[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

No. 17

- 15610 Non

- Argument Calendar

D.C. Docket No. 0:17

- cr - 60165

- JIC

- 1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

versus JEFFREY VALENCIA, Defendant

- Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida

( Janua ry 11, 2019 ) Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, MARCUS, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Jeffrey Valencia appeals the 120

- month sentence he received after pleading guilty to one count of possession with intent to distribute heroin, in violation of 21

Case: 17-15610 Date Filed: 01/11/2019 Page: 1 of 62 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C).
I.
All of the se facts, which we draw from Valencia’s presentence investigation report, are undisputed. In February 2017 law enforcement officers began investigating Valencia after receiving information that he was dealing heroin and methamphetamine in Broward County , Fl orida . The next month the officers heard that Valencia was storing a portion of his drug supply at the house of Jeffrey Leibowitz , who owed Valencia a $20,000 drug debt . The officers searched the stash house and found, among other things, 425 grams of Va lencia’s methamphetamine

. Leibowitz was arrested and admitted that he had agreed to let Valencia “ store large amounts of

. . . methamphetamine ” at his house to pay off the debt that he owed Valencia. Leibowitz also admitted that Valencia repeatedly direc t ed buyers to the
stash house , where Leibowitz w ould sell them some of those drugs. Leibowitz further stated that he had always known Valencia to sell drugs during the approximately fifteen to twenty years that he had known Valencia.
The law enforcement officers continued investigating Valencia. In June 2017 they developed a confidential source who had previously bought multi

- ounce quantities of heroin from him

. Later that month the officers set up three controlled heroin buy s by the so urce from the unwitting Valencia. The sting was successful: the officers observed Valencia selling the source more than three ounces of heroin.

Case: 17-15610 Date Filed: 01/11/2019 Page: 2 of 63 Valencia pleaded guilty under a written plea agreement to one count of possession with intent to distribut e heroin

. As part of the agreement Valencia stipulated that Leibowitz was “ operating a stash house for Valencia

. ” (A grand jury
indict ed Leibowitz with possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine and heroin

. ) Valencia also stipulated that he knowingly and intentionally sold heroin to the government’s confidential source in June 2017

. In calculating Valencia’s base offense level , the presentence investigation report used under § 1B1.3 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines the 425 grams of methamphetamine that Valencia had kept at the stash house

. 1 That methamphetamine was determined to have a purity level of at least eighty percent, so the PSR counted it as “ice”

— the term the guidelines use for methamphetamine that has a purity level of at least eighty percent

. United States Sentencing Guidelines § 2D1.1, Notes to Drug Quantity Table, n.(C) (Nov. 2016)

. If that methamphetamine had been less than eighty percent pure, Valencia’s base offense level would have been 30

. See i d. § 2D1.1(a)( 5 ). But because the methamphetamine was ice, Valencia’s base offense level w as 32. See i d. § 2D1.1(a)(4). After a three

- level reduction for Valencia ’s accept ance of responsibility, s ee id. § 3E1.1 , the PSR calculated a total offense level of 29 and a criminal history

1 T he PSR also used, among other drugs, the heroin that Valencia was charged with possessing. Those drugs are not at issue in this case.

Case: 17-15610 Date Filed: 01/11/2019 Page: 3 of 64 category of VI . That yielded a n advisory guidelines range of 151 to 188 months. The government moved for a downward departure because of Valencia’s assistance in a n unrelated case . See id. § 5K1.1

. Valencia did not object to the PSR’s factfindings

. He did object to , among other things, the PSR counting the 425 grams of methamphetamine as ice in calculating his base offense level . He argued that while he knew that the drugs were methamphetamine, he did not know that they were pure enough to qualify as ice under the guidelines

. As he put it, it was unfair fo r him to be “held responsible for the ICE WITH 81% [sic] or greater purity, without the Government having to prove by competent evidence he knew or should have known the purity level.” The district court overruled Valencia’s objection and counted the methamphetamine as ice , which left Valencia’s advisory guidelines range at 151 to 188 months in prison

. 2 But t he court granted the government’s motion for a downward departure and sentenced Valencia to 120 months in prison

. This is Valencia’s appeal.
II

. We review the district court’s application of § 1B1.3 only for clear error

.

2 The district court also found, over Valencia’s objection, that he was a career offender under § 4B1.1(a) based on a 2010 federal conviction for attempt to possess with the intent to distribute oxycodone and a 1999 Florida conviction for trafficking in coc aine . The court noted that applying § 4B1.1(a) also led to a base offense level of 32

. S ee § 4B1.1(b)

.

Case: 17-15610 Date Filed: 01/11/2019 Page: 4 of 65 United States v. Siegelman , 786 F.3d 1322, 1332 (11th Cir. 2015)

. Under that

s ection , a district court “shall” consider all “relevant conduct” when calculating a defendant’s base offense level

. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 , (a)

. Relevant conduct includes

“ all acts and omissions

. . . that were part of the same course of conduct

. . . as the offense of conviction.” Id. § 1B 1.3(a)(2) (emphasis added)

. That means that “ types of drugs not specified in the count of conviction are to be included in determining the offense level if they were part of the same course of conduct

. . . as the count of conviction.” Id. § 1B1.3 cmt. B ackground.
Valencia ’s position is based on his insistence that he “had no knowledge” the methamphetamine had a purity level of at least eighty percent, qualif ying it as ice.
But t he fact that a defendant does “not know the type

. . . of the drugs [does] not preclude the district court from attributing the drugs to him [under § 1B1.3 ] for sentencing purposes.” United States v. Alvarez

- Coria , 447 F.3d 1340, 1344 (11th Cir. 2006)

. “[T] hose who, acting with a deliberate anti

- social purpose in mind, become involved in illegal drug transactions, assume the risk that their actions will subject them to enhanced criminal liability. ” United States v. Gomez , 905 F.2d 1513,
1514

– 15 (11th Cir. 1990) ; see also Alvarez

- Coria , 447 F.3d at 1344 (“[A] defendant

w ho transports a suitcase knowing that it contains a controlled substance . . . is accountable for the controlled substance in the suitcase regardless of his knowledge or lack of knowledge of the actual type . . . of that controlled substance.”) (quoting

Case: 17-15610 Date Filed: 01/11/2019 Page: 5 of 66 U. S.S.G. § 1B1.3 cmt. n.2(A)(1) (Nov. 2004)).
Valencia ’s knowledge of the purity level of the methamphetamine is
immaterial ; it is enough that he knew that the methamphetamine was , in fact, a controlled substance

. See Alvarez

- Coria , 447 F.3d at 1344 ; cf. United States v. Alvarado

- Tizoc , 656 F.3d 740, 743 (7th Cir. 2011) (“[F] or sentencing purposes the only knowledge required is knowledge that the substance that the defendants are selling

. . . is a controlled substance. ”). So t he district court did not err in counting the 425 grams of methamphetamine as ice under § 1B1.3

. 3
AFFIRMED.

3 We need not address Valencia’s contention that the district court erred in finding him a career offender under § 4B1.1(a). In this case the applicat ion of either § 4B1.1(a) or § 1B1.3 leads to the same base offense level (32) and the same advisory guidelines range (151 to 188 months in prison). The district court properly applied § 1B1.3, so any error in applying § 4B1.1(a) would be harmless. See Fe d. R. Crim. P. 52(a); see also United States v. Keene , 470 F.3d 1347, 1348 (11th Cir. 2006) (“The reason it is unnecessary for us to decide the enhancement issue is that a decision either way will not affect the outcome of this case.”).

Case: 17-15610 Date Filed: 01/11/2019 Page: 6 of 6