[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 11-16093

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D. C. Docket No. 2:10-cr-00066-JES-SPC-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

JOHN L. YATES,

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

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(August 16, 2013)

Before DUBINA, JORDAN and BALDOCK,

* Circuit Judges.

DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

 

* Honorable Bobby R. Baldock, United States Circuit Judge for the Tenth Circuit, sitting 

by designation.

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Appellant John L. Yates (“Yates”) appeals his convictions for violating 18 

U.S.C. §§ 1519 and 2232(a), which arose out of his harvesting undersized red 

grouper

1 in federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico. After reviewing the record, 

reading the parties’ briefs, and having the benefit of oral argument, we affirm

Yates’s convictions. 

I.

On August 17, 2007, Yates and his crew prepared the Miss Katie, a fishing 

vessel, for a fishing trip into federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico. On August 23, 

2007, John Jones (“Officer Jones”), a field officer with the Florida Fish and 

Wildlife Conservation Commission, who was deputized by the National Marine 

Fisheries Service (“Fisheries Service”) to enforce federal fisheries laws, was on an 

offshore patrol with fellow officers when he encountered the Miss Katie. Officer 

Jones noticed the Miss Katie was actively engaged in a commercial harvest using 

longline fishing gear, so he approached and boarded the Miss Katie to inspect for 

gear, fishery, and boating-safety compliance. 

While on board, Officer Jones noticed three red grouper that appeared to be 

less than 20 inches in length, the minimum size limit for red grouper at that time.2

 

 

1 This opinion uses the terms “red grouper,” “grouper,” and “fish” interchangeably.

2 In 2007, federal regulations required that harvested red grouper be a minimum of 20 

inches in length. 50 C.F.R. § 622.37(d)(2)(ii) (2007). Total overall length was to be determined 

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As a result, Officer Jones decided to measure Yates’s fish to determine whether 

they were of legal size. Officer Jones separated grouper that appeared to be less 

than 20 inches so he could measure them. He measured the fish with their mouths 

closed and their tails pinched. Officer Jones gave Yates the benefit of the doubt on 

the fish that measured close to 20 inches but separated the fish that were clearly 

under the legal limit and placed those fish in wooden crates. In total, Officer Jones 

determined that 72 grouper clearly measured less than 20 inches. Officer Jones 

then placed the wooden crates in the Miss Katie’s fish box and issued Yates a 

citation for the undersized fish. Officer Jones instructed Yates not to disturb the 

undersized fish and informed Yates that the Fisheries Service would seize the fish 

upon the Miss Katie’s return to port.

Contrary to Officer Jones’s directions, Yates instructed his crew to throw 

the undersized fish overboard. Thomas Lemons (“Lemons”), one of the 

crewmembers, testified that he complied with Yates’s directive. At Yates’s 

prompting, the crew then took other red grouper and placed them in the wooden 

crates that had held the undersized fish. After the switch was completed, Yates 

 

by measuring the fish with its mouth open or closed and its tail squeezed or not squeezed, to give 

the overall greatest length. See id. § 622.2 (“Total length . . . means the straight-line distance 

from the tip of the snout to the tip of the tail (caudal fin), excluding any caudal filament, while 

the fish is lying on its side. The mouth of the fish may be closed and/or the tail may be squeezed 

together to give the greatest overall measurement.”).

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instructed Lemons to tell any law enforcement officers who asked that the fish in 

the wooden crates were the same fish that Officer Jones had determined were 

undersized.

After the Miss Katie returned to port, Fisheries Service special agent James 

Kejonen (“Agent Kejonen”) traveled to Cortez, Florida to meet Yates and 

investigate the report of undersized grouper. On August 27, 2007, Officer Jones 

was called in to re-measure the fish, which he did in the same manner as before—

mouths closed and tails pinched. Sixty-nine fish measured less than 20 inches. 

Officer Jones noticed that, although some of Yates’s undersized red grouper had 

previously measured as short as 18 to 19 inches, none of the grouper unloaded at 

the dock were that short. In fact, at sea, most of Yates’s grouper had measured 

between 19 and 19 1/2 inches, but at the dock, the majority of the grouper 

measured close to 20 inches. Due to Officer Jones’s suspicion that the undersized 

fish measured on August 27 were not the same fish he had measured on August 23, 

federal agents interviewed Lemons, who eventually divulged the crew’s nefarious 

conduct. 

At trial, Yates disputed whether the red grouper thrown overboard were 

actually undersized because Officer Jones had only measured the fish with their 

mouths closed, not open. In other words, Yates argued it was possible that, had the 

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fish been measured with their mouths open, they would have measured legal size. 

The day before trial, the district court held a Daubert3 hearing to evaluate the 

qualifications of the two grouper-measuring experts proffered by the parties. The 

government offered Dr. Richard Cody (“Dr. Cody”), a research administrator with 

the Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, as a potential expert witness. Dr. Cody 

was prepared to testify that, on average, a grouper measured three to four 

millimeters longer when its mouth was open versus when its mouth was closed. 

