FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

February 22, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

GEORGANNE BIXLER; BUDDY

JACK KENNEMUR; CARROLL

SORELLE; DEAN COLEMAN,

Plaintiffs-CounterDefendants-Appellants,

and

MINERAL ENERGY AND

TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION

(METCO),

Plaintiff,

v.

J. DOUGLAS FOSTER; MICHAEL

R. COMEAU; URANIUM KING,

LTD., (UKL), an Australian

corporation; PAUL FISH; FRED

PETE GIBSON, III; JIM MALONE,

Defendants-Appellees,

and

MICHAEL DUNCAN; SAM SAPPER,

Defendants-CounterClaimants-Appellees.

No. 09-2138

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO

(D.C. No. 1:08-CV-00676-MCA-DJS)

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 1
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

-2-

Submitted on the briefs:*

René Ostrochovsky, Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Luis G. Stelzner, Juan L. Flores, Sheehan, Sheehan & Stelzner, P.A.,

Albuquerque, New Mexico, Marc D. Flink, Baker & Hostetler, LLP, Denver,

Colorado, for Defendant-Appellee Uranium King Ltd.

Michael W. Brennan, Brennan & Sullivan, Santa Fe, New Mexico, for

Defendant-Appellee Jim Malone.

Andrew G. Schultz, Bruce Hall, Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A.,

Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Defendants-Appellees Michael Duncan and

Sam Sapper.

John B. Pound, Long, Pound & Komer, P.A., Santa Fe, New Mexico, for

Defendants-Appellees Paul Fish, Esquire and Fred Gibson, III, Esquire.

Jerry Wertheim, John Wentworth, Jerry V. Wertheim, Jones, Snead, Wertheim &

Wentworth, P.A., Santa Fe, New Mexico, for Defendant-Appellee Michael

Comeau, Esquire.

Christopher M. Moody, Repps D. Stanford, Moody & Warner, P.C., Albuquerque,

New Mexico, for Defendant-Appellee J. Douglas Foster.

Before TYMKOVICH, ANDERSON, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.

TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judge.

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 2
1 Defendant Malone was never served with process in this case. 

-3-

This case was brought by minority shareholders of Mineral Energy and

Technology Corp. (METCO), against its directors and lawyers. The complaint

alleged that the defendants violated the civil Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt

Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961–68, when they arranged to transfer

METCO’s assets to an Australian corporation. The district court dismissed

plaintiffs’ complaint for failure to state a claim, and they appeal. 

We conclude that (1) the plaintiffs lacked standing under RICO to assert

shareholder derivative claims; (2) allegations of securities fraud do not establish

predicate acts under RICO; and (3) the “continuity” requirement of RICO is not

satisfied by the allegations in the complaint.

Accordingly, exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we AFFIRM.

I. Background

According to the complaint, defendants Duncan, Sapper, and Malone were

directors and majority shareholders of METCO, a New Mexico uranium mining

company.1

 Together with Karl Meyers, another director who is not a party to

these proceedings, they negotiated a trade of METCO’s uranium mining claims to

subsidiaries of defendant Uranium King, Ltd. (UKL), an Australian corporation. 

Defendants Duncan, Sapper, and Malone were also directors of UKL. 

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 3
-4-

UKL subsequently merged with another Australian corporation, Monaro Mining

NL (Monaro). 

Plaintiffs alleged that the transfer of mining claims provided for METCO to

receive $6.5 million and for METCO to receive stock in UKL in exchange for

METCO’s uranium interests. The UKL stock was then to be distributed among

the METCO shareholders on a pro rata basis. According to plaintiffs, after

defendants Duncan, Sapper, and Malone transferred the METCO uranium claim

deeds to UKL, UKL abandoned the agreement and paid neither the money nor the

UKL stock to METCO. Consequently, plaintiffs lost the value of their investment

in METCO. In addition, plaintiffs claimed that Duncan, Sapper, and Malone were

highly compensated for arranging the transaction. 

