FILED

July 23, 1998

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate C ourt Clerk

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON 

 JUNE 1996 SESSION

STATE OF TENNESSEE, )

)

Appellee, ) No. 02C01-9304-CR-00071

 )

) Shelby County

v. ) 

) Honorable L. T. Lafferty, Judge 

)

DARRON CLAYTON, ) (Second Degree Murder)

) 

Appellant. )

For the Appellant: For the Appellee:

Thomas E. Hansom Charles W. Burson

659 Freeman Attorney General of Tennessee

Memphis, TN 38122 and

(AT TRIAL) William David Bridges

Assistant Attorney General of Tennessee 

425 Fifth Avenue North

Darron Clayton, Pro Se Nashville, TN 37243-0493

Lake County Regional Prison

Route 1, Box 330 John W. Pierotti, Jr.

Tiptonville, TN 38079 District Attorney General

(ON APPEAL) and

Chris B. Craft

Terrell Harris

Assistant District Attorneys General

201 Poplar Avenue

Memphis, TN 38103-1947

OPINION FILED:____________________

AFFIRMED

Joseph M. Tipton

Judge
2

O P I N I O N

The defendant, Darron Clayton, appeals as of right from his conviction by

a jury in the Shelby County Criminal Court for second degree murder, a Class A felony. 

He received a Range I, twenty-year sentence for the conviction. He contends that:

(1) there is insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction;

(2) the state and the medical examiner violated the

defendant’s constitutional rights by failing to comply with

T.C.A. § 38-7-101;

(3) the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury as to

criminally negligent homicide;

(4) the trial court improperly enhanced his sentence; and

(5) he received the ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. 

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

The defendant was convicted of killing his girlfriend, Phyllis Johnson, on

January 27, 1992. In response to a 9-1-1 call by the defendant, emergency personnel

arrived at the defendant’s house and found the victim lying unconscious in a hallway. 

The medical examiner testified that the victim died as the result of multiple blunt force

injuries.

At trial, Katonya Moore, the victim’s eighteen-year-old daughter, testified

that at the time of the victim’s death she lived with the victim and the victim’s then oneyear-old son. However, she said that the victim stayed with the defendant at his home

for two weeks before her death. Ms. Moore said that on the Saturday morning before

the victim’s death, January 25, 1992, the defendant brought the victim home. She said

that she heard the victim tell the defendant that he made her feel like leaving town. Ms.

Moore said that the defendant replied, “Girl, if you leave, I’ll kill you.” Ms. Moore stated

that the victim stayed home all day Saturday and Sunday and that the defendant called

the victim several times on both days. Ms. Moore said that she and a couple of friends
3

dropped off the victim at a club, the Chelsea Inn, at around 11:00 p.m. on Sunday,

January 26. At the time, the victim wore black jeans, boots, and a leather jacket.

Ms. Moore testified that her mother called her once from the Chelsea Inn

and called her again at 2:30 a.m. on Monday morning. She said that the victim’s voice

trembled during the second call and that the victim sounded scared. Ms. Moore said

that the victim told her that she was at the defendant’s father’s house and that she was

okay. Ms. Moore said that she asked the victim whether she should call the police and

that a strange man’s voice told her that the victim did not need her to call the police. 

Ms. Moore said that the defendant then got on the phone and said, “Katonya, I’m telling

you, you better not put them white folks in my business or you’re going to have trouble.” 

 Ms. Moore testified that she called the police, but the police told her that they could not

go to the defendant’s father’s house because she was not sure that the victim was

there. Ms. Moore said that she never heard from the victim again.

Ms. Moore testified that in the past she noticed that the victim had bruises

on her legs and arms and busted ear drums after she had stayed with the defendant.

She said that the victim had to go to the hospital for her prior injuries. On crossexamination, Ms. Moore admitted that she never saw the defendant act violently toward

the victim. Ms. Moore also explained that her seventeen-year-old friend, Taneka

Blackwell, stayed with her and her younger brother for the two weeks that the victim

stayed with the defendant. She said that she and the victim talked frequently on the

phone during the two-week period. 

Taneka Blackwell testified that she was at the victim’s home the Saturday

morning before the victim’s death. She said that she heard the victim tell the defendant

that she was going to leave town and heard the defendant threaten to kill the victim if

she left. Ms. Blackwell said that the victim stayed home all day Saturday. She said that
4

the victim did not leave the house until around 11:00 p.m. on Sunday, when she went to

the Chelsea Inn. Ms. Blackwell testified that the defendant called the victim several

times on Saturday and Sunday.

Ms. Blackwell testified that she talked to the defendant when he called the

victim’s home Sunday night after the victim had gone to the Chelsea Inn. She said that

the defendant asked where the victim was and that she told him that the victim was

asleep. She said that the defendant told her to wake up the victim and that she told

him that the victim would not wake up. Ms. Blackwell said that the defendant called

back five minutes later but that she did not speak to him. Ms. Blackwell testified that

she was listening in on the phone when the victim called at 2:30 a.m. She said that she

heard Ms. Moore ask the victim if she should call the police. She heard another man

order Ms. Moore not to call the police and then heard the defendant say, “Don’t put

them white folks in my business or you’ll have trouble.” 

During cross-examination, Ms. Blackwell testified that the defendant and

victim arrived at the victim’s home at around 8:00 a.m. on the Saturday before her

death. Although she testified that she was watching the television and talking with Ms.

Moore when she heard the defendant threaten the victim, in a statement she gave

police she said that she had been sleeping and heard the threat when she got up to use

the bathroom. Ms. Blackwell also testified that the defendant had given her a ride to

the victim’s house and had given Ms. Moore money in the past.

Linda Sanders testified that she and the victim sat together at the Chelsea

Inn. She said that the victim arrived at the club at around 10:00 or 11:00 p.m. on

January 26, 1992. She stated that at one point, the victim quickly left the table where

they were sitting and entered the kitchen. Ms. Sanders said that the defendant entered

the club and asked her whether she had seen the victim. Ms. Sanders testified that she
5

told the defendant that she had not seen the victim and that the victim was not in the

club or the bathroom. She said that the defendant looked toward the bathroom, and

she opened the door to the bathroom. She testified that the victim came out of the

kitchen after the defendant left the club.

Ms. Sanders testified that she and the victim left the club together. She

said that they were walking toward her car when a car pulled up and quickly stopped

behind them. She said that the defendant and another man got out of the car. She

stated that the defendant grabbed the victim, and they struggled. She said that the

defendant eventually threw the victim into the car, and the car drove off. Ms. Sanders

testified that her sister-in-law, who was also in the parking lot, called the police. She

admitted that her sister-in-law lied to the police about her name. 

Although Ms. Sanders testified that the victim acted scared and that she

lied to the defendant about the victim’s presence in the club because the victim was

frightened of him, she admitted that she had given a previous statement saying that the

victim acted normal that night and that she did not have any reason to lie to the

defendant. Ms. Sanders testified that the defendant was in a gray Buick Regal, similar

to a photograph of the defendant’s mother’s car that was introduced into evidence. 

However, she admitted that in a prior statement she said that she could not identify the

car or its color. Ms. Sanders testified that immediately after the victim was forced into

the car, the car drove off with the victim’s boots and legs hanging out of the door. Ms.

Sanders said she heard a gunshot, but she did not see a gun. 

Officer James J. Wilkins, a supervisor with the Communications Bureau of

the Memphis Police Department, testified that 9-1-1 received a call from a phone near

the Chelsea Inn at 12:56 a.m. on January 27, 1992. He said that the caller identified

herself as Gwen Jackson and reported that someone had been forced into a car. The
6

caller said the license plate number of the car was DV 4164, the same license plate

number that was on the defendant’s mother’s car in the photograph that was introduced

into evidence. A tape recording of the call was played for the jury.

