[Cite as State v. Corn , 2021-Ohio-3444.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
STATE OF OHIO Appellee

v. ERIC CORN Appellant C.A. No. 20CA011686

APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO CASE No. 16CR093567
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY Dated: September 30, 2021

CALLAHAN, Judge. {¶1} Appellant, Eric Corn, appeals hi s convictions by the Lorain Cou nty Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms.
I. {¶2} On March 8, 2016, law enforcement officers from several coopera ting agencies executed a number of search warrants in concert throughout Lora in County. One of the warrants pertained to a residence on Riverside Drive in Lorain, where, a fter breaching the entrance, officers found Mr. Corn. Inside the premises, officers found b ank correspondence addressed to Mr. Corn at that location. They also found over $19,000 in cas h divided among six different locations, ten cellular phones, f ive digital scales, a semiauto matic firearm and a cache of ammunition, a hand press, 1,319.80 gr ams of marijuana, and 393. 20 grams of cocaine. {¶3} The grand jury returned an indic tment charging Mr. Corn with en gaging in a pattern of corrupt activity in violation of R.C. 2923.32(A)(1), conspiracy in violation of R.C.2 2923.01(A)(1) and (A)(2), trafficki ng in drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2), possession of drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), possessing criminal tool s in violation of R.C. 2923.24(A), and permitting drug abuse in vio lation of R.C. 2925.13(B). On June 13, 2016, Mr. Corn waived his speedy trial rights in writing on a form journal entry used by the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas to record the proceedings at pretrial conferences, and the first pretrial conference was continued. Between that date and February 24, 2020, anothe r twenty-four such forms appear in the record. All but five bear the signature of Mr. C orn or his attorney in the section that addresses speedy trial waiver as well as the signature of the trial court judge. The remaining five bear the signature o f the trial court judge. {¶4} On February 14, 2018, Mr. Corn filed a motion to suppress all o f the evidence gained as a result of the search of his residence, arguing that the affidavit upon which the warrant issued did not establish probable cause. The trial court sched uled a motion hearing for August 13, 2018, the date of a pretrial c onference. That pretrial was continued, however; the hearing on the motion to suppress was also continued to December 10, 2018, and ultimately cancelled. The record contains no further reference to the motion to suppress until the State filed a response on August 24, 2020. The trial court ultimately heard the motion i mmediately before trial commenced. {¶5} On February 24, 2020, Mr. Corn moved to dismiss the indictment, alleging that his speedy trial rights had been violated. In that motion, Mr. Corn argued that he waived his speedy trial rights “because he was led to reasonably believe a nd detrimentally relied” on representations made by the State that English translations of numerous intercepted telephone calls produced in Spanish w ould be undertaken and provided by t he State. On the same date, Mr.3 Corn also moved to compel the State to produce English translat ions of all such calls. 1 On March 10, 2020, the trial court a ddressed the two motions in a single order, noting that the State had provided copies of more t han 17,000 intercepted telephone c alls in Spanish along with English language summaries of th e calls. The trial court denie d the motion to dismiss but granted the motion to compel to the extent that the State was r equired to provide translations and transcripts of any intercepted calls within two categories: tho se it intended to introduce at trial and those that contained ex culpatory statements. {¶6} After postponement due to COVID- 19, the trial court scheduled a jury trial for August 25, 2020. Five days before trial, Mr. Corn moved to con tinue the trial, arguing that the State had not provided “pertinen t telephone recordings, and the translations of the same if so required.” Mr. Corn also moved the trial court to reconsider t he earlier ruling on his motion to dismiss for violation of his sp eedy trial rights. The trial co urt denied both motions – as well as the motion to suppress – before trial. {¶7} The State informed the trial court on the record that it intend ed to proceed only with the charges of trafficking in cocaine and possession of co caine. A jury found Mr. Corn guilty of both charges, and, based on the jury’s findings regar ding the weight of the cocaine, the trial court conc luded that Mr. Corn was a major drug offender. The trial court merged the convictions for purposes of sentencing and sentenced Mr. Corn t o a mandatory term of eleven years in prison. Mr. Corn filed this appeal. His five assignm ents of error are rearranged for purposes of discussion.

