RECORD IMPOUNDED 

 SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY 

 APPELLATE DIVISION 

 DOCKET NO. A-0956-22 

B.A.F.,1

 Plaintiff-Respondent, 

v.

H.D.N., 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

_______________________

 Submitted January 16, 2024 – Decided January 30, 2024 

Before Judges Marczyk, Chase, and Vinci. 

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Chancery Division, Family Part, Somerset County, 

Docket No. FV-18-0292-33.

H.D.N. appellant pro se (Rajeh A. Saadeh and Sierra K. 

Chandler, on the brief). 

Legal Services of Northwest Jersey, attorneys for 

respondent (Nana Abena Asantewaa Osafo, on the 

brief). 

1

 The parties' initials are used to protect confidentiality, pursuant to 

R. 1:38-3(d)(9)-(10). 

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE 

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION 

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
2 A-0956-22

PER CURIAM 

Defendant H.D.N. appeals from the October 21, 2022 final restraining 

order ("FRO") entered against him under the Prevention of Domestic Violence 

Act ("PDVA"), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. We affirm.

I.

Plaintiff B.A.F. is a resident of Bernards Township and was sixty-four at 

the time of the event giving rise to this case. She was in a romantic relationship 

with defendant for four years and engaged for two of those years. Defendant is 

also a resident of New Jersey. 

In late August 2022, the couple was vacationing in Panama City Beach, 

Florida when they started to disagree over financial matters. When the couple 

arrived at their hotel, plaintiff went to the pool alone for approximately two 

hours. When she returned to the room, defendant was gone and did not respond 

to plaintiff's text messages. Defendant returned to the room hours later. 

Plaintiff testified defendant appeared drunk because "he was stumbling 

into the room. He had a weird – like a blank stare to his face." Plaintiff testified 

defendant told her, "You're the one I love and you're the one I have to kill," and 

then pinned her body to the bed and began to strangle her. During the 

altercation, defendant's phone fell from his pocket, and plaintiff tried to grab it 
3 A-0956-22

to call 9-1-1, but defendant retrieved his phone before she could do so. While 

still pinning plaintiff to the bed and strangling her a second time, defendant 

asked plaintiff for her engagement ring. Plaintiff was able to retrieve the ring 

from her purse, and defendant took the ring and his bags and left the hotel room. 

Plaintiff then called 9-1-1 and described defendant to the police, who 

apprehended him at the hotel. 

An officer from the Panama City Beach Police Department ("PCBPD") 

documented injuries plaintiff sustained to her neck, chest, arms, wrists, and toe. 

Plaintiff testified the strangulation caused her to fear for her life. Plaintiff 

returned home to New Jersey three days later as planned, and defendant was not 

on the flight. Defendant faced criminal charges in Florida stemming from the 

altercation. 

The day after arriving home, plaintiff reported the incident to the Bernards 

Township Police Department and filed for a temporary restraining order 

("TRO"), which was granted the same day. A trial on plaintiff's request for an 

FRO began on September 30, 2022. Both parties were represented by counsel, 

and plaintiff was the only witness to testify. 

At the FRO trial, plaintiff attempted to introduce into evidence twelve 

photographs of her injuries, five of which had been taken by the responding 
4 A-0956-22

PCBPD officer and emailed to plaintiff by another PCBPD employee. 

Defendant objected on authentication grounds. The court sustained defendant's 

objection and allowed only the photographs taken by plaintiff herself to be 

admitted. 

On the second day of trial, defendant entered into evidence bodycam 

footage from the Bernards Township police officer who heard plaintiff's 

complaint in connection with her TRO application. The footage captured the 

following exchange: 

[PLAINTIFF]: — came back yesterday in the morning. 

[OFFICER]: That sounds terrible. 

[PLAINTIFF]: I didn't even know that, any of that until 

I got back from Florida, that he filed for bankruptcy. 

