NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 10a0133n.06

No. 07-6495

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee.

v.

TARNISHA T. WOODS,

Defendant-Appellant,

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR WESTERN

DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

Before: RYAN, COOK and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Tarnisha Woods (“Woods”) pled guilty of

possession of the identity of another with the intent to commit bank fraud, in violation 18 U.S.C. §§

1344 & 1028(a)(7), after being indicted for a series of completed or intended fraudulent credit-card

and check transactions facilitated by obtaining victims’ mail and assuming their identities. The

district court, on reviewing the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) prepared by the Probation

Office, ordered that restitution be paid in the amount of the loss to the victims. However, because

actual loss amounts for individual victims were not ascertainable at the time of the sentencing

hearing, the district court allowed for an extra ninety days from the entry of judgment for entry of

the final restitution order. The district court also ordered that any portion of the actual loss amount

not paid in restitution would be converted to a fine at the conclusion of the ninety days. Because no

claims for restitution were filed in the ninety-day period, the full amount of the actual loss became
No. 07-6495

Woods v. United States

This figure included two assessments of $500 for two counterfeit credit cards the women 1

possessed but had not used pursuant to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(F)(i)

(2009), $742.96 for counterfeit checks the women had in their possession, and attempted, but

unsuccessful, purchases of $11,999.18 on one of the credit cards.

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a fine. That fine exceeded the Sentencing Guidelines’ suggested range by $436.08. The district

court also imposed an above-Guidelines term of incarceration. On appeal, Woods makes multiple

claims of error, both procedural and substantive, challenging the restitution award, fine and sentence.

We affirm. 

I. Background

On December 19, 2006, Memphis police officers were monitoring an address where several

mail thefts had occurred. The officers observed a vehicle similar to one described in earlier reports

pull up to the address’s mailbox, and then pull away. The officers conducted a traffic stop of the

vehicle and observed, in plain view, several pieces of mail belonging to Michele Less, and

approximately 20 other persons. Woods, the driver, and her half-sister, Andrea Johnson

(“Johnson”), the passenger, were taken into custody. 

At the time of their arrest, Woods was in possession of unused credit cards in victims’ names

and a fraudulent check made payable to her (Woods). Johnson was in possession of four counterfeit

credit cards. During the subsequent investigation, officers discovered that between May 2006 and

December 2006, Woods and Johnson used stolen mail to obtain credit cards, checks and

identification in a number of victims’ names, which were then used in attempted financial

transactions totaling $44,178.22 , leading to $30,436.08 in actual losses. 1
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Woods v. United States

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On December 20, 2006, a federal grand jury indicted Woods and Johnson for (1) violating

18 U.S.C. §1708 (1994) in that they “being aided, abetted, counseled and induced by each other, did

receive, conceal, and unlawfully have in their possession over thirty (30) letters, mail, and articles

contained therein which had been stolen, taken, and embezzled from a mail route and mail carrier,

then knowing the articles to have been stolen, taken, and embezzled . . .” and (2) violating 18 U.S.C.

§ 1028(a)(7) (2006) in that they “in a manner affecting interstate commerce, did knowingly possess,

without lawful authority, a means of identification of another to wit: the counterfeit driver’s license

of Michele Less with the intent to commit, any unlawful activity that constitutes a felony violation

of Federal law to wit: violations of Title 18, United States Code, Section 1344, that is Bank Fraud

. . . .” 

Woods entered into a Plea Agreement (“Agreement”) that provided that she would plead

guilty to Count Two of the Indictment, and that Count One would be dismissed. The Agreement also

stated:

The Sentencing Guidelines, which establish the penalty range, will be

computed on the total amount of relevant conduct. The parties agree that the total

amount of relevant conduct and any other sentencing enhancements will be

determined by the sentencing court utilizing a preponderance of the evidence

standard of review.

Any restitution ordered by the Court will be based on the total amount of

relevant conduct.

The PSR calculated Woods’ offense level at twelve and detailed three juvenile convictions

and twenty-three adult convictions in Woods’ criminal history record, resulting in a criminal history
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Woods v. United States

Woods criminal history score subtotal due to her prior convictions was thirty. However, the 2

PSR reduced that to seventeen because U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4A1.1(c) (2009) only

allows a maximum of four points to be accumulated under that provision. The PSR then increased

the score by two points because Woods was on probation at the time she committed the instant

offense, and by an additional point because it had been less than two years since the defendant had

been released from imprisonment. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual §§ 4A1.1(d), (e) (2009).

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual ch. 5, pt. A (2009) (thirteen or more criminal history 3

points establishes a Criminal History Category of VI).

