PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE 

SECTION 7463(b),THIS OPINION MAY NOT

BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY

OTHER CASE.

 
T.C. Summary Opinion 2014-6

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

ALBERT CHEN AND NAI-FEN CHEN, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 12982-12S. Filed January 14, 2014.

Ronald Jay Cohen, for petitioners.

Peter N. Scharff, for respondent.

SUMMARY OPINION

DEAN, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions

of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petition was 1

Unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent section references are to the 1

Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect for the year in issue, and all Rule

references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
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filed. Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not reviewable by

any other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent for any other

case.

Respondent determined a deficiency of $8,093 in petitioners’ 2009 Federal

income tax and a section 6662(a) accuracy-related penalty of $1,618.60. The

issues for decision are whether petitioners: (1) are entitled to a deduction for

expenses on Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business; (2) are entitled to an

abandonment loss deduction; and (3) are liable for a section 6662(a) accuracyrelated penalty.

Background

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of

facts and the exhibits received in evidence are incorporated herein by reference. 

Petitioners resided in New York when the petition was filed.

Albert Chen (petitioner husband) is a retired civil engineer. During his

employment as a civil engineer he designed and constructed power plant structures

at Pacific Gas & Electric. He has over 30 years of experience in design and

construction supervision. Although petitioner is retired, in 2009 he performed

work for several companies on a contract basis. 
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Nai-Fen Chen (petitioner wife) is a retired registered nurse. She retired

around 2003. She entered the real estate business in or around 2007 and later

became a licensed real estate agent. In 2009 petitioner wife received nonemployee

compensation of $800 from Keller Williams Realty and a commission from

Weichert Realtors of $869.50.

In or around 1980 petitioners purchased an 88.81-acre parcel of land in the

town of Greenville, New York (town). Petitioners currently reside in a single

family residence on that property. In or around 2003 petitioners decided to

develop and subdivide the property with a plan to sell individual residential lots. 

Petitioners prepared a business plan under which the land would be subdivided

into 15-20 lots and a one-family home would be built on each lot. Over the next

several years petitioners hired land-use professionals who provided topographical

mapping, land surveying, subdivision design, soil testing, and other related

services in preparation for submitting a plan to the town planning board (board)

for subdivision approval. Petitioners entered into an agreement with one of the

land use professional companies, MJS Engineering, PC (MJS), to assist with

planning for the subdivision of the property and drafting the subdivision plans for

submission to the board. 
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Through MJS, petitioners submitted their first subdivision plan to the board

in 2005 and enclosed the required escrow payment. MJS submitted several

revised applications over the next several years, including 2006, 2007, 2008, and

2009. Over that same time period petitioners made additional escrow payments to

the board as requested. In late 2009 the board granted preliminary approval for

the subdivision plans. In December 2009 petitioners submitted an additional

escrow payment to the board. In February 2010 MJS submitted to the board a well

location plan and indicated that MJS would submit an application to the health

department for a review of the proposed septic systems and wells. The record

does not indicate that MJS performed any further activity on behalf of petitioners

in pursuit of the subdivision plans for the property. 

Throughout the term of petitioners’ contract with MJS, MJS submitted to

petitioners itemized billing statements for their services and the amount billed for

those services. The itemized statements concern primarily subdivision planning

activities including work performed by MJS in drafting the subdivision

application. 

For 2009 petitioners claimed Schedule C expense deductions relating to

legal and professional services incurred by the hiring of land use professionals and

for amounts paid in escrow to the board for their “Land Developing and
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Subdivision” activity. Petitioners also claimed deductions for car and truck

expenses, meal and entertainment expenses, depreciation expenses, and home

office and advertising expenses related to the land development project. 

Respondent issued petitioners a notice of deficiency dated April 5, 2012,

disallowing the claimed Schedule C expense deductions, determining that

petitioners were not engaged in a trade or business with respect to the

development of the property and that their expenses were capital expenditures

with respect to the property.

Discussion

Generally, the Commissioner’s determinations are presumed correct, and the

taxpayer bears the burden of proving that those determinations are erroneous. 

Rule 142(a); see INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); Welch

v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Additionally, deductions are strictly a

matter of legislative grace, and taxpayers must satisfy the specific requirements for

any deduction claimed for the taxable year. INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner,

503 U.S. at 84; New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934). In

some cases the burden of proof with respect to relevant factual issues may shift to

the Commissioner under section 7491(a). Because the Court decides this case

without regard to the burden of proof, section 7491 is inapplicable.
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Trade or Business Expenses

2

Section 162(a) provides that “[t]here shall be allowed as a deduction all the

ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in

carrying on any trade or business”. Section 162 does not, however, permit current

deductions for startup or preopening expenses incurred by taxpayers before

beginning business operations. Sec. 195(a); Johnsen v. Commissioner, 794 F.2d

1157, 1160 (6th Cir. 1986), rev’g 83 T.C. 103 (1984). “[T]o be engaged in a trade

or business, the taxpayer must be involved in the activity with continuity and

regularity and * * * the taxpayer’s primary purpose for engaging in the activity

must be for income or profit.” Commissioner v. Groetzinger, 480 U.S. 23, 35

(1987). 

