COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Athey, Ortiz and Lorish

Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

CHARLES S. FRIEDMAN,

 NANCY M. FRIEDMAN AND

 OCEAN HILL PROPERTIES, INC.

v. Record No. 0117-22-1

MONA FRIEDMAN SMITH, 

 LAURA GOLDSTEIN, MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

 ESTATE OF GERALD FRIEDMAN, JUDGE CLIFFORD L. ATHEY, JR.

 FOUR SEASONS RESORT, INC. AND JANUARY 24, 2023

 JOHN W. RICHARDSON, AS LIQUIDATING TRUSTEE FOR

 OCEAN HILL COMMERCIAL, LLC AND

 SWAN BEACH COROLLA, LLC

NANCY FRIEDMAN 

v. Record No. 0495-22-1

ESTATE OF GERALD FRIEDMAN

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK

David W. Lannetti, Judge

George R.A. Doumar (Raj H. Patel; Brandon M. Goodwin; Doumar 

Martin PLLC; Hunter Hanger & Associates, P.C., on briefs), for 

appellants.

John F. Sawyer (James S. Panagis, Jr.; Wolcott Rivers Gates, on 

brief), for Estate of Gerald Friedman, Swan Beach Corolla, LLC 

and Ocean Hill Commercial, LLC.

No brief or argument for Mona Friedman Smith, Laura Goldstein, 

Four Seasons Resort, Inc. or John W. Richardson, as Liquidating 

Trustee for Ocean Hill Commercial, LLC and Swan Beach 

Corolla, LLC.

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
- 2 -

Nancy Friedman (“Nancy”) and Charles Friedman (“Chip”) appeal from orders entered in 

the Circuit Court of the City of Norfolk (“trial court”) finding them in contempt for violating 

several previous orders entered by the trial court. Nancy and Chip contend that the trial court 

lacked the personal jurisdiction necessary to even consider the matters raised in the original 

orders. As a result, they argue that the trial court’s ruling finding them in contempt was void. 

Nancy and Chip also contend that the trial court erred by finding them in contempt for violating 

orders that were not clear or definite in what activities were prohibited. We affirm in part and 

reverse in part. 

I. BACKGROUND

Gerald Friedman (“Gerald”) and Nancy were divorced on July 31, 2017. During their 

marriage, Gerald was involved extensively in developing real property located primarily in 

Hampton Roads, Virginia and the Outer Banks of North Carolina while Nancy supported the 

family in her role as wife and mother. Gerald died following the entry of the divorce decree but 

prior to equitable distribution of their marital assets which included extensive real estate holdings 

in Virginia and North Carolina. During their marriage, as a part of their estate plan, Gerald and 

Nancy conveyed to their three, adult children, Mona Friedman Smith (“Mona”), Laura Friedman 

Goldstein (“Laura”), and Chip, various interests in the real estate at issue in the equitable 

distribution proceedings. As a result, their adult children became involved directly and indirectly 

in the equitable distribution proceedings. This well-meaning estate planning eventually led to

eight lawsuits between the five family members with claims and counterclaims covering a range 

of issues including defamation, will contests, and the equitable distribution arising from the 

divorce.

While numerous properties and entities have been addressed during the resulting 

litigation, Four Seasons Resort, Inc. (“Four Seasons”), Ocean Hill Properties, Inc. (“OHP”), and 
- 3 -

the actions related to the equitable distribution thereof are the pertinent issues raised in this 

appeal. Prior to the divorce, Gerald owned all the shares of stock in Four Seasons. Four Seasons 

owned a small commercial building which generated monthly rental income. Following the 

divorce, the parties mediated how to equitably distribute Four Seasons and OHP which resulted 

in: (1) Nancy and Gerald’s Estate (the “Estate”) agreeing to sell the real property owned by Four 

Seasons and dividing the proceeds equally, and (2) Nancy and the Estate agreeing that the Estate 

would sell its 50% interest in OHP to Chip in exchange for $220,000. As a result, Chip and 

Nancy would own 100% of OHP. The partial settlement agreements (“Agreements”) were 

subsequently executed on January 30, 2019, and signed by Laura and Mona as co-executors of 

the Estate, Nancy, Chip, and Chip as “President” of OHP.

