J-S55020-14

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,

Appellant

v.

JOHN QUACH,

Appellee

: IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 

: PENNSYLVANIA

:

:

:

:

:

:

: No. 370 EDA 2014

Appeal from the Order Entered December 18, 2013,

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,

Criminal Division, at No. MC-51-CR-0041409-2012.

BEFORE: BOWES, SHOGAN and OTT, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED JANUARY 26, 2015

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (“the Commonwealth”) appeals 

from the order entered on December 18, 2013, in the Philadelphia County 

Court of Common Pleas, that dismissed the criminal charges filed against 

John Quach (“Appellee”). We affirm.

The trial court set forth the underlying facts of this case as follows:

Appellee, John Quach, was arrested and charged with 

Possession of a Controlled Substance, Possession of a Controlled 

Substance with Intent to Deliver (PWID), and Conspiracy to 

Manufacture, Delivery, or Possession with Intent to Manufacture 

or Deliver. The lower court dismissed the charges for lack of 

evidence on October 3, 2013. On November 7, 2013, the 

Commonwealth re-filed its criminal complaint listing identical 

charges. See Criminal Docket Sheet.

On December 18, 2013, this Court held a preliminary refile hearing. This Court, after hearing oral argument, agreed with 
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the lower court that the Commonwealth failed to make out a 

prima facie case on all charges. 

* * *

The facts underlying the lower court’s decision are as 

follows:

1. [Appellee’s] brother was seen making a transaction and 

eventually a search warrant was executed at 4651 Rosehill 

Street. Notes of Testimony, Preliminary Hearing Volume I, 

December 18, 2013, p. 5.

2. In the middle bedroom of the house the officers found 100 

packs of heroin in the closet, as well as a grinder, scale, stamper 

pad, and new and unused packaging. Id. The packaging and 

heroin found in the bedroom matched those from the earlier 

observed sales. Id. In the middle bedroom there was mail in 

[Appellee’s] name. Id[.] at 5-6.

3. 4651 Rosehill Street is a family home. Id[.] at 6. There are 

five adults living in this house, including three adult children and 

the mother and father. Id.

4. There was no testimony that [Appellee] resided in the middle 

bedroom. Id[.] at 7. There were no clothes, sneakers, or other 

personal items tying [Appellee] to this room. Id.

5. At the preliminary re-file hearing, the Commonwealth failed to 

offer sufficient evidence indicating that [Appellee] occupied the 

middle bedroom. Id. [a]t 7-8.

Trial Court Opinion, 2/26/14, at 1-2 (footnotes omitted).

Following the trial court’s December 18, 2013 order dismissing the 

charges against Appellee, the Commonwealth filed a timely appeal. On 

appeal, the Commonwealth raises one issue for this Court’s consideration:

Should the charges of conspiracy, possession with the intent to 

distribute a controlled substance, and knowing and intentional 
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possession of a controlled substance charges be reinstated 

where the evidence, when properly viewed in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth, established a prima facie case 

that [Appellee] conspired to sell heroin out of his family home?

The Commonwealth’s Brief at 1.

In reviewing the Commonwealth’s issue, we are mindful that:

The preliminary hearing is not a trial. The principal function of a 

preliminary hearing is to protect an individual’s right against an 

unlawful arrest and detention. At this hearing the 

Commonwealth bears the burden of establishing at least a prima 

facie case that a crime has been committed and that the accused 

is probably the one who committed it. It is not necessary for the 

Commonwealth to establish at this stage the accused’s guilt 

beyond a reasonable doubt. In order to meet its burden at the 

preliminary hearing, the Commonwealth is required to present 

evidence with regard to each of the material elements of the 

charge and to establish sufficient probable cause to warrant the 

belief that the accused committed the offense. 

