NO. 07-07-0141-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

OCTOBER 16, 2007

______________________________

DANIEL REY, 

Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

Appellee

_________________________________

FROM THE 242 DISTRICT COURT OF HALE COUNTY; ND

NO. B16837-0606; HON. ED SELF, PRESIDING

_______________________________

Opinion on Motion for Reconsideration En Banc

_______________________________

Before the Court EN BANC

A majority of the en banc court orders en banc reconsideration of the court’s prior

opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 49.7. Accordingly, we withdraw the panel’s opinion and

judgment and substitute the following. 

Daniel Rey appeals his conviction for abandoning or endangering a child,

contending that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support it. We reverse

the judgment. 
2

Background

Appellant was married to Michelle Morales with whom he fathered a one-year-old

daughter. Morales also had a three-year-old son from a prior relationship. Appellant had

been separated from Morales since November 2005, however. She lived in Plainview

while he lived in Muleshoe. On February 23, 2006, appellant phoned Morales and told her

he was going to visit. He arrived at her apartment around 12:30 a.m. and heard his

daughter crying. Through the window, he could also see his stepson, but, when he

knocked on the door, no one answered. At that point, the three-year-old boy informed

appellant that his mother was not there. In response, appellant broke the front window to

obtain access to the abode, took his daughter from the apartment, and drove her to

Muleshoe. He claimed he left the boy with a neighbor. However, the neighbor in question,

Ramira Gamboa, testified that he found the boy standing outside the second floor

apartment near the broken glass dressed only in jeans and a shirt (no shoes or socks) on

the cold night screaming for his father. Gamboa brought the child into his apartment. A

subsequent investigation of Morales’ apartment uncovered no one else present.

 Applicable Law

A person commits the offense for which appellant was convicted if, having custody,

care, or control of a child younger than 15 years, he intentionally abandons the child in any

place under circumstances that expose the child to an unreasonable risk of harm. TEX.

PEN. CODE ANN. §22.041(b) (Vernon Supp. 2006). To abandon means to leave a child in

any place without providing the youth reasonable and necessary care, under

circumstances which no reasonable similarly situated adult would leave a child of that age
The reason given by appellant for not taking his stepson with him was that he was not the boy’s 1

father and he was afraid his wife would file charges on him. 

3

and ability. Id. §22.041(a). The issue before us involves the element of custody, care, or

control. Appellant asserts that there is no evidence he had such over his stepson. 

While §22.041 does not define “custody, care, or control,” the preceding section of

the Penal Code involving injury to a child does. It provides that one has assumed care,

custody, or control “if he has by act, words, or course of conduct acted so as to cause a

reasonable person to conclude that he has accepted responsibility for protection, food,

shelter, and medical care for a child . . . .” Id. §22.04(d); Hawkins v. State, 891 S.W.2d

257, 258-59 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Thus, the duty does not have to be one imposed

under the Family Code to fall within the penal provision as appellant argues. Hawkins v.

State, 891 S.W.2d at 258-59. 

Application of Law to Facts

The record before us reveals that appellant was still married to the child’s mother

at the time of the incident and that he had cared for the child in the past. So too had he

acknowledged to a worker for Child Protective Services (CPS) that he had been a part of

the child’s life. Thus, evidence existed contradicting appellant’s representation that he had 1

not “fostered [a] familial relationship with the child” in the past. Yet, we cannot ignore that

appellant lived elsewhere, not with his estranged wife and the two children, and that he had

been separated from his wife for approximately three months. Nor can we ignore that

appellant was not the father of the child he left behind but the stepfather. 

The parties have cited us to no cases suggesting that a stepparent who no longer

lives in the household has the obligation of custody or assumed the responsibility to care
Interestingly, we note the similarity between the test used in §22.041(b) and that applied in cases

2

involving the possession of drugs. Like the former, the latter also requires proof that the drugs were in the

care, custody, or control of the accused as a prerequisite to conviction. Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W .3d 402,

405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). If one was to substitute drugs for the three-year-old, a rational jury would be

hard-pressed to conclude that appellant possessed the contraband simply because he entered the home to

remove the child from its presence. 

4

and control over stepchild simply because he may be a stepparent. Nor is there evidence

that appellant provided any type of financial, medical, or physical support for the stepchild

either before or after appellant moved to Muleshoe. 

That appellant’s conduct was reprehensible is beyond dispute. But, if anything, it

evinced a complete disregard for the stepchild. Again, he saw the two children alone in the

house but entered only to secure his own child. The other simply was left behind to fend

for himself, according to the evidence accepted by the jury. While such conduct may

arguably evince activity potentially criminal under §22.041(c) of the Texas Penal Code

(criminalizing an action or omission that exposes a child under 15 to imminent danger of

death, bodily injury or physical or mental impairment), that is not the provision under which

the State opted to prosecute him. Instead, it chose a penal statute that obligated it to

prove he first assumed the care, custody, or control of the child and then abandoned the

youth.2

Simply put, the record is bereft of any evidence illustrating that appellant accepted

the responsibility to protect, shelter, feed and care for the three-year-old. This is of import

because the status of stepparent alone does not obligate the stepparent to care for his

stepchild. Rather, the stepparent must “receive” the child into the family or accept the child

as a family member before such obligations arise. McGee v. McGee, 936 S.W.2d 360,

369 (Tex. App.–Waco 1996, writ denied); Youngblood v. Hoeffle, 201 S.W. 1057, 1058
5

(Tex. Civ. App.–Fort Worth 1918, no writ). When that occurs, the parent stands in loco

parentis towards the child, and the relationship with its accompanying duties continues as

long as the child remains part of the family. Id. Here, the record fails to disclose that

appellant received the three-year-old into the family. Nor do we know whether any

relationship of in loco parentis which may have arisen continued after appellant and his

wife became estranged and appellant moved away months earlier. That the child may

have called for his father or daddy after appellant left does not fill the void for we would

have to assume that the child not only referred to appellant but also came to call appellant

his father because appellant treated him like a family member. But, again, the record lacks

evidence establishing either circumstance. Similarly deficient is that evidence indicating

appellant was part of the child’s “life.” Whether that meant providing for and protecting the

youth or merely being present from time to time goes unmentioned, and without evidence

describing what the witness meant when using that term we can only consider the phrase

too innocuous to constitute any evidence of appellant treating the three-year-old as part

of the family. 

Irrespective of the reason underlying the State’s decision to invoke §22.041(b) as

opposed to §22.041(c), it chose the former. Thus, it was required to prove each element

of the offense. It failed in this regard by omitting to establish the element of appellant’s

accepting the responsibility for care, custody, or control of the three-year-old. So, when

read in a light most favorable to the verdict, the record contains no evidence upon which

a rational jury could conclude beyond reasonable doubt that appellant committed the

offense described in §22.041(b) of the Penal Code. See Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9,
6

13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (discussing the applicable standard of review). And, we have

no choice but to reverse the judgment of the trial court and render judgment acquitting

appellant of that offense.

Brian Quinn

 Chief Justice

Publish.