1 A February 28, 2020, journal entry documenting a pretrial conf erence noted that a hearing was held on the motion to compel, but no transcript of that hearing is contained in the record.4

II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1
THE APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL PURSUANT TO THE SIXTH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AND ART. 1, SEC. 10 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION AND R.C. 2945.71 BA SED ON IMPROPER INDUCEMENT BY THE STATE TO ENTER INTO MULTIPLE SPEEDY TRIAL WAIVERS IN VIOLATION OF HIS RIGHTS PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. {¶8} Mr. Corn’s first assignment of error argues that the trial cour t erred by denying his motion to dismiss. Specifically, Mr. Corn argues that he w as induced to waive his speedy trial rights over the course of the four years that his case wa s pending in the trial court by representations by the State that English translations of all o f the intercepted telephone calls would be provided to him. {¶9} Ohio’s speedy trial statute, R.C. 2945.71, provides that an ind ividual who has been charged with a felony must be brought to trial within 270 days of arrest. R.C. 2945.71(C)(2). The rights described in R.C. 2945.71 are coexte nsive with constitutional speedy trial guarantees. State v. King , 70 Ohio St.3d 158, 160 (1994), citing State v. O’Brien , 34 Ohio St.3d 7, 9 (1987). Consequently, “an accused’s express written waiver of his statutory rights to a speedy trial, made knowingly a nd voluntarily, also constitutes a waiver of his speedy trial rights guaranteed by the United States and Ohio Constitutions.” King at 160, citing O’Brien at paragraph one of the syllabus. A defendant who has waived spee dy trial rights “is not entitled to a discharge for delay in bringing him to trial unless the accus ed files a formal written objection and demand for trial, following which the state must bring the accused to trial within a reasonable time.” O’Brien at paragraph two of the syllabus. See also State v. Bray , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 03CA008241, 2004-Ohio-1067, ¶ 8.5
{¶10} As an initial matter, Mr. Corn’ s argument is premised upon the assumption that he executed multiple speedy trial waivers beginning on June 13, 2016, and that each was effective only until the next pret rial date. The tolling event s specified in R.C. 2945.72 extend the period in which an accused may be brought to trial from one eve nt to another in the absence of a waiver. See generally State v. Ramey , 132 Ohio St.3d 309, 2012-Ohio-2904, ¶ 24. Waivers of speedy trial rights, however, do not operate in the same fashio n. A waiver of speedy trial rights can be of limited or unlimited dur ation, but when a written wai ver fails to specify an expiration date, it constitutes an unlimited waiver. Bray at ¶ 8, citing State v. Kovacek , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 00CA007713, 2001 WL 577664, *4 (May 30, 2001), citing O’Brien at paragraph two of the syllabus. An unlimited waiver is not effective only until a de fendant’s next sche duled court date.
State v. Skorvanek , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 08CA009399, 2009-Ohio-3924, ¶ 18, citing State v.
Smith , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 98CA007144, 1999 WL 1260872, *3-4 (Dec. 22, 1999). {¶11} On June 13, 2016, Mr. Corn waive d his speedy trial rights in w riting on a form journal entry used by the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas t o document pretrial proceedings. The waiver did not contain a specific time limita tion. This Court has previously considered the nature of waive rs contained on this form, conclu ding “that it operates not as a waiver from one court date to another, but as an unlimited waiv er of speedy trial rights.” State v.
Brown , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 20CA011618, 2021-Ohio-2540, ¶ 11, citing Skorvanek at ¶ 17-19 and Smith at *1, 3-4. Consequently, Mr. Corn’s waiver of his speedy tri al rights was effective from June 13, 2016, until such time as he filed a formal writte n objection and demand for trial.