With regard to the ownership and potential development of real property, it

is necessary to determine whether the ownership and development of the property

rises to the level of a trade or business, which requires an examination of the facts

on a case-by-case basis. See Higgins v. Commissioner, 312 U.S. 212, 217 (1941). 

Where postpurchase activities related to development are only in their

To the extent petitioner wife was engaged in a trade or business as a real 2

estate professional, petitioners did not: (1) show which expenses related to the

real estate business; (2) show whether such expenses were ordinary and necessary

expenses of the real estate business; or (3) substantiate the expenses as required by

the Code.
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“exploratory or formative stages”, then those activities do not rise to the level of a

trade or business. Christian v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1995-12.

Respondent, relying on Polakis v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 660, 669 (1988),

and Christian, alleges that petitioners were not engaged in a trade or business

because petitioners did not have any prior experience with real estate

development, the property remained undeveloped as of the time of trial, petitioners

did not sell any of the plots, and petitioners have not demonstrated a profit from

their activity. 

In Polakis, the taxpayer, a vascular surgeon, purchased approximately 40

acres of undeveloped land. At the time of purchase the land was zoned as

agricultural property and the minimum parcel size was 10 acres. Consistent with

the zoning of the property, the taxpayer used or leased the land for farming and

other agricultural activities. The taxpayer later investigated whether the property

could in fact be developed. In this pursuit, he informally contacted three

individuals regarding development, financing, and contract work. He did not enter

into any contractual relationship with these individuals. The contractor contacted

several members on the planning commission, obtained a copy of an applicable

environmental impact report, and investigated the technical requirements for the

development of the property. The taxpayer himself did not investigate the
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requirements for developing the property and maintained no books or records of

these investigative activities. When an issue arose regarding a sewer trunk line

extension, several landowners, including the taxpayer, hired a lobbyist to promote

their general interest regarding the extension of a sewer trunk line service to the

property. The lobbyist attended city council meetings but did not specifically

lobby for the extension of the sewer trunk line to the property. This Court found

that the taxpayer was not in the business of developing real estate at the time he

purchased the property and that his postpurchase activities never rose to the level

of engaging in a trade or business so as to transmute the property into a business

venture. 

In Christian, the taxpayer, who had engaged in several real estate

transactions before purchasing a property, but had not engaged in the trade or

business of developing a real estate subdivision, sought investors for the property

with the possibility of subdividing it. The taxpayer obtained advice regarding the

requirements for subdividing the property but did not submit any of the

preliminary plans to the county or start the formal subdivision process. The

taxpayer showed the property to potential investors and other individuals and

consulted with several real estate developers about ways to develop the property,

but no preliminary plat was submitted, no final plat was prepared, and no lots were
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staked out. The property remained in the same undeveloped condition as when it

was purchased. The Court found that although the taxpayer consulted with real

estate developers, devoted considerable time and effort in planning to develop the

property, and attempted to attract potential investors and capital, the taxpayer

never followed through on plans to develop the property into rural residential

homesites. The taxpayer merely had plans for a potential business which never

materialized. The Court found it significant that the taxpayer made no sales

because there were simply no lots to sell.

Petitioners allege that they were engaged in the business of developing and

selling the property but testified that they have not sold any lots and no final

subdivision plans were ever submitted. Petitioner husband testified that sales

activities were scheduled to begin in 2010; but in 2009 there were no marketing

efforts to solicit contracts, nor were there any offers from prospective buyers. 

Petitioners expended time, energy, and money towards the planning and

development of their property. However, it appears that from 2003 through 2009

most, if not all, of the development was devoted to planning and not to the sale

and actual subdivision of the property. Petitioners kept and provided records;

however, their development activities were still in the planning and exploratory

phase and did not rise to the level of a trade or business. Therefore any
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expenditures relating to the property were not currently deductible in 2009, unless

the development project was completely abandoned in that year. See sec. 195; see

also Richmond Television Corp. v. United States, 345 F.2d 901, 907 (4th Cir.

1965), vacated and remanded on other issues, 382 U.S. 68 (1965). 

Abandonment

Section 165(a) allows as a deduction any loss sustained during the taxable

year and not compensated for by insurance or otherwise. In the case of an

individual, the deduction is allowable for losses incurred in any transaction

entered into for profit. Sec. 165(c)(2); Ewing v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 396, 416-

417 (1988), aff’d without published opinion, 940 F.2d 1534 (9th Cir. 1991). 

Petitioners’ profit motive is not at issue.

