### F I LE D U. S . COURT OF AP PE ALS E LEVE NTH CI RCUI T A ugus t 29, 2005 T HOM AS K. KAHN C L E RK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

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________________________ D. C . Do c k e tNo . 0 3 - 2 0 5 9 3 - C R - UU B U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s H U G H J A M A L P A Y N E , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe S outhe rn D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( A u gu s t 29, 2005) B efo re T JO F L A T , H U L L an d W IL S O N , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: O n Jul y 24, 20 03 , a S ou thern D i stri ctof F l ori da grand j ury i nd i ct ed2

ap p e lla n t, A le x is P o rr o a n d D in o n C a rr e r af o rc o n s p ir a c y to p o s s e s s w ith in te n t to di s tr i but e f

i ve ki l ogr a m s orm or e of c oc a i ne , i n vi ol a t i on of 21 U . S . C . § 846 (C ou nt1); conspi ra cyt o u nl aw ful l y obstruct , del ay , and aff ec ti nt er st at e c om m er ce a nd the m ove m e ntof

a r t i c l e s a nd c om m odi t i e s i n i nt e r s t a t e c om m e r c e by m e a ns of robb ery, i n v i ol at i on of the H ob bs A ct , 18 U . S . C . § 1 95 1(a) (C ou nt2); conspi ra cy t o us e af i r e a rm dur i ng a nd i n r e l a t i on t o adrug tr a f f i c ki ng of f e ns e , i n vi ol a t i on of 18 U . S . C . § 924( o) ( C ount3) ; a tt e m pt i ng t o pos s e s s w i th i nt e ntt o di s tr i but e f i ve ki l ogr a m s orm or e of

c oc a i ne , i n vi ol a t i on of 21 U . S . C . § 846 ( C ount4) ; a nd us e of af ir e a rm in r e la tio n to ad ru g tr a f f ic k in g o f f e n s e , in v io la tio n o f

1 8 U .S .C . § 924( c ) ( 1) ( A ) ( C ount5) . T he s a m e i ndi c tm e nta l s o c ha r ge d J os e B e l tr a n w i th the C o u n ts 1 , 2 , a n d 3 o f

f e n s e s . A p p e lla n t’s c o d e f

e n d a n ts p le d g u ilty to v a r io u s c o u n ts o f th e in d ic tm e n t; appe l l a nt , though, s t ood tr i a l be f or e aj ury . T he j ury f

ound hi m gui l ty on C ount s 2, 3 a n d 5 , a n d n o t g u ilty o n C o u n ts 1 a n d 4 . T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t s e n te n c e d ap p e lla n t to c onc urr e ntpr i s on t e rm s of 46 m onths on C ount s 2 a nd 3 a nd ac ons e c ut i ve 60 m o n th s te rm o n C o u n t 5 , f o rato ta l o f

1 0 6 m o n th s in c a r c e r a tio n . H e n o w ap p e a ls h i s co n v i ct i o n s an d sen t en ces. I. F ir s t, ap p e lla n t c o n te n d s th a t th e e v id e n c e w a s in s u f f ic ie n t to s u p p o r t h is3

c onvi c t i ons be c a us e , w he n he dr ove hi s c o- c ons pi r a t or s , A l e xi s A . P orr o a nd D i no C a rr e r a , to th e s c e n e w h e r e th e y w e r e a rr e s te d , h e n e ith e rk n e w o f n o rin te n d e d to p a r tic ip a te in th e r o b b e ry o f ac o c a in e s ta s h h o u s e . A p p e lla n t s u b m its th a t h e o n ly l ea rned thatP orro had b roug hta gun al on g aft erthey a rr i ved atthe w ar ehou se — w he r e the y w e r e goi ng t o w a i tf orat e l e phone c a l l t e l l i ng the m of the l oc a t i on of th e st ash h o u se th ey p l an n ed t o ro b

— an d th ati tw as o n l y m i n u t es b efo re h i s arrest th a t h e h e a r d h is c o - c o n s p ir a to r s d is c u s s in g c o c a in e ( b e c a u s e C a rr e r aa n d P o rr o , to a v o id s h a r in g th e p r o f

its , d id n o t w a n t a n y o n e to k n o w o f th e irr o b b e ry p la n ) . I n a s s e s s i ng appe l l a nt ’ s s uf f i c i e nc y - of