We were supposed to, we were supposed to be getting

a mortgage. How are they supposed to get a mortgage 

with — anyway, (indiscernible), so —

[OFFICER]: Not (indiscernible) convicted. 

[PLAINTIFF]: Oh, that's not until October 13th. And 

that's where — a little scared. If he were sober —

[OFFICER]: Uh-huh

[PLAINTIFF]: — 100 percent — I think when he's 

sober I don't think I'd be afraid. But what if he goes out 

drinking? He's been through a lot. 

On re-direct, plaintiff again attempted to introduce the PCBPD 

photographs, arguing defendant had opened the door as to photographic 
5 A-0956-22

evidence of the bruising, and the photographs' authenticity could be further 

corroborated by bodycam footage obtained from the PCBPD officer, which 

captured him taking the photographs. The court watched two minutes of PCBPD 

bodycam footage and then admitted three additional photographs into evidence 

over defendant's objection. At the conclusion of her testimony, plaintiff moved 

the PCBPD bodycam footage into evidence, also over defendant's objection. 

On October 21, 2022, the trial court granted the FRO. The court prefaced 

its ruling by stating: 

As in any [domestic violence] case I need to make 

decisions with respect to jurisdiction, predicate act, 

prior history if any is alleged. I must perform what's 

called a Silver[2] analysis determination as to whether 

a[n FRO] is necessary to protect the plaintiff if I find 

there's been a predicate act and obviously jurisdiction. 

And I must assess credibility of any witness. 

Commenting first on witness credibility, the court found plaintiff to be 

"more credible than not," determined her testimony was supported by the 

photographs, and noted her willingness to answer questions. The court 

acknowledged some inconsistencies in plaintiff's testimony, and stated there was 

more to the story than what plaintiff had revealed on direct, but still concluded 

overall, she was more credible than not. 

2

 Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112 (App. Div. 2006). 
6 A-0956-22

The court then established it had jurisdiction because of the parties' prior 

engagement. The court acknowledged there was no allegation or testimony of a 

prior history of domestic violence. After summarizing plaintiff's testimony, the 

court found plaintiff proved defendant committed simple assault, N.J.S.A. 

2C:12-1, by a preponderance of the evidence. The court stated that once a 

predicate act of domestic violence has been shown, a determination the plaintiff 

requires an FRO for protection is "often perfunctory and self-evident," and 

subsequently addressed the statutory factors under N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to 

(6), finding plaintiff needed an FRO to protect her from future acts of domestic 

violence. 

On appeal defendant argues: 1) New Jersey courts do not have jurisdiction 

to issue an FRO where the predicate act of violence occurred in another state, 

the plaintiff did not flee to New Jersey because she already lived here, and she 

successfully sought protections of the laws of the state where the alleged 

violence took place; 2) the Family Part judge did not make adequate findings of 

fact as to the predicate act of violence and plaintiff's need for continued 

protection under Silver; and 3) the matter should be reassigned to a different 

judge on remand. 
7 A-0956-22

II. 

Our review of a court's decision after a bench trial is limited. C.C. v. 

J.A.H., 463 N.J. Super. 419, 428 (App. Div. 2020). In reviewing "a trial court's 

order entered following trial in a domestic violence matter, we grant substantial 

deference to the trial court's findings of fact and the legal conclusions based 

upon those findings." J.D. v. A.M.W., 475 N.J. Super. 306, 312-13 (App. Div. 

2023) (quoting N.T.B. v. D.D.B., 442 N.J. Super. 205, 215 (App. Div. 2015)). 

Trial court findings are "binding on appeal when supported by adequate, 

substantial, credible evidence." G.M. v. C.V., 453 N.J. Super. 1, 11 (App. Div. 

