Filed 8/12/22 A

- List v. Salus Capital Pa rtners CA2/7 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SEVEN

A

- L IST INC. et al.
,

Plaintiff s and Appellant s ,

v.

S ALUS CAPITAL PARTNERS, LLC
,

Defendant and Respondent

. B 30 6617

(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BC6 30062 )

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of
Los Angeles County, Teresa A. Beaudet , Judge

. Affirmed

. Brown, Neri, Smith, & Khan, Amjad M. Khan and Patricia
E. Tenenbaum f

or Plaintiff

s and Appellant s

. Greenberg Traurig, LLP , Scott D. Bertzyk
, John F. Farraher Jr.
, Adil M. Khan and Michael E. McCarthy for Defendant and Respondent

.

___________________________________2 INTRODUCTION

A

- List Inc. and another corporation A

- List later acquired, H

- List Inc. (collectively, A

- List), own ed a retail brand called
Kit s on

. A

- List and its founder, Fraser Ross, sued one of A

- List’s lenders, Salus Partners LLC , alleging Salus took control of and mismanaged A

- List’s business operations . The trial court granted Salus’s motion for summary judgment for one of the two reasons Salus argued it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law

. The court rul ed that
, because Ross no longer owned shares in A

- List
, he did not have “standing” or “authority” to direct
A

- List to file the lawsuit and that therefore neither Ross nor A

- List ha d standing to assert the causes of action in the complaint

. A

- List (but not Ross) appeals from the ensuing judgment in favor o f Salus

. We affirm the judgment , but for the other reason Salus moved for summary judgment , which the trial court did not reach : A

- List lacked standing to bring its causes of action because it had assigned th em to a third party

.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A

. A

- List Struggles Financiall y and Ente rs into an Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors Ross founded the Kitson retail brand in 2000 and formed
A

- List to operate Kitson fashion boutique stores. A ccording to Ross and A

- List
, the company began to suffer financially after Ross had a serious illness in 2012

. A

- List and Salus subsequently entered into a credit agreement
, in which Salus agreed to loan A

- List up to $15 million , depending on the value of
A

- List’s inventory and intellectual prop erty

.3 Ross eventually transferred his shares in A

- List to Christopher Lee , who was A

- List ’s chief executive officer at the
time

. After Lee left A

- List ( Lee says he resigned ; Salus says he was fired )
, A

- List hired James Wong as c hief f inancial o fficer and

c hief r estructuring o fficer and passed a res olution authoriz ing Wong to “determine .

. . whether it [was] desirable and in the best interest ” of A

- List and its creditors to “ commence a sale or liquidation process, including

. . . entering into an Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors with a company of Wong’s choosing .

. . .” In December 2015 Wong signed , on behalf of A

- List , an assignment for the benefit of creditors with Winter Harbor LLC

. As part of the agreement, A

- List ass ign ed “in trust for the benefit of [ A

- List ’s ] creditors generally, all of [ A

- List ’s ] property and assets of every kind and nature

. . . , including but not limited to

. . . all choses in action (personal or otherwise) that are legally assignable together wi th the proceeds of any existing

non

- assignable choses in action ” A

- List later received

.

B. Ross Files This Action Against Lee ; Winter Harbor Fi l es a Lawsuit Against Salus
I n August 2016 Ross (but not A

- List ) filed this action
, initially naming Lee as the only defendant. Ross alleg ed Lee made “false representations to induce [Ross] to forego .

. . opportunities ” that would have be en “ beneficial to [Ross] and Kitson and instead, enter into a series of transactions” that benefitted Lee. Ross also alleged Le e mismanaged the Kitson business es , causing the value of the companies to decrease

. Two months later Winter Harbor , in its capacity as A

- List ’s assignee, sued Salus in the United States District Court for the Central District of California

. Winter Harbor alleged Salus4

breached a funding agreement that required Salus to pay , using proceeds obtained from liquidating A

- List ’s assets, $2

. 3 million
A

- List owed the federal taxing authorities

. Winter Harbor and Salus ultimately settled th at action and, as part of the settlement
, Winter Harbor and Salus release d each other from all known and unknown claims they had against each other “with respect to [

A

- List ] or the Assi gnmen t for the Benefit of Creditors related thereto .

