* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.

 ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

 *** The Honorable John W. Sedwick, Senior District Judge for the U.S.

District Court for Alaska, Anchorage, sitting by designation.

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ELPHINSTEN WINATA,

 Petitioner,

 v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General,

 Respondent.

No. 08-70915

Agency No. A095-838-433

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted July 15, 2011** 

Portland, Oregon

Before: PREGERSON and WARDLAW, Circuit Judges, and SEDWICK, District

Judge.*** 

Elphinsten Winata, a native and citizen of Indonesia, petitions for review of

the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) order dismissing his appeal from an

FILED

AUG 15 2011

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2

Immigration Judge’s (IJ) decision denying his applications for asylum, withholding

of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We have

jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We grant the petition for review in part, deny

in part, and remand for further proceedings. 

Because the BIA issued a written opinion, we review the BIA’s decision. 

Aden v. Holder, 589 F.3d 1040, 1043 (9th Cir. 2009). However, because the BIA

did not explicitly state that it was conducting a de novo review, we may look to the

IJ’s decision as a guide for the reasoning behind the BIA’s decision, particularly on

issues that the BIA analyzed in a cursory manner. See Ahmed v. Keisler, 504 F.3d

1183, 1190-91 (9th Cir. 2007). We review legal questions de novo, and factual

findings for substantial evidence. Wakkary v. Holder, 558 F.3d 1049, 1056 (9th

Cir. 2009). 

Winata, a Chinese Christian, asserts that he fears persecution in Indonesia on

account of his ethnicity, religion, and imputed political opinion. The IJ found that

Winata’s testimony was credible, but that the events recounted did not rise to the

level of past persecution. The IJ also concluded that while the disfavored group

analysis applied to Winata’s claim, see Sael v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 922, 925 (9th

Cir. 2004), Winata had not shown a sufficiently individualized risk of harm to
1

 The BIA did not address whether Winata had established a well-founded

fear of persecution under the disfavored group analysis; therefore we review the

IJ’s decision with respect to this claim. 

3

establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. The BIA affirmed, concluding

that Winata had not established that he had been subjected to past persecution.1

The BIA and IJ failed to account for Winata’s age at the time these events

occurred. This was legal error. See Hernandez-Ortiz v. Gonzales, 496 F.3d 1042

(9th Cir. 2007). In Hernandez-Ortiz, we held that when the agency evaluates an

asylum application based on events perceived by the petitioner when he was a

child, the agency must “look at the events from [the child’s] perspective, [and]

measure the degree of . . . injur[y] by [the] impact on children of [that] age.” Id. at

1046. See also id. at 1045 (“The Guidelines for Children’s Asylum Claims advises

that harm a child fears or has suffered . . . may be relatively less than that of an
2

 The government’s supplemental brief argues that Winata failed to exhaust

this legal claim because Winata did not argue before the BIA that his young age

affected his claims for relief, and that we therefore lack jurisdiction over this

argument. However, the argument that the agency should have evaluated Winata’s

showing of persecution in light of his age is not a new legal claim. Rather, this is

merely an extension of Winata’s appropriately exhausted argument that he had

made a sufficient showing of persecution. We have made clear that the exhaustion

requirement should not be employed in a “formalistic manner.” Figueroa v.

Mukasey, 543 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2008). As long as “the issue was before the

BIA such that it had the opportunity to correct its error,” id., the issue has been

exhausted. It also bears noting that briefing before the BIA was completed before

Hernandez-Ortiz was published. Cf. Alcaraz v. INS, 384 F.3d 1150, 1158 (9th Cir.

2004) (“We do not require an alien to exhaust administrative remedies on legal

issues based on events that occur after briefing to the BIA has been completed.”). 

The government also argues that Winata has waived this argument by failing

to raise it in his opening brief. While we “will not ordinarily consider matters on

appeal that are not specifically and distinctly argued in appellant’s opening brief,”

Koerner v. Grigas, 328 F.3d 1039, 1048 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks

and citations omitted), we will do so if the failure to address the issue would result

in “manifest injustice,” or if the failure to raise the issue does not prejudice the

opposing party. See Alcaraz, 384 F.3d at 1161. Here, both circumstances are

present: (1) the failure to raise this issue would result in manifest injustice because

Winata would otherwise be precluded from establishing his eligibility for asylum

under the law of our circuit; and (2) the panel cured any potential prejudice to the

government by requesting supplemental briefs on the application of HernandezOrtiz from both parties. 

4

adult and still qualify as persecution.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Liu v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 307, 314 (7th Cir. 2004))).2

Here, although all of the relevant events occurred when Winata was between

the ages of eight and fifteen, the agency failed to evaluate these events in light of

Winata’s young age. When Winata was eight years old, his sister was kidnapped
3

 As noted in Hernandez-Ortiz, injuries to family members are particularly

traumatic for young children. While the primary motivation for the driver’s attack

may have been personal retribution for his dismissal, our case law is clear that for

pre-REAL ID Act asylum applications, “mixed motives do not negate a legitimate

nexus” to a protected ground, Baghdsaryan v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1018, 1023 (9th

Cir. 2010). Accordingly, even if the driver was primarily motivated by personal

retribution, as long as one of the motivations was related to his sister’s ethnicity or

religion, this incident meets the nexus requirement. While the police’s response to

the driver’s attack may mean that this event does not qualify as an incident of past

persecution, the kidnapping incident may be relevant to Winata’s claim of a wellfounded fear of future persecution, especially in light of the surrounding

circumstances and his young age at the time. 

5

and held for ransom by his family’s former driver, a native Indonesian, and she

was cut severely on her head and hands during this attack.3 In 1998, when Winata

was twelve years old, he observed anti-Chinese riots from his parent’s apartment,

and his parents personally observed rioters setting Chinese persons on fire. After

the riots, public demonstrations targeting the ethnic Chinese were regular

occurrences, and Winata was personally subjected to verbal assaults from his

classmates that school authorities refused to proscribe. Finally, in 2000, when

Winata was fourteen years old, a bomb exploded at the church inside his school. 

The bomb exploded in the school’s parking lot after a Christmas Eve mass that

Winata was supposed to attend, but had not attended because he was sick. Winata

testified that indigenous Indonesians had planted this bomb. 
4

 The BIA’s decision failed to mention this traumatic incident, which must

be considered when evaluating the merits of Winata’s claim.

6

We remand to the agency to consider, in the first instance, whether these

incidents rise to the level of past persecution, and whether, under the disfavored

group analysis, they establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. See INS v.

Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002). When evaluating Winata’s showing of past

persecution and individualized risk of future persecution, we direct the agency to

consider the bombing of Winata’s school church after a Christmas Day mass that

Winata had planned to attend, but did not only because he became ill.4

 We note

that under the disfavored group analysis, “because the record establishes that ethnic

Chinese are significantly disfavored in Indonesia, [Winata] must demonstrate a

‘comparatively low’ level of individualized risk in order to prove that [he] has a

well-founded fear of future persecution.” Sael, 386 F.3d at 927 (quoting Hoxha v.

Ashcroft, 319 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2003)). And under Hernandez-Ortiz,

Winata’s showing of a comparatively low level of individualized risk must also be

evaluated in light of Winata’s age at the time these events occurred. 

Substantial evidence supports the denial of Winata’s application for

withholding of removal as Winata did not establish that it was “more likely than

not” that he would be subject to persecution in Indonesia. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(2). 
7

Substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s denial of CAT relief as Winata failed

to establish it was more likely than not that he would be subject to torture. 8

C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2); see Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir. 2001).

Each party shall bear its own costs for this petition for review. 

PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED in part; DENIED in part;

REMANDED.