FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC U IT JUNE 3, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H]

I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 07- 14724 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C . D o c k e tN o . 0 7 - 2 0 2 1 4 - C R - C MA U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s S A M M Y L E E C A R P E N T E R , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe S outhe rn D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( Ju n e 3, 2008) B efo re B IR C H , D U B IN A an d B L A C K , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M:2

S a m m y L e e C a rpe nt e rappe a l s hi s s e nt e nc e f ors e x tr a f

f i c ki ng of am i nor a n d e n t i c i n g ami n o rt o e n g a g e i n p r o s t i tu t i o n , i n v i o l a t i o n o f 1 8 U . S. C. §§ 15 91 (a )( 1), (2), 24 22 (a ), (b). A ft erC arpent erpl ed gu i l ty, the di stri ctcourt s e nt e nc e d hi m t o 180 m onths ’ i m pr i s onm e nta nd l i f e t i m e s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e , a nd im p o s e d , in te ra lia , the f ol l ow i ng s pe c i a l t e rm s of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e : ( 1) pr i or w r i tt e n pe rm i s s i on of

the c ourtbe f

or e e nt e r i ng i nt o a ny s e l f - e m pl oy m e nt ; ( 2) no uns upe rvi s e d c ont a c tw i th m i nor s ; a nd ( 3) no pos s e s s i on of “ vi s ua l de pi c t i ons of m i no rs or adul t s e ng aged i n sexual l y e xp l i ci tcond uct . ” C arpent erchal l enges v ari o u s i ssu es rel at ed t o h i s l i fet i m e t erm o f su p erv i sed rel ease, an d w e ad d ress th e m in tu rn . I . LI FETI M E SU PER VI SED R ELEA SE C a rpe nt e rf

i r s tc ha l l e nge s hi s l i f

e t i m e t e rm of

s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e , a s s e rt i ng ( 1) i tvi ol a t e s the E i ghth A m e ndm e nt , ( 2) i tc r e a t e s a n unw a rr a nt e d s e nt e nc i ng d is p a r ity a m o n g c o d e f

e n d a n ts , a n d ( 3 ) th e d is tr ic t c o u rt m a d e n o f a c tu a l f in d in g s to s upportal i f

e t i m e t e rm of

s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e . A c c or di ng t o the U . S . C ode , the di s tr i c tc ourtm a y i m pos e at e rm of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e f

orof f e ns e s unde r§§ 1591 a n d 2 4 2 2 o f

a n y te rm o f

y e a r s n o t le s s th a n f

iv e , o rlif e . 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 8 3 ( k ) . P ur s ua ntt o the G ui de l i ne s , al i f e t e rm of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e m a y be i m pos e d f or se x o ff ense s, w hi ch i ncl ud e in te ra lia , v io la tio n s o f § § 1 5 9 1 a n d 2 4 2 2 . See3

U . S . S . G . § 5 D 1 . 2 (b )(2 ) & co m m en t . (n . 1 ). T h e p o l i cy st at em en treco m m en d s a s ta tu to ry m a x im u m te rm o f s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e f

o rs e x o f f e n s e c o n v ic tio n s . See U .S .S .G . § 5 D 1 .2 , p .s . C a rpe nt e r ’ s a s s e rt i on, r a i s e d f orthe f i r s tt i m e on appe a l , tha thi s l i f e t e rm of s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e v io la te s th e E ig h th A m e n d m e n t is r e v ie w e d f o rp la in e rr o r . See U n ite d S ta te s v . Mo r ia r ty , 429 F . 3d 1012, 1018 ( 11th C i r . 2005) ( r e vi e w i ng const i tut i on al obj ec t i on no tra i se d b ef ore the di stri ctcourtfor pl ai n err or). “ W hen ne i the rthe S upr e m e C ourtnorthi s C ourtha s r e s ol ve d a n i s s ue . . . the r e c a n be no pl ai n err or i n regard t o thati ss ue. ” I d. a t1019. I n Mo r ia r ty , w e r e j e c t e d the a r gum e nt , by ade f

e nda ntw ho ha d pl e d gui l ty t o s e ve r a l c hi l d pornogr aphy offe nses , thata t erm of l i fe t i m e s up ervi se d rel ea se const i tut ed cruel and u nu sual p u n is h m e n t. I

d. at10 23 -25. B ec ause nei ther thi s C ou rtno r the S up re m e C ou rt ha ve he l d al i f

e t e rm of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e f

ors e x tr a f

f i c ki ng of am i norore nt i c i ng a m i no r i nt o p rost i tut i on vi ol at es the E i gh th A m endm ent , and thi s C ou rthas af fi rm ed a l i fe t erm of supervi se d rel ea se for asi m i l arse x o ff ense s, C arpent er c a n n o t d e m o n s tr a te a n y c o n s titu tio n a l e rr o rth a t is p la in . A ddi t i ona l l y , C a rpe nt e r ’ s a r gum e nthi s c ode f e nda nt s ’ l e s s e rt e rm s of su p erv i sed rel ease create sentence d i sp ari t i es i s m eri t l ess, as C arp en t er’ s o ffen se c o n d u c t, c u lp ab ility , a n d c o n v ic tio n s w e r e s ig n if ic a n tly d if

f e r e n t th a n th o s e o f

h is4

co d efen d an t s. C arp en t er (1 ) h ad sex w i th J. B . an d fi rstfo rced h er t o w o rkas a p r o s titu te in 2 0 0 3 , w h e n s h e w a s 1 4 y e a r s o ld ; ( 2 ) r e c ru ite d J .B ., f o r c e d h e rin to pr os t i tut i on, a nd di r e c t l y c ontr ol l e d he rdur i ng the i ns t a ntof f e ns e c onduc t ; a nd ( 3 ) p le d g u ilty to a ll f

o u rc o u n ts , in c lu d in g o n e c o u n t w ith w h ic h h is c o d e f e n d a n ts we r e n o tc h a r g e d , o n e c o u n to f wh i c h h i s c o d e f

e n d a n t s we r e a c q u i tt e d , a n d two c o u n ts f o rw h ic h th e ju ry f

o u n d h is c o d e f

e n d a n ts d id n o t u s e f

o r c e . W e al so rej ectC arp en t er’ s co n t en t i o n th e l i fet i m e t erm o f su p erv i sed rel ease w a s u n r e a s o n ab le b e c au s e th e d is tr ic t c o u rt m a d e n o f a c tu a l f in d in g s to s u p p o rt a l i f e t i m e t e rm of

s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e . T he di s tr i c tc ourti m pos e d C a rpe nt e r ’ s t e rm of l i fe t i m e s up ervi se d rel ea se af t erst at i ng i thad con si dere d the G ui del i nes and other § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) f

a c to r s . See U

ni ted Stat es v. T

al ley , 431 F . 3d 784, 786 ( 11th C i r . 2005) ( e x p la in in g ad is tr ic t c o u rt, in d e te rm in in g ar e a s o n ab le s e n te n c e , m u s t c o rr e c tly ca l cul at e the se nt enci ng rang e und erthe G ui del i nes and then con si der the fa ct ors s e tf orth i n 18 U . S . C . § 3553( a ) ) . B e c aus e he vi ol a t e d §§ 1591 a nd 2422, C a rp e n te rw a s s ta tu to r ily e lig ib le f o ralif e te rm o f s up e rv is e d r e le a s e . See 18 U . S . C . § 3 58 3(k). T he G ui del i nes r ec om m end a l i fe t erm of supervi se d rel ea se , a n d th e p o lic y s ta te m e n t r e c o m m e n d s th e s ta tu to ry m a x im u m te rm , i . e. , l i f e , f or s e x o f f e n s e s . See U . S . S . G . § 5 D 1 . 2 , p . s.5

A ddi t i ona l l y , a f

t e rhi s t e rm of

l i f e t i m e s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e w a s i m pos e d, r a the rtha n r e que s t i ng the c ourt ’ s r e a s oni ng f ori m pos i ng al i f

e t i m e t e rm of supervi se d rel ea se , C arpent erre qu es t ed the di stri ctcourti ncl ud e i n h i s w ri tt en j udgm e nttha ts upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e c oul d be r e vi s i t e d de pe ndi ng upon the d e f e n d a n t’s p e r f

