1 Filed 4/11/23 Reposting correct version CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT (Placer)

----

OSCAR J. MADRIGAL et al., Plaintiffs and Respondents,

v. HYUNDAI MOTOR AMERICA, Defendant and Appellant. C090463 (Super. Ct. No. S

- CV

- 0038395)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Placer County, Michael W. Jones, Judge. Reversed.

Theta Law Firm , Soheyl Tahsildoost , Kainoa Aliviado ; SJL L aw and Julian G. Senior for Defendant and Appellant.

Fred J. Hiestand for Civil Justice Association o f California as Amicus Curiae on behalf o f Defendant a nd Appell a nt

. Knight Law Group , Roger Kirnos ; The Altman Law Group , Bryan C. Altman ; Law Office o f Michae l H. Rosenstein, Michael H. Rosenstein ; Greines, Martin, Stein & Richland , Cynthia E. Tobisman and Joseph V. Bui for Plaintiffs and Respondents.

The Arkin Law Firm and Sharon J. Arkin for Consumer Attorneys o f California as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs a nd Respondents

.2 Plaintiffs Oscar J. and Audrey M. Madrigal (plaintiffs) sued defendant Hyundai Motor America (Hyundai) under California’s automobile lemon law . Early in the case, Hyundai made two offers to compromise under Code of Civil Procedure section 998 , 1
both of which were rejected. Litigation continued. After a jury was sworn in, plaintiffs settled with Hyundai for a principal amount that was less than Hyundai’s second section
998 offer. The parties elected to leave the issue of costs and attorney fees for the trial court to decide upon motion. Under the settlement agreement, o nce the issue of costs and attorney fees was resolved and payment was made by Hyundai, plaintiffs would dismiss their complaint with prejudice. This case presents the novel question of whether section 998’s cost

- shifting penalty provisions apply when an offer to compr om ise is rejected and the case ends in settlement. Under the facts of this case, we hold that it does and therefore reverse the
ord er of the trial court.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs sued Hyundai on September 26, 2016 , under the Song

- Beverly Consumer Warranty Act ( Civ. Code, § 1790 et seq. (Song

- Beverly Act ) ) alleging breaches of express and implied warrant ies arising out of plaintiffs’ purchase of a n allegedly defective 2012 Hyundai Elantra for a total cash price of $ 24 , 172

. 73

. Approximately five weeks later , on November 4, 2016, Hyundai made an initial offer to compromise under section 998 , subdivision (b)

. Specifically, Hyundai offered to pay plaintiffs (1) the total amount paid by plaintiffs for the vehicle at issue, including incidental or consequential damages , as well as “an amount equal to one times the amount of actual damages,” or (2) a fixed amount of $37,396.60, plus attorney fees of

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.3 $5,000 or , alternatively, an amount of fees determined by the trial court upon motion.
Plaintiffs allowed this offer to expire without accepting it

. On May 26, 2017, Hyundai made a second offer to compromise under se ction 998 , again offering the total amount paid by plaintiffs for the vehicle, including incidental or consequential damages , plus “an amount equal to one times the amount of actual damages

. ” Alternatively, plaintiffs could elect to accept a flat sum of $ 55,556.70, plus attorney fees of $5,000 , or as determined by the trial court upon motion. Plaintiffs also allowed this offer to expire without accepting it. Litigation continued

. On January 3, 201 9 , the first scheduled day of trial , the parties reviewed their
motions in limine with the court and the trial judge urged the parties to explore
settlement

. T o help facilitate settlement talks , plaintiffs specifically requested tentative rulings on Hyundai’s motions in limine to exclude ce rtain consequential, incidental, and cover damages. The court advised plaintiffs that those motions tentatively would be granted and then took a recess

. When the trial court went back on the record, it noted that the jury had been

sworn , at which point Hyundai’s counsel informed the judge that the parties “may have come to a resolution.” Following a discussion off the record, the parties’ attorneys agreed to recite the terms of the stipulated settlement on the record pursuant to section
664.6 , 2 explain ing that these recitals would “be the entirety of the settlement release in terms of the agreement.” Hyundai’s counsel verbally presented the terms of the stipulation for settlement to the trial court, as follows: (1) Hyundai would pay plaintiffs $39,000; (2) there would be

2 Subdivision (a) of section 664.6 provides: “ If parties to pending litigation stipulate

. . . orally before the court, for settlement of the case, or part thereof, the court, upon motion, may enter judgment pursuant to the terms of the settlement. If requested by the parties, the court may retain jurisdiction over the parties to enforce the settle ment until performance in full of the terms of the settlement. ”4 no surrender of the vehicle because plaintiffs no longer owned it; (3) plaintiffs would
release Hyundai and the selling dealership of “any claims that arise out o f or [ rela t e ] to the facts and circumstances described in the complaint or relating to the sale of the vehicle or relating to the service and repair history of the subject vehicle”; (4) the settlement would be subject to section 664.6; and (5) plaintiffs c ould seek “fees by motion,” to “be filed within six months” of the date of settlement. Hyundai’s counsel
added that plaintiffs’ counsel wanted “to make sure that the payment be made and then

. . . dismissal with prejudice would only happen after payment o f the restitution to the
Plaintiffs and the fees which will be [by ] motion [for] fees and costs.” The trial court then confirmed the terms of the settlement with the parties, their representatives, and a tto rneys. No mention was made during the settlemen t colloquy of the effect, if any, of Hyundai’s section 998 offers upon the recovery of costs or fees , nor was there any discussion o f what defenses Hyundai could raise in response to the motion for costs and attorney fees

. Plaintiffs thereafter filed thei r motion for costs and attorney fees as prevailing parties under section 1032, subdivision (a)(4) , and the Song

- Beverly Act ( Civ

. Code , § 1794, subd

. (d) ) , seeking $207,438.75 in fees (compris ed of $138,292.50 in base fees with a lodestar enhancement of $69,146.25), and $20,865.83 in costs and expenses, totaling $228,304.58. In response , Hyundai filed a motion to strike or , in the alternative, tax plaintiffs’

costs and expenses . It argued , among other things, that p laintiffs’ ultimate settlement was for $16,556.70 less than its second section 998 offer. In Hyundai’s view, it was “undisputed that Plaintiffs [] failed to obtain a more favorable judgment than the Second
998 Offer.” It thus sought “to have at least all costs incurred after the Second 998 Offer (dated May 26, 2017) stricken.” In effect , Hyundai asked the trial court to strike or tax $20,242.88 in plaintiffs’ costs and expenses, leaving only $622.95 recoverable. In the5 alternative, Hyundai asked the tria l court to tax plaintiffs’ costs as unreasonable and unnecessary, providing specific line

- item analyses. Hyundai also filed an opposition to the motion for attorney fees. As relevant here , Hyundai argued that because plaintiffs failed to obtain a judgme nt more favorable than Hyundai’s second section 998 offer, plaintiffs could not recover any costs or fees
incurred after May 26, 2017, the date of th at offer.
In an order filed on July 18, 2019, t he trial court summarily rejected Hyundai’s
section 998 ar guments , explaining that “ [t] he purpose of the statute is to encourage settlement of lawsuits prior to trial. [Citation.] In this case, the parties settled the case prior to trial, and as there was no trial , no judgment or award was rendered. Accordingly,

. . . section 998 does not apply.”
After reviewin g the billing statements submitted by plaintiffs from “three separate law firms and 16 separate attorneys,” the trial court said that it “observed numerous instances of duplicative billing, billing for tasks that do not appear reasonably necessary
to the c onduct of the litigation, and unreasonable amounts of time spent on various
tasks. ” It went on to observe that “[t] his particular case did not involve overly complex issues, or unique procedural demands. Litigation of this case involved limited written
d iscovery, depositions, and two motions to strike.

. . . As noted by the parties, the law firms involved in this action have tried multiple cases against one another, with each following a similar pattern. The same basic motions in limine, exhibit lists, and other pleadings are used.” It ultimately declined to apply a multiplier and reduced substantially
the base amounts sought, awarding plaintiffs just $ 81,142.50 in attorney fees and $17,681.05 in costs and expenses.
Plaintiffs served by mail on August 1, 2019, and filed on August 5, 2019, a “notice of entry of judgment or order” form

. On September 23, 2019, Hyundai filed a notice of appeal and, after a number of briefing extensions requested by the parties, as well as6 supplemental briefing solicited b y this court, the case was fully briefed on May 13, 2022 and argued on February 24, 2023

. DISCUSSION 3 The principal issue before us is whether the penalty provisions of section 998 appl y when a case ends , not with a judgment after trial, but with a settlement that provides for the payment of money by defendant in exchange for a dismissal with prejudice by the plaintiff

. Before we address the merits, however, we consider the threshold question of whether we have jurisdiction t o entertain this appeal.
I Appealability

“ An appealable order or judgment is a jurisdictional requirement. [Citations.]

‘ The right to appeal is wholly statutory. [Citation.]

. . . [S]ection 904.1 lists appealable judgments and orders. ’ [Citation.] ” ( Sanchez v. Westlake Services, LLC (2022) 73 Cal.App.5 th 1100, 1105.) O rder s awarding attorney fees and costs often are appealable under section 904.1, subdivision (a)(2), but not “until the final judgment in the matter has been entered.” ( Marsh v. Mountain Zephyr, Inc. (1996) 43 Cal.App.4 th 289, 297.)

3 Plaintiffs have filed two requests for judicial notice. The first request is ruled upon as follows: (1) granted as to e xhibits B through E; and (2) denied as to e xhibit A. T he second requ est is ruled upon as follows: (1) granted as to e xhibits 4, 5 and 6; and (2) denied as to e xhibits 1, 2 and 3. “In determining the legislative intent underlying the passage of a bill, courts may consider the motive or understanding of the author of the b ill or other individual legislator if that ‘ legislator’s opinions regarding the purpose or meaning of the legislation were expressed in testimony or argument to either a house of the Legislature or one of its committees

. . . .’ [Citation.] ” ( South Bay Creditors Trust v. General Motors Acceptance Corp. (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 1068, 1079, italics added.) Letters from a bill’s author to the Governor are not properly considered. ( See McDowell v. Watson (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 1155, 1161, fn. 3.) Exhibits A, 1, 2 and 3 are not proper subjects of judicial notice under this authority.7 In its notice of appeal, Hyundai stated that it was appealing the trial court’s order on fees and costs on the ground that it constitutes an order after judgment under section 904.1, subdivision (a)(2). 4 Although plaintiffs file d a “notice of entry of judgment or order” on August 5, 2019, no judgment appears yet in the record.
The status of the judgment in this case is a bit muddled owing to the way in which the parties agreed to settle the dispute. Although all the legal issues in the complaint were resolved by the stipulated settlement, the parties agreed that the request for
dis missal of the complaint with prejudice (a common proxy for final judgment) would be filed only after payment of the $39,000 settlement amount and any fees and costs awarded by the trial court. Since any order awarding fees and costs was almost certain to be challenged on appeal, that meant the filing of the request for dismissal would effectively be delayed until after appellate review of the fee s and costs order is complete. This set up the “ca tch

- 22 ” in which we find ourselves, with a final determinatio n on the merits, but no judgment or dismissal with prejudice on file. In supplemental briefing, 5 Hyundai pivoted away from section 904.1 to argue that the challenged order is an appealable collateral order, citing Apex LLC v. Korusfood.com

4 Hyundai also paradoxically checked boxes indicating that its appeal was taken in accordance with the “premature notice of appeal” provisions of California Rules of Court, rul e 8.104(d)(1) and (2).

