## United States Court of App eals

F O R T H E E I G H T H C I R C U I T

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No. 1 1- 21 92

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And rei Po pe sc u- Mat effy, *

*

Pet it io ne r, *

* Pet it io n fo r Rev ie w of a Fin al

v. * Deci si on of t he Bo ard of

* Im m ig rat io n Ap pe al s. Eric H. Hold er, J r., Att or ne y Gene ral *
of th e Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca, * [PUBLISHED]

*

Res po nd en t. *

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Su bm it te d: Feb ru ary 13 , 20 12
Fi le d: May 2, 20 12

__ __ __ __ __ _

Befo re WOL LMAN, ARNOLD, and SMITH, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ _

PER CURI AM.

And rei Po pe sc u- Mat effy p e t i t io ns fo r rev ie w of an or de r of th e Bo ard of

Im m ig rat io n App eal s (BIA or "Bo ard ") de te rm in in g th at Po pe sc u- M a t e f f y 's st at e

co nv ic ti o n fo r po ss es si on of dr ug pa rap he rn al ia in a m ot or ve hi cl e ren de rs hi m

in el ig ib le fo r waiv er of in ad m is si bi li ty un de r Im m ig rat io n an d Nati on al it y Act (INA)
§ 2 12 (h ), 8 U.S.C. § 11 82 (h ). W e d en y th e p et it io n.

I. Bac kg ro un d

Po pe sc u- Mat effy, a na ti ve an d ci ti zen of Ro m an ia

, was ad m it te d to th e Uni te d

St at es on Aug u s t 22

, 20 05

, as a no ni m m ig ran t, te m

po rary sk il le d wor ke r. Alt ho ug hhe was au th or iz ed to rem ai n in th e Uni te d St at es fo r a pe rio d no t to ex ceed Nov em be r

30

, 20 05

, Po pe sc u- Mat effy rem ai ne d in th e U n i te d St at es be y on d th at da te wit ho ut

au th or iz at io n. Add it io na ll y , he was em pl oyed as a co m

m erci al tru ck dr iv er fo r

Pro act iv e Tran sp or ta ti on , In c. wit ho ut th e au th or iz a t i o n o f th e Dep art m en t of

Hom el an d S ecu rit y

(DHS). He m arri ed a Uni te d S ta te s ci ti zen in Feb ru ary 20 07

.

On Apr il 16

, 20 07

, Po pe sc u- Mat effy, whi le dr iv in g a tra ct or -tr ai le r fo r hi s

em pl oyer, was pu ll ed ov er by a So ut h Dak ot a Hig hwa y Pat ro l of fic er. Afte r ob se rv in g

Po pe sc u- Mat effy, th e of

fic er arre st ed hi m fo r dr iv in g un de r th e in flu en ce. The of fic er

fo un d a pi pe an d ap pr ox im at el y .25 ou nc es —ap pr ox i mat e l y se ve n gr am s— of

m ari juan a in th e tr act or -tr ai le r's cab

.

On May 22

, 20 07

, Po pe sc u- M a t e f f y pl ead ed gu il ty in th e Ci rcu it Co ur t of
Ly m an Co un ty, So ut h Dak ot a, to

, in te r al ia

, po ss es si on of dr ug pa rap he rn al ia in a

m ot or ve hi cl e, in vi ol at io n of So ut h Dak ot a Co di fie d Laws § 22 -4 2A- 3. The co ur t 1

or de red Po pe sc u- Mat effy t o pa y a fin e of $2 00 an d se rv e 3 0 d a ys i n jail , 2 2 da y s of

whi ch were su sp en de d. The co ur t al so rev ok ed Po pe sc u- Mat effy's dr iv in g pr iv il eg es

fo r 90 da y s. Se e S.D. C od ifi ed Laws § 2 3

- 3 2

- 12 -5 2.3 ("Up on a fir st co nv ic ti on or a

fir st ad jud ic at io n o f de li nq ue nc y for an y vi ol at io n, whil e in a ve hi cl e, of §§ 22 -4 2- 5

to 22 -4 2- 9, in cl us iv e, 22 -4 2A- 3, or 22 -4 2A- 4, th e co ur t sh al l rev ok e th e dr iv er li cen se

or dri vi ng pri vi le ge of t he dri ve r so co nv ic te d fo r a p eri od of n in et y da y s." ).

