IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS

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No. 17-0736

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TEAL TRADING AND DEVELOPMENT, LP, PETITIONER,

v.

CHAMPEE SPRINGS RANCHES PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION, RESPONDENT

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE

COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

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Argued September 26, 2019

JUSTICE BLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.

In this suit between adjoining landowners, we determine whether a neighborhood 

association may enforce a restrictive easement against neighboring property. The disputed 

easement encircles nearly 10,000 acres of land in Kendall and Kerr counties, largely restricting 

access to a main entrance. The original tract was subdivided after the easement was created. Today, 

part of the acreage is occupied by the Champee Springs Ranches neighborhood, represented here 

by its property owners association. 

The petitioner, Teal Trading and Development, LP, owns two parcels of undeveloped 

property. One of Teal’s parcels borders Champee Springs, sits within the original tract, and is 

burdened by the restrictive easement. Teal’s other parcel lies next to the first, outside the restrictive 

easement. Teal seeks to avoid the easement, to connect both properties to existing public roads in 
2

Champee Springs, and to develop the parcels into a residential subdivision. To further these plans, 

Teal’s predecessor built a private construction road across the easement, in violation of the 

easement’s access restriction. Champee Springs sued to enforce the easement.

The trial court enforced the easement, ruling that the easement burdens Teal’s property. 

The court rejected Teal’s waiver and estoppel affirmative defenses, and Teal’s further challenge 

that restrictive easements that limit private access are void against public policy. The court of 

appeals affirmed. Before this Court, Teal raises a standing challenge and reurges its waiver, 

estoppel, and public-policy arguments. 

We hold that Champee Springs has standing to sue to enforce the easement. We further 

hold that the evidence supports the trial court’s rejection of Teal’s affirmative defenses. Finally, 

we decline Teal’s invitation to void restrictive access easements on public-policy grounds. In our 

view, the permissibility of such easements, at least under these facts, is an issue best left to the 

legislature and local governments. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.

I

A

In June 1998, E.J. Cop purchased 9,246 acres in Kendall and Kerr counties. Cop platted 

the land as a residential development and called it Champee Springs Ranches. In conjunction with 

the plat, Cop signed and recorded a “Declaration of Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions,” for 

the purpose of protecting the “value,” “attractiveness,” and “desirability” of the property. Among 

the restrictions is the disputed easement, which largely restricts private access to a main entrance: 

There is hereby reserved unto Declarant a one (1) foot easement for precluding and 

prohibiting access to the PROPERTY or Ranger Creek Road or Turkey Knob Road 

by adjoining property owners other than Declarant and Declarant’s express assigns. 

This easement is inside of and contiguous to the perimeters of the PROPERTY as 
3

described in exhibit “A” hereto, provided that no easement is reserved over, across 

or upon any public road right-of-way which is dedicated by and shown on that 

certain Plat of Champee Springs Ranches . . . and further provided Tract 4 of said 

Champee Springs Ranches subdivision shall be entitled to one access entrance 

across the restrictive covenant along the southwestern boundary line of said Tract 

4, but none other access without Declarant’s express written consent thereto. 

The parties agree that the easement prevents the landowners burdened by it from permitting private 

access through the easement along the boundary of the original perimeter of Cop’s tract.1

In July 1998, Cop sold 1,328 acres in Champee Springs to a buyer, who resold 660 of those 

acres in the northwest corner. The new buyers platted the acreage as Privilege Creek Ranches. Teal 

now owns this parcel. 

In July 1999, the Champee Springs landowners replatted their acreage, subdividing their 

existing interior lots. The replat was filed in Kendall County. Teal’s property—located entirely in 

Kerr County—was not part of the replat and is not shown on the plat maps. The replat lists new 

“boundary and interior lot line calls” for the property, and utility easements that “affect this 

property.” But it does not list the disputed restrictive easement, and the interior boundary notes 

state: “RESERVE STRIPS / NON ACCESS EASEMENTS ARE NOT ALLOWED UNLESS 

THEY ARE DEDICATED TO THE COUNTY.”2

Eventually, Teal’s predecessor-in-title, BTEX Ranch, LP, purchased the Privilege Creek 

acreage and an adjoining 1,173 acres immediately to the north. The Privilege Creek acreage—part 

of Cop’s original tract—is burdened by the restrictive easement. The adjoining acreage to the 

1 Teal refers to restrictive access easements as “spite strips,” while Champee Springs and our case law has 

referred to them as “non-access easements.” See City of San Antonio v. TPLP Office Park Props., 218 S.W.3d 60, 62

(Tex. 2007).

2 Although we reproduce this note in the all-caps format in which it appears, all notes in the replat are in 

capital letters and share the same font size. 
4

north—not part of Cop’s original tract—is outside the restrictive easement. The restrictive 

easement thus bisects Teal’s contiguous parcels.

