

Messel, H., and Butler, S. T. Editors. *Pioneering in OuterSpace*. London: Heinemann, 1971. This published series of lecturescontains historical material on all human space flights up toApollo 13. The core of the book consists of chapters by G. Hage,vice president for development at Boeing; G. E. Mueller, thenvice-president of general dynamics but previously NASA associateadministrator for manned space flight; and Lee B. James, directorof lunar operations at the Marshall Space Flight Center, dealingwith U.S. spaceflights, including accounts of the developmentof the Saturn launch vehicles and the Apollo spacecraft, astronautselection and training, the individual Apollo missions, theirscientific results, and their impact on Earth plus projectionsfor the future. Intended for advanced high school students, theprose is pedestrian but clear with numerous black and white illustrations.

Milne, Donald Stewart. *Footprints on the Moon*. Auckland:Wilson & Horton, 1969. This cheaply-produced volume by a journalistfrom New Zealand covers the background to space exploration, theSoviet space program, and Project Apollo. One of many popularaccounts with numerous newsprint-quality photos.

Moore, P. *Moon Flight Atlas*. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1970.This 64-page "atlas" contains many photographs as wellas maps and descriptive materials describing what was known aboutthe Moon shortly after the first lunar landing. It also containsmaterial and diagrams about the Apollo program and its hardware,followed by run-downs of Apollo missions.

Murray, Bruce. *Journey into Space: The First Three Decadesof Space Explora- tion*. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1989.This highly personal account by a former director of the Jet PropulsionLaboratory makes only occasional reference to Apollo but doeshave some interesting reflections about it and its legacy forNASA.

Murray, Charles A., and Cox, Catherine Bly. *Apollo, the Raceto the Moon*. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989. Perhaps thebest general account of the lunar program, this history uses interviewsand documents to reconstruct the stories of the people who participatedin Apollo.

NASA. *America's Next Decades in Space: A Report for the SpaceTask Group*. Washington, DC: NASA, 1969. Mostly about the futureafter Apollo, this report contains a lengthy chapter on "CurrentProgram and National Capabilities" that gives considerableattention to Apollo and its infrastructure.

NASA History Office [authors vary, with many of the volumes sponsoredby the NASA Historical Staff but prepared by the Science and TechnologyDivision of the Library of Congress], *Astronautics and Aeronautics. . .* [title varies]. Washington, DC: NASA SPs-4004 to 4020,1963-1975. This series--which was preceded by NASA reports for1961 and 1962 to the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S.House of Representatives, published as committee prints entitled*Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of . . .* --does notfocus exclusively on Apollo by any means. But the annual chronologiesdo contain much information about specific events relating toApollo and provide a handy reference tool.

NASA Office of Manned Space Flight. *Apollo Reliability andQuality Assurance Program Plan*. Washington, DC: National Aeronauticsand Space Administration, 1966. This document, prepared by theApollo Program Office, outlines the require- ments for hardwaredevelopment under the Apollo program. While it makes dull andbureaucratic reading, it outlines the procedures followed untilthe Apollo 204 fire the following year and thus provides a baselineagainst which to measure the changes introduced in reliabilityand quality assurance in its aftermath. (See Apollo Accident Reportand the congressional committee prints [listed under U.S. Housebelow in Chapter 5] on that incident and its results for NASAprocedures.)

NASA Office of Manned Space Flight. *Apollo Terminology*.Washington, DC: NASA SP-6001, 1963. A glossary of terms used inthe program with their definitions. In view of the inclinationof even popular accounts of the program to use acronyms and technicalterms, this is a virtually indispensable reference work for thosenot already familiar with the terminology.

NASA Office of Manned Space Flight. *NASA's Manned Space FlightProgram*. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration,29 April 1969. Describes the efforts of NASA to place men in orbitand on the Moon. It also discusses the next phase of manned flight,the development of a reusable spacecraft for movement of peopleand supplies to and from orbit. A reprint of part of NASA testimonyto Congress during budget authorization hearings for fiscal year1970.

