2017 IL App (4th) 150287 

NO. 4-15-0287 

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. 

BRIAN D. MAGGIO, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

)

)

)

Appeal from 

Circuit Court of 

Champaign County 

No. 10CF1252 

Honorable 

Heidi N. Ladd, 

Judge Presiding.

 JUSTICE KNECHT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

 Justices Holder White and Appleton concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 Defendant, Brian D. Maggio, was convicted at a January 2015 jury trial of one 

count of first degree murder. 720 ILCS 5/9-1 (West 2010). In March 2015, defendant was 

sentenced to 65 years in prison. Defendant appeals his conviction and sentence, arguing his trial 

counsel was ineffective and the trial court erred by (1) failing to instruct the jury on involuntary 

manslaughter and (2) considering his refusal to participate in the presentence investigation in 

aggravation at sentencing. Defendant also argues his fines have not been offset by his per diem

credit. We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand the cause with directions. 

FILED

June 15, 2017 

Carla Bender

4th District Appellate

Court, IL
- 2 -

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 Defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. We thus limit our 

recitation of the facts to those necessary to resolve defendant’s claims.

¶ 4 On July 21, 2010, defendant shot his brother, Mark Maggio, with a .357 derringer.

Defendant and his brother were business partners and operated multiple stores. Though they 

were business partners, their personal relationship had deteriorated to the point where they no 

longer saw or spoke to one another and only communicated about the businesses through their 

lawyers or wives. Defendant managed a grocery store in Tolono, Illinois, while his brother 

managed a grocery store in Arcola, Illinois.

¶ 5 On July 21, 2010, defendant was working at the Tolono store. When he returned 

from lunch, he observed his brother’s truck parked outside the Tolono store. Upon entering, 

defendant observed his brother and a store worker conversing near the dairy section of the store.

Defendant approached and called his brother a derogatory name, allegedly in an attempt to entice 

his brother to leave. According to defendant, his brother stomped on his foot and punched him in 

the stomach, causing defendant to fall to the floor and his glasses to fall off. While defendant 

was on the floor, his brother allegedly kicked him several times. Defendant then pulled his 

firearm out of his pocket and pointed it at his brother, who allegedly froze for a moment and then 

began running to the door. Defendant followed his brother to the front of the store and shot him 

just before he exited the store. Defendant called 911, and several officers and emergency 

personnel were dispatched to the scene. 

¶ 6 Lieutenant Curtis Apperson of the Champaign County sheriff’s office was one of 

the investigators who arrived on the scene. Lieutenant Apperson informed defendant of his rights 
- 3 -

pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), and proceeded to interview defendant.

Defendant recounted the above facts and told Lieutenant Apperson he shot his brother in selfdefense. Lieutenant Apperson asked defendant what he meant by “self-defense,” and defendant 

told Lieutenant Apperson he knew his brother often carried a pistol on his person or in his truck.

Defendant also told Lieutenant Apperson his brother had threatened to physically harm and kill 

him in the past. Defendant was arrested and charged with the following four counts of first 

degree murder: (1) defendant intended to kill his brother, (2) defendant knowingly killed his 

brother, (3) defendant intended to cause great bodily harm to his brother, and (4) defendant 

knowingly acted to cause great bodily harm to his brother. See 720 ILCS 5/9-1 (West 2010). 

¶ 7 At the January 2015 jury trial, defense counsel alluded to defendant’s self-defense 

claim in opening statements. Defense counsel stated, in relevant part:

“People make split second decisions all the time, and [defendant] 

made that decision on July 21st of 2010. At that moment when he 

was about to shoot the gun, he believed that Mark, who had guns 

in his truck, who had carried guns, he thought his brother was 

going to shoot him first, so in a split second decision, he shot his 

brother in self[-]defense.

* * * 

The evidence will be that as he’s leaving the store, Mark starts to 

turn to his right, which is towards a wall, not towards his vehicle, 

but towards the wall as if turning back into the store, and what 

you’ll also hear is that Mark lifted up his arm and started to point it 
- 4 -

towards [defendant], and [defendant] saw a glint, a flash of 

something. He didn’t know what it was; he thought it was a gun, 

and [defendant] in that split second lifted the gun and pulled the 

trigger one time.” 

¶ 8 Lieutenant Apperson testified in the State’s case-in-chief. Lieutenant Apperson 

testified defendant told him he shot his brother in self-defense and he knew his brother to carry a 

pistol on his person or in his truck. Lieutenant Apperson testified he understood defendant to 

mean he believed his brother was running to his truck to retrieve a weapon, even though 

defendant did not use those exact words. The State asked Lieutenant Apperson, “Did he say 

anything about I thought my brother had a weapon?” Lieutenant Apperson responded, “No.” 

