1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

OMAR AMEEN , Plaintiff,

v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE , et al. , Defendants. Civil Action No. 21

- 1399 (BAH) Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Pending before the Court is defendants United States Department of State (“State Department”), Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), and United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”) motion to dismiss plaintiff Omar Ameen’s lawsuit for lack of subject

- mat ter jurisdiction. Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss (“Defs.’ Mot.”), ECF No. 11. Plaintiff was previously represented by the Office of the Federal Defender for the Eastern District of California in an extradition case, and plaintiff’s then

- counsel made five requests u nder the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) seeking to compel defendants to produce records for use in that litigation. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 15 , ECF No. 1

. Plaintiff prevailed in his extradition case, id. ¶ 15, but now faces deportation proceedings , id. ¶ 19. Plaintiff brought this FOIA suit seeking the documents requested by his then

- counsel in connection with the earlier extradition matter

. Compl. at 12 (“Pl.’s Request for Relief ”) . Defendants contend that plaintiff’s claim s should be dismissed for lack of subject

- matter jurisdiction because the underlying document request s were made by plaintiff’s attorney and did not sufficiently make clear that they w ere made on plaintiff’s behalf. Defs.’ Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss (“Defs.’ Mem.”) at 1, ECF No. 1 1

- 1. For the following reasons, defendants’ motion is denied.2 I. BACKGROUND Plaintiff is an Iraqi refugee residing in Sacramento, California. Compl. ¶¶ 8

– 9. Plaintiff “left Iraq for Turkey in early 2012 ,” id. ¶ 10, and, after applying for refugee status with the
U nited Nations, arrived in the United States in 2014 , i d. ¶ ¶ 10

– 11. He was arrested in August of 2018, however, on charges that he “murdered an Iraqi police officer in [Iraq] in June of 2014[,]” id. ¶ 12, and the government “sought his immediate extraditio n to Iraq , ” i d. ¶ 13. After two years of extradition proceedings, the presiding judge ultimately “declined to extradite” plaintiff , id. ¶ 15, because the government’s key witnesses were “unreliable , ” id. ¶ 17 and the “series of events [ was ] simply not plausible , ” i d. ¶ 1 8. On the same day that plaintiff was scheduled for release, “U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement took [plaintiff] into custody for allegedly defrauding the government by lying about his alleged terrorist connections[,]” and plaintiff “now faces deportation proceedings.” Id. ¶ 19. The Office of the Federal Defender for the Eastern District of California represented plaintiff in his extradition proceedings and made five separate FOIA req uests to the defendant agencies seeking various records from the respective agencies regarding plaintiff and the extradition case , in which plaintiff was a defendant

. Specifically, i n 2019, plaintiff’s counsel submitted two requests to the State Departmen t, id. ¶¶ 20, 59, one to the FBI, id. ¶ 31, and one to DOJ, id. ¶ 38. In January of 2020, plaintiff’s counsel submitted an additional FOIA request to
DOJ. Id. ¶ 67. Each request mentioned plaintiff by name , stated that the Federal Defender’s offic e represented plaintiff in the extradition case for which the documents were sought , and indicated that the documents were requested in relation to that representation

. See Compl., Ex. 1,
Jan. 14 , 2019 FOIA Req. to State Dep’t (“First State Dep’t Req.”) at 1, ECF No. 1

– 1 ; id. , Ex. 8, Feb. 20, 2019 FOIA Req. to FBI (“FBI Req.”) at 2, ECF No. 1

- 1; id. , Ex. 13, Aug. 26 , 20193 FOIA Req. to DOJ (“First DOJ Req.”), ECF No. 1

- 2; id , Ex. 26, Sept. 23 , 2019 FOIA Req. to State Dep’t (“Second State Dep’t Req.”), ECF No. 1

- 3; id. , Ex. 31, Jan. 26, 2020 FOIA Req. to DOJ (“Second DOJ Req.”), ECF No. 1

- 4. E ach request included either a privacy waiver or series of disclosure authorizations signed by plaintiff

. S ee Pl.’ s Opp’n Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 2, ECF No. 12

. Plaintiff filed his complaint on May 21, 2021. See Compl. Plaintiff alleges that , for each of the five requests , defendants violated FOIA by “failing to produce the records responsive to the request as soon as practicable or issu[e] a determination within twenty business days.” Id. ¶¶ 76, 81, 86, 91, 96. Accordingly, plaintiff asks the Court to order defendants “to conduct a reasonable search for records and to produce the requested records promptly[,]” as well as

