MATTER OF T— 

In DEPORTATION Proceedings 

A-11207333 

Decided by Board November 25, 1959 

Deportability—Charge under section 241(a)(1) (invalid visa) not sustained in 

absence of fraud sufficient to sustain charge under section 241(c). 

Where evidence of fraud in marriage to United States citizen was found Insufficient to support respondent's deportation wider section 241(c) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act, deportation on invalid visa charge under 

section 241 (a) (1) is also precluded when predicated upon same evidence 0 

fraudulent marriage. 

CHARGE: 

Order : Act of 1952—Section 241(a) (1) [8 U.S.C. 1251(a) (1) J—Inadmissible at time of entry, not nonquota immigrant. 

BEFORE THE BOARD 

Discussion: The case collies forward on appeal from the order of 

the special inquiry officer dated August 5, 1959, denying the motion to reopen and reconsider the order entered by the special inquiry officer on June 1, 1059, directing that the respondent be deported on the charge stated above. 

The record relates to a native and citizen of Italy, 36 years old, 

male, who last entered the United States at the port of New York 

on June 26, 1957, and was admitted upon presentation of a nonquota visa. This nonquota visa was issued at the American Consulate Genera] at. Palermo, Italy, on March 28, 1957, and was predicated upon a visa petition approved on July 18, 1956, executed by 

the petitioner's citizen wife whom he had married at Licata, Italy, 

on May 12, 1956. The respondent's marriage was judicially annulled at Baltimore, Maryland, on October 14, 1958, upon a suit 

instituted by the citizen wife. The respondent did not file an answer in the annulment proceedings and a decree pro confesso was 

entered. 

There has been made a part of the present proceedings a record of 

a hearing and order entered on March 20, 1959, by a special inquiry 

officer against this same respondent. The order to show cause in 
that case was issued on January 23, 1959, and charged deportability 

under sections 241(a) (2) and 241(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act on the ground that the respondent was an alien in 

the United States in violation thereof because he was an alien who 

entered contrary to the provisions of section 212(a) (19) of the said 

act with an immigrant visa which was procured by fraud on the 

basis of a marriage entered into less than 2 years prior to such 

entry, which marriage was judicially annulled or terminated within 

2 years subsequent to entry. After hearing the testimony of the 

respondent (who was the only witness in the case), and after examining the annulment decree which did not show the grounds for 

said annulment; the special inquiry officer concluded that the evicl'ice satisfactorily established that the respondent entered into the 

marriage in good faith and that it was not contracted for the purpose of evading any provision of the immigration laws. Accordingly, he ordered the proceedings terminated. 

No appeal was taken by the Service from this decision of the 

special inquiry 'officer, but thereafter, on March 23, 1959, a new 

order to show cause was issued charging the respondent to be subject to deportation under section 241(a) (1) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act, in that, at time of entry, he was within one or 

more of the classes of aliens excludable by law existing at the time 

of such entry, to wit, aliens who are not nonquota immigrants as 

specified in the immigrant visa, under section 211(a) (3) of the act. 

Actually, the respondent was in physical possession of a valid nonquota visa. Therefore, in order to sustain the charge, tho special 

inquiry officer was required to find the nonquota visa invalid for the 

reason that the respondent was not a bona fide nonquota immigrant 

as specified in his immigrant visa. This he did by relying largely 

upon the uncontested allegations and testimony in the annulment 

proceedings, the report of the auditor and master, and the decree 

of annulment entered in the uncontested action. The special inquiry officer found that insofar as respondent was concerned this 

was a marriage in name only, fraudulently entered into by respondent for the purpose of procuring his entry into the United States 

as a nonquota immigrant and that the annulment for lack of contractual intention clearly rendered the marriage contract void ab 

initio; hence, respondent was excludable at time of entry under 

section 211(1) (3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act as not a 

nonquota immigrant as specified in his immigrant visa. 

The special inquiry officer therefore was, in essence, finding that 

the nonquota visa was not valid because it was procured by fraud 

for the reason that the marriage was entered into solely to obtain 

nonquota status and without the intention of creating a bos ta fide 

husband-wife relationship. But this reasoning prevails only where 

494 
neither of the parties intended to enter into a bo?,.a. fielf: marriage 

relationship.' In the instant case, it is clear that the Wife of the 

respondent intended a bona fide relationship and that had she 

not obtained a judicial termination of the marriage, the marriage 

would have been a. valid and subsisting one. The propriety of using 

a charge predicated on section 211(a) (1) in a situation which is 

clearly encompassed by section 211(c) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act appears to be doubtful inasmuch as the latter 

charge is specifically applicable to the facts in the. instant case. 

The 1952 revision of the immigration and nationality laws was 

designed to fortify the sanctions against those who resorted to fraudulent marriage in order to defeat the quota restrictions.= If it ap.; 

pears that the alien contracted the marriage in good faith, with 

intention to fulfill his marital obligations, the subsequent failure 

or dissolution of the union will not subject him to deportation . 3 

 Moreover, the vitiating fraud must relate to the entry into the United 

States. Annulment of the marriage for fraud will not entail deportation if it is found that the fraud did not relate to obtaining 

immigration benefits. 4Whether the marriage was consummated by 

intercourse is a relevant, but not a decisive, consideration in appraising the alien's good faith.' A court finding of fraud is not 

conclusive in the deportation proceedings. Under the terms of the 

statute the respondent can avoid deportation by establishing that 

the annulment or divorce actually resulted from incompatibility or 

some other cause unrelated to evasion of the immigration laws,' 

It may thus be seen that Congress had provided a. specific section 

of the immigration and nationality law to deal with fraudulent 

marriages in order to obtain entry into the United States as nonquota. immigrants. The immigration law has specifically provided 

for deportation upon annulment of these so-called "gigolo" marriages since 1937. 7Since the immigration law has for such a long 

period contained this specific ground of deportability based upon a 

Cf. Matter of M—, A-10335093, Int. Dec. No. 968. 

