[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 18-13188

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D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cr-20222-FAM-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

JACKIE BERNARD HARVEY, 

 Defendant - Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(August 27, 2020)

Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Jackie Harvey appeals his sentence of a lifetime term of supervised release 

after he pleaded guilty to failing to register as a sex offender, in violation of the Sex 

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Offender Registration and Notification Act (“SORNA”) § 141(a)(1), 18 U.S.C. 

§ 2250. He contends that this sentence was procedurally unreasonable, because of

an incorrect Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) calculation and an inadequate 

justification for an upward variance. He also asserts that his sentence is

substantively unreasonable.

We previously remanded the case for the district court to clarify whether it 

relied on its statutory authority to impose the lifetime term of supervised release or 

whether it did so because of an erroneous Guidelines calculation. At that time, we 

declined to consider Harvey’s argument that his sentence was substantively 

unreasonable.

On remand, the district court clarified that Harvey’s sentence did not result 

from a misapplication of the Guidelines. As a result, we now conclude that his 

sentence was procedurally reasonable. We also conclude that his sentence was 

substantively reasonable and thus affirm.

I.

On September 3, 1997, a Georgia state court convicted Harvey of two counts 

of enticing a child for indecent purposes. The court sentenced him to 20 years of 

confinement but ordered that he could serve 15 years of that term on probation. 

Harvey was released from prison on April 1, 2002. Since that conviction, Harvey 

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has been designated as a sex offender in Georgia. He must register with state 

authorities annually as well as within 72 hours of changing his sleeping location. 

Harvey failed to register as a sex offender in 2017, and on August 23, 2017, 

the Dougherty County Sheriff’s Department in Georgia issued a warrant for his 

arrest. As his counsel later explained, Harvey had been living in Georgia with his 

sister and his brother-in-law until his brother-in-law kicked him out. With nowhere 

else to go, Harvey drove to Miami, where he had some family. He initially lived in 

his car, which was parked in a relative’s driveway, but he eventually started working 

at a Macy’s in South Beach, Florida, and was able to rent an apartment. Harvey did 

not register as a sex offender in Florida. 

In September 2017, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement informed the 

United States Marshals Service that Harvey had obtained a Florida driver’s license 

with a Miami address. Harvey was indicted in the Southern District of Florida on 

March 23, 2018, for failing to register as a sex offender and update his registration 

as required by SORNA, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a). He pleaded guilty on 

May 7, 2018, without a plea agreement. 

The United States Probation Office’s presentence report (“PSR”) indicates 

that Harvey has been arrested multiple times for violating the probation and parole 

conditions imposed as a result of his 1997 conviction. He has also been convicted 

twice, in 2007 and 2013, for failing to register as a sex offender with local lawCase: 18-13188 Date Filed: 08/27/2020 Page: 3 of 11
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enforcement authorities. Harvey last registered as a sex offender in December 2016, 

in Georgia. 

According to the PSR, the Guidelines advised a sentence of 21 to 27 months

in prison, followed by between five years and a lifetime of supervised release. The 

PSR also reported that the court had statutory authority to order a maximum of ten 

years in prison, see 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a), and between five years and a lifetime of 

supervised release, 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). Neither the Government nor Harvey’s 

counsel filed objections to the PSR. 

Similarly, at sentencing, on July 16, 2018, neither Harvey’s counsel nor the 

Government objected to the Guidelines calculations. Although the district judge 

stated that he was inclined to impose an above-Guidelines term of imprisonment, he 

ultimately sentenced Harvey to 27 months in prison, at the upper end of the 

Guidelines range. The judge explained that he had considered the Section 3553(a) 

factors and decided to impose a prison sentence lower than what he had originally 

intended because of Harvey’s employment history and his counsel’s discussion of 

the difficult circumstances in which he moved to Miami. Based on the nature of 

Harvey’s original offense—which the judge described as caused by “a lifetime 

thing”—as well as Harvey’s repeated probation violations and failures to register

afterward, the court also imposed a lifetime term of supervised release. Harvey’s 

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counsel objected to the imposition of the lifetime term of supervised release but not 

to the term of imprisonment or the Guidelines calculations. 