Linda Sanders’ sister-in-law, Nina Sanders, testified that she saw the

victim at the Chelsea Inn at around 8:30 or 9:00 p.m. on January 26, 1992. She said

that the victim appeared to be upset and afraid. She stated that she saw the victim run

into the kitchen before the defendant entered the club. She watched the defendant

approach Linda Sanders, and heard the defendant ask her whether she had seen the

victim. Nina Sanders said that Linda Sanders opened the bathroom door and that the

defendant looked into the bathroom and then left the club. She said that fifteen or

twenty minutes later, she, Linda Sanders, and the victim were walking toward their cars

when the defendant and another man drove up. She said that the defendant ordered

the victim to “come here,” and the victim screamed, “No” and began running around the

car. She said that the defendant ran after the victim and hit her. The victim started

running again, and the man who was with the defendant hit her. Nina Sanders testified

that the victim was pleading for help while she was running from the defendant. The

defendant eventually pulled the victim by her coat and dragged her into the car. Nina

Sanders said that she heard a gunshot when the defendant got the victim into the car

and that she saw the defendant with a gun. She explained that the man who was with

the defendant drove the car as it left with the victim’s feet hanging out of it. She said

that she called the police but lied about her name because she was scared.

During cross-examination, Nina Sanders testified that the victim arrived at

the club between 8:00 and 9:00 p.m. She said that she saw the police arrive at the pay

phone she used but that she did not talk to them. She also described the gun the

defendant had as having a silver handle and said that she heard the victim shout that

the defendant was going to kill her.
7

Lieutenant Ronald L. Huffman, a communications commander with the

Shelby County Sheriff’s office testified that 9-1-1 received a call from the defendant’s

address at 11:10 a.m. on January 27, 1992. A tape of the call was played for the jury.

The defendant is heard on the tape telling 9-1-1 personnel that he is waiting for an

ambulance because he thinks the victim is dead. Medic personnel on the tape explain

how to check for the victim’s pulse and how to perform coronary pulmonary

resuscitation (CPR).

Officer Eugene Campbell with the Shelby County Sheriff’s Department

testified that when he arrived at the defendant’s address at 11:18 a.m. on January 27,

1992, medical personnel and firemen were working on the nude victim in a hall. He

said that he saw the defendant at the scene and saw what appeared to be bloodstains

in the bathtub and on bed wear in the laundry room. Officer Campbell also testified that

the defendant’s sister arrived at the defendant’s house with two other men after the

defendant left.

Officer Earl Quinton Perry of the Shelby County Sheriff’s Department

testified that he arrived at the scene while medical personnel were working on the

victim. He said that he noticed furniture out of place and what appeared to be blood in

a bedroom. He explained that the bed and dresser in the room were pulled away from

the wall and that the sheets were pulled away from the bed. Officer Perry said that he

drove the defendant to the police station. During the ride to the station, the defendant

asked whether he was going to be charged with murder. Officer Perry said that he told

the defendant that he was unaware of any charges against the defendant and that he

was taking the defendant to the General Investigative Bureau (G.I.B.) office for further

investigation. Officer Perry said that the defendant told him that he had been in a fight
8

with his girlfriend earlier that day and that he wanted to know whether he was going to

be charged with murder and if so, what degree of murder.

Ronald Goodwin, a lieutenant in the Detective Division of the Shelby

County Sheriff’s Department, testified that the victim was not at the scene when he

arrived. He said that he read the defendant his rights and placed him under arrest for

the victim’s death. He stated that the defendant told him that nothing the defendant

had done could have killed the victim. 

Lieutenant Goodwin explained a videotape and several pictures of the

defendant’s house that were introduced into evidence. He said that the defendant’s

patio had various degree of wetness and that a foot rug on the patio was wet

underneath and appeared to have bloodstains on it. He said that he found a pistol in

the backyard inside a plastic bag under the hood from a coat. He said that although the

yard was damp, the hood, bag and gun were dry. The basketball court in the

defendant’s back yard had muddy footprints on it. Lieutenant Goodwin said that a black

hat in the yard was dry but that the ground where the hat was located was damp. 

There was also a dog kennel in the back yard.

Lieutenant Goodwin said that when he entered the door from the patio

into the defendant’s bar room he found a muddy floor with drops of what appeared to

be blood. He described dry muddy shoes he found in the house and spots on carpet

inside the house that appeared to be bloodstained. There was a phone off of the hook

in the defendant’s weight room and small stains on the carpet. The master bedroom

had a bloodstained bandage on the floor and a bloodstained mattress cover on the bed. 

One of the metal bars on the bed frame was broken at the foot of the bed. Lieutenant

Goodwin testified that the carpet and a chair in the master bedroom appeared to have

bloodstains on them. The stains on the carpet appeared to have been wiped, and the
9

stains on the chair were in the place that a person’s leg would hit if the person was

sitting in the chair. Lieutenant Goodwin found bandages on the television in the master

bedroom.

Lieutenant Goodwin testified that he found more bloodstains in the master

bathroom. He said that there were stains on the floor that appeared to have been

wiped, stains on a first-aid kit on the vanity, and stains on items in the first-aid kit. 

Lieutenant Goodwin said that there were two wet washcloths in one of the master

bathroom sinks and another wet washcloth in the other sink. He also saw a pair of

black pants with panties in them on the floor in the master bathroom.

In the room he called bedroom number three, Lieutenant Goodwin

collected bloodstained sheets from the bed, a wet washcloth from the dresser, and a

bloodstained pair of underwear-type shorts that he found under the covers of the bed. 

The sheets, washcloth, and shorts were introduced into evidence. In the laundry room,

Lieutenant Goodwin collected bloodstained sheets and a comforter from the floor and 

bloodstained sheets and a comforter from the washing machine. In a bathroom at the

end of the hall where the paramedics worked on the victim, Lieutenant Goodwin saw

what appeared to be bloodstains on the tub drain. A photograph of the drain was

introduced into evidence.

Lieutenant Goodwin testified that after he examined the hall bathroom, he

entered a bedroom that he referred to as bedroom number two. The bed in bedroom

number two did not have any bed clothing on the bed but had a bloodstained plastic

covering the mattress. Lieutenant Goodwin said that he collected a pair of socks from

behind the door and a towel from the floor. He described the socks as being badlysoiled, white crew socks with several small spots on them. Lieutenant Goodwin
10

testified that he found the coat that the victim wore to the Chelsea Inn on a chair in the

den.

Lieutenant Goodwin testified that as he was leaving the defendant’s

house, he noticed a car that matched the description given during the 9-1-1 call from

the phone near the Chelsea Inn. He said that he verified the car’s tag number, and

then seized it.

During cross-examination, Lieutenant Goodwin admitted that he did not

videotape several rooms and closets in the defendant’s house. He stated that he saw

women’s clothes, handbags, and shoes in a bedroom closet and that he did not check

the sizes of the clothes. He said that he also did not check the size of the muddy tennis

shoes he found inside the house. He said that he did not remember seeing any

furniture that was clearly out of place in the house.

Lieutenant Goodwin testified that he was unable to find any fingerprints on

the gun that was found in the defendant’s yard. He said that the defendant’s hands

were tested to determine whether he had recently fired a gun. However, Lieutenant

Goodwin said that he chose not to send the tests to the lab because he did not believe

that the results would have been reliable based on the amount of time that had passed

before the test was administered. 

Lieutenant Goodwin testified that there were two glasses on the

defendant’s bar but that he did not dust them for fingerprints. He said that he also did

not try to lift fingerprints from the washing machine, the hydrogen peroxide bottles that

were found in two of the bedrooms, or the first-aid pack. Lieutenant Goodwin said that

he neither looked for nor found any broken glass in the house.
11

Ronald Ragghianti, a former officer with the General Investigations

Division of the Shelby County Sheriff’s Department, testified that he viewed the victim’s

body at the Shelby County Medical Examiner’s office. He said that the victim had what

appeared to be a belt buckle impression and a chain impression on the left side of her

chest. He said that he obtained a search warrant for the defendant’s house where he

confiscated three belts, two exercise belts, two pieces of chain, and a small baseball

bat. He stated that he only searched the garage and lower level of the house. He said

that he did not recall looking inside the closet in the master bedroom. He admitted that

he did not secure the evidence in an evidence bag, although he had been trained to do

so.