2See Senate Report No. 1137, 82d Cong., 2d Seas., pp. 22-23: In section 

211(c), an attempt is made to prevent aliens from gaining, admission to the 

United States through fraudulent marriages in cases where they could not 

otherwise gain admission or would be faced with long years of waiting. It is 

provided that an alien shall be deported as having procured a visa or other 

documentation by fraud if, at any time, the alien obtained entry with an 

immigrant visa or other documentation procured on the basis of a marriage 

entered into less than 2 years prior to such entry of the alien, if within 

years subsequent to any entry of the alien the marriage is judicially annulled 

or terminated * * *." 

3 Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 460: Matter or T—, I. & N Doe 417 

4 Karayannis v. Brownell, 248 F.2d 80, 251 F.2d 882. 

5 Matter of M , 7 I. & N. Dec. 601. 

Karayannis v. Brownell, supra. 

7 Section 3, Act of May 14, 1937; 50 Stat. 164-5. 

MIN 
marriage annulled for fraud, a charge under section 241(c) would 

appear to be appropriate rather than the more general charge used 

in the instant case under section 241(a) (1). The basic premise of 

an expulsion under section 241(c) is the procurement of a visa and 

entry through deception.' The charge of deportation on the ground 

of not nonquota as specified in the visa is usually coupled with an 

allegation that such visa was obtained through fraud nr where the 

marriage was otherwise void ab initio.9 Even in the case of an 

annulment of the marriage of parties because they were uncle and 

niece, it was found that the chaige based on the Act of May 14, 1937 

was not supported because the element of fraud was not present 

in the marriage; and the theory that respondent's marriage was not 

rt 'ognized as valid in New York and that she was not legally the 

wife of a United States citizen at the time of her entry and, therefore, not entitled to admission on a nonquota basis was not sustained 

despite the annulment on the ground that the marriage which had 

been performed in Runania was valid there and should be regarded 

as merely voidable and not void ab initio. 1 ° 

Marriages induced by frmd, like contracts and conveyances similarly induced, are binding on the party guilty of the fraud unless 

the victim of the fraud exercises his option of having the marriage 

annulled. The modern cases require a judicial annulment, and the 

mere election of the victim to treat the marriage ;‘,s void is not sufficient." The doctrine that a marriage, procured by fraud is annulled 

and is effaced as if it had never been, has, in practice, been limited 

because, as has bean pointed out, the doctrine of "relation back" is 

a fiction of law adopted by the courts solely for the purposes of jus 

tice.r2This fiction of "relation back" is sometimes given effect and 

sometimes ignored, as the purposes of justice are deemed to require." 

The "relation back" doctrine of annulment was fashioned to do substantial justice as between the parties to a voidable marriage. It 

a mere legal fiction which has an appeal when used as a device fo] 

achieving that purpose. The test for determining the applicabilit ■ 

of the doctrine is whether it effects a result which conforms to th 

sanctions of sound policy and justice as between the immediat 

parties, their property, and the rights of offspring. Whatever ma: 

be said for the fiction of "relation hack" as a general principle i 

annulment cases, it must be deemed to apply only where it promotE 

the purposes for which it was intended." 

8Gordon and Rosenfield, Immigration Law and Procedure, p. 428. 

' Matter of R . 4 I. & N. Dec. 345. 

10 2dattor of 2if—, 3 I. & N. Dec. 25. 

11Madden, On Persons and Domestic Relations, p. 21. 

ix Sleicher v. Sl.eicher, 251 N.Y. 366. 

18Schaeffer v. Schaeffer, 158 N.Y.S.2d 204. 

" Sefton v. Sefton, 201 P. 2d 439 (Cal., 1955). 

496 
The instant annulment was procured in Maryland. However, we 

were unable to find any specific Maryland cases as to whether such 

marriages are declared void as to the date of decree or relate back 

so as to render the marriage void (lb However, it is interesting to note that in the neighboring District of Columbia is decree 

of annulment of a marriage, the consent to which of either party 

has been procured by force or fraud, is void from the time its nullity 

is declared by decree, as distinguished from those cases in which the 

marriage is void ab 

On the basis of the discussion set forth above, and in view of the 

fact that a prior proceeding- , predicated on section 241(e) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act on a charge of visa procured by 

fraud on the- basis of a marriage entered into less than 2 years prior 

to such entry Which marriage was judicially annulled within 2 years 

subsequent to entry, was terminated, we are not prepared to sustain 

the present charge unless it is predicated upon a showing of fraud 

necessary to sustain the section 241(c) ground. We note that the 

present proceeding contains the full complaint and findings in the 

annulment matter which were not present in the previous proceedings. We also note that the former wife was not called as a witness 

in either proceeding. We do not speculate whether such evidence 

would be sufficient to sustain a charge under section 2-11(c) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act. In the absence. of evidenc.e of 

fraud sufficient to sustain a charge under section 241(c), we will not 

sustain a section 241(a) charge which is bottomed on the same fraud 

and deception. 

Order : it is ordered that the proceedings be terminated. 

is Osborne v. Osborne, 134 A. 2d 436, decided in the Municipal Court of 

Appeals, D.C., merely holds an annulment may he granted for fraud going 

to the essence of the marriage relationship. 

16Matter of R , 4 1. & N. Dec. 345, referring to section 30-103(14:3) of 

the Code of the District of Columbia. 

497