In 2006, BTEX attempted to develop both tracts as one residential subdivision. To that end, 

BTEX built a private construction road, in violation of the restrictive easement, connecting Turkey 

Knob Road, located within the Privilege Creek tract and Champee Springs, to Lane Valley Road, 

which runs roughly north-south through both of Teal’s tracts. If the construction road became a 

permanent private road, the implication for Champee Springs residents was that their one-way-inone-way-out neighborhood would become a private throughway for new residential developments 

to the northwest. 

B

Seeking to enforce the easement, the Champee Springs Ranches Property Owners 

Association intervened in a lawsuit filed against BTEX by Kendall County. The trial court severed 

Champee Springs’ claims into a separate lawsuit. Meanwhile, Teal acquired BTEX’s land through 

foreclosure and intervened in the lawsuit. 

In the trial court, the parties moved for summary judgment. Champee Springs contended 

that the court should enforce the easement because Teal purchased the property subject to the 

easement. The easement is recorded in Teal’s deed, and it appears in the chain of title from its 

inception. Teal, on the other hand, responded that the easement is void against public policy 

because it is an improper restraint on the use and alienation of real property and contrary to Kerr 

County subdivision regulations. Relying on the 1999 replat and its notation that restrictive

easements are “not allowed,” Teal also raised the affirmative defenses that Champee Springs 

waived or is estopped from enforcing the easement against Teal.
5

The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Champee Springs, and Teal appealed. 

In the first appeal, the court of appeals reversed, holding that fact issues existed as to Teal’s 

affirmative defenses; we denied review.3 On remand, the trial court declared that the easement was 

an enforceable covenant and not an unreasonable restraint against alienation or use. The court held 

a bench trial on Teal’s affirmative defenses: waiver, estopped-by-deed, estoppel-by-record, and 

quasi-estoppel.

Based on the evidence presented, the trial court rejected Teal’s affirmative defenses. Given 

the recognition of the easement in all of the parties’ deeds before and after the 1999 replat, the trial 

court found that the replat did not support Teal’s waiver and estoppel arguments. The court signed 

a judgment declaring the easement valid, binding, and enforceable against Teal as a covenant 

running with the land. 

Teal appealed again. The court of appeals this time affirmed the trial court’s judgment.4

The court applied the rule that “when parties attempt to alter or revoke a restrictive covenant, such 

alteration or revocation is ineffective in the absence of agreement of all owners whose properties 

are affected by the restrictive covenant.”5 Because not all owners affected by the easement signed 

the replat, the court held that those who signed it could not effectively disclaim the easement.6 The 

court thus rejected Teal’s arguments on waiver, estoppel-by-deed, and estoppel-by-record.7 The 

court of appeals further expressed its reservations that Teal could invoke estoppel-by-deed and 

3 Teal Trading and Dev., LP v. Champee Springs Ranches Prop. Owners Ass’n, 432 S.W.3d 381, 384 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. denied).

4 534 S.W.3d 558, 565 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017).

5 Id. at 585 (citing Zent v. Murrow, 476 S.W.2d 875, 878 (Tex. App.—Austin 1972, no writ)).

6 Id.

7 Id. at 586.
6

estoppel-by-record because Teal’s property was not part of the 1999 replat. The court observed 

that “it has long been the law in Texas that recorded documents are not competent evidence of

such recitals as between a party to the document and a stranger thereto.”8

The court of appeals separately considered Teal’s quasi-estoppel argument because, unlike 

estoppel-by-deed and estoppel-by-record, the doctrine is not foreclosed by Teal’s status as a 

stranger to the 1999 replat.9 Even so, the court of appeals held that the evidence did not establish 

that those who signed the 1999 replat disclaimed the right to enforce the pre-existing easement.10

Finally, the court of appeals rejected Teal’s argument that the easement is void against public 

policy.11

C

In its petition to this Court, Teal newly contends that Champee Springs lacks standing to 

sue to enforce the easement, and thus the suit should be dismissed for lack of subject-matter 

jurisdiction. Champee Springs lacks standing, Teal argues, because the easement at its inception 

failed to impose mutual obligations on the land that it burdens. Further, even if the easement 

created mutual obligations, Teal contends mutuality was lost when Cop released 25 percent of the 

original tract from the easement, and Champee Springs later replatted its property without referring 

to the easement, while noting that restrictive easements are “not allowed.” 

Teal reurges its waiver and estoppel arguments, insisting that the 1999 replat bars Champee 

Springs from enforcing the easement as a matter of law. Finally, Teal invites this Court to declare 

8 Id. (citing Tex. Co. v. Lee, 157 S.W.2d 628, 631 (Tex. 1941)).

9 Id. at 586–88.

10 Id. at 588.

11 Id. at 593.
7

restrictive access easements—and this one in particular—to be unenforceable as a matter of public 

policy because they are “foreign and repulsive” to Texas property law. 

