2 2

- 1057, 22

- 1061 Carpenter v. Allen 

# United States Court of Appeals **for the Second Circuit**

_____________________________________ August Term 2022 (Argued: June 28, 2023 Decided: December 11, 2023 ) Nos. 22

- 1057, 22

- 1061

_____________________________________ L YNN A LLEN , C HERI G ARCIA , T IMOTHY C ORSI , Defendants

- Appellants

- Cross

- Appellees ,

— v. — G RIST M ILL C APITAL LLC, Plaintiff

- Appellee

- Cross

- Appellant , D ANIEL E. C ARPENTER , Plaintiff

. ∗

_____________________________________ Before: L YNCH , L OHIER , and B IANCO , Circuit Judges

. The government, through defendant

- appellant

- cross - appellee Lynn Allen, an agent of the United States Department of Labor (“DOL”) , appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Underhill, J. )

∗ The Clerk of the Court is respectfully instructed to amend the caption to conform with the above.2 granting, in part, plaintiff

- a ppellee

- cross - appellant Grist Mill Capital LLC’s (“GMC”) motion for return of property under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(g). At issue is the government’s retention of financial documents , which the DOL obtained pursuant to court

- authorized search warrants and a grand jury subpoena in connection with a federal criminal investigation and prosecution of Daniel E. Carpenter in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut. In May 2022, the district court granted , in part , GMC’s motion under Rule 41(g), holding that the government failed to demonstrate a legitimate need justifying the continued retention of the seized materials given that this Court affirmed Carpenter’s criminal co nviction and the Supreme Court denied his petition for certiorari

. We VACATE the district court’s order and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion, and we DISMISS GMC’s cross - appeal as moot. N EERAJ N. P ATEL ( Sandra S. Glover , on the brief ), Assistant United States Attorneys , for Vanessa Roberts Avery, United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, New Haven, CT, for Defendants

- Appellants

- Cross

- Appellees

. J ONATHAN J. E INHORN , Jonathan J. Einhorn Law Offices, New Haven, CT (Jeffrey R. Sandberg, Palmer Lehman Sandberg, PLCC, Dallas TX, on the brief ), for Plaintiff

- Appellee

- Cross

Appellant

. J OSEPH F. B IANCO , Circuit Judge : In this case, the government appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Underhill, J. ) granting, in part,3 plaintiff

- appellee

- cross - appellant Grist Mill Capital LLC’s (“GMC”) motion for return of property under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(g). Th is case

comes to us after a complex procedural history

. GMC filed the Rule 41(g) motion
on the docket of a Bivens action that GMC filed , along with Daniel E. Carpenter (collectively, “ plaintiffs ”) , against d efendants Lynn Allen, Cheri Garcia , and Timothy Corsi in their individual capacities , who were law enforcement agents employed by the United States Department of Labor (“DOL”) ( collectively, the

“ DOL agents ”)

. 1 That action was filed shortly after plaintiff Carpenter had been indicted on criminal charges, and was stayed pending the criminal action, in which Carpenter was eventually convicted.
A t issue is the government’s retention of financial documents , which the
DOL obtained pursuant to court

- authorized search warrants and a grand jury subpoena in connection with the federal criminal investigation and prosecution of Carpenter

. In that prosecution, also in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, the government alleged that Carpenter used various
business entities , including G MC , to facilitate a fraud ulent life insurance scheme , causing over $50 million in losses

. In 2016, Carpenter was convicted of multiple

1 We further explain th is complex procedural history infra

.4 fraud and money laundering offenses and was subsequently sentenced to 30 months’ imprisonment

. In the Bivens action, plaintiffs assert ed constitutional claims against the DOL agents who, in 2011, executed the search warrant at the office building where GMC was located and seized evidence in connection with
the DOL’s investigation

. The complaint also asserted a claim for the return of the
seized materials pursuant to Rule 41(g). Following completion of the criminal case, the district court turned to the
Bivens action. In the course of the renewed proceedings, plaintiffs moved under Rule 41(g) for the return of certain of the seized records

. In Ma rch 2022, t he district
court granted that motion in part, holding that the government failed to
demonstrate a legitimate need justifying the continued retention of the seized materials given th e final resolution of the criminal case upon the Supreme Court ’s
denial of Carpenter’s petition for certiorari

. However, because copies of the seized materials were already in plaintiffs’ possession and the documents contained third parties’ personal identifying information that Carpenter had previously used to perpetrate the fraudulent scheme, the district court ordered the government to destroy the seized materials still in its possession , rather than to return them to plaintiffs.5 The government contends on appeal that the district court abused its
discretion in ordering the destruction of the seized materials , rather than allowing the government to retain them given, among other things, Carpenter’s pending
collateral attack on his criminal convictions in a pro se motion he filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (“Section 2255”)

. GMC cross - appeals th e district court’s order , arguing that the seized documents should be returned to it , rather than destroyed.
We hold that the district court exceeded its discretion in granting the Rule 41(g) motion because the government has demonstrated a legitimate need to retain the property at issue to defend against Carpenter’s pending Section 2255 motion collaterally attacking his conviction s and to preserve evidence for use at a potential
retrial should that motion succeed. Accordingly, we VACATE the district court ’s order and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion , and we DISMISS GMC’s cross appeal as moot. I. BACKGROUND Carpenter’s various fraud ulent financial schemes have spawned litigation across multiple jurisdictions for over a decade. See Iantosca v. Benistar Admin.
Servs

. , Inc. , 567 F. App ’ x 1, 2 (1st Cir. 2014) (Souter, J. ) (describing the then

- “latest6 chapter [of] protracted litigation arising out of financial misconduct by Daniel Carpenter and entities controlled by him”). 2 Indeed, the procedural history giving rise to this appeal is complex. We begin by explaining the background of Carpenter’s criminal conviction s in the District of Connecticut. We then turn to
the two Bivens actions that Carpenter and GMC initially filed while Carpenter’s criminal case was still pending and the Rule 41(g) motion that is the subject of this appeal

. A. The Searches of the Simsbury Office s Carpenter worked for major corporations in the life insurance industry for
more than two decades. During his career, he developed considerable expertise with welfare benefit plans, which are mechanisms employers use to provide various types of benefits , including life insurance, to employees

. Carpenter ultimately started his own business es and became the trustee for several of the largest welfare benefit plans in the United States.

