[Cite as Cleveland v. Wells, 2023-Ohio-1666.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

CITY OF CLEVELAND, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, :

No. 111494

v. :

RAVEN WELLS, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: VACATED AND REMANDED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 18, 2023

Criminal Appeal from the Cleveland Municipal Court

Case No. 2021-CRB-013154

____

Appearances:

Mark Griffin, Cleveland Director of Law, Aqueelah A. 

Jordan, Chief Prosecuting Attorney, and Ameed M. Kollab, 

Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee. 

Milton and Charlotte Kramer Law Clinic, Case Western 

Reserve University School of Law, and Andrew S. Pollis, 

Supervising Attorney, Matthew Borcas and Rebecca 

Singer-Miller, Legal Interns, for appellant. 

EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J.:
Defendant-appellant, Raven Wells (“Appellant”), appeals her conviction

for aggravated disorderly conduct, a first-degree misdemeanor.

For the reasons set forth below, we vacate the conviction and remand to 

the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Background and Procedural History 

In December 2021, the city of Cleveland (“City”) charged Appellant with 

aggravated menacing under C.C.O. 621.06. Over the following three months,

Appellant attended seven pretrials related to the charge, with appellant’s counsel

(“A.C.”) representing her in all but the first pretrial. On March 8, 2022, A.C. arrived 

late to Appellant’s scheduled pretrial on Zoom; substitute counsel (“S.C.”) had 

temporarily stepped in on her behalf. S.C. had not previously appeared in the case 

and stated that she was attending the hearing on behalf of A.C. The trial court

scheduled the trial date for March 23, 2022. On March 23, 2022, the prosecutor, all 

witnesses, and Appellant were present, but A.C. did not appear. The court attempted 

to contact A.C. to no avail. Eventually, the court rescheduled the case until April 6, 

2022, and dismissed the City’s witnesses. However, the victim remained.

After the court ordered the continuance, S.C. arrived and indicated she 

was present on A.C.’s behalf and the following exchange with the trial court occurred:

THE BAILIFF: Counsel, would you state your name, for the record[?]

SUBSTITUTE COUNSEL: Sure.

SUBSTITUTE COUNSEL: * * * Here on behalf of * * * for Raven Wells.

THE COURT: Scheduled for trial at 11:00.
SUBSTITUTE COUNSEL: I understand. She asked me to cover it. I was 

in a different courtroom. She’s not in the building, so I apologize.

THE COURT: You’re covering the trial?

SUBSTITUTE COUNSEL: I’m not doing the trial, no. I’m asking for a 

continuance.

THE COURT: Continuance is denied. Tell her she needs to get over here 

in five minutes.

SUBSTITUTE COUNSEL: She’s in Juvenile Court.

THE COURT: She needs to get over here in five minutes. She scheduled 

this trial date, so she needs to get over here in five minutes.

SUBSTITUTE COUNSEL: Okay.

THE COURT: These people have been here for more than an hour. Then 

she’s not responding to her phone or text messages so it’s a no.

* * *

CITY: This is why I wanted to make it clear. I told the other

attorney there is some evidence that I have today from the day of

the incident. I haven’t been able to reach Attorney * * * to give it

to her, in the first place, but I wanted to give it to her prior to trial. 

It was a video that I was going to use, so it’s pretty important.

(Tr. 56-57.)

Subsequently, the trial court went off the record. Upon resuming on the 

record, S.C. requested to negotiate a resolution with the City whereby, the City 

relayed an offer previously made to the Appellant.

S.C. consulted Appellant, and subsequently, Appellant agreed to plead 

guilty to aggravated disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor of the first degree. The trial 

court informed Appellant of her rights, without advising her of the effect of the plea. 
Thereafter, the trial court accepted her plea, found Appellant guilty of aggravated 

disorderly conduct, and scheduled Appellant’s sentencing for April 6, 2022.

On June 30, 2022, the trial court sentenced Appellant to 180 days in jail 

(suspended), a $1,000 fine ($900 suspended), and five years of probation on the 

aggravated disorderly conduct conviction. Appellant timely appeals and raises the 

following two assignments of error: 

Assignment of Error No. 1

The trial court erred in accepting Ms. Wells’ guilty plea without first 

advising Ms. Wells of the plea’s effect. 

Assignment of Error No. 2

The trial court erred in accepting Ms. Wells’ guilty plea because the lack 

of effective representation rendered her plea involuntary. 

Law and Analysis

The City concedes that the trial court should not have proceeded without 

Appellant’s retained counsel. Since resolution of the second assignment of error is 

dispositive, we will address it first.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Appellant’s second assignment of error alleges that Appellant’s plea was 

involuntary based on ineffective assistance of counsel. The standard of review for 

ineffective assistance of counsel claims is de novo. State v. Weaver, Slip Opinion No. 

