IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 12-50783

ANGELICA LOPEZ SANCHEZ, 

Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

R. G. L., as next friend Alex Hernandez; S. I.G. L., as next friend Alex

Hernandez; A. S.G. L., as next friend Alex Hernandez,

Movants - Appellants

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Western District of Texas

Before JOLLY, DeMOSS, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.

LESLIE H. SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judge:

Three children who are natives of Mexico, through a next friend, appeal

the district court’s finding under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of

International Child Abduction that they were being wrongfully retained in the

United States and should be returned to Angelica Sanchez, their mother. While

this appeal was pending, the United States Citizenship and Immigration

Services granted the children asylum. Because we find this new evidence critical

to determining whether one or more of the Hague Convention’s exceptions to

return applies, we VACATE the district court order and REMAND.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

February 21, 2014

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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BACKGROUND

R.G.L., S.I.G.L., and A.S.G.L., the three minor children involved in this

appeal, were born and raised in Mexico and are Mexican citizens. They lived

with their mother, Angelica Sanchez (“Sanchez”), and her boyfriend, Arturo

Quinonez, in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. On June 9, 2012, the children’s aunt

and uncle, Miriam Lopez Sanchez and Jose Sanchez, brought the children across

the border into El Paso, Texas, either without Sanchez’s permission or under

false pretenses. Several times, Sanchez asked for her children’s return. On July

18, 2012, Miriam Sanchez took the children to the Bridge of the Americas in El

Paso and instructed the children to cross into Mexico where Sanchez and

Quinonez were waiting on them. As the children were walking across the

international bridge, they presented themselves to Department of Homeland

Security (“DHS”) officers and stated that they did not want to return to Mexico

because they feared Quinonez.

The DHS officers escorted the children to a passport control office where

they interviewed the children. R.G.L., the oldest, told the officers that he and

his brothers did not want to return because Quinonez, who they claim was a

member of the Azteca gang, was involved in drug trafficking, using drugs, and

abusing the children. At some time during the interview, FBI agents contacted

the DHS officers and informed them that Sanchez and Quinonez had reported

the children kidnapped and were coming to the passport control office, under

FBI supervision, to speak with the children. When Sanchez and Quinonez

arrived, they were able to speak with R.G.L. briefly and were themselves

interviewed separately by FBI agents. Sanchez denied the children’s allegations

of abuse and informed the agents that her children had been taken to El Paso

against her will. Sanchez was informed that DHS would retain custody of the

children. She and Quinonez returned to Mexico without the children.

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DHS promptly determined that the children were unaccompanied alien

children with a credible fear of returning to Mexico. Accordingly, DHS

transferred the children to the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement

(“ORR”), Division of Unaccompanied Children’s Services, which is responsible

for coordinating and implementing the children’s care and placement. ORR,

though retaining legal custody, placed the children in the physical custody of

Baptist Services Child and Family Services to provide for their care, including

education, travel, and medical care. Baptist Services placed the children in a

foster home in San Antonio, where they remained until sometime during this

appeal. Because the children were declared by DHS to be “unaccompanied alien

children,” they entered mandatory removal proceedings. ORR, as authorized by

statute, appointed pro bono counsel for the children. See 8 U.S.C. § 1232(c)(5)-

(6). Their counsel applied for relief from removal on a number of grounds,

including asylum.

Almost a year after the children had been removed from Mexico, Sanchez

filed this suit in district court against the children’s aunt and uncle, Miriam and

Jose Sanchez, and against the director of Baptist Services, Asennet Segura. She

sought access to the children, their return, and an immediate temporary

restraining order preventing the children’s transfer out of Texas. She claimed

entitlement to this relief under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of

International Child Abduction and also under the International Child Abduction

Remedies Act (“ICARA”). The Hague Convention is an international treaty to

which both the United States and Mexico are signatories, see T.I.A.S. No. 11670,

S. Treaty Doc. No. 99–11, and ICARA is the domestic implementing legislation. 

See 42 U.S.C. § 11601, et seq.