Bobbie Stacks, a forensic serologist with the University of Tennessee in

Memphis, testified that she went to Graves Wrecker Service on February 4, 1992, and

examined the defendant’s mother’s 1981 Grand Prix. She said that she collected

several loose items from the car including two shoes, a towel, a hat, a belt, and a

broken blade of some type. She explained that she collected the items for further

testing because they appeared to be stained or to have possible body fluids on them.

She said that she also cut out three stains from the front seat and an area of the seat

that was not stained. 

Paulette Sutton, the supervisor of Forensic Serology at the University of

Tennessee toxicology lab, testified that she went to the defendant’s house on January

27, 1992. She said that there were Type O bloodstains on the patio step to the

defendant’s house, on a rug on the patio, and on the wood floor in the bar area of the

defendant’s house. She explained that some of the stains in the bar area were a bit

smeared, as if something had moved across them while they were wet. She said that

the left side of the foot of the recliner in the master bedroom had human blood on it but

that she could not determine the blood type. 
12

The parties stipulated that the medical supplies, sheets, washcloths,

comforters and towels that were collected from the defendant’s house had the victim’s

blood on them. They stipulated that the victim’s blood was on the carpet in the hallway

where she had lain and that the victim’s blood may be present below the knees of the

black jeans found at the defendant’s house.

Ms. Sutton testified that she analyzed bloodstain patterns in various

rooms of the defendant’s house. With respect to the master bedroom, she testified that

there were multiple stains on the floor. She said that a bloodstain pattern on the floor

near the door leading to the master bathroom was consistent with a bloody, single-edge

knife coming in contact with the floor. She explained that the stain displayed the curve

of the blade side and the back side. Ms. Sutton said that she noticed faint stains on the

floor of the master bathroom that were consistent with bloodstains that had been

diluted. She said that a washcloth in the bathroom had a large amount of green lint on

it that was consistent with a carpet sample from the hallway.

Ms. Sutton testified that she found a stain in the hallway close to the door

of the hall bathroom. In the hall bathroom she saw stains on a bath mat in front of the

vanity, stains on the floor, and in the tub. She explained that there were some “swiping”

stains on the edge of the bath tub, indicating that there was movement across the

surface after something bloody had come into contact with it. She said that the stains

near the drain were positioned as if there was water in the tub and someone released

the stopper. 

Ms. Sutton testified that the fitted sheet that was on the bed in bedroom

number three had bloodstains in the lower right corner. She said that some of the

stains overlapped, indicating a possible time lapse or movement of the bloody object. 

She said that the stains contained linear patterns and explained that they were
13

consistent with movement or dragging of the bloody object toward the bottom of the

bed.

Ms. Sutton also tested several items that had been taken from the laundry

room. She said that a green comforter taken from the laundry room had linear stains

on it. She said that the stains originated on the inside of the comforter and were very

faint, indicating that they had been diluted. She said that a second comforter taken

from the laundry room also had stains on it that had originated on its interior side. She

testified that a fitted green sheet taken from the laundry room had stains on one end of

it extending from side to side. She explained that the sheet had some swiping stains

and that some of the stains had linear borders. Ms. Sutton testified that she did not find

any blood on any of the pillowcases.

Ms. Sutton testified that the boxer shorts that were found in bedroom

number three had the victim’s blood on them. She explained that there were several

areas of staining on the front of the shorts but that the staining was limited to the waste

band on the back of the shorts. She said that the majority of the stains originated on

the outside of the shorts but that a few stains could have originated on the inside of the

shorts. She said that the stains on the shorts had been diluted. With respect to the

socks collected from bedroom two, Ms. Sutton said that they were dirty with bloodstains

on top of the dirt, indicating that the socks were soiled and then the individual wearing

them traveled through blood.

Ms. Sutton tested the items taken from the defendant’s mother’s car. She

testified that one cutting from the front seat tested positive for human blood that was

consistent with Type O blood. She said that a towel recovered from the backseat

tested positive for blood but that she was unable to determine the species from which

the blood came. She said that two cuttings from the front seat of the car, a belt, a left
14

shoe, and a hat screened positive for blood but that she was unable to confirm that the

substance on the items was blood. A right shoe and a blade taken from the car

screened negative for blood.

During cross-examination Ms. Sutton testified that forty-seven percent of

the population have Type O blood. She said that she did not know how long the

bloodstain had been in the car before it was collected. She stated that time is of the

essence when conducting tests for blood. Although the crime occurred on January 27,

1992, she said that the items were not collected from the car until February 4, 1992,

and that she did not test the items until September 2, 1992. She explained that the

seven-month delay in testing the items was due to a backlog and an individual from the

sheriff’s department telling her that she did not need to process the evidence. 

Ms. Sutton testified that she received bed sheets, towels, socks,

pillowcases, washcloths, a pair of jeans and other items taken from the defendant’s

house on March 3, 1993, fourteen months after she had visited the crime scene. She

described the jeans as having cuts below the knee. She said that all the sheets taken

from the defendant’s house had blood on one end of them and that the mattresses

were stained at the end of the bed. She explained that some of the stains on the

sheets were consistent with someone lying in bed with a bleeding foot and moving it. 

She said that she did not do any tests to determine whether first aid had been

administered to the victim before the stains on the bed were made. She said that there

is no way to determine whether someone bled directly onto sheets or through gauze.

Dr. Violette Hnilica, a forensic pathologist with the Shelby County Medical

Examiner’s office, testified that she conducted an autopsy of the victim. She

determined that the victim died as the result of multiple blunt force injuries. She said

that the victim had a blood alcohol content of .02 percent at the time of her death. Dr.
15

Hnilica explained that the victim was not intoxicated, and she said that she did not find

any other drugs in the victim’s system. Dr. Hnilica said that the victim had Type O

blood.

Dr. Hnilica explained photographs she had taken of several of the victim’s

injuries. She said that the victim had several extensive contusions on the trunk of her

body. She said that the victim suffered extensive deep bruising and deep

hemorrhaging under the bruised areas. She said that the most extensive hemorrhaging

was in the victim’s arms but that there was similar hemorrhaging in the upper part of the

victim’s legs.

Dr. Hnilica explained that much of the deep bruising did not have any

specific pattern but that she did recognize eleven specific patterns that formed a minor

part of the victim’s injuries. She identified a donut-patterned area and several

semicircular patterns on the victim’s mid-trunk and upper abdomen area. She

explained that the semicircular patterns were pinkish with a superficial abrasion pattern

and a deep contusion. The victim had a belt-buckle-shaped scar and a bruise that was

made by a rod-shaped object similar to a broom handle on her abdomen. Dr. Hnilica

testified that the victim also suffered extensive bruising on her back and that she had

two rod-shaped patterns on the left side of her mid-back area.

With respect to the victim’s lower body, Dr. Hnilica testified that the victim

had extensive bruising in the upper thigh area, around her knees, shin, and calf areas

and extending down to her feet. The victim had a semicircular cut on her left big toe, an

abrasion on her left ankle, a cut on the edge of her right foot, and cuts on both of her

legs. Dr. Hnilica said that the cuts in the victim’s jeans generally coincided with the cuts

on her body. She said that a cut on the victim’s left leg was one-half inch in breadth

and one-and-a-half inches deep. A cut below the victim’s right knee was three-fourths
16

of an inch in breadth and one inch deep. Dr. Hnilica said that the cut below the victim’s

right knee went to the bone and that it had very specific characteristics of a knife-type

wound. Dr. Hnilica said that the cut on the victim’s left leg was also characteristic of a

stab wound. She said that she could not tell the order in which the victim’s injuries

occurred but that the wound on the right leg had characteristics indicating that it was

inflicted hours before the victim’s death. She explained that the stab wounds did not

cause the bruising behind and around them. Instead, a blunt force, pressure-type injury

caused the bruising behind and around the cuts.

