* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is

not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,

and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value

consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

July 21, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

CHARLES E. KNIGHT,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, Commissioner

of Social Security,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 09-1534

(D.C. No. 1:08-CV-02498-CMA)

(D. Colo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, HARTZ, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.

Plaintiff-appellant Charles E. Knight appeals from an order of the district

court affirming the Commissioner’s decision denying his application for

Supplemental Security Income benefits (SSI). Knight filed for these benefits in

June 2005. He alleged disability based on skin disease, depression,

comprehension problems, breathing problems, and asthma. The agency denied his

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application and he proceeded directly to the administrative hearing stage, pursuant

to the agency’s expedited procedure. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.1406(b)(4).

On October 22, 2007, Knight received a de novo hearing before an

administrative law judge (ALJ). The ALJ determined that he retained the residual

functional capacity (RFC) to perform the full range of medium work, limited to

occasional climbing of a ladder, rope, or scaffolds and frequent climbing of a

ramp or stairs, balancing, kneeling, crouching or crawling. The ALJ further

determined that Knight “should avoid concentrated exposure to temperature

extremes, wetness, humidity, fumes, odors, dust, gases . . . poor ventilation . . .

unprotected heights and hazardous machinery.” Aplt. App., Vol. II at 17. He

could “understand, remember and carry out simple instructions, respond

appropriately to supervision, coworkers, and usual work situations, deal with

changes in a routine work setting, and sustain the pace and concentration required

in an ordinary work setting on a reasonably sustained basis.” Id. Given these

limitations, the ALJ found that Knight could not return to his past relevant work

as a construction laborer, but that there were a significant number of other jobs

which he could perform in the national or regional economy, such as grocery store

bagger. 

 The ALJ concluded that Knight was not disabled within the meaning of the

Social Security Act. The Appeals Council denied review, making the ALJ’s

decision the Commissioner’s final decision.

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We review the Commissioner’s decision to determine whether the factual

findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record and whether the

correct legal standards were applied. Andrade v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,

985 F.2d 1045, 1047 (10th Cir. 1993). Substantial evidence is “such relevant

evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 

Fowler v. Bowen, 876 F.2d 1451, 1453 (10th Cir. 1989) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

The Commissioner follows a five-step sequential evaluation process

to determine whether a claimant is disabled. See Williams v. Bowen, 844 F.2d

748, 750-52 (10th Cir. 1988) (describing process). The claimant bears the burden

of establishing a prima facie case of disability at steps one through four. See id.

at 751 n.2. If the claimant successfully meets this burden, the burden of proof

shifts to the Commissioner at step five to show that the claimant retains a

sufficient RFC to perform work in the national economy, given his age, education

and work experience. See id. at 751.

On appeal, Knight raises three issues concerning the Commissioner’s

evaluation of the effect of his mental impairments on his ability to work:

Whether the ALJ’s step two finding is legally erroneous and not

supported by substantial evidence where he did not evaluate whether

Knight’s personality disorder was a severe impairment.

Whether the ALJ’s [RFC] finding is legally erroneous and not

supported by substantial evidence when it did not account for

limitations caused by Knight’s OCD [(obsessive-compulsive

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disorder)] and personality disorders, and whether limitations from

these impairments were not precisely included in the hypothetical

question.

Whether the ALJ properly considered the opinions of Dr. Campbell,

a treating physician, and Mr. Estep, a treating counselor.

Aplt. Opening Br. at 2. As the third of these claimed errors plainly requires

reversal, we discuss it first.

1. Evaluation of Treating Source Opinions

Knight’s treating physician, Dr. Karen Campbell, expressed a number of

medical opinions concerning the severity of his depression over a period of years. 

On February 1, 2000, she stated that his depression was “severe,” and “in need of

medication.” Aplt. App., Vol. II at 281. This opinion was supported by a clinical

test for depression known as the “Zung Scale,” which on January 25, 2000,

showed “moderate to severe depression.” Id. at 288. Dr. Campbell prescribed

Prozac for Knight. When that did not alleviate his symptoms, she added a trial of

BuSpar. Id. at 273-74. Over the next two years, she gradually increased his

Prozac from 20 mg. to 80 mg.