Sect io n 2 2- 42 A-3 pro vi de s: 1

No pe rs on , kn owi ng th e dr ug rel at ed na tu re of th e ob ject, m ay us e or to

po ss es s wit h in te nt to us e, dr ug pa rap he rn al ia to pl a n t

, p ro pa ga te

,
cu lt iv at e, g r o w, ha rv es t, m an uf act ur e, co m

po un d, co nv ert

, pr od uc e,
pr oc es s, pr ep are, te st

, an al y ze, pa ck

, rep ack

, st or e, c o n t a in

, co nc eal

, in ject, in ge st

, in ha le

, or ot he rwis e in tro du ce in to th e hu m an bo d y a ny

co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e or m ari juan a in vi ol at io n of th is ch ap te r. A ny
pe rs on who vi ol at es an y pr ov is io n o f th is sec ti on is gu il ty of a Cl as s 2

m is de m ean or

.

-2

-Afte r Po pe sc u- Mat effy's arre st

, DHS is su ed a Not ic e to App ear to Po pe s c uMat effy, ch arg in g hi m as rem ov ab le fro m th e Uni te d St at es ba se d on vi ol at io ns of two

pr ov is io ns : (1 ) INA § 23 7( a)(1 )(B)

, 8 U.S.C. § 12 27 (a)( 1) (B), as ha vi ng rem ai ne d in

th e Uni te d St at es fo r a ti m e lo ng er th an pe rm it te d, an d (2 ) I N A § 23 7( a)(1 )(C) (i)

, 8

U.S.C. § 12 27 (a)( 1) (C)( i), as ha vi ng fai le d to m ai nt ai n no ni m m ig ran t st at us or co m

pl y
wit h th e co nd it io ns of th at st at us

. Po pe sc u- Mat effy ap pe ared be fo re th e im m ig rat io n jud ge (IJ ) an d co nc ed ed rem ov ab il it y wit h res pe ct to bo th ch arg es in th e Not ic e to App ear.

Fo r rel ie f fro m rem ov al

, Po pe sc u- Mat effy ap pl ie d fo r ad jus tm en t of st at us

. His

sp ou se fil ed an im m ig ran t vi sa pe ti ti on on hi s be ha lf, whi ch th e IJ ap pr ov ed

. Bu t

Po pe sc u- Mat effy's co nv ic ti on fo r po ss es si on of dr ug pa rap he rn al ia in a m ot or ve hi cl e

was a co nt ro ll ed s u b s t an ce vi ol at io n th at ren de red hi m in ad m is si bl e—a nd th us

in el ig ib le fo r ad

jus tm en t of st at us —p ur su an t to I N A § 21 2( a)(2 )(A)(i )(II)

, 8 U.S.C.
§ 11 82 (a)( 2) (A)(i )(II)

. As a res ul t, Po pe sc u- Mat effy al so ap pl ie d fo r w a i v e r of

in ad m is si bi li ty un de r INA § 21 2( h)

, 8 U.S.C. § 11 82 (h ). Sect io n 21 2( h ) o f t h e INA

pr ov id es th at th e Att or ne y Gen eral ha s di sc ret i o n to waiv e in ad m is si bi li ty fo r a

co nt ro ll ed -s ub st an ce vi ol at io n if, am on g ot he r req ui rem en t s , t he in ad m is si bi li ty

"re la te s t o a si ng le off

en se of s im

pl e p os se ss io n o f 30 gra m s o r le ss of m ari juan a."

The IJ de te rm in ed th at Po pe sc u- Mat effy's co nv ic ti on fo r po ss es si on o f d r ug

pa rap he rn al ia di d no t ba r hi m fro m § 21 2( h) rel ie f be cau se it rel at ed to 30 gr am s or
le ss of mar i

ju a n a

. The IJ no te d th at "t he dr ug pa rap he rn al ia th at [Po pe sc u- Mat effy]

was co nv ic te d of po ss es si ng was a p ip e" a nd th at Po pe sc u- Mat effy "was fou nd wit h

.25 ou nc es or a li t tl e ov er 7 gr am s of m ari juan a. The pi pe al so co nt ai ne d m ari juan a

res id ue ." The IJ "f[ ou nd ] th at [Po pe sc u- Mat effy's] co nv ic ti on fo r po ss es si on of dr ug

pa rap he rn al ia rel at es to a 's in gl e o ffen se of s im pl e p os se ss io n o f 30 gra m s o r le ss of

m ari jua n a , ' maki ng [h im ]

. . . el ig ib le fo r INA § 21 2( h) waiv er." The IJ gr an te d

Po pe sc u-Ma te ff

y ' s ap pl ic at io ns fo r ad

jus tm en t of st at us an d waiv er of in ad m is si bi li ty.

-3

-DHS ap pe al ed th e IJ 's de ci si on to th e BIA. A si ng l e memb e r of th e BIA 2

su st ai ne d D H S' s ap pe al an d or de red Po pe sc u- Mat effy rem ov ed fro m th e Uni te d St at es

. The BIA ex pl ai ne d t ha t af te r th e IJ 's d eci si on ,

th e Bo ard de ci de d Mat te r of Esp in oz a , 25 I&N Dec. 11 8 (BIA 20 09 ),
fin di ng th at an al ie n who is in ad m is si bl e ba se d on a dr ug pa rap he rn al ia
of fen se m ay qu al ify fo r a waiv er of in ad m is si bi li ty un de r se ct io n 21 2( h)
of th e Act if th at of

fen se "re la te s to a si ng le of fen se of si m

pl e po ss es si on of 30 gr am s or le ss of m ari ju a n a." Se e id

. Howev er, th e Bo ard no te d

se ve ral cav eat s t o i ts fin di ng in Esp in oz a

.

Acco rd in g to th e BIA, th e fir st "ca ve at " un de r Esp in oz a is th at an of fen se is no t rel at ed

to a si ng le of

fen se of si m

pl e po ss es si on of 30 gr am s or le ss of m ari juan a "i f it co nt ai ns
el e men t s t ha t m ak e it su bs ta nt ia ll y m or e se rio us th an 'si m pl e po ss es si on .'" "Fo r

ex am pl e, p o s s e ss in g m ari

juan a in a pr is on or ne ar a sc ho ol m ay rel at e to m ari juan a

po ss es si on , bu t su ch of

fen se s do no t rel at e to si m pl e po ss es s i o n b e c au se th ey are

in he ren tl y m or e se rio us th an th e ba si c cri m e." (Ci ti ng Esp in oz a , 25 I&N Dec. at 12 5.)

The se co nd "ca ve at " is th at "re m ov al pr oc eed in gs are no t a ve nu e fo r th e rel it ig at io n

of cri m in al pr os ecu ti on s." (Ci ti ng Esp in oz a , 25 I&N Dec. at 12 5.) The BIA ex pl ai ne d

th at "[i ]f t he fact of co nv ic ti on is su f f i c i e n t t o sh ow th at an al ie n co m m it te d act io ns

in ad di ti on to (o r m or e cu lp ab le th an ) a si ng le of fen se of si m

pl e po ss es si on of a sm al l

Sect io n 1 00 3.1 (e)( 5) of 8 C.F.R. p ro vi de s, i n re le va nt pa rt: 2

A si ng le Bo ard m em

be r m ay rev ers e th e d eci si on un de r rev ie w if s uc h

rev ers al is pl ai nl y co ns is te nt wit h an d req ui red by in te rv en in g Bo ard or jud ic ia l pr eced en t

, b y a n in te rv en in g Act of Co ng res s, or by an in te rv en in g fin al reg ul at io n. A m ot io n to reco ns id er or to reo pe n a de ci si on th at was ren de red by a si ng le Bo ard m em be r m ay be

a d jud ic at ed by th at Bo ard m em be r un le ss th e cas e is reas si gn e d t o a th ree- m em

be r pa ne l as pr ov id ed un de r t h e s t an da rd s of th e cas e

m an ag em en t p la n.

-4

-am ou nt of m ari juan a, th en th e in qu iry is at an en d, an d se ct io n 21 2( h) rel ie f is

un av ai la bl e."