Dr. Hnilica testified that the victim’s arms showed bruising and swelling

and that both of the victim’s arms were broken with multiple fractures. Specifically, she

said that the ulna bones in the victim’s arms were broken and that the ulna bone in the

left arm was totally displaced from its joint. She noted that the victim did not have any

broken fingernails or blood under her fingernails and concluded that there was no

evidence that the victim was trying to defend herself when the injuries to her left arm

occurred. Dr. Hnilica explained that the fractures, bruising, and hemorrhaging into the

arm muscles would have been very painful to the victim, making it unlikely that the

victim would have lowered herself into a bathtub an hour after sustaining the injuries. 

Dr. Hnilica said that the pain the victim felt from the deep bruising in her arms would

have progressively increased as the swelling in her arms increased.

Dr. Hnilica also testified that the victim suffered three fractured ribs and a

one-inch tear in the back of her liver. She said that the tear in the victim’s liver was

three-fourths of an inch deep and could have been inflicted by the injuries that caused

the bruising on the victim’s back. She estimated that the injury to the victim’s liver

occurred at least four hours before the victim’s death. Dr. Hnilica testified that she

would not expect a person with the victim’s injuries to be conscious nine hours after the

injuries were inflicted.
17

During cross-examination, Dr. Hnilica admitted that a form she reviewed

before she examined the victim states, “This case is reported to be a very important

case per A.G.’s office. This suspect is most wanted.” Dr. Hnilica stated that the buckleshaped scar on the victim was probably more than two weeks old and could have been

several years old. She said that the scar did not perfectly match any of the buckles

from the belts that had been introduced into evidence. Dr. Hnilica explained that she

did not x-ray the victim’s ribs because she could see them when she opened the body. 

She estimated that the rib fractures occurred within hours of the victim’s death. She

said that at most the fractures occurred a day or two before the victim’s death.

Dr. Hnilica testified that the stab wounds on the victim’s legs could have

been caused by broken glass, but she said that the cut on the victim’s right leg was

most likely not caused by glass because it had a hilt mark, signifying the dull edge of a

single-edged blade. She said that glass likely caused the victim’s other cuts. However,

she did not find any glass fragments in the leg wounds. Dr. Hnilica testified that the

victim had three marks on her right arm that were not as old as the cut on her right leg. 

She said that the marks would have bled when they were fresh. Dr. Hnilica testified

that to her knowledge none of the wounds were examined for evidence of first-aid

cream or hydrogen peroxide.

Regarding the victim’s face, Dr. Hnilica testified that the victim had a

contusion on her cheek bone and one on her forehead. However, the victim did not

have any broken teeth or any injuries indicating that she had been struck across the

mouth.

Dr. Hnilica explained that she could not determine the time the tissue

damage occurred in this case because blood was not drawn from the victim while she

still had vital signs. She said that none of the victim’s injuries would have caused
18

immediate or sudden loss of consciousness, but the victim would have gradually lost

consciousness. Dr. Hnilica testified that falling into a bathtub could cause bruising or

fractures and that she could not say that any portion of the victim’s bruises were not

caused by her falling into the bathtub. However, she said that she could not imagine

how the victim’s arm fractures could have been caused by her falling into the bathtub

because in her opinion the fractures were caused by forces applied perpendicular to the

bones. Although Dr. Hnilica stated that a wound on the victim’s leg could have been

caused by falling into the bathtub, she said that it was not likely.

Dr. Hnilica testified that the rod-shaped bruises on the victim’s back were

pinkish, indicating that they were quite recent. She said that an ambulance gurney

usually has metal bars on the side of it that are similar to the size of a broom handle.

She also testified that a bruise on the inside of the victim’s wrist was made within hours

of the victim’s death. Dr. Hnilica stated that she had not been told how the victim was

removed from the bathtub or how the victim’s body was handled before she received it. 

Christopher Thornton testified for the defense. He said that he was

across the street from the Chelsea Inn in a fairly well-lit area talking to a friend during

the early morning hours of January 27. He said that he saw a man order a woman to

get into a car in an authoritative tone. He said that the woman got into the car after the

man ordered her to do so a second time. He said that he was not paying much

attention but that he did not see anyone throw the woman into the car. He said that the

entire incident lasted a minute or two. After the car drove off, he heard a car backfire or

a gunshot. He said that he heard the sound a few seconds after the car passed him

and that he did not think that the sound came from the same direction in which the car

was traveling. 
19

During cross-examination, Mr. Thornton said that he did not remember

telling an investigator that the backfiring sound that he heard came from the area the

car had just left. He reiterated that he was not paying much attention, but he said that 

when he glanced up he saw the woman and man entering the car on the passenger’s

side.

Fred Nesbit testified that he had known the defendant all of the

defendant’s life. He said that he saw the defendant at a store at around 12:50 a.m. or a

little after 1:00 a.m. on January 27. He said that a heavyset lady who wore boots,

pants, and a jacket accompanied the defendant. He said that the lady smiled at him,

and he noticed that she had gold teeth in her mouth. Mr. Nesbit testified that the lady

had her side turned toward him and that she seemed like she was trying to kiss the

defendant. He said that the defendant was not using a shopping cart. 

Milton Hubbard, Jr., testified that he and the defendant have been friends

for fifteen years. He said that he knew the victim as the defendant’s fiancé and as the 

mother of the defendant’s son. He said that the defendant called him at around 1:00

a.m. on January 27 and asked him to help the defendant drop off the defendant’s

mother’s car. Mr. Hubbard said that the drive between his and the defendant’s house

takes around forty minutes. He arrived at the defendant’s house between 2:00 a.m.

and 2:15 a.m. and went into the den area. He said that he heard the victim’s voice and

saw her shadow. He said that he waited in the den for about fifteen minutes before he

and the defendant took the defendant’s mother’s car to her house, which was less than

twenty minutes away. Mr. Hubbard said that after they dropped off the defendant’s

mother’s car, the defendant rode with him to Mr. Hubbard’s home. Mr. Hubbard said

that he and the defendant watched videos and talked. He said that he eventually took

the defendant to the defendant’s house. He said that the defendant arrived home at

around 7:00 a.m or 7:10 a.m.
20

During cross-examination, Mr. Hubbard explained that the defendant and

victim were in the master bedroom for the fifteen minutes that he was waiting for the

defendant in the den. He said that he heard the defendant and the victim mumbling but

that he could not tell whether they were arguing. Mr. Hubbard said that the defendant

indicated that he and the victim had a fight but that the defendant did not say anything

about hitting the victim.

Calvin Harris testified that he is a very close friend of the defendant and

was a frequent visitor to the defendant’s home before the victim’s death. He said that

his cousin lived with the defendant for about a year and that the victim also lived with

the defendant “off and on.” Mr. Harris stated that he went to the defendant’s residence

on January 27, 1992, to take his cousin to school. He said that he arrived at the

defendant’s home between 6:40 a.m. and 6:50 a.m. He said that he knocked on the

back door, and his cousin opened it. He said that he went upstairs where his cousin

and the defendant’s son were getting ready for school. He said that when he returned

downstairs he noticed bloodstains on the floor in the hallway. He said that he called out

to the victim and asked her if everything was okay and that she told him it was. He said

that he knocked on the door of bedroom number three and opened it. He saw the

victim lying in bed on her back with a blanket over her. He testified that he asked the

victim where the defendant was, and the victim replied that he was gone.

During cross-examination, Mr. Harris testified that he did not see any

blood in bedroom number three. He said that he did not ask the victim about the blood

or whether the defendant was okay. He stated that he did not see the defendant at the

house that morning. He said that he did not go into the master bathroom, master

bedroom, laundry room, weight room, or big bathroom but that he did look into bedroom

number two.
21

Calvin Harris’ cousin, Stephanie Sykes, testified that she lived with the

defendant for two years. She said that the defendant never married her mother but that

she considered the defendant to be her stepfather. She said that she was living with

the defendant at the time of the victim’s death, and her bedroom was upstairs over the

master bathroom and the master bedroom. Ms. Sykes testified that the victim stayed

with the defendant from time to time and had clothes at the defendant’s house. She

said that Calvin Harris picked her up for school at around 6:50 a.m. on January 27,

1992. She said that she saw Mr. Harris as she was coming downstairs and that she did

not go back upstairs after Mr. Harris’ arrival. She said that she saw Mr. Harris go into

the kitchen, but she did not hear him talk to anyone. She said that she went outside

while Mr. Harris was going toward the back bedroom. She testified that she did not see

the defendant that morning or the white truck the defendant usually drove. She said

that she saw blood in the hallway that morning, but she was not concerned because

she did not know that it was blood. She also identified a pair of muddy shoes that

belonged to the defendant. 