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score of twenty. This gave Woods a criminal history category of VI. The PSR also listed seven 2 3

pending charges and ten “Other Arrests” that did not result in convictions. Woods’ resulting

Guideline Range was thirty to thirty-seven months of imprisonment, supervised release of two to

three years, and a fine of between $3,000 and $30,000. 

On November 29, 2007, the district court conducted a sentencing hearing, addressing the

factors it was considering in setting Woods’ sentence. These factors included “the offense conduct

itself,” the impact of identity theft on society and individuals, Woods’ “history and characteristics”

noting that there was a “substantial history” and that there were “a lot of points that could not be

counted,” and Woods’ criminal history point count. The court also opined that the lack of

appropriate punishment in response to previous crimes had led to “[i]ngrained behavior that has not

been dealt with,” observed that as Woods’ offenses continued there was “a serious problem and

we’re still not getting it addressed,” and that her history indicated that she was progressively

involved in “more and more, bigger and bigger ticket items in the sense of the now forged checks
No. 07-6495

Woods v. United States

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and that sort of activity.” Finally, the court analyzed what needed to be done “to meet the objectives

of 18 U.S.C. Section 3553,” to protect the public and to provide adequate deterrence.

The district court opted for the actual loss amount of $30,436.08 as restitution, with the

victim list left open for ninety days. The court further provided that any amount of restitution left

unpaid at the end of the ninety days would be converted into a fine so that Woods would not benefit

financially from her crimes. The district court explained to Woods the operation of the restitution

and fine amounts:

You would be required to pay 10 percent of gross income toward the

reduction of first your restitution and then your fine amount. The fine

amount, of course, would not exceed $30,436.08, and, of course, every

dollar that goes to restitution will be reduced from the fine amount.

Woods’ only objection to the sentence in the district court was to the court’s upward

departure from the Guidelines incarceration range.

The district court entered judgment on December 3, 2007, sentencing Woods to fifty-one

months of imprisonment and three years of supervised release. Under a section of the Judgment

titled “Criminal Monetary Penalties,” the district court left blank the area under the title “Total Fine”

and wrote “$30,436.08" under the title “Total Restitution.” Then, under a sub-section entitled

“FINE” the district court wrote “No fine imposed.” The district court put an asterisk next to a

second sub-section entitled “RESTITUTION,” below which the court wrote:

*Restitution shall be paid to any victims identified within 90 days of the entry of

this Judgment. Any balance of unclaimed monies shall be paid as a fine in this

case. 
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The Judgment also included a “Schedule of Payments” for the monetary penalties,

stating that the district court, “[h]aving assessed the defendant’s ability to pay” orders that

“[t]he defendant shall pay restitution in regular monthly installments of not less than 10%

of gross monthly income.” The district court also waived the interest required on the

monetary penalty under 18 U.S.C. § 3612(f) (2002). 

II. Analysis

A. The District Court Correctly Calculated Relevant Conduct for Sentencing

Woods argues that the district court committed error by including in its sentence calculation

monetary loss amounts that are not connected to the crime of conviction. Woods claims that the

credit and debit card and fraudulent check activities that resulted in the monetary losses do not

qualify as “relevant conduct” for Sentencing Guidelines purposes in determining her sentence for

the offense of possession of a counterfeit driver’s license with the intent to commit bank fraud.

Because Woods did not object to the district court’s determination regarding relevant conduct, we

review this claim for plain error. See United States v. Clark, 469 F.3d 568, 570 (6th Cir. 2006)

(holding that if no objection is made at sentencing hearing on an issue, that objection is subject to

plain error review on appeal). 

Plain error is:

(1) error (2) that “was obvious or clear,” (3) that “affected defendant’s substantial

rights” and (4) that “affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the

judicial proceedings.”
No. 07-6495

Woods v. United States

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3D1.2(d) (2007) lists § 2B1.1 crimes as offenses 4

covered by § 1B1.3(a)(2).

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United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Gardiner, 463

F.3d 445, 459 (6th Cir. 2006)).

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 1B1.3(a)(2)(2004) states that the specific offense

characteristics “shall be determined on the basis of . . . all acts and omissions . . . that were part of

the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.” “Relevant 4

conduct is not limited to conduct for which the defendant has been convicted.” United States v.

Maken, 510 F.3d 654, 658 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing United States v. Pierce, 17 F.3d 146, 150 (6th Cir.