See O’Brien at paragraph two of the syllabus; Bray at ¶ 8. {¶12} Mr. Corn has not argued that, following his motion to dismiss, he was not brought to trial within a reasonable time. See O’Brien at paragraph two of the syllabus. Instead, he6 appears to argue that his speedy trial waiver was not knowing a nd voluntary because it was induced by conduct on the part of the State. His arguments in this regard, however, rely entirely on evidence that is not contained within the record. Mr. Corn’ s attorney argued in support of the motion to reconsider the motion to dismiss that the State made continuous representations that English translations of inter cepted calls would be provided, bu t the State specifically denied that representation. In any event, th e statements made by counsel a re not evidence. State v. A.V. , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 18CA011315, 2019-Ohio-1037, ¶ 11, citing State v. Shaffer , 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2009-G-2929, 2010-Ohio-6565, ¶ 19, 21, quoting State v. Haney , 70 Ohio App.3d 135, 138- 139 (10th Dist.1991). The numerous form journal entries that d ocumented pretrial conferences do not substantiate Mr. Corn’s cl aims: the only references to d iscovery that they contain are notations that discovery had been provided. To the extent that pretrial proceedings may have been conducted on the record, the record on appeal contains no transcripts. {¶13} During oral argument, Mr. Corn’ s appellate counsel acknowledged that this Court could not resolve the merits of his first assignment of error b ased on the existing record. In the alternative, Mr. Corn suggests that this Court should remand th is matter to the trial court with instructions to hear evidence. I n other words, Mr. Corn asks t his Court to remand the case in order to create a record that does not presently exist. This C ourt cannot do so. Mr. Corn’s arguments, which rely on evidence outside the record, cannot be raised in a direct appeal. See State v. Upchurch , 9th Dist. Medina No. 20CA0001-M, 2021-Ohio-94, ¶ 17. {¶14} Mr. Corn’s first assignmen t of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5 THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN OVER[R]ULING THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE.7
{¶15} Mr. Corn’s fifth assignment of error argues that the trial cour t erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence gained as a result of the searc h warrant executed at his residence. This C ourt does not agree. {¶16} The Fourth Amendment to the United State Constitution provides that search warrants shall only issue “upon probable cause, supported by Oa th or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the perso ns or things to be seized.” Compare Crim.R. 41(C). The evidence supporting a search warrant “must be sufficient for the magistrate to conclude that there is a fair probability that ev idence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” State v. Castagnola , 145 Ohio St.3d 1, 2015-Ohio-1565, ¶ 35. {¶17} The Supreme Court of the United States has explained the standa rds that apply, respectively, to the magistrate tasked with issuing a warrant a nd to reviewing courts: The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practica l, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of persons su pplying hearsay information, there is a fair pr obability that contraband or evi dence of a crime will be found in a particular place. And the duty of a reviewing co urt is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a “substantial basis for ... con clud[ing]” that probable cause existed. Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213, 238-239 (1983), quoting Jones v. United States , 362 U.S. 257, 271 (1960), overruled on other grounds United States v. Salvucci , 448 U.S. 83, 85 (1980). See also State v. George , 45 Ohio St.3d 325 (1989), paragraph one of the syllabus. Lik e a trial court that rules on a motion to suppress, this Court must consider th e totality of the circumstances.