Based on this conduct, the minority shareholders contend the defendants

defrauded them of their share of the UKL stock and rendered their METCO

investment virtually worthless. Plaintiffs also aver that the UKL-Monaro merger

was a fraudulent means of transferring the mining claims to a third entity. The

remaining defendants, Foster, Comeau, Fish, and Gibson, were attorneys who

allegedly represented the other defendants for the purpose of filing frivolous

lawsuits against plaintiffs to keep them from pursuing claims to METCO’s assets.

Plaintiffs claim defendants conspired to deprive them of the value of their

METCO shares by a series of predicate acts based on the above-described

conduct, in violation of RICO. The district court granted motions to dismiss filed

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 4
2 Defendant Comeau’s motion was styled as a motion for judgment on the

pleadings, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). Our standard of review for rulings

under Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 12(c) is the same–de novo. Corder v. Lewis Palmer

Sch. Dist. No. 38, 566 F.3d 1219, 1223 (10th Cir. 2009), cert. denied,

78 U.S.L.W. 3099, 3313, 3319 (U.S. Nov. 30, 2009) (No. 09-257).

3 The district court also denied plaintiffs’ request for injunctive relief and

declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over defendants Duncan and

Sapper’s state-law claims. No party has appealed those rulings, so we do not

address them. 

-5-

by defendants UKL, Comeau, and Foster, ruling that plaintiffs’ complaint failed

to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, pursuant to

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).2

 The district court held that plaintiffs did not have

standing to bring RICO claims on METCO’s behalf and that the Private Securities

Litigation Reform Act (PSLRA) precluded RICO claims based on securities fraud. 

The court then ordered plaintiffs to show cause why their claims against the

remaining defendants should not be dismissed for the same reasons. After

reviewing plaintiffs’ response to the show-cause order, the district court

dismissed the remaining claims.3

Plaintiffs appeal, arguing that the district court (1) applied an incorrect

standard to grant dismissal; (2) failed to grant a default judgment against

defendant Malone even though evidence showed that he evaded service of process

and had actual knowledge of the lawsuit; and (3) was biased in defendants’ favor

in applying an incorrect dispositive standard and construing the facts in

defendants’ favor, thus violating plaintiffs’ due process rights. 

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 5
-6-

Although the first argument is ostensibly a challenge to the standard of

review applied by the district court, it is more fairly characterized as two distinct

challenges: the first to the determination that plaintiffs’ alleged injuries were due

to their status as minority shareholders of METCO; the second to the court’s

application of the PSLRA. We start with the standard of review, and consider

each contention in turn.

II. Standards of Review on Appeal

We review de novo the district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal. See Christy

Sports, LLC v. Deer Valley Resort Co., 555 F.3d 1188, 1191 (10th Cir. 2009). 

“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.’” 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, __ U.S. __, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “[W]e assume the factual

allegations are true and ask whether it is plausible that the plaintiff is entitled to

relief.” Gallagher v. Shelton, 587 F.3d 1063, 1068 (10th Cir. 2009). “[T]he tenet

that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is

inapplicable to legal conclusions. Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause

of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal,

129 S. Ct. at 1949. 

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 6
-7-

We also review de novo the legal issue of plaintiffs’ standing to bring their

claims. See Law Co. v. Mohawk Constr. & Supply Co., 577 F.3d 1164, 1173

(10th Cir. 2009).

III. Dismissal for Failure to State a Claim

 A. RICO Standing

The district court held that plaintiffs, as METCO minority shareholders,

lacked standing to bring a RICO claim based on the diminution of the value of

their shares. We agree.

RICO provides a cause of action for those injured in business or property

by reason of prohibited racketeering activities. 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c); see Sedima,

S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 473 U.S. 479, 495 (1985) (“If the defendant engages in a

pattern of racketeering activity in a manner forbidden by [18 U.S.C.

§ 1962(a)-(c)], and the racketeering activities injure the plaintiff in his business

or property, the plaintiff has a claim under § 1964(c).”). A plaintiff has standing

only if his injuries were proximately caused by the RICO violation. Gillmor v.

Thomas, 490 F.3d 791, 797 n.4 (10th Cir. 2007); see also Holmes v. Sec. Investor

Protection Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268 (1992) (holding plaintiff lacked standing to

bring RICO claims because there was no “direct relation between the injury

asserted and the injurious conduct alleged”). 