Defense counsel objected, arguing the State was leading the witness, but the objection was 

overruled. The State later asked Lieutenant Apperson, “Did [defendant] make any statement to 

you indicating that he thought his brother actually possessed a gun prior to the shooting?” 

Lieutenant Apperson responded, “No, he did not.” The State then asked, “Did [defendant] make 

any statement to you indicating that he believed that Mark Maggio was actually in possession of

a weapon of any kind before the shooting?” Lieutenant Apperson responded, “No.” On redirect, 

the State elicited the following testimony:

“Q. [Defendant] never actually said I thought Mark was going to 

his truck? 

A. That’s correct.

Q. He never said I thought Mark was going to get a gun? 

A. That’s correct.” 
- 5 -

Defense counsel then objected, arguing the State was again leading the witness, and the trial 

court sustained the objection. During its closing argument, the State commented on these 

omissions. 

¶ 9 Defendant testified at the trial, and his testimony was consistent with defense 

counsel’s opening statement. Defendant testified he acted in self-defense and believed his 

brother was armed with a weapon because he saw his brother turn back toward him and raise his 

arm. When his brother raised his arm, defendant allegedly saw a flash he believed to be a 

weapon. Defendant also testified he wears glasses for nearsightedness, which were knocked off 

during the physical altercation prior to the shooting, and according to defendant, his .357 

derringer is an inaccurate shot.

¶ 10 The trial court instructed the jury on first and second degree murder, as well as 

self-defense, and provided the jury with three verdict forms: (1) not guilty, (2) guilty of first 

degree murder, and (3) guilty of second degree murder. The court denied defense counsel’s 

request for an involuntary manslaughter instruction, concluding no evidence suggested defendant 

acted recklessly rather than intentionally. The court stated: 

“The testimony is uncontradicted is [sic] that he shot and intended 

to shoot him, and all the argument as presented to me goes to his 

evaluation of self-defense, and that’s consistent with his testimony 

here. There is nothing that supports any inference or finding that 

this was done recklessly. That would again all go to the mental 

state in evaluating the reasonableness of a self-defense. So I’m 

going to deny the request that involuntary manslaughter be given.” 
- 6 -

¶ 11 The jury returned a signed verdict form indicating it found defendant guilty of 

first degree murder. Following the verdict, defendant refused to participate in the presentence 

investigation and thus did not complete the necessary forms or speak with the court services 

department representative. At the March 2015 sentencing hearing, the court commented on 

defendant’s refusal to participate in the presentence investigation and considered this refusal 

indicative of defendant’s attitude and rehabilitative potential. The court sentenced defendant to 

65 years in prison. Defendant timely filed a posttrial motion to reconsider his sentence and a 

notice of appeal. 

¶ 12 This appeal followed. 

¶ 13 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 14 Defendant argues his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the 

State’s use of his post-Miranda statement and for failing to request the proper self-defense jury 

instruction. Defendant also argues the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on 

involuntary manslaughter and using defendant’s refusal to participate in the presentence 

investigation in aggravation at sentencing. Finally, defendant argues his fines have not been 

offset by his per diem credit. 

¶ 15 A. The Plain-Error Doctrine

¶ 16 The State maintains several of defendant’s claims on appeal are forfeited. “In 

People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186, 522 N.E.2d 1124, 1130 (1988), our supreme court 

unequivocally held that for an issue to be preserved for review on appeal, the record must show 

that (1) a contemporaneous objection to the trial court’s error was made, and (2) the issue was 

contained in a written posttrial motion.” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Rathbone, 345 Ill. 
- 7 -

App. 3d 305, 308-09, 802 N.E.2d 333, 336 (2003). Otherwise, such issues are procedurally 

forfeited. Id. The plain-error doctrine allows a reviewing court to bypass forfeiture rules to

consider a clear or obvious error that occurred at the trial. People v. Shaw, 2016 IL App (4th) 

150444, ¶ 69, 52 N.E.3d 728; see also Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a) (“Plain errors or defects affecting 

substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the trial 

court.”). As the plain language of Rule 615(a) indicates, “remedial application of the plain error 

doctrine is discretionary.” People v. Clark, 2016 IL 118845, ¶ 42, 50 N.E.3d 1120. 