The defendant testified that he had known the victim for six years at the

time of her death. He said that the victim was his girlfriend and that she had given birth

to his child. He said that the victim had planned for him to pick her up at the Chelsea

Inn on January 26, 1992. He said that he arrived at the Chelsea Inn and talked to Linda

Sanders who told him that the victim was not there. He said that he told Ms. Sanders to

tell the victim to call him at his mother’s house. The defendant said that he went to his

mother’s house, and his mother told him that the victim had called. The defendant

stated that he stayed at his mother’s house for over an hour and then borrowed her car

because his truck had a flat tire. The defendant said that he drove the car to a friend’s

house and returned to the Chelsea Inn with his friend, Skeet. 
22

When he returned to the club, the defendant saw the victim and Linda

Sanders walking toward a car. He testified that he was not pleased that the victim was

at the lounge that night, and he admitted that he used a somewhat authoritative tone

when he ordered her to get into the car. The defendant denied threatening to kill the

victim, denied having a gun that night, and denied struggling with the victim in the

parking lot. He said that neither he nor Skeet hit the victim. He said that Skeet drove

him and the victim to Skeet’s mother’s house. The defendant said that after they

dropped off Skeet, he and the victim went to a store to buy some drink mix and then

went to the defendant’s house. 

The defendant testified that he and the victim went into the master

bedroom. He identified a photograph of the closet in the master bedroom and

explained that it had the victim’s purse, clothes, high heel shoes, and boots in it. The

defendant said that he and the victim were in the house for fifteen or twenty minutes

when they began to argue about money that the victim claimed she owed someone at

the club. The defendant said that the victim was also upset because he was going to

leave to return his mother’s car. The defendant stated that he and the victim argued in

the master bathroom and that the victim threw a glass ashtray and something else at

him. The defendant said that the victim hit him, and he threw her to the floor. He said

that he kept throwing her down, and she kept getting back up. He said that he went to

the floor with her twice during the scuffle. The defendant admitted that he may have

squeezed the victim, and he admitted that he grabbed her by her arms, wrists, and

forearms. The defendant said that the fight lasted about a minute and ended with the

victim calming down and the defendant releasing her.

The defendant testified that the victim went into the master bedroom to

change clothes. He said that he returned to the master bathroom after the victim had

put on one of his shirts and a pair of his pajama shorts. He said that he and the victim
23

argued again. He denied striking the victim but admitted that they had body contact

and that he grabbed her. He said that the victim kept trying to hit him and that he slung

her to the floor several times. He said that he also may have fallen on top of her during

the fight. He denied striking the victim with his fist or any other object. He explained

that he was not fighting the victim but only trying to hold her back. The defendant

testified that the second altercation lasted two or three minutes. He said that the fight

stopped when he saw that the victim was bleeding as the result of her feet and knees

being down on the floor in the glass.

The defendant said that he used first-aid kits, towels and washcloths to

stop the bleeding. He said that he eventually bandaged all of the victim’s wounds, and

he believed that the bleeding had stopped. The defendant testified that he, the victim

and the two children were the only people in the house during the altercations.

The defendant testified that once the bleeding stopped, he and the victim

had a couple of drinks. He identified a photograph of the bar in his house with drink mix

and two glasses on it. The defendant said that blood may have been at the mat near

the doorway leading to the patio because the victim walked toward the door looking for

her purse or something. The defendant said that he went to the car to look for the

victim’s purse but never found it. 

The defendant testified that he received a page from the victim’s

daughter. He said that he called the victim’s daughter, and he and the victim talked to

her and a friend that was with her. However, he denied hearing a strange man’s voice

on the phone and denied telling her not to get the police involved in his business. He

said that he tried to subpoena the friend that was with the victim’s daughter that night

but that he could not find him. 
24

The defendant testified that he called Milton Hubbard to help him drop off

his mother’s car. He explained that he asked the victim to ride to his mother’s house

with him, but she declined. The defendant said that he does not know what time he

called Milton Hubbard, but he is certain that he did not call Mr. Hubbard at one o’clock. 

The defendant said that when Mr. Hubbard arrived the victim was in the master

bedroom. The defendant said that he told the victim that he was leaving and verified

that all of the bleeding had stopped. The defendant said that he and Mr. Hubbard

dropped off his mother’s car and then went to Mr. Hubbard’s house and watched

television and talked. The defendant said that he was not mad at the victim while he

was at Mr. Hubbard’s house, but he was hurt and was “cooling off.”

The defendant testified that he arrived at home a little before 7:00 a.m. on

January 27. The defendant said that his son left for school at around 7:30 a.m. The

defendant said that he made a phone call to determine whether the victim’s daughter

went to school. 

The defendant said that the victim was in bedroom number three when he

arrived at the house. He said that he noticed that the sheets were off the bed in

bedroom number two and that the victim had evidently put them in the laundry room. 

The defendant said that he asked the victim why she had changed beds, and she told

him that the plastic on the bed in bedroom number two irritated her skin and made her

legs start bleeding. The defendant said that he noticed that the victim had been

bleeding but did not notice anything else about her condition. He said that he asked

her once or twice how she was feeling and that she told him that she was okay. 

The defendant said that he got into the bed with the victim and went to

sleep. He said that he awoke around 10:00 a.m. and asked the victim how she was

feeling. The defendant said that the victim told him that she was alright. He said that
25

he told the victim that he needed to go downtown and asked her if she wanted to go

with him. He said that the victim declined and told him that she was going to take a

bath and clean the house. The defendant said that he ran water for the victim’s bath. 

He said that he did not see the victim walking to or getting into the tub, but he said that

he knows she got into the tub.

The defendant said that he returned to the bathroom and saw the victim

lying in the bathtub. He said that he called her name several times, and she moaned a

couple of times. The defendant said that he ran into the kitchen, called 9-1-1, and

followed the instructions he received. He said that he picked up the victim and may

have fallen with her once or twice as he dragged her into the hall. 

The defendant said that he called his sister after the 9-1-1 call and told

her to come to his house. The defendant said that his sister followed the ambulance to

the hospital. He said that his sister called him from the hospital and notified him that

the victim had died.

The defendant testified that he did not intend to kill or harm the victim. He

said that he did not kidnap the victim, and he insisted that none of the victim’s cuts were

caused by a knife. The defendant explained that he cleaned up the glass from the

broken ashtray with a broom and dustpan. He said that he put the broom in the kitchen

and the glass in the kitchen garbage can.

 

During cross-examination, the defendant testified that he dropped off the

victim at her home on Sunday morning, January 26, 1992. He said that the victim did

not spend Saturday night at her house. He admitted that he called the victim several

times on Sunday but explained that he called her because he loved her, not because

they were having a disagreement.
26

The defendant denied looking into the ladies room at the Chelsea Inn for

the victim. He explained that he had Skeet drive him when he returned to the Chelsea

Inn because the defendant’s license had been suspended for six months and he was

not supposed to be driving. The defendant said that Skeet died in his sleep in 1992,

and his real name was Walter Calvin. The defendant said that the victim entered

through the passenger door of his mother’s car and sat in the backseat. The defendant

said that the victim did not cut herself while she was in the car and that he did not know

how blood got on any items in the car. The defendant said that he heard the sound of a

car backfiring as they left the parking lot.

The defendant testified that he did not notice any cuts on the victim’s legs

until his second altercation with her. He said that during the second fight, the victim told

him she cut her leg. The defendant stated that he saw the victim wearing his shorts

and shirt before the second fight, but he did not notice any blood on her legs before the

second fight. The defendant admitted that he squeezed the victim, but he said that he

did not feel any of her bones break. The defendant said that he fell on top of the victim 

while he and the victim were fighting but that he never hit the floor. He said that he did

not receive any injuries during the victim’s attacks on him. 

