J-A24004-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

FRANK M. GESUALSO 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1441 EDA 2017

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 16, 2016

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0001217-2015, 

CP-51-CR-0001228-2015

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED FEBRUARY 21, 2020

Appellant, Frank M. Gesualso, appeals from the judgment of sentence 

of an aggregate term of two to four years’ incarceration, followed by two years’ 

probation, imposed after he was convicted, in two separate cases, of various 

offenses, including robbery and conspiracy. On appeal, Appellant challenges, 

inter alia, the trial court’s refusal to strike a juror for cause (hereinafter, “Juror 

#2”), who he claims did not have an adequate understanding of the English 

language. After careful review, we agree with Appellant that the court erred 

and, thus, we vacate his judgment of sentence and remand for a new trial.

The trial court summarized the facts adduced at Appellant’s jury trial, 

as follows:

On August 17, 2014, at approximately 1:15 p.m., 

Philadelphia Police Officer Chanta Ung responded to a report of a 

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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robbery in progress at the Radio Shack at 330 Oregon Avenue. A 

white male with blue eyes and blond hair wearing a black Nirvana 

shirt and black shorts, later identified as Matthew Velykis, had 

entered the store with a black handled knife and began stuffing 

expensive merchandise into his pants. During this time, Radio 

Shack employee Willie Jordan also witnessed Velykis using the 

knife to cut certain items. Jordan called the police. Velykis then 

walked up to the register with two inexpensive items, pointed the 

knife at Jordan, and threw a $20 bill on the counter. Velykis then 

ran outside to a maroon Plymouth Grand Voyager minivan. As 

Velykis left the store, Cassidy Hopper, another employee, told him 

that she would not call the police if he left the merchandise.

Hopper also stated that she had the license plate of the minivan. 

Velykis responded that it did[] [not] matter because it was stolen. 

Velykis then entered the minivan and veered it in Hopper’s 

direction, causing her to back into the store. Velykis backed up 

and pulled away. Hopper observed a white male with light hair in 

a white shirt (later identified as ... Appellant) seated in the 

passenger seat.

At about 2:30 p.m., Peter Hager, an Asset Protection 

Specialist at the Home Depot located at 1651 South Christopher 

Columbus Boulevard, observed Velykis putting expensive, “hightheft” merchandise into several tool and tote bags. He followed 

Velykis as he walked past the register with the bags in a cart and 

attempted to stop him. When confronted, Velykis ran into the 

parking lot and began shouting. The maroon Plymouth minivan 

pulled up and Velykis yelled at the driver to open the hatchback. 

The driver replied[,] “I can’t, it won’t open, it’s broken.”

Whenever Hager approached the minivan, Velykis raised his fists 

into a fighting position. When Velykis took one of the tote bags 

from the cart and entered the passenger side of the minivan, 

Hager retrieved the rest of the stolen merchandise. 

Hager then saw a short-haired white male in a white shirt 

drive out of the parking lot onto Columbus Boulevard. While 

speaking on the phone with the police, Hager ran to the shopping

center intersection to further observe the minivan. As Hager got 

closer to the intersection, Velykis [was now outside the van, but 

he was] approach[ing] the passenger door [to get back into] the 

minivan. Velykis then charged at Hager with his fists up. After 

Velykis struck Hager several times in the head and arms, Hager 

fell, injuring his arm. When Hager got up, his cell phone was 

missing. ... [M]eanwhile, the minivan left the location.
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At about 3:00 p.m., Police Officers Melissa Kromchad and 

Joseph McDonnell investigated the robbery at the Home Depot.

While en route, they saw a maroon Plymouth Voyager matching 

the description of the getaway minivan going northbound on

Columbus Boulevard. The officers stopped the minivan, and as 

Kromchad approached the vehicle, she observed two occupants. 

