**CHAPTER 7SCIENCE**

----

Adler, I., et al. "Apollo 16 Geochemical X-Ray FluorescenceExperiment: Preliminary Report." *Science*. 177 (21July 1972): 256-59. This is a technical study of a particularexperiment conducted as part of the Apollo program.

*Analysis of Surveyor 3 Material and Photographs Returned byApollo 12*. Washington, DC: NASA SP-284, 1972. A sophisticatedscientific investigation, in 295 pages, of the Surveyor 3 data.

(Apollo 11 Lunar Science Results). *Science*. 167 (30 January1970): (entire issue), 336 pp. This issue contains many individualarticles on various aspects of lunar science.

*Apollo 11: Preliminary Science Report*. Washington, DC:National Aeronautics and Space Administration SP-214, 1969. Issuedwithin months of the first lunar mission, this report gleans someof the major findings from the scientific instruments used andexperiments conducted in July 1969.

Apollo 15 Preliminary Examination Team. "The Apollo 15 LunarSamples: A Preliminary Description." *Science*. 175(28 January 1972): 363-75. A scientific discussion of the samplesreturned from Hadley Rille and the Apennine Mountains where Apollo15 conducted its mission. During this mission the astronauts discoveredwhat has been called the "Genesis Rock," a sample ofancient lunar crust of great geological interest.

Apollo Field Geology Investigation Team. *Preliminary GeologicInvestigation of the Apollo 16 Landing Site*. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1972. This studytraces the major investigations of Apollo 16 astronauts in theDescartes highland region of the Moon. Based on their geologicinvestigations, scientists found that a region previously thoughtto be volcanic turned out not to be.

Apollo Lunar Geology Investigation Team. "Geologic Settingof the Apollo 15 Samples." *Science*. 175 (28 January1972): 407-15. A scientific discussion of the geologic area wherethe Apollo 15 samples were recovered, including a discussion ofthe "Genesis Rock," a sample of ancient lunar crustof considerable geological interest.

"Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package." *SpaceWorld*. November 1969, pp. 4-18. This is a lay-oriented discussionof the scientific equipment placed on the Moon during Apollo 11and some of the proposed experiments to be placed on the surfacein future missions.

"Apollo's Scientific Objectives." *Space World*.August 1969, pp. 4-17. This is a lengthy discussion of the overallphilosophy and method of accomplishment of the major scientificexperiments to be conducted on the lunar surface. One of the majorobjectives was to discover the origins of the Moon and to layto rest a series of internecine struggles between space scientistswith opposing theories. The data from the lunar missions failedto bring about any true consensus on this contentious issue althoughit did point to interesting revisions of the debate about origins.

*Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project MedicalReport*. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service,1977. This short publication, 129 pages, is an illustrated discussionof the biomedical results from this space flight, using both U.S.and U.S.S.R. flight data.

*Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Preliminary Science Report*. Washington,DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1976. In 529pages, this loose-leaf report discusses the entire range of scientificexperiments and results from the 1975 international mission withthe Soviet Union.

Baldwin, Ralph Belknap. *The Face of the Moon*. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1949. This is an important encapsulationof several centuries of research about the Moon--a basic primeron the subject written before the launch of the first lunar probes.As such, it provides a basis of comparison with later findings.

_____. *Fundamental Survey of the Moon*. New York: McGraw-Hill,1965. An important description of lunar science through the beginningof the space age.

_____. *The Measure of the Moon*. Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1963. Another important description of informationabout the Moon as known at the time.

Baldwin, Ralph B., and Wilhelms, Don E. "Historical Reviewof a Long Overlooked Paper by Reginald A. Daly Concerning theOrigin and Early History of the Moon." *Journal of GeophysicalResearch*. 97 (25 March 1992): 3837-43. One of the most hotlycontested debates in space science has been the origin of theMoon. The Apollo program did not resolve the debate, and competingtheories still abound. This is the most recent entry into thedebate, looking at a paper by an early scientist dealing withthe issue.

Berry, C.A. "Summary of Medical Experience in the Apollo7 Through 11 Manned Spaceflights." *Aerospace Medicine*.41 (May 1970): 500-19. This is a sophisticated scientific paperdescribing the results of biomedical experiments during the earlyhistory of Apollo. It is especially helpful in discussing theproblem of radiation and other effect on the astronauts duringthe missions to the Moon of Apollo 8 and 11.

Bless, Robert. "Space Science: What's Wrong at NASA."*Issues in Science and Technology*. 5 (Winter 1988-1989):67-73. Not specifically concerned with Apollo, Bless' analysisof the problems of NASA nevertheless includes that program. Heuses the dichotomy between human space flight programs and satelliteefforts as examples of how not to manage programs and concludesthat the problems are historically rooted in the agency's emphasison astronauts.

Bluck, John. *Journey Through the Solar System: Lesson Guide,a 13 Part Series*. Cleveland, OH: Lewis Research Center, 1987.This 60-page, large-size monograph is an educational publicationdesigned to provide information for secondary school teachersand students about Solar System science. One of the segments dealswith lunar science, including the all important question of theMoon's origin.

Bogard, D.D. "Noble Gas Abundances in Lunar Material: CosmicRay Spallation Products and Radiation Ages from the Sea of Tranquilityand the Ocean of Storms." *Journal of Geophysical Research*.76 (10 April 1971): 2757-79. This lengthy scholarly article describesthe results of geological research in the Sea of Tranquility andthe Ocean of Storms that resulted from the explorations of Apollo11 and Apollo 12.

Brush, Stephen G. "Early History of Selenogony." In*Origin of the Moon*. Edited by Hartmann, William K.; Phillips,R.G.; and Taylor, G.J. Houston, TX: Lunar and Planetary Institute,1986. Pp. 3-15. This article describes the debate over the originsof the Moon from the sixteenth century to the 1930s. Selenogony--thetheory of origins of the Moon--was hotly debated during this era,but no definitive answers could be provided because the evidencerequired for a rigorous test of competing theories was obtainedonly with the lunar landings of Project Apollo.