1994) (conduct that cannot be prosecuted because of statutes of limitation or acquittal can be used

to determine relevant conduct)). In United States v. Koeberlein, 161 F.3d 946 (6th Cir. 1998), this

Court discussed how to assess relevant conduct:

To qualify as part of a “common scheme or plan” under the “relevant conduct”

guideline, the offenses “must be substantially connected to each other by at least one

common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose,

or similar modus operandi.” If offenses do not qualify as part of a common scheme

or plan, offenses are nonetheless considered the “same course of conduct” if “they

are sufficiently connected or related to each other as to warrant the conclusion that

they are part of a single episode, spree, or ongoing series of offenses.” The three

factors relevant to determining whether offenses are sufficiently related to constitute

the “same course of conduct” include “the degree of similarity of the offenses, the

regularity (repetitions) of the offenses, and the time interval between the offenses.”

The commentary requires courts to balance these factors such that “when one of

[these] factors is absent, a stronger presence of at least one of the other factors is

required.” 
No. 07-6495

Woods v. United States

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Id. at 950 (quoting United States v. Hill, 79 F.3d 1477 (6th Cir. 1996)).

In Koeberlein, this Court held that even assuming satisfaction of the first three prongs of

plain error review, an appellant cannot meet her burden on the fourth prong where “[t]he relevant

conduct, while not a mirror image of the offense of conviction, shares many of its traits” and where

“defendant was provided with a report prior to sentencing that contained the relevant conduct

analysis, giving him ample opportunity to object.” Id. at 950.

The acts of fraud Woods participated in that produced the actual loss amount were

sufficiently related to her 18 U.S.C. § 1028(a)(7) charge to survive plain error review. The crimes

have four common factors such that they can fairly be considered part of a “common scheme or

plan”: a common accomplice, common victims, common purposes and a similar modus operandi.

Woods’ accomplice in all of the acts of fraud was her half-sister, Johnson. Woods’ and Johnson’s

modus operandi was to “use[] stolen mail to obtain credit cards, checks and identification in the

victims’ names.” They had a common purpose in obtaining goods and money in others’ names.

And, Woods’ and Johnson’s intent was to “target[] elderly individuals . . . because primarily they

were an easy group that would not report the crime . . . .” See United States v. McDaniel, 398 F.3d

540, 553 (6th Cir. 2005) (finding relevant conduct where “the modus operandi (stealing mail,

washing checks in acetone, and altering the checks’ payees and amounts), the victims (financial

institutions in the Grand Rapids, Michigan area), and the time period (fall 2001) involved in

[defendant’s] state and federal prosecutions were the same.”). 

B. Any Error in Awarding Restitution was Harmless.
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Woods v. United States

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Woods makes various claims of error in the district court’s imposition of an award of

restitution. However, because the entirety of the restitution award was converted to a fine at the end

of the ninety-day period, and thus Woods was not required to pay any restitution, any error was

harmless. United States v. Johnson, 467 F.3d 559, 564 (6th Cir. 2006) (an error is harmless where

it did not cause the defendant to receive a more severe sentence). 

C. The District Court Did Not Commit Plain Error In Converting the Restitution Award to

a Fine.

Woods argues that the phrase “No fine imposed” on the district court’s Judgment Order

prohibited the conversion of the restitution award to a fine. Woods further argues that even if the

district court could impose a fine, it failed to consider Woods’ ability to pay the fine as required by

18 U.S.C. § 3572(a) (1996), and did not adequately justify departing upward from the suggested fine

range under the Guidelines. Woods also argues that the conversion of the restitution award to a fine

was itself error.

In the district court, Woods’ attorney objected to the district court “going outside the range”

when imposing sentence and therefore this court reviews the upward departures for abuse of

discretion. Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 591 (2007). However, because Woods did not

object to the conversion of the restitution amount to a fine, that issue is reviewed for plain error.

1. The District Court’s Use of the Words “No Fine Imposed”
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Woods v. United States

Title 18 U.S.C. § 3572(a) (1996) and U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 5E1.2(d) (2003) 5

list slightly different factors. Statutes prevail over conflicting Guidelines. United States v. Butler,

207 F.3d 839, 850 (6th Cir. 2000) (“When the Commission’s interpretation, as embodied in a

guideline, does not square with clear Congressional intent, courts will not apply that guideline.”).

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Woods cites no authority for her argument that the inclusion of the phrase “No fine imposed”

in the district court’s Judgment prohibited the later conversion of the restitution award to a fine. The

Judgment, on its face, is clear as to its intentions: 

Restitution shall be paid to any victims identified within 90 days of the entry of

this Judgment. Any balance of unclaimed monies shall be paid as a fine in this

case.

Further, at the sentencing hearing the district court was clear as to the operation of the restitution

amount and its conversion to a fine. We find no error.