2018) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-12 (1998)). "We defer to 

the credibility determinations made by the trial court because the trial judge 

'hears the case, sees and observes the witnesses, and hears them testify,' 

affording it 'a better perspective than a reviewing court in evaluating the veracity 

of a witness.'" Gnall v. Gnall, 222 N.J. 414, 428 (2015) (quoting Cesare, 154 

N.J. at 412). Deference is particularly appropriate "when the evidence is largely 

testimonial and involves questions of credibility." In re Return of Weapons to 

J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997). 

We do not disturb a trial judge's factual findings unless they are "so 

manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant[,] and 
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reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice." S.D. v. 

M.J.R., 415 N.J. Super. 417, 429 (App. Div. 2010) (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at 

412). "We accord substantial deference to Family Part judges, who routinely 

hear domestic violence cases and are 'specially trained to detect the difference 

between domestic violence and more ordinary differences that arise . . . '" C.C., 

463 N.J. Super. at 428 (quoting J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 482 (2011)). 

By contrast, legal decisions of Family Part judges are reviewed under the 

same de novo standard applicable to legal decisions in other cases. Rowe v. Bell 

& Gossett Co., 239 N.J. 531, 552 (2019). Whether a court has subject-matter 

jurisdiction is a legal determination. AmeriCare Emergency Med. Serv., Inc. v. 

City of Orange Twp., 463 N.J. Super. 562, 570 (App. Div. 2020). 

The New Jersey Legislature enacted the PDVA "to assure the victims of 

domestic violence the maximum protection from abuse the law can provide." 

N.J.S.A. 2C:25-18. The PDVA protects victims of domestic violence, which 

include, among others, "any person . . . who has been subjected to domestic 

violence by a person with whom the victim has had a dating relationship." 

N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(d); R.G. v. R.G., 449 N.J. Super. 208, 219-20 (App. Div. 

2017) (recognizing the amended definition of "[v]ictim of domestic violence" 

evinced "the Legislature's intent to broaden the application" of the PDVA). 
9 A-0956-22

Before an FRO may be issued, the court must engage in a two-prong 

analysis and make specific factual findings and legal conclusions. Silver, 387 

N.J. Super. at 125-27. First, the court determines, "in light of the previous 

history of violence between the parties," "whether the plaintiff has proven, by a 

preponderance of the credible evidence, that one or more of the predicate acts 

set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a) has occurred." Id. at 125. Next, the court 

evaluates the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to -(6) and determines 

whether an FRO is necessary "to protect the victim from an immediate danger 

or to prevent further abuse." Id. at 127. 

III. 

Defendant argues, for the first time on appeal, New Jersey did not have 

subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiff's TRO and FRO applications. 

Defendant maintains the language of N.J.S.A. 2C:25-28(a), which reads, "[a]

[domestic violence] plaintiff may apply for relief under [the PDVA] in a court 

having jurisdiction over the place where the alleged act of domestic violence 

occurred, where the defendant resides, or where the plaintiff resides or is 

sheltered," confers venue, not jurisdiction. Defendant argues there is no 

precedential support for New Jersey exercising subject-matter jurisdiction to 

enter an FRO where the alleged predicate act took place outside of NewJersey, 
10 A-0956-22

plaintiff did not seek shelter in New Jersey because she already resided here, 

and plaintiff successfully sought protection of the laws of the state where the 

abuse allegedly occurred. 

It is axiomatic that subject-matter jurisdiction is essential to a valid 

judgment and therefore may never be waived. R. 4:6-7; see also Murray v. 

Comcast Corp., 457 N.J. Super. 464, 470 (App. Div. 2018). Our courts are 

"invested with general jurisdiction that provides expansive authority to resolve 

myriad controversies brought before them." Thompson v. Atl. City, 190 N.J. 

359, 378-79 (2007). "[S]ubject matter jurisdiction is presumed for courts of 

general jurisdiction unless proved otherwise[.]" Ibid. (citing Turner v. Bank of 

N. Am., 4 U.S. 8, 11 (1799)). 

With respect to an application for relief, the PDVA provides: 

A plaintiff may apply for relief under this section in a 

court having jurisdiction over the place where the 

alleged act of domestic violence occurred, where the 

defendant resides, or where the plaintiff resides or is 

sheltered, and the court shall follow the same 

procedures applicable to other emergency applications. 

