[Cite as State v. Allie, 2024-Ohio-2262.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, :

No. 112953

v. :

BRIAN ALLIE, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 13, 2024

Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas

Case No. CR-22-676448-A

Appearances:

Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting 

Attorney, and Melissa R. Riley, Assistant Prosecuting 

Attorney, for appellee. 

Law Offices of Mr. William B. Norman and William B. 

Norman, for appellant. 

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, A.J.:

Defendant-appellant, Brian Allie, appeals from the trial court’s 

judgment, rendered after a jury trial, finding him guilty of illegal use of a minor in 

nudity-oriented material or performance. For the following reasons, we affirm. 
In December 2022, the state named Allie in a 17-count indictment 

charging him with six counts of illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or 

performance, in violation of R.C. 2907.323(A)(1), a felony of the second degree

(Counts 1 through 6); ten counts of illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material 

or performance, in violation of R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), a fifth-degree felony (Counts 7-

16); and one count of possessing criminal tools, in violation of R.C. 2923.24(A), a 

felony of the fifth degree (Count 17). Counts 1-9 and 14 pertained to images of his 

niece, and Counts 10-13 and 15-16 pertained to images of seven unknown females in 

six photographs. Allie pleaded not guilty, and the case proceeded to trial where the 

jury heard and observed the following evidence.

I. Jury Trial

Justin Rotili, an Ohio Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force 

(“ICAC”) special investigator with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor’s office, testified 

that he has been in law enforcement since 2007. He explained both the proactive 

side of child exploitation cases, i.e., using chat operations to identify individuals 

seeking children for inappropriate conduct, and the reactive side of his 

investigations, i.e., receiving cybertips from social media platforms or cloud-based 

storage applications that have identified possible child exploitation or enticement 

activity. Rotili testified that once ICAC analysts discover the IP addresses associated 

with potential violators, subpoenas are issued to obtain subscriber information, and 

a search warrant may be executed on the house where the subscriber resides. He
stated that he executed the search warrant at Allie’s address and discovered the 

electronic devices in Allie’s home. 

Detective Kevin Navratil testified that he had been in law 

enforcement for nine and one-half years, but from November 2019 until March 

2021, he worked in the Cleveland Division of Police, Sex Crimes and Child Abuse 

Unit, and since March 2021, he had been a forensic analyst assigned to ICAC, which 

investigates the possession and distribution of child pornography. Det. Navratil

testified that his job duties included performing forensic analysis on digital evidence 

discovered on computers, phones, and tablets. He testified that he received training 

at the National Computer Forensic Institute, held many certifications pertaining to 

the utilization of data extraction software, and had conducted forensic analysis on 

approximately 500 devices. 

Det. Navratil explained how images, files, and videos are extracted 

from various electronic devices by using Cellebrite forensic software. He stated that 

each image, video, or file contains a “path” that reveals where that digital evidence 

originated, and that “cache files” or “thumbnails” are files created from the original 

image for faster access. He said that he then uses Griffeye, an efficient media 

viewing tool, which reads all the content extracted by Cellebrite. Det. Navratil 

testified that in child exploitation cases, he views every image, video, and file 

extracted from the device. He explained that one tool that is useful in sorting 

through the digital evidence is the Project VIC hashtag database. Det. Navratil said 

that each image, file, or video receives a “hash value,” which is analogous to a DNA 
fingerprint — no two images, even if edited, will have the same hash value. He 

explained:

So that is a database provided to law enforcement. It contains hash 

values of child abuse material, child exploitive age difficult, and CGI 

animation and non-pertinent files. When you run it through Griffeye, 

it will automatically categorize this media for me so it kind of goes by a 

color system. It will be green will be non-pertinent, red will be the 

illegal files, yellow will be age difficult child exploitive, and it’s a tan 

color for CGI animation.

(Tr. 297.) He stated that he is specifically looking for child sexual abuse material. 

He explained:

So that will be a minor child engaged in a sex act. Typically the way I’m 

going to mark them is I’m looking for no development at all on the 

child, [i.e., if the person is a female, there is no development of breasts, 

or pubic hair], or [the child is] engaged in a sex act. 

