IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

HAFID TAHRAOUI, an individual, No. 49625-9-II

Appellant,

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

v.

FRANKLIN BROWN; RUSTIN WILDER; 

ERIN ORBITS; JOHN and JANE DOES 1-4 

individually, and in his or her official capacity; 

PIERCE COUNTY, a municipal corporation; 

PIERCE COUNTY SHERIFF, a county 

agency; and PIERCE COUNTY 

PROSECUTOR, a county agency,

Respondents.

BJORGEN, C.J. — Hafid Tahraoui appeals from the superior court’s grant of summary 

judgment and award of statutory attorney fees and costs against him in his tort claim for 

malicious prosecution. He argues that genuine issues of material fact preclude a grant of 

summary judgment and that the superior court improperly awarded statutory attorney fees and 

costs.

Filed

Washington State

Court of Appeals

Division Two

February 13, 2018
No. 49625-9-II

2

We hold that the superior court properly granted summary judgment and properly 

awarded statutory attorney fees to the defendants. We hold also that the superior court erred in 

awarding the jury demand fee as a cost. Consequently, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

FACTS

On May 10, 2008, Tahraoui was at an estate sale at the residence of Charles Pate. 

Tahraoui asked Pate how much he wanted for an aluminum trailer hitch, and Pate responded that 

it was not for sale. After Tahraoui left, Pate noticed that the trailer hitch was missing. On May 

11, Pate called Tahraoui and asked him to return the hitch. Tahraoui told Pate that it would be 

inconvenient to return the hitch at that time and that he would return it later. Tahraoui also told 

Pate that he had taken the hitch because he felt that he was short-changed at the estate sale and 

the hitch served as a compromise. Tahraoui stated that he wanted $100 for its return. Pate then 

called law enforcement to report the hitch as stolen. 

On May 11, Deputy Franklin Brown interviewed Pate and another witness, Shawna Fore. 

Fore told Brown that she saw Tahraoui place the trailer hitch into his vehicle before he left the 

estate sale. Brown then called Tahraoui and left a message stating that he could potentially be 

arrested if he did not return the trailer hitch. On May 12, Brown received a phone call from Pate, 

who stated that Tahraoui had called him in order to make arrangements to return the trailer hitch. 

However, when Brown called Tahraoui, he denied making any arrangements with Pate. 

Also on May 12, Lieutenant Rustin Wilder was notified of an administrative complaint 

filed by Taharoui regarding Brown. The complaint alleged that Brown was using his authority 

and position as a deputy sheriff to influence a dispute between Pate and Tahraoui. Wilder spoke 

with Brown, who relayed that he had no prior knowledge of Pate and that Tahraoui had “spoken 
No. 49625-9-II

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with the victim and tried to sell the stolen hitch back to the victim for $100.” Clerk’s Papers 

(CP) at 44. Wilder interpreted this information as “an admission that [Tahraoui] had the hitch 

and was trying to extort money from the victim for recovery of the stolen property.” CP at 44. 

Wilder then called Tahraoui to attempt to set up a ruse to have him come to the police station in 

order to arrest him. Tahraoui declined to go to the police station. 

On May 23, Tahraoui called Deputy Montgomery Minion to give him his version of the 

incident. According to Tahraoui, on May 10 he was at Pate’s estate sale and Pate’s father, 

Shelly,

1

sold him the trailer hitch and other items for $70. Tahraoui stated that he “gave [Shelly] 

one hundred dollars in $20.00 bills and in return got a $100.00 bill.” CP at 38. When Tahraoui 

returned home, he noticed that he was missing $100.00 and called Pate to ask if he had seen the 

$100.00 bill Shelly had given him. Pate responded that he did not have any $100.00 bills and 

that Shelly was the only one handling the cash at the sale. Tahraoui also recounted how on May 

11, Pate had called him claiming that he had stolen the trailer hitch. 

After hearing his account, Minion told Tahraoui that his account differed from those of 

Pate, Brown, and Wilder and that he would still need to submit the case to the prosecutor’s office 

for review. According to Minion, Tahraoui acknowledged that if he returned the hitch to Pate 

the incident could likely be resolved and agreed to make arrangements with Pate to return the 

trailer hitch. However, at his deposition Tahraoui disputed that he “agreed” to return the hitch. 

