UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

BARRY AHURUONYE,

Plaintiff,

v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF

INTERIOR, et al.,

Defendants.

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Civil Action No. 16-1767 (RBW)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Barry Ahuruonye, the pro se plaintiff, brings this civil action against the defendants, the 

United States Department of Interior (“Department of Interior”), the Merit Systems Protection 

Board (“MSPB”), the United States Department of Justice, and multiple employees of the 

Department of Interior, asserting violations of various employment and criminal laws, the 

Privacy Act, the First and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Declaratory 

Judgment Act, the All Writs Act, and the Administrative Procedure Act (the “APA”). See

generally Consolidated Complaints: Case No. 16-cv-1767; Case No. 16-cv-2028; Case No. 

17-cv-284 (“Compl.”), ECF No. 30. Currently pending before the Court are the Defendants’

Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated Complaint for Lack of Subject[-]Matter Jurisdiction and for 

Failure to State a Claim (“Defs.’ Mot.”), ECF No. 36, the plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary 

Injunction Relief (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 35, the Plaintiff[’s] Motion for Sanctions Under 

Federal Rule 11 for Patricia K. McBride[’] Fraud (“Pl.’s Sanctions Mot.”), ECF No. 44, and the 

Plaintiff[’]s Response Motion for Sanctions and Striking Out a Fraudulent ECF [Nos.] 36 & 41 
2

(“Pl.’s Sanctions Reply”), ECF No. 49. Upon consideration of the parties’ submissions,1 the 

Court concludes for the following reasons that it must grant in part and deny in part the 

defendants’ motion to dismiss and deny the plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunctive relief, 

motion for sanctions, and motion to strike. 

I. BACKGROUND2

In December 2011, the plaintiff “was appointed to a GS-12 Grants Management 

Specialist position” with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency within the 

Department of Interior. Defs.’ Mot., Exhibit (“Ex.”) 1 (Initial Decision (Feb. 5, 2016)) at 2. “In 

November[] 2012, the [plaintiff] filed a complaint with the Department of Interior Office of 

Inspector General [ ], alleging that his supervisor, Penny Bartnicki[,] engaged in illegal grant 

awards . . . .” Id. “Shortly after the [plaintiff] filed [that] complaint, [ ] Bartnicki proposed the 

[plaintiff’s] termination as a probationary employee.” Id. On April 15, 2013, the plaintiff and 

the Department of Interior “settled the [plaintiff’s] appeal of [his] removal [ ], and the [plaintiff] 

was reinstated.” Id. After his reinstatement, the plaintiff “raised numerous claims against the 

[Department of Interior] and [ ] Bartnicki, alleging whistleblowing retaliation and 

discrimination.” Id.; see also id. at 3–4 (listing various adverse employment actions that the 

plaintiff appealed to the MSPB, including the issuance of a letter of reprimand, poor performance

reviews, and wage-increase denials). On March 26, 2015, the plaintiff was issued a notice of 

 1 In addition to the filings already identified, the Court considered the following submissions in rendering its 

decision: (1) the Plaintiff[’s] Motion to Deny the Defendants[’] Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated [Complaint] 

(“Pl.’s Opp’n”); (2) the Reply in Support of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for 

Sanctions (“Defs.’ Reply”); (3) the Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for Injunctive Relief (“Defs.’ 

Opp’n”); and (4) the Plaintiff[’]s Response to Defendants[’] Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction Under 

Rule 60(b) (“Pl.’s Reply”).

2 Because the plaintiff did not include a statement of facts in his Consolidated Complaint, and because the facts that 

give rise to this case are not entirely ascertainable from the plaintiff’s Consolidated Complaint, see generally

Compl., the majority of the following facts are taken from the MSPB’s initial decision issued on February 5, 2016, 

see Defs.’ Mot., Exhibit (“Ex.”) 1 (Initial Decision (Feb. 5, 2016)). 
3

proposed removal, see id. at 4, and his employment was terminated thereafter. 

 Prior to and in conjunction with the filing of his cases in this district, the plaintiff has 

filed various actions with the MSPB, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the 

Federal Circuit seeking review of allegedly adverse employment actions. See Defs.’ Mot. at 4–

12. The plaintiff now seeks judicial review of the MSPB’s decisions on his adverse employment 

action appeals, along with asserting additional claims for alleged constitutional and statutory 

violations. See generally Compl. 

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A. Motion to Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(1)

“Federal [district] courts are courts of limited jurisdiction,” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life 

Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994), and “[a] motion for dismissal under [Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure] 12(b)(1) ‘presents a threshold challenge to the court’s jurisdiction . . . ,’” Morrow v. 

United States, 723 F. Supp. 2d 71, 75 (D.D.C. 2010) (Walton, J.) (quoting Haase v. Sessions, 

835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). Thus, a district court is obligated to dismiss a claim if it 

“lack[s] . . . subject-matter jurisdiction[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). Because “it is . . . presumed 

that a cause lies outside [a federal court’s] limited jurisdiction,” Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 377, the 

plaintiff bears the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that a district court 

has subject-matter jurisdiction, see Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992).

In deciding a motion to dismiss based upon lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, a district 

“court need not limit itself to the allegations of the complaint.” Grand Lodge of the Fraternal 

Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 14 (D.D.C. 2001). Rather, “a court may consider 

such materials outside the pleadings as it deems appropriate to resolve the question [of] whether 

it has jurisdiction to hear the case.” Scolaro v. D.C. Bd. of Elections & Ethics, 104 F. Supp. 2d 
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18, 22 (D.D.C. 2000); see also Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. 

Cir. 2005). Additionally, a district court must “assume the truth of all material factual 

allegations in the complaint and ‘construe the complaint liberally, granting [the] plaintiff the 

benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 

642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Thomas v. Principi, 394 F.3d 970, 972 (D.C. Cir. 

2005)). However, “the [p]laintiff’s factual allegations in the complaint . . . will bear closer 

scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion than resolving a 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a 

claim.” Grand Lodge, 185 F. Supp. 2d at 13–14 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

B. Motion for Preliminary Injunction

A preliminary injunction “is an extraordinary remedy that should be granted only when 

the party seeking the relief, by a clear showing, carries the burden of persuasion.” Chaplaincy of 

Full Gospel Churches v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks 

and citation omitted). Therefore, “[t]he power to issue a preliminary injunction, especially a 

mandatory one, should be sparingly exercised.” Dorfmann v. Boozer, 414 F.2d 1168, 1173 

(D.C. Cir. 1969) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A plaintiff seeking a preliminary 

injunction must establish [1] that he is likely to succeed on the merits, [2] that he is likely to 

suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in 

his favor, and [4] that an injunction is in the public interest.” Sherely v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 

392 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (alterations in original) (quoting Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 

U.S. 7, 20 (2008)).

C. Motion for Sanctions

“[Federal Civil Procedure] Rule 11 sanctions may be imposed where a party files a 

pleading, motion[,] or other paper with the court for an improper purpose, that is unwarranted by 
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existing law, [ ] that is lacking evidentiary support,” Henok v. Chase Home Fin., LLC, 926 F. 

Supp. 2d 100, 104 (D.D.C. 2013) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(1)–(3)), or that is not “reasonably 

based on belief or a lack of information,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(4). “Rule 11 sanctions are an 

extreme punishment for filing pleadings that frustrate judicial proceedings.” Brown v. FBI, 873 

F. Supp. 2d 388, 408 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Wasserman v. Rodacker, No. 06-cv-1005 (RWR), 

2007 WL 2071649, at *7 (D.D.C. July 18, 2007)). Although “‘the district court is accorded wide 

discretion’ in determining whether sanctions are appropriate,” Gomez v. Aragon, 705 F. Supp. 

2d 21, 23 n.2 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Westmoreland v. CBS, Inc., 770 F.2d 1168, 1174 (D.C. 

Cir. 1985)), the test “under Rule 11 is an objective one: that is, whether a reasonable inquiry 

would have revealed that there was no basis in law or fact for the asserted claim,” Sharp v. Rosa 

Mexicano, D.C., LLC, 496 F. Supp. 2d 93, 100 (D.D.C. 2007) (quoting Reynolds v. U.S. Capitol 

Police Bd., 357 F. Supp. 2d 19, 23 (D.D.C. 2004)).

D. Motion to Strike

“Motions to strike are ‘drastic remed[ies] that courts disfavor,’ and the ‘decision to grant 

or deny a motion to strike is vested in the trial judge’s sound discretion.’” Riddick v. Holland, 

134 F. Supp. 3d 281, 285 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting U.S. ex rel. Landis v. Tailwind Sports Corp., 

308 F.R.D. 1 (D.D.C. 2015)). A court, either on its own volition or by a moving party, “may 

strike from a pleading an[y] insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or 

scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). Rule 12(f) itself does not require the striking of 

prejudicial matters, and although courts disfavor motions to strike, courts have granted such 

motions, but only upon a showing that parts of a pleading “are prejudicial or scandalous.”

