COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Malveaux and Friedman

Argued by videoconference 

THERESA JEAN WIZIARDE

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0402-21-2 JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX

FEBRUARY 8, 2022

ANTHONY MAURICE WARREN

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND

Beverly W. Snukals, Judge

Henry W. McLaughlin (Law Office of Henry McLaughlin, P.C., on 

briefs), for appellant.

Erik D. Baines (Brian C. Dent, Guardian ad litem for the minor child; 

Barnes & Diehl, P.C., on brief), for appellee.

Theresa Jean Wiziarde (“mother”) appeals an order entered by the City of Richmond Circuit 

Court (“circuit court”) dismissing her motion to amend a visitation order. On appeal, mother argues 

that the circuit court erred in: (1) ruling that Anthony Maurice Warren’s (“father”) testimony in the 

juvenile and domestic relations district court (“JDR court”) was not relevant because it was material 

to his credibility; (2) refusing to admit exhibits which tended to prove prior violence by father; 

(3) leaving in place the JDR order in the de novo appeal of that order, but not finding that father 

proved a change in circumstances supporting his increased visitation; and (4) denying her motion 

for reconsideration. For the following reasons, we affirm.

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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I. BACKGROUND1

“On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to [father], the party 

prevailing below.” D’Ambrosio v. D’Ambrosio, 45 Va. App. 323, 335 (2005).

On September 11, 2014, mother and father signed a custody and visitation agreement 

regarding their daughter, L.W. The agreement provided that mother would have physical 

custody of L.W. while the parties would share legal custody of the child. It also provided that 

father would have visitation Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday from noon to 6:00 p.m. This 

agreement was entered as an order of the JDR court on September 22, 2014.

Following the entry of this order, for the remainder of 2014 through 2017, the parties 

filed a variety of motions relating to custody and visitation in the JDR court. On September 14, 

2017, the circuit court held a hearing on father’s motion to amend the September 22, 2014 JDR 

court order. At the hearing, father moved to nonsuit his motion to amend. The circuit court 

granted father’s motion to nonsuit and reinstated the September 22, 2014 JDR order, and then 

remanded the matter to the JDR court. 

On January 3, 2018, father filed a motion to amend custody in the JDR court, requesting 

joint physical custody of L.W. On November 28, 2018, mother filed a motion to amend 

visitation, asking the court to modify the September 22, 2014 JDR order to allow only supervised 

visitation with father. On April 24, 2019, the JDR court held a hearing and entered an order 

(“April 2019 JDR order”) ordering that the parties’ current visitation order would remain in 

place.

1 This opinion uses abbreviations for the children’s names to protect their privacy. 

Additionally, the record in this case was sealed. To the extent that this opinion mentions facts 

found in the sealed record, we unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the 

decision in this case. See Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 (2017) (“To the extent 

that this [Court] mentions facts found in the sealed record, [it] unseal[s] only those specific facts, 

finding them relevant to the decision in th[e] case.”).
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On May 1, 2019, father filed two motions in the JDR court to amend the April 2019 JDR 

order, one addressing custody and one addressing visitation. In his motions, father requested that 

he be awarded sole physical custody of L.W. and that L.W. live with him at his residence with 

“reasonable” visitation for mother.

On June 30, 2020, mother likewise filed motions in the JDR court to amend the April 

2019 JDR order, one to modify visitation and one to modify custody. Mother asked the court to 

either maintain the current custody arrangement or grant her sole physical and legal custody. 

Mother also requested that the court require that father only have supervised visitation with L.W.

On August 20, 2020, the JDR court entered several orders regarding the parties’ motions

(“August 2020 JDR orders”). First, the court entered orders denying mother’s motions to amend

visitation and custody. Second, the court entered an order, referencing the case numbers for 

father’s motions to amend custody and visitation, that did not modify the parties’ custody 

arrangement and left mother with physical custody and both parties with joint legal custody. 

