DA 15-0361

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2016 MT 34

J.G. SHOCKLEY,

 Petitioner and Appellant,

 v.

CASCADE COUNTY, JASON CARROLL,

INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF

TEAMSTERS, LOCAL 2,

 Respondents and Appellees.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. DV-10-534C

Honorable Kenneth R. Neill, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Peter Michael Meloy, Attorney at Law, Helena, Montana

For Appellee:

D. Patrick McKittrick, Timothy J. McKittrick, Attorneys at Law, Great 

Falls, Montana 

Carey Ann Shannon, Deputy County Attorney, Great Falls, Montana 

Submitted on Briefs: January 6, 2016

 Decided: February 16, 2016

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

February 16 2016

Case Number: DA 15-0361
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Justice Patricia Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Following a successful petition under Article II, section 9 of the Montana 

Constitution for disclosure of certain documents, J.G. Shockley (Shockley) filed a motion 

for attorney fees and costs under § 2-3-221, MCA. The District Court granted Shockley 

his costs but denied his request for attorney fees. Shockley appeals the denial of his 

motion for an award of attorney fees, and requests that this Court impose upon district 

courts clear guidelines for denying motions for attorney fees in right to know cases. We 

decline to articulate such guidelines, and we affirm the District Court.

ISSUE

¶2 We address the following issue on appeal:

Did the District Court abuse its discretion by declining to award Shockley attorney 

fees under § 2-3-221, MCA?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3 This is the second time this matter has come before us. In Shockley v. Cascade 

County (Shockley I), 2014 MT 281, 376 Mont. 493, 336 P.3d 375, we held that Shockley 

had standing under Article II, section 9 of the Montana Constitution to assert a claim 

against Cascade County for disclosure of certain documents. Shockley was seeking 

disclosure of a settlement agreement entered into by Jason Carroll (Carroll), a Cascade 

County detention officer, Carroll’s employer, Cascade County (the County), and 

Carroll’s collective bargaining unit, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 2 

(the Union). Shockley I, ¶ 3. Early in the litigation, the County admitted it had no 
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objection to disclosure of the settlement agreement. Then on July 25, 2013, the District 

Court entered Carroll’s default. From July 2013 onward, the only barrier to disclosure of 

the settlement agreement was the resistance of the Union. In opposing disclosure, the 

Union relied on the confidentiality provision of the settlement agreement, to which it was 

a party.

¶4 Following our decision in Shockley I, the District Court balanced the public’s right 

to know against the individual privacy interests at stake, granted Shockley’s motion, and 

ordered the County to disclose the settlement agreement. As the prevailing party, 

Shockley then filed a motion under § 2-3-221, MCA, for an award of costs and attorney 

fees. In his motion for fees, Shockley requested only the fees incurred after Carroll’s 

default was entered and the County conceded that it had no objection to release of the 

settlement agreement. Thus, his fee request was directed solely against the Union. The 

Union opposed Shockley’s motion. The District Court awarded Shockley his costs but 

denied his request for attorney fees. Shockley appeals the denial of his request for 

attorney fees. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶5 We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s decision to award or deny 

attorney fees. Billings High Sch. Dist. No. 2 v. Billings Gazette, 2006 MT 329, ¶ 23, 335 

Mont. 94, 149 P.3d 565 (citing Pengra v. State, 2000 MT 291, ¶¶ 24, 27, 302 Mont. 276, 

14 P.3d 499). 
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DISCUSSION

¶6 Did the District Court abuse its discretion by declining to award Shockley 

attorney fees under § 2-3-221, MCA? 

¶7 After successfully petitioning under Article II, section 9 for disclosure of the 

settlement agreement, Shockley sought an award of attorney costs and fees under 

§ 2-3-221, MCA. Section 2-3-221, MCA, provides that “[a] person alleging a 

deprivation of rights who prevails in an action brought in district court to enforce the 

person’s rights under Article II, section 9, of the Montana constitution may be awarded 

costs and reasonable attorney fees.” An award of attorney fees for prevailing parties in 

suits brought under Article II, section 9 is discretionary. Yellowstone Cnty. v. Billings 

Gazette, 2006 MT 218, ¶ 30, 333 Mont. 390, 143 P.3d 135. 

¶8 Although we have declined to articulate firm guidelines for a district court’s denial 

of a request for attorney fees under § 2-3-221, MCA, “it is well-established that outright 

denial of a motion for attorney fees without rationale, is ‘not an exercise of discretion, but 

is an abuse of that discretion.’” Yellowstone Cnty., ¶ 30 (citing Matter of Investigative 

Records, 265 Mont. 379, 383, 877 P.2d 470, 472 (1994)). In his brief in support of his 

motion for attorney fees, Shockley contended that a defendant’s acting reasonably and in 

good faith has not been held to be a sufficient defense to a request for attorney fees and 

costs in right to know cases. See e.g. Bozeman Daily Chronicle v. City of Bozeman 

Police Dep’t, 260 Mont. 218, 232, 859 P.2d 435, 443-44 (1993); The Associated Press v. 