_____. "A History of Modern Selenogony: Theoretical Originsof the Moon from Capture to Crash 1955-1984." *Space ScienceReviews* 47 (1988): 211-73. This important article traces thescientific debate about the origins of the Moon during the firstthree decades of the Space Age. In the 1950s G.H. Darwin's fissionwas still occasionally mentioned but by the 1960s it had beendisplaced by the hypothesis of lunar capture. A few scientistsfavored formation of the Moon from particles in order around agrowing Earth. Analysis of samples from the Apollo missions didnot confirm any of these three theories of lunar origin. Eventuallythe giant impact theory, proposed by scientists W.K. Hartmannand D.R. Davis (1974) and by A.G.W. Cameron and W.R. Ward (1975),was adopted as the best working hypothesis. But the question wasnot satisfactorily solved and other theories are still being activelypursued.

_____. "Nickel for Your Thoughts: Urey and the Origin ofthe Moon." *Science*. 217 (3 September 1982): 891-98.This important article describes in detail the theories of HaroldC. Urey on the origin of the Moon. Brush compares them to earlierideas, especially those of George Howard Darwin's fission hypothesis.Urey's espousal of the idea that the Moon had been captured bythe Earth and has preserved information about the earliest historyof the Solar System led him to advocate a manned lunar landingprogram. Results from the Apollo missions, in particular the deficiencyof siderophile elements in the lunar crust, led him to abandonthe capture selenogony and tentatively adopt the fission hypothesis.

_____. "Theories of the Origin of the Solar System 1956-1985."*Reviews of Modern Physics*. 62 (January 1990): 43-112. Thisarticle describes efforts to find a plausible naturalistic explanationof the origin of the Solar System. During the period discussed,the first extensive field research was undertaken and this hasbrought about the development of several important theories oforigins. During this period most scientists accepted the collapseof a gas-dust cloud to form the Sun with surrounding disk, andcondensation of that disk to form planets. Theorists differedon how to explain the distribution of angular momentum betweenthe Sun and the planets, on whether planets formed directly bycondensation of gaseous protoplanets or by accretion of solidplanetesimals, on whether the "solar nebula" was everhot and turbulent enough to vaporize and completely mix its components,and on whether an external cause such as a supernova explosionset in motion the gas cloud's collapse.

Buffalano, C. "A Physical Model of the Apollo Oxygen Releases."*Journal of Geophysical Research*. 76 (1 January 1971): 27-35.This scientific paper provides an analysis of oxygen release discoveredas a result of the Apollo lunar flights.

Bunch, T.E.; Prinz, Martin; and Keil, Klaus. *Electron MicroprobeAnalyses of Lithic Fragments and Glasses from Apollo 12 LunarSamples*. Albuquerque, NM: Dept. of Geology & Instituteof Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, 1972. Institute of MeteoriticsSpecial publication no. 4. A basic report of scientific analysisof the samples collected during the November 1969 Apollo 12 missionto the Ocean of Storms.

Burrows, William E. *Exploring Space: Voyages in the Solar Systemand Be- yond*. New York: Random House, 1990. A popular history,but a cut above the average, of the efforts to send probes tothe planets, moons, and asteroids of the Solar System, this bookdoes not dwell on project Apollo. It contains a solid chapteron Project Ranger, much of it apparently a summary of R. CargillHall's *Lunar Impact* book, and other discussions of lunarprobes and the scientific results about the Moon that came fromApollo. The book's major drawback is its sometimes uncriticalnature and lack of formal scholarly apparatus.

*Catalogue of Apollo 15 Rake Samples from Stations 2 (St. George),7 (Spur Crater), and 9a (Hadley Rille)*. Albuquerque, NM: Dept.of Geology & Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico,1973. This 75-page illustrated monograph simply catalogs the lunarsamples taken from specific sites during the Apollo 15 missionof July-August 1971.

*Catalogue of Apollo 17 Rake Samples from Stations 1A, 2, 7,and 8*. Albuquer- que, NM: Dept. of Geology & Instituteof Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, 1978. This 88-page illustratedmonograph simply catalogs the lunar samples taken from specificsites during the Apollo 17 mission of December 1972, the lastlanding on the Moon.

Comstock, G.M., et al. "Cosmic-Ray Tracks in Plastics: TheApollo Helmet Dosimetry Experiment." *Science*. 172(9 April 1971): 154-57. A straight-forward description of thisexperiment.

Cooper, Henry S.F. *Moon Rocks*. New York: Dial Press, 1970.This is an informal account of the first investigating team'sexamining the lunar samples at Houston. Like everything that Cooperwrites, it is very personal and descriptive of meetings that heattended with the scientific team working on the project. It isfilled with interesting personality sketches and anecdotes ofthe intense effort to provide the first scientific assessmentof the lunar samples.

Davies, J.E. "Preliminary Examination of the Apollo 12 LunarSamples." *Space- flight*. 13 (January 1971): 24-29.A straight-forward description of scientific analysis of the samplescollected during the November 1969 Apollo 12 mission to the Oceanof Storms.

Dowty, Eric, et al. *Electron Microprobe Analyses of Mineralsfrom Apollo 15 Mare Basalt Rake Samples*. Albuquerque, NM:Dept. of Geology & Institute of Meteoritics, University ofNew Mexico, 1973. This monograph describes the lunar samples takenfrom specific sites during the Apollo 15 mission of July-August1971, the first mission to use the lunar rover to travel widelyin the vicinity of the landing site.

_____, et al. *Electron Microprobe Analyses of Minerals fromApollo 16 Rake Samples*. Albuquerque, NM: Dept. of Geology& Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, 1976.This monograph describes the lunar samples taken from specificsites during the Apollo 16 mission of April 1971.

Dyal, P., and Parkin, C.W. "The Magnetism of the Moon."*Scientific American*. 225 (August 1971): 62-73. This paperdocuments the studies of the Moon's magnetic field. The evidencesuggests that while the Moon has no magnetic field today, it probablyhad a strong one in the past. This is based on an analysis oflunar samples that suggest the Moon's field was somehow turnedoff about 3 billion years ago.

El-Baz, Farouk. *Astronaut Observations from the Apollo-SoyuzMission*. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977.This volume consists partly of text, partly of extensive photographsand maps of the Earth taken by astronauts on their training flightsfor the mission or taken on board the spacecraft to support theEarth Observations and Photography Experiment conducted duringthe mission. Another portion of the text consists of verbal commentsmade by American astronauts regarding that experiment. The remaining122 pages of text consists of discussions of the scientific objectivesof the mission, astronaut training, flight planning, mission operations,and a summary of the scientific findings of the mission in theareas of geology, oceanography, hydrology, meteorology, and environmentalscience.

