AFFIRMED and Opinion Filed June 26, 2024 

S 

In The 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

No. 05-23-00565-CR 

CHRISTOPHER HERNANDEZ, Appellant 

V. 

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee 

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 

Rockwall County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. CR2-22-0075 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Before Justices Goldstein, Smith, and Garcia 

Opinion by Justice Garcia 

This appeal involves the denial of a motion to suppress statements appellant 

made to the police during the investigation of an accident and potential assault. In a 

single issue, appellant argues his unwarned statements concerning his alcohol 

consumption resulted from custodial interrogation and should have been suppressed. 

As discussed below, we conclude the trial court’s denial of the motion to 

suppress was not erroneous because appellant’s encounter with the police was an 

investigative detention, not custody, and therefore Miranda warnings were not 

required. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed. 
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I. BACKGROUND

On the evening in question, Kenyae Green was driving an Amazon truck when 

he encountered a red pickup truck “facing sideways in the north lanes” with front 

end damage. Green called 911. He said that he saw a male on the driver’s side next 

to the open door of the pickup and a female exiting the passenger side. The two were 

“exchanging words,” and the female was “trying to get away.” 

Deputy Cole Donaldson was dispatched to the scene. He believed he was 

responding to an accident where “a female subject was running and screaming for 

help with a male subject chasing after her.” When Deputy Donaldson arrived, he 

saw the wrecked vehicle and several people standing around. He described the scene 

as “hectic.” 

Deputy Donaldson made contact with appellant, who confirmed that he was 

the driver of wrecked vehicle. When asked if he had anything to drink that night, 

appellant responded affirmatively. The female (later identified as appellant’s 

girlfriend) was upset. When Deputy Donaldson asked if she was injured, appellant 

said, “It’s all my fault, it’s one hundred per cent my fault.” The deputy did not know 

what appellant was referring to at that point. 

Deputy Donaldson decided to separate appellant from others on the scene by 

detaining him in handcuffs and placing him in the back seat of the patrol car. When 

he was seated in the police vehicle, Donaldson asked what happened. Appellant said 

that he had hit the guard rail and he was “drunk.” When asked how much he had to 
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drink, appellant initially said seven bottles of alcohol, but then changed his answer 

to “two beers and a shot.” Appellant was subsequently arrested and charged with 

driving while intoxicated. 

The case was tried to a jury. During trial, appellant moved to suppress the 

unwarned statements he made after he was placed in the patrol car. The trial court 

denied the motion and appellant’s statements to the officer were played for the jury. 

The jury found appellant guilty of the charged offense. The trial court found 

that appellant had a previous conviction of operating a motor vehicle while 

intoxicated and assessed punishment at 365 days confinement in the county jail. The 

trial court also made written findings of fact and conclusions of law, finding, inter 

alia, that appellant was not in custody when the deputy placed him in the patrol 

vehicle. This timely appeal followed. 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law 

Appellant argues the incriminating statements he made while handcuffed and 

seated in the patrol vehicle should have been suppressed because he was in custody 

and no Miranda warnings were given. The State responds that the encounter was an 

investigative detention and therefore no Miranda warnings were required. 

A trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence is reviewed for an 

abuse of discretion and should only be reversed if the outcome is outside the zone of 

reasonable disagreement. Wexler v. State, 625 S.W.3d 162, 167 (Tex. Crim. App. 
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2021) (citing State v. Cortez, 543 S.W.3d 198, 203 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); State v. 

Story, 445 S.W.3d 729, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)). 

When there is a mixed question of law and fact, we apply a bifurcated standard 

of review. Id. Total deference is given to the trial court’s factual assessment of the 

circumstances surrounding the questioning. Id. If the trial court does not make 

explicit findings of fact, “we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

ruling and assume the trial court made implicit findings of fact that support its ruling 

as long as those findings are supported by the record.” Id. (citing Herrera v. State, 

241 S.W.3d 520, 527 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). When, as here, the trial court makes 

explicit fact findings, we determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the light 

most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports those findings. State v. Kelly, 204 

S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). 

 We then review the trial court’s legal ruling de novo unless its explicit fact 

findings that are supported by the record are also dispositive of the legal ruling. Id.

We will sustain the trial court’s decision if it is correct on any theory of law 

applicable to the case. Arguellez v. State, 409 S.W.3d 657, 662–63 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2013); Swain v. State, 181 S.W.3d 359, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). 