¶ 17 The plain-error doctrine may be invoked where the evidence is closely balanced 

or where the error deprived the defendant of a fair hearing. People v. Baker, 341 Ill. App. 3d 

1083, 1090, 794 N.E.2d 353, 359 (2003). 

“The second prong of the plain error rule should be invoked only 

when the possible error is so serious that its consideration is 

necessary to preserve the integrity and reputation of the judicial 

process. *** [Citation.] The rule is not a general saving clause for 

alleged errors but is designed to redress serious injustices. 

[Citation.]” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

“In both instances, the burden of persuasion remains with the defendant.” People v. Herron, 215 

Ill. 2d 167, 187, 830 N.E.2d 467, 480 (2005). “As a matter of convention, our court typically 

undertakes plain-error analysis by first determining whether error occurred at all.” People v. 

Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d 166, 189, 940 N.E.2d 1045, 1059 (2010). 

¶ 18 B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 

¶ 19 Defendant argues his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the 
- 8 -

State’s use of his post-Miranda statement and for failing to request the proper self-defense jury 

instruction. The State maintains defendant forfeited these arguments “by failing to object to 

either at trial, or to raise [them] in a posttrial motion.” We reject the State’s argument. Attorneys 

Randall Rosenbaum and Janie Miller-Jones represented defendant throughout his trial and 

sentencing hearing. Attorneys are not expected to argue their own ineffectiveness, and failure to 

do so does not result in forfeiture on appeal. People v. Lawton, 212 Ill. 2d 285, 296, 818 N.E.2d 

326, 333 (2004). 

¶ 20 Both the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution guarantee the 

right to counsel in criminal trials. U.S. Const., amend VI; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. To show 

ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate (1) counsel’s performance fell 

below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) the deficient performance resulted in 

prejudice to the defendant such that, but for counsel’s errors, a different result would have been 

reached. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Defendants claiming ineffective 

assistance of counsel must overcome a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct was reasonable 

and effective. Id. at 689. Our supreme court has “made it clear that a reviewing court will be 

highly deferential to trial counsel on matters of trial strategy, making every effort to evaluate 

counsel’s performance from his perspective at the time, rather than through the lens of 

hindsight.” People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 344, 864 N.E.2d 196, 216 (2007). 

¶ 21 1. Alleged Doyle Violation

¶ 22 Defendant argues the State improperly used his post-Miranda statement to 

impeach his in-court account of the events and then commented on his post-Miranda statement 

in closing argument. The State argues defendant’s post-Miranda statement was not protected by 
- 9 -

Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610 (1976), because defendant did not invoke his right to remain silent 

and the statement to Lieutenant Apperson was inconsistent with his trial theory and testimony.

We conclude the State’s use of defendant’s post-Miranda statement was not a Doyle violation. 

¶ 23 In Doyle, the United States Supreme Court held “the use for impeachment 

purposes of petitioners’ silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda warnings, 

violate[s] the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Id. at 619. The Court noted “it 

would be fundamentally unfair and a deprivation of due process to allow the arrested person’s 

silence to be used to impeach an explanation subsequently offered at trial.” Id. at 618. However, 

the Court also held “a defendant who voluntarily speaks after receiving Miranda warnings has 

not been induced to remain silent.” Anderson v. Charles, 447 U.S. 404, 408 (1980). “When a 

defendant waives his Miranda rights, and makes statements to police, ‘[a]s to the subject matter 

of his statements, the defendant has not remained silent at all.’ ” People v. Hart, 214 Ill. 2d 490, 

514, 828 N.E.2d 260, 273 (2005) (quoting Anderson, 447 U.S. at 408). Espousing the Court’s 

holding in Anderson, and consistent with the subsequent Hart holding, this court held Doyle is 

inapplicable where a defendant waives his right to silence. People v. Campbell, 332 Ill. App. 3d 

721, 725, 773 N.E.2d 776, 779 (2002). Further, we noted defendant’s voluntary post-Miranda

statements may be probed on direct examination as well as on cross-examination for 

impeachment purposes. Id. at 725, 773 N.E.2d at 780. Accordingly, the proper approach to 

considering whether Doyle is applicable is to first determine whether the defendant has received 

notice of his or her right to remain silent and then determine whether the defendant invoked the 

right to remain silent. Where the defendant fails to invoke the right to silence, Doyle is 

inapplicable, and testimony about the inconsistency between the two statements may be elicited 
- 10 -

at trial. See id. at 725, 773 N.E.2d at 779; see also Anderson, 447 U.S. at 408; People v. 

