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_______ _______ __________
No. ACM 38941

_______ _______ __________
UNITED STATES Appellee

v. Ricardo S. BARBARY, J r . S taff Sergeant (E

- 5 ) , U.S. Air Force, Appellant

_______ _______ __________ Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary

Decided 3 1 May 2017

_______ _______ __________ Military Judge: Shelly W. Schools

. Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 12 years, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E

- 1. Sentence adjudged 3 September 2015 by GCM convened at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado

. For Appellant: Major Michael A. Schrama, USAF ; Captain Patrick A. Clary, USAF

. For Appellee: Major Jeremy D. Gehman, USAF; Major Meredith L. Steer, USAF; Captain Tyler B. Musselman , USAF; Gerald R. Bruce , Esquire

. Before MAYBERRY , HARDING , and C. BROWN

, Appellate Military Judges

. Judge C. BROWN delivered the opinion of the c ourt, in which Senior J udge MAYBERRY and Judge HARDING joined

.

_______ _______ __________
This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.

_______ _______ __________United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

2 C. BROWN

, Judge:
Contrary to his pleas, Appellant was convicted by a military judge sitting alone of one specification of rape of a child under 12 years of age and four specifications of sexual abuse of a child under 12 years of age

, all in violation of Article 120b, Uniform Code of Military Jus tice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920b. 1 Appellant was found not guilty of an additional specification of rape of a child, as well as one specification of sexual abuse of a child. All of the charged offenses involved the same victim.
Appellant was sentenced to a di shonorable discharge, 12 years of confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E

- 1. The convening authority approved the sentence as adjudged. However, the convening authority deferred all forfeitures of pay and allowances until acti on based on Appellant’s request that his dependents receive some limited financial support.
Appellant raises four issues on appeal : (1) the military judge erred in admitting statements from the victim a s residual hearsay under Military Rule of Evidence (M i l

. R. E vid .) 807; (2) the military judge erred in failing to disclose Department of Human Services (DHS) re cords after her in camera review ; (3) the military judge erred by admitting charged offenses as propensity evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 414; and (4) three of Appellant’s sexual abuse convictions were factually in sufficient.
On 4 April 2017, we issued an unpublished opinion where we disagreed with Appellant as to his identified errors. United States v. Barbary , 2017 CCA LEXIS 235 (A.F. C t

. C rim

. A pp . 4 Apr. 2017 ) (unpub

. op

. )

. On 4 May 2017

, Appellant moved for reconsideration of this decision in light of United States v. Hukill , __ M.J. __, No. 17

- 0003 (C.A.A.F. 2 May 2017)

. After reviewing the Government’s response to the motion for reconsideration

, w e granted Appellant’s motion

. After reconsideration, we withdraw our opinion dated 4 April 2017 and substitute this opinion . W e remain unpersuaded by Appellant’s alleged errors and therefore affirm the approved findings and sentence.

1 The military judge found Appellant guilty of one specification of sexual abuse by touching the victim’s breast by excepting the “on divers occasions” language from thespecification. The military judge specifically found the conduct took place on one occasion around the victim’s eleventh birthday. The military judge also excepted out an improper touching of the victim’s torso in another specification , finding Appellant guilty only of touching the victim’s vaginal area with his hand as also charged by the G overnment in the specification.United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

3 I. B ACKGROUND Appellant and his spouse, MB, lived in government housing on Kadena Air Base, Japan, with their large blended family. MB brought five children into the marriage, including her daughter, KJ, the victim in this case . Appellant and MB also had two children together who lived in the family home

. The home

was a duplex in which an internal doorway between two separate residences had been constructed to give Appellant and his family sufficient living space. Appellant, his wife, and their younger children occupied the bedrooms on one side of the duplex, while KJ and her older brothers had bedrooms on the other side

. In early January 2014, KJ reported to a friend’s mother, Staff Sergeant (SSgt) IM, that Appellant had touched her in her private place s. A fter talking to a friend, SSgt IM contacted KJ’s mother, MB, and eventually me t her in the parking lot of a dining facility on Kadena Air Base to discuss K J’s report. Prior to meeting with MB, SSgt IM remember ed a conversation a few weeks earlier where MB had asked about getting a lock to put on KJ’s door because of concerns MB had after Appellant spen t too much time in KJ’s room one night after coming home intoxicated. Notwithstanding her concerns and desire to obtain a lock , MB informed SSgt IM that she did not believe Appellant was doing anything i nappropriate