Nwachukwu v. Rooney, 362 F. Supp. 2d 183, 190 (D.D.C. 2005). However, “absent a ‘strong 

reason for so doing,’ courts will generally ‘not tamper with pleadings.’” Id. (quoting Lipsky v. 
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Commonwealth United Corp., 551 F.2d 887, 893 (2d Cir. 1976)). 

III. ANALYSIS 

A. The Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike

In his reply in support of his motion for sanctions, the plaintiff requests that this Court 

strike from the record both the defendants’ motion to dismiss his Consolidated Complaint and 

their opposition to his motion for preliminary injunctive relief. See Pl.’s Sanctions Reply at 1, 3. 

The plaintiff argues that such relief is warranted because the defendants’ motion to dismiss is 

“grounded and anchored on fraud,” see id. at 1, and because the defendants purportedly refused 

to serve him with a copy of their opposition to his motion for preliminary injunctive relief, see

id. at 3. For the following reasons, the Court denies the plaintiff’s motion to strike.

Initially, the Court notes that “motions to strike only apply to pleadings.” Nwachukwu, 

362 F. Supp. 2d at 190; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f) (providing that a court “may strike from a 

pleading” certain matters (emphasis added)). “‘Pleadings’ are defined in Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 7(a) as various iterations of complaints, answers[,] and replies to answers[, and t]he 

definitions contained in Rule 7 do not admit motions to dismiss [or replies in support of motions] 

as ‘pleadings.’” Burford v. Yellen, 246 F. Supp. 3d 161, 182 (D.D.C. 2017); see also Henok v. 

Chase Home Fin., LLC, 925 F. Supp. 2d 46, 52–53 (D.D.C. 2013) (holding that “motions, 

affidavits, briefs, and other documents [are] outside of the pleadings and are not subject to being 

stricken” (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). Thus, the 

plaintiff’s motion to strike is not directed at pleadings that are subject to being stricken under 

Rule 12(f). See Pl.’s Sanctions Reply at 1, 3 (seeking to strike the defendants’ motion to dismiss 

and their opposition to his motion for preliminary injunctive relief). 

Nonetheless, even if the defendants’ motion to dismiss or their opposition to the 
7

plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunctive relief were subject to Rule 12(f), the plaintiff’s 

motion to strike would still provide no independent basis for striking these submissions. See

Burford, 246 F. Supp. 3d at 182. Regarding the defendants’ motion to dismiss, the plaintiff’s 

motion to strike is largely duplicative of his opposition to the defendants’ motion to dismiss, 

wherein the plaintiff claims that counsel for the defendants made fraudulent representations in 

their motion to dismiss. Compare Pl.’s Sanctions Reply, with Pl.’s Opp’n. However, these 

purportedly fraudulent representations, see, e.g., Pl.’s Sanctions Reply at 16 (claiming that 

counsel for the defendants misrepresented the facts when she argued that this Court does not 

have jurisdiction over MSPB final decisions regarding non-mixed case appeals), are simply legal 

arguments that this Court finds relevant to its evaluation of the plaintiff’s claims and are not false 

or fictitious, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f) (permitting a court to strike “an insufficient defense or any 

redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter”). Additionally, with respect to the 

plaintiff’s request to strike from the record the defendants’ opposition to his motion for 

preliminary injunctive relief because the defendants did not serve him a copy of that submission,

see Pl.’s Sanctions Reply, Ex. B (E-mail from Barry Ahuruonye to Patricia McBride) (Sept. 22, 

2017) (stating that counsel for the defendants failed to send him a copy of the opposition), the 

Court is perplexed as to how the plaintiff filed a response to the defendants’ opposition on 

September 13, 2017, see generally Pl.’s Reply, if he never received a copy as he alleges in his 

e-mail on September 22, 2017. Accordingly, the Court denies the plaintiff’s motion to strike. 

B. The Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Plaintiff’s Consolidated Complaint for Lack 

of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

Based on its review of the plaintiff’s Consolidated Complaint, as well as the plaintiff’s 

other submissions regarding the pending motions, including his opposition to the defendants’ 

motion to dismiss, the Court concludes that the plaintiff is primarily seeking judicial review of 
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the MSPB’s final decisions on his appeals of several allegedly adverse personnel actions. See, 

e.g., Pl.’s Opp’n at 27 (asserting that he “is entitled to relief under Rule 60(b)(3)”); Compl. at 24 

(arguing that the “evidence [ ] in these complaints that the defendants acted with reckless 

disregard for the veracity of their allegations and adverse actions and falsified government 

records w[ere] provided to [the] MSPB”). Specifically, the plaintiff seeks review of the 

following MSPB’s final decisions: (1) the MSPB’s Initial Decision on November 17, 2016, that 

addressed his individual right of action appeals with the MSPB concerning the Department’s 

allegedly improper garnishments of his wages in 2013 and 2015, the classification of his time 

and attendance records in 2015, charge of $91.03 to recover a medical benefit overpayment, and 

his proposed five-day suspension in 2014, see Defs.’ Mot., Ex. 2 (Initial Decision (Nov. 17, 

2016)), which became a final decision on December 22, 2016, see id., Ex. 5 (Federal Circuit 

Opinion (June 8, 2017)) at 6; (2) the MSPB’s Final Order of December 8, 2016, that addressed

the plaintiff’s MSPB appeals of the Department’s denial of a within-grade increase in November 

2014, an absence without leave charge, the issuance of a letter of reprimand, an unsatisfactory 

performance rating, a leave restriction letter, a notice of proposed removal, and the allegedly 

unlawful termination of his medical and employment benefits, see id., Ex. 3 (Final Order (Dec. 

8, 2016)); see also id., Ex. 1 (Initial Decision (Feb. 5, 2016)); and (3) the MSPB’s Final Order of

December 7, 2016, that addressed the plaintiff’s MSPB appeal concerning the Department’s 

termination of the plaintiff’s employment, see id., Ex. 6 (Final Order (Dec. 7, 2016)), ECF No. 

37-1. 

Moreover, the plaintiff alleges that these adverse personnel actions are also violations of 

criminal and constitutional laws and several statutory schemes, including the Privacy Act, the 

APA, the Declaratory Judgment Act, and the All Writs Act. See, e.g., Compl. at 1–3. 
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Additionally, the plaintiff asserts causes of actions related to fraudulent conduct allegedly 

committed by the defendants during the MSPB process. See, e.g., id. at 1–2, 20–21, 23–24.

3

 

The defendants contend that all of the plaintiff’s claims should be dismissed based on the 

Court’s lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Defs.’ Mot. at 3–4. The Court will address each 

of the defendants’ arguments in turn.

1. The Plaintiff’s Criminal Claims

As to the criminal claims asserted by the plaintiff against the defendants, see generally

Compl.; see also Pl.’s Opp’n at 53–56 (discussing the various criminal violations purportedly 

committed by the defendants), the defendants argue that these claims should be dismissed due to 

the Court’s lack of subject-matter jurisdiction because “private citizens lack Article III standing 

to bring claims under criminal statutes,” Defs.’ Mot. at 19. The Court agrees. 

It is well-settled that “a citizen lacks standing to contest the policies of the prosecuting 

authority when he himself is neither prosecuted nor threatened with prosecution,” and “a private 

citizen lacks a judicially cognizable interest in the prosecution or nonprosecution of another.” 

Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 619 (1973). And contrary to the plaintiff’s contention, 

see Pl.’s Opp’n at 53 (asserting that the “prosecution of the defendants for their criminal actions 

[is] at the discretion of the [C]ourt,” and that he “is entitled to the requisite economic and 

financial damage as a victim of [their] criminal conduct”), “[t]he power to decide when to 

investigate, and when to prosecute, lies at the core of the Executive’s duty to see to the faithful 

execution of the laws,” Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Pierce, 786 F.2d 1199, 1201 (D.C. 

Cir. 1986). Accordingly, the plaintiff cannot pursue criminal claims against the defendants, and 

 3 In the Court’s view, the plaintiff neither asserts separate causes of action under Title VII or the Whistleblower 

Protection Enhancement Act (“WPEA”) of 2012 for the alleged adverse actions. See generally Compl. Rather, he 

contends that he alleged whistleblower reprisal, and at times discrimination, at the administrative level in support of 

his proposition that the Court has jurisdiction to review the MSPB’s final decisions on his mixed-case appeals. See 

generally Pl.’s Opp’n (arguing that the Court has jurisdiction over MSPB’s decisions of mixed-case appeals). 
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the Court must therefore grant this aspect of the defendants’ motion and dismiss these claims for 

lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

2. The Plaintiff’s Constitutional Claims

In his consolidated Complaint, the plaintiff asserts that the defendants’ actions violated 

the rights granted to him by the First and Fifth Amendments of the United States Constitution. 

