[Cite as State v. Smith, 2016-Ohio-7566.]

COURT OF APPEALS 

DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO 

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

STATE OF OHIO 

 Plaintiff-Appellee 

-vsERIC L. SMITH 

 Defendant-Appellant 

JUDGES: 

: Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, P.J. 

: Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J. 

: Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J. 

: 

: 

: Case No. 15CAA 0077 

: 

: 

: O P I N I O N 

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal appeal from the Delaware County 

Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 15CRI04-0144C 

JUDGMENT: Affirmed 

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: October 28, 2016 

APPEARANCES: 

For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant 

CAROL O'BRIEN ERIC ALLEN 

ANDREW BIGLER 4605 Morse Road, Suite 201 

140 North Sandusky Street Gahanna, OH 43230 

Delaware, OH 43015 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 2 

Gwin, J., 

{¶1} Appellant Eric Smith “[Smith”] appeals his convictions and sentences after 

a jury trial in the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas on one count of aggravated 

burglary, a felony of the first degree, in violation of RC. 2911.11 (A) (2), with a firearm 

specification, a repeat violent offender specification and a forfeiture specification; one 

count of kidnapping, a felony of the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2905.01, with a firearm 

specification, a repeat violent offender specification and a forfeiture specification; one 

count of aggravated robbery, a felony of the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2911.01 (A) 

(1), with a firearm specification, a repeat violent offender specification and a forfeiture 

specification; one count of having weapons under disability, a felony of the third degree, 

in violation of R.C. 2923.13 (A)(2); one count of aggravated robbery, a felony of the first 

degree, in violation of R.C. 2911.01 (A) (1), with a firearm specification, a repeat violent 

offender specification and a forfeiture specification; one count of felonious assault, a 

second degree felony, in violation of R.C. 2903.11 (A) (2), with a firearm specification, a 

repeat violent offender specification and a forfeiture specification; and one count of having 

weapons under disability, a felony of the third degree, in violation of R.C. 2923.13 (A) (2). 

Facts and Procedural History 

{¶2} On January 3, 2015, and into the morning of January 4, 2015, two 

individuals broke into the home of David McCourt. They bound him with zip tie handcuffs 

and laid him down in front of his television. These two people took cash, five guns, and 

a Rolex watch. McCourt waited until he was sure that the people who broke into his home 

were gone. He then went to the Powell Police Department and could not find anyone 

there. McCourt is seen on the surveillance tape at the police department at around 5:00 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 3 

a.m. (2T. at 234-235). He leaves and goes to a friend's house in Grove City, Ohio. He 

buys a new cell phone and calls the police. He delayed in calling the police because he 

was taking bets on a 12:30 p.m. game. (2T. at 228). The police respond to his home in 

Delaware County and begin an investigation. McCourt could not identify anyone who 

robbed him on that day. 

{¶3} McCourt testified that $33,000.00 and a Rolex watch were among the items 

taken from his home on January 3, 2015. McCourt further testified that one of the 

assailants had a revolver and the other a semi-automatic handgun with a long magazine 

or clip. McCourt described the offenders as one being taller and one shorter, that the 

assailants wore all black/dark clothing, hoods, masks and gloves, and stated the offenders 

from the second incident appeared to be the same as from the first (2T. at 188; 190; 3T. at 

358; 361). 

{¶4} Dennis Waddell testified that in connection with the first incident on January 

3, 2015, he provided Smith with the victim's address. Smith’s cousin, Wayne Kelso, is 

seen on the surveillance tape on January 5, 2015, one day after the first incident, trying 

to pawn McCourt’s Rolex watch. Waddell testified that it was Smith who drove him and 

Kelso to the pawnshop. (4T. at 562). Smith purchased a Dodge Charger for $6,145.00 

in cash on January 26, 2015. (4T. at 586). Smith spends $12,000.00 over the course of 

two days after the first incident and leading up to the second incident. McCourt testified 

that the money taken from his house was in $100.00 bills. (3T. at 373). $1,000.00 in 

$100.00 bills was recovered from Smith’s car. (4T. at 580). 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 4 

{¶5} Smith was pulled over for a traffic violation on March 16, 2015. The officer 

observed flex ties formed as handcuffs, gloves, and a ski mask in Smith’s car. (2T. at 257; 

263). 

{¶6} On March 27, 2015, two individuals again break into Mr. McCourt’s home in 

Delaware County, Ohio. This time McCourt is pistol-whipped in his front yard. McCourt 

attempted to shoot his attackers but the gun jammed. McCourt runs to his neighbor's 

home and calls 9-1-1. 

{¶7} Smith, Tammy Wright and Dennis Waddell are all caught together moments 

after the second incident, within a mile of the McCourt's home with black ski masks, a 

Glock handgun with an extended magazine, and zip ties formed as handcuffs in a vehicle 

fitting the description McCourt gave to officers. (3T. at 362; 390; 412-420; 433-437; 456-

458). Waddell testified that Smith showed him a black revolver on the way to the McCourt’s 

home on March 27, 2015. (4T. at 515). 

{¶8} Tammy Wright testified she picked up both Waddell and Smith and drove 

them to McCourt’s neighborhood on March 27, 2015. (3T. at 409-415). Wright was driving 

a green Jeep Cherokee. She observed Smith and Waddell get out of a Dodge Charger. 

Both Waddell and Smith were dressed in black from head to toe. (3T. at 415). 

{¶9} Smith and Waddell each called Wright to pick them up after the incident. (3T. 

at 418-419). Smith and Waddell were not at the same location when she picked them up. 

(3T. at 419-420). A .40 caliber Glock with a long magazine was recovered from Wright’s 

Jeep Cherokee. (3T. at 442; 452). Waddell admitted that he had a Glock handgun with an 

extend magazine. (4T. at 514). 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 5 

{¶10} McCourt gave a description of guns used in the first and second robbery. 

That description is similar to the gun that witnesses testified Smith had on him and similar 

to the gun found in the vehicle after the second incident. (2T. at 195-196; 3T. at 358-

359; 1T. at 514-515). 

{¶11} Following deliberation, the jury found Smith guilty of all charges and specifications 

in the indictment. 

{¶12} The trial court sentenced Smith on count one to eight years in addition to the 

three-year firearm specification. As to count two, Smith was sentenced to five years in addition 

to the three-year gun specification. As to count three, Smith was sentenced to a term of three 

years in prison to be served concurrently with count one. As to count five, Smith was sentenced 

to a term of twelve months in prison. This is to be served concurrently with count one. As to 

count six, Smith was sentenced to a term of nine years to be served consecutive to counts one 

and two as well as an additional three-year gun specification. As to count seven, Smith was 

sentenced to a term of six years to be served consecutively to counts one, two, and six. He 

was also sentenced on a firearm specification. 

Assignments of Error 

{¶13} Smith raises nine assignments of error, 

{¶14} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT DENIED HIS 

REQUEST FOR A CONTINUANCE. 