. After meeting with SSgt IM and being told about the allegations, MB asked SSgt IM if KJ could st ay with her for a while longer to allow her to return home and talk with Appellant about the allegations. Shortly thereafter, however, MB contacted SSgt IM and asked that she bring KJ home. SSgt IM contacted her supervisor for guidance on how to handle KJ’ s allegations. Her supervisor recommended she contact base law enforcement, which she did that same day.
The Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) was notified of the incident based on SSgt IM’s report. KJ was interviewed by an AFOSI child fo rensic interviewer about the allegations later that same day , which was videotaped. KJ reported Appellant frequently entered her room and touched her breasts, buttocks, and vaginal area with his hand. Appellant would also place his hand between her buttock s on occasion and rub around her anus. KJ also reported that Appellant licked her “private spot” once. According to KJ, the incidents of abuse started around her eleventh birthday in September 2013, and continued until December 2013

. KJ reported to AFOSI that she had told her mo ther a few weeks before telling SSgt IM that Appellant was entering her room and touching her inappropriately

. KJ noted the abuse stopped once she told her mother about Appellant’s actions

.United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

4 Shortly after KJ reported the all egations, Appellant and his family wereinvoluntarily relocated from Kadena Air Base to Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
, to ensure the family had access to social service, child protection, and mental health resources that were not available at Kadena Ai r Base. Once Appellant and his family arrived in Colorado, the El Paso County DHS opened a civil child protective case to investigate the health and welfare of the children, including KJ.

II. D ISCUSSION

A. Admission of Residual Hearsay

A ppellant asserts the mili tary judge abused her discretion by admitting KJ’s “outcry” statement to a friend’s mother, as well as statements made during her forensic interview with AFOSI in which she detailed various incidents of abuse. 2 Appellant claims the statements were improper ly admitted as residual hearsay under Mil. R. Evid. 807 as KJ provided the “best evidence” o n the nature and scope of the abuse during her testimony in the Government’s case

in

- chief.
Prior to trial, the Government gave notice to the Defense of its intent to offer statements made by KJ to others under various hearsay exceptions, including residual hearsay

. The Defense moved at trial to prevent the Government from offering any evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 807. After hearing testimony from the two witnesses w ho heard KJ’s initial report of abuse and taking limited argument on the motion, the military judge deferred ruling on the issue until KJ testified at trial.

KJ later testified 3 that Appellant had sexually abused her three times. Two of these incidents took place in KJ ’s bedroom at night. She reported Appellant entered her room and touched her buttocks over her underwear with his hand. The third incident took place in Appellant’s bedroom on an evening whe n KJ’s mother was not present in the house. KJ rep orted Appellant made her l ie down

2 KJ’s outcry statement to SSgt IM was fairly non

- specific, relating that Appellant had touched her “private places” at least five or six times. Conversely, statements made by KJ during the forensic interview encompassed all of the abuse alleged against Appellant at trial.

3 The military judge granted the Government’s motion for remote live testimony of KJ over Defense objection. The military judge found KJ would be unable to testify in open court in the presence of Appellant because there was a substantial likelihood, established by expert testimony, that KJ would suffer emotional trauma from testifying.United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

5on his bed while he applied lotion to her body after she had showered. KJ testified Appellant attempted to cover her face with a towel and penetrated her “private spot” with his tongue.
When questioned by trial counsel abo ut whether she ever remembered Appellant touching her breasts, anus, or vaginal area , KJ responded that she did not remember any such conduct. On cross

- examination, trial defense counsel did not question KJ on her memory, but instead focused her on the num ber of incidents she had just reported in response to tr ia l counsel’s questioning

. DC: Now, when [trial counsel] asked you some questions, you mentioned three times when you said [Appellant] touched you.

KJ: Yes.
DC: And then she asked you about other occasions. Were those the only three times that he touched you?

KJ: Yes.