(Tr. 298.)

Specific to this case, Det. Navratil stated that he conducted a forensic 

analysis on evidence recovered from a search warrant on Allie’s home; specifically, 

a black Motorola Droid, a black and red Motorola, a black Samsung phone, a black 

Apple iPad, and a black Samsung Galaxy Note cellphone. He testified he located on 

Allie’s Samsung Galaxy Note a Gmail account for dawgba68@gmail.com and a 

phone number of 440-336-2003 — “That would have been associated with the 

cybertip.” (Tr. 313.) 

Det. Navratil also found an application called “Vaulty Hide Pictures 

and Videos” on Allie’s devices. He explained that Vaulty is a password protected 

mobile phone application that stores videos and photos. Det. Navratil testified that 

images of the unknown females that formed the basis for Counts 10-13 and 15-16 
were stored in the Vaulty app on Allie’s black Samsung phone. (Exhibit No. 5.) 

Det. Navratil testified that the images showed females with their vaginas, breasts, 

and buttocks exposed. He opined that the unknown females were prepubescent due 

to the lack of breast development and pubic hair. The jury viewed the photographs. 

Allie called three witnesses in his defense — his sister, his wife, and 

himself. His sister testified that she consented to Allie possessing the photographs 

of her daughter; in fact, she admitted that she sent some of the pictures to him. The 

defense admitted into evidence a letter of written consent from Allie’s sister that 

explained that Allie had permission to possess the photographs that formed the 

basis for Counts 1-9 and 14. 

On cross-examination, Allie’s sister described the other photographs 

of the unknown females as “filth” and “disgusting” and “pornography.” (Tr. 474, 

476.) The record reflected that she had difficulty looking at those photographs. 

(Tr. 476, 535.) Although the trial court sustained the defense’s objections when the 

state asked his sister’s opinion about whether the unknown females were children, 

his sister responded, “I don’t know that.” (Tr. 475.) Again, the court sustained 

defense’s objection to the state’s question, “[T]hey [are] disgusting photos of 

children, right,” but his sister answered, “No. Those are not children.” (Tr. 474.) 

Allie’s wife stated that prior to testifying she had not seen any of the 

photographs of the unknown females that detectives discovered on her husband’s

electronic devices. She stated that even after viewing the photographs, she did not 

“think you could tell that those are children * * * [b]ecause you can’t tell that they’re 
children.” (Tr. 496.) Nevertheless, the record reflected that Allie’s wife had “to some 

degree * * * a hard time looking” at the photographs. (Tr. 535.)

Allie testified in his defense. He stated that he would never knowingly 

download any images containing child pornography. He stated that he previously 

had a Pornhub account, but that he deleted the account in 2018. According to Allie, 

the website indicated that a user had to be 18 to access the website and that the 

images were those of adults. According to Allie, the six photographs of unknown 

females are adults, despite Det. Navratil’s opinion that the females were minors. He 

admitted, however, that after detectives conducted the search warrant, he contacted 

Rotili and apologized “about what had happened and [said] that [he was] very 

ashamed for [his] family.” (Tr. 539.) 

The jury found Allie not guilty of amended Counts 1-6, and Counts 7-

9 and 14 (all of those counts pertained to the pictures of his niece), but guilty of 

Counts 10-13 and 15-16 (the counts pertaining to the photographs of the unknown 

females), and Count 17, possessing criminal tools.1 The court sentenced Allie to 

serve 90 days in jail, with credit for 29 days, and two years of community-control 

sanctions. As a result of the convictions, he is a Tier I sex offender. 

This appeal followed.