NASA Office of Public Affairs. *"In this decade . . .":Mission to the Moon*. Washington, DC: NASA, 1969. This publicrelations brochure with lots of photos and a somewhat breezy stylenevertheless provides considerable information about the Apolloprogram on the eve of the first lunar landing.

NASA Space Task Group. *The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directionsfor the Future*. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,September 1969. Mostly about the future, this report includesbackground material on Apollo and its effects.

*The Next Decade in Space: A Report of the Space Science andTechnology Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee*.Washington, DC: President's Science Advisory Committee, March1970. This important report reviews the development of the spaceprogram in the United States through the Moon landing and projectssome future objectives for the President.

Newman, Joseph. *U.S. on the Moon*. Washington, DC: U.S.News and World Report Inc., 1969. This popular account of theApollo program through Apollo 11, with coverage of its backgroundand of the race with the Soviets, provides a fair summation inunderstandable language of what was known at the time.

*One Giant Leap for Mankind*, with Introduction by EugeneCernan. Largo, FL: Rococo International, Inc., [1994]. This glossy25th anniversary publication contains a series of articles byKarl E. Kristofferson and others dealing with NASA's Centers,"The Rocket Meisters," projects Mercury through Apollo,Apollo-Soyuz, "Buggy On The Moon," "The Lunar Machines,""How Television Made it to the Moon," and several othernon-Apollo-related topics. Without notes or other scholarly apparatus,this is intended for a popular audience.

"One Last Fiery Hurrah for Apollo." *Life*. 19December 1972, pp. 6-8C. Includes several entries covering notjust Apollo 17 but the Apollo program as a whole, including hardware.

Ordway, Frederick I., III, and Sharpe, Mitchell R. Foreword byWernher von Braun. *The Rocket Team*. New York: Crowell,1979. This is an important, popularly- oriented, and somewhatapologetic discussion of the activities of the group of Germanengineers under the leadership of Wernher von Braun who developedthe V-2 in World War II, came to the United States in 1945, andworked at the Marshall Spaceflight Center at Huntsville, Alabama,to develop the Saturn V launch vehicle used in Project Apollo.

______; Adams, Carsbie C.; and Sharpe, Mitchell R. *Dividendsfrom Space*. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1972. This is anattempt to show that the costs of the space program have beenmore than returned in benefits to humanity, both tangible andintangible. The authors discuss at length the use of space systemsto improve weather forecasting, facilitate communications, andinventory Earth resources. They also emphasize the developmentof the technological base with such major programs as ProjectApollo.

Peterson, Robert W. *Space: From Gemini to the Moon and Beyond*.New York: Facts on File, 1972. A now obviously dated referencework summarizing events related to space from 1965-1971 in a topicalformat with each section organized chronologically. Does providethe perspective as of nearly the end of the Apollo program.

*Peterson's Book of Man in Space*. Los Angeles, CA: PetersenPub. Co., 1974. 5 volumes. In essentially magazine format withlots of photos, this series of articles carries the story of humansin space from accounts of the spaceflight pioneers Robert H. Goddardand Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky through Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo.

Petroski, Henry. *To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failurein Successful Design*. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.This books offers a series of reflections upon the relationshipbetween engineering and risk. The author comments on the developmentof a special faith attached to modern technology in the publicmind, and the effect recent disasters, from Three-mile Islandto Chernobyl, had on that confidence. This book is not simplya chronicle of accidents, but seeks to look at the process ofengineering and its creative aspects apart from its scientificones. Petroski notes that the design process accepts failure andseeks to test and gradually develop a system, whatever it mightbe, that has an acceptable level of risk to operate. He cautionsthat nothing is error free. He ends with a discussion of structuralfailures and their causes, dividing them into several categories.He notes that many recent failures are not due to engineeringbut to poor construction, inferior materials, inadequate attentionto detail, or poor management and oversight.