Frieberg, 147 Ill. 2d 326, 356, 589 N.E.2d 508 (1992) (concluding no Doyle violation occurred 

when the State cross-examined the defendant about omissions in his post-Miranda statement to 

police where the defendant did not invoke the right to remain silent but omitted significant 

details to which he testified at trial).

¶ 24 We thus reject defendant’s argument he partially remained silent following receipt 

of his Miranda warnings. Defendant did not invoke his right to remain silent and instead 

recounted to Lieutenant Apperson the events leading up to the shooting. The fact his postMiranda statements omitted details later asserted at trial does not mean the omissions were an 

invocation of the right to remain silent. See Campbell, 332 Ill. App. 3d at 725-26, 773 N.E.2d at 

780 (“Omitting facts within a statement does not involve the right to remain silent.”). The 

omission of the details relating to defendant’s belief his brother was armed at the time of the 

shooting in his statement to Lieutenant Apperson was significant, as this belief was the linchpin 

of his self-defense claim. As in Frieberg, because defendant omitted significant details in his 

statement to Lieutenant Apperson, his “initial version was thus inconsistent with [his] subsequent 

trial testimony and his theory of defense,” and the State was permitted to use that inconsistency 

to test defendant’s self-defense theory. Frieberg, 147 Ill. 2d at 356, 589 N.E.2d at 522. 

¶ 25 Defendant analogizes his case to People v. Gagliani, 210 Ill. App. 3d 617, 569 

N.E.2d 534 (1991). In Gagliani, the defendant initially indicated to police officers he was not 

involved in an incident and “did not know what [the officer] was talking about.” Id. at 621, 569 

N.E.2d at 537. The defendant was ultimately prosecuted in relation to the incident and gave 

exculpatory testimony at trial. Id. at 623-24, 569 N.E.2d at 538. The State impeached the 
- 11 -

defendant’s testimony with his prior statement he was not involved and unaware of the incident, 

which the Second District held was improper impeachment under Doyle. Id. at 623-24, 627-28, 

569 N.E.2d at 538, 541. 

¶ 26 Our supreme court commented on Gagliani in Frieberg, explaining: 

“Following his arrest and Miranda warnings, defendant did not 

remain silent. He related an entire version of events, but denied his 

knowledge of the cocaine and anticipated drug deal. Defendant 

also omitted significant details to which he later testified at trial. 

This initial version was thus inconsistent with defendant’s 

subsequent trial testimony and his theory of defense. Under 

Anderson and [People v. Rehbein, 74 Ill. 2d 435, 386 N.E.2d 39 

(1978)], the State could properly cross-examine defendant 

regarding his prior inconsistent statements made following arrest.

 *** [W]e find [Gagliani], *** to be distinguishable from 

the present case. Gagliani did not concern a situation where a 

defendant gave authorities any version of events which later 

proved inconsistent; the defendant simply denied knowledge of the 

incident. As such, the factual situation, as the appellate court 

recognized in Gagliani, was akin to that of Doyle.” Frieberg, 147 

Ill. 2d at 356, 589 N.E.2d at 522. 

We conclude Gagliani is inapposite for the same reasons the Frieberg court explained. To the 

extent Gagliani is inconsistent with our holding, we note we are not bound by the decisions of 
- 12 -

the other districts. Banister v. Partridge, 2013 IL App (4th) 120916, ¶ 42, 984 N.E.2d 598; see 

also O’Casek v. Children’s Home & Aid Society of Illinois, 229 Ill. 2d 421, 440, 892 N.E.2d 994, 

1006-07 (2008) (“[T]he opinion of one district, division, or panel of the appellate court is not 

binding on other districts, divisions, or panels.”). Our decision in Campbell remains consistent 

with controlling Illinois Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court precedent, and we thus 

decline to deviate from it on this issue. 

¶ 27 As in Campbell, “This case does not involve a Doyle violation, but a situation 

where defendant chose to talk to police.” Campbell, 332 Ill. App. 3d at 726, 773 N.E.2d at 780.

Because Doyle was inapplicable to defendant’s post-Miranda statement, the State was permitted 

to examine Lieutenant Apperson about defendant’s statement and test defendant’s self-defense 

theory in its case-in-chief. See id. at 725, 773 N.E.2d at 780 (“there is no reason a defendant’s 

prior statements cannot come in substantively, on direct examination”). Because we conclude no 

Doyle violation occurred, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object on Doyle violation 

grounds during either the State’s case-in-chief or closing argument. We thus classify this 

ineffective-assistance claim as a groundless claim.

