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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

OMAR AMEEN,

Plaintiff,

v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

STATE, et al.,

Defendants.

Civil Action No. 21-1399 (BAH)

Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Pending before the Court is defendants United States Department of State (“State 

Department”), Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), and United States Department of Justice 

(“DOJ”) motion to dismiss plaintiff Omar Ameen’s lawsuit for lack of subject-matter 

jurisdiction. Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss (“Defs.’ Mot.”), ECF No. 11. Plaintiff was previously 

represented by the Office of the Federal Defender for the Eastern District of California in an 

extradition case, and plaintiff’s then-counsel made five requests under the Freedom of 

Information Act (“FOIA”) seeking to compel defendants to produce records for use in that 

litigation. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 15, ECF No. 1. Plaintiff prevailed in his extradition case, id. ¶ 15, but 

now faces deportation proceedings, id. ¶ 19. Plaintiff brought this FOIA suit seeking the 

documents requested by his then-counsel in connection with the earlier extradition matter. 

Compl. at 12 (“Pl.’s Request for Relief”). Defendants contend that plaintiff’s claims should be 

dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction because the underlying document requests were

made by plaintiff’s attorney and did not sufficiently make clear that they were made on 

plaintiff’s behalf. Defs.’ Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss (“Defs.’ Mem.”) at 1, ECF No. 11-1. For 

the following reasons, defendants’ motion is denied. 
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I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff is an Iraqi refugee residing in Sacramento, California. Compl. ¶¶ 8–9. Plaintiff 

“left Iraq for Turkey in early 2012,” id. ¶ 10, and, after applying for refugee status with the 

United Nations, arrived in the United States in 2014, id. ¶¶ 10–11. He was arrested in August of 

2018, however, on charges that he “murdered an Iraqi police officer in [Iraq] in June of 2014[,]” 

id. ¶ 12, and the government “sought his immediate extradition to Iraq,” id. ¶ 13. After two 

years of extradition proceedings, the presiding judge ultimately “declined to extradite” plaintiff, 

id. ¶ 15, because the government’s key witnesses were “unreliable,” id. ¶ 17 and the “series of 

events [was] simply not plausible,” id. ¶ 18. On the same day that plaintiff was scheduled for 

release, “U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement took [plaintiff] into custody for allegedly 

defrauding the government by lying about his alleged terrorist connections[,]” and plaintiff “now 

faces deportation proceedings.” Id. ¶ 19. 

The Office of the Federal Defender for the Eastern District of California represented 

plaintiff in his extradition proceedings and made five separate FOIA requests to the defendant

agencies seeking various records from the respective agencies regarding plaintiff and the 

extradition case, in which plaintiff was a defendant. Specifically, in 2019, plaintiff’s counsel 

submitted two requests to the State Department, id. ¶¶ 20, 59, one to the FBI, id. ¶ 31, and one to 

DOJ, id. ¶ 38. In January of 2020, plaintiff’s counsel submitted an additional FOIA request to 

DOJ. Id. ¶ 67. Each request mentioned plaintiff by name, stated that the Federal Defender’s

office represented plaintiff in the extradition case for which the documents were sought, and 

indicated that the documents were requested in relation to that representation. See Compl., Ex. 1, 

Jan. 14, 2019 FOIA Req. to State Dep’t (“First State Dep’t Req.”) at 1, ECF No. 1–1; id., Ex. 8, 

Feb. 20, 2019 FOIA Req. to FBI (“FBI Req.”) at 2, ECF No. 1-1; id., Ex. 13, Aug. 26, 2019
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FOIA Req. to DOJ (“First DOJ Req.”), ECF No. 1-2; id, Ex. 26, Sept. 23, 2019 FOIA Req. to 

State Dep’t (“Second State Dep’t Req.”), ECF No. 1-3; id., Ex. 31, Jan. 26, 2020 FOIA Req. to 

DOJ (“Second DOJ Req.”), ECF No. 1-4. Each request included either a privacy waiver or 

series of disclosure authorizations signed by plaintiff. See Pl.’s Opp’n Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss

(“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 2, ECF No. 12. 

Plaintiff filed his complaint on May 21, 2021. See Compl. Plaintiff alleges that, for each 

of the five requests, defendants violated FOIA by “failing to produce the records responsive to 

the request as soon as practicable or issu[e] a determination within twenty business days.” Id.