*Electron Microprobe Analyses of Lithic Fragments, Glasses,Chondrules, and Minerals in Apollo 14 Lunar Samples*. Albuquerque,NM: Dept. of Geology & Institute of Meteoritics, Universityof New Mexico, 1973. This short, 38-page monograph describes thelunar samples taken from specific sites during the Apollo 14 missionof January-February 1971.

Elston, Wolfgang E. "How Did Impact Processes on Earth andMoon Become Respect- able in Geologic Thought?" *EarthSciences History*. 9 (1990): 82-87. A short, useful discussionof the development of procedures and theories about crateringon both the Moon and the Earth.

Esenwein, George F.; Roberson, Floyd I.; and Winterhalter, DavidL. "Apollo in Lunar Orbit." *Astronautics & Aeronautics*.9 (April 1971): 52-63. Remote-sensing instruments and camerasfor the remaining Apollo missions shaped a broad interdisciplinaryapproach to lunar science that encompassed selenedesy, geophysics,geochemistry, geology, cartography, and particles and fields.This article discusses science on the remaining three Apollo missionsand sums up what had already been done.

Firsoff, Valdemar A. *The Old Moon & the New*. SouthBrunswick: A.S. Barnes, 1970. This book, written for a generalaudience, discusses the development of lunar theory and describesits changes as a result of the Apollo missions then under way.

French, Bevan M., et al. *Compositions of Major and Minor Mineralsin Five Apollo 12 Crystalline Rocks*. Washington, DC: NationalAeronautics and Space Administration, 1972. A sophisticated analysisof lunar samples returned from the Ocean of Storms by the Apollo12 crew.

_____. Editor. *The Moon Book: Exploring the Mysteries of theLunar World*. New York: Penguin, 1977. This book, written bya senior NASA scientist involved in lunar studies, describes thediscoveries made about the Moon as a result of the lunar landings.

_____. "Space Rocks: Getting Our Hands on the Universe."*Air & Space*. Fall 1980, pp. 3-5. Written for the non-specialist,this article describes in general terms the basic developmentof the Moon and meteorites using as a hook the rock samples thatApollo returned and the meteorite rocks that hit the Earth.

_____. *What's New on the Moon?* Washington, DC: NASA EP-131,1976. This short booklet is written as a series of questions andanswers for secondary school students about the Moon. Such questionsas "Is there life on the Moon?" and "What is theMoon made of?" are followed by answers phrased in non-technicallanguage. This is a good basic primer about lunar science basedon scientific investigations supported by Apollo.

Froehlich, Walter. *Apollo 14: Science at Fra Mauro*. Washington,DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1971. A 48-pageillustrated study, this monograph describes in lay terms the activitiesand scientific results of the January- February 1971 flight ofApollo 14.

_____. *Apollo 16 at Descartes*. Washington, DC: NationalAeronautics and Space Administration, 1972. A 32-page illustratedstudy, this monograph describes in lay terms the activities andscientific results of the April 1971 flight of Apollo 16.

Ganapathy, R., et al. "Apollo 12 Lunar Samples: Trace ElementAnalysis of a Core and the Uniformity of the Regolith." *Science*.170 (30 October 1970): 533-35. An early scientific discussionof the lunar sample analysis from Apollo 12 at the Ocean of Storms.

_____, et al. "Moon: Possible Nature of the Body that Producedthe Imbrian Basin, from the Composition of Apollo 14 Samples."*Science*. 175 (7 January 1972): 55-59. Another discussionof the lunar samples, this time from Apollo 14.

*Geology of the Apollo 14 Landing Site in the Fra Mauro Highlands*.Reston, VA: Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1977. Thismonograph presents a scientific discussion of the samples returnedby Apollo 14 and how they relate to the overall geologic developmentof the region. 

*The Great Project: Space Exploration and the Apollo Program,Scientific Insights and Tangible Benefits Derived for Mankind*.Oberkochen/Wurtt., West Germany: Carl Zeiss in cooperation withthe Bonn Office of the United States Information Service, 1971.This 140-page illustrated study summarized the major scientificfindings resulting from Project Apollo. The book was designedfor an international audience and placed the most positive spinon all of the scientific activities of the effort.

Gregory, William H. "Lunar Photos Reveal New Details."*Aviation Week and Space Technology*. 20 December 1971, pp.66-77. This rather detailed account of new information about lunarvolcanism revealed by Apollo 15 photographs of the Moon includesa number of photographs and a schematic drawing.

Grodzka, P.G., and Bannister, T.C. "Heat Flow and ConvectionDemonstration Experiments Aboard Apollo 14." *Science*.176 (5 May 1972): 506-508. A straightforward scientific discussionof these experiments.

Hammond, A.L. "Lunar Research: No Agreement on EvolutionaryModels." *Sci- ence*. 175 (25 February 1972): 868-70.This article summarizes the results of the scientific studiesof the Moon, the place of Project Apollo in them, and the disagree-ments between scientists over lunar origins and evolution.

Hanle, Paul A. and Chamberlain, Von Del. Editors. *Space ScienceComes of Age: Perspectives in the History of the Space Sciences*.Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981. An importantbook with a series of articles by different specialists, it haschapters by Robert Jastrow ("Exploring the Moon"); EugeneShoemaker ("Lunar Geology"); Stephen G. Brush ("FromBump to Clump: Theories of the Origin of the Solar System, 1900-1960");and Homer G. Newell ("Continuing Harvest: The BroadeningField of Space Science") that relate to the lunar scienceconducted as part of Project Apollo.

Harada, K., et al. "Evidence for Compounds Hydrolyzable toAmino Acids in Aqueous Extracts of Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 LunarFines." *Science*. 173 (30 July 1971): 433-35. Scientificanalysis of this subject.

Hartmann, William K. *Moons and Planets*. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,1983. Originally published in 1972, this book reflects the lunarscience conducted during Project Apollo in its analysis of theMoon.

_____. *History of the Lunar Surface*. Tucson: Universityof Arizona Press, 1966. A useful discussion of the developmentof the Moon written after the first probes had been sent therebut before the lunar landings.