2 Separate from th e Iantosca appeal, Carpenter was also convicted in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts of mail and wire fraud and sentenced to 36 months’ imprisonment. See United States v. Carpenter , 781 F.3d 599 (1st Cir.), cert. denied , 577 U.S. 871 (2015). Neither of these First Circuit appeals is related in substance to the instant appeal.7 A number of entities Carpenter controlled , including GMC , had offices
located in a building , allegedly owned by Carpenter , at 100 Grist Mill Road in Simsbury, Connecticut (the “Simsbury offices”)

. As relevant to this appeal , Carpenter was the subject of two federal criminal investigations that involved
searches of the Simsbury offices

. The first investigation was conducted by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) under the supervision of the United States Attorney’s Office for the Eastern
District of Wisconsin

. In April 2010, the IRS executed a search warrant authorizing
the seizure of documents located at the Simsbury office s that were r elated to the alleged promotion and administration of unlawful welfare benefit plans

. The agents seized hundreds of boxes of documents and imaged several computers and

servers . A fter the search, while the investigation was still ongoing, fifteen of the
business entities based in the Simsbury offices and two individuals moved in the
United States District Court for the District of Connecticut for the return of their property under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(g). See Benistar Admin. Servs., Inc. v. IRS , No

. 10

- mc - 60 (AVC) ( D. Conn ); Pettibone Tavern, LLC v. IRS , No.
10

- mc - 64 ( AVC ) ( D. Conn.)

. As part of a settlement agreement and court orders resolving those motions, the government agreed to return the original documents8 after it had a reasonable opportunity to copy them. Documents an IRS filter team determined to be potentially relevant to its investigation were returned to and maintained in the custody of Halloran and Sage LLP, a Connecticut

- based law firm that represented many of the entities. Boxes containing documents that the team determined were not potentially relevant were directly returned to the Simsbury
offices. The IRS also continued to hold some amount of material in Wisconsin. The second investigation was conducted by the DOL under the supervision of the United States Attorney’s Office for the District of Connecticut. Th at investigation concerned a separate alleged fraudulent scheme to induce life insurance companies to issue certain plans that they otherwise would not have
issued. Specifically , the alleged fraud involved stranger

- originated l ife insurance ( “ STOLI ” ) policies, which are p olicies that are obtained for transfer on the secondary market rather than for estate

- planning purposes

. In May 2011, as part of that investigation, the DOL executed a search
warrant at the Simsbury office s and seized various documents and imaged several computers and servers

. In addition, b ecause some of the evidence the IRS had
seized in 2010 was relevant to the DOL ’s investigation, the DOL obtained search warrants to copy the images of the computers or servers seized by the IRS and to9 search original material still being held by the IRS. The D OL also obtained and
served a grand jury subpoena for certain boxes of documents that were still being held by the Halloran and Sage law firm.
B. Carpenter’s Criminal Conviction s In May 2014, a federal grand jury in the District of Connecticut returned a superseding indictment, charging Carpenter with 57 counts of mail

- and wire

fraud and money

- laundering offenses arising from his alleged participation in the STOLI scheme investigated by the DOL. The government provided Carpenter’s
defense counsel comprehensive discovery of all seized materials in the form of a
scanned and searchable database. Before trial, Carpenter unsuccessfully moved to suppress evidence seized from both the 2010 IRS and the 2011 DOL search es of
the Simsbury offices on Fourth Amendment and other grounds

. Following a bench trial, the district court found Carpenter guilty on each of
the 57 counts and subsequently sentenced him to 30 months’ imprisonment. 3 The
district court further ordered Carpenter to pay restitution of over $12.8 million, based on a loss amount of nearly $54 million. This Court subsequently affirmed

3 After Carpenter was convicted in the District of Connecticut, the United States Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Wisconsin informed Carpenter that the government had declined the prosecution of the IRS case.10 Carpenter’s convictions, United States v. Bursey , 801 F. App’x 1 (2d Cir.) (summary order) , and the U nited S tates Supreme Court denied certiorari on November 9,
2020 , 141 S. Ct. 820 (2020)

. Carpenter filed a separate appeal to challenge the restitution order. See United States v. Carpenter , No. 19

- 674 (2d Cir.)

. We ordered that appeal to be held in abeyance until the district court ruled on the government’s motion to amend
the restitution order

. Carpenter also continues to challenge his convictions in the district court. In February 2021, Carpenter filed a pro se motion for the release of grand jury transcripts, asserting that the materials that the government seized during the IRS and DOL searches contained exculpatory evidence that the government withheld from the grand jury. Also in February 2021, Carpenter filed a pro se motion to dismiss the superseding indictment for lack of jurisdiction.
I n November 2021, Carpenter filed a pro se Section 2255 motion to set aside
his conviction s , claiming that the federal agents exceeded the scope of their
warrants and that the government improperly withheld material to which he was
entitled under Brady v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and the Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500 . Carpenter later supplemented his Section 2255 motion to argue that his11 convictions are invalid pursuant to the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent decision in Ciminelli v. United States , 598 U.S. 306 (2022).
All three of these post

- conviction motions

— for release of the grand jury transcripts, to dismiss the superseding indictment, and to vacate the convictions
under Section 2255