Because Hague Convention petitions are intended to be addressed

expeditiously, the district court held an evidentiary hearing one month after 

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Sanchez filed her suit. Mariam and Jose Sanchez did not participate.1 Baptist

Services was represented at the hearing, but took no position on whether the

children should be returned to their mother. Instead, because it was acting at

the direction of ORR in maintaining custody of the children, it argued that ORR

was the proper party to the proceedings. The children’s ORR-appointed asylum

attorney appeared informally at the hearing on the children’s behalf, arguing

that the court should allow the children to intervene through Alex Hernandez,

as next friend, or in the alternative, grant their motion for the appointment of

a guardian ad litem. The district court would later deny the motion, but it

allowed the children’s attorney to participate in all critical stages of the hearing. 

After the hearing, the court directed ORR, who was not formally a party

to the proceedings, to answer these questions: “(1) whether this Court has

jurisdiction under the Hague Convention; (2) does any procedure in the

immigration court preempt or stay this Court’s actions; and (3) whether ORR

has a position as to whether or not the children would be subject to grave risk

or harm by being returned to their mother.” ORR, through the Office of

Immigration Litigation (which has filed an amicus brief on appeal), informed the

court that it “does not take a position at this time” on the first and third question

and moved that the district court hold the petition in abeyance pending the

disposition of the children’s asylum applications.

On August 3, 2013, the district court issued findings of fact and

conclusions of law. It acknowledged the difficulties presented by the parallel

asylum proceedings but determined that the Hague Convention’s demands for

expediency counseled against prolonging a resolution of Sanchez’s petition. The

court did not indicate what bearing, if any, the children’s asylum proceedings

1 The district court’s docket sheet indicates that Mariam and Jose Sanchez were

represented by the same counsel as Baptist Services. That counsel, however, did not represent

to the court that he was appearing on their behalf.

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would have on its grant of relief, though it did suggest that it would be relevant. 

The court also did not address whether the United States, through ORR, was a

proper party to the petition and denied the children’s request for representation. 

The district court concluded that the children were “wrongfully retained” within

the meaning of the Convention and none of the Convention’s exceptions to return

applied. Therefore, the court ordered “the minor children be returned forthwith

to the custody of Petitioner,” but later stayed the enforcement of the order

pending this appeal.

Two other post-judgment developments are important to this appeal. 

Shortly after the notice of appeal was filed but before briefing, the United States

Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) granted the children asylum

pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1158.2 Among other things, that statute states that in the

case of aliens who are granted asylum, “the Attorney General . . . shall not

remove or return the alien to the alien’s country of nationality.” § 1158(c)(1)(A). 

Secondly, before we held oral argument in this case, the United States informed

the court that it was in the process of transferring the children to the physical

custody of Catholic Charities. The United States informs us this transfer will

also vest legal custody under Texas law in Catholic Charities. Based on the

Government’s representation that transfer takes six to eight weeks, Baptist

Services no longer has physical custody of the children, and Catholic Charities

is now their legal and physical custodian.

The children, who are the sole appellants in this case, challenge both the

district court’s handling of Sanchez’s petition and the enforceability of the

district court’s order in light of the subsequent asylum grant. First, they argue

2

It is unclear whether USCIS had more information about the risks to the children

than did the district court. Relevantly, there are two unresolved motions related to the

children’s asylum grant. We grant the children’s motion to take judicial notice of their asylum

grant but deny the alternative to supplement the record. We also grant the unopposed motion

of the United States to seal the assessments in support of the children’s asylum grant.

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that Sanchez did not have standing to pursue her petition. They assert that the

only way Sanchez would have had standing to pursue her petition was by

naming ORR as a respondent in her petition. They also argue that even if

Sanchez did have standing, none of the respondents meaningfully advanced

their interests under the Convention and therefore they had the right to formally

participate in the district court proceedings. They also contend that the district

court erred in ordering their return in light of the evidence presented.

As for the asylum grant, the children advance alternative theories on how

the court should proceed. First, they argue that the district court can no longer

order their return to Mexico because their asylum status prohibits their return. 