Head, J.W., III. "Lunar Volcanism in Space and Time."*Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics*. 14 (May 1976):265-300. This lengthy article examines the role of lunar volcanismas revealed from lunar-orbit and Earth-based data plus character-izations derived from lunar samples brought back on Apollo missions.The author concludes, among other findings, that there is littleconclusive evidence for highland volcanism on the Moon; that lunarmare lavas seem to have originated at depths of 100 to 500 km.;that mare volcanism occurred from 3.83 to roughly 2.5 billionyears ago; and that a thicker farside crust perhaps is responsiblefor the asymmetry between mare deposits on the near and far sidesof the Moon.

Heiken, Grant H.; Vaniman, David T.; and French, Bevan M. Editors.*The Lunar Sourcebook*. New York: Cambridge University Press,1991. This book's virtue is that it condenses into a useable forminformation from the U.S. and Soviet missions to the Moon in areference work. It explores the formation and evolution of theMoon's surface, the chemical and mineralogical nature of lunarrocks and soils, and the current state of scientific knowledgeabout the nature, origin, and history of the Moon.

Hess, W., et al. "The Exploration of the Moon." *ScientificAmerican*. 221 (October 1969): 54-60, 66-70, 72. A generaloverview of the lunar science underway and Apollo's contributionto it.

Hetherington, Norriss S. "Winning the Initiative: NASA andthe U.S. Space Science Program." *Prologue: Journal ofthe National Archives*. 7 (1975): 99-107. This article is animportant description of the struggle between NASA scientistsand those outside the institution over control of projects, priorities,and resources. It finds that by the middle part of the 1960s NASAhad gained suzerainty over the majority of the resources and couldtherefore direct the major science projects along paths that seemedmost logical to the agency.

Hlava, Paul F., et al. *Apollo 15 Rake Sample Microbrecciasand Non-Mare Rocks: Bulk Rock, Mineral and Glass Electron MicroprobeAnalyses*. Albuquerque, NM: Department of Geology & Instituteof Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, 1973. This monographanalyzes the lunar samples taken from specific sites during theApollo 15 mission of July-August 1971.

Jaffee, L.D. "Lunar Surface: Changes in 31 Months and MicrometeoroidFlux." *Science*. 170 (4 December 1970): 1092-95. Astudy of the lunar surface, finding change over time.

Johnson, Nicholas L. *Handbook of Soviet Lunar and PlanetaryExploration*. Science and Technology Series, vol. 47. San Diego,CA: Univelt, 1979. An encyclope- dic approach to Soviet scienceof the space age, but now outdated because of the informationpresently available as a result of the end of the Cold War.

Johnston, Richard S.; Dietlein, Lawrence F.; and Berry, CharlesA. Editors. *Biomedical Results of Apollo*. Washington, DC:NASA SP-368, 1975. This straightforward volume ranges in its coveragefrom crew health and inflight monitoring to inflight experimentson the Apollo missions with a useful section on the technologyused for such everyday concerns as supplying astronauts with food,water, and waste management in space. A useful section at theend sums up what life scientists learned from Apollo.

King, Elbert A. *Moon Trip: A Personal Account of the ApolloProgram and Its Science*. Houston, TX: University of Houston,1989. This short memoir describes the scientific work on the lunarsamples returned by the Apollo missions. King, a geologist andfirst curator of the returned lunar samples, worked at the NASAManned Spacecraft Center in Houston as part of the in-house scientificgroup that planned for scientific lunar exploration, astronauttraining, and care and analysis of the returned samples.

Kopal, Zdenek. *Exploration of the Moon by Spacecraft*. Edinburgh,Scotland: Oliver & Boyd, 1968. This study describes the satelliteprobe missions to the Moon conducted in anticipation of the Apollolandings.

_____. *The Moon in the Post-Apollo Era*. Dordrecht, Holland:D. Reidel, 1974. A careful scientific study of the Moon incorporatingthe findings from the research conducted as part of Project Apollo.

_____. *The Moon*. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1969. Asolid scientific treatise on the origins, geomorphology, and physiologyof the Moon written at the time of the first lunar landings.

_____, and Carder, R.W. *Mapping of the Moon: Past and Present*.Boston: Reidel, 1974. A basic study of the lunar surface; takesa historical perspective.

Kuiper, Gerard P., and Middlehurst, Barbara M. Editors. *TheMoon, Meteorites, and Comets*. The Solar System, Vol. 4. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1963. A standard work on the subjectwritten by one of the most influential of the lunar and solarsystem scientists working during the Apollo era.

Kvenvolden, K.A., and Ponnamperuma, C. Editors. *A Search forCarbon and its Compounds in Lunar Samples From Mare Tranquillitatus*.Washington, DC: NASA SP-257, 1970. A discussion of the scientificefforts to determine the extent to which carbon was present inrock and soil samples at the landing site of Apollo 11. The presenceof carbon would help to determine the origin of the Moon and itsrelation- ship to Earth. The scientists found little evidenceof carbon.

Latham, G., et al. "Seismic Data From Man-Made Impacts onthe Moon." *Sci- ence*. 170 (6 November 1970): 620-26.This scientific paper measured the amount of seismic activityat lunar landing sites using data coming from the Apollo expeditions.

Lauderdale, W.W., and Eichelman, W.F. Editors. *Apollo ScientificExperiments Data Handbook*. Houston, TX: Lyndon B. JohnsonSpace Center, NASA TM X-58131, 1974. A basic reference tool forscientists studying data returned from Project Apollo.

Levinson, A.A. Editor. *Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar ScienceConference, Houston, Texas, 1970*. New York: Pergamon Press,1970. 3 vols., 2492 pp. This lengthy set of books contains paperspresenting the latest findings about lunar science based on thedata provided by Apollo 11 and earlier lunar observations.

_____. Editor. *Proceedings of the Second Lunar Science Conference*.Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1971. 3 vols., 2818 pp. Papers presentingthe latest findings about lunar science based on the data providedby Apollo missions and earlier lunar observations.

_____, and Taylor, S.R. *Moon Rocks and Minerals*. New York:Pergamon Press, 1971. This evaluation of the important findingsresulting from the initial study of lunar rocks from Apollo 11covers four general topics: mineralogy and petrology, chemicaland isotope analysis, bioscience and organic geochemistry, andphysical measurements and properties. The book discusses the absenceof organic matter in the lunar samples' rock textures as comparedwith those on Earth, the importance of these samples in revealingthe history and origin of the Moon, and a variety of shock studiesto ascertain the results of impacts upon trace elements, the lunarsurface, radiation effects, and rare gases.