II

In an argument newly crafted for this Court, Teal challenges Champee Springs’ standing 

to sue to enforce the easement. It argues that the easement fails to impose mutual obligations, and 

this failure defeats “constitutional standing even to attempt enforcement.”

A plaintiff has standing to sue when the pleaded facts state a “concrete and particularized,

actual or imminent, not hypothetical” injury.12 Standing is a “prerequisite to subject-matter 

jurisdiction, and subject-matter jurisdiction is essential to a court’s power to decide a case.”13

Because constitutional standing implicates subject-matter jurisdiction, it cannot be waived and can 

be raised at any time.14

In this Court, Teal contends that Champee Springs’ alleged injury is illusory because the 

landowners initially subject to the easement were not “mutually burdened by the same 

restriction.”15 To support its claim that mutuality was non-existent from the beginning, Teal 

observes that its property “is farthest from where the public road enters the enclosed area—

approximately ten miles away from the entrance,” whereas the average Champee Springs resident 

is closer to the main-entrance access that the easement permits. Teal also observes that the 

restrictive covenant includes an exception for one tract, allowing that owner an access point along 

12 Heckman v. Williamson Cty., 369 S.W.3d 137, 155 (Tex. 2012) (quoting DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Inman, 

252 S.W.3d 299, 304–05 (Tex. 2008)).

13 Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 553–54 (Tex. 2000).

14 Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443–45 (Tex. 1993).

15 See Davis v. Huey, 620 S.W.2d 561, 568 (Tex. 1981) (acknowledging “mutuality of obligation” as “central 

to the purpose of restrictive covenants”).
8

the southwestern boundary. Finally, Teal contends that “if any mutuality ever existed, it has long 

since dissipated,” because Cop released about 2,200 acres from the restriction, and Champee 

Springs disclaimed its intent to be bound by the easement when it filed the 1999 replat.

Champee Springs responds that it has standing because the Property Code provides that a 

“property owners’ association . . . may initiate, defend, or intervene in litigation . . . affecting the 

enforcement of a restrictive covenant . . . .”16 Standing is not conditioned on whether Champee 

Springs’ claims are ultimately valid. Rather, standing merely requires that the parties to the suit be 

subject to the covenant, which Champee Springs has demonstrated. And no rule provides that 

standing to enforce restrictive covenants is contingent on a finding that its burdens are evenly 

imposed among landowners. 

Teal replies that the Property Code grants property owners associations authority to litigate 

claims on behalf of their membership, but it does not permit property owners without standing to 

sue simply by using an association. In other words, the statutory authorization the Property Code 

confers does not determine whether Champee Springs has constitutional standing to bring its 

claims. 

We conclude that Champee Springs has demonstrated its constitutional standing to bring 

this suit. Teal vigorously disputes the validity of the restrictive covenant but does not dispute that 

the covenant putatively applies to the properties involved. Teal argues Champee Springs residents 

disclaimed the easement in the 1999 replat—a question we consider separately—but it is 

undisputed that (1) the restrictive covenant appears in the chain of title for the properties owned 

16 TEX. PROP. CODE § 202.004(b).
9

by the parties to this case, both before and after the 1999 replat, and (2) Teal purchased its property 

with knowledge of the easement. 

Champee Springs pleaded that its members “would suffer injury if their secluded 

community became a driveway for all comers due to unrestricted access” and that Teal built a 

private access road in violation of the easement. Champee Springs further pleaded that it and Teal 

are bound by the easement. Because Champee Springs alleges that Teal has violated a restrictive 

easement that burdens it and Teal’s property, Champee Springs pleaded an injury in fact.17 

Teal’s position that a lack of mutual obligation poses a standing defect is rooted in Curlee 

v. Walker, in which we held that subsequent purchasers who were not parties to a restrictive 

covenant may nonetheless sue to enforce it when they are similarly burdened.18 Curlee does not 

mention standing. Teal points out, however, that we later characterized Curlee as “a standing case.” 

Evans v. Pollock, 796 S.W.2d 465, 466 (Tex. 1990) (describing Curlee as “a standing case in which 

we expressly addressed whether the owner of a lot subject to a restrictive covenant had standing 

to assert the restrictive covenant in another landowner’s deed”). 

Teal reads Curlee and Evans too broadly. Curlee answered whether subsequent purchasers 

can ever sue to enforce a preexisting restrictive covenant. Curlee categorically determined that 

17 See Heckman, 369 S.W.3d at 155 (“As for the injury itself, it must be concrete and particularized, actual 

or imminent, not hypothetical” and “fairly traceable to the defendant’s conduct.” (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted)). 

