DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA

FOURTH DISTRICT

MEHRDAD SHAHGODARY,

Appellant,

v.

STATE OF FLORIDA,

Appellee.

No. 4D21-1252

[January 5, 2022]

Appeal from the County Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, 

St. Lucie County; Kathryn Nelson, Judge; L.T. Case No. 56-2020-MM000749-A.

Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and Benjamin Eisenberg, Assistant 

Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.

Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Jeanine 

Germanowicz, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.

DAMOORGIAN, J.

Mehrdad Shahgodary (“Defendant”) appeals his conviction and 

sentence for one count of criminal violation of an injunction for protection 

against stalking. Defendant raises several issues on appeal, but we write 

to address only two of the issues in this opinion. Defendant argues that: 

(1) he was denied the right to a unanimous jury verdict, and (2) the jury

instructions permitted the jury to convict him based on actions that do 

not violate section 784.0487, Florida Statutes (2019). Finding merit in 

Defendant’s argument that he was denied the right to a unanimous jury 

verdict, we reverse and remand for a new trial.

By way of background, Defendant and the Petitioner are neighbors who 

live across the street from each other. Following an incident in 2018, the 

Petitioner applied for and obtained an injunction for protection against 

stalking against Defendant. The injunction prohibited Defendant from 

having any contact with the Petitioner, from going within 500 feet of the 

Petitioner’s residence, or from going within 25 feet of the Petitioner’s 

vehicle. However, because Defendant and the Petitioner are neighbors who 
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live within 500 feet of each other, the injunction contained the following 

exception: “Except the Respondent is permitted to reside in his primary 

residence . . . . He must have NO contact—verbal, physical or otherwise 

with Petitioner, her family, or guests at the home of the Petitioner.”

On the night of April 21, 2020, the Petitioner’s son arrived home and 

parked his vehicle in the driveway directly behind the Petitioner’s vehicle. 

Upon exiting his vehicle, the son heard Defendant, who was standing in 

the middle of his own driveway, yelling expletives in an aggressive tone. 

This went on for about five minutes before the Petitioner, her husband, 

and her two daughters came outside. As the Petitioner and her family 

stood in their driveway, Defendant continued to yell expletives at, 

and make verbal threats towards, the family. According to the son, 

Defendant was directing his speech and threats mainly towards the 

Petitioner and the Petitioner’s husband. At some point during the 

encounter, Defendant walked across the street and stood in front of the 

Petitioner’s house. While standing approximately ten feet away from the 

Petitioner, Defendant continued to yell expletives. A portion of the 

encounter was captured on cell phone video.

When police arrived at the scene, the Petitioner showed the officers the 

cell phone video and a copy of the injunction. When the officers spoke 

with Defendant, who at this point was back inside of his residence,

Defendant told the officers he was aware of the injunction but was upset 

due to “an ongoing dispute” involving the fact that the Petitioner has “a lot 

of visitors that park on the swale on their own side of the roadway.” 

Defendant was thereafter arrested and charged with one count of 

violation of an injunction for protection against stalking pursuant to 

section 784.0487, Florida Statutes (2019). The information, which tracked 

the language in section 784.0487, alleged that Defendant violated the 

injunction by either:

(a) going to, or being within 500 feet of, the petitioner’s 

residence, school, place of employment, or a specified place 

frequented regularly by the petitioner and any named family 

members or individuals closely associated with the petitioner,

(b) committing an act of stalking against the petitioner,

(c) committing any other violation of the injunction through 

an intentional unlawful threat, word, or act to do violence to 

the petitioner,
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(d) telephoning, contacting, or otherwise communicating with 

the petitioner, directly or indirectly, unless the injunction 

specifically allows indirect contact through a third party,

(e) knowingly and intentionally coming within 100 feet of the 

petitioner’s motor vehicle, whether or not that vehicle is 

occupied,

(f) defacing or destroying the petitioner’s personal property, 

including the petitioner’s motor vehicle, or

(g) refusing to surrender firearms or ammunition if ordered 

to do so by the court, in violation of Florida Statute 

784.0487(4).

Prior to jury selection, the State orally amended the written information 

to remove paragraphs (f) and (g) as being inapplicable. The State also 

orally amended paragraphs (d) and (e) of the information to conform with 

the actual terms of the injunction. As to paragraph (d), the State included

the language “the family of the petitioner or household guests of the 

petitioner” after the phrase “communicating with petitioner.” As to 

paragraph (e), the State replaced the “100 feet of the petitioner’s motor 

vehicle” language with “25 feet of the petitioner’s motor vehicle.”