- the - e vi de nc e a r gum e nt , w e de t e rm i ne w h e th e rar e a s o n ab le f

a c t- f in d e rc o u ld c o n c lu d e th a t th e e v id e n c e e s tab lis h e d g u ilt be y ond ar e a s onabl e doubt , vi e w i ng a l l f a c t s i n the l i ghtm os tf

a vor abl e t o the G o v e rn m e n t. U n ite d S ta te s v . H a n s e n , 2 6 2 F .3 d 1 2 1 7 , 1 2 3 6 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 1 ) . T o p r o v e aHo b b s Ac tc o n s p i r a c y , th e p r o s e c u t i o n m u s tp r o v e th a t : “ ( 1 ) two o rm o r e p e r s o n s a g r e e d to c o m m it ar o b b e ry e n c o m p a s s e d w ith in th e H o b b s A c t; ( 2 ) th e d e f

e n d a n t k n e w o f

th e c o n s p ir a to r ia l g o a l; a n d ( 3 ) th e d e f e n d a n t v o lu n ta r ily pa r t i c i pa t e d i n he l pi ng t o a c c om pl i s h the goa l . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. T o, 144 F . 3d 737, 74 7-48 (11th C i r. 19 98 ). T o sust ai n a conv i ct i on for c on spi ri ng t o carryor use a f i r e a rm dur i ng the c om m i s s i on of ac r i m e , the gove rnm e ntm us te s t abl i s h tha tthe de f e nda nt( 1) a gr e e d t o c a rry orus e af i r e a rm , ( 2) dur i ng a nd i n r e l a t i on t o the4

c o m m is s io n o f

ac r im e o f

v io le n c e , a n d , f

u r th e r , c o m m itte d a n o v e r t a c t in f u r th e r a n c e o f

th e c o n s p i r a c y . Se e 1 8 U. S. C. § § 9 2 4 ( c ) ( 1 ) ( A) a n d 9 2 4 ( o ) . To s us t a i n ac onvi c t i on f

orthe s ubs t a nt i ve § 924( c ) ( 1) ( A ) of f e ns e , the gove rnm e nt m ustes t abl i sh el em ent s ( 1) and (2) abov e. I n thi s c a s e , the r e w a s e vi de nc e tha tappe l l a nta s s um e d af a ke na m e on the ni ghtof the c r i m e t o di s gui s e hi s i de nt i ty , e xpe c t e d t o r e c e i ve tw o ounc e s of coca i ne for hi s part i ci pat i on i n the robb ery of ast as h h ou se thathe kn ew cont ai ned a tl e a s tf i ve one - ki l ogr a m br i c ks of c oc a i ne , a gr e e d t o c r a s h the c a rhe w a s dr i vi ng i f a ny pr obl e m s a r os e , a nd kne w tha thi s ve hi c l e c ont a i ne d the c l othi ng a nd w e apons f

orthe r obbe ry . A ppe l l a nta l s o a dm i tt e d tha the he l pe d obt a i n the s tun g u n a n d b u l l e t s , k n e w th a twe ap o n s wo u l d b e n e c e s s a ry b y s t a t i n g “ th a t ’ s wh y we di dn’ tge tthe m othe rguns f r om m y guy , ” c onc e de d tha ta l though he “ thought ab o u t” th r o w in g th e g u n a w a y w e n t, in s te a d , in to th e w a r e h o u s e a n d c o n tin u e d h is part i ci pat i on i n the conspi ra cy , and t ol d C arre raand P orro thathe w as go i ng t o say th a t h e k n e w n o th in g ab o u t r o b b in g as ta s h h o u s e . A c c o r d in g ly , o n c e a ll r e a s onabl e i nf

e r e nc e s a r e dr a w n f

r om thi s e vi de nc e i n the G ove rnm e nt ’ s f a vor , the evi dence w as suff

i ci entt o p rove thatappel l antpart i ci pat ed i n a H ob bs A ct c ons pi r a c y , know i ngl y c ons pi r e d t o us e af i r e a rm i n r e l a t i on t o adrug tr a f f i c ki ng o f f e n s e , a n d u s e d af