CP at 129. Tahraoui stated that he “said I’ll think about it, but I never said I will–I will give you 

the hitch or made an arrangement to give them the hitch.” CP at 129. 

 

1 Shelly is also referred to as Pate’s stepfather.
No. 49625-9-II

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In Minion’s report of July 30, 2008, he stated that he had unsuccessfully attempted to 

contact Pate for two months despite leaving several messages and that Pate had moved to 

Colorado. Consequently, Minion decided to close the case “due to the lack of interest by the 

victim.” CP at 62. 

On February 29, 2009, the Pierce County Prosecutor’s Office charged Tahraoui with third 

degree theft based on the incident involving Pate. On May 5, the charge was dismissed with 

prejudice. On July 11, 2011, Tahraoui filed a complaint against Brown, Wilder, and Minion 

(Officers) alleging malicious prosecution. On August 25, 2016 the Officers filed their motion for 

summary judgment on Tahraoui’s malicious prosecution claim.

The superior court granted the Officers’ motion for summary judgment and dismissed 

Tahraoui’s claim for malicious prosecution. The court also awarded statutory attorney fees and 

costs to the Officers. Tahraoui appeals the summary judgment ruling and award of statutory 

attorney fees and costs.

ANALYSIS

I. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARDS

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, considering all the evidence and 

reasonable inferences from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. 

Keck v. Collins, 184 Wn.2d 358, 370, 357 P.3d 1080 (2015). Summary judgment is only 

appropriate if no genuine issue exists as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law. Id. A material fact is a fact that affects the outcome of the 

litigation. Id. at n.2. However, a nonmoving party cannot defeat a motion for summary 
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judgment with conclusory statements of fact. Baldwin v. Silver, 165 Wn. App. 463, 471, 269 

P.3d 284 (2011). 

II. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION

Tahraoui argues that the superior court erred by dismissing his claim for malicious 

prosecution because probable cause for his third degree theft prosecution did not exist as a matter 

of law with regard to any of the Officers. We disagree.

In order to prevail on a claim for malicious prosecution, a plaintiff must show five 

elements:

(1) the prosecution was instituted or continued by the defendant, (2) there was want 

of probable cause for the institution or continuation of the proceeding, (3) the 

proceeding was instituted or continued through malice, (4) the proceeding was 

terminated on the merits in favor of the plaintiff or was abandoned, and (5) plaintiff 

suffered injury as a result of the prosecution. 

Youker v. Douglas County, 162 Wn. App. 448, 461, 258 P.3d 60 (2011) A prima facie case of 

want of probable cause is established by proof that the proceedings were dismissed in favor of 

the plaintiff. Youker, 162 Wn. App. at 461. 

More specifically to this appeal,

probable cause is deemed established as a matter of law with respect to a given 

defendant [in the tort claim] if it clearly appears that the defendant provided the 

prosecuting attorney with a full and fair disclosure, in good faith, of all the material 

facts known to him or her, and the prosecutor thereupon preferred a criminal charge.

Youker, 162 Wn. App. at 462. A corollary principle is that “if any issue of fact exists as to 

whether a malicious prosecution defendant fully and truthfully communicated all the material 

facts and circumstances, then the issue of fact must be submitted to a jury.” 162 Wn. App. at 

463. 
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As examples of these principles, Youker held that “[t]he undisputed evidence presented 

by the County establishes that Deputy White did make a full and fair disclosure, in good faith, of 

what was learned in the deputies’ investigation. Probable cause is therefore deemed established 

as a matter of law.” 162 Wn. App. at 464. On the other hand, in Bender v. City of Seattle, the

Supreme Court held that the defendant detective had not established probable cause as a matter 

of law because the jury had to determine whether the detective’s undisclosed information 

gathered during investigation was material to the prosecution’s determination of probable cause. 

99 Wn.2d 582, 595-96, 664 P.2d 492 (1983). 

In this case, it is undisputed that the prosecuting attorney decided to file a third degree

theft charge against Tahraoui based on the police reports created by the Officers in this case. 