See e.g., Compl. at 3, 5, 7 (alleging constitutional violations based on the employment actions 

taken against him). The defendants contend that the “[p]laintiff’s constitutional claims should be 

dismissed[] because . . . federal employees do not have any constitutional private right of action 

to challenge issues arising from their employment.” Defs.’ Mot. at 15. The Court agrees, 

because “[t]he Title VII remedy declared exclusive for federal employees” alleging claims of 

discrimination in their federal employment by the Supreme Court “in Brown v. GSA precludes 

actions against federal officials for alleged constitutional violations as well as actions under other 

federal legislation.” Kizas v. Webster, 707 F.2d 524, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1983); see also King v. 

Holder, 941 F. Supp. 2d 83, 92 (D.D.C. 2013) (holding that Title VII preempts “both 

constitutional claims and common law tort claims arising out of the same conduct that forms the 

basis for a plaintiff’s Title VII claim”). Furthermore, “the [Civil Service Reform Act (‘CSRA’)] 

‘is the exclusive remedy’ for government employees who have suffered adverse personnel 

actions, ‘even if it affords incomplete relief.’” Kursar v. Transp. Sec. Admin., 581 F. Supp. 2d 7, 

16 (D.D.C. 2008) (Walton, J.) (quoting Hall v. Clinton, 143 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2001)). 

Therefore, because Title VII and the CSRA are the statutory schemes available to the plaintiff to 

challenge personnel actions occurring during his federal employment, the plaintiff may not 

proceed with his constitutional claims. 

Notwithstanding this clear precedent precluding a federal employee from asserting 
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constitutional violations based on actions arising from his federal employment, the plaintiff 

argues that “[t]his Court [ ] has jurisdiction to review a constitutional violation caused by a 

federal employee pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of 

Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971).” Pl.’s Opp’n at 34. However, as the defendants correctly note, 

see Defs.’ Mot. at 17, “when ‘Congress has put in place a comprehensive system to administer 

public rights, has not inadvertently omitted damages remedies for certain claimants, and has not 

plainly expressed an intention that the courts preserve Bivens remedies,’ courts ‘must withhold 

their power to fashion damages remedies’ pursuant to Bivens,” Townsend v. United States, 236 

F. Supp. 3d 280, 321 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Spagnola v. Mathis, 859 F.2d 223, 228 (D.D.C. 

1988)). And Title VII, the CSRA, and the WPEA are all comprehensive statutory schemes that 

provide adequate relief for the plaintiff’s claims arising from his federal employment, and 

therefore, preclude any Bivens claims based on alleged violations of the First and Fifth 

Amendments. See id. at 321–22 & n.18 (holding that Title VII and the CSRA barred the 

plaintiff’s Bivens claims for constitutional violations); see also Davis v. Billington, 681 F.3d 

377, 388 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (holding that the CSRA barred the plaintiff’s Bivens claims); Cross v. 

Samper, 501 F. Supp. 2d 59, 62–63 (D.D.C. 2007) (noting that the plaintiff’s “workplace issues,” 

including whistleblower reprisal, were regulated by “comprehensive schemes . . . in the CSRA, 

Title VII and other similar statutes” that precluded the plaintiff from asserting constitutional 

claims). Accordingly, the Court must also grant this component of the defendants’ motion and 

dismiss the plaintiff’s constitutional claims. 

3. The Plaintiff’s Claims Under the Statutory Schemes Asserted

The plaintiff also asserts various claims under the Privacy Act, the APA, the All Writs 

Act, and the Declaratory Judgment Act. See generally Compl. The defendants contend that 
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because “all of [the p]laintiff’s claims arise from this federal employment,” his “statutory claims 

. . . are preempted” by “the comprehensive, exclusive, and preemptive effect of the CSRA.” 

Defs.’ Mot. at 23. Thus, according to the defendants, the “[p]laintiff’s claims under any 

statute—other than the CSRA, civil rights statutes, or the WPEA—should be dismissed for lack 

of subject[-]matter jurisdiction.” Id. 

“The CSRA ‘regulates virtually every aspect of federal employment and prescribes in 

great detail the protections and remedies applicable to adverse personnel actions, including the 

availability of administrative and judicial review.’” Mahoney v. Donovan, 824 F. Supp. 2d 49, 

63 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting Nyunt v. Chairman, Broad. Bd. of Governors, 589 F.3d 445, 448 

(D.C. Cir. 2009)). As noted already, “Title VII ‘provides the exclusive judicial remedy for 

claims of discrimination in federal employment.’” Kittner v. Gates, 708 F. Supp. 2d 47, 52 

(D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Brown v. Gen. Servs. Admin., 425 U.S. 820, 834 (1976)); see also

Brown, 425 U.S. at 834 (dismissing a plaintiff’s claim under the Declaratory Judgment Act given 

the exclusive judicial remedy provided by Title VII for discrimination claims arising in federal 

employment). And, “the CSRA constitutes the exclusive ‘remedial regime for federal 

employment and personnel complaints,’ and ‘a long line of cases requires that federal employees 

pursue employment and personnel challenges . . . through the procedures set up by the [CSRA], 

rather than under the APA.’” Mahoney, 824 F. Supp. 2d at 63 (omission and alteration in 

original) (quoting Nyunt, 589 F.3d at 448). Consequently, the plaintiff’s federal employment 

and discrimination and retaliation claims asserted under the APA and the Declaratory Judgment 

Act are preempted by Title VII and the CSRA. See Kursar, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 15–16

(dismissing a plaintiff’s claims under the APA and the Declaratory Judgment Act).4 

 4 The plaintiff also claims that the defendants’ actions violate the All Writs Act. See, e.g., Compl. at 5, 7. However, 

 (continued . . .)
13

However, the plaintiff’s claims under the Privacy Act are not so readily resolved. In his 

Consolidated Complaint, the plaintiff alleges that various adverse personnel actions constitute 

violations of the Privacy Act. See, e.g., Compl. at 1, 3–5. Although the plaintiff does not

identify under which provisions of the Privacy Act he brings these claims, it appears that he 

primarily bases his claims on (1) subsection (g)(1)(C) of the Privacy Act, which requires 

agencies to maintain accurate records (i.e., an inaccuracy claim), because he asserts that the

purported adverse personnel actions were the results of fraudulent or inaccurate documents, see, 

e.g., id. at 3–5, 14–15, 23–24, and (2) subsection (g)(1)(D) of the Privacy Act, which prohibits 

the improper disclosure of information covered by the Privacy Act that adversely effects an 

aggrieved individual, because he alleges that the Department of Interior unlawfully disclosed 

fraudulent records to various entities and as a result caused him harm, see, e.g., id. at 4–5, 14–16, 

23–24.

5

With respect to the plaintiff’s allegations regarding his Privacy Act inaccuracy claims, 

the Court starts with the premise “that the Privacy Act must not be used to circumvent the 

CSRA’s framework for the review of adverse personnel actions.” Feldman v. CIA, 797 F. Supp. 

 

(. . . continued)

the All Writs Act permits federal courts to “issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective 

jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law.” In re Tennant, 359 F.3d 523, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2004) 

(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a) (2012)). Accordingly, because the All Writs Act is not a law that the defendants could 

violate, as the defendants correctly note, see Defs.’ Mem. at 31, the Court dismisses the plaintiff’s claims asserted 

under this act. 

5 Subsection (g)(1)(C) establishes a cause of action when an agency 

fails to maintain any record concerning any individual with such accuracy, relevance, timeliness, 

and completeness as is necessary to assure fairness in any determination relating to the 

qualifications, character, rights, or opportunities of, or benefits to the individual that may be made 

on the basis of such record, and consequently a determination is made which is adverse to the 

individual.

5 U.S.C. § 552a(g)(1)(C) (2012). Subsection (g)(1)(D) establishes a cause of action when an agency “fails to 

comply with . . . [the] provision[s] of th[e Privacy Act]” in a manner that “ha[s] an adverse effect on [the plaintiff].” 

Id. § 552a(g)(1)(D). 
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2d 29, 45 (D.D.C. 2011); see also Kleiman v. Dep’t of Energy, 956 F.2d 335, 338 (D.C. Cir. 

1992) (“This court has refused to allow the exhaustive remedial scheme of the CSRA to be 

impermissibly frustrated by granting litigants, under the aegis of the Privacy Act or otherwise, 

district court review of personnel decisions judicially unreviewable under the CSRA.” (internal 

quotation marks and citations omitted)). However, this “Circuit has recognized that ‘the Privacy 

Act permits a federal job applicant [or employee] to recover damages for an adverse personnel 

action actually caused by an inaccurate or incomplete record.’” Feldman, 797 F. Supp. 2d at 45 

(alteration in original) (quoting Hubbard v. EPA, 809 F.2d 1, 5 (D.C. Cir. 1986)). Thus, the 

Court must “‘carefully analyze the asserted causation link [between an alleged inaccuracy and 

the adverse action] to be certain [it is] not exceeding [its] jurisdiction’ under the Privacy Act.” 