5 Hyundai did not address the issue of appealability until invited to do so by this
c ourt. Hyundai is admonished for failing to address jurisdiction in its opening brief. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(2)(B) [an opening brie f must “[s]tate that the judgment appealed from is final, or explain why the order appealed from is appealable”].) Counsel also is cautioned against citing unpublished California appellate opinions, as it does on page 27 of appellant’s reply brief. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a).) Finally, it is inappropriate for Hyundai’s counsel to personally attack plaintiffs’ counsel ’s motives in rejecting the company’s section 998 offers (or the alleged motives of all plaintiffs’ attorneys in general who litigate cases under the Song

- Beverly Act), as it does in its reply brief. The only question before us is the proper interpretation and application of section 998.8 (2013) 222 Ca l.App.4th 1010, 1015

- 1016 [in the absence of a judgment, order granting attorney fees found directly appealable under the collateral order doctrine ].) Plaintiffs agree with Hyundai on this point, and both sides urge us to review the order. We agree that, in view of the unique terms of this settlement, which does not require plaintiff s to fil e a dismissal prior to payment of fees and costs despite the parties’ final resolution of issues in the trial court, we may properly review the challenged order under the collateral
order doctrine.

“ [When] there is no final judgment

. . . , the issue is whether the order from which the appeal has been taken fits within an exception to the one final judgment rule codified
in

. . . section 904.1. ” ( Sese v. Wells Fargo Bank N.A. (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 710, 714

- 715 .) 6 “ A recognized exception to the ‘one final judgment’ rule is that an interim order is appealable if: [¶] 1. The order is collateral to the subject matter of the litigation, [¶]
2. T he order is final as to the collateral matter, and [¶] 3. The order directs the payment of money by the appellant or the performance of an act by or against appellant. [Citations.] ” ( Marsh v. Mountain Zephyr, Inc.
, supra , 43 Cal.App.4th at pp. 297

- 298.) In short, t he collateral order doctrine allows appeal of “an interlocutory order collateral to

t he main issue, dispositive of the rights of the parties in relation to the collateral matter, and directing payment of money or performance of an act.” ( In re Marriage of Skelley (1976) 18 Cal.3d 365, 368.) Here, the trial court’s order on attorney fees and costs meets all the requirements
of the collateral order doctrine. It qualifies as a “final determination” because “ ‘further

6 U nder the one final judgment rule, “ ‘an appeal may be taken only from the final judgment in an entire action.’ ” ( Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (1980) 27 Cal.3d 916, 921, quoting Tenhet v. Boswell (1976) 18 Cal.3d 150, 153.) “ ‘The theory [behind the rule] is that piecemeal disposition and multiple appeals in a single action would be oppressive and costly, and that a review of intermediate rulings should await the final disposition of the case.’ [Citations.] ” ( Griset v. Fair Political Practices Com. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 688, 697.)9 judicial action is not required on the matters dealt with by the order.’ ” ( Apex LLC v. Korusfood.com
, supra , 222 Cal.App.4th at p. 101 6. ) The issue of attorney fees is a
“collateral matter” because it is “ ‘distinct and severable’ from the subject matter of the underlying litigation” ( ibid .), which involved plaintiffs’ entitlement to recovery under the Song

- Beverly Act

. “Finally, by awarding attorney fees [and costs]

. . . , the order directs the payment of money.” ( Ibid .) We therefore find jurisdiction on this basis. In finding jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine, we reiterate that the fee s and cos t s ruling is only an “interim” order for purposes of appealability due to the peculiar timing created by the settlement agreement. The trial court’s order granting fees and costs would plainly be appealable under section 904 .1 , subdivision (a)(2) had it b een issued after dismissal of the complaint with prejudice . However, owing to the terms of this specific settlement, a request for dismissal with prejudice will not be filed until costs and fees are not only awarded, but paid. At that point, however, pla intiff s will be obligated to file the request for dismissal. Alternatively, if Hyundai fails to pay plaintiffs what they are owed (or plaintiffs fail to dismiss the action) , the parties may invoke their
remedies under section 664.6 to enforce the settlement terms. We see no reason to refuse
to address the merits based on this technicality, when dismissal with prejudice , or, i n the
case of nonperformance , entry of judgment , is a certainty . To do so would require Hyundai to pay fees and costs to pl aintiff s , plaintiff s to dismiss the action, and then Hyundai to refile the same appeal that is presently before us, which may in turn trigger refunds or additional payments. 7 As the collateral order doctrine provides us with a clear path to jurisdiction in view of the procedural quandary created by the settlement, and the

7 Such an approach could also potentially contravene the terms of the parties’ settlement agreement, as it would require dismissal of the case before any additional payment of costs and fees that may be ordered following remand after appeal.10 parties agree to its application, we find jurisdiction under the doctrine and turn to the
merits.
II
S

ection 998 ’s Application to Settlements The issue presented here is whether the tria l court erred in ruling that section 998 does not apply when a case ends in settlement . This appears to be a question of first impression. “Because this issue involves the application of law to undisputed facts, we
review the matter de novo. [Citation.] ” ( Martinez v. Brownco Construction Co. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1014, 1018 ( Martinez ) .) On appeal, Hyundai raises two principal arguments as to why the trial court’s fee s and cost s order should be reversed : (1) the stipulation to settlement under section 664.6 “calling for dismissal of the entire action with prejudice constituted a ‘judgment’ within the meaning” of section 998; or, alternative ly, (2) the “voluntary dismissal of the entire action with prejudice constitutes a failure by [plaint iffs] to obtain a judgment or award of any kind,” triggering the cost

- shifting provision s of section 998. The Civil Justice Association of California filed an amicus curiae brief in favor of Hyundai’s position.
Plaintiffs counter: (1) section 998 does no t apply in cases that resolve by way of settlement; (2) regardless, Hyundai cannot show the second section 998 offer was more favorable than a nonexistent judgment or award , or a judgment or award that contains subjective, nonfinancial benefits ; and (3) se ction 998 provides no basis for reducing attorney fees or costs in a case brought under the Song

- Beverly Act in which a plaintiff prevails. 8 Consumer Attorneys of California filed an amicus curiae brief in favor of plaintiffs’ position.

8 We can dispatch the third argument quickly. I n Duale v. Mercedes

- Benz USA, LLC (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 718, this court considered whether the defendant

- seller’s section 998 offer affected the costs and attorney fees recoverable by the plaintiff under11 We agree with Hyu ndai that the terms of the stipulated settlement under section
664.6 constituted a “ judgment ” within the meaning of section 998 , subdivision (c) and
that the trial court should have examined the parties’ entitlement to costs and attorney
fees through the l ens of that statute

. A. Relevant b ackground on s ection 998 Under section 998, the costs allowed to the prevailing party under section 1032 , including statutory attorney fees, 9 “shall be withheld or augmented as provided in this
section.” (§ 998, subd. (a).) Pursuant to this long

- standing law , a party to a civil
action

— plaintiff or defendant

— may serve upon any other party an offer to “ allow judgment to be taken or an award to be entered in accordance with the terms and
conditions stated at that time. The written offer shall include a statement of the offer, containing the terms and conditions of the judgment or award , and a provision that allows the accepting party to indicate acceptance of the offer by signing a statement that the offer is accepted. ” (§ 998, subd. (b) , italics added .) “ If an offer made by a defendant is not accepted and the plaintiff fails to obtain a more favorable judgment or award, the plaintiff shall not recover his or her postoffer costs and shall pay the defendant ’s costs from the time of the offer. ” (§ 998, subd. (c)(1) , italics added .) Hence, the only question asked by subdivision (c)(1) of the statute is whether the plaintiff who reject ed the offer
obtained , or failed to obtain, a “ more favorable judgment ” through continued litigation.

the Song

- Beverly Act. ( Id

. at p. 726.) We found the trial court erred in holding that the more specific provisions of the Song

- Beverly Act trumped the “general provisions” of sections 998 and 1032. Instead, we held that the language of these statutes could be harmonized with the Song

- Beverly Act. ( Dua le, supra , at p. 726, citing Murillo v. Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. (1998) 17 Cal.4th at 985, 992 [applying section 998 in a Song

- Beverly Act case ] .) We see no reason to stray from this precedent.

9 Plaintiffs sought attorney fees under the Song

- Beverly A ct

. (Civ. Code , § 1794, subd. (d)

. ) “When authorized by statute, awards of attorney ’ s fees are expressly defined as costs, not damages. [Citation.] ” ( Elton v. Anheuser

- Busch Beverage Group, Inc. (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1301, 1308 .)12 It says nothing about the timing or form of that judgment, whether after trial , summary judgment, settlement, or otherwise.
In Mon Chong Loong Trading Corp. v. Superior Court (2013) 218 Cal.App.4 th 87, the C ourt of A ppeal examined whether a plaintiff ’ s voluntary dismissal constitute d a failure to obtain a more favorable judgment, thus triggering the defendant ’ s right to cost shifting under section 998 . ( Id

. at p. 91

. ) In holding that it did, the court explained that

“ section 998 ’ s ‘ more favorable judgment or award ’ language describes the necessary condition for relieving the refusing party of its obligation to pay

. . . . T he appropriate moment for a court to assess whether a more favorable judgment or award has been
obtained is at the conclusion of the lawsuit. ” ( Id . at p. 93, italics omitted.) “ Section 998 does not require that the [offering defendant] achieve any specif ic result; the [statute] is triggered ‘ [i]f .

. . plaintiff fails to obtain a more favorable judgment or award

. . . . ’ (§ 998 , subd. (c)(1)

. . . . ) By its plain language, it requires that the plaintiff who refused
the reasonable settlement offer obtain a more favorable judgment ” to avoid application of
section 998. ( Id

. at p. 94 , original italics .)
From the foregoing authorities we conclude that a burden of sorts arises for a plaintiff who rejects a valid offer to compromise under section 998

— the obligation to obtain a judgment more favorable than the unaccepted offer. The policy behind section 998 penalties is well established. “It is to encou rage settlement by providing a strong financial disincentive to a party

— whether it be a plaintiff or a defendant

— who fails to achieve a better result than that party could have achieved by accepting his or her opponent’s settlement offer. (This is the sti ck. The carrot is that by awarding costs to the putative settler the statute provides a financial incentive to make reasonable settlement offers.)” (Bank of San Pedro v. Superior Court (1992) 3 Cal.4 th 797, 804 , sup erseded by statute as stated in Quiles v. Parent (2017)
10 Cal.App.5 th 130, 144 ; Chen v. BMW of North America, LLC (2022) 87 Cal.App.5 th 957, 961 [section 998, subdivision (c)(1) “encourages acceptance of reasonable offers by13 penalizing a party who does not accept a settlement offer and then fa ils to achieve a better result through continued litigation”]; Mesa Forest Products, Inc. v. St. Paul Mercury Ins.
Co. (1999) 73 Cal.Ap p. 4th 324, 330 [section 998 penalizes a party “ ‘who fails to accept what, in retrospect, is seen to have been a reasonab le offer’ ”]; Meister v. Regents of University of California (1998) 67 Cal.Ap p. 4th 437, 450 [“The basic premise of section 998 is that plaintiffs who reject reasonable settlement offers and then obtain less than the offer should be penalized for continuing the litigation”] ; Hurlbut v. Sonora Community Hospital (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 388, 408 [section 998’s purpose is to “punish[] a party who fails to accept a reasonable offer from the other party , ” italics omitted ].)
B. Analysis Hyundai’s operative section 998 offer in the amount of $55,556.70 , dated May 26, 2017, 10 was rejected by plaintiffs through inaction and was deemed withdrawn

. ( See § 998, subd. (b)(2).) Just before trial began , however, the parties privately resolved all the legal issues i n the case and stipulated to a settlement enforceable under section 664.6 whereby Hyundai would pay $39,000 , and an amount of costs and attorney fees to be
decided by the trial cou r t on a contested motion, after which plaintiffs would be required

to dismiss the ir complaint with prejudice. In response to plaintiffs’ fee s and cost s motion, Hyundai invoked section 998, subdivision (c) and urged the trial court to tax or deny recovery of any fees or costs incurred after May 26, 2017. The trial court refused, reasoning that section 998’s cost