{¶15} “II. THE TRIAL COURT VIOLATED APPELLANT'S RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL 

UNDER THE FIFTH AND SIXTH AMENDMENTS TO THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 

MADE APPLICABLE TO THE STATE OF OHIO BY THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT 

WHEN IT DENIED HIS REQUEST FOR A CONTINUANCE. 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 6 

{¶16} “III. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AND VIOLATED 

APPELLANT'S RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL UNDER THE FIFTH AMENDMENT TO THE 

FEDERAL CONSTITUTION MADE APPLICABLE TO THE STATE OF OHIO BY THE 

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT WHEN IT LIMITED CROSS-EXAMINATION REGARDING 

GAMBLING OF THE PROSECUTING WITNESS. 

{¶17} “IV. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT ALLOWED 

TESTIMONY REGARDING BAD ACTS EVIDENCE AGAINST THE APPELLANT. 

{¶18} “V. THE TRIAL COURT DENIED APPELLANT HIS RIGHT TO DUE 

PROCESS GUARANTEED BY THE FIFTH AMENDMENT MADE APPLICABLE TO THE 

STATE OF OHIO BY THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT WHEN IT ALLOWED OTHER 

ACTS EVIDENCE TO BE PRESENTED. 

{¶19} “VI. APPELLANT WAS DENIED EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL 

GUARANTEED BY THE SIXTH AMENDMENT TO THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION MADE 

APPLICABLE TO THE STATE OF OHIO BY THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT. 

{¶20} “VII. THE STATE FAILED TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO 

CONVICT THE APPELLANT IN VIOLATION OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT AND 

IN DIRECT VIOLATION OF THE HOLDING OF JACKSON V. VIRGINIA. 

{¶21} “VIII. THE CONVICTIONS IN THIS MATTER WERE NOT SUPPORTED BY 

THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE. 

{¶22} “XI. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN SENTENCING APPELLANT TO 

CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES AS THE COURT FAILED TO ENGAGE IN THE REQUISITE 

THREE PART ANALYSIS REQUIRED TO SENTENCE A DEFENDANT TO CONSECUTIVE 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 7 

SENTENCES BY FAILING TO FIND THAT ANY OF THE THREE FACTORS LISTED IN 

2929.14(C)(4)(a)-(c) APPLIED.” 

I. & II. 

{¶23} In his first assignment of error, Smith contends the trial court abused its 

discretion in denying his attorney’s request for a continuance made the morning of trial. 

In his second assignment of error, Smith argues that the trial court violated his right to 

due process by denying counsel’s request for a continuance made the morning of trial. 

{¶24} Ordinarily a reviewing court analyzes a denial of a continuance in terms of 

whether the court has abused its discretion. Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589, 84 

S.Ct. 841, 11 L.Ed.2d 921(1964). If, however, the denial of a continuance is directly linked 

to the deprivation of a specific constitutional right, some courts analyze the denial in terms 

of whether there has been a denial of due process. Bennett v. Scroggy, 793 F.2d 772 

(6th Cir 1986). A defendant has an absolute right to prepare an adequate defense under 

the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and a right to due process under 

the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. United States v. Crossley, 224 F.3d 847, 854(6th 

Cir. 2000). The United States Supreme Court has recognized that the right to offer the 

testimony of witnesses and compel their attendance is constitutionally protected. 

Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19, 87 S.Ct. 1920, 1923, 18 L.Ed.2d 1019(1967). The 

Ohio Supreme Court recognized that the right to present a witness to establish a defense 

is a fundamental element of due process of law. Lakewood v. Papadelis, 32 Ohio St.3d 

1, 4-5, 511 N.E.2d 1138(1987). A trial court's failure to grant a continuance to enable a 

defendant to exercise his constitutionally protected right to offer the testimony of 

witnesses and compel their attendance may, in some circumstances, constitute a denial 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 8 

of due process. Mackey v. Dutton, 217 F.3d 399, 408(6th Cir 2000); Bennett v. Scroggy, 

supra, 793 F.2d at 774. See also, State v. Wheat, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2003-CA-00057, 

2004-Ohio-2088 at ¶ 16. 

{¶25} Among the factors to be considered by the court in determining whether the 

continuance was properly denied are: (1) the length of the requested delay, (2) whether 

other continuances had been requested and granted, (3) the convenience or 

inconvenience to the parties, witnesses, counsel and court, (4) whether the delay was for 

legitimate reasons or whether it was “dilatory, purposeful or contrived”, (5) whether the 

defendant contributed to the circumstances giving rise to the request, (6) whether denying 

the continuance will result in an identifiable prejudice to the defendant's case, and (7) the 

complexity of the case. Powell v. Collins, 332 F.3d 376, 396(6th Cir 2003); State v. Unger, 

67 Ohio St.2d 65, 67-68, 423 N.E.2d 1078(1981), 1080; State v. Wheat, supra at ¶ 17. 

{¶26} On a petition for habeas corpus relief, the federal courts have enumerated 

a slightly different set of factors that a reviewing court should consider in determining 

whether an accused was deprived of his rights to compulsory process and due process 

of law by denial of a motion for continuance: “[1] the diligence of the defense in 

interviewing witnesses and procuring their testimony within a reasonable time, [2] the 

specificity with which the defense is able to describe their expected knowledge or 

testimony, [3] the degree to which such testimony is expected to be favorable to the 

accused and [4] the unique or cumulative nature of the testimony.” Hicks v. Wainwright, 

633 F.2d 1146, 1149(5th Cir 1981) (quoting United States v. Uptain, 531 F.2d 1281, 

1287(5th Cir 1976); see, also, Bennett v. Scroggy, supra, 793 F.2d at 774; State v. Wheat, 

supra at ¶ 18. 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 9 

{¶27} In the case at bar, defense counsel received the allocution of co-defendant 

Tammy Wright the day before trial. Defense counsel conceded that that was proper and 

no continuance was requested. Counsel’s request was because Mr. Waddell decided to 

accept a plea offer the day of trial. Smith’s attorney was present when Waddell made his 

allocution. 

{¶28} The trial court noted, "But we've all heard the statement from Mr. Waddell this 

morning, I can't imagine there's information in there that was surprising to anyone, certainly it was news 

to me but that's to be expected, but in terms of parties who have looked at discovery in the case, I 

didn't get the sense that anything that Mr. Waddell said was unexpected today.” 1T. at 21. 

{¶29} The Court further stated that there was 15-20 witness present for trial, the 

parties knew about the trial date for a while, and that the Court had a very busy trial 

docket, thus causing inconvenience to the witnesses, jurors and the court. Furthermore, 

there had already been two continuances granted in the case, as well as a brief recess 

granted before trial to allow Smith to decide if he wanted to proceed or take a plea deal. 

{¶30} Smith's defense counsel in her motion failed to show how another 

continuance would allow her to effectively prepare for trial or that denying a continuance 

would prejudice Smith. In addition, Dennis Waddell had been a codefendant since the 

start of the case. As the Court stated, the possibility that a co-defendant could become 

a witness is a possibility at any point. 