18 244 S.W. 497, 498 (Tex. 1922) (“[A] purchaser and his assigns may enforce the covenant against any other 

purchaser, and his assigns, if he has bought with actual or constructive knowledge of the scheme, and the covenant 

was part of the subject-matter of his purchase.” (quoting Hooper v. Lottman, 171 S.W. 270, 272 (Tex. App.—El Paso 

1914, no writ))). 
10

burdened landowners may sue to “enforce covenants to which they were not parties.”19 It does not 

follow that any argument about the validity of a covenant presents a jurisdictional hurdle. 

Teal’s primary case in support of its mutual-obligation defense demonstrates that lack of 

mutuality does not equal lack of constitutional standing. Teal cites Davis v. Huey20 to support its 

argument that “[a]n unequal distribution of the burdens and benefits of the restriction will prevent 

adequate mutuality.” In that case, a developer rejected a building plan because the “proposed 

placement of the house on the lot was inconsistent with the general plan of the subdivision.”21 The 

restrictive covenant, however, did not restrict lot placement.22 Rather, rejection was based on 

maintaining consistency with “the voluntary decisions of neighboring lot owners who had the good 

fortune” to choose their lot placement early in the neighborhood’s development.23 For that reason, 

we observed that the restriction sought to be enforced “lacks the mutuality of obligation central to 

the purpose of restrictive covenants.”24 But we never suggested that lack of mutuality deprived the 

court of jurisdiction to hear the dispute. A mutual-obligation defense does not deprive Champee 

Springs of standing to sue when Champee Springs otherwise has alleged the violation of a recorded 

restrictive easement that burdens both it and Teal’s land.25

19 244 S.W. at 498 (quoting Hooper, 171 S.W. at 272). Upon resolving whether subsequent purchasers who 

are burdened by the covenant can sue, the Curlee court turned to whether a ten-year limitation in the covenant at issue 

was uniform—or, as Teal would put it, a “mutual obligation”—because it did not “begin and end simultaneously” for 

all purchasers. Id. at 498–99. The Court rejected this argument and upheld the covenant but gave no indication that it 

considered mutuality to be a standing issue. Id. In fact, the word “standing” appears nowhere in the opinion.

20 620 S.W.2d 561 (Tex. 1981).

21 Id. at 564.

22 Id. at 564, 567. 

23 Id. at 568.

24 Id.

25 See Meyers v. JDC/Firethorne, Ltd., 548 S.W.3d 477, 484–85 (Tex. 2018) (recognizing that a plaintiff 

“does not lack standing simply because he cannot prevail on the merits of his claim” (quoting DaimlerChrysler Corp. 
11

Champee Springs’ suit is one “affecting the enforcement of a restrictive covenant” that 

runs in the deeds to the properties involved in this case, see TEX. PROP. CODE § 202.004(b), and 

Champee Springs maintains that the easement binds its residents and Teal, see Curlee 244 S.W. at 

498. Accordingly, we hold that Champee Springs has standing to sue to enforce the easement.

Having determined that Teal’s mutual-obligation defense does not implicate Champee 

Springs’ standing to sue, we do not further consider it. Lack of mutuality presents a new defense 

to enforcement that simply has not been raised until now. We have no basis to consider it if it does 

not implicate this Court’s jurisdiction to decide the case.26

III

We next consider Teal’s arguments that (1) Champee Springs waived its right to enforce 

the restrictive easement, and (2) the doctrines of estoppel-by-deed or quasi-estoppel bar Champee 

Springs from enforcing it.27 Teal insists that the 1999 replat conclusively established these 

defenses as a matter of law, and thus we should reject the trial court’s findings to the contrary. 

“The hallmark characteristic” of an affirmative defense “is that the burden of proof is on 

the defendant to present sufficient evidence to establish the defense and obtain the requisite . . .

findings.”28 We review a trial court’s findings for legal sufficiency using the standards we apply 

in reviewing evidence supporting a jury’s answer.29 The test for legal sufficiency is “whether the 

v. Inman, 252 S.W.3d 299, 305 (Tex. 2008))); Frost Nat. Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494, 503–04 (Tex. 2010) 

(“Fernandez’s pleadings conferred standing, regardless of whether the alleged relationship was true or subject to 

rebuttal on the merits.”).

26 See Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 577 (Tex. 2006) (“Except for fundamental error, 

appellate courts are not authorized to consider issues not properly raised by the parties.”).

27 Teal does not reurge estoppel-by-record to this Court. 

28 Zorrilla v. Aypco Constr. II, LLC, 469 S.W.3d 143, 156 (Tex. 2015).

29 Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994).
12

evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under 

review.”30 We credit evidence favoring the finding if a reasonable factfinder could and disregard 

contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not.31 Thus, we accept the trial court’s 

findings unless Teal conclusively proved otherwise.32

The trial court ruled that Teal did not meet its burden to prove its affirmative defenses. The 

court found that the 1999 replat did not effectively waive Champee Springs’ right to enforce the 

easement because not all landowners affected by the easement signed the replat. Teal’s predecessor 

did not sign it. Nor did Cop, whom the trial court found reserved the right to enforce the easement. 