- shifting provisions do not apply to cases that end in
settlement , and that because there was no trial, no judgment was rendered

. By its plain terms, section 998 does not exclude cases that end in set tlement, or
limit its cost

- shifting provisions to cases that end in a judgment after trial , so we first

10 Hyundai’s May 2017 offer to compromise is the operative one because a second offer under section 998 extinguishes the first. ( Wilson v. Wal

- Mart Stores, Inc. (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 382, 392, as mod

. on denial of rehg

. May 20, 1999.)14 examine the trial court’s conclusion from the perspective of whether the final resolution
of th is case

— payment of money in exchange for dismissal with p rejudice of the complaint

— effected a “judgment” within the meaning of section 998 , subdivision (c)

. 1. Judgment under section 998
Section 998 does not define the term “ judgment

. ” The term “judgment” also has not been interpreted in the specific context we now consider, i.e., where a plaintiff who rejects a section 998 offer later settl es for an amount less than the offer to compromise
and agrees to dismiss their complaint with prejudice . (§ 998, subd. (c) [ co st

- shifting provision applies to a plaintiff who rejects a section 998 offer and “ fails to obtain a more favorable judgment ” ] .) The term “judgment” has, however, been construed repeatedly by courts under
subdivision (b) of section 998 , which outlines the requirements for a valid offer and acceptance under the statute . That subdivision requires that a valid offer under section
998 must “allow judgment to be taken” and set forth the “terms and conditions of the judgment.” In construing the term “judgment” in t hat context, courts have given the term
a broad interpretation consistent with the statute’s purpose to encourage parties to make
and accept reasonable offers to compromise , permitting the statute to effectuate
settlements based on a practical, rather than a literal, definition of “judgment

. ” For example , in DeSaulles v. Community Hospital of Monterey Peninsula (2016)
6 2 Cal.4th 1140 ( DeSaulles ) , our Supreme Court rejected the argument that a

com promise offer was in valid under section 998 because it called for payment of money to the plaintiff and dismissal of the action rather than entry of judgment in the plaintiff’s
favor. E ndors ing the expansive definition of “judgment” set forth in Goodstein v. Bank of San Pedro (1994) 27 Ca l.App.4th 899 ( Goodstein ) , the Supreme Court held : “ ‘[A]s between the parties thereto and for purposes of enforcement of settlement agreements, a compromise agreement contemplating payment by defendant and dismissal of the action by plaintiff is the legal equivalent of a judgment in plaintiff ’ s favor.’ ” ( DeSaulles,15 supra , at p. 1155, citing Goodstein , supra , 27 Ca l.App.4th at p. 907 , italics added .) Thus, the Supreme Court agreed that the term “judgment” in section 998 is meant to include its functional equivalents, such as dismissal of a case with prejud ice

. Other intermediate appellate courts, including this one, similarly have held that “[a]lthough section 998 refers to entry of a judgment or award, an offer that provides for the plaintiff ’s dismissal of the action with prejudice is a valid form of offe r within section 998.” ( Hartline v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (2005) 132 Ca l.App.4th 458, 470 ; Peterson v. John Crane, Inc. (2007) 154 Ca l.App.4th 498, 504 [same]

. ) Thus, “ a dismissal with prejudice is tantamount to a judgment and a final disposition of the case,
and

. . . therefore in accord with section 998.” ( On

- Line Power, Inc. v. Mazur (2007)
149 Ca l.App.4th 1079, 1085 ; see also Estate of Redfield (2011) 193 Ca l.App.4t h 1526,
1533 [ a “dismissal with prejudice following a settlement constitutes a final judgment on
the merits” ] .) While these cases address the definition of “judgment” in subdivision (b) of section 998, their authority guides our interpretation of the term “judgment” in subdivision (c)(1) of the statute. That is because i t is “generally presumed that when a word is used in a particular sense in one part of a statute, it is intended to have the same meaning if it appears in another part of the same statute.” ( People v. Dillon (1983)
34 Cal.3d 441, 468 .) This interpretive maxim is especially apt here given that application of the statute requires a comparison between the terms and conditions of the “judgment” proposed in Hyundai’s section 998 offer (§ 998, subd. (b)) , and the “judgment” ultimately obtained by plaintiff s . (§ 998, subd. (c)(1) .) While the use of the term “judgment” in the
two subdivisions is not identical, it is still reasonable to conclude that by setting up a comparison b etween the “judgment” in the offer to compromise and the “judgment” later obtained, and using identical language to do so, the Legislature meant for both terms to be construed in a similarly flexible way.16 Further, the Legislature “ ‘is deemed to be aware of existing laws and judicial constructions in effect at the time legislation is enacted.’ ” ( People v. Frahs (2020 )
9 Cal.5th 618, 634.) The Legislature has amended section 998 numerous times over the past 25 years, most recently in 2015. (Stats. 2015, ch. 345 , § 2 ; see also Stats. 1997, ch. 892, § 1; Stats. 1999, ch. 353 , § 1 ; Stats. 2001, ch. 153 , § 1 ; Stats. 2005, ch. 706 , § 13 .)
Goodstein and other cases cited above were decided well before the Legislature last amended section 998 in 2015, ye t it has never amended the statute to contravene the holding that the term “judgment” was equivalent to any final resolution of the action, including a dismissal with prejudice, nor have the words “at trial” been added after the phrase “more favorable judgment” where it appears in the statute

. 11 The Legislature’s failure to amend section 998 in the face of this authority, while not conclusive, can be presumed to signify legislative acquiescence in the decisions finding that entry of a formal judgment is not required to trigger section 998’s cost

- shifting provisions. ( People
v. Escobar (1992 ) 3 Cal.4th 740, 750

- 751 [“ [W] here the Legislature amends a statute without altering a consistent and long

- standing judicial interpr etation of its operative language, courts generally indulge in a presumption that the Legislature has ratified that interpretation”].)

11 We disagree with plaintiffs’ assertion that the “ Legislature has long understood that a ‘ judgment ’ meant a judgment after trial

— that is, a judgment as an adjudicatory result. ” Our dissenting colleague makes a similar contention , citing language from a committee analysis r elating to a 1997 amendment to section 998 that expanded the statute’s reach to arbitration proceedings . ( Conc. & dis. opn. post , at p. 11.) We need not resort to legislative history here given that neither section 998, subdivision (b) n or (c)(1) contain the words “after trial” or “ at trial” or any such qualifier related to the word “judgment.” Stray remarks in legislative analyses unrelated to the question before us cannot be used to contradict or augment legislative text

. “If there is no ambiguity in the language, we presume the Legislature meant what it said, and the plain meaning of the statute governs. [Citation.]” ( Hunt v. Superior Court (1999) 21 Cal.4th 984, 1000.)17 Based on the foregoing, we find it proper to interpret broadly the term “judgment” in subdivision (c)(1) of section 998 i n the same way that courts have interpreted it in subdivision (b). B oth the case law and the Legislature’s acquiescence thereto promote a more expansive reading of the term . This includes, as the courts have repeatedly explained, construing the term “jud gment” to include a dismissal with prejudice , like the one agreed to by the parties in this case

. 2. The structure and terms of the settlement in this case support the finding that the case ended with a judgment within the meaning of
section 998
T he stipulated settlement here has several other indicia of a final judgmen t under
section 998

. First, there is no question that it resulted in a final determination of the parties’ rights within the meaning of secti on 577

. (§ 577 [“ A judgment is the final determination of the rights of the parties in an action or proceeding ”].) To be sure , the
settlement resolved all the claims and defenses alleged in the pleadings with a payment by Hyundai in exchange for a releas e of the company and the selling dealership for “any claims that arise out of or [relate] to the facts and circumstances described in the complaint or relating to the sale of the vehicle or relating to the service and repair history of the subject vehicle.” T he only “nonf inal” aspect s of the stipulated resolution were the amount of attorney fees and costs owed and the delayed filing of the request for dismissal with prejudice which, a s discussed above, is dictated by the terms of the parties ’
settlement . B ut there is no q uestion that Hyundai has an enforceable right to dismissal with prejudice , a proxy for final judgment on the merits ( Estate of Redfield
, supra , 1 93 Cal.App.4th at p. 1533 ) , once the attorney fee s and cost s issue is finally resolved and the money is paid

. 12

12 In fact, at oral argument, counsel for plaintiffs conceded that the settlement agreement contemplated entry of judgment following the fee award.18 Second, the parties’ use of s ection 664.6 as t he vehicle to memorialize their agreement support s the proposition that the settlement was intended to effect a final judgment. S ection 664.6, subdivision (a) provides, in pertinent part, that where, as her e, parties to pending litigation stipulate orally before the court for settlement of the case, “the court, upon motion, may enter judgment pursuant to the terms of the settlement

. ”
This statute provide s a streamlined method for reducing a stipulated settl ement to judgment

. “Section 664.6 was enacted to provide a summary procedure for specifically enforcing a settlement contract without the need for a new lawsuit. [Citations.] ” ( Weddington Productions, Inc. v. Flick (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 793, 809.) Thus , “settlement agreements pursuant to section 664.6

. . . result not only in contractual agreements but also in judgments that conclusively resolve the issues between the parties.” ( DeSaulle s , sup ra , 62 Cal.4th at p. 1153. ) A settlement under this provision “is not incidental to the management of the lawsuit; it ends the lawsuit.” ( Levy v. Superior
Court (19 95 ) 10 Cal.4th 578, 583 .) By entering into the settlement pursuant to section 664.6, the parties ensured the settlemen t would result in either dismissal with prejudice (where the parties fully performed) or formal entry of judgment (where a party failed to perform). In other words, the parties relied on section 664.6 to craft a settlement effecting a final, formal judgme nt or its functional equivalent

. Finally, w e find support in the attorney fee s provision of the Song

- Beverly Act
under which plaintiffs sought attorney fees and costs under the stipulated settlement

. Civil Code section 1794, subdivision (d) provides that a prevailing vehicle purchaser “shall be allowed by the court to recover as part of the judgment a sum equal to the aggregate amount of costs and expenses, including attorney’s fees based on actual time expended, determined by the court to ha ve been reasonably incurred by the buyer in connection with the commencement and prosecution of such action.” (Italics added.)
The stipulated settlement indisputably permits plaintiffs to recover some amount of costs and attorney fees under Civil Code s ection 1794, subdivision (d) “as part of the19 judgment.” T his further evinces the parties’ intent that the settlement function as , or would lead to, a judgment. 13 It is worth noting that appellate courts have defined “judgment” under Civil Code section 17 94 consistent with the definition of “judgment” in section 998. ( Wohlgemuth v. Caterpillar Inc. (2012) 2 07 Cal.App.4th 1252, 1259

- 1263 ; Hyundai Motor America v. Superior Court (2015) 2 35 Cal.App.4th 418, 424

- 425 .)
In Wohlgemuth , the Fifth Appellate District considered whether a pretrial dismissal with prejudice pursuant to a settlement agreement constituted a “judgment” for purposes of seeking fees under the Song

- Beverly Act. ( Wohlgemuth, supra , at pp. 1259

- 1260.) In finding that it did, the court reasoned that such final dispositions, though not formal judgments, are tantamount to judgment s for purposes of section 998. ( Wohlgemuth , at p. 1263, citing Goodstein, supra , 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 907 .) It then applied this same rationale from t he section 998 caselaw to Civil Code section 1794, subdivision (d)’s definition of judgment , endorsing the same broad interpretation . ( Wohlgemuth , at p. 1263.)
Given that the Song

- Beverly Act’s definition of “judgment” mirrors section 998’s
definition o f “judgment , ” it would be inconsistent to conclude that the settlement resulted in a judgment triggering application of the Song

- Beverly Act ’s fee s provision , but did not result in a judgment triggering application of section 998 , subdivision (c) ’s cost

- sh ifting provisions , when the term “judgment” in both statutes ha s been construed in the same

way

.

