IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-0466

Filed June 3, 2020

IN THE INTEREST OF Z.M.,

Minor Child,

T.M., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Stephen A. Owen, 

District Associate Judge.

A father appeals from a permanency order that established a guardianship 

for his child. AFFIRMED.

Brian T. Bappe of Bappe Law Office, Nevada, for appellant father.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Shannon Leighty, Nevada, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and May and Greer, JJ.
2

MAY, Judge.

A father appeals from a permanency order that established a guardianship 

for his child, Z.M. In January 2019, the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) 

took notice of the family after the father’s ex-girlfriend told police that the father 

used and sold drugs within the family home. Z.M. was removed from his father’s 

care and placed with his paternal grandparents. The father stipulated to the 

adjudication of Z.M. as a child in need of assistance. 

In September, the juvenile court held a permanency hearing. The State 

recommended establishment of a guardianship. The juvenile court instead granted 

a six-month extension. In its order, though, the juvenile court made it clear that 

the father “must begin to come to terms with his substance abuse.”

Still the father continued to deny drug use while testing positive for 

methamphetamine, amphetamine, or both. Following the March 2020 

permanency hearing, the juvenile court named Z.M.’s paternal grandparents as his 

guardians. The father appeals.1

“Our review of permanency orders is de novo.” In re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 

85, 90 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005). “Weight should be given to the juvenile court’s 

findings of fact, but this court is not bound by them.” In re N.M., 528 N.W.2d 94, 

96 (Iowa 1995). “Our paramount concern is the child’s best interests.” In re A.T., 

799 N.W.2d 148, 151 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). The burden of proof in a permanency 

hearing is by convincing evidence. See Iowa Code § 232.104(4) (2019); accord 

In re A.J., No. 13-0023, 2013 WL 541898, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 13, 2013) 

 

1 The mother was not present at any hearing and did not appeal.
3

(noting the burden of proof is “by convincing evidence, not by clear and convincing 

evidence”).

The father first contends DHS did not make reasonable efforts toward 

reunification. In particular, he points to the failure to “perform alternative means of 

drug testing other than urinalysis and sweat patch,” and he “request[s] hair stat 

tests be done to add clarity to the murky picture.” While DHS must make 

reasonable efforts toward reunification, “the parent[] bear[s] an equal obligation to 

demand other, different, or additional services before a permanency . . . hearing.” 

In re A.O., No. 11-1937, 2012 WL 300406, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 1, 2012) 

(emphasis added). The father did not request additional services until a brief 

mention in closing arguments at the March 2020 permanency hearing.

2

 But that 

request was too late. See id. This issue is not preserved for our review. See 

A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d at 91. 

The father also contends a guardianship is not in Z.M.’s best interest. He 

claims “[t]he picture created by the drug test results does not clearly indicate that 

the father is a drug user and therefore a decision to establish guardianship cannot 

be made off of this evidence.” However, the father does not indicate what 

 

2 We note that at the September 2019 permanency hearing, the father’s attorney 

stated, “We are going to object on the reasonable efforts ground in terms of fully 

ruling out the possibility for false positives given somewhat possibly the inaccurate 

nature of the past tests.” But the juvenile court then asked, “Are there any other 

services he would like to request today?” And the father’s attorney answered, 

“No.” We do not find any request for additional services in the record until the 

March 2020 permanency hearing where his attorney briefly mentioned, in his 

closing argument, that a hair stat test should be requested. The father has not met 

his burden of demanding additional or other services before the permanency 

hearing. See A.O., 2012 WL 300406, at *2.
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alternative he requests.3 He merely takes issue with the juvenile court’s 

determination that a guardianship is in Z.M.’s best interest. 

Following a permanency hearing, the court may enter an order 

“transfer[ring] guardianship and custody of the child to a suitable person.” Iowa 

Code § 232.104(2)(d)(1). “Ordinarily, this option is not preferred over the 

termination of parental rights. But the best interests of a child may warrant exercise 

of the option.” In re J.R., No. 18-1922, 2019 WL 719054, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 

20, 2019) (citation omitted). 

The father continued to test positive for drugs throughout the pendency of 

the case. He failed to recognize or address his drug use. See, e.g., In re A.B., 

815 N.W.2d 764, 776 (Iowa 2012) (“We have long recognized that an unresolved, 

severe, and chronic drug addiction can render a parent unfit to raise children.”); In 

re J.P., No. 19-1633, 2020 WL 110425, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2020) (noting 

“[a] parent’s methamphetamine use, in itself, creates a dangerous environment for 

children”). Yet it appears undisputed that the father and Z.M. are closely bonded. 

The father has been Z.M.’s primary caretaker for many years. Accordingly, the 

juvenile court established a guardianship and found “termination . . . would not be 

in the best interest of the child because [Z.M.] is very closely bonded to his father 

and termination of parental rights would be detrimental to [Z.M.].” Moreover, Z.M. 

has done well in his grandparents’ care. The guardianship will allow Z.M. to have 

 

3 We note that at the March 2020 permanency hearing, the State requested a 

guardianship be established or, in the alternative, the father’s parental rights be 

terminated. On the other hand, the father requested an additional six-month 

extension. But he did not make that same argument in the appeal, so we find a 

request for additional time is waived. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3).
5

a safe and stable home while maintaining his relationship with his father. See In 

re B.T., 894 N.W.2d 29, 34–35 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017).

Following our de novo review, we conclude establishment of a guardianship 

is in Z.M.’s best interest. See id. (finding termination of the mother’s parental rights 

was not in the child’s best interest and remanding for an order establishing a 

guardianship).

AFFIRMED.