ir e a rm in r e la tio n to s u c h o f f e n s e .5 II . S eco n d , ap p el l an targ u es th atC arrera’s and P o rro ’ s p o st -arrest s t at em en t s, w hi c h w e r e m a de i n hi s pr e s e nc e i n the ba c k of the pol i c e c a r , w e r e notm a de d u r in g th e c o u r s e , o rin f u r th e r a n c e , o f

th e c o n s p ir a c y th a t h a d a lr e a d y e n d e d . T he r e f or e , he c ont e nds tha tthe s t a t e m e nt s w e r e i na dm i s s i bl e unde rthe c o- c ons pi r a t orhe a r s a y e xc e pt i on, a nd the di s tr i c tc our te rr e d w he n i ta dm i tt e d the s ta te m e n ts b e c a u s e it th e r e b y d e n ie d h im h is S ix th A m e n d m e n t r ig h t to c o n f r o n ta tio n . Ap p e l l a n td i d n o to b

j e c tt o th e s e s t a t e m e n t s wh e n i n tr o d u c e d ; h e n c e we r e vi e w the i ri ntr oduc t i on f orpl a i n e rr or . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. C hi l c ot e , 724 F . 2d 14 98 , 15 03 (11th C i r. 19 84 ); se e a l so F ed. R . C ri m . P . 52 (b) ( no t i ng thaterrors tha tdo nota f

f e c ts ubs t a nt i a l r i ght s m us tbe di s r e ga r de d) . P l a i n e rr ori s e rr or

“ w hi ch, w hen exam i ned i n the cont extof the ent i re ca se , i s s o o bv i ou s thatfa i l ure t o not i c e i tw oul d s e r i ous l y a f f e c tthe f a i rne s s , i nt e gr i ty a nd publ i c r e put a t i on of th e ju d ic ia l p r o c e e d in g s .” C h ilc o te , 7 2 4 F .2 d a t 1 5 0 3 ( q u o ta tio n s o m itte d ) . U nde rthe F e de r a l R ul e s of E vi de nc e , as t a t e m e nti s nothe a r s a y i f “ [ t ] he st at em enti s off

er ed agai nsta party a nd i s . . . a s t at em entby a c ocon spi ra t or of a pa r ty dur i ng the c our s e a nd i n f ur the r a nc e of

the c ons pi r a c y . ” F e d. R . E vi d. 8 0 1 ( d ) ( 2 ) ( E) . M o r e o v e r , “ [ t ] h e ru l e i s c o n s i s t e n tw i th th e p o s i t i o n o f th e Su p r e me6

C our ti n de ny i ng a dm i s s i bi l i ty t o s t a t e m e nt s m a de a f t e rthe obj e c t i ve s of

the c ons pi r a c y ha ve e i the rf a i l e d orbe e n a c hi e ve d. ” F e d. R . E vi d. 801, c om m e nt . ( n. 2) . “ A c oc ons pi r a t or ’ s pa r t i c i pa t i on i n ac ons pi r a c y e nds w i th hi s a rr e s t , a nd the r e f or e hi s pos t a rr e s ts t a t e m e nt s a r e notm a de dur i ng the c our s e of the co n sp i racy. ” U n i t ed S t at es v . P o st al , 5 8 9 F . 2 d 8 6 2 , 8 8 8 (5 th C i r. 1 9 7 9 ); see al so L i l l y v. V i r gi ni a , 527 U . S . 116, 131- 34, 119 S . C t . 1887, 1897- 99, 144 L . E d. 2d 117 ( 1999) ( e xpl a i ni ng tha tw he n as t a t e m e nta ga i ns tpe na l i nt e r e s ti s of f e r e d by the gove rnm e ntt o e s t abl i s h the gui l tof ac ode f e nda ntorc o- c ons pi r a t orof the decl ar ant , the C on fr on t at i on C l ause i s i m pl i ca t ed, and i s vi ol at ed, because s uch s ta te m e n ts a r e in h e r e n tly u n r e liab le a n d n o t f irm ly r o o te d ) . H ow e ve r , “ [ i ] tdoe s notf ol l ow [ ] tha tbe c a us e ac oc ons pi r a t ors t a t e m e nt doe s notc om e w i thi n rul e 801( d) ( 2) ( E ) i ti s i na dm i s s i bl e f ora ny purpos e . T he s ta te m e n t m a y b e p r o b a tiv e o f a n is s u e a t tr ia l ap a r t f