13 Consistent with these terms, plaintiffs served and filed a notice of entry of judgment or order after issua nce of the trial court’s ruling on fees and costs, raising the inference that, at least by the time the trial court awarded costs and attorney fees, they believed it constituted a final determination of the parties’ rights.20 3. The policy underlying section 998 supports application of the

s tatute to the settlement reached in this case We further find that the policy considerations underlying section 998 support our
conclusion here. As discussed earlier, “ s ection 998 is a cost

- shifting statute which encourages the settlement of actions, by penalizing parties who fail to accept reasonabl e pretrial settlement offers. A plaintiff who refuses a reasonable pretrial settlement offer and subsequently fails to obtain a ‘more favorable judgment’ is penalized by a loss of prevailing party costs and an award of costs in the defendant ’ s favor.” ( H eritage Engineering Construction, Inc. v. City of Industry (199 8) 65 Cal.App.4th 1435, 1439.) “The goal has been to apply [section 998] in a manner which best promotes its purpose. [Citation.] ” ( Guzman v. Visalia Community Bank (199 9) 71 Cal.App.4th 1370 , 1375 .)
T he trial court found that section 998’s policy of encouraging settlement was met by the stipulated settlement in this case, a finding that plaintiffs urge us to endorse . But
the policy behind section 998’s cost

- shifting penalty provisions supports the conclusion that the statute is designed not to encourage pretrial settlement s generally , but specifically to encourage the acceptance of offers to compromise within the parameters of the statute by using the stick of postoff er costs and fees against reluctant offerees. ( Poster v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist. (1990) 52 Cal.3d 266, 270 [“Section 998 clearly reflects this state’s policy of encouraging settlements. [Citations.] In order to encourage parties to accept reas onable settlement offers made pursuant to the section , subdivisions (c) and (d) of section 998 afford the offeror a remedy against a party who has failed to accept a statutory settlement offer that proves to be reasonable , ” italics
added ] .) Applying section 998’s “carrot and stick” approach to settlements like the one here
further s the statute’s p olicy of avoiding gamesmanship and encourag ing careful consideration and acceptance of reasonable offers to compromise

. (See Martine z

, supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 1021 [“If a proposed rule would encourage gamesmanship or spawn21 disputes over the operation of section 998, rejection of the rule is appropriate”].) Hyundai’s operative section 998 offer was for approximately $5 6 ,000, more than twice
th e total cash price of the plaintiff’s vehicle, plus attorney fees incurred to the point of the
offer. After allowing the offer to expire , plaintiffs continued to vigorously litigate the

case for more than 18 months , using three law firms, 16 attorneys, an d billing practices
with “numerous instances of duplicative billing, billing for tasks that do not appear reasonably necessary to the conduct of the litigation, and unreasonable amounts of time spent on various tasks. ” The trial court found that neither t he procedural nor substantive complexity of the case require d such robust litigation and awarded plaintiffs’ counsel far less in attorney fees than they were seeking

. The purpose of conserving judicial resources and encouraging early settlements by impos ing a strong financial disincentive on a party that fails to obtain a judgment more favorable than a rejected offer to compromise would be substantially undercut by reading the phrase “at trial” into section 998, subdivision (c) . The same is true of engra fting a
vague limitation under which cost shifting is triggered only when the plaintiff’s

“ unilateral action ” result s in a judgment less favorable than a previously rejected offer to compromise , as our dissenting colleague suggests

. ( Conc. & dis. opn. post , at p p

. 6

- 9

. )
Either interpretation would allow offerees to avoid section 998 ’s penalties by reject ing a reasonable offer to compromise, forcing the opposing party to continue defend ing against needless, aggressive litigation, and s ettl ing on the eve of trial outside the parameters of
the statute

. Similarly, w hile the policies animating section 998 , subdivision (c) are well served by applying the statute in this case because it will incentivize careful review and acceptance of reasonable offers to compromise, the same is not true of a blanket rule that section 998 does not apply in cases that end with a settlement. For instance, if a
defendant who makes a reasonable offer to compromise early in the case , and is confident that the plaintiff is unlikely to secure a more favorable judgment through continued22 litigation, would lose the benefit (and leverage) of cost shifting by settling , that defendant would have little incentive not to go to trial , e specially where, as here, attorney fees are included in the bounty of costs recoverable by the plaintiff . In deed , Hyundai explains in its reply brief that it would not have settled if section 998 did not apply. Under the rule we adopt, a plaintiff need o nly factor any operative section 998 offer into a comprehensive settlement, and either try to negotiate a fixed amount of costs or attorney fees, or bargain for a waive r of any rights under section 998 from the defendant

. Plaintiffs took neither precautio n here . They instead agreed to litigate the issue of costs and attorney fees without restricting the defenses that Hyundai could raise in response to
their motion

. Our dissenting colleague advances several arguments that seek to raise the specter
of unintended consequences that purportedly w ould flow from our interpretation and “inject uncertainty into the section 998 process.” ( Conc. & dis. opn. post , at p. 18.) The hypotheticals employed in that analysis, however

— relating to possible changes in th e law, a complex construction defect case, and arbitration proceedings

— are far afield of the question we decide today. ( See conc. & dis . opn. post , at pp. 19

- 23

. ) It is well settled
that appellate opinions are not authority for propositions that are not considered and decided. ( KCSFV I, LLC v. Florin County Water Dist. (2021) 64 Cal.App.5th 1015,
1032

. ) T hat maxim applies with equal force to this decision. The speculative concerns raised in the dissent may be the subject of future decisions, but we do not resolve them today.
P laintiffs rejected reasonable offers to compromise early in the case , creating a known risk that they might have to forfeit costs and attorney fees from the date of the operative section 998 offer if they failed to obtain a more favorable judgment later. When they ultimately agreed on the brink of trial to accept a monetary settlement that
was less than Hyundai’s second section 998 offer, and further agreed to dismiss their complaint with pre judice, they “ fail [ ed ] to obtain a more favorable judgment” within the23 meaning of section 998, subdivision (c). The trial court should therefore have applied
that statute when assessing the costs and attorney fees recoverable by the parties

. 4

. The dissen t’s deconstruction of the phrase “fails to obtain” runs afoul of statutory interpretation principles Although not raised in the parties ’ briefing , a substantial portion of the dissent is
devoted to explicating the phrase “fails to obtain,” as used in se ction 998 , subdivision (c) , which provides, in part: “ If an offer made by a defendant is not accepted and the plaintiff fails to obtain a more favorable judgment

. . . . ” ( Conc. & dis. opn. post , at pp. 6

- 10 , italics added

. ) Relying on definitions , not from a standard dictionary, but from a legal thesaurus
and a 1968 edition of Black’s Law Dictionary, the dissent asserts that the “ plain meaning
of ‘ fail ’ and the association of that word with a result obtained by the plaintiff indicates

s ection 998 (c) (1)’s cost

- shifting provision applies only when the plaintiff’s unilateral action results in a judgment less favorable than a previously rejected or withdrawn offer to compromise .” ( Conc. & dis. opn. post , at p. 6 , original italics

. ) It furt her asserts that
the se “ definitions demonstrate ‘ fails to obtain ’ may reasonably be understood to refer to the result flowing from the plaintiff’s unilateral action rather than a result flowing from a compromise between opposing parties ,” where there is not a “defeat , ” a “loss , ” or an abandonment of the action. ( Id . at p. 7

. ) Finally, the dissent posits that, if the phrase

were considered ambiguous, t his interpretation would be in harmony with the term’s usage in other section s of the Code of Civil Procedure ( id . at pp. 8

- 9), and consistent with
the legislative history of section 998. ( Id . at pp. 9

- 12

. )
The false premise underlying these efforts to draw implied inferences from section 998, subdivision (c) and limit its reach to “unilateral” failures or “litigated results” ( conc. & dis. opn. post , at pp. 11

- 12 ) is the idea that the statute is so abstruse that we must resort
to a legal dictionary , thesaurus, or statutory deconstruction

. The phrase “fails to obtain a more favorable judgment” means what it says

— the plaintiff fails to , or does not, meet its24 obligation at the conclusion of the lawsuit to obtain a judgment more favorable than the amount stated in the offer to compromise. “If there is no ambiguity in the language of [a] statute, ‘then the Legislature is presumed to have meant what it said, and the plain meaning of the language governs.’ [Citation

. ] ‘Where the statute is clear, courts will not “interpret away clear language in favor of an ambiguity that does not exist.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] ” ( Lennane v. Franchise Tax Bd. (1994) 9 Cal.4th 263, 268.) There is no need to go beyond the plain text of section 998, subdivision (c) to divine the meaning of the phrase “fails to obtain.”
5

. Plaintiffs’ other arguments lack merit
Plainti ffs advance two theories supportin g their argument that “[ they ] cannot have failed to obtain a more favorable judgment or award than a rejected [section] 998 offer
when the s e ttlement (and the offer preceding it) subsumes, supersedes, and renders that offer a legal nullity.” Their first t heory is that “[o]nce a contract is executed, ‘all prior negotiations and stipulations concerning the subject matter’ of that contract ‘are considered merged therein

. ’ ” ( Quoting Bradford v. Southern California Petroleum Corp. (1944) 62 Cal.App.2d 450, 461 & citing Civ

. Code , § 1625 .) Their second theory is that the last offer rule applies ; they assert “[t]he principle that ‘any new offer communicated prior to a valid acceptance o f a previous offer, extinguishes and replaces the prior one’ is just as enduring

. ” (Quoting Distefano v. Hall (1968) 263 Cal.App.2d 380, 385.) The merger theory advanced by plaintiffs is inapplicable because it applies to only
written contracts . (Civ. Code, § 1625 [“ The execution of a contract in writing, whether the law requires it to be written or not, supersedes all the negotiations or stipulations concerning its matter which preceded or accompanied the execution of the instrument ”].) Here, the sett lement agreement was presented orally to the trial court in accordance with section 664.6. Plaintiffs have presented us with no authority, nor are we aware of any, providing the merger doctrine applies to oral contracts.25 We further decline to apply the la st offer rule because it is unclear which party made the offer resulting in the settlement agreement. As our Supreme Court explained,
“under the so

- called ‘last offer rule’ .

. . , when a party makes successive unrevoked and unaccepted section 998 offers, the last such offer is the only operative offer with respect to the statutory benefits and burdens.” ( Martinez
, supra , 56 Ca l. 4th at p. 1023 , fn. omitted .) However, the record here merely provides the parties reached a settlement ; it does not identify the offeror or offeree

. 14 While conceding the inapplicability of the last offer rule to this case, the dissent
nevertheless appears to argue for application of a related contract interpretation doctrine, implied revocation of Hyundai ’s May 2017 section 998 offer by inconsistent action (settlement)

. Under the formulation of the rule articulated in Varney Entertainment Group, Inc. v. Avon Plastics, Inc. (2021) 61 Cal.Ap p. 5th 222, “ ‘[ a ] n offeree’s power of acceptance is terminated when the offeror takes definite action inconsistent with an intention to enter into the proposed contract and the offeree acquires reliable information
to that effect. ’ ” ( Id

. at p. 235, citing Rest.2d Contracts, § 43.) However, the application
of this doctr ine advanced by the dissent rests on the assumption that Hyundai intended
sub silentio to waive its right to seek cost shifting under section 998 by virtue of entering
into the settlement. ( Conc. & dis. opn. post , at p. 17.) Clearly, Hyundai had no such
intent given that it agreed to leave open the issue of costs and attorney fees and sought the statute’s protections when the parties litigated the issue , as it was free to do under the settlement agreement

.