The court of appeals viewed Teal’s burden similarly, deciding that “the relevant inquiry is 

whether it was necessary for all those affected by the [easement] to sign the 1999 Replat and if so, 

whether [Teal] proved all those affected by the [easement] signed the 1999 Replat.”33 The court 

answered the first question yes—all affected owners were required to sign the replat to effectively 

disclaim the easement.34 In light of this view, the court of appeals’ answer to the second question 

became an easy no—Teal has never argued that all parties affected by the easement signed the 

1999 replat. Under this inquiry, however, Teal observes that the court of appeals never fully 

30 City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005).

31 Id.

32 Id. at 822 (“A reviewing court cannot substitute its judgment for the trier-of-fact, so long as the evidence 

falls within [the] zone of reasonable disagreement.”). 

33 534 S.W.3d 558, 583 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017).

34 Id. at 585. The court of appeals relied on Zent v. Murrow, 476 S.W.2d 875 (Tex. App.—Austin 1972, no 

writ) in holding that “when parties attempt to alter or revoke a restrictive covenant, such alteration or revocation is 

ineffective in the absence of agreement of all owners whose properties are affected by the restrictive covenant.” Id.; 

see also Smith v. Williams, 422 S.W.2d 168, 172 (Tex. 1967) (recognizing the narrower rule that “some of the owners 

of property in a restricted subdivision may not release or modify applicable restrictions without the concurrence of 

others who own property in the subdivision”). 
13

considered whether Champee Springs intended to disclaim the easement in the 1999 replat, 

precluding Champee Springs from enforcing it. 

On appeal to this Court, Teal essentially argues that the court of appeals took the wrong 

approach—that to prove Teal’s defenses, it should not matter whether the 1999 replat effectively 

voided the restrictive easement. What matters, for purposes of waiver and estoppel, is whether the 

replat conclusively demonstrates that Champee Springs intended to disclaim the easement. Under 

the correct application of waiver and estoppel doctrines, Teal argues, the trial court and court of 

appeals erred in rejecting its affirmative defenses as a matter of law.

We agree with Teal’s approach, but not its conclusion, and consider its affirmative defenses 

in turn.

A

Teal concedes that it adduced no evidence that Champee Springs residents have ever 

violated the restrictive easement. Teal urges that the replat establishes waiver as a matter of law 

even absent this showing.

“Waiver is defined as ‘an intentional relinquishment of a known right or intentional 

conduct inconsistent with claiming that right.’”35 Waiver is a question of intent, examining 

whether a party’s conduct, in light of the surrounding facts and circumstances, is “‘unequivocally

inconsistent with claiming’ that right.”36

35 Jernigan v. Langley, 111 S.W.3d 153, 156 (Tex. 2003) (quoting Sun Expl. & Prod. Co. v. Benton, 728 

S.W.2d 35, 37 (Tex. 1987); and U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Bimco Iron & Metal Corp., 464 S.W.2d 253, 257 (Tex. 

1971)). 

36 See LaLonde v. Gosnell, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ (Tex. 2019) (quoting Van Indep. Sch. Dist. v. McCarty, 165 

S.W.3d 351, 353 (Tex. 2005)). 
14

The question here is whether the residents intended the replat to relinquish any enforcement

right. The replat vacates eight original tracts within Champee Springs, replats them into smaller 

interior subtracts, and lists seven utility easements without noting the existing Cop easement. The 

replat further notes that restrictive easements are “not allowed unless they are dedicated to the 

county.” Teal argues that the omission of the Cop easement and the inclusion of the note together 

conclusively demonstrate Champee Springs’ intent to waive enforcement of the restrictive

easement. The omission is glaring, Teal argues, when viewed against the replat’s reference to other 

easements. 

Champee Springs responds that this omission is not a “clear repudiation” of a known right 

because the replat was limited to land in Kendall County. Teal’s property lies exclusively in Kerr 

County and is not included in the replat. Champee Springs further points out that the deeds and 

records in Teal’s chain of title filed in 2004, 2006, and 2009—all subsequent to the 1999 replat—

disclose the restrictive easement as a restriction on Teal’s title. 

The trial court found that the replat failed to establish Teal’s waiver defense because the 

replat did not sufficiently manifest the residents’ intent: 

• The replat “does not refer to the Cop Declaration containing the NonAccess Easement,” nor does it “purport to renounce, waive, disclaim, 

release, or cancel the pre-existing Non-Access Easement.” 

• “There is no deliberate, clear and unequivocal statement that the signees of 

the 1999 replat were waiving their rights and benefits to the pre-existing 

Non-Access Easement.”

• “The Non-Access Easement, by its own definition, does not fall within 

those kinds of reserve strips prohibited in Kendall County development 

rules and regulations.”

