IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

July 14, 2005 Session

RAYMOND T. SCHMIDT, JR. v. BARBARA J. SCHMIDT

An Appeal from the Chancery Court for Montgomery County

No. 99-08-0110 Carol A. Catalano, Chancellor

No. M2004-01350-COA-R3-CV - Filed September 15, 2005

This is a petition to modify alimony. The divorce decree required that the husband pay the wife

alimony of $1,500 per month for ten years or until she remarries. The husband filed this petition to

terminate his alimony obligation, asserting that there had been a material change in circumstances.

The wife maintained that the alimony award was alimony in solido and, therefore, not subject to

modification. The husband filed a motion for summary judgment on the issue of whether the

alimony award was modifiable. The trial court held that the alimony award was alimony in solido,

not subject to modification. From that order, husband now appeals. We reverse, concluding that the

award was alimony in futuro and, therefore, subject to modification. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court is 

Reversed and Remanded

HOLLY M. KIRBY,J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS,J., and DAVID

R. FARMER, J., joined.

Carrie W. Gasaway, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Raymond T. Schmidt, Jr.

Kim A. McMillan, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Barbara J. Schmidt.

OPINION

Petitioner/Appellant Raymond T. Schmidt, Jr. (“Husband”), and Respondent/Appellee

Barbara J. Schmidt (“Wife”) were married. On September 22, 1999, the parties filed a Marital

Dissolution Agreement (“MDA”) in the trial court below. On October 29, 1999, the trial court

entered a final decree of divorce, incorporating verbatim the alimony terms of the MDA. The final

decree required Husband to pay Wife alimony as follows:

 

11. Beginning the first day of the month immediately following the Final

Decree, the Husband shall pay to the Wife the sum of $1,500.00 per month for

alimony support for a period of ten (10) years or until such time she remarries.
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The parties acknowledge that alimony will not begin until such time the Final Decree

is signed.

(Emphasis added.) Thus, Husband was required to make “alimony support” payments to Wife

beginning November 1, 1999, for ten years unless Mother remarried.

 

Several years later, on October 10, 2003, Husband filed a “Petition to Terminate Alimony

in Futuro and to Alter or Amend Provisions of Final Decree.” At the outset, Husband’s petition

characterized his alimony payments as “alimony in futuro for a period of ten years until [Wife] dies

or remarries.” He claimed that, due to a material change in circumstances, his alimony obligation

should be terminated. In response, Wife noted that the alimony award was not contingent upon her

death as alleged in Husband’s petition. Wife argued that the award was not alimony in futuro, but

rather was alimony in solido, which is not subject to judicial modification or termination.

On February 25, 2004, Husband filed a motion for summary judgment on the issue of

whether the alimony award in the final decree was subject to modification. In his motion, he argued

that the award of alimony to Wife was alimony in futuro, because the final decree provided for

contingencies – the remarriage of Wife or the passage of ten years – for the termination or

continuation of the alimony payment. In support of his argument, Husband cited Waddey v. Waddey,

6 S.W.3d 230 (Tenn. 1999), in which the Supreme Court of Tennessee stated that an alimony award

isin futuro when the award “may be affected by contingencies agreed upon by the parties or imposed

by courts.” Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232. Wife argued, however, that the award in this case was

alimony in solido, because it was for a definite sum of money and was intended by the parties to be

a marital property distribution. She maintained that the contingency of Wife’s remarriage does not

make the in solido award into an in futuro award. 

On May 4, 2004, the trial court entered an order denying Husband’s motion for summary

judgment. The trial court noted that the final decree did not include a “termination on death”

contingency. The trial court reasoned, “It could be that since the Decree is silent [on the effect of

Wife’s death], it was intended that [the alimony payments] be paid to [Wife’s] estate” upon her

death, suggesting that it was an in solido award. Thus, looking at the entire divorce decree and the

language of the alimony award, the trial court concluded that, because the alimony was not designed

to cease upon the death of Wife, then “it was part and parcel of the distribution of marital property.”