Near the conclusion of the hearing related to the Agreements, the trial court, with the 

express consent of Nancy and Chip, appointed Karen Crowley (“Crowley”) as the conservator 

for the Estate. The trial court also stated that “Crowley, as Conservator, shall have decision 

making authority on the method of sale and the terms thereof and all terms of management [and 

that] Crowley shall also dissolve [Four Seasons] . . . .” Nancy expressly consented to the 

appointment and terms by initialing the page of the trial court’s order concerning the 

appointment of the conservatorship. The trial court subsequently entered a final order regarding 

equitable distribution (“ED order”) on January 10, 2020. 

Following entry of the ED order, Chip, for the first time, asserted that OHP was the 

beneficiary of a $542,000 note made by Ocean Hill Commercial, LLC (“Ocean Hill 

Commercial”), a separate entity owned by the Estate and managed by Crowley as conservator of 

the Estate. Next, Chip contended that OHP, as a result of the note, was entitled to enforce a 

corresponding deed of trust against real property owned by Ocean Hill Commercial even though 

Chip conceded that the whereabouts of the original note were unknown. Doubting Chip’s 
- 4 -

veracity as to the existence of this lost phantom note,1and following a hearing, the trial court 

entered an order on September 18, 2020, providing that: “[Chip] shall not take any actions that 

affect the current status of the properties, including but not limited to those identified as the 

North Carolina Properties2identified in the mediated Settlement Agreements dated 1/30/2019 or 

take any actions that otherwise are inconsistent with the Agreements.” 

Finally, on October 22, 2020, the trial court entered a settlement agreement order (“SA 

order”) which attached and incorporated the parties’ settlement agreements. The provisions of 

the September 18, 2020 order regarding the prohibitions on Chip’s activities were also expressly 

incorporated into the SA order, and a copy of that September 18, 2020 order was attached to and 

made a part of the SA order.

Rather than comply with the SA order, Chip assisted in the formation of 1215 

Acceptance, LLC (“1215 Acceptance”) and assigned the disputed phantom note and the disputed 

deed of trust to 1215 Acceptance on or about March 17, 2021. Through counsel, 1215 

Acceptance demanded in writing that Ocean Hill Commercial pay off the disputed note in full. 

Next, 1215 Acceptance initiated a foreclosure proceeding under the disputed deed of trust against 

the real property owned by Ocean Hill Commercial and managed by Crowley.

Crowley, who had begun the process of selling the Four Seasons property pursuant to the 

court’s previous order, received an offer from Nancy to buy the Four Seasons property for well 

below the property’s appraised value. Chip, who advised Crowley that he was Nancy’s “POA,” 

1

In Chip’s supplemental response to Crowley’s discovery requests, he responded to the 

interrogatory asking for “a detailed list of any unpaid obligations owed to any person or entity 

. . . by Ocean Hill Commercial, LLC.” He said that “all notes and obligations have been 

previously provided to [Crowley] and are of record in the Equitable Distribution Case as heard 

by this court.” The disputed note was not provided or mentioned to Crowley as of the date of the 

supplemental response.

2 According to the Settlement Agreements, the “North Carolina Properties” included real 

estate owned by OHP and Ocean Hill Commercial. 
- 5 -

attempted to negotiate the purchase of the property with Crowley, which culminated in Chip 

threatening Crowley in various email exchanges. Crowley rejected Nancy’s initial offer, but 

made a counter offer which Nancy subsequently rejected. When Crowley received a higher offer 

for the Four Seasons property from a third party, Nancy filed a “Notice of Lis Pendens” and a 

“Complaint for Judicial Dissolution,” as well as a “Declaratory Judgment” and a “Motion for a 

Preliminary Injunction” in the General Court of Justice, Superior Court Division, in the State of 

North Carolina, County of Currituck. As a result, the third party retracted their offer to purchase 

the Four Seasons property. Eventually, Crowley obtained and accepted another offer to purchase 

the property but by this point, $20,826.32 in legal fees and costs had been expended by Crowley 

to overcome Nancy’s efforts to undermine the sale. 

