FI L ED

U.S. COURT OF APPEAL S

EL EVENTH CI RCUI T

APR 15, 2010

J OHN L EY

CL ERK [ D O N O T P U B L I S H ]

I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C I R C U I T

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

N o

. 0 9

- 1 5 5 5 7

N o n

- A r g u m e n t C a l e n d a r

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

D

. C

. D o c k e t N o

. 0 8

- 2 1 1 7 0

- C R

- P A S

U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A

,

P l a i n t i f f

- A p p e l l e e

,

v e r s u s

A N G E L M A N U E L G O M E Z

- L U C I O

,

a

. k

. a

. A n g e l M a n u e l G o m e z

- L u c i a n i

,

D e f e n d a n t

- A p p e l l a n t

.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A p p e a l f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t C o u r t

f o r t h e S o u t h e r n D i s t r i c t o f F l o r i d a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

( A p r i l 1 5

, 2 0 1 0 )

B e f o r e T J O F L A T

, B A R K E T T a n d W I L S O N

, C i r c u i t J u d g e s

.

P E R C U R I A M :

A n g e l M a n u e l G o m e z

- L u c i o p l e d g u i l t y t o f a i l u r e t o c o m p l y w i t h t h e t e r m so f h i s s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e b y e n t e r i n g a n e x c l u s i o n z o n e a n d f a i l i n g t o r e g i s t e r a s a 1

s e x o f f e n d e r

, a s r e q u i r e d u n d e r 8 U

. S

. C

. § 1 2 5 3 ( b )

. H e a p p e a l s t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s

i m p o s i t i o n o f a o n e

- y e a r t e r m o f s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e w i t h n i n e a c c o m p a n y i n g

s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s

. I n p a r t i c u l a r

, h e a r g u e s t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a b u s e d i t s 2

d i s c r e t i o n b e c a u s e ( 1 ) i t h a d n o t p r o v i d e d h i m w i t h n o t i c e t h a t i t w o u l d i m p o s e

a d d i t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s o n h i s s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e

, ( 2 ) h i s p r i o r s e x o f f e n s e w a s t o o 3

r e m o t e i n t i m e a s i t o c c u r r e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 y e a r s b e f o r e t h e i n s t a n t o f

f e n s e

, ( 3 )

i t w a s i m p e r m i s s i b l e t o a d d t h e a d d i t i o n a l s e x o f f e n d e r c o n d i t i o n s t o h i s s u p e r v i s e d

r e l e a s e w h e n t h e i n s t a n t o f f e n s e d i d n o t i n v o l v e a s e x c r i m e

, a n d ( 4 ) t h e a d d i t i o n a l

c o n d i t i o n s w e r e u n n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e t h e r e w a s n o e v i d e n c e h e w a s a s e x u a l l y

d a n g e r o u s p e r s o n a n d h e w a s a l r e a d y s u p e r v i s e d t h r o u g h t h e I S A P

.

The orig inal term of supe rvised re lease was imposed in addition to a 20-y ear sentenc e 1

of inca rce ration re sulting fr om Gomez-L ucio’s convic tion for sexual assault of a minor in Ne w

J erse y . After

serving near ly

fourtee n y ear s of the twenty -y ear sentenc e, Gomez-L

ucio was

rele ased f rom the Ne w J erse y

Depa rtment of Corre ctions, then order ed re moved in 2002, and

rema nded to the custody

of the De partment of H omeland Secur ity I mmigra tion and Customs

Enforc ement Of

fice (“I CE”) in 2003. I n J anuar y 2008, I CE flew Gome z-L ucio from Ne w

J erse y , wher e he ha d been de tained, to Miami, where it relea sed him subject to the following

conditions: (1) he re side at a pa rticular r esidential fa cility ; (2) he attend a sexual offe nder

outpatient trea tment prog ram for three y ear s and comply

with treatment re commendations; (3)

he re g ister as a

sexual offende r; and (4) he par ticipate in the I ntensive Supervision Release

Prog ram (“ I SAP”). The I SAP was not available na tionwide at the time of Gome z-L ucio’s

rele ase, a nd Miami, Florida wa s the closest I SAP location to his family ’s re sidence in New

J erse y

.