— remain pending before the district court.
C. The Bivens Lawsuits and Rule 41(g) Motions While the criminal investigation and prosecution was pending , Carpenter
and GMC together filed two separate civil actions in the U nited States District
Court for the District of Connecticut , asserting claims under Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents , 403 U.S. 388 (1971) , in connection with the 2010 and 2011
searches at the Simsbury offices and, among other things, seeking the return of the property seized during those searches.
1. The IRS Bivens Lawsuit
I n 2013, prior to the indictment in the criminal case, Carpenter and GMC
filed a Bivens action against the IRS officials that were allegedly involved in the
2010 search of the Simsbury office s . In a second amended complaint , plaintiffs alleged that the search was unconstitutional and also sought a return of the seized12 property under Rule 41(g). The district court stayed the request for return of property pending resolution of the criminal case. In 2015, the district court denied , in substantial part, the government’s
motion to dismiss. The government ultimately appealed that order, and this Court remanded the matter to the district court, noting that the Court had since vacated a decision that the district court had relied on in its order and that the scope of the parties’ dispute appeared to have narrowed at oral argument. See Carpenter v. Koskinen , 692 F. App’x 666 (2d Cir. 2017) (summary order). After plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint, the district court dismissed the underlying claims against certain defendants , and that partial judgment was affirmed on appeal. See Carpenter v. Shulman , 790 F. App’x 285 (2d Cir. 2019) (summary order)

. 2. The DOL Bivens Lawsuit
In 2014, shortly after the filing of the criminal indictment, Carpenter and
GMC filed a nother Bivens action against DOL agents allegedly involved in the 2011
search of the Simsbury office s . Similar to the Bivens action against the IRS agents,

t he complaint a sserted various constitutional claims and also included a demand for return of property pursuant to Rule 41(g). In October 2015, t he district court stayed the action pending the resolution of Carpenter’s criminal case.13 In 2020, a fter the Supreme Court denied Carpenter’s petition for certiorari in
his criminal case , the district court lifted the stay and the case was ultimately reassigned to then

- Chief Judge Stefan R. Underhill. The district court later
dismissed most of plaintiffs’ claims, but allowed “the claims regarding the destruction of property, Carpenter’s detention during the search, and whether the search exceeded the scope of the warrant” to proceed . Joint App’x at 10

. Following limited discovery, the parties filed motions for summary judgment on the remaining issues, which have been fully briefed and are now pending in the
district court.
3. The Rule 41(g) Motions Following the lifting of the stay s in both Bivens lawsuits, t he district court
ordere d the DOL in the instant case and the IRS ( in the other then

- pending Bivens action) to show cause as to “ why all items seized or re

- seized by the government entities in connection with its investigation of Daniel Carpenter and [GMC]

— with the exception of Items 28 and 29 as defined in the joint status report

. . . — shall not be immediately returned to Carpenter and [GMC] by the government entity that14 currently possesses them.” Id. at 26. 4 In addition, a t the district court’s direction, Carpenter and GMC filed a Rule 41(g) motion for return of property , which they had previously filed in the IRS action , in the DOL action

. In that motion, Carpenter
and GMC informed the district court that the parties had narrowed the scope of the dispute to 2 9 boxes of the documents , nearly all of which were in the DOL ’s custody. Moreover, unlike the Rule 41(g) demand that had been contained in the original complaint, which was based on the constitutional violations allegedly committed by the defendant DOL agents in the course of the searches and seizures, the motion now was premis ed, as permitted by Rule 41(g), solely on the claim that
the seized materials should be returned to their owners because the criminal proceedings hav e been completed and the government no longer has an evidentiary need for them

. With respect to the Rule 41(g) motion in the IRS Bivens action , the district court ordered that the government destroy, rather than return, Items 28 and 29. [SA6] Additionally , because the IRS represented that it no longer had possession

4 Items 28 and 29 were a hard drive containing scanned copies of documents and mirror images of servers and drives that the IRS had obtained in its 2010 search of the Simsbury offices. In the above

- referenced joint status report to the district court, the government stated that it intended to destroy items 28 and 29 while GMC and Carpenter argued that items 28 and 29 should be returned to them.15 of the other materials sought by plaintiffs, the district court denied the motion as moot with respect to the remaining items and entered judgment in favor of Carpenter and GMC

. 5 Neither party appealed any aspect of the district court’s
order on the Rule 41(g) motion in the IR S Bivens action

. In the DOL Bivens action, t he government opposed the Rule 41(g) motion

. Specifically, the government offered six distinct grounds in support of its need to retain the documents: (1) t o use as evidence at a retrial, if Carpenter was successful in vacating his convictions; (2) to defend against Carpenter’s Section 2255 petition; (3) to defend against Carpenter’s motion for release of grand jury minutes; (4) to defend against Carpenter’s appeal of the district court’s restitution order in his criminal case; (5) to respond to then

- anticip ated discovery in the DOL Bivens action; and (6) to defend against anticipated future litigation that could implicate
the seized documents.
On March 15, 2022, the district court granted, in part, the Rule 41(g) motion
in the instant action

. T he district court held that the government was not entitled

5 After the district court entered judgment, the government filed a notice certifying that the IRS had no paper documents in its possession from the 2010 Simsbury offices search and that it had destroyed all electronic hardware related to that search.16 to retain the property, but ordered the DOL to destroy 26 boxes of documents in its custody, rather than return ing them to plaintiffs

. 6 At the outset, the district court determined that the return of property is a permissible remedy in a Bivens action and that claim preclusion was not a bar to the Rule 41(g) motion

. The district court also rejected the government’s argument that the plaintiffs lacked standing to bring the Rule 41(g) motion and concluded that, because the criminal proceedings had ended, the government had the burden of demonstrating its need to retain the seized documents. The district court then
found that the government’s articulated inter est s in retaining the documents w ere insufficient to satisfy its burden

. The district court rejected the government’s position that it was necessary to retain evidence not introduced at trial b ecause the
Section 2255 motion would be decided on the trial record. The district court also
concluded that , “[a]s for the Bivens proceedings or any speculative proposition of a retrial, the government may not piggyback off a decade