In the alternative, they argue that this case should be remanded to the district

court with instructions for it to consider their asylum grant in order to

determine whether they should be returned. Three other interested parties,

including the United States, filed amicus briefs in this case. The United States,

whose interpretation of a treaty is afforded special weight, also asks the court

to remand the proceedings to the district court with instructions for it to consider

evidence of the children’s asylum grant. See Abbott v. Abbott, 130 S .Ct. 1983,

1993 (2010).

DISCUSSION

I. Whether the Children Have Standing to Appeal

Our threshold issue is whether the children, who were not parties, have

the right to appeal as de facto parties. Sanchez disputes this argument in one

paragraph in her brief. The children were the primary opponents of Sanchez’s

petition for return, even though the district court denied their motion to

intervene as respondents. To determine whether a non-party has standing to

appeal, we ask: (1) “whether the non-party actually participated in the

proceedings below”; (2) whether “the equities weigh in favor of hearing the

appeal”; and (3) whether “the non-party has a personal stake in the outcome.” 

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SEC v. Forex Asset Mgmt. LLC, 242 F.3d 325, 329 (5th Cir. 2001) (quotation

marks omitted). The factors weigh in favor of finding that the children should

be allowed to appeal. 

With regard to the first factor, the children’s attorney played an active role

in the evidentiary hearing, submitting briefs and evidence, and arguing issues

before the court. Others who might have responded to the petition – the

children’s aunt and uncle, their foster parents, the foster agency, or the

government – did not respond meaningfully and failed to assert the Convention

exceptions that are designed, in part, to account for the harms that could result

from the children’s return. As to the other factors, both the equities and the

children’s strong personal stake in the outcome weigh in favor of permitting

their appeal. “In every case under the Hague Convention, the well-being of a

child is at stake.” Chafin v. Chafin, 133 S. Ct. 1017, 1027 (2013). If the appeal

is not allowed, we will not be able to consider the arguments that their wellbeing will be adversely affected by the ruling. We conclude the children have

standing to appeal.

II. Whether the District Court Erred in Ordering the Children’s Return

Before we address the merits of the children’s arguments, we begin with

a general discussion of the Hague Convention, as implemented through ICARA.

The Hague Convention has two stated objectives: “a) to secure the prompt return

of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any Contracting State; and b)

to ensure that rights of custody and of access under the law of one Contracting

State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States.” Hague

Convention, art. 1. It accomplishes these objectives through the return remedy. 

E.g., Abbott, 130 S .Ct. at 1989. This means that under the Convention, a

“wrongfully removed” child is returned to his or her home country; the return

order is not a determination as to permanent legal or physical custody of the

child. Id. at 1987. By focusing on the child’s return, the Convention seeks to

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“restore the pre-abduction status quo and to deter parents from crossing borders

in search of a more sympathetic court.” England v. England, 234 F.3d 268, 271

(5th Cir. 2000) (quotation marks omitted). The return remedy determines the

country in which the custody decision is to be made; it does not make that

decision.

The implementing statute provides concurrent original jurisdiction over

a Hague Convention petition in state and federal court; it sets venue at the

location of the child. 42 U.S.C. § 11603(a), (b). “Notice of an action brought

under subsection (b) of this section shall be given in accordance with the

applicable law governing notice in interstate child custody proceedings.” 42

U.S.C. § 11603(c). The applicable law comes from the Uniform Child Custody

Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”). See Livanos v. Livanos, 333

S.W.3d 868, 876 (Tex. App. – Houston [1 Dist.] 2010). As codified in Texas, the

UCCJEA states “notice and an opportunity to be heard . . . must be given to all

persons entitled to notice under the law of this state as in child custody

proceedings between residents of this state, any parent whose parental rights

have not been previously terminated, and any person having physical custody

of the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.205(a).

