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WEILAND v. WEILAND

Cite as 307 Neb. 882

Timothy H. Weiland, appellee and 

cross-appellant, v. Ann M. 

Weiland, appellant and 

cross-appellee.

___ N.W.2d ___

Filed December 4, 2020. No. S-20-034.

1. Divorce: Judgments: Appeal and Error. The meaning of a divorce 

decree presents a question of law, in connection with which an appellate 

court reaches a conclusion independent of the determination reached by 

the court below.

2. Divorce: Property Division: Pensions. Marital assets are subject to 

equitable division in a dissolution proceeding, and retirement benefits 

whether vested or not vested are eligible for inclusion in the marital estate.

3. Divorce: Property Division: Armed Forces: Pensions. A military pension is a marital asset.

Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: 

Gregory M. Schatz, Judge. Affirmed in part, vacated in part, 

and in part reversed and remanded with directions.

Andrew J. Hilger, of Law Office of Andrew J. Hilger, for 

appellant.

Steven J. Riekes and Elizabeth Stuht Borchers, of Marks, 

Clare & Richards, L.L.C., for appellee.

Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke, 

Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ. 

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library

www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/

01/08/2021 09:07 AM CST
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Miller-Lerman, J.

NATURE OF CASE

This case arises from a divorce action between Timothy H. 

Weiland, appellee and cross-appellant, and Ann M. Weiland, 

appellant and cross-appellee, who were married in 1984 and 

whose marriage was dissolved in 1996. Timothy served in the 

U.S. Marine Corps Reserve from 1982 through 2005. In the 

dissolution decree, Ann was “granted one-half of the points 

accumulated during the marriage by [Timothy] up to the time 

of the decree, and shall receive the credits for those points and 

the equivalent amount of money in the event that [Timothy’s] 

retirement benefits vest.” After the retirement benefits vested 

and in order for Ann to start receiving retirement benefits, the 

parties each moved the district court for Douglas County for 

clarification of the decree.

Following a hearing, the district court ordered Timothy to 

pay Ann a fixed award of $465.38 per month for the retirement benefits and further ordered Timothy to pay Ann her 

share of Timothy’s retirement benefits he had received and 

not paid to Ann. Ann appeals, and Timothy cross-appeals, 

each challenging the fixed monthly amount of Ann’s marital 

share of Timothy’s military pension. As explained below, the 

district court erred when it assigned a fixed monthly dollar 

value. Although we honor Ann’s entitlement to an award of 

military pension benefits and affirm Ann’s entitlement to back 

payments, we vacate the fixed monthly benefit award and the 

fixed monthly amount of back payments; further, we reverse, 

and remand with directions to determine the equitable distribution of Timothy’s military retirement expressed as a formula 

that honors the points awarded in the decree and is consistent 

with a hypothetical retired pay award valued as of the date of 

the decree.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

Timothy entered the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve on August 

6, 1982, and the parties were married in 1984 in Omaha, 

Douglas County, Nebraska. When the parties divorced on 
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September 30, 1996, Timothy had not yet retired from the 

military. The only issue on appeal is the equitable distribution 

of Timothy’s military retired pay consistent with the divorce 

decree and applicable legal principles. The divorce decree provided, in relevant part, as follows:

17. That the Petitioner [Timothy] accumulates points 

which apply to his retirement in the military. The 

Respondent [Ann] is granted one-half of the points accumulated during the marriage by the Petitioner up to the 

time of the decree, and shall receive the credits for those 

points and the equivalent amount of money in the event 

that Petitioner’s retirement benefits vest.

Timothy retired from the military on January 12, 2005, and 

his pension rights vested after he turned age 60 on September 

5, 2017. During his career, Timothy had earned a total of 5,822 

retirement points, and after the pension rights vested, he began 

receiving $2,050 per month from the pension. Thereafter, Ann 

applied for her share of the pension to the Defense Finance 

and Accounting Service of the U.S. Department of Defense. 