By July 10, 2001, a test called the Carroll Rating Scale showed that his

depression was still “severe.” Id. at 261. Dr. Campbell opined that he probably

had “major depression.” Id. On November 13, 2001, Knight stated that his

depression was doing “OK” but he was having some suicidal ideation. Id. at 259. 

On June 24, 2002, Dr. Campbell characterized his depression as

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“major/disabling.” Id. at 254. On a number of subsequent occasions in 2006 and

2007, Dr. Campbell expressed the opinion that Knight’s depression was “not well

controlled” or “uncontrolled,” even with the medication he was taking. Id. at 220,

228, 232.

The ALJ found that Knight had dysthymia, a less severe but chronic form

of depression. See Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders 379 (4th ed., text revision 2000) (DSM-IV); McGoffin v.

Barnhart, 288 F.3d 1248, 1250 n.1 (10th Cir. 2002). In reaching this conclusion,

he said nothing about Dr. Campbell’s diagnoses and opinions regarding the

severity of Knight’s depression. In fact, he never mentioned Dr. Campbell in his

decision at all. 

The Commissioner attempts to defend the ALJ’s approach in three ways. 

First, he cites a number of cryptic references to Dr. Campbell’s medical records in

the ALJ’s decision. He contends the ALJ “explicitly referred to [Dr. Campbell’s]

medical records at Exhibit 2 when discussing the medical evidence of record.” 

Aplee Br. at 28. But these references simply refer to Knight having been treated

for a variety of conditions including depression and do not present an evaluation

of Dr. Campbell’s medical opinions. Aplt. App., Vol. II at 19-20. The

Commissioner also asserts that “[t]he ALJ duly noted Dr. Campbell’s treatment of

Knight’s depressive symptoms with medication since 2000, and pointed out

evidence from her medical records of Knight’s noncompliance with treatment.” 

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Aplee Br. at 28-29. Again, however, nothing ties the ALJ’s cryptic references to

Knight’s treatment and alleged noncompliance to any opinion expressed by

Dr. Campbell.

Second, the Commissioner correctly notes that “an ALJ is not required to

discuss every piece of evidence.” Clifton v. Chater, 79 F.3d 1007, 1009-10

(10th Cir. 1996). That principle is not controlling here, however. Rather, as this

court has noted, an ALJ’s notice of determination “must be sufficiently specific to

make clear to any subsequent reviewers the weight the adjudicator gave to the

treating source’s medical opinion and the reasons for that weight.” Watkins v.

Barnhart, 350 F.3d 1297, 1300 (10th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

To meet this requirement, an ALJ is required to conduct a multi-step

analysis of treating source opinions. In conducting his analysis, the ALJ must

first decide whether a treating source’s opinion is entitled to controlling weight. 

To make this determination, he “must first consider whether the opinion is

well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic

techniques.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). If so, he must also confirm

that it is consistent with other substantial evidence in the record. “[I]f the opinion

is deficient in either of these respects, then it is not entitled to controlling

weight.” Id.

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Even if the ALJ determines that the treating source’s opinion is not entitled

to “controlling weight,” the opinion is still entitled to deference and must be

weighed by using a list of pertinent factors described in the regulations. See id.

at 1300-01; 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(d)(2)-(6). “After considering the pertinent

factors, the ALJ must ‘give good reasons in the notice of determination or

decision’ for the weight he ultimately assigns the opinion.” Watkins, 350 F.3d

at 1301 (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2) (brackets omitted)). See also

20 C.F.R. § 416.927(d)(2). “Finally, if the ALJ rejects the opinion completely, he

must then give specific, legitimate reasons for doing so.” Id. (internal quotation

marks omitted). The ALJ performed none of this analysis with regard to

Dr. Campbell’s opinions about Knight’s depression. 