1 Following the close of all evidence, the trial court granted Allie’s Crim.R. 29 for 

Counts 1 through 6, but permitted the state, over objection, to present those counts to the 

jury under the lesser-included section of R.C. 2907.323(A)(3). Because the jury acquitted 

Allie of those amended counts, Allie has not raised any issue in this regard, nor does this 

court express any opinion about the trial court’s decision. 
II. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence 

The test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the 

prosecution met its burden of production at trial. State v. Cottingham, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 109100, 2020-Ohio-4220, ¶ 32. An appellate court’s function when 

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to 

examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if 

believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 

(1997). The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most 

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential 

elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater 

amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather 

than the other. * * * Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its 

effect in inducing belief.” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 

972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 12, quoting Thompkins at 387. In a manifest-weight analysis, the 

reviewing court sits as a “thirteenth juror” and reviews “‘the entire record, weighs 

the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses, 

and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier of fact] 

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the 

conviction must be reversed, and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins at id., quoting 

State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). The 
discretionary power to grant a new trial should be exercised only in exceptional cases 

where the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction. Thompkins at 386.

Although sufficiency and manifest weight are different legal concepts, 

manifest weight subsumes sufficiency in conducting the legal analysis; that is, a 

finding that a conviction was supported by the manifest weight necessarily includes 

a finding of sufficiency. State v. Holloway, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 112129, 2023-

Ohio-2387, ¶ 24. Thus, a determination that a conviction is supported by the weight 

of the evidence will also dispose of the issue of sufficiency. Id., citing State v. 

Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100125, 2015-Ohio-1946, ¶ 11, citing Thompkins.

Allie contends in his first and second assignments of error that his 

convictions for illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or performance, in 

violation of R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), are based on insufficient evidence and against the 

manifest weight of the evidence because the state failed to prove that the unknown 

females displayed in the six photographs were under the age of 18. 

The crux of Allie’s argument centers around Det. Navratil’s opinion 

testimony, which according to Allie, was mere speculation because the detective

admitted that (1) he did not know the photographed females’ names or ages, (2) he 

was not an expert at age identification, and (3) because of personal grooming and 

waxing, the lack of pubic hair does not always determine whether a person is a 

minor. Allie further contends that the detective did not discover any search queries, 

websites, or chat logs associated with child pornography on his devices that would 

have supported the state’s evidence that the unknown females were minors. 
R.C. 2907.323(A)(3) provides that no person shall “[p]ossess or view 

any material or performance that shows a minor or impaired person who is not the 

person’s child or ward in a state of nudity.” This prohibition is followed by certain

defenses that are not relevant to this appeal. See R.C. 2907.323(A)(3)(a) and (b). 

R.C. 2907.01(M) defines “minor” as a person under the age of 18. 

The Ohio Supreme Court has explained that “[a] defendant will be 

guilty of possessing child pornography under R.C. 2907.323 only if the image depicts 

a real person under the age of 18 in a state of nudity where such nudity constitutes 

a lewd exhibition or involves a graphic focus on the genitals.” State v. Tooley, 114 

Ohio St.3d 366, 2007-Ohio-3698, 872 N.E.2d 894, ¶ 41. Moreover, the Ohio 

Supreme Court has made it clear that the images themselves are sufficient evidence 

to support a conviction under R.C. 2907.323. Id. at ¶ 48-49 (discussing whether a 

real child versus a computer-generated child is depicted in photographs). See also 

State v. Young, 37 Ohio St.3d 249, 258, 525 N.E.2d 1363 (1988) (upholding 

convictions for illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or performance 

based on “the photographs speak for themselves.”); State v. Gann, 154 Ohio App.3d 

170, 2003-Ohio-4000, 796 N.E.2d 942, ¶ 42 (12th Dist.) (same).

In this case, Det. Navratil testified about the six photographs of the 

unknown females discovered on Allie’s electronic device. He admitted that he did 

not try to determine the females’ identities or actual ages but opined, based on his 

experience and training, that each unknown female was prepubescent, i.e., a child. 

(Tr. 374.) He stated that based on his experience, a child hits puberty around age 12 
or 13. (Tr. 364.) The jury viewed each photograph as the detective testified about 

each one; this court has also viewed the photographs.

Regarding photograph 11, the detective testified that it was found in 

the path of the Vaulty application on a black Samsung cell phone and displayed two 

juvenile females with their vaginas exposed, with the focus of the picture being 

prepubescent females. He stated that he did not observe either pubic hair or breasts

in the photograph. (Tr. 337.) On cross-examination, he clarified that the females’ 

breasts are not observable because they are out of view of the photograph itself. 