[N.J.S.A. 2C:25-28(a) (emphasis added).] 

The Act also provides, "[a] municipal court judge or a judge of the Family 

Part of the Chancery Division of the Superior Court may enter an ex parte 

order . . . ." N.J.S.A. 2C:25-28(f) (emphasis added). After the filing of the 
11 A-0956-22

complaint, "[a] hearing shall be held in the Family Part of the Chancery Division 

of the Superior Court . . . in the county where the [TRO was] ordered[.]" [. . . .]" 

N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a) (emphasis added). The TRO "shall remain in effect until 

a judge of the Family Part issues a further order." N.J.S.A. 2C:25-28(i) 

(emphasis added). Both TROs and FROs "shall be in effect throughout the State, 

and shall be enforced by all law enforcement officers." N.J.S.A. 2C:25-28(p) 

(emphasis added). 

While the predicate acts of violence are part of the Criminal Code, "[t]he 

jurisdictional limitation contained in [N.J.S.A.] 2C:1-3 does not prevent a victim 

of domestic violence from filing a domestic violence complaint in this State 

based on a criminal act that took place in another state . . . ." Cannel, New 

Jersey Criminal Code Annotated, cmt. 2 on N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 (2023); see also 

State v. Reyes, 172 N.J. 154, 168 (2002) (finding that the criminal code's 

jurisdictional limitations do not limit civil jurisdiction, and to find otherwise 

would "ignore[] the Legislature's 'encourage[ment of] the broad application of 

the remedies available under [the PDVA] . . . .'" (second alteration in original)

(quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:25-18)). The predicate act need not have taken place in 

New Jersey. Reyes, 172 N.J. at 161-62 (finding the PDVA permits courts to 

consider another jurisdiction's orders as an adequate basis to issue restraints in 
12 A-0956-22

New Jersey, because it contemplates jurisdiction, even where the predicate act 

occurred outside the state). 

In Shah v. Shah, a defendant challenged a TRO on both personal and 

subject-matter jurisdictional grounds. 184 N.J. 125, 129 (2005). The defendant 

resided in Illinois, which was the site of the alleged predicate acts of violence. 

Ibid. The plaintiff had relocated to New Jersey, seeking refuge with family 

friends, and resided here when she made her initial application for ex parte 

relief. Ibid. We found that both subject-matter and personal jurisdiction existed 

regarding protective or prohibitory portions of the TRO because the "plaintiff, 

having a lawful presence in New Jersey and residing here, at least for the time 

being, is entitled to seek and expect the full protection of our laws." Shah v. 

Shah, 373 N.J. Super. 47, 52 (App. Div. 2004). 

The Supreme Court explicitly endorsed our finding as to subject-matter 

jurisdiction, rejecting the defendant's assertion that the action could have been 

brought only in Illinois. Shah, 184 N.J. at 135. In no uncertain terms, the Court 

held, "[t]he fundamental logic of that statutory provision is unassailable: a 

victim of domestic abuse who seeks a place of refuge must be able to engage the 

protections of the law of the jurisdiction in which she is sheltered. To state 
13 A-0956-22

otherwise flies in the face of plain common sense." Id. at 135-36. The Court 

expressly held: 

[A]s long as one of the statutorily enumerated subject 

matter jurisdiction conditions precedent to the filing of 

a domestic violence complaint is present and the action 

is [properly] venued[,] . . . New Jersey courts have all 

requisite subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate a 

complaint seeking relief under the [PDVA]. 

[Id. at 137.] 

Here, defendant's position is contrary to the controlling precedent in Shah. 