2022-Ohio-4371, ¶ 25, citing State v. Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679,

860 N.E. 2d 77. “Due process requires that a defendant’s plea be made knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily; otherwise, the defendant’s plea is invalid.” State v.
Medina, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109693, 2021-Ohio-1727, ¶ 6, citing State v. Bishop,

156 Ohio St.3d 156, 2018-Ohio-5132, 124 N.E.3d 766, ¶ 10, citing State v. Clark, 119

Ohio St.3d 239, 2008-Ohio-3748, 893 N.E.2d 462, ¶ 25. See State v. Engle, 74 Ohio

St.3d 525, 527, 660 N.E.2d 450 (1996), citing Kercheval v. United States, 274 U.S.

220, 223, 47 S.Ct. 582, 583, 71 L.Ed. 1009, 101 (1927) (“When a defendant enters a

plea in a criminal case, the plea must be knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.

Failure on any of those points renders enforcement of the plea unconstitutional

under both the United State Constitution and the Ohio Constitution.”); State v.

Robinson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110467, 2022-Ohio-1311, ¶ 20. However, a guilty

plea waives a defendant’s right to claim that he or she was prejudiced by ineffective 

assistance of counsel, except to the extent that the ineffective assistance of counsel 

caused the defendant’s plea to be less than knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. 

State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100459, 2014-Ohio-3415, ¶ 12. Appellant 

argues that her counsel’s failure to appear on the day of trial, and S.C.’s inability to 

proceed with the trial, combined with the trial court’s refusal to continue the matter 

rendered her plea involuntary because it forced her to accept a plea she would not 

otherwise have accepted. 

To establish that trial counsel was ineffective, a defendant must show 

that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient performance 

prejudiced the defendant. State v. Bunch, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-4723, ¶ 26, 

citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 

674. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not 
functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. 

Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the 

defense. Id. Here, after consultation with S.C., Appellant agreed to plead guilty, 

despite her consistent desire to have a trial. So, the question is whether S.C. was 

deficient in her representation of Appellant. As a general matter, defense counsel’s 

tactical decisions and trial strategies — even “debatable” ones — do not constitute 

ineffective assistance of counsel. See e.g., State v. Black, 2019-Ohio-4977, 149 

N.E.3d 1132, ¶ 35 (8th Dist.); State v. Foster, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93391, 2010-

Ohio-3186, ¶ 23; see also State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848 

N.E.2d 810, ¶ 101, 111. Reviewing courts “will ordinarily refrain from secondguessing strategic decisions counsel make at trial,” even where trial counsel’s strategy 

was “questionable” and even where appellate counsel argues that they would have 

defended against the charges differently. State v. Myers, 97 Ohio St.3d 335, 2002-

Ohio-6658, 780 N.E.2d 186, ¶ 152; State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 169, 694 

N.E.2d 932 (1998); State v. Quinones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100928, 2014-Ohio5544, ¶ 25.

Given the circumstances presented in this case, this general rule must 

be rejected. S.C. was deficient when she advised Appellant to plead guilty. 

Additionally, this court must consider the City’s concession on the second assignment 

of error, in that the trial court should not have proceeded with the matter without 

Appellant’s retained counsel. A.C. did not appear for Appellant’s trial on March 23, 

2022. Instead, S.C. appeared on behalf of A.C. When S.C. arrived, she stated, “I’m 
not doing the trial, no. I am asking for a continuance.” (Tr. 56.) Despite having 

continued the trial — prior to S.C.’s arrival, the trial court denied S.C.’s request for a 

continuance. After the trial court demanded three times that A.C. appear for trial 

within five minutes, S.C. requested an opportunity to negotiate a plea with the City 

on Appellant’s behalf. However, the record established that the prosecutor informed 

the court that he had failed to give A.C. evidence he deemed important and intended 

to use at trial. Consequently, neither the Appellant nor S.C. had an opportunity to 

review all the evidence. 

The lack of an opportunity for the accused’s counsel to investigate the 

circumstances of the offense and prepare a defense has been held to be a denial of 

effective assistance of counsel. State v. Emory, 12 Ohio App.3d 41, 465 N.E.2d 920 

(8th Dist.1983). Here, S.C. had not reviewed Appellant’s case. Moreover, she did not 

have a meaningful consultation with Appellant regarding the criminal charge against 

her. S.C. changed the purpose of her appearance to request a continuance to a 

decision to recommend Appellant plead guilty, without a complete review of all the 

evidence. Undeniably, S.C. was not prepared for trial. She was not Appellant’s 

retained counsel. Any action other than a request for a continuance was deficient 

performance. S.C.’s decision to recommend Appellant to plead guilty to an amended 

charge resulted in Appellant receiving ineffective assistance of counsel.