{¶31} As evidenced in the transcript, it appears that defense counsel was provided 

a copy of the transcribed allocution of Dennis Waddell. (4T. at 534-540). In addition, she 

in fact was able to effectively cross Mr. Waddell on his inconsistent statements. Counsel 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 10 

effectively crossed examined Waddell regarding prior violent convictions and participation 

in illegal activities, all factors the jury could consider in weighing Mr. Waddell's testimony. 

{¶32} There is no evidence that more time would have better prepared defense 

counsel in cross-examining Mr. Waddell or would have uncovered exculpatory evidence 

on Smith’s behalf. Smith has failed to demonstrate how the failure to grant the 

continuance actually prejudiced his defense. 

{¶33} After careful examination of the record, we find that the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion in denying Smith's request for a continuance. The trial court had an 

interest in controlling its own docket and ensuring the prompt and efficient administration 

of justice. See Unger, 67 Ohio St.2d at 67, 423 N.E.2d 1078. The trial court clearly felt 

that competent counsel adequately represented Smith and that there was no reason to 

delay the trial. As such, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it 

denied the motion to continue the trial and we find no violation of Smith’s due process 

rights. 

{¶34} Smith’s first and second assignments of error are overruled. 

III. 

{¶35} In his third assignment of error, Smith contends the trial court did not allow 

questioning into whether or not the victim, David McCourt, violated the law by taking bets 

or running a casino therefore denying his right to confront his accuser as guaranteed by 

the Sixth Amendment. [Appellant’s Brief at 12]. 

{¶36} Smith’s cites the following exchange to support his argument that the trial 

court limited his cross-examination, 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 11 

 Q — because you were embarrassed to divulge into your illegal 

activity such as gambling? 

 MR. BIGLER: Objection. 

 MR. PENKAL: Objection. 

 THE COURT: Well. 

 PENKAL: As to the commentary. 

 THE COURT: I don’t think the witness made any testimony 

about the activity being illegal. 

 MS. SHARP BERNARDO: I will rephrase, Your Honor. 

3T. at 379-380. 

{¶37} The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees the right 

of an accused in a criminal prosecution "to be confronted with the witnesses against him." 

Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 353, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347(1974). That right, 

incorporated in the Fourteenth Amendment and therefore available in state proceedings 

under Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923(1965) includes the 

right to conduct reasonable cross-examination. Davis, 415 U.S. at 315-316, 94 S.Ct 

1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347. 

 Reasonable cross-examination includes not only the opportunity to 

impeach a witness: “[c]ross-examination is the principal means by which the 

believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are tested. Subject 

always to the broad discretion of a trial judge to preclude repetitive and 

unduly harassing interrogation, the cross-examiner is not only permitted to 

delve into the witness' story to test the witness' perceptions and memory, 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 12 

but the cross-examiner has traditionally been allowed to impeach, i.e., 

discredit, the witness”. Davis, 415 U.S. at 316, but also the exposure of a 

witness' motivation in testifying: ‘A more particular attack on the witness' 

credibility is effected by means of cross-examination directed toward 

revealing possible biases, prejudices, or ulterior motives of the witness as 

they may relate directly to issues or personalities in the case at hand. The 

partiality of a witness is subject to exploration at trial, and is ‘always relevant 

as discrediting the witness and affecting the weight of his testimony.’ 3A J. 

Wigmore Evidence Section 940, p. 775 (Chadbourn rev. 1970). We have 

recognized that the exposure of a witness' motivation in testifying is a proper 

and important function of the constitutionally protected right of crossexamination. [415 U.S. 317]”. 

Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S. 474, 496, 3 L.Ed. 2d 1377, 79 S.Ct. 1400(1959). See also, 

Davis, 415 U.S. at 316-317; Olden v. Kentucky, 488 U.S. 227, 109 S.Ct. 48, 102 L.Ed.2d 

513(1988); Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 678-679, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 

674 (1986). 

{¶38} Of course, a trial court can impose reasonable limits upon crossexamination: 

 It does not follow, of course, that the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth 

Amendment prevents a trial judge from imposing any limits on defense 

counsel's inquiry into the potential bias of a prosecution witness. On the 

contrary, trial judges retain wide latitude insofar as the Confrontation Clause 

is concerned to impose reasonable limits on such cross-examination based 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 13 

on concerns about, among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion 

of the issues, the witness' safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only 

marginally relevant. And as we observed earlier this Term, “the 

Confrontation Clause guarantees an opportunity for effective crossexamination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and 

to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” Delaware v. Fensterer (1985), 

474 U.S. 15, 20, 106 S.Ct. 292 (per curiam) (emphasis in original). 

Van Arsdall, supra, 475 U.S. at 679. 

{¶39} In determining whether the confrontation clause has been violated, the 

focus of the prejudice inquiry "must be on the particular witness, not on the outcome of 

the entire trial." Van Arsdall, supra 475 U.S. at 680. In Van Arsdall, supra, the United 

States Supreme Court held: “[w]e think that a criminal defendant states a violation of the 

Confrontation Clause by showing that he was prohibited from engaging in otherwise 

appropriate cross-examination designed to show a prototypical form of bias on the part 

of the witness, and thereby ‘to expose to the jury the facts from which jurors . . . could 

appropriately draw inferences relating to the reliability of the witness. Davis v. Alaska, 

supra, at 318, 94 S.Ct. 1105.” Van Arsdall, supra at 475 U.S. 680; See, also, Olden, 

supra. 

{¶40} In Van Arsdall, supra, the Court stated, 

 The correct inquiry is whether, assuming that the damaging potential 

of the cross-examination were fully realized, a reviewing court might 

nonetheless say that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Whether such an error is harmless in a particular case depends upon a host 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 14 

of factors, all readily accessible to reviewing courts. These factors include 

the importance of the witness' testimony in the prosecution's case, whether 

the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence 

corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material 

points, the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, 

the overall strength of the prosecution's case. Cf. Harrington, 395 U.S., at 

254, 23 L.Ed. 2d 284, 89 S.Ct. 1726; Schneble v. Florida, 405 U.S. at 432, 

31 L.Ed. 2d 340, 92 S.Ct. 1056. 

Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 684, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674. 

{¶41} In the case at bar, the trial court simply noted that the witness had not “made 

any testimony about the activity being illegal.” The trial court did not issue a blanket 

prohibition against his testimony concerning gambling or other illegal activity. 

{¶42} In any event, Smith cannot show that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s 

ruling because McCourt testified on direct and cross examination regarding his gambling 

operation. McCourt disclosed that he would take bets from wealthy individuals, and either 

pay them if they won, or keep the money if they lost. McCourt admitted not wanting the 

police to search his home without him there, admitted he lied to police about how much 

money was taken because he did not want to disclose his gambling operation, and 

admitted he sought the advice of his attorney regarding what police may find regarding 

his gambling operation. 2T. at 201-202; 221-222; 228; 332; 3T. at 380-381. 