App lying Esp in oz a to th e pr es en t cas e, th e BIA fo un d tha t Po pe sc u- Ma te ffy was

in el ig ib le fo r waiv er un de r § 21 2( h)

, m ean in g th at he was no t el ig ib le fo r ad jus tm en t

of st at us

. The BIA ex pl ai ne d th at Po pe sc u- Mat effy "p le ad [ed ] gu il ty to po ss es si on of

dr ug pa rap he rn al ia in a m ot or ve hi cl e" an d th at So ut h Dak ot a Co di fie d Laws § 32 -1 2-

52 .3 "p ro vi de s fo r th e en ha nc ed pe na lt y of rev o c a t i o n o f a dr iv er's li cen se if th e

pr ed i cat e of

fen se oc cu rred in a m ot or ve hi cl e. The BIA fo un d th at "[t ]his pe na lt y

en ha nc em en t, th e fact of whi ch was ad m it te d by [Po pe sc u- Mat effy]

, rem ov es [Po pe sc u- Mat effy] fro m

th e p ur vi ew of

sec ti on 21 2( h) of t he Act."

II. Dis cu ss io n

Po pe sc u- Mat effy se ek s rev ie w of t h e BIA's or de r de te rm in in g th at he is

in el ig ib le fo r waiv er of in ad m is si bi li ty un de r INA § 21 2( h)

. He co nt en ds th at be cau se
he was fo un d wit h jus t se ve n gr am s of m ari juan a, th e po ss es s i on -o f-d ru gpa rap he rn al ia of

fen se "re la te s to a si ng le of fen [s ]e of 30 gr am s or le ss of m ari juan a[,]

m ak in g h im

eli gi bl e fo r . . . waiv er re li ef p ur su an t t o § 21 2( h) of t he INA."

"Where

, as he re, th e BIA is su es an in de pe nd en t de ci si on wit ho ut ad op ti ng th e

IJ 's co nc lu si on s, we rev ie w on ly t h e B IA de ci si on ." Co ns ta nz a v. Hol de r , 64 7 F.3 d

74 9, 75 3 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (p er cu ria m ). "We rev ie w th e BIA's le ga l de te rm in at io ns de

no vo , gi vi ng su bs ta nt ia l de fere nc e to it s in te rp ret at io n of st at ut es an d reg ul at io ns ." Id

.

Und er Ch evr on , U.S

. A.

, I n c

. v. Na t'l Res. Def. Co un ci l, In c. , 4 67
U.S. 83 7, 10 4 S. Ct

. 27 78

, 81 L. Ed. 2d 69 4 (1 98 4)

, we m us t de fer to th e BIA's de te rmi n a t i on if "(1 ) th e st at ut e is am bi gu ou s or si le nt as to th e is su e at ha nd an d ( 2 ) t he ag en cy 's in te rp ret at io n is ne it he r arb it rary,
cap ric io us , no r m an ife st ly con tra ry to th e st at ut e."

-5

-Oli va n- Due na s v. Hol de r , 41 6 F. App 'x 67 8, 67 9 (1 0t h Ci r. 20 11 ) (u np ub li sh ed or de r

an d jud gm en t) (q uo ti ng Ca rp io v. Hol de r , 59 2 F.3 d 10 91

, 10 9 6 ( 10 th Ci r. 20 10 )).
"'[I ]n th e im m ig ra ti on co nt ex t whe re of fic ia ls ex erci se es pe ci al ly se ns it iv e po li ti cal

fu nc ti on s th at im

pl ic at e qu es ti on s of f

o r e ig n rel at io ns ,'" ou r ex erci se of "'ju di ci al

de fere nc e to th e Exe cu ti ve Bran ch is es pe ci al ly ap pr op ria te .'" I d

. (q uo ti ng Ni an g v.

Gon za le s , 42 2 F .3d 11 87 , 11 96 –9 7 (1 0t h C ir. 2 00 5) ).

An "al ie n co nv ic te d of

, or who ad m it s ha vi ng co m m it te d, or who
ad m it s co m

m it ti ng ac t s w h ic h co ns ti tu te th e es se nt ia l el em en ts of " a vi ol at io n of la w rel a t i n g to a co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e is in ad m is si bl e. INA § 21 2( a)(2 )(A)(i )(II)

, 8 U.S.C. § 11 82 (a)( 2) (A)(i )(II)

. The Att or ne y Gen eral m ay

ex erci se hi s d is cret io n a nd gra nt su ch an al ie n a waiv er o f
in ad m is si bi li t y if th e co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e vi ol at io n rel at ed "t o a si ng le
of fen se of s i m

pl e po ss es si on of 30 gr am s or le ss of m ari juan a." Id

. § 2 12 (h ), 8 U.S.C. § 11 82 (h ).