14 Hyundai asserts plaintiffs mad e the offer to settle on the first day of trial. It provides no citation to the record for these statements , however, and we thus disregard them. ( McOwen v. Grossman (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 937, 947 [“Statements of fact that are not supported by reference s to the record are disregarded by the reviewing court”].)26 More importantly, applying contract interpretation principles to render Hyundai’s May 2017 section 998 offer “inoperable” ( conc. & dis. opn. post , at pp. 1 6

- 17) would
defeat the purpose of section 998 to penalize parties who decline reasonable offers to compromise , and conf lict with the statute by relieving plaintiffs of their statutory obligation to obtain a judgment more favorable than the rejected offer to compromise

. ( T. M. Cobb Co. v. Superior Court (1984) 36 Cal.3d 273, 280 [“general contract law principles should app ly to section 998 offers and acceptances only where such principles neither conflict with the statute nor defeat its purpose”].) Finally , application of the inconsistent action rule hinges on there being some
manifestation of the offeror’s intent to revoke an earlier offer that it made. (See Varney
Entertainment Group, Inc. v. Avon Plastics, Inc., supra , 61 Cal.App.5th at p. 235 [holding that a pending offer to compromise under section 998 was impliedly extinguished by the offeror’s inconsistent offer to enter into a stipulated judgment].) In other words, the offer or has to take some action that is materially inconsistent with its
first o ffer, thereby constructively extinguishing that prior offer. T here is no material inconsistency between the settlement and Hyundai’s second section 998 offer. First, the May 26, 2017 offer already was extinguished by operation of law under section 998,

s ubdivision (b)(2) . Second , the record does not disclose which side made the offer that led to the settlement. If Hyundai did not make the offer, then the inconsistent offer rule would not apply given that the offeror did not “take definite action” to rev oke its $55,556.70 offer; it merely would have be en react ing to an offer from plaintiffs. And finally, the settlement was not inconsistent with Hyundai’s right to raise section 998, subdivision (c) in opposition to plaintiffs’ motion for attorney fees and costs , given that plaintiffs agreed without qualification to leave the issue of costs and attorney fees for the
trial court to resolve.27 DISPOSITION
The order is reversed

. Hyundai shall recover its costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of
C ourt, rule 8.278(a)(1) & (5).)

KRAUSE , J.

I concur:

DUARTE , J.1 ROBIE, Acting P. J., Concurring and Dissenting.
Code of Civil Procedure 1 section 998 “requires cost shifting when a party fails to accept a statutory offer to comprise. The statute provides that at least 10 days before trial, a defendant ‘may serve an offer in writing upon any other party to the action to allow judgment to be taken or an award to be entered in accordance with the terms and conditions stated.’ [Citation.] If the plaintiff accepts the offer, the court ‘shall enter judgment accordingly.’ [Citation.] But if the plaintiff does not accept the offer and fails

to obtain a more favorable judgment, the plaintiff ‘shall not recover his or her postoffer costs and shall pay the defendant’s costs from the time of the offer.’ [Citation.] ‘[C]osts’ include those items allowable as costs to the prevailing party as a matte r of law, including attorney fees awarded by statute or contract.” ( Varney Entertainment Group, Inc. v. Avon Plastics, Inc. (2021) 61 Cal.App.5th 222, 232 ( Varney ).) In this case, plaintiffs Oscar J. Madrigal and Audrey M. Madrigal sued defendant Hyundai Motor America (Hyundai) under the Song

- Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (Act) after purchasing an allegedly defective Hyundai vehicle. Hyundai made two section 998 offers to compromise; plaintiffs did not accept either offer. 2 After the j ury was sworn in, the parties reached a settlement and orally presented the terms of the settlement to the trial court in accordance with section 664.6. In short, the parties agreed Hyundai would pay plaintiffs $39,000 and any attorney fees, costs, and ex penses awarded to plaintiffs by the trial court following plaintiffs’ subsequent motion, and plaintiffs would thereafter file a dismissal with prejudice. The agreed upon damages settlement was for an amount less than the second unaccepted section 998 offe r. The novel question presented is whether section 998, subdivision (c)(1)’s (section 998(c)(1)) mandatory cost

- shifting provision applies when a plaintiff rejects an offer to

1 Undesignated section references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.

2 The parties agree to this fact.2 compromise and the parties later settle the matter for an amount less than the defendant had offered in the rejected offer to compromise. I concur in the majority’s conclusion that we have jurisdiction to consider the merits of this question and agree the merger doctrine and last offer rule do not apply under the facts of this case . I dissent, however, to the conclusion that section 998(c)(1)’s mandatory cost

- shifting provision applies when the parties enter into a settlement agreement. Based on the plain language of the statute, the legislative history, and the purpose and public policy behind section 998, I believe section 998(c)(1)’s cost

- shifting provision applies only when a plaintiff through unilateral action obtains a less favorable judgment than a previously rejected section 998 offer.
I The General Nuts And Bolts Of Sectio n 998 Section 998, subdivision (a) provides that the “costs allowed under Sections 1031 and 1032 shall be withheld or augmented” as provided in section 998. Section 998, subdivision (b) provides, in pertinent part: “Not less than 10 days prior to

commen cement of trial or arbitration .

. . of a dispute to be resolved by arbitration, any party may serve an offer in writing upon any other party to the action to allow judgment
to be taken or an award to be entered in accordance with the terms and conditions stated at that time. The written offer shall include a statement of the offer, containing the terms and conditions of the judgment or award, and a provision that allows the accepting party to indicate acceptance of the offer by signing a statement that th e offer is accepted.” “If the offer is not accepted prior to trial or arbitration or within 30 days after it is made, whichever occurs first, it shall be deemed withdrawn, and cannot be given in evidence upon the trial or arbitration.” (§ 998, subd. (b)( 2).)
Pertinent to this appeal, section 998(c)(1) provides, “If an offer made by a defendant is not accepted and the plaintiff fails to obtain a more favorable judgment or award, the plaintiff shall not recover his or her postoffer costs and shall pay the3 defendant’s costs from the time of the offer. In addition, in any action or proceeding other than an eminent domain action, the court or arbitrator, in its discretion, may require the plaintiff to pay a reasonable sum to cover postoffer costs of the serv ices of expert witnesses, who are not regular employees of any party, actually incurred and reasonably necessary in either, or both, preparation for trial or arbitration, or during trial or arbitration, of the case by the defendant.” In that regard, “[i]f an offer made by a defendant is not accepted and the plaintiff fails to obtain a more favorable judgment or award, the costs under [section 998], from the time of the offer, shall be deducted from any damages awarded in favor of the plaintiff. If the cos ts awarded under [section 998] exceed the amount of the damages awarded to the plaintiff[,] the net amount shall be awarded to the defendant and judgment or award shall be entered accordingly.” (§ 998 , subd. (e).) When a plaintiff fails to accept a defend ant’s section 998 offer and fails to obtain a more favorable judgment, the trial court determines whether the defendant’s prior unaccepted section 998 offer was made in good faith. ( Covert v. FCA USA, LLC (2022)
73 Cal.App.5th 821, 833.) An offer is made in good faith only if it carried with it some reasonable prospect of acceptance. ( Id . at p. 834.) Whether the offer is reasonable “depends upon the information available to the parties as of the date the offer was
served .” ( Westamerica Bank v. MBG Indu stries, Inc. (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 109, 130, italics added.) “Reasonableness generally ‘is measured, first, by determining whether the offer represents a reasonable prediction of the amount of money, if any, defendant would have to pay plaintiff followi ng a trial, discounted by an appropriate factor for receipt of money by plaintiff before trial, all premised upon information that was known or reasonably should have been known to the defendant,’ and ‘[i]f an experienced attorney or judge, standing in def endant’s shoes, would place the prediction within a range of reasonably possible results, the prediction is reasonable.’ ” ( Whatley

- Miller v. Cooper (2013)4 212 Cal.App.4th 1103, 1112.) “ ‘If the offer is found reasonable by the first test, it must
then s atisfy a second test: whether [the defendant’s] information was known or reasonably should have been known to [the plaintiff]. This second test is necessary because the section 998 mechanism works only where the offeree has reason to know the
offer is a reasonable one. If the offeree has no reason to know the offer is reasonable, then the offeree cannot be expected to accept the offer.’ ” ( Id . at p. 1113.) “In light of this focus on the reasonableness of the offeror ’s conduct in making the [section] 998 offer (which makes sense because the issue is the validity of the offer in the first place), whether the offeree acted reasonably in rejecting that offer is irrelevant.” ( Licudine v. Cedars

- Sinai Medical Center (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th 918, 925.) “In

asses sing whether the [section] 998 offeror knew that the offeree had sufficient information to evaluate the offer (the second consideration), the offeree needs information bearing on the issue of liability as well as on the amount of damages because
these are the issues upon which a verdict would rest and because the [section] 998 offer, if accepted, would be in lieu of that verdict.” ( Ibid .) “In assessing the information available to the offeree, courts are to look to all of the relevant circumstances.” ( Ib id .)
In Duale , this court held that section 998 applies in Act cases because Civil Code section 1794, subdivision (d), which provides a prevailing buyer is entitled to costs and expenses, including attorney’s fees, reasonably expended in connection with th e commencement and prosecution of the action, “triggers application” of section 1032. ( Duale v. Mercedes

- Benz USA, LLC (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 718, 724, 726; see also Covert v. FCA USA, LLC , supra , 73 Cal.App.5th at pp. 827

- 828 [buyer in an Act case
who fa iled to obtain a more favorable judgment at trial than a previously rejected § 9985 offer could not recover postoffer attorney’s fees and costs under Civil Code § 1794,
subd. (d)].)
II Section 998(c)(1)’s Mandatory Cost

- Shifting

Provision Does Not Apply To Settlements Pertinent to this appeal, Hyundai argued in the trial court that section 998(c)(1)’s

cost

- shifting provision applies because the terms of the parties’ settlement constituted a failure by plaintiffs to obtain a judgment more favorable than Hyun dai’s second section 998 offer. Whether section 998(c)(1)’s cost

- shifting provision applies to settlement agreements that are adjudged less favorable than a previously rejected or withdrawn offer to compromise is a question of statutory interpretation sub ject to de novo review. ( Curtis Engineering Corp. v. Superior Court (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 542, 546.) Our fundamental task in statutory interpretation cases “ ‘ “is to determine the Legislature’s intent so as to effectuate the law’s purpose.” ’ ” ( Fluor Corp. v. Superior
Court (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1175, 1198.) “Toward this end we must accord a reasonable and commonsense interpretation consistent with the Legislature’s purpose.” ( Donald v. Cafe Royale, Inc. (1990) 218 Cal.App.3d 168, 177.) In the absence of a statutory definition, “we presume the words were intended to be understood ‘ “in [their] ordinary sense and, consequently, we may refer to [those words’] dictionary definition[s] to ascertain [their] ordinary, usual meaning.” ’ ” ( In re Kavanaugh (20 21) 61 Cal.App.5th 320, 345.) We do not, however, look at words in isolation. “ ‘The meaning of a statute may not be determined from a single word or sentence; the words must be construed in context, and provisions relating to the same subject matter mus t be harmonized to the extent possible.’ ” ( People v. Shabazz (2006) 38 Cal.4th 55, 67.) Generally, “[w]hen the language is clear and there is no uncertainty as to the legislative intent, we look no further and simply enforce the statute according to its terms.” ( DuBois v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 382, 387

