[Cite as Gingrich v. Otter Fork Equestrian Complex, L.L.C., 2024-Ohio-2775.]

COURT OF APPEALS

LICKING COUNTY, OHIO

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

LORI J. GINGRICH : JUDGES:

: Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.

 Plaintiff : Hon. John W. Wise, J.

: Hon. Andrew J. King, J.

-vs- :

:

OTTER FORK EQUESTRIAN : Case No. 23 CA 00086

COMPLEX, LLC :

:

 Defendant-Cross-Claim Plaintiff- :

Appellee :

:

and :

:

TERA GORE, ET AL. :

:

Defendants-Cross-Claim :

Defendants-Appellants : O P I N I O N

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Court of Common 

Pleas, Case No. 2022 CV 00785

JUDGMENT: Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT: July 22, 2024

APPEARANCES:

For Appellants Gore For Appellee Otter Fork

JOSHUA J. BROWN BARTON R. KEYES

3979 Main Street JONATHAN N. BOND

Hilliard, OH 43026 COOPER ELLIOT

305 West Nationwide Boulevard

Columbus, OH 43215
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 2

King, J.

{¶ 1} Defendants-Cross-Claim Defendants-Appellants, Tera Gore, William Gore, 

and Irongate Events and Catering, Inc., appeal the December 4, 2023 judgment entry of

the Court of Common Pleas of Licking County, Ohio, granting judgment on the pleadings 

to Defendant-Cross-Claim Plaintiff-Appellee, Otter Fork Equestrian Complex, LLC ("Otter 

Fork"). Plaintiff in the case is Lori J. Gingrich. We affirm the trial court.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

{¶ 2} On April 11, 2018, Gingrich filed a complaint against G & G Feed & Supply 

alleging an intentional tort (Case No. 2018 CV 00410). Gingrich worked for G & G which 

was owned and operated by Tera Gore. An amended complaint was filed on April 13, 

2018, to add as party defendants Gore and other entities owned and/or used by Gore:

"Global Vision Alliance, Inc. c/o Tera Gore, statutory agent" and "Irongate Equestrian 

Center." The amended complaint alleged on April 15, 2016, Gore intentionally struck 

Gingrich with a heavy metal clipboard causing her to sustain serious injuries. 

{¶ 3} Because defendants failed to answer, Gingrich was granted default 

judgment on July 26, 2018. A damages hearing was held on August 27, 2018. 

Defendants did not appear. By entry filed September 7, 2018, the trial court awarded 

Gingrich $953,578.75 as against defendants.

{¶ 4} On September 27, 2018, defendants filed a Civ.R. 60(B) motion for relief 

from judgment. By decision and order filed January 15, 2019, the trial court granted the 

motion. The decision was reversed on appeal. Gingrich v. G & G Feed & Supply, LLC, 

2019-Ohio-4779 (5th Dist.).
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 3

{¶ 5} Upon remand, the trial court reinstated the default judgment and damages 

award, and granted post-judgment interest. Judgment Entry filed January 30, 2021.

{¶ 6} At some point in her collection efforts, Gingrich learned "Irongate Equestrian 

Center" was the registered tradename for Otter Fork. Gingrich filed a praecipe for a 

certificate of judgment in the name of "Otter Fork Equestrian Complex, LLC T/A Irongate 

Equestrian Center" with the Licking County Clerk of Courts on March 27, 2020. The clerk 

issued a certificate of judgment listing Otter Fork as a judgment debtor (Case No. 2020 

JD 198166).

{¶ 7} Thereafter, the attorney for Otter Fork contacted the Licking County Clerk's 

Office and instructed the clerk to amend the certificate of judgment to remove Otter Fork 

as a judgment debtor.

{¶ 8} On February 22, 2021, Gingrich filed a motion to correct the record, 

requesting the trial court amend and correct the record, including the judgment entry, 

docket, and certificate of judgment, to reflect the legal name of Irongate, to wit: Otter Fork.

{¶ 9} On March 11, 2021, Irongate/Otter Fork filed a motion to vacate the default 

judgment and dismiss all claims against it.

