NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING 

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED 

 IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL 

 OF FLORIDA 

 SECOND DISTRICT 

 

RICHARD BYLOCK, ) 

 ) 

 Appellant, ) 

 ) 

v. ) Case No. 2D14-5515 

 ) 

STATE OF FLORIDA, ) 

 ) 

 Appellee. ) 

 ) 

Opinion filed July 15, 2016. 

Appeal from the Circuit Court for 

Pasco County; Mary M. Handsel, Judge. 

Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, 

and Karen M. Kinney, Assistant Public 

Defender, Bartow, for Appellant. 

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, 

Tallahassee, and Kiersten E. Jensen, 

Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for 

Appellee. 

CRENSHAW, Judge. 

 Richard Bylock appeals his convictions and sentences entered after he 

pleaded no contest to two counts of burglary and two counts of criminal mischief. On 

appeal, Bylock argues that the trial court committed fundamental error when it failed to 

hold an adequate competency hearing to determine that his competency had been 

restored. We agree, reverse, and remand for further proceedings. 
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 Bylock was adjudicated incompetent in October 2013 and sent to the 

Florida State Hospital to be restored to competency. The trial court held a competency 

status check on April 11, 2014. Bylock and his defense counsel were present at the 

hearing, but counsel for the State was not. Despite the State's absence, the trial court 

orally adjudicated Bylock competent to proceed. The trial court's statements regarding 

Bylock's competency were limited to the following: 

Mr. Bylock's come back from the state hospital. They've 

indicated that at this point he's competent to proceed. So I'll 

adjudicate him competent at this time to proceed and I'll 

reset the pretrial for May 1st at 9:00 a.m. 

The proceeding concluded. The trial court did not enter a written order of competency. 

 Months later Bylock pleaded no contest to two counts of burglary and two 

counts of criminal mischief. He was designated a habitual violent felony offender and 

sentenced to time served for the criminal mischief charges and to a concurrent ten 

years' prison for the burglary charges. 

 We conclude that the trial court's limited statement to defense counsel at 

the April 2014 competency status hearing was insufficient to constitute a proper 

competency hearing under Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure 3.210 through 3.212. 

"[I]t is necessary for courts to observe the specific [competency] hearing requirements 

set forth in the rules in order to safeguard a defendant's due process right to a fair trial 

and to provide the reviewing court with an adequate record on appeal." Dougherty v. 

State, 149 So. 3d 672, 676 (Fla. 2014). "Once found incompetent, a presumption clings 

to the criminal defendant that the state of incompetence persists until a court, after 

proper notice and hearing, finds otherwise." Roman v. State, 163 So. 3d 749, 750-51 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (quoting Molina v. State, 946 So. 2d 1103, 1105 (Fla. 5th DCA 
- 3 - 

2006)). "Under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.210, a criminal prosecution may 

not move forward at any material stage, which includes entry of a plea, against a 

defendant who is incompetent to proceed." Ross v. State, 155 So. 3d 1259, 1259 (Fla. 

1st DCA 2015) (citing Dougherty, 149 So. 3d at 676-77). 

 "Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.212(c) provides that when the court 

receives notice that a defendant has regained competence, the court shall hold a 

hearing to determine if a defendant is competent to proceed." Roman, 163 So. 3d at 

751 (citing Jackson v. State, 880 So. 2d 1241, 1242 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004)). A 

defendant's legal status cannot be restored to competent without the benefit of a 

hearing. Jackson, 880 So. 2d at 1242. During the hearing, "[t]he trial court may take 

the testimony of court-appointed experts designated under rule 3.211, or where the 

parties and the trial court agree, the trial court 'may decide the issue of competency on 

the basis of the written reports alone.' " Shakes v. State, 185 So. 3d 679, 681 (Fla. 2d 

DCA 2016) (quoting Dougherty, 149 So. 3d at 677-78). Nevertheless, the written 

reports are advisory and the trial court retains the responsibility of "making an 

independent legal determination regarding whether the defendant is competent." Id. 

For that reason, a defendant may not stipulate to competency. Dougherty, 149 So. 3d 

at 678. Finally, when a trial court determines a defendant is competent to proceed, it 

must enter a written order so finding. Shakes, 185 So. 3d at 681. 

 Here the trial court's oral declaration of competency—and Bylock's 

subsequent plea—were invalid because the trial court failed to conduct a proper 

competency hearing. No witnesses were presented, counsel for the State was absent, 

and there is no indication in the record that the parties agreed that the trial court could 
- 4 - 

rely on the reports deeming Bylock competent to proceed. See, e.g., Jackson, 880 So. 

2d at 1243-44 (concluding that the trial court's oral adjudication of competency based on 

medical reports was invalid where "the record [was] devoid of any evidence that the 

parties agreed to such a procedure"). Further, the trial court failed to enter a written 

order of competency—another indication "that the trial court did not make an 

independent competency determination." Shakes, 185 So. 3d at 682; see also Ross, 

155 So. 3d at 1260 (concluding that defendant's plea was invalid as a matter of law 

because there was "no evidence in the record that the trial court conducted a 

competency hearing, reviewed evidence from any examining physicians, or made an 

oral or written finding that appellant had been restored to competence"); Samson v. 

State, 853 So. 2d 1116, 1117 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003) (concluding defendant "remained 

incompetent to proceed and could not enter valid pleas" because the trial court failed to 

"take the testimony of any of the examining physicians and did not enter a written order 

stating that [the defendant] was restored to competence"). 

 Accordingly, we reverse Bylock's convictions and sentences and remand 

for the trial court to hold a proper competency proceeding and any further proceedings 

necessary in accordance with this opinion. 

 Reversed and remanded. 

 SILBERMAN and MORRIS, JJ., Concur.