However, the court did modify the parties’ visitation schedule in this order. The order awarded

father increased visitation from the April 2019 JDR order, granting him overnight visitation from

Monday morning at 8:00 a.m. to Wednesday morning at 8:00 a.m. every other week.

On August 28, 2020, mother filed notices of appeal from all four of the August 2020 JDR 

court orders—the orders denying mother’s and father’s motions to amend custody, denying 

mother’s motion to amend visitation, and granting father’s motion to amend visitation. 

On March 22, 2021, the circuit court held a hearing on mother’s appeals. At the 

beginning of the hearing, the circuit court asked the parties whether mother’s motion for 

supervised visitation was “the only issue on the table here today,” and counsel for mother 

affirmed that the court was correct in that assertion.
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Mother then informed the court that she wanted to introduce exhibits concerning 

incidents that occurred prior to the April 2019 JDR order. The court stated that it would not 

admit that evidence as its “role [wa]s to take the order that was entered in April of 2019 and 

determine if there were any change in circumstances,” but noted that it would allow mother to 

proffer the evidence at the end of the hearing.

Mother then presented evidence, first calling father to testify. He stated that on June 25, 

2020, he and his son, D.W.,2carried a mattress across the street to an elderly neighbor’s home. 

Father testified that he had asked L.W. if she wanted to walk across the street with them or stay 

behind and watch a movie and that she had wanted to stay to watch the movie. Father then left 

L.W. alone at his house. He testified that he had left L.W. “alone for a few minutes” and denied 

leaving her alone for an hour. While he was moving the mattress, L.W. became scared. She 

went to father’s front porch, crying and upset, when a neighbor saw L.W. and brought her over 

to father. 

Mother then called D.W. to testify. D.W. stated that the mattress had been too big to get 

into the neighbor’s house, so they had “stayed there for little over an hour just trying to get the 

mattress in” while L.W. had been left alone that entire time. He later stated that it had been “[a]t 

the very least, an hour. Felt like maybe an hour.” D.W. also testified that father had not asked

L.W. if she wanted to come along with them. He noted that father’s house was located on a 

narrow one-way street. On cross-examination, he admitted that he did not remember what exact 

time he had left with father that day and did not remember what time they had returned.

2 D.W., father’s son from another relationship, was sixteen years old at the time of the 

hearing. At the hearing, father described his relationship with D.W. as “adversarial.” 
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After father and D.W. testified, mother rested her case. The court then asked father if he 

had any evidence, and he stated that he had no witnesses or exhibits. The court responded, “No 

problem.”

During argument, mother contended that a material change in circumstances had occurred

since the entry of the April 2019 JDR order due to father’s leaving L.W. alone for an hour and 

then later denying it. Mother asserted that this act demonstrated father’s poor parenting skills 

and his inability to take responsibility for his actions. Mother asked the circuit court to allow

father only supervised visitation with no overnight visitation.

The court ruled that it did not find a material change in circumstances. In making its 

ruling, the court found that father had made a mistake in leaving L.W. However, it did not

conclude that L.W. was actually left alone for an entire hour, noting that D.W.’s testimony had 

“changed slightly” regarding how long they were at the neighbor’s house. Further, D.W. had not 

been able to remember at what time they had left or returned home. After finding no material 

change in circumstances, the court stated, “[t]hen it just stays the same as it was in lower court. 

So the custody and visitation remains the same.” 

Following its ruling, the circuit court allowed mother to proffer her evidence regarding 

incidents that occurred prior to the April 2019 JDR order. Counsel for mother proffered exhibits

involving events that predated April 2019, stating that “[t]he contention is that leaving the child 

alone . . . comes in the context of prior problems, including violence on [father’s] part, including 

violence against the mother.” 

On March 22, 2021, the circuit court entered an order reflecting its rulings made in court. 

In this order, the court found that there had not been a material change in circumstances, and thus 

“[m]other’s request to amend the JDR Court’s August 20, 2020 custody/visitation Order is 

hereby denied.” 
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On March 30, 2021, mother filed a motion to reconsider. On April 6, 2021, the circuit 

court entered an order denying mother’s motion for reconsideration. 