Regarding photograph 12, Det. Navratil testified that he found it in 

the path of Vaulty on the black Samsung cell phone and it depicted a young female 

with her vagina and buttocks exposed, and he observed no pubic hair. (Tr. 338.) 

Regarding photograph 13, the detective testified that it was found in 

the path of Vaulty on a black Samsung cell phone and showed a young female with 

her shirt on, but her vagina exposed; he observed no pubic hair. He stated that the 

photograph also showed the female’s face. (Tr. 339-340.) 

Regarding photograph 14, Det. Navratil testified that it was found in 

the path of Vaulty on a black Samsung cell phone and revealed a young female 

wearing a shirt, but with her vagina and buttocks exposed. According to the 

detective, he observed no pubic hair in the photograph. 

Regarding photograph 16, the detective testified that it was found in 

the path of Vaulty on a black Samsung cell phone and showed a young, naked female 
with her vagina and both breasts exposed. (Tr. 344). According to Det. Navratil, he 

observed no pubic hair in the photograph. 

Regarding photograph 17, the detective testified that it was found in 

the path of the Vaulty application on the black Samsung cell phone and displayed a 

young, naked female holding her leg above her head, exposing her vagina. (Tr. 345.) 

Under the plain language of the statute and in accordance with 

Tooley, the state did not have to prove the exact age of the individuals depicted in 

photographs, but only that the individuals were under the age of 18. Sufficient 

evidence was presented because the jury observed the photographs and considered 

Det. Navratil’s testimony, mindful of his experience and training in detecting, 

analyzing, and deciphering child pornography. The state is correct — whether the 

detective is an expert on pubic hair removal does not diminish his experience upon 

which his testimony was based. Accordingly, we conclude that a rational juror could 

find that the seven unknown females in the photographs were under the age of 18 

and thus minors as defined under R.C. 2907.01(M). 

Moreover, this court, sitting as the “thirteenth juror,” also viewed the 

photographs of the unknown females. Based on our review of the entire record, we 

conclude that the jury clearly did not lose its way and create a manifest miscarriage 

of justice in concluding that the photographs were those of minors as defined under 

the law. This is not the exceptional case where the evidence weighs heavily against 

the jury verdict. 

Allie’s first and second assignments of error are overruled. 
III. Lay Witness Testimony

Over objection, Det. Navratil opined that the seven unknown females 

in the six pictures were prepubescent.

2 In his third assignment of error, Allie 

contends that the trial court committed reversible error by allowing lay witness 

testimony in contravention of Evid.R. 402, 403, 602, and 701. 

We will not reverse a trial court’s ruling on evidentiary issues absent 

an abuse of discretion and proof of material prejudice. See State v. Belton, 149 Ohio 

St.3d 165, 2016-Ohio-1581, 74 N.E.3d 319, ¶ 116.

Under Evid.R. 402, only relevant evidence is admissible. Evidence is 

considered relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is 

of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable 

than it would be without the evidence.” Evid.R. 401. Nevertheless, even relevant 

evidence “is not admissible if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the 

danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.” 

Evid.R. 403(A). 

Evid.R. 701 governs opinion testimony by lay witnesses and provides 

that such testimony “is limited to those opinions or inferences which are 

2 Allie contends that the trial court impermissibly allowed his sister to render an 

opinion about the maturity of the unknown females. Our review of the record, however,

reveals that although court sustained most of Allie’s objections during this line of 

questioning; his sister’s subsequent responses were beneficial to his defense — “I don’t 

know that [they are children]”; “No. Those are not children.” (Tr. 474-475.) 
(1) rationally based on the perception of the witness, and (2) helpful to a clear 

understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” 

Under this rule, “if testimony is based on an officer’s training and 

experience, related to the officer’s personal observations during an investigation, 

and helpful to determine facts in issue, the testimony is properly admitted as lay 

testimony.” State v. Harris, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108624, 2020-Ohio-4461, ¶ 53, 

citing State v. Maust, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103812, 2016-Ohio-3171, ¶ 18. 

