2018 IL App (1st) 172972 

FIRST DIVISION 

December 10, 2018 

No. 1-17-2972 

IN THE INTEREST OF JULIEANNA M., ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of 

STEVEN M., MICHAEL M., and JAX M. ) Cook County 

) 

(People of the State of Illinois, ) 

Petitioner-Appellee, ) No. 13 JA 1062; 13 JA 1063; 

) 13 JA 1064; 13 JA 1065 

v. ) 

) 

Iris M., ) Honorable Nicholas Geanopoulos 

Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge Presiding 

JUSTICE GRIFFIN delivered the opinion of the court. 

Presiding Justice Mikva and Justice Walker concur in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 This appeal arises out of a case brought by the State to terminate the parental rights of the 

respondent-mother, Iris M., and the father, Brian M., and concerns the parental rights of their 

four minor children. The trial court involuntarily terminated both parents’ parental rights. Before 

us now is the respondent-mother’s appeal. The father also appealed the termination order, and we 

affirmed following counsel’s withdrawal from representation under Anders v. California, 386 

U.S. 738 (1967). In re J.M., No. 17-2662 (Unpublished Order, June 25, 2018). We affirm the 

trial court’s judgment terminating respondent’s parental rights and ordering that the minor 

children be placed for adoption. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

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¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 In their briefs in this appeal, the parties have provided lengthy recitations of the facts that 

led to the respondent-mother’s parental rights being terminated. However, respondent does not 

challenge the trial court’s finding that she is an unfit parent or that the evidence supported the 

termination of her parental rights under the applicable statutory scheme. Respondent’s only 

asserted basis for relief on appeal is that section 2-28 of the Juvenile Court Act (705 ILCS 405/2­

28 (West 2016) (sometimes referred to hereinafter as “section 2-28”) is unconstitutional. 

Therefore, the majority of the facts recited by the parties are not pertinent to this appeal, and we 

will just address the relevant facts where appropriate—the facts are undisputed. Respondent did 

not file a reply brief. 

¶ 4 The Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/0.01 et seq. (West 2016)) enumerates the grounds on 

which the court may find that a person is unfit to have a child. 750 ILCS 50/1(D) (West 2016). 

One of those grounds for finding a parent to be unfit is where the parent fails to make reasonable 

progress toward the return home of the child or correct the conditions that were the basis for the 

removal of the child after the child has been adjudicated neglected or abused under the Juvenile 

Court Act. 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(i-ii) (West 2016). In this case, after a parental fitness hearing 

where the trial court received testimony from several doctors and clinicians, the trial court found 

that respondent was unfit under the Adoption Act because of her lifelong intellectual disability 

and failure to make reasonable progress toward the minors returning home. 

¶ 5 As Illinois law requires (In re O.S., 364 Ill. App. 3d 628, 633 (2006)), the trial court then 

moved to the “best interests portion” of the termination hearing. The trial court heard from the 

caseworker and from each of the children’s foster parents and, after the hearing, found that it was 

in the best interests of the children that respondent’s parental rights be terminated. The trial court 

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entered termination orders and permanency orders for all four children. The new permanency 

goal for three of the children was adoption from their then-current foster relationships. One child, 

Michael, was given a final permanency goal of private guardianship rather than adoption because 

the foster parents knew respondent well and wanted her to continue to remain in Michael’s life. 

The parties raise no issue with regard to the private guardianship permanency goal set for 

Michael. 

¶ 6 Article II of the Juvenile Court Act contains the laws applicable to abused, neglected, or 

dependent minors. 705 ILCS 405/2-1 et seq. (West 2016). Section 2-28, which respondent argues 

is unconstitutional, gives the court the authority to determine the child’s future legal status and 

set permanency goals. 705 ILCS 405/2-28(2) (West 2016). Two of the available forms of 

permanency are adoption and private guardianship. See 705 ILCS 405/2-28(2)(D-E) (West 

2016). Adoption is only an accepted permanency goal when parental rights have already been 

terminated or are relinquished. 705 ILCS 405/2-28(2)(D) (West 2016). Permanent private 

guardianship is only an accepted permanency goal when short-term care options and adoption 

have already been ruled out. 705 ILCS 405/2-28(2)(E) (West 2016). The basis for respondent’s 

appeal is that the statute is unconstitutional because adoption requires the termination of parental 

rights and adoption must be ruled out as an option before guardianship can be considered as a 

permanency solution. 