- old warrant to withhold documents indefinitely without specifying a legitimate need for them, which it fails to do here.” Special App’x at 18. The district court further noted that the

6 By the time of the district court’s order, the parties had narrowed their dispute from 29 boxes to 26 boxes.17 government could obtain any documents necessary to respond to the pending
Bivens claims against the DOL through civil discovery. However, the court ordered the government to destroy the documents
because the government had represented that plaintiffs had copies of the documents and because “the documents contain third parties’ personally identifying information used by [p] laintiffs to perpetrate a fraud, and prudence counsels in favor of not returning them.” Id. Plaintiffs subsequently filed a motion
for reconsideration as to the portion of the district court order directing the government to destroy the documents and sought to stay the destruction order. The district court denied the reconsideration motion, including the request to stay
destruction of the documents. The government appealed

. GMC then cross - appeal ed

. 7 Th e parties also filed a joint stipulation with the district court in which they agreed that the destruction of the materials would be stayed pending resolution of this appeal, but

7 The government contends that, although both Carpenter and GMC filed the notice of appeal, Carpenter has waived his arguments on appeal because he did not file a brief on his own behalf either in response to the government’s appeal or in support of his cross

appeal, and GMC’s briefs do not indicate that they were filed on beha lf of Carpenter. We agree. In any event, even if we were to attribute GMC’s arguments to Carpenter, such arguments would fail for the same reasons explained infra

.18 the district court has not “so ordered” or taken any other action with respect to the joint stipulation.
II. JURISDICTION Prior to oral argument, this Court ordered the parties to brief the issue of this Court’s appellate jurisdiction. Having reviewed those submissions, we determine that we have jurisdiction over the district court’s order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Before explaining why we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 , we briefly review certain aspects of the complicated procedural history that bear directly on the question of appellate jurisdiction . In May 2014, while a criminal action was pending against Carpenter, Carpenter and GMC initiated a Bivens action against the defendant DOL agents. In the same complaint, they included a Rule 41(g) demand for return of property from the United States , based on the same alleged constitutional violations committed by the agents. Although the
United States wa s not named as a defendant , the plaintiffs sued Allen in both her individual and official capacities, the latter of which effectively brings in the United States as a party

. See Robinson v. Overseas Mil. Sales Corp. , 21 F.3d 502, 510 ( 2d Cir. 1994) (“[A]n action against a federal agency or federal officers in their19 official capacities is essentially a suit against the United States

. . . .”); Silver v. Smith , 70 F. App’x 17, 19 (2d Cir. 2003) (summary order) (“[B]ecause [plaintiff] sued [IRS employees] only in their official, not their individual, capacities, the district court properly substituted the United States for its employees as the
defendant in this action.”). Moreover, the Rule 41(g) allegations in the complaint do not mention any of the individual defendants, referencing only “the government.” J oint A pp’x at 23. The defendants were at all times represented by the United States Attorney, and in all proceedings regarding Rule 41(g), the parties proceeded without objection to litigate the interests of the United States, not the
individual DOL agents, in retaining the property at issue. We therefore do the

same. All aspects of the civil case were stayed, however, pending the resolution of the criminal proceedings against Carpenter, during which the district court denied a motion to suppress the seized documents on Fourth Amendment grounds. When the district court, upon the final resolution of the criminal c ase , turned its
attention to the Bivens action, the substance of the motion changed. Rather than renew their claims that the documents had been illegally seized, the plaintiffs based the Rule 41(g) motion on th e simpler theory that , whether or not the20 property had been lawfully seized, the plaintiffs as owners of the property were entitled to its return, because, with the criminal case resolved, the government no longer had a legitimate reason to retain it. 8
Because that motion appear s on the docket of t he Bivens action , which has not yet reached a final judgment, the district court’s resolution of that motion may look like the type of interlocutory order that we lack jurisdiction to review. But that appearance is misleading. First, the motion has no bearing on the Bivens action itself. The demand for the return of seized property, based on the termination of the criminal case, seeks relief from the government, not from the individual defendants from whom damages are sought for violating the plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. The motion’s resolution is not a step on the way to resolving the agents’ civil liability; rather, it

see k s relief independent of the liability of the agents for damages for their alleged
constitutional v iolations.

8 Rule 41(g) (then numbered 41(e)) had been amended to make clear that “a person whose property ha s been lawfully seized may seek return of property when aggrieved by the government’s continued possession of it.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 41 a dvisory c ommittee ’s n ote to 1989 Amendment.21 Second, there is an extensive body of law relating to the proper characterization of Rule 41(g) motions. It bears emphasis that Rule 41(g) is a rule
of criminal procedure; it is not a rule that relates to the processing of civil cases. When the motion is made on the docket of a pending criminal case, on the ground that the property in question was illegally seized, the motion has typically been treated as an interlocutory suppression motion, and it has long been the rule that
an adverse decision on the mo tion is not appealable. See Grant v. United States , 282 F.2d 165, 169 (2d Cir. 1960). 9 But while Rule 41(g) is a rule of criminal procedure, we have also long held that where, as here, a motion under that rule is filed “ [a] fter a criminal proceeding has ended, ” the district court should construe such a motion “ as initiatin g a civil action in equity. ” Lavin v. United States , 299 F.3d 123, 127 (2d Cir. 2002) ; s ee also Viola v. United States , 203 F. App’x 366 , 366 (2d Cir. 2006) (summary order) (“[A] motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41([g]) made after the conclusion of the movant’s criminal proceedings is treated as a new civil action for equitable relief.” ( citation s omitted ) ) . In other words, we often treat Rule 41(g)

9 With respect to suppression motions that have been granted , the government has since been given, by statute, a right to file an interlocutory appeal. 18 U.S.C. § 3731.22 motions after the completion of criminal proceedings as stand