Miranda and Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure deem 

statements produced by custodial interrogation inadmissible unless the accused is 

first warned that (1) he has the right to remain silent, (2) his statement may be used 

against him, (3) he has the right to have a lawyer present prior to and during any 
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questioning, and (4) if he is unable to hire a lawyer, he has the right to have a lawyer 

appointed. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 479 (1966); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 38.22. In addition, Article 38.22 requires a warning that the accused has 

the right to terminate the interview at any time. Herrera, 241 S.W.3d at 526. The 

warnings are required only when there is a custodial interrogation. Id.

 “Custody is a mixed question of law and fact that does not turn on credibility 

and demeanor unless the witness testimony, if believed, would always decide the 

custody question.” Wexler, 625 S.W.3d at 167; see State v. Saenz, 411 S.W.3d 488, 

494 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The ultimate legal determination of whether the person 

was in custody under those circumstances is reviewed de novo. See Kelly, 204 

S.W.3d at 818. If a suspect is in custody, any statements produced by custodial 

interrogation are inadmissible unless the accused is first provided warnings as 

required by Miranda and Article 38.22. Wexler, 625 S.W.3d at 167; see also

Miranda, 384 U.S. at 479; TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22. 

 A custody determination requires two inquiries: an inquiry into the 

circumstances surrounding the interrogation and an inquiry into whether a 

reasonable person in those circumstances would have felt that he was not free to 

leave. Wexler, 625 S.W.3d at 167 (citing Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 116 

(1995)). Restricted freedom of movement, and an individual’s belief that he is not 

free to leave however, does not conclude the inquiry. “The ultimate inquiry is 

whether, under the circumstances, a reasonable person would have believed that her 
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freedom of movement was restricted to the degree associated with a formal arrest. 

Id. (citing Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322 (1994)). 

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals outlined four general situations that 

may constitute custody: (1) the suspect is physically deprived of [his] freedom of 

action in any significant way, (2) a law enforcement officer tells the suspect that [he] 

cannot leave, (3) law enforcement officers create a situation that would lead a 

reasonable person to believe [his] freedom of movement has been significantly 

restricted, or (4) there is probable cause to arrest, and law enforcement officers do 

not tell the suspect that [he] is free to leave. Wexler, 625 S.W.3d at 167–68 (citing 

Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 255 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). In the first three 

situations, the restriction of movement must amount to the degree associated with 

an arrest, rather than an investigative detention. Id. at 168. The fourth situation 

requires that the officer’s subjective intent be either “communicated or otherwise 

manifested to the suspect.” Id.; see Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 254; see also Stansbury, 

511 U.S. at 324–25 (officer’s subjective intent is irrelevant if it was never conveyed 

to the suspect.). 

 We examine the circumstances manifested to and experienced by a suspect 

to determine whether a reasonable person in that situation would have felt there was 

a restraint on his freedom to a degree associated with an arrest. State v. Ortiz, 382 

S.W.3d 367, 373 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (“[O]nly the objective circumstances 

known to the detainee should be considered in deciding what a reasonable person in 
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his position would believe.”); see also Thompson, 516 U.S. at 113 (“[I]f encountered 

by a ‘reasonable person,’ would the identified circumstances add up to custody . . . 

.”); Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 442 (1984) (the only relevant inquiry is 

how a reasonable person in the suspect’s position would have understood the 

situation). The defendant has the initial burden to establish that his statement was 

the product of a custodial interrogation. Herrera, 241 S.W.3d at 526; Wilkerson v. 

State, 173 S.W.3d 521, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). 

B. Custody or Investigative Detention? 

There is no dispute that warnings were not given before appellant made the 

incriminating statements that ultimately resulted in his arrest. Appellant argues he 

was in custody because he was handcuffed, placed in the back of Deputy 

Donaldson’s patrol car, and was not allowed to stand back up. Our inquiry turns on 

whether the encounter constitutes custody for purposes of Miranda or an 

investigative detention for which Miranda warnings were not required. 

“Both detention and arrest involve a restraint on one’s freedom of movement; 

the difference is in the degree.” Ortiz v. State, 421 S.W.3d 887, 890 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d). An arrest involves a comparatively greater 

restraint. State v. Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d 281, 290 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). When 

called upon to distinguish between the two, courts examine several factors, 

including: 
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the amount of force displayed, the duration of a detention, the efficiency 

of the investigative process and whether it is conducted at the original 

location or the person is transported to another location, the officer’s 

expressed intent–that is, whether he told the detained person that he was 

under arrest or was being detained only for a temporary investigation, 

and any other relevant factors. 

Id. at 291 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). 