. . .”

C. Ross Adds Salus as a Defendant and Settles With Lee ; A

- List Joins as a Plaintiff After Winter Harbor and Salus settled their lawsuit
, Ross added Salus as a defendant in this action, along with two entities related to Salus
, HGI Management Holdings, LLC , Salus’s parent

company , which Ross claimed “directed Salus’s operations ,” and Spencer Spirit Holdings, Inc

. , which Ross alleged loaned A

- List an additional $4 million after A

- List obtained the loan from Salus. 1 Ross alleged Salus and Spencer later “assert[ed] direct operational control o ver Ki ts on , ” “failed to act in a commercially reasonable manner
, ” and ran “the [c]ompany to ruin.” In particular, Ross claimed that the two lenders engaged in a “strategy to pump up Kitson’s inventory before liquidating” the company’s assets by ordering “ more invento ry than Kitson could sell ” and promising “ the vendors that they would be paid upon the sale of their merchandise,” but that the lenders instead

1 Ross later added as a defendant BHK Investments, LLC
, an alleged alter ego of Spencer created to fund Spencer’s loan to A

- List

.5

“ closed all Kitson stores, hired liquidation firms to monetize the inventory, and never paid the vendors .

. . . ” 2
In July 2018 Ross and Lee reached a settlemen t where Lee agreed to transfer back to Ross some of the shares Lee claimed he still owned in A

- List
, 3 and Ross agreed to dismiss his causes of action against Lee

. After the settlement
, A

- List joined the lawsuit as a plaintiff and with Ross filed the operative
, t hird

a mended c omplaint

. As relevant to this appeal, A

- List asserted causes of action for negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, and constructive fraud against Salus (as well as the other l enders )
, based on the same alleged scheme by Salus and Spencer to increase Kitson’s inventory and liquidate the business’s assets

.

2 A

- List contends this type of scheme is “common among
asset

- based lenders” and is “known in the retail industry as ‘pump and dump.’” The more common use of the phrase “pump and dump” is a kind of securities fraud where shareholders “[m]ake claims that artificially inflate (‘pump up’) the value of stock [they] own,” “[g]ullible investors then buy the stock at inflated prices,” and the original shareholders “sell high and bug out with the inflated difference in value.” ( Kruss v. Booth (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 699, 703; see United States v. Zolp (9th Cir. 2007) 479 F.3d 715, 717 fn. 1 [ “ ‘ Pump and dump ’ schemes ‘ involve the touting of a company ’ s stock (typically microcap companies) through false and misleading statements to the marketplace. After pumping the stock, fraudsters make huge profits by selling their cheap stock into the market. ’ ” ]

. ) A

- List does not use the term in this sense.

3 As we will discuss, A

- List and Salus dispute whether Lee still owned any shares to transfer to Ross.6 D. The Court Grants Summary Adjudica tion on A

- List ’s C auses of Action and Later Enters Judgment in Favor of Salus Salus and the other lenders filed a motio n for summary adjudication on each of A

- List ’s causes of action
, asserting they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law for two reasons. First, they argued A

- List did not have standing to assert its causes of action because it had assigned th e m to Winter Harbor as part of the assignment for the benefit of creditors

. Second
, they argued A

- List did not have standing to assert its causes of action because Ross did not own shares in A

- List and “therefore
ha s no authority to direct Kitson to assert any claims.” The lenders contended that
, when Lee left A

- List in 2015
, A

- List reacquired all of Lee’s shares pursuant to a stockholders ’ agreement between Lee and A

- List

. Therefore, according to the lenders
, Lee did not have any A

- List shares to transfer to Ross when he agreed to do so in his settlement agreement with Ross

. The trial court granted the motion on the second ground

. The court ruled that A

- List reacquired Lee’s shares when his employment ended and that Lee h a d no shares in A

- List “to transfer to Ross in 2018 .