- alone civil action s in equity that are conceptually and procedurally distinct from the action s in which
the motion s w ere docketed. 10 “Finality is determined on the basis of pragmatic, not needlessly rigid pro forma , analysis.” Mead v. Reliastar Life Ins. Co. , 768 F.3d 102, 109 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see Nelson v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am. , 468 F.3d 117, 119 (2d Cir. 2006) (“We are instructed to give Section 1291 a practical, as opposed to technical, construction.”). Moreover, the rationale underlying the finality requirement is “to provide the parties with an opportunity

10 T he Supreme Court announced in DiBella v. United States that decisions on even pre
indictment motions under then

- Rule 41(e) can be final under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 , but only if the motion is “[1] solely for return of property and is [2] in no way tied to a criminal prosecution in esse against the movant.” 369 U.S. 121, 131

– 32 (1962). In other words, “ [i]f a motion for the return of property is made independently of a criminal prosecution

— in that it is not intended to gain some strategic advantage for a criminal defendant

— the order denying relief is final.” United States v. Nocito , 64 F.4th 76, 81 (3d Cir. 2023) (explaining that “an order denying a Rule 41(g) motion can be final because such a motion, unlike a motion to suppress, could be premised entirely on property rights and not intertwined with a criminal prosecution in any way” (citation omitted) ). We have read DiBella as announcing a test for when a preindictment Rule 41(g) appeal is “final for purposes of [§ 1291]. ” Standard Drywall, Inc. v. United States , 668 F.2d 156, 157

– 58 & n.3 (2d Cir. 1982). Although the Rule 41(g) motion at issue here is not a pre

- indictment motion, it nonetheless sufficiently meets the requirements set out in DiBella to the extent that those requirements appl y to post

- indictment or post

- proceeding Rule 41(g) motions

. See, e.g. , Nocito , 64 F. 4 th at 83 (applying DiBella to both pre

- and post

- indictment Rule 41(g) motion s ).23 for a single review of all the questions raised at the trial level

. . . and thereby to avoid the waste of time and the delay in reaching trial finality which ensue when piecemeal appeals are permitted.” Nelson , 468 F.3d at 119 ( internal quotation
marks and citation omitted ). The district court’s order here finally resolves the single dispute between the parties to the Rule 41(g) motion

— that is , GMC and the
United States

— as opposed to the ongoing Bivens action which, although appearing on the same docket, is between plaintiffs and the individual

- capacity defendants and remains unaffected by the district court’s order. Accordingly, there is nothing “piecemeal” about the appellate review here. That is why although the district court’s order on Rule 41(g) may not look like a “final
decision” in form , it is a “final decision” in function that “conclusively determine[d] the pending claims of all the parties” in the separate action

- within

- an - action

“ leaving nothing for the court to do but execute its decision” with respect to the Rule 41(g) action. Mead , 768 F.3d at 109 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)

. Accordingly, we conclude that we have appellate jurisdiction to review the district court’s resolution of the Rule 41(g) motion.24 III. MERITS DISCUSSION The government argues that Carpenter’s pending Section 2255 motion challenging his convictions constitutes a legitimate need under Rule 41(g) for it to
retain the seized materials at issue at this juncture. As set forth below, we agree. After the completion of a criminal proceeding, a district court’s order granting the return of property is a civil equitable remedy. See United States v. Zaleski , 686 F.3d 90, 92 (2d Cir. 2012) ; Diaz v. United States , 517 F.3d 608, 610 (2d Cir. 2008). “We review a district court's grant or denial of equitable relief for abuse of discretion,
but we review de novo any legal conclusion underlying such a decision .” Zaleski , 686 F.3d at 92

. Rule 41(g) provides that “[a] person aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure of property or by the deprivation of property may move for the property’s return.” Fed. R. Crim P. 41(g). As originally adopted, the Rule 41 provision governing the return o f property, then codified as Rule 41(e), 11 “provided a method for enforcing the protection against unreasonable search and seizure

11 In 2002, Rule 41 was reorganized, and subsection (e) was redesignated as subsection (g) without substantive change. See De Almeida v. United States , 459 F.3d 377, 380 n.2 (2d Cir. 2006). “Accordingly, courts have applied the case law concerning former Rule 41(e) to the current Rule 41(g).” Id.25 guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment.” 3A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 690 (4th ed. 2023). That changed with a 1989 amendment that expanded then

- Rule 41(e)’s scope to allow “a person whose property has been lawfully seized [to] seek return of property when aggrieved by the government's continued possession of it.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 41 advisory committee’s note to 1989 amendment (emphasis added). The 1989 amendment
reflected the well

- established understanding that “goods no t in the nature of contraband, which were legally seized, should be returned when their evidentiary utility is exhausted.” Bova v. United States , 460 F.2d 404, 406 n.5 (2d Cir. 1972) (Friendly, C.J. ). 12 In sum, as the advisory committee for the 1989 amendment explained, “[t]he amended rule contemplates judicial action that will respect both possessory and law enforcement interests.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 41 advisory
committee’s note to 1989 amendment

. Several district courts within this Circuit have noted that we have never directly addressed the question s of whether the movant or the government bears the evidentiary burden in the context of a Rule 41(g) motion and when, if ever, that

12 The advisory committee’s note to 1989 amendment referenced United States v. Wilson , 540 F.2d 1100 (D.C. Cir. 1976), a case that cited our decision in Bova with approval. See id. at 1103 & n.4.26 burden shifts. See, e.g. , United States v. Morgan , 443 F. Supp. 3d 405, 407 (W.D.N.Y. 2020); Awan v. United States , No. 12

- cv - 3844 (JS), 2014 WL 1343129, at *3 (E.D.N.Y.
Mar. 31, 2014); Hallock v. United States , No. 09

- cv - 1141 (DNH/DEP), 2010 WL 4025615, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. July 28, 2010) , report and recommendation adopted , No. 09

-

cv - 11411, 2010 WL 4022935 (N.D.N.Y. Oct. 13, 2010) ; Sash v. United States , No. 09

-

cv - 450 (DC), 2009 WL 3007379, at *3 & n.4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 2009). We now clarify
that , during the pend ency of a n ongoing criminal investigation or proceeding, the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that the government’s retention of
the seized property is unreasonable. See United States v. Chambers , 192 F.3d 374,
37 7 (3d Cir. 1999) ; see also Ramsden v. United States , 2 F.3d 322, 326 (9th Cir. 1993) (“The United States’ retention of the property generally is reasonable if it has a need for the property in an investigation or prosecution .”)