Once a petitioner files and gives notice, ICARA explains both what the

petitioner must establish in order to obtain relief and what “a respondent who

opposes the return of the child” must show.342 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2). To secure

the return of the child, the petitioner must establish that the child “has been

wrongfully removed or retained within the meaning of the Convention.” 42

U.S.C. § 11603(e)(1)(A). Article 3 of the Hague Convention requires a showing

3 A petitioner is defined as “any person who, in accordance with this chapter, files a

petition in court seeking relief under the Convention,” and a respondent is “any person against

whose interests a petition is filed in court, in accordance with this chapter, which seeks relief

under the Convention.” 42 U.S.C. § 11602(4), (6). A person includes “any individual,

institution, or other legal entity or body.” 42 U.S.C. § 11602(5).

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that the petitioner had some “rights of custody” that are derived from the child’s

home country and that she was exercising her custody rights at the time of

removal. Hague Convention, art. 3; see also Larbie v. Larbie, 690 F.3d 295, 307

(5th Cir. 2012).

The burden then shifts to the respondent to establish “by clear and

convincing evidence that one of the exceptions set forth in Article 13(b) or 20 of

the Convention applies.” 42 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2)(A). None of the exceptions turn

on whether the person removing or retaining was properly exercising custody

rights. Article 13(b), for example, concerns whether “there is a grave risk that

his or her return would expose the child to physical or psychological harm or

otherwise place the child in an intolerable situation.” Hague Convention, art.

13b. This exception derives not from a concern for the respondent’s rights but

“from a consideration of the interest of the child.” See Elisa Pérez–Vera,

Explanatory Report: Hague Conference on Private International Law, ¶ 29, in

3, Acts and Documents of the Fourteenth Session, Child Abduction 426, 464 (the

“Explanatory Report”).4

If the respondent fails to show that one of the

exceptions applies, the court “shall order the return of the child forthwith.” 

Hague Convention, art. 12.

A. Proper party defendants 

The children first assert that the district court lacked jurisdiction to grant

Hague Convention relief because Sanchez failed to sue the proper party. They

label this issue with the word “standing,” which has three elements. “First, the

plaintiff must have suffered an ‘injury in fact.’” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife,

504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). Second, “a causal connection between the injury and

the conduct complained of” must exist. Id. That is, the injury must be “fairly

4 We have previously relied upon the Explanatory Report “as the official history,

commentary, and source of background on the meaning of the provisions of the” Convention.

Sealed Appellant v. Sealed Appellee, 394 F.3d 338, 343 (2004). 

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traceable to the challenged action of the defendant, and not the result of the

independent action of some third party not before the court.” Id. (quotation

marks omitted). Last, “it must be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that

the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Id. at 561 (quotation

marks omitted). Questions of standing are reviewed de novo. Bonds v. Tandy,

457 F.3d 409, 411 (5th Cir. 2006).

The children’s argument focuses primarily on the last element of the

inquiry, which is redressability.5 They argue that the district court order could

not redress Sanchez’s injury because Segura, the most significant respondent in

this case, cannot be compelled in her official capacity as director of Baptist

Services to return the children because she was not the actual physical custodian

of the children, and even if she could, Baptist Services lacked the legal authority

to return her children to her. Instead, the children assert that ORR, as the

children’s temporary legal guardian, was the only respondent who had the

authority to return the children. Therefore they argue Sanchez should have

named ORR in her petition in order to be able to receive any relief. But even

then, the children argue that if Sanchez would have named ORR in the petition,

it would have failed because the Hague Contention cannot be used to compel the

United States to return children within their legal custody. Essentially, the

children argue that Convention relief was not available to Sanchez given the

unusual circumstances.

Sanchez responds that, under the Hague Convention, the person that

“controls the body” is the person appropriate for suit. Sanchez does not identify

the source of this controls-the-body concept, but she argues that the person with

5 The children also dispute whether any party named in the petition caused her injury.

They suggest that Jose and Mariam Sanchez are not presently causing their mother injury,

even if they did initially take them from their mother. Regardless, we discuss later that

Segura is a named party who at the time of suit was said to be wrongfully withholding custody

from the children’s mother.