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 7
4 “As a general matter, shareholders suffer injury in the Article III sense

when the corporation incurs significant harm, reducing the return on their

investment and lowering the value of their stockholdings.” Grubbs v. Bailes,

445 F.3d 1275, 1280 (10th Cir. 2006). Shareholders, however, must also meet the

“prudential requirements of the standing doctrine.” Franchise Tax Bd. of Calif. v.

Alcan Aluminium Ltd., 493 U.S. 331, 336 (1990). One of these is that the

“plaintiff generally must assert his own legal rights and interests, and cannot rest

his claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of third parties.” Warth v.

Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 499 (1975). 

-8-

In general, the law is that conduct which harms a corporation confers

standing on the corporation, not its shareholders.4

 “[T]he [shareholder standing

rule] is a longstanding equitable restriction that generally prohibits shareholders

from initiating actions to enforce the rights of the corporation unless the

corporation’s management has refused to pursue the same action for reasons other

than good-faith business judgment.” Franchise Tax Bd. of Calif. v. Alcan

Aluminium Ltd., 493 U.S. 331, 336 (1990). An exception to this rule “allow[s] a

shareholder with a direct, personal interest in a cause of action to bring suit even

if the corporation’s rights are also implicated.” Id.; accord Grubbs v. Bailes,

445 F.3d 1275, 1280 (10th Cir. 2006). Plaintiffs claim to fall within this latter

exception. 

Plaintiffs’ allegations, however, merely assert the minority shareholders

suffered a diminution in value of their corporate shares without receiving the

same monetary compensation the majority shareholders received. Such an injury

is not direct and personal for RICO purposes but is, rather, an injury to the

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 8
5 Plaintiffs also assert that shareholders have standing to sue if they have

suffered a breach of a special duty or if a defendant has violated an independent

duty owed to the shareholders. Aplt. Opening Br. at 28–29. But plaintiffs have

presented no reasoned argument explaining the nature of the duties defendants

owed them or how any such duty was breached. Consequently, we do not

consider this argument. See Wilburn v. Mid-South Health Dev., Inc., 343 F.3d

1274, 1281 (10th Cir. 2003) (“We . . . will not consider issues that are raised on

appeal but not adequately addressed.”); Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d

664, 679 (10th Cir. 1998) (“Arguments inadequately briefed in the opening brief

are waived[.]”); Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(9)(A) (providing that an appellant’s brief

must contain “appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to

the authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies”).

-9-

corporation. To avoid this fundamental problem, the minority shareholders assert

that their claims are based on injury to them, rather than the corporation. 

Specifically, they contend that (1) defendants’ actions caused their proportionate

corporate ownership to be diluted, and (2) that defendants have pursued abusive

litigation against them in an effort to coerce them into abandoning their interests

in METCO.5

In support of this contention, plaintiffs point to a district court case,

Lochhead v. Alacano, 697 F. Supp. 406 (D. Utah 1988), as supporting the

proposition that defendants’ conduct led to the dilution of their proportionate

corporate ownership. In Lochhead, the court first noted the distinction between a

claim of a “diminution in value of a shareholder’s stock,” for which an individual

shareholder lacks standing to bring a direct cause of action, id. at 411, and “a

corporate transaction which dilutes [a shareholder’s] proportionate ownership,”

which a “shareholder has a direct right to attack,” id. at 412 (quotation omitted). 

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 9
-10-

The plaintiff alleged that by their fraudulent conduct, the defendants received

proportionally more stock than plaintiff did in a merger of the corporation into

another corporation, thus diluting the value of his shares. Id. at 409. Therefore,

he had individual standing “to maintain his relative status as a stockholder and

to protect his proportionate ownership interest against fraudulent dilution.” 

Id. at 413. 

Plaintiffs’ argument here is based on their allegations that the majority

shareholders received personal compensation for arranging the mining-claim

transaction, while the minority shareholders, including plaintiffs, did not. This

argument fails to show that plaintiffs’ corporate ownership was diluted because

they have made no showing that more shares were issued or that the value of the

majority shareholders’ shares increased more than theirs. Rather, they allege that

the majority shareholders received compensation for agreeing to the transaction,

not that those defendants’ shares in METCO increased in value

disproportionately. Therefore, plaintiffs have not shown that their proportionate

corporate ownership was diluted as set forth in Lochhead.