Id. (first alteration in original) (quoting Hubbard, 809 F.2d at 5). Accordingly, “the Court now 

turns to an evaluation of the plaintiff’s factual allegations in support of his Privacy Act 

inaccuracy claims.” Id.6 

Here, the plaintiff alleges that the Department of Interior submitted various falsified or 

modified time sheets that resulted in the withholding or the garnishment of wages he needed to 

pay outstanding debts. See, e.g., Compl. at 3–5, 14–15, 23–24.

7

 Based on its review of the 

 6 To demonstrate an entitlement to relief for his Privacy Act inaccuracy claims, 

[the] plaintiff must show that “(1) he has been aggrieved by an adverse determination; (2) the 

[Department] failed to maintain his records with the degree of accuracy necessary to assure 

fairness in the determination; (3) the [Department’s] reliance on the inaccurate records was the 

proximate cause of the adverse determination; and (4) the [Department] acted intentionally or 

willfully in failing to maintain accurate records.” 

Feldman, 797 F. Supp. 2d at 44 (quoting Chambers v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 568 F.3d 998, 1006 (D.C. Cir. 2009)). 

7 Throughout his Consolidated Complaint, the plaintiff alleges that he suffered various adverse personnel actions 

due to the inaccurate or fraudulent records, constituting violations of the Privacy Act. See generally Compl. 

However, “[a]n adverse action is one resulting in the denial of a right, benefit, entitlement, or employment by an 

agency which the individual could reasonably have been expected to have been given if the record had not been 

deficient.” Feldman, 797 F. Supp. 2d at 46 (quoting Lee v. Geren, 480 F. Supp. 2d 198, 210 (D.D.C. 2007)).

 (continued . . .)
15

plaintiff’s factual allegations, it appears to the Court that the plaintiff does not seek to challenge 

the actual garnishment or withholding of any wages or benefits as adverse personnel actions that 

were caused by an inaccurate record. Rather, the plaintiff seeks to challenge the making or 

creation of the purportedly falsified or modified time sheets as adverse personnel actions

themselves. See, e.g., id. at 3 (asserting that his supervisor transmitted an allegedly false 

timesheet to the payroll office, which in turn withheld payment); id. at 4 (alleging that his 

supervisor made a timesheet correction several months after his termination that created a health 

benefits debt); id. at 15 (claiming that his supervisor “made a fraudulent retroactive ‘time sheet 

correction’ for the purpose of illegal wage garnishment”). And because “the CSRA preempts 

actions under the Privacy Act that seek review of adverse personnel decisions,” Gerlich v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Justice, 659 F. Supp. 2d 1, 14 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Lee, 480 F. Supp. 2d at 203),

unless they are “actually caused by an inaccurate or incomplete records,” Feldman, 797 F. Supp. 

 

(. . . continued)

Consequently, certain of the plaintiff’s alleged adverse personnel actions are not adverse actions for the purposes of 

the plaintiff’s inaccuracy Privacy Act claims, because the plaintiff does not allege that they were the product of 

inaccurate documents. See, e.g., Compl. at 8–10 (asserting that his supervisor’s proposed five-day suspension

constituted a Privacy Act violation but not alleging that inaccurate documents were involved); see id. at 13 (alleging 

that his supervisor’s issuance of a letter of reprimand against him is a Privacy Act violation because the letter of 

reprimand contains a purportedly false allegation); id. at 17 (challenging the purported placement of a wage increase 

denial in the plaintiff’s official file “to [allegedly] prevent [ ] payroll from processing a wage increase for the 

plaintiff,” and human resources’ alleged intentional processing of the termination of the plaintiff’s health care 

benefits). And, “[i]t is well-established that, ‘generally speaking, the Privacy Act allows for correction of facts but 

not correction of opinions or judgments.’” Doe v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 660 F. Supp. 2d 31, 42 (D.D.C. 2009) 

(alteration in original) (quoting Mueller v. Winter, 485 F.3d 1191, 1197 (D.C. Cir. 2007)).

Furthermore, the plaintiff also asserts that various submissions of fraudulent affidavits, evidence, and 

testimony during the MSPB proceedings are violations of the Privacy Act. See, e.g., id. at 1–3, 6–8, 20, 23. 

However, these submissions were not relied on by the Department of Interior in any decision related to the 

plaintiff’s employment. And, to the extent that the plaintiff seeks to use the Privacy Act to collaterally attack the 

MSPB’s decisions on his appeals in which the MSPB allegedly relied on fraudulent submissions, such an attack is 

not permitted as the Privacy Act “cannot be used as a vehicle to ‘correct’ a substantive decision that went against an 

individual’s interest.” Byrnes v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., No. 04-cv-742, 2005 WL 486156, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 2, 

2005); see also Doe, 660 F. Supp. 2d at 50 (dismissing in part the plaintiff’s claim against the MSPB under the 

Privacy Act because “[h]is claim for damages against the MSPB invites the Court to penalize the [MSPB] for 

exercising its administrative discretion”).

 
16

2d at 45, the Court must dismiss the plaintiff’s Privacy Act inaccuracy claims.8

 

4. The Plaintiff’s Claims Against the Individual Defendants

In his Consolidated Complaint, the plaintiff asserts a plethora of employment-related 

claims against several individual defendants—all of whom were also employees at the 

Department of Interior and interacted with the plaintiff in some capacity—for various 

employment actions they allegedly took against him. See, e.g., Compl. at 1–3 (noting certain 

actions of his supervisors such as the alleged falsification of timesheets for compensation). The 

defendants argue that dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction of all of the plaintiff’s 

claims against the individual defendants is warranted because “federal employees bringing 

claims arising out of their federal employment cannot assert claims against individual 

defendants.” Defs.’ Mot. at 19. The Court yet again agrees with the defendants.

“Under Title VII, the only proper defendant [in an action by a federal employee] is the 

head of the federal agency that employed the plaintiff.” Stewart v. Gates, 786 F. Supp. 2d 155, 

164 (D.D.C. 2011); see also Gary v. Long, 59 F.3d 1391, 1399 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (holding that a 

federal employee’s claim against an individual defendant “essentially merges with [his] claim 

against [the agency]” because an individual “cannot be held liable in his personal capacity”). 

Similarly, the CSRA precludes individual liability for claims regarding conduct committed 

within the scope of official duties. See Wood v. Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Emps., 255 F. Supp. 3d 

190, 199 (D.D.C. 2017) (dismissing the plaintiff’s CSRA claims against an individual defendant 

because there were no allegations of conduct committed outside the scope of official duties). 

 8 For his Privacy Act improper disclosure claims, the plaintiff asserts that various falsified or modified timesheets 

were disseminated to the Department of Interior’s payroll office and created outstanding debts that were ultimately

sent to debt collectors for wage garnishments. See, e.g., Compl. at 4–5, 14–16, 23–24. However, the Court is 

unaware of any legal authority that forbids a supervisor from disclosing a probationary employee’s timesheet to its 

payroll office for the processing of the employee’s compensation. And the Court is mystified as to how such 

disclosure would be a violation of the Privacy Act. Thus, the Court will dismiss those claims as well. 
17

Moreover, “the Privacy Act does not authorize claims against individuals.” Earle v. Holder, 815 

F. Supp. 2d 176, 180 (D.D.C. 2011); see also id. (substituting the agency as the proper 

defendant). 

Here, the plaintiff does not contend that the individual defendants acted outside the scope 

of their official duties; rather, with respect to each of the alleged adverse employment actions, 

the plaintiff asserts that the adverse actions occurred in the course of the individual defendants’ 

performance of their official duties. See, e.g., Compl. at 10–11 (asserting claims against his 

supervisors for the allegedly unlawful withholding of accrued vacation and removal of duties for 

performance issues). Therefore, because the individual employees are not proper defendants that 

may be held liable under Title VII or the Privacy Act, and because the plaintiff alleges only that 

the named individual defendants acted within the scope of their official duties and are therefore 

not proper defendants for purposes of the CSRA, the Court must grant this component of the 

defendants’ motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s claims against the individual defendants for lack of 

subject-matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, the individual defendants are dismissed as parties in

this case. 

5. Exhaustion of the Plaintiff’s Administrative Remedies

The defendants also contend that the “[p]laintiff has failed to plead, much less 

demonstrate that he has exhausted his administrative remedies for any CSRA claims,” Defs.’ 

Mot. at 23, and certain other claims, see id. at 25. The Court will address the defendants’ 

arguments regarding the plaintiff’s exhaustion of his administrative remedies in turn.

a. The Plaintiff’s Alleged Failure to Exhaust Certain CSRA Claims 

Before the Completion of the MSPB Process

First, the defendants argue that certain of the plaintiff’s CSRA claims were “filed [in this 

Court] before completing the MSPB process,” and therefore, because “he failed to exhaust 
18

[administratively] th[ose] claims . . . [they] should be dismissed.” Id. at 24; see also id. (noting 

that these claims “were pending” before the MSPB when the plaintiff filed his complaint in this 

Court on September 1, 2016, asserting those claims and that the MSPB did not resolve those 

claims until November 17, 2016).9

 The Court disagrees.