o rm a n c e w h ile u n d e rs up e rv is io n . T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt d id e x a c tly w ha tC a rpe nt e rr e que s t e d, a nd the J udgm e ntr e a ds : “ T he de f e nda ntm a y pe t i t i on the C ou rtfor e ar l y t erm i nat i on of supervi se d rel ea se . ” A cc ordi ng l y, C arpent erhas no tm ethi s burden i n d em on stra t i ng the l i fe t erm of supervi se d rel ea se , w hi ch w as st atut ori l y perm i ss i bl e, re com m ended b y the G ui del i nes pol i cyst at em ent , i m po se d af t erconsi dera t i on of the § 3 55 3(a) fa ct ors, and i s e xp re ss l y a l l ow ed t o b e r evi si t ed d e p e n d in g o n C a rp e n te r ’s p e r f o rm a n c e w h ile u n d e rs u p e rv is io n , is u n r e a s o n ab le . See T al ley , 431 F . 3d a t788 ( 11th C i r . 2005) ( “ [ T ] he pa rty w ho c ha l l e nge s the s e nt e nc e be a r s the bur de n of e s t abl i s hi ng tha tthe s e nt e nc e i s unr e a s onabl e i n the lig h t o f b o th [ th e ] r e c o r d a n d th e f a c to r s in s e c tio n 3 5 5 3 ( a ) .” ) . I I . S P E CI AL CO ND I T I ON S C a rpe nt e rne xtc ont e nds the di s tr i c tc ourtf a i l e d t o m a ke f

a c tua l f i ndi ngs j ust i fy i ng the: (1) “ broad b an” on sexual l y e xp l i ci tm at er i al s e xt endi ng t o m at er i al i nvol vi ng a dul t s ; ( 2) the ba n on uns upe rvi s e d c ont a c tw i th a ny m i nor ; a nd6

( 3 ) r e s tr ic tio n o n s e lf

- e m p lo y m e n t. H e a s s e rts th e “b r o a d b a n ” o n s e x u a lly e x p lic it m a te r ia ls e x te n d in g to m a te r ia l in v o lv in g a d u lts v io la te s th e F ir s t A m e n d m e n t. A d i stri ctco u rt ’ s i m p o si t i o n o f a sp eci al co n d i t i o n o f su p erv i sed rel ease or di na r i l y i s r e vi e w e d f ora n abus e of

di s c r e t i on, butw he r e , a s he r e , obj e c t i ons w e r e n o t p r e s e rv e d f

o rap p e a l, w e r e v ie w f

o rp la in e rr o r . See U

ni te d State s v . Z i nn , 321 F . 3d 1084, 1087- 88 ( 11th C i r . 2003) ( not i ng obj e c t i ons t o s e nt e nc e of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e notc l e a r l y s t a t e d i n the di s tr i c tc ourta r e de e m e d w a i ve d, a nd r e vi e w i s f

orpl a i n e rr or ) . T he U . S . C ode a l l ow s the di s tr i c tc ourtt o i m pos e a ny c o n d itio n o f

s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e it d e e m s ap p r o p r ia te , s o lo n g a s it c o m p o rts w ith the f a c t or s e num e r a t e d i n § 3553( a ) . 18 U . S . C . § 3583( d) . T he S e nt e nc i ng G ui del i nes perm i tthe se nt enci ng courtt o i m po se any c on di t i on s of s up ervi se d r e le a s e th a t: ( 1) a r e r e a s onabl y r e l a t e d t o ( A ) the na tur e a nd c i r c um s t a nc e s of the of f e ns e a nd the hi s t ory a nd c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s of the de f e nda nt ; ( B ) the n e e d f o rth e s e n te n c e im p o s e d to a f f o r d a d e q u a te d e te rr e n c e to cr i m i nal cond uct ; (C ) the need t o p rot ec tthe pu bl i c f rom further c r i m e s of the de f e nda nt ; a nd ( D ) the ne e d t o pr ovi de the de f e nda nt w i th . . . c orr e c t i ona l tr e a tm e nti n the m os te f f e c t i ve m a nne r ; a nd ( 2 ) in v o lv e n o g r e a te rd e p r iv a tio n o f lib e rty th a n is r e a s o n ab ly ne c e s s a ry f

orthe purpos e s s e tf

or th above a nd a r e c ons i s t e ntw i th a ny p e rtin e n t p o lic y s ta te m e n ts is s u e d b y th e S e n te n c in g C o m m is s io n . U . S . S . G . § 5 D 1. 3(b). W hi l e the G ui del i nes r ec og ni ze “ a c on di t i on of supervi se d r e le a s e s h o u ld n o t u n d u ly r e s tr ic t ad e f e n d a n t’s lib e rty , ac o n d itio n is n o t in v a lid7

s im p ly b e c au s e it a f

f e c ts ap r o b a tio n e r ’s ab ility to e x e r c is e c o n s titu tio n a lly prot ec t ed ri gh t s. ” Z i nn , 32 1 F . 3d at10 89 (c i t at i on om i tt ed). W ith r e g a r d to th e b a n o n p o s s e s s in g s e x u a lly e x p lic it m a te r ia ls , n e ith e rth is C o u rt n o rth e S u p r e m e C o u rt h a v e h e ld alif e tim e c o n d itio n p r o h ib itin g as im ila r ly s itu a te d s e x o f

f e n d e rf r o m p o s s e s s in g a n ys e x u a lly e x p lic it m a te r ia ls is o v e r ly broad. A cc ordi ng l y, the di stri ctcourtdi d n otpl ai nl y e rri n p rohi bi t i ng C arpent er f r o m p o s s e s s in g s e x u a lly e x p lic it m a te r ia ls . Se e Mo r ia r ty , 4 2 9 F .3 d a t 1 0 1 9 . M o r e o v e r , as p e c ia l c o n d itio n o f s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e is n o t in v a lid s im p ly b e c au s e it a f f e c ts a n ap p e lla n t’s ab ility to e x e r c is e c o n s titu tio n a lly p r o te c te d r ig h ts . Se e Z i nn , 321 F . 3d a t1089. C a rpe nt e ronl y c ha l l e nge s the c ondi t i on pr ohi bi t i ng un superv ise d cont ac t w ith m in o r s , b u t d o e s n o t c h a lle n g e th e b r o a d e rb a n o n a n y c o n ta c t w ith m in o r s . A c c o r d in g ly , h e h a s ab a n d o n e d a n y o b je c tio n to th e b r o a d e rc o n d itio n . See U ni ted S ta tes v. Fo rd , 270 F . 3d 1346, 1347 ( 11th C i r . 2001) ( not i ng i s s ue s a nd c o n te n tio n s n o t tim e ly r a is e d in b r ie f s a r e d e e m e d ab a n d o n e d ) . T o th e e x te n t h is c l a i m s urvi ve s , the di s tr i c tc ourtdi d notc om m i tpl a i n e rr orby i m pos i ng the proh i bi t i on on un supervi se d con t ac tbecause the cond i t i on w as re as on abl y r el at ed t o the § 5 D 1. 3(b) fa ct ors and i nv ol ved n o g re at erdepri vat i on of l i berty than r e a s o n ab ly n e c e s s a ry to m e e t th e p u rp o s e s o f th e f a c to r s . See U . S . S . G . § 5 D 1. 3(b).8

C a rpe nt e r ’ s of

f e ns e c onduc ti nvol ve d a n i nt i m a t e r e l a t i ons hi p w i th am i nor , t a ki ng p r o v o c a tiv e p ic tu r e s o f

h e r , a n d f

o r c in g h e rin to p r o s titu tio n a t tw o d if f e r e n t tim e s . A cc ordi ng l y, proh i bi t i ng C arpent erfr om havi ng un supervi se d con t ac tw i th m i no rs w a s r e a s onabl yr e l a t e d t o the na tur e a nd c i r c um s t a nc e s of the of f e ns e a nd the hi st ory and char ac t er i st i cs of the defendant , the need t o aff ord d et erre nce, the need to p r o te c t th e p u b lic , a n d h is c o rr e c tio n a l tr e a tm e n t. See U .S .S .G . § 5 D 1 .3 ( b ) . F i nal l y, the di stri ctcourtdi d n otcom m i tpl ai n err or by re qu i ri ng C arpent er t o o bt ai n the court ’ s app roval before ent er i ng i nt o any se l f- em pl oym ent , as he has e x h ib ite d ap a tte rn o f

“s e lf e m p lo y m e n t” c o n s is tin g o f f o r c in g w o m e n in to prost i tut i on , and h e a dm i tt ed t o n othavi ng form al em pl oym entfor a tl ea st20 ye ar s pr i ort o the of

f e ns e s . M or e ove r , thi s c ondi t i on i nvol ve s no gr e a tde pr i va t i on of lib e rty b e c au s e h e m a y o b ta in c o u rt ap p r o v a l f o rle g itim a te s e lf

- e m p lo y m e n t. A cc ordi ng l y, w e a ff

i rm C arpent er ’ s s ent ence . AF F I RME D.