The trial court rejected Husband’s contention that the reasoning in Waddey was controlling, relying

instead on “other cases cited by [Wife].” On that basis, the trial court concluded that the alimony

set out in the final decree was alimony in solido and, therefore, not subject to modification. From

that order, Husband now appeals.

On appeal, Husband makes the same argument made in the trial court, that the award of

alimony in the final decree is alimony in futuro, not alimony in solido, and, therefore, it is subject

to modification. We review the denial of a motion for summary judgment de novo, with no

presumption of correctness in the trial court’s decision. Johnson v. LeBonheur Children’s Med.

Ctr., 74 S.W.3d 338, 342 (Tenn. 2002). In this case, the facts are undisputed, and the only issue is
1

Some of the difficulty will be alleviated by the promulgation of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-121,

effective July 1, 2005, which describes the characteristics of each type of alimony award in more detail.

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whether the award set out in the divorce decree was alimony in futuro, and therefore modifiable, or

alimony in solido, not subject to modification. This is a question of law, which we review de novo,

with no presumption of correctness. State v. Levandowski, 955 S.W.2d 603, 604 (Tenn. 1997).

At the time of the final decree in this case, Tennessee statutes provided for three types of

alimony: rehabilitative, in futuro, and in solido. See Reel v. Reel, No. M1999-01151-COA-R3-CV,

2001 WL 434864, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2001). Both rehabilitative and in futuro alimony

are awarded to an economically disadvantaged spouse and are intended to replace the financial

support that was incident to the marriage relationship. See Self v. Self, 861 S.W.2d 360, 362 (Tenn.

1993). Rehabilitative alimony is awarded to a disadvantaged spouse who is capable of being

rehabilitated, a monetary award in an amount and for a time period to enable the disadvantaged

spouse to become economically self-sufficient. Id. at 363. In futuro, or periodic, alimony is

intended for a spouse not capable of appropriate rehabilitation, to provide long-term support and

maintenance to an economically disadvantaged spouse. Id. at 361-62. For both in futuro and

rehabilitative alimony, the amount and duration of the award may be modified where necessary to

meet the equities of the case, upon a showing of a substantial and material change in circumstances.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d)(2) (Supp. 2004); see also Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 233; Self, 861

S.W.2d at 363. Under the applicable statute, the trial court retains continuing jurisdiction in order

to modify the award of rehabilitative alimony or alimony in futuro where necessary, until the award

terminates. Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 234. Such termination of the award may take place upon the

occurrence of a contingency contained in the original decree, such as the death or remarriage of the

obligee spouse. Id. Once the award of rehabilitative or in futuro alimony terminates, the trial court’s

ability to modify the award terminates as well. Id.

In contrast, alimony in solido is not considered support and maintenance for an economically

disadvantaged spouse; indeed, the term may be a misnomer, since alimony in solido is in fact a form

of division of marital property. See Knowles v. Knowles, No. M2001-01282-COA-R3-CV, 2002

WL 598551, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 19, 2002). Alimony in solido may be awarded in a lump

sum at the time of the final decree, or it may be awarded in the form of periodic payments for a given

period of time. In either form, the award is of a definite amount. Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232. Since

alimony in solido is a form of property division, it is non-modifiable and the trial court’s jurisdiction

over the award ends once the award becomes final. Bryan v. Leach, 85 S.W.3d 136, 145-46 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 2001).

Therefore, the nature of the alimony award becomes important when one party seeks to

modify or terminate the award. Discerning the nature of the award can also be challenging if the

language of the decree is not sufficiently descriptive, since all three types of alimony are typically

comprised of court-ordered periodic payments.1 Against this backdrop, we examine the pertinent

appellate decisions on the issue.
2

This order was issued before promulgation of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-101(d), effective April 30,

1993, which provided that an award of rehabilitative support was modifiable upon a showing of a substantial and material

change in circumstances. See Self, 861 S.W.2d at 363.