DC: So there were no other occasions?
KJ: Nope.
Immediately after KJ’s testimony, the Government requested the military judge revisit the issue of residual hearsay with regard to KJ’s pretrial statements. In addition to evidence provided by the two witnesses who testified earlier about KJ’s “outcry” report, the Government requested the military judge also admit KJ’s forensic interview with AFOSI. KJ’s report of abuse during the forensi c interview was fairly consistent in regards to the three incidents of abuse that she testified to at trial. However, KJ also disclosed in some detail in the forensic interview that Appellant had touched her breasts, anus, and vaginal area with his hand wh en he entered her room at night

. After considering the recording of KJ’s forensic interview and taking additional arguments from the parties, the military judge admitted the forensic interview and one of KJ’s “ outcry” statements under Mil. R. Evid. 807

. 4
We review a military judge’s ruling with regard to Mil. R. Evid. 807 for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Czachorowski , 66 M.J. 432, 434 (C.A.A.F.2008). “We accord a military judge ‘considerable discretion’ in admitting evidence as residual hearsa y.” United States v. Donaldson , 58 M.J. 477, 488 (C.A.A.F. 2003) (quoting United States v. Kelley , 45 M.J. 275, 281

– 82 (C.A.A.F.

4 In explaining the basis for her ruling, the military judge also noted the Confrontation Clause had been satisfied by KJ’s testimony in the Government’s case

- in

- chief. See United States v. Vazquez , 73 M.J. 683, 6 8 9 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2014)

.United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

61996)). “Findings of fact are affirmed unless they are clearly erroneous; conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” Czachorowsk i , 66 M.J. at 434 (citing United States v. Rader , 65 M.J. 30, 32 (C.A.A.F. 2007)).

“The residual

- hearsay rule sets out three requirements for admissibility: (1) materiality, (2) necessity, and (3) reliability.” Kelley , 45 M.J. at 280. Congress intended the exception to be used rarely and in exceptional circumstances, but such a circumstance “generally exist[s] when a child sexual abuse victim relates the details of the abusive events to an adult.” United States v. Peneaux , 432 F.3d 882, 893 (8th Cir. 2005) ( ci ting United States v. Shaw , 824 F.2d 601, 609 (8th Cir. 1987) )

. Here , KJ’s statements were obviously material as they described the incidents of abuse Appellant was charged with at trial. As such, we need only address in detail the military judge’s find ings regarding necessity and reliability.
The necessity prong evaluates the probative value of other available evidence and requires the proponent to demonstrate that, despite “reasonable efforts,” he could not obtain more probative evidence. See Czachorow ski , 66 M.J.
at 435. While the unavailability of the declarant is not determinative, a showing of such unavailability helps satisfy the necessity prong. Id . at 436. The necessity prong essentially creates a “best evidence” requirement, though such a requir ement is applied more liberally to statements made by child victims. Kelley , 45 M.J. at 280. “Even if the residual hearsay from a child victim maybe cumulative in some aspects, it may still be material evidence which is important to evaluating other evide nce and arriving at the truth.” United States v. Vazquez , 73 M.J. 683, 690 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2014) (citing Kelley , 45 M.J. at 280).

T he military judge recognized that KJ’s ability to testify at trial complicated the evaluation of the necessity prong. Ho wever, given KJ’s age and her inability to fully remember the acts of abuse previously alleged against Appellant , the military judge found the necessity prong had been met.
[T]he necessity part of the test really is the most difficult one in this case. Necessity is akin to a best

- evidence requirement. However, case law states that it should be applied more liberally to statements made by a child victim. Necessity may be satisfiedwhen a victim cannot remember or refuses to testify about a material fact a nd there ’ s no other more probative evidence of the fact. Even if the evidence is somewhat cumulative, it can still beadmissible under residual hearsay if it is important in evaluating other evidence and arriving at the truth.

. . . .United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

7 In child sex abuse ca ses necessity is easily found when the child witness has memory failure, refuses to answer question s , or issimply too young to articulate what happened. This case is somewhat different because KJ testified and she answered every question posed to her. She was articulate. She was not crying. She did not seem distracted or hesitant to answer questions.
On the other hand, she provided far less detail in her testimony, compared to her statements to Sergeant [IM] and Agent [ S ] . KJ testified to three specific i nstances of the abuse where the accused rubbed her buttocks on two occasions and licked hervagina on one occasion. When asked by trial counsel if she remembered if the accused touched her breasts or low er torso or anus, she said no.
When asked by defense counsel if these were the only instances of abuse, referring to the three she testified to, she said yes. However, over 18 months ago, in January 2014, closer in time to the alleged abuse, KJ told Sergeant [IM] the abuse happened about five times. She told Agent [ S ] the abuse occurred four orfive times, and included licking her vagina, touching her buttocks, touching her breasts, touching her anus, touching her lower torso, and inserting her finger

-- his finger

-- into her anus.