Rabinowitch, Eugene, and Lewis, Richard S. Editors. *Man onthe Moon: The Impact on Science, Technology, and InternationalCooperation*. New York: Basic Books, 1969. The editors haveassembled articles that provide a range of views on the impactof the exploration of space on science, technology, and internationalcooperation. Each author approaches the subject from a particularperspective, speculating on the meaning of the Apollo lunar landingand offering prognostications for the future.

*Rover and Men on the Moon: Man's Greatest Adventure*. BonitaSprings, FL: Holland Posters, 1971. A picture book, largely aboutthe Apollo program, with shots of the lunar roving vehicle.

Ryan, Peter. *Invasion of the Moon, 1969: The Story of Apollo11*. Harmonds- worth, UK: Penguin, 1969; second ed. publishedin 1971 under title: *The Invasion of the Moon, 1957-1970*.This book capitalizes on the excitement of the first Apollo landing,proving a recitation of the expedition for a popular audience.Rather more detailed than many popular accounts, this book wentinto a second edition that carried the narrative through Apollo13. Also covers the Soviet space program.

Shelton, William Roy. *Man's Conquest of Space*. Washington,DC: National Geographic Society, 1974. A popular account withmany photographs of the entire human spaceflight effort to 1974,including Apollo but also science fiction, the alien environmentof space, the Soviet space program, and much else.

Society of Automotive Engineers. *Apollo: A Program Review*.New York: The Society, 1964. "Papers presented verbally atthe 1964 National Aeronautic and Space Engineering meeting heldin Los Angeles, California."

*Spirit of Apollo: A Collection of Reflective Interviews Commemoratingthe 20th Anniversary of the First Manned Lunar Landing*. Washington,DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in cooperationwith the AIAA Houston Section, 1989. This glossy collection ofinterviews with 15 astronauts, managers, and others involved inthe Apollo program provides some perspective on the events 20years after the landing on the Moon. Among the interviewees wereEugene Cernan, Aaron Cohen, Maxime Faget, Robert Gilruth, ChristopherKraft, and Donald "Deke" Slayton.

Sullivan, Walter. Editor. *America's Race for the Moon: TheNew York Times Story of Project Apollo*. Foreword by D. BrainerdHolmes. New York: Random House, 1962. This is a collection ofarticles that appeared in the *Times*. Probably its onlyvalue today lies in giving a sense of the information availableto the interested lay reader at the time.

Sutton, Felix. *Conquest of the Moon*. New York: Grosset& Dunlap, 1969. This 63-page picture book has for its textsixty questions and answers about Earth's natural satellite andthe program to reach it.

Swenson, Loyd S., Jr. "The Fertile Crescent: The South'sRole in the National Space Program." *Southwestern HistoricalQuarterly*. 71 (January 1968): 377-92. A discussion of theNASA centers established in the South, especially those associatedwith Project Apollo (Marshall Space Flight Center, Kennedy SpaceCenter, Mississippi Test Facility, and Manned Spacecraft Center[later Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]), and their impact on theregion.

Thomas, Davis. Editor. *Moon: Man's Greatest Adventure*.New York: H.N. Abrams, 1970. A large-format, illustrated workwhose centerpiece consists of three major essays. One, by FredA. Whipple, Harvard University astronomer, describes the possibilitiesof space flight for scientific inquiry. Another by Silvio A. Bedini,of the Smithsonian Institution, deals with the Moon's role inhuman affairs. A final article by Wernher von Braun of NASA analyzesProject Apollo and its execution in the 1960s.

United States House, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommitteeon Space Science and Applications. *United States Civilian SpacePrograms, 1958-1978*. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1981. This more than 1,000-page report has the usual introductionand summary, followed by a list of issues for congressional consideration,a history of NASA and its relation to American space policy, andaccounts of "NASA Facilities and Tracking Systems,""Launch Vehicles and Propulsion," "Manned SpaceFlight Through 1975," and a variety of other topics, mostof them unrelated to Apollo. In the introduction and summary writtenby Marcia S. Smith, one comment is that the "manned spaceprogram, which saw six two-man crews land on the surface of theMoon and return safely to Earth, has received the most media andpublic attention . . ." but adds that it is only one partof the space program.