Officer Kromchad identified ... Appellant as the driver, and Velykis

as the passenger. As the officers got closer, ... Appellant drove 

off. The officers then pursued the vehicle through South 

Philadelphia. When attempting to turn onto Washington Avenue 

from Water Street, ... Appellant sideswiped a gold 1998 Chevy 

Venture and continued westbound. [After f]ollowing the minivan

[for] several blocks, the officers discontinued their pursuit

because children were in the area.

At about 5:00 p.m., Officers Tyhara Burnett and Christian 

Hatcher stopped a Plymouth Voyager matching the description of 

the minivan on Essington Avenue. As Burnett approached the 

minivan, the driver fled[, driving erratically at a high rate of speed. 

The officers were directed by dispatch to terminate the pursuit due 

to safety concerns in the residential neighborhood.]

Officers Kromchad and McDonnell later joined a multiple 

vehicle pursuit at 16th and Porter Street[s]. The officers pursued 

the minivan east on Porter, then north on 13

th Street. The driver 

attempted to turn eastbound on Daly Street, but the minivan hit 

the curb and blew a tire. Both men jumped out and ran eastbound 

on Daly Street before splitting up and running opposite directions 

down 12th Street. Officer Donnell continued the pursuit in his 

patrol vehicle and arrested ... Appellant at 12th and Wolf Streets.

After arresting ... Appellant, the police recovered a black 

iPhone from his front pants pocket. This phone belonged to Peter 

Hager. Police later recovered stolen merchandise from Radio

Shack and Home Depot from the back of the minivan. When the 

police later transported Cassidy Hopper to Methodist Hospital, she 

identified Matthew Velykis as one of the perpetrators. She later 

identified ... Appellant at 12th and Wolf Street[s].

Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 4/12/18, at 3-6 (footnotes and citations to the 

record omitted).
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Appellant was ultimately charged in two separate cases, one pertaining 

to the Radio Shack robbery and the other to the robbery of Home Depot. The 

cases were consolidated, and Appellant’s trial commenced in August of 2016. 

At the close thereof, the jury convicted Appellant of two counts of robbery and 

conspiracy to commit robbery, as well as single counts of fleeing or attempting 

to elude police, possessing an instrument of crime (PIC), and recklessly 

endangering another person (REAP). On December 16, 2016, Appellant was 

sentenced to an aggregate term of two to four years’ incarceration, followed 

by two years’ probation. He filed a timely post-sentence motion, which was 

denied by operation of law on May 3, 2017. That same day, Appellant filed a 

timely notice of appeal.1 He also complied with the trial court’s order to file a 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. The 

trial court filed its opinion on April 12, 2018.

Herein, Appellant states three issues for our review, which we have 

reordered for ease of disposition:

[1]. Was not the evidence insufficient as a matter of law to find 

[A]ppellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of robbery on Docket 

No. CP-51-CR-0001228-2015 (the Radio Shack incident) where 

[A]ppellant did nothing more than sit in a vehicle outside the 

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1 Appellant filed a single notice of appeal listing both docket numbers of his 

two underlying cases. We recognize that our Supreme Court has held that 

“the proper practice under [Pa.R.A.P.] 341(a) is to file separate appeals from 

an order that resolves issues arising on more than one docket. The failure to 

do so requires the appellate court to quash the appeal.” Commonwealth v. 

Walker, 185 A.3d 969, 977 (Pa. 2018). The Court tempered its holding, 

however, by making it prospective only. The Walker opinion was filed on 

June 1, 2018; hence, Walker is not applicable in the instant matter, as 

Appellant filed his notice of appeal on May 3, 2017. 
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location of the robbery, where there was no evidence that 

[A]ppellant had prior knowledge of the robbery being planned, and 

where no proceeds of that robbery were recovered from 

[A]ppellant?