An investigative detention “occurs when a person yields to the police officer’s 

show of authority under a reasonable belief that he is not free to leave.” Johnson v. 

State, 414 S.W.3d 184, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Horta v. State, No. 05-19-

00080-CR, 2019 WL 6696038, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 9, 2019, no pet.) 

(mem. op., not designated for publication). “Thus, while a citizen’s freedom of 

movement is limited by an investigative detention when he ‘yields’ to the officer’s 

authority, the limitation is temporary and is for the purpose of an investigation.” 

Kellett v. State, No. 05-22-01213-CR, 2024 WL 1171382, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

Mar. 19, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). “A person held 

for investigative detention is not in “custody.” Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 255; Norman 

v. State, No. 07-18-00218-CR, 2019 WL 3519316, at *4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Aug. 

1, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Accordingly, the right 

to Miranda warnings is not triggered during an investigative detention. Hauer v. 

State, 466 S.W.3d 886, 893 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (citing 

Berkemer, 468 U.S. at 440); State v. Stevenson, 958 S.W.2d 824, 829 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1997). An individual is not in custody for purposes of Miranda unless the 
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detention restricts freedom of movement to the degree associated with a formal 

arrest. Wexler, 625 S.W.3d at 168–169. 

There is no bright line establishing when a person who is handcuffed is per se 

in custody. In re S.C., 523 S.W.3d 279, 283 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, pet. 

denied); Martinez v. State, 304 S.W.3d 642, 653 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet. 

ref’d) (collecting cases). Handcuffing for purposes of an investigative detention—

including investigation, maintenance of the status quo, and officer safety—does not 

necessarily give rise to a custodial investigation. Martinez, 304 S.W.3d at 652; Ortiz, 

421 S.W.3d at 890; see also Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d at 283 (handcuffing does not 

convert a detention into an arrest). Likewise, a suspect’s placement in the back seat 

of a patrol car does not equate to custody under Miranda. Keaton v. State, 755 

S.W.2d 209, 210 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, pet. ref’d); Roberts v. State, 

No.’s 07-15-00282-CR, 07-15-00283-CR, 2017 WL 2823777, at *6 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). 

Moreover, the combination of the two factors—handcuffs and placement in a 

patrol car— do not necessarily establish custody. See Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 

763, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). A suspect who is temporarily handcuffed and 

placed in the back of a patrol car for purposes of an investigatory detention is not 

necessarily in custody, particularly when the officer tells the suspect he is not under 

arrest. In re S.C., 523 S.W.3d at 283. If an officer tells an individual he is not under 

arrest, this is the “most important” circumstance offsetting physical restraint in 
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determining whether the individual is in custody for purposes of Miranda. Id. at 284. 

(quoting Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 515–16 (2012); see also Champagne v. 

State, No. 04-17-00029-CR, 2018 WL 442763, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 

17, 2008, no pet.). 

When Deputy Donaldson handcuffed appellant and placed him in the patrol 

car, he believed he was investigating an assault. He told appellant, “I’m going to put 

you in handcuffs, you’re not under arrest. You’re just being detained, o.k.?” 

Significantly, appellant understood that he was not under arrest, and replied, “No, 

I’d rather be under arrest.” See Ortiz, 383 S.W.3d at 373 (focus is on objective 

circumstances known to detainee). Deputy Donaldson told appellant that while he 

could get to that point, “you’re just being detained right now.” 

After he was handcuffed, but before he was placed in the patrol car, appellant 

asked to speak with his girlfriend, and Deputy Donaldson allowed him to do so. 

Deputy Donaldson said he would not have allowed this interaction had appellant 

been under arrest. 

After appellant was in the car, the deputy asked him if he had a driver’s 

license. Appellant asked if he could step out because it was in his back pocket. 

Deputy Donaldson allowed appellant to step out of the car and assisted him in 

retrieving his wallet. Donaldson testified that he typically does not allow suspects 

who are in custody to do this. 
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The back door to the patrol car remained open while Donaldson asked 

appellant what had occurred. Appellant was concerned that his girlfriend would get 

in trouble, and initially said he had consumed seven bottles of liquor. When Deputy 

Donaldson expressed disbelief, appellant amended his answer to say that he had 

consumed two beers and a shot “not too long ago.” The door to the patrol car was 

not closed until after appellant made these statements. After Donaldson conferred 

with other officers on the scene, appellant was arrested.1

Deputy Donaldson testified that he was not arresting appellant when he 

handcuffed him and placed him in the car, and did not have probable cause to do so 

at that time.2

 Instead, appellant was handcuffed because Donaldson was trying to 

secure the scene and make sure everyone was safe. Donaldson said he put appellant 

in the patrol car so he could talk to him about what happened “without worrying 

about him trying to talk to other people.” 

