COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Humphreys, Beales and O’Brien 

Argued at Norfolk, Virginia 

ANDRE SMALLS 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0392-16-1 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN 

 JANUARY 31, 2017 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON 

Bonnie L. Jones, Judge 

 Charles E. Haden for appellant. 

 Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Following a bench trial, Andre Smalls (“appellant”) was convicted of possession of heroin 

with intent to distribute, in violation of Code § 18.2-248, and possession of a firearm while in 

possession of heroin, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.4. Appellant asserts the following assignment 

of error: 

The trial court erred in denying Smalls’ motion to strike the charge of 

possession of a firearm while simultaneously possessing a controlled 

substance with intent to distribute, where the Commonwealth’s 

evidence failed to establish that Smalls was in possession of a 

working firearm or that the possession of the firearm was while in 

possession of heroin held with intent to distribute, i.e., that there was 

a nexus between Smalls’ possession of the controlled substance and 

his possession of a firearm. 

I. BACKGROUND 

 On February 10, 2014, members of the Peninsula Narcotics Enforcement Task Force were 

conducting surveillance on the residence of a known heroin dealer in Hampton. Special Agent Pete 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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Gallaccio testified that at approximately 11:00 p.m., he observed a black Cadillac pull into the 

driveway. The driver, later identified as appellant, entered the house and remained inside for about 

thirty minutes. Agent Gallaccio determined that the vehicle was registered to appellant. 

 When appellant returned to his vehicle, Agent Gallaccio and members of the surveillance 

team followed him as he drove away. Eventually, they conducted a traffic stop. During the stop, a 

Hampton police officer arrived at the scene with his drug sniffing dog. The dog alerted the officer 

to the potential presence of narcotics in the vehicle. Agent Gallaccio and Agent Edward Jones 

searched the car and recovered approximately five thousand dollars and a clear plastic bag 

containing marijuana residue. They also found a utility bill for an apartment located on Tide Mill 

Lane, twenty yards from the stop, but appellant claimed that he did not reside there. 

 The agents searched appellant and discovered seven grams of heroin, two grams of 

marijuana, and three thousand dollars. Appellant also had a set of keys in his pocket. After the 

police determined that the keys fit the lock of the Tide Mill Lane apartment, appellant admitted to 

Agent Jones that he lived at the residence. Appellant initially told the officers that the drugs they 

found were “all [he] had.” However, when he acknowledged that he lived at the residence he also 

told them “I don’t have anything in there but a gun in a drawer in my bedroom and in the closet near 

the dining room a set of scales and some cut.” 

 The officers executed a search warrant at the residence. They discovered digital scales, 

empty glassine baggies and capsules, a spoon with heroin residue on it, and a cutting agent in a 

hallway closet. Agent Jones also seized a loaded .38 caliber Smith and Wesson pistol from a 

drawer in the master bedroom nightstand. He testified that the weapon was a “real gun” and not a 

replica. As the officers were leaving the residence, appellant told them, “[s]ee? I told you all I had 

was a gun and some scales, right?” 
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 At the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case, appellant made a motion to strike that was 

denied. He did not produce any evidence and renewed his motion to strike. The court once again 

denied the motion and found appellant guilty of both offenses. 

II. ANALYSIS 

 Appellant contends that the court erred by denying the motion to strike for three reasons: 

(1) the evidence was insufficient to establish that the firearm was operable, (2) the Commonwealth 

did not establish a nexus between appellant’s possession of heroin and his possession of the firearm, 

and (3) the evidence did not establish that appellant constructively possessed the firearm. Finding 

no error, we affirm appellant’s convictions. 

A. Standard of Review 

 When the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction is challenged on appeal, we 

must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at 

trial. See Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 303, 601 S.E.2d 555, 558 (2004). “If there is 

evidence to support the convictions, the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own 

judgment.” Commonwealth v. Jenkins, 255 Va. 516, 520, 499 S.E.2d 263, 265 (1998). The issue is 

“whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663, 588 S.E.2d 384, 387 

(2003) (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en 

banc)). “Therefore, under this highly deferential standard of review on appeal, ‘[t]he judgment of 

the trial court is presumed to be correct and will be reversed only upon a showing that it is “plainly 

wrong or without evidence to support it.”’” Ervin v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 495, 503, 704 

S.E.2d 135, 139 (2011) (quoting Viney v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 296, 299, 609 S.E.2d 26, 28 

(2005)). 
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B. Operability of the Firearm 

 Code § 18.2-308.4(C) provides that 

[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to possess, use, or attempt to use 

any pistol, shotgun, rifle, or other firearm . . . while committing or 

attempting to commit the illegal manufacture, sale, distribution, or 

the possession with the intent to manufacture, sell, or distribute a 

controlled substance classified in Schedule I or Schedule II of the 

Drug Control Act. 

Appellant contends that the Commonwealth was required to produce a certificate of analysis to 

establish that the firearm recovered from his nightstand was “an actual weapon capable of firing 

projectiles” and was operable. We disagree. 