¶ 28 2. Self-Defense Jury Instruction

¶ 29 With respect to defendant’s self-defense claim, the jury was read the following 

instruction: 

 “A person is justified in the use of force when and to the 

extent that he reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to 

defend himself against the imminent use of unlawful force. 

However, a person is justified in the use of force which is 
- 13 -

intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm only if he 

reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent 

imminent death or great bodily harm to himself.” 

This instruction is consistent with Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 24-25.06 (4th 

ed. 2000) (hereinafter, IPI Criminal 4th No. 24-25.06). However, the second paragraph may also 

read: 

 “However, a person is justified in the use of force which is 

intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm only if he 

reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent 

imminent death or great bodily harm to himself [or] the 

commission of [a forcible felony].” (Emphasis added.) Id.

The committee note states, “When applicable, insert in the blank the forcible felony.” Id.

¶ 30 Defendant argues his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request the 

forcible felony language because the jury could have reasonably concluded defendant’s brother

was about to commit either aggravated battery or aggravated discharge of a firearm at the time of 

the shooting. The State maintains trial counsel was effective, and the same evidence supporting 

the theory defendant was protecting himself from an alleged aggravated battery or aggravated 

discharge of a firearm was necessarily considered by the jury when it considered whether 

defendant “reasonably believe[d] that such force [was] necessary to prevent imminent death or 

great bodily harm to himself.” See id. In support, the State cites People v. Chamness, 129 Ill. 

App. 3d 871, 473 N.E.2d 476 (1984), and People v. Hanson, 138 Ill. App. 3d 530, 485 N.E.2d 

1144 (1985). 
- 14 -

¶ 31 In Chamness, the First District held: 

“When a jury determines whether a defendant acted to protect 

himself from great bodily harm or death, it necessarily considers 

the same evidence which would be involved in a determination of 

whether that defendant acted to prevent the commission of an 

attempted murder or aggravated battery upon himself. There is no 

logic in the suggestion that a jury which found that a defendant 

was not protecting himself from great bodily harm or death could 

find that that defendant was trying to prevent an attempted murder 

or aggravated battery from being committed upon himself.” 

Chamness, 129 Ill. App. 3d at 876, 473 N.E.2d at 480. 

When faced with a similar argument, the Fifth District adopted the reasoning in Chamness and 

concluded the same evidence supporting the theory defendant was protecting himself from an

aggravated battery would necessarily be considered by the jury when determining whether the 

defendant reasonably believed he was in danger of great bodily harm or death. Hanson, 138 Ill.

App. 3d at 539-40, 485 N.E.2d at 1150-51. 

¶ 32 Defendant argues Chamness and Hanson are distinguishable because the 

defendants in those cases were charged with aggravated battery and the juries were thus 

instructed on the crime of aggravated battery, making it “possible for the jury to determine 

whether the defendants acted to prevent the commission of an aggravated battery upon 

themselves.” 

¶ 33 We disagree with defendant’s position and adopt the holding in Chamness. A jury 
- 15 -

need not be instructed on the elements of aggravated battery to understand the concept of a threat 

of great bodily harm or death within the context of self-defense. Because the jury apparently 

determined defendant was not protecting himself from great bodily harm or death, it could not 

have found defendant was attempting to protect himself from an aggravated battery or 

aggravated discharge of a firearm, as the conduct necessary to commit either offense would 

necessarily be likely to cause great bodily harm or death. Thus, any error resulting from the 

failure to request the forcible felony portion of IPI Criminal 4th No. 24-25.06 was harmless (see 

Chamness, 129 Ill. App. 3d at 876, 473 N.E.2d at 480), and we classify this ineffectiveassistance claim as a groundless claim.

¶ 34 C. Involuntary Manslaughter Instruction 

¶ 35 Defendant next argues the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on 

involuntary manslaughter. Defendant argues there was sufficient evidence indicating he acted 

recklessly, such as the facts he was not wearing his glasses and his firearm was allegedly an 

inaccurate shot. The State argues the court did not err because there was no evidence “presented 

at defendant’s trial suggest[ing] his actions in shooting his brother were anything other than 

intentional.” 

¶ 36 We review a trial court’s decision to include or exclude a jury instruction for an 

abuse of discretion. People v. McDonald, 2016 IL 118882, ¶ 42. “Where there is evidentiary 

support for an involuntary manslaughter instruction, the failure to give the instruction constitutes 

an abuse of discretion.” Id. ¶ 31. The standard for determining whether there is sufficient 

evidentiary support for a lesser-included instruction is “whether there is some evidence in the 

record that, if believed by the jury, will reduce the crime charged to a lesser offense.” (Emphasis 
- 16 -

in original.) Id. ¶ 25. 

