COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

April 26, 2023

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2022AP285 Cir. Ct. No. 2021CV299

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT II

CITY OF CEDARBURG,

 PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

 V.

WARREN J. EICKHORST AND KRISTIN E. EICKHORST,

 DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS.

APPEAL from orders of the circuit court for Ozaukee County: 

PAUL V. MALLOY, Judge. Affirmed. 

Before Gundrum, P.J., Neubauer and Grogan, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent 

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3). 
No. 2022AP285

2

¶1 PER CURIAM. Warren J. and Kristin E. Eickhorst appeal pro se 

from an order of the trial court finding their dog to be a public nuisance and 

ordering a remedy of euthanasia. The Eickhorsts also appeal an order terminating 

a stay of the euthanasia order pending appeal. We affirm.

¶2 In January and March 2020, the Eickhorsts’ eighty-three-pound pit 

bull, Jinx, bit a neighbor, C.S., two times.1 In March 2020, the Cedarburg police 

chief wrote a letter to the Eickhorsts advising them that a neighbor had filed police 

reports concerning the two bites, ordering them to post a “Beware of Dog” sign on 

their property, and ordering that Jinx be muzzled and leashed when off their 

property. The letter advised that Jinx could be seized and euthanized if he bit 

another person or was found off their property unleashed or unmuzzled.

¶3 After two other incidents in which Jinx bit another neighbor, C.V., 

causing significant injury, and again went after C.S., the police chief wrote to the 

Eickhorsts in June 2021, reminding them of his March 2020 letter and the 

restrictions placed upon Jinx.

¶4 On August 19, 2021, the City of Cedarburg filed a complaint against 

Warren and Kristin seeking a finding that Jinx constituted a public nuisance, an 

order prohibiting the Eickhorsts “from keeping or harboring Jinx” within the 

Cedarburg city limits, or, in the alternative, an order for whatever “injunctive 

relief ... the Court deems necessary to abate the nuisance.”

¶5 A bench trial took place on February 23, 2022. The trial court 

entered a default judgment against Kristin because she failed to appear. The court 

 

1

 We refer to the persons bitten by Jinx by their initials.
No. 2022AP285

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found that Jinx was a public nuisance and ordered the Eickhorsts to have Jinx put 

down by 5:00 p.m. on February 25, 2022.

¶6 Warren and Kristin appealed and also asked the trial court to stay the 

euthanasia order pending appeal. On February 28, the court held a hearing on the 

Eickhorsts’ motion to stay. The court agreed to stay its order that the Eickhorsts 

euthanize Jinx, but ordered that Jinx “may not be at large under any 

circumstances.” The court ordered that the stay would terminate when the appeal 

was over or upon “[r]eceipt of notice from the City of Cedarburg that ‘Jinx’ has 

been located at large.”

¶7 After a neighbor notified the police that Jinx was at large on 

April 2, 2022, the City filed a motion asking the trial court to terminate the stay. 

The City also filed an affidavit from the officer who was dispatched to the area in 

response to the neighbor’s report stating that the officer stopped Warren’s car and 

observed “Jinx ... in the back seat of the Eickhorst[s’] vehicle ... very muddy, 

with a harness and a muzzle on.” The officer averred further that Warren admitted 

to him that Jinx had been at large. A hearing on the motion was held on April 12, 

2022. Warren appeared at the hearing but Kristin did not. The City offered 

photographic evidence of Jinx at large and called witnesses who were subject to 

cross-examination by Warren. The trial court granted the City’s motion, 

terminated the stay, and ordered the Eickhorsts to have Jinx euthanized by 

5:00 p.m. on April 15, 2022. The Eickhorsts appeal.

¶8 We first note that, after Kristin failed to appear at the bench trial, the 

trial court found her in default. She also failed to appear at the hearing on the 

motion to terminate the stay pending appeal. Kristin has forfeited her right to 

claim any error in the trial court by failing to appear and she has failed to 
No. 2022AP285

4

challenge the default judgment on appeal. See WIS. STAT. § 805.11(1) (2021-22).

2

 

Warren, as a nonlawyer, cannot appear on her behalf in a representative capacity. 

See WIS. STAT. § 757.30(1)-(2); Jadair Inc. v. United States Fire Ins. Co., 209 

Wis. 2d 187, 202, 562 N.W.2d 401 (1997).

¶9 Warren raises numerous arguments on appeal. None persuades us 

that the trial court erred. Although his brief is undeveloped and scattershot, he 

appears to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the public nuisance 

injunction. When reviewing “the sufficiency of the evidence, we apply a highly 

deferential standard of review.” Jacobson v. American Tool Cos., 222 Wis. 2d 

384, 389, 588 N.W.2d 67 (Ct. App. 1998). We do not set aside the trial court’s 

findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. WIS. STAT. § 805.17(2). In 

other words, the trial court’s findings will be affirmed unless the great weight and 

clear preponderance of the evidence supports a contrary finding. See Noll v. 

