1 

16-3704-cv 

MBC Fin. Servs Ltd. v. Boston Merch. Fin. Ltd. 

 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED 

BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE 

NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY 

OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held 

at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New 

York, on the 23rd day of August, two thousand seventeen. 

 

PRESENT: PIERRE N. LEVAL, 

REENA RAGGI, 

 RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., 

 Circuit Judges. 

MBC FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD., 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. No. 16-3704-cv 

 

BOSTON MERCHANT FINANCIAL, LTD., BOSTON 

MERCHANT FINANCIAL, LLC, PAVEL “PAUL” 

BELOGOUR, 

Defendants-Appellees, 

FUNDADMINISTRATION, INC., 

Defendant.

APPEARING FOR APPELLANT: NATHAN P. PEREIRA (Marc S. Koplik, on 

the brief), Henderson & Koplik LLP, New 

York, New York. 
2 

APPEARING FOR APPELLEES: JAMES L. TUXBURY (Kelley A. JordanPrice, on the brief), Hinckley, Allen & Snyder 

LLP, Boston, Massachusetts. 

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern 

District of New York (Deborah A. Batts, Judge). 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

AND DECREED that the judgment entered on October 5, 2016, is AFFIRMED. 

Plaintiff MBC Financial Services Ltd. (“MBCFX”), a foreign currency exchange 

market brokerage company incorporated and licensed in the British Virgin Islands 

(“BVI”), brought this action against Boston Merchant Financial, Ltd. (“BMFN”), a 

foreign currency broker incorporated and registered in the BVI; BMFN’s President and 

CEO, Pavel Belogour; and Boston Merchant Financial, LLC, a now-defunct limited 

liability company organized under the laws of Delaware with its principal place of 

business in Boston, Massachusetts (collectively, “defendants”). MBCFX asserts claims 

for violations of the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) as to BMFN and Belogour, and 

claims for common law fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, constructive trust, negligence, 

conversion, and accounting as to all defendants. MBCFX also seeks a declaratory 

judgment that the corporate defendants are alter egos of Belogour. MBCFX now appeals 

the dismissal of its complaint based on the forum selection clause in the Corporate Client 

Agreement governing the parties’ relationship. 

Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court for the Western 

District of Texas, 134 S. Ct. 568, 581 (2013), holds that forum non conveniens is the 

proper mechanism for enforcing a forum selection clause at the motion to dismiss stage. 
3 

This circuit has yet to resolve whether the interpretation and application of a forum 

selection clause is reviewed for abuse of discretion, as is typical of forum non conveniens 

dismissals, or de novo, as is typical of forum selection clause dismissals. See Martinez v. 

Bloomberg LP, 740 F.3d 211, 217 (2d Cir. 2014). We need not resolve that question here 

because under either standard, we identify no error. In conducting our review, we 

assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history of this case, which 

we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm. 

1. Enforcement of the Forum Selection Clause 

“When the parties have agreed to a valid forum-selection clause, a district court 

should ordinarily transfer the case to the forum specified in that clause.” Atlantic Marine 

Constr. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court for W. Dist. of Tex., 134 S. Ct. at 581. Determining 

whether to dismiss a claim based on a forum selection clause involves a four-part 

analysis. At the first three steps, a court asks (1) whether the clause was reasonably 

communicated to the party resisting enforcement; (2) whether the clause is mandatory, 

i.e., whether the parties are required to bring any dispute to the designated forum; and 

(3) whether the claims and parties involved in the suit are subject to the forum selection 

clause. If the answer to all three questions is yes, the clause is “presumptively 

enforceable.” Phillips v. Audio Active Ltd., 494 F.3d 378, 383 (2d Cir. 2007). At the 

final step, a court asks (4) whether the resisting party has rebutted that presumption by 

making “a sufficiently strong showing that ‘enforcement would be unreasonable or 

unjust, or that the clause was invalid for such reasons as fraud or overreaching.’” Id. at 

383–84 (quoting M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 15 (1972)). 
4 

The forum selection clause in the Corporate Client Agreement reads as follows: 

Client agrees that any civil action, arbitration or other proceeding between 

BMFN and its employees or agents and Client arising out of or relating to 

this Agreement shall be commenced, heard and resolved only by a tribunal 

located in Switzerland. 