“ enjoin [ d ] efendants from withholding non

- exempt public records under FOIA[.]” Pl.’s Request for Relief . Defendants moved to dismiss the case , pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), for lack of subject

- matter juris diction, Defs.’ Mot. at 1, which motion is now ripe for resolution , s ee Pl.’s Opp’n; Defs.’ Reply Supp. M ot. Dismiss ( “ Defs.’ Reply ” ), ECF No. 13.
II. LEGAL STANDARD Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and “have only the power that is authorized by Article III of the Constitution and the statutes enacted by Congress pursuant thereto.” Johnson v. Comm’n on Presidential Debates , 869 F.3d 976, 980 (D.C. Cir . 2017) (quoting Bender v. Williamsport Area Sch. Dist. , 475 U.S. 534, 541 (1986)). To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) the plaintiff thus “bears the burden of invoking the court’s subject matter jurisdiction , including establishing the ele ments of standing .” Arpaio v. Obama , 797 F.3d 11, 19 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife , 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992)). Even when the parties fail to address a potential jurisdictional defect “by inattention or4 deliberate choice,” becaus e federal courts are “forbidden .

. . from acting beyond [their] authority,” NetworkIP, LLC v. F.C.C. , 548 F.3d 116, 120 (D.C. Cir. 2008), it is incumbent on courts to “assure [them]selves of the existence of jurisdiction , ” Montrois v. United States , 916 F .3d 1056, 1060 (D.C. Cir. 2019). When a jurisdictional dispute “present[s] a dispute over the factual basis of the court’s subject matter jurisdiction .

. . the court must go beyond the pleadings and resolve” any dispute necessary to the disposition of t he motion to dismiss. Feldman v. F.D.I.C. , 879 F.3d 347, 351 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (alteration and omission in original) (quoting Phoenix Consulting v. Republic of Angola , 216 F.3d 36, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2000)). In such situations, the “court may properly consider allegations in the complaint and evidentiary material in the record,” affording the plaintiff “the benefit of all reasonable inferences.” Id. (citing Herbert v. Nat ’ l Acad. of Scis. , 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992) ) ; see also Am. Freedom Law Ctr. v. O bama , 821 F.3d 44, 49 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (noting that, “[i]n considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction”
courts “ ‘ may consider materials outside the pleadings ’ ” (quoting Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v.
FDA , 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D. C. Cir. 2005))). Absent “evidentiary offering[s],” Feldman , 879 F.3d at 351, however, the Court must seek jurisdictional assurance by accepting as true all undisputed “factual allegations in the complaint and constru[ing] the complaint liberally,” and
aga in “granting plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. F.D.I.C. , 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
III. DISCUSSION Article III requires that plaintiffs establish “the irreducible constitutional minimum of standing,” Lujan , 504 U.S. at 560, that they have “(1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly5 traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision,” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins , 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016) (c iting Lujan , 504 U.S. at 560

– 61; Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env ’ tl Servs. (TOC) , Inc. , 528 U.S. 167, 180

– 81 (2000)); see also Louie v. Dickson , 964 F.3d 50, 54 (D.C. Cir. 2020)

. FOIA provides that “each agency, upon any request for records” that is sufficiently specific and made in accordance with published procedures for submitting such requests, “shall make the records promptly available to any person.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A). An agency’s duties under FOIA are triggered by a properly framed request for information, and the agency’s obligations flowing from that request are with respect to “the requester” of the information. See id. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i) (requiring agency to notify “the person making [the] request” whether the agency will comply with the request). “[A]nyone whose request for specific information has been denied has standing to bring an action [under FOIA].” Maloney v. Murphy , 984 F.3d 50, 60 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (quoting Zivotofsky ex rel. Ari Z. v. Sec’y of State , 444 F.3d 614, 61 7 (D.C. Cir. 2006)). An individual whose FOIA request has been denied “ has suffered a particularized injury because he has requested and been denied information Congress gave him a right to receive

. ” Prisology, Inc. v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons , 852 F.3d 11 14, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2017)

. A t the same time, h owever , “if a party has not made a request within the meaning of FOIA, then he does not have standing to bring a lawsuit.” Wetzel v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affs. , 949 F. Supp. 2d 198, 202 (D.D.C. 2013) (citin g McDonnell v. United States , 4 F.3d 1227, 123 6

– 39 (3d Cir. 1993) ; Feinman v. FBI , 680 F. Supp. 2d 169, 172 (D.D.C. 2010) )

