IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-1454

Filed November 21, 2018

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

JOSEPH BRIGHT,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert J. Blink, Judge.

Joseph Bright appeals from a conviction of indecent exposure. AFFIRMED.

Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Maria L. Ruhtenberg, 

Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Sheryl A. Soich, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee.

Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Potterfield and Doyle, JJ.
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DANILSON, Chief Judge.

Joseph Bright appeals from his conviction for indecent exposure, in violation 

of Iowa Code section 709.9 (2016), following a jury trial. He challenges the 

sufficiency of the evidence that his exposure of his erect penis was done with the 

specific intent to arouse or satisfy his sexual desire. He also asserts trial counsel 

was ineffective in failing to object to the admission of the video recording of Bright’s 

statements to police. We find substantial evidence supports the conviction, and 

we preserve Bright’s ineffectiveness claim for possible postconviction 

proceedings. 

I. Background Facts. 

On May 18, 2016, Catherine Leever went to Staples for office supplies. She 

pulled into a parking space and noticed a man (later identified as Joseph Bright)

sitting in his car in the spot next to her car on the passenger side. She shopped in 

the store for approximately thirty to forty minutes. When she returned to her car, 

Bright’s car was now parked on the driver’s side of her car and was parked close 

enough that she was “taken aback” and “a little fearful.” Leever decided to enter 

her car from the passenger side. As she loaded her packages into her car, she 

glanced out the driver’s-side window to Bright’s car where she saw him “laying 

back in his car with his penis fully erect point to the ceiling of his car.” On crossexamination, when defense counsel asked whether she saw acts of masturbation 

or self-gratification, Leever stated, “I saw Mr. Bright with his penis straight up in the 

air to the roof.” All four of Bright’s car windows were open and his seat was 

reclined. Leever was alarmed and climbed over her center console to get into the 

driver’s seat, avoiding eye contact with Bright. She testified there were few other 
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cars in the parking lot. She “wanted to get out of there.” Leever drove to another 

part of the parking lot and called 9-1-1. At the dispatcher’s request, Leever 

followed Bright for about seven or eight minutes as he left the Staples parking lot, 

entered a Walmart parking lot and left, turned into a gas station, and then came 

out of the gas station lot. During this process, Leever was able to provide the 

dispatcher with a partial license plate number for Bright’s car. The dispatcher later 

informed Leever that police had Bright at a gas station. 

Police officer Mark Parks responded to a call from dispatch about a man 

wearing an orange shirt and a white hat and driving a dark-colored four-door sedan 

with a partial plate A-M-Y. Officer Parks located Bright at a gas station across from 

Staples. Upon questioning, Bright stated he was in the area to purchase a fish 

from a pet store. Bright was wearing a baggy orange t-shirt and “track suit, or 

sweatpant type” pants. After further questioning about his presence in the area, 

Bright stated his boxers were uncomfortable and he had “adjusted himself.” 

Four other officers also arrived at the gas station and Bright was questioned 

for about forty minutes. Officer Brock Muhlbauer was another of the officers who 

responded to the gas station. Officer Muhlbauer

asked [Bright] what he was up to today, and he—or that day, and he 

said he was buying a fish at PetSmart. I asked him if he knew 

anything about exposing himself, and he said that he had to adjust 

himself in the parking lot. And I asked what he meant by that, and 

he said he had a wedgie, that he had to take care of that.

Detective James Wilson questioned Bright, and Bright repeatedly denied 

having been in the Staples parking lot. However, he later acknowledged he “had 

stopped long enough to adjust himself or adjust his boxers.” Then Bright explained 

his two parking locations to Detective Wilson, “He started to back out, realized that 
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he still wasn’t comfortable, and immediately pulled back over again.” Bright 

acknowledged to Detective Wilson he had a partial erection. When Detective 

Wilson “told him it was virtually impossible for her to be able to see that he had an 

erection if his pants weren’t down, to—at which point he finally said that, yes, they 

had been down maybe [two] inches.”

