In the Matter of the Petition of Cricket Wireless, LLC, and AT&T, Inc. , No. 416, September Term, 2022. Opinion by Kenney, James A., III, J.
LIMITATION OF ACTIONS

– STATUTES OF LIMITATION

– LIMITATIONS APPLICABLE TO PARTICULAR ACTIONS

– PENALTIES AND FORFEITURES

– IN GENERAL
One

- year statute of limitation set forth in § 5

- 107 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings (“CJP”) Article of the Maryland Code did not apply in an administrative action brought by the Consumer Protection D ivision of the Office of the Attorney General (“the Division” or “CPD”) against Cricket Wireless, LLC (“Cricket”) and AT&T, Inc. (collectively the “Companies”), in which the Division alleged that the Companies had engaged in unfair and deceptive trade prac tices in violation of the Consumer Protection Act (“CPA”). CJP § 5

- 107 states that “a prosecution or suit for a fine, penalty, or forfeiture shall be instituted within one year after the offense was committed.” Because CPA action brought by the Division is not a “prosecution” or “suit,” CJP § 5

- 107 does not apply

. ANTITRUST AND TRADE REGULATION

– STATUTORY UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES AND CONSUMER PROTECTION

– PARTICULAR PRACTICES

– OMISSIONS AND OTHER FAILURES TO ACT IN GENERAL; DISCLOSURE
ANTITRUST AND TRAD E REGULATION

– ANTITRUST REGULATION IN GENERAL

– CARTELS, COMBINATIONS, CONTRACTS, AND CONSPIRACIES IN GENERAL

– IN GENERAL Circuit court erred in reversing the CPD’s determination that the Companies’ failure to inform consumers about the plan to shut dow n a cellular network prior to the Companies’ merger in 2015 was a material omission and thus a violation of the CPA. The Companies’ plan to decommission the network was not immaterial as a matter of law, and the CPD’s finding of materiality was supported by substantial evidence. Moreover, the Division’s claims were not preempted by federal antitrust law because Cricket’s pre

- merger conduct was wholly unilateral, and the Companies failed to present any evidence or argument as to how disclosing the plan to shut down the network would have resulted in a restraint of trade or had an anticompetitive effect. The Division’s claims were also not preempted by the prohibition on “gun jumping” because disclosing their plans would not have constituted a collaborative action in furtherance of the merger process. ANTITRUST AND TRADE REGULATION

– STATUTORY UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES AND CONSUMER PROTECTION

– ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES

– EVIDENCE

– WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCYCircuit court did not err in affirming the CPD’s determination that the disclosures regarding the plan to shut down the network, which was implemented following their merger in 2015, were deceptive or misleading. The CPD’s decision was reasonable and supported by substantial evidence. Evidence that cons umers were actually mislead or deceived by the disclosures was not required.
ANTITRUST AND TRADE REGULATION

– STATUTORY UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES AND CONSUMER PROTECTION

– ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES

– RELIEF

– CEASE AND DESIST ORDERS IN GENERAL
INJUNCTION

– I NJUNCTIONS IN GENERAL; PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS IN GENERAL

– FACTORS CONSIDERED IN GENERAL

– VOLUNTARY CESSATION OR UNDERTAKING OF CONDUCT The circuit court did not err in refusing to reverse the CPD’s cease

- and

- desist order, which, among other things, prohi bited the Companies from engaging in any of the practices that led to the CPD’s determination that the Companies had violated the CPA. That the Companies steadfastly refused to admit any wrongdoing, and there was no evidence in the record that the Compani es would refrain from future acts that involve the same violation or unlawful practice, supported a reasonable expectation that the prohibited actions would recur. ANTITRUST AND TRADE REGULATION

– STATUTORY UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES AND CONSUMER PROTECTION

– ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES

– RELIEF

– MONETARY RELIEF; DAMAGES

– IN GENERAL Circuit court erred in reversing the CPD’s decision with respect to remedies and remanding the case for an evidentiary hearing on that issue. The CPD followed the requ isite statutory procedures in issuing its general order of restitution and in imposing civil penalties against Companies.*At the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland to the Appellate Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022. Circuit Court for Baltimore City Case No. 24 C21003491 REPORTED
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF MARYLAND *
No. 416 September Term, 2022

IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION OF CRICKET WIRELESS, LLC, AND AT&T, INC.

Kehoe , Leahy , Kenney, James A., III (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
Opinion by Kenney , J.

Filed: September 5, 2023

* Kehoe , J., now retired, participated in the hearing of this case while an active member of this Court , and after being recalled pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section 3A, he also participated in the decision and the adoption of this opinion. * Zic, Terrence , Tang, Rosalyn, and Albright, Anne, J J

. did not participate in the Court’s decision to designate this opinion for publication pursuant to Md. Rule 8

- 605.1.This appeal involv es an administrative actio n initiated in 2020 by the Consumer Protection Division of the Office of the Attorney General (“the Division” or “CPD”) 1 against Cricket Wireless, LLC (“Cricket”) and AT&T, Inc

. (collectively the “Companies”)

. The Division alleged that , between July 2013 and April 2015, the Companies had engaged in unfair and deceptive trade practices in violation of the Consumer Protection Act (“CPA”) by offering cellular phones for sale to Maryland consumers without disclosing that those phones would no longer operate after the Companies’ planned decommissioning of Cricket’s “CDMA” wireless network following the merger of the C ompanies in March
2014. E ach party filed a motion for summary decision as to the allegations contained in the Division’s statement of charges, and the matter was delegated to the Office of Administrative Hearings (“OAH”) for the purpose of issuing proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law as to the parties’ respective motions. Following a hearing, the OAH issued its proposed findings , and , after the parties filed exceptions to the OAH’s proposed findings , the matter was referred back to the CPD for a ruling on the parties’ exceptions and a final decision on the merits. Md. Code, State Government (“SG”) § 10

- 205 (authorizing the CPD to delegate a contested case to the OAH for proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law); SG § 10

- 220 (requiring the CPD to review the OAH’s proposed findings and conclusions and to issue a final order).

1 Where the Consumer Protection Division is acting as a party in the instant case, we will refer to it as the “Division.” Where it was acting in a quasi

- judicial capacity, we will refer to it as the “CPD.”2 In its final order, the CPD found that Cri cket , prior to the Companies’ merger in 2014, had violated the CPA by selling cellular devices that operated only on Cricket’s CDMA network without informing consumers abou t the planned decommissioning of that network and that , following the merger , the Companies had violated the CPA by failing to make clear and conspicuous disclosures informing consumers that Cricket’s “CDMA

only” devices would no longer operate upon the planned decommissioning of Cricket’s CDMA network . The CPD ordered the Companie s to (1) “cease and desist” from engaging
in practices violative of the CPA and, more specifically, from offering or selling cellular devices under circumstances similar to those that led to the instant action; (2) to pay restitution to certain consumers who had purchased CDMA

- only devices between June 2013 and April 2015; and (3) to pay a civil penalty totaling $3,250,000.00.
T he Companies filed a petition for judicial review of the CPD’s final order in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City

. Following a hearing, that court entered an order reversing the CPD’s finding that the Companies had violated the CPA prior to the merger

. T he circuit
court also found that the CPD had failed to give the Companies an opportunity to present evidence on th e issue of penalties and remedies and remanded to the CPD for an evidentiary hearing on those issue s
. The court affirmed all of the CPD’s other relevant findings including its finding that the Companies had violated the CPA following the merger. The Division noted an appeal of the circuit court’s order , and t he Companies noted

a cross - appeal . For the purposes of this opinion , we have rep hrased and reordered the questions presented as follows:3 1. W ere all of the Division’s CPA claims against the Companies barred by the one

- year statute of limitations set forth in § 5

- 107 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJP”) of the Maryland Code?
2. Did Cricket’s pre - merger actions give rise to a viable CPA claim and , if so, was the claim preempted by federal antitrust law?
3. Did the CPD based on substantial evidence reasonably determine that the Companies ’ post

- merger disclosures violated the CPA ?
4. Did the circuit court err in refusing to vacate the CPD’s cease - and

- desist order as moot and /or overbroad?
5. Did the circuit court err in reversing the CPD’s determination of remedies and ordering a remand for an evidentiary hearing on the issue ? As to question 1, we hold that the statute of limitations set forth in CJP § 5