Further, impressions or conclusions are admissible if they assist the jury’s 

understanding or delineate a fact in issue. State v. Marshall, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 100736, 2015-Ohio-2511, ¶ 25, citing State v. Miller, 5th Dist. Richland No. 

2009-CA-0113, 2010-Ohio-3488, ¶ 50. Additionally, “[t]estimony in the form of an 

opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable solely because it 

embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.” Evid.R. 704.

Finally, Evid.R. 602 provides that a “witness may not testify to a 

matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness 

has personal knowledge of the matter.” Evidence sufficient to prove personal 

knowledge “may, but need not, consist of the witness’ own testimony.” Evid.R. 602. 

Personal knowledge is “‘[k]nowledge gained through firsthand observation or 

experience, as distinguished from a belief based on what someone else has said.’” 

Bonacorsi v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co., 95 Ohio St.3d 314, 2002-Ohio-2220, 

767 N.E.2d 707, ¶ 26, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 875 (7th Ed.1999). See

Evid.R. 602, Staff Notes (stating that a “witness is required to testify from first-hand 
knowledge which has been acquired by perceiving a fact through one or more of his 

five senses”); see also Starinchak v. Sapp, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-484, 2005-

Ohio-2715, ¶ 28.

In this case, Det. Navratil observed the photographs found on Allie’s 

devices and testified to what conclusions he made based on his personal experience 

and training. He opined that the seven unknown females in the six photographs 

were prepubescent because they lacked breast development and pubic hair. We find 

this testimony well within his personal knowledge and experience, because he 

testified to having almost ten years of police experience, with the last four years 

dedicated to crimes against children, including ICAC, which investigates the 

possession and distribution of child pornography. Det. Navratil’s testimony about 

what characteristics or features he looks for in determining the maturity level in 

children was permissible under Evid.R. 602 and 701. Accordingly, his testimony 

was relevant, rationally based on his training and personal experience in sex crimes 

cases involving children, and aided the trier of fact in determining whether the seven 

unknown females in the six pictures were minors, i.e., under the age of 18. 

Moreover, Det. Navratil’s testimony was not unfairly prejudicial because the jury 

viewed the pictures and could make their own determinations whether his opinions 

or deductions were credible.

Allie’s third assignment of error is overruled.
IV. Prosecutorial Misconduct

Allie contends in his fourth assignment of error that the prosecutor 

engaged in misconduct during closing argument that affected the accuracy, 

integrity, and reliability of the trial court process and verdict. Specifically, he 

contends that the prosecutor (1) vouched for the credibility of witnesses; (2) imputed 

her personal opinion about his guilt that improperly appealed to the jury’s emotions, 

biases, and prejudices; and (3) mischaracterized the evidence and witness 

testimony. 

Comments made during opening and closing statements are not 

evidence for the jury to consider. State v. Frazier, 73 Ohio St.3d 323, 328, 652 

N.E.2d 1000 (1995). Additionally, “[p]rosecutors are granted wide latitude in 

closing argument, and the effect of any conduct of the prosecutor during closing 

argument must be considered in light of the entire case to determine whether the 

accused was denied a fair trial.” State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶ 149. Therefore, “[t]he touchstone of the analysis ‘is the 

fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor.’” Id., quoting Smith v. 

Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 219, 102 S.Ct. 940, 71 L.Ed.2d 78 (1982). The test regarding 

prosecutorial misconduct in closing statements is two-fold. A reviewing court must 

determine whether the remarks were improper, and if so, whether they prejudicially 

affected the substantial rights of the defendant. State v. McAlpin, 169 Ohio St.3d 

279, 2022-Ohio-1567, 204 N.E.3d 459, ¶ 156, citing State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 

14, 470 N.E.2d 883 (1984). 
We note that Allie failed to object to the prosecutor’s comments 

during closing; thus, we also review only for plain error. State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio 

St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22 (Plain error is an obvious error or 

defect in the trial court proceedings that affects a defendant’s substantial right and 

the outcome of the trial.).

Allie first contends that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by 

improperly appealing to the jury’s emotions, biases, and prejudices when the 

prosecutor stated:

In this case when you look at those photos, I don’t see how anyone with 

two eyes and a brain with common sense could possibly say that those 

are adults or could be adults. 