• “There is not sufficient evidence to establish the signees of the 1999 Replat 

clearly and unequivocally manifested an actual intention to waive, disclaim 

or relinquish the pre-existing Non-Access Easement, or of intentional 

conduct inconsistent with the Non-Access Easement.” 
15

• “The parties’ actions and evidence under all the circumstances—post 1999 

Replat—do not sufficiently manifest or demonstrate waiver.”

The court of appeals concluded that the evidence supports the trial court’s findings. We 

agree, though our reasoning differs a bit because it responds to the arguments Teal presents to this 

Court. Simply put, the omission and the note in the replat do not conclusively demonstrate “an 

intentional relinquishment of a known right or intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming that 

right.”37

The Cop Declaration was no secret. It was created a year before the replat was filed and is 

recorded in the chains of title of all Champee Springs lots subject to the 1999 replat. Champee 

Springs adduced evidence that its residents knew about the easement. If Champee Springs 

residents had intended to repudiate the easement in the replat, they could have done so 

“unequivocally,” with a specific reference to the Cop Declaration.38 They certainly knew how; the 

replat identifies seven other easements. They could have announced their intent to release, 

relinquish, cancel, or terminate the Cop easement. They did not. Although the note states that 

restrictive easements are not allowed unless they are dedicated to the county, the note does not 

reject the pre-existing Cop easement.

Teal suggests that the replat’s omission of the Cop easement and the note should do the 

same work. We agree that the replat is some evidence of Champee Springs’ intent, but it is not 

conclusive evidence.39 Without an unequivocal statement, the note may be intended to 

prospectively disallow new restrictive easements within the interior boundaries of Champee 

37 See Jernigan, 111 S.W.3d at 156 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

38 See LaLonde, ___ S.W.3d at ___. 

39 See Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822.
16

Springs. Or, as Champee Springs suggests, the note cites Kendall County policy—the local 

governing jurisdiction that approved the replat—which may or may not supersede a pre-existing 

recorded easement in the county records. 

Either way, the question is whether the note was “unequivocally inconsistent with claiming 

[the] right” to enforce the Cop easement, such that it speaks louder than the deed records 

themselves—records that consistently retain the restriction both before and after the 1999 replat.40

The omission of the restrictive easement, both in the list of existing easements and on the maps 

themselves, is just that: an omission. Without more, it does not conclusively establish intent to 

relinquish a pre-existing easement recorded in the deed records. Given that Teal adduced no 

evidence that Champee Springs had violated the restriction, we cannot agree with Teal that the 

replat alone establishes Champee Springs’ intent to terminate the easement or otherwise relinquish 

its right to enforce it as a matter of law.

B

We turn to Teal’s next issue: whether Champee Springs should be estopped by deed from 

enforcing the restrictive easement against Teal. Teal’s underlying factual argument is the same: 

Champee Springs acted inconsistently with enforcing the easement by disclaiming it in the 1999 

replat. 

“In the broadest sense, estoppel by deed stands for the proposition that all parties to a deed 

are bound by the recitals in it, which operate as an estoppel.”41 We have further observed that 

40 See LaLonde, ___ S.W.3d at ___ (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 

41 Trial v. Dragon, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ (Tex. 2019) (citing Greene v. White, 153 S.W.2d 575, 583–84 (Tex. 

1941)).
17

estoppel-by-deed “does not bind mere strangers.”42 The court of appeals held that Teal could not 

invoke an estoppel-by-deed defense because Teal was not a party to the replat. 534 S.W.3d at 586 

(citing Tex. Co. v. Lee, 157 S.W.2d 628, 631 (Tex. 1941) (following the rule that “recitals in a 

deed are evidence against the parties to such deed and their privies, but not against strangers”) 

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

43 Although Teal suggests Lee is of limited value 

because it is not an estoppel case, Teal does not dispute the larger point: as a stranger to the 1999 

recital, Teal is not, generally speaking, entitled to invoke estoppel-by-deed against the document’s 

signatories.44 Teal suggests that this case “provides an opportunity for this Court to clarify how 

mutuality in estoppel by deed should apply in the modern age.” 

We decline Teal’s invitation to reshape the contours of estoppel-by-deed. Even if we held 

that Teal, as a stranger to the 1999 replat, could invoke the estoppel-by-deed doctrine against 

Champee Springs, Teal would not prevail, for the same reasons Teal has not established waiver as 

a matter of law. Although waiver and estoppel are distinct doctrines, Teal’s argument that both 

apply is based solely on the 1999 replat, which we have held does not conclusively establish 

Champee Springs’ intent to relinquish the pre-existing easement by identifying it and disclaiming 

it. Estoppel-by-deed turns not on intent but simply on the “recitals” in the deed, which “operate as 