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In an early decision, the Tennessee Supreme Court sought to determine if an award of

alimony could be extended or modified. Self v. Self, 861 S.W.2d 360 (Tenn. 1993). In Self, the trial

court awarded the economically disadvantaged wife “support in the form of alimony in solido by

paying directly to the wife the sum of $3,000.00 per month. . . .” Id. at 360. The final decree

explained that this support would be “sufficient to allow her to be self supporting and obtain a

Bachelor’s Degree in a field of her choosing.” Id. It stated that the payments would “cease on the

wife’s death or remarriage or upon the expiration of a term of forty-eight (48) consecutive months

from the entry of the final order, whichever occurs first.” Id. After the forty-eight month period had

expired, the wife petitioned the trial court to extend the alimony payments on the grounds that she

was unable to be rehabilitated.2 The trial court denied the wife’s petition, determining that it had lost

jurisdiction over the matter because the award was for alimony in solido, to be paid for a specific

time period. Id. at 361. The intermediate appellate court reversed, holding that the contingencies

set out in the decree rendered the duration of the award uncertain and prevented the award from

being in solido, and finding that the trial court retained jurisdiction to modify the award. Id. The

Supreme Court reversed the court of appeals and held that the in solido alimony award was not

rendered indefinite simply because of the inclusion of the remarriage or death contingencies. To find

otherwise, the Court said, would “give[] credence to form rather than substance.” Id. at 362. The

Court emphasized that the purpose of the award was clearly rehabilitative, although the term

“rehabilitative” was not used, in that the award of an in solido amount was intended to enable the

wife to become economically self-sufficient within a limited time period. The Court stated that this

“was more appropriate than a long-term award [of alimony in futuro] which would be subject to

being increased or decreased upon a change of circumstances.” Therefore, the court held, the award

was alimony in solido, as stated by the trial court in the final divorce decree, and not subject to

modification. Id. at 363.

A later decision by the Tennessee Supreme Court, relied upon by Husband, also addressed

whether an alimony award was modifiable, employing a substantially different analysis and without

referring to Self. In Waddey v. Waddey, supra, the parties were divorced by final decree that

incorporated the parties’ marital dissolution agreement. In the decree, the husband was required to

pay the wife “as periodic alimony in futuro” $1,000 each month until “the death of Mrs. Waddey,

the remarriage of Mrs. Waddey, or March 1, 1996, whichever event shall first occur.” Waddey, 6

S.W.3d at 231. The decree stated that each party had “the right to petition the Court for proper

modification of the provisions remaining within the jurisdiction of the Court upon a change of

circumstance.” Id. On March 29, 1996, after the termination date for the alimony payments had

passed, the wife filed a petition with the trial court to extend the alimony award beyond the

termination date to remain in force for the remainder of her life or until she remarried. The trial

court denied the wife’s petition, finding that the petition was untimely because the expiration date

for the alimony had passed. Id. at 231-32. The intermediate appellate court affirmed on different

grounds, finding that the alimony award was in futuro until the date of the last scheduled payment,
3When the divorce decree was entered in September 1982, only two types of alimony were recognized, alimony

in futuro and alimony in solido. Rehabilitative alimony was not included in the alimony statutes until the following year

in 1983. See Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232 n.1.

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but after the last scheduled payment, it converted into alimony in solido.

3

 Therefore, for that reason,

the intermediate appellate court held that the award was not subject to modification at that time. Id.

at 232. On appeal, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to address whether the occurrence of a

contingency in an award of alimony in futuro converts the in futuro award to an award of alimony

in solido. In that context, the Supreme Court explained the difference between an award of alimony

in futuro and alimony in solido:

Whether alimony is in futuro or in solido is determined by either the definiteness or

indefiniteness of the sum of alimony ordered to be paid at the time of the award.