Mother now appeals the circuit court’s decision. 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Failure to Establish a Material Change in Circumstances3

On appeal, mother argues that the circuit court erred in upholding the August 2020 JDR 

orders because father did not present evidence as to a change in circumstances during the hearing 

on her appeals of the August 2020 JDR orders. Mother asserts that because the circuit court 

hearing was de novo, the issues before the court should have included whether there was 

evidence that a change of circumstances occurred after the entry of the April 2019 JDR order to 

allow the court to award increased visitation for father. 

Code § 16.1-296(A) provides, in pertinent part, “From any final order or judgment of the 

juvenile court . . . an appeal may be taken to the circuit court within 10 days from the entry of a 

final judgment, order or conviction and shall be heard de novo.” “A court which hears a case de 

novo . . . acts not as a court of appeals but as one exercising original jurisdiction.” Addison v. 

Salyer, 185 Va. 644, 650 (1946) (quoting Gemmell, Inc. v. Svea Fire, etc., Ins. Co., 166 Va. 95, 

98 (1936)). “A trial de novo in the circuit court ‘annuls the judgment of the [juvenile court] as 

completely as if there had been no previous trial . . . and . . . grants to a litigant every advantage 

which would have been [available to the litigant] had the case been tried originally in [the 

circuit] court.’” Alexander v. Flowers, 51 Va. App. 404, 413 (2008) (quoting Fairfax Cnty. 

Dep’t of Family Servs. v. D.N. and S.N., 29 Va. App. 400, 406 (1999)) (alterations in original). 

“Once the trial de novo commences in the circuit court, the district court judgment is annulled, 

and is not thereafter available for any purpose.” Id. at 414 (quoting Turner v. Commonwealth, 

3 This section of the opinion addresses mother’s third assignment of error. 
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49 Va. App. 381, 386 (2007)). “Such an appeal transfers the entire record to the circuit court for 

retrial as though the case had been originally brought there.” Mahoney v. Mahoney, 34 

Va. App. 63, 66 (2000) (en banc).

“When a party has filed a petition to modify an existing visitation order, the courts must 

apply the Supreme Court’s two-pronged test enunciated in Keel v. Keel, 225 Va. 606 (1983), to 

determine whether modification of that order is proper.” Rhodes v. Lang, 66 Va. App. 702, 709 

(2016). “That test asks, ‘first, has there been a change in circumstances since the most recent 

custody [or visitation] award; second, would a change in custody [or visitation] be in the best 

interests of the children.’” Id. (quoting Keel, 225 Va. at 611). 

Although mother argues that the circuit court erred in upholding the JDR order granting 

father increased visitation when he did not present evidence as to a change in circumstances 

during the de novo circuit court hearing, we conclude that we cannot reach this issue on appeal. 

Instead, we find that mother waived any argument as to the lack of evidence supporting father’s 

increased visitation when she herself limited the court’s consideration to a single issue—

specifically, the JDR court’s denial of her motion to amend visitation. 

In the instant case, mother and father both filed motions in the JDR court to amend the 

custody and visitation orders. The JDR court issued rulings on each of these four motions in its 

August 2020 JDR orders. Mother subsequently filed four separate notices of appeal from the 

August 2020 JDR orders, noticing appeals on both parties’ motions to amend custody and 

visitation. At the outset of the circuit court hearing on mother’s appeals, the following exchange 

occurred between the court, counsel for mother, and the GAL: 

THE COURT: So is it my understanding that the issue is 

supervised visitation only, that the juvenile order denied her 

motion to amend, which was to ask for supervised visitation? Is 

that the only issue on the table here today?
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[COUNSEL FOR MOTHER]: She has appealed from the denial 

of her request that visitation be supervised.

THE COURT: Right. So that is the only issue we are dealing with 

is supervised visitation.

[COUNSEL FOR MOTHER]: I believe so.

THE COURT: Okay.

[GAL]: That’s my understanding, Your Honor.