Lichtenstein, Bernard Robert. "Apollo 15 and 16 SubsatelliteMagnetometer Measurements of Solar Wind and Magnetospheric PlasmaInteractions with the Moon." Ph.D. Diss., UCLA, 1978. Presentationof data on the solar wind based on Apollo data.

Light, D.L. "Photo Geodesy From Apollo." *PhotogrammetricEngineering*. 38 (June 1972): 574-87. A discussion for a non-scientificaudience of the use of Apollo photography to advance geologicaland geographical information about the Moon. Heavy emphasis onequipment and how it was used.

"Lunar Exploration." *Astronautics & Aeronautics*.(January 1969): 32-74. This is a special section with the followingarticles: Homer J. Stewart, "Lunar Exploration- -the FirstDecade Raises more Questions than it Answers," pp. 32-36;Harold C. Urey, "The Contending Moons," pp. 37-41; HaroldMasursky, "Lunar-Exploration Targets," pp. 43-49; AlbertR. Hibbs, "Surveyor Results," pp. 50-63; James E. Conel,"What the Rangers Revealed About Lunar Geology," pp.64-68; Thomas C. Rindfleisch, "Getting More Out of RangerPictures by Computer," pp. 70-74.

Lunar Geoscience Working Group. *Status and Future of LunarGeoscience*. Washington, DC: NASA SP-484, 1986. An importantstatement of where lunar science stood as of 1986 and an agendafor future possibilities. It gives considerable credit to theexplorations of the Moon supported through Project Apollo foradvances in the field.

Lunar Sample Preliminary Examination Team. "Preliminary Examinationof Lunar Samples From Apollo 14." *Science*. 173 (20August 1971): 681-93. A straight- forward description of scientificanalysis of the samples collected during the January-February1971 Apollo 14 mission to Fra Mauro.

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. *Apollo 14: Preliminary ScienceReport*. Washington, DC: NASA SP-272, 1971. A straight-forwarddescription of the scientific analysis of data collected duringthe January-February 1971 Apollo 14 mission to Fra Mauro.

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. *Apollo 17: Preliminary ScienceReport*. Washington, DC: NASA SP-330, 1973. This lengthy, 650-page,study presents analysis of data collected during the last andmost scientifically involved mission of Project Apollo.

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. *Apollo-Soyuz Test Project:Summary Science Report*. Washington, DC: NASA SP-412, 1977-79.This two-volume report discusses the entire range of scientificexperiments and results from the 1975 international mission withthe Soviet Union.

McCall, G.J.H. "The Lunar Controversy." *Journal ofthe British Astronomical Association*. 80 (1969): 19-29, 100-06,190-99, 263-69, 358-60. A very fine run- down of the state ofthe debate over lunar origins and evolution taking place betweenseveral influential scientists and their supporters.

Manned Spacecraft Center. *Apollo 12 Preliminary Science Report*.Washington, DC: NASA SP-235, 1970. Issued within months of thesecond lunar mission, this 227- page report gleans some of themajor findings from the scientific instruments used and experimentsconducted in December 1969.

Manned Spacecraft Center. *Apollo 15: Preliminary Science Report*.Washington, DC: NASA SP-289, 1972. Issued within months of theApollo 15 mission to Hadley Rille and the Apennine Mountains,this report discusses, among other things, the so-called "GenesisRock," a sample of ancient lunar crust of wide geologicalinterest.

Manned Spacecraft Center. *Apollo 16: Preliminary Science Report*.Washington, DC: NASA SP-315, 1972. This study traces the majorinvestigations of Apollo 16 astronauts in the Descartes highlandregion of the Moon in April 1971.

Marvin, Ursula B. "Meteorites, the Moon and the History ofGeology." *Journal of Geological Education* 34 (May1986): 140-65. A very good introduction to the study of Earth-impactingmeteorites and how these relate to the cratering on the Moon,as well as a discussion of the origins of the Moon and its overallevolution.

Mason, Brian H. "The Lunar Rocks." *Scientific American*.225 (October 1971): 48-58. This is an analysis of the lunar samplesreturned during Project Apollo, written for the informed non-scientist.It is a condensation of many of the findings discussed at lengthin the book Mason wrote with William G. Melson.

_____. and Melson, William G. *The Lunar Rocks*. New York:Wiley Inter- science, 1970. This book is a scientific assessmentof the data gained from analysis of the lunar samples returnedby Apollo 11.

McLane, James C., Jr. "Collecting and Processing Samplesof the Moon." *Astronau- tics & Aeronautics*. 5(August 1967): 34-46. Describes the Lunar Receiving Lab and describeshow samples will be maintained.

Minnaert, M. "Photometry of the Moon." *In Planetsand Satellites*. Kuiper, Gerard P., and Middlehurst, BarbaraM. Editors. The Solar System, Vol. 3. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1961. Pp. 213-48. A solid discussion of the scientificreturns from early satellite and Earth-based study of the lunarsurface.

Mitchell Edgar D. *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science*.New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1974. Edited by John White. Writtenby an Apollo astronaut, this book describes, in addition to otherastronaut anecdotes, the attempts to link minds through ESP duringthe Apollo 14 mission. This was not a formally-recognized NASAexperiment.

Mitroff, Ian I. *The Subjective Side of Science: A PhilosophicalInquiry into the Psychology of the Apollo Moon Scientists*.New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co., 1974. Also published inAmsterdam. Reprinted Seaside, CA: Intersystems Publica- tions,1983. This important study raises questions about the nature ofscience and its ability to provide non-biased, objective answersto questions. Using the Apollo program scientists as a example,the author demonstrates the subjective nature of questions askedof scientific data and the answers that are based on incompletedata that could be interpreted in a variety of ways.

Moore, H.J., et al. *Lunar Remote Sensing and Measurements*.Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1980.This Apollo monograph presents data from Apollo 15-17 orbitalinvestigations.