McKee v. McKee, 655 S.W.2d 164, 165 (Tenn. App. 1983). Alimony in solido is an

award of a definite sum of alimony. Spalding v. Spalding, 597 S.W.2d 739, 741

(Tenn. App. 1980). Alimony in solido may be paid in installments provided the

payments are ordered over a definite period of time and the sum of the alimony to be

paid is ascertainable when awarded. Id. Alimony in futuro, however, lacks

sum-certainty due to contingencies affecting the total amount of alimony to be paid.

McKee, 655 S.W.2d at 165-66 (holding alimony was in futuro where husband was

ordered to pay the mortgage note until either the son turned twenty-two or the house

was sold). It is therefore clear that the duration of an award of alimony in futuro may

be affected by contingencies agreed upon by the parties or imposed by courts.

The continued payment of alimony in the case now before us was subject to three

contingencies: remarriage, death, or the passage of March 1, 1996. These

contingencies affected the duration of the alimony. Accordingly, the sum of the

alimony payable to Mrs. Waddey was not determinable when the alimony was

awarded. The mere happening of a contingency does not convert an award of alimony

in futuro to an award of alimony in solido. The award of alimony in solido must be

ascertainable when ordered, not years later when a contingency terminates the award.

The Court of Appeals, therefore, erred in holding that the occurrence of a

contingency converted an award of alimony in futuro to an award of alimony in

solido.

Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232-33. Thus, the Court in Waddey stated that the nature of the award “is

determined by either the definiteness or indefiniteness of the sum of alimony ordered to be paid at

the time of the award.” The Court explained that an award is in solido when the total sum awarded

is “ascertainable when ordered.” Id. When the duration of the award of alimony is affected by

contingencies, the Court stated, the sum awarded is not determinable when ordered and, therefore,

is not alimony in solido. Based on this, the Court held, an award of alimony in futuro is not

converted to alimony in solido upon the occurrence of a contingency which terminates the payments.

Id. at 232-33. Nevertheless, the Court found that the trial court did not retain jurisdiction to modify
4

This statute was later amended to provide that awards of alimony in futuro or “alimony the amount of which

is not calculable on the date the decree was entered” shall terminate automatically upon either the death or the remarriage

of the recipient of such alimony. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(a)(2)(B) (Supp. 2004). 

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the alimony in futuro once the payments had been terminated by the occurrence of a contingency.

Id. at 234.

Wife cites a decision by the Eastern section of this Court, decided after Waddey and well

after Self, which cites Self but does not discuss Waddey. In Grissom v. Grissom, 15 S.W.3d 474

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1999), the parties entered into an MDA which provided that the husband would pay

the wife “$221,000, which alimony in solido shall be payable $425 per week for ten (10) years, or

520 consecutive weeks, on Fridays of each week, . . . however, the alimony in solido payments shall

terminate upon the Wife’s death.” Grissom, 15 S.W.3d at 475. The award did not include a

remarriage contingency. The wife remarried within one year of the parties’ divorce. Soon thereafter,

the husband filed a petition to terminate the alimony payments. Initially, the trial court simply held

that the alimony payments terminated upon the wife’s remarriage. Id. at 474. The Wife appealed,

and the intermediate appellate court remanded the case, directing the trial court to hold an

evidentiary hearing to determine the intent of the parties. Id. Upon remand, the trial court found that

the contingency upon death provision was added for tax purposes, and that the parties intended that

the alimony payments would not be modified unless the wife died. Nevertheless, the trial court

found that the amount of the alimony was not calculable on the date it was awarded, and applied

Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-101(a)(2)(B), which provides for automatic termination of

alimony upon remarriage when the alimony is in futuro “or alimony the amount of which is not

calculable. . . .”4 Id. at 474-75. Thus, based on the statute, the trial court found that the husband’s

alimony obligation terminated upon the wife’s remarriage. The wife appealed once again.