However, the accounting service would not calculate or pay 

Ann’s share to her until the district court clarified certain information necessary to determine Ann’s share.

Through cross-motions, Ann and Timothy each requested 

that the district court clarify the decree. Ann also filed a motion 

to modify the decree to state the number of military retirement 

points earned during the marriage and a motion for back payments to require Timothy to pay Ann her share of the pension 

he had already received.

At trial, the parties stipulated that at the time of the September 

30, 1996, decree, Timothy had earned 3,334 Reserve retirement 

points. However, Ann and Timothy assign different values to 

the cash value of one-half of 3,334 points and propose different formulas to determine the fixed amount Ann should receive 

monthly from Timothy’s military retirement amount. We examine the proposed formulas in the analysis section, below. Ann 

valued her interest at $586 per month, and Timothy valued 

Ann’s interest at $383 per month.
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The district court filed a supplemental order on January 6, 

2020, in which it found that it had jurisdiction to modify and 

clarify the decree to the extent necessary to effect its terms. The 

court awarded Ann $465.38 per month, beginning November 

2019. The court also ordered Timothy to pay $9,549.60 to Ann, 

representing back payments of $465.38 per month for the 27 

months between September 2017 and November 2019, less the 

income taxes already paid by Timothy.

Ann appeals, and Timothy cross-appeals.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Ann claims, summarized and restated, that the district court 

erred because its clarification of the parties’ decree did not 

award her an amount based on a proportion of Timothy’s total 

retirement points.

Timothy cross-appeals and claims, summarized and restated, 

that the district court erred in the amount it awarded to Ann by 

not utilizing a hypothetical date of retirement as of the date of 

the decree to determine Ann’s interest in his retirement.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[1] The meaning of a divorce decree presents a question 

of law, in connection with which an appellate court reaches 

a conclusion independent of the determination reached by 

the court below. Braun v. Braun, 306 Neb. 890, 947 N.W.2d 

694 (2020).

ANALYSIS

On appeal and cross-appeal, Ann and Timothy each contend that the district court erred by modifying the decree and 

awarding Ann the fixed monthly amount of $465.38. Ann 

claims that the fixed monthly amount should be $586, whereas 

Timothy claims that the fixed monthly amount should be 

$383. We reject both proposals. Instead, in order to be faithful 

to the language of the original equitable decree and consistent with Nebraska jurisprudence as well as federal authority, 

we conclude that the district court erred when it awarded a 

fixed monthly amount. We vacate the fixed dollar amount and 
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reverse, and remand to clarify that Ann is entitled to a hypothetical retired pay award valued as of the date of the decree 

plus back payments as explained below.

[2,3] In Nebraska, marital assets are subject to equitable 

division in a dissolution proceeding and retirement benefits 

“whether vested or not vested” are eligible for inclusion in 

the marital estate. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-366(8) (Reissue 2016). 

In Longo v. Longo, 266 Neb. 171, 663 N.W.2d 604 (2003), 

we recognized that a military pension was a marital asset. 

When, as here, a decree is entered prior to the retirement of 

one of the parties who is a military service member, a clarifying order may later be necessary to determine the rights of 

the parties. See Schwartz v. Schwartz, 275 Neb. 492, 747 

N.W.2d 400 (2008), overruled on other grounds, Smeal Fire 

Apparatus Co. v. Kreikemeier, 279 Neb. 661, 782 N.W.2d 848 

(2010). Our cases have recognized that it is proper for a court 

to compensate a spouse only for the years for which the marriage coincided with the military service in determining the 

nonmilitary spouse’s share of pension benefits. See Longo v. 

Longo, supra.

Historically, spousal interests in military retirement have 

been determined in several different ways consistent with federal law, including the Uniformed Services Former Spouses’ 

Protection Act (USFSPA), Pub. L. No. 97-252, § 1001, 96 Stat. 