Gomez-L ucio does not cha lleng e the district cour t’s imposit ion of a sente nce of time- 2

serve d. He ha d been hospitalized for te n months in a mental health fa cility to restore his

competenc y

.

I n 1989, he wa s convicted of ag g rava ted sexual assault of a f ive-y ear -old g irl. 3

2W e r e v i e w t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s o f s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e f o r

a b u s e o f d i s c r e t i o n

. U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. M o r a n

, 5 7 3 F

. 3 d 1 1 3 2

, 1 1 3 7 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 9 )

.

W e w i l l r e v e r s e o n l y i f w e h a v e a “ d e f i n i t e a n d f

i r m c o n v i c t i o n t h a t t h e [ d i s t r i c t ]

c o u r t c o m m i t t e d a c l e a r e r r o r o f j u d g m e n t i n t h e c o n c l u s i o n i t r e a c h e d

. ” I d

.

( i n t e r n a l q u o t a t i o n m a r k s o m i t t e d )

.

T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t m a y i m p o s e s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e i f a d e f e n d a n t i s c o n v i c t e d

o f a m i s d e m e a n o r

. 1 8 U

. S

. C

. § 3 5 8 3 ( a ) ; U

. S

. S

. G

. § 5 D 1

. 1

. I n f a s h i o n i n g t h e

c o n d i t i o n s o f s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t m u s t c o n s i d e r w h a t c o n d i t i o n s

b e s t a c c o m p l i s h t h e p u r p o s e s o f s e n t e n c i n g

. 1 8 U

. S

. C

. § 3 5 8 3 ( c )

. T h e c o u r t m u s t

c o n s i d e r t h e h i s t o r y a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e d e f e n d a n t

, p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e

p u n i s h m e n t a n d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e d e f e n d a n t

, a n d p r o t e c t s o c i e t y a t l a r g e

. I d

. ;

s e e a l s o i d

. § 3 5 5 3 ( a )

. “ [ I ] t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y f o r a s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n t o b e s u p p o r t e d

b y e a c h f a c t o r e n u m e r a t e d i n § 3 5 5 3 ( a )

. R a t h e r

, e a c h i s a n i n d e p e n d e n t

c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o b e w e i g h e d

. ” M o r a n

, 5 7 3 F

. 3 d a t 1 1 3 9 ( c i t a t i o n s o m i t t e d )

.

A l t h o u g h “ a c o n d i t i o n o f s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e s h o u l d n o t u n d u l y r e s t r i c t a

d e f e n d a n t ’ s l i b e r t y

, a c o n d i t i o n i s n o t i n v a l i d s i m p l y b e c a u s e i t a f f e c t s a

p r o b a t i o n e r ’ s a b i l i t y t o e x e r c i s e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y p r o t e c t e d r i g h t s

. ” I d

.

M o r a n f o r e c l o s e s G o m e z

- L u c i o ’ s t w o m a i n a r g u m e n t s o n a p p e a l : ( 1 ) t h a t h e

w a s e n t i t l e d t o n o t i c e p r i o r t o t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s i m p o s i t i o n o f s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s o f

3s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e t o a d d r e s s h i s p r o c l i v i t y t o s e x u a l m i s c o n d u c t w h e n h i s c r i m e o f

c o n v i c t i o n d i d n o t i n v o l v e s e x u a l a c t i v i t y ; a n d ( 2 ) t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a b u s e d i t s

d i s c r e t i o n i n i m p o s i n g n u m e r o u s s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s o n h i s s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e

. 5 7 3

F

. 3 d a t 1 1 3 4

. M o r a n h e l d t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t

, i n s e n t e n c i n g a d e f e n d a n t f o r

b e i n g a f e l o n i n p o s s e s s i o n o f a f i r e a r m

, d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n b y r e q u i r i n g

t h e d e f e n d a n t

, w h o w a s a c o n v i c t e d s e x o f f e n d e r

, t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a s e x o f f e n d e r

t r e a t m e n t p r o g r a m o r c o m p l y w i t h a n y o f t h e o t h e r s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s ( w h i c h a r e

a l s o p r e s e n t i n G o m e z

- L u c i o ’ s c a s e )