{¶43} We note that any error will be deemed harmless if it did not affect the 

accused's “substantial rights.” Before constitutional error can be considered harmless, 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 15 

we must be able to “declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

United States v. Chapman, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705(1967). 

{¶44} In the case at bar, the trial court did not restrict Smith from cross-examining 

McCourt on his gambling activities. We find that any error was harmless beyond a 

reasonable doubt. 

{¶45} Smith’s third assignment of error is overruled. 

IV. & V 

{¶46} In his fourth assignment of error, Smith argues that the trial court violated 

Evid.R. 404(B) by allowing Dennis Waddell to testify to prior acts of theft by Smith. In his 

fifth assignment of error, Smith argues that he was denied due process by the admission 

of other acts evidence. 

{¶47} The trial court has broad discretion in the admission and exclusion of 

evidence, including evidence of other acts under Evid.R. 404(B). State v. Morris, 132 Ohio 

St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 22. Unless the trial court has “clearly 

abused its discretion and the defendant has been materially prejudiced thereby, this court 

should be slow to interfere” with the exercise of such discretion. State v. Hymore, 9 Ohio 

St.2d 122, 128, 224 N.E.2d 126 (1967). We have defined “abuse of discretion” as an 

“unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable use of discretion, or as a view or action that 

no conscientious judge could honestly have taken.” State v. Brady, 119 Ohio St.3d 375, 

2008-Ohio-4493, 894 N.E.2d 671, ¶ 23. 

{¶48}During the first incident, significant amounts of cash were taken from McCourt's home 

of approximately $33,000.00. In the case at bar, Smith made large, all cash purchases of 

approximately $12,000.00 immediately after the first incident. Smith’s purchases continued until 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 16 

right up until the second incident. At trial, the defense attempted to counter the state’s 

argument that the money Smith used was stolen. The defense portrayed Smith as a hard 

working individual, who came into this cash through legitimate means, and that the timing was 

merely coincidental. The state argued that the defense had opened the door to ask the witness if 

he was aware of how Smith made money. 

{¶49}Upon voir dire of Waddell outside the presence of the jury, Waddell testified about 

Smith stealing packages and selling them. 

{¶50}The trial court agreed with the state that the defense had opened the door to this line 

of questioning. 

{¶51}Evid.R. 404(A) provides that evidence of a person’s character is not admissible to 

prove the person acted in conformity with that character. Evid.R. 404(B) sets forth an exception to 

the general rule against admitting evidence of a person’s other bad acts. The Rule states as 

follows: “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a 

person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for 

other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, 

or absence of mistake or accident.” 

{¶52}In State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 983 N.E.2d 1278, 2012–Ohio–5695, the 

Ohio Supreme Court stated that trial courts should conduct a three-step analysis when considering 

the issue of “other acts” evidence: 

 The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence is relevant to 

making any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or 

less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401. The next step is 

to consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is presented to 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 17 

prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in conformity therewith 

or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate purpose, such as 

those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The third step is to consider whether the probative 

value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair 

prejudice. See Evid.R. 403. 

Id. at ¶ 20. 

{¶53}Furthermore, “other acts” evidence is admissible only if there is substantial proof that 

the alleged other acts were committed by the defendant and such evidence tends to show one of 

the matters enumerated in Evid.R. 404(B). State v. Wagner, 5th Dist. Licking 03 CA 82, 2004–

Ohio–3941, ¶ 43, citing State v. Echols, 128 Ohio App.3d 677, 692, 716 N.E.2d 728 (1st Dist. 

1998). This Court has recognized that the Ohio Revised Code does not define “substantial proof” 

in this context. See State v. Burden, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2012–CA–00074, 2013–Ohio–1628, ¶ 58. 

This Court also summarized as follows in State v. King, 5th Dist. Richland No. 08–CA–335, 2010–

Ohio–4844: “We * * * do not believe that the substantial proof requirement necessitates that 

independent evidence corroborate other acts testimony. Instead, we believe that the substantial 

proof requirement is satisfied if at least one witness who has direct knowledge of the other act can 

testify to the other act. The jury may then fulfill its duty and evaluate the witness’s testimony and 

credibility. * * *.” Id. at ¶ 45. 

{¶54}In the case at bar, the state did not submit evidence of Smith’s prior acts to show 

Smith acted in conformity with his prior behavior. Rather, the evidence was submitted to counter 

the impression that Smith came into substantial sums of money through legitimate means. 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 18 

{¶55}In State v. Dunivant, Stark App. No. 2003CA00175, 2005-Ohio-1497, the Ninth 

District Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment for this Court, provided a detailed analysis of the 

issue sub judice: 

 “Under the rule of curative admissibility, or the ‘opening the door’ doctrine, the 

introduction of inadmissible evidence by one party allows an opponent, in the court’s 

discretion, to introduce evidence on the same issue to rebut any false impression 

that might have resulted from the earlier admission.” United States v. Whitworth

(C.A.9, 1988), 856 F.2d 1268, 1285. See, also, United States v. Moody (C.A.6, 

1967), 371 F.2d 688, 693 (“With the door opened this widely in favor of [defendant], 

we cannot say that the District Judge’s rulings in favor of appellee’s proffered 

hearsay on the same subject was an abuse of judicial discretion or constituted 

reversible error.”); State v. Croom (Jan. 18, 1996), 8th Dist. No. 67135, at *17 

(“Invited error would preclude a defense counsel who induces hearsay evidence on 

cross-examination from precluding further hearsay testimony on re-direct 

examination.”). 

Dunivant, ¶12. Accord, State v. Scott, 4th Dist. Washington No. 15CA2, 2015-Ohio-4170, 

¶42; State v. Collins, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 10 CO 10, 2011-Ohio-6365, ¶93.

{¶56} In the case at bar, the defense first presented its theory in opening 

statement stating, 

 The State is going to try to have you believe that my client, Eric Smith, 

is not a hard working individual, when in fact that is far from the truth. 

Specifically, my client has two jobs. He does manual labor through a 

janitorial service, has been working there over two years, and independently 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 19 

sells electronics to try to make extra money to provide for himself and his 

family. The State's going to try and argue that it is not merely coincidental 

that my client did purchase a car after the alleged incidents of January 4, 

2014. However, we stand before you stating that hard earned money 

through hard work is not illegal to purchase a vehicle. Just because 

someone buys a vehicle with cash does not mean that that vehicle was 

purchased through any ill-gotten gains. 

1T. at 171. 

{¶57} In addition, the defenses sole witness, Nitoryia Goff, also offered testimony 

regarding the legitimate means through which Smith came into possession of large 

amounts of cash. 5T. at 705-710. Ms. Goff testified to Smith’s IRS Form 1099’s for the 

2013 and 2014 tax years. (5T. at 706-707). Further, Goff testified to Smith’s 2013 and 

2014 tax returns. (5T. at 707-708). Smith had reported income in the 2014 tax year of 

$11,873.00 (5T. at 716-717; 720). However, the tax return presented at trial had not been 

signed. (5T. at 720). Smith also made money from selling a car. (5T. at 711). Goff 

testified that Smith made money from repairing and selling electronics, and that income 

was not reported on his tax returns. (5T. at 708-711). 