Nonetheless, ineffective assistance of counsel alone is not sufficient to 

void Appellant’s guilty plea. Counsel’s deficient performance must have prejudiced 

the defendant. As previously stated, in an ineffectiveness of counsel claim where a 
defendant pleads guilty, the only prejudice recognized is when the ineffectiveness 

caused the plea to be less than knowing, intelligent and voluntary. In this case, an

examination of whether Appellant’s guilty plea was knowing, intelligent and 

voluntary cannot begin with S.C.’s appearance before the trial court on March 23, 

2022. 

The record reflects that Appellant intended to exercise her right to a 

trial. She had appeared for seven pretrials and the City had previously offered 

Appellant a plea, which she rejected. Appellant was in a similar position as the 

defendant in State v. Reber, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 17 MA 0028, 2018-Ohio-4016,

¶ 39. In that case “trial counsel was unprepared for trial * * * due to extensive 

discovery provided by the state and lack of time to prepare; defendant’s guilty plea 

was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary since the trial court coerced him into 

pleading guilty.” Id. In Reber, when the trial court denied the request for a 

continuance, defendant was faced with the decision to either proceed immediately to 

trial with counsel who was not prepared to try the case or to plead guilty. Id.

Here, on March 23, 2022, A.C. failed to appear for trial. For over an 

hour, the trial court attempted unsuccessfully to contact A.C. Eventually, the trial 

court continued the case and excused the City’s witnesses. Subsequently, S.C. 

appeared with the noted intention to secure a continuance for Appellant’s trial. S.C. 
stated that A.C. was delayed in a juvenile court1 hearing and asked for a continuance.

The court denied S.C.’s oral motion for continuance and repeatedly told S.C. that she 

needed to get A.C. “over here” in five minutes to begin the trial. On the third order 

to S.C. to get A.C. “over here,” the trial court stated, “She scheduled this trial date, so 

she needs to get over here in five minutes. These people have been here for more 

than an hour. Then she’s not responding to her phone or text messages so it’s a no.” 

(Tr. 9.) Shortly after this exchange, S.C. asked if there was an offer. To this inquiry, 

the prosecutor answered, “There was previously, but.” (Tr. 9.) At that point, the 

prosecutor asked to deal with the no-contact order violation. After the violation was 

addressed, the trial court stated, “Okay, the attorney should be en-route.” (Tr. 12.)

After discussing where the attorney was again, the trial court continued its insistence 

on the trial. Finally, the prosecutor stated that there may be a resolution and S.C. 

responded, “That’s correct.”

Unlike Reber, Appellant did not raise the court’s refusal to grant a 

continuance as an assignment of error, so we need not review the court’s denial of 

the motion for continuance for an abuse of discretion. But because we must consider 

the totality of the circumstances, we cannot ignore the trial court’s denial of S.C.’s

motion to continue the trial after having already granted a continuance and releasing 

the city’s witnesses. To prevail under the prejudice prong, a defendant need not show 

1 We take judicial notice that the distance from Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court to 

the Justice Center is approximately five miles and the drive, alone, would have taken A.C. at 

least 15 minutes to complete. Google Maps, Directions from Cuyahoga County Juvenile 

Court to Cuyahoga County Justice Center Complex.
that he or she would have been better off going to trial. State v. Romero, 156 Ohio 

St.3d 468, 2019-Ohio-1839, 129 N.E.3d 404, ¶ 30. Instead, a defendant must show 

that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he or she would 

not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial. Id. at ¶ 28. In 

assessing whether it would be rational for a defendant to go to trial instead of 

pleading guilty, the court should consider the totality of circumstances. Id. at ¶ 29. 

Here, the Appellant only entered a plea of guilty after all the above, including the trial

court’s repeated demands for A.C.’s presence and S.C.’s unpreparedness to proceed 

to trial. Undoubtedly, the Appellant felt undue pressure to resolve the matter. 

Despite the absence of her retained counsel, the trial court was adamant about the 

trial proceeding. However, S.C. was unprepared to proceed and alternatively 

recommended acceptance of a negotiated plea offer. Clearly, the City’s concession on 

this assignment of error is demonstrative of the dynamics of the proceedings. 

Therefore, given the totality of the circumstances under which the Appellant entered 

her guilty plea, we find that counsel’s ineffective assistance caused the Appellant to 

have not entered her plea of guilty knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. 

Accordingly, Appellant’s second assignment of error is sustained. The 

conviction is vacated and the matter is remanded to the trial court for proceedings 

consistent with this opinion. Since this finding vacates the Appellant’s conviction, 

Appellant’s first assignment of error is deemed moot.

Judgment vacated and remanded.

It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the 

Cleveland Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

___________________________

EMANUELLA D. GROVES, JUDGE

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., and

MICHAEL JOHN RYAN, J., CONCUR