Harvey filed a timely notice of appeal. He challenges only the term of 

supervised release imposed as part of his sentence, and he contends that it is both 

procedurally and substantively unreasonable. As part of his argument on procedural 

unreasonableness, he identifies—for the first time—an error in the PSR’s Guidelines 

calculation. 

As we have explained, Harvey pled guilty to violating 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a), 

the statute criminalizing a failure to register or update a registration that is required 

under SORNA. The statutory term of imprisonment for that violation is “not more 

than 10 years.” 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a). The corresponding statutory term of supervised 

release for that violation is “any term of years not less than 5, or life.” 18 U.S.C. § 

3583(k).

When we look to the advisory Guidelines term of supervised release, however, 

it differs from the statutory term. Because the SORNA violation at issue carries a 

maximum prison sentence of ten years, 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a), the Guidelines would 

ordinarily specify between one and three years of supervised release. U.S.S.G. 

§ 5D1.2(a)(2); see 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)(3). But Section 5D1.2(c) provides that “[t]he 

term of supervised release imposed shall be not less than any statutorily required 

term of supervised release.” U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2(c). And here, as we have explained, 

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the statutory term of supervised release is five years to life. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). 

So the supervised-release portion of Harvey’s Guidelines sentence should have been 

a flat five years. See U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2(c); see also id. § 5D1.2, cmt. n.6 (explaining, 

in an example, that if “the relevant statute requires a minimum term of supervised 

release of five years and a maximum term of life, the term of supervised release 

provided by the guidelines is five years”).

The PSR, however, erroneously specified that the upper bound of Harvey’s 

Guidelines sentence would designate a lifetime term of supervised release. In doing 

this, the PSR mistakenly relied on an enhancement that applies when the offense is 

a “sex offense.” U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2(b)(2). But the Guidelines provide that a failure 

to register, which was Harvey’s only conviction here, does not count as a “sex 

offense.” See id. § 5D1.2, cmt. n.1. Therefore, that enhancement should not have 

been applied in this case.

The sentencing record did not clearly indicate whether the district court relied 

on its authority under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k) or the erroneous Guidelines calculation 

in imposing Harvey’s lifetime term of supervised release. For this reason, we 

previously remanded this case for the district court to clarify the basis for its 

sentence. 

Following our limited remand, the district court held a hearing on May 6, 

2020. The court noted the error in the PSR and observed that the applicable term of 

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supervised release under the Guidelines is five years. Although Harvey’s counsel 

conceded that the court could impose a longer term, she argued for five years of 

supervised release. In support of this argument, she pointed to Harvey’s efforts at

rehabilitation—he secured a job after his recent release from prison—and the 

substantial burden of a lifetime on supervised release. Harvey also spoke and 

requested a lesser term of supervision. For its part, the Government requested that 

the court reaffirm the lifetime term. 

The district judge explained that, in the original sentencing, he had intended 

to impose the maximum possible term of supervised release, regardless of the 

Guidelines recommendation. And he stated that he continued to be concerned about 

protecting the public. In this regard, the court pointed to Harvey’s criminal history, 

which the court again described as caused by “a lifetime thing”—being a sex 

offender. The court also pointed to Harvey’s history of failing to abide by his 

probation and registration requirements. For these reasons, the district judge stated 

that he continued to believe a lifetime term of supervised release was appropriate. 

Because Harvey was being sentenced for a reporting violation under SORNA, 

rather than a sex offense, his counsel objected to the substantive reasonableness of a 

lifetime term of supervised release. But the court responded that the purpose of 

SORNA is to protect the public, and so Harvey’s history as a sex offender was 

relevant, even if he was convicted of a reporting violation. 

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Following the hearing, the court entered an order stating that it would have 

sentenced Harvey to a lifetime term of supervised release, regardless of the 

Guidelines recommendation. 

II.

In our review of a district court’s sentence, we first assess whether it was 

procedurally reasonable. United States v. Fox, 926 F.3d 1275, 1278 (11th Cir. 2019). 