Muehlberger, W.R., et al. *Documentation and Environment ofthe Apollo 16 Samples: A Preliminary Report*. Washington, DC:Apollo Lunar Geology Investigation Team, U.S. Geological Survey,1972. This study traces the major investigations of Apollo 16astronauts in the Descartes highland region of the Moon. Basedon their geologic investigations, scientists found that a regionpreviously thought to be volcanic turned out not to be.

_____., et al. *Preliminary Report on the Geology and FieldPetrology at the Apollo 17 Landing Site*. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Interior, Geological Survey, 1972. This study presentsanalysis of data collected during the last and most scientificallyinvolved mission of Project Apollo.

_____., et al. *Documentation and Environment of the Apollo17 Samples: A Preliminary Report*. Washington, DC: Apollo LunarGeology Investigation Team, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973. Likethe preceding work, this study presents analysis of data collectedduring the last and most scientifically involved mission of ProjectApollo.

Mulholland, J. Derral. "The Impact of Lunar Laser Rangingon Gravitational Theory." *Astronomy Quarterly*. 6 (1989):17-26. This study is important in showing the interrelationshipsof NASA and the scholarly community and how they used laser- rangingto developing important theories about lunar gravitation.

Murray, Bruce; Malin, Michael C.; and Greeley, Ronald. *EarthlikePlanets: Surfaces of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Mars*. SanFrancisco: W.H. Freeman, 1981. A basic science text on this subjectusing the latest findings.

Mutch, Thomas A. *Geology of the Moon: A Stratigraphic View*.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970. Provides an analysisof the Moon's age and origin, shape and motion, volcanic activityand meteor bombardment as far as knowledge was available at thetime of publication. Designed for college-level use, it employsthe data returned from Project's Ranger, Surveyor, and Lunar Orbiter,as well as Apollo in analyzing the features of the Moon.

NASA Editorial Review Board, R. Thomas Giuli (Chair). *Apollo-SoyuzTest Project: Preliminary Science Report*. Washington, DC:National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1976. NASA TechnicalMemorandum-X-58173. In 529 pages, this loose- leaf report discussesthe entire range of scientific experiments and results that wereundertaken during the 1975 international mission with the SovietUnion.

National Academy of Sciences, Space Science Board. *Lunar Exploration:Strategy for Research, 1969-1975, Report of a Study by the SpaceScience Board*. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences,1969. This study represents an attempt to answer the question,"how best to utilize the manned lunar-landing capability[achieved by Apollo 11] to realize the scientific objectives oflunar exploration." Broadly, the board recommended "ashift of emphasis from technological development to exploitationof existing Apollo technology for scientific objectives."Divided into chapters on "Lunar Age Measurements," "Geochemistryand Petrology," "Geophysics," "Geology andGeomorphology," and "Lunar-Science Management,"this short report provides a basis of comparison with the lunarresearch actually done on the ensuing Apollo missions to see theextent to which its recommendations were carried out.

Naugle, John E. *First Among Equals: The Selection of NASA SpaceScience Experiments*. Washington, DC: NASA SP-4215, 1991. Thisis an important monograph that traces the origin and evolutionof the agency's methods of selecting scientific experiments forflight. Naugle, a former NASA chief scientist, finds this activity'ssource in the period immediately following World War II as scientistsbegan using captured V-2 rockets to conduct research beyond theatmosphere. Although the selection process was taking shape beforeNASA was formed in 1958, it evolved rapidly during the agency'sformative years. By 1962 its essentials as a NASA policy had beenestablished, and the agency has followed the general selectionprocess since that time.

Nehru, C.E.; Warner, Richard D.; and Keil, Klaus. *ElectronMicroprobe Analyses of Opaque Mineral Phases from Apollo 11 Basalts*.Albuquerque, NM: Dept. of Geology & Institute of Meteoritics,University of New Mexico, 1976. This monograph describes the analysisof certain lunar samples taken from specific sites during theApollo 11 mission of July 1969.

Newell, Homer E. *Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of SpaceScience*. Washington, DC: NASA SP-4211, 1980. Part memoir andpart research project, *Beyond the Atmosphere* is an importantstudy of the development of space science in NASA during the firstfifteen years of the agency's existence. Written by the head ofthe space science program within the agency until 1973, this bookpresents an especially candid portrait of the trials and successesof scientific endeavor within NASA.

Nicks, Oran W. *Far Travelers: The Exploring Machines*. Washington,DC: NASA SP-480, 1985. A memoir by one of the leaders of NASA'sscientific program, this book traces the development and employmentof satellite probes launched by the agency. There are importantdiscussions of Project Ranger and several other lunar probes.The emphasis is on equipment, data collection and dissemination,and internal struggles for say in the direction of programs andprojects.

Nicogossian, Arnauld E. Compiler. *The Apollo-Soyuz Test ProjectMedical Report*. Washington, DC: NASA SP-411, 1977. A majordiscussion of the biomedical results of this important joint missionwith the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

O'Hara, M.J. "Lunar Geology in the Light of the Apollo Programme."*Endeav- our*. 30 (January 1971): 3-7. A general discussionof the major contributions of Apollo to the study of lunar geology.

Page, Lou Williams, and Page, Thornton. *Apollo-Soyuz* [experimentsin space]. Washington, DC: NASA EPs-133 through 141, 1977. Pamphletno. 1. The flight.--Pamphlet no. 2. X-rays, gamma-rays.--Pamphletno. 3. Sun, Stars, In between.--Pamphlet no. 4. GravitationalField.--Pamphlet no. 5. The Earth from Orbit.--Pamphlet no. 6.Cosmic Ray Dosage.--Pamphlet no. 7. Biology in Zero-G.--Pam- phletno. 8. Zero-G Technology.--Pamphlet no. 9. General Science. Thesenine pamphlets are based on investigators' reports of experimentalresults, written with the help of advising teachers to serve as"curriculum supplements designed for teachers, supervisors,curriculum specialists, and textbook writers as well as for thegeneral public." Dr. Lou Williams Page, a geologist, andDr. Thornton Page, an astronomer, brought their special expertiseto the writing.

Page, T.L. "The Third Lunar Science Conference-I." *Skyand Telescope*. 43 (March 1972): 145-50. A general discussionof the presentations made at this important scientific gathering.

Page, T.L. "The Third Lunar Science Conference-II."*Sky and Telescope*. 43 (April 1972): 219-22. A general discussionof the presentations made at this important scientific gathering.