¶ 37 First degree murder occurs when an individual “either intends to kill or do great 

bodily harm to that individual or another, or knows that such acts will cause death to that 

individual or another; or *** he knows that such acts create a strong probability of death or great 

bodily harm to that individual or another.” 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (2) (West 2010). Involuntary 

manslaughter occurs when an individual unintentionally causes the death of another, and his acts, 

“whether lawful or unlawful[,] *** are likely to cause death or great bodily harm to some 

individual, and he performs them recklessly.” 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West 2010). “The difference 

between first degree murder and involuntary manslaughter lies in the defendant’s mental state.” 

McDonald, 2016 IL 118882, ¶ 51. First degree murder may be committed either intentionally or 

knowingly, whereas involuntary manslaughter is committed unintentionally but recklessly.

¶ 38 Defendant was charged with four counts of first degree murder, said four counts 

alleging (1) defendant intended to kill his brother, (2) defendant knowingly killed his brother, (3) 

defendant intended to cause great bodily harm to his brother, and (4) defendant knowingly acted 

to cause great bodily harm to his brother. A person acts intentionally “when his conscious 

objective or purpose is to accomplish that result or engage in that conduct.” 720 ILCS 5/4-4 

(West 2010). A person acts knowingly when: 

 “(a) The nature or attendant circumstances of his or her 

conduct, described by the statute defining the offense, when he or 

she is consciously aware that his or her conduct is of that nature or 

that those circumstances exist. Knowledge of a material fact 

includes awareness of the substantial probability that the fact 
- 17 -

exists.

(b) The result of his or her conduct, described by the statute 

defining the offense, when he or she is consciously aware that that 

result is practically certain to be caused by his conduct.” 720 ILCS 

5/4-5(a), (b) (West 2010). 

By comparison: 

“A person is reckless or acts recklessly when that person 

consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that 

circumstances exist or that a result will follow, described by the 

statute defining the offense, and that disregard constitutes a gross 

deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would 

exercise in the situation.” 720 ILCS 5/4-6 (West 2010). 

Accordingly, our inquiry is whether there is “some evidence” to show defendant acted recklessly 

and thus without the intent to shoot his brother or without knowledge his actions would result in 

his brother being shot. 

¶ 39 Defendant argues this evidence is established by the facts he was not wearing his 

glasses and his firearm was allegedly an inaccurate shot. However, defendant misses the point.

Whether defendant’s actions were actually likely to result in death is not relevant to our inquiry.

We are focused defendant’s intent or knowledge—or lack thereof—at the time his brother was 

shot. 

¶ 40 The State cites McDonald, 2016 IL 118882, ¶ 57, in support of its assertion 

defendant was not entitled to an involuntary manslaughter instruction because the uncontradicted 
- 18 -

evidence established defendant intentionally shot his brother from a range of four to five feet.

Defendant complains that the State provided no record cite for its assertion the evidence is 

uncontradicted. However, defendant likewise provides no record cite contradicting the State’s 

assertion. Instead, defendant argues his case is distinguishable from McDonald and is more 

similar to People v. Whiters, 146 Ill. 2d 437, 588 N.E.2d 1172 (1992). We disagree. 

¶ 41 In McDonald, the evidence established: 

“[The] defendant was trying to prevent [the victim] from leaving 

by keeping him from taking his bicycle. As they struggled over the 

bicycle, [the] defendant swung the knife at [the victim], stabbing 

him three times. There is no evidence that [the victim] threatened 

[the] defendant. The stab wound to [the victim’s] cheek was deep 

enough to strike the carotid artery. [The d]efendant was not merely 

swinging the knife recklessly in [the victim’s] direction.” 

McDonald, 2016 IL 118882, ¶ 57. 

The court held, “Given the dearth of evidence of recklessness, we conclude that the trial court 

did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give a jury instruction on involuntary manslaughter.” 

Id.

¶ 42 By contrast, in Whiters, the evidence established the victim 

“ripped [the defendant’s] phone from the wall and threatened to 

‘kick her ass.’ At one point, [the] defendant grabbed a kitchen 

knife and pointed it at [the victim]. As [the victim] moved toward 

[the defendant], she stabbed [the victim] in the abdomen. [The 
- 19 -

defendant] immediately screamed that she did not mean it, and 

called an ambulance.” Whiters, 146 Ill. 2d at 440, 588 N.E.2d at 

1043. 