2. The District Court Made Sufficient Findings Under §5E1.2(d)

The Guidelines recommend a fine of between $3,000 and $30,000. Because the entire

restitution amount was converted to a fine at the expiration of the ninety-day period, the fine amount

was $30,436.08, and thus exceeded the Guidelines range by $436.08. 

In determining whether and to what extent to impose a fine, the court considers:

defendant's income; earning capacity; financial resources; the burden on the

defendant and his dependents; pecuniary loss inflicted on others as a result of the

offense; whether restitution is ordered; the need to deprive the defendant of

illegal gains; and the need to promote respect for the law, provide just

punishment, and adequate deterrence.

Tosca, 18 F.3d at 1354 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3572(a) & U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual §

5E1.2(d)).

5
No. 07-6495

Woods v. United States

In Tosca, this court stated: 6

Some circuits require specific findings on the defendant's ability to pay

a fine. See United States v. Fair, 979 F.2d 1037, 1041 (5th Cir.1992) (specific

findings are necessary where the district court adopts a PSR's findings but then

departs from its recommendations on fines); United States v. Masters, 924 F.2d

1362, 1369 (7th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 919 (1991) (district court must

make findings on factors such as burden on defendant's family before imposing

fine); United States v. Cammisano, 917 F.2d 1057, 1064 (8th Cir.1990) (district

court must make specific findings on the record that demonstrate that factors in

Guidelines § 5E1.2 were considered prior to imposing fine).

Other circuits require consideration of the factors, but do not require

express findings. United States v. Savoie, 985 F.2d 612 (1st Cir.1993) (district

court's failure to make express findings in open court concerning appellant's

financial condition and prospects did not necessitate reversal); United States v.

Marquez, 941 F.2d 60, 65 (2nd Cir.1991) (sentencing court must consider ability

to pay, but need not articulate its reasoning); United States v. Mastropierro, 931

F.2d 905, 906 (D.C. Cir.1991) (when record demonstrates that judge considered

ability to pay before imposing fine, appellate court will not reverse merely

because no express finding was made but will review the finding of ability to pay

necessarily implied by such consideration).

Id. at 1354 n.2.

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Here, the district court made no findings on the record regarding Woods’ ability to pay, other

than the general statement in the Judgment that it had “assessed the defendant’s ability to pay.” This

Court in Tosca, after reviewing6 various Circuit courts’ requirements for consideration of these

factors, held that the district court had satisfied its obligations under the statute because it could be

“fairly inferred” that the court considered the factors. Further, “the defendant has the burden of

establishing that he or she is not able and, even with the use of a reasonable installment schedule,

is not likely to become able to pay all or part of the fine.” Tosca, 18 F.3d at 1354. 
No. 07-6495

Woods v. United States

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In the instant case, there was sufficient indicia of the court’s consideration of Woods’ ability

to pay such that the district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing the fine, especially because

Woods did not request more specific findings in the district court or carry her burden of putting forth

evidence that she would not be able to pay her fine under the terms the court specified. Id. at 1355

(“It is a general principle of appellate jurisdiction that a party desiring more particularized findings

at the trial court level must request them from the trial court.”). 

The departure upwards from the suggested fine range, by$436.08, is reviewed for procedural

and substantive reasonableness. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. 

Review for procedural reasonableness is a three-step inquiry. An appellate court

must determine whether the district court: (1) properly calculated the applicable

advisory Guidelines range; (2) considered the other § 3553(a) factors as well as

the parties' arguments for a sentence outside the Guidelines range; and (3)

adequately articulated its reasoning for imposing the particular sentence chosen,

including any rejection of the parties' arguments for an outside-Guidelines

sentence and any decision to deviate from the advisory Guidelines range. 

United States v. Young, 553 F.3d 1035, 1054 (6th Cir. 2009). 

The PSR correctly calculated the Guideline range to provide for a fine of between $3000 and

$30,000. During the sentencing hearing, the district court considered the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

factors, and clearly stated that it was imposing the fine as an alternative to restitution because “no

one should actually benefit from committing the crime.” Also, because the fine amount was tied to

the restitution amount, the fine was substantively reasonable. Therefore, the district court did not

commit an abuse of discretion in departing upwards from the suggested fine range by $436.08. 
No. 07-6495

Woods v. United States

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3. The District Court’s Order Imposing a Conversion from Restitution to Fine Was

Not Error

Woods’ argument that the district court committed error in ordering the conversion of the

restitution amount to a fine was waived because she did not raise it in the district court. United

States v. Ukomadu, 236 F.3d 333, 340 (6th Cir. 2001) (“[T]he defendant waived any right to appeal

the imposition of a fine because he failed to object at the trial court level.” (quoting Tosca, 18 F.3d

at 1355)). 