. . .” Therefore, the court ruled
, Ross did not have “the requisite authority to direct the claims asserted by” A

- List against the l ender s. The court declined to consider the lenders’ alternative argument that, because A

- List had assigned its causes of action to Winter Harbor, A

- List lacked standing to

ass ert those c laims in this action

. Meanwhile, Salus had filed a cross

- complaint against
A

- List , seeking to recover money A

- List allegedly failed to repay under the ir credit agreement. After the court granted summary adjudication on A

- List ’s causes of action
, Salus’s cross

- complaint7

remained pending

. A

- List and Salus, however, agreed to a stipulated judgment in favor of Salus and against A

- List on the

cross

- complaint

. In June 2020 the trial cou rt entered the stipulated judgment on the cross

- complaint, and in July 2020 the

court entered judgment in favor of Salus and against A

- List on the t hird a mended c omplaint

. 4 A

- List timely filed a notice of appeal from the judgment on the t hird a mended c omplaint

. 5

DISCUSSION

A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review “Summary judgment is appropriate only where no triable issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” ( Regents of University of California v. Superior Court (2018) 4 Cal.5th 607, 618; see Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c) ; Valdez v. Seidner

- Miller, Inc. (2019)
33 Cal.App.5th 600, 607.) “A defendant moving for

summary adjudication o f a cause of action must show that one or more elements cannot be established or
, ” as relevant here
, “ that there is a complete defense.” ( Clar k v. Superior Court (2021)
62 Cal.App.5th 289, 298; see Regents , at p. 618 ; Mattei v.

4 We augment the record pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.155(a)(1)(A) to include the parties’ stipulation and court’s judgment in this action

.

5 Spencer , BHK, and HGI are not parties to this appeal; they still have claims pending against A

- List , and the trial court has not entered a judgment on any of those claims

.8

Corporate Management Solutions, Inc . (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 116,
122 .)
A “‘ “ defendant moving for summary judgment based upon the assertion of an affirmative defense

. . . ‘ has the initial burden to show that undisputed facts support each element of the affirmative defense ’

. . . . ” ’” ( Shiver v. Laramee (2018)
24 Cal.App.5 th 395 , 400 ; see Severin Mobile Towing, Inc. v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. ( 2021 ) 65 Cal.A pp.5th 292 , 302; Sumner v. Simpson University ( 2018 ) 27 Cal.App.5th 577 , 580 .) If “ the defendant meets that burden, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show a triable issue of material fact regarding the defense. ” (

Filosa v. Alagappan (2020) 5 9 Cal.App.5th 772, 778;

see Shiver , at p. 400 .) We review a ruling on a motion for summary adjudication de novo ( Jacks v. City of Santa Barbara (2017) 3 Cal.5th 248, 273; Michaels v. Greenberg Traurig, LLP ( 2021 ) 62 Cal.App.5th
512
, 520 ) and “decide independently whether the facts not subject to triable dispute warrant judgment for the moving party as a matter of law” (

Mattei v. Corporate Management Solutions, Inc
., supra , 52 Cal.App.5th at p. 122; see Regents of Univ ersity of California v. Superior Court
, supra , 4 Cal.5th at p. 618). We consider “ ‘ “ ‘“ all the evidence set forth in the moving and opposing papers except that to which objections were made and sustained.” ’ ” ’” ( Hampton v. County of San Diego (2015)9

62 Cal .4th 340, 347; see Sharufa v. Festival Fun Parks, LLC (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 493, 497.)

B. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Granting Salus’s Motion for Summary Adjudication As discussed, the trial court ruled A

- List “lacked standing”

to bring its causes of action because Ross did not own shares in A

- List and therefore did not have authorit y to direct A

- List to bring this action

. The trial court’s ruling on this issue was flawed

. Generally, “[p] ersons have standing to sue when they are real parties in interest. ” ( Amstone v. Peninsular Fire Ins. Co. ( 1991 ) 226 Cal.App.3d 1019 , 1023 ; see Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Superior Court ( 2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 19 , 23 [“ Standing in a lawsuit is governed by Code of Civil Procedure section 367 , which provides: ‘ Every action must be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest, except as otherwise provided by statute. ’ ” ]

. ) W here a cause of action seeks redress for damage to a corporation, the corporation is the rea l party in interest and the proper party to assert the cause of action . (See Bader v. Anderson (2009) 179 Cal.App.4 th 775 , 788 [“ where conduct, including mismanagement by corporate officers, causes damage to the corporation, it is the entity that must bring suit ”] ; P a cLink Communications Intern., Inc. v. Superior Court (2001)
90 Cal.App.4 th 958, 965 [“ ‘ “ a corporation which suffers damages through wrongdoing by its officers and directors must itself bring the action to recover the losses thereby occasion ed ’ ””]; see also Schuster v. Gar dner (2005) 127 Cal.App.4 th 305, 312 [ even in a shareholder derivative action, the corporation “ is the real party in interest to which any recovery usually belongs ”].) Here, A