(Tr. 612.) 

We find that Allie was not denied a fair trial by this comment. The 

request for the jury to use its common sense has been determined to be neither 

prosecutorial misconduct nor plain error. State v. Morgan, 2014-Ohio-2472, 14 

N.E.3d 452, ¶ 55 (12th Dist.), citing State v. Betts, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88607, 

2007-Ohio-5533, ¶ 83. Moreover, the prosecutor made this comment in her final 

closing argument rebutting defense counsel’s assertions during his closing that the 

state did not present any expert testimony to prove the age of the unknown females, 

Det. Navratil’s opinion about age was irrelevant, and the only evidence the state 

presented were the photographs themselves. (Tr. 609.) Accordingly, the 

prosecutor’s comment to use common sense did not deprive Allie of a fair trial.
Allie next contends that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by 

improperly imputing her personal opinion about the evidence when she stated:

Those are prepubescent children. Children who have not been through 

puberty. They don’t have any kind of pubic hair. * * * And when you 

look at that, you see those children’s faces and you see the lack of pubic 

hair and the lack of breasts. And sometimes it is helpful to cover up the 

hard parts and look at that face. Look at that and you’ll see those are 

children.

(Tr. 612-613.) 

During closing statements, parties have wide latitude as to what the 

evidence has shown and what inferences can be drawn from the evidence. State v. 

Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-6266, 900 N.E.2d 565, ¶ 213. “A prosecutor 

may state an opinion if based on evidence presented at trial.” State v. Leonard, 104 

Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 159. Moreover, these comments 

cannot be taken in isolation. Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 647, 94 S.Ct. 

1868, 40 L.Ed.2d 431 (1974) (“Isolated comments by a prosecutor are not to be taken 

out of context and given their most damaging meaning.”).

In this case, we find that the prosecutor’s opinion about what the 

photographs depicted was based on evidence presented at trial through 

Det. Navratil’s testimony and also through the photographs themselves. In fact, 

when the prosecutor made these statements, she told the jury that “some things 

speak for themselves,” indicating that the jury would need to look at the photographs 

again during deliberation. (Tr. 612.) Accordingly, Allie was not denied a fair trial by 

these isolated comments based on the presented evidence. 
Allie further contends that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by 

improperly mischaracterizing his sister’s testimony when the prosecutor stated: 

You saw [Allie’s sister] when she testified and when she had to look at 

those pictures that were not of her children, she couldn’t do it. She 

wanted to say they were adults because she loves her brother, but she 

couldn’t look.

(Tr. 615-616.) According to Allie, the prosecutor “mischaracterized [his sister’s]

intent, attacked her credibility, and invited the jury to reject her testimony based on 

biases and prejudices not indicated or supported by the record.” 

We find no misconduct. The prosecutor’s comments were made in 

her final closing after defense counsel stated in his closing that Allie’s sister had not 

been “impeached in any way.” (Tr. 599.) See State v. Wilson, 12th Dist. Clermont 

No. CA2001-09-072, 2002-Ohio-4709, ¶ 67 (“[A] prosecutor’s latitude in closing 

argument is wider on rebuttal where the prosecutor has room to respond to closing 

argument of defense counsel.”). More importantly, however, the prosecutor merely 

recalled Allie’s sister’s testimony when she did not want to view the photographs, 

calling them “filth” and “pornography,” but then agreed that she loved her brother 

and did not want to see him in trouble. (Tr. 480.) 

Based on the foregoing, and viewing the state’s closing argument as a 

whole, we find that Allie has not demonstrated that he was denied a fair trial based 

on the prosecutor’s limited comments. Moreover, the trial court instructed the jury 

at the beginning of the trial and again immediately prior to closing argument that 

closing statements by the parties are not evidence. (Tr. 262, 565.) A jury is 
presumed to follow the instructions given to it by the trial judge. State v. Loza, 71 

Ohio St.3d 61, 75, 641 N.E.2d 1082 (1994). Allie’s fourth assignment of error is 

overruled.

Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the 

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s 

convictions having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case 

remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., and

ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR