Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before 

any court except for the purpose of 

establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR CO-APPELLEE DCS:

DEIDRE L. MONROE EUGENE M. VELAZCO, JR.

Lake County Public Defender‟s Office Department of Child Services, 

Gary, Indiana Lake County Office

Gary, Indiana

ROBERT J. HENKE

DCS Central Administration

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEY FOR CO-APPELLEE CASA:

DONALD W. WRUCK

Dyer, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN THE MATTER OF THE INVOLUNTARY )

TERMINATION OF THE PARENT-CHILD )

RELATIONSHIP OF Ja.B., J.B., J.P., A.P. & )

C.P., MINOR CHILDREN, AND )

THEIR MOTHER, R.P., )

)

R.P. )

)

Appellant-Respondent, )

)

vs. ) No. 45A03-1110-JT-453

)

INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD )

SERVICES, )

)

Appellee-Petitioner, )

)

and )
2

)

LAKE COUNTY CASA, )

)

Co-Appellee. )

APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT

The Honorable Mary Beth Bonaventura, Senior Judge

Cause Nos. 45D06-1011-JT-194, 45D06-1011-JT-195, 

45D06-1011-JT-196, 45D06-1011-JT-198, 45D06-1011-JT-199

April 4, 2012

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BRADFORD, Judge

Appellant-Respondent R.P. (“Mother”) appealsthe juvenile court‟s order terminating 

her parental rights to Ja.B., J.B., J.P., A.P., & C.P. (collectively “the children”). Mother 

alleges that the Indiana Department of Child Services (“DCS”) did not provide sufficient 

evidence to support the termination of her parental rights. Concluding that the evidence was 

sufficient to support the termination of Mother‟s parental rights, we affirm. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Mother has five1children at issue in this appeal.2 Ja.B. was born on August 19, 1997; 

J.B. was born on May 30, 1995; J.P. was born on January 17, 1999; A.P. was born on 

December 1, 2001; and C.P. was born on November 17, 2004. In December of 2006, Mother 

and the children were about to be evicted from a homeless shelter when a representative of a 

 

1

 Mother has a total of eight children. The termination of her parental rights to the oldest three 

children is not at issue in this appeal.

2

 The termination of the parental rights of the children‟s fathers is not at issue in this appeal. 
3

non-profit community organization called Project Neighbors provided beds, mattresses, rugs, 

furniture, a washer and dryer, and kitchen accessories for the family in a home that was 

provided for Mother. For nearly three years, Project Neighbors provided the family with 

rent-free housing, clothing, mentoring, support, transportation, and food. In exchange, 

Mother was required to keep the home clean and to work to further her education. If Mother 

satisfied these two requirements, Project Neighbors intended to pass the title of the home 

over to Mother. Mother, however, was not able to do so. 

Over time, the condition of the home began to deteriorate. Project Neighbors 

attempted to counteract the deteriorating condition of the home by putting a new roof on the 

home and arranging for volunteers to make continual improvements to the home. Project 

Neighbors was forced to provide new mattresses and furniture three or four times due to the 

deteriorating condition of the home. Food was not stored properly. Eventually, the home 

became infested with mice, and Project Neighbors was forced to replace the stove three times 

after it became infested with maggots. Over the course of the approximately three years, 

Project Neighbors spent nearly $40,000 in attempts to help the family. 

The children lacked supervision. Mother‟s oldest child, E.W., attempted to feed and 

parent the younger children. Mother would not supervise the children but rather would spend 

her time sleeping, sitting, or wandering. Ja.B. was responsible for setting the alarm and 

getting her siblings up and ready for school every morning. Two of the older children 

repeatedly ran away, and Mother would engage in physical altercations with E.W. In 

addition, Mother would occasionally send the children to a relative‟s home, where some of 
4

the children alleged they were sexually molested. 

DCS first became involved with the children in November of 2008, after receiving 

reports that the family was struggling with instability and living in deplorable home 

conditions, and Mother was without the necessary means to parent and provide for the 

children. DCS case manager Valerie Washington conducted an assessment of the family‟s 

living conditions and found that the children were not adequately supervised, the family lack 

adequate bedding, and the food supply in the home was limited. Case Manager Washington 

also found that the children‟s attendance at school was “really off the chart” and that they 

suffered from poor grades. Tr. p. 62. Mother told Case Manager Washington that she 

suffered from a heart condition and depression, but that she was not taking her medication. 