42 Id. at __ (citing Carver v. Jackson, 29 U.S. 1, 83 (1830)). 

43 See also Robinson v. Davenport, 40 Tex. 333, 337 (1874) (“An estoppel by deed extends only to parties 

and privies thereto, and not to strangers.”). The court of appeals identified only one case “in which a Texas court has 

held that recitals in [a] recorded instrument can be invoked by strangers to the recorded instrument.” 534 S.W.3d 558, 

586 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017) (citing Freeman v. Stephens Prod. Co., 171 S.W.3d 651, 655 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi-Edinburg 2005, pet. denied)). But the court of appeals viewed Freeman as “contrary to the weight of 

Texas authority” and “not persuasive.” Id. (citing Sloan ex. rel. Juergens v. Urban Title Servs., Inc., No. 06 Civ. 1524 

(CKK), 2011 WL 1137297, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 27, 2011) (observing that Freeman “does not . . . reflect the settled 

law of Texas.”)).

44 See Trial, ___ S.W.3d at ___; Tex. Co. v. Lee, 157 S.W.2d 628, 631 (Tex. 1941).
18

an estoppel.”45 Although estoppel-by-deed presents the question under a different theory, our 

reading of the 1999 replat applies with equal force: Champee Springs did not expressly disclaim 

its right to enforce the easement against Teal. Accordingly, we have no basis to disturb the trial 

court’s conclusion that Teal failed to establish its estoppel-by-deed defense. 

C

The same is true for Teal’s quasi-estoppel argument. “Quasi-estoppel precludes a party 

from asserting, to another’s disadvantage, a right inconsistent with a position previously taken.”46

The doctrine applies when “it would be unconscionable to allow a person to maintain a position 

inconsistent with one to which he acquiesced, or from which he accepted a benefit.”47 Teal insists 

that Champee Springs’ conduct is unconscionable because the Champee Springs residents who 

signed the replat “represented to the public that the replat correctly showed all easements,” a 

position inconsistent with enforcing the easement against Teal. These inconsistent positions 

allowed Champee Springs’ successors-in-interest to “pick and choose which parts of the replat are 

enforceable.” Teal further suggests Champee Springs attained a benefit by disclaiming the 

easement—approval of its replat—and cannot now revive the easement to enforce it against Teal. 

The question, again, is whether Champee Springs in fact took a position in the 1999 replat 

inconsistent with asserting its right to enforce the easement against Teal. Although the replat fails 

to list the restrictive easement in the list of “easements [that] affect the property,” the list does not 

45 Trial, ___ S.W.3d at ___. 

46 Lopez v. Muñoz, Hockema & Reed, L.L.P., 22 S.W.3d 857, 864 (Tex. 2000).

47 Id.
19

propose to be exhaustive or otherwise establish that Champee Springs disclaimed any easement 

not listed on the interior boundary notes. 

The note providing that restrictive easements are “not allowed” similarly does not establish 

that Champee Springs took a position inconsistent with enforcing the easement. It is unclear 

whether the note amounts to a position taken by Champee Springs or is instead a general 

proscription required by the governing jurisdiction as to future subdivisions of the land. Thus, it is 

unclear whether the note applies retrospectively to an existing, known right. 

The replat is some evidence that Champee Springs took a position inconsistent with 

enforcing the easement against Teal. But it is not conclusive evidence. Even if it were, it is difficult 

to see how the inconsistency is “unconscionable” when applied to Teal, which bought its land fully 

aware of the easement.48 Teal claims that the court of appeals imposed an extra element to quasiestoppel, wrongly requiring Teal to prove that Champee Springs “had knowledge of all material 

facts at the time it executed the 1999 Replat.”49 Our holding, however, does not rest on lack of 

knowledge, but on a lack of an expressly inconsistent position benefitting Champee Springs. 

Accordingly, we hold that Teal has not demonstrated that the trial court’s rejection of its quasiestoppel defense was error as a matter of law.

48 Id.

49 534 S.W.3d 558, 587 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017) (citing Bank of Am., N.A. v. Prize Energy Res., L.P., 

510 S.W.3d 497, 511–12 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. denied)).
20

IV

Teal urged both the trial court and the court of appeals to declare this restrictive easement 

void against public policy.50 Both courts declined. Before this Court, Teal stresses that the 

restrictive easement violates state public policy. 

Courts should refrain from nullifying a transaction because it is contrary to public policy, 

“unless the transaction contravenes some positive statute or some well-established rule of law.”51

Teal urges that we should draw the line at restrictive easements that limit access because they 

alienate landowners from their neighbors and hinder economic development, in contravention of 

Texas’ preferred policy favoring the highest and best use of land. Teal contends that the common 

law only “begrudgingly” tolerates restrictive covenants.52 In this case, Teal argues, the easement 

imposes unreasonable travel burdens. 