State v. Jones , 143 Ohio St.3d 266, 2015-Ohio-483, ¶ 15. We do so with refer ence to the four corners of the affidavit. State v. Norris , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 05CA0081, 2006-Ohio-4022, ¶ 25, citing State v. Fisher , 9th Dist. Summit No. 22481, 2005-Ohio-5104, ¶ 7. We do not r eview the question of probable cause de novo:8 In reviewing the sufficiency of probable cause in an affidavit submitted in support of a search warrant issued by a magistrate, neither a trial cou rt nor an appellate court should substitute its judgment for that of the magistrate by conducting a de novo determination as to whether the affidavit contains suffici ent probable cause upon which that court would issue the search warrant. Rather, the duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a s ubstantial basis for concluding that proba ble cause existed. George at paragraph two of the syllabus. In doubtful or marginal scenarios, the magistrate’s determination of probable cause should be afforded “great defer ence” by reviewing courts. Id . at paragraph two of the syllabus. Thus, the question before this Court in r eviewing a motion to suppress that questions probable cause for a search warrant is whether the affidavit “provided a substantial basis for the magist rate’s conclusion that there wa s a fair probability” that evidence would be found. (Emphasis omitted.) George at 330. {¶18} The affidavit in this case was sworn by Detective Christopher C olon of the Lorain Police Department on March 7, 2016. Paragraphs one through ele ven describe the background of the investigation into a dr ug trafficking organization opera ting in Lorain County which, in turn, led Detective Colon to identify Mr. Corn’s brother and tw o individuals named R.E. and R.C. and to obtain authorization to intercept their communicati ons. Paragraphs twelve through twenty describe intercepted te lephone conversations and in-pers on surveillance of the Riverside Drive property between Februa ry 3, 2016, and February 27, 2016. According to the affidavit, that combined surveillance connect ed Mr. Corn and his brother t o R.C., who was observed at the Riverside Drive property on multiple occasions. Detective Colo n described intercepted telephone calls that referenced police surveillance of the resi dence and appeared to reference contraband. Paragraphs thirteen, fifteen, and twenty-one descr ibed Detective Colon’s basis for identifying Mr. Corn as a resident of the Riverside Drive prope rty and as a participant in several intercepted calls.9
{¶19} Mr. Corn has argued that the affidavit at issue did not establi sh probable cause to search his residence because it contained information that was stale or irrelevant to the search of the premises. An affidavit that sets forth the grounds for a s earch warrant must do so with reference to “‘facts so closely related to the time of the issu e of the warrant as to justify a finding of probable cause at that time.’” State v. Myers , 9th Dist. Summit No. 27576, 2015-Ohio-2135, ¶ 18, quoting Sgro v. United States , 287 U.S. 206, 210 (1932). As this C ourt has observed, While it is true that an affidavit for a search warrant must pr esent timely information, there is no arbitrary time limit for how old the i nformation can be. The problem of stale informati on normally only arises if a subs tantial period of time has elapsed between the commission of the crime and the pr oposed search[.] The alleged facts are timely if they justify the conclusion tha t the property specified in the warrant is pr obably on the person or premises to be searched. (Alterations and omissions in original.) State v. Ruffin , 9th Dist. Summit No. 25916, 2012-Ohio1330, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Yeagley , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 96CA0022, 1996 WL 490259, *3 (Aug. 28, 1996). The timeliness of information in a n affidavit is evaluated acco rding to all of the surrounding circumstances, and a “‘primary consideration’” is “ ‘whether the affidavit describes a single transaction or a continuing pattern of criminal conduct. ’” Myers at ¶ 18, quoting United
States v. Tucker , 638 F.3d 1292, 1299 (5th Cir.1981). With respect to drug tra fficking, for example, this Court has noted that “the passage of time * * * i s less significant * * * than in situations where the affidavit relates to a single instance.” Myers at ¶ 19. Compare State v.
Jones , 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-20-04, 2020-Ohio-6667, ¶ 21-24; State v. Morales , 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-807, 2018-Ohio-3687, ¶ 21-25. {¶20} Mr. Corn’s motion to suppress did not argue that the informati on in Detective Colon’s affidavit was stale. See , e.g. , State v. Thomas , 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-16-36, 2017-Ohio4356, ¶ 18. Nonetheless, this Court must consider all of the s urrounding circumstances, including the nature of the charges against Mr. Corn, in determ ining whether the affidavit10 provided a substantial basis for the conclusion that there was a fair probability of locating evidence at the Riverside Drive address. See George , 45 Ohio St.3d at 330. In that respect, Detective Colon’s affidavit set forth the context of an ongoing drug trafficking investigation that spanned the course of several years and implicated many differe nt individuals. The affidavit explained how those individuals l ed the police to identify Mr. Corn as a potential participant and described specific surveillance that led Detective Colon to bel ieve that evidence related to the ongoing trafficking operation would be found at the Riverside D rive address. Although the surveillance was conducted thr oughout the month immediately pre ceding the affidavit, the ongoing nature of the trafficking investigation renders that re latively slight passage of time less significant. See Myers at ¶ 19. {¶21} Affording the magistrate’s deter mination of probable cause defe rence, as we must, and considering the totality of the circumstances, this C ourt concludes that the magistrate had a substantial basis for conc luding that probable cause exis ted for the search of the Riverside Drive residence. The trial court, therefore, did not err in de nying Mr. Corn’s motion to suppress on this basis. {¶22} Mr. Corn has also argued in his a ppellate brief that the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss because Detective Colon’s affidavit conta ined statements that were deliberately false or made with reckless disregard for the trut h. See generally Franks v.
Delaware , 438 U.S. 154, 171-172 (1978). Apart from a passing reference to Franks , however, Mr. Corn did not argue this issue in his motion to suppress. T o the extent that the trial court considered Mr. Corn’s Franks argument regardless, this Cour t cannot conclude that the trial court erred. “‘To successfully attack the veracity of a facial ly sufficient search warrant affidavit, a defendant must show by a preponderance of the evidence that t he affiant made a false11 statement, either “intentionally, or with reckless disregard fo r the truth.”’” State v. McKnight , 107 Ohio St.3d 101, 2005-Ohio-6046, ¶ 31, quoting State v. Waddy , 63 Ohio St.3d 424, 441 (1992), quoting Franks at 155-156. Allegations under Franks cannot be conclusory; they must, instead, be supported by reliable evidence that supports the cl aim of deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for truth. State v. Jackson , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 14CA010593, 2015-Ohio3520, ¶ 10, quoting Franks at 171. Absent this showing, an accused cannot meet even the “preliminary burden” of demonstrating that a hearing is warrant ed and overcoming the presumption of regularity. State v. Roberts , 62 Ohio St.2d 170, 178 (1980); State v. Atkinson , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 19CA011466, 2020-Ohio-315, ¶ 12. {¶23} Mr. Corn did not produce any evid ence demonstrating that Detect ive Colon’s affidavit contained statements that were made falsely or with r eckless disregard for the truth. His arguments in that regard, both during the hearing on the motion to suppress and in his appellate brief, are both conclusory and speculative. This Court cannot conclude, on that basis, that the trial court erred by denyi ng his motion to suppress. {¶24} Mr. Corn’s final argument regarding the motion to suppress is t hat the trial court erred by denying the motion without first ordering the translat ion of all of the intercepted telephone calls. As with Mr. Cor n’s first assignment of error, however, this argument rests upon matters that are outside of the record on appeal. For that rea son, this Court cannot consider them. See Upchurch , 2021-Ohio-94, at ¶ 17. {¶25} Mr. Corn’s fifth assignmen t of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3
THE APPELLANT WAS DENIED DUE PROCESS OF LAW AND SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL DUE TO STATE INDUCED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL.12
{¶26} In his third assignment of error, Mr. Corn argues that he was d enied the effective assistance of appellate counsel b ecause trial counsel did not g ain access to the English translations of all inte rcepted telephone calls. {¶27} In order to demonstrate ineffec tive assistance of counsel, a de fendant must show (1) deficiency in the performan ce of counsel “so serious that c ounsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment” and (2) that the errors made by counsel were “so serious as to dep rive the defendant of a fair trial[.]” Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). A defendant must demonstrate prejudi ce by showing that, but for counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable possibility that the ou tcome of the trial would have been different. Id . at 694. {¶28} In a direct appeal, ineffective assistance of counsel must be d emonstrated by evidence within the record. See generally State v. Madrigal , 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 390-391 (2000)