Therefore, to determine whether probable cause exists with respect to each of the Officers as a 

matter of law, we must determine whether the undisputed facts show that the Officer made a full 

and fair disclosure of all material facts known at the time. 

A. Deputy Brown

Tahraoui claims that Brown did not provide the prosecution with a full and fair disclosure 

of all the facts known to him at the time when he filed his report. He states that Brown could not 

have completed a good faith investigation because only five minutes elapsed from Brown

arriving at Pate’s residence to Brown calling Tahraoui regarding a potential arrest. However, 

[t]he many Washington decisions deeming probable cause to exist in malicious 

prosecution cases have never conditioned it on the defendant’s having undertaken 

a sufficient investigation; it is consistently couched in terms of the defendant’s 

having “made . . . a full and fair disclosure, in good faith, of all the material facts 

known to him.”
No. 49625-9-II

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Youker, 162 Wn. App. at 464 (alteration in original) (quoting Bender, 99 Wn.2d at 593). 

Furthermore, Tahraoui has not cited to any authority suggesting that the sufficiency of an 

investigation is an element of malicious prosecution. Therefore, the amount of time Brown spent 

investigating is irrelevant to whether he made a full and fair disclosure of all material facts 

known to him at the time. Similarly, Brown’s failure to elicit Tahraoui’s version of the events or 

interview Shelly before considering a potential arrest is not relevant to whether Brown made a 

full and fair disclosure of all material facts known at the time. 

Tahraoui’s remaining assertions regarding Brown are conclusory statements that Brown 

was biased and that “Brown made a false claim,” which are insufficient to create a genuine issue 

of fact for summary judgment. Br. of Appellant at 14; Baldwin, 165 Wn. App. at 471. 

Therefore, because Tahraoui has not provided any evidence indicating that Brown had 

knowledge of facts material to the theft investigation and failed to disclose those facts, probable 

cause exists as a matter of law with respect to Brown’s actions. For that reason, Brown is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

B. Lieutenant Wilder

Tahraoui claims that Wilder did not conduct an adequate investigation into the theft claim 

before attempting to arrest Tahraoui. As stated above, an assertion that law enforcement did not 

perform a thorough enough investigation is not determinative as to whether law enforcement 

made a full and fair disclosure of all material facts known at the time. Youker, 162 Wn. App. at 

464. Although Tahraoui contends that “[s]ince[] Brown’s determination was wrong and unfair; 
No. 49625-9-II

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Wilder’s decision [to recommend charges] is also wrong and unfair,” Wilder’s decision to rely 

on Brown’s investigation does not suggest that Wilder failed to disclose some information 

material to the alleged theft incident. Reply Br. of Appellant at 7. 

Therefore, because Tahraoui has not provided any evidence indicating that Wilder had 

knowledge of facts material to the theft investigation and failed to disclose those facts, probable 

cause exists as a matter of law with regard to Wilder’s actions. For that reason, Wilder is entitled 

to judgment as a matter of law.

C. Deputy Minion

Tahraoui contends that Minion did not make a full and fair disclosure of all material facts 

because Minion “knew or should have known that Tahraoui was innocent.” Br. of Appellant at 

17. Tahraoui also argues that Minion did not advise the prosecuting attorney of the absence of 

probable cause. However, Tahraoui does not explain why Minion knew or should have known 

that Tahraoui was innocent or why probable cause was absent, other than stating that Minion 

should have believed his version of the events. 

Therefore, because Tahraoui has not provided any evidence indicating that Minion had 

knowledge of facts material to the theft investigation and failed to disclose those facts, probable 

cause exists as a matter of law with regard to Minion’s actions. For that reason, Minion is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

III. ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS

Tahraoui argues that the superior court improperly awarded costs and statutory attorney 

fees, including the jury demand fee, to the Officers. 
No. 49625-9-II

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Generally, a prevailing party may recover attorney fees authorized by statute, equitable 

principles, or agreement between the parties. Landberg v. Carlson, 108 Wn. App. 749, 758, 33 

P.3d 406 (2001). We review whether a statute authorizes an award of attorney fees de novo. 