{¶58} Furthermore, the trial court gave a specific limiting instruction to the jury that 

the evidence regarding the theft of packages should be used only for the specific purpose 

of determining whether, "the Defendant had significant amounts of cash in the early 

months of this year and what the source of that cash may have been, whether from 

legitimate employment or something else.” 4T. at 563. The Court further admonished 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 20 

that the evidence was not to be considered for purposes of showing Smith acted in 

conformity or in accordance with that character. (Id.). 

{¶59} We cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the 

state, on re-direct examination to elicit reciprocal evidence in order to rebut the impression 

that may have resulted. If the state were not permitted to do so, the jury would have been 

left with the impression that Smith’s possession of large sums of cash and the purchases 

he made were obtained through legitimate sources and merely coincidental to the 

incidents involving McCourt. We do not find that the trial court’s ruling was erroneous. 

Accordingly, Smith was not denied of fundamental fairness. Coleman v. Mitchell, 244 

F.3d 533, 542 (6th Cir. 2001); Seymour v. Walker, 224 F.3d 542, 552 (6th Cir. 2000). 

{¶60} Smith’s fourth and fifth assignments of error are overruled. 

VI. 

{¶61} In his sixth assignment of error, Smith argues that he was denied the 

effective assistance of trial counsel. Specifically, Smith contends his trial counsel was 

ineffective because she opened the door to the other acts evidence addressed in Smith’s 

fourth and fifth assignments of error. 

{¶62} A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel requires a two-prong analysis. 

The first inquiry is whether counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of 

reasonable representation involving a substantial violation of any of defense counsel's 

essential duties to appellant. The second prong is whether the appellant was prejudiced 

by counsel's ineffectiveness. Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 113 S.Ct. 838, 122 

L.Ed.2d 180(1993); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 

674(1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373(1989). 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 21 

{¶63} In order to warrant a finding that trial counsel was ineffective, the petitioner 

must meet both the deficient performance and prejudice prongs of Strickland and Bradley. 

Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 129 S.Ct. 1411, 1419, 173 L.Ed.2d 251(2009). 

{¶64} Recently, the United States Supreme Court discussed the prejudice prong 

of the Strickland test, 

 With respect to prejudice, a challenger must demonstrate “a 

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the 

result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability 

is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id., at 

694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. It is not enough “to show that the errors had some 

conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.” Id., at 693, 104 S.Ct. 

2052. Counsel’s errors must be “so serious as to deprive the defendant of 

a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id., at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052. 

 “Surmounting Strickland’s high bar is never an easy task.” Padilla v. 

Kentucky, 559 U.S. ––––, ––––, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 1485, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 

(2010). An ineffective-assistance claim can function as a way to escape 

rules of waiver and forfeiture and raise issues not presented at trial, and so 

the Strickland standard must be applied with scrupulous care, lest “intrusive 

post-trial inquiry” threaten the integrity of the very adversary process the 

right to counsel is meant to serve. Strickland, 466 U.S., at 689–690, 104 

S.Ct. 2052. Even under de novo review, the standard for judging counsel’s 

representation is a most deferential one. Unlike a later reviewing court, the 

attorney observed the relevant proceedings, knew of materials outside the 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 22 

record, and interacted with the client, with opposing counsel, and with the 

judge. It is “all too tempting” to “second-guess counsel’s assistance after 

conviction or adverse sentence.” Id., at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052; see also Bell 

v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 702, 122 S.Ct. 1843, 152 L.Ed.2d 914 (2002); 

Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 372, 113 S.Ct. 838, 122 L.Ed.2d 180 

(1993). The question is whether an attorney’s representation amounted to 

incompetence under “prevailing professional norms,” not whether it 

deviated from best practices or most common custom. Strickland, 466 U.S., 

at 690, 104 S.Ct. 2052. 

Harrington v. Richter, __U.S.__, 131 S.Ct. 770, 777-778, 178 L.Ed.2d 624(2011). 

{¶65} The United States Supreme Court and the Ohio Supreme Court have held 

a reviewing court “need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient 

before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged 

deficiencies.” Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d at 143, 538 N.E.2d 373, quoting Strickland, 466 

U.S. at 697, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674(1984). 

{¶66} A defendant has no constitutional right to determine trial tactics and strategy 

of counsel. State v. Cowans, 87 Ohio St.3d 68, 72, 717 N.E.2d 298(1999); State v. 

Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-791, 842 N.E.2d 996, ¶ 150; State v. Donkers, 

170 Ohio App.3d 509, 867 N.E.2d 903, 2007-Ohio-1557, ¶ 183(11th Dist.). Rather, 

decisions about viable defenses are the exclusive domain of defense counsel after 

consulting with the defendant. Id. When there is no demonstration that counsel failed to 

research the facts or the law or that counsel was ignorant of a crucial defense, a reviewing 

court defers to counsel's judgment in the matter. State v. Clayton, 62 Ohio St.2d 45, 49, 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 23 

402 N.E.2d 1189(1980), citing People v. Miller, 7 Cal.3d 562, 573-574, 102 Cal.Rptr. 841, 

498 P.2d 1089(1972); State v. Wiley, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-340, 2004- Ohio-1008 at ¶ 21. 

{¶67} Debatable strategic and tactical decisions may not form the basis of a claim 

for ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 85, 1995–Ohio–

171. Even if the wisdom of an approach is questionable, “debatable trial tactics” do not 

constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. “Poor tactics of experienced counsel, 

however, even with disastrous result, may hardly be considered lack of due process * * 

*.” State v. Clayton, 62 Ohio St.2d 45, 48, 402 N.E.2d 1189 (1980)(quoting United States 

v. Denno, 313 F.2d 364 (2nd Cir.1963), certiorari denied 372 U.S. 978, 83 S.Ct. 1112, 10 

L.Ed.2d 143. 

{¶68} Even assuming that Smith could demonstrate that defense counsel 

performed deficiently, he must also prove that he was prejudiced by counsel's deficient 

performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691–692, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674. See, 

State v. Obermiller, Oh. Sup. Ct. No. 2011-0857, 2016-Ohio-1594, ¶ 93 (Apr. 20, 2016). 

{¶69} To show prejudice, he must prove that “there is a reasonable probability 

that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been 

different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in 

the outcome.” Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. The prejudice inquiry, thus, focuses not only 

on outcome determination, but also on “whether the result of the proceeding was 

fundamentally unfair or unreliable.” Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 369, 113 S.Ct. 

838, 122 L.Ed.2d 180 (1993). 

{¶70} In determining whether Smith has indicated a reasonable probability 

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial we find it helpful to look to 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 24 

the standard to be applied in determining harmless error where a criminal defendant 

seeks a new trial because of the erroneous admission of evidence. 