{¶ 10} By order filed July 8, 2021, the trial court denied Gingrich's motion to correct 

the record. The decision was reversed on appeal. Gingrich v. G & G Feed & Supply, 

LLC, 2022-Ohio-982 (5th Dist.). This court found the judgment against Irongate is 

enforceable against Otter Fork. The court reasoned Otter Fork "persisted in using the 

trade name to protect the sui juris entity" and Otter Fork knew its rights could be affected 

by the action; it could not now claim foul to avoid the judgment. Id. at ¶ 24.
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 4

{¶ 11} Upon remand, the trial court amended the record and the certificate of 

judgment to reflect judgment against both names, "Irongate Equestrian Center" and "Otter 

Fork Equestrian Complex, LLC." Order filed April 22, 2022.

{¶ 12} On July 20, 2022, Gingrich filed the underlying case here, a foreclosure 

action, naming numerous defendants including the cross-claimants in this appeal.

1

 The 

property Gingrich sought to foreclose on was owned by Otter Fork and was being sold to 

appellants Tera Gore and Irongate Events & Catering, Inc. under a land contract. The 

parties had first entered a land contract in 2015 and made several amendments and 

novations, ending with the land contract at issue, which is dated 2021. The 2021 land 

contract contained an indemnity clause and specifically mentioned the judgment in the 

Gingrich case. Gore was required to pay and/or perform certain acts depending on 

whether the judgment was vacated or upheld. The contract also contained a default

clause.

{¶ 13} While the foreclosure action was proceeding, motions were filed in the 

original intentional tort case. In that original case, the trial court denied the motion to 

vacate the default judgment and dismiss the claims against Irongate/Otter Fox. Order 

filed October 20, 2022. Irongate/Otter Fork appealed, but on February 6, 2023, the appeal 

was voluntarily dismissed.

{¶ 14} On April 14, 2023, in the foreclosure action, Otter Fork filed an answer and 

a declaratory judgment cross-claim against appellants for a determination as to the rights 

of the parties under the 2021 land contract. On April 24, 2023, appellants filed a 

1To avoid any confusion, we note one of the defendants listed is "Irongate Events and 

Catering Inc." in care of Tera L. Gore, which is a separate entity than "Otter Fork 

Equestrian Complex, LLC T/A Irongate Equestrian Center."
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 5

declaratory judgment cross-claim against Otter Fork for a determination of a lack of 

consideration under the 2021 land contract and a determination of their equity in the 

property based upon payments made. On June 6, 2023, Otter Fork filed a motion for 

judgment on the pleadings on the cross-claims.

{¶ 15} On August 11, 2023, Gingrich filed a motion for summary judgment and 

decree in foreclosure.

{¶ 16} Because Gore defaulted under the land contract, Otter Fork filed in the 

municipal court a forcible entry and detainer action (Case No. 22 CVG 1282). The case 

was transferred to the common pleas court (Case No. 23CV01010) and was consolidated 

with the underlying foreclosure case. Order filed September 19, 2023.

{¶ 17} Otter Fork paid the damages award to Gingrich and Gingrich dismissed her 

foreclosure claims; the cross-claims remained. Agreed Entry of Partial Dismissal filed 

October 31, 2023.

{¶ 18} By judgment entry filed December 4, 2023, the trial court granted Otter 

Fork's motion for judgment on the pleadings as to the cross-claims, finding appellants 

defaulted under the terms of the land contract. The trial court did not find a lack of 

consideration under the 2021 land contract.

{¶ 19} Appellants filed an appeal with the following assignments of error:

I

{¶ 20} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED AS A MATTER OF LAW WHEN IT 

FOUND THAT MERE EXISTENCE OF GINGRICH'S LAWSUIT CONSTITUTED 

'ATTACHMENT' UNDER SECTION 8(C) OF THE 2021 DOCUMENT."

II
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 6

{¶ 21} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED BECAUSE IT DID NOT ANALYZE THE 

WHOLE CONTRACT, SPECIFICALLY SECTION 8(D) WHICH SHOWS THAT THE 

CONTRACT WAS FOLLOWED."

III

{¶ 22} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED BY FAILING TO RECOGNIZE THAT IT 

DID NOT HAVE SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION UNDER R.C. 5312, BECAUSE 

THE REVISED CODE SECTION ADDRESSING FORFEITURE AND FORECLOSURE 

ONLY CONTEMPLATES DEFAULT FOR NON-PAYMENT." 