Bearden v. McGill, 193 Wn. App. 235, 240, 372 P.3d 138 (2016), review granted, 188 Wn.2d 

1015 (2017). 

A. Timeliness

Tahraoui maintains that the Officers were required to raise the issue of statutory attorney 

fees and costs in their motion for summary judgment and therefore their request for fees is 

untimely. Cost bills are due 10 days after the entry of judgment, CR 54(d)(1), although the clerk 

is required to tax certain costs in the absence of a cost bill. CR 78(e). The superior court granted 

the Officers’ motion for summary judgment on September 30, 2016. On October 10, which was 

10 days after the superior court’s order on summary judgment, the Officers submitted a cost bill. 

Therefore, the Officers’ request for statutory attorney fees and costs was timely.

B. Statutory Authority

Tahraoui also argues that awarding costs to the Officers for the jury demand fee exceeded 

the superior court’s authority under RCW 4.84.010(1). We agree.

The meaning of a statute is a question of law reviewed de novo. Dep’t of Ecology v. 

Campbell & Gwinn, L.L.C., 146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). In interpreting a statute, our 

“fundamental objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature’s intent, and if the statute’s 

meaning is plain on its face, then the court must give effect to that plain meaning as an 

expression of legislative intent.” Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9-10. In determining plain 
No. 49625-9-II

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meaning, we may examine “the statute in which the provision at issue is found, as well as related 

statutes or other provisions of the same act in which the provision is found.” Id. at 10. 

Former RCW 4.84.010(1) (2007) authorizes the prevailing party to recover “filing fees.” 

Under CR 38(b), at or before the time a case is called to be set for trial, a party may demand a 

trial by jury by serving and filing the demand and by paying the jury fee required by law. Under 

former RCW 36.18.016 (2006), a party requesting a 12-person jury must pay a fee of $250. In 

this case, the Officers submitted a 12-person jury demand. 

The issue presented is whether a jury demand fee is the sort of “filing fee” that may be 

recovered in civil actions as a cost under the statutes noted above. Our Supreme Court has 

explained that “[c]osts have historically been very narrowly defined, and RCW 4.84.010 limits 

cost recovery to a narrow range of expenses such as filing fees, witness fees, and service of 

process expenses.” Hume v. Am. Disposal Co., 124 Wn.2d 656, 674, 880 P.2d 988 (1994). 

Following Campbell & Gwinn, we examine related statutes in attempting to determine the plain 

meaning of “filing fees” in former RCW 4.84.010(1). A related statute, former RCW 

36.18.016(3)(a), imposes a jury demand fee in civil actions. Former RCW 36.18.016(3)(b), in 

turn, authorizes the recovery of a jury demand charge as a cost under RCW 10.46.190 upon 

conviction in criminal cases. Neither former RCW 36.18.016(3)(b) nor RCW 10.46.190 purport 

to authorize the recovery of a jury demand fee or charge in civil actions. 

Under the canon of construction, expressio unius exclusio alterius est, “‘[w]here a statute 

specifically designates the things or classes of things upon which it operates, an inference arises 

in law that all things or classes of things omitted from it were intentionally omitted by the 

legislature.’” State v. Swanson, 116 Wn. App. 67, 75, 65 P.3d 343 (2003) (quoting Wash. 
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Natural Gas Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1, 77 Wn.2d 94, 98, 459 P.2d 633 (1969)). Under this 

canon, the express authorization of the recovery of a jury demand fee in criminal actions and the 

absence of corresponding authorization for civil actions conveys legislative intent that the jury 

demand fee in civil actions is not a “filing fee” recoverable as a cost under former RCW 

4.84.010. Therefore, consistently with Campbell & Gwinn, we hold that the plain meaning of 

former RCW 4.84.010(1) does not authorize the recovery of a jury demand fee as a cost in civil 

actions. 

CONCLUSION

We affirm the superior court’s grant of summary judgment to the Officers. We also

affirm the award of statutory attorney fees, but reverse the award of the jury demand fee to the 

Officers as a cost.

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, 

it is so ordered.

Bjorgen, C.J.

We concur:

Worswick, J.

Melnick, J.