TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-10-00271-CR

Sandy Sendgikoski, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BASTROP COUNTY, 21ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 13,654, HONORABLE CHRISTOPHER DARROW DUGGAN, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

A jury found Sandy Sendgikoski guilty of two counts of intoxication manslaughter

and found that he used his car as a deadly weapon in committing these offenses. The jury assessed

a term of seventeen-and-one-half years in prison for each offense as punishment, and the trial court

ordered these sentences to run consecutively. Sendgikoski contends that his trial counsel rendered

ineffective assistance by waiting to file a motion to disqualify the trial judge until less than ten days

before the trial date. We will affirm the judgment.

Sendgikoski and his girlfriend drove around and drank beer for several hours on

February 10, 2009, eventually winding up on Texas Highway 21. Early that evening, Martin Ortiz

was driving west on Farm to Market Road 812 and Dan Richards was driving east on the same road.

Both were in pickup trucks and both were driving toward Texas 21. Sendgikoski exited Texas 21

and rolled through a stop sign into its intersection with FM 812. He struck Ortiz’s truck on the

side and sent it airborne into a cab-to-cab collision with Richards’s truck. Ortiz died at the scene,
and Richards died twelve days later as a result of injuries sustained in the crash. Sendgikoski’s

blood-alcohol level was 0.28—more than three times the legal limit for drivers. SeeTex. Penal Code

Ann. §§ 49.01(2)(B), 49.04 (West 2011). Sendgikoski was indicted for two counts of intoxication

manslaughter.

Trial was set for April 12, 2010. Sendgikoski’s trial attorney, Joe Tuck, proposed

a plea bargain that he said the State favored until Richards’s family objected. On April 6, 2010,

the State rejected the plea offer and filed a motion to have any sentences run consecutively. The

next day, Sendgikoski filed a motion to disqualify District Judge Christopher Duggan alleging

that the judge may have had a previous association with Richards. The motion alleged that, while

Judge Duggan served eighteen years as a prosecutor in Travis County, Richards was the chief deputy

sheriff for Travis County, and that their presumed relationship would affect the judge’s ability

to be fair and impartial. Judge Duggan referred the case to the administrative judge for a hearing

on the motion.

A visiting judge held a hearing on the motion, during which Tuck asserted that

Judge Duggan must have known Richards at least indirectly and would have difficulty being fair in

a trial concerning the cause of Richards’s death. Tuck stated that he had been disappointed in several

rulings by the court and concerned by the manner in which the court ruled during the process leading

up to trial. He nevertheless had expected the State to agree to, and the court to accept, the plea

bargain that would have limited his client’s maximum sentence to twenty years. Tuck testified that

he withheld filing the motion to disqualify until the State rejected the plea bargain and filed the

motion to have any sentences run consecutively, and thereby increased the chance that his client

would be sentenced to forty years in prison. Tuck said that the sentencing exposure combined with

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his concerns about Judge Duggan’s perceived bias compelled him to file the motion to disqualify.

A visiting judge heard and denied the motion to disqualify without stating a basis.

Judge Duggan then presided over the trial at which the jury found Sendgikoski guilty

on both counts and assessed a sentence of seventeen-and-one-half years in prison on each count. The

trial court then ordered the sentences to be served consecutively. Sendgikoski’s appellate counsel

filed a motion seeking a new trial “in the interest of justice” without further detail.

Sendgikoski asserts on appeal that the judgment should be reversed because

he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. He argues that Tuck rendered ineffective

assistance by waiting to file the motion to disqualify until the eve of trial. He contends that the

motion was due at least ten days before trial. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 18a(c); see also Arnold v. State,

853 S.W.2d 543, 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (en banc) (civil appellate rules govern removal

of judges in criminal trials). He asserts that Tuck knew that the sentences could be stacked even

without a motion by the State long before April 6 and that his untimeliness in seeking removal of

the judge barred Sendgikoski from complaining about the judge presiding over the trial.

To establish ineffective assistance, a defendant must show that (1) counsel’s

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) counsel’s deficient

performance prejudiced the defense, resulting in an unreliable or fundamentally unfair outcome of

the proceeding. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984); Davis v. State, 278 S.W.3d

346, 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). We must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct

fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 771;

Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). To overcome this presumption,

the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness. Mallett v. State, 65 S.W.3d

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59, 63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). We review the effectiveness of counsel in light of the totality of

the representation and particular circumstances of each case. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). To establish deficient performance as a matter of law under the first prong,

a defendant must show that no reasonable trial strategy could justify counsel’s conduct. Strickland,

466 U.S. at 689; Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 102 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). A defendant

establishes prejudice under the second prong if he shows that a reasonable probability exists that,

but for the deficient performance, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. See

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 694; Ex parte Cash, 178 S.W.3d 816, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

A reasonable probability is one sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Strickland,

466 U.S. at 694.

We conclude first that Sendgikoski has not shown that his trial counsel’s motion

to disqualify was untimely. A judge may be removed because he is disqualified or because he is

subject to recusal by rule, and the grounds and procedures for each type of removal are different. 