- List

— the corporate entity

— claimed Salus’s mismanagement of10

A

- List ’s operations harmed the corporation

. Regardless of whether Ross, A

- List ’s alleged shareholder, is a real party in interest and has standing to bring claims under such a theory
, A

- List is and does

. Salus’s challe nge is actually not to A

- List ’s standing
, but to Ross ’s authority to manage A

- List ’s affairs

. Salus , however, cites no authority (and, as the trial court observed, Salus cited none in its motion) for the proposition a defendant may raise as a defe nse to a cause of action asserted by a corporation (which is the real party in interest ) that a shareholder or other person “directed” the corporation to file the lawsuit without proper authorization

. Indeed, California law does not allow such a defense

. Corporation s Code s ection 208 , subdivision (a)
, states : “ No limitation upon the business, purposes or powers of the corporation or upon the powers of the shareholders, officers or directors, or the manner of exercise of such powers, cont ained in or implied by the articles or

. . . by any shareholders ’ agreement shall be asserted as between the corporation

. . . and any third

person

. . . . ” As the California Supreme Court has explained, this statute “ restricts third parties from question ing the manner in which the corporate directors have exercised their powers, unless the third parties fall within ” one of the exceptions listed in the statute
, “ such as the state when it is seeking to enjoin the continuation of unauthorized business, or th e corporation is being dissolved ” ( Snukal v. Flightways Mfg., Inc. ( 2000 ) 23 Cal.4th 754
, 787, fn. 14), neither of which applie s here. Otherwise, “ [o] nly a shareholder, officer, or director ” may “bring suit to challenge a corporation ’ s management or control. ” ( Korea n Philadelphia Presbyterian Church v. California Presbytery ( 2000 )
77 Cal.App.4th 1069 , 1083 .) N o purported shareholder, officer, or11

director of A

- List has filed a lawsuit, or sought to intervene in this one , to prevent A

- List from asserting its claims against Salus

. Salus has no basis to question the authority on which A

- List brings this action. (See id. at p p

. 1082

- 1083 [religious association could n ot challenge a preliminary injunction requested by a church on the ground th e church’s pastor “acted in excess of [his] authority” in seeking the injunction
, where no

“ member of [the] board, nor any other member of the Church who

oppose [d] [the p astor ’s] control of the board [was] a party to [ th e]

case ”].) We can affirm the trial court’s order granting summary adjudication , however, “‘ if it is correct on any ground the parties had an adequate opportunity to address in the trial court, regardless of the reasons the trial court gave.’” ( Wolf v. Weber (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 406, 410 ; see Levya v. Crockett & Co. (2019) 7 C a l.App.5th 1105, 1108

- 1109 [“‘“ we must affirm so long as any of the g rounds urged by [defendants], either here or in the trial court, entitle [them] to summary judgment ”’ ” ] .) And Salus’s second argument entitled it to judgment as a matter of law: A

- List lacked standing to bring its causes of action against12

Salus because A

- List previously assigned those causes of action to Winter Harbor

. 6

1. Salus Met Its Burden To Show A

- List Was Not the Real Party in Interest Because It Assigned Its Causes of Action to Winter Harbor As stated, Code of Civil Procedure section 367 provides that

“ [e] very action must be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest, except as otherwise provided by statute.” ( S ee Doe v. Reg ents of University of California (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 282
, ___ [ 2022 WL 2286393 , p. 8] [ a “ real party in interest is a ‘ person who possesses the right to sue under the substantive law ’ ” ] .) The real party in interest may assign to a nother person a right to
assert a cause of action . (Civ. Code, § 954; see Casa Eva I

6 Code of Civil Procedure section 437c, subdivision (m)(2), provides that, “[b]efore a reviewing court affirms an order granting