App’x 100. Insofar as MBCFX raises various challenges to this clause for the first time 

on appeal, it is axiomatic that our review is limited to issues first raised in the district 

court. See Mhany Mgmt., Inc. v. Cty. of Nassau, 819 F.3d 581, 615 (2d Cir. 2016) 

(stating “well-established general rule” that arguments available, but not raised, by 

parties before district court will not be entertained on appeal unless “necessary to avoid a 

manifest injustice” (internal quotation marks omitted)). MBCFX offers no explanation 

for its forfeiture and makes no argument that consideration of these issues is “necessary 

to avoid a manifest injustice.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). As such, we 

consider only two contentions, preserved in the district court and relating to steps three 

and four of the forum selection clause inquiry: (1) the Corporate Client Agreement does 

not govern any of MBCFX’s causes of action; and (2) in any event, enforcement of the 

forum selection clause is unreasonable because it deprives MBCFX of due process and is 

against public policy. 

 MBCFX argues that, under BVI law,1

 its claims are not subject to the forum 

selection clause.2

 The plain language of the forum selection clause and governing 

 

1

 The Corporate Client Agreement choice of law provision stipulates BVI law. Under our 

precedent, contractual choice of law governs the interpretation of a forum selection 

clause, i.e., steps two and three of the inquiry, whereas federal law determines its 

enforceability, i.e., step four of the inquiry. See Phillips v. Audio Active Ltd., 494 F.3d at 

384–85. We have not yet decided and do not here decide which body of law applies to 
5 

precedent are clearly to the contrary. Courts in the BVI rely on Fiona Trust & Holding 

Corp. v. Privalov, [2007] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 267, see, e.g., Vento v. Martin Kenney & Co., 

Claim No. BVIHCV 2014/0061, which holds, in the context of an arbitration clause, that 

“[t]he words ‘arising out of’ should cover every dispute except a dispute as to whether 

there was ever a contract at all,” Fiona Tr. & Holding Corp. v. Privalov, [2007] 2 Lloyd’s 

Rep. 267. Skype Technologies SA v. Joltid Ltd., [2009] EWHC (Ch) 2783, confirms that 

this principle applies with equal force to forum selection clauses. As such, BVI 

precedent requires us to read the forum selection clause at issue broadly to encompass all 

claims “arising out of or relating to” the Corporate Client Agreement. App’x 100. 

Accordingly, because MBCFX’s claims all arise out of allegedly unauthorized trades on 

the account provided to it pursuant to the Corporate Client Agreement “in connection 

with the purchase and sale of . . . Forex and any similar instruments . . . which may be 

purchased or sold by or through BMFN for [MBCFX’s] account[s],” id. at 99, they are all 

subject to the forum selection clause. 

 MBCFX’s remaining enforceability challenges relate to public policy and the 

convenience of litigating in Switzerland. The presumption of a forum selection clause’s 

enforcement will be overcome if “(1) its incorporation was the result of fraud or 

 

the first prong of the analysis. See Starkey v. G Adventures, Inc., 796 F.3d 193, 196 n.1 

(2d Cir. 2015). We assume, as the district court did, and as the parties do not 

meaningfully dispute, that federal law applies to the first prong. 

2

 MBCFX also argues that its claims are not subject to the forum selection clause because 

there is a dispute as to whether any contract existed at all, and if a contract existed, it is 

ambiguous and contradictory, and therefore cannot be enforced. These arguments were 

not raised before the district court; accordingly, we decline to reach them on appeal. See 

Mhany Mgmt., Inc. v. Cty. of Nassau, 819 F.3d at 615. 
6 

overreaching; (2) the law to be applied in the selected forum is fundamentally unfair; 

(3) enforcement contravenes a strong public policy of the forum in which suit is brought; 

or (4) trial in the selected forum will be so difficult and inconvenient that the plaintiff 

effectively will be deprived of his day in court.” Martinez v. Bloomberg LP, 740 F.3d at 

228 (internal quotation marks omitted). These exceptions are “interpreted narrowly.” 