730 (codified as amended at 10 U.S.C. § 1408 (2018)), and 

Department of Defense rules and regulations. See Department 

of Defense Financial Management Regulation (DoD FMR) 

7000.14-R, vol. 7B. Federal law has evolved over time. See, 

e.g., Longo v. Longo, supra (discussing history of division of 

military pensions). In considering military pension orders subsequent to dissolution, we have affirmed a fixed monthly dollar amount where the decree so provided, see Longo v. Longo, 

supra, and recognized the validity of a point-value method, see 

Schwartz v. Schwartz, supra.

It is generally agreed that the purpose of the passage of 

the USFSPA in 1982 was, in part, to permit the States to 

apply their state dissolution law to division of nondisability 
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military retired pay. See Starr v. Starr, 70 Va. App. 486, 828 

S.E.2d 257 (2019). A Senate report stated that the USFSPA was

intended to remove the federal pre-emption found to 

exist by the United States Supreme Court [in McCarty 

v. McCarty, 453 U.S. 210, 101 S. Ct. 2728, 69 L. Ed. 2d 

589 (1981),] and permit State and other courts of competent jurisdiction to apply pertinent State or other laws 

in determining whether military retired or retainer pay 

should be divisible. Nothing in this [USFSPA] requires 

any division; it leaves that issue up to the courts applying 

community property, equitable distribution or other principles of marital property determination and distribution.

S. Rep. No. 97-502, at 12 (1982), reprinted in 1982 

U.S.C.C.A.N. 1555, 1596, 1611. Thus, Nebraska’s equitable 

division of military pensions is compatible with federal law.

A limitation on former spouses’ retired pay was included in 

the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017. 

See Pub. L. No. 114-328, 130 Stat. 2164 (Dec. 23, 2016). The 

amendment to 10 U.S.C. § 1408(a)(4)(B) reads as follows:

[I]n the case of a division of property as part of a final 

decree of divorce . . . that becomes final prior to the date 

of a member’s retirement, the total monthly retired pay to 

which the member is entitled shall be[:]

. . . the amount of retired pay to which the member 

would have been entitled using the member’s retired pay 

base and years of service on the date of the decree of 

divorce, dissolution, annulment or legal separation, as 

computed [with appropriate] cost-of-living adjustments[.]

Prior to the 2016 amendment to 10 U.S.C. § 1408, “states 

could determine the marital share of a military retirement 

based on the length of service to either the date of retirement 

or to the date of divorce.” Starr v. Starr, 70 Va. App. at 494, 

828 S.E.2d at 261.

As stated in Fulgium v. Fulgium, 240 Md. App. 269, 281-82, 

203 A.3d 33, 40-41 (2019),

[t]his amendment to § 1408 was intended to modify “the 

division of military retired pay in a divorce decree to 
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the amount the member would be entitled based upon 

the member’s pay grade and years of service at the time 

of the divorce rather than at the time of retirement.” S. 

Rept. 114-255, National Defense Authorization Act for 

Fiscal Year 2017, at 168 (114th Congress, 2016); Kristy 

N. Kamarck, Cong. Research Serv., RL31663, Military 

Benefits for Former Spouses: Legislation and Policy 

Issues, at 15 (2018) (hereinafter “CRS Report”). Rather 

than dividing actual retired pay at the time of retirement, 

the benefit would be frozen at the time of divorce. The 

rationale for using a “date of divorce” method for pension 

valuation was that a former spouse would not receive a 

windfall benefit from promotions and other pay increases 

that accrued from the date of divorce to the date of retirement, to which the former spouse made no contribution. 

See CRS Report, 15.

. . . In the National Defense Authorization Act for 

Fiscal Year 2018, Congress made technical corrections 

to this provision to clear up language problems in the 

[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 

2017]. See Pub. L. 115-91, 131 Stat. 1283, 1429 (Dec. 