. However, once the criminal proceeding is completed, there is a presumption that non - c ontraband property should be returned to its owner and , thus, the evidentiary burden under Rule 41(g) shifts to the government to demonstrate that it has a “legitimate reason” for retaining the seized property. Lavin , 299 F.3d at 128. In other words, “[a]27 defendant’s [or third party’s] right to the return of lawfully seized property is subject to the [g]overnment’s legitimate continuing interest in that property.” Id

. 13 In articulating this evidentiary framework, we are in agreement with our
sister circuits that have also determined

— consistent with Rule 41(g)’s purpose

— that “[t]he government can rebut the presumption that property ought to be returned by proving a ‘legitimate reason’ for retaining the property that is
‘reasonable under all of the circumstances.’” United States v. Gladding , 775 F.3d 1149, 1152 (9th Cir. 2014) (alteration adopted) (citation omitted); accord Perez

- Colon v. Camacho , 206 F. App’x 1, 3 (1st Cir . 2006) (per curiam) ; United States v. Pitts , 639 F. App’x 105, 107 (3d Cir. 2016) (per curiam); United States v. Roca , 676 F. App’x
194 , 194

– 95 (4th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) ; United States v. Jackson , 771 F.3d 900, 902 (5th Cir. 2014) ; United States v. Silva , 26 F. App’x 544, 547 (7th Cir. 2001) (unpublished order) ; Jackson v. United States , 526 F.3d 394, 397

– 98 (8th Cir. 2008); United States v. Rodriguez

- Aguirre , 264 F.3d 1195, 1213 n.14 (10th Cir. 2001); United
States v. Potes Ramirez , 260 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir. 2001).

13 The district court relied on the substantially similar standard we articulated in United States v. David , 131 F.3d 55 (2d Cir. 1997); however, that decision was decided in the context of a constitutional due process challenge to a government seizure of property, see id. at 58

– 59, and is not directly on point here given that GMC has only invoked Rule 41(g).28 Here, applying th is standard , we conclude that the district court exceeded
its discretion in determining that the pending Section 2255 motion did not create

a legitimate need for the government to ret ain the documents even after the completion of Carpenter’s criminal proceedings. In rejecting the government’s
argu ment that it needed the seized materials to defend against the Section 2255 motion, t he district court reasoned that the government had “no need to retain
materials that were not introduced as evidence” at Carpenter’s criminal trial
because the Section 2255 motion would be decided based on the trial record. Special App’x at 18. However, th at reasoning failed to take into account the specific claims that Carpenter asserts in his Section 2255 motion, which relate directly to the seized property at issue. In particular, he contends that the agents executing the search exceeded the scope of the warrant

. H e also asserts that the government failed to disclose Brady material that was contained within the seized
documents. In order to defend against these claims , the government may need to utilize the entirety of the documents seized during the search, not just the seized documents admitted as exhibits during the trial. Moreover, a district court is not limited to the trial record in addressing claims for relief under Section 2255. Indeed, Section 2255 requires the district court29 to hold a hearing , or to “use methods . . . to expand the record without conducting
a full

- blown testimonial hearing,” Chang v. United States , 250 F.3d 79, 86 (2d Cir. 2001), “[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief,” Puglisi v. United States , 586 F.3d 209, 213 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255( b ))

. Thus, the district court erred in concluding that the seized documents could have no bearing on the government’s defense aga inst the claims related to the search in the pending Section 2255 motion , or in the district court’s resolution of those claims.
E ven apart from the government’s articulated need to retain the materials to defend against the particular claims in Carpenter’s Section 2255 motion, we
conclude that t h e government demonstrated a legitimate need to retain the seized materials during the pendency of the Section 2255 motion in order to preserve its ability to use the seized materials as evidence in a potential retrial should Carpenter prevail in his collateral attack o n his criminal convictions. In the context of a Rule 41(g) motion made while a defendant’s direct appeal is still pending,

cou rts have recognized that t he government has a legitimate need to retain seized materials because of the possibility of a retrial if an appeal is successful. See, e.g. , United States v. Saunders , 957 F.2d 1488, 1495 (8 th Cir. 1992) (affirming denial of30 Rule 41 motion on the basis that “[t]he motion for the return of the [seized] paperwork, even papers that were not introduced at trial, was premature because defendant’s direct appeal was still pending ”)

. That same logic applies with equal
force here , where the conviction is being collateral ly attack ed under Section 225 5 and , thus, rebuts the general presumption that the seized materials should be returned once the criminal proceeding has ended

. See, e.g. , United States v. Mendez , 860 F.3d 1147, 1150 (8 th Cir. 2017) ( recognizing that “[t]he pendency of a direct appeal or a post

- conviction proceeding might justify the government ’ s further retention of property as potential evidence in a criminal case” ). 14