The video recording of Bright’s interaction with the police officers was 

admitted into evidence. Defense counsel did not object to the recording’s 

admissibility. In fact, defense counsel asked that the unredacted version of the 

recording be played in its entirety. In closing arguments, defense counsel 

referenced the video, noting Bright did not admit exposure despite “constant 

questioning” over a forty-minute period by several officers.

II. Scope and Standards of Review.

“Sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenges are reviewed for correction of 

errors at law.” State v. Jorgensen, 758 N.W.2d 830, 834 (Iowa 2008). 

III. Discussion.

“Indecent exposure is ‘essentially a visual assault crime.’” Id. at 835 

(quoting State v. Bauer, 337 N.W.2d 209, 211 (Iowa 1983)). Indecent exposure is 

defined in Iowa Code section 709.9: 

A person who exposes the person’s genitals or pubes to another not 

the person’s spouse . . . commits a serious misdemeanor, if:

(1) The person does so to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires 

of either party; and

(2) The person knows or reasonably should know that the act 

is offensive to the viewer.

There are four elements of the crime of indecent exposure:

(1) The exposure of genitals or pubes to someone other than 

a spouse . . . ;
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(2) That the act is done to arouse the sexual desires of either 

party;

(3) The viewer was offended by the conduct; and

(4) The actor knew, or under the circumstances should have 

known, the victim would be offended.

Id. at 834 (quoting State v. Isaac, 756 N.W.2d 817, 819 (Iowa 2008)). 

Bright contends the State failed to produce sufficient evidence that his 

exposure was done with the specific purpose to arouse the sexual desire of either 

himself or Leever. “Whether a defendant’s exposure of his genitals to another

person was done for the purpose of arousing the sexual desires of himself or the 

viewer can be inferred from the defendant’s conduct, his remarks, and the 

surrounding circumstances.” Isaac, 756 N.W.2d at 820. 

In a sufficiency-of-evidence challenge, we consider all the evidence viewed 

in the light most favorable to upholding the verdict. State v. Showens, 845 N.W.2d 

436, 439 (Iowa 2014). “If the jury’s verdict is supported by substantial evidence, it 

is binding on the court.” State v. Corsi, 686 N.W.2d 215, 218 (Iowa 2004). 

“Evidence is substantial if it would convince a rational trier of fact the defendant is 

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Hopkins, 576 N.W.2d 374, 377 (Iowa 

1998).

Bright was in a parking lot for at least thirty to forty minutes in mid-afternoon. 

After Leever parked next to Bright’s car and entered the store, Bright repositioned 

his vehicle to—and near—Leever’s driver’s-side door, all four windows of Bright’s 

car were down, he had his penis visible outside of his shorts, and he knew or 

should have known his erect penis would be visible to others, particularly to the 

person who would return to Leever’s car. See Jorgensen, 758 N.W.2d at 836 (“It 

is reasonable to assume that a person who exposes himself in a public place runs 
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the risk that he will be observed by more than his targeted audience.”). Bright’s 

sexual intent can be inferred from the circumstances of the exposure. We 

conclude that a reasonable jury could infer from all the surrounding circumstances 

that Bright specifically intended to expose his erect penis to arouse his or someone 

else’s sexual desire. 

Bright also asserts defense counsel should have objected to admission of 

the video recording of his discussion with police officers, or at least requested a 

limiting instruction. The State responds that defense counsel made a reasonable 

strategic choice to embrace the contents of the videotape to paint the officers in a

negative light. 

We generally reserve ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims for 

postconviction-relief proceedings, “where counsel can have his or her day in court 

to respond to the defendant’s charges.” State v. Coleman, 907 N.W.2d 124, 142 

(Iowa 2018). “This is especially appropriate when the challenged actions concern 

trial strategy or tactics counsel could explain if a record were fully developed to 

address those issues.” State v. McNeal, 867 N.W.2d 91, 105-06 (Iowa 2015). 

Because we believe Bright’s challenge requires a more fully developed record, we 

preserve his claim for possible postconviction-relief proceedings.

AFFIRMED.