KJ testified that when she was interviewed by the police a long time ago, she understood at that time it was important to tell the truth and she told the truth. Therefore, it is reasonable toconclude that KJ does not remember today what she remembered then. And what she remembered then was closer in time to the last instance of alleged abuse.
We further note the military judge’s findings of fact on the motion for remote live testimony as they bear on the necessity prong. In summarizing aspects of KJ’s mental health records, the mil itary judge found:
The records show that KJ’s mental health has substantially declined since she came forward with these allegations. She struggles daily to cope with her anxiety and to manage her thoughts and feelings. She’s fearful, has outbursts, and sl eep issues. She avoids discussing the sexual trauma and when she does discuss it, Mrs. B reports seeing regressive behavior; such as talking in a child

- like voice. Some of her mental health records suggest she is ready to testify or will do fine testifying ; however, her records consistently show that she is reluctant to discuss the details of the alleged abuse.United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

8 Considering the entire record, we find the military judge did not abuse her considerable discretion in finding the necessity prong was satisfied. T his prong may be satisfied whe n a witness cannot remember or refuses to testify about a material fact and there is no other more probative evidence of that fact. United States v. Wellington , 58 M.J. 420, 425 (C.A.A.F. 2003) . The military judge’s
assessment of KJ’s lack of memory was reasonable in that she considered KJ’s various statements, her age, and her demeanor , as well as the differences in detail regarding KJ’s reports of abuse in relation to the timing of her disclosures. See Czachorowski , 66 M.J. at 436 (finding military judge failed to make reasonable efforts in determining whether hearsay evidence was necessary). The record also supports there was a mental health component to KJ’s ability to testify and lack of memory.

While trial defense counse l’s cross

- examination raised the question of whether KJ’s more limited testimony at trial was due to lack of memory or instead was akin to recantation, we do not believe this discrepancy should necessarily change a military judge’s calculation as to the “b est evidence” of the abuse for the factfinder’s consideration. See United States v. Haner , 49 M.J. 72, 78 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (finding a written statement made by a witness who recanted at trial to be “necessary” under a residual hearsay analysis ). There were sufficient facts before the military judge that KJ’s testimony at trial did not encompass all of the material facts regarding Appellant’s abuse. For these reason s , and in consideration of the more liberal application of necessity for statements by child vi ctims, we find the military judge’s factual findings and conclusions were not arbitrar y, clearly unreasonable , or clearly erroneous

. In order to be admitted under the residual hearsay exception, the hearsay statement must also be reliable; that is, the statement must possess circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness. Donaldson , 58 M.J. at 488; United States v. Giambra , 33 M.J. 331, 334 (C.M.A. 1991). In determining whether a statement has the circumstantial guarantees of trus tworthiness, courts may look to a number of indicia of reliability. These indicia can include, but are not limited to: the mental state of the declarant, the spontaneity of the statement, the use of suggestive questioning, whether the statement can be corr oborated, the declarant’s age, and the circumstances under which the statement was made. Donaldson , 58 M.J. at 488. For child declarants, the indicia can also include the use of terminology unexpected of a child of a similar age and the lack of a motive to fabricate. Idaho v. Wright , 497 U.S. 805, 821

– 22 ( 1990) ; see also United States v. Lingle , 27 M.J. 704, 708 (A.F.C.M.R. 1988) (noting a declarant ’ s young age is a positive factor supporting admissibility as it lessens the degree of skepticism regarding th e child’s motives ). A military judge’s factual findings on the existence of circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness are reviewed for clear error. Donaldson , 58 M.J. at 488.United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

9 When examining whether the two statements admitted under Mil. R. Evid.
807 had r equisite guarantees of trustworthiness for admission, the military judge looked at both statements admitted at trial individually. As to the forensic interview, the military judge found that : (1) KJ affirmatively understood the difference between the truth and a lie; (2) the statement was sufficiently detailed and unambiguous ; (3) the statement was made close in time to the last incident of abuse ; ( 4 ) the questioning by the AFO SI interviewer wa s not inappropriately suggestive and allowed KJ to use her own words in describing Appellant’s misconduct; (5) the statement suggested an advanced knowledge of inappropriate sexual behavior given KJ’s young age; (6) the statement was made with a serious to ne and demeanor; (7) the statement was unrecanted and consistent with other statements ; (8) the statement was not improperly influenced by others; and (9) the statement wa s internally consistent and not self

contradictory. In addition to these factors, the military judge also noted K J’s “outcry” statement was unsolicited and not offered in response to questioning

. In his brief ing s before the court, Appellant does contest the military judge’s ruling on reliability. Having reviewed the evidence before the mil itary judge, we find her factual findings and legal analysis on this question was not clear error. The military judge cogently assessed KJ’s age, her demeanor, and her motive, as well as the circumstances surrounding the making of her various
statements

–– a ll factors commonly evaluated when examining the reliability of a hearsay statement.

A s such, t he military judge did not abuse her considerable discretion in admitting KJ’s statements as residual hearsay under Mil. R. Evid. 807. The military judge evaluat ed the evidence, balanced the probative value of the statements, and properly determined that KJ’s statements were material, necessary, and reliable. Accordingly, the statements met the requirements of admissibility as residual hearsay, and we uphold the m ilitary judge’s decision to admit them.

B. Discovery Violation
Subsequent to the referral of charges against Appellant, the Government requested the El Paso County DHS release all records related to KJ ’s assessment and treatment as part of the child protective service case. After DHS representatives contested the subpoena, the military judge issued a court order directing the production of the records.
Prior to trial, the Defense filed a motion requesting the Government disclose KJ’s mental health re cords. The records were requested to allow the Defense to “fully cross examine KJ and explore possible psychological issues thatUnited States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

10could affect the memory, perception, credibility, and/or motivation of the witness.” The Defense’s request encompassed the DHS records previously ordered produced by the military judge.
In response to a motion by DHS legal counsel to quash both the Government’s subpoena and the military judge’s court order, the military judge conducted a hearing on the matter. When the military ju dge asked the Defense what they were seeking in the DHS records

, trial defense counsel responded they were looking for impeachment, other avenues of defense, eviden ce of impairment, and evidence regarding the reliability of the victim, including her abilit y to perce ive, testify, and recall facts.

T he military judge determined she would conduct an in camera review of the DHS records. This review was not contested by the Government or KJ’s appointed legal representative. After conducting her in camera review, the military judge released a variety of mental health records for care provided to KJ while she was under the jurisdiction of DHS. Additionally, the military judge released 77 pages of general information contained in the DHS investigative case file. How ever, s he declined to release an additional 734 pages from the DHS investigation.
On appeal, Appellant argues the military judge erred in withholding seven additional pages from the DHS investigation. These pages document e

- mail conversation s between AFOSI agents and a DHS investigator , in which the investigator opined the forensic interview conducted by AFOSI was not a “good interview” because the interviewing agent used leading questions and did not follow up the victim’s statements

. While the investigator advised he had consulted with forensic experts about the quality of the interview, he acknowledged additional discussions with the victim’s therapist and other professionals was required before a second interview of the victim would be conside red in this case. Appellant now argues these records were discoverable as they would have allowed the Defense to attack the military judge’s ruling that K J’s pretrial statements were reliable and, therefore, admissible under Mil. R. Evid.
807. W ithout dete rmining whether there has been a n actual discovery violation
, w e find the failure to disclose the limited DHS records did not affect the outcome of this trial.
In its answer to this assignment of error, the Government moved to attach

an e

- mail record from senior trial counsel in which , prior to trial, he provided the Defense with draft internal data pages from AFOSI. One of the attachments to the e

- mail disclosed a summary of AFOSI’s interaction with the DHS investigator , including information that child pr otective service personnel andmultiple forensic experts had reviewed the initial AFOSI child forensic interview and opined a second interview would be necessary due to the fact the interviewer improperly led the victim and failed to follow up on the victi m’sUnited States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

11 responses. We grant ed the Government's motion to attach these materials to the record of proceedings , and have consider ed them in resolving this assignment of error

.We review a military judge’s ruling on a discovery request for abuse of discretion. Un ited States v. Roberts , 59 M.J. 323, 326 (C.A.A.F. 2004). “A military judge abuses his discretion when his findings of fact are clearly erroneous, when he is incorrect about the applicable law, or when he improperly applies the law.” Id. In the case before us, we are reviewing the military judge’s determination of whether this requested evidence was “material to the preparation of the defense” for purposes of the Government’s obligation to disclose under Rule for Courts