- 107 is not applicable in the instant case. As to question 2, we hold that Cricket’s pre

- merger actions did give rise to a viable CPA claim that was not preempted by federal antitrust law. As to question 3, we hold that the CPD’s determination regarding the Companies’ post

merger disclosures was reasonable and supported by substantial evidence. As to question 4, we hol d that the circuit court did not err in refusing to vacate the CPD’s cease - and

- desist order. As to question 5, we hold that the circuit court erred in reversing the CPD’s decision regarding remedies and ordering a remand for an evidentiary hearing. Accor dingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part the circuit court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
I n 2009, both Cricke t and AT&T were offer ing and selling cellular phones and services to Maryland consum ers. Many of the phones Cricket was selling were operable only on Cricket’s CDMA network (the “CDMA

- only phones”)

. AT&T ’s devices opera ted4 on AT &T’s Global System for Mobiles (“GSM”) and Long

- Term Evolution (“LTE”) networks. AT&T announced a plan to acquire Cricket by way of a merger with Cricket’s parent company, Leap Wireless International, Inc. (“Leap”) on July 12, 2013

. The post

- merger plan was for AT&T to continue operating Cricket’s phones that were not CDMA

- only phones , through AT&T’s GSM network , and to decommission C ricket’s CDMA network

. With the decommissioning of the network , a CDMA

- only phone purchased from Cricket would be inoperable and have to be replace d with one that was operable on AT&T’s GSM network

. Relevant to this appeal, the decommissioning plan w as not made known to the public.
T he Companies submitted an application to the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) for approval of the merger in August 2013

. While approval was pending, Cricket continued selling CDMA

- only phones to Maryland consume rs without inform ing them of the plan to decommission Cricket’s CDMA network if the merger was approved

. By March 18, 2014, when the FCC approved the merger , Cricket had sold at least 50,000 CDMA

- only phones to Maryland consumers without informing them of the plan to decommission the CDMA network. For approximately two months following FCC approval of the merger, Cricket and its agents continued selling CDMA

- only phones , approximately 1,500 in total, to Marylan d consumers. Unlike the pre

- merger sales, the post

- merger sales came with disclosures regarding the decommission ing of the CDMA network. Those disclosures included5 affixing stickers announcing the plan to retail phone box es and in

- store price cards. A d isclosure was also provided through we bsite s and customer service agents.
The Division’s CPA A ction On June 9, 2020, the Division filed with the CPD a statement of charges against the Companies alleging that the y had violated the CPA in the sale of CDMA

- only phones following the announcement of the merger. Under the CPA, a merchant “may not engage in any unfair, abusive, or deceptive trade practice” in the sale of consumer goods. Md. Code, Comm ercial Law (“CL”) § 13

- 303. The act defines unfair, abusive, or deceptive trade practices to include any “ [ f ] ailure to state a material fact if the failure deceives or tends to deceive[.]” CL § 13

- 301(3). Th e CPD is authorized by the CPA to receive and investigate complaints under the CPA, to initiate its own investigation of any unfair or deceptive trade practices, and to issue a cease

- and

- desist order upon a finding that a particular practice is unfair or d eceptive. CL § 13

- 204. If , in pursuing a cease

- and

- desist order, the CPD finds that an alleged violator engaged in unfair or deceptive trade practices, the CPD may also award restitution and impose civil penalties. CL §§ 13

- 403 , 13

- 410. In the instant case , the Division alleged that Cricket had engaged in deceptive trade practices by s elling CDMA

- only phones without adequately informing consumers about the plan to decommission the CDMA network. The Division asked that the Companies be ordered to “cease and desist from engaging in deceptive trade practices [ , ] ” to pay restitution to aggr ieved customers , and to pay a civil penalty.6 Motions for Summary Decision Because the salient facts surrounding the statement of charges were not in dispute, both parties moved for summary decision pursuant to section 28.02.01.12 of the Code of Maryland Regulations (“COMAR”). Under that section, a party may move for summary decision “on the ground that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law .” COMAR 28.02.01.12D(1)

. Pursuant to COMAR 02.01.02.04, the Division delegated the matter to the OAH, with express instructions that it review the matter and issue proposed findings of fact and proposed conclusions of law with “final findings of fact and conclus ions of law, determining the appropriate relief, and entering a final order” to be done by the CPD

. OAH Hearing and Proposed Findings At the hearing before the OAH, the Division argued that Cricket’s failure to disclose the plan to decommission its CDMA network prior to the merger was an omission of a material fact that deceived or misled consumers in violation of the CPA. The Division also argued that the Companies’ post

- merger disclosures of the de commission ing were inadequate. The Companies argued that all of the Division’s claims were barred by the one

- year statute of limitations set forth in CJP § 5

- 107

. And because the actions the Division sought to enjoin, namely, the selling of CDMA

- only p hones, had been discontinued, there was no longer a need for a cease - and

- desist order precluding their sale

. As to the pre - merger sales, the y argued that the failure to disclose the plan to decommission Cricket’s CDMA network
to customers could not be a violation of the CPA because it was wholly contingent upon7 FCC approval. And further, even if those omissions generated a viable CPA claim, the claim would be preempted by federal an titrust law. A s to the post

- merger sales, the y argued that the various disclosures that were provided sufficiently inform ed consumers about the planned shutdown of the CDMA network. At the conclusion of the hearing, the OAH issued proposed findings and conclusions of law in its proposed ruling on the motion for summary decision

. It found that the one

year statute of limitations set forth in CJP § 5

- 107 did not apply to the administrative proceedings in the instant case , and that a cease - and

- desist order would not be moot because the misrepresentations and omissions at issue could reasonably be expected to

recur. As to the pre

- merger sales , the OAH found that the Companies were not required to disclose the plan to decommission the CDMA netw ork because actually doing so was contingent upon FCC approval of the merger

. For that reason , the decommissioning was
not a “material fact ” that was “in existence” when the pre - merger phones were sold

. But even if the failure to disclose the decommissioning of the CDMA network violat ed the CPA, that claim was preempted by federal antitrust law because, had Cricket informed consumers that the CDMA

- only phones may no longer function following the merger,
many consumer s would leave Cricket for AT&T, thereby exposing AT&T to possible antitrust liability. As to the Companies’ post

- merger disclosures , the OAH found that the y fail ed to adequately disclose its plans to decommission the CDMA network in violat ion of the CPA.
It made the following findings regarding those disclosures:8 Most post

- merger purchases of Cricket cell phones were made in a store. .

. . The disclosure consisted of small print statements on stickers [ 2 ] placed on the phone boxes and additional small print disclosures on the store’s price cards displayed near the boxes

. [ 3 ] Although the disclosure sticker was placed directly on the phone box, it measured approximately a meager two inches by three

- quarter s an inch in height, was outlined in a black border, and was printed on a lighter backdrop. The small sticker was not prominently displayed on the box where a consumer’s eyes would be naturally drawn but rather was placed on the bottom left hand corner of the box. Not only was the placement of the sticker not readily noticeable, but the print on the sticker was extremely small and difficult to read. Given the

2

39 critical information that the disclosure contained, the prominence of the disclosure in both pla cement and size was not conspicuous. In addition to the lack of prominence of the disclosure, the disclosure on the box contained a distracting element. The very first sentence of the disclosure was “Informaci ó n en espa ñ ol includa.” .

. . The prominence of the Spanish sentence is confusing and at the very least has the possible effect of diverting consumers from reading further and may suggest to the majority of consumers tha t th e information that followed this sentence was insignificant. Additionally, although the leading sentence of the disclosure is in Spanish, none of the essential terms of the disclosure were written in Spanish, which gives support to the conclusion that the sentence was used as a diversionary tactic to steer consumers away from reading the disclosure. In addition to the box stickers, a small

- print disclosure on the stores’ price cards also failed to meet the clear or conspicuous standard. The price card disclosure is even less prominent than the box sticker. The fin e - print disclosure was the smallest font on the price card and was placed at the very bottom of the card below the price and phone features. Not only was the print small, but a price card is not a conspicuous location for this disclosure. Consumers gener ally refer to the price cards to ascertain the cost of the produc t , and perhaps some features of the phones, but the unsophisticated consumer would not expect to find such an important disclosure within the small print of a price card.
* * * For the smal l percentage of consumers, approximately 4

- 5%, who purchase d the phones from the [Companies] online, fine print disclosures were included on the website. For the even smaller number of sales made by telephone, a script informed the consumers of the pendin g shutdown. There are insufficient undisputed facts and no supporting affidavits for me to conclude that there are no issues of fact regarding these disclosures[.] (Footnote omitted.)
The CPD’s Final Order Both parties filed exceptions to the OAH’s proposed findings and t he matter returned to the CPD for a hearing on the exceptions and a final decision on the merits. In its ruling , the CPD disagreed with the OAH’s proposed findings and conclusions of law10 with respect to the Companies’ pre

- merger act ions. The CPD found that the Companies ’ plan to decommission Cricket’s CDMA network was a “ material fact” that should have been disclosed by Cricket to its consumers prior to the merger. The CPD found, therefore, that the Companies had violated the CPA in failing to disclose it prior to the merger. It also determined that the Division’s CPA claim w as not preempted by federal antitrust law.
T he CPD generally adopted the OAH’s other relevant proposed findings

. More

s pecifically, it agreed: that the Companies’ post

- merger disclosures were inadequate and thus violative of the CPA; that none of the Division’s CPA claims were barred by the one

year statute of limitations set forth in CJP § 5

- 107; and that the issuance of a cease

- and

d esist order would not be moot. It , however, amplified the OAH’s findings with respect to the Companies’ online disclosures following the merger : The [Division] states that the record contains substantial evidence regarding the [Companies’] online disclosure s submitted by the [Division], none of which was disputed by [the Companies]. Those disclosures were made in three places on the [Companies’] website, two of which would only be visible to consumers if the consumers actively sought out the infor mation. One disclosure was placed on the Cricket website’s frequently asked questions page

– which consumers would only see if they opted to navigate to the FAQ page

– in response to the question “Where can I purchase phones and accessories?” A disclosur e was also accessible if consumers clicked on a hyperlink title d “Important Device Purchase Information” that appeared under the CDMA

- on ly phones listed on a page listing multiple phones, which caused the website to automatically scroll down to the very bo ttom of the page where the disclosure was listed.
* * * The [Companies’] online disclosures were inadequate for many of the same reasons as the in

- store disclosures. .

. . Two of the three places disclosures were displayed on the website were in places c onsumers would have to seek out in order to find the frequently asked questions page in response to a question about where phones could be purchased, and at the11 very bottom of a page listing multiple products that consumers might only see if they scrolled all the way to the bottom or clicked a hyperlink. Even then, as the [OAH] noted, the disclosures were made in fine print. The only other disclosure was made on the product page, again in fine print, and beneath the important information about the phone, such as price, description, features, accessories, and a link to download a user manual. The disclosure is preceded by technical jargon that is likely unclear and potentially distracting to consumers , stating “Cricket is upgrading its CDMA network to 4G G SM and expects to stop offering CDMA service as early as March 2015.” As with [ the Companies’] in

- store disclosures, it is clear that the fine print disclosures on the website were neither sufficient to alert consumers to the fact that the CDMA

- only phone s they purchased would stop working on the [Companies’] network in a matter of months. The CPD thereafter incorporated the above findings in its final order

. The final order also included a cease

- and

- desist provision, a restitution provision, and a civil penalty provision. T he cease

- and

- desist provision stated that the Companies must cease and desist from: engaging in unfair or deceptive trade practices in the sale of mobile devices; making any representation that has the capacity to mislead consumers in the sale of mobile devices; failing to state a material fact in connection with the sale of mobile devices; and representing that a mobile device has a charact eristic that it does not actually have. Th at provision also stated that the Companies may not sell mobile devices if the Companies have (or should have) knowledge of a relevant change to the services provided to those devices , unless the change is clearly and conspicuously disclosed.
T he restitution provision ordered the Companies to pay restitution “equal to the sum of all monies paid by each consumer in Maryland who purchased a CDMA

- only phone from the [ Companies] .

. . after July 12, 2013 and who was not made awar e of the planned shutdown of Cricket’s CDMA network [

. ] ” It further stated that the restitution amount shall be reduced by any documented credits or refunds already provided by the Companies to12 affected consumer s. The order included a specific “claims process” through which consumers would be vetted to determine the restitution for which they may be eligible

. I n the civil penalties provision, the CPD ordered the Companies to pay a total penalty of $3,250,000.0 0 for violating the CPA. That sum represented a penalty of $50.00 for each of the 50,000 violations that occurred prior to the merger and a penalty of $500.00 for each of the 1 , 500 violations that occurred following the merger. The order stated that the CPD , in reaching that sum, considered: the severity of the violation; whether the Companies acted in good faith; any history of prior violations; whether the penalty will achieve the desired deterrent purpose; and whether the issuance of a cease

- and

- desis t order, including restitution, was insufficient to protect consumers. It explained in some detail the
CPD ’s consider ation of each of those factors.
Judicial Review in the Circuit Court Following the issuance of the final order, the Companies filed a p etition for judicial review in the circuit court. Th at court , after a hearing, entered an order and memorandum of law affirming in part and reversing in part the CPD’s final order. The court reversed the CPD’s finding that the Companies had violated the CPA prior to the merger. A dopt ing instead the reasoning of the OAH , it found , as a matter of law, that the plan to decommission the CDMA network was “a non

- existent fact” that did not require disclos ure. R evers ing the CPD’s order regarding restitution and civil penalties, it found that the CPD had “failed to give [the Companies] an opportunity to provide evidence on the issue of remedies [,] ” and ordered a remand to the CPD “to hold an evidentiary hearing13 and take e vidence and testimony on the sole issue of remedies.” It affirmed the remainder of the CPD’s decision. Both parties appealed the circuit court’s decision. Additional facts will be supplied in the discussion below.
STANDARD O F REVIEW “‘In an appeal of the circuit court’s review of an agency action, an appellate court reviews the agency’s action itself rather than the decision of the circuit court.’” Maryland Small MS4 Coal

. v. Maryland Dep ’ t of the Env ’ t , 250 Md. App. 388, 411 (2021) ( quoting Maryland Dep ’ t of the En v’ t v. Cnty

. Comm ’ rs of Carroll Cnty

. , 465 Md. 169, 201 (2019) (“ Carroll Cnty. ” ) ), aff’d , 479 Md. 1 (2022)

. In reviewing the agency’s action , we apply three standards of review. First, we review the agency’s pure factual findings and conclusions under the “substantial evidence” standard. Montgomery Park, LLC v. Maryland Dep ’ t of Gen

. Servs

. , 254 Md. App. 73, 98 (2022) , aff’d , 482 Md. 706 (2023)

. We apply th at same standard to mixed questions of law and fact , which many agency decisions represent

. A mixed question of law and fact arises “when an agency has correctly stated the law, its fact

- finding is supported by the record, and the remaining question is whether the agency has correctly applied the law to the facts.” Crawford v. Cnty

. Council of Prince George’s Cnty

. , 482 Md. 680, 695 (2023). In that instance , our task is to determine if the evidence before the agency was “fairly debat able .” Id. “Substantial evidence is ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’” B&S Mktg. Ente r s
. , LLC ., v. Consumer Prot

. Div

. ,14 153 Md. App. 130, 151 (2003) (quotin g Md. State Police v. Warwick Supply & Equip. Co. , 330 Md. 474, 494 (1993)) (further quotation marks and citation omitted)

. We review the record in a light most favorable to the agency, and, if the record supports the agency’s findings, we do not substitute our judgment for that of the agency’s, even if we might have reached a different result. Montgomery Park , 254 Md. App. at 98

- 99. In other words , we give deference to the agency’s findings of fact, the inferences it draws from those facts, and its application of the relevant law to those factual findings. Id. Second, we generally review the agency’s pure legal conclusions de novo without deference to the agency

. Id

. But in doing so , we give careful consideration to the agency’s interpretation of a law it has been charged by the legislature to administer. Maryland Small MS4 Coal

. , 250 Md. App. at 412. Third , we review the agency’s discretionary decisions under an “arbitrary and capricious” standard. Cnty

. Council of Prince George’s Cnty

. v. Zimmer Dev

. Co. , 444 Md. 490, 574 (2015). “This standard is highly contextual , but generally the question is whether the agency exercised its discretion ‘unreasonably or without a rational basis.’” Carroll County , 465 Md. at 202 (quoting Harvey v. Marshall , 389 Md. 243, 297 (2005)).
DISCUSSION
I. Applicability of CJP § 5
- 107
Parties’ contentions The Companies contend that the circuit court erred in finding that none of the Division’s CPA claims was barred by the one

- year statute of limitations set forth in CJP §15 5

- 107. The Division , citing Nelson v. Real Estate Commission , 3 5 Md. App. 334 (1977) and Maryland Securities Commissioner v. U.S. Securities Corp oration , 122 Md. App. 574 (19 9 8), contends that the statute does not apply to administrative proceedings, as stated by this Court

. Analysis
CJP § 5

- 107 states : “ Except as provided in § 5

- 106 of this subtitle, § 1

- 303 of the Environment Article, and § 8

- 1815 of the Natural Resources Article, a prosecution or suit for a fine, penalty, or forfeiture shall be instituted within one year after the offense was committed. ” The answer to the question before us centers on whether , under the statute, the action against the Companies constituted a “prosecution” or “suit

. ”
In Nelson , this Court held that CJP § 5

- 107 was in applicable to “a proceeding before the Real Estate Commission when the subject before the Commission is a determination of whether a license will be suspended or revoked.” Nelson , 35 Md. App. at 342. We noted that, although no Maryland court had held such proceedings exempt from the purview of CJP § 5

- 107, the Supreme Court of Maryland 4 had previously held in Anne Arundel C ounty Bar Assoc iation, Inc. v. Collins , 272 Md. 578 (1974) , that the statute did not apply to disciplinary proceedings brought by the Attorney Grievance Commission or the Judicial

4 At the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Appeals of Maryland to the Supreme Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022. See , also , Md. Rule 1

- 101.1(a) (“From and after December 14, 2022, any reference in these Rules or, in any proceedings before any court of the Maryland Judiciary, any reference in any statute, ordinance, or regulation applicable in Maryland to the Court of Appeals of Mar yland shall be deemed to refer to the Supreme Court of Maryland....”).16 Disabilities Commission

. Nelson , 35 Md. App. at 340

- 41. That Court reasoned that such actions were exempt because they were neither an action at law or equity nor a criminal prosecution , but rather proceedings designed to protect the public from unscrupulous
pr actices by an attorney

. Id. Perceiving no difference between unscrupulous practice by an attorney and a real estate broker, we applied t he same reasoning to disciplinary proceedings before the Real Estate Commission. Id. at 341. It explained that the regulatory action of the Real Estate Commission in sanctioning a real estate broker is neither civil n or criminal in nature , and a hearing before such an administrative body is neither a “prosecution” n or a “suit” as those words are used in CJP § 5

- 107: “Prosecution” means a criminal action brought by the State, in a court of competent jurisdiction, by way of indictment, information, or other charging document, against an accused for violation of the common or statutory criminal laws of this State. “Suit” means an action at law or equity brought in a court having jurisdiction over the subject matter. The key word in both definitions is “court.” Patently, an administrative agency is not a “court” and thus the proscription contained in § 5

- 107 is not applicable thereto. Nelson , 35 Md. App. at 341.
In his concurring opinion, Judge Lowe viewed the majority’s definition s of

“ prosecution, ” “ court, ” and “ suit ” as “restricted.” Id. at 345

- 51 (J. Lowe, concurring). He provided broader definition s of those words but concluded that an administrative proceeding before the Real Estate Commission did not fall under the purview of CJP § 5

- 107 , which related to suits and prosecutions for any “fine, penalty, or forfeiture[

. ]” Id. at 352.17 In Maryland Securities Commissioner v. U.S. Securities Corp oration , we

re considered the holding in Nelson within the context of a sanction imposed by the Maryland Securities Commissioner against a licensed securities broker. Maryland Sec

. Com m ’r , 122 Md. App. at 579. In that case, the Commissioner had imposed a $30,000.00 fine against two broker s for misleading investors

. Id. The brokers sought judicial review in the circuit court, and the court reversed the Commissioner’s decision. Id. Relying on
Ju d ge Lowe’s concurring opinion in Nelson , the circuit court had found that CJP § 5

- 107 precluded the Commissioner from bringing the action because it was not brought within one year of the underlying offense. Id. at 585, 592.
T he Commissioner noted an appeal and this Court reversed, holding that the circuit court had erred in finding that CJP § 5

- 107 barred the action

. Id. at 592

- 93. It explained: The circuit court erred in rejecting the clear rationale of the majority opinion in Nelson

. Instead, it relied on the concurring opinion, which ascribed an overly broad meaning to the words “court,” “prosecution,” and “suit,” placing administrative hearings within their purview. To the contrary, administrative boards and officials are instrumentalities of the executive; although they are sometimes charac terized as quasi

- judicial, they are no t judicial at all.

. . . Notwithstanding , therefore , the quasi

- judicial nature of some administrative hearings, we hold fast to the definitions of “prosecution” and “suit” that we set forth in the Nelson majority as ex cluding administrative proceedings from the limitations defense embodied in [CJP] § 5

- 107. Id. The Companies advance a number of alternative arguments as to why Nelson and Maryland Securities Commissioner should not apply here or should now be disavowed.
We will address them in turn.18 First, the y argue that Maryland Securities Commissioner is distinguishable from the instant case because that case involved a “fine” of several thousand dollars against a securities broker for professional misconduct and this case concerns a private company having to pay a civil penalty of millions of dollars, in addition to restitution and broad injunctive relief

. Although Maryland Securities Commissioner was made in the context of a fine against a broker for professional misconduct, no thing in the language of that opinion suggests that its holding would appl y only in that context or could be , in some way , limited by the amo unt in controversy. Rather, this Court flat ly rejected such an interpretation by
stat ing quite clearly that it was holding fast to the Nelson majority’s interpretation of “prosecution” and “suit” that exclud ed administrative proceedings from a limitations defense under CJP § 5

- 107

. 122 Md. App. at 593. Although the Companies insist that the penalties imposed upon them by the Division constituted a punishment and are thereby “penal” in nature, the Supreme Court of Maryland
in Garrity v. Maryland State Board of Plumbing , 447 Md. 359 (2016), held that fines imposed by the CPD did not constitute a “criminal punishment.” Id. at 383

- 90. The Court further explained that, while some civil penalties are “ so punitive in form and effect” that they may be regarded as a criminal punishment, that exception did not apply in that case. Id. at 38 6 (quotation marks and citation omitted)

. 5

5 To the extent that the Companies are arguing that the financial penalty in this case is so excessive as to constitute a criminal penalty , we disagree. It was well within the limits of the statute. Garrity , 447 Md. at 3 84

- 90.19 Our Supreme Court reasoned that monetary penalties designed to protect the p ublic, like those imposed for violations of consumer protection laws, generally serve a remedial purpose and have not historically been viewed as punishment, even if such penalties may have a deterrent component. Id. at 388. It concluded that, “[b]ecause the CPA is a remedial statutory scheme, monetary penalties for its violations are civil, rather than criminal[.]” Id. Applying that reasoning here, we conclude that the restitution and monetary penalties imposed by the CPD against the Companies were “r emedial” and that CJP § 5

- 107 does not appl y to their imposition

. Alternatively , t he Companies argue that Maryland Securities Commissioner was wrongly decided because we had “explicitly ca bined” our decision in Nelson to disciplinary proceedings before the Real Estate Commission , and thus erred when we applied Nelson outside that context. The y urge reject i on of the more stringent definitions of “suit” and
“court” found in the majority opinion in Nelson in this case and the adopt i on of the more general definitions of “suit” and “court” set forth in the concurring opinion

. 6
I n Maryland Securities Commissioner , we rejected limiting Nelson to its facts

. The Companies provide no compelling reason to revisit those cases , and any contention that the

6 The Companies cite National Union Fire Ins urance Co. of Pittsburgh, PA v. Porter Hayden Co mpany , 408 B.R. 66 ( D. Md. 2009) for support of the proposition that “Maryland Courts construing ‘sui t’ in other contexts have rejected Nelson ’s narrow interpretation of that term.” That case involved contract interpretation and not the application of a statute of limitations

. Id. at 76

- 77. I n refusing to apply Nelson in that case, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland expressly stated that Nelson was inapposite for that reason. Id.20 Division’s CPA action is something other than an “administrative proceeding” has no support in fact or law.
T he Companies also argue that “the argument in Mary land Securities Commissioner that charges brought in administrative proceedings protect the public and should thus be exempt from a statute of limitations is unpersuasive.” As they see it, allowing the Division to “pursue years

- old CPA claims does not serve the public” and is contrary to the generally recognized purpose of the statute of limitations, which is suppress ing stale claims and avoid ing problems associated with unnecessary delays in bring ing a cause of action. We do not agree. First, the Maryland Securities Commissioner Court did not “argue” that administrative proceedings should be exempt from CJP § 5

- 107 because such proceedings protect the public

. T hat Court’s “argument” was premised on Nelson , which , in turn, had looked to an earlier Supreme Court of Maryland case
. Finally, the Companies contend that limiting the definition of “suit” to mean only

“ civil claims brought in court does not make sense [

. ] ” Noting that Maryland law imposes a three

- year statute of limitations for private civil actions and a one - year statute of limitations for enforcement actions seeking penalties , t he y argue that limiting that definition of “suit” to court actions “ignores that the point of Section 5

- 107 was to make government enforcement actions subject to a shorter limitations period than private suits.” To the extent that the Companies are arguing that the holdings in Nelson and Maryland Securities Commissioner do not appl y to an administrative CPA actio n or that exempting CPA action from the limitations of CJP § 5

- 107 conflicts with its purpose , we remain unpersuaded

. Those cases clearly limit CJP § 5

- 107 to “court” actions. T he CPD21 is not a “court,” and the proceedings are not a “court action.” See Motor Vehicle Admin. v. Weller , 390 Md. 115, 133

- 39 (2005) (explaining why an administrative hearing is not a “court action”).
Moreover , that the holdings in Nelson and Maryland Securities Commissioner , reflect legislative intent, is supported by the subsequent legislative history of CJP § 5

- 107 and related statutes

. Prior to 2004, CJP § 5

- 107 read : “ A prosecution or suit for a fine, penalty, or forfeiture shall be instituted within one year after the offense was committed.”
CJP § 5

- 107 ( 2002 Replacement Volume). At that time, a prosecution for a misdemeanor under CJP § 5

- 106 was also subject to a on e - year statute of limitations. Unlike CJP § 5

- 107, however, CJP § 5

- 106 contained a number of exceptions to the one

- year limitations period

. Id. In 2004 , the General Assembly amended CJP § 5

- 107 to read: “Except as provided in § 5

- 106 of this subtitle, a pro s ecution or suit for a fine, penalty, or forfeiture shall be instituted within one year after the offense was committed.” 2004 Maryland Laws

c h. 258. As a result of that amendment the same exceptions appl ying to the one - year limitations for the prosecution of a misdemeanor would apply to prosecutions or suits for

“ a fine, penalt y , or forfeiture. ”
In 2008, t he General Assembly amended CJP § 5

- 107 to reflect a change it had made to the statute of limitations for violations of certain portions of the Environment Article. 2008 Maryland Laws c h. 193. The change to the Environment Article was codified in § 1

- 303, which read : “ A criminal prosecution or suit for a civil pena lty for violation of any provision of this article or any rule, regulation, order, or permit adopted or issued under this article, shall be instituted within 3 years after the date the Department knew or22 reasonably should have known of the violation.” 200 8 Maryland Laws c h. 193. In other words , if the Maryland Department of the Environment (“MDE”) wanted to initiate a “criminal prosecution” or a “suit for a civil penalty,” it had to bring the action within three
years. The purpose of that change was t o “ provide consistency and certainty among the regulated community regarding the statute of limitations for criminal prosecution or civil suit for penalty for specified violations of environmental law.” Id. The legislature amended CJP § 5

- 107 to reflect tha t change : “Except as provided in § 5

- 106 of this subtitle and § 1

- 303 of the Environment Article, a prosecution or suit for a fine, penalty, or forfeiture shall be instituted within one year after the offense was committed.” Id.
CJP § 5

- 107 was amended to its current form in 2014 . 2014 Maryland Laws c h.
380. As in 2008, t h e amendment reflect ed in part a change the legislature had made to §
8

- 1815 of the Natural Resources Article add ing a three

- year statute of limitations for “a criminal prosecution or a suit for a civil penalty” for certain violations under that subtitle. Id

. CJP § 5

- 107 now read s : “Except as provided in § 5

- 106 of this subtitle, § 1

- 303 of the Environment Article, an d § 8

- 1815 of the Natural Resources Article, a prosecution or suit for a fine, penalty, or forfeiture shall be instituted within one year after the offense was committed.” In 2015, the General Assembly amended § 1

- 303 of the Environment Article to includ e a five

- year statute of limitations for “an action for an administrative penalty” for certain violations of that article. 2015 Maryland Laws c h. 254. As discussed above , if the MDE initiate d “a criminal prosecution or a suit for a civil penalty” for certain violations under that article, it needed to bring the action within three years after it knew or reasonably23 should have known about the violation. 2008 Maryland Laws c h. 193. But, as a result of the 2015 amendment, if the MDE sought an admin istrative penalty (as opposed to a criminal prosecution or a suit for a civil penalty), it had five years to bring such a claim. 2015 Maryland Laws c h. 254. In its Fiscal and Policy Note , the legislature explained the state of the law and its potential f iscal impact as follows: According to the most recent MDE annual enforcement report, the department collected about $3.6 million in civil and administrative fine revenues in fiscal 2014. The annual enforcement report does not account for civil and adminis trative fine revenues separately, although the number of civil and administrative enforcement actions taken is reported separately. While the vast majority of enforcement actions involving the assessment of penalties are administrative, penalties collecte d in civil suits are often much greater than the penalties collected in administrative actions.
State Revenues: A reliable estimate of any change in penalty revenues collected by MDE cannot be made, as it is dependent on future MDE enforcement decisions. However, general and/or special fund revenues may increase for several years beginning in fiscal 2016 to the extent that MDE accelerates the enforcement of administrative actions to comply with the reduced limitations period. Maryland Fiscal and Policy Note, 2015 Session House Bill 509.
T hat legislative backdrop provides further support to the conclusion that the one

year statute of limitations set forth in CJP § 5

- 107 does not apply to the Division’s administrative action in the instant case. Like MDE , the CPD is authorized to pursue monetary penalties in either “ a civil action or an administrative cease and desist action [

. ] ”
CL § 13

- 410(c). Th e choice of action governs the limitations analysis because, as the General Assembly recognized in amending § 1

- 303 of the Environment Article, the distinction between a “civil suit” and an “administrative action” is clear in the application of CJP § 5

- 107. W hile the three

- year statute of limitations under § 1

- 303 of the24 Environment Article applied to a “civil suit” brought by the MDE, the imposition of limitations on its “administrative action s” involved a legislat ive amend ment. In this case, the General Assembly has empowered the CPD to pursue civil penalties
in either a “civil action” or an “administrative action,” but the limitations in CJP § 5

- 107 only appl y to civil actions or pros ecuti ons
. D espite a clear understanding of how and its willingness to do so when it finds it appropriate , the General Assembly has not imposed a limitations period for the CPD’s administrative actions

. Here , the instant administrative action was not a “civil suit” or a “civil action ,” and the one

- year statute of limitations in CJP § 5

- 107 does not apply

. See Weller , 390 Md. at 133

- 39 (explaining why an administrative hearing is not a “civil action”).
II.
A. The Disclosures of the Decommissioning Plan
Parties’ contentions The Division contends that the circuit court erred in reversing the CPD’s determination that the Companies ’ pre - merger actions violated the CPA. It argues that the plan to shut down Cricket’s CDMA network , which would render the CDMA

- only phone s inoperable, was a “material” omission an d that the failure to disclose it to consumers was a violation of the CPA. The Companies contend that Cricket was not required to disclose the plan because it was contingent on FCC approval , and therefore not a fact “in existence” at the time the CDMA

- onl y phones were sold.25 Analysis Under the CPA, a company engages in an “ [ u ] nfair, abusive, or deceptive trade practice [] ” when it fails “to state a material fact if the failure deceives or tends to deceive[.]” CL § 13

- 301(3). “An omission is considered material if a significant number of unsophisticated consumers would attach importance to the information in determining a choice of action.” Golt v. Phillips , 308 Md. 1, 10 (1986). Ordinarily, the issue of materiality is one of fact and not of law. Green v. H&R Block, Inc. , 355 Md. 488, 524 (1999). “Only when the facts do not allow for a reasonable inference of materiali ty or immateriality should the issue be decided as a matter of law.” Id. (citing Golt , 308 Md. at 10). Here, the CPD concluded that the Companies’ plan to decommission the CDMA network if the merger was approved was an undisputed “material” fact

. T he circuit court reversed because, in its opinion, Cricket , as a matter of law, was not required to disclose the planned decommissioning of the networks on which its phones functioned

. The central question is whether the plan to decommission the CDMA netw ork was “ immaterial ” as a
pure matter of law until the decommissioning was approved by the FCC or is it a mixed question of law and fact ? If the latter, we a s k whether the CPD’s “materiality” finding was supported by substantial evidence that was fairly debatable ? More particular to this case, we ask whether the evidence supports a reasonable inference that a significant number of unsophisticated consumers would , in purchasing a CDMA

- only phone, attach importance to that fact that their phone could stop operating if the merger was approved

.26 We hold that the Companies’ plan to decommission the CDMA network was not immaterial as a matter of law

. And it was reasonable to find that i n deciding whether to purchase a CDMA

- only phone, a signif icant number of unsophisticated consumers would have attached importance to the Companies’ plan to decommission the CDMA network because it would render the purchased phones inoperable. In fact, the Companies all but conceded that point in the Memorandum they submitted to the circuit court in seeking judicial review. In that Memorandum, arguing that disclosure of their plans prior to the merger would have exposed them to liability under federal antitrust laws , the Companies
state d : In order to implement the pre

- merger disclosures the CPD demands, Cricket would have had to instruct sales people to make verbal statements and respond to customer questions concerning the proposed merger, and post signage and provide other written documentation to co nsumers. No matter how carefully Cricket employees attempted to convey information concerning the proposed merger and the possible impact on CDMA phones, many, if not most, potential customer s would have been frightened away from purchasing Cricket phones . They would have simply taken their business elsewhere. Conveying information concerning the merger would have undoubtedly resulted in Cricket selling less service and fewer phones. Telling customers that the phones they are contemplating purchasing wi ll not work on the Cricket network if and when AT&T is permitted to shut down the Cricket network would have impermissibly weakened Cricket’s competitive position during the pre

- merger regulatory period.
T hat statement indicates why the plan to decommiss ion the CDMA network was a material fact notwithstanding the contingency of FCC approval

. As the Companies acknowledge d , a significant number of potential consumers would have attached importance to the fact that the phone they were purchasing would no longer work “if and when” the FCC permitted the CDMA network to be shut down . Thus, unlike cases on27 which the Companies rel y , that plan was in existence at t he time the pre - merger CDMA

only phones were sold. Compare Maryland Real Est

. Comm ’ n v. Garceau , 234 Md. App. 324, 357 (2017) ( holding that a r eal estate agent could not be sanctioned for failing to disclose non - existent HOA covenants, as that “fact” coul d not be considered material). Because the plan was contingent on FCC approval, t he Companies argue that Cricket had no control over whether the plan came to fruition a nd that a statement regarding future events over which the declarant has no control cannot be considered material and disclosures cannot be required

. As they see it , requiring disclos ure of a plan contingent on a third

- party’s approval would force the C ompanies “to play fortune teller and leave them holding the bag if they predic ted wrongly or the FCC did not go along with their plans.”
We do not find that argument persuasive

. Cricket controlled entering into a merger agreement with AT&T that contemplated shutting down the CDMA network if approved by the FCC. Disclosure of the planned decommissioning did not require “fortune tell ing ” because the plan itself was a “material fact

. ” To be sure, disclosure presented a risk of lost sale s , but it also provided meaningful information to a potential purchaser. W e hold that the circuit court erred in reversing the CPD’s determination that Cricket had violated the
CPA by failing to disclose the decommissioning plans prior to the merger.
B. Federal Preemption
Parties’ contentions
E ven if their pre

- merger plan was material, the Companies contend that the Division’s CPA claims were preempted by federal antitrust law s including the Sherman28 Act, 15 U

. S

. C

. § 1, and the Clayton A c t , as amended by the Hart

- Scott

- Rodino Act, 15
U

. S

. C

. § 18a(b). They argue that telling customers about the plans to decommission the
CDMA network would have “shifted business from Cricket to AT&T , ” which would constitut e “impermissible pre

- merger coordination” or, at the very least, “frustrated the purpose of the federal antitrust laws” by cau sing “a loss in Cricket’s market position.” (Quotation marks and citation omitted.) The y insist that “ [ t ] hat type of pre

- merger c hange
in competitive position is exactly what the antitrust laws seek to prevent.” The Division contends that the antitrust laws do not extend to “wholly unilateral” conduct and that a company selling fewer goods do es not preempt enforcement of the CPA. Analysis Section 1 of the Sherman Act prohibits “ [ e ] very contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade [

. ] ” 15 U.S.C. § 1. In other words, it “ applies only to concerted action that restrains trade.” Am

. Needle, Inc. v. Nat ’ l Football League , 560 U.S. 183, 190 (2010). I t “does not reach conduct that is ‘wholly unilateral.’” Copperweld Corp. v. Indep

. Tube Corp. , 467 U.S. 752, 768 (1984). “The key ” then is

“ whether the alleged contract, combination[,] or conspiracy is concerted action

– that is, whether it joins together separate decisionmakers.” Am

. Needle , 560 U.S. at 195 (quotation marks and citation omitted ). Because it “ does not proh ibit all unreasonable restraints of trade but only restraints effected by a contract, combination, or conspiracy, the crucial question is whether the challenged anticompetitive conduct stems from independent decision or from an agreement, tacit or express[ .]” Bell Atl

. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544, 553 (2007) (cleaned up ). Cricket and AT&T entered into a merger agreement but29 t here is no evidence or allegation of concerted action or that the merger agreement or any other agreement between them required or encouraged the denial of information to Cricket’s pre

- merger customers about the planned decommissioning of the CDMA network

. That appears to have been a wholly unilateral action to reduce inventory

. But e ven if Cricket’s failure to disclose the plan could in some way be considered a concerted action, the Companies have presented no persuasive evidence or argument as to how disclosure would have result ed in a true “restraint of trade.” W hether particular act s constitute a restraint of trade is generally assessed under the “rule of reason.” Nat ’ l Collegiate Athletic Ass ’ n v. Alston , -- U.S.

-- , 141 S. Ct. 2141, 2151 (2021). That “ requires courts to conduct a fact

- specific assessment of ‘market power and market structure .

. . to assess the restraint’s actual effect’ on competition.” Ohio v. Am

. Express Co. , -- U.S.

-- , 138 S. Ct. 2274, 2284 (2018) (quoting Copperweld , 467 U.S. at 768) (brackets omitted). “The goal is to ‘distinguish between restraints with ant icompetitive effect that are harmful to the consumer and restraints stimulating competition that are in the consumer’s best interest.’” Id. (quoting Leegin Creative Leather Prods

. , Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. , 551 U.S. 877, 886 (2007 ) ) (brackets omitted).
T o show how Cricket’s disclosure of the decommissioning plan restrained trade or had an anticompetitive effect , the Companies appear to rely on the fact that disclosure would have caused some consumers to purchase AT&T phones instead of Cricket’s , thereby decreas ing Cricket’s market share

. This argument is somewhat undermined by statements made by the Companies in their FCC filing which they argue was to simply explain that the merger could have minimal effect in the prepaid market because AT&T’s30 offering was “still young” with a small market compared to Cricket’s “prepaid wireless business

. ” What the Companies stated was that AT&T and Cricket’s parent company, Leap, “are not close competitors” and that the phones each sold “are not close substitutes” for one another. Moreover, the disclosure, if it were a restraint on trade , would appear to be a restraint that was in the consumer’s best interest and they would still be buying phones in a competitive market place. A reduced market share, alone , is , in our view, insufficient to trigger an antitrust violation

. 7 The Companies’ reliance on cases involving “gun

- jumping” is equally unavailing. Federal law requires merging entities to notify the government about the merger and to wait thirty days from the date of notification before consummating the merger. 15 U.S.C. § 18a. “Gun

- jumping” occurs when the merging entities take “ collaborative actions to further the merger process before the end of the thir ty

- day waitin g period.” 1 Materials on Antitrust Compl. § 12:22 ( 3rd ed., February 2023). Requiring Cricket to inform consumers about the plan to decommission the CDMA network could not reasonably be considered “gun

- jumping ” because it would not be a “ collaborative action ” in furtherance of the
merger process. In short , we find no support in the record or the relevant case law for the Companies’ claim that enforcement of the CPA with respect to Cricket’s pre

- merger actions would

7 S ome acts are considered per se violations because they “always or almost always tend to restrict competition a nd decrease output[.]” Broad

. Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broad

. Sys

. , Inc. , 441 U.S. 1, 19

- 20 (1979). We do not believe that t he acts at issue here would constitute per se violation s , and the Companies do not argue otherwise.31 implicate federal antitr ust laws. Accordingly, the circuit court did not err in affirming the CPD’s decision.
III.
Post
- merger Disclosures
Parties’ contentions The Companies contend that the circuit court erred in affirming the CPD’s determination that the Companies’ post

- merger disclosures were deceptive or misleading. The y argue that the CPD’s decision “was neither supported by substantial evidence nor reasonable.” As they see it, “no reasonable mind could find that the disclosures alone show that AT&T attempted to mislead consumers or conceal that CDMA phones would stop working after March 2015.” They also argue that the CPD “put forth no evidence ” that the disclosures misled con sumers , conduct ed “ any studies to determine how customers would perceive AT&T’s disclosures, or put forth expert testimony.” They argue that the CPD did not view the disclosures “in the light most favorable to [ the Companies ] as it was required to do befo re finding liability at the summary disclosure stage.” (Quotation marks and citation omitted.) The Division contends that the CPD’s determination was reasonable and supported by the disclosures contained in the record. It asserts that other than the disclosures themselves, nothing else was required to support its determination

. And that the CPD’s expertise in evaluating the disclosures is entitled to considerable deference

.32 Analysis
T he CPA states that “[a]ny practice prohibited by this title is a violation of this title, whether or not any consumer in fact has been misled, deceived, or damaged as a result of that practice.” CL § 13

- 302. T he Supreme Court of Maryland has rejected claims that the CPD, in dete rmining whether an advertisement misled consumers, must consider evidence beyond the advertisements themselves before making a decision. See , e .g. , Consumer Prot

. Div. v. Morgan , 387 Md. 125, 161

- 63 (2005); Consumer Prot

. Div. Off

. of Att ’ y Gen. v. Consumer Pub l’g Co., Inc. , 304 Md. 731, 770

- 71 (1985). Th at Court explained that, by enacting § 13

- 302 of the CPA, the General Assembly had concluded that the CPD “has the expertise necessary to make that determination without testimony by consum ers or consumer experts.” Morgan , 387 Md. at 163. Here, before determining that the disclosures were deceptive and misleading , the CPD reviewed the disclosures. Based on our review , we are persuaded that the re was substantial evidence to support the CPD’s determination and that no additional evidence was needed. See Consumer Pub l’g , 304 Md. at 770

- 71 (affirming the CPD’s finding of a CPA violation that was based solely on the adv ertisements at issue). F our disclosures are at issue in this case

. The first disclosure was by a sticker affixed to the CDMA

- only phone’s retail box that included the following language: Información en espa ñ ol includa

. Cricket is upgrading its CDMA network to 4G GSM and expects to stop offering CDMA wireless service as early as March 2015. This CDMA33 phone will no longer work on our wireless network after we complete this upgrade. See Cricket’s updated Terms and Conditions of Service, which includes your agreement to dispute resolution through binding individual arbitration instead of jury trials or class actions at www.cricketwireless.com

. The second was printed on a sticker affix ed to price cards displayed in retail stores and included identical language . The third , with similar language , was displayed on specific pages on the Companies’ websites. The fourth was in a script provided to the Companies’ customer service representatives. In the OAH’s proposed findings, which the CPD adopted, the OAH found that

“ [ m ] ost post

- merger purchases of Cricket cell phones were made in a store ” and that the
in

- store disclosures “ consisted of small print statements on stickers placed on the phone boxes and additional small print disclosures on the store’s price cards displayed near the boxes. ” The disclo sure s on the phone box es were approximately two inches by three

quarters an inch in height and were “ not prominently displayed on the box where a consumer’s eyes would be naturally drawn but rather was placed on the bottom left hand corner of the box. ” In addition, “ the print on the sticker was extremely small and difficult to read ” and “ a distracting element ” at the top, read: “ Información en espa ñ ol includa .” It found this “ confusing ” because “ none of the essential terms of the disclosure were written in Spanish [

. ] ” As for the stickers on the price cards, the OAH found that those disclosures were in “the smallest font on the price card” and “ even less prominent than the box sticker

. ” T hey
were “ placed at the very bottom of the card below the price and phone features [ , ] ” which34 was “ not a conspicuous location for this disclosure. ” As for the disclosures made on the websites and through customer service operators, the OAH found that only about four to five percent of the customers had purchased CDMA

- only phones on the website and that an even smaller number had purchased them by phone. The CPD added to those findings that the online disclosures were displayed “in places consumers would have to seek out in order to find” and , more importantly, “at the very bottom of a page listing multiple products that consumers might only see if they scrolled all the way to the bottom or clicked a hyperlink.” The CPD also noted that “the disclosures were made in fine print” and that at least one of the disclosures was “preceded by technical jargon that is likely unclear and potentially distracting to consumers [

. ] ” As to the disclosures provided to the Companies’ customer service representatives, the CPD noted that it was “undisputed” that those disclosures were not given to the public and would, “ at most, ” provid e additional information to consumers “ who had already seen a disclosure ” and would be given to the consumer only if they asked questions. After reviewing the disclosures a t issue, we hold that the OAH’s and CPD’s added findings as to the characteristics of the disclosures and their potential effect on consumers were support ed by substantial evidence. From them, a reasonable mind could have concluded that the disclosures had the capacity, tendency, or effect of deceiving , misleading , or damaging consumers
. Based on the language of the CPA, it was unnecessary to establish that a consumer “in fact ha [ d] been misled, deceived, or damaged ” by the disclosures

. CL § 13

- 302.35 IV.
Mootness/ Overbr eadth
Parties’ contentions The Companies contend that the circuit court erred in refusing to reverse the CPD’s

cease - and

- desist order because it is moot

. The y argue that the issued order is moot because the enjoined action

– the selling of CDMA

- only phones

– was discontinued several years
ago
. The y also contend that , because the order is not limited to the claims at issue and imposes requirements that “amount to the general principles that are applied to determine whether a statement is deceptive [,] ” it is “overbroad.” The Division contends that the cease

- and

- desist order is not moot because the Companies failed to establish that the alleged misconduct could not reasonably be expected to recur. The Division contends that the Companies’ argument regarding the breadth of the order is both unpreserved and without merit

. Analysis Section 13

- 403 of the CPA authorizes the CPD to issue a cease

- and

- desist order upon a finding that an alleged violator ha s engaged in unfair or deceptive trade practices.
CL § 13

- 403(b)(1)(i). In that order , the CPD may not only prohibit past behavior but also

“‘

future acts that involve the same vi olation or unlawful practice[.]’” Luskin’s, Inc. v.
Consumer Prot

. Div. , 353 Md. 335, 380 (1999) (quoting Luskin’s, Inc. v. Consumer Prot

. Div. , 3 3 8 Md. 188, 198 (1995)). Ordinarily, a cease

- and

- desist order becomes moot when “‘the acts sought to be enjoined have been discontinued or abandoned.’” State v. Neiswanger M gm t

. Servs

. , LLC ,36 457 Md. 441, 455 (2018) (quoting Att ’ y Gen. v. Anne Arundel C n ty. Sch. Bus Contractors
As s’n, Inc. , 286 Md. 324, 327 (1979)). A party’s voluntary cessation of the enjoined conduct , however, does not mandate dismissal of a cease

- and

- desist order

. Id. at 456. The enjoined party has the burden to show that the misconduct at issue “could not reasonably be expected to recur.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). Th at burden is “heavy,” and the standard for determining its satisfaction is “stringent.” Id. As t he Supreme Court of Maryland ha s explained : A “reasonable expectation of recurrence” may exist when the alleged misconduct was a “continuing practice or was otherwise deliberate.” Sheely v. MRI Radiology Network, P.A. , 505 F.3d 1173, 1184

- 85 (11th Cir. 2007). Mootness is more likely if cessation was “motivate d by a defendant’s genuine change of heart rather than his desire to avoid liability.” Id. at 1186. This may be shown by the factual circumstances, particularly the relationship between the cessation and pending litigation. Id. (collecting cases). Refusal to acknowledge misconduct tends to support a conclusion that the cessation was motivated by a desire to evade liability, leaving a “live dispute” between the parties. Id. at 1187. Id. at 456

- 57. We hold that the circuit court did not err or abuse its discretion in refusing to dismiss the CPD’s cease

- and

- desist order as moot. That there has been no acknowledgment of wrongdoing in this case “tends to support a conclusion” that the cessation of the determined misconduct was mere happenstance rather than a genuine change of heart

. Id. at 456. Citing Plank v. Cherneski , 469 Md. 548, 609

- 10 (2020), the Companies argue that “injunctive relief should not issue based on a ‘speculative’ possibility of future similar action.” That argument fails for multiple reasons. Foremost , the Supreme Court of Maryland in Plank did not state that injunctive relief “should not be based upon a37 speculative possibility of future similar action. ” In the portion of the opinion cited by the Companies, the Court simply indicated that injunctive relief was a “preventative and protective remedy, aimed at future acts , and it is not intended to redress past wrongs.” Id.
at 609 (quotation marks and citations omitted)

. In other words, penaliz ing past conduct should not be it s sole purpose

. In addition , the Companies appear to ignore their burden to demonstrate that their past behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur in order to prove mootness

. Their argument appears to rest on “the sales [of CDMA

- only phones having ] ceased six years before the Final Order.” But as the Division a rgues, the refusal to admit wrongdoing lends support to a conclusion that “on the next occasion when they decide to discontinue a wireless network [and] continue to have large quantities of devices in their inventory that will function only on that network, they would, in the absence of an injunctive order, behave as they did here.”
T he C ompanies also argu e on appeal that the cease

- and

- desist order was “too broad

. ” T hat argument , however, was unpreserved because a t no point at either the administrative level or before the circuit court, did the Companies advance that specific argument

. M d. Rule 8

- 131(a); see also Concerned Citizens of Cloverly v. Montgomery Cnty

. Plan

. Bd

. , 254 Md. App. 575, 601 (2022). The Companies ’ sole argument was that the order was moot.38 V.
Remedies and the Need for an Evidentiary Hearing
Parties’ contentions The Division contends that the circuit court “overstepped” its authority and thus erred when it revers ed the CPD’s decision with respect to remedies and remand ed for an evidentiary hearing. The Companies , contend ing that the circuit court ruled correct ly, assert that they “must be given the opportunity to present evidence relevant to remedies before penalties and restitution are imposed” in order for the CPD to properly consider the statutory factors set forth in § 13

- 410 of the CPA and whether customers were injured at all, given the FCC mandated phone replacement program. Such evidence it maintains i s relevant to both “whether restitution is warranted” and “the amount of penalties.” Analysis
I n a cease - and

- desist action, when the CPD , following a hearing , determines “ on the preponderance of evidence that the alleged violator violated [the CPA], the [CPD] shall state its findings and issue an order requiring the violator to cease and desist from the violation and to take affirmative action, including the restitution of money or property.”
CL § 13

- 403(b)(1)(i). “When a violato r’s misrepresentations and deceptions affect a number of similarly situated individuals .

. . the [CPD] may issue a general order of restitution.” Morgan, supra , 387 Md. at 165. A general order of restitution may be based on the circumstances of the viol ation, and do es not require consumer testimony or other direct proof of consumer reliance. Consumer Pub l’g , supra , 304 Md. at 780

- 81. But to39 award restitution to individual consumers, “ the [CPD] then must establish a procedure to determine whether individual consumers relied on the misrepresentation s .” Morgan , 387 Md. at 165. That is exactly what the CPD did in approximately three pages of the Final Order. That procedure provided the Companies the opportunity to provide information regarding what the consumer paid for the CDMA

- only phones, the amount of any refund, any credits toward a replacement phone, any amount receive d for the replacement phone, or any “substantially equivalent” replacement phone he or she received “free of charge.” In the

o rder , the CPD estimated that , “[w]ithout accounting for the costs of the claims process , ” the initial payment of $500,000 represented a “disgorgement of just under $10.00” for the
CDMA

- only phones sold without notice or adequate notice of the CDMA network shutdown. That process provides an “opportunity,” which the Companies claim they were not given, to prove whether consumers were act ually damaged by their purchase of the
CDMA

- only phone . In short, that was not required prior to the finding of a CPA violation. As for the imposition of civil penalties, the CPA states that “[a] merchant who engages in a violation of this title is subje ct to a fine not exceeding $10,000 for each violation.” CL § 13

- 410(a). As discussed previously, such fines “are civil penalties and are recoverable by the State in

. . . an administrative cease and desist action under § 13

- 403(a) and (b) of this subtitl e[.]” CL § 13

- 410(c). In setting the amount of the civil penalty imposed in an administrative proceeding, the CPD must consider: (1) The severity of the violation for which the penalty is assessed; (2) The good faith of the violator;40 (3) Any history of prior violations; (4) Whether the amount of the penalty will achieve the desired deterrent purpose; and (5) Whether the issuance of a cease and desist order, including restitution, is insufficient for the protection of consumers.
CL § 13

- 410(d). Here, after the CPD issued a statement of charges to the Companies , there was a hearing through the OAH on those charges. After the OAH issued its proposed findings and the parties filed exceptions, another hearing was held by the CPD. A t the conclusion of that hearing, the CPD , finding that the Companies had violated the CPA , issued a general order of restitution and , in addition to the restitution procedure discussed above, imposed a civil penalty of $50.00 for each of the 50,000 violations that occurred prior to the merger and a civil penalty of $500.00 for each of the 1 , 500 violations that occurred following the merger. In setting those amounts, the CPD did consider , in some detail, each of the five factors set forth in § 13

- 410 (d) of the CPA. It found the violations to be severe because both before and after the merger the Companies were aware that with the CDMA network shutdown, the phones were “practically worthless.” The omission of that shutdown harmed consumers financiall y and benefited the Companies in the sell

- off of the CDMA

- only inventory. The trade

- in credits it found did not negate the severity of the violations because credits were mandated by the FCC and were not offered until notice of the shutdown. The Companie s also acted in bad faith before the approved merger because the disclosures were insufficient

– though not as41 bad as the post

- merger disclosures

– because no warning of the shutdown was given. But when they announced the proposed merger before its approv al, the announcement only disclosed the upgrade to AT&T but not the impact of the shutdown on the CDMA network. Noting no evidence of similar violations, it found the violations to be “numerous, long lasting, and statewide” and that an injunctive provision and restitution was not sufficient to protect consumers from future violations. Clearly the CPD considered the statutory factor s in its civil penalty decision. W e hold that the circuit court erred in reversing the CPD’s determinat ion of remedies and in remanding for an evidentiary hearing. The CPD followed the requisite statutory procedures in issuing its general order of restitution and in imposing civil penalties against the Companies

. Although the Companies may view the civil penalties in this case as being exorbitant and unreasonable , they were significantly lower than the statutory maximum of $10,000.00 per violation now provided for in CL § 13

- 410(a) and the $1,000 for each violation provided for prior to October 1, 2018.
CONCLUSION In sum, we hold that the statute of limitations set forth in CJP § 5

- 107 was not applicable in the instant case; that the CPD’s determination regarding the Companies’ post

merger disclosures was reasonable and supported by substantial evidence; and that the
CPD’s cease

- and

- desist order was not moot. W e affirm the circuit court’s judgment on those issues . We also hold that the Companies’ pre

- merger actions did give rise to a viable CPA claim; that the CPD complied with the relevant statutory pro visions regarding restitution and civil penalties; and that the Companies were not entitled to a n evidentiary42 hearing on the issue of restitution and remedies. W e reverse the circuit court’s judgment on those issues

. JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALT IMORE CITY AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART; COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLEES/CROSS
APPELLANTS.