. Defendants contend that plaintiff has not suffered an injury

- in

- fact because the Federal Defender’s staff

— plaintiff’s counsel in his extradition proceeding

— made the FOIA requests at6 issue, rather than the plaintiff himself. See Defs.’ Mem. at 8. Defendants concede that a lawyer may make a request on behalf of a clien t, but argue that this is not the case here because the requests did not state that counsel was representing plaintiff for the purpose of obtaining documents under FOIA, nor did the requests “clearly state” they were issued on plaintiff’s behalf. Id. Pla intiff responds that the language in the requests as well as the government’s statements “sufficiently show that the requests were made on behalf of [ plaintiff ].” Pl.’s Opp’n
at 1. Defendants’ motion to dismiss hinges on the following question: what must be included in a FOIA request brought by an attorney acting in that capacity to establish that the attorney’s client is the “requester” for purposes of FOIA and therefore that the client has standing to bring a FOIA claim ? The rule commonly applied in thi s District provides that “an attorney may make a FOIA request on behalf of a client[,] [b]ut the attorney ‘must clearly indicate that it is being made on behalf of the [client] to give that [client] standing to bring a FOIA challenge.’” Smallwood v. U.S. Dep’t of Just

. , 266 F. Supp. 3d 217, 220 (D.D.C. 2017) (alterations in original) (quoting Three Forks Ranch Corp. v. Bureau of Land Mgmt. , 358 F. Supp. 2d 1, 2 (D.D.C. 2005)); accord McDonnell , 4 F.3d at 1238 n.6 (finding that a “passing reference to [the plaintiff did] not sufficiently identify him with the person making the request to confer on him standing to challenge the denial of the request under the FOIA” and noting in particular that the“[plaintiff’s] name appears only once in the flurry of request s for information”). Although the D.C. Circuit “has never specifically articulated the requirements for filing a FOIA request on behalf of another,” Three Forks Ranch Corp. , 358 F. Supp. 3d at 3, the caselaw in this area helps inform where a line may be dr awn to distinguish between cases in which a plaintiff has standing from those where the plaintiff does not. For example, in Smallwood , the7 defendant agency moved to dismiss a FOIA lawsuit alleging a lack of standing because the plaintiff’s attorney filed the original FOIA request and both “identified the attorney as the ‘Requester’” and “did not include any reference to a client generally, or to [ the plaintiff] specifically.” 266 F. Supp. 3d at 218

– 19 (citations omitted). The Court agreed and stated that “[t]he FOIA request at issue .

. . clearly indicates that [plaintiff’s] attorney is the requester” in part because the “Request Description” portion of the request “d[id] not indicate that the request was made on behalf of any client, let a lone [ the plaintiff],” nor did the plaintiff’s name “appear anywhere in the request.” Id. at 221. In so holding, Smallwood distinguished Brown v. EPA , 384 F. Supp. 2d 271 (D.D.C. 2005), in which the defendant agenc ies moved to dismiss a FOIA suit on stan ding grounds because the plaintiff’s attorney in that case made the request, rather than the plaintiff herself. Smallwood , 266 F. Supp. 3d at 220 (citing Brown , 384 F. Supp. 2d 271). In
Brown , the c ourt denied defendant s motion to dismiss because the attorney “stated in the first line of his request” that he represented the plainti ff and was hired to obtain documents pursuant to FOIA, and because the “second page of the request contain[ed] a signed and dated authorization from plaintiff stating that s he” authorize d her attorney to obtain documents on her behalf. Brown , 384 F. Supp. 2d at 276. Defendants cite Wetzel v. United States Department of Veterans Affairs , 949 F. Supp. 2d 198 (D.D.C. 2013), for the principle that a FOIA request made by an att orney must expressly state that it is made on the client’s behalf in order for the client to have standing. Defs.’ Mem. at
7

– 8 (citing Wetzel , 949 F. Supp. 2d at 202). In Wetzel , another Judge on this Court held that the plaintiff did not have standing e ven though his name was mentioned in the request , along with “some indication of a representational relationship” between the attorney and the plaintiff.
949 F . Supp. 2d at 202. In that case, counsel had submitted an authorization fr o m the plaintiff8 when making the FOIA request , i d. at 200 , but without indicating that the purpose of the request was for use in representation of the plaintiff

. Here, the language used in the under lying document requests sufficiently indicate d that the FOIA requests were made on behalf of plaintiff. The two State Department requests are particular ly clear. The first request made to the State Department clearly states, “Our office represents Omar A meen in a pending federal extradition case” and refer s to plaintiff by name throughout the request. First State Dep’t Req