Plaintiffs suggest on appeal that they could have avoided these standing

problems by amending their complaint to omit their allegations of securities fraud

and insider trading. We conclude that amendment would have been futile because

withdrawing the specific allegations of securities fraud and insider trading would

not have altered the essential nature of plaintiff’s claims, which were based on

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 10
6 A review of plaintiffs’ complaint reveals that their cause of action was

based entirely on an allegation of the diminution of the value of their METCO

shares. See Aplt. App. Vol. I, Doc. 2 at 2 (“Events complained of herein . . .

injured METCO minority shareholders . . . .”); id. at 6 (“Plaintiffs, METCO’s

minority shareholders[,] received nothing from the Deal.”); id. at 7 (“All

Defendants are currently joining efforts to defraud the METCO minority

shareholders of the value of their shares and gut METCO.”); id. at 11 (“By reason

and as a proximate result of Defendants’ racketeering activities [plaintiff]

Coleman and all similarly situated shareholders have lost the value of their

shares . . . .”); id. (listing as predicate acts, “Securities fraud and insider trading”

and “Defrauding existing and potential stockholders”).

-11-

their status as minority METCO shareholders whose shares lost value.6

 See

Anderson v. Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, Inc., 521 F.3d 1278, 1288

(10th Cir. 2008) (holding amendment to withdraw some counts of complaint would

have been futile because all substantive counts were precluded by statute). 

Next, plaintiffs claim that they were injured by the frivolous lawsuits

defendants filed against them in order to force them to abandon their interests in

METCO. Because this claim is not based solely on their status as METCO

shareholders, “[t]o determine whether Plaintiff[s] properly alleged an injury to

[their] business or property, we first examine the alleged predicate acts that

purportedly caused the injury.” Deck v. Engineered Laminates, 349 F.3d 1253,

1257 (10th Cir. 2003). Plaintiffs assert that defendants’ litigation tactics were

extortionate, with the purpose of coercing them to accept defendants’ allegedly

fraudulent acts. We have refused to “recogniz[e] abusive litigation as a form of

extortion [because doing so] would subject almost any unsuccessful lawsuit to a

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 11
-12-

colorable extortion (and often a RICO) claim.” Id. at 1258. Therefore, plaintiffs’

abusive-litigation claim does not state a RICO predicate act. See id. 

Because plaintiffs’ injuries were based on the diminution of the value of

their METCO shares, and not on direct injury to them, we conclude their claims

are derivative of the corporation’s. This conclusion accords with the uniform

holdings of other circuits that have considered this question. According to these

decisions, corporate shareholders do not have standing to sue under the civil RICO

statute for alleged injuries to the corporation. See Craig Outdoor Advertising, Inc.

v. Viacom Outdoor, Inc., 528 F.3d 1001, 1024-25 (8th Cir. 2008) (holding

shareholder lacked standing to pursue RICO claim for alleged injuries to

corporation), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 1000 (2009); Bivens Gardens Office Bldg.,

Inc. v. Barnett Banks of Fla., Inc., 140 F.3d 898, 906 (11th Cir. 1998) (same);

Frank v. D’Ambrosi, 4 F.3d 1378, 1385 (6th Cir. 1993) (same); Whalen v. Carter,

954 F.2d 1087, 1091-92 (5th Cir. 1992) (holding shareholders lacked standing to

assert a direct RICO claim because their alleged injuries derived from injuries to

the corporation, and Louisiana law provided that sole cause of action accrued to

the corporation); In re Sunrise Secs. Lit., 916 F.2d 874, 880-81 (3d Cir. 1990)

(holding shareholders lacked standing to bring RICO claims belonging to

corporation; applying Florida law to determine that action was derivative); Flynn

v. Merrick, 881 F.2d 446, 449 (7th Cir. 1989) (holding shareholder lacked standing

to pursue RICO claim for alleged injuries to corporation); Sparling v. Hoffman

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 12
7 The Conference Committee Report accompanying the PSLRA states that

the amendment was intended not only “to eliminate securities fraud as a predicate

offense in a civil RICO action,” but also to prevent a plaintiff from “pleading

other specified offenses . . . as predicate acts under civil RICO if such offenses

are based on conduct that would have been actionable as securities fraud.” 