 Although the statute does not define the term “firearm,” we have held that under Code 

§ 18.2-308.4, a firearm is “an object designed or intended to expel projectiles by the discharge or 

explosion of gunpowder.” Taylor v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 735, 737, 536 S.E.2d 922, 922 

(2000). However, this Court has specifically rejected the proposed element of operability that 

appellant attempts to add to the statute. See Armstrong v. Commonwealth, 36 Va. App. 312, 322, 

549 S.E.2d 641, 646 (2001) (en banc). In Armstrong, the Court considered whether the 

Commonwealth was required to prove operability to establish that an object is a firearm under Code 

§ 18.2-308.2, which prevents convicted felons from possessing firearms. Id. at 313, 549 S.E.2d at 

641-42. We held that the statute did not set forth an operability requirement; it merely prohibited 

felons from “possess[ing] any firearm.” Id. at 321, 549 S.E.2d at 645. “Had the legislature wished 

to draw a distinction between operable and inoperable firearms, it would have done so with clear 

and distinct language.” Id. Similarly, in Code § 18.2-308.4, the General Assembly did not 

distinguish between firearms that are capable of firing, and those that are incapable of firing.

Accordingly, “we will not apply ‘an unreasonably restrictive interpretation of the statute’ that would 

subvert the legislative intent expressed therein.” Armstrong v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 573, 581, 
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562 S.E.2d 139, 144 (2002) (quoting Ansell v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 759, 761, 250 S.E.2d 760, 

761 (1979)). 

 Additionally, appellant made the following statement to Agent Jones: “I don’t have 

anything . . . but a gun in a drawer in my bedroom.” Appellant’s assertion that he had a gun in his 

bedroom was competent evidence to establish that the item found in the drawer was a functioning 

firearm. See Taylor, 33 Va. App. at 737, 536 S.E.2d at 922 (Commonwealth proved possession of 

firearm when evidence showed that defendant referred to having “a 38 in his pocket” and raised his 

shirt above his waist and displayed the “silver part of what appeared to be a firearm” to an 

undercover police officer). Agent Jones also testified that based on his twenty years of law 

enforcement experience and his knowledge of firearms, he concluded that the loaded pistol he found 

in appellant’s nightstand was a “real gun,” not a replica. Therefore, while operability is not a 

required element of the offense, the evidence was sufficient to establish that this particular gun was 

a functioning firearm. 

C. Nexus Between the Firearm and the Drugs 

 Appellant contends that the Commonwealth failed to prove simultaneous possession of the 

firearm in his nightstand drawer and the drugs found in his possession. He asserts that a conviction 

under Code § 18.2-308.4 “implicitly . . . require[s] proof of a nexus between the firearm and the 

drugs.” We disagree. 

 This precise issue was addressed in Wright v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 754, 685 S.E.2d 655 

(2009). In Wright, the defendant was arrested for possession with the intent to distribute cocaine. 

Id. at 757, 685 S.E.2d at 656. He advised the police officers that he had a gun and additional 

cocaine at his house located approximately five miles away. Id. at 756-57, 685 S.E.2d at 656. The 

defendant was convicted of possessing a firearm while possessing cocaine with intent to distribute, 

in violation of Code § 18.2-308.4. Id. at 757, 685 S.E.2d at 656. The Supreme Court rejected 
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appellant’s argument that “the statute requires proof of a nexus between the firearm and the drugs 

that the defendant actually or constructively possesses.” Id. at 760, 685 S.E.2d at 658 (quoting 

Wright v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 266, 282, 670 S.E.2d 772, 780 (2009)). The Court ruled 

that the Commonwealth was not required to prove “that the firearm is in some way being used in 

conjunction with the unlawful drug activity or to further such activity,” and held that “[i]n the 

absence of any statutory language supporting the requirement of a ‘nexus’ between the possession 

of the firearm and the illegal activity, we cannot impose such a requirement in prosecutions under 

this Code section.” Id. at 760-61, 685 S.E.2d at 658. Therefore, in this case, because the statute 

does not require proof of a nexus between the firearm and the drugs, the court did not err in finding 

appellant guilty of violating Code § 18.2-308.4. 

D. Constructive Possession of the Firearm 

 Finally, appellant asserts that the court erred by finding the evidence sufficient to establish 

that he had constructive possession of the recovered firearm. He argues for the first time on appeal 

that a third party might have placed the weapon in his bedroom nightstand without his knowledge. 

At trial, appellant moved to strike the evidence based on the Commonwealth’s failure to establish 

that the item found in the drawer of the nightstand was an operable firearm and the 

Commonwealth’s failure to show a nexus between the gun and the distribution of narcotics. He did 

not raise the issue of actual or constructive possession of the weapon. 

 Therefore, appellant’s argument is procedurally defaulted. Rule 5A:18 provides that “[n]o 

ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated 

with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable the 

Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” “The purpose of this contemporaneous objection 

requirement is to allow the trial court a fair opportunity to resolve the issue at trial, thereby 
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preventing unnecessary appeals and retrials.” Creamer v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 185, 195, 

767 S.E.2d 226, 231 (2015). 

 Further, Rule 5A:18 requires that the objection be stated with specificity. “A party will not 

be allowed to specify one or more grounds of objection to evidence offered in the trial court and rely 

upon other grounds in the appellate court. He is regarded as having waived all other objections to 

the evidence except those which he pointed out specifically.” Branch v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 

91, 96, 300 S.E.2d 758, 760 (1983) (quoting Jackson v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co., 179 Va. 642, 

650-51, 20 S.E.2d 489, 492 (1942)). Because appellant’s motion to strike was based solely on his 

claim that the gun must be operable and a nexus must exist between possession of the narcotics and 

possession of the weapon, we will not consider his contention that the Commonwealth did not prove 

constructive possession of the weapon. 

 For the above reasons, the ruling of the trial court is affirmed. 

Affirmed.