IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs October 2, 2001

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ANTHONY D. BYNUM

 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Weakley County

No. CR73-2000 William B. Acree, Judge

No. W2001-00111-CCA-R3-CD - Filed December 31, 2001

The defendant, Anthony D. Bynum, was convicted of possession of anhydrous ammonia, a Class E

felony. The trial court sentenced the defendant to three years, one year to be served in the Weakley

County Jail and the balance to be served on probation. The defendant was fined $1,000.00. In this

appeal of right, the defendant asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction and

that his sentence was excessive. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Trial Court Affirmed

GARY R. WADE, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. TIPTON and ROBERT

W. WEDEMEYER, JJ., joined.

Joseph P. Atnip, District Public Defender (at trial and on appeal); Kevin McAlpin, Assistant District

Public Defender (at trial and on appeal); and Clifford K. McGown, Jr., Waverly, Tennessee (on

appeal), for the appellant, Anthony D. Bynum.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Thomas E. Williams, Jr., Assistant Attorney

General; and Thomas A. Thomas, District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

On July 21, 2001, Deputy Bret Davis of the Weakley County Sheriff’s Department arrived

at the defendant’s residence to serve an arrest warrant for failure to pay child support. Deputy Davis

was able to see the defendant, but the defendant refused to open the door. Deputy Davis called for

backup and within minutes, Deputy Steve Todd arrived to assist. Deputies Randall McGowan and

Stacy Bostwick arrived at the residence a short time later. The officers positioned themselves

outside while Deputy Todd talked to the defendant through the front door.

While standing next to a truck parked in front of the defendant’s residence, Deputy

McGowan smelled what he believed to be anhydrous ammonia. The smell originated in a small tool

box on the front seat of the truck. Deputies McGowan and Bostwick opened the box and found an
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igloo thermos. Deputy Bostwick opened the container and poured what he believed to be anhydrous

ammonia on the ground. Deputy McGowan had participated in the discovery and destruction of over

twenty-five methamphetamine labs in Weakley County and was aware that anhydrous ammonia is

used in the manufacture of methamphetamine. It was Deputy McGowan’s opinion that the liquid,

no part of which remained for laboratory testing, was anhydrous ammonia.

Deputy Bostwick, who had been trained in detection and destruction of clandestine

methamphetamine labs by the Drug Enforcement Administration, testified that anhydrous ammonia

is used as a precursor in the “Nazi Lab” method of manufacturing methamphetamine. He described

the “Nazi Lab” method as the most common method being used in Weakley County at the time of

the offense. It was his opinion that the liquid was anhydrous ammonia.

Deputy Steve Todd testified that when he convinced the defendant to come outside, he

informed the defendant that the other officers had found anhydrous ammonia in his truck. At that

point, the defendant admitted to Deputy Todd that the anhydrous ammonia was his but denied any

involvement in the manufacture of methamphetamine. The defendant later told Deputy Bostwick

that he had stolen the anhydrous ammonia to sell to others who were manufacturing

methamphetamine. The officers searched the defendant’s residence but found no evidence of the

manufacture of methamphetamine.

Initially, the defendant asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction. On

appeal, of course, the state is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all

reasonable inferences which might be drawn therefrom. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835

(Tenn. 1978). The credibility of the witnesses, the weight to be given their testimony, and the

reconciliation of conflicts in the proof are matters entrusted to the jury as the trier of fact. Byrge v.

State, 575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). When the sufficiency of the evidence is

challenged, the relevant question is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable

to the state, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Williams, 657 S.W.2d at 410 (Tenn. 1983). Questions

concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, as well as all

factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact. Liakas v. State, 199 Tenn. 298,

286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (1956). Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and

raises a presumption of guilt, the convicted criminal defendant bears the burden of showing that the

evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191

(Tenn. 1992).

The defendant was charged with violating Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-433(a)

which provides:

It is an offense for a person to possess, whether acquired through theft or

other means, anhydrous ammonia, as defined in § 43-11-303(a), with the intent to:

(1) Use such anhydrous ammonia in the manufacture of a controlled

substance; or 
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(2) Knowingly convey such anhydrous ammonia to another for use in the

manufacture of a controlled substance.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-433(a) (Supp. 2000).

The defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction because the

state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the substance discovered at his residence was

anhydrous ammonia. He asserts that, because the definition of anhydrous ammonia is chemically

specific, laboratory tests were required to prove the that the requisite level of nitrogen was present.

We disagree. 