r o m th e tru th o rf

a ls ity o f its c o n te n ts , a n d if

s o it m a y b e a d m is s ib le a s n o n h e a r s a y b e c a u s e it is n o t o f f e r e d to p r o v e th e tru th o f

th e m a tte ra s s e r te d .” S e e P o s ta l, 5 8 9 F .2 d a t 8 8 8 . I n l i ghtof

the othe r , ove rw he l m i ng e vi de nc e a ga i ns tappe l l a ntde t a i l e d i n the di sc ussi on abov e, i ncl ud i ng hi s ow n p ost -a rr es tadm i ss i on s both i n the po l i ce ca r a nd t o the B ur e a u of

A l c ohol , T oba c c o, F i r e a rm s a nd E xpl os i ve s a ge ntw ho i nt e rvi e w e d hi m , he f

a i l e d t o s how tha thi s s ubs t a nt i a l r i ght s w e r e a f f e c t e d by the7

a dm i s s i on of

C a rr e r a ’ s a nd P orr o’ s pos t - a rr e s ts t a t e m e nt s . M or e ove r , the st at em ent s a ti ss ue w er e m ade by C arre raand P orro du ri ng a c on vers at i on they had w i th ap p el l an td u ri n g w h i ch h e m ad e ad m i ssi o n s. A cco rd i n g l y, i tw as al so n e c e s s a ry f

o rth e s e s t a t e m e n t s t o b e a d m i tt e d n o tf o rth e i rtru th , b u tt o p u th i s o wn vol unt a ry a dm i s s i ons i nt o c ont e xt , a nd avol unt a ry a dm i s s i on a ga i ns tthe decl ar ant ’ s ow n i nt er es ti s afi rm l y e st abl i shed except i on t o the hears ayrul e. S ee L illy , 5 2 7 U .S . a t 1 2 7 , 1 1 9 S .C t. a t 1 8 9 5 . II I. T hi r d, appe l l a ntc ont e nds tha tthe t e s t i m ony of A T F S pe c i a l A ge ntS t e ve M cK ea n as t o h i s s ubj ec t i ve vi ew s of the m ea ni ng of com m ent s i n the t aper e c o r d e d c o n v e r s a tio n s p la y e d a t tr ia l w a s in a d m is s ib le la y o p in io n te s tim o n y . O nce a gai n, w e r evi ew thi s i ss ue for pl ai n err or, si nce app el l antfa i l ed t o o bj ec tat tr ia l. T e s t i m ony i n the f orm of opi ni ons ori nf

e r e nc e s of

aw i tne s s w ho i s not t es t i fy i ng as an expert , “ i s l i m i t ed t o tho se op i ni on s a nd i nfer ence s w hi ch ar e (a ) r at i on al l y bas ed on the perce pt i on of the w i tness , (b) hel pful t o a cl ea r unde r s t a ndi ng of

the w i tne s s ’ t e s t i m ony orthe de t e rm i na t i on of af a c ti n i s s ue , a nd ( c ) notba s e d on s c i e nt i f i c , t e c hni c a l , orothe rs pe c i a l i z e d know l e dge w i thi n the sc op e of R ul e 702 . ” F ed. R . E vi d. 70 1. M oreover, the w i tness ’ s per ce pt i on s m ay8

be i nt erpret ed i n l i gh tof the w i tness ’ s e xp er i ence . S ee U ni t ed S t at es v. B ut l er , 10 2 F . 3d 11 91 , 11 99 (11th C i r. 19 97 ) ( “ T he rul e i s w el l -e st abl i shed thatan e xpe r i e nc e d na r c ot i c s a ge ntm a y t e s t i f y aboutthe s i gni f

i c a nc e of c e r t a i n c onduc tor m etho ds of op er at i on un i qu e t o the drug di stri bu t i on bu si ness . . . . ”) ( i nt ernal qu ot at i on s om i tt ed). A re vi ew of the tri al tra nscr i ptre veal s thatA gentM cK ea n’ s t es t i m on y w as ba s e d on hi s 16 y e a r s of e xpe r i e nc e a s a n A T F a ge nt , know l e dge of drug l i ngo a nd the S pa ni s h l a ngua ge , hi s f i r s t - ha nd pe r c e pt i on of

the c onve r s a t i ons he a r d on the r e c or di ngs a s apa r t i c i pa nt , a nd the ne e d t o putof t e n f r a gm e nt e d por t i ons of

the c oc o n s p ir a to r s ’ s ta te m e n ts in c o n te x t. I n s u m , ap p e lla n t h a s f a ile d to d e m o n s tr a te error thati s pl ai n and , m oreover, thathi s s ub st ant i al ri gh t s w er e a dv er se l y a ff ec t ed th e r e b y . I V. F our th, appe l l a ntc ont e nds tha thi s c onvi c t i ons a nd s e nt e nc e s s houl d be re vers ed because the courtre po rt erfa i l ed t o tra nscr i be the audi ot aped evi dence p la y e d a t tr ia l, a n d b e c a u s e h e h a s an e w a tto rn e y o n ap p e a l w h o w a s “u n ab le to a s c e r ta in th e p r o c e d u r e f o rth e p la y in g o f

th e tap e s .” H e s a y s th a t th e r e c o r d is i ns uf f i c i e ntt o s how tha tthe t ape s w e r e e ve n unde r s t a ndabl e , m uc h l e s s w ha tor h o w m u c h o f

e a c h tap e a c tu a lly w a s p la y e d .9

“ T he ri gh tt o a new tri al base d o n a defi ci encyof the re cord [] i s ‘ prem i se d up on the di stri ctcourt ’ s i nabi l i ty t o rec on structthe re cord. ’ A re construct ed r e c or d, e ve n i f

noti de nt i c a l t o the or i gi na l tr i a l tr a ns c r i pta nd e xhi bi t s , w i l l pr ovi de a n ap p e lla n t w ith s u f

f ic ie n t d u e p r o c e s s s o lo n g a s it c a n ‘a c c o r d e f f e c tiv e ap p e lla te r e vi e w ’ of

the i s s ue s r a i s e d on appe a l . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. C ha r l e s , 313 F . 3d 1278, 1 2 8 3 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 2 ) ( in te rn a l c ita tio n o m itte d ) . “[ I ]f an e w a tto rn e y r e p r e s e n ts the appe l l a nton appe a l , ane w tr i a l i s ne c e s s a ry i f the r e i s as ubs t a nt i a l a nd s ig n if ic a n t o m is s io n f

r o m th e tr ia l tr a n s c r ip t.” I d . H er e, w e w er e abl e t o exam i ne the evi dence thatw as no ttra nscr i bed attri al be c a us e the a udi o r e c or di ngs a nd the i rw r i tt e n tr a ns l a t e d tr a ns c r i pt i ons w e r e m a de a partof the re cord. T hu s, w e f i nd no re vers i bl e e rr or i n the courtre po rt er ’ s f ai l ure to f u lly tr a n s c r ib e th e r e c o r d e d e v id e n c e p r e s e n te d a t tr ia l. V. F i fth, appel l antchal l enges hi s s ent ence s. H e a ckno w l edges thatthe court w a s r e qui r e d t o s e nt e nc e hi m t o pr i s on f orthe s t a tut or i l y m a nda t e d m i ni m um 60 m onths f orhi s C ount5 f

i r e a rm s of

f e ns e a nd tha ts uc h s e nt e nc e w a s r e qui r e d t o be i m pos e d c ons e c ut i ve l y t o hi s C ount s 2 a nd 3 s e nt e nc e s . I n l i ghtof U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B o o k er, 5 4 3 U . S . ___ , 1 2 5 S . C t . 7 3 8 , 1 6 0 L . E d . 2 d 6 2 1 (2 0 0 5 ), h o w ev er, h e says tha tthe c our tc oul d ha ve i m pos e d as e nt e nc e on C ount5 e i the rl ow e rtha n the10

s t a tut ory m a nda t ory m i ni m um orc onc urr e nt l y t o hi s s e nt e nc e s on C ount s 2 a nd 3, o rb o th . R e g a r d in g C o u n t 5 , h e c la im s th a t th e ju ry v e r d ic t, w h ic h s ta te d th a t it f o u n d ap p e lla n t g u ilty a s c h a r g e d , w a s in a d e q u a te to e s tab lis h b e y o n d ar e a s o n ab le d o u b t th a t h e c a rr ie d o ru s e d af ir e a rm a s C o u n t 5 a lle g e d . F in a lly , in h is r e p ly br i e f , he a r gue s tha tB ooke ri nva l i da t e s the e nt i r e s e nt e nc e pa c ka ge be c a us e the c o u r t in d ic a te d th a t it w a s b o u n d b y th e S e n te n c in g G u id e lin e s . B e c a us e appe l l a ntdi d notr a i s e aB l a ke l y v. W a s hi ngt on, 542 U . S . 296, 124 S . C t . 2531, 159 L . E d. 2d 403 ( 2004) , obj e c t i on ( w hi c h B ooke rm a de appl i c abl e t o th e f e d e r a l s e n t e n c i n g s y s t e m) i n th e d i s tr i c tc o u r t , w e r e v i e w h i s Bo o k e rc l a i ms f o rp la in e rr o r . A pp el l antsa ys thatbo th types of B oo ker e rr or occurre d h er e. S ee U ni t ed S t at es v. S hel t on , 40 0 F . 3d 13 25 (11th C i r. 20 05 ) ( ho l di ng thatthere ar e tw o types of B ooke re rr or : ( 1) the S i xth A m e ndm e nt( “ c ons t i tut i ona l ” ) e rr orof us i ng j udge - f ound f a c t s t o i nc r e a s e ade f

e nda nt ’ s s e nt e nc e unde ram a nda t ory gui de l i ne sy st em ; and (2) the “ st atut ory” error of app l yi ng the G ui del i nes a s m andat ory, as o p p o sed t o ad v i so ry. A s f o rh is c la im o f

c o n s titu tio n a l e rr o r , ap p e lla n t o f f e r s n o le g a l b a s is f

o rh is ar gu m entthatthe C ou nt5 j ury ver di ctst at i ng thatthe defendanti s gui l ty a s c h a r g e d in th e in d ic tm e n t w a s in s u f f ic ie n t to s a tis f

y B o o k e r ’s h o ld in g th a t th e f a c ts11

e s s e nt i a l t o the i m pos i t i on of as e nt e nc e f

ora n of f e ns e be f ound by the j ury or a d m itte d b y th e d e f

e n d a n t. G iv e n th e c o u r t’s c h a r g e to th e ju ry , w e d o n o t h e s ita te i n con cl ud i ng thatthe j ury, by i t s ver di ct , foun d thatappel l antengaged i n the cr i m i nal cond uctC ou nt5 al l eged. T hu s, there i s no p l ai n err or of const i tut i on al d im e n s io n . S e e H u m p h r e y , 1 6 4 F .3 d a t 5 8 8 . A ppe l l a nt ’ s c l a i m of

s t a tut ory e rr orc onc e rns hi s 60- m onths c ons e c ut i ve s e nt e nc e on C ount5 f

orc a rry i ng orus i ng af

i r e a rm i n r e l a t i on t o adrug tr a f f i c ki ng offe nse. T he di stri ctcourtw as bo un d t o app l y the m andat ory m i ni m um se nt ence f ound i n § 924( c ) ( 1) ( A ) ( i ) a nd appl y i tc ons e c ut i ve l y t o appe l l a nt ’ s s e nt e nc e s on C ou nt2 and 3. T he courtthere fore di d n oterr, m uch l es s c om m i tpl ai n err or. F in a lly , c o n c e rn in g h is c la im o f s ta tu to ry e rr o rin th e im p o s itio n o f h is s e n te n c e s o n C o u n ts 2 a n d 3 , b e c a u s e ap p e lla n t d id n o t p r e s e n t th is c la im in h is ope ni ng br i e f

, i ti s w a i ve d. S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. L e vy , N o. 01- 17133, m a nus c r i pt op i ni on at13 -14 (11 th C i r. Jul y 12, 20 05 ) ( expl ai ni ng thatthi s c ou rt ’ s prudent i al ru le th a t is s u e s n o t r a is e d in th e o p e n in g b r ie f a r e ab a n d o n e d ap p lie s to d e f e n d a n ts w h o a tte m p t to b e la te d ly r a is e aB o o k e ra r g u m e n t) . AF F I R ME D.