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physical custody, as opposed to legal custody, is the appropriate respondent

under the Convention because that party can physically complete the return. In

the usual Convention case, Sanchez is correct that the person with custody of the

child is the respondent, regardless of whether the respondent has legal custody. 

For instance, had Jose and Mariam Sanchez continued to retain the children

after they entered the United States, they would have been proper ICARA

respondents, irrespective of whether they exercised any legal custody of the

children. The issue here is whether Sanchez’s failure to serve notice on the

actual physical custodians (the unidentified foster parents) or ORR, as the

temporary legal custodian, deprived the district court of Article III authority

over Sanchez’s petition.

We first conclude that no jurisdictional defect arises from the fact that

Segura was not the actual physical custodian of the children. The record

indicates that Sanchez was diligent in trying to determine the location of her

children and the identity of their custodians. The United States had an

obligation under the Convention to assist with her application. See Hague

Convention, art. 7. It identified the foster service but not the foster parents. 

Consequently, Sanchez could not serve notice on the children’s actual but

unknown physical custodians. The best she could do was serve her petition on

Segura, the person identified by the United States. Though Segura was not the

actual physical custodian,6she had knowledge of the children’s location and had

6 We note that even if Sanchez had named the unidentified foster parents as John and

Jane Doe in her petition, she could not have served the petition on them, and thus could not

have given them the notice required by ICARA. By virtue of Sanchez’s serving the petition on

Segura, John and Jane Doe received the same notice they would have received had they been

named, that is, they received whatever information Segura chose to communicate to them.

Moreover, the children argue that Baptist Services could have been served. That may be

correct, but they do not explain why Segura cannot accomplish the same acts as the Baptist

Services.

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the authority over the Baptist Services to direct their placement. That is enough

to oversee the children’s return, which would redress Sanchez’s injury.

We also do not perceive the absence of ORR as a party to be a meaningful

defect. Sanchez did not initially name ORR in its petition, but ORR later

received notice of the petition and had an opportunity to respond. See 42 U.S.C.

§ 11603(c); TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.205(a). It therefore had the same

opportunity as Segura to contest the district court’s authority to order the

children’s return, and it declined to offer its view on who was a proper

respondent in this case. Moreover, the United States, in its amicus brief, has

not suggested that it perceives a jurisdictional defect in the return order or

otherwise indicated that it will not assist in the children’s return. Despite the

children’s representations that ORR’s interests are truly adverse to their return,

the United States has consistently represented, both to us and to the district

court, that it is amenable to returning the children to their mother. Its only

qualification was that the district court consider the asylum application; now it

argues that this court should consider the children’s asylum grant.7

Finally, the children contend that Hague Convention relief cannot be

granted when the government assumes legal custody of a child, but they offer no

authority for this assertion. Again, given the position of the United States that

the Hague Convention is at least a proper mechanism for the recovery of

Sanchez’s children, we decline to foreclose Sanchez’s one clear mechanism for

relief based on an unidentified alternative. Here, the remedy granted by the

7 The children’s standing argument is premised on the idea that legal custody takes

precedence over physical custody under the Convention. Under the Convention, the district

court is prohibited from making any determinations that would alter the legal interests

between the parties, and the district court was careful not to do so here. For the United States

to assert any legal custody it has over the children, it would, like any other party with legal

rights, have to assert those rights in the children’s country of habitual residence. But even

then, this result would seem to be proper under the Convention, if the district court

determines that the children’s return was proper, i.e., none of the Convention defenses apply.

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district court – that “the minor children be returned forthwith to the custody of

Petitioner” – can be accomplished either by Segura or ORR, both of whom had

the opportunity to oppose the petition, knowledge of the children’s location, and

authority over the foster parents to remove the children from their foster home. 

The district court did not lack jurisdiction to enter the order.