The Whiters court concluded “the record contain[ed] evidence of acts by [the] defendant, which, 

if believed by the jury, could reasonably be ascertained to be reckless conduct, and which caused 

[the victim’s] death.” Id. at 441, 588 N.E.2d at 1044. The court specifically pointed to the fact 

the stabbing occurred while the defendant was merely holding the knife at her waist while the 

victim moved toward her. Thus, a jury instruction on involuntary manslaughter was necessary.

Id. 

¶ 43 Our inquiry comes down to whether defendant’s firearm was discharged by 

means of intent or knowledge or by recklessness. The uncontradicted evidence established

defendant knowingly and intentionally pointed a firearm at his brother at a range of four to five 

feet and knowingly and intentionally pulled the trigger, discharging the weapon. Unlike in 

Whiters, where the defendant merely held the knife at her waist and the victim was stabbed as he 

moved toward her, defendant intentionally shot his firearm at his brother. The facts defendant 

was not wearing his glasses and the firearm was allegedly an inaccurate shot have no bearing on 

defendant’s intent. Defendant attempts to analogize this case to Whiters by arguing the shooting 

occurred following a physical altercation between defendant and his brother and defendant 

believed his brother sometimes carried a weapon. These facts, again, have no bearing on 

defendant’s intent. Rather, they are relevant to his self-defense claim or the argument this offense 

should be classified second degree murder rather than first degree. 

¶ 44 As the McDonald court noted, defendant was not merely swinging his firearm 
- 20 -

about or handling it in a reckless manner, which caused it to discharge—defendant intentionally 

discharged his firearm while aiming the firearm at his brother. We conclude the trial court did 

not abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s request the jury be instructed on involuntary 

manslaughter. 

¶ 45 D. Defendant’s Refusal to Cooperate With the Presentence Investigation

¶ 46 Defendant next argues the trial court erred by considering his refusal to cooperate 

with the presentence investigation as an aggravating factor at sentencing. The State maintains 

defendant forfeited this issue and any weight given to defendant’s refusal was insignificant and 

did not affect defendant’s sentence. Defendant concedes he forfeited this claim on appeal but 

requests plain-error review. We thus begin by considering whether an error occurred. 

¶ 47 The Illinois Constitution provides “[a]ll penalties shall be determined both 

according to the seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to 

useful citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. Trial courts have wide latitude to determine an 

appropriate sentence, and we review a court’s sentencing decision for abuse of discretion. People 

v. Jones, 168 Ill. 2d 367, 373-74, 659 N.E.2d 1306, 1308 (1995). A court abuses its discretion by 

fashioning a sentence based upon irrational or arbitrary factors. People v. Miller, 2014 IL App 

(2d) 120873, ¶ 36, 9 N.E.3d 1210. 

¶ 48 Both defendant and the State agree defendants enjoy the fifth amendment right 

against self-incrimination during the sentencing phase, and we likewise agree. Defendant equates 

his refusal to cooperate with the presentence investigation as an invocation of his fifth 

amendment right to silence, citing People v. Ashford, 121 Ill. 2d 55, 80, 520 N.E.2d 332, 342 

(1988). In Ashford, our supreme court stated:
- 21 -

 “The fifth amendment right against compelled selfincrimination is available, not only at guilt phase, but also at the 

sentencing phase of a capital murder trial. [Citation.] Whatever 

information the defendant provided the probation officer could 

have been used against him at the sentencing proceeding, and he 

therefore had a right to remain silent.” Id. 

¶ 49 At defendant’s sentencing, the trial court stated: 

“It is significant to this court and troubling that when Miss Roesch 

of the Court Services Department went out to interview the 

defendant in jail, he refused to cooperate with the interview and 

refused to fill out the social form and the history that was 

necessary, knowing this court would be reviewing that, knowing 

that the Court Services Officer, Miss Roesch, was an arm of the 

court, and he still refused twice to be interviewed and did not fill 

out the social history form. We do have the earlier form from July 

of 2011, but he was not excused from cooperating with this 

process, and that certainly speaks volumes about his attitude, and is 

something the court takes into consideration in measuring 

rehabilitative potential. It is a telling indication of defendant’s 

attitude when he refused to cooperate with even the most 

fundamental step that the court would be relying on in fashioning 

an appropriate sentence.” 
- 22 -

We conclude the trial court’s remarks were an improper comment on defendant’s fifth 

amendment right to remain silent during the presentence investigation. Defendant had the right to 

remain silent during the presentence investigation, and invocation of the right cannot be used as 

an aggravating factor at sentencing. Having determined the court’s reliance on this factor was an 

abuse of discretion, we now must determine whether the error was so significant as to require 

remand for a new sentencing hearing. See People v. Martin, 119 Ill. 2d 453, 461-62, 519 N.E.2d 

884, 888 (1988). 