Yates did not object to that contention, but he did object to other portions of Dr. 

Cody’s testimony. The district court took Dr. Cody’s testimony under advisement 

but did not decide whether he could testify as an expert on measuring grouper. 

The district court also ruled that Yates’s expert, William Ward (“Mr. Ward”), 

research director for the Gulf Fishermen’s Association, could offer testimony about 

a grouper’s measurement with an open mouth as opposed to a closed mouth and 

about fish shrinkage when placed on ice.

Ultimately, the government did not call Dr. Cody as a witness in its case-inchief. After the government rested, Yates’s counsel announced for the first time 

that he planned to call Dr. Cody as his first witness to testify about the length of 

grouper with an open mouth versus a closed mouth. The government objected. 

 

3 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993).

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The district court sustained the government’s objection, ruling that Yates was 

precluded from calling Dr. Cody in his case-in-chief because Yates had failed to 

properly notify the government of his intention to call Dr. Cody as an expert 

witness, as required by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16. After the district 

court had made its ruling, Yates called as his first witness Mr. Ward, who testified 

that fish can shrink on ice and that grouper measure longer with their mouths open 

than with their mouths closed. On cross-examination, the government questioned 

Mr. Ward about his own state and federal fishing violations.

At the conclusion of the government’s case-in-chief, and at the close of all 

the evidence, Yates moved for judgment of acquittal on all counts. The district 

court denied both motions. After a four-day trial, the jury found Yates guilty of (1) 

knowingly disposing of undersized fish in order to prevent the government from 

taking lawful custody and control of them, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2232(a) 

(Count I); and (2) destroying or concealing a “tangible object with the intent to 

impede, obstruct, or influence” the government’s investigation into harvesting

undersized grouper, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1519 (Count II). The district court 

sentenced Yates to 30 days’ imprisonment, followed by 36 months’ supervised 

release. Yates timely appealed his convictions. 

II.

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Yates presents three issues on appeal. First, Yates argues the district court 

erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal on Counts I and II, because 

the government failed to present sufficient evidence to prove the fish thrown 

overboard were undersized. Second, Yates argues the district court erred as a 

matter of law in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal on Count II, because 

the term “tangible object” as used in 18 U.S.C. § 1519 does not apply to fish. 

Alternatively, Yates argues the statute is ambiguous and the rule of lenity should 

apply. Finally, Yates argues the district court abused its discretion by precluding 

him from calling Dr. Cody during his case-in-chief.

III.

“We review de novo a district court’s denial of a motion for judgment of 

acquittal on sufficiency of evidence grounds.” United States v. Pena, 684 F.3d 

1137, 1152 (11th Cir. 2012). “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we 

look at the record in the light most favorable to the verdict and draw all reasonable 

inferences and resolve all questions of credibility in its favor.” United States v. 

White, 663 F.3d 1207, 1213 (11th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. United States v. Aldrich, 

566 F.3d 976, 978 n.2 (11th Cir. 2009). Finally, we review the district court’s 

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discovery rulings for abuse of discretion. Reese v. Herbert, 527 F.3d 1253, 1262 

n.13 (11th Cir. 2008).

IV.

A. Sufficient evidence was presented at trial for the jury to conclude the fish 

thrown overboard were undersized.

4

Yates contends that Officer Jones’s failure to measure the fish with their 

mouths open—as opposed to only measuring them with their mouths closed—

creates speculation as to whether the fish would have measured undersized with 

their mouths open. As such, he argues there was not sufficient evidence for the 

jury to conclude the fish thrown overboard were undersized. We disagree. 

First, the testimonial evidence given by Officer Jones, Agent Kejonen, and 

Mr. Ward conflicts as to whether measuring a fish with its mouth open, as opposed 

to closed, makes a difference in the fish’s overall length. The jury was free to 

weigh the conflicting evidence and decide whether opening or closing a fish’s 

 

4 While the size of the fish thrown overboard is not an essential element under either 18 

U.S.C. § 1519 or § 2232(a), the prosecution failed to object to the district court’s charge to the 

jury regarding the process for determining whether a fish is undersized. Accordingly, 

establishing that the fish were “undersized” became necessary for conviction pursuant to the 

“law of the case” doctrine. See United States v. Spletzer, 535 F.2d 950, 954 (5th Cir. 1976).5

 

Thus, in addressing Yates’s argument that the district court should have granted his motion for 

judgment of acquittal as to Counts I and II, the inquiry is whether sufficient evidence was 

presented at trial to support the jury’s finding that the fish thrown overboard were undersized. 

5 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), the 

Eleventh Circuit adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed 

down prior to October 1, 1981. 

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mouth made a large difference, a small difference, or no difference at all in the 

fish’s measurement. See United States v. Prince, 883 F.2d 953, 959 n.3 (11th Cir. 