- 388.) “ ‘ “If, however, the statutory terms are6 ambiguous, then we may resort to extrinsic sources, including the ostensible objects to be achieved and the legislative history.” ’ ” ( California Forestry Assn. v. California Fish &
Game Commission (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1535, 1545.) The majority focuses on the word “judgment” to conclude section 998(c)(1) applies to the section 664.6 oral settlement because the settlement was less f avorable than Hyundai’s second rejected/withdrawn offer to compromise. Even if the settlement constitutes a “judgment” within the meaning of section 998 as the majority proposes, however, the analysis does not end there. We must, if possible, “give effec t and significance to every word and phrase of a statute.” ( Garcia v. McCutchen (1997)
16 Cal.4th 469, 476.) To that end, the cost

- shifting provision of section 998(c)(1) applies when the plaintiff fails to obtain a judgment more favorable than a previou sly rejected or withdrawn offer to compromise. (Cf. Fed. Rules Civ. Proc., rule 68(d) [“If the judgment that the offeree finally obtains is not more favorable than the unaccepted offer, the offeree must pay the costs incurred after the offer was made” (it alics added)].) The plain meaning of “fail” and the association of that word with a result obtained by the plaintiff indicates section 998(c)(1)’s cost

- shifting provision applies only when the plaintiff’s
unilateral action results in a judgment less favor able than a previously rejected or withdrawn offer to compromise. Burton’s Legal Thesaurus delineates the definition of “fail” into two categories. The first category relates to loss: “be defeated, be demoted, be unsuccessful, become bankrupt, become ins olvent, botch, bungle, cadere,

. . . concidere, crash, decline, deficere, deteriorate, disappoint, dishonor, err, fall short, flunk, fold, go out of business, go under, lose, miscarry, miss the mark, not succeed, prove inadequate, prove unsatisfactory, prove useless, succumb.” (Burton’s Legal Thesaurus (3d ed. 1998)

p. 228, co l. 1.) The second category is delineated in terms of neglect: “abandon, avoid, break one’s promise, break one’s word, desert, evade, forsake, ignore, leave, let one down, mismanage, miss, miss an opportunity, omit, prove unreliable, shirk.” ( Ibid .)7 Black’s Law Dictionary defines “fail” to mean “[f]ault, negligence, or refusal” and to also mean, among other things, “[i]nvoluntarily to fall short of success or the attainment of one’s purpose.” (Black’s Law Dict. (rev. 4th ed. 1968) p. 711, col. 1.) I t further defines “failure” to mean “[a]bandonment or defeat,” “[d]eficiency, want, or lack; ineffectualness; inefficiency as measured by some legal standard; an unsuccessful attempt.” ( Id . at p. 711, col. 2; see, e.g., State v. Summers (1928) 320 Mo. 189 , 196 [6 S.W.2d 883, 885] [“Failure, when used in connection with any enterprise, in its ordinary and obvious sense, means abandonment or defeat”]; White v. Pettijohn (1840)
23 N.C. 52, 54

- 55 [same].) The foregoing definitions demonstrate “fails to obtai n” may reasonably be understood to refer to the result flowing from the plaintiff’s unilateral action rather than a result flowing from a compromise between opposing parties. A plaintiff is defeated or
loses , for example, when, following an adverse adjudi cation, the plaintiff obtains a judgment less favorable than what the defendant offered in a previously rejected or withdrawn offer to compromise (e.g., where the plaintiff obtains a lesser damages award following a trial or arbitration). A plaintiff may also obtain a less favorable judgment by abandoning the action and making no effort to obtain a judgment at all. (See, e.g., Mon Chong Loong Trading Corp. v. Superior Court (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 87, 93

- 94 [“A plaintiff may fail to obtain a more favorable judgment or award by failing to obtain any award at all, as in the case of voluntary dismissal”].) Neither of the foregoing plain meaning applications pertain to negotiated settlements where the result is not due to the plaintiff’s unilateral action, but is instead the result of continued negotiations and a compromised settlement between the parties. Moreover, a settlement does not result in a winner or a loser. (See, e.g., Delgado v. Boyles (Ind.Ct.App. 2010) 922 N.E.2d 1267, 1270, 1272 [a contract pr ovision requiring the unsuccessful party to pay the successful party’s reasonable costs and attorney fees as part of any judgment recovered did not apply because a “private8 settlement cannot result in a winner or loser”]; Chester Upland Sch. Dist. v.
Commo nwealth (E.D.Pa. 2012) 284 F.R.D. 305, 308 [“settlement avoids labeling one side as the winner and the other side as the loser”]; Daily Gazette Co. v. West Virginia Dev. Office (1999) 206 W.Va. 51, 61 [521 S.E.2d 543, 553] [successful means to win].)
“In ordinary civil actions such as the one before us, the parties come to court seeking resolution of a dispute between them. The litigation process they encounter is fraught with complexities, uncertainties, delays, and risks of many kinds. Different judge s and juries may respond in different ways to the same evidence and argument. Public judicial proceedings may result in adverse publicity and unwanted disclosure of previously confidential information. Damage awards (or failure to recover) may cause
fina ncial hardship or ruin.” ( Neary v. Regents of University of California (1992)
3 Cal.4th 273, 280.) “ ‘[A] settlement allows parties to resolve their dispute by compromise, taking into consideration all relevant risks and costs . In settlement, each
side gives up something: a plaintiff foregoes the opportunity to recover the maximum award achievable through a jury trial, and a defendant foregoes the chance to obtain
vindication .

. . that it could achieve with a victory at trial.’ ” ( Zhao v. United State s (S.D.Ill. 2019) 411 F.Supp.3d 413, 445, italics added.) “The essence of settlement is compromise. [Citations.] Each side gains the benefit of immediate resolution of the litigation and some measure of vindication for its position while foregoing the

o pportunity to achieve an unmitigated victory.” ( E.E.O.C. v. Hiram Walker & Sons, Inc. (7th Cir. 1985) 768 F.2d 884, 889.) The interpretation that “fails to obtain” in section 998(c)(1) pertains to the result flowing from a plaintiff’s unilateral action ha rmonizes the Legislature’s use of “fail” in other parts of the Code of Civil Procedure as well. (See Hassan v. Mercy American River Hospital (2003) 31 Cal.4th 709, 716 [“words should be given the same meaning throughout a code unless the Legislature has i ndicated otherwise”]; McKee v. National
Union Fire Ins. Co. (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 282, 291 [“where a word or phrase has been9 given a particular meaning in one part of the law, it should be given the same meaning in other parts of the law”].) “Failed,” “fa ils,” or “failure” in the Code of Civil Procedure are used in reference to a specific party’s or individual’s action or inaction in litigation. (See, e.g., §§ 426.50 [“A party who fails to plead,” and “if the party who failed to plead the cause acted in g ood faith”], 1297.116, subd. (a) [“A party fails to act”], 1268.020,
subd. (a) [“the plaintiff fails to pay the full amount”], 1029.6, subd. (a) [“The failure of any defendant to join”], 1030, subd. (d) [“If the plaintiff fails to file the undertaking”],
1 002, subd. (e) [“An attorney’s failure to comply”].) Even if “fails to obtain” is ambiguous, however, the appropriate conclusion is that section 998(c)(1)’s cost

- shifting provision does not apply to negotiated settlements. ( Hughes v. Board of Architectu ral Examiners (1998) 17 Cal.4th 763, 776 [“A statute is regarded as ambiguous if it is capable of two constructions, both of which are reasonable”].) The legislative history is scant on the question presented, but the history we have available to us suppo rts this interpretation. ( Halbert’s Lumber, Inc. v. Lucky Stores, Inc. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1233, 1239 [if the meaning of a word is ambiguous, courts may refer to the legislative history to determine the meaning].) “The predecessor of section 998 provid ing for an opportunity to obtain costs on the basis of a settlement offer was first enacted in 1851. [Citation.] The section was substantially the same as the New York Code of Procedure, section 385[,] which was derived from the Field Code (First Rep. [o f] the Com[rs.]. on Prac. & Pleadings, Code Proc., § 338 (1848)) except that the New York provision allowed ten days for acceptance, while the California provision allowed five.” ( T.M. Cobb Co. v. Superior Court (1984)
36 Cal.3d 273, 286 (dis. opn. of Bro ussard, J.) ( T.M. Cobb ).) The Field Code explained the intended offer to compromise language, as adopted in California in section 998’s predecessor and which included the “fails to obtain” language as it remains in section 998 today, was intended to ensur e that, when a plaintiff rejects an offer to compromise, “but carries on the action, in order to recover a greater amount, he does it at the hazard of10 paying costs to the defendant, if he shall fail to establish a greater claim .” (First Rep. of
the Comrs. on Prac. & Pleadings, Code Proc., § 338, supra , at p. 239, italics added.) The “principal benefit hoped” for was “to save the time of courts and witnesses, and the expense to parties, in proving the amount of damages, in case the right to recover in the action, shall be established .” ( Ibid ., italics added.) A plaintiff can only fail to establish a greater claim if the plaintiff abandons the effort to do so by dismissing the case or fails to prove the claim in an adjudication. The plain meaning of “est ablish” in the legal context of establishing a claim is “[t]o prove; to convince.” (Black’s Law Dict. (8th ed. 2004) p. 586, col. 1; see State v. Estime (Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 2018) 259 So.3d 884, 887

- 889 [to “establish” the identity of the accused means “to p rove” it]; Lawson v. Superior Court (1957) 155 Cal.App.2d 755, 758 [“ ‘To prove’ means ‘to establish or make certain; to establish a fact or hypothesis as true by satisfactory and sufficient evidence’ ”]; Greenwich Collieries v. Director, Office of
Workers ’ Compensation Programs, United States Dep’t of Labor (3d Cir. 1993) 990 F.2d 730, 734 [same]; Guzman v. Commonwealth (2010) 458 Mass. 354, 362 [937 N.E.2d 441, 447] [“ ‘Establish’ means to prove”]; Ash

- Will Farms, L.L.C. v. Leachman Cattle Co. (Cir.Ct. 20 03) 61 Va.Cir. 165, 169 [“To establish means to prove”].) A settlement does

not prove anything regarding a legal claim, nor does it prove the amount of damages; a settlement thus does not result in a plaintiff failing to establish a greater claim than a

p reviously rejected or withdrawn section 998 offer. Further, although the subsequent legislative history of a statute generally does not have much bearing on the Legislature’s intent and understanding of the statute when it was originally enacted, it can be persuasive when a subsequent amendment directly bears on the Legislature’s understanding regarding the future application of the statute. (See
Barrett v. Rosenthal (2006) 40 Cal.4th 33, 54, fn. 17.) That is particularly true here, where the Legislature in 1997, among other things, expanded section 998 under Senate
Bill No. 73 (1997

- 1998 Reg. Sess.) to apply to arbitration proceedings in the same way it11 applies to judicial proceedings, and amended the cost

- shifting provision to clarify that postoffer cost s are excluded for purposes of determining if the plaintiff obtained a judgment more favorable than a previously rejected section 998 offer. (Stats. 1997,
ch. 892, § 1, pp. 6389

- 6391.) When the Legislature considered whether to amend section 998 in that regard, it considered various analyses that repeatedly stated section 998 (which then applied only in judicial proceedings) applies when a party rejects a settlement offer and subsequently
fails to do better at trial . For example, the analyses explained Senate Bill No. 73 would revise the law awarding costs against a party who rejected a section 998 offer and “fails to do better at trial” by excluding postoffer costs from the calculation of whether the party does better than the rejected section 998 offer , by specifying a plaintiff who rejects a section 998 offer and “fails to do better at trial” must pay the defendant’s costs from the date of the offer, and by making the provision applicable to “contractual and medical malpractice arbitrations.” (Assem. Com

. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 73 (1997

- 1998 Reg. Sess.) as proposed to be amended July 16, 1997, p. 2; Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 73 (1997

- 1998 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 1, 1997,
p. 1; Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Fl oor Analyses, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 73 (1997

- 1998 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 25, 1997, pp. 1

- 2; Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, 3d reading analysis of Sen. Bill No. 73 (1997