United States Information Agency. *Effect of the Moon Landingon Opinions in Six Countries*. Washington,DC: USIA, 1969. Copyin the NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA Headquarters,Washington, DC. This research report, which was not made availableto the general public until 1971, contains 7 tables and 11 chartsin addition to 15 pages of text. It concluded from opinion surveysconducted immediately before and after Apollo 11 that the "U.S.standing in science" and space exploration improved considerablyfollowing the successful Moon landing in Great Britain, India,France, Japan, Venezuela, and the Philippines but that opinionsof U.S. military strength rose only in Britain, France, and Japan,and there only slightly.

Van Dyke, Vernon. *Pride and Power: The Rationale of the SpaceProgram*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964. Thisanalysis of the overall rationale of the Apollo program came tothe conclusion that the "most powerful motives" behindit involved competition with the Soviet Union. "Motives suchas the promotion of scientific, technological, and economic progress"were "less compelling in political circles" though elsewhereone or the other of them may have been more central. Althoughmostly about these motivations, this carefully researched bookby an academic, also discusses organizational arrangements; relationsamong NASA, the business world, and universities; internationalcooperation; and NASA's public information programs. Althoughhis research is certainly dated, Van Dyke's conclusions hold upsurprisingly well after the passage of 30 years.

von Braun, Wernher. *First Men to the Moon*. New York: Holt,Rinehart and Winston, 1966. A popular account of Apollo basedof a series of articles appearing in *This Week* magazine.Its greatest strength is the inclusion of easily understood diagramsof scientific phenomena and hardware.

______, and Ordway, Frederick I., III. *History of Rocketryand Space Travel*. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1969, 2d edition.This is a large-format, illustrated history that emphasizes thehistory of the U.S. space program and Project Apollo. It was writtenby one of the most significant popularizers of space flight andone of his leading space information specialists.

______, *Space Travel*. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.This update of *History of Rocketry & Space Travel* containsan excellent summary of the early visions of space flight.

Weaver, Kenneth F. "What the Moon Rocks Tell Us." *NationalGeographic Maga- zine*. 136 (December 1969): 788-91. A popularrather than scientific account of the moon rocks. Together with"Next Steps in Space" by NASA Administrator Thomas O.Paine (pp. 792-7), this rounds out the "First Explorers onthe Moon" series in this issue (see Chapter 5, Apollo 11).

*What Made Apollo a Success?* Washington, DC: NASA SP-287,1971. A reprint of articles by George M. Low, Kenneth S. Kleinknecht,Scott H. Simpkinson, Christopher C. Kraft, and others from theMarch 1970 issue of *Astronautics & Aeronautics*. Eachof these articles is discussed separately in the appropriate sectionsof this bibliography.

Wilbur, Ted. "Support Forces." In Wilbur, Ted. *Space--Andthe United States Navy*. Prepared by the Editors of *NavalAviation News* (November 1970): 73-77. Covers various supportthe Navy provided for NASA during Mercury, Gemini, and Apolloranging from satellite information through recovery followingsplashdown of spacecraft.

Young, Hugo; Silcock, Bryan; and Dunn, Peter. *Journey to Tranquillity:The History of Man's Assault on the Moon*. Garden City, NY:Doubleday, 1970. A ponderous "anti-Apollo" broadside,this book seeks to cast aspersions on the entire space program.Handled deftly by investigative journalists who are writing anexpos‚, the first chapter sets the stage by characterizingWernher von Braun as a self-righteous traitor and John F. Kennedyas an adolescent exhibitionist. They then describe a conspiracyof bureaucrats, industrialists, and politicians who promote spaceas a means of feathering their own nests. The authors used theApollo fire that killed three astronauts as the evidence that"proves" the dishonesty and criminal behavior of NASAand other space advocates. The authors were journalists with the*London Sunday Times* and they provided a fast-paced if highlycritical analysis of Project Apollo.

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