As a result, the trial court ordered a show cause hearing to determine whether Nancy 

and/or Chip should be held in contempt for violating the trial court’s orders and the Agreements 

which were incorporated into those orders. At the conclusion of the show cause hearing, the trial 

court held in an order entered July 12, 2021, that Nancy and Chip had actual knowledge of the 

orders and knowingly and willfully disobeyed them. The trial court further found that Nancy and 

Chip were therefore in contempt for violating the trial court’s orders, and it awarded the Estate 

damages in the amount of $20,826.32 against Nancy for her actions and $35,076.00 against Chip 

for his actions. Nancy and Chip appealed. Although they do not seek to rescind any past 

transactions, they do seek reversal of the trial court’s finding of contempt as to their actions 

related to Four Seasons and OHP.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standards of Review

“Whether a court has acquired personal jurisdiction over a defendant presents a mixed 

question of law and fact.” Koons v. Crane, 72 Va. App. 720, 732 (2021). “We defer to the 
- 6 -

circuit court’s factual findings and view the facts in the light most favorable to . . . the prevailing 

party below, but we review de novo the court’s application of the law to those facts.” Id. In 

reviewing a holding of contempt, “we may reverse the ruling of the [trial] court only if we find 

that it abused its discretion.” Id. at 737.

B. Nancy and Chip are estopped from challenging personal jurisdiction.3

Nancy and Chip argue that because the Estate never served OHP with a third-party 

complaint, the trial court could not exercise authority over OHP or prohibit enforcement of a 

North Carolina Deed of Trust because it did not have personal jurisdiction. They therefore 

maintain that the trial court erred by ordering that Chip take no action inconsistent with the 

settlement agreement. We need not consider whether the trial court had personal jurisdiction 

over OHP, because even if it did not, Nancy and Chip are equitably estopped from challenging 

personal jurisdiction in this matter.4 

“While a mere general appearance, by itself, is not enough to retroactively validate a 

judgment that is void for lack of personal jurisdiction as a result of defective service, it is 

possible for a litigant to forfeit the right to make that challenge to the judgment.” McCulley v. 

Brooks & Co. Gen. Contractors, 295 Va. 583, 591 (2018). We deny challenges like Nancy’s and 

3 Nancy and Chip also argue that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to order 

a conservator to dissolve Four Seasons and sell its property. There is no question that the trial 

court had subject matter jurisdiction over the equitable distribution proceeding and that this 

Court has jurisdiction to review an order of contempt arising from an equitable distribution 

order. Because we find the equitable distribution order is not specific enough to support a 

contempt finding and Nancy and Chip do not seek to void the equitable distribution order, and 

because the assignment of error only questions whether the court had jurisdiction, we decline to 

reach the complicated question of whether the trial court had authority to appoint a conservator

to dissolve a foreign corporation closely held by the parties in an equitable distribution

proceeding.

4 Nancy and Chip also argue that there was no personal jurisdiction over OHP since it 

was not properly served. However, the orders in question held Chip and Nancy in contempt 

individually and they were parties to the proceeding. 
- 7 -

Chip’s if the challengers have “actual notice of the judgment and ratified it by manifesting an 

intention to treat the judgment as valid,” and if by granting relief from the judgment we “would 

impair another person’s substantial interest of reliance on the judgment.” Id. 

[E]quitable estoppel applies when a party “claim[s] that the court 

had no jurisdiction” or attempts “to discountenance the validity of 

its process” yet nonetheless “c[a]me into court and sought and 

obtained relief through proceedings regularly had therein” and thus 

“submit[ted] himself to the jurisdiction, and receive[d] benefits 

from its judgments.”

Id. at 592-93 (quoting 3 Joseph Story, Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence as Administered 

in England and America § 2020, at 581 (W.H. Lyon, Jr. ed., 14th ed. 1918)).

Both Nancy and Chip had notice of the trial court’s judgment and ratified it by signature 

of their counsel. Chip also received the benefit by being able to buy the Estate’s 50% share of 

OHP pursuant to the trial court’s judgment. Because granting Nancy and Chip’s requested relief 

would impair the Estate’s reliance on the judgment as it concerns “property” and the “sale of 

assets,” Nancy and Chip are equitably estopped from contesting the trial court’s personal 

jurisdiction. 

C. The trial court abused its discretion by holding Nancy in contempt but did not err by 

holding Chip in contempt.