. . . summary adjudication on a ground not relied upon by the trial court, the reviewing court shall afford the parties an opportunity to present their views on the issue by submitting

su pplemental briefs

. ” Here, because the parties addressed the issue in their appellate briefs, supplemental briefing is not required. ( See Hooked Media Group, Inc. v. Apple Inc. (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 323, 336, fn. 1 [ “ Because [ the appellant] has been afforded an opportunity to present its views, no supplemental briefing is required. ” ]; Goddard v. Department of Fish & Wildlife (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 350, 359, fn. 5 [ “ supplemental briefing is not require d ” because the “ p laintiffs directly addressed the issue in their briefs, and the [ defendant ] addressed it in its reply brief

” ] ; Bains v. Moores (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 445, 471, fn. 39 [ whe re “d efendants directly addressed the issue in their briefs, and plaintiffs addressed it in their reply brief
, ” t he

“ purpose of section 437c, subdivision (m)(2) ” was “ fully met”] .) Nor has A

- List request ed supplemental briefing.13

Homeowners Assn. v. Ani Construction & Tile, Inc. (2005)
134 Cal.App.4th 771, 782 [causes of action “ are assignable when they arise out of an obligation or out of the vio lation of a right of property , ” italics omitted ] .) O nce the assignor has assigned a cause of action
, “ ‘“ the assignee is the owner and has the right to sue on it
, ”’ ” and “ ‘“ the assignor lacks standing to sue on the claim. ” ’” ( California Bank & T r ust v. Piedmont Operating Partnership, L.P. (2013 ) 218 Cal.App.4th 1322, 1347; accord, Searles Valley Minerals Operations Inc. v. Ralph M. Parson Service Co. (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 1394, 1402; see Botsford v. Haskins & Sells ( 1978 ) 81 Cal.App.3d 780 , 784 [ “ ‘ An assignor may not maintain an action upon a claim after making an absolute assignment of it to another; his right to demand performance is extinguished, the assignee acquiring such right. ’ ” ] ; McCown v. Spencer (1970) 8 Cal.App.3d 216, 225 [same].) Salus presented undisputed evidence A

- List transferred its causes of action to Winter Harbor in December 2015 , eight months before Ross (initially without A

- List) filed this action

. In the assignment for the benefit of creditors
, A

- List assign ed to Winter Harbor “all of [ A

- List’s ] property and assets of every kind,” including “ all choses in action (personal or otherwise) that

a re legally assignable

. . . .” A

- List did not join this lawsuit and
assert its causes of action against Salus until nearly three years later, well after it assigned its causes of action (and in fact after Winter Harbor , pursuant to the assignment, filed and settled a lawsuit against Salus )

. 7 Therefore, Salus met its moving burden

7 Salus also contends the general release in the Salus

- Winter Harbor settlement agreement bars the claims asserted by A

- List14

t o show A

- List lacked standing. (See Botsford v. Haskins & Sells
, supra , 81 Cal.App.3d at p p

. 783

- 784 [ trial court properly granted summary judgment against a corporation where the corporation executed an agreement assigning to a trustee “all of i ts right, title and interest in and to all of its assets, of whatsoever nature and wheresoever situated
, ” fn. omitted ] .)

2. A

- List Did Not Create a Triable Issue of Material Fact Regarding Whether Its Causes of Action Accrued After the Assignment A

- List ’s primary argument is that it did not assign its causes of action to Winter Harbor (or that there are triable issues of fact regarding whether it did) because it assigned only causes of action that “existed” as of the date of the assignment and that its causes of action against Salus did not “accrue” until after it executed the assignment for the benefit of creditors. Even assuming A

- List intended to assign only “existing” causes of
action
, however, each of the causes of action A

- List asserted in this action existed when A

- List entered into the assignment for the benefit of creditors

. 8 “A cause of action is a legal obligation the plaintiff seeks to enforce against the defendant ” that comes “ into existence

in this action. While A

- List challenges the validity and scope of the assignment, as we discuss, A

- List does not dispute that, if the assignment was valid , the release covered its claims

.

8 As stated, the assignment provided that A

- List was assigning, among other things, “all choses in action (personal or otherwise) that are legally assignable together with the proceeds of any existing non

- assignable choses in action that be hereafter15

or arise [s]

” when “ all the elements have been established

. ” ( In re Marriage of Klug ( 2005 ) 130 Cal.App.4th 1389 , 1398; s ee Aryeh v. Canon Business Solutions, Inc. (2013) 55 Cal.4th 1185, 1191 [“ Traditionally at common law, a ‘ cause of action accrues “when [it] is complete with all of its elements ”

— those elements being wrongdoing, harm, and causation. ’ ” ] ; Cline v. Yamaga (1979)
97 Cal.App.3d 239, 245 [“ A cause of action arises when the liability or obligation is established and suit may be brought. ”] .)

“ As a practical matter, a cause of action generally arises for the first time when the injury is suffered. [Citation.] Once injury occurs, the injured party has a property interest

. . . . ” ( Marriage of Klug , at p. 1 398 .) In e ach of its causes of action
, A

- List sought redress for wrongdoing by Salus , and for injury to A

- List , that occurred before the December 2015 assignment. For example, in support of each cause of action
, A

- List alleged that in May 2013 (when Salus agreed to loan money to A

- List ) Salus failed to disc lose it “lacked the commercial lending license required to lend in California,” which caused A

- List to agree to borrow money from Salus rather than pursue or accept a more lucrative purchase offer. A

- List also alleged in support of each cause of action that Salus’s scheme to pump up Kit s on’s inventory began immediately after A

- List obtained the loan from Spencer in April 2015
, which “culminated in the Fall of 2015 ” and caused damage to A

- List by no later than several weeks before Ch ristmas 2015

. A

- List does not dispute that the elements of its causes of
action existed when it entered the assignment agreement

. A

- List

received by [A

- List].” Salus did not argue in the trial court, and does not argue on appeal, this language covers assignable claims that did not yet exist.16

argues instead that
, under the discovery rule, a cause of action does not accrue until a plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the cause of action and that there are triable issues of material fact regarding when A

- List ’s officers and shareholders discovered Salus’s wrongd oing. A

- List conflates when a cause of action “comes into existence or arises
, ” i.e., when the party in interest “has a property interest” ( In re Marriage of Klug
, supra , 130 Cal.App.4th at p. 1398)
, w ith when the limitations period for bringing that cause of action begins to run. “[A] ccrual of a cause of action in the sense of creation of an actionable claim is not the same as accrual for purposes of the statute of limitations.

‘ [A] cause of action m ay be viewed in the eyes of the law as

“ accruing ” for different purposes on different dates, depending on the purpose for which the accrual determination is being sought. ’ ” ( Vanhooser v. Superior Court ( 2012 ) 206 Cal.App.4th 921
, 929 ;

see Nelson v. Flintk ote Co. (1985) 172 Cal.App.3d 727
, 733 [“ a statute of limitations is procedural; it affects the remedy only, not the substantive right or obligation ”]; Piazza Properties, Ltd. v. Department of Motor Vehicles ( 1977 ) 71 Cal.App.3d 622 , 628 [same] .) A

- List ’s causes of action against Salus existed when
A

- List assigned all “legally assignable” causes of action to Winter Harbor , and A

- List cites no authority for the proposition that a corporation may not or did not assign a n existing cause of action solely because the corporation claims it didn’t know of the cause of action’s existence

. ( See Webb v. Pillsbury (1943) 23 Cal.2d 324,
327 [ “‘assignability of things [in action] is now the rule; nonassignability, the exception ’”] ; Times Out, LLC v. Youabian, Inc. ( 2014 ) 229 Cal.App.4th 1001
, 10 11 [same] .) The analogous rules governing causes of action held by a trustee in bankruptcy are instructive

. “[W] hen a bankruptcy17

petition is filed ,” an “ ‘ estate ’ is created ” ( Cusano v. Klein (9th Cir. 2001) 264 F.3d 936, 945 ) , and such an estate is similar to the trust created by an assignment for the benefit of creditors. (See Sherwood Partners, Inc. v. EOP

- Marina Business Center, L.L.C. ( 2007 ) 153 Cal.App.4th 977 , 981

- 982 [“ ‘ [a]n assignment for benefit of creditors is a business liquidation device available to an insolvent debtor as an alternative to formal bankruptcy proceedings
, ’ ” where “ ‘ an insolvent debtor transfers his or her assets in trust to an assignee ’ ” ] ; Credit Mana gers Assn. v. National Independent Business Alliance (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d
1166 , 1169 [same] .) The “ [a] ssets of the estate properly include any of the debtor ’ s existing causes of action ” ( Cusano , at p. 945 )
, including “ all causes of action that hypothetically could have been brought pre

- petition ,” “even if the debtor[ ] w[as] unaware of the claim .’” ( Tyler v. DH Capital Management, Inc. ( 6th Cir. 2013 )
736 F.3d 455 , 462 ; see March et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Bankruptcy (The Rutter Group 2021 ) ¶ 6: 58 [ “a cause of action is
considered estate property even where the debtor is unaware of [the] claim during the course of the bankruptcy case” ] ; cf. Essex Ins. Co. v. Five Star Dye House, Inc. (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1252

, 1259 [“ Under bankruptcy law, the trustee in bankruptcy receive [s] all causes of action that the bankrupt could have assigned. ”] .) As

one bankruptcy court has explained, there is a “distinction between the claim and substantive rights coming into existence ( ‘ acquired ’ ), and the ‘ accrual ’ for the statute of limitations computation

. . . . [¶] T he application of [California’s] Discovery Rule

. . . does not determine whether the interest of the [d] ebtor (the rights against the third

- party) exist, just that the (procedural) statute of limit ations would not begin to run until the [d] ebtor and her [b] ankruptcy [e] state knew of the pre

-18

existing rights.

. . . ” ( In re Carroll ( Bankr. E.D.Cal. 2018 ) 586 B.R. 775
, 789

- 790.) While a debtor may not “ realize [ ] that she [ha s] a valid claim,

. . . the claim (the legal interest) exist [s] nonetheless ” and becomes “part of the [e]state.” ( Id. at p. 790 ; see Cusano , at p. 947 [“ It is important

. . . to distinguish principles of accrual from principles of discovery and tolling

. . . for purposes of ownership in a bankruptcy proceeding. ”]

. ) Here
, too , A

- List ’s causes of action against Salus existed when A

- List assigned its causes of action to Winter Harbor
, even if A

- List did not know about them

. A

- List also argues that Salus’s allegedly wrongful conduct “continued” after the assignment and that A

- List did not assign to Winter Harbor causes of action arising from conduct by Salus
that occurr ed after the assignment. A

- List cites no authority in support of this argument . Nor is it persuasive

. Even if Salus’s alleged misconduct continued after the assignment, Salus’s claims arise from a single course of conduct by Salus that violated a single right of A

- List; namely, Salus’s scheme to take “di rect operations control” over A

- List “in a way that privileged [ Salus’s ] interests” as a “lender[ ] and liquidator[ ] over the interests” of
A

- List. (See Crowley v. Katleman (1994) 8 Cal.4th 666, 681 [A

“ ‘ cause of action ’ is comprised of a ‘ primary right ’ of the plaintiff, a corresponding ‘ primary duty ’ of the defendant, and a wrongful act by the defendant constituting a breach of that duty

. [Citation.] The most salient characteristic of a primary right is that it is indivisible: the violation of a singl e primary right gives rise to but a single cause of action. ” ].) Where, as here, “ the series of injuries claimed

. . . all trace to the same underlying conduct committed by the same defendant [ ] , there is no basis to assign

a later accrual date ” to conduct that occurred after the initial19

wrongdoing and injury . ( Choi v. Sagemark Consulting (2017)
18 Cal.App.5th 308, 33 8

. ) A

- List ’s causes of action were complete with all of their elements before the assignmen t; A

- List cannot split its causes of actio n to avoid the effect of the assignment

. (See i d

. at p. 336 [ “ that damages accrued in stages, does not transform one primary right into many ” ] ; Panakosta Partners, LP v. Hammer Lane Management , LLC (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 612, 634 [“ ‘“ [a] single cause of action cannot be split either as to relief demanded or grounds on which recovery is sought ” ’”] .)