B. The children’s motion to intervene or appoint a guardian ad litem

The children’s second argument is whether the district court should have

granted their motions to intervene or to appoint a guardian ad litem in light of

the fact that none of the respondents asserted the Convention’s exceptions. The

children argue they have the “right to be heard” but were not allowed to exercise

that right in the district court. It is unclear whether they seek reversal on this

basis alone or whether they are asking the court to provide instruction to the

district court to allow them to intervene if it decides that remand on other

grounds is warranted.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a) provides for intervention as a matter

of right when a prospective party “claims an interest relating to the property or

transaction that is the subject of the action, and is so situated that disposing of

the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant’s ability to

protect its interest, unless existing parties adequately represent that interest.” 

Rule 17(c)(2) provides that a court “must appoint a guardian ad litem – or issue

another appropriate order – to protect a minor or incompetent person who is

unrepresented in an action.” We will review de novo the denial of a motion to

intervene as a matter of right. Heaton v. Monogram Credit Card Bank of

Georgia, 297 F.3d 416, 422 (5th Cir. 2002). Denial of an appointment a guardian

ad litem is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Fernandez-Vargas v. Pfizer, 522

F.3d 55, 66 (1st Cir. 2008). 

Children are not usually parties to Hague Convention proceedings, though

nothing in the Convention expressly prohibits a court from allowing children to

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intervene. The First Circuit has stated that some cases, but not “very many,”

may warrant a child’s formal representation in a Hague Convention proceeding. 

See Walsh v. Walsh, 221 F.3d 204, 213 (1st Cir. 2000). District courts have

sometimes allowed children to participate through guardians ad litem when

their interests were not adequately represented by either party. See Danaipour

v. McLarey, 286 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 2002) (noting that the district court appointed

a guardian ad litem); Lieberman v. Tabachnik, 2007 WL 4548570, *2 (D. Colo.

Dec. 19, 2007) (appointing a guardian ad litem). Granting the children

representation in appropriate situations is consistent with the Supreme Court’s

view that “courts can achieve the ends of the Convention and ICARA – and

protect the well-being of the affected children – through the familiar judicial

tools . . . .” Chafin, 133 S. Ct. 1026-27.

As we have acknowledged, the circumstances of this case are exceptional. 

The abducting respondents have disclaimed any responsibility for the children. 

The children’s physical guardian was represented by counsel and participated

in the matter when it was before the district court but appeared to be concerned

with her own interests. And the United States, the children’s temporary legal

guardian, chose not to assert the Convention defenses for the children when

queried by the district court. Moreover, none of the respondents named in

Sanchez’s petition have participated in this appeal. Without the informal

participation of the children’s ORR-appointed counsel, the children would have

had no advocates before the district court.

Despite the district court’s clear concern for the children, and despite the

considerable informal allowances made for the children’s attorney, we find that

the children should now be appointed formal legal representation. The

children’s fundamental interests are at stake in the district court’s proceedings,

and no respondent is making an effort to represent those interests. Rule 17(c)(2)

requires a court to appoint counsel for an unrepresented minor in the

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proceedings, and these children’s interests were unrepresented. On remand, the

district court should appoint the children a guardian ad litem.

C. The sufficiency of the district court’s findings

The children also attack the merits of the district court’s return order. 

“The district court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error . . . .” Sealed

Appellant, 394 F.3d at 342. Relying in particular on Khan v. Fatima, 680 F.3d

781 (7th Cir. 2012), they argue that the district court erred by failing to mention

the children’s psychological evaluations, and perhaps some other evidence, in

considering whether any of the Hague Convention’s exceptions to return apply. 

The Seventh Circuit determined that the district court should have considered

psychological evidence suggesting that the return of the children to the

petitioner would subject them to psychological harm. Id. at 788.

