COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Benton, Kelsey and McClanahan 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

KENDELL K. HOOKS 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION∗

 BY 

v. Record No. 0231-04-2 JUDGE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN 

 FEBRUARY 8, 2005 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PETERSBURG 

James F. D’Alton, Jr., Judge 

Steven Brent Novey (Tomko & Novey, on brief), for appellant. 

Josephine F. Whalen, Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W. Kilgore, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

Kendell K. Hooks was convicted of possession of less than one-half ounce of marijuana 

with intent to distribute, a misdemeanor. Hooks contends that the evidence was insufficient for 

the trial court to find that the Commonwealth proved beyond a reasonable doubt that he had the 

intent to distribute the marijuana he possessed. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the 

decision of the trial court. 

I. Background 

On August 23, 2003, Petersburg Police Officer Michael Walker approached a group, 

including Hooks, loitering in the parking lot at the Petersburg Civic Center. As Walker 

approached, he observed Hooks turn his back and place a brown paper bag on the ground. The 

other individuals in the group walked away toward the Civic Center. After the bag was 

retrieved, the police discovered that it held seven small Ziploc bags, each containing enough 

 ∗

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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marijuana for approximately two joints. The total weight of the marijuana from all seven bags 

was .28 ounces, with a street value of approximately $140. Walker arrested Hooks and found on 

his person $427 in denominations of twenties and ones and a two-way pager. Hooks did not 

have any smoking devices or personal use paraphernalia. 

At trial, Walker qualified as an expert over Hooks’ objection, and testified that the 

marijuana recovered from Hooks was inconsistent with personal use based on the individual 

packaging of the marijuana in seven Ziploc bags, the placement of the bags in a larger brown 

paper bag, the lack of any personal use paraphernalia, the large quantity of cash in 

denominations consistent with drug sales, and the two-way pager. Lawanda Bynum-Hooks, 

Hooks’ mother, testified that her son lived with her in New York over the summer. She said 

Hooks had left New York to return to Petersburg for college in late August with $900 in cash to 

pay for rent, bills, and to open an account at the Municipal Credit Center. She further testified 

that the pager seized by Walker had been given to Hooks by his father and did not work, except 

for the purpose of storing phone numbers. At one point, she testified the pager was a three-way 

pager and that Hooks’ father had sent it away to be fixed. 

At the conclusion of the trial, the court convicted Hooks for possession of less than 

one-half ounce of marijuana with the intent to distribute, a Class 1 misdemeanor, and sentenced 

him to twelve months in jail, with credit for time served, and a $2,500 fine. The court suspended 

eleven months and twenty days of the twelve-month sentence for a period of three years good 

behavior. 

II. Analysis 

When examining a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court must 

review that evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party 

below. Morrisette v. Commonwealth, 264 Va. 386, 389, 569 S.E.2d 47, 50 (2002). Any 
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evidence which conflicts, either directly or inferentially, with the Commonwealth’s evidence 

must be discarded, and all fair inferences that may be drawn from that evidence must be regarded 

as true. Holsapple v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 522, 528, 574 S.E.2d 756, 758-59 (2003) 

(en banc). An appellate court must let the decision of the trial court stand unless it reaches the 

conclusion that the verdict is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. Brown v. 

Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 489, 491, 364 S.E.2d 773, 774 (1988) (citations omitted). 

“Because direct proof of intent [to distribute drugs] is often impossible, it must be shown 

by circumstantial evidence.” Servis v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 507, 524, 371 S.E.2d 156, 165 

(1988). We must determine, “[w]hether a reasonable [fact finder], upon consideration of all the 

evidence, could have rejected [the defendant’s] theories in his defense and found him guilty . . . 

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 513, 578 S.E.2d 781, 785 

(2003). 