14 GMC argues that a retrial is not possible because the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Constitution would bar a second trial in the event that Carpenter’s Section 2255 motion is successful. The Double Jeopardy Clause does not categorically bar the retrial of a defendant whose convictions are overturned on direct appeal or collateral attack. See, e.g. , Lockhart v. Nelson , 488 U.S. 33, 38 (1988) (“[T]he Double Jeopardy Clause’s general prohibition against successive prosecutions does not prevent the government from retrying a defendant who succeeds in getting his first conviction set aside, through direct appeal or collate ral attack, because of some error in the proceedings leading to conviction.”). Having said that, we express no view as to whether, under the particular circumstances of this case, the Double Jeopardy Clause could bar any retrial of Carpenter should his Se ction 2255 motion prevail. Instead, we more narrowly conclude that the government’s legitimate need to retain seized property as evidence during a pending Section 2255 motion challenging a conviction is not weakened at this stage by any anticipated legal or practical obstacles to a retrial should the collateral attack on the conviction be successful. See generally United States v. Gulledge , 739 F.2d 582, 586 (11th Cir. 1984) (“If [the defendant] believes that the introduction of certain evidence at his second trial will constitute double jeopardy or violate any other rights, he may press the claim in the district court and on appeal after f inal judgment has been entered against him.”).31 During a conference on the Rule 41(g) motion, the district court suggested
that the government did not need to retain the seized materials because , in a potential retrial, the government could rely upon copies of the previously admitted trial documents to prove its case. However, “[u ]pon

. . . reversal of a conviction [ , ] the [g] overnment is not limited at a new trial to the evidence presented at the first trial, but is free to strengthen its case in any way it can by the
introduction of new evidence .” United States v. Shotwell Mfg. Co. , 355 U.S. 233, 243 (1957) ; see also United States v. Gallagher , 602 F.2d 1139, 1143 (3rd Cir. 1979) (“[A] part from the requirement that the new evidence conform to the indictment, there is no reason to restrict the government ’ s case at a second trial. By the same token, the defense is also free to present testimony at the retrial which it had not
utilized in the first encounter. ”). In rejecting the government’s argument, the district court overlook ed the many scenarios in which the government may need to offer new evidence at a retrial , including from the seized materials , even though the evidence was not offered at the first trial

. For example, if the Section 2255 motion were granted based upon the Supreme Court’s rejection in Ciminelli of the “right

- to

- control” theory of wire fraud (under which Carpenter was prosecuted and the jury was32 instructed) , in a retrial the government might focus on an alternative theory of criminal liability against Carpenter, with a potential need to utiliz e other evidence
from the seized materials to support the alternative theory. In addition, although Carpenter consented to a bench trial at the first trial, he could opt for a jury at any
retrial , and the government thereby may need to adjust its trial strategy to present differen t evidence to a jury. Moreover, Carpenter would be free to offer new defenses and legal arguments at a retrial and , under those circumstances, the government may need to rely upon additional evidence from the seized materials to respond, including to rebut new evidence offered by the defendant at a retrial. In short, when a Section 2255 motion is pending, Rule 41(g) does not operate to limit the government’s evidentiary options at a r e trial if the motion is successful

. 15 Instead, t he existence of a pending Section 2255 motion challenging a conviction
creates a legitimate need for the government to retain any seized materials that

15 GMC points out that

— to the extent it is formally a separate entity from Carpenter

— it has never been charged with a criminal offense. However, the government may lawfully seize evidence from even innocent third parties. See Zurcher v. Stanford Daily , 436 U.S. 547, 560 (1978) (holding that the Fourth Amendment allows for warrants where “the owner or possessor of the place to be searched is not . . . reasonably suspected of criminal involvement”).33 could be used as evidence at a potential retrial , even if the materials were not
introduced as evidence in the first trial

. 16 At oral argument, counsel for GMC also noted that the success rate of Section 2255 motions is statistically “negligible” and suggested that a court should take that reality into consideration when assessing the government’s claim that it
need s to retain the evidence for a potential retrial because of a pending collateral
attack

. Oral Arg. at 31:40

– 57. We disagree. As a n initial matter, counsel’s suggestion is inconsistent with his recent Rule 28(j) letter to this Court, which argued that two recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, including Ciminelli , “will have a major impact on the future of the litigation between the parties [in this case].” GMC Rule 28(j) Letter at 1 ( 2d Cir. June 20, 2023), ECF No. 102. In any
event, even assuming arguendo that a particular Section 2255 motion has a low probability of success, that assessment does not undermine the government’s legitimate need to retain the seized materials while the motion is pending. Courts

16 Critical to this portion of our holding is that the pending Section 2255 motion seeks to vacate the convictions and , thus, a grant of Carpenter’s requested relief implicates a potential retrial on the charges. We need not decide now whether a pending Section 2255 motion that does not challenge the underlying conviction but rather seeks a narrower form of relief, such as a resentencing, creates a legitimate need to retain the seized materials. Nor need we speculate whether the government has a legitimate need to retain the seized materials because of the mere possibility of a Section 2255 motion.34 do not consider the likelihood of success of a pending direct appeal of a defendant’s criminal convictions in determining whether the government is permitted under Rule 41(g) to retain evidence for a retrial if the appeal is successful, and we do not require such a consideration under Rule 41(g) in connection with a pending Section 2255 motion. In other words, we conclude the presumed right to the return of seized materials following the completion of the criminal proceedings is rebutted by the existence of the pending Section 2255 motion challenging the conviction , due to the government’s legitimate need to retain seized materials as evidence at a potential retrial, regardless of the
likelihood of success of that motion. For similar reasons, we do not impose a requirement that the government
demonstrate its need to use the seized materials at a potential retrial on a
document