{¶71} In State v. Morris, 141 Ohio St.3d 399, 2014-Ohio-5052, 24 N.E.3d 1153, 

the Ohio Supreme Court considered the standard to be applied in determining harmless 

error where a criminal defendant seeks a new trial because of the erroneous admission 

of evidence under Evid.R. 404(B). The court summarized its analysis in the subsequent 

decision of State v. Harris, 2015-Ohio-166, ––– N.E.3d ––––, ¶ 37: 

 Recently, in Morris, a four-to-three decision, we examined the 

harmless-error rule in the context of a defendant's claim that the erroneous 

admission of certain evidence required a new trial. In that decision, the 

majority dispensed with the distinction between constitutional and nonconstitutional errors under Crim.R. 52(A). Id. at ¶ 22–24. In its place, the 

following analysis was established to guide appellate courts in determining 

whether an error has affected the substantial rights of a defendant, thereby 

requiring a new trial. First, it must be determined whether the defendant 

was prejudiced by the error, i.e., whether the error had an impact on the 

verdict. Id. at ¶ 25 and 27. Second, it must be determined whether the 

error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at ¶ 28. Lastly, 

once the prejudicial evidence is excised, the remaining evidence is weighed 

to determine whether it establishes the defendant's guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt. 

Id. at ¶ 29, 33. 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 25 

{¶72} There is no indication in light of the overwhelming evidence of Smith’s guilt 

that the jury abandoned their oaths and their integrity and found Smith guilty of the crimes 

because of the testimony concerning his prior acts of stealing packages and selling them 

for money. 

{¶73} In any case, the evidence overwhelmingly supports a finding of Smith's guilt. 

Smith cannot claim that but for these statements, he would be acquitted. After a thorough 

review of the record, we have no doubt that the remaining properly introduced evidence 

overwhelmingly establishes defendant's guilt. See Delaware v. Van Arsdall (1986), 475 

U.S. 673, 681, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674; State v. Williams (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 

281, 452 N.E.2d 1323. 

{¶74} Smith’s sixth assignment of error is overruled. 

VII. & VIII. 

{¶75} In his seventh assignment of error, Smith challenges the sufficiency of the 

evidence. In his eighth assignment of error, Smith contends his conviction is against the 

manifest weight of the evidence produced at trial. 

{¶76} Our review of the constitutional sufficiency of evidence to support a criminal 

conviction is governed by Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 

L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), which requires a court of appeals to determine whether “after viewing 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could 

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.; see also 

McDaniel v. Brown, 558 U.S. 120, 130 S.Ct. 665, 673, 175 L.Ed.2d 582(2010) (reaffirming 

this standard); State v. Fry, 125 Ohio St.3d 163, 926 N.E.2d 1239, 2010–Ohio–1017, 

¶146; State v. Clay, 187 Ohio App.3d 633, 933 N.E.2d 296, 2010–Ohio–2720, ¶68. 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 26 

{¶77} Weight of the evidence addresses the evidence's effect of inducing belief. 

State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386-387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), superseded by 

constitutional amendment on other grounds as stated by State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 

89, 684 N.E.2d 668, 1997-Ohio–355. Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of 

the greater amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue 

rather than the other. It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden of 

proof will be entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall 

find the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the issue, which is to be established 

before them. Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its effect in 

inducing belief.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Black's Law 

Dictionary (6th Ed. 1990) at 1594. 

{¶78} When a court of appeals reverses a judgment of a trial court on the basis 

that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a 

“’thirteenth juror’” and disagrees with the fact finder’s resolution of the conflicting 

testimony. Id. at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 

S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982). However, an appellate court may not merely 

substitute its view for that of the jury, but must find that “‘the jury clearly lost its way and 

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and 

a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v. 

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717, 720–721 (1st Dist. 1983). Accordingly, 

reversal on manifest weight grounds is reserved for “‘the exceptional case in which the 

evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Id. 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 27 

 “[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against 

the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment and every 

reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and the 

finding of facts. 

* * * 

 “If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the 

reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with 

the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and 

judgment.” 

Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn. 

3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978). 

{¶79} Specifically Smith’s main argument is that there was insufficient evidence 

to identify him as one of the perpetrator of the crimes. 

{¶80} McCourt testified that $33,000.00 and a Rolex watch were among the items 

taken from his home on January 3, 2015. McCourt further testified that one of the 

assailants had a revolver and the other a semi-automatic with a long magazine or clip. 

McCourt gave a description of the offenders being one taller and one shorter, that the 

assailants wore all black/dark clothing, hoods, masks and gloves, and stated the offenders 

from the second incident appeared to be the same as from the first (2T. at 188; 190; 3T. at 

358; 361). McCourt gave a description of guns used in the first and second robbery, similar 

to the ones testified at trial that Smith had on him and similar to the one found in the 

vehicle after the second incident. (2T. at 195-196; 3T. at 358-359; 1T. at 514-515). 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 28 

{¶81} Dennis Waddell testified that in connection with the first incident on January 

3, 2015, he provided Smith with the victim's address. Smith’s cousin, Wayne Kelso, is 

seen on the surveillance tape on January 5, 2015, one day after the first incident, trying 

to pawn the victim's watch. Waddell testified that it was Smith who drove him and Kelso 

to the pawnshop. (4T. at 562). Smith spends over the course of two days after the first 

incident and leading up to the second incident, approximately $12,000.00 in cash, 

including the purchase of the Dodge Charger for $6,145.00 in cash on January 26, 2015. 

(4T. at 586). $1,000.00 in $100.00 bills was recovered from the car. (4T. at 580). 

McCourt testified that the money taken from his house was in $100.00 bills. (3T. at 373). 

{¶82} Smith was pulled over for a traffic violation on March 16, 2015, after the first 

incident and just prior to the second incident, with flex ties formed as handcuffs, gloves, and 

a ski mask found in his car. (2T. at 257; 263). 

{¶83} Tammy Wright and Dennis Waddell, who both place Smith at the second 

incident, are all caught together moments after the second incident, within a mile of the 

McCourt's home with black ski masks, a Glock with an extended magazine, zip ties 

formed as handcuffs, in a vehicle fitting the description McCourt gave to officers. (3T. at 

362; 390; 412-420; 433-437; 456-458). Waddell testified that Smith showed him a black 

revolver on the way to the McCourt’s home on March 27, 2015. (4T. at 515). Waddell 

admitted that he had a Glock 9 with an extend magazine. (4T. at 514). 

{¶84} Tammy Wright testified she picked up both Waddell and Smith and drove 

them to McCourt’s neighborhood on March 27, 2015. (3T. at 409-415). Both Waddell and 

Smith were dressed in black from head to toe. (3T. at 415). Smith and Waddell each called 

Wright after the incident. (3T. at 418-419). Smith and Waddell were not at the same location 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 29 

when she picked them up. (3T. at 419-420). A .40 caliber Glock with a long magazine was 

recovered from Wright’s Jeep Cherokee. (3T. at 442; 452). 