Pitts, John A. *The Human Factor: Biomedicine in the MannedSpace Program to 1980*. Washington, DC: NASA SP-4213, 1985.This necessarily rather technical account traces the history ofspace medicine from its early days before the founding of NASAthrough the decade following the Apollo program. It covers thebeginnings of NASA's small life sciences program during ProjectMercury, the struggles between NASA and the Air Force for fundingof life science research, biomedicine during the Gemini and Apolloprograms, the crisis that followed the Apollo 204 fire in January1967, the biomedical results from Apollo, and the various reorganizationsof the life sciences program in NASA that accompanied its evolution.It concludes with a look ahead to the Shuttle era that began inthe 1980s.

Prinz, Martin, et al. *Electron Microprobe Analyses of LithicFragments, Glasses, Chondrules, and Minerals in Apollo 14 LunarSamples*. Albuquerque, NM: Dept. of Geology & Instituteof Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, 1973. This monographdescribes the lunar samples taken from specific sites during theJanuary-February 1971 flight of Apollo 14 to Fra Mauro on theMoon.

Rabinowitch, Eugene I., and Lewis, Richard S. Editors. "Manon the Moon: An Assessment." Special Issue. *Bulletin ofthe Atomic Scientists*. 25 (September 1969). This special issueof this prestigious journal was dedicated to Project Apollo. Manyof the essays focus on scientific aspects of the mission.

Ringwood, A.E. "Petrogenesis of Apollo 11 Basalts and Implicationsfor Lunar Origin." *Journal of Geophysical Research*.75 (10 November 1970): 6453-79. This scientific paper presentsdata from the first lunar landing in the Sea of Tranquility andrelates it to the debate over lunar origins. The evidence is inconclusive.

Ryder, Graham. *Catalog of Apollo 15 Rocks*. Houston, TX:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1985. A straight-forward descriptionof the samples collected during the Apollo 15 mission to HadleyRille and the Apennine Mountains where Apollo 15 conducted itsmission. During this mission the astronauts discovered what hasbeen called the "Genesis Rock," a sample of ancientlunar crust of wide geological interest.

Sagan, Carl. "Harold Clayton Urey--In Memoriam." Obituary.*Icarus*. 48 (1981): 348-52. This is an interesting pieceabout one of the key scientists concerned with lunar origins,written by a leading public intellectual who knew him well andremembered him fondly.

Salisbury, John W., et al. Editors. *Bibliography of Lunar andPlanetary Research, 1961*. Bedford, MA: Air Force CambridgeResearch Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research, U.S. AirForce, 1962. A bibliography of scientific papers and books onthe subject for one of the pivotal years in lunar science.

Simmons, Gene. *On the Moon with Apollo 16: A Guidebook to theDescartes Region*. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics andSpace Administration, 1972. This 90-page study traces for a non-scientificaudience the major investigations of Apollo 16 astronauts in theDescartes highland region of the Moon. Based on their geologicinvestigations, scientists found that a region previously thoughtto be volcanic turned out not to be.

Simmons, Gene. *On the Moon with Apollo 17: A Guidebook to Taurus-Littrow*.Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration,1972. This 111-page study for non-scientists presents analysisof data collected during the last and most scientifically involvedmission of Project Apollo.

Sinton, William M. "Recent Radiometric Studies of the Planetsand the Moon." *In Planets and Satellites*. Kuiper,Gerard P., and Middlehurst, Barbara M. Editors. The Solar System,Vol. 3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Pp. 429-41.An excellent overview of the early satellite investigations ofthe Moon conducted in 1959 and 1960.

Sjogren, W.L., et al. "Lunar Gravity via Apollo 14 DopplerRadio Tracking." *Science*. 175 (14 January 1972): 165-68.An analysis of the data obtained by doppler on the Apollo spacecraftconcerning lunar gravity, confirming earlier estimates of 1/6of Earth's gravity.

Smith, G. M.; Vrebalovich, J.; and Willingham, O. E. "Eyeson the Moon." *Astronau- tics & Aeronautics*. 4(March 1966): 74-83. A Discussion of Ranger photos and how theyput to rest some old theories and stimulated new ones.

Smith, M.C., Jr., et al. "Apollo 14 Food System." *AerospaceMedicine*. 42 (November 1971): 1185-92. A description of thehardware, food processing, and management procedures in placefor food used on the Apollo 14 flight to the Moon.

Sutton, R.L., et al. *Documentation of Apollo 17 Samples*.Washington, DC: Apollo Lunar Geology Investigation Team, U.S.Geological Survey, 1972. A basic catalog of the lunar rock andsoil samples returned on the flight of Apollo 17 in 1972.

Swann, G.A. *Preliminary Description of Apollo 15 Sample Environments*.Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, 1971. A scientific discussionof the locations from which samples were returned from the HadleyRille and Apennine Mountain areas where Apollo 15 conducted itsmission.

Sykes, Egerton. *The Moon Capture Theory of Hoerbiger AfterFifty Five Years*. London: Markham House, 1966. An importantanalysis of the rise, alteration, and fall of the theory of lunarorigins that emphasized the gravitational capture of the Moon(then a wandering planetisimal) by the Earth.

Tatarewicz, Joseph N. *Space Technology and Planetary Astronomy*.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. Much broader thanlunar science, this important book analyzes the development ofspace science as a discipline in the period since the birth ofNASA by noting the interrelationships of the scientific communitywith the space agency.

Taylor, Stuart Ross. *Lunar Science: A Post-Apollo View; ScientificResults and Insights from the Lunar Samples*. New York: PergamonPress, 1975. An excellent book describing the scientific resultsfrom Project Apollo written for the Earth and space scientist.

_____. *Planetary Science: A Lunar Perspective*. Houston,TX: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1982. Using the informationgleaned from a lifetime of lunar science, this senior scientistsdescribes the origin and development of the Solar System.

Tifft, William G. "Astronomy, Space, and the Moon."*Astronautics & Aeronau- tics*. 4 (September 1966): 40-52.Many factors were involved in the selection of sites for lunarlandings and astronomical observations. This essay outlines thesefactors and makes some suggestions.