At trial, the State argued that “Defendant willfully violated the 

injunction by either coming within 500 feet of the victim’s residence,

committing an act of stalking, threatening by word or act to do violence,

communicating or contacting the victim or her family, or coming within 25 

feet of the victim’s vehicle.” The State also told the jury that “to find the 

Defendant guilty, you only have to find one of those [five] provisions was 

violated” and that “[i]t doesn’t have to be all of them.” No objection was 

made to these statements.

Consistent with the amended information, the jury was instructed that 

Defendant could be found guilty if he violated the injunction in any of the 

five alternate ways, including by “telephoning, contacting, or otherwise 

communicating with [the Petitioner], the family of [the Petitioner], or 

household guests of [the Petitioner].” Defendant did not object to the jury 

instructions. Although the trial court also instructed the jury that its 

verdict needed to be unanimous, it did not clarify that the jury was 

required to unanimously agree on at least one of the five specific acts. The 

jury ultimately found Defendant guilty as charged. The verdict form was 

general in form and did not specify under which of the five provisions listed 

in the instructions the jury found Defendant violated the injunction.
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On appeal, Defendant first argues the trial court fundamentally erred 

and denied him the right to a unanimous jury verdict by allowing the State 

to argue that he could be convicted of a single count of violating the 

injunction if he committed any of the five distinct acts listed in the jury 

instructions. As the State did not clarify that the jury was required to 

unanimously agree on at least one specific act, Defendant maintains 

“the message conveyed was that it would be enough for the jurors to find 

[Defendant] guilty if he committed any of the five alleged violations, 

regardless of whether the jurors agreed as to one specific violation.”

As acknowledged by Defendant, “[b]ecause this argument is being made

for the first time on appeal, the issue is reviewed for fundamental error.” 

Cherfrere v. State, 277 So. 3d 611, 614 (Fla. 4th DCA 2019). “Fundamental 

error is error that ‘reaches down into the validity of the trial itself to the 

extent that a verdict of guilty could not have been obtained without the 

assistance of the alleged error.’” Id. (quoting Krause v. State, 98 So. 3d 71, 

73 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012)).

“As a state constitutional matter, a criminal conviction requires a 

unanimous verdict in Florida.” Robinson v. State, 881 So. 2d 29, 30 

(Fla. 1st DCA 2004). This means jurors “must unanimously agree that 

each element of the charged offense has been established beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” Perry v. State, 10 So. 3d 695, 697 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009). 

Thus, “where a single count embraces two or more separate offenses, albeit 

in violation of the same statute, the jury cannot convict unless its verdict 

is unanimous as to at least one specific act.” Robinson, 881 So. 2d at 31.

An infringement upon a defendant’s right to a unanimous jury verdict 

can result in fundamental error. For example, in Perley v. State, 

the defendant was charged with one count of escape. 947 So. 2d 672, 674 

(Fla. 4th DCA 2007). At trial, the State presented evidence that the 

defendant escaped from police custody on two separate occasions—once 

during the traffic stop and once at the hospital after being arrested—and 

told the jury that it could convict the defendant “for either instance of 

escape.” Id. In finding that the trial court fundamentally erred in allowing 

the jury to deliberate on two separate instances of escape, we reasoned 

that while presenting “dual theories of a crime” is permissible, presenting 

“evidence of two entirely separate incidents, separated by both time and 

place,” compromised “the jury’s ability to render a unanimous verdict.” Id. 

We further explained that “[t]he State’s actions ma[de] the unanimity of 

the jury’s verdict questionable, as some members of the jury could have 

determined that one incident constituted escape, while others on the jury 

could have determined that the other incident constituted escape, rather 
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than agreeing unanimously that the same incident constituted escape.” 

Id. at 674–75; see also Chaffin v. State, 121 So. 3d 608, 615 (Fla. 4th DCA 

2013) (applying Perley and holding that fundamental error occurred when 

the State argued to the jury that it could convict the defendant of one 

charge of tampering with evidence “based on one of two separate instances 

of tampering” supported by the evidence presented at trial).

In the present case, the State charged Defendant with one count of 

violation of an injunction for protection against stalking under section 

784.0487, Florida Statutes (2019). The statute lists several alternative 

ways for violating an injunction, including by:

1. Going to, or being within 500 feet of, the petitioner’s 

residence, school, place of employment, or a specified place 

frequented regularly by the petitioner and any named family 

members or individuals closely associated with the petitioner;

2. Committing an act of stalking against the petitioner;

3. Committing any other violation of the injunction through 

an intentional unlawful threat, word, or act to do violence to 

the petitioner;

4. Telephoning, contacting, or otherwise communicating 

with the petitioner, directly or indirectly, unless the injunction 

specifically allows indirect contact through a third party; [or]

5. Knowingly and intentionally coming within 100 feet of the 

petitioner’s motor vehicle, whether or not that vehicle is 

occupied[.]