H.R. Rep. No. 104-396, at 47 (1995), reprinted in 1995 U.S.C.C.A.N. 730, 746. 

-13-

Constr. Co., 864 F.2d 635, 640 (9th Cir. 1988) (same); NCNB Nat’l Bank of N.C.

v. Tiller, 814 F.2d 931, 937 (4th Cir. 1987) (same), overruled on other grounds by

Busby v. Crown Supply, Inc., 896 F.2d 833 (4th Cir. 1990); Roeder v. Alpha

Indus., Inc., 814 F.2d 22, 30 (1st Cir. 1987) (same); Rand v. Anaconda-Ericsson,

Inc., 794 F.2d 843, 849 (2d Cir. 1986) (same). 

We agree with these circuits. Therefore, the district court correctly held

that plaintiffs do not have RICO standing. 

 B. PSLRA Standing

The PSLRA amended RICO to provide that “no person may rely upon any

conduct that would have been actionable as fraud in the purchase or sale of

securities to establish a violation of [RICO].” Pub. L. No. 104-67, § 107,

109 Stat. 737, 758 (Dec. 22, 1995), amending 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c).7

 The Ninth

Circuit has applied the PSLRA amendment to bar a RICO claim alleging fraud in

connection with the sale of securities. Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 761

(9th Cir. 2007). There, the court rejected the plaintiff’s argument that the

allegedly fraudulent securities transactions in question were “intended to be a

swap agreement,” rather than a sale of securities, because the transactions relied

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 13
8 Section 1964(c) provides in its entirety: 

Any person injured in his business or property by reason of a

violation of section 1962 of this chapter may sue therefor in any

appropriate United States district court and shall recover threefold

the damages he sustains and the cost of the suit, including a

reasonable attorney’s fee, except that no person may rely upon any

conduct that would have been actionable as fraud in the purchase or

sale of securities to establish a violation of section 1962. The

exception contained in the preceding sentence does not apply to an

action against any person that is criminally convicted in connection

with the fraud, in which case the statute of limitations shall start to

run on the date on which the conviction becomes final.

-14-

on the sale of stock to effect their purpose. Id. Similarly, the Third Circuit has

held that the PSLRA amendment precluded a RICO claim based on a Ponzi

scheme that was accomplished by the purchase and sale of securities. Bald Eagle

Area Sch. Dist. v. Keystone Fin., Inc., 189 F.3d 321, 330 (3rd Cir. 1999).8

In particular, section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15

U.S.C. § 78j(b), and SEC Rule 10b-5, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5, are directed at fraud

“in connection with the purchase or sale” of securities. Blue Chip Stamps v.

Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723, 733 (1975). With these provisions in mind, we

consider whether the amendment to the PSLRA barred plaintiffs’ civil RICO

action.

Plaintiffs contend that the PSLRA exception to RICO does not apply

because their claims did not involve the purchase or sale of securities. Although

the minority shareholders did not purchase or sell their METCO shares as part of

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 14
-15-

the alleged wrongdoing, their allegations that defendants defrauded them from

receiving UKL stock as provided in the transaction, and the subsequent (allegedly

fraudulent) merger of UKL and Monaro, describe a “purchase” and “sale” of

securities. S.E.C. v. Nat’l Sec., Inc., 393 U.S. 453, 467 (1969) (“[S]hareholders

‘purchased’ shares in [a] new company by exchanging them for their old stock.”);

accord Realmonte v. Reeves, 169 F.3d 1280, 1285 (10th Cir. 1999) (“When an

exchange of shares facilitates the merger of two separate and distinct corporate

entities, that exchange constitutes a ‘purchase or sale’ for purposes of bringing a

Rule 10b-5 action.”). Similarly, plaintiffs’ claim that defendants transferred

METCO’s uranium interests to UKL with the intent not to honor the corresponding

agreement to issue UKL stock to METCO or its shareholders, also describes a

violation of Rule 10b-5. See Wharf (Holdings) Ltd. v. United Int’l Holdings, Inc.,

532 U.S. 588, 596-97 (2001) (holding the defendant’s sale of a security in the

form of an option to purchase shares “while secretly intending from the very

beginning not to honor the option” falls within § 10(b)’s policy of full disclosure).