IV

{¶ 23} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED BY NOT APPLYING BASIC CONTRACT 

PRINCIPLES REGARDING BREACH OF CONTRACT TO THE CASE – EVEN IF GORE 

DEFAULTED, HER BREACH WAS NOT MATERIAL."

V

{¶ 24} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED BY RULING THAT A QUESTION OF 

FACT DID NOT EXIST AS TO CONSIDERATION."

VI

{¶ 25} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED WHEN IT FOUND NO QUESTION OF 

FACT EXISTED AS TO ADEQUACY OF CONSIDERATION."

VII

{¶ 26} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED IN FINDING NO QUESTION OF FACT 

CONCERNING UNCONSCIONABILITY."

VIII
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 7

{¶ 27} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRORED IN FINDING THAT THE 2021 

DOCUMENT WAS A VALID LAND CONTRACT, BECAUSE THE MINIMUM 

REQUIREMENTS WERE NOT FOLLOWED PURSUANT TO R.C. 5313.02(C)."

Standard of Review

{¶ 28} Civ.R. 12(C) governs judgment on the pleadings and states: "After the 

pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the trial, any party may move 

for judgment on the pleadings." Under the rule, "dismissal is appropriate where a court 

(1) construes the material allegations in the complaint, with all reasonable inferences to 

be drawn therefrom, in favor of the nonmoving party as true, and (2) finds beyond doubt, 

that the plaintiff could prove no set of facts in support of his claim that would entitle him 

to relief." State ex rel. Midwest Pride IV, Inc. v. Pontious, 75 Ohio St.3d 565, 570 (1996). 

The rule allows the court to consider both the complaint and the answer and any attached 

materials to the pleadings. Crenshaw v. Howard, 2022-Ohio-3914, ¶ 13 (8th Dist.). Civ.R. 

12(C) motions are specifically for resolving questions of law; therefore, the rule requires 

a determination that no material factual issues exist and that the movant is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law. Peterson v. Teodosio, 34 Ohio St.2d 161, 165-166 (1973).

{¶ 29} The appellate standard of review on a Civ.R. 12(C) motion is de novo. 

Columbus v. Sanders, 2012-Ohio-1514 (5th Dist.). Under a de novo analysis, we must 

accept all factual allegations of the complaint as true and all reasonable inferences must 

be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party. Kramer v. Installations Unlimited, Inc., 147 

Ohio App.3d 350 (5th Dist. 2002). A de novo review requires an independent review of 
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 8

the trial court's decision without any deference to the trial court's determination. Brown 

v. Scioto County Board of Commissioners, 87 Ohio App.3d 704, 711 (4th Dist. 1993).

I, II

{¶ 30} In their first assignment of error, appellants claim the trial court erred in 

finding the mere existence of the Gingrich lawsuit constituted an attachment under the 

contract.

{¶ 31} In their second assignment of error, appellants claim the trial court erred in 

not analyzing the whole contract, specifically Section 8(d).

{¶ 32} In its motion for judgment on the pleadings filed June 6, 2023, Otter Fork 

sought judgment on its cross-claim against appellants and on appellants' cross-claim 

against Otter Fork. Otter Fork based its motion on appellants' default under the terms of 

the 2021 land contract and R.C. Ch. 5313 which governs land installment contract.2

{¶ 33} The original land contract was signed in 2015 between Tera Gore as buyer 

and Otter Fork as seller. See Exhibit A, attached to June 6, 2023 Motion for Judgment 

on the Pleadings. The contract underwent four revisions, in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021.

{¶ 34} The 2017 land contract modified the payment terms; the buyer and seller 

remained the same. See Exhibit B, attached to June 6, 2023 Motion for Judgment on the 

Pleadings.

{¶ 35} Because Tera Gore assigned her interest in the land contract to "Irongate 

Events & Catering, Inc." in April of 2018, the 2018 land contract changed the buyer to 

Irongate Events & Catering, Inc. See Exhibit C, attached to June 6, 2023 Motion for 

Judgment on the Pleadings.

2All of the materials cited by Otter Fork were attached to the pleadings for review.
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 9

{¶ 36} The 2019 land contract contained a novation and replaced and voided the 

original 2015 agreement and all subsequent addendums. This contract was entered into 

by Irongate Events & Catering, Inc. as buyer, signed by Tera Gore, President, and Otter 

Fork as seller. See Exhibit D, attached to June 6, 2023 Motion for Judgment on the 

Pleadings.