“It is well-established that a federal employee must exhaust his administrative remedies 

before filing suit in a federal court.” Jones v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. 15-cv-5246, 2017 WL 

3895064, at *1 (D.C. Cir. July 14, 2017). And “[i]n certain cases, a federal employee affected by 

an adverse employment action . . . may [ ] bring any related Title VII claims in connection with 

an appeal of the adverse employment action to [the] MSPB.” Jones v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 111 

F. Supp. 3d 25, 30 (D.D.C. 2015); see also Townsend, 236 F. Supp. 3d at 299 n.9 (“When an 

employee complains of a personnel action serious enough to appeal to the MSPB and alleges that 

the action was based on discrimination, []he is said (by pertinent regulation) to have brought a 

mixed case.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).10 In other words, a federal 

employee “may file a mixed-case complaint . . . with [the] MSPB,” and “[w]here, as here, a 

plaintiff first elects to file an appeal to [the] MSPB, an Administrative Judge is assigned to the 

case and ‘takes evidence and eventually makes findings of fact and conclusions of law.’” Jones, 

111 F. Supp. 3d at 31 (quoting Butler v. West, 164 F.3d 634, 638 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). The MSPB 

 9 In their motion, the defendants have identified two categories of CSRA claims asserted by the plaintiff that were 

pending before the MSPB when he filed his complaints in this Court. The first category includes the plaintiff’s: 

“[(1)] April 2015 removal, [(2)] March 26, 201[5], time and attendance issues, [(3)] alleged unlawful suspension in 

approximately March 201[5], and [(4]) related alleged instances of whistleblower reprisal.” Defs.’ Mot. at 23. The 

second category includes the plaintiff’s: (1) allegedly improper termination of medical benefits in April or May 

2013, (2) the purportedly unlawful garnishment of his wages “for overpayment of health benefit contributions,” and 

(3) his proposed “suspension for five days on September 25, 2014.” Id. at 24. Both categories of identified CSRA 

claims relate to the MSPB’s initial decision on November 17, 2016, and the MSPB’s final decision on December 7, 

2016. See supra Part III.B at 8. Going forward, the Court will refer to these claims in these two categories as the 

plaintiff’s pending CSRA claims. 

 

10 The “MSPB is an independent, quasi-judicial federal administrative agency that was established by the [CSRA] to 

review civil service decisions.” Jones, 111 F. Supp. 3d at 31. 
19

must then “within 120 days of the [complainant’s] filing of the [mixed case] appeal, decide both 

the issue[s] of [Title VII related claims] and the appealable action.” 5 U.S.C. § 7702(a)(1)(B)(v)

(2012). However, “if the MSPB fails to render a judicially reviewable decision within 120 days 

from the filing of a mixed case appeal, the aggrieved party can pursue [his] claim in federal 

district court.” Butler, 164 F.3d at 639.

Here, contrary to the defendants’ position, see Defs.’ Mot. at 24, the plaintiff was not 

required to complete the MSPB process for his pending CSRA claims before he filed his suits 

asserting those identical claims in this Court. Between December 2014 and August 2016, the 

plaintiff filed five appeals to the MSPB asserting the pending CSRA claims. See Defs.’ Mot., 

Ex. 2 (Initial Decision (Nov. 17, 2016)) at 1–2; see also id., Ex. 5 (Federal Circuit Opinion (June 

8, 2017)) at 5–6. Thereafter, on September 1, 2016, the plaintiff initiated this suit alleging 

violations based on some of those pending CSRA claims, and on October 11, 2016, he initiated 

another suit in this Court asserting violations based on the remainder of his pending CSRA 

claims. See id. at 23–24.11 The MSPB consolidated the plaintiff’s five appeals, and on 

November 17, 2016, approximately two years after the plaintiff filed his first appeal, it issued a 

decision on the merits of the plaintiff’s claims. See id., Ex. 2 (Initial Decision (Nov. 17, 2016)); 

see also id., Ex. 5 (Federal Circuit Opinion (June 8, 2017)) at 2, 5–6. Thus, not having a 

resolution from the MSPB within the prescribed time period of 120 days, the plaintiff properly 

elected to seek judicial resolution of his pending CSRA claims in this forum. See Townsend, 

236 F. Supp. 3d at 299 n.9 (“Section 7702 clearly express[es] Congress’ desire that mixed cases 

should be processed expeditiously, and that complainants should have access to a judicial forum 

should their claims languish undecided in the administrative machinery.” (alteration in original) 

 11 On December 15, 2016, the Court consolidated these two cases. See generally Order (Dec. 15, 2016), ECF No. 

10.
20

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).12 Therefore, the Court denies this component of 

the defendants’ motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s Consolidated Complaint, seeking dismissal for 

lack of subject-matter jurisdiction of the plaintiff’s claims that were pending before the MSPB 

when he filed this case in this Court. 

b. The Plaintiff’s Purported Waiver of Certain CSRA Claims 

The defendants next argue that “[t]his Court does not have jurisdiction to hear non-mixed 

case appeals from [MSPB] final decisions alleging inappropriate adverse actions and 

[whistleblower] claims [as] the jurisdiction for such non-mixed claims rests solely with the 

Federal Circuit.” Defs.’ Mot. at 25. Thus, according to the defendants, certain of the plaintiff’s 

remaining claims filed in this Court “should be dismissed for failure to properly exhaust 

administrative remedies and [for] lack of jurisdiction,” id., because the plaintiff previously filed 

these claims with the Federal Circuit, which “indicated that it only had jurisdiction to entertain 

[those] claims because [the plaintiff] waived his discrimination claims,” id. at 24; see also id. at 

24–25 (claiming that the plaintiff, in his “district and circuit court filings . . . appears to have 

abandoned and not offered allegations to support his discrimination contentions in the underlying 

 12 The Court notes that the plaintiff filed an appeal with the MSPB asserting one of his pending CSRA claims in 

August 2016. See Defs.’ Mot., Ex. 5 (Federal Circuit Opinion (June 8, 2017)) at 6 (appealing a “June 2013 bill and 

subsequent garnishment”). Consequently, the MSPB’s decision on November 17, 2016, resolving that appeal was 

within the 120-day statutory time period, and therefore, the plaintiff did not timely exhaust his administrative 

remedies with respect to that claim before he instituted a cause of action asserting that claim in this Court. Although 

dismissal of that claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction may be warranted, the Court nonetheless will permit 

the plaintiff to proceed with that claim at this juncture, given that (1) the MSPB has issued a ruling on the merits of 

that claim and (2) the Federal Circuit has reviewed that ruling and issued an opinion on the validity of that ruling. 

See Butler, 164 F.3d at 643 (noting the benefit the district court receives, including the conservation of judicial 

resources when allowing the MSPB process to conclude); see also id. (“In this case . . . the MSPB’s final decision 

was issued in December of 1994, a little more than two months after [the] appellant filed her complaint; the district 

court did not rule on her complaint, however, until February of 1997. While this delay may not be typical, it reveals 

that the district courts can routinely benefit from MSPB expertise without running afoul of the unambiguous 

language of section 7702(e)(1)(B), and without disadvantaging parties who follow the letter of the statute’s time 

line.”). 
21

MSPB actions”).

13 In response, the plaintiff contends that his appeals to the MSPB and the 

Federal Circuit were “mixed-case” appeals, and therefore, his claims are properly before this 

Court. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 2; see also id. at 7 (asserting that he has a right to judicial review by 

this Court on both his discrimination claims and adverse employment actions claims). 

The parties are correct that it is well-settled that MSPB “decisions are generally reviewed 

by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, [with the exception of] ‘mixed cases’ that 

involve both MSPB appeals and discrimination claims under Title VII . . . , [which] are reviewed 

in federal district court.” Akosile v. Armed Forces Ret. Home, 141 F. Supp. 3d 75, 88 (D.D.C. 

2015) (Walton, J.). And the record before the Court regarding these claims clearly indicates that 

the plaintiff did in fact file mixed case appeals with the MSPB, because in addition to his 

challenges to the various personnel actions, he asserted claims of discrimination and reprisal. 

See Defs.’ Mot., Ex. 5 (Federal Circuit Opinion (June 8, 2017)) at 14 n.5 (noting the plaintiff’s 

allegations of discrimination and reprisal). Thus, it would appear that these claims asserted by 

the plaintiff are properly before this Court. However, as the defendants correctly note, see id. at 

24, in regards to some of these claims, see supra Part III.B.5.a n.12 (claims one through four), the 

plaintiff waived his corresponding discrimination claims so that the Federal Circuit could review 

the merits of the MSPB’s decision, see Defs.’ Mot., Ex. 5 (Federal Circuit Opinion (June 8, 

2017)) at 14 n.5 (“[A]lthough [the plaintiff] in these four appeals to the [MSPB] had alleged 

disparate treatment discrimination and retaliation for filing an [Equal Employment Opportunity]

complaint, . . . [the plaintiff] has affirmatively waived his discrimination claims before this 

 13 In their motion, the defendants note that these claims “includ[e] but [are] not limited to [the plaintiff’s] (1) [ ] 

September 2014 proposed five-day suspension, (2) various 2015 debt notices and wage garnishments, (3) March 

2015 time and attendance issues, (4) a 2013 bill for wage garnishment, (5) [a within-grade increase] denial, (6) [the] 

minimally successful performance rating, and (7) nine other alleged instances of whistleblower reprisal.” Defs.’ 

