NUMBER 13-14-00042-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

 

LEE ANN CHOLOPISA, Appellant,

v.

ROY WILLIAM CHOLOPISA, Appellee.

 

On appeal from the 87th District Court

of Limestone County, Texas.

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Benavides, and Perkes

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides

By two issues, appellant Lee Ann Cholopisa (Lee Ann) appeals the trial court’s 

division of property with appellee Roy William Cholopisa (Roy). Lee Ann asserts that (1) 

the trial court based its decision upon inadmissible hearsay evidence, and (2) Roy 

committed fraud. We affirm.
2

I. BACKGROUND

Lee Ann and Roy married on January 2, 2002, and the couple separated in March 

2010. On April 5, 2011, the couple filed for divorce in Limestone County, Texas.1 The 

two main issues before the trial court in this divorce action were whether grounds for 

divorce existed and how to divide the marital property. 

In August 2013, the trial court held a bench trial to decide the pending matters on 

the Cholopisa divorce. On November 25, 2013, the trial court ordered and decreed that 

Lee Ann and Roy’s divorce be finalized and ordered the following relevant division of 

property in the couple’s final divorce decree:

[Lee Ann’s] Separate Property 

2. [R]eal property located at 206 Westminister [sic], Tehuacana, Texas 

and being the real property conveyed to [Lee Ann] by Warranty Deed 

dated May 13, 1996 of Deed Records of Limestone County, Texas. 

[Roy’s] Separate Property

1. Any and all interest, including the life estate reserved by him, in the real 

property and improvements, including the house and shop, located at 

204 Westminister [sic], Tehuacana, Texas, being more particularly 

described in that Warranty Deed from Ferron M. Williams and wife, 

Wandalene Williams, to [Roy], dated August 20, 2002 and recorded as 

Document No. 023863, Vol. 1091, Page 285 of the Official Records of 

Limestone County, Texas, including but not limited to any escrow funds, 

prepaid insurance, utility deposits, keys, house plans, home security 

access code, garage door opener, warranty and service contracts , and 

title and closing documents. Said property being more particularly 

described as follows:

. . . . 

 

1 This appeal was transferred from the Tenth Court of Appeals in Waco pursuant to a docket 

equalization order issued by the Texas Supreme Court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West, 

Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). 
3

2. Any and all interest, including the life estate reserved by him, in 100 

acres of land, being more particularly described in that Warranty Deed 

from James D. Bates and wife, Dorothy J. Bates, to Roy Cholopisa, 

dated January 24, 2006 and recorded as Document No. 00006753, Vol. 

1197, Page 399 of the Official Records of Limestone County, Texas, 

including but not limited to any escrow funds, prepaid insurance, and 

title and closing documents. Said land being more particularly 

described as follows:

. . . . 

Judgment for Damages and to Establish Real Property Boundary

The Court finds that the parties, [Lee Ann] and [Roy] own certain real 

properties that adjoin with (1) [Lee Ann] owning the residence located at 

206 Westminister [sic], Tehuacana, Texas on the north side of property 

owned by [Roy] and (2) [Roy] owning the residence located at 204 

Westminister [sic], Tehuacana, Texas on the south side of property owned 

by [Lee Ann]. 

The Court further finds that during their marriage the parties erected 

a metal building shop located primarily on the real property located at 204 

Westminister [sic], Tehuacana, Texas owned by [Roy] that may encroach 

to the north upon the property owned by [Lee Ann] located at 206 

Westminister [sic], Tehuacana, Texas and that a dispute exists regarding 

the existence of the boundary between the two parties’ real property. The 

Court further finds that any and all issues related to damages resulting from 

any encroachment and/or for judgment to resolve the disputed boundary 

line were tried by consent between the parties in this divorce proceeding to 

achieve a full and final resolution of their claims against the other. 

The Court further finds that by entering the Judgment below wherein 

[Roy] will be responsible for a disproportionate share of the parties’ 

community credit card liabilities that such award shall serve as an award of 

damages to [Lee Ann] as a result of the encroachment, if any, to the 

southernmost boundary of her real property for the shop erected on the 

northern side of the real property owned by [Roy] as well as for her claims 

for reimbursement related to the construction of the shop on [Roy’s] 

separate property. 

This appeal followed. 
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II. WAIVER

As a preliminary matter, Roy asserts that Lee Ann’s arguments on appeal are 

waived because her brief does not comport with the briefing rules of the Texas Rules of 

Appellate Procedure. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1. 

The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure require adequate briefing. ERI 

Consulting Eng’rs, Inc. v. Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 880 (Tex. 2010); see also TEX. R.