¶¶ 76, 81, 86, 91, 96. Accordingly, plaintiff asks the Court to order defendants “to conduct a 

reasonable search for records and to produce the requested records promptly[,]” as well as 

“enjoin [d]efendants from withholding non-exempt public records under FOIA[.]” Pl.’s Request 

for Relief. Defendants moved to dismiss the case, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 

12(b)(1), for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, Defs.’ Mot. at 1, which motion is now ripe for 

resolution, see Pl.’s Opp’n; Defs.’ Reply Supp. Mot. Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply”), ECF No. 13. 

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and “have only the power that is 

authorized by Article III of the Constitution and the statutes enacted by Congress pursuant 

thereto.” Johnson v. Comm’n on Presidential Debates, 869 F.3d 976, 980 (D.C. Cir. 2017) 

(quoting Bender v. Williamsport Area Sch. Dist., 475 U.S. 534, 541 (1986)). To survive a 

motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) the plaintiff thus “bears the burden of invoking the court’s 

subject matter jurisdiction, including establishing the elements of standing.” Arpaio v. Obama, 

797 F.3d 11, 19 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 

(1992)). Even when the parties fail to address a potential jurisdictional defect “by inattention or 
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deliberate choice,” because federal courts are “forbidden . . . from acting beyond [their] 

authority,” NetworkIP, LLC v. F.C.C., 548 F.3d 116, 120 (D.C. Cir. 2008), it is incumbent on 

courts to “assure [them]selves of the existence of jurisdiction,” Montrois v. United States, 

916 F.3d 1056, 1060 (D.C. Cir. 2019). 

When a jurisdictional dispute “present[s] a dispute over the factual basis of the court’s 

subject matter jurisdiction . . . the court must go beyond the pleadings and resolve” any dispute 

necessary to the disposition of the motion to dismiss. Feldman v. F.D.I.C., 879 F.3d 347, 351 

(D.C. Cir. 2018) (alteration and omission in original) (quoting Phoenix Consulting v. Republic of 

Angola, 216 F.3d 36, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2000)). In such situations, the “court may properly consider

allegations in the complaint and evidentiary material in the record,” affording the plaintiff “the 

benefit of all reasonable inferences.” Id. (citing Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis., 974 F.2d 192, 

197 (D.C. Cir. 1992)); see also Am. Freedom Law Ctr. v. Obama, 821 F.3d 44, 49 (D.C. Cir. 

2016) (noting that, “[i]n considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction” 

courts “‘may consider materials outside the pleadings’” (quoting Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. 

FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005))). Absent “evidentiary offering[s],” Feldman, 

879 F.3d at 351, however, the Court must seek jurisdictional assurance by accepting as true all 

undisputed “factual allegations in the complaint and constru[ing] the complaint liberally,” and 

again “granting plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” 

Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. F.D.I.C., 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks 

and citation omitted). 

III. DISCUSSION

Article III requires that plaintiffs establish “the irreducible constitutional minimum of 

standing,” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, that they have “(1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly 
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traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a 

favorable judicial decision,” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016) (citing Lujan, 

504 U.S. at 560–61; Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’tl Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 

167, 180–81 (2000)); see also Louie v. Dickson, 964 F.3d 50, 54 (D.C. Cir. 2020).

FOIA provides that “each agency, upon any request for records” that is sufficiently 

specific and made in accordance with published procedures for submitting such requests, “shall 

make the records promptly available to any person.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A). An agency’s 

duties under FOIA are triggered by a properly framed request for information, and the agency’s 

obligations flowing from that request are with respect to “the requester” of the information. See 

id. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i) (requiring agency to notify “the person making [the] request” whether the 

agency will comply with the request). 

“[A]nyone whose request for specific information has been denied has standing to bring 

an action [under FOIA].” Maloney v. Murphy, 984 F.3d 50, 60 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (quoting 

Zivotofsky ex rel. Ari Z. v. Sec’y of State, 444 F.3d 614, 617 (D.C. Cir. 2006)). An individual 

whose FOIA request has been denied “has suffered a particularized injury because he has 

requested and been denied information Congress gave him a right to receive.” Prisology, Inc. v. 

Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 852 F.3d 1114, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2017). At the same time, however, “if a 

party has not made a request within the meaning of FOIA, then he does not have standing to 

bring a lawsuit.” Wetzel v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affs., 949 F. Supp. 2d 198, 202 (D.D.C. 2013)

(citing McDonnell v. United States, 4 F.3d 1227, 1236–39 (3d Cir. 1993); Feinman v. FBI, 

680 F. Supp. 2d 169, 172 (D.D.C. 2010)).

Defendants contend that plaintiff has not suffered an injury-in-fact because the Federal 

Defender’s staff—plaintiff’s counsel in his extradition proceeding—made the FOIA requests at 
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issue, rather than the plaintiff himself. See Defs.’ Mem. at 8. Defendants concede that a lawyer 

may make a request on behalf of a client, but argue that this is not the case here because the 

requests did not state that counsel was representing plaintiff for the purpose of obtaining 

documents under FOIA, nor did the requests “clearly state” they were issued on plaintiff’s 

behalf. Id. Plaintiff responds that the language in the requests as well as the government’s 

statements “sufficiently show that the requests were made on behalf of [plaintiff].” Pl.’s Opp’n 

at 1.

Defendants’ motion to dismiss hinges on the following question: what must be included 

in a FOIA request brought by an attorney acting in that capacity to establish that the attorney’s 

client is the “requester” for purposes of FOIA and therefore that the client has standing to bring a 

FOIA claim? The rule commonly applied in this District provides that “an attorney may make a 

FOIA request on behalf of a client[,] [b]ut the attorney ‘must clearly indicate that it is being 

made on behalf of the [client] to give that [client] standing to bring a FOIA challenge.’” 

Smallwood v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 266 F. Supp. 3d 217, 220 (D.D.C. 2017) (alterations in 

original) (quoting Three Forks Ranch Corp. v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 358 F. Supp. 2d 1, 2 

(D.D.C. 2005)); accord McDonnell, 4 F.3d at 1238 n.6 (finding that a “passing reference to [the 

plaintiff did] not sufficiently identify him with the person making the request to confer on him 

standing to challenge the denial of the request under the FOIA” and noting in particular that 

the“[plaintiff’s] name appears only once in the flurry of requests for information”).

Although the D.C. Circuit “has never specifically articulated the requirements for filing a 

FOIA request on behalf of another,” Three Forks Ranch Corp., 358 F. Supp. 3d at 3, the caselaw 

in this area helps inform where a line may be drawn to distinguish between cases in which a 

plaintiff has standing from those where the plaintiff does not. For example, in Smallwood, the 
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defendant agency moved to dismiss a FOIA lawsuit alleging a lack of standing because the 

plaintiff’s attorney filed the original FOIA request and both “identified the attorney as the 

‘Requester’” and “did not include any reference to a client generally, or to [the plaintiff] 

specifically.” 266 F. Supp. 3d at 218–19 (citations omitted). The Court agreed and stated that 

“[t]he FOIA request at issue . . . clearly indicates that [plaintiff’s] attorney is the requester” in 

part because the “Request Description” portion of the request “d[id] not indicate that the request 

was made on behalf of any client, let alone [the plaintiff],” nor did the plaintiff’s name “appear 

anywhere in the request.” Id. at 221. In so holding, Smallwood distinguished Brown v. EPA, 

384 F. Supp. 2d 271 (D.D.C. 2005), in which the defendant agencies moved to dismiss a FOIA 

suit on standing grounds because the plaintiff’s attorney in that case made the request, rather than 

the plaintiff herself. Smallwood, 266 F. Supp. 3d at 220 (citing Brown, 384 F. Supp. 2d 271). In 

Brown, the court denied defendants motion to dismiss because the attorney “stated in the first 

line of his request” that he represented the plaintiff and was hired to obtain documents pursuant 

to FOIA, and because the “second page of the request contain[ed] a signed and dated 

authorization from plaintiff stating that she” authorized her attorney to obtain documents on her 

behalf. Brown, 384 F. Supp. 2d at 276. 

Defendants cite Wetzel v. United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 949 F. Supp. 2d 

198 (D.D.C. 2013), for the principle that a FOIA request made by an attorney must expressly 

state that it is made on the client’s behalf in order for the client to have standing. Defs.’ Mem. at 

7–8 (citing Wetzel, 949 F. Supp. 2d at 202). In Wetzel, another Judge on this Court held that the 

plaintiff did not have standing even though his name was mentioned in the request, along with

“some indication of a representational relationship” between the attorney and the plaintiff. 

949 F. Supp. 2d at 202. In that case, counsel had submitted an authorization from the plaintiff 
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when making the FOIA request, id. at 200, but without indicating that the purpose of the request

was for use in representation of the plaintiff.