In any event, the district court clearly has authority to impose both a restitution award and

a fine, and it can fairly be inferred that the district court considered the factors for both restitution

and fine. 18 U.S.C. § 3571(a) (1987); 18 U.S.C. § 3663A (2000). Further, the district court

expressed a proper purpose in ordering that any remaining restitution be converted to a fine (so that

Woods would not benefit from her crime), and Woods did not make any showing of an inability to

pay or request further specific findings of fact regarding her ability to pay. 

D. The District Court Correctly Calculated Woods’ Sentencing Range

Woods argues that pursuant to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4A1.2(a)(2) (2007), a

number of charges in her criminal history report should have been consolidated in calculating her

criminal history score because she was sentenced for them on the same day, June 22, 2000. Woods

did not object to the calculation of her criminal history score in the district court, and thus we review

for plain error. Vonner, 516 F.3d at 385-86.
No. 07-6495

Woods v. United States

“Standard for Upward Departure.--If reliable information indicates that the defendant's 7

criminal history category substantially under-represents the seriousness of the defendant's criminal

history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other crimes, an upward departure may be

warranted.”

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Consolidating the crimes for the purpose of calculating Woods’ points would not reduce her

criminal history point total due to the operation of U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4A1.1(c)

(2007), which allows for the addition of a maximum of only four points for prior offenses that

resulted in less than sixty days imprisonment, regardless of the actual points that would otherwise

be scored based on actual convictions. However, Woods argues that if the district court had

considered the charges consolidated, it would have been less inclined to depart upward pursuant to

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4A1.3(a)(1)(2003)7 in order to reflect Woods’ actual criminal

history. The district court imposed a sentence of 51 months, departing upward from the suggested

30-37 month range. 

Woods relies on U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4A1.2 (2007) exempting “sentences

that were imposed on the same day” from being counted individually. That same section, however,

also states that “[p]rior sentences always are counted separately if the sentences were imposed for

offenses that were separated by an intervening arrest . . .” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual §

4A1.2 (2007); see also United States v. Gale, 468 F.3d 929, 936 (6th Cir. 2006) (“Only if there was

no intervening arrest may the court consider the factors that may otherwise render prior sentences
No. 07-6495

Woods v. United States

This Court in United States v. Smith, 474 F.3d 888 (6th Cir. 2007) applied a “form of 8

proportionality review: the greater the variance from the range, the more compelling the justification

for variance must be.” Id. at 892 (internal quotations omitted). However, in United States v. Tate,

516 F.3d 459 (6th Cir. 2008), this Court questioned whether such a “proportionality review” was

appropriate under Gall. Id. at 470 (“The Supreme Court, however, recently held that ‘while the

extent of the difference between a particular sentence and the recommended Guidelines range is

surely relevant, the courts of appeals must review all sentences–whether inside, just outside, or

significantly outside the Guidelines range–under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.’”

(quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 41)).

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related.” (internal quotations omitted)). Woods’ criminal history report makes clear that each of the

violations that she claims merit consolidation were separated by an arrest.

Finally, it was not substantively unreasonable for the district court to depart upward. We

review the district court’s upward departure for abuse of discretion because Woods objected to the

departure in the district court. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. In reviewing a non-Guideline sentence

the court may not apply a presumption of unreasonableness. It may consider the

extent of the deviation, but must give due deference to the district court's decision

that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of the variance. The fact

that the appellate court might reasonably have concluded that a different sentence

was appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the district court.

8

Gall, 552 U.S. at 51.

However, “[a] sentence will fail to be substantively reasonable if the district court selects the

sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider pertinent § 3553(a)

factors or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United States v. Smith,

474 F.3d 888, 894 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal brackets and quotations omitted). 
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Woods v. United States

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The Sentencing Guidelines expressly address the potential propriety of an upward adjustment

under the instant circumstances in U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4A1.3(a)(1) (2003) (stating

that “an upward departure may be warranted” where “reliable information indicates that the

defendant’s criminal history category substantially under-represents the seriousness of the

defendant’s criminal history”). This Court in Smith, held that an upward departure was reasonable

where the district court analyzed the criminal history of the defendant, what the significance of that

history was in choosing a sentence and the reason why it was imposing the sentence it was. Smith,

474 F.3d at 892-94; see also Tate, 516 F.3d at 470 (“We do not require a rote recitation of § 3553(a)

factors but rather an explanation of why the district court chose the sentence it did.”). 

The district court considered the §3553(a) factors at the sentencing hearing and gave sound

reasons for departing upward. Thus, we find that the sentence was substantively reasonable, and that

the district court did not abuse its discretion.

Based on the foregoing, we AFFIRM the district court.