Commonwealth v. McBride, 595 A.2d 589, 591 (Pa. 1991) (citations 

omitted). The Commonwealth’s evidence need only be such that, if 

presented at trial and accepted as true, the trial judge would be warranted 

in permitting the case to go to the jury. Commonwealth v. Huggins, 836 

A.2d 862, 866 (Pa. 2003). “[I]nferences reasonably drawn from the 

evidence of record which would support a verdict of guilty are to be given 

effect, and the evidence must be read in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth’s case.” Id. “The question of the evidentiary sufficiency of 

the Commonwealth’s prima facie case is one of law as to which this Court’s 

review is plenary.” Id. at 865.
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Upon review of the record, we agree with the trial court and conclude 

that the Commonwealth did not establish Appellee’s connection to the 

middle bedroom of the house where contraband was discovered, and 

therefore, failed to establish a connection among Appellee, the contraband, 

and the illicit sale of narcotics. While the police did find a letter addressed to 

Appellee in the middle bedroom, the evidence established that the residence 

was a family home where Appellee lived with his brothers and parents. We 

agree with the trial court that the Commonwealth failed to prove that 

Appellee probably committed the crimes of possession of a controlled 

substance, PWID, or conspiracy to commit PWID. The notes of testimony 

from the initial preliminary hearing held in Municipal Court on October 3, 

2013, reveal at most, one piece of mail found in the middle bedroom bearing 

Appellee’s name. The only other attempt the Commonwealth made to 

connect Appellee to the middle bedroom was Police Officer Richard 

Fitzgerald’s testimony regarding comments from Appellee’s mother. N.T., 

10/3/13, at 8-10. Appellee’s counsel immediately objected on the basis of 

hearsay, and the trial court sustained the objection. Id. The questioning 

ceased and no other evidence was provided.

At the preliminary hearing on the refiling of the charges held before 

the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, the Commonwealth’s 

evidence remained scant:
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MR. SCIOLLA [Appellee’s Counsel]: And my argument, Judge, is 

the same argument I made [at the initial preliminary hearing 

held on October 3, 2013]. There were three adult children living 

in the house with the mother and father. Nobody has any idea 

how long the drugs were in that bedroom or the mail or if in fact 

that’s my client’s bedroom or the other brother’s bedroom. All 

they have is a family house where, obviously, you’re going to 

find mail in everybody’s name. And they’re suggesting that the 

drugs, the observed sale sold by his brother must be this man’s 

drugs, not the other brother’s, not the father’s, not the mother’s 

and not the brother that was seen selling the drugs.

MR. OSBORNE [Attorney for the Commonwealth]: And, Your 

Honor, we are at the preliminary hearing stage, so I think the 

inference here and all inferences in our favor is that if the mail is 

in that middle bedroom, that means that it’s his middle 

bedroom. When I go home at night I don’t leave my mail in my 

roommate’s room so –

THE COURT: But I don’t see any testimony showing that that 

was actually his room.

MR. OSBORNE: That’s the argument, the mail that was found in 

that room makes that his room, that’s the inference here.

THE COURT: But there were no clothes, nothing that you could 

show like sneakers or anything that it was this defendant’s?

MR. OSBORNE: No, the only thing that we have is the mail to tie 

him to that room, mail in his name in that middle bedroom 

where all of this is found. And, also, to say that we have the mail 

in this room, that means he’s in the room, he sees the grinders 

all over the dresser, he sees the scale --

MR. SCIOLLA: Judge, I got to object.

THE COURT: Go ahead, go ahead.

MR. OSBORNE: And he sees everything that’s in the room. If 

he’s in the room, at least with the mail, that means he knows 

what’s going on in this room. And I would suggest at this level 

the inference is that if the mail was found in this middle 
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bedroom, then it’s the middle bedroom. This is just at a 

preliminary hearing stage and with all reasonable inferences –

THE COURT: But even at that stage, you have to prove that this 

person more likely than not was the person that should be held 

for these offenses. If you have several people living in the house

and then there’s no other indication, with the search warrant 

when they searched the room, that there was ID, there was

something, clothes of this particular defendant that was in the 

room, you know, you got several people living in that house.

Refile is denied.

(Proceeding concluded.)

N.T. Refile Hearing, 12/18/13, at 6-9.