- by

- document basis. See generally Harbor Healthcare Sys., L.P. v. United
States , 5 F.4th 593, 601 n.4 (5th Cir. 2021) (per curiam) (explaining , in the context of

a Rule 41(g) motion , that the district court was not required to review “each and every document” for claim s of privilege but rather could do so “ based on categories of documents ”). As discussed above, g iven the many variables that
may a ffect the relevance of various seized documents at a retrial, such a35 requirement would place the government and ultimately the district court (which would be required to make any such determination) in an unworkable position when faced with a large volume of seized materials related to an underlying criminal prosecution . Instead, in such situations, the “legitimate need” requirement under Rule 41(g) can be satisfied by the government as long as the categor y of documents at issue would be potentially admissible at a retrial. Here, although GMC generally argued that a potential retrial was not sufficient justification for retaining the seized materials during a pending Section 2255 motion (which we reject for reasons discussed supra ) , it did not contend in the district court (nor does it argue on appeal) that particular categories of documents
in the seized materials could not possibly be admitted at a retrial.
O ur holding is consistent with the conclusion s reached by many other courts
under similar circumstances

. For example, i n United States v. Alford , the Eleventh
Circuit held that , where the defendant had a pending motion to vacate his conviction, “[t]he [g] overnment has a legitimate need to retain the evidence until [defendant] exhausts his post

- conviction remedies because it would need the evidence at a new trial if his motion to vacate is successful.” 805 F. App’x 924, 926 (11th Cir. 2020) (per curiam). In addition, two unpublished decisi ons from the36 Ninth Circuit reached the same outcome

. S ee United States v. Basey , 837 F. App’x
603 , 603 (9th Cir. 2021) (unpublished) (“The government demonstrated a reasonable need to retain the property in light of [defendant’s] pending collateral attack on his 2017 convictions.”); United States v. Davis , 749 F. App’x 618, 619 n.1 (9th Cir. 2019) (unpublished) (“The district court properly denied [defendant’s] motion to return the remaining items of property in light of the government’s explanation that it was retaining the property in connection with [defendant’s] pending habeas corpus proceedings under 28 U.S .C. § 2255. ”)

. Numerous d istrict court decisions have also reached the same conclusion

. See, e.g. , United States v. Kourani , No. 17

- cr - 417 (AKH) , 2022 WL 19762, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 3, 2022) ; Sosa

- Pintor v. United States , No. 19

- cv - 033 ( CAN ) , 2019 WL 2273758, at *2 (E.D. Tex. Apr. 22, 2019), report and recommendation adopted , No. 19

-

cv - 33 (MAC) , 2019 WL 2267293 (E.D. Tex. May 24, 2019); United States v. Cobb , No.
14

- cr - 123 (CEH) , 2017 WL 3499257, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 16, 2017); Mendoza v. United States , 10

- cv - 9002 (HB), 2011 WL 1345712, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 4, 2011);37 United States v. Reyes , No. 06

- cr - 5005 ( FDB ) , 2010 WL 996416, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 15, 2010)

. 17 Here, t he district court expressed its concern that “[t]he government
shouldn’t be allowed to take documents pursuant to a warrant and hold them indefinitely

. . . for whatever purpose it wants.” Joint App’x at 56. Along similar lines, GMC emphasizes a government attorney’s statement at oral argument to

a nother panel of this Court , in the first appeal in the IRS Bivens action, that once the criminal case is over, all materials would be returned. To be sure, we recognize that “the government may not by exercising its power to seize, effect a de facto forfeiture by retaining the property seized indefini tely.” Rodriguez

- Aguirre , 264
F.3d at 1212 (alteration adopted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). However, w e find that legitimate concern not to be implicated in the current posture of this case

. First, we note that, a lthough th e documents were seized by the government over a decade ago , only relatively recently did Carpenter’s
conviction become final on direct appeal when the U nited States Supreme Court
denied his petition for certiorari in 2020. Moreover, our narrow holding today is

17 Counsel for GMC acknowledged at oral argument that he was unaware of any court reaching a contrary holding. Our own research has not uncovered any such conflicting authority.38 tied to the uncertainty surrounding the criminal convictions created by the pending Section 2255 motion and by no means allow s for the government’s indefinite retention of the seized property. If the pending Section 2255 motion is denied, the legitimate need that we have found sufficient to satisfy Rule 41(g) will cease to exist and, if the government wishes to continue to retain the property, it will be required to meet its burden of demonstrating another leg itimate need for
such retention. 18 In sum, we conclude that the district court exceeded its discretion in granting the Rule 41(g) motion and holding that the government failed to

18 We recognize that the government has articulated other alternative grounds to support its legitimate need to retain the documents under the Rule 41(g) standard, including the pending litigation over the restitution order, the ongoing Bivens action which contains a claim related to the legality of the 2011 search, and the pro se motions to dismiss the indictment and for grand jury materials filed by Carpenter. We need not (and do not) address these alternative grounds raised by the government. Instead, if the current ground for retention based upon the pending Section 2255 motio n and a potential retrial were to fade away , plaintiffs can renew their Rule 41(g) motion in the district court , and any remaining arguments for retention of the materials articulated by the government at that juncture would be reassessed by the district court in the first instance. Additionally, to the extent that GMC alleges that the seized documents should be re turned on the grounds that they were illegally seized, “because the district court did not reach this question below, we decline to address it for the first time on appeal.” Holland v. Goord , 758 F.3d 215, 223 (2d Cir. 2014). We nonetheless note that the district court in Carpenter’s criminal case rejected similar arguments in its order denying Carpenter’s suppression motion, which this Court subsequently affirmed.39 demonstrate a legitimate need to retain the property at issue to defend against Carpenter’s pending Section 2255 motion collaterally attacking his convictions and also to preserve evidence for use at a potential retrial should his collateral attack
succeed

. 19
IV. CONCLUSION
We VACATE the district court ’s order and R EMAND to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion , and we DISMISS GMC ’s

cross - appeal as moot.

19 Given our determination that the government at a minimum is entitled to retain the seized materials during the pendency of the Section 2255 motion, plaintiffs’ cross

- appeal challenging the district court’s decision ordering the government to destroy the seized materials (rather than to return such materials to plaintiffs) is moot for present purposes, but plaintiffs may reassert such a challenge in the future if the same relief is ordered by the district court in connection with any renewed Rule 41(g) mot ion.