FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

February 18, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

HOWARD DAVIS,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 09-1378

(D.C. Nos. 1:08-CV-01803-WDM and

1:06-CR-00469-WDM-1)

(D. Colo.)

ORDER

DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

Before KELLY, McKAY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

Defendant-Appellant Howard Davis, a federal inmate appearing pro se,

seeks to appeal from the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to

vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. Because Mr. Davis has not made “a

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,” 28 U.S.C. §

2253(c)(2), we deny his request for a certificate of appealability (COA) and in

forma pauperis (IFP) status, and we dismiss the appeal. See Slack v. McDaniel,

529 U.S. 473, 483-84 (2000). 

Background

A jury convicted Mr. Davis of two counts of assaulting or impeding a

federal officer resulting in bodily injury, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1) and

Appellate Case: 09-1378 Document: 01018369117 Date Filed: 02/18/2010 Page: 1 
- 2 -

(b). R. 19. He was sentenced to a term of 42 months, to be served consecutively

to an undischarged sentence in another case. R. 20. We affirmed his conviction

on direct appeal. United States v. Davis, 284 F. App’x 564 (10th Cir. 2008). Mr.

Davis then sought § 2255 relief, arguing that (1) the jury was not properly

instructed on one of the elements of the offense; (2) the indictment was

duplicitous; (3) special interrogatories should have been submitted to the jury

because he had been charged with multiple offenses; and (4) his counsel rendered

ineffective assistance by failing to raise these claims. R. 28-41; Aplt. Br. 1-2. 

The district court rejected each of these claims in a concise order explaining its

rationale. R. 101-105. 

Discussion

To obtain a COA, Mr. Davis must make “a substantial showing of the

denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Miller-El v. Cockrell,

537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003). He must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would

find the district court’s resolution of a constitutional claim contained in his

motion debatable or wrong. Slack, 529 U.S. at 484. To prevail on an ineffective

assistance claim, Mr. Davis must show deficient performance by counsel and

prejudice from counsel’s error or omission. See Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668, 687 (1984).

The district court’s resolution of the jury instruction claim is not reasonably

debatable. The indictment alleged that Mr. Davis had inflicted bodily injury;

Appellate Case: 09-1378 Document: 01018369117 Date Filed: 02/18/2010 Page: 2 
- 3 -

therefore, to be subject to the enhanced sentencing penalty of 18 U.S.C. § 111(b),

the jury had to find that this element was established beyond a reasonable doubt. 

The trial transcript reflects that the district court so instructed the jury. R. 62. 

The jury also received a written copy of the instructions setting forth the elements

of the offense, including the need to find that Mr. Davis had inflicted bodily

injury on the officers. R. 79. At the close of the trial, the court reminded the jury

that the instructions regarding the bodily injury element had not changed, R. 79,

and the court instructed the jury as to the definition of bodily injury, R. 87.

The resolution of Mr. Davis’s challenge to the indictment is likewise not

reasonably debatable. An indictment is duplicitous if it charges two or more

separate offenses in the same count. See United States v. Haber, 251 F.3d 881,

888 (10th Cir. 2001). Mr. Davis argues that the indictment did not differentiate

between simple and non-simple assault, and so “it is impossible to know which

section 111 offense the jury found Petitioner guilty of.” R. 38. The indictment

charged Mr. Davis with violating 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1) and (b). R. 5-6. Section

111 defines three separate offenses, each element of which must be charged in the

indictment and proven to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States

v. Hathaway, 318 F.3d 1001, 1007 (10th Cir. 2003). Thus, contrary to Mr.

Davis’s contention, he was charged with two counts of only one of the offenses

defined in § 111—assault resulting in bodily injury. The indictment set forth the

correct elements of this charge, and the verdict form clearly stated that jury found

Appellate Case: 09-1378 Document: 01018369117 Date Filed: 02/18/2010 Page: 3 
- 4 -

Mr. Davis guilty of the two counts charged in the indictment. R. 5-6; R. Doc. 75

(06-cr-00469) (verdict form).

As for Mr. Davis’s argument that the district court should have used a

special interrogatory to determine whether the jury had found him guilty of

simple assault or non-simple assault, the district court’s conclusion that no such

need existed is not reasonably debatable. There was no ambiguity as to what the

jury found; it found Mr. Davis guilty of the elements of assault with bodily

injury. The indictment did not charge simple assault, and so the jury had to find

beyond a reasonable doubt all of the elements of § 111(a)(1) and (b), including

bodily injury.

Because none of Mr. Davis’s issues were meritorious, neither trial counsel

nor appellate counsel were ineffective for failing to raise these issues. United

States v. Orange, 447 F.3d 792, 797 (10th Cir. 2006) (citing Jones v. Gibson, 206

F.3d 946, 959 (2000)). Accordingly, the district court’s rejection of the

ineffective assistance claim is not reasonably debatable.

Accordingly, we DENY a COA and IFP status, and we DISMISS the

appeal.

Entered for the Court

Paul J. Kelly, Jr.

Circuit Judge

Appellate Case: 09-1378 Document: 01018369117 Date Filed: 02/18/2010 Page: 4