- 1998 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 20, 1997, pp. 1

- 2; Sen. 3d read ing analysis of Sen. Bill No. 73 (1997

- 1998 Reg. Sess.) as amended July 21, 1997, p. 1; Sen. 3d reading analysis of Sen. Bill No. 73 (1997

- 1998 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 11, 1997, p. 1; Sen. 3d reading analysis of Sen. Bill
No. 73 (1997

- 1998 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 25, 1997, p. 1.) The foregoing analyses show the Legislature considered whether to amend section 998 and expand it to arbitration proceedings through the prism that section 998(c)(1) applies when a plaintiff obtains a litigated result les s favorable than a previously rejected12 section 998 offer. This is consistent with the statements in the Field Code when section
998 was first enacted. It is worth noting that section 998(c)(1)’s cost

- shifting provision has been a part of California law, i n one form or another, since California adopted the initial version of the statute in 1851, over 170 years ago. ( T.M. Cobb Co. , supra , 36 Cal.3d at p. 286 (dis. opn. of Broussard, J.).) Even though the vast majority of civil cases resolve in settlements (Baker, Managed Cooperation in a Post

- Sago Mine Disaster World (2013) 33 Pace L.Rev. 491, 514 [“[95] percent of cases filed in the California state judicial system eventually settle before trial”]), no case has addressed the question whether section
998 (c) (1) ’s cost

- shifting provision applies to a negotiated settlement. Does that not seem odd? I believe it is indicative of the overall historical understanding that section 998(c)(1) applies when a less favorable result is obtained while the parties act in their respective litigant roles, e.g., as adversaries at trial or arbitration. The interpretation that the cost

- shifting provision does not apply to settlements is also supported by the purpose of section 998. ( Wilson v. Wal

- Mart Stores, Inc. (1999)
72 Ca l.App.4th 382, 389 ( Wilson ) [“In construing section 998, we follow the fundamental rule of statutory construction ‘ “that the court should ascertain the intent of the Legislature so as to effectuate the purpose of the law” ’ ”]; see also Hughes v. Board of
Architectural Examiners , s upra , 17 Cal.4th at p. 776 [when a statute is ambiguous, courts consider extrinsic aids such as legislative history and a statute’s purpose to ascertain the Legislature’s intent].) “The policy behind section 998 is ‘to encourage the settlement of
lawsuits prior to trial.’ ” ( Martinez v. Brownco Construction Co. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1014, 1019 ( Martinez ).) “Section 998 aims to avoid the time delays and economic waste associated with trials and to reduce the number of meritless lawsuits.” ( Ibid .) As explain ed in greater detail post , the interpretation that a settlement is not a failure to obtain a more favorable judgment is reasonable, practical, and workable because it serves the policy of encouraging settlements.13 Before delving into that analysis, howeve r, it is notable that, “[w]hen the language of section 998 does not provide a definitive answer for a particular application of its terms, courts may consult and apply general contract law principles. Because the process of settlement and compromise is a contractual one, such principles may, in appropriate circumstances, govern the offer and acceptance process under section 998. [Citation.] A general contract law principle may be found controlling if the policy of encouraging settlements is ‘best promote d’ thereby.” ( Martinez , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 1020.) To the extent the language of section 998 is not definitive as to the statute’s application to settlement agreements, which I believe it is, a general contract law principle supports the interpretati on that section 998 does not apply in that context. It is well established under contract law that “[a]n offeree’s power of acceptance may be terminated by” revocation of the offer, rejection by the offeree, the making of a counteroffer, lapse of time, i ncapacity of the offeror, or the “non

- occurrence of any condition of acceptance under the terms of the offer.” (Rest.2d Contracts, § 36.) An offer is revoked by communication from the offeror of his, her, or their intention not to enter into the proposed contract. ( Id ., § 42 [titled, “Revocation by Communication from Offeror Received by Offeree” (boldface & capitalization omitted)].) The manifestation of such an intention may be implied when the offeror “takes definite action inconsistent
with an intent ion to enter into the proposed contract and the offeree acquires reliable information to that effect.” ( Id ., § 43 [titled, “Indirect Communication of Revocation” (boldface omitted)]; see 1 Corbin, Contracts (rev. ed. 2018) § 2.20, p. 291 [“Any
statement b y the offeror to the offeree that even implicitly states the offeror no longer regards the offer as a commitment constitutes a revocation”].) “Perhaps the most prominent type of indirect revocation, one that is widely recognized by the courts, is the
subs equent offer dealing with the same subject matter.” (1 Corbin, supra , § 2.20, p. 297.) This is known as the last offer rule. (See id ., p. 295, fn. 6, citing Wilson , supra , 72 Cal.App.4th 382.) Although the last offer rule is inapplicable under the fact s of this14 case, 3 cases applying the last offer rule within the context of rejected or withdrawn section 998 offers assist to show why Hyundai’s second section 998 offer was no longer operative for purposes of section 998(c)(1). ( Varney , supra , 61 Cal.App .5th at p. 234 [“A revoked section 998 offer no longer functions as a statutory ‘offer’ to settle and does not trigger section 998’s cost shifting provisions”].)
In Martinez , our Supreme Court explained the last offer rule as follows:

“

Distefano [ v. Ha ll (1968)] 263 Cal.App.2d 380, involved two defense offers to compromise under former section 997, the predecessor to section 998. There, the defendants first made a $ 20,000 statutory offer, which was not accepted. At trial, the plaintiff obtained an aw ard of $ 28,500, which was reversed on appeal. The defendants thereafter made a $ 10,000 statutory offer, which also was not accepted. The plaintiff obtained an award of $ 12,559.96 at the retrial and was allowed costs. [Citation.] On appeal, the defen dants challenged the cost award and further contended the plaintiff should pay their costs because he refused to accept their first offer of $ 20,000, which was more favorable to the plaintiff than the result at the retrial. [Citation.]
“The Distefano cou rt affirmed, emphasizing the contractual nature of the statutory settlement and compromise process and the general contract rule that ‘any new offer

3 I render no opinion on whether the last offer rule would apply if the record showed Hyundai made the oral settlement offer leading to the section 664.6 settlement because that is not an established fact in this case. I will note, however, that I am unaware of a case that has resolved that question . Although an appellate court pre viously declined to apply contract principles to render a prior unaccepted section 998 offer inoperable when the defendant made a subsequent oral nonstatutory offer ( Gallagher v. Heritage (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 546, 547

- 548), that case was overruled by our Supreme Court in T.M. Cobb Co. , supra , 36 Cal.3d at p age 279 based on the appellate court’s refusal to apply contract principles . I note th is only to point out that, if the last offer rule applies to an oral settlement offer, it would create a dichotomy i n the application of section 998 because whether the rejected section 998 offer remains operative for cost

- shifting purposes would depend on who made the oral settlement offer. Such a rule could stifle settlement communications.15 communicated prior to a valid acceptance of a previous offer, extinguishes and replaces the prior one.’ [C itation.] Discerning a legislative intent to give ‘full effect to the parties’ reappraisals of the merits’ of their cases, Distefano concluded that parties should be encouraged to make and consider multiple settlement offers and that the policy in
favor o f settlements would be promoted by a rule that a later statutory offer extinguishes a previous statutory offer for purposes of cost shifting. [Citation.] Thus, because the plaintiff ultimately obtained a verdict more favorable than the defendants’ last o ffer, he was not required to pay the defendants’ costs. [Citation.]

“ T. M. Cobb , supra , 36 Cal.3d 273, did not address the effect of multiple offers under section 998. Significantly, however, the decision approved of Distefano ’s reasoning that, because section 998 involves the contractual process of settlement and compromise, general contract law principles may properly govern the statutory offer and acceptance process so long as they ‘neither conflict with the statute nor defeat its purpose.’ [Citatio n.]
“In Wilson , supra , 72 Cal.App.4th 382, a plaintiff made two section 998 offers to compromise. The first offer was for $ 150,000, and the second was for $ 249,000. The defendant failed to respond to either offer, and each was statutorily deemed with drawn. The jury awarded a verdict of $ 175,000 in the plaintiff’s favor. [Citation.] The trial court granted the defendant’s motion to tax the expert witness fees upon finding the plaintiff’s last offer of $ 249,000 ‘ “superseded and extinguished” ’ her first offer of $ 150,000. [Citation.]
“The Wilson court affirmed. After noting section 998’s silence on whether a subsequent statutory offer extinguishes a prior one, Wilson relied on T. M. Cobb , supra , 36 Cal.3d 273, and Distefano [ v. Hall ], supra , 2 63 Cal.App.2d 380, to conclude the plaintiff’s second offer extinguished her first offer. [Citation.] Specifically, Wilson agreed with Distefano that, in fairness, parties must be allowed to ‘review their respective positions’ as more information is disc overed and to ‘consider how the law applies before16 they are asked to make a decision that, if made incorrectly, could add significantly to their costs of trial.’ [Citation.] Although Wilson acknowledged that ‘settlements
achieved earlier rather than late r are beneficial to the parties and thus to be encouraged

. . . ’ [citation], it expressed concern that, if a subsequent offer did not extinguish a previous one, then ‘[a] plaintiff might be encouraged to maintain a higher settlement
demand on the eve of t rial and refuse to settle a case that should otherwise be settled if the plaintiff finds comfort in the knowledge that, even if the plaintiff receives an award less than his or her last demand, the plaintiff might still enjoy the cost reimbursement
benefit s of section 998 so long as the award exceeded a lower demand made by the plaintiff sometime during the course of the litigation’ [citation]. Thus, under the so

called ‘last offer rule’ applied in Wilson and Distefano , when a party makes successive

unrevo ked and unaccepted section 998 offers, the last such offer is the only operative offer with respect to the statutory benefits and burdens. “We note the Legislature did not respond to the Distefano decision in 1971 when it repealed former section 997 and reenacted its contents in section 998. Nor did the Legislature act to otherwise repudiate the last offer rule in several subsequent
amendments of the statute. But .

. . none of the Legislature’s a ctivity regarding section 998 has ever addressed successive offers, or any of the case law relating to this particular topic. And significantly, the Legislature has never acted to cabin [our Supreme Court’s] holdings .