Plaintiffs also attempt to avoid the PSLRA bar by arguing that most of their

alleged predicate acts do not describe securities fraud. They maintain that their

allegations that defendants committed mail and wire fraud, bank fraud, extortion,

obstruction of justice, and interstate travel in support of racketeering, described

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 15
9 Plaintiffs also assert that some defendants violated the Sarbanes Oxley Act,

see 15 U.S.C. §§ 7201-7266, but they do not explain how this allegation removes

their case from the PSLRA’s reach.

-16-

conduct not covered by the PSLRA.9

 “Such conduct may well constitute [illegal

and fraudulent acts], but it was also undertaken in connection with the purchase of

a security. Thus, it cannot support a civil RICO claim after enactment of the

PSLRA.” Bald Eagle Area Sch. Dist., 189 F.3d at 330. Allowing plaintiffs to

engage in “surgical presentation of the cause of action” would undermine the

purpose of the RICO amendment. Id.; accord Gatz v. Ponsoldt,

297 F. Supp. 2d 719, 731 (D. Del. 2003) (“A plaintiff cannot circumvent the

PSLRA’s exclusion of securities fraud as a RICO predicate act through artful

pleading.”). 

Therefore, we conclude that plaintiffs’ claims fall within the PSLRA and

thus cannot form the basis of a civil RICO claim. 

 C. RICO’s “Continuity” Requirement

Finally, an additional ground supports dismissal of the complaint. It does

not state a claim of “continuity” of the alleged RICO scheme. Although the

district court did not rely on this ground, “we may affirm on any grounds

supported by the record.” Hayes v. Whitman, 264 F.3d 1017, 1025 (10th Cir.

2001). Defendants raised this ground in the district court, thus providing plaintiffs

an opportunity to address it. 

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 16
-17-

A RICO claim “must allege a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962, which consists

of four elements: (1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of

racketeering activity.” Gillmor, 490 F.3d at 797 (quotation omitted). A “pattern”

requires at least two predicate acts. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5). In addition, ‘[t]o satisfy

RICO’s pattern requirement, [a plaintiff must] allege not only that the defendants

had committed two or more predicate acts, but also that the predicates themselves

amount to, or that they otherwise constitute a threat of, continuing racketeering

activity.” Hall v. Witteman, 584 F.3d 859, 867 (10th Cir. 2009) (quotation

omitted). 

A viable RICO claim requires a showing of “continuity plus relationship.” 

Sedima, 473 U.S. at 496 n.14 (quotation omitted). “The relationship test is not a

cumbersome one for a RICO plaintiff. A showing that predicate acts have the

same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods of commission,

or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated

events is essentially all that is needed.” Boone v. Carlsbad Bancorporation, Inc.,

972 F.2d 1545, 1555 (10th Cir. 1992) (quotations omitted). 

The showing required for “continuity,” on the other hand, “is more difficult

to meet.” Id. “‘Continuity’ is both a closed- and open-ended concept, referring

either to a closed period of repeated conduct, or to past conduct that by its nature

projects into the future with a threat of repetition.” H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell

Telephone Co., 492 U.S. 229, 241 (1989). The Supreme Court has determined

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 17
-18-

“that when Congress said predicates must demonstrate ‘continuity’ before they

may form a RICO pattern, it expressed an intent that RICO reach activities that

amount to or threaten long-term criminal activity.” Id. at 243 n.4. 

Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges that defendants engaged in a single scheme to

accomplish the discrete goal of transferring METCO’s uranium mining interests to

another corporation (UKL, which then allegedly transferred them to Monaro). 

“[T]he facts as alleged fail to show any threat of ‘future criminal conduct.’” 

Boone, 972 F.2d at 1556 (affirming dismissal of RICO action for failure to satisfy

continuity test). Therefore, the complaint was subject to dismissal for failing to

“allege[] the type of activity that RICO was enacted to address.” Id. 