[2]. Did not the trial court err as a matter of law, undermine the 

judicial function and violate [A]ppellant’s constitutional rights to 

equal protection and a fair trial when it refused to dismiss for 

cause a prospective juror who both the prosecution and defense 

agreed had such difficulty comprehending English that she could 

not fulfill the functions of a juror and then forced the defense to 

use a strike and where all the defense strikes were exhausted prior 

to the end of the trial[?]

[3]. Did not the trial court err as a matter of law, undermine the 

judicial function and violate [A]ppellant’s constitutional rights to 

equal protection and a fair trial when it denied or ignored defense 

challenges pursuant to Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), 

where the defense made a prima facie showing that the

Commonwealth made several peremptory challenges on the basis 

of race, and the Commonwealth failed to offer sufficient raceneutral bases for striking the venire persons in question?

Appellant’s Brief at 4-5.

Appellant first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his 

conviction of robbery premised on the Radio Shack incident. According to 

Appellant, he was merely “seated in the passenger side of a van that was 

parked outside the Radio Shack when another person robbed that store’s 

personnel, left, and drove off in the van.” Id. at 48. He insists that his 

presence at the scene of the robbery was insufficient to prove that he “knew 

of the plan to rob the Radio Shack, or [that he] could observe what transpired 

in the store.” Id. at 49. 

Appellant’s argument is unconvincing. Initially, we note that,

[t]he standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the 

evidence is whether, viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in 

the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient 
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evidence to enable the fact[-]finder to find every element of the 

crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying [the above] test, 

we may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for 

that of the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts and 

circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not 

preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a 

defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the 

evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no 

probability of fact may be drawn from the combined 

circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of 

proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by 

means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying 

the above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all 

evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the trier 

of fact[,] while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the 

weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or none 

of the evidence. 

Commonwealth v. Lambert, 795 A.2d 1010, 1014 (Pa. Super. 2002) 

(citations and quotation marks omitted). 

In this case, the jury could reasonably infer that Appellant was acting 

as a co-conspirator and/or accomplice in the Radio Shack robbery based on

the circumstances of the second robbery at Home Depot. Specifically, 45 

minutes after Velykis robbed the Radio Shack, he entered the Home Depot 

while Appellant remained outside in the van. When Velykis exited the Home 

Depot, Appellant drove him away from the scene, and then fled when the 

police attempted to stop the vehicle. Once Appellant was apprehended, he 

was discovered to be in possession of Hager’s phone, which Hager had lost 

during his confrontation with Velykis. Moreover, items from both the Radio 

Shack and Home Depot stores were found in the van that Appellant had been 

driving.
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Clearly, the evidence was sufficient to demonstrate that Appellant acted 

as a co-conspirator/accomplice in the robbery of the Home Depot. Because 

that robbery occurred so soon after the Radio Shack robbery, and mirrored 

the Radio Shack robbery in that Velykis entered while Appellant remained 

outside, it was reasonable for the jury to infer that Appellant conspired with 

and/or aided Velykis in committing the Radio Shack robbery. While Appellant 

did not drive the van away from the Radio Shack, we agree with the 

Commonwealth that his actions during the subsequent Home Depot robbery

were sufficient to establish that he knew Velykis was robbing the Radio Shack, 

and that he assisted Velykis in doing so by acting as a ‘lookout’ outside. 

We also agree with the Commonwealth that the facts before us are 

distinguishable from the ‘mere presence’ cases on which Appellant relies. For 

instance, in Commonwealth v. Keblitis, 456 A.2d 149 (Pa. 1983), our 

Supreme Court held that the evidence was insufficient to support Keblitis’s 

conviction of manufacturing marijuana, where marijuana plants were 

recovered from a garden in which she was “performing general gardening 

duties, but not amongst the mari[j]uana.” Id. at 151. In Commonwealth 

v. Garrett, 222 A.2d 902, 904-05 (Pa. 1966), our Supreme Court concluded

that the evidence failed to sustain Garrett’s robbery conviction, where the 

victim only testified that four men were in the area when he was knocked 

unconscious and robbed, and aside from Garrett’s admission that he was 

among the group, no other evidence established his participation in the 

robbery. Finally, in Commonwealth v. Finley, 383 A.2d 1259, 1260 (Pa. 
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1978), the Court determined that the evidence failed to prove that Finley acted 

as a lookout during a robbery and murder, where there was no evidence that 

Finley had been waiting for his co-defendant to come out of the victim’s home, 

or that he was outside the home for any length of time. 