{¶ 37} The 2021 land contract also contained a novation, and was between Tera 

Gore and Irongate Events & Catering, Inc., collectively and jointly and severally as buyer, 

and Otter Fork as seller; it was signed by Tera Gore, individually, Irongate Events & 

Catering, Inc. by Tera Gore, President, and Otter Fork. See Exhibit E, attached to June 

6, 2023 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. In its motion, Otter Fork cites to the 

following provision under Section 8, Alterations and Liens:

(d) Buyer agrees and acknowledges that Tera L. Gore; G&G Feed & 

Supply, LLC; Global Vision Alliance, Inc.; and IronGate Equestrian Center 

are currently judgment debtors by virtue of a judgment (the "Judgment") 

arising out of Case Number 18 CV 00410, Licking County, Ohio Court of 

Common Pleas (the "Litigation"). Buyer further acknowledges that IronGate 

is a registered trade name owned by Seller. Buyer further acknowledges 

that Seller had no part, role or responsibility for the events which gave rise 

to the Judgment. Buyer further acknowledges that the judgment creditor in 

the Litigation is seeking to perfect a judgment lien on and against the 

Premises. The Seller is actively seeking to vacate the Judgment and limit 

the judgment creditor's ability to perfect a judgment lien against the 
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 10

Premises. Upon the conclusion of the Litigation and any appeals thereof, 

which determination shall be made at the sole discretion of the Seller, Seller 

shall advise the Buyer of the amount of attorneys' fees and expenses which 

it incurred in protecting its interest in the Premises. At Seller's sole 

determination, Buyer shall either 1) pay the attorneys' fees and expenses 

in full to Seller within 15 days of the receipt of notice thereof; or 2) add the 

fees and expenses to the principal balance due under this Contract and pay 

the same in accordance with the terms and conditions hereof. In the event 

that Seller is not successful in vacating the Judgment and/or limiting the 

judgment creditor's ability to perfect a judgment lien against the Premises, 

Buyer shall remove, obtain the release of, or bond off any such judgment 

lien or encumbrance within thirty (30) days after written notice by Seller, and 

if Buyer shall fail to do so, Seller may, in its sole discretion, pay the amount 

necessary to remove such lien or encumbrance. The amount so paid shall 

be payable upon demand by Seller, or added to the principal balance due 

under this Contract and shall be paid by Buyer in accordance with the terms 

hereof, without limitation as to other remedies available to Seller under this 

Contract. In the event that any such amounts are added to the principal 

balance due under this Contract, the monthly principal and interest payment 

shall be adjusted accordingly, and the Seller shall provide Buyer with the 

revised payment amount and a revised amortization schedule. In no event 

shall the recordation of a judgment lien arising out of the Litigation be 

deemed an event of default on the part of Seller.
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 11

{¶ 38} Under Section 15, Buyer's Default, buyer is in default giving rise to seller's 

remedies if: "(c) Buyer fails to observe or perform any other provision, covenant or 

condition required of Buyer under this Contract within (30) days after Seller gives written 

notice to Buyer of such failure." The section concludes: "In any such events, Seller may, 

upon notice to Buyer as required by law, initiate proceedings for the foreclosure or 

forfeiture of Buyer's interest in this Contract or the Premises." This same statement is 

found under Seller's Remedies, Section 16(c). Subsection (a) of Section 16 grants seller 

the option to terminate the land contract and repossess the premises by forcible entry 

and detainer suit.

{¶ 39} After the trial court amended the record and the certificate of judgment in 

the original Gingrich case to reflect judgment against both "Irongate Equestrian Center" 

and "Otter Fork Equestrian Complex, LLC" (Order filed April 22, 2022), Otter Fork sent a 

letter to appellants on April 28, 2022. The letter served as a notice under Section 8(d) 

cited above, demanding that appellants "remove, obtain the release of, or bond off" 

Gingrich's judgment lien against the property within thirty days of the date of the letter. 

See Exhibit B, attached to Otter Fork's April 14, 2023 Cross-Claim.