¶ 7 II. ANALYSIS 

¶ 8 A. Jurisdiction and Mootness 

¶ 9 The Public Guardian argues that we lack jurisdiction to hear respondent’s appeal or that 

the issues she raises regarding the court review/permanency statute (705 ILCS 405/2-28 (West 

2016)) are moot. The State, which joined the Public Guardian’s arguments in all other respects, 

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disagrees that the issues are moot or that we lack jurisdiction. 

¶ 10 The Public Guardian contends that because respondent never petitioned to appeal the 

January 2016 permanency goal set under section 2-28, we lack jurisdiction to address the order 

and the issues raised in the appeal are now moot. Our Supreme Court has stated that the 

“supreme court rules currently contain a provision which would allow for appeals of permanency 

orders to be brought on a discretionary basis in the appellate court.” In re Curtis B., 203 Ill. 2d 

53, 61 (2002). That mechanism is Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(5) which allows a party to petition 

for leave to appeal orders affecting the care and custody of minors. Id. “Under Rule 306(a)(5), a 

party who wishes to petition the appellate court for leave to appeal a permanency order may do 

so.” Id. at 63; see also In re Alicia Z., 336 Ill. App. 3d 476, 492 (2002). So it is clear that 

respondent could have petitioned to appeal the permanency goal when it was set in January 2016, 

but the Public Guardian argues that she cannot appeal it now—at the conclusion of the 

termination hearing. 

¶ 11 Respondent is challenging the constitutionality of the statute—the portion that appears to 

favor adoption over private guardianship. She timely filed this appeal within 30 days after the 

entry of the orders terminating her parental rights and setting the permanency goal to adoption. 

Once the orders were entered terminating her parental rights and setting the final permanency 

goal to adoption, the case was over and the prior, nonfinal interlocutory rulings are appealable. In 

Interest of E.L., 152 Ill. App. 3d 25, 30 (1987). While respondent could have petitioned to appeal 

the permanency orders when they were entered, she was not required to do so. And she is 

entitled to appeal the constitutionality of the statutory scheme that led to her alleged deprivation 

at the time that the orders in the case became final, which is now. Respondent did not need to file 

an interlocutory appeal to assert her objection to the constitutionality of the statute when the 

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issue she raises ultimately arises from the final order. Respondent is challenging the statutory 

process that favors adoption over private guardianship as a final permanency goal and she timely 

appealed from the order setting adoption as the final permanency goal. The issue is now ripe for 

review. 

¶ 12 B. Whether Section 2-28 Violates a Parent’s Right to Due Process 

¶ 13 Respondent argues that the statutory scheme is unconstitutional on due process grounds. 

Respondent contends that section 2-28 of the Juvenile Court Act (705 ILCS 405/2-28 (West 

2016)) deprives individuals of their fundamental liberty interest in the familial relationship where 

the statute has a preference for adoption over private guardianship. The statutory scheme requires 

that adoption must be ruled out before private guardianship can be considered (705 ILCS 405/2­

28(2)(D))), and respondent believes those priorities are misplaced—that the court should be able 

to consider private guardianship without having to rule out adoption. According to respondent, 

“private guardianship is less restrictive than achieving the permanency goal of adoption” and, in 

this case, “achieves all of the stated goals of each party involved.” Respondent’s position is that, 

in this case, even though “the parents have been determined to be unfit it is not necessary to 

terminate all of their parental rights.” 

¶ 14 Procedures involved in terminating parental rights must meet the requirements of the due 

process clause. In re M.H., 196 Ill. 2d 356, 363 (2001). In determining what due process requires 

with respect to the termination of parental rights, a court must consider: (1) the private interest 

affected by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of the interest through the 

procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; 

and (3) the government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and 

administrative burdens that the additional or substitute safeguards would entail. Mathews v. 

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No. 1-17-2972 

Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334-35 (1976). Due process, unlike some legal rules, is not a technical 

conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and circumstances, but is instead flexible 

and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands. Id. at 334. 