The Commonwealth cites to Commonwealth v. Bricker, 882 A.2d 

1008 (Pa. Super. 2005), and Commonwealth v. Walker, 874 A.2d 667 

(Pa. Super. 2005), as support for its position that the letter, by itself, which 

was found in the middle bedroom, was sufficient to establish constructive 

possession1of the contraband and guilty knowledge of Appellee’s brother’s 

 

1 Because Appellee was not found with contraband on his person, the 

Commonwealth was required to establish constructive possession. 

Constructive possession is an inference arising from a set of 

facts that possession of the contraband was more likely than not. 

We have defined constructive possession as conscious dominion. 

We subsequently defined conscious dominion as the power to 

control the contraband and the intent to exercise that control. To 

aid application, we have held that constructive possession may 

be established by the totality of the circumstances. 

Commonwealth v. Brown, 48 A.3d 426, 430 (Pa. Super. 2012) (internal 

citations and quotation marks omitted).
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sales of narcotics. We conclude that Bricker and Walker are 

distinguishable.

In Bricker, the evidence established that the police executed a search 

warrant at the defendant’s house. It was established that the defendant 

lived in that house, and when the police searched it, they discovered a bank 

statement addressed to the defendant. Clearly, these facts are analogous to 

the case at bar. However, additional evidence produced in Bricker revealed 

that the defendant was present in the kitchen when the police entered the 

house and that crack cocaine was found on the kitchen floor, on a couch in 

the adjacent living room, and in an upstairs bedroom. Significantly, the 

defendant had on his person a crack pipe, a rod used for cleaning a crack 

pipe, a filter for a crack pipe, and an electronic scale. Additionally, the 

defendant in Bricker admitted that he was a user of crack cocaine. All of 

these additional facts connected the defendant in Bricker to the contraband.

Similarly, in Walker, the defendant was present in the house when 

the police executed a search warrant. When the police entered, the officers 

observed three rooms in the basement: an office, a bedroom, and a 

bathroom. The defendant had dominion and control over the basement area 

where he kept his clothes and mail addressed to him. Inside the basement, 

the officers found cameras that monitored the walkway and driveway. In 

the middle of the room was a desk with two piles of cocaine. The officers 
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also discovered twenty-nine packets of additional cocaine, clear plastic 

baggies, $10,203.00 in U.S. currency, and seven guns. It was discovered 

that two other people lived with the defendant: a sixty-year-old female and 

an eighty-year-old male, but these individuals were not arrested. Upon 

defendant’s arrest, he asked to get a shirt and shoes from the basement and 

admitted that he resided at the residence with his stepfather. Clearly, the 

evidence in Walker linking the defendant to the multiple items of 

contraband was more than a piece of mail.

While the evidence discussed in the aforementioned cases was 

reviewed under the more stringent reasonable doubt standard necessary to 

sustain a conviction and not, as here, the prima facie standard, the 

distinction between the instant case and Walker and Bricker is substantial 

regardless of the standard applied. In both Walker and Bricker, 

contraband, clothing, mail, and personal property were discovered in areas 

of a house over which it was established the defendants had dominion. 

Ultimately, the issue was whether the evidence linked the defendants to 

their respective residences. While the mail, in and of itself, that was 

discovered in Walker and Bricker tied the defendants to the house where 

contraband was uncovered, those cases do not stand for the proposition that 

mail addressed to the dwelling tie a person to an individual bedroom 

within the dwelling, especially where the contraband at issue was not 
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discovered in a common area or an area where the Commonwealth failed to 

show the defendant had access. 

Upon review, we are constrained to agree with the trial court that, 

even when inferences are made in favor of the prosecution, the 

Commonwealth established only that Appellee likely resided at 4651 Rosehill 

Street. The Commonwealth, however, did not establish that Appellee 

resided in the middle bedroom where the contraband was discovered. As 

such, pursuant to our standard and scope of review, we agree with the trial 

court’s conclusion that the Commonwealth failed to present a prima facie 

case. Accordingly, we affirm the order dismissing the charges against 

Appellee.

Order affirmed.

Judge Ott joins the Memorandum.

Judge Bowes files a Dissenting Memorandum.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/26/2015