{¶85} If the State relies on circumstantial evidence to prove an essential element 

of an offense, it is not necessary for “‘such evidence to be irreconcilable with any 

reasonable theory of innocence in order to support a conviction.’” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio 

St.3d 259, 272, 574 N.E.2d 492(1991) at paragraph one of the syllabus. “‘Circumstantial 

evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the same probative value [.]’” Jenks, 61 

Ohio St.3d at paragraph one of the syllabus. Furthermore, “‘[s]ince circumstantial 

evidence and direct evidence are indistinguishable so far as the jury's fact-finding function 

is concerned, all that is required of the jury is that i[t] weigh all of the evidence, direct and 

circumstantial, against the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Jenks, 61 

Ohio St.3d at 272, 574 N.E.2d 492. While inferences cannot be based on inferences, a 

number of conclusions can result from the same set of facts. State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 

160, 168, 555 N.E.2d 293(1990), citing Hurt v. Charles J. Rogers Transp. Co. , 164 Ohio 

St. 329, 331, 130 N.E.2d 820(1955). Moreover, a series of facts and circumstances can 

be employed by a jury as the basis for its ultimate conclusions in a case. Lott, 51 Ohio 

St.3d at 168, 555 N.E.2d 293, citing Hurt, 164 Ohio St. at 331, 130 N.E.2d 820. 

{¶86} Viewing the evidence in the case at bar in a light most favorable to the 

prosecution, we conclude that a reasonable person could have found beyond a 

reasonable doubt that Smith participated in both the January 3, 2015 and the March 27, 

2015 incidents at McCourt’s home and that he had a firearm on his person during each 

incident. 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 30 

{¶87} We hold, therefore, that the state met its burden of production regarding 

each element of the crimes and, accordingly, there was sufficient evidence to support 

Smiths convictions. 

{¶88} As an appellate court, we are not fact finders; we neither weigh the evidence 

nor judge the credibility of witnesses. Our role is to determine whether there is relevant, 

competent and credible evidence, upon which the fact finder could base his or her 

judgment. Cross Truck v. Jeffries, 5th Dist. Stark No. CA–5758, 1982 WL 2911(Feb. 10, 

1982). Accordingly, judgments supported by some competent, credible evidence going 

to all the essential elements of the case will not be reversed as being against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Construction, 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 

N.E.2d 578(1978). The Ohio Supreme Court has emphasized: “‘[I]n determining whether 

the judgment below is manifestly against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable 

intendment and every reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment 

and the finding of facts. * * *.’” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 334, 972 N.E. 

2d 517, 2012-Ohio-2179, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 

80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn. 3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, 

Section 603, at 191–192 (1978). Furthermore, it is well established that the trial court is 

in the best position to determine the credibility of witnesses. See, e.g., In re Brown, 9th 

Dist. No. 21004, 2002–Ohio–3405, ¶ 9, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 

N.E.2d 212(1967). 

{¶89} Ultimately, “the reviewing court must determine whether the appellant or the 

appellee provided the more believable evidence, but must not completely substitute its 

judgment for that of the original trier of fact ‘unless it is patently apparent that the fact 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 31 

finder lost its way.’” State v. Pallai, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 07 MA 198, 2008-Ohio-6635, 

¶31, quoting State v. Woullard, 158 Ohio App.3d 31, 2004-Ohio-3395, 813 N.E.2d 964 

(2nd Dist. 2004), ¶ 81. In other words, “[w]hen there exist two fairly reasonable views of 

the evidence or two conflicting versions of events, neither of which is unbelievable, it is 

not our province to choose which one we believe.” State v. Dyke, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 

99 CA 149, 2002-Ohio-1152, at ¶ 13, citing State v. Gore, 131 Ohio App.3d 197, 201, 722 

N.E.2d 125(7th Dist. 1999). 

{¶90} The weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses 

are issues for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212(1967), 

paragraph one of the syllabus; State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 

N.E.2d 955, ¶118. Accord, Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 86 

L.Ed. 680 (1942); Marshall v. Lonberger, 459 U.S. 422, 434, 103 S.Ct. 843, 74 L.Ed.2d 

646 (1983). 

{¶91} The jury as the trier of fact was free to accept or reject any and all of the 

evidence offered by the parties and assess the witness’s credibility. "While the jury may 

take note of the inconsistencies and resolve or discount them accordingly * * * such 

inconsistencies do not render defendant's conviction against the manifest weight or 

sufficiency of the evidence.” State v. Craig, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 99AP-739, 1999 WL 

29752 (Mar 23, 2000) citing State v. Nivens, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 95APA09-1236, 1996 

WL 284714 (May 28, 1996). Indeed, the jury need not believe all of a witness' testimony, 

but may accept only portions of it as true. State v. Raver, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP604, 2003-Ohio-958, ¶21, citing State v. Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67, 197 N.E.2d 548 

(1964); State v. Burke, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-1238, 2003-Ohio-2889, citing State 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 32 

v. Caldwell, 79 Ohio App.3d 667, 607 N.E.2d 1096 (4th Dist. 1992). Although the 

evidence may have been circumstantial, we note that circumstantial evidence has the 

same probative value as direct evidence. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 272, 574 

N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph one of the syllabus, superseded by State constitutional 

amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 102 at n.4, 

684 N.E.2d 668 (1997). 

{¶92} In the case at bar, the jury heard the witnesses, viewed the evidence and 

heard Smith’s arguments concerning the lack of evidence and non-believability of the 

state’s witnesses. 

{¶93} We find that this is not an “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs 

heavily against the conviction.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386-387, 678 

N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717. The jury 

neither lost his way nor created a miscarriage of justice in convicting Smith of the charges. 

{¶94} Based upon the foregoing and the entire record in this matter, we find 

Smith’s convictions are not against the sufficiency or the manifest weight of the evidence. 

To the contrary, the jury appears to have fairly and impartially decided the matters before 

them. The jury as a trier of fact can reach different conclusions concerning the credibility 

of the testimony of the state’s witnesses and Smith’s witnesses and his arguments. This 

court will not disturb the jury's finding so long as competent evidence was present to 

support it. State v. Walker, 55 Ohio St.2d 208, 378 N.E.2d 1049 (1978). The jury heard 

the witnesses, evaluated the evidence, and was convinced of Smith’s guilt. 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 33 

{¶95} Finally, upon careful consideration of the record in its entirety, we find that 

there is substantial evidence presented which if believed, proves all the elements of the 

crimes for which Smith was convicted. 

{¶96} Smith’s seventh and eight assignments of error are overruled. 

IX. 

{¶97} In his ninth assignment of error, Smith challenges the imposition of the 

consecutive terms on the ground that the trial court failed to make the findings required 

by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). 

{¶98} The two-step approach set forth in State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-

Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124 no longer applies to appellate review of felony sentences. 

We now review felony sentences using the standard of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08. 