. I d

. a t 1 1 3 9

- 4 1

. T h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e

d e f e n d a n t a t t e n d s e x o f

f e n d e r t r e a t m e n t w a s p r o p e r b e c a u s e ( 1 ) i t a d d r e s s e d a p r i o r

s e x o f f e n s e

, e v e n i f i t w a s n o t r e l a t e d t o t h e o f f e n s e o f c o n v i c t i o n

, a n d ( 2 ) t h e r e

w a s n o e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e p r o g r a m w a s u n d u l y b u r d e n s o m e

, a s t h e d e f e n d a n t w a s

n o t r e q u i r e d t o c o n t i n u e t r e a t m e n t i f t r e a t m e n t p r o v i d e r s d i d n o t b e l i e v e i t w a s

n e c e s s a r y

. I d

. a t 1 1 3 9

. T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n i m p o s i n g

t h e s e a d d i t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s i n M o r a n b e c a u s e : ( 1 ) a l l s e x o f f e n d e r s

, r e g a r d l e s s o f

t h e d a t e o f t h e i r o f

f e n s e

, a r e r e q u i r e d t o r e g i s t e r a s a s e x o f f e n d e r u n d e r t h e S e x

O f f e n d e r R e g i s t r a t i o n a n d N o t i f i c a t i o n A c t

, 4 2 U

. S

. C

. § 1 6 9 1 3 ( a ) ; ( 2 ) t h e

l i m i t a t i o n s t h a t p r o h i b i t e d d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h m i n o r s a n d r e s t r i c t e d h i s a c c e s s t o

s o u r c e s o f c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h y p r o m o t e d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n

, p r o t e c t e d t h e p u b l i c

, a n d

w e r e n o t u n d u l y r e s t r i c t i v e ; a n d ( 3 ) t h e c o u r t h a d t h e d i s c r e t i o n t o r e q u i r e t h e

4d e f

e n d a n t t o s u b m i t t o r e a s o n a b l e s e a r c h e s u n d e r 1 8 U

. S

. C

. § 3 5 8 3 ( d )

.

A p p l y i n g M o r a n

, G o m e z

- L u c i o w a s n o t e n t i t l e d t o n o t i c e

. S i m i l a r l y

, w h i l e

G o m e z

- L u c i o ’ s p r e s e n t o f f e n s e d i d n o t i n v o l v e a s e x u a l o f f e n s e p e r s e

, i t

s u g g e s t e d a p o t e n t i a l r i s k f o r c o m m i t t i n g s u c h a n o f f e n s e b e c a u s e h e f

a i l e d t o

r e g i s t e r a s a s e x o f

f e n d e r a s r e q u i r e d

, a n d h e e n t e r e d i n t o e x c l u s i o n z o n e s t h a t h e

, 4 5

a s a s e x o f

f e n d e r

, w a s p r o h i b i t e d f

r o m e n t e r i n g

. M o r a n

, 5 7 3 F

. 3 d a t 1 1 3 9

- 4 0

( h o l d i n g t h a t d e f

e n d a n t ’ s p r e v i o u s c o n v i c t i o n f o r a s e x u a l o f

f e n s e t e n y e a r s p r i o r

w a s n o t t o o r e m o t e w h e n d e f e n d a n t w a s d i s c o v e r e d i n a n e x c l u s i o n z o n e w i t h a

m i n o r s o o n a f

t e r h i s r e l e a s e f

r o m p r i s o n a n d h a d f

a i l e d t o r e g i s t e r

, a s r e q u i r e d

, a s a

s e x o f f e n d e r )

. T h e r e w a s a l s o n o e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e t r e a t m e n t p r o g r a m w a s u n d u l y

b u r d e n s o m e

, a s t h e c o u r t o r d e r e d t h a t i t n o t d u p l i c a t e t h e I S A P

, w h i c h G o m e z

L u c i o w a s a l r e a d y r e q u i r e d t o a t t e n d a s a c o n d i t i o n o f h i s p r e v i o u s t e r m o f

s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e

. L i k e w i s e

, t h e c o u r t d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n i m p o s i n g 6

Gomez-L ucio initially

reg istered a s a sex offende r upon his arr ival in Miami in J anuar y 4

2008. He f

ailed to re -re g ister, as re quired, prior to his birthday

in May 2008 and fa iled to obtain

an identifica tion card, a s require d, from the F lorida De partment of Motor V ehicles.