Mother also told Case Manager Washington that E.W. was not taking her medication. 

Based on her assessment, Case Manager Washington recommended that with 

intensive in-home services, the children could remain in the home, but also recommended 

that DCS should initiate proceedings to adjudicate the children as Children in Need of 

Services (“CHINS”). On December 18, 2008, Mother admitted that the children were 

CHINS. That same day, the juvenile court adjudicated the children as CHINS and continued 

the children‟s placement with Mother. 

Even with the aid of DCS service providers, the conditions in the home did not 

improve. Mother continued to fail to provide adequate supervision for the children, and, 

although she complied with services, did not make progress toward improving the family‟s 

situation. Eventually, in May of 2009, the children were removed from Mother‟s care 
5

because Mother had failed to show improvement in her parenting skills. Additional safety 

concerns had also arisen after standing water was found in the home and the conditions of the 

home had deteriorated to the point that Mother was going to be evicted from the home by 

representatives of Project Neighbors. 

After removing the children from Mother‟s care, DCS provided Mother with intensive 

services. Mother generally complied with the services, but failed to improve to a level where 

she could adequately parent the children. Mother had transportation problems and would 

often be late or miss therapy sessions. Mother failed to implement the behaviors she was 

taught and would allow others to discipline the children during visitation sessions. Mother 

was unable to locate housing, employment, or a source of income, and she primarily relied on 

relatives for support. From time to time it would seem that Mother was beginning to make 

minimal progress, but such progress would be fleeting and Mother would revert back to her 

old way of doing things. In addition, Mother failed to progress to the point where her visits 

with the children could be unsupervised. 

In light of Mother‟s failure to make lasting progress in implementing what she had 

learned through the services provided by DCS, in June of 2010, DCS case manager Amanda 

Horton recommended a change in the permanency plan to termination of parental rights and 

adoption because she believed that the children required a sense of safety and stability which 

Mother had, to that point, been unable to provide. In addition, DCS case manager Maritza 

Perez indicated that she felt that termination of Mother‟s parental rights was in the best 

interests of the children because they required a sense of stability and permanency that would 
6

be best served through adoption.

On November 9, 2010, DCS filed a petition seeking the termination of Mother‟s 

parental rights to the children. As part of the continuing services provided by DCS, Mother 

was given a parenting assessment in June of 2011 by therapist Amy Stuhlmacher, MSW. 

Mother scored high to medium risk for abuse and neglect behaviors on all five areas that she 

was assessed. The results of this parenting assessment indicated that Mother is a great risk 

for being abusive or neglectful toward her children, and Stuhlmacher testified that she was 

concerned that Mother would again rely on the older children to take a parental role.

On June 27 and August 8, 2011, the juvenile court conducted an evidentiary

termination hearing at which Mother appeared and was represented by counsel. During the 

termination hearing, DCS introduced evidence relating to Mother‟s failure to implement the 

parenting techniques learned from the lengthy intensive services provided by DCS and to 

progress to a level where she could adequately care for the children. DCS introduced 

evidence that Mother had not shown that she could adequately supervise or provide for the 

children, that she had not proven that she had acquired long-term stable housing and a 

permanent source of income, and that Mother was at great risk for being abusive or 

neglectful toward her children. DCS also provided evidence indicating that its plan for the 

permanent care and treatment of the children was adoption. Mother presented evidence 

which she claimed demonstrated that she was beginning to make progress and, as such, 

should be given more time before her parental rights were terminated. On August 23, 2011, 

the juvenile court terminated Mother‟s parental rights to the children. Mother now appeals.
7

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the traditional 

right of a parent to establish a home and raise her children. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of 

Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 145 (Ind. 2005). Further, we acknowledge that the 

parent-child relationship is “one of the most valued relationships of our culture.” Id. 

However, although parental rights are of a constitutional dimension, the law allows for the 

termination of those rights when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet her responsibility as

a parent. In re T.F., 743 N.E.2d 766, 773 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. Therefore, 

parental rights are not absolute and must be subordinated to the children‟s interests in 

determining the appropriate disposition of a petition to terminate the parent-child 

relationship. Id. 