Nancy and Chip contend that because the trial court’s original orders were void, the 

subsequent findings of contempt were also void. Alternatively, they argue that the trial court 

erred because the order upon which the contempt is predicated is not definite as to its terms and

contains no specific prohibitions. We reverse the trial court’s decision finding Nancy in 

contempt but affirm its decision finding Chip in contempt.5

5 They also argue that Chip’s contempt order cannot stand because the trial court erred in 

finding that Chip and OHP “are estopped from enforcing, or making any claims based on, the 

Disputed Note and/or the Disputed Deed of Trust” and in finding the settlement agreement 

precluded Chip and OHP from enforcing the note and deed of trust. We need not reach the 

questions of whether the trial court properly applied estoppel against OHP or properly 
- 8 -

“[A] party cannot be guilty of contempt of court for disobeying an order which the court 

had no authority of law to make, but if a court has jurisdiction over the parties and legal authority 

to render the order, then it must be obeyed . . . .” Epps v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 687, 702 

(2006) (en banc) (quoting Robertson v. Commonwealth, 181 Va. 520, 537 (1943)), aff’d, 273 Va. 

410 (2007). “[T]o hold a litigant in contempt, the litigant must be ‘acting in bad faith or [in] 

willful disobedience of [the court’s] order.’” Koons, 72 Va. App. at 737 (quoting Zedan v. 

Westheim, 60 Va. App. 556, 574-75 (2012)). “[T]he process for contempt lies for disobedience 

of what is decreed, not for what may be decreed.” Winn v. Winn, 218 Va. 8, 10 (1977) (quoting 

Taliaferro v. Horde’s Adm’r, 22 Va. (1 Rand.) 242, 247 (1822)). “[B]efore a person may be held 

in contempt for violating a court order, the order must be in definite terms as to the duties 

thereby imposed upon him and the command must be expressed rather than implied.” Id.

(citation omitted). “If the actions of the alleged contemnor do not violate a clearly defined duty 

imposed upon him or her by a court’s decree, the alleged contemnor’s actions do not constitute 

contempt.” Wilson v. Collins, 27 Va. App. 411, 424 (1998).

As previously discussed, since the original orders are not void, the subsequent findings of 

contempt are not void. Here, although the trial court ordered Crowley to sell Four Seasons, it did 

not place any prohibitions on Nancy. The trial court order’s express command was directed at 

Crowley, not Nancy, and stated that, “Crowley, as Conservator, shall have decision making 

authority on the method of sale and the terms thereof and all terms of management [and that] 

Crowley shall also dissolve [Four Seasons] . . . .” Although Nancy signed the “Notice of Lis 

Pendens” and filed a “Complaint for Judicial Dissolution” and “Declaratory Judgment” and 

interpreted OHP’s rights under the settlement agreement. The court explicitly ordered Chip not 

to take any actions affecting the status of the properties covered in the settlement agreements. 

Chip took such action in his individual capacity. The court did not abuse its discretion in finding 

him in contempt as an individual.
- 9 -

“Motion for a Preliminary Injunction” in North Carolina, she violated no express command

given by the trial court. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion by finding Nancy in 

contempt and ordering her to pay $20,826.32 in legal fees and costs. We reverse this decision of 

the trial court.

Contrarily, the trial court explicitly stated that Chip should not take any action regarding 

the properties owned by the Estate. Yet, Chip then initiated foreclosure proceedings, by way of 

1215 Acceptance, against Ocean Hill Commercial. Chip violated the explicit terms of the trial 

court’s order which stated, “Chip Friedman shall not take any actions that affect the current 

status of the properties . . . or take any actions that otherwise are inconsistent with the 

Agreements.” Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by holding Chip in contempt

and ordering him to pay the Estate $35,076 in legal fees and costs. We affirm this decision of 

the trial court. Additionally, we award the Estate appellate attorney fees and costs against Chip 

pursuant to Rule 5A:30. We base our decision on 1) Chip’s failure to prevail on appeal, 2) the 

Estate’s request for fees, and 3) “all the equities of the case.” Friedman v. Smith, 68 Va. App. 

529, 546 (2018).

III. CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed in part and 

reversed in part, and the case will be remanded for a determination of reasonable attorney fees.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.