THE COURT: Do you want to call your first witness?

[COUNSEL FOR MOTHER]: I would, Your Honor. Technically, 

[father] filed a motion that came before the Court. I would agree 

that I think it makes more sense for me to go forward.

This exchange shows the circuit court’s attempt to clarify which rulings from the JDR 

court mother was appealing. After the court asked whether it was correct in understanding that 

mother was appealing solely the denial of her motion to amend visitation, counsel for mother 

responded that she had “appealed from the denial of her request that visitation be supervised.” 

When the court then specifically asked whether the “only issue we are dealing with is supervised 

visitation,” counsel for mother responded that he “believe[d] so.” While counsel for mother did 

note that “[t]echnically, [father] filed a motion that came before the [c]ourt,” counsel did not 

inform the circuit court that mother had appealed any of father’s motions from the JDR court. 

Instead, this exchange, viewed in its totality, demonstrates that counsel for mother led the court 

to believe that the only motion before it was the denial of mother’s motion for supervised 

visitation for father.4 

4 Later in the hearing, the court again attempted to ascertain which orders were at issue 

before it and asked about the JDR order granting in part and denying in part father’s motions 

related to custody and visitation. After an exchange with the GAL, father, and counsel for 

mother about father’s motions before the JDR court, the circuit court stated that it had found 

mother’s motion for supervised visitation and had “just wanted to make sure we were on the 

same page.” At no point during this questioning by the circuit court did counsel for mother 

inform the court that mother was also appealing the JDR court order granting father’s motion for 
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Here, mother was the party appealing the orders from the JDR court to the circuit court. 

As the party appealing the orders, the burden was on mother to inform the circuit court what 

orders she was appealing from the JDR court.5 Cf. Forte v. Commonwealth, Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 

Div. of Child Support Enf’t, ex rel. Newsome, 65 Va. App. 1, 6 (2015) (noting that, for purposes 

of determining whether an appeal bond is required under statute governing the posting of bond in 

appeals from the JDR court to the circuit court, “an appellant bears the burden of clarifying what 

he appeals from juvenile court to circuit court”). At the hearing, mother failed to inform the 

circuit court that she was appealing the order granting father increased visitation and instead 

limited her appeal of the JDR orders solely to the denial of her motion for supervised visitation. 

Because mother failed to inform the circuit court of her appeal of the order granting father 

increased visitation, she waived any argument concerning that appeal. Thus, on appeal, we do

not address mother’s argument regarding the lack of evidence of a change in circumstances 

justifying increased visitation for father.

6

 

increased visitation. Rather, based on counsel for mother’s initial representation, the circuit

court continued to proceed with the only matter it thought was before it, the appeal of the JDR 

order denying mother’s motion for supervised visitation.

5 We acknowledge that during the de novo hearing in circuit court, “the burden of proof 

remain[ed] upon the party with whom it rested in the juvenile court.” Box v. Talley, 1 Va. App. 

289, 292 (1986). Therefore, on his motion to amend visitation, first heard in the JDR court and 

then in the trial de novo in the circuit court, father had the burden of proving that a material 

change in circumstances had occurred to allow the court to increase his visitation with L.W. See

Albert v. Ramirez, 45 Va. App. 799, 806-07 (2005) (“[I]n cases involving the modification of an 

existing valid custody order, the party seeking the modification bears the burden of proving that 

a material change of circumstances has occurred since the entry of the initial order and that a 

change in custody would be in the best interests of the child.”). However, father no longer had 

the burden of proving a material change in circumstances after mother informed the circuit court 

that the only issue in the de novo hearing was the JDR order denying her motion for supervised 

visitation. 

6 Once the circuit court held a hearing on mother’s motion for supervised visitation, the 

JDR court’s ruling on that issue was annulled. See Robert & Bertha Robinson Family, LLC v. 