Finally, the Commissioner argues that the ALJ’s failure to assess

Dr. Campbell’s opinion that Knight’s depression was “major/disabling” should be

excused

“because final responsibility for determining the ultimate issue of

disability is reserved to the [Commissioner].” Castellano v. Sec’y

of Health & Human Servs., 26 F.3d 1027, 1029 (10th Cir. 1994); see

also 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(e)(2) (the Commissioner “will not give any

special significance” to a medical source opinion on issues reserved

to the Commissioner); SSR 96-5p, 1996 WL 374183, at *2 (“treating

source opinions on issues []reserved to the Commissioner are never

entitled to controlling weight”).

Aplee Br. at 30.

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This argument is also unavailing. While the ALJ need not give controlling

weight to a treating physician’s opinion concerning the ultimate issue of

disability, he must still provide an evaluation of the treating physician’s opinion

and state his reasons for either rejecting or accepting it. That is what the ALJ

failed to do here. We must therefore reverse the district court’s decision

upholding his decision and remand for further proceedings. 

Knight also challenges the ALJ’s evaluation of the medical opinions of

Chris Estep, a treating mental health counselor. The applicable analysis differs

significantly from that required for Dr. Campbell’s opinions. A mental health

counselor is not an “acceptable medical source” under the Commissioner’s

regulations. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.913(a). Instead, he is classified as an “other

source” whose evidence can be considered to show the severity of a claimant’s

impairment and how it affects his ability to work. Id. § 416.913(d). Opinion

evidence from “other sources” is evaluated using the factors outlined in 20 C.F.R.

§ 416.927(d), as explained in further detail in Social Security Ruling 06-03p,

2006 WL 2329939 (Aug. 9, 2006). These factors include:

• How long the source has known and how frequently the source has

seen the individual;

• How consistent the opinion is with other evidence;

• The degree to which the source presents relevant evidence to

support an opinion;

• How well the source explains the opinion;

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• Whether the source has a specialty or area of expertise related to

the individual’s impairment(s); and

• Any other factors that tend to support or refute the opinion.

SSR 06-03p, 2006 WL 2329939, at *4-5. 

Here, the ALJ expressly considered Mr. Estep’s opinion concerning the

severity of Knight’s mental impairments but rejected it because Mr. Estep did not

treat Knight and because the GAF rating of fifty-six Mr. Estep provided was

internally inconsistent with the mental limitations he assigned to Knight. Knight

contends these reasons are inadequate because Mr. Estep in fact began treating

Knight in October 2007 and because a GAF score of fifty-six was not inconsistent

with Mr. Estep’s overall finding of serious limitations. 

The ALJ’s evaluation is not inadequate for the reasons Knight advances. 

At the time of the hearing, Knight had seen Mr. Estep only once, for an initial

assessment that took place four days before the hearing. See Aplt. App., Vol. II

at 295-309. While this initial consultation could be viewed as “treatment,” the

ALJ permissibly assigned little weight to Mr. Estep’s opinions given his lack of

treatment history with Knight. 

The ALJ’s evaluation of Mr. Estep’s GAF score was also permissible. 

A GAF rating of fifty-six falls within the range of scores, fifty-one to sixty,

that indicates moderate symptoms or moderate functional difficulties in an

individual’s level of functioning. See DSM-IV at 32-34. A score of fifty-six is

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inconsistent with the extremely severe mental restrictions Mr. Estep described as

part of his initial consultation record. 

We note, however, that Knight submitted seven treatment records from

Mr. Estep to the Appeals Council, covering his course of treatment following the

hearing before the ALJ. The Appeals Council made these records part of the

administrative record. While it stated that the records did not provide a basis for

changing the ALJ’s decision, it did not explain how it reached this conclusion.