12, 2017); Brentley Tanner & Amelia Kays, Winds of 

Change: New Rules for Dividing the Military Pension 

at Divorce, 30 J. Am. Acad. Matrimonial Law 491, 497 

(2017-2018). The current version of the statute provides 

that, in the situation where there is a final decree of 

divorce prior to the date of the member’s retirement, disposable retirement pay is based on “the amount of retired 

pay to which the member would have been entitled using 

the member’s retired pay base and years of service on the 

date of the decree of divorce, dissolution, annulment, or 

legal separation, as computed under section 1406 or 1407 

of this title, whichever is applicable, increased by the 

sum of specified cost of living adjustments[.]” 10 U.S.C. 

§ 1408(a)(4)(B).

As stated in Starr v. Starr, 70 Va. App. 486, 491, 828 S.E.2d 

257, 260 (2019),
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[i]n summary, in determining the total interest of a 

member’s military retirement for purposes of [state] equitable distribution, . . . the Amendment simply requires 

that the trial court use the date of divorce as the hypothetical date of retirement so that the amount of retired 

pay “us[es] the member’s retired pay base and years of 

service on the date of the decree of divorce.” 10 U.S.C. 

§ 1408(a)(4)(B).

In the view of Starr v. Starr, after its adoption, this provision 

freezes a spouse’s interest in the service member’s military 

service as of the date of divorce, precluding consideration of 

military service or pay increases after the date of divorce.

At this juncture, we read the language of the decree against 

the foregoing legal authority. In the decree, Ann was awarded 

points having a future value which were “accumulated during 

the marriage” but only “up to the time of the decree.” Given 

the language of the decree, we conclude that Ann is entitled to 

an award reflecting her property interest in Timothy’s retired 

pay valued as if he had retired at the time of property division and further conclude that this approach is consistent with 

Nebraska jurisprudence as well as federal authority. Because 

the decree was expressed as points rather than a fixed dollar 

amount, we now discuss the parties’ competing formulas.

The approaches advanced by the parties have been called the 

date of retirement approach as advocated for by Ann and the 

date of divorce approach as advocated for by Timothy. See 2 

Brett R. Turner, Equitable Distribution of Property, § 6:25 (4th 

ed. 2019).

Using the date of retirement approach, Ann claims that the 

best interpretation of the decree would mean that the equivalent value of her half of the points is $586 per month. She 

arrives at this figure by dividing half the points Timothy had 

earned on the date of the decree (1,667) by his total number 

of retirement points (5,822) and multiplying this fraction 

of his career earnings (1667/5822) by Timothy’s monthly 

retirement amount ($2,050) to determine her share of a fixed 

monthly benefit.
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Timothy contends that the value of the pension benefit is 

governed by 10 U.S.C. § 1408, including the 2016 amendment codifying the date of divorce approach, and Department 

of Defense rules and regulations. Timothy’s approach requires 

developing a hypothetical retired pay award and is essentially 

a frozen benefit, as reflected in DoD FMR 7000.14-R, vol. 7B, 

ch. 29, ¶ 290213:

Hypothetical retired pay award is an award based on 

a percentage of retired pay that is calculated using variables provided in a court order that are different from the 

member’s actual retirement variables. The retired pay calculated using the ordered variables is called the member’s 

hypothetical retired pay. A hypothetical award typically 

attempts to define the property interest in the retired pay 

as if the member had retired at the time the court divided 

the member’s military retired pay based upon the member’s rank, or high-3 amount, and years of service accrued 

to that point in time. Thus, the former spouse does not 

benefit from the member’s pay increases due to promotions or increased service time after the divorce.

Formulas to determine the value of military retirement and 

hypothetical retirement dates based on the laws in effect at the 

time of the decree are available in DoD FMR 7000.14-R, vol. 

7B, ch. 29.

Under the approach quoted above, Timothy contends that 

Ann’s 1,667 retirement points are equivalent to $383 per 

month, reached by calculating the hypothetical value of his 

retirement points as though he was able to retire on the date of 

the decree with the same military record, years of service, salary, and rank as of the date of the decree.