Allen, 295 Va. 130, 150 (2018) (“The ‘event’ that triggers the ‘annulment of the district court 

judgment’ is the trial de novo . . . not the notice of appeal.”). However, because the circuit court 
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B. Motion to Reconsider7

Mother also argues that the circuit court erred in denying her motion to reconsider. 

In her motion to reconsider before the circuit court, mother asked the court to reconsider 

its ruling on the same ground discussed above, noting that there was no evidence presented at the 

hearing of any change of circumstances since the April 2019 JDR order that would allow the 

court to increase father’s visitation. In the motion, counsel for mother candidly acknowledged 

that he had not raised this issue at trial but asked the court to either hold another hearing allowing 

father to present evidence of a change in circumstances from the April 2019 JDR order that 

would justify his increased visitation, or, alternatively, reinstate the April 2019 JDR order. 

Because mother’s motion, although styled solely as a motion to reconsider, asked the 

court to either reconsider its decision by reinstating the prior visitation order or, alternatively, to 

hold another hearing, we treat mother’s motion as a both a motion to reconsider and motion to 

reopen the evidence. 

“Motions . . . to reconsider a prior ruling involve matters wholly in the discretion of the 

trial court.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 104, 109 (2013). Thus, “[w]e review a trial 

court’s denial of a motion to reconsider for an abuse of discretion.” Winston v. Commonwealth, 

268 Va. 564, 620 (2004). “When we say that a circuit court has discretion, we mean that ‘the 

[circuit] court has a range of choice, and that its decision will not be disturbed as long as it stays 

within that range and is not influenced by any mistake of law.’” Galiotos v. Galiotos, 300 Va. 1, 

10 (2021) (alteration in original) (quoting Landrum v. Chippenham and Johnston-Willis Hosps., 

Inc., 282 Va. 346, 352 (2011)). “[O]nly when reasonable jurists could not differ can we say an 

never held a hearing de novo on mother’s appeal of the order granting father increased visitation, 

that specific ruling of the JDR court was not annulled by mother’s noticing an appeal of that 

order. 

7 This section addresses mother’s fourth assignment of error.
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abuse of discretion has occurred.” Id. at 11 (quoting Sauder v. Ferguson, 289 Va. 449, 459 

(2015)).

We conclude, for the same reason expressed above, that the circuit court did not abuse its 

discretion in denying mother’s motion to reconsider. Here, mother herself framed the de novo

hearing before the circuit court as a hearing only on her motion for supervised visitation for 

father. Mother then acknowledged that through this mistake, no evidence was presented as to a 

change in circumstances that would justify father’s increased visitation. After being made aware 

of counsel’s mistake, the circuit court was within its discretion to uphold the entirety of the 

August 2020 JDR orders, including the ruling granting father increased visitation, because 

mother herself had waived her appeal of other matters by limiting the issue at the de novo

hearing to her motion for supervised visitation. Adopting mother’s suggested relief on the 

motion to reconsider—that the circuit court reinstate the April 2019 JDR order—would have 

been detrimental to father, who had litigated the issue at the August 2020 JDR hearing and was 

entitled to rely on that court’s ruling after mother herself failed to inform the court that she was 

appealing that specific ruling. 

Likewise, “[t]he granting or denying of a motion to hear additional evidence is [also]

within the sound discretion of the trial court.” Rowe v. Rowe, 24 Va. App. 123, 144 (1997).

“After a court has concluded an evidentiary hearing ‘during which each party had ample 

opportunity to present evidence, it [is] within the court’s discretion to refuse to take further 

evidence on this subject.’” Holmes v. Holmes, 7 Va. App. 472, 480 (1988) (alteration in 

original) (quoting Morris v. Morris, 3 Va. App. 303, 307 (1986)). “In order to demonstrate an 

entitlement to a rehearing, a petitioner must show either an ‘error on the face of the record, or . . . 

some legal excuse for his failure to present his full defense at or before the time of entry of the 

decree.’” Id. (quoting Downing v. Huston, Darbee Co., 149 Va. 1, 9 (1927)). “[C]ourts have 
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also included among the factors to be applied in the analysis whether a party seeking rehearing 

had ‘ample opportunity to present evidence’ at the initial hearing . . . .” Shooltz v. Shooltz, 27 

Va. App. 264, 269 n.1 (1998) (quoting Rowe, 24 Va. App. at 144). In making its decision, the 

court may consider whether “reopen[ing] a hearing would cause prejudice, delay, confusion, 

inconvenience, surprise or injustice to the opposing party.” Id.