. at 1

– 4

. Moreover, the release form attached to the request and signed by plaintiff explicitly states that he is the requestor. Fir st State Dep’t Req. at 2 (“I request that the Admissions Office of the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration at the United States Department of State provide my counsel all records that it holds concerning me

. . . . ”)

. 1 The second request to the S tate Department similarly indicate s that counsel represented Ameen in the extradition case, Second State Dep’t Req. at 2, and that the request was made for use in his extradition proceedings, id. at 3 . As with first request, the release form identifies plaintiff as the requestor. Second State Dep’t Req. at 4 (“I request that the Department of State provide my counsel all records that it holds concerning me .

. . .”). These two requests, in light of the language of the requests themselv es and in the attached releases, do explicitly state that they were made o n plaintiff’s behalf

. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3

– 4. The additional three requests also “clearly indicat e[] ,” Smallwood , 266 F. Supp. 3d at 22 1 , that the requests were made on plaintiff’s behalf , albeit with less explicit language. The

1 Defendants argue that the release form is immaterial because it “ had ‘ been previously provided to the Admissions Office of the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration at the Department of State .’” Defs.’ Reply at 3 n.1 (quoting First State Dep’t Req. at 1 ). Defendants do not explain, however, why the fact that the release form was previously provided to the State Department would re nder it irrelevant to determining whether plaintiff is properly understood as the requestor for the FOIA request to which the form was attached. Defendants also point out that this release form is not cognizable as a separate request. I d. ( citing Corley v. Dep’t of Just. , 998 F.3d 981, 989 (D.C. Cir. 2021) ). Plaintiff’s argument is not that this release form constituted a separate request, but rather that as an attachment to the request, it should be evaluated in determining whether the request, taken in its entirety, “clearly indicate s ” that the request was made on plaintiff’s behalf

.9 February 20, 2019, request to the FBI indicates that plaintiff “is a legal client of” the Federal Defender making the request, FBI Req. at 2 , and mentions the upcoming extradition hearing as the reason for e xpediting the request, id . This request was accompanied by a different release form , signed by plaintiff, “authoriz[ing] and request[ing] ” the disclosure of records to the Office of the Federal Defender “for use in [plaintiff’s] legal proceedings.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. A, Consent to Release Information, ECF No. 12

- 1 ; see also Pl.’s Opp’n at 2 (indicating that this release form was attached to plaintiff’s FBI request) . Similarly, the August 26, 2019 FOIA request to DOJ requested information “regarding the ext radition of Omar Abdulsattar Ameen , ” First DOJ Req. at 1, and indicated that counsel “represent[ed] Mr. Ameen in his

. . . extradition case , ” id. at 2 . This request was also accompanied by the release form signed by plaintiff “authoriz[ing] and request[ing]” the disclosure of records to the Office of the Federal Defender “for use in [plaintiff’s] legal proceedings.” Consent to Release Information; see also Pl.’s Opp’n at 2. The second DOJ request, submitted January 26, 2020, contains similar language indicating that counsel represented plaintiff in the extradition case and was seeking documents in connection with that representation, and was accompani ed by the same release form. Second DOJ Request
at 3

– 4, 13. Plaintiff has standing to bring these FOIA challenges because the requests (1) indicate d that counsel was requesting the documents in connection with and for use in the representation of plaintif f, and (2) contained release forms signed by plaintiff “authoriz[ing] and request[ing]” the release of records to counsel. See Consent to Release Information. T hese factors “clearly indicate” that the requests were made “on behalf of a client.” See Smal lwood , 266 F. Supp. 3d at
22 0 ( internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 2 Under these circumstances, the request s

2 Plaintiff relies in part on the fact that a government attorney in his pending deportation proceeding characterized one of these requests as submitted by plaintiff through counsel. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3 (citation omitted).10 w ere expressly made within the scope of counsel’s representation of plaintiff in the extradition proceeding , so the request s “ clearly ind icate ” that the y were made on behalf of plaintiff

. Moreover, the release forms expressly request the release of records, indicating, in the broader context of the attorney

- client relationship, that plaintiff was not just authorizing the release of records, but affirmatively requesting their release himself through counsel

. While not as explicit as the request in Brown , 384 F. Supp. 2d at 276

– 77, the requests go far beyond the one in Smallwood , 266 F. Supp. 3d at 220, in identifying the client and emphasizing centrality of the attorney