. . that a basic contract law princi ple may not be applied if it would defeat or conflict with section 998’s policy of encouraging settlement.” ( Martinez , supra , 56 Cal.4th at pp. 1022

- 1024, fns. omitted.) As our Supreme Court explained in discussing the Distefano and Wilson opinions,
whe n the last offer rule applies to previously rejected or deemed withdrawn section 998 offers, it renders such prior offers inoperable with respect to the statutory benefits and burdens of section 998. In that regard, although revocation is described as the termination of an “offeree’s power of acceptance” (Rest.2d Contracts, § 36), the judicial17 application of the last offer rule in the context of section 998 indicates an implied revocation doctrine (such as the last offer rule or the inconsistent actions ru le) is not viewed through the lens of terminating the “offeree’s power of acceptance”

— because, when it applies, it applies to previously rejected or deemed withdrawn section 998 offers (i.e., offers that are no longer open for the offeree’s acceptance)

— but is instead viewed through the lens of whether the offeror intended to keep the section 998 offer operative for purposes of the benefits and burdens of the statute. Here, by entering into the settlement agreement, Hyundai took an act inconsistent
with an intent to keep the rejected section 998 offer operative. Under the settlement terms, Hyundai agreed plaintiffs could seek their attorney’s fees and costs; the settlement does not provide plaintiffs “shall not recover [their] postoffer costs and shall pay [Hyundai’s] costs from the time of the offer,” as provided in section 998(c)(1). Indeed, Hyundai did not seek costs from plaintiffs. If the last offer rule, a type of indirect revocation, applies to render a previously rejected or deemed withdrawn offer inoperable for purposes of section 998, a subsequent settlement can render a previously unaccepted or withdrawn offer inoperable in the same manner. (See Varney , supra , 61 Cal.App.5th at pp. 234

- 236.) 4 The interpretation that section 998 does not appl y to settlement agreements furthers the intent of section 998. “The policy behind section 998 is ‘to encourage the settlement of lawsuits prior to trial.’ ” ( Martinez , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 1019.) To determine if an interpretation of section 998 furth ers the statute’s purpose, courts

4 In Varney , the court o f appeal applied the implied revocation doctrine to a subsequent settlement agreement. ( Varney , supra , 61 Cal.App.5th at p. 235.) Although the section 998 offer at issue in that case remained pending when the parties entered into the settlement agreement ( id . at p. 234), the fact is of no consequence because the implied revocation doctrine applies equally to rejected or withdrawn section 998 offers, as explained in Martinez , ante

.18 consider whether the interpretation “would tend to stifle negotiations and discourage settlement,” “whether applying section 998 in a particular manner serves the public policy of compensating the injured party,” and “whet her the particular application injects uncertainty into the section 998 process.” ( Martinez , at pp. 1020

- 1021.) Applying section 998(c)(1) to a later settlement would stifle negotiations and discourage settlement, fail to compensate the injured party, an d inject uncertainty into the section 998 process. “[T]he chances of settlement increase with multiple offers.” ( Martinez , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 1026.) The application of section 998(c)(1) to settlements would discourage a plaintiff who previously re jected a section 998 offer from later making a

non
- section 998 settlement offer for less than the previously rejected section 998 offer in response to newly discovered evidence or any subsequent change in the law bearing on the plaintiff’s injuries or the defendant’s culpability. Our Supreme Court explained, “[T]o be consistent with section 998’s financial incentives and disincentives, parties should not be penalized for making more than one reasonable [section 998] settlement offer.” ( Martinez , at p. 102 6.) The same logic applies to non

- section 998 settlement offers, which may ultimately lead to a settlement agreement between the parties. Indeed, “the policy of compensating injured parties is best served by according parties flexibility to adjust their settlement demands in response to newly discovered evidence.” ( Martinez , at p. 1026.) It is important to recognize that “there is an evolutionary aspect to lawsuits and the law, in fairness, must allow the parties the opportunity to review their respective positions as the lawsuit matures. The litigants should be given a chance to learn th e facts that underlie the dispute and consider how the law applies before they are asked to make a decision that, if made incorrectly, could add significantly to their costs of trial.” ( Wilson , supra , 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 390.) As a point of illustration , consider an existing disagreement among the Courts of Appeal as to whether, in “lemon law cases” such as this one, a vehicle manufacturer is19 entitled to an offset against the amount of restitution owed to a buyer when the buyer previously sold or traded in the defective vehicle. ( Niedermeier v. FCA US LLC (2020)
56 Cal.App.5th 1052 [offset required], rev. granted Feb. 10, 2021, S266034; Figueroa v. FCA US, LLC (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 708 [offset not required], rev. granted Feb. 1, 2023, S277547; Williams v . FCA US LLC (2023) 88 Cal.App.5th 44, petn. for rev. pending, petn. filed Mar. 13, 2023, S279051 [offset not required].) Under the majority’s interpretation, if a plaintiff rejected a reasonable section 998 offer prior to Niedermeier and later agreed to settle for a lesser amount because of Niedermeier ’s interpretation that an offset is allowed, the cost

- shifting provision of section 998(c)(1) would necessarily apply to the plaintiff’s detriment. The trial court would have no authority to determine
wheth er the settlement was reasonable in light of the change in the law; the trial court’s reasonableness determination as to the section 998 offer extends only to what was known or reasonably should have been known at the time the rejected section 998 offer wa s made . ( Whatley

- Miller v. Cooper , supra , 212 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1112

- 1113.) Should the plaintiff be penalized due to a subsequent change in the law? I believe not. Further, the focus of our de novo statutory interpretation of section 998(c)(1)
should not be based solely on the facts of this case or within the context of “lemon law” cases. We must consider the impact of our interpretation on all civil cases to which the statute applies, from simple to complex. Consider for a moment a complex constru ction defect litigation case. Assume the plaintiffs’ primary complaint is water intrusion at and around the windows of their homes. The plaintiffs sue the window manufacturer, the window installer, and all trades that potentially could have contributed t o the water intrusion (e.g., framing, stucco, etc.). The parties conduct extensive discovery; they participate in days of visual inspections at the homes, depose the plaintiffs regarding the defects, and depose the persons most knowledgeable for each defe ndant. The parties attempt to mediate but fail to reach a compromise. The window manufacturer, firmly believing its windows are not defective20 (based on the discovery and information known) but wanting to avoid further litigation,
makes a section 998 offe r of $100,000. The plaintiffs reject the offer to compromise. The parties later proceed with invasive testing at the homes to prepare for trial. During the invasive testing, the stucco is removed, and the water spray test reveals most of the windows, in fact, are not defective; the bulk of the cost to repair the water intrusion defects is instead appropriately allocated to the window installer and other trades. The plaintiffs now, with this knowledge, attempt to settle with the window manufacturer for a fraction of the $100,000 previously offered. The window manufacturer at this point has spent over $250,000 in postoffer costs to litigate the matter. Knowing the outcome of the invasive testing, what motivation does the window
manufacturer have to sett le the case without seeking to recover its postoffer costs under section 998(c)(1)? Indeed, the window manufacturer knows that, if it proceeded to trial, it would obtain a judgment more favorable than the rejected section 998 offer and the
trial court wou ld have no discretion (other than as to the reasonableness of the costs incurred) to reduce the window manufacturer’s postoffer costs based on the reasonableness of the plaintiffs’ actions under the circumstances. (Compare
section 998(c)(1) [if plaintiff fails to accept the offer and “fails to obtain a more favorable judgment or award, the plaintiff shall not recover his or her postoffer costs and shall pay the defendant’s costs from the time of the offer” (italics added)], with § 998, subd. (d) [if
the de fendant fails to accept the offer and “fails to obtain a more favorable judgment or
award .

. . , the court or arbitrator, in its discretion, may require the defendant to pay a reasonable sum to cover postoffer costs of the services of expert witnesses” (i talics added)].) Should the plaintiffs in this complex construction defect case be punished for failing to accept the $100,000 offer to compromise without having the benefit of the invasive testing information

— either by having to pay the window manufactur er’s postoffer costs as part of the settlement or being forced to go to trial? I do not believe section 998’s purpose is furthered in this example, and I do not believe we can conceive21 of all the factual scenarios to which our interpretation may apply giv en section 998 is a statute of general application in civil cases. A further concern with the application of section 998(c)(1) to settlement agreements is that it will cause uncertainty. A plaintiff will be encouraged to make settlement offers and negot iate to avoid trial when the plaintiff is without fear that a previously rejected or withdrawn section 998 offer’s terms may later be adjudged by the court to be less favorable than a previously rejected or withdrawn section 998 offer. In that vein, sett lements, of course, often involve more than monetary terms. In a complex contractual rights case, for example, parties may settle for specific declaratory and injunctive relief instead of a monetary settlement previously offered in a rejected or
deemed wi thdrawn section 998 offer. The statutory interpretation advanced by Hyundai may spawn disputes over whether the ultimate settlement was more or less favorable than the previously rejected or deemed withdrawn section 998 offer

— an interpretation that
should be avoided. ( Martinez , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 1021.) Although trial courts are presently called upon to make such determinations by comparing a rejected section 998 offer to a jury verdict or an arbitration award, the application of section 998(c)(1) t o settlement agreements will inject uncertainty into the settlement process and, given that the vast majority of civil cases settle, may substantially increase litigation following settlement. A bright

- line rule that section 998 does not apply to settleme nt agreements, on the other hand, is easily applied and will not confuse the section 998 process or give rise to disputes regarding the favorability of the terms of different settlement agreements compared to previously rejected or withdrawn section 998 of fers

— saving judicial resources and litigants’ time and money. ( Martinez , at p. 1026.) Finally, I will note a concern with concluding the section 664.6 settlement is a judgment for purposes of section 998(c)(1), as applied to arbitration proceedings. It bears reminding that section 998 applies equally in judicial and arbitration proceedings, i.e., section 998(c)(1) applies when “the plaintiff fails to obtain a more favorable judgment or22 award.” (Italics added.) In arbitration proceedings, an arbitrator issues an award and “a party to the proceedings must petition the court to confirm, correct, or vacate that award.” ( In re Marriage of Assemi (1994) 7 Cal.4th 896, 908.) Section 1283.4 provides an award “shall be in writing and signed by the arbitrators concurring therein” and “shall include a determination of all the questions submitted to the arbitrators the decision of which is necessary in order to determine the controversy.” Depending on the language in the arbitration agreement, a party may be req uired to request section 998 costs from the arbitrator in the first instance. ( Heimlich v. Shivji (2019) 7 Cal.5th 350, 358.) Section 664.6 settlements are available and apply in both judicial and arbitration proceedings. ( In re Marriage of Assemi , sup ra , 7 Cal.4th at pp. 900

- 901.) Our Supreme Court has explained that, if the parties make a valid section 664.6 oral stipulation for settlement in an arbitration proceeding, the trial court may enter judgment on the settlement agreement upon motion. ( Id

. at p. 911.) It is clear from the language of section 1283.4 that an oral section 664.6 settlement does not fall within the meaning of “award.” An oral section 664.6 settlement is not in writing and does not constitute a determination by the arbitrator a s to an issue in controversy. If the section 664.6 settlement constitutes a judgment, as the majority proposes, how would that work in arbitration proceedings? Would the arbitrator consider the settlement to be a judgment, even without the trial court en tering judgment on the settlement agreement upon motion, as discussed in In re Marriage of Assemi , and then issue an award solely on the application of section 998(c)(1)? That seems incongruent with the language of section 998(c)(1) and the statutory sche me. It appears to me that the term “judgment” applies in judicial proceedings and the term “award” applies in arbitration proceedings. In other words, it appears the “or” was used in a disjunctive sense to mean “one or the other.” ( Los Angeles County

- U. S.C. Medical Center v. Superior Court (1984) 155 Cal.App.3d 454, 461 [“In its ordinary sense, the word ‘or’23 indicates an alternative such as ‘either this or that’ ”].) I believe the interpretation advanced by the majority will inject uncertainty into arbi tration proceedings. In sum, the language of the statute, the legislative history, and the purpose and public policy behind section 998 support the interpretation that section 998(c)(1)’s cost

shifting provision does not apply to settlement agreements.
I II Hyundai Fails To Establish The Trial Court Abused Its Discretion In its opening brief, Hyundai asserts, without any citation to the record, the trial court erred “when it expressly concluded that

-- as a matter of law

-- it could not even consider [Hyundai’s] [section] 998 offers when determining whether [plaintiffs’] c laimed [attorney] fees were reasonably incurred.” Hyundai argues Civil Code section 1794, subdivision (d) requires the trial court to determine the costs and expenses to have been reasonably incurred and, because the lodestar method is used in such determ inations, the trial court should have considered Hyundai’s prior section 998 offers. (Citing Meister v. Regents of University of California (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 437, Etcheson v. FCA US LLC (2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 83, McKenzie v. Ford Motor Co. (2015) 238 C al.App.4th 695.) Hyundai’s argument is forfeited because “[s]tatements of fact that are not supported by references to the record are disregarded by the reviewing court.” ( McOwen v. Grossman (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 937, 947.) Hyundai has thus failed to d emonstrate error on appeal. 5

5 To the extent Hyundai attempted to cure the deficiency in its reply brief, the new argument should not be considered. ( Sourcecorp, Inc. v. Shill (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1054, 1061, fn. 7.)24 For the foregoing reasons, I would affirm the trial court’s order and award plaintiffs their costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1), (5).)

ROBIE , Acting P. J.