APP. P. 38.1. Furthermore, error may be waived by inadequate briefing. Fredonia 

State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life. Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284 (Tex. 1994). It is not the 

proper role of this Court to create arguments for an appellant, and we will not do the job 

of the advocate. See Paselk v. Raburn, 293 S.W.3d 600, 613 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

2009, pet. denied). However, briefs are meant to acquaint this Court with the issues in 

a case and to present argument that will enable us to decide the case, and substantial 

compliance with this rule is sufficient. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9 (“Briefing Rules to Be 

Construed Liberally”). 

Both parties were represented by counsel before the trial court. On appeal, 

however, Roy is represented by counsel, while Lee Ann is acting pro se.2 Although Lee 

Ann’s brief is not ideal, we hold that her arguments are presented in a manner that is 

sufficient to enable us to decide this case. See id. Therefore, we deny Roy’s request 

to strike Lee Ann’s brief and dismiss her appeal, and we will proceed to address the merits 

of her brief below. 

 

2 Pro se litigants are held to the same standards as licensed attorneys. See Sweed v. City of El 

Paso, 195 S.W.3d 784, 786 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2006, no pet.); Strange v. Continental Cas. Co., 126 

S.W.3d 676, 677 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied). 
5

III. CHALLENGES TO THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS

By her first issue, Lee Ann asserts a general challenge that the trial court based 

its “final decision” on hearsay testimony. Specifically, Lee Ann complains that the trial 

court erred in finding that: (1) Roy purchased the 204 Westminster Street home with his 

separate property; (2) a totaled Nissan Altima was sold for $800, despite a contrary sale 

price listed on the certificate of title; and (3) no community property was used by Roy in 

purchasing the the 100-acre land in 1998. 

A. 204 Westminster Street Property and 100 Acre Land

Although Lee Ann does not assert what specific error the trial court made with 

regard to the trial court’s finding regarding the 204 Westminster Street property or the 

100-acre piece of real property, we agree with appellee that Lee Ann’s first and third 

arguments are based upon claims for reimbursement. 

1. Reimbursement 

A claim for reimbursement includes payment by one marital estate of the 

unsecured liabilities of another martial estate, as well as reduction of the principal amount 

of debts. Hinton v. Burns, 433 S.W.3d 189, 195 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.) (citing 

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.402(a)(1), (5)). The trial court shall resolve a claim for 

reimbursement by using equitable principles, including the principle that claims for 

reimbursement may be offset against each other if the court determines it to be 

appropriate. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.402(b). Simply put, the rule of reimbursement is 

purely an equitable one. Hinton, 433 S.W.3d at 195. 

The party claiming reimbursement has the burden of pleading and proving that the 

expenditures and improvements were made and that they are reimbursable. Id. (citing 
6

Vallone v. Vallone, 644 S.W.2d 455, 459 (Tex. 1982)). Reimbursement is not available 

as a matter of law, but lies within the discretion of the court. Id. at 195–96.

2. Discussion 

Lee Ann argues that Roy did not prove that payments made on the 204 

Westminster property came from his separate property rather than the community estate. 

The record shows that Roy took out a home equity loan secured by his undisputed 

separate property located in Fort Worth. Lee Ann testified that the home equity loan was 

paid with community property funds from a checking account solely in Roy’s name. She 

did not, however, offer any evidence indicating an amount that was paid toward the home 

equity loan, nor did she testify as to how much was owed on the home equity loan or 

whether it was even paid off. Roy testified that he did not use any money from the 

community estate to purchase the 204 Westminster property and that Lee Ann “was 

aware” that the property was conveyed to him as his separate property. At the time of 

trial, Roy owed $12,487.68 on the home equity loan that is solely in his name. According 

to Roy, he used the rental income from his Fort Worth property to make payments on the 

home equity loan. Based upon this record, we conclude that Lee Ann did not meet her 

burden to establish a claim of reimbursement because she did not plead and prove that 

community funds were used to make payments on Roy’s home equity loan. See id. at 

195. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in exercising its discretion. 

Next, by her third argument, Lee Ann argues that the trial court erred by not 

reimbursing the community estate for payments made toward Roy’s 100-acre separate 

property. Lee Ann does not dispute that the character of the property at issue is Roy’s 

separate property, but contends that the community estate helped “pay for” the land. 
7

Roy testified that he entered into a contract for deed on the land in 1998 by making a 

$7,500 down payment. He further testified that the payments made on that land derived 

from the sale of calves located on the 100-acres. Roy testified that he made annual 

payments on the land from December 1998 until the property was deeded to him in 

January 2006. Despite her claims on appeal, Lee Ann likewise did not put forth any 

evidence to establish the amount, if any, she sought in reimbursement for annual 

payments made on Roy’s 100 acres. Therefore, she, again, did not carry her burden to 

establish a claim for reimbursement. See id. As a result, the trial court did not err in 

exercising its discretion. 