- client relationship to the request, as well as by providing release forms signed by the client requesting documents

. Defendants rely on three features of the requests to argue that plaint iff lacks standing , highlighting that “ (1) the Federal Defender’s staff did not mention that they were representing Plaintiff for purposes of obtaining records under FOIA ; (2) none of the FOIA requests submitted by the Federal Defender’s staff were signed by Plaintiff or clearly state that they were made on Plaintiff’s behalf ; and (3) the requests were made by the Federal Defendant’s staff, frequently using the first person ( ‘ I ’ or ‘ we, ’ after referring to ‘ [o]ur office ’ ), for use in Plaintiff’s extradition proceedings .” Defs.’ Reply at 2 (alteration in original)

. These objections amount to an argument that a request must expressly state that the request is made on behalf of the client for the client to have standing. Such a statement would certainly be s ufficient for plaintiff to have standing

— and would leave defendants without a colorable argument that plaintiff lack s standing

— but is not necessary for plaintiff to have standing himself. This Court has looked to whether the request “clearly indicate s ” th at it was made on behalf of the client, and eschew s a hyper

- technical requirement of an “express state ment ” that this is the case.

Defendants are correct that this understanding of a different agency in another proceeding is not particularly relevant in determining who is requesting the documents. See Defs.’ Reply at 4

– 5.11 Defendants rely on Wetzel for their proposed bright line rule but, as plaintiff persuasively argues, the consent waiver in Wetzel authorized disclosure but did not, as the document s here do, request it. See 949 F. Supp. 2d at 200; Pl.’s Opp’n at 4. Defendants argue that “[t] he execution of a waiver of privacy interests by a third party submitted with another person’s request may be necessary for the release of certain information that would otherwise be withheld pursuant to Exemption 6 or 7(C), but it does not transform that request into one made by the third party. ” Defs.’ Reply at 3. While mere execution o f a waiver of privacy interests likely does not itself render the request one of the third party , where , as here, t he request was made by plaintiff’s counsel and plaintiff’s waiver “authoriz[ed] and request[ed]” disclosure of the relevant documents, the wa iver attached to the request is relevant and highly probative to the issue of whether the request was made on behalf of the client. Furthermore, regardless of Wetzel , the Court rejects defendants’ proposed distinction between (1) cases in which counsel ex pressly states that counsel represents a client for purposes of the FOIA request and (2) cases in which counsel expressly states that counsel represents a client in another matter and makes the request within the scope of that representation. In either

ca se, the FOIA request is made on behalf of the client , and the client has standing , after the attorney

- client relationship with original counsel is over, to enforce FOIA statutory rights if the request is denied

. 3

3 FOIA requests are transferrable, see Looks Filmproduktionen GMBH v. CIA , 199 F. Supp. 3d 15 3, 160 n.1 (D.D.C. 2016), and FOIA claims are assignable, see Nat’l Sec. Counselors v. CIA ., 898 F. Supp. 2d 233, 254 (D.D.C. 2012), aff’d , 969 F.3d 406 (D.C. Cir. 2020); Nat’l Sec. Counselors v. CIA , 960 F. Supp. 2d 101, 141

– 43 (D.D.C. 2013), aff’d , 969 F.3d 406 (D.C. Cir. 2020). Defendants’ policy arguments regarding the need to rigidly limit when someone represented by counsel is a “requestor” for purposes of FOIA, see Defs.’ Reply at 5, fall flat given the assignability of FOIA claims and the fact that the requests were plainly made for plaintiff’s benefit by his legal representative. If an agency is uncertain as to the identity of the requestor, it can raise or resolve the issue during communication with the requesting client and counsel so that the y are on notice of any issue before litigation. Here, for example, plaintiff’s then

- counsel inquired with the State Department regarding the status of the FOIA request made “on behalf of” plaintiff. See Compl., Ex. 5, April 1, 2021 Letter to State Dep ’t, ECF No. 1

- 1.12 IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER For the foregoing rea sons, plaintiff has standing to pursue the five FOIA claim s described in the Complaint , and defendants ’ motion to dismiss is denied

. Accordingly, it is hereby
ORDERED that defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 11, is DENIED , and it is further
ORDERED that defendants shall answer or otherwise respond to plaintiff’s complaint by September 27 , 2021.
Date: September 13 , 2021

__________________________ BERYL A. HOWELL Chief Judge

Litigation would be streamlined if any confusion regarding the identity of the requestor were resolved during communication with the agency, or through pre

- litigation assignment.