The defendant denied hitting the victim with a broom handle. The

defendant acknowledged that there were donut-shaped weights lying loose in the floor

of his weight room, but he denied pounding the victim’s ribs with the weights. The

defendant testified that he did not tell the victim that he was going to spend the night

with Mr. Hubbard, and he said that he did not plan to stay with him. The defendant

acknowledged that he had two Rottweilers in a kennel behind his house and that it was

possible to let the dogs out into the fenced yard around his house.
27

 The defendant said that when he found the victim lying in the bathtub he

ran to the kitchen to call 9-1-1, although a bedroom telephone may have been closer. 

The defendant testified that he told the 9-1-1 operator that he thought that the victim

was dying. He said that he did whatever he was told to do during the call, but he could

not remember whether he checked the victim’s pulse. He admitted that the telephone

in the kitchen would not reach the victim and that there was no way he could have

checked the victim’s pulse while he was standing in the kitchen. The defendant

listened to a portion of the 9-1-1 tape in which the paramedic told the defendant to

place his fingers on the victim’s neck and to move them down about half way. The

defendant replied, “Uh-huh,” and the paramedic asked whether he felt a pulse, and the

defendant said that he did not. The defendant admitted that he was in the kitchen

during the conversation with the paramedic and said that he did not know why he

responded to the paramedics questions the way he did. He said that he just wanted the

paramedics to arrive. The defendant explained that if he did not run to the victim when

he told the paramedic that she did not have a pulse, he went to the victim later.

According to the 9-1-1 tape, when the defendant informed the paramedic

that the victim did not have a pulse, the paramedic instructed the defendant how to do

CPR. The paramedic told the defendant to cover the victim’s mouth with his mouth and

to blow out a breath. The defendant immediately told the paramedic that he did, and

the paramedic asked whether the victim’s chest rose. The defendant told the

paramedic that it did. After listening to this portion of the tape, the defendant admitted

that he evidently did not go to the victim the first time the paramedic asked him to do

CPR. The defendant said that he did not know why he told the paramedics that he had

tried to perform CPR when he had not done so. 

In the next portion of the tape, the paramedic told the defendant to try to

perform CPR again. There was a pause, and the defendant told the paramedic that the
28

victim’s chest did not rise. The defendant testified that he went to the victim’s body

during the pause.

The defendant testified that at the time of the victim’s death, he did not

know how she died. He said that he thought she had passed out and that he did not

think he caused her death. The defendant remembered speaking to Lieutenant

Goodwin on the scene, but he denied making the statement, “Nothing I did to her would

have killed her.” The defendant also denied telling Lieutenant Goodwin that he called

an attorney before police arrived on the scene. The defendant explained that he did

not call an attorney until the third person arrived and would not allow him to go to the

hospital.

Roy Lee Calvin testified. He said that his brother Walter Calvin, who was

also known as Skeet, died on July 25, 1992. A copy of the death certificate was

introduced into evidence.

The defendant’s sister, Donna Clayton Scott, testified that the defendant

called her between 10:30 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. on January 27, 1992. She said that she

went to the defendant’s house and talked to an officer. She said that she saw the

victim being brought out of the house and placed into an ambulance. She said that she

heard the defendant tell her to follow the ambulance, and she did. She said that she

called the defendant from the hospital and told him that the victim had died.

I

In his first issue, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting

evidence. Our standard of review when the sufficiency of the evidence is questioned on

appeal is "whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
29

crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct.

2781, 2789 (1979). This means that we may not reweigh the evidence, but must

presume that the jury has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn all

reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the state. See State v. Sheffield,

676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn.

1978).

Second degree murder requires proof that the defendant committed an

unlawful, knowing killing. T.C.A. §§ 39-13-201(a) and -210(a)(1). “A person acts

knowingly with respect to a result of the person’s conduct when the person is aware

that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.” T.C.A. § 39-11-302(b). 

When viewed in the light most favorable to the state, the proof at trial

showed that the defendant severely beat the victim, causing her death. The defendant 

and another man picked up the victim at the Chelsea Inn shortly before 1:00 a.m. on

the morning of her death. The defendant took the victim to his house where they

fought. The defendant admitted that he and the victim fought and that he grabbed her,

squeezed her, slung her to the floor several times, and fell on top of her. The victim

suffered multiple blows to her arms, legs, abdomen, and back. The victim’s arms were

broken, three of her ribs were fractured, and her liver was punctured. Some of the

victim’s bruises had a donut-shaped pattern, similar to the weights found in the

defendant’s weight room. Others had a rod-shaped pattern, indicating that the victim

had been struck with something similar to a broom handle. These recognizable

patterns were a minor part of the victim’s injuries which consisted of deep bruising

without any specific pattern. The victim also had cuts on her legs and feet. 
30

Dr. Hnilica testified that the victim died from multiple blunt force injuries. 

She said the injuries inflicted on the victim would have been painful and that she would

not expect the victim to remain conscious for nine hours after they were inflicted. Dr.

Hnilica explained that in her opinion the injuries to the victim’s arms were not caused by

the victim falling but rather by force being applied perpendicular to the bones. She

explained that the injuries would have become more painful as the swelling of the

victim’s arms increased, making it unlikely that the victim would have lowered herself

into a bathtub. The defendant called 9-1-1 after the victim was in the bathtub. During

the 9-1-1 call, he told a paramedic that he was checking the victim’s pulse when he was

not. He also told the paramedic that he had attempted CPR when he had not. We

believe that the jury was justified in concluding beyond a reasonable doubt that the

defendant knowingly killed the victim. 

II

The defendant contends that his rights were violated because the medical

examiner failed to comply with T.C.A. § 38-7-106, the statute authorizing autopsies by

county medical examiners. The state contends that the medical examiner complied

with the statute. We agree.

In relevant part, T.C.A. § 38-7-106 states:

(a) a county medical examiner may perform or order an

autopsy on the body of any person in a case involving a

homicide, a suspected homicide, a suicide, a violent, unnatural

or suspicious death. When the county medical examiner

decides to order an autopsy, the county medical examiner

shall notify the district attorney general. The district attorney

general may order an autopsy in such cases on the body of a

person in the absence of the county medical examiner or the

failure of the county medical examiner to act. The authority

ordering the autopsy shall notify the next of kin about the

impending autopsy if the next of kin is known or reasonably

ascertainable. The sheriff or other law enforcement agency of

the jurisdiction shall serve process containing such notice and

return such process within twenty-four (24) hours.
31

(Emphasis added). The defendant argues that the medical examiner and the state

failed to comply with this statute because a law enforcement officer requested the

autopsy, instead of the district attorney general. However, the plain language of the

statute authorizes the county medical examiner to perform or order an autopsy in any

case involving a suspected homicide. The fact that a medical examiner learns of a

suspected homicide from law enforcement personnel does not affect the examiner’s

authority to conduct an autopsy. The issue is without merit.

III

The defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the

jury on the lesser included offense of criminally negligent homicide. He argues that a

criminally negligent homicide instruction was warranted because there was evidence at

trial that indicated that he did not intend to hurt or kill the victim. The state contends

that the proof at trial did not support an instruction on criminally negligent homicide. We

hold that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on criminally negligent

homicide, but we conclude that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

The trial court instructed the jury on premeditated first degree murder,

felony murder, and the lesser included offenses of second degree murder and voluntary

manslaughter. The defendant requested an instruction on criminally negligent

homicide, but the trial court denied the request, stating that, at most, the proof showed

voluntary manslaughter.