Here, critical to the district court’s legal conclusion was its factual finding

that the children would not be returned to the same threatening situation as

they were in when they left Mexico. The psychological evidence presented by the

children centered mostly on harm Quinonez was inflicting on their mother and

them and only vaguely referenced the children’s belief that the same situation

would exist if they were returned because they believed their mother would not

permanently leave Quinonez.8 The district court, though, determined that

Sanchez had abandoned Quinonez and that the Mexican government had

presented evidence that it could protect the children. See Walsh, 221 F.3d at

219. The Convention’s exceptions to return, and Article 13(b) in particular, are

prospective, whereas the psychological reports are primarily retrospective in

nature. The district court did not clearly err by failing to account for the mostly

8 The psychologist who evaluated R.G.L. also offers her opinion about the suitability

of placing the children in foster care in Mexico, but that opinion does not appear to be

supported by her factual findings. The psychologist who evaluated the other two children

states that the children’s return to Mexico, regardless of the changed circumstance, would

provoke a “heightened trauma response,” but does not expound on this conclusion.

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retrospective harm allegedly suffered by the children, or the conclusions of the

psychologist, which were based on the children’s belief that the same conditions

would be present upon their return.

III. Effect of asylum grant on the district court’s order

The final issue we address is whether the children’s asylum grant should

be considered by the district court. The children first argue that an asylum

grant directly conflicts with the district court order, and the more recent asylum

grant should take precedence over Convention relief under the last-in-time rule. 

See Ntakirutimana v. Reno, 184 F.3d 419, 426-27 (5thCir. 1999). This argument

focuses on the effect of the asylum grant vis-a-vis the district court order and

views Sanchez’s attempt to secure the return of her children under ICARA as an

impermissible collateral attack on the grant of asylum. Alternatively, the

children argue that we should remand to the district court for reconsideration

of whether the Article 13(b) or 20 exceptions apply in light of the recent grant of

asylum, which is new evidence not considered by the district court.

Sanchez responds that, if Convention relief is found to be in conflict with

the asylum grant, the return order should take precedence over the asylum

grant because the Convention proceedings were more thorough. She also

disputes the argument that it is necessary for the district court to consider the

asylum grant because evidence related to that grant was already considered by

the district court. In its amicus brief, the United States advances the position

that a grant of asylum is not dispositive of but is relevant to whether either the

Article 13(b) or 20 exception applies.

The children were granted asylum pursuant to the Immigration and

Nationality Act (“INA”), as amended by the William Wilberforce Trafficking

Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (“TVPRA”), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158,

1229a, 1232. To qualify for asylum, an applicant must either have suffered past

persecution or have a “well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,

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religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A), incorporated by 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i).9

The children’s grant of asylum was discretionary, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A), and

provides that “the Attorney General shall not remove or return the alien to the

alien’s country of nationality . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c)(1)(A). 

We disagree with the children’s argument that the asylum grant must be

revoked before they can be returned to Mexico pursuant to the Hague

Convention. The language of the INA indicates that the discretionary grant of

asylum is binding on the Attorney General or Secretary of Homeland Security. 

See id. No authority has been offered to support the argument that the

discretionary grant of asylum confers a right to remain in the country despite

judicial orders under this Convention. The asylum grant does not supercede the

enforceability of a district court’s order that the children should be returned to

their mother, as that order does not affect the responsibilities of either the

Attorney General or Secretary of Homeland Security under the INA. See Sale

v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc., 509 U.S. 155, 173 (1993).

The children’s asylum grant, though, is relevant to whether the Hague

Convention exceptions to return should apply. We agree with the United States

that there is a significant overlap between the asylum inquiry and Article 13(b)

of the Hague Convention. Both focus on the level of harm to which the children

would be exposed if returned to their home country. An asylee has been found

to face persecution upon return to his or her country of nationality. 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A). Persecution has been defined as an “extreme concept” and

turns on whether suffering or harm is likely to be inflicted on the asylum

applicant. Eduard v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 182, 187 & n.4 (5th Cir. 2004). 

Similarly, Article 13(b) of the Hague Convention requires a respondent to show

9 Because the children were deemed to be unaccompanied alien children, the USCIS

made this determination. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(3)(C).

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that “there is a grave risk that his or her return would expose the child to

physical or psychological harm.” Hague Convention, art. 13(b). The level of

harm necessary to trigger the Article 13(b) exception must be “a great deal more

than minimal.” Walsh, 221 F.3d at 218. 