¶ 15 The overarching purpose of the Juvenile Court Act is “to secure for each minor subject 

[t]hereto such care and guidance, preferably in his or her own home, as will serve the safety and 

moral, emotional, mental, and physical welfare of the minor and the best interests of the 

community.” 705 ILCS 405/1-2 (West 2016). To do so, the Act aims to “preserve and strengthen 

the minor's family ties whenever possible, removing him or her from the custody of his or her 

parents only when his or her safety or welfare or the protection of the public cannot be 

adequately safeguarded without removal.” Id. When the minor is removed from his or her own 

family, the Act impresses on the interested parties to “secure for [the minor] custody, care and 

discipline as nearly as possible equivalent to that which should be given by his or her parents, 

and in cases where it should and can properly be done to place the minor in a family home so 

that he or she may become a member of the family by legal adoption or otherwise.” Id. 

¶ 16 Both the United States and Illinois Constitutions protect a parent's fundamental right 

in the care, custody, and control of her children. In re M.H., 196 Ill. 2d at 362. When laws 

affecting fundamental liberty interests are challenged, the laws are subject to strict scrutiny. In re 

D.W., 214 Ill. 2d 289, 311 (2005). For us to uphold a law under a strict scrutiny challenge, the 

law must be shown to serve a compelling government interest and employ the least restrictive 

means to further the attainment of the government's goal. Id. We review the constitutionality of a 

statute de novo. Casey’s Marketing Co. v. Hamer, 2016 IL App (1st) 143485, ¶ 11. 

¶ 17 There are several reasons respondent believes that private guardianship should be 

considered ahead of adoption and found to be a less restrictive way to accomplish the goals of 

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the Juvenile Court Act and the Adoption Act. For adoption to be selected as a permanency goal, 

parental rights must be terminated; whereas no termination of parental rights is required for 

guardianship. In guardianship, parents might retain a legal relationship with the child and have 

other residual rights not available in adoption. Private guardianship might also allow for the 

modification of rights if changes in circumstances occur; whereas adoption is final once it is 

complete. In this case, pointing to the result obtained for Michael, respondent maintains that 

private guardianship is an acceptable and less restrictive permanency goal for all of the children. 

¶ 18 Respondent does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on which the court found 

her to be an unfit parent or that led the court to terminate her parental rights. Nor do we have any 

indication that the trial court might have chosen private guardianship if the statute was revised to 

respondent’s liking. Nonetheless, respondent’s position on appeal is simply that, insofar as her 

constitutional rights are concerned, private guardianship is a less restrictive alternative by which 

the State may achieve its interests than through adoption. Respondent maintains that even if she 

should not have custody of her children, she should be afforded the opportunity to have some 

residual rights of parenthood that she loses through adoption. 

¶ 19 Respondent’s argument has superficial appeal because private guardianship ostensibly 

appears to be a less restrictive method of accomplishing the Juvenile Court Act’s goals than 

adoption from the parent’s perspective. However, the statutory preference for adoption does not 

violate a parent’s right to due process because the only way to achieve the State’s compelling 

imperative for stability for neglected and dependent children when the parent cannot now or in 

the future care for the child is to allow the child to be adopted into a safe and stable home. When 

the parent cannot care for the child and it is clear that the child cannot return home, the 

constitutional rights of the parents must be viewed in light of the constitutional rights of the 

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children. See In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347, 364 (2004). 

¶ 20 It is not and cannot be disputed that “the state, as parens patriae, has a compelling 

interest in protecting the welfare of children.” In re R.C., 195 Ill. 2d at 305. Our supreme court 

has held that the state’s interest in protecting minors can be sufficiently compelling to satisfy 

strict due process scrutiny when child is being raised by parent who is, and will remain, for an 

unreasonable time, unable to give the child proper care. Id. at 305-06. That is the situation in this 

case. Having established that there is a compelling government interest at stake, we move to 

whether the statute uses the least restrictive means for achieving its objective. 

¶ 21 Adoption is given preference over guardianship when the natural parent cannot give 

proper care because adoption better insures the child’s stability and permanency in a safe, 

comfortable environment. In re B’yata I., 2014 IL App (2d) 130558-B, ¶ 42. The state must act 

to meet the child’s needs for safety and moral, emotional, mental, and physical welfare while 

also promoting the best interests of the community. 705 ILCS 405/1-2 (West 2016). Ultimately, 

the paramount consideration is the child’s best interests. In Interest of Ashley K., 212 Ill. App. 3d 

849, 879 (1991). In this case, there was a sincere need for the children to have some permanency. 

The family had been unstable and engaged with DCFS for most of the last 10 years or more. 