Here, Deputies McGowan and Bostwick both testified that they identified the substance as

anhydrous ammonia. They also testified that they had substantial training and experience in

detecting and destroying methamphetamine labs and that anhydrous ammonia is utilized in the most

common method of methamphetamine manufacture. The deputies stated that because of their

training and experience, they were familiar with the smell of anhydrous ammonia. While the

olfactory observations of the officers may not be enough, standing alone, to convict him under the

statute, the defendant confessed to Deputy Bostwick that the substance was indeed anhydrous

ammonia. Moreover, he admitted that he intended to sell the substance to others for the purpose of

manufacturing methamphetamine. Only slight evidence of the corpus delicti, i.e. that the substance

was indeed anhydrous ammonia, is necessary to corroborate a confession and thus sustain a

conviction. State v. Ervin, 731 S.W.2d 70, 71 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). Here, the testimony of the

officers was sufficient corroboration. Under the circumstances, a rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime. Thus, the evidence was legally sufficient to support the

conviction. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979).

The defendant next contends that his sentence was excessive because the trial court ordered

one year in the Weakley County Jail rather than requiring the entire sentence to be served in the

Department of Correction. When there is a challenge to the length, range, or manner of service of

a sentence, it is the duty of this court to conduct a de novo review with a presumption that the

determinations made by the trial court are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This

presumption is “conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court

considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823

S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991); see State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 600 (Tenn. 1994). “If the trial

court applies inappropriate factors or otherwise fails to follow the 1989 Sentencing Act, the

presumption of correctness falls.” State v. Shelton, 854 S.W.2d 116, 123 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).

The Sentencing Commission Comments provide that the burden is on the defendant to show the

impropriety of the sentence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Commission Comments.

Our review requires an analysis of (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and sentencing

hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and the arguments of counsel

relative to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the offense; (5) any mitigating

or enhancing factors; (6) any statements made by the defendant in his own behalf; and (7) the
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defendant's potential for rehabilitation or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102, -103, -210;

State v. Smith, 735 S.W.2d 859, 863 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). 

In calculating the sentence for a Class B, C, D, or E felony conviction, the presumptive

sentence is the minimum in the range if there are no enhancement or mitigating factors. Tenn. Code

Ann. § 40-35-210(c). If there are enhancement but no mitigating factors, the trial court may set the

sentence above the minimum, but still within the range. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(d). A

sentence involving both enhancement and mitigating factors requires an assignment of relative

weight for the enhancement factors as a means of increasing the sentence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-

210(e). The sentence must then be reduced within the range by any weight assigned to the mitigating

factors present. Id.

The defendant concedes that the trial court complied with the requirements of the Sentencing

Act and considered the appropriate factors in determining the defendant’s sentence. As a Range II

multiple offender convicted of a Class E felony, the defendant faced between two and four years of

incarceration. The trial court properly determined that two enhancement factors applied: (1) the

defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in addition to those

necessary to establish the appropriate range; and (2) the defendant has a previous history of

unwillingness to comply with the conditions of a sentence involving release in the community and

enhanced the sentence to three years. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1), (8). The trial court also

determined that no mitigating factors applied. The trial court imposed a sentence of split

confinement and ordered the defendant to serve one year in jail with the balance on probation.

A sentence of split confinement involves the grant of probation after the partial service of a

sentence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-306(a). Such a sentence may include a jail or workhouse

sentence of up to one year with the probationary term to extend for any period thereafter up to the

statutory maximum for the offense. Id. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-314(a) provides

that when a defendant’s sentence is eight years or less and combined with a sentence of split

confinement of up to one year, “the court shall designate the place of confinement as a local jail or

workhouse.” The defendant’s sentence fits squarely within this statute; thus, the trial court did not

err by ordering him to serve one year in jail.

In our view, the sentence imposed by the trial court does not circumvent the defendant's

release eligibility date as contemplated by Tennessee Code Annotated § 40-35-501(d). See State v.

Jeffery T. Cox, No. M1999-01429-CCA-R3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, July 7, 2000)

(noting that a sentence of split confinement may not be used to circumvent a defendant’s release

eligibility date). By our calculations, had the defendant been ordered to serve his sentence in the

penitentiary, he would be eligible for release after serving 35%, or 383 days, several days in excess

of one year. Because the defendant is to be confined in the local jail, the trial court retains full

jurisdiction over the manner of service of his sentence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-212(c);see Tenn.

R. Crim. P. 35, Committee Comment. During his jail term, the defendant may apply to the trial court

to serve the balance of his sentence on probation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-306(c).
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Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

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GARY R. WADE, PRESIDING JUDGE