Despite similarities, the asylum finding that the children have a wellfounded fear of persecution does not substitute for or control a finding under

Article 13(b) of the Convention about whether return “would expose the child to

physical or psychological harm or otherwise place the child in an intolerable

situation.” Hague Convention, art. 13(b). The judicial procedures under the

Convention do not give to others, even a governmental agency, authority to

determine these risks. The district court makes an independent finding of

potential harm to the children, considering all offered relevant evidence. The

prior consideration of similar concerns in a different forum are relevant, but we

determine that an asylum grant does not remove from the district court the

authority to make controlling findings on the potential harm to the child. 

We note also that the evidentiary burdens in the asylum proceedings and

those under ICARA’s framework are different. To be granted asylum, the

children were required to show their eligibility by a preponderance of the

evidence. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a),(b)(1)(i). In order for a Convention exception

to apply, a respondent must establish the exception by clear and convincing

evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 11603(e). The level of participation by interested parties

in the two proceedings may also be different, a point Sanchez makes when

arguing she did not have an opportunity to make a meaningful presentation

prior to the asylum grant. 

As the district court recognized, the USCIS grants of asylum are relevant

to any analysis of whether the Article 13(b) or 20 exception applies. When faced

with a motion to stay the proceedings while the children’s asylum application

was pending, the district court determined that the interests of a prompt answer

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under the Convention outweighed the merits of a stay. Now that the children

have been granted asylum, though, all available evidence from the asylum

proceedings should be considered by the district court before determining

whether to enforce the return order.

Finally, we note that the children’s legal and physical custodians

apparently have changed since the appeal has been briefed, complicating

compliance with our mandate. As we indicated above, under the Convention, the

person in physical possession of the child is to be given notice of the petition. 

TheGovernment should take “all appropriate measures” to fulfillits Conventionimposed duties, including an obligation to “facilitate the institution of judicial

or administrative proceedings with a view to obtaining the return of the child.” 

Hague Convention, art. 7.

The district court return order is VACATED. The case is REMANDED to

the district court to consider the asylum grants, assessments, and any related

evidence not previously considered that relates to whether Articles 13(b) or 20.

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HAROLD R. DeMOSS, JR., Circuit Judge, DISSENTING:

In my judgment, the proper disposition of this appeal would be for this

court to affirm the district court’s October 30, 2012 decision which ordered

that the children be returned to the custody of their mother pursuant to the

Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (“the

Hague Convention”). See 42 U.S.C. § 11601, et. seq. 

As the district court acknowledged, this case is peculiar because

collateral to their mother’s Hague Convention action in the district court the

boys were seeking asylum in administrative proceedings. After the district

court issued its order, the boys were granted asylum. I am unaware of any

controlling authority which indicates that a grant of asylum necessarily

precludes the return of a child under the Hague Convention. 

Turning to the Hague Convention analysis, the district court

determined that Mexico was the children’s country of habitual residence, that

their mother had rights of custody, that the children were being wrongfully

retained, that the mother was exercising her custodial rights or would have

been exercising those rights absent the removal or retention, and that no

exceptions to returning the children were applicable. The record reflects that

the district court spent a tremendous amount of time and effort considering

whether exceptions to returning the children under the Hague Convention

were applicable. The district court went as far as interviewing the two older

children. Ultimately, I am unpersuaded that the district court erred in

finding that the exceptions to the Hague Convention were inapplicable. 

Finally, I want to address the fact that the mother filed her case under

the Hague Convention nearly a year after the boys left Mexico. In my mind,

such a delay is likely attributable to the facts of this case. It appears as

though the mother is a woman of limited means, and after leaving Mexico the

children have been shuffled between various administrative agencies and

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foster organizations. Given these facts, it is no wonder that it took the

mother several months to file a lawsuit. As the majority notes, the United

States has certain responsibilities under the Hague Convention. I urge the

Department of State, the designated Central Authority, to fully comply with

its statutory duties. See id. at § 11606; Exec. Order No. 12,648, 3 C.F.R. 579

(1988).

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