{¶ 40} Because appellants failed to remove, obtain the release of, or bond off the 

judgment lien within thirty days of the April 28, 2022 letter, Otter Fork sent appellants 

another letter on May 31, 2022. The letter served as notice under R.C. 5313.05 of the 

risk of forfeiture due to their default in the event they did not pay the money demanded 

within thirty days of the date of the letter. See Exhibit C, attached to Otter Fork's April 14, 

2023 Cross-Claim.
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 12

{¶ 41} In a letter dated July 1, 2022, Otter Fork notified appellants under R.C. 

5313.06 that they were in default under the land contract and either had to pay 

$1,179,433.19 within ten days or the agreement would be forfeited. See Exhibit D, 

attached to Otter Fork's April 14, 2023 Cross-Claim.

{¶ 42} Appellants failed to pay and Otter Fork paid the damages award to Gingrich 

in exchange for the dismissal of her foreclosure claim. See Agreed Entry of Partial 

Dismissal filed October 31, 2023.

{¶ 43} In their motion for judgment on the pleadings, Otter Fork claimed appellants 

forfeited their interest in the property on July 11, 2022. Otter Fork sought forfeiture under 

R.C. 5313.08 because the 2021 land contract between the parties had been "in effect for 

less than five years." Under the statute, Otter Fork could bring an action for forfeiture of 

appellants' rights under the land contract and for restitution of the property. There is no 

dispute that Otter Fork complied with the notice requirements of R.C. 5313.05 and 

5313.06.

{¶ 44} In granting Otter Fork's motion for judgment on the pleadings, the trial court

cited Section 15(f) under Buyer's Default as an occurring event that constituted default: 

"The interest of Buyer [appellants] in the Premises is attached, levied upon, or seized by 

legal process. The trial court found "[t]he existence of Gingrich's lawsuit, which is an 

attachment of Gore's interest, constitutes a default by Gore." December 4, 2023 

Judgment Entry at 9. Appellants argue the trial court's statement is wrong because the 

"mere filing of a lawsuit cannot constitute 'attachment' and the trial court did not analyze 

the whole contract." Appellants' Brief at 10. Appellants argue extensively about the legal 

meaning of "attachment."
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 13

{¶ 45} Regardless of the "attachment" analysis, this court has independent de 

novo review and agrees with Otter Fork's analysis of the land contract. Appellants agreed 

to the 2021 terms under Section 8(d) specifically addressing the Gingrich judgment. 

Appellants gave Otter Fork the right to demand that they remove, obtain the release of, 

or bond off the judgment lien in the event Otter Fork was not successful in vacating the 

judgment and/or limiting Gingrich's ability to perfect a judgment lien against the property. 

At the time of the first default letter dated April 28, 2022, the trial court had just amended 

Gingrich's judgment to reflect judgment against Otter Fork. Although Otter Fork was still 

fighting to vacate the judgment, it was not successful in limiting Gingrich's ability to perfect 

her judgment lien, and the conjunctive language emphasized above gave Otter Fork the 

option to pursue its demand. In addition, the terms of Section 8(d) did not limit Otter Fork 

as to other remedies elsewhere, such as Sections 15(c) and 16(a) and (c) discussed 

above.

{¶ 46} Appellants argue "Gore attempted to reimburse Otter Fork for the payment 

of the judgment immediately. This offer was made on the record in this case, with the 

check in-hand. (Hr'g., Jan. 2, 2024.)." Appellants' Brief at 20. Based on the notices sent 

by Otter Fork, appellants were to have paid by July 11, 2022. Their offer of payment in 

2024 was untimely and well after the breach occurred.

{¶ 47} Upon review, in construing the material allegations in the cross-claims, with 

all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, in favor of appellants as true, we find 

beyond doubt, that appellants could prove no set of facts in support of their claim that 

would entitle them to relief. We find judgment on the pleadings to Otter Fork is appropriate 

under the terms of the 2021 land contract.
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 14

{¶ 48} Assignments of Error I and II are denied.

III

{¶ 49} In their third assignment of error, appellants claim the trial court erred in 

finding it had subject matter jurisdiction. We disagree.

{¶ 50} Appellants argue the trial court did not have subject matter jurisdiction to 

make a determination under R.C. Ch. 5313 because the only type of default contemplated 

in the chapter is for nonpayment under the land contract and, appellants argue, those 

statutory remedies are limited to default for nonpayment. Appellants then point out that 

although the trial court cited sections of R.C. Ch. 5313, the trial court "did not appear to 

rely on these sections." Appellants' Brief at 20.