Dimiceli’s, Inc., 115 Wis. 2d 641, 643-44, 340 N.W.2d 575 (Ct. App. 1983). The 

extent of injunctive relief is a discretionary determination which we will affirm if 

“demonstrably made and based upon the facts appearing in the record and in 

reliance on the appropriate and applicable law.” See State v. Seigel, 163 Wis. 2d 

871, 889, 472 N.W.2d 584 (Ct. App. 1991).

¶10 Municipalities are statutorily empowered to bring an action seeking 

injunctive relief to abate a public nuisance. WIS. STAT. §§ 823.01, 823.02. There 

are three elements to a claim of public nuisance: (1) the existence of a public 

nuisance; (2) the defendant’s actual or constructive notice of the nuisance; and 

 

2

 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2021-22 version unless otherwise 

noted.
No. 2022AP285

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(3) a causal link between the failure to abate the nuisance and an injury. 

Physicians Plus Ins. Corp. v. Midwest Mut. Ins. Co., 2002 WI 80, ¶2, 254 

Wis. 2d 77, 646 N.W.2d 777. The trial court properly considered these elements 

to determine whether Warren maintained a public nuisance.

¶11 The first element necessary to prove liability for maintaining a 

public nuisance “requires only the existence of the public nuisance itself. The 

circuit court’s inquiry appropriately focuses on the dangerous condition, and 

whether it meets the definition of public nuisance.” Id., ¶28 (footnote omitted). In 

this case, the trial court properly applied the definition of public nuisance as 

defined in CEDARBURG, WIS., CODE OF ORDINANCES § 11-7-2 (2021).3 See Town 

of Rhine v. Bizzell, 2008 WI 76, ¶67, 311 Wis. 2d 1, 751 N.W.2d 780 (concluding 

that circuit court erred in failing to apply definition of public nuisance in 

municipal ordinance). The City’s public nuisance ordinance states in relevant 

part:

 A public nuisance is a thing, act, occupation, condition 

or use of property which shall continue for such length of 

time as to: (a) Substantially annoy, injure or endanger the 

comfort, health, repose or safety of the public; [or] (b) In 

any way render the public insecure in life or in the use of 

property.

CODE OF ORDINANCES § 11-7-2(a)-(b). The code identifies specific actions or 

conditions that are “specifically declared to be public health nuisances,” including 

“[a]ll animals running at large.” CODE OF ORDINANCES § 11-7-3(j).

 

3

 Cedarburg’s Code of Ordinances can be found online at 

https://library.municode.com/wi/cedarburg/codes/code_of_ordinances.
No. 2022AP285

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¶12 The evidence at trial established that Jinx was repeatedly at large in 

the neighborhood and bit two individuals three times during a two-year period. 

Indeed, Warren admitted at trial that Jinx bit C.S. two times, that C.V. reported 

being bitten by Jinx during this period, and that Jinx “may have nipped” another 

neighbor. C.S. testified that Jinx bit him in January 2020 and March 2020. C.S. 

testified that Jinx was again at large and charging at him in June 2021, after the 

Eickhorsts were warned not to allow him to roam at large. In addition, C.V. 

testified that Jinx was at large and bit him in his upper thigh in June 2021. C.V. 

testified that the bite caused “swelling ... about the size of [his] palm” and bruising 

from “right at the top of [his] thigh down to [his] knee.” C.V. still had a 

hematoma “the size of half of a handball” four months after the bite and still has 

scars from the bite. Another neighbor testified that Jinx had been loose in his yard 

about six times over the course of 2020-21 and that he would not let his young 

children play in the backyard unattended due to his fears of Jinx. Warren also 

admitted that Jinx had been off leash away from their house “[f]our or five” times 

in the previous four years. Ample evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion 

that this eighty-three-pound pit bull injured and “endanger[ed] the comfort, health, 

repose[, and] safety of the public” and “render[ed] the public insecure in life.” See

CODE OF ORDINANCES § 11-7-2(a)-(b).

¶13 Liability for maintaining a public nuisance requires proof that the 

defendant had actual or constructive notice of the public nuisance. Physicians 

Plus, 254 Wis. 2d 77, ¶29. In this case, the March 2020 letter from the City’s 

chief of police establishes that Warren had ample notice of the public nuisance 

posed by the Eickhorsts’ failure to leash and muzzle Jinx and prevent the dog from 

roaming at large and biting and threatening neighbors. The chief notified the 

Eickhorsts that two biting incidents had been reported and directed that Jinx 
No. 2022AP285

7

remain on their property unless attended, muzzled, and leashed. The Eickhorsts 

were warned that failure to abide by that order could result in euthanasia of Jinx. 

Warren admits that he was aware of the biting incidents involving C.S.