As we have noted, the decree entered in this case provided Ann credit for “one-half of the points accumulated [by 

Timothy] during the marriage” and “up to the time of the 

decree.” We agree with Timothy that a hypothetical retired 

pay award is most consistent with the language of the parties’ 

decree and with principles of equitable distribution. However, 
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contrary to Timothy’s contention, given the plain language 

of the decree describing Ann’s interest in the retirement benefit as points rather than a fixed dollar amount, the resulting court order should not be a fixed award, but should be 

expressed as a formula that honors the original decree and 

freezes Ann’s points to the value of Timothy’s retirement 

amount as of the date of the decree. Given the decree, the 

marital estate includes only that portion of the pension which 

is earned during the marriage, which is an acceptable division in Nebraska. Reichert v. Reichert, 246 Neb. 31, 516 

N.W.2d 600 (1994). See Longo v. Longo, 266 Neb. 171, 663 

N.W.2d 604 (2003). Under the decree, the value of Ann’s 

points should not be inflated to allow her to benefit from 

Timothy’s pay increases after the divorce decree due to subsequent promotions or length of service. Ann’s date of retirement 

approach would inappropriately compensate her in excess 

of the original decree by taking into account the advancement of Timothy’s career from 1996 through 2005, after they 

had divorced.

Although the parties could estimate the present value of 

Ann’s points using the hypothetical retired pay formulas provided by the Department of Defense regulations, as Timothy 

did in his briefing, we find that a fixed dollar award is inappropriate given the language of the original decree. Changing 

Ann’s interest from a portion of points, as stated in the decree, 

to a fixed dollar award, as ordered by the district court, may 

well be appropriate at present, but ultimately modifies Ann’s 

interest over time. A fixed award ignores the long-term effect 

of cost-of-living adjustments, and thus Ann would earn relatively less over time than was reflected in her original award. 

The district court erred when, at the behest of the parties, it 

strayed from provisions of the decree and entered judgment for 

Ann based on a theory of a fixed dollar retirement award.

We reverse and vacate the district court’s order and remand 

the matter with directions to value Timothy’s hypothetical 

retired base pay, to be determined based on the average basic 
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pay for the most recent 36 months (known as high-3) prior 

to the hypothetical retirement date of September 30, 1996. 

Applicable Department of Defense regulations provide guidance for the district court to create a hypothetical retired pay 

formula based on the relevant facts. To enable the Defense 

Finance and Accounting Service to calculate the hypothetical 

retired pay amount, the clarifying court order must provide the 

following: (1) the percentage the former spouse was awarded; 

(2) the hypothetical years of creditable service, or, in the case 

of a reservist, the Reserve retirement points on which the hypothetical retired pay is to be based; (3) the hypothetical retired 

pay base; and (4) the hypothetical retirement date. See DoD 

FMR 7000.14-R, vol. 7B, ch. 29, ¶ 290608(F). The decree 

should be clarified to reflect that Ann is awarded 50 percent 

of the disposable military retired pay Timothy would have 

received had he become eligible to receive military retired pay 

with a “retired pay base (high-3) of [$]______” and with 3,334 

Reserve retirement points on September 30, 1996. See DoD 

FMR 7000.14-R, vol. 7B, ch. 29, figure 29-1.

CONCLUSION

Under the parties’ 1996 divorce decree, the district court 

erred when it assigned a fixed monthly dollar value to Ann’s 

interest in Timothy’s military retirement benefits. Although we 

honor Ann’s entitlement to an award of military pension benefits and affirm Ann’s entitlement to back payments, we vacate 

the award of fixed past and future monthly retirement benefits 

to Ann and remand the matter for further clarification of the 

decree, consistent with directions in this opinion, to determine the equitable distribution of Timothy’s military retirement 

expressed as a formula that honors the points awarded in the 

decree and consistent with a hypothetical retirement date as of 

the date of the decree, September 30, 1996.

Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and in part 

reversed and remanded with directions.