B. Nissan Altima

By her second argument, Lee Ann asserts that the trial court erred in finding that 

a Nissan Altima belonging to the community estate—that was deemed a total loss after a 

wreck—sold for $800 because the sales price of the certificate of title stated otherwise. 

We construe this argument as a factual and legal challenge to the sufficiency of evidence.

1. Standard of Review

In a bench trial where no findings of fact or conclusions of law are filed, the trial 

court’s judgment implies all findings of fact necessary to support it. Roberson v. 

Robinson, 768 S.W.2d 280, 281 (Tex. 1989). When the appellate record includes the 

reporter’s and clerk’s records, these implied findings are not conclusive and may be 

challenged for legal and factual sufficiency at the appellate level. BMC Software 

Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002). For legal sufficiency 

challenges, no evidence points must, and may only, be sustained when the record 

discloses one of the following situations: (a) a complete absence of evidence of a vital 
8

fact; (b) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only 

evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (c) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no 

more than a mere scintilla; (d) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of the 

vital fact. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 810 (Tex. 2005). For factual 

sufficiency challenges, if the finding is so contrary to the evidence as to be clearly wrong 

and manifestly unjust, we must set aside the finding. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 

(Tex. 1986) (per curiam). 

2. Discussion

Lee Ann introduced and the trial court admitted a copy of the Nissan’s certificate 

of title evidencing the sale of the Altima to Scotia Ledezma in April 4, 2012 for a sale price 

of $5,000. The title is signed by “Roy Cholopisa.” Roy testified that after the vehicle 

was “totaled,” he signed the certificate of title over to Classic Paint and Body. According 

to Roy, Classic Paint and Body paid him $800, of which he “netted about three something 

because the towing and the storage [fees] were over $400.” When asked whether 

Classic Paint and Body resold the Altima, Roy testified that the representatives at Classic 

Paint and Body told him that “they sometimes fix [cars] up and sell them, and evidently 

he did.” Roy denied that he sold the Altima to Ledezma and maintained that he instead 

sold the vehicle to Classic Body and Paint. Furthermore, Roy questioned the signature 

on the title itself. 

After reviewing the record, we conclude that more than a scintilla of evidence exists 

that Roy sold the Altima to Classic Body and Paint. Furthermore, although the certificate 

of title shows a sale of the Altima to Ledezma for $5,000, we cannot hold that such 

evidence conclusively establishes that Roy sold the Altima to Ledezma. Roy denied 
9

selling the car to Ledezma, and also questioned the validity of his signature on the title. 

Therefore, we hold that legally sufficient evidence exists to support the trial court’s finding. 

See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810. Additionally, we conclude that the trial court’s 

finding is not so contrary to the evidence to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust 

requiring us to set it aside. See Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 179. 

C. Summary

We hold that the trial court did not err in exercising its discretion regarding: (1) 

Lee Ann’s claims for reimbursement as they relate to payments made to the home equity 

loan used to finance Roy’s purchase of the 204 Westminster property; and (2) for annual 

payments made to Roy’s 100-acre separate property. Furthermore, we conclude that 

the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that Roy 

sold the community estate’s Nissan Altima to Classic Body and Paint for $500. Lee 

Ann’s first issue is overruled. 

IV. FRAUD

By her second issue, Lee Ann appears to assert that Roy breached a duty to Lee 

Ann for deeding during their marriage the 100 acres and 204 Westminster properties to 

his daughter Carmen and reserving a life estate for himself only.

Each spouse has the sole management, control, and disposition of that spouse’s 

separate property. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.101 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). 

However, whether the homestead is the separate property of either spouse or community 

property, neither spouse may sell, convey, or encumber the homestead without the 

joinder of the other spouse, except as provided in this chapter or by the rules of law. Id. 

§ 5.001; see also TEX. CONST. art. XVI, § 51 (defining a homestead). 
10

It is undisputed that the 100 acres and the 204 Westminster properties are Roy’s 

separate property. Furthermore, nothing in the record indicates that the 100 acres or 

204 Westminster property were used as Lee Ann or Roy’s homestead. To the contrary, 

the record shows that the couple lived together at the 206 Westminster residence until 

their separation, when Roy moved into the home at 204 Westminster. Therefore, we 

hold that Roy had the right to solely convey his 100 acres and 204 Westminster property 

to his daughter and reserve a life estate for himself only because those properties were 

his separate property and not his and Lee Ann’s homestead. See id. §§ 3.101; 5.001. 

We overrule Leann’s second issue. 

V. CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

GINA M. BENAVIDES,

Justice

Delivered and filed the

4th day of June, 2015.