¶14 Finally, “liability for maintaining a public nuisance requires proof 

that the failure to abate the public nuisance was a cause of [injury].” Physicians 

Plus, 254 Wis. 2d 77, ¶30. It is undisputed that the Eickhorsts violated the City’s 

public nuisance ordinance by failing to control their dog, resulting in injury to 

their neighbors. The City has the power to enact and enforce its public nuisance 

ordinance for the “good order of the city, for its commercial benefit, and for the 

health, safety, and welfare of the public.” See WIS. STAT. § 62.11(5). The harm in 

this case is caused by the existence of the nuisance which is by definition a harm 

to the “health, safety, and welfare” of those who have encountered Jinx in the 

neighborhood. We conclude that sufficient evidence established that the 

Eickhorsts maintained a public nuisance which caused injury. The trial court 

appropriately considered and explained the reasons why the dog must be 

euthanized.

¶15 Warren’s challenge to the trial court’s decision to vacate the stay is 

equally unavailing. A court’s decision on a request for a stay pending appeal is 

reviewed under an erroneous exercise of discretion standard. State v. 

Gudenschwager, 191 Wis. 2d 431, 439-40, 529 N.W.2d 225 (1995). Warren did 

not order a transcript of the April 12, 2022, hearing at which the court terminated 

the stay. When an appellant fails to provide a transcript, we must assume that the 

missing transcript would support the court’s findings of fact and discretionary 

decisions. See Austin v. Ford Motor Co., 86 Wis. 2d 628, 634, 273 N.W.2d 233 

(1979). The trial court advised that the stay would be vacated if Jinx was again 
No. 2022AP285

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“located at large.” Warren fails to provide any facts to the contrary or to show that 

the court erroneously exercised its discretion in vacating the stay.

¶16 Warren raises many additional complaints, none of which find 

support in the record or the law. For example, he complains that he was denied 

discovery, an exchange of witness lists, or a jury trial. These challenges are 

utterly without merit, as the record is devoid of any indication that Warren made 

any such requests, that he paid a jury fee, or that the trial court ordered an 

exchange of witness lists. Moreover, Warren did not raise any of these challenges 

with the trial court, which means he cannot raise them on appeal. See State v. 

Huebner, 2000 WI 59, ¶10, 235 Wis. 2d 486, 611 N.W.2d 727 (“Issues that are 

not preserved at the circuit court, even alleged constitutional errors, generally will 

not be considered on appeal.”).4

¶17 Warren’s claims that he was not permitted time to prepare or call 

witnesses is also refuted by the record, which shows that he failed to have any 

other witnesses to testify on the trial date. Warren was provided notice of the trial 

date months in advance and was advised that any motion to dismiss would be 

decided on the day of trial. In fact, his motion to dismiss was decided promptly 

and well in advance of the trial date.

 

4

 Furthermore, Warren did not make several of the documents he now attaches in his 

appendix part of the record on appeal. His failure to do so also precludes this court from 

considering his arguments based on these documents. See Choinsky v. Germantown Sch. Dist. 

Bd. of Educ., 2019 WI App 12, ¶34, 386 Wis. 2d 285, 926 N.W.2d 196 (stating that court of 

appeals “will not consider arguments based on facts or documents that are unavailable or not 

referenced in the record”), aff’d sub nom. Choinsky v. Employers Ins. Co. of Wausau, 2020 WI 

13, 390 Wis. 2d 209, 938 N.W.2d 548. We decline to consider the documents in the appendix 

which were not submitted to the trial court or included in the record. See Roy v. St. Lukes Med. 

Ctr., 2007 WI App 218, ¶10 n.1, 305 Wis. 2d 658, 741 N.W.2d 256 (stating that court of appeals 

is “limited to matters in the record, and will not consider any materials in an appendix that are not 

in the record”) (citation omitted).
No. 2022AP285

9

¶18 Warren’s lists of other complaints, such as witness tampering, 

conflict of interest, and bias are also without merit. Nowhere does Warren show 

that he raised these issues before the trial court. These claims are also wholly 

undeveloped and unsupported by factual or legal authority. Accordingly, we 

decline to address these challenges further. See State v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627, 

646, 492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992) (“Arguments unsupported by references to 

legal authority will not be considered.”).5 Lastly, Warren failed to file a reply 

brief wherein he could have attempted to refute each of the arguments raised by 

the City and addressed above. In light of Warren’s initial failure to develop any 

meaningful arguments, we deem these unaddressed issues to be a concession. See

Schlieper v. DNR, 188 Wis. 2d 318, 322, 525 N.W.2d 99 (Ct. App. 1994) (stating 

that where an appellant does not reply to a proposition asserted in the respondent’s 

brief, court of appeals may take nonresponse as a concession).

By the Court.—Orders affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.

RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.

 

5

 To the extent we do not address one of Warren’s arguments, that argument is deemed 

rejected. See State v. Waste Mgmt. of Wis., Inc., 81 Wis. 2d 555, 564, 261 N.W.2d 147 (1978).