S.K.I. Beer Corp. v. Baltika Brewery, 612 F.3d 705, 711 (2d Cir. 2010). MBCFX does 

not base any challenge on the first two exceptions. 

 As to the third exception, MBCFX argues that enforcement would contravene the 

United States’ strong public policy of protecting financial markets insofar as defendants 

operate within the United States. To overcome the presumption of enforcement on this 

exception, however, MBCFX must demonstrate “that available remedies [under BVI law] 

are insufficient to deter [BVI] issuers from exploiting American investors through fraud, 

misrepresentation or inadequate disclosure.” Roby v. Corp. of Lloyd’s, 996 F.2d 1353, 

1365 (2d Cir. 1993); see id. at 1363 (“[I]t is not enough that the foreign law or procedure 

merely be different or less favorable than that of the United States.”). MBCFX makes no 

such showing. It merely points to the purpose of the CEA, without either asserting that it 

would be deprived of comparable remedies if forced to litigate in Switzerland under BVI 

law or explaining how the purpose of the CEA would be undermined if plaintiff were 

limited to the remedies available in Switzerland. See Martinez v. Bloomberg LP, 740 

F.3d at 229 (holding that mere inability to pursue United States statutory cause of action 

in England did not defeat enforcement of forum selection clause). Accordingly, the 

public policy exception does not apply in this action. 
7 

 As to the fourth exception, MBCFX contends that litigating in Switzerland would 

“deny it access to evidence, witnesses and, ultimately, its day in court and the chance for 

justice to be done.” Appellant’s Br. 29–30. MBCFX did not adduce any evidence in 

support of this argument or explain the relevance of the purportedly inaccessible 

witnesses’ testimony to its case. “Unsupported statements such as these do not meet the 

heavy burden of proof required to set aside a forum-selection clause on the ground of 

inconvenience.” Effron v. Sun Line Cruises, Inc., 67 F.3d 7, 11 (2d Cir. 1995) (internal 

quotation marks omitted); see also id. (“Although appellee would prefer the relative 

comfort of a court in New York or Florida, she agreed to have her claim adjudicated in 

Greece. This agreement should not be negated unilaterally by plaintiff’s conclusory 

assertions that she cannot afford to travel to Greece, that she would be afraid to stay at a 

strange city, that she does not know any Greek lawyers, etc.”). As the Supreme Court has 

explained, “where[, as here,] it can be said with reasonable assurance that at the time they 

entered the contract, the parties to a freely negotiated private international commercial 

agreement contemplated the claimed inconvenience, it is difficult to see why any such 

claim of inconvenience should be heard to render the forum clause unenforceable.” M/S 

Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. at 16. Indeed, although plaintiff asserts that 

enforcement of the forum selection clause “would effectively be a death knell to this 

action,” Appellant’s Br. 31, in the absence of any evidence that it would be unable to 

present its case in Switzerland, plaintiff has not carried its burden under this exception, 

see Phillips v. Audio Active Ltd., 494 F.3d at 393; see also S.K.I. Beer Corp. v. Baltika 

Brewery, 612 F.3d at 712 (reasoning that “speculation” as to availability of legal 
8 

remedies and protection of rights in foreign forum was inadequate to defeat forum 

selection clause presumption of enforceability). 

 We therefore conclude that the forum selection clause is enforceable and 

applicable to plaintiff’s claims, and we affirm the district court’s ruling to that effect.3

2. Conclusion 

We have considered MBCFX’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are 

without merit. Accordingly, the district court’s October 5, 2016 judgment is 

AFFIRMED. 

FOR THE COURT: 

CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court 

 

3

 Because we affirm the dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds, we need not reach 

any of the alternative bases for dismissal discussed by the district court.