We also conclude that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to conduct 

another hearing. First, mother fails to articulate an error on the face of the record. While she 

notes that father did not present any evidence as to a material change in circumstances since the 

April 2019 JDR order, there is no indication from the record that the JDR court’s determination

that such a change had been shown, and that father should have been granted increased visitation 

with L.W., was made in error. Second, there was ample opportunity at the initial hearing for the 

circuit court to hear evidence as to a change in circumstances regarding father’s increased 

visitation, but mother herself limited the consideration of evidence to her appeal of her motion 

for supervised visitation. Finally, reopening the evidence would have caused delay and 

inconvenience to father, the opposing party. Giving mother another opportunity to litigate her 

appeals from the August 2020 JDR orders would create another court date for father and prolong 

the uncertainty in his visitation schedule with L.W. See Thomas, 62 Va. App. at 110 (affirming 

trial court’s denial of a motion to reopen while noting that “[o]ne factor a trial judge may 

consider—and understandably discount—is a moving party’s desire simply to change his mind 

about a concession previously made, particularly one relied upon by the opposing party and the 

court”). 

For these reasons, the circuit court’s refusal to grant mother’s motion for reconsideration 

or reopen the evidence for another hearing was not an abuse of discretion, and thus we find no 

error in the court’s ruling.
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C. Exclusion of Proffered Evidence8

Mother also argues that the circuit court erred in refusing to admit evidence of father’s 

violent behavior that occurred prior to the April 2019 JDR order.9 Mother argues that this was 

error because the issue before the circuit court was not solely whether there had been a material 

change of circumstances, but also what would be in the best interest of L.W. Therefore, the 

evidence of father’s prior violence should have been admitted because it was relevant as to the 

best interests of L.W. 

On appeal, we “review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence using an 

abuse of discretion standard and, on appeal, will not disturb a trial court’s decision to [exclude] 

evidence absent a finding of abuse of that discretion.” Chaney v. Karabaic-Chaney, 71 Va. App. 

431, 434 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting Harman v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 288 Va. 84, 92

(2014)). 

As noted above, when a party files a motion to amend an existing visitation order, courts 

ask “first, has there been a change in circumstances since the most recent custody [or visitation] 

award; second, would a change in custody [or visitation] be in the best interests of the children.” 

Rhodes, 66 Va. App. at 709 (quoting Keel, 225 Va. at 611). “The court, in the exercise of its 

sound discretion, may alter or change custody or the terms of visitation when subsequent events 

render such action appropriate” for the child’s welfare. Wilson v. Wilson, 18 Va. App. 193, 195 

(1994) (quoting Eichelberger v. Eichelberger, 2 Va. App. 409, 412 (1986)). However, if the 

court does not first find a material change in circumstances, consideration of the “best interests 

8 This section addresses mother’s second assignment of error. 

9 This evidence of events that occurred from 2005 through 2018 consisted of police 

reports involving father and his ex-girlfriend, text messages from father that included threats and 

an acknowledgment that he had been “rough” with his children in the past, arrest warrants for 

father for assault and property damage against mother, and protective orders for mother against 

father.
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of the child” is barred by the principles of res judicata. See Sullivan v. Knick, 38 Va. App. 773, 

782 (2002) (“In the absence of a material change in circumstances, reconsideration . . . would be 

barred by principles of res judicata.” (quoting Hiner v. Hadeed, 15 Va. App. 575, 580 (1993))); 

see also Parish v. Spaulding, 26 Va. App. 566, 573 (1998) (“The purpose of the changed 

circumstances requirement is to avoid the bar on relitigation that would otherwise be imposed by 

res judicata.”). 