. “‘[A] claim of ineffective assi stance of counsel on direct appe al cannot be premised on decisions of trial counsel that are not reflected in the record of procee dings * * * [and] [s]peculation regarding the prejudicial effect s of counsel’s performance will not establish ineffective assistance of counsel.’” State v. Zupancic , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 12CA0065, 2013-Ohio-3072, ¶ 4, quoting State v. Leyland , 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 23833, 23900, 2008-Ohio-777, ¶ 7, citin g State v. Sweeten , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 07CA009106, 2007-Ohio-6547, ¶ 10–12 and State v. Downing , 9th Dist. Summit No. 22012, 2004-Ohio-5952, ¶ 27. {¶29} As discussed in this Court’s disposition of Mr. Corn’s first as signment of error, the record on appeal does not contain any information about the State’s alleged representations regarding translation of the i ntercepted phone calls. The subs tance of those calls is, itself, speculative. Any conclusions regarding the performance of tria l counsel with respect to those13 calls would also be speculative and cannot form the basis of er ror on direct appeal. See , e.g. , State v. Grate , 164 Ohio St.3d 9, 2020-Ohio-5584, ¶ 69. See also State v. Castagnola , 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 29141, 29250, 2020-Ohio-1096, ¶ 27; State v. Fridley , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 17AP0029, 2019-Ohio-3412, ¶ 32. {¶30} Mr. Corn’s third assignmen t of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2
THE LOWER COURT ERRED AND DENIED THE APPELLANT DUE PROCESS OF LAW WHEN IT DENIED THE DEFENSE MOTION FOR CONTINUANCE. {¶31} Mr. Corn’s second assignment of error argues that the trial cou rt abused its discretion by denying his motion to continue the trial date and , in the alternative, that denial of the continuance amounted to a denial of due process. As with M r. Corn’s first and third assignments of error, his argument with respect to the continua nce is premised upon alleged representations made by the State regarding translation of the intercepted telephone calls that are absent from the record. As such, they cannot form the basis fo r error on direct appeal. See Upchurch , 2021-Ohio-94, at ¶ 17. {¶32} Mr. Corn’s second assignm ent of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4
THE APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AS WELL AS ART. I, SECTION 10 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF OHIO AS WELL AS OHIO CRIM. R. 43 WHEN THE TRIAL COURT CONDUCTED HIS SENTENCING WITHOUT HIM BEING PHYSICALLY PRESENT AND OVER HIS OBJECTION.14
{¶33} In his fourth assignment of error , Mr. Corn argues that the tri al court deprived him of due process by conducting his sentencing hearing by video du ring the COVID-19 public health emergency. Based on the cir cumstances present in this c ase, this Court does not agree. {¶34} “A defendant has a fundamental r ight to be present at all criti cal stages of his criminal trial.” Grate , 164 Ohio St.3d 9, 2020-Ohio-5584, ¶ 83. Similarly, under Crim.R. 43(A)(1), a defendant “must be physically present at every stag e of the criminal proceeding and trial, including * * * the imposition of sentence, except as ot herwise provided by these rules.” Crim.R. 43(A)(2) permits the pa rticipation of a felony defendan t by remote contemporaneous video with a written waiver of physical attendance provided tha t notice is given to all parties, the defendant can see and hear the p roceeding and can both speak an d be seen and heard, and provision is made for private co mmunication between the defenda nt and counsel. {¶35} As a general rule, when a defenda nt is sentenced by journal ent ry without being present for a hearing, this Court must reverse. See State v. Wooden , 9th Dist. Summit No. 27250, 2015-Ohio-2633, ¶ 16. The absence of a defendant, however, doe s not always result in prejudicial error. Grate at ¶ 83, citing Snyder v. Massachusetts , 291 U.S. 97, 107-108 (1934) and State v. Frazier , 115 Ohio St.3d 139, 2007-Ohio-5048, ¶ 139. “‘[T]he presence of a defendant is a condition of due process to the extent that a fa ir and just hearing would be thwarted by his absence, and to that extent only.’” State v. Davis , 116 Ohio St.3d 404, 2008- Ohio-2, ¶ 90, quoting Snyder at 107-108. Consequently, when a defendant is absent in viola tion of Crim.R. 43(A), any error can be harmless when no prejudice r esults. See State v. Williams , 6 Ohio St.3d 281, 285-287 (1983). See also State v. Warren , 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP-376, 2010-Ohio-5718, ¶ 7.15