The evidence in this case was sufficient to support the trial court’s judgment. Walker 

testified that the .28 ounces of marijuana packaged in seven individual baggies that Hooks 

possessed was inconsistent with personal use. Possession of a controlled substance in a quantity 

“greater than that ordinarily possessed for one’s personal use may be sufficient to establish an 

intent to distribute it.” Monroe v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 154, 156, 355 S.E.2d 336, 337 

(1987) (citation omitted). An absence of drug paraphernalia is also inconsistent with personal 

use. See Colbert v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 1, 4, 244 S.E.2d 748, 749 (1978); Servis, 6 

Va. App. at 524-25, 371 S.E.2d at 165; see also Early v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 219, 222, 

391 S.E.2d 340, 341-42 (1990); Hambury v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 435, 438, 350 S.E.2d 

524, 525 (1986) (method of packaging of drugs is important factor in determining whether 

distribution intended). Hooks did not possess any instruments necessary for personal use of the 

marijuana. Walker testified that there were “no smoking devices, no paper, no blunts, no pipes, 
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nothing that’s consistent with personal use.” The absence of such evidence in a case where 

possession is established is a significant indicator of the intent to distribute. Colbert, 219 Va. at 

4, 244 S.E.2d at 749; see also Glasco v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 763, 775, 497 S.E.2d 150, 

156 (1998) (absence of any evidence of personal use by accused). Hooks had $427 on his person 

in denominations consistent with proceeds of drug transactions. “The presence of an unusual 

amount of money, suggesting profit from sales, is another circumstance that negates an inference 

of possession for personal use.” Servis, 6 Va. App. at 524, 371 S.E.2d at 165. Hooks was 

carrying a pager, which is often used to facilitate drug transactions. See White v. 

Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 446, 453, 482 S.E.2d 876, 879 (1997); see also Burchette v. 

Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 432, 437, 425 S.E.2d 81, 85 (1992). Hooks’ mother’s testimony 

concerning the $900 he left New York with earlier in August was not connected to the money 

found on Hooks by Officer Walker. Additionally, her testimony concerning the pager was 

inconsistent, and there was no testimony as to whether she had current knowledge of the pager’s 

working condition. 

The totality of the circumstantial evidence was sufficient for the trial court to rule out any 

other reasonable explanation for Hooks’ possession of the marijuana in small, prepackaged 

baggies. The facts that Hooks: (1) was apprehended in a parking lot in which he was seen with 

other individuals; (2) possessed a larger than usual amount for personal use; (3) had the 

marijuana packaged in separate baggies; (4) had no personal use paraphernalia; (5) carried on his 

person a large amount of currency in small denominations consistent with drug sales; and (6) had 

a pager, all could reasonably lead a fact finder to determine that he had the intent to distribute.1

 

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 Hooks refers the Court to Dukes v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 119, 313 S.E.2d 382 

(1984), in which the Supreme Court reversed a conviction of possession with intent to distribute. 

In Dukes, the appellant was a civilian employee at a United States Navy security facility. 

Pursuant to a warrant, naval officers searched the facility and found a film canister of marijuana. 

They also discovered on Dukes’ person, hidden in different places, three small manila envelopes 
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Though Hooks argues his mother successfully explained away the currency and pager, the trial 

judge can weigh her testimony and choose to either believe or disregard it. “The credibility of 

the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are matters solely for the fact finder who has 

the opportunity to see and hear the evidence as it is presented.” Sandoval v. Commonwealth, 20 

Va. App. 133, 138, 455 S.E.2d 730, 732 (1995) (citations omitted). 

Given these circumstances, the decision of the trial court that the Commonwealth proved 

beyond a reasonable doubt that Hooks had the requisite intent to distribute the marijuana he 

possessed is not plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. Accordingly, we affirm. 

Affirmed.