¶ 50 Reliance on an improper sentencing factor is amenable to plain-error review 

because such reliance “impinges upon defendant’s fundamental right to liberty.” People v. 

Kopczick, 312 Ill. App. 3d 843, 852, 728 N.E.2d 107, 115 (2000). “However, where it can be 

determined from the record that the weight placed on the improperly considered aggravating 

factor was so insignificant that it did not lead to a greater sentence, remandment is not required.” 

People v. Bourke, 96 Ill. 2d 327, 332, 449 N.E.2d 1338, 1340 (1983). The converse of this rule is 

remandment is required where reliance on the improper sentencing factor was significant and led 

to a greater sentence. It is clear from the trial court’s remarks this factor weighed heavily in the 

court’s sentencing decision. Indeed, the court specifically stated defendant’s refusal to participate 

in the presentence investigation was “significant *** and troubling” and “a telling indication of 

defendant’s attitude.” Given the court’s comments, we cannot state with certainty this factor did 

not lead to a greater sentence. We thus vacate defendant’s sentence and remand for a new 

sentencing hearing.

¶ 51 E. Per Diem Credit
- 23 -

¶ 52 Defendant argues his fines have not been offset by his per diem credit because the 

fines appear to have been entered into the clerk’s system as “costs” rather than “fines.” The State 

concedes defendant was assessed the following fines, and those fines should be offset by 

defendant’s per diem credit, which totals $8475: (1) a $50 court finance fee, (2) a $10 arrestee’s 

medical fine, (3) a $10 State Police operations fine, and (4) a $10 traffic/criminal surcharge. We 

accept the State’s concession. 

¶ 53 Defendant also argues his $30 juvenile expungement fund assessment is a fine 

pursuant to People v. Wynn, 2013 IL App (2d) 120575, ¶ 16, 3 N.E.3d 400, and his $5 drug court 

assessment is a fine pursuant to People v. Warren, 2016 IL App (4th) 120721-B, ¶ 138, 55 

N.E.3d 117. The State does not present an argument relating to these two assessments. We agree 

both these assessments are fines. See id. ¶¶ 134, 138. 

¶ 54 Defendant was also assessed a $2 State’s Attorney automation assessment, which 

he argues is a fine pursuant to People v. Camacho, 2016 IL App (1st) 140604, ¶ 56, 64 N.E.3d 

647, despite our holding the assessment is a fee in Warren, 2016 IL App (4th) 120721-B, ¶ 115, 

55 N.E.3d 117. Defendant notes our holding in Warren, but he invites us to reconsider in light of 

Camacho, which disagreed with Warren because “the State’s Attorney and public defender 

records automation assessments do not compensate the state for the costs associated in 

prosecuting a particular defendant.” Camacho, 2016 IL App (1st) 140604, ¶ 56, 64 N.E.3d 647. 

We decline to reconsider our holding in Warren and continue to hold the $2 State’s Attorney 

automation assessment is a fee for the reasons stated therein.

¶ 55 In sum, defendant was assessed several fines, which include (1) a $50 court 

finance fee, (2) a $10 arrestee’s medical fine; (3) a $10 State Police operations fine, (4) a $10 
- 24 -

traffic/criminal surcharge, (5) a $30 juvenile expungement fund assessment, and (6) a $5 drug 

court assessment. These fines appear from the record to have been classified as “costs,” as 

opposed to “fines,” in the clerk’s computer system. To the extent these fines have been 

improperly classified, we remand to the trial court to correct the classification and apply 

defendant’s per diem credit to these creditable fines. 

¶ 56 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 57 We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand to the trial court for a new 

sentencing hearing and to properly classify the following assessments as fines and apply 

defendant’s per diem credit to those fines: (1) a $50 court finance fee, (2) a $10 arrestee’s 

medical fine, (3) a $10 State Police operations fine, (4) a $10 traffic/criminal surcharge, (5) a $30 

juvenile expungement fund assessment, and (6) a $5 drug court assessment. As a part of our 

judgment, we award the State its $75 statutory assessment against defendant as costs of this 

appeal. 55 ILCS 5/4-2002 (West 2014). 

¶ 58 Affirmed in part and vacated in part; cause remanded with directions.