Based on these well-established principles, we conclude that mother’s argument that the 

court was required to admit evidence of father’s actions prior to the April 2019 JDR order is 

without merit. Here, evidence of father’s actions prior to the April 2019 JDR order was not 

relevant as to whether a material change in circumstances had occurred since that order was 

entered.

10

 Without that threshold finding, res judicata prohibited the circuit court from 

considering Keel’s second prong regarding the best interests of the child. Accordingly, the 

circuit court did not err in refusing to admit evidence of father’s violence that occurred prior to 

the entry of the last visitation order.

D. Relevance of Father’s JDR Court Testimony

Finally, mother challenges a statement made by the circuit court in its ruling. In denying 

mother’s motion for supervised visitation for father, the circuit court stated, “As far as what 

10 At oral argument, mother relied on language from Turner v. Turner, 3 Va. App. 31 

(1986), to support her position that the circuit court should have considered the evidence of 

father’s prior violence. In Turner, we stated that due to the high volume of child custody cases, 

“where a different trial judge is called upon to consider the evidence in support of and in 

opposition to a subsequent custody petition, consideration of evidence which establishes 

background information and permits the trial judge to understand the alleged change in 

circumstances is permissible.” Id. at 33. However, our Court then made clear that “[s]uch 

evidence, however, is not to be used to retry the issues resolved in the prior proceedings.” Id. It 

is clear from the record that the evidence mother attempted to introduce was not merely 

background information to provide clarity to the circuit court as to any changed circumstances 

since the April 2019 JDR order. Rather, it was direct evidence of father’s past behavior that 

mother had had the opportunity to present to the JDR court prior to the entry of the April 2019 

visitation order. 
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testimony he put on in lower court, I don’t think that it is really relevant here.” Mother argues 

that this statement was in error because this testimony was relevant as to father’s credibility. 

However, mother did not object when the circuit court made this statement during its

ruling. Further, in her motion for reconsideration, she merely stated “that the [c]ourt did not 

consider relevant the testimony of [father] in the hearing on this case before the JDR [c]ourt 

because the case was de novo before this [c]ourt,” and did not argue that the circuit court erred in 

not considering father’s JDR court testimony relevant. Rule 5A:18 provides that “[n]o ruling of 

the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with 

reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable this Court 

to attain the ends of justice.” “Rule 5A:18 requires that objections to a trial court’s action or 

ruling be made with specificity in order to preserve an issue for appeal. A trial court must be 

alerted to the precise issue to which a party objects.” Fox v. Fox, 61 Va. App. 185, 201 (2012)

(citation omitted). Because mother failed to alert the circuit court to the alleged error, she has 

waived appellate review of this issue under Rule 5A:18. 

Attorney Fees

Father requests that this Court award him his attorney fees incurred on appeal. This 

Court has discretion to grant or deny attorney fees incurred on appeal. See Rule 5A:30(b); see 

also O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695 (1996). “The decision of whether to 

award attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal is discretionary.” Alwan v. Alwan, 70 

Va. App. 599, 613 (2019) (quoting Friedman v. Smith, 68 Va. App. 529, 545 (2018)). In making 

this determination, this Court must “consider all the equities of the case.” Rule 5A:30(b)(3). In 

addition, the Court’s decision is not limited to whether a party prevailed on appeal but considers 

whether the issues raised were “frivolous.” Wright v. Wright, 61 Va. App. 432, 470 (2013) 
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(quoting O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. at 695). After considering the record before us, we deny 

father’s request for appellate attorney fees.

III. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we hold that the circuit court did not err in conducting a hearing 

solely on mother’s motion to amend visitation or in denying mother’s motion for reconsideration. 

The circuit court also did not abuse its discretion in refusing to admit exhibits which tended to 

prove prior violence by father. We further conclude that mother failed to preserve her challenge 

to a statement made by the circuit court in its ruling. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the 

circuit court.

Affirmed.