State v. Marcum, __Ohio St.3d__, 2016–Ohio–1002, __N.E.3d ___, ¶22; State v. Howell, 

5th Dist. Stark No. 2015CA00004, 2015-Ohio-4049, ¶31. R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) provides 

we may either increase, reduce, modify, or vacate a sentence and remand for 

resentencing where we clearly and convincingly find that either the record does not 

support the sentencing court’s findings under R.C. 2929.13(B) or (D), 2929.14(B)(2)(e) or 

(C)(4), or 2929.20(I), or the sentence is otherwise contrary to law. See, also, State v. 

Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014–Ohio–3177, 16 N.E.2d 659, ¶28. 

{¶99} Clear and convincing evidence is that evidence “which will provide in the 

mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” 

Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118(1954), paragraph three of the 

syllabus. See also, In re Adoption of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361 (1985). “Where the 

degree of proof required to sustain an issue must be clear and convincing, a reviewing 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 34 

court will examine the record to determine whether the trier of facts had sufficient 

evidence before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof.” Cross, 161 Ohio St. at 477 

120 N.E.2d 118. 

{¶100}In Ohio, there is a statutory presumption in favor of concurrent sentences 

for most felony offenses. R.C. 2929.41(A). The trial court may overcome this 

presumption by making the statutory, enumerated findings set forth in R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). 

State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶23. This statute 

requires the trial court to undertake a three-part analysis. State v. Alexander, 1st Dist. 

Hamilton Nos. C–110828 and C–110829, 2012-Ohio-3349, 2012 WL 3055158, ¶ 15. 

{¶101} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) provides, 

 If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convictions of 

multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison 

terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is 

necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish **665 the 

offender and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the 

seriousness of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses 

to the public, and if the court also finds any of the following: 

 (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses 

while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction 

imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised 

Code, or was under post-release control for a prior offense. 

 (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of 

one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 35 

the multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single 

prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses 

of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct. 

 (c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that 

consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime 

by the offender. 

{¶102} Thus, in order for a trial court to impose consecutive sentences the court 

must find that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime 

or to punish the offender. The court must also find that consecutive sentences are not 

disproportionate to the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the 

public. Finally, the court must make at least one of three additional findings, which include 

that (a) the offender committed one or more of the offenses while awaiting trial or 

sentencing, while under a sanction imposed under R.C. 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18, or 

while under post release control for a prior offense; (b) at least two of the multiple offenses 

were committed as part of one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two 

or more of the offenses was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the 

offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct would adequately reflect the 

seriousness of the offender’s conduct; or (c) the offender’s criminal history demonstrates 

that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the 

offender. See, State v. White, 5th Dist. Perry No. 12-CA-00018, 2013-Ohio-2058, ¶36. 

{¶103} Recently, in State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014–Ohio–3177, 16 

N.E.2d 659, syllabus, the Supreme Court of Ohio stated that: 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 36 

 In order to impose consecutive terms of imprisonment, a trial court 

is required to make the findings mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the 

sentencing hearing and incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry, 

but it has no obligation to state reasons to support its findings. 

{¶104} Furthermore, the sentencing court is not required to recite “a word-for-word 

recitation of the language of the statute.” Bonnell, ¶29. “[A]s long as the reviewing court 

can discern that the trial court engaged in the correct analysis and can determine that the 

record contains evidence to support the findings, consecutive sentences should be 

upheld.” Id. A failure to make the findings required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) renders a 

consecutive sentence contrary to law. Bonnell, ¶34. The findings required by R.C. 

2929.14(C)(4) must be made at the sentencing hearing and included in the sentencing 

entry. Id. at the syllabus. However, a trial court’s inadvertent failure to incorporate the 

statutory findings in the sentencing entry after properly making those findings at the 

sentencing hearing does not render the sentence contrary to law; rather, such a clerical 

mistake may be corrected by the court through a nunc pro tunc entry to reflect what 

actually occurred in open court. Bonnell, ¶30. 

{¶105}In this case, the record does support a conclusion that the trial court made 

all of the findings required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the time it imposed consecutive 

sentences. 

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4): [T]he court may require the offender to serve the prison 

terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is necessary to 

protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender and that consecutive 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 37 

sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct 

and to the danger the offender poses to the public. 

{¶106} At sentencing the trial court found, 

 I do find that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the 

public from future crime and to punish the Defendant, and consecutive 

sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of his conduct and to 

the danger that he poses to the public, and I also find that, of course, two of 

these multiple offenses were committed as part of one course of conduct, 

and the harm caused by the two offenses was so great and so unusual that 

no single prison term for any one offense committed would adequately 

reflect the seriousness of his conduct, and also the Defendant's history of 

criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive sentences are necessary 

to protect the public from future crime. 

Sent. T. at 19-20. The findings are reflecting in the court’s sentencing entry. Judgment 

Entry on Sentence, filed September 16, 2015 at 5-6. 

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(a): The offender committed one or more of the multiple 

offenses while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction 

imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or 

was under post-release control for a prior offense. 

{¶107} This provision does not apply to Smith’s case. 

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b): At least two of the multiple offenses were committed 

as part of one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of 

the multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single prison 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 38 

term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct 

adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct. 

{¶108}In the case at bar, the trial court found, 

 I also find that, of course, two of these multiple offenses were 

committed as part of one course of conduct, and the harm caused by the 

two offenses was so great and so unusual that no single prison term for any 

one offense committed would adequately reflect the seriousness of his 

conduct, and also the Defendant's history of criminal conduct demonstrates 

that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future 

crime. 

Sent. T. at 19-20. The findings are reflecting in the court’s sentencing entry. Judgment 

Entry on Sentence, filed September 16, 2015 at 5-6. 

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(c): The offender’s history of criminal conduct 

demonstrates that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from 

future crime by the offender. 

{¶109} As noted above, the trial court made this finding on the record and in the 

sentencing entry. 

{¶110} The trial court further found, 

 1. The Defendant has a history of criminal convictions. 

 2. He has failed to respond favorably in the past to sanctions for 

criminal convictions. 

 3. The victim suffered serious physical, psychological, and economic 

harm as a result of the Defendant’s actions. 
Delaware County, Case No. 15CAA 0077 39 

 4. The offenses were committed as part of organized criminal activity. 

 5. The offenses do not merge, and the Defendant can and should be 

sentenced separately on each of the charges for which he was found guilty 

by the jury. 

Judgment Entry on Sentence, filed September 16, 2015 at 2; Sent. T. at 15-17. The trial 

court heard three days of testimony and considered a pre-sentence investigation report. 

{¶111} We find that the record in the case at bar clearly and convincingly supports 

the trial court’s findings under 2929.14(C)(4). 

{¶112} Smith’s ninth assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶113} The judgment of the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas, Delaware 

County, Ohio is affirmed. 

By Gwin, J., 

Farmer, P.J., and 

Delaney, J., concur