The purpose of terminating parental rights is not to punish the parent but to protect the 

children. Id. Termination of parental rights is proper where the children‟s emotional and 

physical development is threatened. Id. The juvenile court need not wait until the children 

are irreversibly harmed such that their physical, mental, and social development is 

permanently impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship. Id.

Mother contends that the evidence presented at the evidentiary hearing was 

insufficient to support the juvenile court‟s order terminating her parental rights. In reviewing 

termination proceedings on appeal, this court will not reweigh the evidence or assess the 

credibility of the witnesses. In re Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights of S.P.H., 806 

N.E.2d 874, 879 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). We only consider the evidence that supports the 

juvenile court‟s decision and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Id. Where, as here, the 
8

juvenile court includes findings of fact and conclusions thereon in its order terminating 

parental rights, our standard of review is two-tiered. Id. First, we must determine whether 

the evidence supports the findings, and, second, whether the findings support the legal 

conclusions. Id. 

In deference to the juvenile court‟s unique position to assess the evidence, we set 

aside the juvenile court‟s findings and judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only 

if they are clearly erroneous. Id. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when there are no 

facts or inferences drawn therefrom to support it. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous only if 

the legal conclusions made by the juvenile court are not supported by its findings of fact, or 

the conclusions do not support the judgment. Id.

In order to involuntarily terminate a parent‟s parental rights, DCS must establish by 

clear and convincing evidence that: 

(A) one (1) of the following exists:

(i) the child has been removed from the parent for at least six (6) 

months under a dispositional decree;

(ii) a court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6 that reasonable 

efforts for family preservation or reunification are not required, 

including a description of the court‟s finding, the date of the finding, 

and the manner in which the finding was made; or

(iii) the child has been removed from the parent and has been under the 

supervision of a county office of family and children or probation 

department for at least fifteen (15) months of the most recent twentytwo (22) months, beginning with the date the child is removed from the 

home as a result of the child being alleged to be a child in need of 

services or a delinquent child;

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that 

resulted in the child‟s removal or the reasons for placement 

outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the 
9

parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the 

child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been 

adjudicated a child in need of services;

(C) termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2) (2010). Specifically, Mother claims that DCS failed to establish 

that either (1) the conditions that resulted in the children‟s removal or the reasons for their 

placement outside of her care will not be remedied, or (2) there is a reasonable probability 

that the continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the 

children. Mother also claims that DCS failed to establish that termination of her parental 

rights was in the children‟s best interests or that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and 

treatment of the children. 

A. Conditions Resulting in Removal Not Likely to be Remedied

In arguing that DCS failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that the 

conditions resulting in the children‟s removal from her care will not be remedied and that the 

continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the children, Mother fails to 

acknowledge that because Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the 

disjunctive, the juvenile court need only find either that the conditions resulting in removal 

will not be remedied orthat the continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to 

the children. In re C.C., 788 N.E.2d 847, 854 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. Therefore, 

“where, as here, the trial court specifically finds that there is a reasonable probability that the 

conditions which resulted in the removal of the [children] would not be remedied, and there 

is sufficient evidence in the record supporting the trial court‟s conclusion, it is not necessary 
10

for [DCS] to prove or for the trial court to find that the continuation of the parent-child 

relationship poses a threat to the [children].” In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d at 882. In order to 

determine that the conditions will not be remedied, the juvenile court should first determine 

what conditions led DCS to place the children outside of Mother‟s care, and, second, whether 

there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will be remedied. Id. 

When assessing whether a reasonable probability exists that the conditions justifying a 

child‟s removal and continued placement outside his or her parent‟s care will not be 

remedied, the juvenile court must judge the parent‟s fitness to care for her child at the time of 

the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence of changed conditions. In re 

A.N.J., 690 N.E.2d 716, 721 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). The juvenile court must also evaluate the 

parent‟s habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there is a substantial probability of 

future neglect or deprivation. Id. A juvenile court may properly consider evidence of the 

parent‟s prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide 

support, and lack of adequate employment and housing. McBride v. Monroe Cnty. Office of 

Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Moreover, a juvenile court 

“„can reasonably consider the services offered by [DCS] to the parent and the parent‟s 

response to those services.‟” Id. (quoting In re A.C.C., 682 N.E.2d 542, 544 (Ind. Ct. App. 