Mot. at 24. 
22

court.”). Accordingly, because the plaintiff waived his discrimination claims before the Federal 

Circuit, and because the Federal Circuit issued a decision on the adverse personnel actions

related to those claims, this Court must dismiss both sets of claims. See Otiji v. Heyman, 47 F. 

Supp. 2d 6, 7 (D.D.C. 1998) (holding that to allow the plaintiff to proceed with his 

discrimination claims after seeking review of his allegedly adverse personnel actions “would be 

to encourage tactics ‘designed to circumvent the Federal Circuit’s effort to prevent litigants from 

seeking, in this area of review of government personnel decision[s], two bites of the apple[, and 

s]uch tactics have been flatly disapproved by our Court of Appeals.” (quoting Smith v. Horner, 

846 F.2d 1521, 1524 (D.C. Cir. 1988))), aff’d, 203 F.3d 53 (D.C. Cir. 1999).14

Notwithstanding the plaintiff’s waiver of his discrimination claims corresponding to 

certain alleged adverse personnel actions identified by the defendants, see supra Part III.B.5.a

n.12, the record is not so clear that the plaintiff waived his discrimination claims concerning his 

within-grade increase denial and the minimally successful performance ratings, see Defs.’ Mot., 

Ex. 4 (Federal Circuit Order (May 19, 2017)) at 2 (noting that, because of the allegations of 

discrimination and reprisal asserted in the underlying appeals to the MSPB, the plaintiff was 

presented with various options for judicial review including proceeding to a United States district 

court or the Federal Circuit). However, the record does indicate that the plaintiff proceeded with 

the filing of an appeal to the Federal Circuit regarding these two purportedly adverse personnel 

actions. See id. The Federal Circuit dismissed the plaintiff’s appeal as untimely filed, see id. at 

3, but it noted that “[i]f [the plaintiff] [ ] has entirely abandoned any discrimination claims raised 

in [that] case, he may still be able to obtain review of the [MSPB’s] decision in [the Federal 

Circuit],” id. at 4 (emphasis added) (noting the steps the plaintiff could take to have the filing of 

 14 Because the Court has dismissed these claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, it need not consider the 

defendants’ alternative argument that res judicata bars the plaintiff from asserting those claims in this Court. See

Defs.’ Mot. at 27–29. 
23

his appeal to the Federal Circuit deemed timely). Thus, it does not appear that the plaintiff 

waived his discrimination claims with respect to his allegedly improper within-grade increase 

denial and his performance and minimally successful performance ratings. Accordingly, the 

Court denies that aspect of the defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter 

jurisdiction and will permit the plaintiff to proceed with seeking judicial review of the MSPB’s 

final decision regarding those claims. 

c. The Plaintiff’s Failure to Assert Certain Claims Regarding 

Fraudulent Conduct Before the MSPB

The defendants argue that some of the claims the plaintiff asserts in his Consolidated 

Complaint are claims regarding fraudulent conduct allegedly committed by certain individuals

throughout the MSPB process that the plaintiff did not allege “in the underlying administrative 

process,” and “[t]herefore, th[o]se claims should be dismissed” because the plaintiff “did not 

exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to [those] claims.” Defs.’ Mot. at 26.15 The 

Court agrees.

Although the plaintiff contends that he in fact asserted his claims of allegedly fraudulent 

conduct before the MSPB, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 8–13, he only did so through letters he addressed to 

the Office of the Clerk of the MSPB (the “Clerk’s Office”), the Regional Director of the MSPB,

and the Attorney General, Deputy Attorney General, or Associate Attorney General, see

generally id., Ex. A (Collection of Responses to Barry Ahuruonye Regarding His Complaints 

Against Agency Attorney (the “Responses”) (May 25, 2016)). Construing the plaintiff’s letters 

as “a complaint” against an agency attorney and not as an attempt to “‘raise the merits of [his] 

 15 The defendants identify these claims as the plaintiff’s “alleg[ations] that records and evidence were falsified and 

that his removal for performance [reasons] in April 2015 became effective without sufficient due process, claiming 

inconsistencies in dates in certain documents pertaining to the effective date of his purported April 2015 suspension 

and April 2015 performance-based removal.” Defs.’ Mot. at 25. The defendants also include the plaintiff’s 

“alleg[ations] that numerous individuals made false statements in their affidavits submitted in proceedings before 

the MSPB.” Id. 
24

appeals’ to the Clerk of the Board,” the MSPB’s Clerk’s Office advised the plaintiff that “it d[id] 

not have investigative authority” to investigate his claims of fraudulent behavior because the 

MSPB’s “authority is limited to actions made appealable to it by law, rule, or regulation.” Id., 

Ex. A (Responses) at 1. The MSPB’s Clerk’s Office then “assured [the plaintiff] that [his] 

appeals [would] receive a full and impartial review consistent with applicable law and 

regulations.” Id., Ex. A (Responses) at 2. In response to the plaintiff’s “complaint,” the 

Regional Director of the MSPB informed the plaintiff that “the proper course is for the 

[administrative law judge] to adjudicate the appeal[, and i]f either party is dissatisfied with the 

[administrative law judge’s] initial decision, then that party may file a petition for review 

pursuant to the [MSPB’s] regulations.” Id., Ex. A (Responses) at 3. Consequently, as the 

plaintiff did not properly raise these claims of allegedly fraudulent conduct at the administrative 

level, he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as to those claims.

16 Therefore, the Court 

must dismiss those claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Fernandez v. Donovan, 

760 F. Supp. 2d 31, 36–37 (D.D.C. 2011) (dismissing certain of the plaintiff’s claims for lack of 

subject-matter jurisdiction due to the plaintiff’s failure to assert those claims at the administrative 

level).17 

In sum, the plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies for the majority of 

 16 In his opposition, the plaintiff contends that he filed a motion to disqualify agency counsel as well as a motion for 

sanctions that the administrative law judge denied. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 11. To the extent that the plaintiff makes this 

contention as an effort to demonstrate that he did assert his claims of fraudulent behavior at the administrative level, 

the Court is unpersuaded, particularly given that the agency counsel is not named as a defendant in this consolidated 

case. 

17 One of the cases consolidated in this matter involved the assertion of claims by the plaintiff against the MSPB. 

See Ahuruonye v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd. et.al, Civil Action No. 17-284 (RBW). However, in his Consolidated 

Complaint, the plaintiff does not assert an identifiable claim against the MSPB. See generally Compl. In any event, 

if the plaintiff seeks to challenge the MSPB’s appeal process or assert a due process claim against the MSPB, he has 

not identified a statute that “creates a cause of action against the MSPB for its processing of a case,” Woodruff v. 

McPhie, 383 F. App’x 5, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2010), and therefore, the Court would not have to consider such a claim even 

if it was asserted.

 
25

his alleged CSRA claims, with the exception of the following claims: (1) the alleged unlawful 

letter of reprimand in July 2014, see Compl. at 13; (2) the within-grade increase denial in 2014, 

see id. at 16; (3) the unfavorable performance reviews, see id. at 6; (4) the unlawful 

pre-termination suspension in March 2015, see id. at 2; and (5) the unlawful termination in April 

2015, see id. at 1, as well as the corresponding discrimination and retaliation claims. 

Accordingly, as only these claims survive the defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of 

subject-matter jurisdiction, the plaintiff may proceed with seeking judicial review of the MSPB’s 

final decisions addressing these mixed case claims. See generally Defs.’ Mot., Ex. 3 (Final 

Order (Dec. 8, 2016)); id., Ex. 6 (Final Order (Dec. 7, 2016)), ECF No. 37-1.

18 

6. The Plaintiff’s Failure to Timely Seek Judicial Review

In his Consolidated Complaint, the plaintiff asserts that he was “discriminated and 

retaliated against” for engaging in “MSPB and EEO protected activities” when he was 

unlawfully denied a within-grade increase in December 2013 and given “a hoax performance 

rating” in May 2014 “to conceal the unlawful wage increase denial.” Compl. at 22; see also id.

(alleging that his supervisor issued the wage increase denial to purportedly disguise her own race 

and national origin discrimination, reprisal, harassment, and creation of a hostile work 

environment). The Court construes this allegation collectively as a request for judicial review of 

the MSPB’s final decision issued on July 15, 2016, denying his appeals concerning his 2013 

wage increase denial. See generally Ahuruonye v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd. et.al, Civil Action No.