Here, the language used in the underlying document requests sufficiently indicated that 

the FOIA requests were made on behalf of plaintiff. The two State Department requests are 

particularly clear. The first request made to the State Department clearly states, “Our office 

represents Omar Ameen in a pending federal extradition case” and refers to plaintiff by name 

throughout the request. First State Dep’t Req. at 1–4. Moreover, the release form attached to the 

request and signed by plaintiff explicitly states that he is the requestor. First State Dep’t Req. at 

2 (“I request that the Admissions Office of the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration at 

the United States Department of State provide my counsel all records that it holds concerning me

. . . .”).

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 The second request to the State Department similarly indicates that counsel represented 

Ameen in the extradition case, Second State Dep’t Req. at 2, and that the request was made for 

use in his extradition proceedings, id. at 3. As with first request, the release form identifies 

plaintiff as the requestor. Second State Dep’t Req. at 4 (“I request that the Department of State 

provide my counsel all records that it holds concerning me . . . .”). These two requests, in light 

of the language of the requests themselves and in the attached releases, do explicitly state that 

they were made on plaintiff’s behalf. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3–4.

The additional three requests also “clearly indicate[],” Smallwood, 266 F. Supp. 3d at

221, that the requests were made on plaintiff’s behalf, albeit with less explicit language. The 

1 Defendants argue that the release form is immaterial because it “had ‘been previously provided to the 

Admissions Office of the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration at the Department of State.’” Defs.’ Reply 

at 3 n.1 (quoting First State Dep’t Req. at 1). Defendants do not explain, however, why the fact that the release form 

was previously provided to the State Department would render it irrelevant to determining whether plaintiff is 

properly understood as the requestor for the FOIA request to which the form was attached. Defendants also point 

out that this release form is not cognizable as a separate request. Id. (citing Corley v. Dep’t of Just., 998 F.3d 981, 

989 (D.C. Cir. 2021)). Plaintiff’s argument is not that this release form constituted a separate request, but rather that 

as an attachment to the request, it should be evaluated in determining whether the request, taken in its entirety, 

“clearly indicates” that the request was made on plaintiff’s behalf.
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February 20, 2019, request to the FBI indicates that plaintiff “is a legal client of” the Federal 

Defender making the request, FBI Req. at 2, and mentions the upcoming extradition hearing as 

the reason for expediting the request, id. This request was accompanied by a different release 

form, signed by plaintiff, “authoriz[ing] and request[ing]” the disclosure of records to the Office 

of the Federal Defender “for use in [plaintiff’s] legal proceedings.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. A, Consent 

to Release Information, ECF No. 12-1; see also Pl.’s Opp’n at 2 (indicating that this release form 

was attached to plaintiff’s FBI request). Similarly, the August 26, 2019 FOIA request to DOJ 

requested information “regarding the extradition of Omar Abdulsattar Ameen,” First DOJ Req. at 

1, and indicated that counsel “represent[ed] Mr. Ameen in his . . . extradition case,” id. at 2. This 

request was also accompanied by the release form signed by plaintiff “authoriz[ing] and 

request[ing]” the disclosure of records to the Office of the Federal Defender “for use in 

[plaintiff’s] legal proceedings.” Consent to Release Information; see also Pl.’s Opp’n at 2. The 

second DOJ request, submitted January 26, 2020, contains similar language indicating that 

counsel represented plaintiff in the extradition case and was seeking documents in connection 

with that representation, and was accompanied by the same release form. Second DOJ Request 

at 3–4, 13.

Plaintiff has standing to bring these FOIA challenges because the requests (1) indicated

that counsel was requesting the documents in connection with and for use in the representation of 

plaintiff, and (2) contained release forms signed by plaintiff “authoriz[ing] and request[ing]” the 

release of records to counsel. See Consent to Release Information. These factors “clearly 

indicate” that the requests were made “on behalf of a client.” See Smallwood, 266 F. Supp. 3d at 

220 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).2 Under these circumstances, the requests

2 Plaintiff relies in part on the fact that a government attorney in his pending deportation proceeding 

characterized one of these requests as submitted by plaintiff through counsel. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3 (citation omitted). 
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were expressly made within the scope of counsel’s representation of plaintiff in the extradition 

proceeding, so the requests “clearly indicate” that they were made on behalf of plaintiff. 

Moreover, the release forms expressly request the release of records, indicating, in the broader 

context of the attorney-client relationship, that plaintiff was not just authorizing the release of 

records, but affirmatively requesting their release himself through counsel. While not as explicit 

as the request in Brown, 384 F. Supp. 2d at 276–77, the requests go far beyond the one in 

Smallwood, 266 F. Supp. 3d at 220, in identifying the client and emphasizing centrality of the 

attorney-client relationship to the request, as well as by providing release forms signed by the 

client requesting documents.