3. A

- List Did Not Create a Triable Issue of Material Fact Regarding Validity of the Assignment Finally
, A

- List contends the assignment for the benefit of creditors was invalid (or at least there were triable issues regarding whether it was invalid) on two grounds . First, A

- List argues that the assignment was “approved by a Board of Directors comprised of only one director
, ” in violation of A

- List ’s by

- laws
, and that the director “was conflicted because he [was] affiliated with the vendor hired to perform the liquidation sales” pursuant to the assignment

. A

- List cites no authority for the proposition that an assignment for the benefit of creditors approved by a sole director is “invalid” in either circumstance. 9

9 Under certain conditions, a corporation may set aside

c ontracts between the corporation and a third party in which a director of the corporation has a material financial interest. (See Corp. Code, § 310, subd. (a).) A

- List , however, does not contend and did not present evidence its director in 2015 had a material financial interest in Winter Harbor, th e entity to which A

- List assigned its causes of action. Therefore, even if A

- List ’s director20

And California law is to the contrary. Corporations Code section 208, subdivision ( b )
, provides: “ Any contract or conveyance made in the name of a corporation which is

. . . done within the scope of the authority, actual or apparent , conferred by the board or within the agency power of the officer executing it

. . . binds the corporation,

. . . . ” Mor e succinctly, “ an o fficer can bind the corporation in dealings with third parties in which the officer has actual or apparent authority .” ( GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Lindsey & Newsom Claim Services, Inc. ( 2000) 83 Cal.App.4th
409 , 421 .) A

- List presen ted no evidence that Wong
, acting as A

- List’s chief financial and restr uctur ing offi c er under a resolution passed by the board
, lacked apparent authority when he executed the assignment for the benefit of creditors . Nor did
A

- List present evidence Winter Harbor knew any of A

- List ’s directors had a purported conflict or were acting outside the scope of his or her authority under A

- List’s byla w s

. (See Newton v. Johnson Organ & Piano Mfg. Co. (1919) 180 Cal. 185 , 191 [“by

laws .

. . are of no binding force upon third persons having no knowledge of them ”]; Aitken v. Stewart ( 1933 ) 129 Cal.App. 38
, 46 [same] ; see Friedman et al., California Practice Guide: Corporations (The Rutter Group 2022 ) ¶ ¶ 4: 342, 4: 34 5 [“ bylaw limitations generally have no effect on the rights of third parties dealing with the corporation ,” but are “ effective in determining the liabilities of the officers to the corporation ”] ) Second, A

- List argues the assignment for the benefit of creditors was invalid because Winter Harbor did not give notice

was “conflicted ” because of his affiliation with a party hired to perform the liquidation sales
, A

- List did n ot create triable issues of material fact regarding whether the assignment for the benefit of creditors was invalid.21

of the assignment to some of A

- List ’s creditors , in violation of Code of Civil Procedure section 1802

. 10 A

- List yet again cites no authority for its contenti on that failure to comply with section 1802 renders an assignment for the benefit of creditors invalid

— at least as to the corporation

. 11 And again California law is to the contrary. ( See Bumb v. Bennett (1958) 51 Cal.2d 294, 299 [because assignments for the benefit of creditors “existed at common law
, . . . it follows that” such assignments are not

“ invalid because they do not conform to the provisions of the Civil Code relating to statutory assignments for the benefits of creditors”] ; 12 cf. Smith v. Harris (1954) 127 Cal.App.2d 311, 316 [ “ [t] he general rule supported by the weight of authority holds

10 Code of Civil Procedure s ection 1802, subdivision (a), provides: “In any general assignment for the benefit of creditors,

. . . the assignee shall, within 30 days after the assignment has been accepted in writing, give written notice of the assignment to the assignor ’ s creditors, equity holders, and other parties in interest .

. . .”

11 A

- List cites one ca se suggesting the assignment “ would be void as to nonconsenting creditors” who did not receive the required notice (

Bernstein v. Equitable Discount Corp ( 1935 ) 8 Cal.App.2d 2 65, 269 ) , but n o authority suggesting the corporation may invalidate the assignment and recover the assigned assets from the assignee

.

12 The assignment between A

- List and Winter Harbor states : “It is understood and agreed that this Assignment is a common law assignment for the general benefit of [ A

- List ’s ] creditors.”22

that notice

. . . to creditors of the assignor is not essential to complete the assignment ” of a cause of action] .)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed

. Salus is to recover its costs on appeal.

SEGAL, J.

We concur:

PERLUSS, P. J.

FEU E R
, J

.