¶ 22 The General Assembly has made a determination that private guardianship is an inferior 

option for children who cannot be returned to their parents. While the statutes default to the 

rights of the natural parents—removing a child from the custody of the parents only when 

necessary—the goals shift when a parent is not able to care for the child. See In re D.T., 212 Ill. 

at 364. Once a parent is found to be unfit, the parent’s interest in maintaining the parent-child 

relationship must yield to the child’s interest in a stable, loving home life. Id. Adoption is the 

only effective way to effectuate that stability, and it enables the child to grow up in a new, 

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permanent family, advancing the child’s best interests. 

¶ 23 Private guardianship does not accomplish the same goals. Private guardianship is not 

permanent or stable as it is revocable and subjects the children to uncertainty with regard to their 

custodial situation. In re P.F., 265 Ill. App. 3d 1092, 1105-06 (1994); In re Tr. O., 362 Ill. App. 

3d 860, 864 (2005). In many cases, a natural parent having residual rights is actually harmful to 

the children and that concern outweighs the parent’s desire to have rights to the child. See., e.g., 

In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d at 368 (the child has spent 10 years in legal limbo with uncertainty about 

who to call “mom” and where he could call “home”); In re Tajannah O., 2014 IL App (1st) 

133119, ¶ 29 (despite the mother’s efforts, the best result was to sever that parent-child 

relationship for the child’s imperative need for permanency and stability). For example, in this 

case, if private guardianship without a termination of parental rights was ordered, there were 

genuine concerns laid bare in the record, in particular about the father, that an attempt would be 

made to reconnect with the children that would harm their welfare. It is a realistic risk and 

concern in any case of private guardianship. Stability is not ensured and is, in fact, impeded. 

¶ 24 Moreover, private guardianship is in absolutely no way precluded. If the trial court finds 

that it is in the best interests of the child that parental rights remain intact, it may rule out 

adoption and set the goal to private guardianship. There are a series of hearings and other 

prophylactic measures before adoption may be ordered that guard against any potentially 

erroneous deprivation and give parents every right to make their case for maintaining a legal 

relationship with their child. Section 2-28 does not promote a system-wide due process 

deprivation for parents of dependent children as respondent suggests; it just provides the sole 

method by which the court can consider the child’s rights as truly paramount. 

¶ 25 While terminating parental rights is always a serious measure, there was extensive 

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evidence from the foster parents in this case regarding their willingness to allow respondent and 

the children to cultivate a relationship if adoption went forward. We are not only concerned with 

the parent’s constitutional rights at this point. We also must protect the statutory and 

constitutional rights of the child. The child has a protected liberty interest in being raised in a 

“normal family home,” a “loving, stable and safe environment.” In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d at 363. 

The Juvenile Court Act “establishes an elaborate and carefully tailored scheme to effect a 

balance between the constitutional rights of parents and the statutorily-created rights of children 

to health, safety, and protection.” In re O.S., 364 Ill. App. 3d 628, 638 (2006). Adoption is the 

only way to achieve finality—a permanent and stable situation for the child after years of 

uncertainty. A preference for adoption is not unconstitutional as it is the means to surely carry 

out the compelling interest at stake and, in terms of section 2-28, it is sufficiently narrowlytailored to pass constitutional muster. 

¶ 26 III. CONCLUSION 

¶ 27 Respondent’s position here is that even though both parents were found to be unfit, “it is 

not necessary to terminate all of their parental rights.” But the statute does not demand that 

parental rights be terminated; it directs the trial court, in its discretion, to make that decision in 

consideration of the best interests of the child. Respondent offers no developed argument that the 

trial court’s actual decision to terminate parental rights as being in the best interests of the 

children was erroneous or against the manifest weight of the evidence. The trial court terminated 

parental rights, based on the evidence, after hearing substantial testimony from several witnesses. 

¶ 28 The statutes at issue give the parties and the court a fair and meaningful opportunity to 

address what final measures are in the best interests of the child. Section 2-28 passes 

constitutional muster because adoption is the least restrictive method that the State can pursue to 

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resolve the array of competing interests and considerations that compose the serious, life-altering
 

issues that make up its compelling interest of protecting dependent children. The statutory 

mechanics do not deprive those subject to it of their constitutional guarantee of due process. 

¶ 29 Accordingly, we affirm. 

¶ 30 Affirmed.
 

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