The factual distinctions between Shah and the present case— namely that 

plaintiff already lived in New Jersey and therefore did not flee to or seek refuge 

here— have no bearing on a subject-matter jurisdiction determination. It does 

not follow that because a court properly granted relief to a plaintiff who moved 

to New Jersey, it improperly granted relief to one who already lived here. 

Nothing about N.J.S.A. 2C:25-28(a) suggests that New Jersey must be terra nova 

when a plaintiff who was out of state returns and seeks the protection of the 

PDVA. 

Additionally, defendant's argument that subject-matter jurisdiction should 

be denied where plaintiff "successfully sought the protections of the law where 

the acts took place" is unavailing. The PDVA considers orders entered by 

another jurisdiction as one method of establishing the underlying predicate act 
14 A-0956-22

of violence, and as a factor in determining the necessity of an FRO, but it is not 

a bar to entry of an FRO as defendant suggests. Further, as a factual matter, 

nothing in the record reflects that plaintiff sought civil restraints in Florida, only 

the assistance of law enforcement officers there. In fact, defendant's election 

not to testify was based on his pending criminal matters in Florida. As the Court 

explained in Reyes, the jurisdictional limits of a state's criminal code have no 

effect on the validity of civil restraints entered under the PDVA. 172 N.J. at 

168 ("[C]riminal and civil statutes concerning domestic violence create separate 

rights and remedies. . . . [The PDVA] provides twin avenues of relief . . . ."). 

Further, defendant's argument makes little sense when read in conjunction 

with sections of the PDVA providing for hearing procedures, timelines for 

orders to remain in effect, and enforcement by law enforcement officials. See 

DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477, 492 (2005) (statutory provisions are to be 

"read . . . in context with related provisions so as to give sense to the legislation 

as a whole") (citing Chasin v. Montclair State Univ., 159 N.J. 418, 427-27 

(1999)). 

Plaintiff was "in a dating relationship" with defendant, and therefore 

meets the definition of "[v]ictim of domestic violence" under N.J.S.A. 

2C:25-19(d). Plaintiff resides in Bernards Township, and therefore the action 
15 A-0956-22

was properly venued in Somerset County. Under Shah, subject-matter 

jurisdiction was properly exercised, and the FRO was properly entered, so long 

as plaintiff established a predicate act of violence was committed and she needed 

an FRO to protect her in the future. 

IV. 

Defendant next argues the trial court's findings of fact as to the predicate 

act of violence did not adequately consider the inconsistencies in plaintiff's 

testimony. He asserts plaintiff's motivations for the restraining order are not for 

protection from any alleged violence, but defendant's bankruptcy. Defendant 

charges plaintiff with "us[ing] the PVDA as a sword, executing revenge against 

[d]efendant because of his decimated credit and inability to provide her with 

home ownership . . . ." He notes the admission of the PCBPD photographs 

exemplifies the inadequacy of the trial court's factfinding. Defendant also 

argues the court failed to consider all relevant factors under Silver and N.J.S.A. 

2C:25-29(a). He maintains an FRO was not warranted because he has ceased 

all contact with plaintiff; plaintiff continued her vacation as planned; and 

plaintiff told the Bernards Township police officer she was not afraid of 

defendant. 
16 A-0956-22

We are satisfied the court's conclusion that defendant assaulted plaintiff 

was supported by substantial, credible evidence in the record. The court found 

plaintiff "more credible than not," and the record, including properly admitted 

photographs and body-worn camera footage, supports the court's finding that 

defendant committed a predicate act, simple assault, under the PDVA. 

Additionally, our review of the record reveals sufficient support for the court's 

conclusion that an FRO was necessary to protect plaintiff from future acts of 

violence. Specifically, the record supports plaintiff's fear of defendant's 

behavior, especially when he drinks. The judge properly considered the 

statutory factors in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a) and found that an FRO was in the 

plaintiff's best interests. We see no reason to disturb his ruling. 

To the extent not addressed, defendant's remaining arguments lack 

sufficient merit to warrant further discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-

3(e)(1)(E). 

Affirmed.