Toksoz, N.M., et al. "Lunar Crust: Structure and Composition."*Science*. 176 (2 June 1972): 1012-16. An excellent analysisof the lunar surface based on the latest data returned by theApollo spacecraft, written so that it is understandable to a non-specialist.

Ulrich, George E.; Hodges, Carroll Ann; and Muehlberger, WilliamR. Editors. *Geology of the Apollo 16 Area, Central Lunar Highlands*.Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1981.Geological Survey professional paper no. 1048. This 539-page studytraces the major geological investigations of Apollo 16 astronautsin the Descartes highland region of the Moon. Based on their geologicinvestigations, scientists found that a region previously thoughtto be volcanic turned out not to be.

Urey, Harold C. *The Planets: Their Origin and Development*.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952. A classic discussion ofthe origins of the Solar System, the author--one of the deansof planetary science--argued that the bodies of the system hadcondensed from a dust cloud that contained water vapor. It hadbeen a cold condensation where low density material condensedfirst and higher density material like iron later. This cold originthesis has been a central part of the debate over Solar Systemformation.

-----. "The Origin and Significance of the Moon's Surface."*Vistas in Astrono- my*. 2 (1956): 1667-80. In this articleUrey espoused the idea that the Moon had been captured by theEarth and has preserved information about the earliest historyof the Solar System, which led him to advocate a manned lunarlanding program.

U.S. Geological Survey. *Apollo 17 Landing Site Geology*.Houston, TX: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1975. A discussionof the geology of the Apollo 17 site based on the lunar samplesand written for a scientific audience.

Warner, Jeffrey. *Apollo 12 Lunar-Sample Information*. Washington,DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1970. Generaldescription of the returns of lunar rock and soil during Apollo12.

Warner, Richard D., et al. *Catalogue of Apollo 16 Rake Samplesfrom the LM Area and Station 5*. Albuquerque, NM: Dept. ofGeology & Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico,1976. This study traces the major findings from the raked samplesof lunar soil recovered during Apollo 16.

Warner, Richard D., et al. *Electron Microprobe Analyses ofGlasses from Apollo 17 Rake Sample Breccias and Apollo 17 DrillCore*. Albuquerque, NM: Dept. of Geology & Institute ofMeteoritics, University of New Mexico, 1979. A scientific discussionof use to other lunar scientists.

Warner, Richard D., et al. *Electron Microprobe Analyses ofOlivine, Pyroxene, and Plagioclase from Apollo 17 Rake SampleMare Basalts*. Albuquerque, NM: Dept. of Geology & Instituteof Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, 1976. A scientific discussionof use to other lunar scientists.

Warner, Richard D., et al. *Electron Microprobe Analyses ofSpinel, Fe-Ti Oxides, and Metal from Apollo 17 Rake Sample MareBasalts*. Albuquerque, NM: Dept. of Geology & Instituteof Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, 1976. A scientific discussionof use to other lunar scientists.

Wasserburg, G. J. "The Moon and Sixpence of Science."*Astronautics & Aeronau- tics*. 10 (April 1972): 16-21.An assessment of lunar science as revised by Apollo.

Whitaker, Ewen A. *The University of Arizona's Lunar and PlanetaryLaboratory, Its Founding and Early Years*. Tucson, AZ: Lunarand Planetary Laboratory, 1985. One of the centers of lunar sciencewas the University of Arizona, because of several key scientistslocated there and their access to excellent observatories. Thisbook describes the development of the institution where they worked,along with describing their theories, controversies, and relationswith NASA.

White, David R. *Apollo Experience Report--Lunar-Sample Processingin the Lunar Receiving Laboratory, High-Vacuum Complex*. Houston,TX: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1976. NASA technical noteD-8298. A short report on a complex topic. Wilhelms, Don E. *Stratigraphyof Part of the Lunar Near Side*. Washington, DC: National Aeronauticsand Space Administration, 1980. A comprehensive survey of findingsfrom Apollo landings.

Wilhelms, Don E. *To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History ofLunar Exploration*. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993.This lengthy and detailed account of lunar exploration and sciencestrikes a balance between personal memoir and history. As historyit provides a detailed and contextual account of lunar geologyduring the 1960s and 1970s, and a less-detailed but informativeaccount for the rest of the century. As memoir it provides anengaging story of the scientific exploration of the Moon as seenby one of the field's more important behind-the-scenes scientists.

Wilhelms, Don E.; McCauley John F.; and Trask, Newell J. *TheGeologic History of the Moon*. Washington, DC: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 1348, 1987. An important short studyof the origin and development of the Moon by a senior lunar scientist.Wilshire, Howard Gordon, and Jackson, E.D. *Petrology and Stratigraphyof the Fra Mauro Formation at the Apollo 14 Site*. Washington,DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1972. Thismonograph presents a scientific discussion of the samples returnedby Apollo 14 and how they relate to the overall geologic develop-ment of the region.

Winter, Thomas C., Jr. "Apollo Solar Experiments--Pavingthe Way for Advanced Solar Observation." *Astronautics& Aeronautics*. 7 (March 1969): 64-71. A useful overviewof the scientific experiments in solar science arising from ProjectApollo.

Wolfe, Edward W., et al. *The Geological Investigation of theTaurus-Littrow Valley, Apollo 17 Landing Site*. Reston, VA:U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1981. With a sectionon Apollo 17 lunar surface photography by Raymond M. Batson, KathleenB. Larson, and Richard L. Tyner. Geological Survey professionalpaper no. 1080 containing a "synthesis of Apollo 17 lunarsurface data and sample results."

Wood, John Edwin. *Sun, Moon, and Sanding Stones*. New York:Oxford University Press, 1978. A useful survey of origins andevolution.

Wright, Frederick E.; Wright, F.H.; and Wright, Helen. "TheLunar Surface: Introduction." In *The Moon, Meteorites,and Comets*. Gerard P. Kuiper and Barbara M. Middlehurst. Editors."The Solar System, Vol. 4." Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1963. Pp. 1-56. This important overview describes the varioustheories of lunar origin and evolution then being debated in academiccircles.

Wright, Hamilton; Wright, Helen; and Rapport, Samuel. Editors.*To the Moon: A Distillation of the Great Writings from AncientLegend to Space Exploration*. New York: Meredith, 1968. A usefulanthology of writing from the ancients to the present about theMoon. The essays are both scientific and cultural in orientation.

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