The e x clusion zones were identified as sc hools, day car e ce nters, or a ny fac ility 5

providing for the c are of childre n. Gomez-L ucio had be en provide d with a map that identified

the exclusion z ones in his are a, and his tra cking device contained this informa tion and trac ked

his location in real- time. He re peate dly ignor ed text message s sent to his tracking device

indicating that he had e ntere d exclusion z ones and thus wa s in violation, and he failed to c harg e

his tracking device

.

The Guide lines rec ommend that a district cour t require , as a spe cial condition of 6

supervised r elea se, that the de fenda nt participate in a mental hea lth treatment prog ram if it has

“re ason to believe that the def endant is in nee d of psy cholog ical or psy chiatric trea tment.”

5t h e o t h e r s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s b e c a u s e h e w a s s t a t u t o r i l y r e q u i r e d t o r e g i s t e r a s a s e x

o f f e n d e r ; t h e o t h e r l i m i t a t i o n s p r o m o t e d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n

, p r o t e c t e d t h e p u b l i c

, a n d

7 8

w e r e n o t u n d u l y r e s t r i c t i v e ; a n d t h e c o u r t w a s w i t h i n i t s s t a t u t o r y d i s c r e t i o n t o

r e q u i r e h i m t o s u b m i t t o r e a s o n a b l e s e a r c h e s

. 9

A F F I R M E D

.

U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(d)(5)

.

The district cour

t did not abuse its discretion by requiring Gomez-L ucio to reg ister as a 7

sex offender

beca use he w as re quired to do so under the Sex Offender

Reg istration and

Notification Ac t, which re quires a se x offe nder to re g ister in eac h jurisdiction where he re sides,

is employ ed, or is a stude nt. 42 U.S.C. § 16913(a). B eca use fe dera l law re quires a se ntencing

court to “or der, a s an explicit conditi on of super vised rele ase, tha t the defe ndant not commit

another Fe dera l, State, or local c rime during the term of supe rvision[ ,]” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d),

Gomez-L ucio’s fa ilure to reg ister under the Act a nd the applica

ble Flor ida law, F la. Stat. §

943.0435, would have violate d this mandatory condition of supervised r elea se.

The other

limit ations imposed on Gomez-L ucio wer e: (1) he shall have no unsupe rvised 8

persona l, mail, telephone or c omputer conta ct with minors under the a g e of 18; (2) he ca nnot be

employ ed in a job re quiring contac t with children under the ag e of 18; (3) he shall not be

involved in a childre n or y outh org anization; (4) he shall not buy , sell, exchang e, possess, tra de,

or produc e visual depic tions of minors or adults eng ag ed in sexually expli cit conduct; and ( 5) he

shall not corre spond or communicate in person, by mail, telephone or

computer w ith indivi duals

or compa nies offe ring to buy , sell, trade, e x chang e or pr oduce visua l depictions of minors or

adults eng ag ed in sexually expli cit conduct.

Under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d), a sente ncing court ha s discretion to 9

order , as an e x plicit condition of supervised re lease for a person who is a

felon

and re quired to re g ister under the Sex Offender

Reg istration and Notifica tion Act,

that the per son submit hi s person, a nd any proper ty . . . and ef

fec ts to searc h at

any time, with or without a warr ant, by any law enf orce ment or proba

tion officer

with rea sonable suspicion conc erning a violation of a c ondition of supervised

rele ase or unlawful c onduct.

Ba sed on evide nce tha t Gomez-L ucio had violated the terms of his supervise d rele ase, the

district court did not abuse its discre tion by imposing the c ondition.

6