* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAY 21 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

DOUGLAS F. MOELLER,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ORLANDO A. RODRIGUEZ,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 96-2237

(D.C. No. CIV 96-709-BB)

(D. N.M.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BRORBY, BARRETT, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.
1 The general rule is that, when a federal district court remands an action for

lack of jurisdiction, this court is without jurisdiction to hear any appeal or writ of

error. There is an exception to the rule, however, for a matter removed as a civil

rights case. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d). 

2 Section 1443 authorizes the removal of a state law action:

(1) Against any person who is denied or cannot enforce in the

courts of such State a right under any law providing for the equal

civil rights of citizens of the United States, or of all persons within

the jurisdiction thereof;

(2) For any act under color of authority derived from any law

providing for equal rights, or for refusing to do any act on the ground

that it would be inconsistent with such law.

-2-

This is an appeal from an order of the district court remanding an action

which defendant-appellant Orlando A. Rodriguez, proceeding pro se, had removed

from a New Mexico state court. We exercise our jurisdiction pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1447(d)1 and affirm.

Plaintiff-appellee Douglas F. Moeller, a citizen of New Mexico, sued Mr.

Rodriguez, also a citizen of New Mexico, in San Juan County District Court. Mr.

Moeller’s complaint alleged the state law claims of slander, intentional infliction

of emotional distress, practice of law without a license, invasion of privacy,

harassment, and prima facie tort. Mr. Rodriguez filed an answer and

counterclaim in state court and later filed a notice of removal, citing the removal

provisions applicable to civil rights cases, 28 U.S.C. § 1443.2

 The district court

remanded the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 
-3-

The requirements for removal under § 1443(1) are narrow and well-defined. 

See Davis v. Glanton, 107 F.3d 1044, 1045 (3d Cir. 1997). “First, it must appear

that the right allegedly denied the removal petitioner arises under a federal law

‘providing for specific civil rights stated in terms of racial equality.’” Johnson v.

Mississippi, 421 U.S. 213, 219 (1975) (quoting Georgia v. Rachel, 384 U.S. 780,

792 (1966)). “Second, it must appear . . . that the removal petitioner is ‘denied

or cannot enforce’ the specified federal rights ‘in the courts of [the] State.’”

Johnson, 421 U.S. at 219 (quoting 28 § 1443(1)). 

The second requirement must be satisfied by specific allegations of fact. 

See 14A Charles Alan Wright et al. Federal Practice and Procedure § 3728, at 469

(2d ed. 1985). Its purpose is “to give state courts the power and opportunity to

correct alleged denials of civil rights whenever possible, and thereby to avoid

unnecessary federal interference with state judicial processes.” Id. at 469-70

(footnote omitted).

Mr. Rodriguez claims that, in the state courts, he cannot enforce his right to

be protected from racial discrimination due to his Hispanic heritage because of a

corrupt environment. He states that he is at a disadvantage in the legal system in

that a “stigmata” marks him as an individual “who can be routinely degraded,

injured, subjugated or damaged without fear of any reprisal.” Appellant’s Br. at

4-5. See also id. at 7, 9, 11. 
3 We note that Mr. Rodriguez relied on apparently similar allegations in an

attempt to remove the case of Associates Financial Services Co. of New Mexico,

Inc. v. Rodriguez, No. 93-2194, 1994 WL 209818 (10th Cir. May 26, 1994). In

that case, we stated:

Defendant’s broad, conclusory, and unsupported allegation of

“racism in the courts of New Mexico” does not meet the Johnson

standard for 1443 removal. See Ronan v. Stone, 396 F.2d 502, 503

(1st Cir. 1968). “State proceedings do not become civil rights

matters by generalized, not to mention unsupported, allegations

. . . .” Id. Because there was no proper removal under 1443, we

affirm the remand order to the extent removal was sought pursuant to

1443. 

-4-

Mr. Rodriguez has not shown an inability to enforce specific civil rights

relating to racial equality or an unwillingness of the New Mexico state courts to

protect his federal rights. His conclusory and extraneous allegations do not meet

the requirements for removal under § 1443(1).3

Similarly, Mr. Rodriguez is not entitled to removal under § 1443(2), which

authorizes a defendant to remove a civil action alleging “any act under color of

authority derived from any law providing for equal rights.” In City of Greenwood

v. Peacock, 384 U.S. 808, 824 (1966), the Supreme Court concluded that this

clause “confers a privilege of removal only upon federal officers or agents and

those authorized to act with or for them in affirmatively executing duties under

any federal law providing for equal civil rights.” From the record before us, it is

apparent that Mr. Rodriguez is not a federal officer or agent.
-5-

The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of New

Mexico is AFFIRMED. Mr. Moeller’s motion to affirm or dismiss is denied as

moot. The mandate shall issue forthwith.

Entered for the Court

James E. Barrett

Senior Circuit Judge