Bl a n d on v. Uni te d St at es , 44 4 F. App 'x 31 9, 32 4 (1 1t h Ci r. 20 11 ) (u np ub li sh ed pe r

cu ria m ).

Bec au se "t he waiv er st at ut e do es no t de fin e th e te rm 'si m pl e po ss es si on '

. . . ,we

co nc lu de th at th e m ean in g of th e te rm was op en to in te rp ret at io n by th e BIA." Oli va nDue na s , 41 6 F. App 'x at 67 9– 80

. As a res ul t, Po pe sc u- Mat effy "m us t sh ow th at th e

in te rp ret at io n is arb it rary, cap ric io us , or m an ife st ly co nt rary to th e st at ut e." Id

. at 68 0.

In Esp in oz a , th e BIA in te rp ret ed th e § 21 2( h) in ad m is si bi li ty waiv er wit h

res pe ct to po ss es s i o n- of

-d ru g- pa rap he rn al ia of

fen se s. Acco rd in g to th e BIA, "wh il e

th e la ng ua ge of se ct io n 21 2( h) li ke ly en co m pa ss es so me of

fe nse s inv olv ing possess io n

of dr ug pa rap he rn al ia

, it do es no t en co m pa ss al l su ch of

fen se s." 25 I&N Dec. at 12 3.

Bec au se th e BIA fo un d th at "t he sc op e of se ct io n 21 2( h) [was ] un cert ai n as it rel at es

to dr ug pa rap he rn al ia of fen se s, [it ha d to ] res ol ve th e un cert ai nt y in a reas on ab le

m an ne r." Id

.

-6

-Rel y in g on Ni jh aw an v. Hol de r , 55 7 U.S. 29 (2 00 9)

, th e BIA co nc lu de d th at th e

te rm "o ffen se " us ed in § 21 2( h) "re f e r [ s ] t o t h e sp eci fic un la wfu l act s th at m ad e th e

al ie n i na dm is si bl e, rat he r th an to an y ge ne ric cri m e." Id . at 1 24 . The BI A fou nd th at

if "Co ng res s wis he d to m ak e w a i v e r s a v ai la bl e on ly to al ie ns who ha d co m m it te d

si m pl e m ari juan a po ss es si o n , us in g a br oa d ex pr es si on li ke 'rel at es to ' wou ld ha ve
be en an un li ke ly cho ic e o f wor ds ." Id . As a res ul t, t he BIA

co nc lu de [d ] th at Co ng res s en vi si on ed so m et hi ng br oa de r, sp eci fic al ly, a fact ua l in qu iry in to whe th er an al ie n's cri m in al co nd uc t bo re su ch a cl os e rel at io ns hi p to th e si m

pl e po ss es si on of a m in im al qu an ti ty of m ari juan a th at it sh ou ld be tre at e d w i t h th e sa m e de gr ee of fo rb eara nc e un de r th e im m ig rat io n l aws as t he si m pl e p os se ss io n o ffen se it se lf.

Id . at 1 24 –2 5.

Bas ed on it s p la in -la ng ua ge an al y si s, t he BIA h el d

th at an al ie n who is in ad m is si bl e un de r se ct io n 21 2( a)(2 )(A)(i )(II) of th e Act m ay ap pl y fo r a se ct io n 21 2( h ) w a i v e r if he de m on st rat es by a
pr ep on de ran ce of th e ev id en ce th at t h e c on du ct th at m ad e hi m in ad m is si bl e was ei th er "a si ng l e o ffen se of si m pl e po ss es si on of 30

gr am s or le ss of m ari

juan a" or an act th at "re la te [d ] to " su ch an of fen se

.

Id . at 1 25 . But th e BIA t he n s et for th "s ev eral cav eat s" th at "an ap pl ic an t m us t be ar
. . . in m in d" in hi s " at te m pt [ ] to m ak e su ch a sh owi ng ." Id

.