In this case, if we were examining the evidence regarding the Radio 

Shack robbery alone, the cases on which Appellant relies would be more 

persuasive. However, the Commonwealth’s evidence establishing Appellant’s 

participation in the nearly-identical robbery of the Home Depot shortly after 

the robbery at the Radio Shack distinguishes his case from Keblitis, Garrett, 

and Finley. Accordingly, Appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the 

evidence is meritless.

Next, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by refusing to strike 

Juror #2, who he claims had difficulty understanding English. Appellant 

explains that,

[o]n the first day of voir dire, August 17, 2016, both the 

defense and the prosecution expressed concern about Juror #2’s 

ability to understand English and the defense made a challenge 

for cause[.] (N.T.[,] 8/17/16, 29-39). When the judge

questioned the prospective juror, her answers revealed that she 

lacked understanding of the questions. She answered “yes” more 

than once to questions which would call for a “no[,” for example:]

THE COURT: All right. And is there anything about the 

allegations or the charges [...] that would prevent you from 

evaluating the evidence in a way that’s fair to both sides?

A. Yes.

THE COURT: Is there anything about the allegations and the

charges that I told you about that would prevent you from 

evaluating the evidence in a fair way to both sides?
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A. Yes.

N.T.[,] 8/17/16, 3[0]....

[2]

When asked the section of the city in which she lived and told not 

to give a specific address, she proceeded to give her specific 

address. [Id. at 29.] When questioned about her partially blank 

questionnaire, she said she was sleeping.[3] [Id. at 32.] When 

asked if English was her first language, she did not answer yes or 

no, but [stated] what was apparently the name of the [Filipino] 

language she spoke. [Id. at 33.] When asked where else in the 

city she had lived, she answered “Pangasinan[,”] obviously a nonresponsive answer, referring to a [location] in the Phillipines. [Id.

at 34.] Eventually, she corrected her original statement that she

came to the United States and joined the army, by saying that in 

fact, she did not pass the [interview portion of the] test.... [Id. at 

35.] It was clear that her command of the nuances of the

language was sorely lacking. ... Even after the assistant district 

attorney joined defense counsel to argue that she should not be 

seated due to her language deficit, [id. at 38,] the court refused 

to allow the challenge for cause and told counsel that,

THE COURT: Okay. Yeah, I probably am not going to strike 

her. I wish it could be a perfect situation when we have, 

you know, the jurors, but the standard is whether or not the 

person can be fair and impartial. She did mention that she 

was sleeping, I think in the other room, but I further asked 

her and drilled her about at what point she was sleeping, 

and I didn’t get the impression that she answered this

questionnaire -- wasn’t honest when she answered the 

questionnaire. But, you know, certainly if either of you want 

to strike her, I have no issue with that at all.

[Id. at] 38-39.

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2 The court followed these questions by asking Juror #2, “Do you believe you 

could be a fair and impartial juror?” N.T., 8/17/16, at 31. Juror #2 replied, 

“Yes.” Id.

3 We discuss Juror #2’s explanation for only partially filling out the written 

questionnaire infra.
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Because it was the defense[’s] turn, counsel used a peremptory 

challenge. When the court [then] attempted to [again] explain its 

position [for not striking the juror], it said,

THE COURT: She’s been in this country for 24 years, she’s 

served in the Army, I mean -

[Defense Counsel]: Maybe.

[Asst. District Attorney]: She said she didn’t pass the test.

THE COURT: What?