1997)).

Here, the juvenile court found that DCS presented sufficient evidence to prove that the 

conditions that resulted in the children‟s removal from Mother‟s care were not likely to be 

remedied, and upon review, we conclude that the juvenile court‟s finding to this effect is 
11

supported by the record. The record reveals that Mother had a history of instability with 

respect to housing and income, which continued throughout the CHINS and termination 

proceedings. Mother was evicted from numerous shelters and homes, including the home 

provided for her at no cost by Project Neighbors and a family member‟s home. 

The record further reveals that although Mother completed many of the services 

offered by DCS, she did not successfully implement the techniques that she learned from 

these services or successfully demonstrate that she could adequately supervise, care, and 

provide for the children. As the CHINS and termination proceedings progressed, Mother 

made minimal progress, but such progress was short-lived and Mother would revert to her 

prior deficient parenting techniques. In addition, Mother never progressed to unsupervised 

visitation with the children and would rely on others to discipline the children during their 

supervised visits. Multiple DCS case managers testified that despite the intensive services 

provided to Mother, Mother failed to show adequate progress to indicate that the deficient 

supervision, care, and housing conditions would be remedied in a timely fashion.

When considered as a whole, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to 

demonstrate a reasonable probability that the conditions which resulted in the children‟s 

removal from Mother‟s care will not be remedied. It was within the province of the juvenile 

court, as the finder of fact, to minimize any contrary evidence of changed conditions in light 

of its determination that Mother‟s failure to provide a safe and stable living environment 

which led to the children‟s removal was unlikely to change. See In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d 204, 

210 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied. 
12

Moreover, contrary to Mother‟s claim that the juvenile court “failed to recognize that 

[she] had physical and mental issues that affected her ability to quickly complete her case 

plan” and, as such, prematurely terminated her parental rights in light of evidence that she 

claims shows she had acquired suitable housing and sustainable income, Appellant‟s Br. p. 

10, it is well-established that the juvenile court, acting as a trier of fact, was not required to 

believe or assess the same weight to the testimony as Mother. See Thompson v. State, 804 

N.E.2d 1146, 1149 (Ind. 2004); Marshall v. State, 621 N.E.2d 308, 320 (Ind. 1993); Nelson 

v. State, 525 N.E.2d 296, 297 (Ind. 1988); A.S.C. Corp. v. First Nat’l Bank of Elwood, 241 

Ind. 19, 25, 167 N.E.2d 460, 463 (1960); Haynes v. Brown, 120 Ind. App. 184, 189, 88 

N.E.2d 795, 797 (1949), trans. denied. Mother‟s claim effectively amounts to an invitation 

for this court to reassess witness credibility and reweigh the evidence, which, again, we will 

not do. See In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d at 879.

Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the juvenile court erred in determining 

that DCS established that it is unlikely that the conditions resulting in the children‟s removal 

would be remedied. See In re C.M., 675 N.E.2d 1134, 1140 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). Having 

concluded that the evidence was sufficient to support the juvenile court‟s determination, and 

finding no error by the juvenile court, we need not consider whether the continuation of the 

parent-child relationship poses a threat to the children‟s well-being because DCS has 

satisfied the requirements of Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) by clear and 

convincing evidence. 

B. The Children’s Best Interests
13

Next, we address Mother‟s claim that DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that termination of her parental rights was in the children‟s best interests. We are 

mindful that in determining what is in the best interests of the children, the juvenile court is 

required to look beyond the factors identified by DCS and look to the totality of the evidence. 

McBride, 798 N.E.2d at 203. In doing so, the juvenile court must subordinate the interests of 

the parents to those of the children involved. Id. Furthermore, this court has previously 

determined that the testimony of the case worker regarding the children‟s need for 

permanency supports a finding that termination is in the children‟s best interests. Id.; see 

also Matter of M.B., 666 N.E.2d 73, 79 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. 

Here, the testimony establishes that the children have a need for permanency and 

stability and that the termination of Mother‟s parental rights would serve their best interests. 