See In re Union Pac. Res. Co., 969 S.W.2d 427, 428 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding). Sendgikoski

asserted in his motion titled “Defendant’s Motion to Disqualify Judge” that the circumstances of

the case would affect Judge Duggan’s “ability to be fair and impartial.” Judicial bias is a ground for

disqualification in those cases in which the bias is shown to be of such a nature and to such an extent

as to deny a defendant due process of law—a right guaranteed by the federal and state constitutions. 

U.S. Const. Amend. XIV, § 1; Tex. Const. art. 1, § 19; Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 121

(Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Disqualification cannot be waived where it arises from a constitutional

provision. Woodland v. State, 178 S.W.2d 528, 529 (Tex. Crim. App. 1944). Disqualification of

a judge for bias that denies due process may be raised at any time. See Gamez v. State, 737 S.W.2d

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315, 318 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Thus, the timing of the filing did not prevent Sendgikoski from

having his motion to disqualify heard. He has not shown that the timing of Tuck’s filing of the

motion constituted deficient performance.

Even if his motion to disqualify were actually a motion to recuse and the limitations

of rule of procedure 18a rendered his motion to remove the judge untimely, Sendgikoski 1

has not shown that Tuck rendered ineffective assistance. Tuck’s decision to try to get the plea deal

accepted before urging removal of the judge may have been sound trial strategy. Tuck alleged

that the late filing of the motion caused a negative reaction by Judge Duggan in this and other

cases involving Tuck and his firm. Even if the timing of the motion—rather than its substance or

some other unrelated factor—caused the trial judge’s alleged negative reaction, we cannot say

that Tuck’s delay in filing was ineffective assistance of counsel. We also cannot say that Tuck

acted unreasonably when he did file the motion to disqualify, given that he believed the judge was

biased. Further, Sendgikoski has not demonstrated that this one action rendered Tuck’s entire

performance ineffective. Indeed, he does not complain about the remainder of Tuck’s performance,

which included filing numerous pretrial motions, negotiating a plea agreement that allegedly almost

resolved the matter, and calling, questioning, and cross-examining witnesses at trial. We conclude

that Sendgikoski has not demonstrated that the timing and the filing of the motion to disqualify

rendered Tuck’s performance as counsel so deficient as to be ineffective assistance of counsel.

Some courts have determined that, if the grounds for filing a motion to recuse are not 1

apparent until less than ten days before trial, a party may file a motion to recuse despite the

limitations of Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 18a. See, e.g.,KeeneCorp. v. Rogers, 863 S.W.2d 168,

171-72 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1993, no writ).

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Finally, we cannot conclude that a reasonable probability exists that the outcome of

the proceeding would have been different but for the allegedly late filing of the motion. Sendgikoski

has not shown that the result of the hearing on the motion to disqualify would have been any

different had Tuck filed the motion at least ten days before trial. Regardless of the timing of the

motion to disqualify, a visiting judge held a hearing on its substance and denied it without stating

that his denial was based on the timing of the filing of the motion. Sendgikoski complains that the

late filing of the motion to disqualify barred appellate review. Even if that were true, the record of

the motion to disqualify does not show that the visiting judge erred in denying the motion to

disqualify. Sendgikoski has not shown that the timing of the filing of the motion had any effect on

the ruling on the motion.

More critically, Sendgikoski has not demonstrated that any alleged tardiness in the

filing of the motion to disqualify had any effect on the outcome of the case. We find ample support

in the record for concluding that the facts of the case controlled the outcome. Sendgikoski drove his

vehicle after consuming more than a dozen beers, leading to intoxication at 3.5 times the legal limit.

He testified that the intersection was “horrible,” but conceded that it would have been no problem

if he had been sober. Instead, he failed to stop at a stop sign, caused a chain reaction collision, and

two people died as a result. Sendgikoski testified that having a DWI was the norm in his group

of friends and that he had not previously understood the potential severity of the effect that his

driving while drunk could have on others. He made this statement despite having been convicted

in 2001 of driving while intoxicated and put on community supervision that was later revoked. The

evidence and testimony strongly support the conviction, and Sendgikoski has not shown how

the timing of the filing of the motion to disqualify had any effect on the outcome of the case. Even

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so, the jury did not impose the maximum sentence of twenty years for each offense. We cannot

conclude that the jury found Sendgikoski guilty or sentenced him more harshly as a result of the

allegedly late filing of the motion to disqualify. Further, there is no showing that the trial court

ordered the sentences to run consecutively as a result of the timing or the filing of the motion to

disqualify or because of any bias. The trial judge could reasonably have been persuaded that the

circumstances of this case merited a stronger message of punishment and deterrence than concurrent

sentences would provide. We cannot conclude based on this record that a reasonable probability

exists that, but for Tuck’s filing the motion to disqualify less than ten days before trial, the outcome

of the proceeding would have been better for Sendgikoski. He has not demonstrated that Tuck’s

performance constituted ineffective assistance requiring reversal.

We affirm the judgment.

 

Jeff Rose, Justice

Before Justices Henson, Rose and Goodwin

Affirmed

Filed: August 19, 2011

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