[Defense Counsel]: She didn’t pass the test, so she actually 

didn’t ever serve.

THE COURT: Okay. She did say that, yeah. But either way, 

you’ve struck her.

[Id. at] 39....

Appellant’s Brief at 18-20 (emphasis and footnote omitted).

Appellant contends that this record makes clear that Juror #2 could not 

sufficiently understand English to qualify for jury service and, therefore, the 

trial court erred by not striking her for cause. Notably, the Commonwealth 

concedes that Juror #2 should have been stricken. See Commonwealth’s Brief 

at 9-13. In support, it relies on the questionable responses by Juror #2 during 

the voir dire, as well as the fact that the juror failed to complete the written 

questionnaire, which “suggested that she had a limited grasp of English.” Id.

at 11. Additionally, both Appellant and the Commonwealth agree that 

Appellant was prejudiced by the court’s error in not striking this juror, as 

Appellant exhausted his remaining peremptory challenges. See id. at 12; 

Appellant’s Brief at 22 (citing, inter alia, Commonwealth v. Johnson, 445 

A.2d 509, 514 (Pa. Super. 1982) (“Where, as here, a defendant is forced to 

use one of his peremptory challenges to excuse a prospective juror who should 
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have been excused for cause, and then exhausts his peremptories before the 

jury is seated, a new trial will be granted.”) (citations omitted)).

We agree with Appellant and the Commonwealth. While the trial court 

concludes that “the prospective juror was able to understand and answer all 

follow-up questions[,]” TCO at 23, our review of the record belies this claim. 

The voir dire of Juror #2 supports Appellant’s insistence that she “had a 

tenuous grasp on the English language[,]” which was especially problematic 

in this case, as “it was essential that the jurors be able to follow the ... 

testimony and the complicated instructions on conspiracy and vicarious 

liability - the core issues for [A]ppellant....” Appellant’s Brief at 21. Moreover, 

Juror #2’s failure to complete the written questionnaire further demonstrated 

her incomprehension. When asked to explain her partially-filled out 

questionnaire, she responded:

[Defense Counsel:] Good afternoon, ma’am. I’m sorry. We 

have your sheets, but mine is not all filled out.

[Juror #2:] Yeah, because I’m sleeping.

...

THE COURT: Sleeping where?

[Juror #2:] In the lobby.

THE COURT: Okay.

...

[B]ut you had the opportunity to look at this form, right?

[Juror #2:] Yes.
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THE COURT: And you didn’t put any checkmarks in any of 

the “yes” boxes. You were able to read all the questions 

and understand them?

[Juror #2:] Yes.

THE COURT: And this is a fair and accurate description of 

what your answers are?

[Juror #2:] Yes.

THE COURT: All right. So it was your intent not to put 

any checkmarks in the “yes” box, right?

[Juror #2:] No.

THE COURT: All right. But this is an honest and fair 

reflection of what your answers are?

[Juror #2:] Yes.

THE COURT: All right.

N.T., 8/17/16, at 31-33 (emphasis added).

It is apparent that Juror #2 either did not understand the questions on 

the written form, or did not comprehend the questions being asked of her at 

the oral voir dire. Either inability would constitute cause to strike her, as a 

citizen may not serve as a juror if they are “unable to read, write, speak and 

understand the English language[.]” 42 Pa.C.S. § 4502(a)(1). The trial 

court’s focus on the fact that the juror “believed she could be fair and 

impartial” is not sufficient to overcome the juror’s disqualification based on 

her language impediment. TCO at 24. Thus, the court erred by not striking 

Juror #2 for cause. That error prejudiced Appellant because he was forced to 

use a peremptory challenge to strike Juror #2, and he exhausted his 
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remaining peremptory challenges. Accordingly, a new trial is required. See 

Johnson, supra.

4

Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded for a new trial. 

Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 2/21/20

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4 Given this disposition, we need not address Appellant’s third issue.