- Martial (R.C.M.) 701(a)(2)(A). “The m ilitary judge’s determination of materiality in this respect is a question of law that we review de novo.” Roberts , 59 M.J. at 323

. “Our review of discovery/disclosure issues utilizes a two

- step analysis: first, we determine whether the information or evidence at issue was subject to disclosure or discovery; second, if there was nondisclosure of such information, we test the effect of that nondisclosure on the appellant’s trial.” Id. at 325.
However, a reviewing court may resolve discovery matters without determining whether there has been a n actual discovery violation if the court concludes that the alleged error would not have been p rejudicial. United States v. Santos , 59 M.J. 317, 321 (C.A.A.F. 2004)

. If the withheld evidence was not specifically requested by the defense, the “harmless error” standard is applied

–– whether there is a “reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” United States v. Coleman , 72 M.J. 184, 186

– 87 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (quoting Smith v. Cain , 56 U.S. 73, 75 (2012) )

. In contrast, a constitutional error standard is applied in military cases whe n the defense made a specific request for the undisclosed information. Id. at 187. This heightened standard is unique to military practice and reflects the broad nature of discovery rights granted to a military accused under Article 46, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 84 6, and its implementing rules, which provide the accused with greater statutory discovery rights than does one’s constitutional right to due process. Id. at 186

– 87; Roberts , 59 M.J. at 327.
Here, g iven the specific facts before us, it is only necessary for us to revolve whether the military judge erred in failing to provide the additional sevenpages of the records to the Defense if we find that the error prejudiced Appellant. In so doing, we review the military judge’s failure to provide these seven

pages of discovery using the “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt” standard. This standard entitles an appellant to r elief if the disclosure of the favorable evidence “might have affected the outcome of the trial.” Coleman , 72 M.J. at 187. “Harmless beyond a reasonable doubt is a high standard, but it is not anUnited States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

12 impossible standard for the Government to meet.” United States v. Gonzalez

, 62 M.J. 303, 306 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Our determination of prejudice is made in light of the entire record. United States v. Morris , 52 M.J. 193, 197 (C.A.A.F. 1999).

We find the failure to disclose the limited DHS records did not affect the outcome of this trial. Based on the Government’s pretrial discovery, trial defense counsel was already in possession of informat ion documenting DHS’s concerns about the quality of AFOSI’s forensic interview of KJ. 5 As such, the seven pages of records withheld by the military judge were cumulative with other discovery available to the Defense

. Additionally, t ri al defense counsel was unquestionably aware that DHS was considering a second interview of KJ during the course of its investigation.Relevant information about DHS’s proposed plan was included in the Government’s response to the Defense’s motion seeking D HS records. Trial defense counsel’s knowledge was also reflected in his cross

- examination of KJ’s therapist, as well as statements of fact made in the Defense’s opening statement

, which was given after the Government’s rested its case

- in

- chief. Trial defen se counsel was also fully aware , based on the same government discovery, that DHS personnel eventually decided against a second interview based on a beliefthey had sufficient information to satisfy their burden of proof against Appellant. Given the Defens e had access to an experienced forensic psychologist as a litigation consultant who could also have evaluate d the quality of KJ’s interview by AFOSI , we find the omission of this limited evidence harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

We are also convinced be yond a reasonable doubt that trial defense counsel’s specific citation to this material would not have changed the military judge’s ruling under Mil. R. Evid. 807. The military judge reviewed the video herself and, as such, was sufficiently able to analyze critical issues such as suggestiveness, reliability, bias, and timing. The military judge found the questions posed to KJ were not inappropriately suggestive and the AFOSI agent allowed KJ to use her own words in describing the abuse. Having viewed the in terview video ourselves, we cannot fault the military judge for her overall assessment regarding the quality of the forensic interview.
Furthermore, it is doubtful the military judge would have given much weight to the DHS investigator’s initial opinion gi ven the ultimate decision by DHS to move forward with their case without another interview . While DHS’s

5 The Defense was also notified that the AFOSI agents and DHS investigator involved in the now

- challenged e

- mail communication were pot ential Government witnesses at trial. There is no evidence before us that trial defense counsel was unable to conduct a pretrial interview of these witness es

.United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

13decision to move forward may have been made in spite of what they still believed was poor interview, there is no evidence before th is court in direct co nflict with the military judge’s holding on this matter

. For these reasons, we find the nondisclosure in this case to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt . We are convinced the challenged evidence, if disclosed to both trial defense counsel and the milita ry judge, would not have affected the outcome of th e trial.