Fi rs t, waiv ers are on ly av ai la bl e fo r of fen se s th at m eri t th e sa m e le ni en t

tre at m en t as si m

pl e po ss es si on

. An of

fen se do es no t "re la te [] to a si ng le
of fen se o f si m

pl e po ss es si on of 30 gr am s or le ss of m ari juan a" if it

co nt ai ns el emen ts th at mak e it su bs t an ti al ly mor e se ri ou s th an "s im pl e
po ss es si o n

. " Fo r ex am

pl e, po ss es si ng m ari

juan a in a pr is on or ne ar a

sc ho ol m ay rel at e to m ari juan a po ss es s i o n , b u t su ch of fen se s do no t rel at e to si mpl e po ss es si on be cau se th ey are in he ren tl y m or e se rio us th an

-7

-th e ba si c cri m e. Se e Mat te r of Mon ca da

, 24 I&N Dec. 62 (BIA 20 07 ).

Seco n d

, r e m ov al pr oc eed in gs are no t a ve nu e fo r th e rel it ig at io n of
cri m in al p r o s e c ut io ns

. Se e Mat te r of Rui z- Mas si eu , 22 I&N Dec. 83 3,
84 4 (BIA 19 99 ), an d cas es ci te d th erei n. If th e fact of co nv ic ti on is

su ffi ci en t to sh ow th at an al ie n co m m it te d act io ns in ad di ti on to (o r m or e

cu lp ab le th an ) a si ng le of fen se of si m

pl e po ss es si on of a s mall am ou nt of m ari juan a, th en th e i n q u i r y is at an en d, an d se ct io n 21 2( h) rel ie f is

un av ai la bl e.

Id . (fir st em

ph as is ad de d)

.

Here, th e is su e is whe th er th e BIA's ex cl us io n of a co nv ic ti on fo r po ss es si on of

dr ug pa rap he rn al ia wit hi n a m ot or ve hi cl e fro m th e waiv er st at ut e "i s a reas on ab le an d

pe rm is si bl e in te rp ret at io n of th e st at ut e." Oli va n- Due na s , 41 6 F. App 'x at 67 9.

P o p e s c u

- Mat effy was fo un d in po ss es si on of dr ug pa rap he rn al ia whi le dr iv in g a

tra ct or -tr ai le r an d pl ead ed g u i l t y to "p os se ss io n of dr ug pa rap he rn al ia in a m ot or

ve hi cl e." The po ss es si on st at ut e—S ou th Dak ot a Co di fie d Laws § 22 -4 2A3— pe na li zes th e po ss es si on of dr ug pa rap he rn al ia wit ho ut an y refe ren ce to th e
lo cat io n of th e co nd uc t. Bu t th e se co nd st at ut e of co nv ic ti on —So ut h Dak ot a Co di fie d

Laws § 32 -1 2- 52 .3—

pr ov id es fo r an en ha nc ed pe na lt y fo r co nd uc t th at oc cu rs wit hi n

a ve hi cl e. Fo r a fi rs t-t im e v io la ti on of th e po ss es si on st at ut e, fo r co nd uc t th at oc cu rs
wit hi n a ve hi cl e,"t he co ur t sh al l re vo ke th e d riv er l ic en se or dr iv in g pr iv il eg e of th e
dr iv er s o c on vi ct ed for a pe rio d o f ni ne ty day s." S.D. Cod ifi ed Laws § 32 -1 2- 52 .3.

The BIA fo un d th at th is "p en al ty en ha nc eme n t" fo r po ss es si ng dr ug

pa raph ern al ia in a ve hi cl e su ffi ci en tl y de m on st rat es co nd uc t th at is "s ubst an tia lly m or e

se rio us th an 'si m

pl e po ss es si on '" an d "re m ov es [Po pe sc u- Mat effy] fro m th e pu rv ie w
of se ct io n § 21 2( h) of th e Act." As th e go ve rn m en t no te s, "p os se ss io n of dr ug

pa rap he rn al ia in a m ot or ve hi cl e carr ie s an in he ren t da ng er to th e dr iv er, pa ss en ge rs ,

an d ot he rs on th e ro ad ." W e co nc lu de th at "[t ]he BIA's in te rp ret at i o n o f § 11 82 (h )'s

waiv er fo r " a si ng le of

fen se of si m

pl e po ss es si on of

. . . m ari juan a' as no t in cl ud in g

-8

-[th e po ss es si on of dr ug pa rap he rn al ia in a ve hi cl e ] i s n o t arb it rary, cap ric io us , or

m an ife st ly con tra ry

to th e st at ut e." Oli va n- Due na s , 41 6 F . App 'x a t 6 81

.

III. Co nc lu si on

Acco rd in gl y , we den y

th e p et it io n.

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