This step includes determining whether the court calculated the Guidelines range 

correctly. Id. We review unpreserved objections to the court’s Guidelines 

calculation for plain error. See United States v. Joyner, 899 F.3d 1199, 1207 (11th 

Cir. 2018). We may correct a plain error only when it affects the defendant’s 

substantial rights, which ordinarily entails showing “a reasonable probability that, 

but for the error, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. 

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Molina-Martinez v. United States, 136 

S. Ct. 1338, 1343 (2016)). If the sentence was procedurally reasonable, we then 

determine whether it was substantively reasonable by reviewing for abuse of 

discretion. United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1190 (11th Cir. 2008).

III.

We first consider Harvey’s challenge to the procedural reasonableness of his 

sentence. The parties agree that the PSR miscalculated his term of supervised release 

under the Guidelines. However, Harvey did not object to this error during his 

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sentencing, and the parties disagree as to whether the error affected his substantial 

rights.

Although the Guidelines do not bind the district court’s sentence, United 

States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 245 (2005), their miscalculation ordinarily 

demonstrates a reasonable probability of prejudice, warranting reversal under plainerror review, see Molina-Martinez, 136 S. Ct. at 1346. But not always. “The record 

in a case may show, for example, that the district court thought the sentence it chose 

was appropriate irrespective of the Guidelines range.” Id.

In this case, the district court’s order after our limited remand indicates that 

Harvey’s lifetime term of supervised release did not result from misapplication of 

the Guidelines. Instead, the court would have imposed this sentence pursuant to its 

statutory authority, see 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k), regardless of the Guidelines’

recommendation. As a result, the Guidelines error did not affect Harvey’s 

substantial rights, and it does not warrant reversal under plain-error review. See 

Joyner, 899 F.3d at 1207. Here, that means that Harvey’s sentence was procedurally 

reasonable.1

1 We previously rejected Harvey’s alternative argument that his sentence was procedurally 

unreasonable because the district court failed to explain its rationale for imposing a sentence above 

the Guidelines range. As we explained in ordering the limited remand, the district court’s 

explanation for the sentence complied with the requirements under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2). 

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We now turn to the substantive reasonableness of Harvey’s sentence. We 

accord substantial deference to the sentencing court, and Harvey must show that his 

sentence is unreasonable considering the totality of the circumstances and the factors 

set forth under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States v. Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d 1249, 

1256 (11th Cir. 2015). In determining a term of supervised release, the relevant 

§ 3553(a) factors include the following: (1) the nature and circumstances of the 

offense; (2) the history and characteristics of the defendant; (3) the applicable 

Guidelines range; (4) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission; 

and (5) the need to deter criminal conduct, protect the public from the defendant’s 

future criminal conduct, provide the defendant with needed educational and 

vocational training or medical care, avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities, and 

provide restitution to victims. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a), 3583(c).

The weight assigned to each of these factors is a matter of the district court’s 

discretion, United States v. Ramirez-Gonzalez, 755 F.3d 1267, 1272–73 (11th Cir. 

2014), and we will conclude that the sentence imposed is substantively unreasonable 

only if we are “left with the definite and firm conviction that the district court 

committed a clear error of judgment.” United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1190 

(11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (citation omitted). The district court abuses its discretion 

when it fails to consider relevant factors that were due significant weight, gives an 

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improper or irrelevant factor significant weight, or commits a clear error of judgment 

by balancing proper factors unreasonably. Id. at 1189.

The district court did not abuse its discretion by sentencing Harvey to lifetime 

supervision. The sentencing transcript makes clear that the district court was 

especially concerned with both the nature of Harvey’s original conviction and his 

history of probation and registration violations in the years afterward. Even though 

Harvey’s immediate offense was a reporting violation under SORNA rather than a 

sex offense, it was within the court’s discretion to weigh Harvey’s history and 

characteristics more heavily than mitigating factors such as Harvey’s employment 

status and the circumstances of his move to Miami. Furthermore, the district court 

did not altogether ignore the mitigating factors; indeed, the court reduced Harvey’s 

term of imprisonment from what it had originally intended. We cannot say that the 

fact that the district court chose to factor those mitigating circumstances into the 

term of imprisonment, rather than the term of supervised release, was an abuse of 

discretion.

IV.

For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s sentence of a lifetime term of

supervised release.

AFFIRMED.

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