United States Court of Appeals

for the Fifth Circuit ____________

No. 23-60625

____________

Jordan Properties, Limited, 

Plaintiff—Appellant, 

versus

City of Cleveland, Mississippi, 

Defendant—Appellee. 

______________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Northern District of Mississippi

USDC No. 4:22-CV-193

______________________________

Before Wiener, Elrod, and Wilson, Circuit Judges.

Per Curiam:*

Plaintiff-Appellant Jordan Properties, Limited (“Jordan Properties”) 

appeals the district court’s grant of judgment on the pleadings in favor of Defendant-Appellee the City of Cleveland, Mississippi (“the City”) and the 

subsequent dismissal of its claims with prejudice. Finding no error, we AFFIRM. 

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* This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

August 13, 2024

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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I. Background

Jordan Properties owned property with a rental house on it in the City.

Finding the property to be in need of cleaning,1 the City ultimately demolished the rental house, prompting Jordan Properties to file claims in state 

court against the City and unknown individual City employees because the 

demolition occurred without the requisite notice under state and federal law.

The City removed the action on the basis of federal question jurisdiction. 

Thereafter, the City filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant 

to Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The district court 

granted the motion but provided Jordan Properties the opportunity to seek 

leave to amend its complaint to cure the pleading deficiencies associated with 

its federal Monell claim against the City. After Jordan Properties failed to 

properly seek leave to amend on three occasions, the district court entered 

final judgment in favor of the City, dismissing all of Jordan Properties’s

claims with prejudice.2 Jordan Properties timely appealed.3

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1 According to the complaint, “necessary cleaning include[es] . . . removing any 

dilapidated buildings, rubbish, cutting weeds and grass, removing fences, outside toilets, 

and personal property.” 

2 While the § 1983 procedural due process claims against the unknown City 

employees were not expressly dispensed with by the district court’s judgment, those 

individuals were never made party to the action. Therefore, the judgment as to the City 

was final and appealable. See Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Dealy, 911 F.2d 1096, 1099 (5th Cir. 1990) 

(“[U]nserved defendants are not parties for purposes of Rule 54(b) and a judgment does 

not lack the finality necessary for appeal merely because claims against unserved 

defendants are unresolved.”). In short, although we have jurisdiction over the judgment 

between Jordan Properties and the City, Jordan Properties’s claims against the individual 

City employees are not before us on appeal.

3 On appeal, Jordan Properties does not contest the dismissal of its state law claims 

against the City. 

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II. Standard of Review

“A [Rule] 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings is . . . reviewed 

de novo, and the 12(c) standard ‘is the same as that applied to Rule 

12(b)(6).’” Guerra v. Castillo, 82 F.4th 278, 284 (5th Cir. 2023) (quoting 

Vardeman v. City of Houston, 55 F.4th 1045, 1049 (5th Cir. 2022)). “To survive a Rule 12(c) motion, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 

accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 

284–85 (quoting Laviage v. Fite, 47 F.4th 402, 405 (5th Cir. 2022)). We accept the facts pleaded in the complaint as true and construe them in the light 

most favorable to the plaintiff. Id. at 284. Nevertheless, “we do not accept as 

true legal conclusions, conclusory statements, or naked assertions devoid of 

further factual enhancement.” Id. (citation omitted). “Additionally, courts 

‘are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.’” Gomez v. Galman, 18 F.4th 769, 775 (5th Cir. 2021) (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). In evaluating whether a plaintiff’s 

complaint survives a motion for judgment on the pleadings, we are limited to 

reviewing: “(1) the facts set forth in the complaint, (2) documents attached 

to the complaint, and (3) matters of which judicial notice may be taken under 

Federal Rule of Evidence 201.” Id. (quoting Walker v. Beaumont Indep. Sch. 

Dist., 938 F.3d 724, 735 (5th Cir. 2019)).

III. Analysis

Jordan Properties raises two issues on appeal: whether the district 

court erred in (1) concluding that Jordan Properties failed to adequately plead 

a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Monell claim against the City, and (2) dismissing Jordan 

Properties’s complaint with prejudice after giving it three opportunities to 

amend the pleading. We address each in turn. 

 

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A. Dismissal of the Monell Claim Against the City

Jordan Properties contends that it adequately pleaded a § 1983 Monell 

claim against the City. As we have explained:

In Monell v. Department of Social Services, the Supreme Court 

held that municipalities may be sued under § 1983 but cannot 

be held liable for acts of their employees under a theory of respondeat superior. Rather, to state a claim against a municipality 

under Monell and its progeny, [a plaintiff] must plead that “(1) 

an official policy (2) promulgated by the municipal policymaker 

(3) was the moving force behind the violation of a constitutional right.”

Id. at 777 (first citing Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978), then 

quoting Davidson v. City of Stafford, 848 F.3d 384, 395 (5th Cir. 2017)). Relevant to its Monell claim, Jordan Properties alleges the following:

Jordan Properties was deprived of its property by the City and 

John Doe Defendants acting under color of state law. 

The actions of the City and John Doe Defendants violated the 

due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the 

United States Constitution.

Upon information and belief, the deprivation was caused by an 

official act of the City, by final policymakers, or both.

Jordan Properties makes no additional effort to substantiate these threadbare 

approximations of the Monell liability standard. This is plainly insufficient. 

See Johnson v. Harris County, 83 F.4th 941, 945 (5th Cir. 2023) (“Threadbare 

recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 

statements, do not suffice.” (quoting Peña v. City of Rio Grande, 879 F.3d 613, 

618 (5th Cir. 2018))). For example, Jordan Properties does not allege an official municipal policy—such as the City’s hiring untrained employees or ordering demolition of blighted structures without complying with notice requirements—in satisfaction of the first prong of the Monell theory of liability. 

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The complaint simply alleges that “the deprivation was caused by an official 

act of the City, by final policymakers, or both.” “Because [Jordan Properties] 

fails to adequately plead an official policy, we need not address the second or 

third elements.” Gomez, 18 F.4th at 777.4 In short, the district court did not 

err in granting the City’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as to Jordan 

Properties’s Monell claim.

B. Dismissal of the Claims Against the City with Prejudice for Jordan 

Properties’s Failure to Properly Amend its Complaint

Although the district court granted the City’s motion for judgment on 

the pleadings, it had provided Jordan Properties with an opportunity to seek 

leave to amend its complaint. It further cautioned Jordan Properties that, if it 

“fail[ed] to seek leave to amend or if it is ultimately determined [that] amendment would be futile, judgment will be entered for the City on the federal 

claim.” Although Jordan Properties’s first attempt to amend was denied for 

failure to adhere to the local rules of the district court, it was given a second 

opportunity to “file a renewed request for leave to amend.” Jordan Properties’s second attempt was again denied for its failure to adhere to the local 

rules, but it was given yet another opportunity to properly file a motion for 

leave to file an amended complaint. Likewise, the district court denied Jordan 

Properties’s third and final attempt due to its violation of two separate local 

rules: “Because the Court has given Jordan Properties three opportunities to 

properly seek leave to amend its complaint and Jordan Properties still has not 

properly done so, no further opportunities will be provided.” Consequently,

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4 Even if Jordan Properties had adequately alleged an official municipal policy, the 

complaint is devoid of factual allegations corroborating the assertion that the policy “was 

the moving force behind the violation of a constitutional right.” Gomez, 18 F.4th at 777

(citation omitted).

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the district court dismissed Jordan Properties’s claims with prejudice and entered final judgment in favor of the City.

The district court did not cite the rule under which the action was dismissed with prejudice. Rule 15(a) provides that leave to amend is usually 

granted freely, unless there is reason to deny it “such as undue delay, bad 

faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure 

deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment,

etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). Separately, Rule 41(b) states 

in part that “[i]f the plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply with these rules 

or a court order, a defendant may move to dismiss the action or any claim 

against it.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). We have “consistently held that Rule 

41(b) dismissals with prejudice will be affirmed only upon a showing of a clear 

record of delay or contumacious conduct by the Plaintiff, . . . and where lesser 

sanctions would not serve the best interests of justice.” Rogers v. Kroger Co., 

669 F.2d 317, 320 (5th Cir. 1982) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, “most of the cases affirming dismissals with prejudice have involved the presence of one or more of three ‘aggravating factors’: (1) delay 

attributable directly to the plaintiff, rather than his attorney; (2) actual prejudice to the defendant; and (3) delay caused by intentional conduct.” Callip 

v. Harris Cnty. Child Welfare Dept., 757 F.2d 1513, 1519 (5th Cir. 1985) (citing 

Rogers, 669 F.2d at 320).

Here, the district court did not explicitly justify its decision to dismiss 

Jordan Properties’s claims with prejudice on any of the aforementioned 

grounds. Nor is it clear from the record that any basis for dismissal with prejudice obtains. Thus, based on our precedents, we cannot agree that dismissal 

with prejudice was warranted. Accordingly, we AFFIRM IN PART, 

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REVERSE IN PART, and REMAND the case with instructions to dismiss Jordan Properties’s claims without prejudice.

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