Case Manager Perez testified that she believes that the children‟s best interests would be 

served by the termination of Mother‟s parental rights because the children have a need for 

permanency and stability and Mother has failed to demonstrate that she is capable of 

providing the children with said permanency and stability. In discussing the children‟s need 

for permanency and stability, Case Manager Perez indicated that the children are tired of 

being in foster care and require a sense of permanency to live their desired “normal life” and 

that she does not believe that it is “fair to the kids that we wait around to see if mom could 

make those improvements and to see how long it is going to take mom to make those 

improvements.” Tr. p. 225. Case Manager Perez further testified that the children‟s foster 

mother provides them with a sense of stability and emotional support that Mother is unable to 
14

provide. 

In addition, Case Manager Horton testified that she believed that Mother‟s parental 

rights should be terminated because the children required a sense of safety and security and 

should know that they will be well cared for, and that Mother had failed to prove that she 

could provide the children with the necessary level of stability and care. Just prior to the 

termination hearing, Mother was given a parenting assessment, the results of which indicated 

that Mother is a great risk of being abusive or neglectful toward her children in the future. 

The juvenile court also heard testimony that the children appeared to be happier, more welladjusted, and have displayed marked academic and disciplinary improvement since being 

removed from Mother‟s home.

The juvenile court did not have to wait until the children were irreversibly harmed 

such that their physical, mental, and social development was permanently impaired before 

terminating Mother‟s parental rights. See In re C.M., 675 N.E.2d at 1140. In light of the 

testimony of Case Managers Horton and Perez considered with the results of the parenting 

assessment which was given to Mother just prior to the termination hearing, we conclude that 

the evidence is sufficient to satisfy DCS‟s burden of proving that termination of Mother‟s 

parental rights is in the children‟s best interests.

Moreover, in arguing that the evidence was insufficient to support the juvenile court‟s 

determination that the termination of her parental rights is in the children‟s best interests, 

Mother alleges that the termination of her parental rights would cause the children to suffer 

pain. Specifically, Mother claims that the children would suffer pain because they have 
15

indicated that they would like to be reunited with Mother, and also because they would no 

longer have contact with Mother or their older siblings. However, Mother‟s claim in this 

regard merely amounts to an invitation for this court to reweigh the evidence, which again, 

we will not do. See In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d at 879.

C. Satisfactory Plan for Care and Treatment of the Children

Mother also claims that DCS failed to establish that it had a satisfactory plan for the 

care and treatment of the children. In making this argument, Mother concedes that DCS‟s 

stated plan was for adoption, but argues that the plan was unsatisfactory because the 

children‟s foster mother had not “affirmatively stated that she would adopt these children.” 

Appellant‟s Br. p. 11. 

In order for the trial court to terminate the parent-child relationship, the court 

must find that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the 

child. In re B.D.J., 728 N.E.2d 195, 204 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). This plan need 

not be detailed, so long as it offers a general sense of the direction in which the 

child will be going after the parent-child relationship is terminated. Id. 

In re S.L.H.S., 885 N.E.2d 603, 618 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). “Attempting to find suitable 

parents to adopt the child[] is clearly a satisfactory plan.” Lang v. Starke Cnty. Office of 

Family & Children, 861 N.E.2d 366, 375 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (citing In re A.N.J., 690 

N.E.2d at 722). “The fact that there was not a specific family in place to adopt the child[]

does not make the plan unsatisfactory.” Id. (citing In re B.D.J., 728 N.E.2d 195, 204 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2000)). 

Here, it is undisputed that DCS‟s plan for the children‟s care and treatment was for 

adoption. During the termination hearing, DCS presented evidence that the children‟s foster 
16

mother was willing to adopt the children. Mother‟s claim to the contrary effectively amounts 

to an invitation for us to reweigh the evidence, which again, we will not do. See In re S.P.H., 

806 N.E.2d at 879. Thus, in light of the evidence presented during the termination hearing 

regarding DCS‟s plan for the care and treatment of the children, we conclude that DCS, by 

demonstrating that its plan for the care and treatment of the children was adoption, satisfied 

the statutory requirement set forth under Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(C).

Having concluded that the evidence was sufficient to prove the statutory requirements 

set forth in Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) by clear and convincing evidence, we 

affirm the judgment of the juvenile court.

The judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed.

VAIDIK, J., and CRONE, J., concur.