C. Admission of Propensity Evidence
Prior to trial, the Government notified the Defense of its intent to offer various sexual acts committed by Appellant as propensity evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 41 4. Most of the sexual acts identified by the Government were offenses involving KJ which were charged under Article 120b, UCMJ. However, the Government also gave notice of sexual misconduct committed against KJ’s younger sister which had been initially cha rged, but dismissed by the Government prior to trial. The Defense submitted a motion for appropriate relief based on this notice requesting the military judge prevent the Government from offering any propensity evidence.
After conducting a hearing on the D efense motion, the military judge, recognizing the status of the law at that time, held the charged offenses involving KJ could be considered as propensity evidence. The military judge initially deferred her decision on the propriety of admitting evidence involving KJ’s sister as propensity until after KJ testified at trial. Eventually, however, the military judge found the uncharged misconduct involving KJ’s sister was not proper evidence to be considered under Mil. R. Evid. 414.
Based on the military judge’s consideration of charged offenses for purposes of propensity evidence, Appellant claims his convictions must be set aside based on our superior court’s r uling s in United States v. Hills , 75 M.J. 350 (C.A.A.F. 2016) and Hukill

. In Hills
, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) determined the military judge erred in admitting charged sexual assault offenses as propensity evidence ; determined the military judge’s spill

- over and propensity instructions were i mproper as the court members were provided with “directly contradictory statements about the bearing that one charged offense could have on another ; and examined theprejudicial effect of the error under the standard of harmless beyond a reasonable doubt g iven the instructional error raised constitutional due process concerns. Hills , 75 M.J. at 352, 357.

In Hukill
, the CAAF clarified that “ under Hills , the use of evidence of charged conduct as M.R.E. 413 propensity evidence for other charged conduct is err or, regardless of the forum, the number of victims, or whether the events are connected.” Hukill , slip op. at 6. Furthermore, regarding prejudice, the court found that the same constitutional implications arising from confusingUnited States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

14 instructions to members exis t equally to judge

- alone trials. Thus, the erroneous use of charged conduct as propensity evidence must be tested for harmlessness beyond a reasonable doubt
, and the Government must prove there was no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to th e verdict. Id . (citing Chapman v. California , 386 U.S. 18, 22

- 24 (1967) and United States v. Kreutzer , 61 M.J. 293, 298 (C.A.A.F. 2005) ).
As an initial matter, t he Government argues Appellant either waived or forfeited his objection on the use of propensity evidence by acquiescing to themilitary judge’s statement during motion practice that the use of charged offenses as propensity evidence was “common” and “permissible” in military practice. We do not find Appellant’s recognition of the then

- curr ent state of thelaw regarding propensity evidence was sufficient to eviscerate his clear objection at trial regarding the use of charged offenses as propensity evidence. Wedecline to accept the Government’s invitation to apply either waiver or forfeiture to the facts of this particular case. We thus review the military judge’s admission of the evidence for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Solomon

, 72 M.J. 176, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2013).
Applying Hills and Hukill , we readily conclude that the military ju dge erred when she considered the charged offense s as propensity evidence. Id

. at 6

. We nonetheless find that this constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt

. The Government’s case was strong. KJ testified under oath and w as subject to th e crucible of cross

- examination. KJ’s testimony, when examined in conjunction with her pretrial statements admitted under the medical treatment and residual exceptions to the hearsay rule, was fairly consistent with regard to Appellant’s misconduct towards her, including the timeframe, location, and manner of the sexual assault. Additionally

, KJ’s timeline of the abuse was corroborated by other evidence.
As an example, KJ advised in her forensic interview that she told her mother, MB, about the abuse in December 2013, a few weeks prior to disclosing to SSgt IM. KJ stated the abuse stopped after she reported Appellant’s misconduct to her mother. Although MB denied the statement at trial, SSgt IM relayed MB’s request for a lock to place on KJ’s door because of her concern about Appellant’s conduct one evening when he came home intoxicated. This request, according to SSgt IM, took place a few weeks prior to KJ’s outcry. While MB tried to minimize the importance of the lock, her prior statement to SSgt IM bolstered KJ’s testimony and her overall credibility with the factfinder

. Finally, KJ’s credi bility was bolstered by her relatively contemporaneous report and established character for truthfulness.United States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

15 Our belief about the strength of the Government’s case is supported by the trial counsel’s findings argument during which he did not reference the av ailable propensity evidence or ask the military judge to use it during her deliberations on the charged offenses. Similarly, the strength of the case is buttressed by the military judge’s mixed findings. Had the military judge misinterpreted the presumptio n of innocence or burden of proof as suggested as a possibility in Hills , one would have expected guilty verdicts on all of the charged sexual assault offenses. Instead, the military judge’s mixed findings and findings by exception and substitution support a conclusion she examined each specification separately and imposed not guilty findings where the Government failed to meet its burden of proof.
For all of these reasons, we find there was no reasonable possibility that
t he military judge’ s consider ation of the propensity evidence contributed to Appellant’s guilty verdict s

. D. Factual Sufficiency
Appellant argues the evidence produced at trial was factually insufficient to support three of the sexual abuse specifications asserting Appellant touched KJ’s anus, breast, and vaginal area with his hand

. These specifications, Appellant notes, were only supported by evidence admitted as residual hearsay. Provided this court finds the military judge erred in admitt ing evidence un der Mil.R. Evid. 807, Appellant reasons the three specifications supported by this evidence must be dismissed. Alternatively, Appellant argues KJ’s complete testimony with regard to these offenses was insufficient to establish proof beyond a reasonable do ubt . Appellant focuses on KJ’s testimony at trial in which she denied the misconduct charged in these specifications occurred

. We review issues of factual sufficiency de novo. Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c); United States v. Washington , 57 M.J. 39 4, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002). The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant’s] guilt beyond a reasonab le doubt.” United States v. Turner , 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987). In conducting this unique appellate role, we take “a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own ind ependent determination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.” Washington , 57 M.J. at 399. Our assessment of factual sufficiency is limited to the evidence produced at trial. United States v. Dykes

, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1993).
Given our finding above that the military judge did not abuse her discretion in admitt ing KJ’s forensic interview, we assess Appellant’s claim by examining all of the evidence admitted at trial. KJ’s forensic interview pro vided more thanUnited States v. Barbary , No. ACM 38941

16sufficient evidence for the elements of the offenses charged in the three specifications challenged by Appellant. The interview was made close in time to the abuse and, m ore importantly, made prior to attempts by KJ’s mother to either dissu ade KJ from testifying or otherwise improperly influenc e her testimony.
Regarding KJ’s credibility, the Government called various witnesses, including KJ’s teachers, who all opined her character for truthfulness was favorable. Moreover, her credibility was aided by her relatively contemporaneous report and the absence of tangi ble evidence showing KJ possessed a motive to misrepresent the allegations against Appellant.
Furthermore, as noted above, KJ’s timeline of the abuse was corroborated by other evidence. This includes KJ ’s statement that the abuse stopped in December 2013 after she reported Appellant’s misconduct to her mother and SSgtIM’s testimony that KJ’s mother tried to find a lock for KJ’s door due to concerns about Appellant’ s behavior when he came home intoxicated

. This evidence bolstered KJ’s testimony and her ove rall credibility with the factfinder.

The military judge heard the testimony of KJ and other witnesses, and was able to consider the other admitted evidence surrounding Appellant’s charged misconduct. H aving carefully reviewed the record of proceedings in this case, and having made allowances for not personally observ ing the witnesses, we are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant sexual ly abused KJ as alleged in the three specifications challenged on appeal. We thus find the se offenses factual ly sufficient.

III. C ONCLUSIONThe approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of the appellant occurred. Articles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). 6 Accordingly, the findings and the sentence are AFFIRMED

.
FOR THE COURT

KURT J. BRUBAKER Clerk of the Court

6 The court specified an issue as to whether error occurred when the addendum to the staff judge advocate’s recommendation contained a victim

- impact statement, but there was no evidence in the record of trial that this statement was served on Appellant prior to the convening authority taking action. Appellant conceded in his response to the specified issue that he suffered no prejudice for the Government’s error. As such, no corrective action is necessary on this matter.