Where a taxpayer abandons a transaction entered into for profit because

property used in the transaction has suddenly become useless, certain expenditures

incurred in the year of abandonment thereby become immediately deductible as an

abandonment loss for the year when such losses were actually sustained. Chevy

Chase Land Co. v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 481, 488 (1979); sec. 1.165-2(a),

Income Tax Regs. Abandonment of an asset involves actual intent on the part of

the owner to abandon it coupled with an affirmative act to carry out that intention. 

United States v. S.S. White Dental Mfg. Co., 274 U.S. 398 (1927).
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With regard to tangible property, a finding of abandonment requires that the

taxpayer satisfy three elements: (1) that the property be permanently discarded

from use in the taxpayer’s business, (2) that it no longer be useful in the taxpayer’s

business, and (3) that its usefulness in the taxpayer’s business suddenly

terminated. La Port v. Commissioner, 671 F.2d 1028 (7th Cir. 1982), aff’g T.C.

Memo. 1980-355; Boston Molasses Co. v. Commissioner, 155 F.2d 45, 47 (1st

Cir. 1946) (interpreting a prior version of the regulations), aff’g a Memorandum

Opinion of this Court; sec. 1.165-2(a), Income Tax Regs. The Court of Appeals

for the Second Circuit has stated that abandonment is met only in the event of a

permanent abandonment or permanent devotion of the property to a radically

different use. Hygrade Food Prods. Corp. v. Commissioner, 144 F.2d 115 (2d Cir.

1944). Substance and not mere form governs in determining a deductible loss. 

FRGC Inv., LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-276, aff’d, 89 Fed. Appx.

656 (9th Cir. 2004); sec. 1.165-1(b), Income Tax Regs.

Respondent alleges that petitioners are not entitled to an abandonment loss

deduction, as they have not demonstrated that they completely abandoned

development plans for the land in 2009. In support, respondent asserts that

petitioners continue to own the property, they have not demonstrated that the
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property is useless, nor have they demonstrated that they would not continue their

efforts to develop the property in the future. 

Petitioners testified that they had completely abandoned the development

project in 2009 because of a severe decline in the housing market and a change in

the wetland laws. Petitioner husband testified that a new delineation in the

wetland laws changing the size of the buffer area resulted in a decrease in the

amount of acreage that could be developed. Consequently, according to

petitioners, the whole business and development plan for the property and the

placement of the lots would need to change and petitioners would incur additional

costs and expenses as a result of the change. 

Although petitioners testified that a change in the wetland laws required

them to abandon their development project as then formulated, they failed to

demonstrate that the change in the laws affected their development efforts in a way

which would require a complete abandonment of the development project. 

Petitioners’ testimony indicates that the change seemed merely to modify

petitioners’ plans for the development of the property. In addition, despite the

change in the wetland laws, MJS continued, near the end of 2009, to seek approval

for preliminary subdivision plans. In December 2009 petitioners submitted an

additional escrow payment to the board. In February 2010 MJS submitted to the
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board a well location plan and indicated that MJS would submit an application to

the health department for a review of the proposed septic systems and wells. In

addition, although the parties stipulated as to the housing market in the year at

issue, petitioners admitted, in correspondence with the Internal Revenue Service in

2011, that they would revive efforts to develop the land in the event of an

economic recovery.

 Although petitioners may have since abandoned the project in a year

following 2009, petitioners have not demonstrated that they completely abandoned

the development project in the year at issue. Consequently, petitioners are not

entitled to an abandonment loss deduction for 2009.

Accuracy-Related Penalty

Respondent determined that petitioners are liable for an accuracy-related

penalty under section 6662(a). Section 6662(a) and (b)(1) imposes a 20% penalty

on the portion of an underpayment attributable to any one of various factors,

including negligence or disregard of rules or regulations. “Negligence” includes

any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the provisions of the

Code, including any failure to keep adequate books and records or to substantiate

items properly. See sec. 6662(c); sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1), Income Tax Regs. Under
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section 7491(c), respondent has the burden of production with respect to the

accuracy-related penalty. See Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446 (2001). 

Respondent has met his burden.

Section 6664(c)(1) provides an exception to the section 6662(a) penalty if it

is shown that there was reasonable cause for any portion of the underpayment and

the taxpayer acted in good faith. The determination of whether a taxpayer acted

with reasonable cause and in good faith is made on a case-by-case basis, taking

into account all the pertinent facts and circumstances. Sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1),

Income Tax Regs. The most important factor is the extent of the taxpayer’s effort

to assess his proper tax liability. Id. Circumstances that may indicate reasonable

cause and good faith include an honest misunderstanding of fact or law that is

reasonable in view of the taxpayer’s experience, knowledge, and education. Id.

Petitioners maintained records of their expenses; however, they were not

engaged in an active trade or business in the year at issue and failed to present any

testimony or information as to why they should not be subject to the accuracyrelated penalty. Therefore, the Court sustains respondent’s determination.
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We have considered all of the parties’ arguments, and, to the extent not

addressed herein, we conclude that they are moot, irrelevant, or without merit.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered

for respondent.