Defendants rely on three features of the requests to argue that plaintiff lacks standing, 

highlighting that “(1) the Federal Defender’s staff did not mention that they were representing 

Plaintiff for purposes of obtaining records under FOIA; (2) none of the FOIA requests submitted 

by the Federal Defender’s staff were signed by Plaintiff or clearly state that they were made on 

Plaintiff’s behalf; and (3) the requests were made by the Federal Defendant’s staff, frequently 

using the first person (‘I’ or ‘we,’ after referring to ‘[o]ur office’), for use in Plaintiff’s 

extradition proceedings.” Defs.’ Reply at 2 (alteration in original). These objections amount to 

an argument that a request must expressly state that the request is made on behalf of the client for 

the client to have standing. Such a statement would certainly be sufficient for plaintiff to have 

standing—and would leave defendants without a colorable argument that plaintiff lacks

standing—but is not necessary for plaintiff to have standing himself. This Court has looked to 

whether the request “clearly indicates” that it was made on behalf of the client, and eschews a 

hyper-technical requirement of an “express statement” that this is the case. 

Defendants are correct that this understanding of a different agency in another proceeding is not particularly relevant 

in determining who is requesting the documents. See Defs.’ Reply at 4–5.
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Defendants rely on Wetzel for their proposed bright line rule but, as plaintiff persuasively 

argues, the consent waiver in Wetzel authorized disclosure but did not, as the documents here do, 

request it. See 949 F. Supp. 2d at 200; Pl.’s Opp’n at 4. Defendants argue that “[t]he execution 

of a waiver of privacy interests by a third party submitted with another person’s request may be 

necessary for the release of certain information that would otherwise be withheld pursuant to 

Exemption 6 or 7(C), but it does not transform that request into one made by the third party.” 

Defs.’ Reply at 3. While mere execution of a waiver of privacy interests likely does not itself 

render the request one of the third party, where, as here, the request was made by plaintiff’s 

counsel and plaintiff’s waiver “authoriz[ed] and request[ed]” disclosure of the relevant 

documents, the waiver attached to the request is relevant and highly probative to the issue of 

whether the request was made on behalf of the client.

Furthermore, regardless of Wetzel, the Court rejects defendants’ proposed distinction 

between (1) cases in which counsel expressly states that counsel represents a client for purposes 

of the FOIA request and (2) cases in which counsel expressly states that counsel represents a 

client in another matter and makes the request within the scope of that representation. In either 

case, the FOIA request is made on behalf of the client, and the client has standing, after the 

attorney-client relationship with original counsel is over, to enforce FOIA statutory rights if the 

request is denied.

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3 FOIA requests are transferrable, see Looks Filmproduktionen GMBH v. CIA, 199 F. Supp. 3d 153, 160 n.1 

(D.D.C. 2016), and FOIA claims are assignable, see Nat’l Sec. Counselors v. CIA., 898 F. Supp. 2d 233, 254 

(D.D.C. 2012), aff’d, 969 F.3d 406 (D.C. Cir. 2020); Nat’l Sec. Counselors v. CIA, 960 F. Supp. 2d 101, 141–43 

(D.D.C. 2013), aff’d, 969 F.3d 406 (D.C. Cir. 2020). Defendants’ policy arguments regarding the need to rigidly 

limit when someone represented by counsel is a “requestor” for purposes of FOIA, see Defs.’ Reply at 5, fall flat 

given the assignability of FOIA claims and the fact that the requests were plainly made for plaintiff’s benefit by his 

legal representative. If an agency is uncertain as to the identity of the requestor, it can raise or resolve the issue 

during communication with the requesting client and counsel so that they are on notice of any issue before litigation. 

Here, for example, plaintiff’s then-counsel inquired with the State Department regarding the status of the FOIA 

request made “on behalf of” plaintiff. See Compl., Ex. 5, April 1, 2021 Letter to State Dep’t, ECF No. 1-1. 
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IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER

For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff has standing to pursue the five FOIA claims described 

in the Complaint, and defendants’ motion to dismiss is denied. 

Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED that defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 11, is DENIED, and it is 

further

ORDERED that defendants shall answer or otherwise respond to plaintiff’s complaint by 

September 27, 2021.

Date: September 13, 2021

__________________________

BERYL A. HOWELL

Chief Judge

Litigation would be streamlined if any confusion regarding the identity of the requestor were resolved during 

communication with the agency, or through pre-litigation assignment.