 

containing marijuana. The total amount of marijuana found on Dukes was one-half ounce. The 

Supreme Court stated that the small amount of marijuana warranted an inference that it was for 

Dukes’ personal use, an inference which it found the Commonwealth did not overcome. The 

Court noted that Dukes possessed no drug paraphernalia at her place of employment when she 

was arrested and that the mode of packaging and the way the packages were hidden were as 

consistent with possession for personal use as with intent to distribute. Id. at 123, 313 S.E.2d at 

384. Dukes is distinguished for three reasons. First, in Dukes, the appellant was arrested at a 

Navy security facility. Id. at 122-23, 313 S.E.2d at 383. Second, the Court found that an 

absence of drug paraphernalia at the appellant’s “place of employment” did not “give rise to an 

inference that she was not a drug user. Indeed, it is more likely that she used the drug 

elsewhere.” Id. Third, Dukes did not have any “unusual amount of money” on her, even though 

she possessed only a half-ounce of marijuana. Id. Had she been selling the drug, it would be 

likely that she would have sold some of her inventory (thus explaining the small amount 

remaining) and would have possessed some sales profits. In contrast, in the case at bar, Hooks, 

when arrested, possessed over $400 in twenties and ones and was loitering in a civic center 

parking lot with a group of individuals. These distinguishing facts and circumstances provide 

sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion. 
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Benton, J., dissenting. 

 “Possession with intent to distribute is a crime which requires ‘an act coupled with a 

specific intent.’” Stanley v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 867, 869, 407 S.E.2d 13, 15 (1991) 

(en banc) (citation omitted). “It is elementary that where, as here, an indictment charges an 

offense which consists of an act combined with a particular intent, proof of the intent is essential 

to conviction.” Patterson v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 698, 699, 213 S.E.2d 752, 753 (1975). 

Just as elementary is the principle that when “the circumstantial evidence of such intent, 

when viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, fails to ‘exclude every 

reasonable hypothesis of innocence,’” the Commonwealth has not met its burden of proof. 

Dukes v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 119, 123, 313 S.E.2d 382, 384 (1984). As in all criminal 

cases, “a basic procedural safeguard required by the Due Process Clause . . . [is] that the 

prosecution prove beyond a reasonable doubt every element of the charged offense.” Green v. 

Young, 264 Va. 604, 609, 571 S.E.2d 135, 138 (2002). Thus, in this case, the Commonwealth 

had the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Kendell K. Hooks possessed the 

marijuana with intent to distribute. 

 “[P]ossession of a small quantity creates an inference that the drug was for the personal 

use of the defendant.” Dukes, 227 Va. at 122, 313 S.E.2d at 383. Here, the evidence proved that 

the marijuana Hooks possessed weighed only “.28 . . . of an ounce, 8 grams.” The officer 

testified that the marijuana was contained in seven bags and that “each little baggie is about two 

joint’s worth.” The officer further acknowledged “[t]his marijuana could have been purchased 

just in those baggies” by a user. Thus, by the officer’s own admission, the Commonwealth failed 

to exclude the reasonable hypothesis that Hooks recently purchased the marijuana for his own 

use. 
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Although the officer also conclusorily testified that the marijuana was inconsistent with 

personal use, the officer’s testimony was not that the quantity of marijuana was inconsistent with 

personal use, but, rather, he explained that “[i]f it was consistent with [personal] use we would 

have also recovered a smoking device to smoke it.” This is precisely the type of reasoning 

Dukes rejects. See 227 Va. at 123, 313 S.E.2d at 384 (reasoning that the absence of 

paraphernalia does not warrant an inference the person was not a drug user where it is more 

likely the person used the drugs elsewhere). Moreover, the officer’s testimony that a user of 

marijuana would deplete this quantity of marijuana in four days by smoking only “four joints a 

day” belies any notion that the amount of marijuana was inconsistent with personal usage. 

The facts in this case are less indicative of intent to distribute than the facts in Dukes. 

Significantly, the defendant in Dukes possessed “one-half ounce” of marijuana, nearly twice the 

amount of marijuana Hooks had. See 227 Va. at 122, 313 S.E.2d at 383. As with Hooks, the 

defendant in Dukes was not in her residence when she possessed the marijuana. Although the 

record does not indicate whether the defendant in Dukes was in the presence of other people, as 

was Hooks, she was at her workplace -- a military security complex -- where one would not 

normally expect a person to smoke marijuana. Moreover, the manner in which the defendant in 

Dukes possessed her marijuana was more suspicious than Hooks. In addition to finding 

unpackaged marijuana in “a small 35 millimeter film cannister,” the officers who arrested Dukes 

found prepackaged marijuana secreted at different places. 