Champee Springs responds that the legislature has not prohibited restrictive access 

easements, despite enacting legislation foreclosing other types of restrictive covenants. Nor is 

50 In the courts below, Teal’s argument was based mainly on Kerr County subdivision regulations. At the 

time Cop filed the Declaration, those regulations prohibited restrictive easements that denied access to public land: 

“Reserve strips [are] prohibited. There shall be no reserve strips controlling the only access to land dedicated or 

intended to be dedicated for public use.” KERR COUNTY, TEX., SUBDIVISION RULES & REGULATIONS, § 5.01.B (May 

11, 1998). Both courts below declined to hold the restrictive easement here void against public policy based on Teal’s 

argument that the easement is inconsistent with this prohibition and other subdivision regulations. See 534 S.W.3d at 

588–93. The reserve-strip regulation on its face applies only to “land dedicated or intended to be dedicated for public 

use.” There is no argument here that the disputed land within Champee Springs serves a public use. 

51 Lawrence v. CDB Servs., Inc., 44 S.W.3d 544, 553 (Tex. 2001) (quoting Sherrill v. Union Lumber Co., 

207 S.W. 149, 153–54 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1918, no writ)). 

52 See Tarr v. Timberwood Park Owners Ass’n, 556 S.W.3d 274, 279–280 (Tex. 2018) (observing that “[t]he 

right of individuals to use their own property as they wish remains one of the most fundamental rights that individual 

property owners possess” and that “our jurisprudence does not favor restraints on the free use of land,” but 

acknowledging that “restrictive covenants can enhance the value of real property” (internal quotations marks and 

citations omitted)). 
21

Teal’s appeal to public policy particularly sympathetic—Teal knowingly purchased land subject 

to the easement it now seeks to declare void. 

We decline Teal’s invitation to declare this restrictive access easement void. Teal makes 

reasonable arguments that restrictive easements can be problematic. But bad policy—which often 

lies in the eye of the beholder—does not automatically dispel an otherwise enforceable deed 

restriction. Our authority under the common law to declare a valid contractual provision void is 

tempered by relevant expressions of public policy from the legislature. Simply put, when the 

legislature has spoken on the topic, we generally consider its statutory enactments to be 

expressions of public policy.53 And the legislature has spoken extensively about restrictive 

covenants, both upholding their enforcement and setting limits.54 These legislative decisions to 

regulate and even prohibit some restrictive covenants—but not restrictive easements like this 

one—militate against this Court’s exercise of its common-law authority.55 The legislature has told 

us that a restrictive covenant not proscribed by statute should be “liberally construed to give effect 

to its purpose and intent.” TEX. PROP. CODE § 202.003(a). 

Nor is it clear to us that the common law suggests a public policy that contravenes this 

restrictive easement. Teal points out that we have said covenants restricting the free use of land 

53 Town of Flower Mound v. Stafford Estates L.P., 135 S.W.3d 620, 628 (Tex. 2018) (“Generally, ‘the State’s 

public policy is reflected in its statutes.’” (quoting Tex. Commerce Bank, N.A. v. Grizzle, 96 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tex. 

2002))).

54 See generally TEX. PROP. CODE §§ 201.001–213.014; see also id. § 202.007 (prohibiting certain restrictive 

covenants).

55 See City of Laredo v. Laredo Merch. Ass’n, 550 S.W.3d 586, 597 (Tex. 2018) (holding that “[i]f consumer 

products were to be excluded from [a statutory] preemption provision, the Legislature would have said so, as it did by 

excluding consumer products elsewhere in the [Texas Solid Waste Disposal Act]”). 
22

“are not favored.”56 But for over a century we have enforced them.57 We can discern no “wellestablished rule of law” that compels us to put a common-law thumb on the public-policy scale 

either way in this case.58

Finally, Teal informs us that fourteen counties and six of Texas’ largest cities have banned 

some types of restrictive easements. Teal suggests this shows that these easements are “subject to 

public censure.” These enactments suggest that local governments have proved themselves able to 

regulate restrictive easements, without interference from courts. We have stated that, when 

restrictive covenants are “confined to a lawful purpose and are clearly worded, they will be 

enforced.”59 We will not deviate from that rule today. 

* * *

We hold that Champee Springs has standing to sue to enforce the easement. We further 

hold that the evidence supports the trial court’s rejection of Teal’s affirmative defenses of waiver 

and estoppel. Finally, we decline to declare the restrictive easement void on public-policy grounds. 

We therefore affirm the judgment of the court of appeals. 

_________________________________

Jane N. Bland

Justice

OPINION DELIVERED: January 31, 2020

56 Wilmoth v. Wilcox, 734 S.W.2d 656, 657 (Tex. 1987).

57 See, e.g., Curlee v. Walker, 244 S.W. 497, 498 (Tex. 1922). 

58 Lawrence v. CDB Servs., Inc., 44 S.W.3d 544, 553 (Tex. 2001) (“Courts must exercise judicial restraint in 

deciding whether to hold arm’s-length contracts void on public policy grounds.”). 

59 Wilmoth, 734 S.W.2d at 657.