{¶ 51} We note in their April 24, 2023 cross-claim at ¶ 5, appellants stated, "[t]his 

court also has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to R.C. 5313.07."

{¶ 52} R.C. 5313.05 states when a vendee in a land contract defaults in payment, 

then forfeiture may be enforced only after the expiration of thirty days from the date of 

default. We do not read the statute to limit default to nonpayment only. Notice of 

impending forfeiture under R.C. 5313.06 mandates that a vendor shall serve the vendee 

with written notice which "specifies the terms and conditions of the contract which have 

not been complied with" and notifies the vendee that the contract will be forfeited unless 

the vendee performs the terms and conditions of the contract within time. R.C. 5313.08 

states a trial court "may also grant any other claim arising out of the contract." Thus, the 

language in the statutes contemplates default for reasons other than for nonpayment.

{¶ 53} Upon review, we do not find R.C. Ch. 5313 is limited to nonpayment defaults 

only; therefore, we do not find a lack of subject matter jurisdiction under R.C. Ch. 5313.
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 15

{¶ 54} Assignment of Error III is denied.

IV

{¶ 55} In their fourth assignment of error, appellants claim the trial court erred in 

not applying basic contract principles regarding contract law. We disagree.

{¶ 56} Appellants argue their default should be treated as a breach of contract and 

therefore the basic tenets of breach of contract should apply. Appellants' Brief at 22. 

Appellants argue in determining the extent of materiality of the breach, the issue turns on 

subjective facts. Further, Otter Fork cannot show any damages for the breach.

{¶ 57} In our review of the pleadings, we do not find any instance where appellants 

argued materiality and damages under contract law to the trial court. Whatever merits 

such arguments may have, here they are irrelevant to whether the motion for judgment 

on the pleadings was properly granted.

{¶ 58} Assignment of Error IV is denied.

V, VI

{¶ 59} In their fifth and sixth assignments of error, appellants claim the trial court 

erred in its ruling on the challenged issue of consideration. We disagree.

{¶ 60} Appellants argue there is a question of fact as to whether there was 

consideration for the land contracts after the 2015 agreement and whether the 

consideration was adequate.

{¶ 61} "Consideration is the promise of one party to do something he or she is not 

obligated to do in exchange for another party's promise to do something in exchange." 

Starlion Electronics Distribution, L.L.C. v. Zoran Medical, L.L.C., 2023-Ohio-2876, ¶ 21 

(8th Dist.). It is an essential element of contract formation. Kostelnik v. Helper, 2002-
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 16

Ohio-2985, ¶ 16. Consideration may consist of either a detriment to the promisee or a 

benefit to the promisor. Williams v. Ormsby, 2012-Ohio-690, ¶ 16, citing Irwin v. Lombard 

University, 56 Ohio St. 9, 19 (1897). A benefit may consist of some right, interest, or profit 

accruing to the promisor, while a detriment may consist of some forbearance, loss, or 

responsibility given, suffered, or undertaken by the promisee. Id.

{¶ 62} The Supreme Court of Ohio has recognized the following (Id. at ¶ 17):

We also have a long-established precedent that courts may not 

inquire into the adequacy of consideration, which is left to the parties as "

'the sole judges of the benefits or advantages to be derived from their 

contracts.' " Hotels Statler Co., Inc. v. Safier, 103 Ohio St. 638, 644–645, 

134 N.E. 460 (1921), quoting Newhall v. Paige, 10 Gray (76 Mass.) 366, 

368 (1858). But whether there is consideration at all is a proper question 

for a court.

{¶ 63} Otter Fork lists the different terms between the various contracts in great 

detail. Appellee's Brief at 21-24. The trial court reviewed the various agreements and 

stated: "Though it is not necessary to recite fully their provisions here, it is clear that each 

agreement is one in which each party assumes new legal obligations to the other in 

exchange for the other party's doing the same. This is the very essence of consideration." 

December 4, 2023 Judgment Entry at 10.