17-284, Complaint, Ex. A, Part I. To seek judicial review of this MSPB final decision, the 

plaintiff was required to file his civil action with this Court within thirty days from the date he 

 18 In his Consolidated Complaint, the plaintiff seeks monetary damages for his supervisors’ failure to respond to 

“Senator Barbara A. Mikulski’s letters and inquiries” regarding his complaints of retaliation. Compl. at 21. This 

claim must be dismissed as well, because the Court is unaware of any legal authority that gives it jurisdiction to 

determine whether failure to respond to a United States senator’s letter is a violation of law. 
26

received notice of the MSPB’s final decision. See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2) (2012). However, the 

plaintiff did not commence his action seeking review of that MSPB final decision until February 

14, 2017, see generally Ahuruonye v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd. et.al, Civil Action No. 17-284, 

Complaint (filed on Feb. 14, 2017), nearly seven months after he would have received notice of 

the MSPB’s final decision.19 Therefore, because “[t]he statutory time limit contained in 

§ 7703(b)([2]) is jurisdictional, and thus cannot be extended for any reason,” Abou-Hussein v. 

Mabus, 953 F. Supp. 2d 251, 262 (D.D.C. 2013) (Walton, J.) (citing King v. Dole, 782 F.2d 274, 

275–76 (D.C. Cir. 1986)), the Court cannot exercise jurisdiction over this claim. Consequently, 

the Court must also dismiss this claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.20

C. The Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunctive Relief

Through his motion for preliminary injunctive relief, the plaintiff requests that this Court 

“restore the status quo ante until the time the [C]ourt rules on the merit[s] of the complaints to 

alleviate the daily harm being suffered . . . and to mitigate the ongoing harm being suffered . . . 

by reinstating the plaintiff back to work with back pay and on paid administrative leave.” Pl.’s 

Mot. at 1. The plaintiff argues that preliminary injunctive relief is warranted because “[t]he 

 19 The plaintiff did not include as an exhibit the entire portion of the notice attached to the MSPB’s final order that 

informs him of his right to file a civil action in district court seeking judicial review of the MSPB’s final decision. 

See Ahuruonye v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd. et.al, Civil Action No. 17-284, Complaint (filed on Feb. 14, 2017), Ex. A 

(Final Order (July 15, 2016)) at 1–12. Nonetheless, because the plaintiff was able to provide a copy of the decision, 

the plaintiff apparently received a full copy of the decision and inadvertently failed to attach the entirety of the 

decision. In any event, “[c]ourts generally assume that the final [MSPB] decision was mailed on the same day that it 

was issued . . . , and that the plaintiff received the decision either three or five days after it was mailed.” Ruiz v. 

Vilsack, 763 F. Supp. 2d 168, 171 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing, inter alia, Baldwin Cty. Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 446 U.S. 

147, 148 n.1 (1984) (per curiam)); see also McGary v. Hessler-Radelet, 156 F. Supp. 3d 28, 34 (D.D.C. 2016) (“[I]t 

is reasonable to presume that a recipient residing in the United States received [the MSPB final decision and] notice 

within three to five days of when it was sent.”). Thus, under the most generous presumption, the Court will presume 

that that the plaintiff received notice of this MSPB final decision and his right to seek judicial review in this district 

in July 2016. 

20 The defendants also seek dismissal of the plaintiff’s Consolidated Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(b)(6). See Defs.’ Mot. at 29–32. But, having dismissed under Rule 12(b)(1) all of the plaintiff’s 

claims except for his claim for judicial review of the MSPB’s final decision issued on December 8, 2016, see supra

Part III.B, and because the defendants do not seek dismissal of that claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), see Defs.’ Mot. 

at 29–32, the Court need not consider the defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) arguments.
27

defendants have been having endless calamities and seemingly unpredictable situations leading 

to endless request[s] for motion[s] for enlargement of time.” Id. The defendants in response 

argue that the plaintiff’s request should be denied because, among other grounds, the plaintiff 

cannot demonstrate irreparable injury. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 11.

“A district court weighing whether to grant a preliminary injunction must ‘balance the 

strengths of the requesting party’s arguments in each of the four required areas.’” LG Elecs. 

U.S.A., Inc. v. Dep’t of Energy, 679 F. Supp. 2d 18, 26 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Chaplaincy of 

Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297); see id. at 25–26 (providing that “the moving party must 

demonstrate (1) a substantial likelihood of success on the merits, (2) that it would suffer 

irreparable harm without injunctive relief, (3) that an injunction would not substantially harm the 

defendants or other interested parties (balance of harms), and (4) that issuance of the injunction 

is in the public interest”). However, “a movant must demonstrate ‘at least some injury’ for a 

preliminary injunction to issue,” Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297 (quoting 

CityFed Fin. Corp. v. Office of Thrift Supervision, 58 F.3d 738, 747 (D.C. Cir. 1995)), and

“[t]he basis of injunctive relief in the federal courts has always been irreparable harm,” Sampson 

v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 88 (1974) (alteration in original) (citation omitted). “A movant’s failure 

to show any irreparable harm is therefore grounds for refusing to issue a preliminary injunction, 

even if the other three factors entering the calculus merit such relief.” Chaplaincy of Full Gospel 

Churches, 454 F.3d at 297. 

Furthermore, “[t]he party seeking a preliminary injunction must make two showings to 

demonstrate irreparable harm. First, the harm must be ‘certain and great,’ ‘actual and not 

theoretical,’ and so ‘imminen[t] that there is a clear and present need for equitable relief to 

prevent irreparable harm.’” League of Women Voters of U.S. v. Newby, 838 F.3d 1, 7–8 (D.C. 
28

Cir. 2016) (second alteration in original) (quoting Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d 

at 297). Additionally, “the harm ‘must be beyond remediation.’” Id. at 8 (quoting Chaplaincy of 

Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297). Thus, “a litigant seeking a preliminary injunction must 

satisfy a ‘high standard’ for irreparable injury . . . [, and therefore] ‘must show that the alleged 

harm will directly result from the action which the movant seeks to enjoin.’” ConverDyn v. 

Moniz, 68 F. Supp. 3d 34, 46 (D.D.C. 2014) (Walton, J.) (first quoting Chaplaincy of Full 

Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297; then quoting Wis. Gas Co. v. FERC, 758 F.2d 669, 674 (D.C. 

Cir. 1985)). 

The Court cannot conclude based on the record before it that the plaintiff has 

demonstrated the requisite irreparable harm needed for the issuance of a preliminary injunction. 

To show irreparable harm, the plaintiff states that he “has been out of work for more than two 

years,” and as a consequence, he “is faced with an immediate and present danger in terms of dire 

financial and economic catastrophes” if his request for preliminary injunctive relief is not 

granted. Pl.’s Mot. at 2. He also asserts that his “efforts to work for other agencies have been 

effectively blocked by the defendants’ [adverse employment actions],” id., and that he “can[not] 

earn an income from employment; which is the only source of his revenue,” id. at 3. However, 

while the plaintiff’s purported financial plight is unfortunate, “in general ‘economic loss does 

not, in and of itself, constitute irreparable harm.’” ConverDyn, 68 F. Supp. 3d at 46 (quoting 

Wis. Gas. Co., 758 F.2d at 674); see also Farris v. Rice, 453 F. Supp. 2d 76, 79 (D.D.C. 2006) 

(“[G]iven the court’s equitable powers to remedy for loss in employment through, for example, 

back pay and time in service credit, cases are legion holding that loss of employment does not 

constitute irreparable injury.”). Although not having employment as a source of income for two 

years would create a financial loss that is quite significant, the plaintiff has not demonstrated
29

“how the harm [he] will suffer absent injunctive relief is in any way extraordinary,” Jones v. 

District of Columbia, 177 F. Supp. 3d 542, 547 (D.D.C. 2016), or that “circumstances 

surrounding [his termination] . . . depart from the normal situation [such] that irreparable injury 

might be found,” Farris, 453 F. Supp. 2d at 80. And, while “harm to reputation can, in certain 

circumstances, constitute irreparable injury,” Jones, 177 F. Supp. 3d at 547, the plaintiff must 

show that reputational harm is “concrete and corroborated, not merely speculative,” Trudeau v. 

FTC, 384 F. Supp. 2d 281, 297 (D.D.C. 2005). In essence, a plaintiff’s “‘vague and 

unsupported’ assertions of harm are not sufficient” for a finding of irreparable harm that justifies 

injunctive relief. Jones, 177 F. Supp. 3d at 548 (quoting Brodie v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & 

Human Servs., 715 F. Supp. 2d 74, 84 (D.D.C. 2010)); see Brown v. District of Columbia, 888 F. 

Supp. 2d 28, 33 (D.D.C. 2012) (denying preliminary injunctive relief, in part, because the 

“plaintiff fail[ed] to present any evidence that, absent injunctive relief, her professional 

reputation or ability to obtain future employment will be irreparably harmed beyond notional 

assertions that they w[ould]”).