IV. Default Judgment Against Defendant Malone

Plaintiffs also argue that the district court should have entered a default

judgment against defendant Jim Malone because he evaded service and had actual

knowledge of the lawsuit. The district court ruled that the court did not have

jurisdiction over him because he was not served. In addition, the court declined to

consider entering a default judgment against him because plaintiffs’ claims were

subject to dismissal on the merits. We review for an abuse of discretion the

district court’s denial of a motion for default judgment. Ashby v. McKenna,

331 F.3d 1148, 1149 (10th Cir. 2003).

Personal jurisdiction over the defendant is required before a default

judgment in a civil case may be entered. See Hukill v. Okla. Native Am. Domestic

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 18
-19-

Violence Coalition, 542 F.3d 794, 797 (10th Cir. 2008). Plaintiffs concede that

Mr. Malone was not served with the summons and complaint as provided by

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e) or (f), but they assert that he avoided service and had actual

knowledge of the lawsuit. The district court stated that plaintiffs did not

demonstrate that they had properly served Mr. Malone. We need not remand for

factual findings as to whether Mr. Malone evaded service, see, e.g., Reliance Ins.

Co. v. Mast Constr. Co., 159 F.3d 1311, 1318 (10th Cir. 1998), because we

conclude that the district court’s ruling was not in error.

Even if an entry of default had been appropriate, it would not have been

sufficient to entitle plaintiffs to a judgment against Mr. Malone. See Nishimatsu

Constr. Co. v. Houston Nat’l Bank, 515 F.2d 1200, 1206 (5th Cir. 1975)

(“[A] defendant’s default does not in itself warrant the court in entering a default

judgment.”). Once default is entered, “it remains for the court to consider whether

the unchallenged facts constitute a legitimate cause of action, since a party in

default does not admit mere conclusions of law.” 10A Charles A. Wright,

Arthur R. Miller & Mary K. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2688,

at 63 (3d ed. 1998); see also Nishimatsu Constr. Co., 515 F.2d at 1206-08

(vacating district court’s entry of default judgment because the pleadings were

insufficient to support the judgment). “There must be a sufficient basis in the

pleadings for the judgment entered.” Nishimatsu Constr. Co., 515 F.2d at 1206. 

As our discussion above demonstrates, plaintiffs’ claims were barred or were

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 19
-20-

subject to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). Consequently, the district court did not

abuse its discretion in refusing to enter a default judgment against defendant

Malone. 

V. Judicial Bias

Finally, we address plaintiffs’ contention that the district judge was biased

against them. “To demonstrate a violation of due process because of judicial bias,

a claimant must show either actual bias or an appearance of bias.” United States

v. Nickl, 427 F.3d 1286, 1298 (10th Cir. 2005). The basis for this charge is the

entry of orders dismissing the case. Adverse rulings alone do not demonstrate

judicial bias. Id.; see also Procter & Gamble Co. v. Haugen, 427 F.3d 727, 744

(10th Cir. 2005) (denying request to assign different district judge on remand

based on adverse rulings). 

Plaintiffs also allege judicial bias in the district court’s decision to dismiss

the case at the pleading stage, in part, so as not to “force defendants to go through

the burden and expense of conducting discovery before they are afforded their first

real opportunity to seek the dismissal of groundless claims.” Aplt. App. Vol. II,

Doc. 26 at 842; see also id. Doc. 31 at 897. Twombly recognized that discovery

can be expensive, and that “the problem of discovery abuse cannot be solved by

careful scrutiny of evidence at the summary judgment stage.” 550 U.S. at 558-59

(quotation omitted) (addressing discovery in antitrust action); accord Iqbal,

__ U.S. __, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1953 (“[T]he question presented by a motion to

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 20
-21-

dismiss a complaint for insufficient pleadings does not turn on the controls placed

upon the discovery process.”). The district court’s consideration of discovery

expenses and abuses does not support a claim of judicial bias. To the extent

plaintiffs argue that bias was shown by the district court’s failure to invite them to

file an amended complaint, we have held above that amendment would have been

futile. Accordingly, we find no merit to this claim.

VI. Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, the district court’s judgment of dismissal is

AFFIRMED. 

Appellate Case: 09-2138 Document: 01018370956 Date Filed: 02/22/2010 Page: 21