§ 784.0487(4)(a)1.-5., Fla. Stat. (2019).

Consistent with section 784.0487(4)(a), the State argued to the jury 

that it could convict Defendant if he willfully violated the injunction in one 

of five ways and that “to find the Defendant guilty, you only have to find 

one of those provisions was violated.” Although these statements were not 

in and of themselves legally incorrect, neither the State nor the trial court

clarified to the jury that it was required to unanimously agree on at least 

one specific act. This is problematic because “[t]he language of section 

784.0487(4) indicates that willful violation of an injunction can be ‘violated 

in multiple, alternative ways,’ each of which can be punished as separate 

offenses if they constitute distinct criminal acts.” Jacobs v. State, 272 So. 

3d 838, 841 (Fla. 2d DCA 2019) (citation omitted).
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For example, in Jacobs, the defendant was charged with two counts of 

violation of a stalking injunction pursuant to section 784.0487. Id. at 839. 

The injunction in that case prohibited the defendant from contacting the 

victim at her place of employment or from going within 500 feet of the 

victim’s place of employment. Id. Notwithstanding the injunction, 

the defendant threatened the victim, who was standing in front of her place 

of employment, while standing approximately sixty feet away from the 

victim. Id. The State thereafter charged the defendant with two counts of 

violation of a stalking injunction, one for being within 500 feet of the victim 

and the other for communicating with the victim. Id. at 840. The jury 

convicted the defendant on both counts. Id. On appeal, the defendant 

argued that the dual convictions for violation of the stalking injunction 

violated double jeopardy. Id. at 839. In rejecting that argument, the 

Second District reasoned that, even though the convictions were for 

“acts that occurred during a single criminal episode,” the “two violations 

of the injunction were two distinct criminal acts.” Id. at 840–41. Stated 

differently, “[e]ach act [was] of a separate character and type, and each 

[was] born of a separate impulse.” Id. at 842. Therefore, “[b]y going to or 

being within 500 feet of the victim’s workplace, [the defendant] committed 

‘a criminal act distinctively different from’ his contacting or otherwise 

communicating with the victim.” Id. at 841 (citation omitted).

Thus, by allowing the State to tell the jury it could convict Defendant 

based on any of the five distinct acts without clarifying that the jury was 

required to unanimously agree on at least one specific act, the trial court

compromised the unanimity of the jury’s verdict. This is because some 

jurors could have believed Defendant committed the offense by willfully 

coming within 500 feet of the Petitioner’s home or 25 feet of her vehicle, 

while others may have only believed he committed the offense by willfully 

communicating with or making threats to the Petitioner, and still others 

could have only believed he committed the offense by willfully committing 

a stalking offense against the Petitioner. Under these circumstances, it is

difficult, if not impossible, to determine for which act the jury convicted 

Defendant, or if the jury reached a unanimous decision. Therefore, 

consistent with the holding in Perley, we hold that the error amounted to 

fundamental error and reverse and remand for a new trial.

Defendant next argues the trial court fundamentally erred by 

instructing the jury that he could be convicted of violating the injunction 

for “telephoning, contacting, or otherwise communicating with 

[the Petitioner], the family of [the Petitioner], or household guests of

[the Petitioner].” (emphasis added). Defendant argues that the plain 

language of subsection 784.0487(4)(a)4. only criminalizes “[t]elephoning, 
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contacting, or otherwise communicating with the petitioner,” making no 

reference to the petitioner’s family members or household guests. 

(emphasis added). Although we conclude no fundamental error occurred, 

we do note that it was error to include this language. Subsection 

784.0487(4)(a)4., unlike subsection 784.0487(4)(a)1., makes no mention 

of the petitioner’s family or household guests, thus demonstrating the 

legislature only intended for violations of this subsection to be limited to 

circumstances where the defendant telephones, communicates, or 

contacts the petitioner only. See generally State v. C.M., 154 So. 3d 1177, 

1180 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (“The courts are not at liberty to add words to 

statutes that were not placed there by the Legislature. To do so, would be 

an abrogation of legislative power.” (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted)); State v. James, 298 So. 3d 90, 93 (Fla. 2d DCA 2020) (“[W]hen 

the legislature has included a provision in one statute, but omitted it in 

an analogous statute, courts should not read it into the statute from which 

it has been excluded.”).

Reversed and remanded.

GROSS and CIKLIN, JJ., concur.

* * *

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.