 They also discovered a one-inch square manila envelope 

containing marijuana in the defendant’s wallet. During a 

subsequent search of Dukes’ person, another one-inch square 

manila envelope containing marijuana fell to the floor. Shortly 

thereafter, Dukes was seated in the dining area. When she stood, 

the officers saw a third manila envelope fall to the floor beneath 

her. It, too, contained marijuana. 

227 Va. at 121-22, 313 S.E.2d at 383. 
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 Despite these facts, which suggested that Dukes had both loose marijuana and marijuana 

packaged to facilitate distribution, the Supreme Court, in reversing her conviction, noted that 

these factors were not inconsistent with innocence: 

 In the present case, the relatively small quantity of marijuana in 

the defendant’s possession warrants the inference that it was for 

her personal use. To overcome this inference and sustain the 

conviction, the Commonwealth relies upon a number of 

circumstances. It argues that “the marijuana was packaged to 

facilitate distribution,” that [the defendant] possessed no 

paraphernalia when arrested, that there was no evidence that she 

used marijuana, and that the packages were hidden in different 

places upon her person. We do not believe these circumstances are 

consistent only with guilt and inconsistent with innocence. 

 The mode of packaging and the way the packages were hidden 

are as consistent with possession for personal use as they are with 

intent to distribute. It is just as plausible that the defendant 

purchased the packaged substance for personal use as it is that she 

packaged the marijuana for distribution. Furthermore, the absence 

of drug paraphernalia at [the defendant’s] place of employment 

does not give rise to an inference that she was not a drug user. 

Indeed, it is more likely that she used the drug elsewhere. 

 It was not the defendant’s burden to establish that she used 

marijuana; the small quantity in her possession created that 

inference. 

Id. at 122-23, 313 S.E.2d at 383-84 (citation omitted). 

 The evidence did not prove any circumstance indicating Hooks was selling or intending 

to sell the marijuana. The officer did not describe any conduct that would suggest Hooks was 

engaging in conduct suggestive of distributing the marijuana. Hooks was merely “loitering” 

when the officer arrested him. The evidence also did not prove a connection between Hooks’s 

possession of the pager and his intent in possessing the marijuana. Indeed, we can say based on 

contemporary experience that young people in general have pagers and cell phones. Similarly, 

no evidence proved a connection between Hooks’s money and the cocaine. The $427 that Hooks 
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possessed was not a large amount of currency. Neither the officer nor any other witness testified 

that Hooks received money in exchange for marijuana. 

 This is a case where the prosecution’s witness “has presented . . . two different accounts 

of the essential facts relating to a crucial element of the crime.” Moore v. Commonwealth, 254 

Va. 184, 189, 491 S.E.2d 739, 742 (1997). The Supreme Court repeatedly has held “that ‘where 

a fact is equally susceptible of two interpretations one of which is consistent with the innocence 

of the accused, [the trier of fact] cannot arbitrarily adopt that interpretation which incriminates 

[the accused].’” Commonwealth v. Smith, 259 Va. 780, 782, 529 S.E.2d 78, 79 (2000) (quoting 

Burton and Conquest v. Commonwealth, 108 Va. 892, 899, 62 S.E. 376, 379 (1908)). 

 “It is, of course, a truism of the criminal law that evidence is not sufficient to support a 

conviction if it engenders only a suspicion or even a probability of guilt. Conviction cannot rest 

upon conjecture.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 192 Va. 453, 461, 65 S.E.2d 528, 533 (1951). The 

evidence in its totality was not consistent with an intent to distribute only; thus, it failed the 

reasonable doubt standard. I would hold that the trier of fact impermissibly based a finding of 

intent to distribute upon speculation and surmise. Patterson, 215 Va. at 699, 213 S.E.2d at 753. 

Therefore, I would, reverse the conviction and remand for a new trial on the lesser-included 

offense of possession of marijuana.