{¶36} Mr. Corn was sentenced on Sept ember 24, 2020, and he appeared b y remote simultaneous video conference be cause of the COVID-19 public he alth emergency. The record demonstrates that Mr. Corn was afforded the opportunity to conf er privately with counsel and that he could speak and be seen and heard by the trial court an d all other participants. See Crim.R. 43(A)(2). Mr. Corn did not execute a written waiver of his right to appear in person as required by Crim.R. 43(A)(2), how ever, and trial counsel object ed to the procedure. Nonetheless, given the circumstances present in this case, this Court concludes that any error in this regard was harmless. The trial court found that Mr. Corn was a major drug offender based on the jury’s finding regarding the weight of the cocaine and, pursuant to R.C. 2925.03(C)(1)(f) and R.C. 2929.14(A)(1), sentenced him to a mandatory eleven-yea r prison term. In other words, Mr. Corn was able to participate fully in the sentencing hearin g, and the trial court had no discretion with regard to the sentence imposed upon him. 2 Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude that Mr. Corn s uffered prejudice and any error in connection with his sentencing hearing was harmless. See Davis at ¶ 90; Williams at 285-287.

2 This Court also notes that during the COVID-19 public health e mergency, Ohio courts sought to minimize in-person appe arances while maintaining cour t operations. For example, on July 31, 2020, the Supreme Court of Ohio issued an administrati ve order that provided that “[a]ny requirement in a rule of the Court that a party appear i n person * * * may be waived by the Court, local court, hearing panel, board, or commission, as applicable. Appearance * * * by use of technology shall be allowe d if it sufficiently guarantee s the integrity of the proceedings and protects the parties’ interests and rights.” 7/31/2020 Administrative Actions , 2020-Ohio3861. The proceedings to which the administrative order applie d included, but were not limited to, arraignments and pleas. Id . Less than three months after Mr. Corn’s sentencing, the Chie f Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio emphasized that “[f]irst a nd foremost, [courts] must operate with a strong presumption toward remote proceedings. * * * In-person appearances should be required only in excep tional circumstances, where the re is an immediate need to protect the safety or well-being of a person, and a remote proc eeding is not feasible.” Supreme Court of Ohio, COVID Guidance , Dec. 10, 2020, https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/co ronavirus/resources/ChiefCo mmunications/COVID Guidance121020.pdf (accessed Sept. 22, 2021).16
{¶37} Mr. Corn’s fourth assign ment of error is overruled.
III. {¶38} Mr. Corn’s assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Lorain County Court of Common P leas is affirmed. Judgment affirmed.

There were reasonable grounds for this appeal. We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, direc ting the Court of Common Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of this journal entry shall constitu te the mandate, pursuant to Ap p.R. 27. Immediately upon the filing hereof , this document shall consti tute the journal entry of judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Cour t of Appeals at which time the period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the pa rties and to make a notation of the mailing in the docket , pursuant to App.R. 30. Costs taxed to Appellant.

L YNNE S. CALLAHAN FOR THE COURT

SUTTON, J. CONCURS.17
CARR, P. J. CONCURRING IN JUDGMENT ONLY. {¶39} I concur in judgment only. I would overrule the fourth assignm ent of error based on the July 31, 2020, Administrativ e Order of the Supreme Court of Ohio, 7/31/2020
Administrative Actions , 2020-Ohio-3861, and the fact tha t the trial court had no disc retion with regard to the sentence impose d upon Corn. I concur with the re mainder of the opinion.

APPEARANCES: ROBERT A. DIXON, Attorney a t Law, for Appellant. J.D. TOMLINSON, Prosecuting Attorney, and BRIAN P. MURPHY, Assi stant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.