Given that these records have undermined the ALJ’s principle reason for

discounting Mr. Estep’s conclusions about Knight’s mental impairments (lack of

treatment history) and given the further assessment of Knight’s mental

impairments that we have otherwise directed, the ALJ should give specific

consideration to Mr. Estep’s treatment records, utilizing the factors and analysis

outlined above.

2. Personality Disorder as Severe Impairment

Knight also argues that the ALJ erred by failing to include an alleged

personality disorder among the severe impairments he identified at step two of his

analysis. The ALJ determined that Knight had other severe impairments (chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); eczema; dysthymia; OCD; and a history

of alcohol abuse, not material), and so he proceeded to the next step in the

sequential analysis. This was all he was required to do at step two. See Oldham

v. Astrue, 509 F.3d 1254, 1256 (10th Cir. 2007).

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Knight also argues, however, that the ALJ erred at a later stage of the

analysis by failing to include the effect of his personality disorder in determining 

his RFC. “[A]n ALJ is required to consider all of the claimant’s medically

determinable impairments, singly and in combination; the statute and regulations

require nothing less” and a failure to do so “is reversible error.” Salazar v.

Barnhart, 468 F.3d 615, 621 (10th Cir. 2006). The ALJ made no specific finding

concerning whether Knight’s alleged personality disorder, NOS, was a

medically-determinable impairment or whether it had any effect on his ability to

work. Given our reversal on other grounds, the ALJ should consider whether

Knight has a personality disorder, NOS, and assess its effect, if any, on his ability

to work, with appropriate findings.

3. RFC Limitations Due to OCD

Knight next contends that the ALJ erred by failing to include limitations for

his OCD and alleged personality disorder in his RFC and in his hypothetical

question to the vocational expert (VE). We have already disposed of the claim

regarding his alleged personality disorder and will not discuss those allegations

further here. As to Knight’s OCD, he asserts that the ALJ failed to take account

in either his RFC or his hypothetical question of Knight’s need to wash his hands

frequently, and the effect of this condition on his ability to work.

The ALJ found that Knight could “sustain the pace and concentration

required in an ordinary work setting on a reasonably sustained basis.” Aplt. App.,

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Vol. II at 17. He did not include any restriction for frequent breaks or

hand-washing in either his hypothetical to the VE or his RFC. 

Dr. James noted Knight’s frequent hand-washing (fifty times per day). 

Though he did not find that Knight had any other OCD symptoms, he diagnosed

him with OCD. 

At the hearing, Knight testified that he washed his hands at least 24 times

per day. He washed them when he used the bathroom and when he helped his

mother. Id. at 367.

On the Psychiatric Review Technique form he prepared, a state agency

reviewing physician noted the existence of Knight’s “OCD/handwashing,” id. at

147, but concluded overall that he would have only “mild” “difficulties in

maintaining social functioning” and “difficulties in maintaining concentration,

persistence, or pace,” id. at 152, and no “restriction on activities of daily living”

or “episodes of decompensation,” id.

Although Knight now claims he needs extensive breaks to engage in

hand-washing, this purely speculative assertion finds no support in the medical

record. No doctor has stated that his ability to work would be affected by his

need for frequent hand-washing. Instead, his physicians have prescribed him

topical ointments to reduce the redness and chapping of his hands, which has also

been attributed (along with a rash and/or scaly or itchy skin elsewhere on his

body) to his eczema. See, e.g., Aplt. App. at 234, 277, 281, 284, 286-87. 

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Knight also claims that the ALJ should have imposed a restriction on

“handling, fingering, carrying, and lifting objects due to dry, red and cracked

hands.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 32. But he points to no medical evidence that any

doctor imposed such a restriction on his abilities due to skin problems associated

with his hands. We conclude that the ALJ did not err by failing to impose

additional restrictions on Knight’s RFC due to his OCD.

The judgment of the district court is REVERSED and the case is

REMANDED with instructions to remand to the Commissioner for further

proceedings in accordance with this order and judgment.

Entered for the Court

Deanell Reece Tacha

Circuit Judge

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