1989) (“Weighing the credibility of witnesses . . . is within the province of the jury, 

and the jury is free to believe or disbelieve any part or all of the testimony of a 

witness.”). Further, Officer Jones testified that while he was on board the Miss 

Katie, Yates scolded his crew for keeping undersized fish and stated, “Look at this 

fish, it’s only 19 inches. How could you miss this one?” [R. 141 at 93.] Similarly, 

Agent Kejonen testified that, on the dock, Yates admitted to having at least “a few” 

undersized fish on his boat when Officer Jones measured them days earlier. [Id. at 

184.] Moreover, that Yates directed his crew to throw the fish overboard creates 

an inference that he—as an experienced commercial fisherman—believed the fish 

to be undersized. In sum, a “rational trier of fact could have found . . . beyond a 

reasonable doubt” that the fish thrown into the Gulf were shorter than the legal 

limit. See United States v. Mintmire, 507 F.3d 1273, 1289 (11th Cir. 2007). 

Accordingly, we conclude from the record that sufficient evidence was presented 

at trial for the jury to convict Yates of Counts I and II. 

B. A fish is a “tangible object” within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1519.

Yates contends the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment of 

acquittal as to Count II because the term “tangible object” as used in 18 U.S.C. 

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§ 1519 “only applies to records, documents, or tangible items that relate to 

recordkeeping” and “does not apply to . . . fish.” [Appellant’s Br. at 36.]

“In statutory construction, the plain meaning of the statute controls unless 

the language is ambiguous or leads to absurd results.” United States v. Carrell, 

252 F.3d 1193, 1198 (11th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). “When 

the text of a statute is plain, . . . we need not concern ourselves with contrary intent 

or purpose revealed by the legislative history.” United States v. Hunt, 526 F.3d 

739, 744 (11th Cir. 2008). Further, undefined words in a statute—such as 

“tangible object” in this instance—are given their ordinary or natural meaning. 

Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 228, 113 S. Ct. 2050, 2054 (1993). In 

keeping with those principles, we conclude “tangible object,” as § 1519 uses that 

term, unambiguously applies to fish. See BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1592 (9th ed. 

2009) (defining “tangible” as “[h]aving or possessing physical form”); see also 

United States v. Sullivan, 578 F.2d 121, 124 (5th Cir. 1978) (noting that cocaine is 

a “tangible object” subject to examination and inspection under Rule 16(a) of the 

Rules of Criminal Procedure). Because the statute is unambiguous, we also 

conclude the rule of lenity does not apply here. 

C. Yates’s right to present a defense was not prejudiced by the district 

court’s ruling that disallowed Yates from calling Dr. Cody during his 

case-in-chief.

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Because Yates waited until the close of the government’s case-in-chief to 

disclose Dr. Cody as an expert witness, the disclosure was untimely under Federal 

Rule of Criminal Procedure 16(b)(1)(C). As a sanction for this untimely 

disclosure, the district court did not allow Dr. Cody to testify during Yates’s casein-chief. Yates does not dispute that he did not give proper notice to the 

government pursuant to Rule 16(b)(1)(C). Instead, Yates argues that the district 

court should have used a lesser sanction to address his late disclosure, and that the 

district court’s outright preclusion of Dr. Cody’s testimony at trial infringed on 

Yates’s constitutional right to present a defense. According to Yates, Dr. Cody 

would have reinforced his expert Mr. Ward’s testimony that red grouper measure 

longer with their mouths open than with their mouths closed. Yates also contends 

Dr. Cody’s corroboration of Mr. Ward’s testimony would have countered the 

government’s attempt to discredit Mr. Ward. 

“Relief for violations of discovery rules lies within the discretion of the trial 

court[.]” United States v. Petrie, 302 F.3d 1280, 1289 (11th Cir. 2002). To 

warrant reversal of the court’s discretion on appeal, “a defendant must show 

prejudice to his substantial rights.” Id. While the right of the accused to present a 

defense is a substantial right, that right is not boundless. See Taylor v. Illinois, 484 

U.S. 400, 410, 108 S. Ct. 646, 653 (1988). 

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It is unnecessary for us to determine whether the district court properly 

exercised its discretion in precluding Dr. Cody from testifying at trial, because we 

conclude Yates has failed to show the preclusion prejudiced his right to present a 

defense. As Yates conceded in his brief, his expert Mr. Ward offered the same 

testimony Yates hoped to elicit from Dr. Cody. Indeed, our review of the record 

shows Dr. Cody’s testimony would have been less favorable to Yates than that of 

Mr. Ward. Moreover, under the circumstances presented here, Yates’s inability to 

offer Dr. Cody’s testimony to rehabilitate Dr. Ward’s credibility does not amount 

to prejudice of his substantial rights.

V.

 For the above stated reasons, we affirm Yates’s convictions.

AFFIRMED.

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