21

Even assuming that the plaintiff could demonstrate sufficient irreparable harm, 

preliminary injunctive relief would nonetheless not be warranted because the plaintiff has not 

shown that there is a substantial likelihood that he will prevail on the merits. See

 21 After filing his motion for preliminary injunctive relief, the plaintiff filed a notice on the docket indicating that he 

had received an eviction notice for failure to pay rent. See Exhibit of[] Truly Irreparable Harm [That] Will Occur in 

the Absence of an Injunction ECF 35 (filed Sept. 6, 2017) (“Notice”), ECF No. 40. The plaintiff’s Notice indicated 

that there was a trial for the plaintiff’s purported failure to pay rent scheduled for September 15, 2017. See id. at 3. 

Although the Court’s failure to address the plaintiff’s Notice earlier is unfortunate, the Court’s analysis if issued 

earlier would have nonetheless been the same. Since the filing of the Notice, the plaintiff has not provided the Court 

with any further update as to the status of his landlord-tenant proceedings (i.e., whether he still remains unable to 

pay his rent or whether he was actually evicted). See Save Jobs USA v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 105 F. Supp. 

3d 108, 115 (D.D.C. 2015) (holding that the petitioner “left [the court] to speculate as to the magnitude of the injury, 

and speculation is not enough to turn economic loss into irreparable harm”). In any event, as the Court will explain 

further in its analysis, consideration of the four preliminary injunction factors weighs against the Court granting the 

plaintiff’s motion. See Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297 (“A district court must balance the 

strengths of the requesting party’s arguments in each of the four required areas[, and only i]f the showing in one area 

is particularly strong, . . . may [a court] issue [an injunction] if the showings in [the] other areas are rather weak.” 

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). 
30

Robinson-Reeder v. Am. Council on Educ., 626 F. Supp. 2d 11, 14 (D.D.C. 2009) (“Indeed, 

‘[w]ithout any probability of prevailing on the merits, the [p]laintiff[’s] purported injuries, no 

matter how compelling, do not justify preliminary injunctive relief.’” (first alteration in original) 

(quoting Am. Bankers Ass’n v. Nat’l Credit Union Admin., 38 F. Supp. 2d 114, 140 (D.D.C. 

1999))). As the Court previously concluded, the plaintiff’s only remaining claims in this case are 

his claims for judicial review of the MSPB’s final decisions issued on December 7 and 8, 2016, 

denying several of his mixed case appeals regarding adverse personnel actions. See supra Part 

III.B. And regarding those claims for judicial review of those final decisions denying his mixed 

case appeals, the plaintiff has not presented any evidence that the MSPB’s final “decision was 

‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law[]; . . . 

obtained without procedures required by law, rule, or regulation being followed[]; or . . . 

unsupported by substantial evidence.’” Horn v. U.S. Dep’t of Army, 284 F. Supp. 2d 1, 11 

(D.D.C. 2003) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c)). Rather, he asserts in various iterations that there 

was allegedly extensive and pervasive fraud in the MSPB process. See generally Compl. These 

allegations do not assist the Court in determining whether the MSPB decision was contrary to 

§ 7703(c). See § 7703(c) (providing that a trial court shall review de novo a MSPB’s final order 

or decision regarding mixed case appeals and make a determination as to whether the MSPB’s 

decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with 

law”). They also do not provide the Court with the necessary facts that would provide it with a 

“‘substantial indication’ of [the plaintiff’s] likely success on the merits,” Dodd v. Fleming, 223 

F. Supp. 2d 15, 20 (D.D.C. 2002) (quoting Am. Bankers Ass’n, 38 F. Supp. 2d at 140), and 

without such indication, “there would be no justification for the court’s intrusion into the 

ordinary processes of administration and judicial review,” Am. Bankers Ass’n, 38 F. Supp. 2d at 
31

140. 

Furthermore, granting the plaintiff preliminary injunctive relief would substantially harm 

the defendants. It is a “well-established rule that the [g]overnment has traditionally been granted 

the widest latitude in the dispatch of its own internal affairs.” Sampson, 415 U.S. at 83 (citation 

and internal quotation marks omitted); see also id. (“The [d]istrict [c]ourt, exercising its 

equitable powers, is bound to give serious weight to the obviously disruptive effect which the 

grant of the temporary relief awarded here was likely to have on the administrative process.”). 

And, as the defendants note, granting the plaintiff his requested injunctive relief pemding the 

resolution of this matter “would severely compromise [the Department of Interior’s] ability to 

make the most fundamental personnel decisions in dispatching [its] affairs.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 13; 

see also Farris, 453 F. Supp. 2d at 81 (finding “compelling and insurmountable the institutional 

harm attendant to judicial interference with federal personnel actions”). Moreover, the plaintiff 

has not demonstrated, and likely cannot demonstrate, any benefit to the general public if the 

Court granted his request for preliminary injunctive relief. Accordingly, because the plaintiff has 

not shown that the preliminary injunction factors tip the balance of equities in his favor, the 

Court must deny his motion for preliminary injunctive relief. 

D. The Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions

Based on fraudulent representations allegedly made by counsel for the defendants in the 

defendants’ motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s Consolidated Complaint, the plaintiff requests that 

this Court sanctions defendants’ counsel pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11. See

Pl.’s Sanctions Mot. at 1–2. Simply, the plaintiff seeks sanctions because he contends that the 

legal arguments and statements made by counsel for the defendants in the defendants’ motion to 

dismiss are “groundless and misleading.” Id. at 2. The defendants in response argue that the 
32

plaintiff’s motion for sanctions “lack[s] merit.” Defs.’ Reply at 6. The Court agrees with the 

defendants. 

As an initial matter, it does not appear that the plaintiff complied with the procedural 

safeguards of Rule 11(c)(2). “That provision states . . . that the allegedly offending party, after 

being served with the motion for sanctions, is to be given [twenty-one] days to withdraw or 

correct the challenged filing before the motion for sanctions is presented to the court.” Phillips 

v. Mabus, 319 F.R.D. 36, 40 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2)). Here, the plaintiff 

has not demonstrated that he served counsel for the defendants with his motion for sanctions and 

afforded her twenty-one days to withdraw or correct the purportedly legally untenable arguments 

in the defendants’ motion to dismiss before filing his motion for sanctions. Rather, the plaintiff 

contends that counsel for the defendants should have been aware of her allegedly fraudulent 

conduct because she was notified of it through his opposition to the defendants’ motion to 

dismiss before he filed his motion for sanctions. See Pl.’s Sanctions Mot. at 2 (noting that the 

defendants’ counsel’s “fraudulent violation of Rule 11 has added a new controversy as detailed 

[in his opposition to the defendants’ motion to dismiss, a]nd yet she had not withdrawn her 

known fraudulent submission to the court”). Clearly, this form of notice is not the notice 

required by Rule 11. 

However, even assuming that the plaintiff actually complied with Rule 11’s procedural 

requirements, the plaintiff has not demonstrated that counsel for the defendants failed to comply 

with her duty to present to the Court a motion that is well-grounded in legally tenable arguments. 

See Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 393 (1990) (“Rule 11 imposes a duty on 

attorneys to certify that they have conducted a reasonable inquiry and have determined that any 

papers filed with the court are well-grounded in fact, legally tenable, and not interposed for any 
33

improper purpose.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Instead, the plaintiff uses his motion for 

sanctions as another attempt to dispute the legal arguments asserted by the defendants as to why 

the plaintiff’s Consolidated Complaint should be dismissed. See generally Pl.’s Sanctions Mot. 

And as shown by the Court’s analysis and determination that dismissal of the majority of the 

plaintiff’s claims is warranted, see supra Part III.B, those successful legal arguments were neither 

groundless or misleading, and the same is true for those legal arguments on which the defendants 

did not prevail. Accordingly, the Court must deny the plaintiff’s motion for sanctions.

22 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants in part and denies in part the defendants’ 

motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s Consolidated Complaint. Specifically, the defendants’ motion is 

denied with respect to the plaintiff’s claim for judicial review of the MSPB’s final decisions on 

his mixed case appeals involving the issuance of an allegedly unlawful letter of reprimand in 

July 2014, a within-grade increase denial in 2014, unfavorable performance reviews, an unlawful 

pre-termination suspension in March 2015, and his unlawful termination in April 2015. See

supra Part III.B. The motion is granted in all other aspects. Additionally, the Court denies the 

plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunctive relief, motion for sanctions against counsel for the 

defendants, and motion to strike from the record the defendants’ motion to dismiss and their 

opposition to his motion for preliminary injunctive relief. 

SO ORDERED on this 1st day of May, 2018.

23

REGGIE B. WALTON

United States District Judge

 22 The Court cautions the plaintiff “that a frivolous Rule 11 sanction motion may itself be a violation of Rule 11,” 

Naegele v. Albers, 355 F. Supp. 2d 129, 145 (D.D.C. 2005), and that a Rule 11 motion for sanctions or any other 

motion should not be “presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly

increase the cost of litigation,” and should include “claims, defenses, and other legal contentions warranted by 

existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(1)–(2). 

23 The Court will contemporaneously issue an Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.