Under these circumstances, it was not unreasonable for Deputy Donaldson to 

place appellant in the patrol car in handcuffs for safety and to secure the scene. This 

display of force did not transform the investigative detention into an arrest. See 

Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d at 291 (concluding officer’s handcuffing of defendant was 

temporary detention, not an arrest, because it was done, in part, to enable officer to 

1

 Field sobriety tests were not performed. 

2

 After Donaldson leaves appellant in the car, about fifteen minutes into the video, appellant’s girlfriend 

asks to speak with appellant and Donaldson declines saying, “He is in custody.” But this was after appellant 

made the incriminating statements. 
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make protective sweep of scene); Rhodes v. State, 945 S.W. 2d 115, 117–18 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1997) (holding that removing suspect from car, handcuffing him, and 

walking him back to patrol car was reasonable to protect officer safety and did not 

constitute an arrest); Hauer, 466 S.W.3d at 891–92 (determining that appellant was 

not in custody for purposes of Miranda, even though officer handcuffed him and 

placed him in patrol car during DWI investigation); Watson v. State, No. 01-21-

00281-CR, 2023 WL 4239869, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 29, 2023, pet. 

ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (not unreasonable to place driver 

in handcuffs in patrol car at chaotic scene). 

After appellant’s wallet was retrieved and he was re-seated in the patrol car, 

he shifted as though he might try to get up again. Deputy Donaldson said, No, no, 

no, set backdown [sic].” According to appellant, this is further indicia of custody. 

We disagree. 

The body camera video does not conclusively show whether appellant was 

trying to exit the vehicle, or merely shifting his position. But even if he was 

attempting to exit, “one is not free to leave both when arrested and when temporarily 

detained for investigation.” Francis v. State, 896 S.W.2d 406, 410 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d). 

Appellant was handcuffed approximately five minutes after the police arrived, 

and placed in the patrol car one minute later. The squad car door was not shut, and 

appellant was not locked in until after the statements were made, approximately ten 
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minutes into the video. Thus, the restriction on appellant’s freedom of movement 

was brief, and also weighs in favor of the conclusion that the detention was not of 

the degree associated with an arrest. 

Appellant insists that the use of handcuffs in this situation was not justified 

by any special circumstances. It is well-established, however, that reasonable safety 

concerns, the need to investigate, and the need to maintain the status quo are 

precisely the type of circumstances that justify the use of handcuffs. See Balentine, 

71 S.W.3d at 771; cf Campbell v. State, 325 S.W.3d 223, 236 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 2010, no pet.) (handcuffing violated Miranda when it was not for safety, 

investigation, or to maintain the status quo). These are the exact concerns Deputy 

Donaldson testified about here. And to the extent that appellant challenges the 

reasonableness of those concerns, we note that allowances must be made for the fact 

that officers must often make quick decisions under tense, uncertain, and rapidly 

changing circumstances. Rhodes v. State, 945 S.W.2d 115, 118 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1997). We therefore judge the reasonableness of the officer’s actions, from the 

perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene, rather than with the advantage of 

hindsight. Id. In this instance, a reasonable officer arriving at the scene of an accident 

and potential assault where a distressed female was seen running away from 

appellant could reasonably have concluded that temporarily detaining appellant in 

handcuffs was necessary to secure the scene, investigate, and insure the safety of 

everyone present. 
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Given the totality of the circumstances, it was reasonable for the trial court to 

conclude that appellant was temporarily detained for the purpose of investigation 

and was not in custody for purposes of Miranda. See Koch v. State, 484 S.W.3d 482, 

491 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.); Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d at 291, 

Hauer, 466 S.W.3d at 891–92. Appellant’s issue is resolved against him and the trial 

court’s judgment is affirmed. 

Do Not Publish 

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b) 

230565F.U05 

 

/Dennise Garcia/ 

DENNISE GARCIA 

JUSTICE 
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S 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

JUDGMENT 

CHRISTOPHER HERNANDEZ, 

Appellant 

No. 05-23-00565-CR V. 

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee 

 On Appeal from the County Court at 

Law No. 2, Rockwall County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. CR2-22-0075. 

Opinion delivered by Justice Garcia. 

Justices Goldstein and Smith 

participating. 

 Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is 

AFFIRMED. 

Judgment entered June 26, 2024