{¶ 64} In addition, the trial court noted the 2021 land contract contained a novation 

which states:
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 17

This contract contains the full understanding and agreement of the

parties, and replaces any prior written or oral agreements, leases or land 

contacts, if any, with the exception of the Bill of Sale Installment Agreement 

signed on April 10, 2018, which remains in full force and effect. Any 

subsequent conditions, representations, warranties, or agreements shall 

not be valid and binding upon the parties unless in writing and signed by 

both parties.

See Exhibit E, attached to June 6, 2023 Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, Section 

21(d).

{¶ 65} "A contract of novation is created where a previous valid obligation is 

extinguished by a new valid contract, accomplished by the substitution of parties or of the 

undertaking, with the consent of all the parties, and based on valid consideration." 

(Citations omitted.) McGlothin v. Huffman, 94 Ohio App.3d 240, 244 (12th Dist. 1994). 

The novation in this case made the 2021 land contract controlling and gave the parties 

new benefits and obligations.

{¶ 66} Upon review, we agree with the trial court that there was consideration for 

the 2021 land contract.

{¶ 67} Assignments of Error V and VI are denied.

VII
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 18

{¶ 68} In their seventh assignment of error, appellants claim the trial court erred in 

finding no question of fact concerning unconscionability. We disagree.

{¶ 69} As noted by the trial court, appellants did not plead unconscionability as an 

affirmative defense. December 4, 2023 Judgment Entry at 10-11. An affirmative defense 

must be pled or it is waived. Civ.R. 8(C); Law Office of Mona J. Fine v. French, 2018-

Ohio-2256, ¶ 20 (5th Dist.); Jim's Steak House, Inc. v. City of Cleveland, 81 Ohio St.3d 

18, 20 (1998).

{¶ 70} But the trial court went on to analyze appellants' unconscionability argument

as follows:

Gore's only argument as to unconscionability rests upon her assertion that 

consideration is not adequate. Thus, in order to accept her argument, the 

Court would have to inquire into the adequacy, not only the presence, of 

consideration. It cannot do so. Moreover, the consideration paid to a party 

is obviously a substantive term of a contract. It might be relevant to the 

issue of substantive unconscionability. However, it establishes no 

procedural unconscionability in any sense. Both are needed in order for a 

contract to be declared unconscionable.

December 4, 2023 Judgment Entry at 10.

{¶ 71} Upon review, we do not find the trial court erred in its determination on 

unconscionability.
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 19

{¶ 72} Assignment of Error VII is denied.

VIII

{¶ 73} In their eighth assignment of error, appellants claim the trial court erred in 

finding the 2021 agreement was a valid land contract because the minimum requirements 

of R.C. 5313.02(C) were not met. We disagree.

{¶ 74} R.C. 5313.02(C) states: "Within twenty days after a land installment contract 

has been signed by both the vendor and the vendee, the vendor shall cause a copy of 

the contract to be recorded as provided in section 5301.25 of the Revised Code and a 

copy of the contract to be delivered to the county auditor."

{¶ 75} Appellants argue Otter Fork failed to record the land contract within the 

twenty-day time period. The 2021 land contract was signed on March 10, 2021, and 

recorded on April 15, 2022. Otter Fork's April 14, 2023 Cross-Claim at page 3. Appellants 

did not raise this issue with the trial court until they filed a July 21, 2023 surreply to Otter 

Fork's July 20, 2023 reply in support of its motion for judgment on the pleadings. 

Appellants filed a motion for leave to file the surreply brief or in the alternative, motion to 

amend the pleadings, but there is no ruling on this motion in the record. A trial court's

failure to rule on a motion is generally deemed to be a denial of that motion for purposes 

of appellate review. Thompson v. Cooper, 2017-Ohio-5549, ¶ 22 (5th Dist.). Appellants 

did not raise the issue of invalidity in their trial brief filed November 9, 2023, nor did they 

attempt to amend their pleadings.

{¶ 76} "Illegality or invalidity of a contract is an affirmative defense that must be set 

forth in the pleadings or it is waived." Mitchell v. Thompson, 2007-Ohio-5362, ¶ 26 (4th 

Dist.).
Licking County, Case No. 23 CA 00086 20

{¶ 77} Upon review, we find appellants waived their claim of invalidity.

{¶ 78} Assignment of Error VIII is denied.

{¶ 79} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Licking County, Ohio is 

hereby affirmed.

By King, J.

Gwin, P.J. and

Wise, J. concur.