Pursuant to T.C.A. § 40-18-110(a), a trial court is required “to charge the

jury as to all of the law of each offense included in the indictment, without any request

on the part of the defendant to do so.” When the evidence, introduced by either the

state or the defendant, is susceptible of inferring guilt of either a lesser grade or lesser

included offense, the trial court has a mandatory duty to charge such lesser offense. 
32

See T.C.A. § 40-18-110(a); State v. Trusty, 919 S.W.2d 305, 310 (Tenn. 1996);

Johnson v. State, 531 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Tenn. 1975); State v. Howard, 926 S.W.2d

579, 585-86 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). Criminally negligent homicide is a lesser

included offense and a lesser grade of first degree murder. See State v. Lynn, 924

S.W.2d 892, 899 (Tenn. 1996); Trusty, 919 S.W.2d at 311. 

In Strader v. State, 210 Tenn. 669, 679, 362 S.W.2d 224, 228-29 (1962),

our supreme court explained how the trial court should determine the need for a lesser

included offense instruction. It stated that “where the evidence, upon any view the jury

may take of it, permits an inference of guilt as to such lesser included offenses, it is the

mandatory duty of the Trial Judge to charge all the law as to each of the offenses, and

a failure to do so requires a reversal and a new trial.” Id.; see also State v. Boyce, 920

S.W.2d 224, 226 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). In effect, the trial court must consider the

evidence in the light most favorable to the existence of the lesser included offense and

if the evidence so considered permits an inference of guilt of the lesser included

offense, the trial court must give instructions as to that lesser offense. Otherwise, the

trial court’s consideration of the evidence runs the risk of invading the province of the

jury relative to witness credibility, the weight and sufficiency of the evidence, and the

degree of the offense, if any, to be sustained.

When deciding whether to give an instruction on a lesser included

offense, a trial court must consider all the evidence presented at trial, including the

defendant’s testimony. This is true even if the defendant’s testimony is unpersuasive or

uncorroborated. See Howard, 926 S.W.2d at 586; State v. Summerall, 926 S.W.2d

272, 279 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. Ruane, 912 S.W.2d 766, 783 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1995). If a defendant’s version of events is susceptible to an inference of guilt of a

lesser included offense, then the trial court must instruct the jury with respect to the

lesser included offense. Howard, 926 S.W.2d at 585-86.
33

In this case, the defendant testified that he did not intend to kill or harm

the victim. Although he admitted that he and the victim fought, he testified that the

fighting stopped when he noticed that the victim was bleeding. He said that he

administered first aid to the victim and thought that he had stopped her bleeding. He

stated that he left the victim at his house. He said that when he returned he noticed

that the victim had been bleeding, but he did not notice anything else about her

condition. The defendant testified that he asked the victim twice how she was feeling,

and he said that both times the victim replied that she was okay. 

The defendant testified that he got into bed with the victim and went to

sleep. He stated that when he awoke he again asked the victim how she felt, and

according to the defendant, the victim once more told him that she was alright. The

defendant said that he ran water into the bathtub because the victim told him that she

wanted to take a bath. The defendant stated that the victim got into the bathtub. He

said that he found the victim lying in the bathtub and called her name several times. He

testified that the victim groaned, and he called 9-1-1 and pleaded for help for the victim.

The defendant said that while he was awaiting the arrival of the ambulance, he tried to

perform CPR on the victim. 

Milton Hubbard testified that the defendant was with him during the early

morning hours on the day of the victim’s death. He said that he took the defendant to

the defendant’s house around 7:00 or 7:10 a.m. Calvin Harris testified that he talked to

the victim that morning, and she told him that everything was alright. Dr. Hnilica

testified that none of the victim’s injuries would have caused the victim to lose

consciousness immediately. She said that the victim would have experienced a gradual

loss of consciousness. 

 
34

This evidence could support a verdict for criminally negligent homicide.

Criminally negligent homicide occurs when criminally negligent conduct results in death. 

T.C.A. § 39-13-212(d). Pursuant to T.C.A. § 39-11-302(d), “criminal negligence” is

defined as follows:

“Criminal negligence” refers to a person who acts with

criminal negligence with respect to the circumstances

surrounding that person’s conduct or the result of that conduct

when the person ought to be aware of a substantial and

unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will

occur. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that the

failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the

standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise under

all the circumstances as viewed from the accused person’s

standpoint.

If the jury believed the defendant when he testified that he did not intend

to kill the victim, they could have concluded that he acted with criminal negligence by

failing to appreciate the seriousness of the injuries he inflicted on the victim and failing

to recognize the risk of death that was present. 

The defendant’s testimony raised a factual issue with respect to his mens

rea, and the trial court should have submitted the issue to the jury. As this court noted

in Ruane:

“However plain it may be to the mind of the Court that one

certain offense has been committed and none other, he must

not confine himself in his charge to that offense. When he

does so he invades the province of the jury, whose peculiar

duty it is to ascertain the grade of the offense. However clear

it may be, the Court should never decide the facts, but must

leave them unembarrassed to the jury.”

912 S.W.2d at 783 (quoting Poole v. State, 61 Tenn. 288, 294 (1872)).

Having determined that the trial court erred by failing to give a criminally

negligent homicide instruction, we must now determine the effect of the error. This

court has stated that error associated with the trial court’s failure to instruct a lesser

included offense is harmless when the jury finds the defendant guilty of a greater
35

offense and declines to convict the defendant of other lesser included offenses that

were instructed by the trial court and that are greater offenses than the one requested. 

See State v. Atkins, 681 S.W.2d 571, 577 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984); State v. Newsome,

744 S.W.2d 911, 915 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). But see State v. Belser, 945 S.W.2d

776, 791 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996); Howard, 926 S.W.2d at 586-87; Summerall, 926

S.W.2d at 279; State v. Willie Williams No. 03C01-9510-CR-00330, Hamilton County

(Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 8, 1996), app. granted (Tenn. June 2, 1997).

Although the jury in this case was instructed on voluntary manslaughter, it

chose to convict the defendant of the greater offense of second degree murder, which

requires a knowing killing. Given the jury’s refusal to convict the defendant of voluntary

manslaughter and the overwhelming evidence of the defendant’s guilt, including the

proof concerning the number of injuries he inflicted on the victim and the severity of the

victim’s injuries, we believe that the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury on criminally

negligent homicide was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 

IV

Next, the defendant contends that he received an excessive sentence. 

He contends that the trial court should have sentenced him as an especially mitigated

offender. He also argues that the trial court improperly enhanced his sentence under

enhancement factors provided in T.C.A. § 40-35-114. The state concedes that the trial

court improperly applied enhancement factor (6), involving a victim suffering particularly

great injury, and factor (10), regarding the commission of an offense with a high risk to

human life. However, it argues that the trial court properly applied factor (1) based on

the defendant’s history of criminal behavior and properly applied factor (5) because the

defendant treated the victim with exceptional cruelty. The state asserts that the trial

court erroneously applied mitigating factor (11) provided in T.C.A. § 40-35-113

regarding the defendant’s commission of an offense “under such unusual 
36

circumstances that it is unlikely that a sustained intent to violate the law motivated the

criminal conduct.” The state contends that the record supports the twenty-year

sentence imposed by the trial court. 

Appellate review of sentencing is de novo on the record with a

presumption that the trial court's determinations are correct. T.C.A. §§ 40-35-401(d)

and -402(d). As the Sentencing Commission Comments to these sections note, the

burden is now on the appealing party to show that the sentencing is improper. This

means that if the trial court followed the statutory sentencing procedure, made findings

of fact that are adequately supported in the record, and gave due consideration and

proper weight to the factors and principles that are relevant to sentencing under the

1989 Sentencing Act, we may not disturb the sentence even if a different result were

preferred. State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). 

However, "the presumption of correctness which accompanies the trial

court's action is conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial

court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances." 

State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). In this respect, for the purpose of

meaningful appellate review,

the trial court must place on the record its reasons for arriving

at the final sentencing decision, identify the mitigating and

enhancement factors found, state the specific facts supporting

each enhancement factor found, and articulate how the

mitigating and enhancement factors have been evaluated and

balanced in determining the sentence. T.C.A. § 40-35-210(f)

(1990). 

State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 599 (Tenn. 1994).

Also, in conducting a de novo review, we must consider (1) the evidence,

if any, received at the trial and sentencing hearing, (2) the presentence report, (3) the

principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives, (4) the nature
1

For Class A felonies committed on or after July 1, 1995, the presumptive sentence is the

midp oint of the ra nge. See T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c).

37

and characteristics of the criminal conduct, (5) any mitigating or statutory enhancement

factors, (6) any statement that the defendant made on his own behalf and (7) the

potential for rehabilitation or treatment. T.C.A. §§ 40-35-102, -103 and -210 (1990);

see Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 168; State v. Moss, 727 S.W.2d 229, 236 (Tenn. 1986). 

The sentence to be imposed by the trial court is presumptively the

minimum in the range unless there are enhancement factors present. T.C.A. § 40-35-

210(c) (1990).1

 Procedurally, the trial court is to increase the sentence within the range

based upon the existence of enhancement factors and, then, reduce the sentence as

appropriate for any mitigating factors. T.C.A. § 40-35-210(d) and (e) (1990). The

weight to be afforded an existing factor is left to the trial court's discretion so long as it

complies with the purposes and principles of the 1989 Sentencing Act and its findings

are adequately supported by the record. T.C.A. § 40-35-210 (1990), Sentencing

Commission Comments; Moss, 727 S.W.2d at 237; see Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. 

The victim’s mother was the only person to testify at the sentencing

hearing. She testified concerning the victim’s fear of the defendant a week before her

death and about the effect the victim’s death has had on her family.

The presentence report reflects that the defendant has a prior conviction

for attempted larceny by trick, two prior convictions for driving on a suspended,

revoked, or canceled license, and a prior conviction for violating the vehicle registration

law. The report lists several other charges against the defendant that have been

dismissed. 

The trial court enhanced the defendant’s sentence based upon his history

of criminal behavior, his exceptionally cruel treatment of the victim, his infliction of
38

particularly great injury on the victim, and his commission of an offense involving a high

risk to human life. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114(1), (5), (6), and (10). With respect to

mitigation, the trial court recognized the potential application of mitigating factor (11),

regarding the defendant’s commission of an offense under circumstances indicating

that his conduct was not motivated by a sustained intent to violate the law. However,

the court refused to give the mitigating factor any weight. The court stated:

However, it was my feeling during the entire case that number

eleven was your defense in this lawsuit. It’s always been your

position that she died, but that you had no intent to kill her. I

guess, more or less, as a punishment after the episode as a

result of what you say was this argument over the money

situation in the betting of the Superbowl. But, I do not believe

that the mitigating factor outweighs, in any way, or diminishes

the severity of what you did.

Initially, we disagree with the defendant’s contention that he should have

been sentenced as an especially mitigated offender. A defendant can only be

sentenced as an especially mitigated offender if the defendant has no prior felony

convictions and there are applicable mitigating factors and no applicable enhancement

factors. T.C.A. § 40-35-109; see also State v. Hicks, 868 S.W.2d 729 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1993). Because there are enhancement factors that are applicable in this case,

the trial court properly sentenced the defendant as a Range I, standard offender. See

T.C.A. § 40-35-105.

Next, the defendant contends that the trial court improperly enhanced his

sentence. The state concedes that the trial court improperly applied factor (6), involving

particularly great injury to a victim, and factor (10), relating to the commission of an

offense with a high risk to human life. However, the state contends that the trial court

properly enhanced the defendant’s sentence based upon his history of criminal

behavior and his exceptionally cruel treatment of the victim. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114(1)

and (5). The state argues that the trial court erred by applying mitigating factor (11) and
39

that the two applicable enhancement factors warrant the twenty-year sentence imposed

by the trial court. 

We agree with the parties that the trial court erred by enhancing the

defendant’s sentence based upon factors (6) and (10). Enhancement factor (6) does

not apply to the defendant’s sentence because particularly great injury to a victim is an

essential element of second degree murder. See State v. Lambert, 741 S.W.2d 127,

134 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). Similarly, the trial court erred by applying enhancement

factor (10) to the defendant’s sentence for second degree murder because the risk to

human life is always high in a homicide case. Because there was “no risk to the life of

a person other than the victim”, factor (10) is inapplicable. State v. Bingham, 910

S.W.2d 448, 453 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). 

The record supports enhancement of the defendant’s sentence based

upon his history of criminal behavior. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114(1). The presentence

report states that the defendant has a prior conviction for attempted larceny by trick,

two prior convictions for driving on a suspended, revoked, or canceled license, and a

prior conviction for violating the vehicle registration law. 

We also agree with the trial court’s application of enhancement factor (5)

based on the defendant’s treating the victim with exceptional cruelty. The defendant

inflicted several cuts and multiple blunt force injuries on the victim. The victim suffered 

two broken arms, three fractured ribs, a punctured liver, and extensive internal

hemorrhaging. Dr. Hnilica testified that none of the injuries would have immediately

caused the victim’s death. Instead, the victim suffered for hours until she lost

consciousness. 
40

With respect to mitigation, the defendant contends that his sentence

should be reduced because he “committed the offense under such unusual

circumstances that it is unlikely that a sustained intent to violate the law motivated the

criminal conduct.” See T.C.A. § 40-35-113(11). The state counters that the trial court

erred by applying factor (11). In support of its argument, the state cites State v. Joe

Freeman Norman, No. 01C01-9302-CR-00056, Wilson County (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept.

30, 1993).

In Norman, the defendant and a companion were rubbing and petting

each other and were drinking while they were driving around in a car. The car struck a

guardrail, and the defendant’s companion was killed. This court refused to apply factor

(11) to the defendant’s sentence for reckless homicide because the defendant was in

control of or at least helped create the circumstances that led to the victim’s death.

We likewise disagree with the application of mitigating factor (11) in this

case. The defendant contends that he never intended to hurt the victim and that he did

not have a sustained intent to violate the law. However, the proof at trial demonstrated

that the victim suffered numerous blunt force injuries and cuts. Also, the victim’s

daughter and Taneka Blackwell testified that they heard the defendant threaten to kill

the victim two days before the victim’s death. The victim’s daughter also said that in the

past the victim suffered bruises and busted ear drums while she was staying with the

defendant. On the record before us, we cannot say that the crime was committed

under unusual circumstances indicating that the defendant lacked a sustained intent to

violate the law.

Given the two applicable enhancement factors and the absence of any

mitigating factors, the record supports the twenty-year sentence imposed by the trial

court. Thus, the sentence is affirmed.
41

V

The defendant contends that he received the ineffective assistance of

counsel because his trial attorney failed to advise him of his rights, failed to preserve his

rights, failed to investigate his case adequately, and failed to advise him about whether

to accept any reasonable plea offer. The state counters that the defendant has failed to

meet his burden of proof on the issue.

Although he had filed a motion to withdraw from representing the

defendant, the defendant’s trial attorney represented him during hearings on the

defendant’s motion for a new trial. The defendant’s attorney told the court that the

defendant felt that the attorney was ineffective for failing to obtain expert witnesses on

the defendant’s behalf, failing to challenge the chain of custody of the victim’s body,

and by failing to attack hearsay contained in an autopsy report. The trial court was

hesitant to rule on the issue because it recognized the issue as being more

appropriately raised in a post-conviction proceeding. However, the trial court overruled

the portion of the defendant’s new trial motion that challenged the effectiveness of trial

counsel, stating that it “may” disagree with the petitioner based on its observations of

the petitioner’s counsel during trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court

granted the attorney’s motion to withdraw as counsel for the defendant relative to the

appeal. 

We agree with the state’s assertion that the defendant has failed to meet

his burden of proof relative to the claim that he had the ineffective assistance of

counsel. However, we also note that the hearing which included this issue was

conducted while the attorney who was the object of the claim continued to represent the

defendant. Under these circumstances, we do not fault the defendant for the present

state of the record. Be that as it may, however, the record before us does not warrant a
42

conclusion that the defendant’s trial attorney rendered the ineffective assistance of

counsel. 

In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgment

of the trial court is affirmed.

 

Joseph M. Tipton, Judge 

CONCUR:

 

David H. Welles, Judge 

 

Jerry L. Smith, Judge