Board of Pub. Educ., 246 Mont. 386, 393, 804 P.2d 376, 380 (1991). Nevertheless, the 

District Court determined that “the unique procedural history of this case takes this 
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matter beyond mere reasonableness and good faith on the part of the Union.” The 

District Court granted Shockley his costs but denied his request for attorney fees, on the 

grounds that the “extraordinary development of case law evolving as the case was in 

progress [makes it] hard to find any justice in assessing attorney’s fees against the 

Union.” 

¶9 We decline to reach the question of whether the District Court’s rationale for 

denying fees satisfies abuse of discretion review. Instead, we conclude that an award of 

attorney fees under any rationale is inappropriate in this case because the sole entity from 

which such fees are sought—the Union—is not a public or governmental body. As we 

have said before, “[w]e will affirm a district court decision if the right result was reached, 

though for the wrong reason, and we do so here.” Hinebauch v. McRae, 2011 MT 270, 

¶ 25, 362 Mont. 358, 264 P.3d 1098 (citing Wells Fargo Bank v. Talmage, 2007 MT 45, 

¶ 23, 336 Mont. 125, 152 P.3d 1275).

¶10 Article II, section 9 of the Montana Constitution, entitled “Right to know,” ensures 

that “[n]o person shall be deprived of the right to examine documents or to observe the 

deliberations of all public bodies or agencies of state government and its subdivisions, 

except in cases in which the demand of individual privacy clearly exceeds the merits of 

public disclosure.” Review of a claim brought under the right to know is a three-step 

process. 

First, we consider whether the provision applies to the particular political 

subdivision against whom enforcement is sought. Second, we determine 

whether the documents in question are “documents of public bodies” 

subject to public inspection. Finally, if the first two requirements are 

satisfied, we decide whether a privacy interest is present, and if so, whether 
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the demand of individual privacy clearly exceeds the merits of public 

disclosure.

Becky v. Butte-Silver Bow Sch. Dist. No. 1, 274 Mont. 131, 136, 906 P.2d 193, 196 

(1995). The District Court conducted this analysis in determining whether to grant 

Shockley’s petition for disclosure of the settlement agreement. But the requirements are 

also relevant to a determination of whether to award attorney fees to a party who 

prevailed in a right to know action.

¶11 We have in the past affirmed a district court’s denial of a motion for attorney fees 

when the party that objected to disclosure on privacy grounds was not a public body. In 

Pengra v. State, 2000 MT 291, 302 Mont. 276, 14 P.3d 499, we concluded that the 

district court did not abuse its discretion when it declined the petitioner’s request for 

attorney fees, and we noted that “[t]he State has not asserted a right of privacy-that right 

has instead been asserted in this case by Pengra, a private party.” Pengra, ¶ 26. As in 

Pengra, the party in this case asserting a right to privacy and against whom attorney fees 

are being sought is not a public or governmental body. Rather, that party, the Union, is a 

private collective bargaining group. As a private entity, the Union is not subject to 

Article II, section 9 of the Montana Constitution. Bryan v. Yellowstone Cnty. Elementary 

Sch. Dist. No. 2, 2002 MT 264, ¶ 25, 312 Mont. 257, 60 P.3d 381 (explaining that Article 

II, section 9 applies to public bodies and governmental agencies and that a “public or 

governmental body” is “a group of individuals organized for a governmental or public 

purpose.”). For this reason the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

Shockley’s motion for attorney fees.
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¶12 On a final note, we acknowledge we are resolving this case on grounds not 

addressed by the parties on appeal. Although we generally do not address issues not 

raised by the parties, Pinnow v. Mont. State Fund, 2007 MT 332, ¶ 15, 340 Mont. 217, 

172 P.3d 1273 (citing In re Parenting of D.A.H., 2005 MT 68, ¶ 7, 326 Mont. 296, 109 

P.3d 247), we have done so out of necessity before, see e.g. State v. Dickinson, 2008 MT 

159, ¶¶ 20-24, 343 Mont. 301, 184 P.3d 305 (determining “that the question of whether 

items would have been inevitably discovered pursuant to execution of a valid search 

warrant is one we can answer sua sponte”); Pinnow, ¶¶ 15-17 (determining sua sponte 

whether a district court judge “had authority to assume jurisdiction over this case”); 

Knowlton v. Knowlton, 193 Mont. 448, 450, 632 P.2d 336, 337 (1981) (sua sponte setting 

aside an order granting a modification of custody because “the parties and the trial court 

failed to abide by” an applicable statute). We do so here because the parties and the 

District Court failed to acknowledge that right to know fees are recoverable under 

§ 2-3-221, MCA, only when the prevailing party is successful in enforcing his rights 

under Article II, section 9 of the Montana Constitution, and only against a public body or 

governmental agency. Were we to resolve this case premised on the rationale adopted by 

the District Court, our Opinion would by implication suggest that under other 

circumstances, right to know fees could be recovered against a non-public or 

non-governmental entity. It is important for purposes of this and future cases to clearly 

announce that this is not permitted under the law.
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CONCLUSION

¶13 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s May 13, 2015 Order 

granting Shockley’s motion for costs but denying his motion for attorney fees.

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

We Concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ JIM RICE