The appellate court first found that the statute relied upon by the trial court, Tennessee Code

Annotated § 36-5-101(a)(2)(B), was applicable “when the court has ordered alimony in futuro, not

when the parties have contractually bound themselves to a fixed alimony provision.” Id. at 476. It

went on to note that the statute stated that it applied to “alimony in futuro or alimony the amount of

which is not calculable on the date the decree was entered,” but did not expressly apply to awards

of alimony in solido. Id. The appellate court emphasized that the parties’ MDA repeatedly

characterized the alimony as in solido. Citing Self, the appellate court held that the inclusion of a

“termination on death” contingency in the in solido alimony award did not defeat its purpose as an

in solido award intended as an element of the marital property division, stating, “The fact that

payments would terminate upon the wife’s death does not render the amount indefinite.” Id. at 476.

On this basis, the appellate court reversed the trial court and held that the husband’s alimony

obligation did not terminate upon the wife’s remarriage. Id.

In all of these decisions, the ultimate decision of the appellate court was consistent with the

description of the alimony in the divorce decree as either in futuro or in solido. In Self, the husband

was ordered to pay “alimony in solido,” and the award was deemed not modifiable despite the

inclusion of contingencies upon death or remarriage. Self, 861 S.W.2d at 363. In Waddey, the
5We note, however, that this contingency is completely within Wife’s control, unlike the “termination on death”

contingency. 

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husband agreed in the parties’ MDA to pay “periodic alimony in futuro,” and it was held that the trial

court no longer had jurisdiction to modify the award because the award had terminated, and not

because it had converted to alimony in solido. Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232-33. In Grissom, the

parties’ MDA provided that the husband would pay the wife “alimony in solido,” and the appellate

court held that the payments would not terminate upon the wife’s remarriage. Grissom, 15 S.W.3d

at 475-76. In all of these cases, the presence or absence of contingencies did not change the express

description of the form of alimony awarded.

In this case, however, the alimony award is not described as either in futuro or in solido. The

parties’ MDA, incorporated into the final decree, says only that “the Husband shall pay to the Wife

the sum of $1,500.00 per month for alimony support for a period of ten (10) years or until such time

she remarries.” (Emphasis added.) Under these circumstances, we look to the language used and,

as noted in Waddey, the absence or presence of contingencies to determine if the award is of

alimony in futuro or alimony in solido. The Waddey court indicated that the question of “[w]hether

alimony is in futuro or in solido is determined by either the definiteness or indefiniteness of the sum

of alimony ordered to be paid at the time of the award.” Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232. Alimony in

solido is an award of a sum certain, while alimony in futuro “lacks sum-certainty due to

contingencies affecting the total amount of alimony to be paid.” Id.

We note first that the payments are described in the parties’ MDA as “alimony support”

rather than as property division. The award also includes one contingency, termination upon Wife’s

remarriage, although notably it does not provide for the payments to cease upon Wife’s death. The

trial court below determined that the omission of the “termination on death” contingency

distinguished this case from Waddey and indicated that the award was alimony in solido. The trial

court stated, “It could be that since the Decree is silent, it was intended that [the alimony payments]

be made to [Wife’s] estate [upon the death of Wife].” While the question is close, in the absence

of an express designation in the decree of the nature of the alimony as in futuro or in solido, we

cannot ignore the fact that the remarriage contingency affects the definitiveness of the sum of

Husband’s alimony payments. The remarriage contingency requires that, if Wife chooses to remarry,

then she must forfeit any further support from Husband, under the apparent presumption that her new

spouse will contribute to her support.

5

 If the alimony award were simply a division of marital

property, then Wife’s remarriage would not be relevant, and Wife would continue to get the full

benefit of the sum certain payment, albeit over a period of time. Thus, under Waddey, because the

alimony awarded in this case “lacks sum-certainty due to [the contingency] affecting the total amount

of alimony to be paid,” we must conclude that the award is alimony in futuro, rather than in solido.

Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232. Therefore, the alimony award is subject to modification, and the trial

court’s holding to the contrary must be reversed. 
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The decision of the trial court is reversed and the cause is remanded for further proceedings

consistent with this Opinion. Costs on appeal are to be taxed to Appellee Barbara J. Schmidt, for

which execution may issue, if necessary. 

___________________________________ 

HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE